saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #4 (53), 2012 ART SCIENCE ...

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisada kinos saxelmwifo universitetiShota Rustaveli Theatre and FilmGeorgian State Universitysaxelovnebo mecnierebaTaZiebani#4 (53), 2012ART SCIENCE STUDIES#4 (53), 2012gamomcemloba `kentavri~Tbilisi _ 2012

UDC(uak) 7(051.2)s-364saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universitetisaxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #4 (53), 2012saredaqcio sabWonato gengiurigiorgicqitiSvilizviad doliZemaia goSaZenino sanadiraZenana doliZekrebulisaTvis mowodebulimasala uzrunvelyofili undaiyos Sesabamisi samecnieroaparatiT. Tan unda axldesmonacemebi avtoris samecnierokvalifikaciis Sesaxeb qarTulda inglisur enebze, agreTvenaSromis inglisurenovanireziume.literaturuliredaqtorimariam iaSviligarekanis dizainilevan dadianidakabadonebaekaterineoqropiriZegamomcemlobisxelmZRvanelimaka vasaZekrebulis stamburi gamocemaegzavneba sxvadasxvasaerTaSoriso kvleviT centrs.naSromebi mogvawodeT dacnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblisgamziri #40, saqarTvelos SoTarusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,II korpusi.tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 2943728mob: +995 (95) 305 060+995 (77) 288 750E-mail: mariamiashvili@tafu.edu.geWeb: www.tafu.edu.ge

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State UniversityArt Science Studies #4 (53), 2012Editorial GroupNATO GENGIURIGIORGITSKITISHVILIZVIAD DOLIDZEMAIA GOSHADZENINO SANADIRADZENANA DOLIDZELiterary EditorMARIAM IASHVILICover DesignLEVAN DADIANIBook BindingEKATERINEOKROPIRIDZEHead of PublishingHouseMAKA VASADZEMaterials supplied for thevolume should be providedwith corresponding scientificappliance. Paperworkconcerning author’s academicqualification and summary ofwork should be attached inGeorgian and English languages.Printed version of the volume issent out to various internationalresearch centers.Works should be supplied underthe following contact:0102, Tbilisi, DavitAgmashenebeli Avenue #40Shota Rustaveli Theatre andFilm Georgian State UniversitySecond BlockTel/Fax: +995 (32) 2943728Mob: +995 (95) 305 060+995 (55) 288 750E-mail: mariamiashvili@tafu.edu.geWeb: www.tafu.edu.ge

sarCeviTeatrmcodneobagvanca guliaSviliTanamedrove qarTuli Teatris problemebi dagamowvevebi ...................................................................12nino gunia-kuznecovascenografiuli kompoziciis sakiTxisaTvis ............22natalia diRmelaSviliTanamedrove midgomebis danergva ..............................39cekvis swavlebaSi 36giorgi savanelimsaxiobis ostatobis sxvadasxva meTodologiuriswavlebis upiratesoba(bertold brextis Teatraluri meTodiTswavlebis kursi da misidanergva samsaxiobo fakultetze) ...........................50Tamar firosmanaSviliqoreografia dramatul speqtaklSi da misiswavlebis meTodika ......................................................57nino qiriaavgust strindbergis ìntimuri Teatri~ daqarTuli Teatraluri sivrce(`sikdilis rokva~ sardafis TeatrSi)......................62nana xuskivaZepirovnebis mniSvneloba samsaxioboxelovnebaSi...................................................................70kinomcodneobaTamar barTaiaidea, siuJeti da misi Caweris specifika ...............77maka doliZegermanuli faSizmi da propagandistulifilmebi ...........................................................................85nikoloz kereseliZeTojina-msaxiobi Teatrsa da televiziaSi ...............964

manana lekboraSvilimontaJi da redaqtireba -warsulidan dRevandelobamde ....................................108mzia manjaviZexmovaneba kinoSi(oTar ioselianis filmebis xmovanebisTavisebureba)................................................120naTia mefariSviliholivudi – faseulobebis cvla ...............................128giorgi uRreliZemontaJi uxmo, xmovan kinosa da televiziaSi .........138xelovnebaTmcodneobanino dondolaZeqarTuli Tojinebis damzadebis xelovneba ..............149Tamar sarCimeliZeriTmis mniSvnelobis sakiTxi suraTiskompoziciaSi ...............................................................161qeTevan oCxikiZecodvilTa dasjis Tema `gankiTxvis dRis~ikonografiaSi(qarTuli xelovnebis X-XIII ss-is nimuSebismagaliTze) ...................................................................174Sorena fxakaZediuseldorfis samxatvro akademiis daarsebisa daganviTarebis tendenciebi .........................................187avTandil CaCavasakulto sanaxaobaTa niRbebi da maTiganviTareba saqarTveloSi ......................................194mediologiavladimer (lado) tatiSvilimusikis efeqti _ satelevizioreklamis mniSvnelovani komponenti ........................205mzia zautaSvilispecifikuri unar-Cvevebis daxvewapraqtikuli telereJisurisswavlebis procesSi .................................................2135

menejmenti da turizmimalxaz RvinjiliadazRvevis uzrunvelyofis problemebi turistulindustriaSi ..............................................................222magda cocxalaSvilikulturuli memkvidreobis marTvis sistemebida urbanuli memkvidreoba Tbilisis istoriulimoednis magaliTze ...................................................230nino wiTlanaZeqarTuli Teatri, rogorc kulturis sferosresursi ......................................................................2406

CONTENTSTHEATRE STUDIESGVANTSA GULIASHVILIChallenges And Problem Of The Modern Georgian Theatre .........247NINO GUNIA-KUZNETSOVAOn Scenographic Composition ......................................................248NATALIA DIGMELASHVILIModern Approaches Introduction Of To The Study Of Dance ......249GIORGI SAVANELILearning Advantages With Different Methodology Of Actor’s Skills- The Learning Course With The Brekht’s Theatrical Method AndIts Inculcation On The Faculty Of Acting .......................................250TAMAR PIROSMANASHVILIThe Role Of Choreography In A PlayAnd It’s Teaching Methods .............................................................251NINO QIRIA“The Intimate Theatre” Of August Strindberg And GeorgiaNTheatrical Space(“The Dance Of Death» In The Underground Theatre) .................252NANA KHUSKIVADZEFreshman Of Doctoral Candidacy(Creative Pedagogy)The Meaning Of Personality In Theatrical Art ...............................253FILM STUDIESTAMAR BARTAIAThe Idea, Plot And Its Writing Specificity ......................................255MAKA DOLIDZEGerman Fascism And Propaganda Films .......................................255NICK KERESELIDZEPuppets As Actors In Theater And On Television .........................257MZIA MANJAVIDZESound And Its Conceptual Role In Films Of Otar Iosseliani ..........259GIORGI UGRELIDZEQuestion Of Montage In Silent ,In Sound FilmsAnd In Television ............................................................................2617

ART STUDIESNINO DONDOLADZEAmbrolauri And Oni Etnograpical Material Recorded InGeorgian Ceremony, „Doll“ About(„Pust’s Ritual“, „Naxshi“, „Gvrigvi“ And „Bekikeebi“) ..............263KETEVAN OCHKHIKIDZEThe Theme Of Punishment Of Sinners In The IconographyOf “The Last Judgment”(Based On The Examples Of The Georgian ArtOf X-Xiii Centuries) .......................................................................264TAMAR SARCHIMELIDZESignificance Of Rhythm Subject In PaintingWorks Composition ........................................................................265SHORENA PKHAKADZEThe Establish And Development Tendency Of TheDüsseldorf’s Art Academy ..............................................................267AVTANDIL CHACHAVAMasks For Cult Spectacle And Their DevelopmentIn Georgia ........................................................................................268MEDIA STUDIESMZIA ZAUTASHVILIRefinement Of A Specific Abilities In TheEducational ProcEss Of The Art Of Tv Direction(Description Of The Method) ........................................................270VLADIMIR (LADO) TATISHVILIMusical Effect – One Of The Important Components OfThe Tv Advertisement .....................................................................271MANAGEMENT END TOURIZMMALKHAZ GVINJILIAInsurance Guaranteeing Problems In The TouristIndustry ..........................................................................................273MAGDA TSOTSKHALASHVILICultural Heritage Management Systems And Urban HeritageBy The Examples Of Tbilisi Historical Squares .............................2748

NINO TSITLANADZEGeorgian Theatre As Cultural Resource .........................................275DODO CHUMBURIDZETheatre Communication Strategy With Target Groups(Concept Of Attraction And ‘Admiring’ Of Audience) ..................2759

krebulSi ibeWdeba saqarTvelos SoTarusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifouniversitetis 2012 wlis samecniero konferenciisTavisufali seqciis masalebiThe materials of scientific conference of the freesection 2012 of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and FilmState University are published in the collection10

Teatrmcodneoba11

gvanca guliaSvili,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisada kinos universiteti,Teatrmcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtorantixelmZRvaneli: giorgi cqitiSviliTanamedrove qarTuli Teatrisproblemebi da gamowvevebiqarTuli Teatris istoria, iseve rogorc nebismierisxva qveynis, moicavs mraval mniSvnelovan, sainteresoSemoqmedebiTi aRzevebisa Tu dacemis, warmatebisa Tuwarumateblobis, Ziebebis, aRiarebisa da karCaketilobisperiods. bunebrivia, yovelive zemoaRniSnuls, yovelkonkretul SemTxvevaSi, ganapirobebs mravali subieqturi,Tu obieqturi mizezi.Cven qveyanaSi, gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidaniwyeba Teatraluri xelovnebis erT-erTi rTuliperiodi. `xelovneba miemarTeba iqiT, saiTac mas drouxmobs~. xelovnebis nebismieri nawarmoebi, garkveuldrosa da sivrceSi iqmneba da cxadia, mniSvnelovanwiladdamokidebulia epoqis Taviseburebebze. Teatralurixelovnebis SemTxvevaSi, es sakiTxi gansakuTrebulaqtualobas iZens, radgan Teatri cocxali qmedebisxelovnebaa, romelic arsebobs mxolod warmodgenismimdinareobis procesSi da nivTieri saxiT ar rCeba.kvlav mixeil TumaniSvilis sityvebs Tu moviSveliebT:`Teatri aris imis anarekli, rac Teatris kedlebs gareTxdeba. saqme is aris, rom sarke, ris saSualebiTac iqmnebaanarekli, marTali unda iyos.~gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli,saqarTveloSi momxdarma mniSvnelovanma socialurpolitikurmamovlenebma arsebiTi gavlena moaxdinasazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoze, cxadia,12

Teatrzec. revoluciuri kataklizmebis, sazogadoebrivcnobierebaSi mimdinare mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis,zneobriv faseulobaTa gadafasebis pirobebSi, erTerTmniSvnelovan rgols warmoadgens mentalitetis,zogadad msoflmxedvelobis cvla droisa da viTarebisSesabamisad. es procesi ki,Tavis mxriv,pirdapir kavSirSiaxelovnebasTan.vidre uSualod SevexebiT ukanaskneli ori aTwleulisganmavlobaSi wamoWril problemebsa Tu siaxleebsqarTul dramaturgiasa da Teatralur xelovnebaSi,gavixsenoT periodi, romelic win uZRoda am xanas, anu e.w. ùZraobis xana~. es XX saukunis 70-80-iani wlebia.periodi, rodesac mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriazebatonobda komunisturi cenzura,ideologiuri marwuxebi,romelic mniSvnelovnad cvlida adamianis cnobierebas.komunisturi cenzuris pirdapiri moTxovniT, scenazexdeboda problemaTa erTgvari `SefuTva~ mayureblisTvisda misi reJimisaTvis sasurveli formiT miwodeba. es iyoepoqa,roca Teatri,iseve rogorc adamianuri moRvaweobisnebismieri sfero, unda yofiliyo erTgvari rupori daagitatori komunisturi msoflmxedvelobisa. Tumca,undaaRiniSnos, rom qarTuli Teatri mainc axerxebda iseTispeqtaklebis dadgmas, sadac xazgasmuli iyo adamianuriRirebulebebi, Tu erovnuli faseulobebi. mixeilTumaniSvilis àntigone~, robert sturuas `yvaryvare~,`kavkasiuri carcis wre~, `riCard III~, Temur CxeiZis`guSindelni~, `jayos xiznebi~, haki aZba~... albaT, kidevaraerTi speqtaklis dasaxeleba SeiZleba, romlebicTavianTi mxatvruli RirebulebiTa Tu moqalaqeobriviJReradobiT uaRresad did STabeWdilebas axdendamayurebelze. raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, eswarmodgenebi gadaurCa sabWoTa cenzuras maSin, rodesacmTel sabWoTa kavSirSi erTmaneTis miyolebiT ikrZaleboda`sabWoTa ideologiisaTvis ucxo~ wignebi, ferweruli13

gvanca guliaSvilitiloebi, musikaluri nawarmoebebi, speqtaklebi Tufilmebi. ùZraobis~ epoqaSi kargad esmodaT, riswinaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli Teatraluri xelovnebissaukeTeso, Tamami warmodgenebi, ras gamoxatavdnen isiniara pirdapir, aramed SefarviT, qveteqstiT. araerTiTeatris kritikosi Tu Teoritikosi aRniSnavs, rommkacri cenzura, TiTqos, erTgvar stimuls warmoadgendareJisorebisaTvis _ mxatvruli xerxebiTa da metaforebiTgadmoecaT scenidan im periodisaTvis esoden akrZalulipatriotuli, zneobrivi Tu moqalaqeobrivi pozicia.dRes yovelive es, arc Tu ise Soreuli, magrammainc warsulia. bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSisaqarTveloSi bevri ram ramdenjerme radikaluradSeicvala. socializmi kapitalizmis e. w. `velurma~stadiam Caanacvla. amas mohyva sisxliani gadatrialeba,samoqalaqo omi, omebi afxazeTsa da samaCabloSi,teritoriuli mTlianobis rRveva, qveyanaSi arsebuliumZimesi socialuri foni, SimSili, udidesi ekonomikurikrizisi. yovelive zemoT aRniSnulma, arsebiTi gavlenamoaxdina sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoze,cxadia _ Teatrzec da uSualod dramaturgiis, rogorcliteraturuli Janris ganviTarebaze, romlis gareSecTeatraluri xelovnebis arseboba warmoudgenelia. Tumca,Tanamedrove msoflio Teatri ukve karga xania gatacebuliae. w. plastikuri, araverbaluri warmodgenebiT, maincliteraturuli pirvelwyaro,dramaturgiuli nawarmoebisaTeatro xelovnebis im ucvlel, myar safuZvlad rCeba,romelze dayrdnobiTac damdgmelma reJisorma speqtakliunda SeTxzas.dramaturgiis upirvelesi daniSnuleba, rogorc amasaristotele aRwers, aris sinamdvilis SemoqmedebiTiasaxva. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi ar igulisxmeba cxovrebiskopireba pirdapiri gagebiT, aramed cxovrebis aRqma, misiSecnoba da gaanalizeba mibaZvis gziT. aqedan gamomdinare,14

Tanamedrove qarTuli Teatris problemebi da gamowvevebiarsebuli realoba, dramaturgiisaTvis yovelTviswarmoadgenda da warmoadgens ZiriTad sayrdens,masazrdoebels. Tu gadavxedavT msoflio dramaturgiisistorias, mas sxvadasxva epoqaSi sruliad gansxvavebuliamocanebis Sesruleba uwevda da am cvalebadobaSi ibadebodadamokidebuleba dramaturgiisadmi. erTmaneTisaganradikalurad gansxvavebulia dramaturgiis ganviTarebisTaviseburebani antikur epoqasa da Sua saukuneebSi.rogorc cnobilia, Sua saukuneebSi tragedia, rogorcJanri, ver ganviTarda. amis umTavresi mizezi kaTolikurieklesia iyo, romelic ebrZoda Teatralur xelovnebas.mogvianebiT, ukve renesansis epoqam da humanizmismoZRvrebam sruliad sxva gasaqani misca dramaturgiisganviTarebas da erTgvarad daubruna mas antikur epoqaSive,anu mis CanasaxSive miniWebuli funqcia. SeiZleba TamamadiTqvas, rom epoqa, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sirTuleebiTada gabatonebuli stereotipebiT, mZlavr gavlenasaxdens dramaturgiis, rogorc Janris ganviTarebazeda Sesabamisad gansazRvravs kidec mis Sinaarss. vidreuSualod Tanamedrove qarTuli dramaturgiisaTvisdamaxasiaTebel problemebs SevexebodeT, minda yuradRebaSevaCero qarTul TeatrSi Seqmnil situaciaze.Tanamedrove qarTuli Teatri uamravi problemiswinaSe dadga. upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia finansurorganizaciuliproblemebi. gasuli saukunis 90-ianwlebSi, saxelmwifo ukve veRar afinansebda Teatrebsda maT axali speqtaklebis dadgmis saSualeba arhqondaT. sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo, Zvel repertuarsacsrulyofilad ver TamaSobdnen. Seiqmna suraTi, romlismixedviTac ideologiuri cenzura finansurma Secvala.saqarTvelo damoukidebeli gaxda, Sesabamisad, TeatrigaTavisuflda mkacri sabWoTa ideologiis zewolisgan,magram es mxolod formalurad ganxorcielda. aRmoCnda,rom nanatrma Tavisuflebam uamravi sirTule warmoSva15

gvanca guliaSviliqarTul TeatrSi. dRes, qarTuli Teatri erTgvaradgamodis dabneulobis procesidan. im xangrZlivi,iZulebiTi SemoqmedebiTi uZraobidan,romelic garkveuliviTarebis Sedegad Seiqmna. Tumca,samarTlianoba moiTxovsaRiniSnos isic, rom erovnuli kinematografisagangansxvavebiT,qarTul Teatrs erTi dRiTac ar Seuwyvetiafunqcionireba. miuxedavad umZimesi viTarebisa,mayurebelmaaraerTi premiera ixila. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli exebaara mxolod dedaqalaqis, aramed e. w. periferiulprofesiul Teatrebs. manamde arsebul tradiciuldasebs, swored im wlebSi (XX saukunis 90-iani wlebi)Seemata mravali axali Teatri. gavixsenoT iseTi dasebi,rogorebicaa _ `sardafis Teatri~, `Tavisufali Teatri~,`vakis sardafi~, `Teatri aTonelze~, `TiTebis Teatri~da sxva mravali. Tbilisis garda, quTaisSi Seiqmnaaxalgazrduli Teatri, `Teatri meore sarTulze~,rusTavSi _ `literaturuli Teatri~ da a. S. yvelamaTganis gaxseneba-CamoTvla, jer erTi gagviZneldeba daamas garda, Sors wagviyvans. marTalia, zogierTma maTganmamxolod ramdenime weli iarseba,Semdeg ki daixura,magramsxvebi dResac sakmaod nayofierad funqcionireben.axla TbilisSi bevri Teatria: saxelmwifo,municipaluri, stacionaruli, sarepertuaro daantreprizis principiT moqmedi e. w. komerciuli.stacionarul Teatrebs, maTi mudmivi dasiT saxelmwifoan municipaliteti afinansebs, komerciuli Teatrebisalaros Semosavlebisa da sxvadasxva grantis xarjzearseboben. finansuri problemebi orive saxis Teatrsaqvs, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi maT aiZulebs, dadgan arais, rac sazogadoebas aRelvebs, aramed is, rasac bazariukveTavs. es samwuxaro realobaa. Teatris normalurifunqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia, regularuladmarTavdes speqtaklebs da rac SeiZleba met mayurebelsizidavdes. amisaTvis Teatri unda akmayofilebdes16

Tanamedrove qarTuli Teatris problemebi da gamowvevebimayureblis moTxovnilebas. samwuxarod, es moTxovnileba,xSir SemTxvevaSi, Zalian Sorsaa WeSmariti esTetikurimoTxovnilebisagan. savse darbazi da sistematurianSlagi yovelTvis ar niSnavs, rom warmodgena maRalixelovnebis nimuSia.Tu Tanamedrove qarTul Teatralur kritikasgadavavlebT Tvals, aRmovaCenT tendencias, romelicgvafiqrebinebs, rom marTalia, Teatri Tavisufaliaideologiuri cenzurisgan, magram is veRar anebivrebsmayurebels maRalmxatvruli speqtaklebiT, rogorcgasuli saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi. es mosazreba,cxadia, ar gulisxmobs imas, rom cenzuris marwuxebiWeSmariti mxatvruli nawarmoebis dabadebis aucilebelipirobaa, ubralod, Tanamedrove qarTuli Teatri,erTgvar, gardamaval periodSi imyofeba, rac TavisTavad,winaaRmdegobrivi da rTuli procesia. aqve, udavodgasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom Teatrs, rogorcsanaxaobas, uamravi konkurenti gamouCnda.mayureblisa da Teatris urTierTobis kvleva,Teatris sociologiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia.imisaTvis, rom ganviTardes Teatraluri xelovneba,aucilebelia SeviswavloT, vin aris mayurebeli, raaRelvebs, ra interesebi amoZravebs da saerTod rasmoelis Teatrisgan. Teatrsa da mayurebels Soris undaarsebobdes kompleqsuri erTianoba, romlis gareSecTeatraluri xelovneba ver iarsebebs. Teatris mayureblisCamoyalibebas, mxolod SemoqmedebiTi faqtorebi arganapirobebs. am SemTxvevaSic mniSvnelovania droisada viTarebis gaTvaliswineba. TbilisSi dRes mravalidamoukidebeli Teatria (Tavisufali Teatri, TeatriaTonelze...), romelTa damsaxureba, swored axalgazrdobisTeatrisken mobrunebaa. Tumca, tradiciuli Teatralurimayurebeli TiTqos naklebad swyalobs axali Teatrebiswarmodgenebs. aq ukve mayurebelTa is kontingenti17

gvanca guliaSviligvxvdeba, romelic, naklebad aris datvirTuli ZveliTeatraluri STabeWdilebebiT. amitom msgavs Teatrebsgarkveulwilad, moeTxovebaT, am tipis erTi SexedviTSemTxveviTi mayurebeli mudmiv mayureblad da Teatrismoyvarulad aqcios, rac, cxadia, mayureblis aRzrdasacgulisxmobs. xSirad mayurebelSi popularulia iseTispeqtaklebi, romelTac kritikosebi maRalmxatvrulidoniT ver gamoarCeven, Tumca, amgvar popularobasaqvs Tavisi mizezebi. iq an problemaa aqtualuri dasaintereso,an _ Temaa komediuri da datvirTuli msubuqirekreaciuli funqciiT. e. w. `salaros speqtaklebs~yovelTvis gaaCniaT mayurebelze zemoqmedebis garkveuliberketi. aseT warmodgenebs, ra Tqma unda, aqvT arsebobisufleba. isini mayureblis did raodenobas miizidavs dadaainteresebs TeatriT. Teatraluri sociologis kvlevaiZleva saSualebas,ganisazRvros mayureblis konkretuliinteresi. mayureblis umravlesoba miuTiTebs, romsurs ixilos Tanamedroveobis amsaxveli speqtaklebi.es bunebrivicaa. amgvarad mayurebeli cdilobs miiRoserTgvari pasuxi misTvis saintereso da saWirborotokiTxvebze. aranaklebi interesi ikveTeba klasikuriTeatraluri dadgmebisadmic da kidev ufro mZlavriainteresi komediuri speqtaklebisadmi. es yvela qveynismayureblis moTxovnaa, maT surT daisvenon da gaerTonTeatrSi. es Teatris erT-erTi funqciaa da amaSisaTakilo araferia.yovelive zemoaRniSnuli zogadi rakursiT warmoaCensTanamedrove qarTuli Teatris realobas, magramarsebobs gacilebiT mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romlisgareSec SeuZlebelia Teatraluri xelovnebis ara TuganviTareba, aramed, zogadad warmodgenac ki. es arisliteraturuli Janri, romelsac dramaturgia hqvia.maincadamainc dramaturgia ratom miiCneva TeatrisaTvisgankuTvnil literaturad? cxadia, romanis, moTxrobisa18

Tanamedrove qarTuli Teatris problemebi da gamowvevebiTu novelis avtors aranakleb saintereso samyaro aqvs,magram maT scenaze warmoCenas win uZRvis operacia,`qirurgiuli~ Careva, raTa moxdes maTi inscenireba anuscenisaTvis morgeba. drama berZnulad moqmedebas niSnavs,scenis xelovnebac Tavisi arsiT, swored, moqmedebisxelovnebas gulisxmobs. dramaturgia da proza, rogorcar unda gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan,uTuod msgavsnicarian. orive SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs literaturulSemoqmedebasTan. dramaturgi, upirveles yovlisa,mweralia. Seqspiri, Cexovi, kldiaSvili Tu sxvani, romcaravis warmoedgina scenaze, isini mainc darCebodnenliteraturis istoriaSi, rogorc genialuri Txzulebebisavtorebi. dramatul da prozaul nawarmoebebs Sorisarsebobs erTi mniSvnelovani sxvaoba, ris gamoc dramagacilebiT ioli mosargebia sasceno warmodgenisaTvis.prozaul nawarmoebSi avtori mogviTxrobs gmirismoqmedebis Sesaxeb,xolo dramaturgiaSi personaJi TavadsCadis am moqmedebas da avtoriseuli Txroba an sruliadar gvxvdeba, an Zalian mwiria. piesaSi araa saqcielisaRwera, aq saqcieli igulisxmeba.dramaturgia moiTxovs mkiTxvelis met aqtivobas.imas, Tu vin, rogor da ranairad dainaxavs wamoWrilproblemas. aRqma ki, TavisTavad, SeiZleba iyosabsoluturad gansxvavebuli da mravalgvari. sworedamitomaa, rom erTsa da imave piesas sxvadasxva reJisorisruliad gansxvavebul WrilSi gvTavazobs.dramaturgi piesas TeatrisTvis wers da Sesabamisad,mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs misi drois Teatris sadadgmoSesaZleblobebi. piesis safuZvelze agebulma speqtaklmaemociuri zegavlena unda moaxdinos mayurebelze. esemociuri potenciali ki Tavad piesaSi unda idos. yvelaSemTxvevaSi,scenuri nawarmoebi literaturuls efuZnebada amdenad, dramaturgiis ganviTarebis gareSe Teatrisarseboba warmoudgenelia.19

gvanca guliaSvilimkvlevarTa garkveuli nawili miiCnevs, rom dResqarTuli Teatri ganicdis maRali xarisxis dramaturgiisdeficits. XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan, qarTuliTeatris repertuarSi ucxouri da qarTuli klasikurinawarmoebebis gverdiT Cndeba Tanamedroveobis amsaxvelipiesebi. bunebrivia, vgulisxmob im mwvave problematikas,romelic am konkretulma periodma moitana. Torem,Tanamedroveobis amsaxveli nawarmoebebi, yovel drosa daepoqaSi idgmeboda aramarto qarTul, aramed nebismieriqveynis TeatrSi. laSa TabukaSvilis `mere ra,rom svelia,sveli iasamani~ iyo im periodis qarTuli realobiserTgvari gamoZaxili. qarTvelma mayurebelma ixila ampiesis scenuri versia rusTavelis TeatrSi. mogvianebiT,es piesa daidga quTaisis,baTumisa da Telavis TeatrebSi.rezonansi STambeWdavi iyo. geopolitikuri cvlileba,dausrulebeli Sida omebi, Sedegad degradirebuliqarTveli axalgazrdobis problemebi sakmaod Tamamadda Riad aRwera rogorc dramaturgma, ise speqtaklisreJisorma (rusTavelis TeatrSi warmodgenis damdgmelebiiyvnen: robert sturua da daviT xinikaZe). arsebobdagarkveuli SiSi, rogor miiRebda meti damajereblobisada simwvavisaTvis piesaSi uxvad gamoyenebul Tamam,ucenzuro gamoTqmebs mayurebeli, romelic Teatrisgangarkveul akademiurobas moeloda (miT ufro im etapze),magram problema imdenad srulyofilad da realisturadiyo dasmuli, rom speqtaklma, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, didiwarmateba hpova qarTvel mayurebelSi. rezonansuli iyoaseve aka morCilaZis `faliaSvilis quCis ZaRlebi~,romlis scenuri versiac didi popularobiT sargeblobdaqarTvel mayurebelSi. warmodgena mwerlis ori prozaulinawarmoebis (`faliaSvilis quCis ZaRlebi~ da `mogzaurobayarabaxSi~) inscenirebas efuZneboda. igi Tbilisis sandroaxmetelis TeatrSi, reJisorma daTo andRulaZem dadga.speqtakli im periodis Tbilisis mwvave problemebs20

Tanamedrove qarTuli Teatris problemebi da gamowvevebiexmianeboda. am SemTxvevaSic sakiTxis aqtualobada Txrobis realisturi manera iyo ganmsazRvreliwarmodgenis popularobisa. Semdgom ukve iwyeba erTgvarietapi qarTul dramaturgiaSi, sadac Warbobs realobisamsaxveli siuJetebi: yofiT-socialuri diskomforti,siduxWire,Seqmnili viTarebiT ganpirobebuli konfliqtipirovnebasa da sazogadoebas Soris, uamravi mtkivneulisakiTxi Cveni Tanamedroveobisa.cxadia, aqtualur Temaze dadgmul speqtaklsyovelTvis hyavs mayurebeli, Tumca, Teatris kritikosTagarkveuli nawili miiCnevs, rom Tanamedrove qarTulidramaturgia saTanadod ver ganviTarda. is zedmetadgaitaca yofiTi problemebis asaxvam da gaCnda erTgvarideficiti zneobrivi,amaRlebuli da Rirebuli dramatulinawarmoebebisa.Tanamedrove qarTuli Teatraluri xelovnebakritikosTa nawilisaTvis Ziebis procesSia. arsebobsufro radikalurad ganwyobili mosazrebebic. faqtia,rom es erTgvari, gardamavali droa _ tradiciebisa dasiaxleebis Widilis periodi,rac TavisTavad gulisxmobsrTul da mtkivneul procesebs. siaxle xelovnebaSiarRvevs tradiciuls, adre dadgenils da amitomwinaaRmdegoba gardauvalia. axlis danaxva da dacva kiar aris advili.21

Sesavali22nino gunia-kuznecova,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,Teatrmcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtorantixelmZRvaneli Tamar bokuCavascenografiuli kompoziciissakiTxisaTvisscenografia SeiZleba vuwodoT performansis(Cven naSromSi am termins ara mxolod Teatralurispeqtaklis, aramed zogadad sanaxaobiTi warmodgenisfarTo gansazRvrisTvis viyenebT) vizualur imijs,misi mravalkomponentianobiTa da mravalwaxnagovnebiT.scenografiis raoba rusi xelovnebaTmcodne v.beriozkinis mixedviT ase ganisazRvreba: `scenografiaxelovnebis dargia, romelic speqtaklis (performansis)saxviT-plastikur vizualur saxes qmnis scenur drosada sivrceSi. speqtaklSi scenografias ganekuTvnebayovelive, rac msaxiobis garSemo arsebobs (dekoracia),rasTanac msaxiobs aqvs Sexeba,riTac TamaSobs da moqmedebs(materialur-nivTobrivi atributebi), yvelaferi, racsxeulze aqvs (kostiumi, grimi, niRabi, garegnobisgardasaxvis sxva elementebi) da gardasaxvisTvisiyenebs~.1. scenografiis principebiscenografiis teritoriaTeatraluri xelovnebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesinawilia dramatuli qmedebis vizualuroba, romelic orikomponentiTaa ganpirobebuli:

a) speqtaklis, performansis ganxorcielebis arealiT,garemoTi anu landSaftiT (araTeatraluri sivrcispirobebSi), Teatris anda sxva samoqmedo nagebobis(taZridan _ stadionamde) arqiteqturiT;b) Teatraluri qmedebis, kerZod ki, samsaxiobojgufis uSualo saTamaSo ariT, e. w. scenuri sivrciT,misi vizualuri organizebiT.Teatralur xelovnebaSi sivrces, rogorcumniSvnelovanes nawils, Semoaqvs yvela is parametri /anu samganzomilebianoba, romlebic simaRliT, siRrmiTada siganiT ganizomeba/ da niSan-Tviseba /sidide, zoma,wona, moculoba, masa, forma, struqtura, arqiteqtonika,teqtonika, plastika/, rac sivrcobriv xelovnebaTadargebs axasiaTebs.sivrce aris scenografiis amosavali piroba. sivrciscneba Zalze farToa,is rogorc realur,aseve virtualurkonteqstebs moicavs. nebismier warmodgenaSi scenurisivrcis organizeba dualisturia; igi realuri _fizikurad mocemuli da irealuri _ mxatvrulad aRqmulisivrceebis urTierTdamokidebulebas gansazRvravs.qmedebis adgilis,saTamaSo sivrcis dinamika samsaxiobowarmodgenis mizanscenuri naxatiT ganisazRvreba. anusivrce SegviZlia davyoT performansis monawileTa qmedebisadgiliT (scenuri sivrce) da mayurebelTa ganlagebisadgilis (mayurebelTa darbazi an/da amfiTeatri) mixedviT:es dayofa aris nebismieri warmodgenis scenografiuligadawyvetis ganmsazRvreli.drosa da sivrceSi ganxorcielebuli dramaturgiuliqmedebis arsi warmodgenis dinamikaSi vlindeba. xolovizualur-esTetikuri aRqmis kanonebze damyarebuliscenografia nebismieri tipis performansis struqturaSi,sxva elementebTan erTad, speqtaklis rogorc zogadad23

nino gunia-kuznecova„garegnul“ iers, aseve dramatuli qmedebis vizualurarss gansazRvravs da siuJetur-dramaturgiuli anunaratiuli xazis ganviTarebasa da xmovan-musikalurwyobasTan erTad, speqtaklis mxatvrul erTianobasqmnis. scenografiuli gadawyveta dramatuli dialogiskonteqstSi moiazreba da mudmivad mis zegavlenasganicdis. Sesabamisad,scenogafiuli kompozicia narativistipologiasTan urTierTmimarTebaSi cvalebadia. amrigad,SeiZleba iTqvas, rom scenografiuli kompoziciiswarmomqmneli ZiriTadi da arsobrivi principebiasivrcobrivi da dramaturgiuli principi.2. scenografiuli kompoziciis ZiriTadi gamomsaxvelobiTisaSualebebi:kompoziciis raobakompozicia, aris ra calkeul nawilTa erT mxatvrulmTlianobad SeerTeba, mxatvruli formis umTavresigamaerTianebeli komponentia, romelic nawarmoebsmxatvrul erTianobasa da mTlianobas aniWebs.leon batista albertis mixedviT, romelmacpirvelma Semoitana kompoziciis cneba, kompozicia _Txzva da gamogonebaa, rogorc mxatvris Tavisufalinebis gamoxatvis aqti; anu kompozicias is ganixilavsara rogorc produqts, aramed rogorc process, romlisarsi sivrcis organizebaa.formaluri erTianobisa da ansamblurobisgangansxvavebiT, kompozicia calkeul nawilebad ar iyofa.kompozicia mxatvruli elementebis gansakuTrebuladgaazrebuli da droSi ganviTarebadi mTlianobaa. amgvarimTlianoba gulisxmobs axali SemoqmedebiT-mxatvrulirealobis Seqmnas, romelic aaxloebs ra universalursada aqtualurs, nawilobriv drois ganzomilebas24

ugulebelyofs da dros sivrciT urTierTobebadgardaqmnis.swored kompoziciuri mTlianobis gziT vizualurixelovnebis Sinaarsi imanenturi xdeba. Sedegad, mxatvris,scenografis formiTi azrovnebis unaris safuZvelzexelovnebis nimuSSi da gansakuTrebiT, dro-sivrciTxelovnebaSi, istoriuli dro mxatvrulad SekumSuldrod gadaiqceva.ZiriTadi kompoziciuri kategoriebis sistemaSi,romlis bazisi konstruqciaa, xolo umaRlesi wertili_ kompozicia (semantikuri, azrobrivi mTlianoba),umniSvnelovanesi roli eniWeba mxatvris azrovnebaSimimdinare `saSualeba-xerxebis~ meSveobiT masalisTanamimdevrul transformacias xarisxobrivad axalmxatvrul `Sedeg-xarisxSi~. amdenad, kompozicia arisTviTganviTarebadi sistema, 1 romlis Rirebuleba misikomponentebis jams aRemateba. es ZiriTadi kanonzomierebasaerToa yvela saxis xelovnebis dargisTvis da,Sesabamisad, scenografiisTvisac.kompoziciuri kanonebicenografiuli kompoziciis sakiTxisaTvisrogorc yvela sistemas, kompoziciasac sakuTarikanonebi gaaCnia, kerZod:1. mTlianobis kanoni, romelic gamoixateba yvelaelementisa da maTi bmebis harmoniaSi, kompoziciurelementTa Soris kavSirisa da urTierTSeTanxmebisaucileblobaSi, drosa da sivrceSi maT uwyvetmTlianobaSi; kanoni gamomdinareobs kompoziciisganuyofelobis Tvisebidan, rac efuZneba mxatvruli1sistema - gulisxmobs elementebisa da garkveuli struqturisarsebobis kanonzomierebas, romlis safuZvelzec elementebidakavSirebulni arian erTmaneTTan. materialuri garemos obieqtebisfunqcionirebis gansxvavebuli xasiaTi ganapirobebs maTi teqtonikisada moculobiT-sivrcobrivi organizaciis specifikas.25

nino gunia-kuznecovaideisa da kompoziciis Sesabamisobas, erTobas.2. kontrastis kanoni gamoixateba „mTlianobisa“da „Sexamebisa da Sedarebis“ kanonebis urRveobispirobebSi, Sexamebadi elementebis kontrastulobasada urTierTkonfliqtur damokidemulebaSi, kompoziciiselementTa da maT urTierTobaTa gansxvavebebisa damravalferovnebebis xazgasmaSi.kontrastis ZiriTadi saxeebia:• zomaTa kontrasti /didi-patara/;• feriTi, tonaluri kontrasti /Ria-muqi/;• azrobrivi kontrasti.kontrastisTvis damaxasiaTebelia rogorc mxareTamkveTri dapirispirebuloba, aseve sapirispiro mxareTamTlianoba; anu kontrasti erTdroulad dapirispirebaTabrZolaa da maTi dialeqtikuri erTobac.3. daqvemdebarebis kanoni gamoixateba kompoziciisyvela elementisa da saSualebis erTiani ideisadmi,Canafiqrisadmi da nawarmoebis zeamocanisadmidaqvemdebarebaSi.4. siaxlis kanoni gamoixateba kompoziciis inovaciurobasada eqskluziurobaSi. siaxlis kanoni moqmedebs, rogorcxelovnebis universaluri kanoni, romlis arsi imaSimdgomareobs, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis saxe-xatiyovelTvis axalia, rogorc formis, aseve Sinaarsismxriv.5. vitalobis, igive tipizaciis kanoni, efuZneba SerCevisim princips, romelic mocemuli situaciisTvis anpersonaJisTvis damaxasiaTebel ZiriTad detalTatipurobas efuZneba. SerCeuli elementebi erTmaneTis dazogadi ideis identuri unda iyos. es kanoni ara rogorckompoziciis universaluri, aramed, rogorc kerZo kanonivlindeba im xelovnebis nimuSebSi, romlebSic arismcdeloba _ gadmoices moZraoba drosa /da sivrceSi/.6. zemoqmedebis kanoni mdgomareobs `CarCos~ gavlenaSi26

moCarCoebul sivrcesa Tu sibrtyeSi gaSlil kompoziciurwyobaze; anu CarCos mimarT sagnisa an formis ganlagebisada mdebareobis mixedviT am saganTa aRqma cvalebadia.CarCos meore mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa misi formatiszemoqmedeba kompoziciaze. 17. Sexamebisa da Sedarebis kanoni zemoT dasaxelebulkanonebs efuZneba da pirdapir kavSirSia kontrastiskanonTan. is mdgomareobs imaSi,rom elementebi,romlebicSeirCa, rogorc tipuri, damaxasiaTebeli, ar undaewinaaRmdegebodnen erTmaneTs da ar unda anadgurebdnensakuTar semantikur (rogorc azrobriv, aseve saxier)mniSvnelobebs.kompoziciis yvela kanoni pirdapirkavSirSia kompoziciis mTlianobis ganmsazRvrelartiteqtonikasTan.kompoziciis arqiteqtonika1scenografiul kompoziciaSi CarCos rols scenuri sarke, portali,xolo arenaze an amfiTeatrSi orxestris wriuli forma da arqiteqturissilueti asrulebs. performansSi, aratradiciul sivrceSi kimis nacvlad, moqmedebis adgilis SemomsazRvreli urbanuli land-Safti SeiZleba vigulisxmoT.2struqtura _ sistemis yvelaze mdgradi elementebis, maTi abstragirebuliarsia. is statikuria da morfologiis, anu sistemis wyobisgamomsaxvelia. struqtura mxatvrul nawarmoebSi SeiZleba gancenografiulikompoziciis sakiTxisaTvisarqiteqtonika kompoziciuri mTlianobis ZiriTadixarisxobrivi maCvenebelia, ganasxvavebs mxatvrulnawarmoebs naturalurisa Tu abstraqtulisgan.arqiteqtonika nebismieri mxatvruli nawarmoebiskompoziciuri Sida wyobaa, romelic misi mTavarida meorexarisxovani elementebis urTierTobasa daTanafardobas ganapirobebs.arqiteqtonika efuZneba kompoziciis struqturas,teqtonikas, formas da mis plastikas, esTetikursaSualebebs, rogorc arqiteqtonikis gamomsaxvelobas. 227

nino gunia-kuznecovanawarmoebis arqiteqtonikuri xarisxi damokidebuliaoTx ZiriTad maxasiaTebelze:• arsis, ideis srulyofilebaze;• formis srulyofilebaze;• ideisa da formis urTierTmimarTebaze;• formis esTetizmze, esTetikaze.arqiteqtonikis mTavari kanonzomiereba efuZnebaSinaarsis, ideisa da formis mravalmxriv da yovlismomcvelerTianobas. formis elementTa arqiteqtonikuli bmada kavSiri kompoziciis ZiriTadi gamomsaxvelobiTisaSualebaa. Sesabamisad, kompoziciuri xerxebia:centris (azrobrivis, kompoziciuris) ganawileba -vixiloT ramodenime urTierTdakavSirebul aspeqtSi _ teqtonika,kompozicia da gamomsaxvelobiToba.teqtonika _ struqturuli kanonzomierebebis mxatvruli gamosaxulebaa,romlebic damaxasiaTebelia nawarmoebis konstruqciisaTvis;igi nebismieri xelovnebis nimuSis kompoziciuri wyobaa. teqtonikagamosaxavs mTelSi nawilebis gansakuTrebul urTierTganlagebas, mTelisindividualurobas, formaTa da proporciaTa urTierTmimarTebas.teqtonika-formaSi konstruqciis masalaTa Tvisebebis, maTi muSaobislogikis vizualuri gamovlineba,warmoCenaa. logikuri da zusti teqtonikaformaTa damajereblobas uzrunvelyofs, iZleva sagnis daniSnulebazeswor, marTebul warmodgenas misi damzadebis teqnologiisTaviseburebebsa da masalis Tvisebebze. statikur saganTa an nagebobaTa/dekoracia/ teqtonika mkveTrad gansxvavdeba dinamikur, moZrav /kostiumi/, kinetikur nivTTa teqtonikisagan.formis plastikis meSveobiT gamoixateba konstruqciis iseTi Tvisebebi,rogorebicaa: simyare, mdgradoba, wonasworoba, moZraobis mimarTuleba,nawilTa da elementTa urTierTdamokidebuleba. formisarsobrivi datvirTulobis, informatiulobis specifikur elementTaSoris aris: formis sagnobrivi saxiereba (rogorc sagnis garegnulisaxis tipologiuri maxasiaTebeli da rogorc asociaciuroba),formis kompoziciur-masStaburi wyoba (mTlianobis danawilebisgarkveuli meTodi, calkeuli nawilebisa da detalebis zomebi), plastikada feri, dekoris elementebi.esTetikuri saSualebebs, rogorc arqiteqtonikis komponentTa rigs,ganekuTvneba mxatvrul-kompoziciuri harmonizaciis yvela saSualeba:plastika, feri, dekori, faqtura, romlebic Tavis erTobaSi warmoadgenenniSanTa specifikur sistemas.28

cenografiuli kompoziciis sakiTxisaTvisganlageba, oqros kveTis gamoyeneba, ritmi, statika dadinamika, wonasworoba, feradovani laqa, vertikalisa dahorizontalis principi, formati/zoma, xedvis wertili/rakursi, mimarTuleba, moZraoba.amdenad, scenografiuli dazgis arqiteqtonika arisnakeTobis mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis, konstruqciulsistemaSi arsebuli mzidisa da sazidis Sesabamisobisada Tanafardobis kanonzomierebis erToba.scenografiis masala da kompoziciuri doneebikompoziciis tradiciuli instrumentebis garda,v. beriozkinis mixedviT, gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebadscenografia iyenebs:1. bunebis mier Seqmnil nebismier raimes;2. yofaSi an warmoebaSi xmarebad nivTebsa dafaqturebs;3. yovelives, rac mxatvris Semoqmedebis Sedegadibadeba _ niRbidan,kostiumsa da rekvizitidan dawyebuli,ferweramde, grafikamde, scenur sivrcemde, sinaTlisa damasebis dinamikiT damTavrebuli.radgan scenografiul saxeTa mwkrivi efuZnebavizualur aRqmas, is xelovnebis yvela sivrcobrividargis sivrciTi parametrebis mqone vizualurplastikurimasalis meSveobiT vlindeba. scenografiaerTgvar interdisciplinarul eqsperiments warmoadgensarqiteqturis moculobebis da konstruqciis, ferweriskoloritisa da qandakebis plastikuri formebisgamoyenebiT. amdenad, „martivi“ sivrciTi xelovnebisdargebis (arqiteqtura, ferwera, qandakeba) masalebissamive saxe scenografiis sam kompoziciur wyobas qmnis.1. arqiteqtonikuli wyoba,rogorc masebis urTierToba _speqtaklis kompozicia Sendeba sivrceSi masaTa ganawilebis,29

nino gunia-kuznecovasimZimisa da woniTi urTierTqmedebis kanonzomierebazedayrdnobiT. speqtaklSi igi gamovlindeba rogorc:a) saerTo Teatraluri sivrcis organizacia;b) scenuri sivrcis organizacia;g) samsaxiobo ansambli sivrciT urTierTobaSi.2. plastikuri wyoba _ speqtaklis plastika Sendebamasalaze „plastika“, plastikur damuSavebaze, scenurisivrcis siRrmeze, da mis kavSirze msaxiobTa plastikurTamaSTan /TamaSis plastikasTan. speqtaklSi igigamovlindeba rogorc:a) formaTa plastika;b) msaxiobisa da mizanscenis plastika;g) samsaxiobo plastikis scenuri sivrcisplastikasTan urTierToba.3. ganaTebiTi wyoba _ speqtaklis mxatvruli ganaTeba,romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia scenur sivrceSi Suqisganawilebis kanonzomiereba; misi zemoqmedeba scenisnivTobrivi samyaros feradovan gamaze/xasiaTze;koloristuli mTlianoba. speqtaklSi igi gamovlindebarogorc:a) scenuri ganaTeba, romelic speqtaklis saerToganaTebiT partituras iTvaliswinebs;b) speqtaklis koloristuli daxasiaTeba;g) ganaTebiT-koloristuli urTierTqmedeba.scenografiis am sami kompoziciuri wyobisurTierToba performansSi, speqtaklSi, Tavis mxriv, samarqiteqtonikul sistemas warmoSobs:1. pirveli _ fizikuri sistema sivrceSi masebisganawilebiT warmoiqmneba.2. meore sistema _ pirvelis bazaze masebis30

cenografiuli kompoziciis sakiTxisaTviskompoziciur gamokveTas,Suq-Crdilisa da koloristuliurTierTqmedebiT, formaTa da moculobaTa gamovlenasgulisxmobs.3. mesame sistema _ moqmedebis dinamikaSi sivrceSi masebisgaRrmavebul detalizacias iTvaliswinebs.scenografiuli kompoziciis ganviTarebis safuZveli_ filosofiuri xedvebis zegavlena scenografiulsivrcezescenografiuli kompoziciis ganviTareba filosofiuriTvalTaxedvis, narativis tipologiur saxecvlas,Sesabamisad, gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis gafarToebasa daganviTarebas efuZneba.istoriuli mniSvnelobis yvela Teatralurikoncefciis dabadeba da warmoCena sivrcis axleburgadafasebasa da ganawilebas,axal artikulacias upirobodgulisxmobs. uaxlesi drois scenografia XX saukunisrevoluciuri ideebis da TeatrSi mimdinare teqtonikuriZvrebis erTdroulad subieqti da matianea.jer kidev XIX saukunis naturalisturi Teatrimoxerxebulad iyenebda renesansul scena-yuTs,romlis sarke idealurad „Wrida da aCarCoebda“saZiebel `cxovrebis naWers“. msgavsi midgoma e. w.„daxuruli/daxSuli“ kompoziciis utrirebuli versiaa,romlis sensitiur variaciebs Tanamedrove evropulperformansistebis klaustrofobiul scenografiul„kamerebSi“ vawydebiT, oRond im gansxvavebiT, romTanamedrove artistebi, warmosaxviTi „meoTxe kedlis“nacvlad,realur Sav kedlebs aSeneben da iketebian maTSi./Sveicarieli muriel gerstneris Savi konteineri,PQ07/.XX saukunis gariJraJze,moskovis samxatvro Teatrisrealistur speqtaklebSi v. simovis scenografiaSigaCnda atmosfero _ Cexovis piesebis sivrce sunTqavda31

nino gunia-kuznecovapersonaJebTan erTad da Tanac, realur droSi. albaT,uaxlesi drois dramaturgebidan, mxolod a. CexovTan,msaxiobis darad, romelic sxvadasxva personaJadgardaisaxeba, scenur sivrcesac gardasaxvis unariaRmoaCnda. da mas Semdeg scenografiis amocanac scenurisivrcis am gardasaxvis Tvisebis gamomJRavneba gaxda.konstantine stanislavskis mier moTxovnili scenurisimarTlisa da ubraloebisagan gansxvavebiT, gordonkregma sivrcis sisadavesa da formaTa uSualobas jerarnaxuli ganzogadoebuloba da monumenturoba SesZina daSemdeg aamoZrava kidec /1907w/. kregma Seqmna kinetikurisivrcis koncefcia, romelic XX saukunis scenuri enissafuZveli gaxda. man Semoitana `gare samyaros“ cneba,mis kosmiuri masStabebis sivrceSi abstragirebuliformebi realuri arqiteqturis funqciebs ki aRarasrulebdnen, aramed Tavad sivrcis, rogorc fizikuri dafilosofiuri simbolos rols TamaSobdnen.kregma sruliad axleburad gaiazra scenografiisfunqcia da axali TvalTaxedviT dainaxa scenuri sivrce.da, rac mTavaria, kregma moaxdina revolucia mayurebelTada xelovanTa xedvaSi, axorcielebda ra sivrcis myisiergardasaxvebs ara saxviT gamosaxulebaSi, aramed adamianTagonebasa da warmosaxvaSi.sagulisxmoa, rom sivrcis arsis Ziebisas, kregmamimarTa ara Tanamedrove avtorebs, aramed Seqspirs,mis „hamlets“, rac adasturebs maRali zeideis, Rrmanarativis zegavlenasa da mniSvnelobas novaciurimxatvruli formis Ziebisas da Seqmnisas.kregis Semdeg dro XX saukunis scenografiismniSvnelovani atributi gaxda. mis kompoziciaSi dro dasivrce erTmaneTs avsebda da enacvleboda. da rogorcSeqspiris TeatrSi, kregTanac dro tragikuli aCqarebiTmiqroda.es tendencia XXI saukunis scenografiaSic32

aqtualuria, oRond dro ara marto aCqarebuli, aramedkumSvad-welvadic gaxda,magram scenografiuli ideisa daformis Tanxvedra kregiseul harmonias veRar aRwevs.XX saukunis korifeebi (meierholdi, brexti,streleri), aviTarebdnen ra kregis aRmoCenebs, carieliscenis gardasaxvis am magias Caswvdnen da abstraqtulisivrcisa da cocxali, yofiTi detalebis Tanaarseboba,rogorc mTlianisa da nawilis kanonzomieri Tanafardoba,daakanones.scenografTagan kregs, albaT, yvelaze axlos iozefsvoboda miuaxlovda, romelmac misi ideebi sakuTarkinetikur kompoziciebSi ganaviTara. man polisivrculiekranuli mozaikisa da kregis nawinaswarmetyvelebimontaJis idea 50 wlis Semdeg ganaxorciela.3. scenografiuli kompoziciis daxuruli da RiasaxeebiniSan-xati da sivrcecenografiuli kompoziciis sakiTxisaTviskompoziciaSi da kerZod scenografiul kompoziciaSi,mniSvnelovania saxe-xatis,niSnis aramibaZviTi aramimeturielementebi /rogoricaa CarCo, aseve scenoteqnikurisaSualebebi/ da maTi roli scenografiuli niSan-xatiskonstruirebaSi.Tu SevadarebT saxviTi xelovnebis kompoziciisda scenografiis niSan-xatebs, aRmovaCenT sakmaod bevrparalels: CarCo, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi aramimeturielementi, romlis mimarT damokidebulebis cvlakulturaTa da istoriul etapTa monacvleobis Sedegia,damaxasiaTebelia ara marto saxviTi suraTisTvis, aramedscenografiuli kompoziciisTvisac; scenografiaSi CarCoscena-yuTSi portalisa da sarkis saxiT gvevlineba.Teatraluri sarke aris sazRvari mayurebelsa33

nino gunia-kuznecovada msaxiobebs Soris, rogorc Teatraluri Senobisarqiteqturuli nawilis,struqturisa da scenografiulisivrcis, kompoziciis wyalgamyofi. am konteqstSiigi srulad iTavisebs SemosazRvrulobis princips,rogorc daxSuli scenografiuli kompoziciis arsisumniSvnelovanes niSans. CarCo saxviT suraTze metwiladmayureblis samyaros ekuTvnis da misTvis ufrofokusirebis instrumentia. Teatraluri sarke-CarCoki, rogorc mayureblis, aseve msaxiobisTvis garkveulidistancirebisa da sazRvris atributia.Tanamedrove vizualur xelovnebaSi xSirad, e. w. RiakompoziciebSi CarCo xdeba gamosaxulebis nawili, miTufro, rodesac igi Wris pirveli planis figurebs dasxva gamosaxulebebs ise, rom kompozicias ar zRudavs, damis sazRvrebs miRma warmosaxviT gadinebaSi xels uwyobs.am SemTxvevaSi mayureblis yuradRebis centrSi xvdebaara krebsiTi, aramed kerZo, kompoziciis fragmentulinawili. igive paraleli SeiZleba gavavloT performansTan,romlis kompozicia dausrulebul qmedebas warmoadgens,droSi xSirad utrirebulad gawelili anda aCqarebulia.moCarCoebuli suraTi ufro formalizebuli dadasrulebulia, arsebobs TiTqos sakuTar samyaroSi;speqtaklisTvis aseTive maorganizebeli scena-yuTissarkea.garda amisa, kompoziciis Tvisebebze zemoqmedebsTavad sivrcis faruli eqspresiuloba da aseve sivrcislokaluri Tvisebebi, romlebic mayureblis aRqmazemoqmedeben; magaliTad, ganieri da viwro, zeda da qveda,marcxena da marjvena, centraluri da periferiuli.scenografiuli kompoziciis daxuruli da Ria tipebida struqturebiscenografiuli kompoziciis ZiriTadi Semadgenelinawilebia dekoraciebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, Sedgeba34

cenografiuli kompoziciis sakiTxisaTvisstatikuri Tu dinamikuri formebisgan, ucvladi Tutransformirebadi struqturebisgan, drapirebadi Tuxisti masebisa da masalebisgan, da kostiumebisgan,romlebic yovelTvis dinamikur, moZrav, kinetikur nivTTarigs ganekuTvneba.Sesabamisad, scenografiuli kompoziciisarqiteqtonikul wyobas, rogorc masebis urTierTobas,safuZvlad udevs dekoraciebis moculobiT sivrcobrivistruqtura.moculobiT-sivrcobrivi struqtura kompoziciiskategoriaa, romelic asaxavs azrobriv kavSirs,daqvemdebarebasa da urTierTqmedebas formis yvelaelementisa erTmaneTTan da sivrcesTan. moculobiTsivrcobrivkompoziciaSi elementebad „muSaobs“ sivrce,moculoba, zedapirebi;moculobasa da sivrces Soris arsebuliurTierTkavSiris xasiaTis mixedviT ganirCeva formebi:daxuruli struqturiT, nawilobriv daxurulistruqturiT da Ria struqturiT. kargad organizebulimoculobiT-sivrciTi struqtura da mkafiod, mkveTradgamoxatuli teqtonika qmnis erTianobis da formisharmoniulobis winapirobas. amdenad, forma dakonstruqcia ganuyofelia: konstruqcia esTetikuriinformaciis matarebelia.nebismieri zemoaRniSnuli struqturis mqoneformebisgan Seqmnili scenografiuli kompoziciissaxeebia: frontaluri, diagonaluri, vertikaluri,wriuli.kompoziciuri ganviTarebis xasiaTis mixedviTSeiZleba gamovyoT scenografiuli sivrcis ori saxe:• daxSuli _ Caketili, SemosazRvruli;• Ria _ perspeqtivaSi da horizontalurad an/dasimaRleSi ganviTarebadi.amgvari kompoziciebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc35

nino gunia-kuznecovamonumenturi, monoliTuri, rac miiRweva formaTagamsxvilebis, maTi lakonurad gadawyvetiT, mZimemasalebiT, mkacri konstruqciiT; aseve, iyos kameruli,yofiTi, detalizebuli, dekoratiuli.garda amisa,scenografiuli kompozicia xasiaTdebatemporalobis anu droiT-moZraobiTi kategoriebiT.arsebobs sami ZiriTadi forma:• statikuri,• kinetikuri,• simultanuri.realuri scenuri sivrce fizikuri parametrebiT(realuri formebi, konstruqciebi) ganisazRvreba daigi fizikurad cvalebadia. irealuri scenuri sivrcefizikuri parametrebis ucvlelobis pirobebSic kimxatvrul aRqmaSi icvleba imisda mixedviT, Tu ra arisgamosaxuli scenaze (ganaTebiT an sxva vizualuri saxexatebiT)da rogor aris datvirTuli detalebiT.Tanamedrove scenografiul kompoziciaSi Semadgenelelementebze, formasa da struqturebze metad, gacilebiTufro mniSvnelovania bmis, kavSiris tipi da xasiaTi.es kavSirebi araerTsaxovania, cvladia, rac sistemasufro moZravs, moulodnels da naklebad mdgradsxdis /magaliTad, poliesterisa da skoCis masalisganawyobili scenografiuli struqtura, qselis simbolo,xorvatiuli dizaineruli firma `numanis~ hibrid artSi,PQ11/. Tanamedrove masalebis daWimuloba da welvadobaganapirobebs rogorc Tavad Semadgenel elementTaaramdgradobas, aseve aZlierebs elementebs Soris bmebis,da Sesabamisad,mTliani sistemis myife da moZrav saxes. eski kompozicias ufro plastikurs xdis da vizualuradwelvad-SekumSvad asociaciebs badebs.36

cenografiuli kompoziciis sakiTxisaTvisdaskvnisTvis1. scenografiuli kompoziciis warmomqmneli ZiriTadida arsobrivi principebia:• sivrcobrivi principi, romlis arsisamganzomilebianobas efuZneba da sivrcobriv koordinatTasistemiT izomeba.• dramaturgiuli principi/narativis ganviTarebada gaTamaSeba/ ori ZiriTadi koordinatiT _ droiT damoZraobiT-xasiaTdeba.Sesabamisad, scenografiuli kompozicia dro-sivrciTxelovnebaTa rigs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT, imitom rom isarsebobs sivrceSi da icvleba droSi.2. scenografiuli kompoziciis ZiriTadgamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebs sivrciTi xelovnebisdargebis _ arqiteqturis, ferweris, qandakebis _gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi qmnis. xolo Tavad sivrciTixelovnebis dargebis ZiriTadi gamomsaxvelobiTisaSualebebi SeiZleba sam ZiriTad saxemde daviyvanoT,esenia: forma, feri, xazi. es sami gamomsaxvelobiTisaSualeba scenografiis sam kompoziciur wyobas qmnis:• arqiteqtonikuls /formaTa sistema/;• ganaTebiTs /Suq-CrdiliTa da feriT Seqmnilipartitura/;• plastikurs /calkeuli formisa an/da formaTasistemis transformacia/.es sami wyoba axasiaTebs rogorc realur, asevevirtualur sivrceebSi Seqmnil scenografiul kompozicias/virtualur sivrceSi igulisxmeba multimedia dacifruli teqnologiebis saSualebiT modelirebuliwarmosaxviTi sivrce/.maTgan arqiteqtonikuli wyoba sivrciTia, xologanaTebiTi da plastikuri upiratesad dro-sivrciTi. esdayofa pirobiT xasiaTs atarebs.37

nino gunia-kuznecova3. dramatul TeatrSi scenografiuli kompoziciaupiratesad daxurul xasiaTs atarebs, rac kompoziciisTviTkmarobasa da dasrulebulobas gulisxmobs.postdramatuli Teatris,performansebis scenografiulikompozicia upiratesad Riaa, rac performanssa dahepeningSi narativis gaqrobis tendencias gamoxatavs.gamoyenebuli literatura• gunia-kuznecova n., scenografiis tipTa msgavseba dagansxvaveba robert sturuas TeatrSi, saqarTvelos SoTarusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis2006 wlis samecniero konferenciis _ qarTul kulturaSimimdinare procesebi XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan dRemde_ masalebi, Tb., 2006;• gunia-kuznecova n., urbanuli kulturuli sivrceebisvizualuri saxeebi warmodgenaTa procesSi, saqarTvelosmecnierebaTa akademia, `macne~ d. uznaZis sax. fsiqologiisinstitutis perioduli Jurnali, #2, 2005, Tbilisi, 2005;• Бачелис Т. И. Эволюция сценического пространства. (ОтАнтуана до Крэга)В кн.: Западное искусство ХХ века. М.: Наука, 1978.С.148 –212;• Берёзкин В. В. Искусство сценографии мирового театра.I-II тома. М., 1997-2001• Симмат В. Е. Семантический дифференциал какинструмент искусствоведческого анализа. В сб.: Семиотикаи искусствометрия,. М., 1972;• Шапиро М. Некоторые проблемы семиотики визуальногоискусства. Пространство изображения и средства созданиязнака-образа. В сб. Семиотика и искусствометрия,. М.,1972;• Шеповалов В. Сценография в театральном искусстве. C.-Пб., 2003;• Laurel Brenda, Cоmputer as Theatre . Reading MA, AddisonWesley Longman, 1993.• Schrum A. Stephen, Thеatre in Cyberspace, New York, Peter lang,1999; Picco A. Theatre and Multimedia, Venecia, 2003;38

natalia diRmelaSvili,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,dramis fakultetis doqtorantixelmZRvaneli daviT kobaxiZeTanamedrove midgomebis danergva cekvisswavlebaSisaqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universitetSi cekvis swavlebis problemayovelTvis yuradRebis sagani iyo.Tanamedrove Teatri msaxiobisgan moiTxovsmravalmxrivi profesiuli unarebis qonas. aq igulisxmeba,rogorc wminda aqtioruli xelovneba, ise metyvelebismaRali kultura da daxvewili plastika. Sesabamisad,Teatraluri skolisgan msaxiobis yovelmxriv momzadebasda srulyofil mamoZravebel aparats moiTxovs. ùmaRlesTeatralur saswavlebelSi, moZraobiTi disciplinebiTmecadineobebis Sedegad, momavali msaxiobis organizmSixdeba progresuli funqcionaluri Zvrebi, anuxorcieldeba centralurTaSorisi urTierTobebisSegueba sajaro Semoqmedebis, scenis moednis pirobebTan.es ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs msaxiobis profesiuli teqnikisgamomxatvelobis amaRlebasa da srulyofas~, 1 – werdan. ionaTamiSvili naSromSi `msaxiobis teqnikis Sesaxeb~.msaxiobis mamoZravebeli aqtivobis SeswavlaSi cekvisdadebiTi mxare udavoa, magram es saganic mudmivad undasrulyofdes programis Semadgenlobasa da swavlebismeTodikas, Seesabamebodes Tanamedrove moTxovnebs.gasul saukuneSi Teatrebi ZiriTadad literaturul1n. ionaTamiSvili. msaxiobis teqnikis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos SoTarusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo Teatraluri institutis, sasceno-moZraobiskaTedris samecniero-kvleviTi Sromebi (xelnaweri),1980/81 sas. w.39

natalia diRmelaSvilipirvelwyaros (piesas) eyrdnobodnen. warmmarTveli iyosityva. msaxiobebi ambobdnen yvelafers,razec fiqrobdnenpiesis gmirebi, fizikuri qcevis mniSvneloba SedarebiTmcire iyo. Tumca, sxeulis moZraobis enis dinamikurixarisxi, Tavisi wminda meqanikuri SesaZleblobebiT,aWarbebs xmovani metyvelebis Sesabamis SesaZleblobas,anu adamianis fizikuri qceva gardaiqmneba urTierTobisaqtiur saSualebad, romelic avsebs metyvelebas.qmedebebis realizaciis teqnika moZraobis enissaSualebiT – es, pirvel rigSi, scenaze bunebrivad,damajereblad, organulad qmedebis gamoxatvis unaria,am qmedebebis gamoxatvis sul ufro metad mkveTrisaSualebebis povniT.adamiani, scenuri moZraobis sirTulesa daxarisxSi, romelic metyvelebis sapirispirod iyenebsartikulaciis SezRudul aparats, axorcielebs scenurmoZraobas mTeli sxeuliT – Tavidan fexebamde. am drosmJRavndeba msaxiobis mier dramatuli scenis specifikisgaTvaliswinebis ostatoba.cekva da plastika dramaSi ukve aRar warmoadgensmakavSirebel saSualebas, zogjer swored plastika daqoreografia xdeba dominanti speqtaklSi, maT mihyavTdramaturgiuli xazi. axali Teatraluri formebisSeqmnam moiTxova gardasaxvis samsaxiobo aparatismomzadebis ufro maRali done, moZraobiTi unar-Cvevebismravalferovneba da specialuri codna. Tanamedrovepiesebi isea dawerili, rom mraval da umniSvnelovanesnakveTebSi moqmedeba mkafio gamoxatvas poulobsmsaxiobebis fizikur qcevaSi. msaxiobis plastikuridaxasiaTeba kidev ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens aramxolod reJisoris CanafiqrSi, aramed mayureblis mierspeqtaklis aRqmaSi.XX saukuneSi msaxiobebis swavlebisTvisaprobirebuli iyo sportis, akrobatikis sxvadasxva40

Tanamedrove midgomebis danergva cekvis swavlebaSisaxeoba. J. dalkrozis ritmuli aRzrdis meTodi, f.delsartis `gamomxatvelobiTi moZraobis~ sistema,v. meierholdis biomeqanika da sxva (jorj demeni _SemoiRo sinTezuri varjiSebi, romlebSic erTi moZraobabunebrivad gamomdinareobda meorisgan, aisedora dunkani,_ romelic propagandas uwevda `Tavisufal cekvas~).dalkrozi Tvlida, rom bgerebis musika da Jestebismusika unda iyos STagonebuli erTi grZnobiT,rom sxeuliaris Suamavali adamianis bgerebsa da azrebs Soris, isxdeba grZnobebis gamomxatveli instrumenti, romelTamarTvasac codna sWirdeba. musika unda asulierebdessxeulis moZraobas, raTa STainTqas igi xilulJReradobaSi. is aiZulebda Tavis moswavleebs, musikisTanxlebiT SeesrulebinaT mTeli sxeulis kunTebismoZraobebi. `musikis saSualebiT, misi zemoqmedebis qveS,adamianis faruli sulieri mdgomareoba xdeba xiluli,moZraobis saSualebiT adamiani cnobierad an qvecnobieradgamoxatavs Tavis Sinagan sulier mdgomareobas. es niSnavs,rom suli adamianis Sinagani plastikaa, misi musikaa,romelic gamoxatvis dros erwymis gare plastikas,mis moZraobas~, 1 – werda S. gegiaZe Tavis samecnieronaSromSi `musika sasceno moZraobis gakveTilze da misifsiqofiziologiuri zemoqmedeba msaxiobis aRzrdisprocesSi~.dalkrozis SemoqmedebaSi cekva xdeba elementi,romelsac aqvs qmediTi da esTetikuri mniSvneloba, _ midisim daskvnamde, rom misi sistema sasargebloa dramatulimsaxiobebis swavlebisTvis. ritmi scenuri moqmedebebissafuZvelia, _ Tvlida dalkrozi, _ msaxiobis sxeuliunda flobdes ritmis saidumlos, msaxiobis qceva1S. gegiaZe. musika sasceno moZraobis gakveTilze da misi fsiqofiziologiurizemoqmedeba msaxiobis aRzrdis procesSi. saqarTvelosSoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo Teatraluri institutissasceno-moZraobis kaTedris samecniero-kvleviTi Sromebi (xelnaweri),1985 w.41

natalia diRmelaSviliarafers gamoxatavs, Tu is araa gaJRenTili SinaganiritmiT. `mravalferovani musikaluri nawyvetebisritmebis moZraobis daqvemdebarebiT, dalkrozma ipovamoZraobis emociuri Seferadebis,misTvis gamomxatvelobisminiWebis gza, koleqtiuri ritmuli moqmedebis agebisaxali SesaZleblobebi~. 1 is moiTxovda, rom gakveTilebzemusikaluri Tanxlebis SerCeva yofiliyo kontrastuli,xolo varjiSebi Seqmniliyo metris da tempis,moZraobebisda gaCerebebis, daZabulobis da modunebulobiscvladobiT.dalkrozis sistemisgan gansxvavebiT, delsartismeTodi ar gamomdinareobda musikaluri safuZvlebidan,mis saxelTan dakavSirebulia moZraobis axali kulturis,axali tanvarjiSis sistemis, axali cekvis warmoSoba.delsarti iyo erT-erTi pirvelTagani,romelmac yuradRebamiaqcia msaxiobis bunebrivi da gamomsaxvelobiTi sistemisSeqmnis aucileblobas. samsaxiobo ostatobis skolisTvismisi sistemidan gadmoiRes teqnologiuri mxare, yvelaferimoaciles, rac iwvevda qmedebis, grZnobisa da emociispirobiT gamosaxulebas. is adamianis sxeulis, rogorcgamomsaxvelobis mxatvruli iaraRis Sesaxeb mecnierebisfuZemdebelia. delsarti dakavebuli iyo sxeulismdebareobisa da Jestebis gamomsaxvelobis analiziT;miaCnda, rom moZraobis ukeTesi kvlavwarmoebisTvis,upirveles yovlisa, saWiro iyo sxeulis damorCileba.man misca sityvieri dasaxelebebi yvela moZraobas,imis naTelyofiT, Tu rogor SeiZleba gamomsaxvelobismasalad imsaxuros calkeuli moZraobebis SeTanawyobam.delsartis damsaxureba sxeulis moZraobis mecnierulidasabuTebis SeqmnaSia. man gaakeTa adamianis im garemoZraobebisa da mdebareobebis mecnieruli klasifikacia,romlebSic gamoixateba misi Sinagani mdgomareoba.kunTebis varjiSis sistema, romelic SemoiRo v.1Конорова Е.В. Ритмика в театральной школе. Искусство, М.- Л., 1947,стр.6.42

Tanamedrove midgomebis danergva cekvis swavlebaSie. meierholdma dramatuli msaxiobebisTvis, moicavdaurTierTSemavseb _ scenur situaciasa da moZraobiTtreinings, is am sistemas `biomeqanikas~ uwodebda. massafuZvlad udevs yvelaze umniSvnelo moZraobiTi aqtisSesrulebis iZulebisken mTeli sxeuliT miswrafeba,da ara misi calkeuli nawilebiT. meierholdi gaxdamoZraobis aseTi maneris fuZemdebeli scenaze daTeatralur pedagogikaSi.Teatris saWiroeba amdidrebda da srulyofdapedagogikas. 1948 wels, i. e. koxma SeimuSava axalisagnis `sasceno moZraobis~ programa, romelmac moicvaam sferoSi winamorbedTa mier gakeTebuli yvela miRweva.programis aTvisebisTvis aucilebeli iyo studentebSinebisyofis, yuradRebisa da mexsierebis, Zalis, siswrafis,gamZleobis, simarjvisa da ritmulobis donis amaRleba.XX saukunis 60-80-ian wlebSi, saqarTvelos Teatrisa dakinos institutSi,sasceno moZraobis kaTedris pedagogebmadaiwyes elementaruli profesiuli terminebis qarTulenaze gadaTargmna. amasTan, maT samecniero naSromebSigamoikveTa samsaxiobo mimarTulebis studentTa fsiqofiziologiuriproblemebis Seswavlis mcdelobistendenciebi, romlebic im droisaTvis aqtualuri iyosxva qveynebSic. TavianT SemoqmedebaSi imave problemebswin swevdnen XX saukunis iseTi reJisor-novatorebi,rogorebic iyvnen: eJi grotovski da euJenio barba.grotovski SesaZleblad miiCnevda SemoqmedebiTiprocesidan im winaaRmdegobebisa da dabrkolebebisaRmofxvras,romlebic gamowveulia sakuTari organizmiT.es exeba, rogorc fsiqikur, aseve fizikur aspeqtebs.msaxiobis individualuroba unda ganviTardes ZveliCvevebisa da Stampebisgan ganTavisuflebiT. adamianmsaxiobTangulmodgine muSaobis dros, grotovskigamomdinareobda misi fsiqofizikuri konstituciis _xorcielisa da sulieris erTianobidan da did yuradRebas43

natalia diRmelaSviliuTmobda `sxeulis mexsierebas~.Ggrotovski ambobda,rom msaxiobi – es Tavis sxeulSi sajarod momuSaveadamiania, rom msaxiobis teqnika arasdros warmoadgensraRac dasrulebuls. TiToeul etapze – sakuTari TavisZiebiT, eqscesis formiT provokaciiT, sakuTari farulibarierebis daZleviT – Cndeba axali teqnikuri SezRudvebida garTulebebi, magram TiTqos ufro maRal safexurzeda yovelTvis, kvlav da kvlav, aucilebelia maTi daZleva,dawyebuli yvelaze martivi savarjiSoebiT. es exeba TamaSisyvela elements, sxeulis plastikas, Jestebs, saxis niRbiskonstruirebas. arsebobs yvelasTvis erTnairi sawvrTnelisavarjiSoebi. TiToeulma msaxiobma maTi Sesrulebisasunda gamoikvlios Tavisi SesaZleblobebis sazRvrebi,Seiswavlos da daZlios winaaRmdegobis wertilebi. barbaaseve Tvlida, rom aucilebelia axali Teatraluri enispovna, romelic dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis samsaxioboteqnikas efuZneba; mayurebelTan kontaqtis axaliformebis Seqmna da Teatris ganviTareba, romelsac araaqvs fesvebi arc erT konkretul kulturaSi; Teatrs,`romelic cekvavs~; Teatrs, romelic ar aris mTlianaddamokidebuli salaparako teqstze, magram amoqmedebscekvas da simReras, romelSic Semsrulebeli `msaxiobi– momRerali – mocekvave~, anu `performeri~ 1 efuZnebatreinings. `barba xvdeboda, rom treinings SeuZliamsaxiobis sxeulis amtanobis aRzrda, is gansazRvravsfsiqosomatur mdgomareobas, romelic warmoiSobafizikuri SesaZleblobebis zRvarze muSaobis periodisxangrZlivobis Sedegad, rogorc `garRveva~, romelSicar ikargeba gacnobierebis SesaZlebloba~. 2 fizikuritreiningi, _ rogorc barba miiCnevs, _ gvexmarebagansakuTrebuli ostatobis – èqstra – yoveldRiuri1Turner, Lane., Eugenio Barba. – Routledge, London and New York, 2004, p. 14.2Кузина Е.Е., Эволюция тренинга Эудженио Барбы// Вокруг Гротовского.Изд-во Санкт-Петербургской государственной академии театральногоискусства, СПб, 2009,с.112.44

Tanamedrove midgomebis danergva cekvis swavlebaSiqceva~ _ SeZenaSi, magram es ostatoba ar gamovlindebasamsaxiobo yofierebis sferoSi CaTrevis gareSe,romelicmoicavs fsiqikur procesebs. `dapirispirebulTa cekva~iwyeba sxeulis SigniT, rogorc kunTebis daZabvispotencialebs Soris sxvaoba, xolo Semdeg `cekva~gadaiqceva `moZraobebis partiturad~. 1 msaxioebebSi,moZraobis teqnikis aRzrdis procesis uryev dacvas,arcTu ukanasknel adgils akuTvnebda cekvis araerTipedagogi, romlebic darwmunebulni iyvnen imaSi, rommoZraobiT mxatvruli aRzrda SesaZlebelia mxolodmomavali msaxiobebis mier qoreografiuli teqnikisdauflebis Semdeg.Teatraluri umaRlesi saswavleblis scenurimoZraobis kaTedraze yvela Sesaswavli sagani erTmaneTsunda avsebdes da amdidrebdes erTi saerTo miznismisaRwevad – organulad ganviTarebuli momavalimsaxiobis aRzrdisTvis. maT aqvT saerTo amocanebi:1. yuradRebis srulyofa.a) daJinebuli yuradReba: sakuTari sxeulismoZraobebis kontroli statikasa da moZraobaSi.b) drosa da sivrceSi moZraobebisadmi yuradReba damaTi koreqcia.g) partnioris gadaadgilebaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba,masTan swori urTierTqmedebisTvis.2. moZraobaTa koordinaciis srulyofa.3. sivrcesa da droSi sworad da swrafad orientirebiscodnis srulyofa.4. moqnilobis da Zvradobis srulyofa.5. individualuri naklovanebebis gamosworeba fizikurganviTarebaSi, siarulSi, statikaSi, mimikaSi.emociaTa gadacemis teqnika, msaxiobSi gaCenili1Грачева Л., Эуженио Барба: Принципы, которые возвращаются -принципы родства в актёрской психотехнике Востока и Запада//ВокругГротовского Изд-во. Санкт-Петербургской государственной академиитеатрального искусства, СПб, 2009, с.91.45

natalia diRmelaSvilisulieri mRelvarebis daufleba, dayvanili unda iyosiseTi srulyofilebis donemde, rom rolSi gardasaxvisprocesSi man SeZlos ar ifiqros maTze. yovelive esmetyvelebs imaze, rom saswavlebelSi myof momavalmsaxiobs unda hqondes maRali profesiuli momzadebisdone. treiningSi msaxiobi `swavlobs swavlas~.`cekva~ sagania, sadac rTul naxazebSi sxvadasxvatempSi erTiandebian xelebis da fexebis moZraobebi, asevexdeba sasceno moedanze gadaadgilebis aTviseba, musikismosmenis procesi. aq yvela moZraoba atarebs organizebulxasiaTs, rac kargad aviTarebs msaxiobisTvis aucilebelyvela Tvisebas, iseTebs, rogorebicaa: `mravalsibrtyiani~yuradReba, koordinacia, simarjve, moqniloba, reaqciaTasiswrafe, amtanoba, Zala, ritmuloba, mizanmimarTulad,ekonomiurad da zustad moZraobis codna, xasiaTiTgansxvavebuli moZraobebis gamoyeneba. es Tvisebebifundamentia msaxiobis plastikurobis warmatebulimomzadebisTvis. isini xels uwyoben scenaze mis organulmoZraobas.cekvis Seswavlis procesSi studentebi ecnobiankulturas, qveynis erovnuli mowyobis arss, wes-Cveulebebs, stils, manerebsa da Jestebs. swavlobenkostiumebis tarebas, aqsesuarebiT sargeblobas, ama Tuim epoqis varcxnilobebis gakeTebas. yvela am cekvisqoreografiuli teqnikis Taviseburebebis Seswavla damaTi studentebisTvis gadacema, pedagogisTvis ZalianrTuli da Sromatevadi procesia, _ moiTxovs udidescodnas da fizikur amtanobas. studentebma unda iswavlonara mxolod ama Tu im moZraobis sworad Sesrulebiswesi, aramed cekvis saSualebiT, stilis Taviseburebebis,maneris gadacemac, riTac Seqmnian ama Tu im qveynisxalxuri qoreografiis ganumeorebel kolorits. esmiiRweva ZiriTadi moZraobebis plastikuri koordinaciisaTvisebiT,TiToeuli jgufis mier xalxuri da saxasiaTo46

Tanamedrove midgomebis danergva cekvis swavlebaSicekvebis ZiriTadi sacekvao `pa”-s SeswavliT. es samuSaokolosaluri da Sromatevadia. amitom, misTvis gankuTvnilisaaTebis raodenoba aSkarad araa sakmarisi. amasTanerTad, gasaTvaliswinebelia Tanamedrove axalgazrdobiscxovrebis dRevandeli wesi. isini TavianTi drois umetesnawils kompiuterTan atareben da TiTqmis ara aqvTfizikuri datvirTva; skolis programaSi ar aris sagani`fizkultura~. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare,Cemi azriT, gansakuTrebiT pirvel etapze, meti yuradRebaunda mieqces pirvelkurselebis elementarul saerTofizikur momzadebas.gamocdileba gvaCvenebs, rom cekvis pedagogiiZulebulia daxarjos Zalian bevri dro elementarulicnebebis axsnaze, _ iseTebis, rogorebicaa: moZraobismimarTuleba, simaRle, geometriuli figurebi, sakuTarisxeulis nawilebi. yuradReba eqceva aseve studentebismier elementaruli unar-Cvevebis _ yuradRebis,koordinaciis, ritmis grZnobis, sivrceSi orientaciis,amtanobis, sunTqvisa da a. S. _ aTvisebas, rac bunebrivadgrZeldeba cekvis swavlebis samive wlis ganmavlobaSi.rogorc dramis fakultetis I-IV kursebis 50%-ze metistudentis gamokiTxvam (romelic am saswavlo welsCatarda) aCvena, rom `cekva~ unda tardebodes minimum3-jer kviraSi 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. mxolod maSin,maTi azriT, SeZleben sruli zomiT daeuflon Sesabamisplastikasa da codnas, romelic dRes ase aucilebeliascenaze. amave azrs emxroba jgufebis reJisorxelmZRvanelebisumetesoba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, CndebamoZraobiT disciplinebs Soris disciplinaTSorisikavSirebis problema, romelic mdgomareobs erTi sagnissxvebiT dublirebaSi. magaliTad, iseTi sagani, rogoricaaètiketi~, romelic warmoadgens `scenuri moZraobis~Semadgenel nawils, dRes Cvens universitetSi iswavlebameore kursis ganmavlobaSi _ kviraSi 2 saaTi. magram,47

natalia diRmelaSvilirogorc zemoT iyo Tqmuli, XVI-XIX saukuneebissaistorio-yofiTi cekvebis Seswavlisas, studentebiukve I kursze bunebrivad iTviseben am epoqebisTvisdamaxasiaTebel misalmebas, maneras, stils da a. S. asevesagani `ritmika~, romelsac aqvs Tavisi konkretulidaniSnuleba _ daexmaros studentebs, swavlebis sawyisetapze ganaviTaron ritmis grZnoba, musikaluri smena dayuradReba,xSirad cvlis `cekvas~. iq studentebi cekvavenespanur da sxva ritmul cekvebs, erTi konkretulimusikis TanxlebiT, fexis bakuniTa da taSis dakvriT, e.i., maTi `gavarjiSeba~ xdeba, rac ar Seesabameba mTavardaniSnulebas _ maT metro-ritmul ganviTarebas. anu,saswavlo dro araracionalurad gamoiyeneba, maSin, rocamas `cekvis~ sagnisTvis saaTebi aSkarad ar yofnis.rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs, studentebis mier, sxvasaganSi miRebul codnas studentebi ar iyeneben cekvaSi,e. i. realobaSi xdeba is, razec zemoT iyo saubari –darRveulia disciplinaTSorisi kavSirebi.dRes cekvis pedagogebi am konkretikas naklebyuradRebas aqceven. amis mizezia: pirveli – saaTebisarasakmarisi raodenoba – kviraSi sul 3 saaTi. meore –maT imedi aqvT, rom studentebi Seiswavlian ama Tu imsacekvao elements sxva sagnebSi. mesame – konkretulimoZraobiTi sagnebis erTiani moTxovnebis ararseboba,SesaZloa am sferoSi arasakmarisi codnis gamo.zemoxsenebulidan gamomdinare, Cvens universitetSidadga moZraobebis, disciplinebis programebisa dasaswavlo gegmebis gadaxedvis, plastikisa da cekvisswavlebisadmi kompleqsuri, Tanamedrove midgomismwvave aucilebloba. misaReb SemoqmedebiT turebze,abiturientebis miRebisas, meti yuradReba unda mieqcesmaTSi ritmis grZnobisa da koordinaciis arsebobas.universitetis bazaze unda Seiqmnas kvalificiuripedagogiuri kadrebis mozidvisa da momzadebisSesaZlebloba.48

Tanamedrove midgomebis danergva cekvis swavlebaSigamoyenebuli literatura:• gegiaZe S., musika sasceno moZraobis gakveTilze da misifsiqofiziologiuri zemoqmedeba msaxiobis aRzrdisprocesSi, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifoTeatraluri institutis, sasceno-moZraobis kaTedrissamecniero -kvleviTi Sromebi (xelnaweri), 1985 w.• ionaTamiSvili n., msaxiobis teqnikis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelosSoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo Teatraluriinstitutis, sasceno-moZraobis kaTedris samecnierokvleviTiSromebi (xelnaweri), 1980/81 sas. w.• Грачева Л., Эуженио Барба: Принципы, которые возвращаются- принципы родства в актёрской психотехике Востока иЗапада//Вокруг Гротовского Изд-во. Санкт-Петербургскойгосударственной академии театрального искусства, СПб,2009.• Конорова Е.В., Ритмика в театральной школе, Искусство, М.-Л., 1947,137 с.• 5. Кузина Е.Е., Эволюция тренинга Эудженио Барбы// ВокругГротовского. Изд-во Санкт-Петербургской• Uосударственной академии театрального искусства, СПб,2009.• Turner, Lane. Eugenio Barba. – Routledge, London and NewYork, 2004.49

giorgi savaneli,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,dramis fakultetis doqtorantixelmZRvaneli daviT kobaxiZeMmsaxiobis ostatobis sxvadasxvameTodologiuri swavlebis upiratesoba(bertold brextis Teatraluri meTodiT swavlebiskursi da misi danergva samsaxiobo fakultetze)XX saukunis dasawyisidan msoflio istoriaSi,civilizaciis kolosaluri siswrafiT ganviTarebiT,pragmatizmisa da racionalizmis xana dadga, rac dReskidev ufro mZafrad igrZnoba. aman, inteleqtualuriresursis meti siswrafiT amuSavebis da ganviTarebisaucilebloba dabada; cxadia, es procesi Teatralurxelovnebasac Seexo. Teatrmac, 20-30-iani wlebidaninteleqtualizmis principebiT, fexi auwyosazogadoebrivi da socialuri procesebis JamTasvlas.es, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Taviseburi saxiT gamovlinda.germaniaSi ki, èpikurobis~ da `gaucxoebis~ formiTCamoyalibda, rac bertold brextis saxels ukavSirdeba.inteleqtualizmis am kuTxiT ganviTarebam, warmoSvaaucilebloba, axal ideebs da maTi gadmocemis formebsdaqvemdebareboda dramis struqtura, TeatralurimeTodi da masSi Semavali dargebi, maT Soris umTavresi_ samsaxiobo xelovneba. da marTlac, b. brextma, Tavisitalantis wyalobiT, Teatraluri xelovnebis safuZveli,samsaxiobo xelovneba am ideis Sesabamisad gardaqmna.brextis Teoriisa da praqtikis mixedviT, èpikurisa~da `gaucxoebis efeqtis~ gamovlenis erT-erTi sfero,dramis struqturasa da scenis konstruqciasTan erTad,_ msaxiobis xelovnebaa. e. piskatori ambobda _ èpikuri~50

stilisturi forma ki araa, sxva formaTa Soris, aramedSemoqmedebiTi meTodia~. 1 yvela meTods ki, ganxorcielebismisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gza gaaCnia.Ggregoriboiajievi gangvimartavs, rom èpikuri~ TeatrisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelia rolis xazgasmiT TeatraluriSesruleba da is viTareba, rom igi warmodgeniT Teatradgvevlineba. aq sinamdvilis mxatvruli warmosaxvisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelia Txroba, ambad Tqma, aRwerilobiTida CvenebiTi elementebi. es zogadi maxasiaTeblebiganasxvavebs mas gardasaxvis Teatrisgan da msaxiobisostatobis swavlebis meTodisagan, romelic pirveletapze msaxiobis aRsazrdelad universaluri daualternativoa. student-msaxiobma pirveli kursisprograma srulad unda gaiaros, raTa icodes msaxiobisostatobis ànbani~; aseve unda icodes rolis `saxis~Seqmnis fundamenturi principebi da yovelive amis SemdegSeiZleba SemovitanoT damatebiT sxva meTodologiamsaxiobis ostatobis programaSi. konkretul SemTxvevaSi_ b. brextis Teatraluri meTodi.piter bruki ambobs _ `verc erTi adamiani, vincseriozuladaa TeatrTan dakavSirebuli, brexts gverdsver auvlis.Bbertold brexti Cveni drois sakvanZofiguraa da mTeli dRevandeli Teatraluri saqmianoba,garkveul momentSi brextis mtkicebebiTa da miRwevebiTiwyeba, anda ubrundeba maT“. 2 ase rom, marTalia dRes,brextis Teatraluri formebi, inovaciebis sferoSi,ukve istorias warmoadgens, samagierod mis moZRvrebebs,meTodebsa da Teoriul naSromebs dRemde sargeblobs daaqtiurad iyenebs Tanamedrove evropuli Tu amerikuliTeatri da samsaxiobo ostatobis saswavlo praqtika.naSromSi Camoyalibebuli iqneba, brextis Teatraluri1WarxalaSvili z., bertold brextis èpikuri~ drama da Teatri,Tb., 1986, gv.147.2bruki p., carieli sivrce, `xelovneba~, Tb., 1984, gv.74-75.51

giorgi savanelimeTodis mixedviT samsaxiobo ostatobis swavlebisprincipebi, sirTuleebi, mniSvneloba da a. S. garCeuliiqneba, brextis ZiriTadi moZRvrebebi da SexedulebebiTeatrze; Tu rogor cdilobda igi msaxiobebis Camoyalibebasanda maTi artistuli unarebis gardaqmnas, rom isinimorgebulni yofiliyvnen, èpikurobis~ da gaucxoebisTeatralur formebs; da morgebulni yofiliyvnenaseve, brextis Sexedulebisamebr (TvalsazrisiT),Teatrisa da mayureblis urTierTdamokidebulebis,urTierTzemoqmedebis principebs. vimsjelebT, rogorunda Camoyalibdes momavali msaxiobi saswavloprocesSi, brextis SexedulebiT da rolze, xasiaTzemuSaobis miseuli meTodiT. amis Semdeg, naSromSidamuSavebuli iqneba sakiTxi, _ rogor unda moxerxdesda ganxorcieldes msaxiobis aRzrda, brextisTeatraluri modelis principebiT Cvens realobaSi;sadac studentebi samsaxiobo ostatobis kurss mxolodstanislavskis sistemiT, gancdis Teatris principebiT,gadian. aseve, damuSavebuli iqneba am ori meTodismsgavseba-gansxvavebulobis sakiTxi. Camoyalibebuliiqneba brextis meTodiT swavlebis _ sakiTxebi, etapebi,nebismieri Teatraluri meTodisaTvis universaluriscenuri qmedebisaTvis aucilebeli elementebis, `saxeze~muSaobis principebis,erTgvarad `gadaTargmna~ b. brextisTeatris ènaze~.dRes, rodesac Teatralur xelovnebaSi mniSvnelovanadgils ikavebs da prioritetulia axali formebi _Tundac multimediuri da araverbaluri Teatri _ daaxali Janrebi, rodesac msoflios wamyvani Teatralurisaswavleblebi, tradiciuli (stanislavskis sistema)meTodis paralelurad, samsaxiobo xelovnebas mravalisxvadasxva Teatraluri modelis mixedviT aswavlian,vTvli,rom mniSvnelovania qarTulma samsaxiobo skolamacgaiziaros es tendenciebi. Temis mniSvneloba imaSic52

mdgomareobs, rom is saSualebas mogvcems, saWiroebisSemTxvevaSi – da amis aucilebloba namdvilad arsebobs_ gamoviyenoT praqtikuli TvalsazrisiTac; aseve, zustiwarmodgena gvqondes brextis Teatris specifikaze, rommasze ar vmsjelobdeT, mxolod ramdenime, Tundac didireJisoris mier dadgmul speqtaklebSi gamoyenebulibrextis modelis transformaciiT. mniSvnelovania_ SevZloT am meTodis safuZvliani SeTviseba, radganes meTodi mxolod brextis piesebis dasadgmeladar aris gankuTvnili; SevZloT misi ganzogadeba dainterpretaciis,ideis Sesabamisad, SesaZlebeli iyos misigamoyeneba sxva dramaturgTa piesebis dadgmis drosac(b. brextis meTodi rom amis saSualebas iZleva, axaliar aris da SegviZlia iseTi Teatraluri moRvawenidavimowmoT, rogorebic arian: e. piskatori, Tavad b.brexti, p. bruki, j. streleri da ara erTi Teatrismkvlevari). mniSvnelovania, rom brextis meTodi iZlevasaSualebas, msaxiobis ara marto artistuli, aramedinteleqtualuri ganviTarebisaTvisac. es ukanasknelicneba brextis TeatrisaTvis erT-erTi maorganizebelia;xolo is, rom dRes, boboqari civilizaciis epoqaSiTeatris konkurentad qceuli dargebis SemotevamovigerioT, amisaTvis saWiroa _ mayurebeli ara martoemociebiT davimorCiloT, aramed _ inteleqtualurisazrdoc mivceT, sanaxaobis `mantiaSi gaxveuli~. es dResmiT ufro saWiroa, Tumca _ jer kidev gasuli saukunisSua wlebSi kaunasis Teatris (litva) xelmZRvaneliiuozas miltinisi iTxovda _ `msaxiobi unda moZraobdesrogorc akrobati da azrovnebdes rogorc filosofosi~. 1am Temis damuSaveba aqtualuria im TvalsazrisiTac,rom zemoxsenebuli Teatraluri modeli miznad isaxavsmayurebelze aqtiur zemoqmedebas, mis gamofxizlebas,mowodebas.Ees punqti metad mniSvnelovani iyo im1qarTveliSvili v., inteleqtualurisa da romantikulis zRvarze,gamomc.`kentavri~, Tb., 2006, gv.169.Mmsaxiobis ostatobis sxvadasxvameTodologiuri swavlebis upiratesoba53

giorgi savaneliperiodSi, roca brexti ayalibebda Tavis TeatraluresTetikas _ es iyo faSizmis momZlavrebis da zeobisxana, germaneli eris cxovrebaSi didi gardaqmnebisda qveynis Camoyalibebis procesi. msgavsi procesebiCvenTan jer kidev ar damTavrebula; amitom msgavsisaxis Teatraluri forma da misi principebis codnamsaxiobisaTvis CvenTan dResac aqtualuria da SeuZliadidi samsaxuri gaswios.ZiriTadi siaxle iqneba _ brextis meTodiT, msaxiobisostatobis swavlebis ganxorcielebisaTvis, pirvelisafuZvliani da Tanmimdevruli namuSevari.Gganxiluliiqneba `gancdis~ Teatrisa da brextis meTodis mixedviTmsaxiobis aRzrdis urTierTSeTavsebis sakiTxi, racgarkveuli TvalsazrisiT, aseve siaxle iqneba. agreTve,Turogor SeiZleba praqtikulad ganxorcieldes msaxiobisostatobis swavleba èpikuri~ da gaucxoebis meTodisprincipebiT (paralelurad tradiciuli meTodisa); rada romeli scenuri qmedebisaTvis saWiro elementebida rolze muSaobis principebi moiTxoven sxvagvar,specifikur ganxorcielebas, gamovlenis da Sesrulebisformebs; SemuSavdeba gegma, Tu rogor SeiZleba,msaxiobisgamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa mravalferovnebisaTviskompleqsurad dainergos brextis meTodiT msaxiobisostatobis swavlebis kursi; da SemoqmedebiTi profilissaswavlo procesis gadaxaliseba-gamravalferovnebisaTvisra mniSvneloba da Sedegi eqneba mas.am Temis prioritetuloba swored imaSi mdgomareobs,rom igi saSualebas mogvcems dainergos am meTodiTswavleba Cvens realobaSi. sul mcire ki, misi gacnobagamoadgebaT brextis Semoqmedebisa da qarTul TeatrSimisi Teatris esTetikis Semosvlis Seswavlis msurvelTda mkvlevrebs, romlebic muSaoben am da monaTesavesakiTxebze. Tumca, naSroms mainc ufro praqtikulidaniSnuleba da praqtikaSi realizaciis motivi eqneba.54

Mmsaxiobis ostatobis sxvadasxvameTodologiuri swavlebis upiratesobaganxiluli iqneba, dResdReobiT msaxiobis ostatobisswavlebis miznebi, Sedegebi, problemebi da gaumjobesebisgzebi; sxvadasxva aspeqti, rom `totaluri reJisuris~epoqaSi msaxiobebma SeZlon reJisoruli Canafiqris(`gadawyvetis~), ideis, TamaSi da ara mxolod TavianTirolis Sesruleba, Tundac maRal mxatvrul doneze.ganvixilavT, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania, rom ama Tu imTeatrSi, Teatraluri saswavleblidan, SeZlebisdagvaradsrulyofilad momzadebuli mivides msaxiobi da is aRarsaWiroebdes, ukve speqtaklze muSaobis dros, damatebiT`samsaxiobo masterklasebs~, rac, samwuxarod, xSiriaCvens realobaSi.dabolos, gavarkvevT samsaxiobo ostatobis kursisra nawili unda hqondes gavlili student-msaxiobs,roca SesaZlebeli da rekomendebuli iqneba saswavloprogramaSi brextis meTodiT msaxiobis ostatobisswavlebis kursis CarTva anu swavlis ra periodSiiqneba ukeTesi am meTodis Semotana (damateba) saswavlobadeSi; ra saxiT (spec-kursis, fakulteturi sagnis,msaxiobis ostatobis damatebiTi saleqcio kursis Tusamagistro programis saxiT) da ramdeni semestrisganmavlobaSi. naSromSi zogadad SevexebiT da warmovaCenTbrextis Teoriisa da meTodis Tanadroulobis sakiTxs,msaxiobis ostatobis, rogorc saswavlo disciplinis,winaSe mdgar moTxovnebs da am sakiTxebis saerTaSorisoanalogebs (magaliTad, msaxiobis ostatobis kursze,specialoba mravali sxvadasxva Teatraluri meTodiTiswavleba ielisa da harvardis universitetebSi, sanfranciskosxelovnebis da niu-iorkis kinoakademiaSi).detalurad iqneba Camoyalibebuli, ra TanmimdevrobiTunda ganvaxorcieloT brextis meTodiT TamaSisswavleba,raTa studentebs SevaswavloT,ukve aTvisebulida ganvlili programis (scenuri qmedebisaTvis saWiroelementebi, urTierToba, qveteqsti, fsiqologiuri Jestida a. S.) èpikuri~ Teatris principebiT gansxvavebulad55

giorgi savaneligamoxatva. umTavresi ki _ Camoyalibdeba brextis meTodiTswavlebis gegma da programa. am meTodis dauflebamsaxiobis gamomsaxvelobiTi arsenalis mravalmxrivobissawindari da garanti iqneba.gamoyenebuli literatura:• brexti b.. patara organoni TeatrisaTvis, gamomc.`xelovneba~, Tb., 1982;• bruki p., carieli sivrce, gamomc. `xelovneba~, Tb., 1984;• stanislavski k., msaxiobis muSaoba Tavis Tavze, gamomc.`xelovneba~ Tb., 1949;• qarTveliSvili v., inteleqtualurisa da romantikuliszRvarze, gamomc. `kentavri~, Tb., 2006;• WarxalaSvili z., berTold brextis èpikuri~ drama daTeatri~, gamomc. `xelovneba~ Tb., 1986;• Бояджиев Гр., От Софокла до Брехта» изд. «искусство»,москва, 1988;• Михеева А., Народные театры в западной Европе, изд.«искусство», москва, 1973.56

Tamar firosmanaSvili,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,dramis fakultetis doqtorantixelmZRvaneli daviT kobaxiZeqoreografia dramatul speqtaklSi damisi swavlebis meTodikaqoreografia da dramatuli Teatri saukuneebisganmavlobaSi metad rTul da saintereso gzasgaivlis imisaTvis, rom maTi msgavseba da gansxvaveba,urTierTqmedeba da ukuqmedeba, cal-calke da erTadarseboba ganixilos erT konteqstSi _ qoreografiadramatul TeatrSi.uZveles droSi cekvas mWidro kavSiri hqondaSromis procesTan, warmarTul da sayofacxovrebo wes-CveulebebTan, aseTma cekvebma ritualuri xasiaTi miiRo.uZveles droSi cekva gamoxatavda xalxis SromiT TugamarjvebiT gamowveul sixaruls. aqedan gamomdinare,jer kidev antikur xanaSi cekvis mniSvneloba iyoTeatralizebuli. es gaxldaT moZraobiT, zogjer kigadaWarbebuli gamomsaxvelobiT gamoxatuli raime ambavi anrituali. amitom,SeiZleba vivaraudoT,rom cekva warmoiSvarogorc Teatralizebuli sanaxaoba, Semdeg ki nel-nelagamoeyo Teatrs da dRes ukve xelovnebis calke dargadCamoyalibebuli gvevlineba. Tumca maTi sawyisi fesvebiimdenad Zlieria, rom qoreografiac da Teatric TavisTavSi moicaven erTmaneTs. swored maT gasaerTianebladSeiqmna termini „Teatraluri gadawyveta,“ romelsacsakmaod xSirad iyeneben Teatraluri moRvaweni TavianTweriT Tu sametyvelo leqsikonSi. Tumca,xSir SemTxvevaSi,qoreografia imdenad did SeusabamobaSia speqtaklTan,rom am terminis gamoyeneba uadgilo iqneboda. ratom57

Tamar firosmanaSvilixdeba Teatrisa da qoreografiis acdena? albaT imitom,rom zogjer dadgmis procesSi, cekvas viyenebT rogorclamaz moZraobaTa kompozicias da Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rommisi dramaturgia xels uSlis speqtaklis dramaturgiulganviTarebas, vinaidan, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,qoreografia safuZvelSi Tavad aris Teatralizebulisanaxaoba. imisaTvis, rom amgvar Seusabamobas ar hqondesadgili, xelovnebis am ori dargis Serwymas ufrosaTuTad unda mivudgeT. pirvel rigSi unda davrwmundeT,rom speqtaklSi namdvilad gvWirdeba cekva, vinaidancekvis auclebloba unda gamomdinareobdes speqtaklisdramaturgiidan. amas zogjer remarkebSi gvkarnaxobspiesis avtori, zogjer mocemuli garemoebisgan viRebTmiTiTebas, zogjer ki personaJis Sinagani Tu garegnuliTvisebebi gvibiZgebs cekvis Sesrulebisken. nebismierSemTxvevaSi, Tu qoreografia aris piesis Semadgenelinawili, maTi urTierTkavSiri saimedo da sainteresoa.amis misaRwevad erT-erTi aucilebeli da mniSvnelovanipirobaa msaxiobis specialuri momzadeba. etiudebisa dasavarjiSoebis daxmarebiT maT unda instinqtis donezegamoumuSavdeT cekviT moqmedebis unari.TeatrisaTvis amomavali wertili moqmedebaa. Tumsaxiobs mivuTiTebT aRiqvas cekva _ rogorc moqmedeba,maSin qoreografia funqciurad dauaxlovdeba Teatrsda maTi urTierTqmedeba harmoniuli gaxdeba. speqtaklSiqoreografiis Sesrulebisken ramdenime garemoebagvibiZgebs, erT-erTi gavrcelebuli variantia, rodesacpiesaSi Tavad avtori migviTiTebs cekvis Sesrulebaze,es imas niSnavs, rom igi garkveul moTxovnas gviyenebsda Sesabamis pasuxismgeblobasac gvakisrebs. arsebobspiesebi, sadac remarkebSi pirdapiraa miTiTebuli _„cekvaven!“. lope de vega piesaSi „cekvis maswavlebeli“uamrav cekvas gvTavazobs, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom piesaSinaxsenebia imdroisTvis msoflioSi gavrcelebuli yvela58

qoreografia dramatul speqtaklSi da misi swavlebis meTodikapopularuli cekva: „tarantela“, „havana“, „bolero“,„navara“ da a. S. am cekvebis dasaxelebiT, avtorimigvaniSnebs, rom speqtaklSi SegviZlia am cekvebisgamoyeneba, raTa speqtaklis moqmedeba Tanadrouli iyosepoqasTan. yvela cekvas Tan axlavs garkveuli siuJeti,ris mixedviTac SegviZlia piesaSi xsenebuli uamravigansxvavebuli ritmis, tempisa da xasiaTis cekvebidanSevarCioT Sesabamisi cekva. garda amisa,mocemuli cekvebimusikalurad gvexmareba speqtaklis Sinagani ritmisSerCevaSic.arsebobs avtoris mier cekvis miTiTebis meore formac,rodesac avtori cekvaze ki ar migvaniSnebs, aramedim situaciaze, sadac cekva aris saWiro. magaliTad u.Seqspiri piesaSi „romeo da julieta“ pirveli moqmedebismexuTe suraTSi gvawvdis informacias, rom lxiniiqneba, iseT garemos gvixatavs, rom gvaiZulebs cekvisSesrulebas. remarkebSi gveubneba,rom Semodian musikosebi,aseve sazeimod gamowyobili niRbiani kapuletebi damaTi stumrebi. Seqspiri, lope de vegasgan gansxvavebiT,arc cekvaze migviTiTebs da arc Sesasrulebel cekvasgvisaxelebs, magram garemos gviqmnis cekvisTvis.cekvisken SeiZleba uamravma garemoebam gvibiZgos,magaliTad _ qorwili, mejlisi, dReoba, saxalxodResaswauli, karnavali _ yvela es garemoeba meoreplanze mainc asocirdeba cekvasTan. Tumca cekva,romelicspeqtaklSi karnavalze Sesruldeba, unda iyos arakarnavalisTvis, aramed im mTavari ideisTvis, risTvisackarnavalis dadgma gaxda aucilebeli.erT ram naTelia, rom msaxiobs cekvis gansxvavebuliswavla sWirdeba. misTvis, garda ileTebis swavlisa,aucilebelia cekvis samsaxiobo ostatobiT Sesrulebada plastikis gamoyeneba saWiro dros da saWiroadgilze. rogorc viciT, scenaze arc erTi moqmedebaubralod ar sruldeba, amitom msaxiobma unda SeZlos,59

Tamar firosmanaSvilimisi personaJidan gamomdinare, TiToeul cekvas zustimniSvneloba misces, rac niSnavs imas, rom cekvisdramaturgia unda damorCildes speqtaklis dramaturgias,raTa cekva speqtaklSi iqces moqmedebad da ar darCesgamWoli moqmedebis gareT. amisTvis saWiroa, swavlisperiodSi maT mivceT amocanebi, romlebic daexmarebaTcekvis moqmedebad gadaqcevaSi. SeiZleba cekva iyosSinagani mdgomareobis gamoxatva, urTierTobis awyoba,raime sirTulis gadalaxva an garemo, sadac garkveulimizniT sruldeba cekva.umaRles Teatralur saswavleblebSi cekvisSeswavlas didi yuradReba eTmoba, radgan igi aviTarebsmsaxiobisTvis saWiro iseT unar-Cvevebs, rogorebicaa_ Sinagani intuicia, ritmis, proporciis, partniorisSegrZneba,sinqronuli moqmedeba,sivrcis aTviseba da sxva.mimaCnia, rom msaxiobisTvis cekvis swavleba am yvelafersunda emsaxurebodes da misTvis aucilebeli unar-CvevebisganviTarebisken iyos mimarTuli.adamianis Sinagan mdgomareobas, zogjer mcire doziT,magram mainc, imeorebs misi sxeuli. magaliTad, raRaciTZalian gaxarebuli an aRfrTovanebuli adamiani, romeliccdilobs ra, garSemomyofebs emocia daumalos, misiSinagani aRmafrena SeumCnevlad, magram mainc, TvalebSida mis mousvenar moZraobebSi aisaxeba. studentisTvisamis miwodeba gagviadvildeba, Tu Tavdapirveladcxovelis, frinvelis an/da usulo sagnebis xasiaTiscekviT gadmocemas davavalebT. magaliTad, Tu studendebiimdroisTvis swavloben espanur cekvas, es cekva vacekvoTmaT rogorc arwivs, niblias, mtreds, qaTams, loms, ZaRls,kurdRels da a. S.,mocemuli cxovelebisa da frinvelebisxasiaTi winaswar gansazRvravs maT Sinagan mdgomareobasada manerebs. swavlis aseTi meTodi saSualebas miscemsmaT, cekvis sxvadasxva xasiaTiT Sesruleba sxvadasxvapersonaJs miusadagon. Tumca, mxolod cekvis xasiaTis60

qoreografia dramatul speqtaklSi da misi swavlebis meTodikagansazRvra ar kmara dramatuli TeatrisTvis qmediTicekvis Sesaqmnelad. amis garda, maT unda SeZlonmusikaluri drmaturgiis wakiTxvac. amisTvis winasavarjiSos Sesruleba piriqiT mogviwevs. maT undamivceT garkveuli musikaluri kompozicia da davavaloT,Tavad amoirCion personaJi. magaliTad, valsis musikasramdenjerme mousminon da Tavad gadawyviton, arwiviicekvebs, melia Tu yvavili. amis Semdeg unda mivawodoTpersonaJebi cnobili nawarmoebebidan, magaliTad _ medea,kleopatra, antigone, hamleti, don Juani da a. S. ampersonaJebis xasiaTi garkveulwilad Stampad arisqceuli da maTi saxelis xseneba yvela CvenganSi garkveulSTabeWdilebas aRZravs. studentebisTvis maTTvis nacnobigmirebis xasiaTis morgeba mniSvnelovani iqneba imiT,rom studentebma ukve winaswar ician, visi ambavi undamogviTxron, amitom, isini iwyeben personaJis xasiaTidangamomdinare cekvas.rac Seexeba savarjiSoebs, cekvis savarjiSoebipirdapir unda imeorebdes ostatobis savarjiSoebs.magaliTad, Tu studentebi gadian yuradRebis varjiSebs,aseve cekvis leqciazec yuradRebis elementi plastikissaSualebiT unda ganviTardes. Temis mTavari mizanic esgaxlavT _ samsaxiobo fakultetis studentebisTvisqoreografia iyos maqsimalur TanxvedraSi ostatobasTan,raTa momavalSi, scenaze, ufro organulad moirgon cekvada speqtaklisTvis sasargeblod gamoiyenon.bibliografia:• vaganova a., klasikuri cekvis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1940.• WaniSvili r., werilebi qoreografiaze, Tb., 2002.• burTikaSvili al., cekvis jadoqari, Tb., 1960.• nadareiSvili l., Tanamedrove qarTuli baleti, Tb., 2002.• Гедеванишвили М. , Юрий Зарецкий, М., 1985.• Захаров Р., Беседы а танце, М., 1963.• Блок Л. Д., Классический танец, история и современность,М., 1987.61

nino qiria,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,Teatrmcodneavgust strindbergis ìntimuri Teatri~da qarTuli Teatraluri sivrce(`sikdilis rokva~ sardafis TeatrSi)avgust strindbergi ìkvlevda TiTqmis yvelafers,risi gamokvlevac ki SesaZlebeli iyo da mtkicedilaSqrebda yvelafris winaaRmdeg: mecnierebis,xelovnebis,gamogonebis, kulturis, religiisa da RmerTis winaaRmdeg,raRacnairi mozeime siSmagiT CainTqmeboda xolme awmyosada momavlis yovelgvar movlenaSi da yvelgan, sadac kifexs daadgamda, kvals ueWvelad aRbeWdavda~, 1 _ werdaknut hamsuni.avgust strindbergis cxovreba da SemoqmedebiTisamyaro mravalferovnebiT da araordinalurobiTgamoirCeva. literaturis mkvlevarTa nawili Tvlis,rom mwerlis Semoqmedeba misma biografiam gansazRvra.àvtobiografiuloba~ avgust strindbergis romanebsa dapiesebSi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ar aisaxeba. mwerlisnawarmoebebSi misi boboqari, vnebebiT aRsavse piradicxovreba, gancdebi da fiqrebi proeqcirdeba sxvadasxvapersonaJze.avgust strindbergi novatori Semoqmedi,iyo romelicaxal gzebs eZiebda dramaturgiasa Tu TeatralurxelovnebaSi. azrovnebda ara marto rogorc dramaturgi,aramed rogorc reJisori, msaxiobi, mxatvari, xelovnebisTeoretikosi. axalgazrdobidanve dainteresebuli iyomecnierebis sxvadasxva dargiT, okultizmiT, alqimiiT,xatavda da bevrs mogzaurobda evropaSi.mwerlis dramaturgias verc erT konkretul Janrs62

da mimdinareobas ver mivakuTvnebT. àvgust strindbergisSemoqmedeba ar Semoifargleba da ar erTiandeba arcerTi ìzmis~ CarCoSi _ arc Zvelis da arc uaxlesis~ 1 .Tavis xelovnebaSi eqsperimentatori iyo. eZiebda axalTematikas, dramis axal struqturasa da formebs.SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis dasawyisSi dramaturgsmiaCnda, rom xelovnebam `realuri sinamdvile~ undaasaxos. Tanamedrove dramaturgiis did miRwevad avguststrindbergi naturalisturi dramis Seqmnas Tvlis. misi, e.w. naturalisturi nawarmoebebi axlos dgas fsiqologiurdramasTan. dramaturgis azriT, naturalistur dramaSinaCvenebi unda iyos cxovrebiseuli simarTle, adamianurigrZnobebis gaxsna,fsiqologiuri xasiaTebis damuSaveba. igiakritikebs naturalizmis im warmomadgenlebs, romelTanawarmoebebSic cxovrebis ubralo `fotografireba~xdeba.dramaturgis gataceba sruliad gansxvavebulifilosofiur-religiuri sakiTxebiT (qristianuli religia,aRmosavluri moZRvreba, nicSes filosofia, mistika,e. svedenborgis Teosofia...) aisaxa misi Semoqmedebismomdevno periodebSi, sadac ukve Cndeba simbolisturixerxebi, eqspresionizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi,mistika.avgust strindbergma, rogorc axali dramis erTerTmafuZemdebelma, dramis ara marto forma dastruqtura, aramed problematikac Secvala. is, axalidramis sxva warmomadgenlebis msgavsad, saukuneebisganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebul tradiciul,Zvel Teatralursistemas daupirispirda. Tanamedrove adamianis gancdebi,miswrafebebi, azrebi, gare samyarosTan misi urTierToba– yovelive amis axleburma aRqmam, gaanalizebam daproblemebis gansxvavebuli formiT gamosaxvam xeli1История западноевропейского театра. том 5. Изд. “Искусство” М.,1970, с.41763

nino qiriaSeuwyo XIX-XX saukuneebSi mTeli rigi axalimimdinareobebis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebas. `strindbergi– winaswarmetyvelia yovelive Tanamedrovesi CvensTeatrSi~ 1 , – werda iujin o’nili XX saukunis 20-ianwlebSi.avgust strindbergma Tavisi Sexedulebebidramaturgiaze, Teatralur xelovnebaze, mis miznebsada amocanebze ZiriTadad Camoayaliba piesis _ `frekeniulias~ SesavalSi (1888), statiaSi `Tanamedrove dramada Tanamedrove Teatri~ (1889) da memorandumSi `Riawerili intimur Teatrs~ (1908). dramaturgi saubrobsara marto reJisorisa da msaxiobis funqciebsa daunarebze, rasac qvemoT ganvixilavT, aramed dekoraciaze,ganaTebaze da yvela im komponentze, rac ansamblurispeqtaklis Seqmnas emsaxureba. Tvlida, rom ZveliTeatris monumenturi formebi veRar akmayofilebenTanamedrove dramaturgiis moTxovnebs. amitom ocnebobdaeqsperimentul scenaze, sadac SeZlebda praqtikuladganexorcielebina Tavisi Teoriuli Sexedulebebi.Tanamedrove `gaorebuli~, ùnebisyofo~ adamianisxasiaTisa da Sinagani samyaros gasaxsnelad,misi sulierimdgomareobis saCveneblad, dramaturgis azriT, umjobesiiyo, piesa erTmoqmedebiani yofiliyo, ori, sami an TundacerTi moqmedi gmiriT. aseTi piesa unda dadgmuliyokamerul TeatrSi, patara sceniTa da darbaziT, radganmayurebels SesaZlebloba hqonoda, advilad aReqvayoveli umniSvnelo niuansi, faqizi intonacia da mimika.miaCnda, rom patara TeatrSi ar unda yofiliyo avanscenada scenis win arsebuli orkestri. aucilebeli iyorampis da misi ganaTebis gauqmeba. ganaTebis wyarod kiunda gamoyenebuliyo gverdiTi proJeqtorebi, romlebicgaanaTebda msaxiobis saxes, gamokveTavda mis Tvalebs,rac xels Seuwyobda personaJis Sinagani gancdebis1О’Нил Ю. Стриндберг и наш театр.- в кн. Писатели США о литературе.М., 1979, с.21164

avgust strindbergisìntimuri Teatri~ da qarTuli Teatraluri sivrceda emociebis ukeT aRqmas. `Tanamedrove fsiqologiurdramaSi, faqizi sulieri Zvrebi unda aRibeWdos saxezeda ar unda gamoixatos Jestebis da xmamaRali yvirilissaSualebiT. amitom, albaT, azri aqvs vcadoT, davdgaTpatara scenaze Zlieri gverdiTi ganaTebebi, sadacmsaxiobebi iTamaSeben ugrimod an ukidures SemTxvevaSi,minimalurad gamoiyeneben mas.~ 1 avgust strindbergis azriT,mayurebels, romelsac warmosaxvis niWi TandaTan uqreba,ar unda mieces antraqtis dros garTobisa da fiqrissaSualeba, raTa avtoris mier Seqmnili atmosferodanda misi zegavlenidan ar gamovides. aseTi reformisCatarebis Semdeg, `SeiZleba Seiqmnas axali dramaturgiada bolos da bolos, Teatri isev gaxdeba dawesebuleba,romelic ganaTlebul xalxs mianiWebs siamovnebas” 2 .1907 wels, axalgazrduli dasis xelmZRvanelimsaxiobi avgust falki sTxovs strindbergs organizaciulda finansur daxmarebas axali Teatris Sesaqmnelad,sadac daidgmeboda dramaturgis nawarmoebebi. ase SeiqmnastokholmSi ìntimuri Teatri~, romelmac sami weliiarseba da romlisTvisac dramaturgma `kameruli~piesebi Seqmna. Teatri gaixsna piesiT `freken iulia~.ìntimuri Teatris~ arsebobis ganmavlobaSi misi25 piesa ganxorcielda, daaxloebiT 1000 warmodgenaSedga. avgust strindbergi aqtiur monawileobas iRebdaTeatris SemoqmedebiT cxovrebaSi. is mudmivad eswrebodarepeticiebs da muSaobda msaxiobebTan.ìntimuri Teatrisadmi~ miZRvnil werilSi, sxvasakiTxebTan erTad, avgust strindbergi saubrobsreJisorisa da msaxiobis funqciebze. dramaturgisazriT, kargi msaxiobi Semdegi TvisebebiT da unariT undagamoirCeodes:- `roliT unda cxovrobdes~ 3 ;1Стриндберг Август, Игра Снов, Избранное, М., 1994, с. 2722iqve, gv. 2723 Ria werili intimur Teatrs, wignSi skandinaviuri eseebi. Tb., 1992,gv. 13065

nino qiria- unda hqonoda warmosaxvis unari, yofiliyodakvirvebuli, gemovnebiani, TavdaWerili, arc grZnobasunda ayoloda zedmetad da arc mxolod civi gonebiTunda emoqmeda;- kargi pertniori unda yofiliyo;- msaxiobs kargi metyveleba unda hqonoda: `zustadnapovni intonacia yvelafers gansazRvravs:Jestikulacias,mimikas, pozas, scenaze adgilis moZebnas da sxv.~ 1 ;- artists erTxel mignebuli warmatebuli xerximudmivad ar unda gamoeyenebina, radgan: `mxolod efeqtismosaxdenad mimarTuli nebismieri xerxi – manerulobaa~ 2da xSirad `stilis grZnobis ukmarobacaa~ 3 ;- kargad unda gaeazrebina Janri,stili. improvizaciisunariT unda yofiliyo gamorCeuli. `niWieri pirovnebaar iketeba rolis CarCoebSi, mTeli arsebiT eZlevaTamaSs~ 4 ;- àrtisti unda flobdes rols da ara roli –artists~. 5rac Seexeba reJisors:- is didi moTminebisa da dakvirvebis unariT undagamorCeuliyo, raTa saTanadod Seefasebina artistisSesaZleblobebi, radgan msaxiobebs `SeiZleba monacemebihqondeT, magram ver amJRavnebdnen maT~ 6 ;- mas unda aexsna da mieTiTebina artistisTvis amaTu im scenaSi Sesrulenis manera da stili. magramaraviTar SemTxvevaSi Tavad ar unda eCvenebina, radganamiT SeiZleba `msaxiobis individualoba Caklas~ 7 ;- reJisoris organizebiT unda momxdariyo piesis1Ria werili intimur Teatrs, wignSi: skandinaviuri eseebi, Tb., 1992,gv. 1312iqve, gv. 1373iqve, gv. 1364iqve, gv. 1375iqve, gv. 1376iqve, gv. 1297iqve, gv. 13366

koleqtiuri kiTxva da personaJebis analizi;- repeticiaze rolis Sesrulebisas, msaxiobis SeCerebadauSvebeli iyo, radgan artistisTvis Znelia: `kvlavZvel mdgomareobas daubrundes, aRidginos ganwyobilebada intonacia~ 1 ;- reJisors unda Seeqmna ansambluri speqtakli.`msaxiobs rac SeiZleba meti Tavisufleba undamianiWo~ 2 ,_ ganagrZobs avgust strindbergi,_ àraerTxelSeminiSnavs generalur repeticiaze, rogor cvlidaartisti Cems Canafiqrs. Tuki davrwmundi, rom misiTamaSi mofiqrebuli muSaobis Sedegi iyo da mTlianobaSiar arRvevda moqmedebas, msaxiobs saSualebas vaZlevdieTamaSa Tavis nebaze~ 3 .avgust strindbergma SeZlo Tavisi Sexedulebebispraqtikulad ganxorcieleba. im droisTvis ìntimurmaTeatrma~ mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula reJisurisdamoukidebel profesiad Camoyalibebasa da ansamblurispeqtaklis Seqmnis procesSi. magram, unda aRiniSnos, romdramaturgis Teoriuli Sexedulebebi originalobiTar gamoirCeoda, radgan evropis sxvadasxva TeatrSimsgavsi reformebi xorcieldeboda. Tavad avguststrindbergic aRniSnavda, rom agrZelebda TavisTanamedrove cnobili reJisorebis _ andre antuanisada maqs reinhardtis mier ganxorcielebul reformebsda maTi Tanamoazre iyo. rac Seexeba strindbergisdramaturgias, man marTlac waruSleli kvali datova daudidesi gavlena iqonia XIX-XX saukunis literaturasada Teatrze. misi piesebi dResac Tanamedrove daaqtualuria.xSirad gamoiTqmis azri, rom Svedi dramaturgisnawarmoebebisadmi interesi gansakuTrebiT izrdeba1Ria werili intimur Teatrs, wignSi: skandinaviuri eseebi. Tb., 1992,gv. 1302iqve, gv. 1393iqve, gv. 138avgust strindbergisìntimuri Teatri~ da qarTuli Teatraluri sivrce67

nino qiriakrizisul situaciebSi, gardatexis periodebSi, rodesaczneobriv faseulobaTa gadafaseba xdeba.vfiqrob, qarTul TeatrSic imave mizezebma ganapirobaavgust strindbergis nawarmoebebiT daintereseba. XXsaukunis 90-ian wlebSi, saqarTvelo politikurad daekonomikurad mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. dairRvaZveli, SeCveuli da damkvidrebuli cxovrebis modeli.politikuri TavisuflebiT gamowveuli eiforiiTSepyrobili eris daqsaqsva da dacalkeveba adviliaRmoCnda Sinauri da gareSe mtrisaTvis. amas Tan daerToekonomikuri krizisi, sazogadoeba moicva SiSma, isteriam,panikam. adamianebi mxolod fizikuri TviTgadarCenisTvisibrZodnen. qveyanaSi kulturis politika ar arsebobda.Teatri umZimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. am dros,axalgazrda Semoqmedebis iniciativiT, rusTavelisprospeqtze gaixsna im droisTvis sruliad uCveulo`Senobis~ mqone eqsperimentuli laboratoria (rogorcmas Tavad damaarseblebi uwodebdnen) `sardafis Teatri~,patara sceniTa da mayurebelTa darbaziT. es iyopirveli precedenti qarTul Teatralur sivrceSi, Tuar CavTvliT rusTavelis Teatris mcire scenas,romelicTavisi formiT mainc akademiuri Teatris CarCoebSi ijda.1997 wels Teatri gaixsna avgust strindbergis piesiT`sikvdilis rokva~. speqtakli ganaxorciela reJisormaavTo varsimaSvilma, rolebs asrulebdnen: ramaz CxikvaZe,nana faCuaSvili, guram saRaraZe. masStabur formebsCveulma msaxiobebma kamerul viTarebaSi sruliadgansxvavebuli saxeebi Seqmnes.piesis saTauri _ `sikvdilis rokva~ _ asociaciuradgvaxsenebs sikvdilisa da wuTisoflis amaoebisamsaxvel alegoriul siuJets, romelic SuasaukuneebisikonografiaSi iyo gavrcelebuli. masSi gmirebiganzogadebulni arian absolutur universalurobamde,arqetipulobamde. piesis gmirebi klasikur samkuTxeds68

avgust strindbergisìntimuri Teatri~ da qarTuli Teatraluri sivrceqmnian. magram es ar aris sasiyvarulo samkuTxedi,es aris siyvarulisa da siZulvilis SeuTavsebelivnebiT SepyrobilTa urTierToba. gmirebis dramatulurTierTobas kidev ufro amZimebs garemo,sadac viTardebamoqmedeba. es aris gare samyarosgan mowyvetil, `patarajojoxeTad~ wodebul kunZulze mdebare koSki,sadac adrecixe iyo ganTavsebuli. am CaxuTul garemoSi TavisufladsunTqva SeuZlebelia. piesaSi personaJebi xSiradimeoreben frazebs: aq jojoxeTia, Cven dawyevlilebivarT, winaswargansazRvruli iyo Cveni tanjva. cxovrebaski ase aRiqvamen: cxovrebis xelovneba ganadgurebaa;cxovreba safuZvelSive mtanjvelia; cxovreba TiToeuliCvenganis sastiki dacinvaa; cxovreba ucnauri ram arisda Cvenc ucnaurebi varT. piesis gmirebi,garemos msgavsad,daundobelni da sastikni arian.reJisorma avTo varsimaSvilma nawarmoebis TaviseburimontaJi SemogvTavaza, piesidan amoRebulia `Svilebis~Tema da ramdenime scena. datovebulia mxolod mTvarisiuJeturi xazi. istoria kompaqturia, ufro mZafri,riTac aqcentirebulia ZiriTadi konfliqti. CaketilsivrceSi samTa sasikvdilo TamaSi gvaxsenebs Jan-polsartris piesas `Caketil kars miRma~ (1944), sadacmoqmedeba jojoxeTSi viTardeba.speqtaklSi ar aris rTuli konstruqciebismizanscenebi. msaxiobebi Zunwi da TavSekavebulimoqmedebiT gadmoscemen sabediswerod gadajaWvuligmirebis tanjvis process,maTi urTierTdamokidebulebisdaundobel ironias.emanuil svedenborgis moZRvrebis Tanaxmad,amqveynad yvelaferi urTierdakavSirebulia,urTierTganpirobebulia. strindbergic iziarebdamis Sexedulebas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TiTqmis erTisaukunis Semdeg, qarTuli ìntimuri Teatris~ avguststrindbergis `kameruli~ piesiT gaxsnac erTgvar69

nana xuskivaZe,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,dramis fakultetis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli daviT kobaxiZepirovnebis mniSvneloba samsaxioboxelovnebaSi`me ar vici,rogori artistebi dadgebiT,erTi ki vici,yvelafers gavakeTeb imisTvis, rom pirovnebebi iyoT~. essityvebi baton gizo Jordanias, Cems pedagogs, ekuTvnis.ase daiwyo Cveni UurTierToba 30 wlis win. maSinCemTvis da Cemi megobrebisTvis cota bundovani iyo misinaTqvami – Teatralur institutSi (ase erqva im dros)xom imitom movediT, rom artistebi gamovsuliyaviT.dRes yvelaferi Zalze naTelia – pirovnebas, mxolodpirovnebas, Tavisi individualizmiT SeuZlia Seqmnasganumeoreblobis precedenti samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi.msaxiobi xom cocxali saxiT monawileobs Tavis qmnilebaSi(radgan Tavad aris masalac da xelovnebis qmnilebac).swored amitomaa samsaxiobo xelovneba unikaluri dargimxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi.msaxiobi udavod gansxvavebuli fsiqotipia adamianisa,romelsac grZnobebis sajarod gamoxatvis udidesimoTxovnileba gaaCnia. samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi yofiTilogika, romelsac adamianebi Cveulni varT yoveldRiurcxovrebaSi, sruliad ar aris dominanti, aq yvelaferi imwamier, dadgenil logikas emyareba, romelic konkretulirolis, speqtaklis `gadawyvetisas~ SedegisTvis arisaucilebeli. Tumca, xSirad WeSmariti mxatvruli saxisSeqmna yofiT logikasac emyareba. artistis xelovnebaspecifikuria Tavisi Sinagani `dauwereli kanonebiT~,romlis codna aucilebelia ara gonebiT, aramed guliT70

(idealur SemTxvevaSi _ guli plus goneba). artistisxelovneba subieqturia, individualuri. umTavresigansxvaveba artistebsa da danarCen sulier samyarosSoris is zogadadamianuri Tvisebaa,romelsac empaTia hqvia.empaTia _ `STagrZnoba~, sxva adamianSi wvdoma. adamianisunaris TvisebaTa erToblioba _ rogoricaa SemecnebiTi,emociuri, motoruli komponentebis urTierTqmedeba.empaTia udides rols TamaSobs artistis xelovnebaSi.adamianis qceva organul mTlianobas warmoadgens,romelic konkretuli pirovnebis mTliani gamovlinebaada is garemoeba, rom msaxiobi Tavisi Semoqmedebisproduqts – sasceno saxes, sakuTari qceviT qmnis, rommsaxiobis SemoqmedebiT meTods TviT misi gardasaxvawarmoadgens, ayenebs sasceno Semoqmedebis fsiqologiisZiriTad problemas: sasceno gardasaxvis fsiqologiuribunebis sakiTxs. 1uxsovari droidan moyolebuli, arsebobs orisapirispiro Teoriis pirveli Canasaxi _ `namdviligrZnoba Tu imitacia~, èmocia Tu inteleqti~. erTniaRiareben gardasaxvis safuZvlad msaxiobis mier namdviligrZnobis gancdas,meoreni piriqiT – msaxiobis moqmedebissafuZvlad `civ inteleqts~, mofiqrebul ìmitacias~Tvlian. da mainc, `gancda Tu warmodgena~.fsiqologiuri terminebiT rom gamovxatoT, CemiazriT, msaxiobis Semoqmedeba iwyeba inteleqtualuriprocesiT – azrobrivi analiziT, ris Semdegac am gziTmonaxul moZraobaTa avtomatizacias vaRwevT. aseTiSedegi `namdvili gancdis da ostatobis~ sinTeziTmiiRweva, rac, vfiqrob, yvelaze srulyofili debulebaa.Tumca, termini avtomatizacia, ramdenadac msaxiobisteqnikas niSnavs, imdenad saxifaToa SemoqmedisTvis, misipirovnebisTvis, radgan mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Cven saiTvixrebiT, _ `gancdisken Tu warmodgenisken~. scenaze1revaz naTaZe. sasceno gardasaxvis fsiqologiuri problema,1966,gv.5-671

nana xuskivaZeumniSvnelovanesi pirovnebaa da ara Tojinad qceulimsaxiobi. swored sinTezi am ori sapirispiro Teoriisada is viTom uxilavi zRvari, romelic unda iyosSenarCunebuli, aris Semoqmedi, pirovneba, romelic iwvisbolomde da Tan sakuTar Tavs gverdidan aRiqvams.cnobili fsiqologi karl rojersi miiCnevs, romfsiqoTerapevtis pacientTan empaTikur urTierTobaSiyofna niSnavs _ aRiqva sxva adamianis samyaro absoluturadzustad ise, rom SenarCundes emociuri da azrobriviniuansebi. rojersis ganmartebiT, _ TiTqos `sxva~ xdebi,amave dros, ar unda ikargebodes `viTom~ elferi. Tu eselferi qreba, maSin `sxvasTan~ identificireba xdeba, racsakuTari pirovnebis dakargviT da mis adgilas `sxvis~CanacvlebiT mTavrdeba. es ki avadmyofuri mdgomareobaa. 1batoni rojersis mier dadgenili amgvari daskvna, CemiazriT, msaxiobis profesias kidev ufro mniSvnelovansxdis. mniSvnelovans xdis pirovnebas, romelic amprofesias irCevs, radgan aseT formulirebaSi artistiTiTqmis fsiqoTerapevtis mniSvnelobiT gvevlineba.fsiqoTerapevti ki, mogexsenebaT, konkretuli adamianisSinagani bunebis, misi Tvisebebis yvelaze Rrma Sreebsunda Caswvdes. artisti pirovnuli Sinagani resursiT,empaTiis moWarbebuli unariT verasdros iqceva scenazemarionetad.mecniereba logikuri sabuTebiT amtkicebs, xelovneba_ mxatvruli saxeebiT warmogvidgens. mecnierebada xelovneba obieqturi sinamdvilis erTi da imavesuraTis or proeqcias warmogvidgens. mecniereba asobiTmovlenisTvis saerTo kanonzomierebas eZebs, Seiswavlisra as SemTxvevas, daskvnebi gamoaqvs da kanonzomierebasadgens. mecnierebisTvis asmeerTe SemTxvevas mniSvnelobaara aqvs, xelovnebisTvis ki, swored asmeerTe SemTxvevaamniSvnelovani, _ is erTaderTi, romelic Tavisi1manana maCabeli. empaTiis mniSvneloba samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi, avtoreferati,2006, gv. 4-572

pirovnebis mniSvneloba samsaxiobo xelovnebaSiindividualurobisas da ganumeoreblobisas sxvadanarCensac asaxavs,ganzogadoebuli da individualurobadakarguli. is mxatvris pirovnebis Taviseburebas asaxavs.ainStains fardobiTobis kanoni rom ar aRmoeCina,mas adreTu gvian aRmoaCendnen sxvebi, magram veravin, renuarisgarda, ver Seqmnida mis tiloebs. 1sazogadoebisTvis mamoZravebeli Zala pirovnebaa.pirovneba – ganumeorebloba.qarTulma Teatrma bevrjer ganicada transformacia.didi reJisorebisa da artistebis wyalobiT, igi mudamiyo mniSvnelovani da amgvar mniSvnelovnebas sworedreJisorebad da artistebad wodebuli pirovnebebiganapirobebdnen. swored isini iyvnen umaRlesi gemovnebisganmsazRvrelni.diax, artisti wodebaa da ara mxolod profesia.artisti – `pirovnebis~ gareSe, Tundac brwyinvaledgadawyvetili reJisoruli speqtaklis SemTxvevaSic,mxolod ganyenebul formad SeiZleba darCes.dRes qarTul TeatrSi axali tendencia Cndeba –sworeba TiTqos satelevizio sivrceSi gavrcelebulSouebzea. àxali formis~,`Janris~ damkvidrebis mcdelobaa,romelic mxolod mayureblis garTobiskenaa mimarTuli.TiTqos,viviwyebT Teatris mTavar daniSnulebas. msoflioTeatrebSi es procesi gaazrebulia (komerciul proeqtebsvgulisxmob). CvenTan jerjerobiT zedapiruli midgomaa,ramac SesaZloa artistis,rogorc pirovnebis,nivelirebagamoiwvios.realuri cvlilebebi,swrafva siaxlisken,progresiskenaucilebelicaa da gardauvalic. swored amitom,artistispirovnebas dRes, rogorc arasdros, sWirdeba udidesiSinagani resursi. fsiqologiaSi arsebobs terminisivrce. ramdeni adamianicaa, imdeni sivrcea, pirovnuli1mixeil TumaniSvili - àxla ki farada~, gamomcemloba `kentavri~,2011, gv. 23473

nana xuskivaZeresursi. roca vsaubrobT momaval msaxiobze, es resursimaCvenebeli unda iyos. vfiqrob, swavlebis procesSi,fsiqologiuri testebisa da savarjiSoebis meSveobiT,unda SevZloT studentis pirovnuli SesaZleblobebis,misi Sinagani resursis gamdidreba, raTa ar davkargoTyvelaze mniSvnelovani – artisti, rogorc pirovneba,rogorc mikrosamyaro im uzarmazar samyaroSi, rasacTeatri hqvia.gamoyenebuli literatura:•••TumaniSvili, mixeil., axla ki farda, gamomcemloba`kentavri”. 2011, gv. 234maCabeli,manana.,empaTiis mniSvneloba samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi,avtoreferati, 2006, gv.4-5naTaZe,revaz.,sasceno gardasaxvis fsiqologiuri problema,1966, gv. 4-674

kinomcodneoba75

Tamar barTaia,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,kinomcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli zviad doliZeidea, siuJeti da misi Caweris specifikascenaris wera sanam daiwyeba, aris erTgvarimosamzadebeli etapi,rac scenarze muSaobas sagrZnobladaadvilebs. miuxedavad imisa,rom yvela reJisors scenarzemuSaobis individualuri stili da specifika aqvs (da esasec unda iyos), aris wlebis ganmavlobaSi SemuSavebuliwesebi, risi codnac sasurvelia maTTvis, vinc scenarisweras iwyebs.scenarze muSaoba pirdapir scenaris weriT arasdrosiwyeba. mas win uZRvis uamravi individualuri, Tu ukvekargad SemuSavebuli meTodi, romelic kinoxelovnebisparalelurad gaCnda. pirvel rigSi ibadeba idea, romlisCamoyalibebasac zogjer, SesaZloa, wlebic ki dasWirdes.roca idea naTlad gamoikveTeba, iqve Cndeba meore – esaris siuJeti. anu razea da ra moxdeba momaval filmSi.es aris ori aucilebeli ram, ris gareSec SeuZlebelia,daiwyos scenarze muSaoba.nebismieri qveynis, Tu epoqis scenaristebs aqvT erTiazri imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom ambavi, ris safuZvelzeciqmneba scenari, unda iyos anekdotiviT, sxartad dagasagebad moyolili.gaCndeba Tu ara idea, arsebobs misi gadamowmebismartivi xerxi. yvebiT mas sxvadasxva tipis, asakisda profesiis adamianTan. akvirdebiT maT reaqcias:ramdenad sainteresod aRiqvamen isini amas, xom aruTqvams romelime maTgans, rom amdagvari istoriaadrec mousmenia. es nu SegaSinebT da Tqvens Canafiqrze77

Tamar barTaiaamis gamo uars nu ityviT. yvelasaTvis cnobilia, romsamyaroSi sul TiTebze CamosaTvlelia siuJetebi. yvelamaTganze daiwera wignebi da gadaiRes filmebi. Tumca,scenaristis profesionalizmi swored imaSi mdgomareobs,ise SefuTos scenari, rom aravis gauCndes misi raimesTangaigivebis survili. es aris forma da swored am axaliformiT da zogjer Zveli saTqmeliT unda daainteresoTmayurebeli. Tumca arc is aris gamoricxuli, _ rocaSensave monayols bevrjer ismen, Tavad aRar mogewonosda dakargo masze muSaobis survili. ra Tqma unda,aseTi ram dasawyisSive sjobs, radgan is, ris gakeTebasacapirebT, pirvel rigSi, Tqven unda gaRelvebdeT, Tanacise, rom dRedaRam mosvenebas ar gaZlevdeT. es ariserTgvari SemoqmedebiTi virusi, romelic Tqven SegeyaraTda axla sxvebs unda gadasdoT. sxvagvarad Tanamoazreebsver gaiCenT, kinos ki mxolod TanamoazreTa didi gundiqmnis. aq lideri mxolod reJisoria, yvela danarCeni kiexmareba misi ideis ganxorcielebas.ideis dabadebas paralelurad mosdevs misi daxvewa,Sevseba, sxvadasxva istoriiT, faqtiT, _ iqneba es JurnalgazeTebidanamowerili,gagonili,sakuTar Tavs Tu sxvebsgadamxdari ambebi. zogjer impulsi SesaZloa romelimecnobilma mxatvrulma nawarmoebmac mogceT. magram Tues yvelaferi organulad ar gaerTianda da nervis erTZafze ar aikinZa, darCeba daCexil, saintereso ambebad,romelic aravis aaRelvebs.ra Tqma unda Cndeba kiTxva: _ ki magram, rogor?amgvari Cvevebis gamomuSaveba mxolod didi praqtikisSedegad xdeba.holivudis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili, òskarosani~scenaristi robert tauni werda: ,,kino es aris omi,eqsperti ki is adamiani xdeba, vinc am omSi cocxaligadarCa... mokled, Tu Sen erT proeqts mainc gadaurCi78

idea, siuJeti da misi Caweris specifikacocxali, es imas niSnavs, rom raRac namdvilad iswavle.ratom da rogor _ amis formulireba SeuZlebelia. Senan iZen instinqts, anda TamaSs eTiSebi~. 1TiToeul scenarists sakuTari arqivi unda hqondes.es misi profesiis Semadgeneli nawilia. yvelafers,rasac sainteresos SeniSnavs, moismens, waikiTxavs TuSeigrZnobs,unda iwerdes an sxva,individualuri meTodiTimaxsovrebdes. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, im dros muSaobs Tuara raime konkretul proeqtze. nu endobiT sakuTarmexsierebas,Cven asobiT anekdoti mainc mogvismenia,magramaqedan,SesaZloa,aTic ki ver gavixsenoT. amitom yvelaferisaintereso,rac Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs,CaviniSnoT. Cemipedagogi, erlom axvlediani, gvawarmoebinebda erTgvar,sqematur dRiurebs. maSin kargad ar mesmoda davalebismniSvneloba _ mec da Cemi jgufelebic amas àxirebad~vTvlidiT. wlebis Semdeg mivxvdi, rom es namdvilisaganZuria, ideebis banki, romlis kodic mxolod Sen icida SensaviT mas sxva verasodes gaacocxlebs. konkretulmagaliTs moviyvan: ocdaaTi wlis win Cems cxovrebaSi,raRac incidenti moxda da batonma erlomma kategoriuladmomTxova, es istoria Camewera, yovelgvari mxatvrulobisgareSe, ubralod dawvrilebiT momeyola. Tanac miTxra,gava dro da Sen amas aucileblad miubrundebio. uariver vuTxari da misi davaleba Sevasrule.30 wlis Semdeg davwere piesa `saTamaSo pistoleti~,romlis impulsic mxolod im Canawerma momca. piesasaraerTi saerTaSoriso premia aqvs miRebuli, iTargmnasxvadasxva enaze, daidga da idgmeba evropasa da amerikisSeerTebul StatebSi. es magaliTi imitom moviyvane,rom damwyebi Semoqmedi, romelic jer bolomde verflobs Tavis profesias, aucileblad unda endobodesmaestros, pedagogs. aq bevri ramea damokidebuli ndobasada intuiciaze. es xom ar aris konkretuli mecniereba,1http://4screenwriter.wordpress.com/2010/07/10/walter-dialogue/79

Tamar barTaiasadac orjer ori aucileblad udris oTxs.ras niSnavs zemoT aRniSnuli sqematuri dRiuriswarmoeba? amas didi dro ar sWirdeba – dRis bolos,gegmissaxiT,Camower im movlenebs,rac mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSimoxda, _ mSralad, literaturuli wiaRsvlebis gareSe.miuxedavad imisa, rom im dRes, erTi SexedviT, araferigansakuTrebuli momxdara _ gverdidan iwyeb imis yurebas,raSic TviTon monawileobdi. dakvirvebuli Tvaliaucileblad afiqsirebs raRac sainteresos. SeiZlebaes ar moxdes erTi dRe, meore, mesame, magram Tu mTelikvira ise gaivlis, rom verafers gansxvavebuls aRmoaCen,maSin _ cudad eZeb. arada, am profesias roca irCev,rogorc guram rCeuliSvilis `nadirobaSia~, 1 ginda Tuara,pirvelive dRidan Temebze nadirobas iwyeb. Tu kargadeZeb, SeuZlebelia, erTxelac didi nadavliT xelSi ardabrunde. dRiuri ki amaSi aucileblad dagexmarebaT.TbilisSi gamarTul masterklasebze tonino gueragviyveboda: _ biblioTekidan wignebs rom gamovitandi,verveleodi, iqidan yvelaze saintereso adgilebs vxevdi daCemTvis vitovebdi,Semdeg ki wigns isev ukan vabrunebdio...ra Tqma unda, me am qmedebisken aravis movuwodeb, radganis mkiTxveli, vinc toninos Semdeg imave romanebskiTxulobda, Zalian mecodeba. magram araCveulebrivimeTodia Jurnal-gazeTebidan amoWraT saintereso ambebida Tqveni ideebis banki amgvari istoriebiT gaamdidroT.ra iciT, sad da rodis gamogadgebaT. aseve aucilebelia,Semoqmedi adamiani,visac ki pretenzia aqvs raimes Seqmnisa,vidre weras daiwyebs, bevrs kiTxulobdes, uamrav filmsnaxulobdes, radgan kinoscenari sruliad gansxvavebulidramaturgiaa da mas aramc Tu mxatvrul literaturasTanaqvs raime kavSiri,YTeatris dramaturgiisganac ki Sorsdgas, maSin roca erTic da meorec dialogebiT iwereba.amis aRmoCenac TandaTan xdeba,praqtikis Sedegad. rogorc1ix.: rCeuliSvili g., TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, sam tomad, t. II.Tbilisi, `saari~, 2002.80

idea, siuJeti da misi Caweris specifikaki kinosamyaroSi fexs Semoadgam, Tavidanve TanamoazreTagundSi unda gaerTiande,radgan kino sinTezuri xelovnebaada marto verafers gaxdebi.swavlebis procesSic ar unda xdebodes adamianebismeqanikuri gaerTianeba. Tu pedagogad romelime cnobilSemoqmeds airCev, reJisori iqneba es, operatori,Tu scenaristi, mas unda endobode. jer gaecani misnamuSevrebs, darwmundi, rom namdvilad sainteresoaSenTvis da mere Caewere mis gundSi. sxvanairad ZalianrTulad iqneba saqme. ndobaSi, pirvel rigSi, profesiulalRos vgulisxmob. zogjer damwyeb scenarists moaqvskargi idea, romlis mixedviTac moklemetraJiani filmisgadaRebas apirebs. magram es ambavi, Tavisi grZnobaTabunebiT, verafriT eteva mcire formatSiDda ganvrcobasmoiTxovs, anu Tema SesaZloa Zalian kargia, magram didikinosTvis aris gankuTvnili. piriqiTac xdeba, _ erTiSexedviT grZeli istoria, Tavisuflad SeiZleba, mokledmovyveT da amisTvis, zogjer, xuTi wuTic kmara. amgvarrCevebSi TiTqmis iSviaTia, rom Secdes profesionalipedagogi, magram recepti aqac mxolod gamocdilebaa.roca idea metnaklebad Camoyalibdeba, pirveli, rac undadaiweros, es aris e. w. sinofsisi _ mokled moyoliliambavi 2-dan 5 gverdamde.Semdegi samuSao mTavari gmiris an gmirebisportretebze muSaobaa: maTi miznebi, Tavgadasavlebi daxerxebi,romlebsac isini miznisaken mimaval gzaze iyeneben,riTac isini ama Tu im winaaRmdegobebs gadalaxaven.rac ar unda saintereso prototipi gyavdeT, raRacisSecvla mainc mogiwevT. saWiroa, winaswar daiwerosyoveli gmiris portreti, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, Tundacmesamexarisxovani iyos da sadRac, erTxel CndebodesfilmSi. radgan es gmiri scenarSi SemogyavT, mis SesaxebzedmiwevniT zustad unda icodeT yvelaferi. misifraza, Tu gamoCena, mTliani dramaturgiis aucilebeli81

Tamar barTaiargoli unda iyos. maSin gmiric da avtoric dazRveuliayvelanairi siyalbisagan, radgan Tu am gziT ar viareT,rom yoveli fraza axali informaciis matarebelia, maSinis dialogi fuWia..gmirebis biografia TavisTvis unda hqondes scenaristsda roca personaJs aRwers, iq mxolod aucilebeli dazusti detalebi unda gamoiyenos. araviTar SemTxvevaSiar unda gadavides reJisoris da miT ufro, mxatvriskompetenciaSi. ,,mxolod im SemTxvevaSia gamarTlebuligmiris garegnobis an kostiumis zedmiwevniT aRwera,rocais dramaturgiuli xazis ganviTarebas emsaxureba~. 1Semdeg iwyeba detalebis, anu, im mniSvnelovani,,CuqurTmebis~ moZieba, rac am àrqiteqturas~ mouxdeba.Tumca, aqac didi sifrTxilea saWiro, _ miuxedavad misisilamazisa, ar gadaitvirTos da mTavari ideidan Sorsar wagviyvanos.Semdgomi etapi ukve aris muSaoba e. w. `TriTmentze~,anu vrcel ganacxadze. aq ukve sinofsisSi moyoliliideis ganvrcoba xdeba, epizodebad da movlenebad. igi20-dan 30 gverdamdea. dasawyisSive unda gamoiricxosam tipis literaturaSi yvelanairi epiTetebi. racufro martivia leqsika, miT advilia misi Semdgomirealizacia. TriTmentSi, sinofsisigan gansxvavebiT, ambavimoyolilia vrclad, epizodebis mixedviT da srulwarmodgenas iZleva momaval filmze. masSi maqsimaluradunda iyos aRwerili yvela is mniSvnelovani niuansi, racSemdgomSi filmSi iqneba gamoyenebuli. SesaZlebeliazogierTi epizodi dialogis formiTac iyos dawerili,Tuki es ufro saxiers da sainteresos gaxdis masalas.TriTmenti, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ufro rTuli dasaweria,vidre srulmetraJiani filmis scenari. Tu TriTmentigamarTulia, scenaris dawerac gacilebiT gamartivdeba.scenaris weras vidre daiwyebdeT, erTxel kidev1Митта А., Стереотипы драматургии., М., `Искусство”, 1997, стр.123.82

idea, siuJeti da misi Caweris specifikagadaamowmeT Tqveni saepizodo gegma Tavisi movlenebiT.gamoricxvis meTodiT gaiareT yoveli maTgani da Turomelimes amoRebiT araferi akldeba mTavar ideas dadramaturgiul qargas ar cvlis, maSin ukeTesia, axlaveSeelioT, ragind sainteresoc ar unda geCvenebodeT. esaucilebelia,raTa Semdeg,am epizodis mixedviT gadaRebulimasala gadasagdebi ar gaxdes. gaiTvaliswineT, rom aq,mxolod Tqven da furceli xarT, iq ki uamravi adamianisSroma, energia da wyalSi gadayrili fulia.,,TriTmenti aris erTgvari dokumenti, romliTacprodiuserma SemdgomSi Tanxa unda moipovosfilmisTvis. amitomac Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom isiyos dawerili yvelasaTvis gasageb enaze, martivi daadvilad aRsaqmeli. kargi TriTmenti kargi filmiskengadadgmuli mniSvnelovani nabijia“. 1 TriTments aqvsagreTve Tviseba,rom raimesTan misi msgavsebis saSiSroebazedapirze amoagdos da xiluli gaxados, rac avtorebs,kidev erTxel aZlevs dafiqrebis Sanss. arian reJisorebi,romlebisTvisac scenari mxolod finansebis mosaZiebeliwyaroa da maT, am literaturis gareSec, zustad ician,rogor Seqmnan ganwyoba, atmosfero, scenarSi erTxelacaRar ixedebian da gadasaReb moedanze yvelafers cvlian,magram swored aseT reJisorebs ufro sWirdebaTprofesiulad dawerili scenari, raTa moiZion Tanxebida mieceT SemoqmedebiTi niWis gaSlis saSualeba. 2andrei tarkovski ambobda: ,,Sens profesiasTandakavSirebuli kanonebis codna,ra Tqma unda,aucilebelia,magram xelovneba iwyeba am kanonebis darRvevidan dadeformaciidan~. 3scenaristi valdebulia, weris dros daicvasdramaturgiis yvela kanoni, sxva SemTxvevaSi misi roli1Червинский А. ,Как хорошо продать хороший сценарий., М., “Киносценарий”,1993, cтр. 43.2http://www.litmir.net/br/?b=138688&p=12http://www.litmi3www.biblioteka.teatr-obraz.ru/node/448383

Tamar barTaiagaumarTlebeli iqneba am gundSi, kanonebis darRvevaki reJisoris kompetenciaa. scenarma unda gaaerTianosTanamoazreTa didi gundi, amitomac is yvelasaTvissaintereso, impulsebis momcemi da gasagebi unda iyos.gamoyenebuli literatura:• rCeuliSvili g., TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, samtomad, t. II. Tbilisi, `saari~, 2002.• Митта А., Стереотипы драматургии. Москва,“Искусство”, 1997.• Червинский А., Как хорошо продать хорошийсценарий. М., “Киносценарий”, 1993.• http://4screenwriter.wordpress.com/2010/07/10/walterdialogue/• http://www.litmir.net/br/?b=138688&p=12http://www.litmi• www.biblioteka.teatr-obraz.ru/node/448384

maka doliZe,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,kinomcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli: zviad doliZegermanuli faSizmi da propagandistulifilmebigasuli saukunis bolos msoflios politikurekonomikursistemasa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSimomxdarma kardinalurma cvlilebebma warmoSva zogadadistoriuli movlenebis Sefasebebisadmi midgomebSidamkvidrebul SexedulebaTa gadaxedvis saWiroeba. azrisabWoTa kavSiris gamarjvebisa germaniaze, sabWoTa dapostsabWoTa sivrceSi mkvidrdeboda,rogorc progresulimovlena, rogorc humanizmis gamarjveba borotebaze.adamianTa cnobierebaSi es stereotipi dRemde cocxalia,Tumca sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg gairkva, romsabWouri sistema, msxverplis raodenobis TvalsazrisiT,arafriT CamorCeboda germaneli faSistebisas.represiis formebsa da meTodebSi gansxvavebaze kamaTiubralod araeTikurad unda CaiTvalos. Tu faSizmiaqcents akeTebs nacionalizmze, sabWoTa ideologiisSemTxvevaSi igive midgoma xorcieldeboda socialursafuZvelze (nacionalizmi wamgebiani iqneboda rusuli,mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifosaTvis).faSizmi (ital.: fascismo/fascio –kona, Sekvra, gaerTianeba)aris ideologia, romelic warmoiSva gasuli saukunisdasawyisSi, aRiarebda ramdenime rasis upiratesobas daqadagebda Zalismier politikas msoflios danarCen erebzebatonobis mizniT. am fenomenis kvlevaSi gansakuTrebuliwvlili miuZRvis avstriel fsiqoanalitikos vilhelmraixs, romlis naSromi `masebis fsiqologia da85

maka doliZefaSizmi~ 1 warmoadgens am oris urTierTkavSiriskvlevas. igi daiwera germaniis ekonomikuri krizisis(1930-1933) periodSi. usaxelo masebis fsiqologiuristruqtura mTlianad damokidebulia avtoritetze,radgan dakarguli aqvs Tavisuflebisaken ltolvada yvelanairi misticizmisaTvis umaRlesi xarisxiTxdeba xelmisawvdomi.Fraixma kacobriobis ganviTarebisistoriuli etapebi ganixila masebis fsiqologiuristruqturis WrilSi da dagvanaxa,rom faSizmi romelimeperiodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlena ki araa, aramedsul arsebobs da Cven mis transformirebul saxeobebTangvaqvs an gveqneba saqme.misticizmisaken midrekilebebs adamianurimoTxovnilebebis (seqsualurobis) daTrgunva iwvevs.`sabWoTa qalebis~ cnobili frTosani gamoTqma: `CvenTan,sabWoTa kavSirSi, seqsi ar aris!~, romelic dRemdeanekdotur magaliTad aRiqmeba sazogadoebaSi,lakoniuradadasturebs aseTi sayovelTao daTrgunvis politikisarsebobas. dRemdec ki bevrisaTvis Seuracxmyofel damtkivneul Sefasebad rCeba faSisturi simptomebissocializmTan kavSirSi ganxilva, ris mizezadac mimaCnia,rom postsabWoTa sazogadoebas gabeduleba ar hyofnis,aRiaros sakuTari warsulis mankierebani, rac kidev erTidasturia imisa, rom am wnexisagan ver vTavisufldebiT.aq aRar SevCerdebiT mosazrebaze sabWoTa adamianismoraluri saxis ùnikalurobis~ Sesaxeb, sayovelTaodcnobil dogmatur Sexedulebebze, romlebic sruliadgamoricxavdnen seqsualurobas, seqsualuri ltolvisfaqtors. saxelmwifos marTvis ori erTnairad utopiurimodelis msoflio batonobisaTvis Setakeba kanonzomierimovlena iyo, aseve kanonzomieria germaniis damarcxebaam omSi da meore imperiuli saxelmwifos _ sabWoTakavSiris daSla.1ix. Reich, Wilhelm. Massenpsychologie Des Faschismus. Kopenhagen:Sexualpolitik, 193386

kinos (germaniis sinamdvileSic) gaaCnia erovnulicnobieris naTlad gamoxatvis, istoriul movlenaTaprocesSi sazogadoebis ganwyobilebaTa Tanmimdevruliasaxvisa da masze zemoqmedebis SesaZleblobebi. cnobilimwerali, Jurnalisti, sociologi, kulturis kritikosida kinos Teoretikosi zigfrid krakaueri wers:`filmebi asaxaven ara imdenad gansazRvrul Sexedulebebs,ramdenadac koleqtiuri sulierebis Rrma Sreebisfsiqologiur ganwyobebs, romlebic Semecnebaze ufroRrmad ileqebian. socialuri fsiqologiis gabatonebulitendenciebis Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia bevris gagebapopularuli Jurnalebis,radiogadacemebis,bestselerebis,moduri leqsikisa da xalxis kulturuli cxovrebissxva saxeobebidan, magram am wyaroebs kinematografi bevrrameSi jobnis. kinokameris mravalnairad gamoyenebis,montaJisa da sxva specifikuri xerxebis saSualebiT,filmebs SeuZliaT da kidevac valdebuli arian,yuradRebiT daakvirdnen xiluli samyaros erTiansuraTs. misi aTvisebis Sedegad gvevlineba is,rasacEervinpanofskim `sivrcis dinamizacia~ uwoda: `kinoTeatrSi...mayurebeli adgilze zis mxolod fizikuri gagebiT...esTetikurad igi imyofeba mudmiv moZraobaSi, ramdenadacTvali gaigivebulia kinokameris obieqtivTan, romelicsxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gamudmebiT gadaadgildeba daicvlis xedvis kuTxes. sivrce mayurebels warmoudgebaiseTive moZraobaSi, rogorSic TviTon imyofeba. sivrceSimoZraoben ara marto mkvrivi sxeulebi, aramed moZraobsTviT sivrcec.~ 1swored kinos es Tviseba gamoiyenes germanel erSifaSisturi ideologiis dasamkvidreblad. kinos da,gansakuTrebiT, dokumentur kinos, mesame raixis periodSipirvelxarisxovani saxelmwifo-politikuri mniSvneloba1Kracauer, Siegfried. From Kaligari to Hitler. Princeton: Princeton UniversityPress, 2004, p.3germanuli faSizmi da propagandistuli filmebi87

maka doliZeeniWeboda. 1939 wlidan germaniaSi aqtiurad gamodiodakinoJurnalebi: ùfa-ton-voxe” (Ufa Ton-Woche), “doilingtonvoxe” (Deulig-Tonwoche), ”ufa-auslandvoxe” (Ufa-Auslandswoche), ”tobis-voxe” (Tobis-Woche) da “foqstionende voxenSau” (Fox-Tönende Wochenschau).germanulma kinoindustriam propagandistuli miznebiTfokusireba moaxdina frontis qronikebze, romelsacsul pirvelad awarmoebda ùfa” (UFA) saxelwodebiT`doiCe voxenSau” (Deutsche Wochenschau) (germanulikviris qronika). kinowarmoebam misi dasawyisidan erTweliwadSi 90%-iT imata. Tu dasawyisisaTvis TiToeuligamoSvebis metraJi iyo samasi, wlis bolos ukve maTixangrZlivoba gasammagda. meore msoflio omis dawyebamdeqronikebis tiraJi iyo 500, ori wlis Semdgom ki maTmaraodenobam ori aTass gadaaWarba. da Tu am aslebs omisdasawyisSi 16 qveyanaSi gasaSuqeblad agzavnidnen, 1942wlisaTvis is 29 enaze iTargmneboda da Suqdeboda 34qveyanaSi. erTi saomari kviris ganmavlobaSi 30 000metr firs iRebdnen, Tumca, rodesac saomari moqmedebebiufro seriozul operaciebze gadavida, metraJi 50 000-mde gaizarda. mokled rom vTqvaT, kinoindustria srulikursiT emsaxureboda imperiul politikur miznebs.propaganda imdenad warmoadgenda prioritets qveyanaSi,rom mxatvruli filmebis warmoeba mkveTrad mcirdebodapropagandistuli filmebis zrdis paralelurad.1933-1945 wlebSi, nacistur germaniaSifilmebis warmoebis erTgvari grafiki Semdegnairadgamoiyureboda: 1wlebi1933193419351936193719381939194019411942194319441945sulfilmebisraodenoba1141299111292931078567587660610901Welch, David. Propaganda and the German cinema 1933–1945. London:I.B.Tauris,1983, p.16088

germanuli faSizmi da propagandistuli filmebihans ioahim gizem Tavis wignSi `kinoqronikebi politikissamsaxurSi“ scada mtkicebulebebiT gaejerebina TavisiSexeduleba germanuli kinoindustriis am movlenaze.umetes kritikul wyaroebSi, maT Soris zigfridkrakauerTanac, propagandis warmoSoba dakavSirebuliazemoT aRniSnuli kinoJurnalebis gamoSvebasTan, Tumcapropagandis pirveli niSnebi jer kidev maSin gamoCnda,roca 1930 wlis dasasruls iozef gebelsma gadawyvitadaearsebina nacional-socialist germanel muSaTapartiis imperiis kinowarmoeba, romelic dedaqalaqidanuzrunvelyofda filmebis miwodebas mTel qveyanaSi,magram gauWirda maSindeli xelisuflebis darwmunebaam saqmianobis saWiroebaSi da Sedegad uari miiRoam ideis dafinansebaze. miuxedavad amisa, regionulipartiis liderebma gadawyvites,rom sasargeblo iqneboda,gadaeRoT, sakuTari mitingebi, aRlumebi Tu gamosvlebida gaevrcelebinaT isini mTeli qveynis masStabiT,adgilobrivi organizaciebis xelSewyobiT.bolos da bolos, 1932 wels gebelsis miwodebuliidea ganxorcielda. man moaxerxa metoqis _ gregorStraseris moSoreba miunxenidan, romelic am qronikebisgadaRebas xelmZRvanelobda da amgvarad es organizaciamTlianad gebelsis kontrolis qveS, berlinSi, gadavida.gebelsis meore metoqe iyo Teoretikosi, nacisturidoqtrinis ,,filosofosi” alfred rozenbergi. igixelmZRvanelobda „germaniis kulturisaTvis brZoliskavSirs“, romelic hitlerma rogorc gansakuTrebuliuflebamosilebis mqone organizacia nacisturi partiiswevrebis sulier aRzrdaze kontrolis gasawevad Seqmnada romelic,1936 wels,sabolood mainc gebelsis uwyebasSeuerTda. manam ki rozenbergi da misi momxreebi germaniisZvel, ,,saxalxo” tradiciebTan dabrunebis lozungebsavrcelebdnen. am periodis propagandistul filmTaSoris gvxvdeba rozenbergis misticizmiT gajerebuli89

maka doliZefilmebic, magaliTad, reJisor edmund hoibergerisfilmi `dakarguli xeoba~, romelic gamovida 1934wels. filmSi gadmocemulia, Tu rogor cdiloben tyissiCumis dasacavad, misi bunebrivi garemos dazianebisprevenciisaTvis inJinrebisa da teqnikosebis jgufisgaZevebas,romlebic wiaRiseuli simdidreebis damuSavebasapireben. siuJetidan gamomdinarec advilia aRviqvaT, romadamianis gulwrfel emociebze zemoqmedebiT, rogoraxerxebda xelisufleba sakuTari miznebis TiTqosdapozitiur WrilSi gadmocemas.aq SeuZlebelia ar gagvaxsendes kinosuraTi„axalgazrda hitlereli kveksi~ (1933). misi reJisorihans Stainhofi,romelic,rogorc SemdgomSi moulodneladgairkva, nacisturi partiis wevri aRmoCnda da rac kidevufro mniSvnelovania, iyo uzado ostati. prodiuseraddainiSna karl riteri, rogorc kinokompania „ufas“,aseve faSisturi reJimis ndobiT aRWurvili piri. k. a.Sencingeris poemis mixedviT scenari dawera gamocdilmabobi lutgem. gadamRebma jgufma airCia maRalkvalificiurimsaxiobebi: hainrix georgi, romelmac kveksis mamis roliiTamaSa, klaus klauseni (igi TamaSobda axalgazrduliorganizaciis meTauris rols) da bolos, mTavari rolisSemsrulebeli mozardi,uaRresad niWieri msaxiobi iurgenolseni. hainrix georgma da berta drevsma Seqmnes patarahainis mSoblebis damajerebeli saxeebi. filmis tragediaimaSi mdgomareobs, rom politikur SexedulebaTaWrilSi TaobaTa Soris konfliqti warmoiSoba. haini,romelic hitlerel axalgazrda frTas warmoadgens,amxels sakuTar mamas komunistebTan kavSirSi, risTvisacmas komunistebi gauswordebian. aq gansakuTrebulidatvirTva eZleva imas, rom ideis rwmeniT sakuTar mamissicocxlesac SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmna. paraleluradki, komunistebis saxiT,Eekranze Seqmnes mtris xati daTavganwiruli axalgazrdis magaliTi.90

germanuli faSizmi da propagandistuli filmebigebelsma dadebiTad Seafasa filmis emociuri muxtida amis Sesaxeb „ufas“ direqciasac ki miswera werilifilmis naxvis Semdeg. igi amtkicebda, rom mravaliadamiani am filmiT sakuTar WeSmarit gzas ipovnida.1933 wels propagandistuli filmis samagaliTo nimuSiiyo reJisor gustav uCickis namuSevari `gaqceulebi~. esiyo poema germanelebis jgufze, 1928 wels Soreulixarbinidan omis, cecxlisa da revoluciuri mRelvarebisgavliT medgrad rom miiswrafvis samSoblosaken _germaniisaken. isini `rkinis xeliT~ mihyavs kaizerisarmiis yofil oficer-veterans, romelmac germaniisdamarcxebis Semdeg CineTis homindanis armiaSi daiwyosamsaxuri. axla ki, dainaxa ra Tavisi TanamemamuleebisgasaWiri, eWvebiTa da ganxeTqilebebiT gawamebulma, maTiwinamZRoloba gadawyvita. es gmiria maiori arneti (hansalbersi) _ meTaurad dabadebuli, brZeni, magram mtkice,romelic daundoblad ilaSqrebs anarqiisa da sisustiswinaaRmdeg. igi uyoymanod klavs germanels, romelic misbrZanebebs SeewinaaRmdegeba.MmTavari gmiris warmoTqmulifraza _ ,,Soria gza samSoblomde. Soria, Soria, Soria...magram igi germanelma jariskacma ipovna~ _ mTavarigzavnili iyo mayureblisadmi. mTeli es siuJeti dasvla samSoblosaken, winaaRmdegobebi gzaze da maTigadalaxvebi uneburad gvavlebinebs paralels bibliurimoses istoriasTan, rodesac man ebraelebi aRTqmulmiwaze miiyvana. aq mose ubralod Secvlilia maioriarnetiT.1935 wels ekranebze gamovida Stainhofis mier Teafon garbous scenaris mixedviT Seqmnili istoriulidrama `moxuci da axalgazrda mefe~. filmis gmirebiiyvnen fridrix-vilhelm I da misi vaJi _ gvirgvinosaniprinci fridrixi, SemdgomSi fridrix II, „fridrixdiadad“ wodebuli. mamis rols TamaSobda emil ianingsi,vaJisas – berner hinci. rodesac fridrix-vilhelmi Tavisi91

maka doliZevaJis cudi zegavlenisagan gadasarCenad sasikvdilodwiravs mis megobar leitenant kates, mefe amas akeTebssaxelmwifo interesebis mniSvnelobis SegnebiT, romelTawinaSec piradi xasiaTis yvela mosazrebam meorerigSi unda gadaiwios. es filmi mTlianad exmaurebahitleriseul gamosvlebs da mis azrebs wignidan `CemibrZola~. fiureris mowodebiT da xedviT germaniiskrizisis dasaZlevad erTaderTi da Rirseuli gamosavaliiyo, TiToeuli germaneli moqalaqis cnobierebaSidamkvidrebuliyo pirovnuli damokidebulebis dasurvilebis meorexarisxovneba da win wamoweuliyo erissaerTo interesebi,romlis ganxorcielebasac,saWiroebisSemTxvevaSi, unda Sewirvodnen kidec. es arc pirveli daarc ukanaskneli SemTxveva iyo imisa, Tu rogor cdilobsqveynis meTauri erisaTvis amdenad sapativcemulo figuris(xSir SemTxvevaSi mefis saxelis) gamoyenebas. am mxrivfaSistebi arc novatorebi iyvnen da arc ukanasknelniaRmoCndnen am xerxis gamoyenebaSi.1934 wels niurnbergSi Sedga nacisturi partiisyriloba, romelic nacional-socialisturi moZraobisada germaniis erTianobis giganturi demonstracia undagamxdariyo. amas mieZRvna srulmetraJiani dokumenturifilmi ,,nebis triumfi~, romelic ekranebze 1935wels gavida. misi reJisori leni rifenStali saqmianmonawileobas iRebda yrilobis momzadebaSi, dgamdamanifestaciis fragmentebs ise, rom maTi esTeturixasiaTi rac SeiZleba daxvewili da reprezentabeluriyofiliyo. pirvelive epizodidan dawyebuli, romelSiczedxediT gadaRebuli niurnbergis mTis reliefismsgavsi goTikuri arqiteqtura da xalxis masebinaCvenebia,rogorc marSebisa da defiles monawile masebisgeometriuli figurebi,TiTqosda gamudmebiT imeorebdnenrefrenis magvar dramaturgiul aqcentebs.meore davaleba, romlis Sesrulebac leni92

germanuli faSizmi da propagandistuli filmebirifenStals daevala, iyo filmi ,,olimpia~ 1936 welsCatarebuli berlinis msoflio olimpiadis Sesaxeb.reJisori masSi aCvenebda mSvidobian, TiTqmis idiliur,aRorZinebul germanias. amiT xazis gasmas cdilobdaimasTan, rom hitleris germania arafriT hgavda vaimarisburJuaziuli respublikis droindel Ratak, damcirebul,ganxeTqilebebisagan gawamebul qveyanas. da bolos,ekranebzeisev da isev Cndeboda fiureri:hitleri uyurebs sportulSejibrebebs, dafnis gvirgvinebs adgams gamarjvebulebs,iRimeba da TiTqmis sazeimo liturgiadDaqcevs filmisyvela moqmedebas. rifenStalis moRvaweobis ganxilvisasxazi unda gaesvas im faqtsac,Tu saidan movida igi kinoSi.TiTqmis yvela interviuSi igi dananebiT aRniSnavda, Turaoden ewada fotografad muSaoba,magram amis saSualeba,qveynis interesebidan gamomdinare, ar mieca. Tumca, misirogorc fotografis, xeli misi filmebis TiToeulkadrs etyoba. isini cal-calke TiTqos istoriuligamofenisTvisaa momzadebuli.aseTi filmebis gverdiT kviris qronikebi ufroda ufro Zlierdeboda da ikidebda fexs. zogierTikinomkvlevris, maT Soris, rudolf ertelis azriTac,kinom im periodSi miiRo drois dokumentis mniSvnelobada funqcia. amis dasturad mas mohyavs is faqti, rom imperiodis germaniaSi kinoTeatrebTan idga ulevi rigebiara mxatvruli filmis sacqerlad misuli mayureblebisa,aramed swored am kviris qronikebiT dainteresebulixalxisa.Mman am problemis ganxilvas miuZRvna TavisinaSromi „kinosarke“, 1 romelic 1943 wels gamoicavenaSi.aRniSnul dokumentur filmebSi waSlilia zRvaridokumenturobasa da mxatvrulobas Soris. mizezadSeiZleba is faqti CaiTvalos,rom faSistebi cdilobdnenfilmisaTvis waerTvaT namdvili (originaluri) realoba1ix. Oertel, Rudolf. Filmspiegel. Wien: Wilhelm Frick Verlag, 194393

maka doliZeda misi adgili SeevsoT fsevdorealobiT, romelic ukeTergeboda totalitaruli sistemis miznebs. pirdapirisamxedro propagandisaTvis nacistebi iyenebdnenori tipis films: kinoqronikasa da srulmetraJianmxatvrul films. sinamdvileSi mayurebeli motyuebulirCeboda realobisa da mxatvrulobis ostaturisinTeziT. zogierTs Rimilsac ki mohgvrida is faqti,rom Sua brZolaSi naCvenebi germaneli jariskacebimetoqisagan gasxvavebiT gaprialebul uniformebSi iyvnengamowyobilni da maTi saxeebis axlodan Cvenebisas saxezeomis WuWyiani kvalis nasaxic ar Canda. es imitom, romnamdvili jariskacebi Secvlili iyvnen msaxiobebiT.mizani emsaxureboda xalxisaTvis germaneli meomris,rogorc daumarcxebeli da SeubRalavi xatis Seqmnas.gazeTebic da qronikebic aqveynebdnen yalb Setyobinebebssafronto kinooperatorebis daRupvis Sesaxeb, raTamayurebels erwmuna, rom kadrebi, romlebic maT ixiles,namdvil sabrZolo operaciebs asaxavda. am kinoqronikebissazRvargareT gatana miznad isaxavda qveynis garedandapirispirebis Sesustebas.germaniis omiT gajerebuli istoriuli warsulisproeqcireba moxda xalxis cnobierebaze da es cnobierebaTaviseburad aisaxa germanul kinematografze, xoloSemdgom faSizmis periodSi gamoyenebuli iqna, rogorcinstrumenti am cnobierebis politikuri miznebiswarmarTvisaTvis. momavalSi reJisorTa e. w. ùmamoTaobam~ TviTkritikulad gaaanaliza istoriuli warsulida zedmeti paTetizmis gareSe xeli Seuwyo faSisturiwarsulis dagmobas. germaniis istoriis TviTkritikuliSefasebis magaliTi misabaZi unda gaxdes sxva ufrodemokratiulad TviTSemfasebeli qveynebisTvisac, radganteqnologiuri bumis da Secvlili politikuri garemospirobebSi, faSizmma SeiZleba ganicados transformaciada ùwyinari~ formiT ziani miayenos kacobriobas.94

germanuli faSizmi da propagandistuli filmebiTanamedrove msoflios fsiqologiuri struqturamTlianad damokidebulia mogebisa da warmatebulikarieris avtoritetze,dakarguli aqvs Tavisuflebisakenltolva da msoflios yvela qveyanaSi pirovnebisuflebebis dacvis ideiTa da Sesrulebis umaRlesixarisxis miRweviT, Zalauneburad masStaburi socialurimovlenis,axali msoflio wesrigis Camoyalibebis miznebsemsaxureba.95

96nikoloz kereseliZe,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTaveli saxelobis Teatris dakinos saxelmwifo universiteti,kino-tele fakultetis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli: aleqsandre vaxtangoviTojina-msaxiobi Teatrsa dateleviziaSiuZvelesi droidan Tojina gamoiyeneba adamianispraqtikuli saqmianobis uamrav saxeobaSi. Cven epoqaSimas SeiZleba SevxvdeT sivrcul-droiTi xelovnebissxvadasxva saxeobaSi: Teatralur speqtaklebSi,kinofilmebSi, televiziis mxatvrul programebSi da a.S. agreTve is SeiZleba Segvxvdes xelovnebis gamoyenebiTformebSic: reklamur rgolebSi, sadResaswaulo-Teatralizebul warmodgenebSi,karnavalur msvlelobebSi,televiziis programis saganmanaTleblo areSi, sabavSvofsiqiatriaSi da a. S.Cven ganvixilavT Tojinas, romelic monawileobssivrcul-droiT xelovnebebSi, sadac mxatvrulinawarmoebi `mimdinareobs~ realur droSi da imavdroulad`ganiSleba~ fizikur sivrceSi. am klass miekuTvneba:Teatris xelovneba,kinomatografia da a. S. maSasadame,CvenganvixilavT Tojina-msaxiobs, igive _ scenur Tojinas.`scenuri Tojina aris adamianis mier Seqmnilimxatvruli instrumenti, romelic scenuri moqmedebissaSualebiT, qmnis xatovan saxes. is SeiZleba iyosnebismieri nivTi, romelsac SeuZlia gamoxatos adamianTaTvisebebi da imoqmedos scenur xelovnebaSi~. 1 misisaxeobebi iyofa sam did jgufad:I zeda Tojina _ romelsac meTojine marTvs zedasivrceSi.1Шафранюк В., Кукольное пространственно-временное искусство, gv.49, www vla813280

a) umartivesi _ xelTaTmanis Tojina, romelicuSualod imarTeba meTojinis xeliT.b) ufro rTuli _ iavanuri Tojina (kunZuli iava,indonezia). misi xelebi imarTeba specialuri liTonisan xis RerebiT. Tavi Camocmulia e. w. gabitze _ RerZze,romelzec magrdeba Tavi,Amxrebi da xelebi (miaxloebuliaadamianis proporciebTan);g) moZravsaxiani _ mimiuri Tojina. meTojinis xeliimyofeba uSualod Tojinis TavSi, saidanac marTavsTojinis Tvalebs, pirsa da cxvirs;II Sua Tojina imyofeba meTojinis Sua sivrceSi(xSirad mkerdis doneze):a) Tojina, romelic gamoiyeneba tradiciul iaponurTeatrSi `bunraku~;b) Tojina,romelic gamoiyeneba vietnamur tradiciul`Tojinebis TeatrSi wyalze~. meTojineebi marTaven masdistanciaze bambukis RerebiT.g) Tojina planSeturi, romelic moqmedebs sibrtyeze(planSetze) fexebis meSveobiT.~ 1III qveda Tojina, romelic moqmedebs qveda sivrceSi:a).Mmarioneti _ marTvadi Zafebis (Zuebis) anmavTulebis meSveobiT. imarTeba vagiT (e. w. moZravijvaredini damWeriT), razec akrefilia Zuebi (imeorebsadamianis aRnagobas);b). siciliuri Tojina _ romelic imarTeba xis anliTonis samarTavi RerebiT (vagis gareSe)* arsebobs sxva tipis scenuri Tojina: TiTis Tojina_ romelic Camoicmeva TiTze, rogorc saTiTe.a) Tojina _ romlebic Camoicmeva yovel TiTze,rogorc saTiTeebi.b) Tojina _ romlis fexebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos1Шафранюк В., Кукольное пространственно-временное искусство, gv.23, www vla81328097

nikoloz kereseliZesaCvenebeli da Sua TiTi.** `Tojinis gansakuTrebuli saxeobaa _ CrdilisTojina. mayurebeli uSualod ver xedavs amTojinebs,aramed uyurebs maT Sav an feradovan silueturgamosaxulebebs naxevrad gamWvirvale `Crdilis Teatris~ekranze~. 1odesRac Tojina keTdeboda adamianis msgavsad.Tavidan meTojineebma aawyves Tojinis xis sxeulida mxolod Semdgom Caacves mas kostiumi, romelicSeiZleboda gamocvliliyo, rogorc icvlis kostiumsmsaxiobi. droTa ganmavlobaSi meTojineebma daiwyesiseTi Tojinebis keTeba, romlebic mxolod gansazRvrulpersonaJebs warmoadgendnen. Cvens epoqaSi ki es ukveprincipad iqca. magaliTad, zogjer, Tojinebs kostiumipirdapir sxeulze aqvs daxatuli. bevrma daiwyo fiqri,romTojinis specifikuri Tvisebaa, iyos gakeTebuli mxoloderTi rolisaTvis,_ rogorc erTi personaJis mxatvrulisaxisTvis. ase rom,SeiZleba iTqvas,Tojinis Teatraluritransformacia aSkarad gansxvavdeba msaxiobisTeatraluri transformaciisagan. scenaze gamosvlisasTojina, rasakvirvelia, transformirdeba, magram es araris Tojinis gardasaxva scenur personaJad (radganis Tavidanve warmoadgens mis vizualur xats), aramedgardasaxva personaJis usicocxlo xatisa sicocxliTsavse mxatvrul saxed. `msaxiobi misi gacocxlebiTqmnis cocxali arsebis dinamikur ganzogadebas, esgacocxlebis procesi, anu usicocxlos gardasaxvacocxalSi, mayurebels, mozrdils Tu bavSvs saswauladeCveneba.~ 2 rasakvirvelia, istoriis msvlelobisas amgardasaxvebs hqondaT sxvadasxva gamoxatuleba, magrampirvandel impulsad yovelTvis rCeboda usicocxlosgacocxleba.istoriulad am gardasxvaTa saxeobebi yovelTvis1iqve, gv. 242Образцов С., Что такое кукульныи театр ?, M., 1969, gv. 798

Tojina-msaxiobi Teatrsa da televiziaSidamokidebuli iyo Tojinebis funqciebTan. gadavxedoTam funqciebs. zogadad, Tojinis pirvel funqciaswarmoadgenda magiur-ritualuri funqcia. is daibadakerpad. RmerTis, winaprebisa da keTilmosurne demonebismimarT magiurma midgomam uZveles adamians ukarnaxa, Turogor aeZulebina Tojina,amoZravebuliyo,xolo rodesacTojina kerpma daiwyo moZraoba, morwmuneni yovel jerzemayureblebad gardaiqmnebodnen xolme.sanaxaobriv xelovnebaTa areSi Tojina Sevida,rogorcerTgvari xelovnuri adamiani (xelovnuri arseba),romlis sicocxlis saidumloebas magiuri sawyisebihqonda. es iyo Tojinis Teatraluri transformaciismxolod pirveli safexuri. Semdgom Tojinam daiwyococxali msaxiobis Secvla da misi mibaZvac. es XVIIsaukuneebSi moxda. is cdilobda yofiliyo patara adamiani_ homonkulusi. daiwyo gardaqmna ara marto cocxalarsebad, aramed scenur personaJad. es iyo TojinisTeatraluri transformaciis TamaSis safexuri. ai,sworedmaSin daibada Tojinebis Teatric. egreT wodebuliscenuri Tojina, raRac drois Semdeg, homonkulusidanxelovnur xis msaxiobad gardaiqmna meTojine semuelfouti. mogvianebiT germaneli romantikosebi, xedavdnenra scenur TojinaSi xis msaxiobs, misi `xis bunebis~ukeT warmosaCenad, warmodgenebSi mis demonstrirebasaxdendnen cocxal msaxiobebTan erTad.VIII_XIX saukuneebSi Tojinebis TeatrSi viTardebakidev erTi saxeoba _ metamorfoza-Tojina, romelicgardaiqmneboda erT an ramdenime arsebad da Tan pirdapirmayureblis Tvalwin. sainteresoa, rom XX saukuneSiyalibdeba (aranaturalisturi garegnobis) `Tojinurigaregnobis scenuri Tojinis~ koncefcia, romelicwarmoadgens aqamde arsebuli,adamianis mimbaZveli Tojinisanu `gaadamianebuli Tojinis~ koncefciis opozicias. amideisa da praqtikis arsia TeatrSi scenuri Tojinis,99

nikoloz kereseliZerogorc `Teatris personaJis~ warmoCineba. aRsaniSnavia,rom sul male sergei obrazcovis 1 da sxva ucxoeliwamyvani reJisorebis revoluciuri ideebis Sedegad,scenaze ukve gaCndnen xelebi da qolga, romlebicpretenzias acxadebdnen scenuri Tojinis wodebaze.Tojinuri Teatraluri xerxi _ `Tavi-burTebi~, e. w.`xelebis baleti~,sergei obrazcovma 1920 wels miagno.aq meTojinis TiTze Camocmuli burTi da Tavad xelismtevani adamianis ganzogadebul _ mxatvrul scenur gmirsqmnian (amJamad es xerxi danergilia da farTod gamoiyenebastudentebis swavlebaSi, meTojineebis fakultetebze).amis mere wamovida meTojineTa axalgazrda Taoba,romlebmac Tavi igrZnes msaxiobebad, _ daiwyes gamosvlaSirmis gareSe. faqtobrivad, isini scenur personaJTaSeqmnis procesSi Tojinis partniorebad mogvevlinen.amdenad, Tojina gaxda Teatraluri personaJisvizualuri mxatvruli saxe, romelsac msaxiobi TavisixmiT, grZnobebiT, sxeuliTa da saxis plastikiT avsebs.sainteresoa, zogjer rogor icavs Tojina Tavis adgils.magaliTad, filip Jantis 2 xelebSi, zogierT dadgmulTeatralur nomerSi, Tojina TiTqos-da grZnobs TavisSezRudul bunebas da damokidebulobas adamianze. isiwyebs ajanyebas Tavisive meTojinis winaaRmdeg. zogjeres ajanyeba mis sawinaaRmdegodac trialdeba, magrambolos da bolos rCeba STabeWdileba, TiTqos Tojinadamoukidebeli, ucnauri, magiuri arsebaa. filip JantidasawyisSi muSaobda s. obrazcovis mibaZviT parodiisJanrSi, iyenebda agreTve `Savi kabinetis~ xerxs. 1980wlebSi man gadainacvala sketCis stilsa da speqtaklTaestradulobaSi. qmnis speqtaklebs _ sizmrebs,halucinaciebs,dramatuli Teatris elementebiT, niRbebisTeatriT, pantomimiT, baletiT (Seqmnili aqvs Tojinuri1Голдовский Б., Энциклопедия куклы, M., 2004 , gv. 2812Голдовский Б., Энциклопедия куклы, M., 2004, gv. 160100

Tojina-msaxiobi Teatrsa da televiziaSisatelevizio serialebi `marionetebis mogzaurobamsoflios garSemo~).XX saukunis dasawyisSi, sanam daarsdeboda televizia,msoflio teqnologiurma ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyosiurealistur, simbolistur da avangardistulmimdinareobebSi momuSave xelovanebs, CaetarebinaTeqperimenti,sadac Tojinuri dargi iqneboda gamoyenebuli.proeqtSi CarTuli iyvnen rogorc cnobili mxatvrebi,ise kinoreJisorebi da musikosebic ki. Sedegad, SeiqmnaTojinuri filmebi, filmi-speqtaklebi, sadac, msaxiobisrols Tojina asrulebda. Tojinuri multiplikaciurifilmisgan gansxvavebiT, aq meTojine Tojinas `realurdroSi~ marTavs.televiziis Seqmna-ganviTarebasTan erTad, TojinuriTeatris wamyvani specialistebi Tavis warmatebulspeqtaklebs TamaSobdnen specialurad kamerisTvis(mag. s. obrazcovis Tojinuri Teatris speqtakliàraCveulebrivi koncerti~ mogvianebiT 1972 welssabWoTa kavSiris televiziaSi firze aRibeWda). zogimaTgani Tojinebis Teatris reJisoris karieras aTavsebdatelereJisurasTan.Tavis mxriv, msoflio televiziebSi gaCnda moTxovna,Seqmniliyo sivrcul-droiTi xelovnebis Tojinurisaxeobebis satelevizio formebi. am formebismravalsaxeoba Tavisebur moTxovnebs uyenebda Tojinas.umetesad programa Sedgeboda cocxali adamianisada Tojinis partniorul urTierTobebze agebuliformebisgan, _ gasarTobi sanaxaobebi (e. w. `show’’),saestrado miniatiurebi, SemecnebiT-pedagogiuri dasareklamo daniSnulebis gadacemebi. agreTve: Teatralurispeqtaklebi, sabavSvo Tojinuri serialebi, kinofilmebida multiplikaciuri filmebi. Tavidan aqac, rogorcTeatrSi, Tojina `gaadamianebuli Tojinis~ saxeoba iyoda atarebda adamianis bunebis Tvisebebs, xolo Semdgom101

nikoloz kereseliZeteleviziaSic, Tojinam SeiZina mkveTrad gamoxatulixasiaTi da forma. is transformirda saxasiaTo personaJissaxed,raSic udavod didi wvlili miuZRvis jim hensons, 1romelmac televiziaSi ramdenime mniSvnelovani siaxleSeitana. man marionetebs amjobina moZravpiriani Tojinebi,romlebsac ufro xSirad realuri (adamianis) xelebicki hqondaT, man uari Tqva televiziaSi TeatrisaTvisCveuli scenis Tejiris gamoyenebaze da TojinuripersonaJebiGgaiyvana studiuri sivrcis gareTac, ufrometad SemoqmedebiT da saTavgadasavlo sivrceSi. manSeqmna Tavisi satelevizio Sou `semi da megobrebi~,Semdgom bavSvebisTvis SemecnebiTi satelevizio gadacema`quCa sezami~, rasac mohyva jim hensonis komediurparodiulisatelevizio gadacema, romlis stumrebicnobili `kinovarskvlavebi~ iyvnen,Seqmna srulmetraJianifilmebis seria `mapetebis~ monawileobiT.Mes ukve iyoTeatraluri Tojinis `televarskvlavad~ gardaqmnisprocesi.XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTveloSiTojinebis Teatri jer kidev iTvleboda mxolodsabavSvo sanaxaobad. xelovnebis am dargis profesia ariyo prestiJuli. dargi ar iswavleboda da Sesabamisad,Tojinebis Teatrebi dakompleqtebuli iyo am saqmianobaSidramis warumatebeli msaxiobebiT an moyvarulebiT.speqtaklebSi ki gamoiyeneboda naturalisturi garegnobisadamianis msgavsi àdamiani-Tojinis~ saxeoba. imdroindelqarTul Tojinebis TeatrebSi iTvleboda, rom scenazearafrismomtani xmauri da TojiniT uCveulo moZraobebisSesruleba am dargisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo.TbilisSi 1953 wels SoTa rusTavelis saxelobisTeatraluri institutis dramis sareJisorofakultetis kursdamTavrebul axalgazrda reJisor givi1Голдовский Б., Энциклопедия куклы, M., 2004 gv. 429102

sarCimeliZes 1 da samxatvro akademiis students, mxatvarmamia malazonias speqtaklis dadgma SesTavaza saxelmwifoTojinebis Teatris imdroindelma direqtorma vaxtanglolaZem. SesaZlebeli gaxda axali xedviT SeqmniliyoTojinebis Teatris sruliad axali mimarTuleba rogorcsadadgmo nawilSi, ise naturalisturi garegnobismqone Teatraluri Tojinis gardaqmnis saqmeSi, radgangivi sarCimeliZe acnobierebda, rom `drois amocana~_ moZebniliyo Tojinuri personaJis saxasiaTo daimavdroulad pirobiTi saxe,_ ganxorcielebas moiTxovda.is Tvlida, rom Tojina aris adamianis gadataniTimniSvnelobis gamoxatebuleba da rogorc yvelanairigadataniTi mniSvneloba, is flobs ganzogadebis saucxooZalas.mxatvarma mamia malazoniam Seqmna ganzogadebuliformis Tojinebis eskizebi, romelTa mixedviT givisarCimeliZem ganaxorciela Teatraluri dadgma,saxelad`yvelaferi Tavdayira~ (avt. i. lada, Cexoslovakia).speqtaklSi Tojinebis principulma esTetikurmasaxecvlilebam gamoiwvia axali SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebi,Tojinuri gmiris axalma saxem moiTxova Tojinisanimirebis axleburi xedva. misi scenuri moqmedeba aRariyo agebuli adamianis an cxovelis qcevis naturalisturgameorebaze, aramed damokidebuli iyo ganzogadebulixasiaTis personaJis xatovan saxeze. aseTi Tojinisgacocxlebis teqnologia da misi swavlebis meTodikasaqarTvelosTvis ucnobi iyo. saWiro gaxda misi Seqmna daswavleba principulad axali msaxiobebisa da reJisorebisaRsazrdelad.Ggivi sarCimeliZem es amocanebi, rogorcTeoriul, ise praqtikul sferoSi ganaxorciela. misZalisxmevaTa Sedegad, Tojinebis Teatris msaxiobebisada reJisorebis ostatobis maRali profesionaluridone damkvidrda, ramac axalgazrda Taobebi Tojinuri1iqve gv. 349Tojina-msaxiobi Teatrsa da televiziaSi103

nikoloz kereseliZesanaxaobiTi xelovnebis mimarT daainteresa.aRsaniSnavia xelovnebis gamoCenili moRvawis,reJisorrevaz gabriaZis 1 mier gaweuli Rvawli TanamedroveqarTuli Tojinuri Teatris ganviTarebaSi damarionetuli Tojinis popularizaciaSi. misi saxelobismarionetuli Teatris speqtaklebis popularulobaukavSirdeba Tavad revaz gabriaZis saxels, mis saucxoosaxasiaTo personaJebs, Tojinebis marTvis maRaldones da cnobil gamxmovanebel dramatul msaxiobebs.Teatralur gatacebaze didi zegavlena moaxdina mismakinematografiulma moRvaweobam. swored kinoSi SeiZlebamoiZebnos misi Tojinuri dadgmebis fesvebi. namuSevrebsSoris gamoirCeva 1978 wels Seqmnili eqsperimentuliTojinuri filmi `kojris tyis sizmrebi~, romelictelemayurebelTa Soris didi mowonebiT sargeblobda.revaz gabriaZis speqtaklebSi monawile personaJTagaregnoba mkveTrad groteskul-koloritulia. maTaxasiaTebT: artistizmi, iumori da cxovrebiseulifilosofia.1980-ian wlebSi qarTul sivrcul-droiTixelovnebis damaxasiaTebel tendenciad SeiZlebaCaiTvalos dasavleT evropuli gamocdilebebis gacnobada axali SemoqmedebiTi amocanebis gadaWris sakuTarigzebis Zieba. am periodSiAdamwyeb xelovanTa SorisgamoirCeoda dramatuli Teatris reJisori levan wulaZe, 2romelmac mixeil TumaniSvilis Segirdobis periodSiSeiTvisa SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis da Tamami sareJisorogadawyvetilebebis miRebis unari.Mmis mier dafuZnebuldamoukidebel Teatralur sivrceebSi (rusTavelisa davakis Teatraluri sardafebi) dadgmul speqtaklTaSoris, gamorCeva Tojinuri dadgma `fausti~ (i. v. fongoeTe), sadac piesis gmirebs asaxiereben siciliuri1Голдовский Б., Энциклопедия куклы, M., 2004 gv. 102http://www.marjanishvili.net/geo/staff.php?person=9104

Tojina-msaxiobi Teatrsa da televiziaSitipis Tojinebi, xolo ukve mogvianebiT man Seqmna a.Cexovis mixedviT `qali ZaRliT~, romelic warmoadgensTojinuri da dramatuli Teatrebis saucxoo Serwymas.Tojinas am dadgmaSi ara aqvs gamokveTili mxatvrulisaxe da warmoadgens mxolod gmiris (cocxali msaxiobi)ganzogadebas. aq gamoyenebulia marionetuli tipisTojinebi. speqtaklSi dakavebulia profesionalimeTojineebi da dramatuli Teatris msaxiobebi.saqarTveloSi dramisa da Tojinebis TeatralursferoSi mimdinare Ziebebs ukavSirdeba beso kupreiSvilissaxeli. mas undoda raRac axlis Semotana qarTuliTojinur Teatralur sivrceSi. 1998 wels baTumSibavSvTa xelovnebis studia `mTiebSi~, reJisorma besokupreiSvilma 1 warmatebiT dadga ramdenime etiudiTiTebiT,rasac sabolood `TiTebis Teatris~ Camoyalibebamohyva. 2003 wels TbilisSi man ukve Teatris axali dasiSekriba. mis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobsrogorc qarTuli, ise ucxouri folkloris TemazeSeqmnili Teatraluri dadgmebis uCveulo gadawyveta,sadac Teatraluri moqmedeba mimdinareobs umeteswiladverbaluri nawilis gareSe, mTeli aqcenti gadataniliareJisurasa da TiTebis plastikis saxier metyvelebaze,rasac kidev ufro efeqturs xdis TiTis Tojinebispatara kostiumebi. man ganaxorciela ramdenimeeqsperimentuli dadgma, dramisa da Tojinuri TeatrissinTezis gamoyenebiT. esenia: `hamleti~ (u. Seqspiri)da `kedeli~ (`finq floidis~ kompoziciis mixedviT),romlebmac daimsaxures yvela asakis mayureblismowoneba.`msaxiobi, romelic bavSvebisTvis warmoadgensspeqtakls, darwmunebulia Tavisi misiis mniSvnelobaSida Tavad adgens sakuTar mxatvrul-aRmzrdelobiTprogramas. TiTqmis yvela meTojine aRiarebs sakuTar1http://education.ge/index.php?do=definition/view&id=409105

nikoloz kereseliZevaldebulebebs am TvalsazrisiT.“ 1 GAam motivebiTdaibada 1992 wels idea, gakeTebuliyo sateleviziosabavSvo SemecnebiT-gasarTobi gadacema, romelsacSemoqmedebiTma jgufma didi arCevanis Semdeg `bastibubu~2 daarqva. Tojinebis eskizebi irina baranovas(romelic multgaerTianebaSi muSaobda) ekuTvnoda.man daxata personaJi Tovlis gunda multfilmisTvis`wvimad davbrundebi~, romelmac ganapiroba zemoTxsenebuli gadacemisaTvis misi msgavsi Tojinuri gmirisSeqmna. ramdenime gadacemis Semdeg Tojinebi `basti~ da`bubu~ telegadacemis wamyvanebi gaxdnen. amas mohyva sxvagmirebis Seqmnac. ramdenime wlis Semdeg `bastis~ da`bubus~ daemata axali Tojinebi: `dijei goga~, èqimiardi~, `xelovnebaTmcodne melpomene~, `biznesmeni Sanso~,`mzareuli koko~ (dRevandel dRes gadacemis iersaxeSecvlilia.Ggadacemis Tojinuri gmirebi gardaiqmnenanimaciur gmirebad).1984 wlidan msoflio telesivrceSi damkvidrdapolitikuri satira `politikuri Tojinuri teleSous“saxiT, sadac ganixileboda aqtualuri politikismwvave Temebi. is yvela qveyanaSi sxvadasxva saxeliTaris cnobili. 1990-iani wlebis bolos qarTultelesivrceSi politikuri satiris droc dadga. giorgikaWarava 3 (1998-2002) muSaobda televiziis pirvelarxze, rogorc reJisori da avtori (mxatvari TengizmirzaSvili) politikuri Tojinuri teleserialisa`didebis zRapari~, romelic Seiqmna TojinebismonawileobiT. Tojinuri gasarTobi `teleSous~ mizaniiyo aqtualuri politikuri movlenebis ganxilvaparodiul WrilSi. mxatvarma Tengiz mirzaSvilma SeqmnaqarTvel da msoflio politikur moRvaweTa orginaluri,1Henryk Jurkovski . `Metamorphoses La A Marionnette Au XX siecle’’ Editionsìnstitut international de la marionette’’ , 2000 gv. 2012http://bastibubu.ge/3http://www.geocinema.ge/ge/scenari.php?kod5=473106

Tojina-msaxiobi Teatrsa da televiziaSisaxasiaTo, gaSarJebuli portretebi. interess iwvevda is,rom iqmneboda erTgvari epoqaluri xidi saqarTvelosrogorc warsul,ise awmyo da momaval movlenaTa Soris.politikurma satiram XXI saukunis aTian wlebis Suaperiodamde gastana, magram es ukve iyo multiplikaciurJanrSi gadawyvetili sanaxaoba. am bolo dros, interesiSeiniSneba satelevizio sivrceSi,socialur da komerciulsferoSi, scenuri Tojinis mimarT.gamoyenebuli literatura:••••••••Образцов С., Что такое кукульныи театр ?, M., 1969Голдовский Б. « Энциклопедия куклы» время москва 2004Jurkovski H., Metamorphoses La A Marionnette Au XX siecle,Editions` institut international de la marionette, 2000www vla813280 : Шафранюк В., Кукольное пространственновременноеискусство,http://www.marjanishvili.net/geo/staff.php?person=9http://education.ge/index.php?do=definition/view&id=409http://bastibubu.ge/http://www.geocinema.ge/ge/scenari.php?kod5=473107

manana lekboraSvili,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universitetikinomcodne, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtorimontaJi da redaqtireba -warsulidan dRevandelobamdemontaJi, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis meTodi,ra Tqma unda, ar aris kinematografis aRmoCena.xelovneba warmoudgenelia masalis organizebis gareSe.arqiteqtura Tavidan bolomde nawilebis erTiani,harmoniuli mTlianobis awyobis xelovnebaa. mxatvrebimeti gamomsaxvelobis misaRwevad, xSirad erTmaneTsukavSirebdnen realobaSi sxvadasxva drois monakveTSida sxvadasxva sivrcis wertilSi arsebul moZraobasTu sagans. aseve warmoudgenelia literatura calkeulifrazebidan, scenebidan, epizodebidan erTi mTlianiskonstruirebis gareSe.aqedan bunebrivad gamomdinareobs daskvna, rommontaJi ar aris romelime konkretuli xelovnebisdargis Tviseba, aramed Cveni saazrovno procesebisganxorcielebis meTodia, romelic organuli aRmoCndakinematografis bunebisTvis da romliTac is sargeblobs,rogorc gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebiT, Tavisi mxatvrulimiznebis gansaxorcieleblad.magram dRes aRarc imaze davoben, rom sworedkinematografma, Tavisi warmoebis wesidan gamomdinare,daamkvidra montaJi, rogorc mxatvruli Semoqmedebisgaazrebuli meTodi. da amasTan, swored montaJigaiazreboda kinematografiuli azrovnebis im specifikurxerxad,romelic kinos atraqcionidan xelovnebad aqcevda,aseve _ sruluflebian wevrad xelovnebis sxva dargebismxardamxar.108

Tumca, manamde iyo e. w. wina samontaJo periodi,roca kinoaparatSi CatvirTuli firi, mxolod erTorwuTianiscenis gadasaRebad iyo sakmarisi. es periodididxans ar gagrZelebula. sul mcire xanSi aseTi mkacriSezRudva kinematografisTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda damisgan Tavis daRwevis gzis Ziebac daiwyo. ramdenimescenis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, kinotriukebi, romlebsacxSirad kameris Sida montaJsac uwodeben, axlo xedebi,rogorc atraqcioni _ es yvelaferi montaJis pirveliCanasaxebi iyo.sawyis etapze montaJi gamoiyeneboda upiratesadrogorc meqanikuri gadabma,romelic masalas awesrigebdada advilad gasagebs xdida Txrobas,Tumca axals arafersmatebda mas. meqanikuri gagebiT montaJi aSorebs zedmetdros da sivrces. kritikosma teri ramseim (Ramsaye)amitomac uwoda mas kinos `sintaqsi~. 1amgvar montaJs uwyvetsac uwodeben, radganac misigamoyenebiT miiRweva ambis uwyveti, logikuri Txroba,Tumca sityva-sityviT es ar niSnavs istoriis yovelimomentis aRweras. es meTodi droTa ganmavlobaSiixveweboda da kinematografi TandaTan swavlobdadroisa da sivrcis gasagebad da amave dros kompaqturadwarmodgenas.uwyveti montaJi dResac filmis agebis sabazisomeTods warmoadgens,magram montaJi,rogorc SemoqmedebiTiprocesi iwyeba maSin, roca misi gamoyeneba badebs axalazrs, emocias da aseTi, Tanamedrove gagebiT montaJisfuZemdeblad devid uork grifiTi iTvleba.1908 wlisTvis, roca grifiTi kinoSi movida,kinematografistebs ukve aTvisebuli hqondaT uwyvetimontaJis ZiriTadi principebi (edvin porteris filmebi,smitisa da zogadad inglisuri kinos gamocdileba,meliesis `mTvareze mogzauroba~ da sxva). scenebis1Садуль Ж.. Всеобщая история кино. т.1.М., «Искусство», 1958, с.523109

manana lekboraSviligadabma xdeboda pirdapiri gadasvliT an CabnelebiT,romlis Semdegac amonaTeba, rogorc wesi, migviTiTebdamoqmedebis ganviTarebis sxva drosa da sxva adgilze,Tumca imave personaJebis monawileobiT. cnobili iyomontaJis ZiriTadi saSualebac: kadris masStabebi da maTicvalebadoba (saerTo, saSualo, axlo), magram grifiTimainc iTvleba montaJis fuZemdeblad, kinogramatikisSemqmnelad, radgan man am saSualebebs Tavi mouyara damizanmimarTulad gamoiyena ara mxolod fabulis mwyobrigadmocemisTvis,aramed misi dramaturgiuli ganviTarebisada mayurebelSi emociuri Tanagancdis aRZvrisTvis.man pirvelma gamoiyena montaJi,rogorc Tanamimdevrulimxatvruli meTodi, dramatuli Txrobis xerxi. misfilmebSi SevxvdebiT Tanamedrove kinematografSidamkvidrebul TiTqmis yvela xerxs _ montaJs, rogorcxedvis wertilebis monacvleobas (sxvadasxva masStabiskadrebis dakavSireba), jvaredin montaJs bolo wuTSigadarCeniT, paralelur montaJs, axlo xedis gamoyenebaspersonaJis Sinagani gancdebis gamosaxatavad...grifiTis montaJi damyarebuli iyo literaturisgamocdilebaze, romelsac, Sesabamisad, safuZvlad udevsadamianis azrovnebis, informaciis aRqmis da damuSavebisprocesi.adamiani informaciis srul suraTs adgens aseve`naWrebisgan~, romelTa gamTlianebasac is cdilobssakuTari gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis, gamocdilebisda sxva Taviseburebebis safuZvelze. kino montaJismeSveobiT imeorebs, an cdilobs mis nacvlad Seasruloses procesi da mayurebels informaciis (realobis)sakuTar mxatvrul interpretacias sTavazobs.warmovidginoT, rogor iqceva adamianis Tvali,romelic ucxo oTaxSi Sedis: Tvals mimoavlebs oTaxs,rom orientireba moaxdinos garemoSi (saerTo xedi),Semdeg daafiqsirebs,oTaxSi aris Tu ara moqmedi obieqti:110

montaJi da redaqtireba - warsulidan dRevandelobamdeadamiani, romelic saubrobs an rames saqmianobs (saSualoxedi), amis Semdeg yuradReba fiqsirdeba ukve imaze, Tukonkretulad ras akeTebs, an ras laparakobs adamiani(axlo xedi).eTanxmeba ra gonebaSi mimdinare procesebs, amgvarimontaJi mayureblisTvis advilad gasagebi da adviladmisaRebi,xolo sul male _ SeumCnevelic ki gaxda. sworedamitom am tipis montaJs uxilav an uCinar montaJsuwodeben da dRemde tradiciul, klasikur montaJadaRiqmeba (rogorc gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebeliholivudis klasikuri periodisTvis). 1azrovnebis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare,CamoyalibdamontaJis garkveuli principebic, romlebic zustadunda iqnes daculi, Tu gvsurs, mayurebelma sworadaRiqvas informacia. Tu montaJis dros saWiroa scenismis garkveul momentebze an detalebze yuradRebisgamaxvileba da Sesabamisad misi fragmentireba,yovelTvisgaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes, rom kadridan kadrzegadasvla mxolod maSin iqneba SeumCneveli,roca kadrebiskompozicia da masStabi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebianerTmaneTisgan. erTi konkretuli scenis sxvadasxva,odnav gansxvavebuli masStabis an xedvis wertilis mqonekadrebis gadabmisas, mayurebeli maT naxtomisebur cvladaRiqvams. am principze dayrdnobiT,Camoyalibda klasikurimontaJis oqros wesi: saerTo (maorientirebeli) xedi,saSualo, axlo xedi. aseve tradiciuli kanonia: 180 0 -iswesi _ moqmedebis mimarTulebis xazis dacva, moZraobisuwyvetobis principi, rviani dialogis dros da sxva.aRniSnuli principebis dacva uzrunvelyofs aRqmiskomfortulobas da ekranuli movlenebis logikaSiadvilad wvdomas. is SeiZleba dairRves gansakuTrebulSemTxvevaSi, Tu mxatvruli Canafiqridan gamomdinare,saWiroa garkveuli maxvilebis dasma.1igivea, rac uwyveti, gangrZobadi montaJi - continuity montage.111

manana lekboraSviliklasikuri montaJisTvis kadrebs Soris ufrofsiqologiuri kavSirebia damaxasiaTebeli, vidrelogikuri. magaliTad, oTxi adamianis dialogis gadaRebaSesaZlebelia erTi saSualo xediT, romelSic oTxivepersonaJi da maTi moqmedeba Cans. magram klasikurimontaJi, maorientirebeli saerTo kadris Semdeg,savaraudod, mogvcems mosaubre adamianis axlo xeds,Semdeg reaqcias mis sityvebze, SesaZloa isev daubrundespirvel personaJs, da a. S.vinaidan tradiciuli montaJi Seesabameba adamianisgonebis muSaobas da kameris obieqtivi adamianis Tvalismsgavsad aanalizebs realobas, kadrebi bunebrivadmontaJdeba erTmaneTTan, warmoadgens erTmaneTisgagrZelebas, an erTdeba Tvalis bunebrivi moZraobislogikis Tanaxmad,_ es yvelaferi qmnis realobis efeqtsda amdenad, ar aRiqmeba rogorc Tavsmoxveuli.Tumca, andre bazenis 1 azriT, es bunebrioba mxolodiluziaa, radgan adamiani realobas jer aRiqvams, rogorcerT mTlianobas da mxolod Semdeg aanalizebs mas; amasTanTiToeulis analizi (kadrireba) individualuria dagansxvavdeba sxva adamianis kadrirebisgan. xolo montaJisdros Cven iZulebuli vxdebiT qvecnobierad miviRoTreJisoris TvalTaxedva, misi analizi da gverTmevaufleba, Tavad avagoT mizanscena. 2 es ki, Tavis mxriv,amartivebs realobas, aclis mas misTvis damaxasiaTebelmravalmniSvnelovnebas.SeiZleba daveTanxmoT kinoTeoretikoss montaJiszogad SefasebaSi, Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom1andre bazeni (1918-1958) - frangi kinokritikosi da kinos Teoretikosi.2mizanscena Teatraluri terminia, romelic kinoSi ganimarteba, rogorcgadasaRebi obieqtebis ganlageba da moZraobis xasiaTi, kadrissibrtyisa da erTmaneTis mimarT. eizenSteins hqonda mcdeloba kinematografSidaemkvidrebina `mizankadris~ cneba, magram am terminmafexi ver moikida.112

montaJi da redaqtireba - warsulidan dRevandelobamdexelovneba da, maSasadame, kinematografic, TavisTavadiluzia da sinamdvilis interpretaciaa. sxvagvarad kidevufro rTuldeba saerTod xelovnebis daniSnulebisa daazris dadgena.realobasTan damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT,bazenisTvis kidev ufro miuRebeli iyo montaJis meoretipi,romelic pirvelis paralelurad _ eqsperimentul,avangardul kinoSi isaxeba da viTardeba: mokle, wyvetili,aralogikuri, asociaciebsa da metaforebze dafuZnebuli.man gamokveTilad Tanamimdevruli da TeoriuladdasabuTebuli saxe miiRo rusuli avangardis filmebSi(lev kuleSovi, sergei eizenSteini, aleqsandre dovJenkoda a. S.). amgvari montaJis gansakuTrebuloba kargadaisaxa inglisurenovan terminebSic. kinomontaJs,rogorc kinomasalis organizebis xerxs, TavdapirveladdakavSirebuls firis daWrasa da SewebebasTan, asecewodeboda _ cutting _ `daWra~. mogvianebiT, meTodisganviTarebis kvaldakval, rogorc ukve vTqviT, isuwyveti Txrobis meTodologiad iqca da Sesabamisad, _editing – “masalis redaqtireba~ ewoda. dRes montaJTanmimarTebaSi sayovelTaod gamoiyeneba swored estermini “editing”, montaJi rogorc masalis redaqtireba.misgan gansxvavebiT, meore tipis meTodis aRsaniSnavad,sakuTriv sityva `montaJi~ (montage) ixmareba sxvadasxvavariaciiT: (`rusuli montaJi~,`mokle montaJi~, `sabWoTamontaJi~),Tumca,rusulenovan,da mis kvaldakval,qarTulkinoliteraturaSic termini `montaJi~ damkvidrdada gansxvaveba mxatvruli xerxis am or tips Soristerminologiurad ar aisaxa.rusuli montaJis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani(zogadad rom vTqvaT) iyo mokle kadrebis iseTidakavSireba, roca kadrebi ara ebmoda, aramed ejaxebodaerTmaneTs da am SejaxebaSi ibadeboda (unda dabadebuliyo)mesame azri, romelic TavisTavad TiToeul kadrSi ar113

manana lekboraSviliikiTxeboda. amgvari montaJisTvis damaxasiaTebeliasivrceSi da droSi mkafio orientirebis ugulebelyofa,naxtomiseburi gadasvlebi erTmaneTisgan mkafiodgansxvavebul kadrebze, rac arRvevs Txrobis bunebriobasda aiZulebs mayurebels, mihyves ara imdenad Txrobas,ramdenadac ideas (amis gamo dasavleTSi aseT montaJsxSirad ìdeologiursac~ uwodeben).uxmo kinoSi ori tendencia erTmaneTis paraleluradviTardeboda da xSirad erTimeores erwymoda. montaJiuxmo kinosTvis erTgvari gamosavali iyo. xmis ararsebobareJisors iZulebuls xdida, gamosaxuleba uamravi`ganmartebiTi~ kadriT daetvirTa, raTa moqmedebisa daazris ganviTareba srulyofilad gadmoeca,Tavi aeridebinametismetad xangrZlivi da xSiri titrebisaTvis; Tumca,meore mxriv, scenebis iZulebiTi fragmentacia kamerismoZraobas boWavda, misi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebszRudavda.magram kinematografma es iZulebiTi gamosavalisakmaod male warmatebiT `moaTviniera~ da moqnilinstrumentad aqcia. xmis Semosvlis wina periodSimontaJma iseT mwvervalebs miaRwia, rom titrebi TiTqmisarasaWiro gaxada. kinematografma SeZlo Tavisi sisustesiZliered eqcia.Tumca, montaJis xelovnebis Semdgomi ganviTarebakinematografSi xmis damkvidrebam mkveTrad Seaferxa.xmas Tavisi kanonebi gaaCnia da misi iseve mokled daWra,rogorc es uxmo gamosaxulebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba, arxerxdeba. amasTan, bevr SemTxvevaSi xmam Tavis TavzeaiRo is funqcia, ris miRwevasac gamosaxuleba kadrebisSejaxebiT cdilobda. marTalia, rusulma kinom xmisada gamosaxulebis montaJis erTmaneTTan Serwymisda urTierTgaZlierebis SesaZleblobebis TeoriulidasabuTeba 1928 wlis Tavis cnobili ganacxadSiscada (`s. eizenSteini, v. pudovkini, g. aleqsandrovi.114

montaJi da redaqtireba - warsulidan dRevandelobamdexmovani kinos momavali: ganacxadi~). 1 misi marTebulobakinopraqtikam sul male irwmuna da ganaxorciela kidec,magram mokle montaJis aRdgena yovlismomcveli meTodissaxiT, kinematografSi aRar moxerxda. is mxoloderT-erT iaraRad Caiwera kinematografiuli xerxebisarsenalSi. kinematografis ganviTarebis magistralurgzad _ uxilavi, SeumCneveli montaJi (redaqtireba)damkvidrda.albaT istoriis ironiaa,rom eizenSteinis Teoriulmadebulebebma montaJis SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb,gansakuTrebiT ki àtraqcionebis montaJma~, umTavresadkomerciul kinoSi, kerZod ki, sareklamo rgolebSi damusikalur klipebSi hpova gamoyeneba.termini _ “clip” _ `daWra~, 1980-ian wlebSi Cndeba.ase uwodebdnen srulmetraJiani mxatvruli filmis moklesareklamo rgols, romelic efeqturad damontaJebulfilmis yvelaze metyveli, vizualurad mimzidveliscenebisgan Sedgeboda. es ar iyo TxrobiTi forma damxolod mokle, energiul montaJze iyo dafuZnebuli.SemdgomSi es saxelwodeba musikalur videozec gavrcelda,romelmac memkvidreobiT miiRo musikalur ritmTanSesatyvisi gamosaxulebisken midrekileba, vizualuridramaturgia da xisti, mokle montaJi.videoklipebis mTavari miRwevebi dakavSirebuliamontaJTan, Tumca, amave dros, maTSi TiTqmis ver movZebniTraime axal samontaJo xerxebs (Tu aseTebad ar CavTvliTkompiuterul specefeqtebs). videoklipebSi montaJisadmimidgomaa gansxvavebuli. axali midgomis sayrdenia siCqare(swrafi tempi) da Tavisufleba kadrebis gadabmaSi.kinematografSi dawyebuli pirveli wlebidan 80-ianwlebamde kadris xangrZlivoba ZiriTadad 5-15 wamamdemeryeobda, Zalze iSviaTi iyo oTxwamiani kadrebi, xolosamwamiani, miT ufro, gamonaklisad iTvleboda. dRevandel1Будущее звуковой фильмы. Заявка - Эйзенштейн. С. Избранные произведенияв 6 тт. “Искусство”, М., 1968. т.2, с.315 - 316115

manana lekboraSvilimusikalur klipebSi kadris saSualo xangrZlivobaerTidan sam wamamdea, xolo arcTu iSviaTad wamis sammeoTxedamdec dadis, anu uaxlovdeba fiziologiurzRvars, romlis miRmac gamosaxuleba srulfasovnadveRar aRiqmeba. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, romtempis zrda ar aris dakavSirebuli gamosaxulebisSesaZleblobebis gafarToebasTan da xSirad arcmxatvrul koncefciasTan.igive SeiZleba iTqvas kadrebis erTmaneTTan gadabmisprincipzec. àtraqcionebis montaJis~ Teoriidan aRebuliqna mxolod misi garsi. klipi ganTavisuflebuliaara mxolod tradiciuli TxrobiTi, aramed xSirad _asociaciuri kavSirebisganac da darCenilia mxolodatraqcioni, terminis pirdapiri gagebiT (attract -mizidva). Tumca, aqac ZalaSi rCeba cnobili gamoTqma:`mTavaria ara _ ra, aramed – vin~ da niWier Semoqmedsklipi aZlevs saSualebas, miaRwios saintereso Sedegebs,montaJuri asociaciebs mianiWos siRrme, mniSvnelovnadgaafarTovos Camoyalibebuli kliSeebis CarCoebi.musikaluri videoebis ganviTarebis xasiaTi analogias20-iani wlebis kinosTan badebs. marTlac, klipi,romelic ZiriTadad muSaobs montaJsa da vizualurgamomsaxvelobaze, romelSic ar aris dialogebi daxmaurebi, xolo musika, misi winaswari mocemulobisgamo, ar eqvemdebareba reJisuris gamomsaxvelobiTxerxebs, faqtobrivad uxmo kinoa da is agrZelebs misiganviTarebis gzas, romelmac xmis Semosvlis gamo sxvagezi aiRo (rene kleris àntraqti~).1990-iani wlebidan klipuri azrovneba myaradikidebs fexs televiziaSi da gavlenas axdens ukve`did~ kinozec. Tu Tavdapirvelad es mxolod klipebSidamuSavebuli zogierTi xerxis gamoyenebaa (Jenes da karos`delikatesebi~, 1990), mogvianebiT es esTetika filmismTel TxrobiT struqturaze vrceldeba (deni boilis116

montaJi da redaqtireba - warsulidan dRevandelobamde`nemsze~, 1997 da gansakuTrebiT tom tikveris `gaiqeci,lola, gaiqeci~, 1998), xolo 2000-ianebSi ukve Cveulstilistikad,sxvaTa Soris erT-erTi Rirseuli arCevanisSesaZleblobad gvevlineba (SeiZleba davasaxeloT, darenaronofskis `pi~, 2004, ian kunenis `99 franki~, 2007.da a. S.)`rusuli montaJis~ xazis gamgrZeleblad SeiZlebaCaiTvalos sareklamo rgolebic, sadac azris sxartadda mkafiod gadmocemis mizani, xSirad sworedeizenSteiniseuli montaJis saWiroebas badebs _ moklekadrebis mkveTri SepirispirebiT,moulodneli asociaciismeSveobiT,mayureblis azris saWiro daskvnisken mimarTviT,gamosaxulebis, musikis da sityvis kontrapunqturimontaJiT.yvela am cvlilebas axali teqnologiebis danergvaudevs safuZvlad. arasworxazovani (non-linear) samontaJosistemebis danergvam jer analogiur, xolo Semdegcifrul formatSi ekranul xelovnebas saSualeba misca,gaegrZelebina kinogamomsaxvelobis ramdenime aTwleulisganmavlobaSi SeCerebuli ganviTarebis gza.cifrulma teqnologiebma Secvala ara mxolodmontaJis procesi (gaaadvila da droSi Sekveca is),aramedTavad xerxebic. marTalia, klasikuri montaJis ZiriTadikanonebi aravis Seucvlia, magram maTi saxecvlilebisTvisfarTo asparezi gadaiSala.cvlilebebi ZiriTadad mainc komerciul,samayureblokinos Seexo _ gaizarda tempi, Cveuli gaxda kadrebiszeswrafi monacvleoba _ cifruli montaJi amissaSualeba iZleva,imdenad,rom xSirad saubroben kadrebis`Serevaze~ da ara `gadabmaze~. gansakuTrebiT gaizardaTavad scenebis fragmentacia, romelic, klipebis msgavsad,xSirad aRqmis zRvars uaxlovdeba.cifrulma montaJma gaaadvila optikuri efeqtebisSeqmna (wafena, Cabneleba, amonaTeba) da Sesabamisad, isini117

manana lekboraSvilifilmebSi adrindelTan SedarebiT meti sixSiriT gvxvdeba(3,10% -1, 56%).meore mxriv, gaizarda da gacilebiT mravalferovanigaxda kadrSida montaJis gamoyenebis sivrcec. axalmateqnologiebma uzomod gazarda Tanamedrove kamerismobiluroba da aqamde warmoudgeneli TavisuflebamianiWa mas. tradiciul Trevelings _ moZravi personaJisgayolas an panoramas erTi uZravi wertilidan verCaanacvlebs, magram amdidrebs xedvis wertilis faqizi,TiTqmis SeumCneveli cvlileba statikuri obieqtismimarT, kameris moZraobis virtuozuli traeqtoriebidinamikur scenebSi.paradoqsulia, magram faqtia, yvela es cvlilebamimdinareobs isev da isev uxilavi montaJisfarglebSi. saqme ki imaSia, rom ùxilavobis~ zRvaricmniSvnelovanwilad gaizarda: mayurebelma imdenad SeaCviaTvali montaJs, rom xSirad misTvis SeumCneveli xdebaklasikuri montaJis erT dros gardauvali wesebi. dResmayureblis dezorientacias aRar iwvevs, magaliTad,cnobili `rvianis~ darRveva dialogebis dros, moZraobisRerZebis darRveva da sxva. Tanamedrove mayureblis kargadgawvrTnil Tvals naklebad sWirdeba sivrcesa da droSimaorientirebeli kadrebi, mkveTrad fragmentirebuliekranuli samyaros gamTlianeba misTvis daZabul SromasaRar warmoadgens. Tumca, amas dRis wesrigidan armouxsnia avtoris ufleba,dro da dro,roca amas filmisCanafiqri moiTxovs, daarRvios montaJis uCinroba dagamomafxizlebeli signali gaugzavnos mayurebels: sdeq!dafiqrdi! gaiazre! es kinoa!gamoyenebuli literatura:• Butler Andrew, M., Film studies, 2005;• Cole Pamela, The Grammar of Film Editing, 2003;118

montaJi da redaqtireba - warsulidan dRevandelobamde• Crittenden Roger, Fine Cuts: The Art of European Film Editing,2006;• Fairservice Don, Film editing: history, theory and practice:looking at the invisible, 2001;• Giannetti Louis, Undersatanding movies, 2007;• Базен Андре, Что такое кино?, Сборник статей, Издательство“Искусство”, Москва, 1972;• Лотман Ю. Семиотика кино и проблемы киноэстетики,«Ээсти Раамат», Таллин, 1973;• Селезнёва. Т., Киномысль 1920-х годов, «Искусство»,Ленинградское отделение, 1972;• Филиппов, Два аспекта киноязыка и два направленияразвития кинематографа - «Киноведческие записки», 2001,№54-55;• Эйзенштейн. С.М., Монтаж, Москва, ВГИК, 1998;• Эйзенштейн С., «Избранные произведения» в шести томах.119

120mzia manjaviZe,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,kino-tele fakultetis doqtorantixelmZRvaneli: elisabed erisTavixmovaneba kinoSi(oTar ioselianis filmebisxmovanebis Tavisebureba)cnobilia rogori revoluciuri gadatrialebaSemoitana xmovanebam kinoSi, Tumca munj kinematografSimusikiT gamosaxulebis ilustraciuli gaformeba sulmaleve daiwyes, radgan gamosaxulebaze Tundac raimexmauris dadeba, bunebriv moTxovnilebad aRiqmeboda. isiccnobilia, rogor SesZaxes erTxel kinosaproeqtorissarkmels _ `fanjara gamoaReT, rom kinoproeqtorosxmauri mainc gvesmodeso~. proeqtori marTlac iseTxmaurs gamoscemda, SemdgomSi ukve musikiT cdilobdnenmis CaxSobas.munji kinos mkvlevar rik altmanis azriT, 1 munjifilmebi yovelTvis akompanementiT rodi gaiSveboda daTu aseTi ram keTdeboda, xSirad rodi iyo erTferovani.kinoTeatrebi eqvsamde sxvadasxva urTierTkonkurirebadixmovanebis strategias mimarTavdnen, sadac musikalurakompanementTan erTad, gamoiyeneboda sinqronirebulixmovani sistemebi da aseve xmebi ekranis uknidan. xmovanebisZiriTadi forma ilustraciuli da ganwyobis musikaiyo, romelic JRerda meqanikuri pianinoebidan Tu mcireorkestrebis SesrulebiT. male daiwyes saorkestromusikis Cawera konkretuli filmebisaTvis gramofonisdiskebze. aRsaniSnavia sinqronuli fonogramis Cawerissxvadasxva xerxi amerikasa da safrangeTSi. am Temaze1Altman, Rick. Silent Film Sound. Columbia University Press: New York,2004

saintereso statias wers Tanamedrove mkvlevarikinoxmovanebaSi Sarl obrini („teqnologia da filmisstili safrangeTsa da amerikaSi“). 1frangi kritikosi miSel kioni naSromSi „xmovanebisxelovneba“ amtkicebs, rom munji kinos epoqa ardasrulebula bgeriTi teqnologiis SemosvliT, aramedagrZelebs funqcionirebas gviandel filmebSi (bolodrois saukeTeso nimuSad mogvevlina filmi àrtisti~).aseTi filmebis musikaluri xmovanebis funqcia kvlavacilustraciulia. 2droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda da ixvewebodakinomusikis funqciebi kinoSi.Nmusikis roli sul ufroRrmavdeboda da kinodramaturgiis ganuyofeli nawilixdeboda. Tumca,aseve aRsaniSnavia,zogierTi kinoostatisTaviseburi damokidebleba kinomusikasTan, cdilobdnenra, xmovanebis mTeli datvirTva dialogebsa da xmaurzegadaetanaT. aseTia neorealisturi filmebis didi nawili,sadac kinomusikis gamoyeneba minimumamde davida, xoloxmovanebis sxva saxeoba, magaliTad, xmauri da dialogiaqtiurad gamoiyeneboda.saqarTveloSi kinomusikas filmSi yovelTvisgansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoboda. cnobiliasimRerebi, romlebic filmis xmovanebis ZiriTadRerZs warmoadgendnen da umeteswilad damoukidebladagrZelebdnen cxovrebas musikalur samyaroSi.Tanamedrove kinomrewvelobaSi kinoxmovanebammusikasTan erTad Tanabari funqcia mianiWa xmaurisefeqtebs, eleqtroakustikur musikasa Tu bgeras.saqarTveloSi am sferoSi Zalze efeqturad muSaobenniWieri kinokompozitorebi: daTo evgeniZe, nukri abaSiZeda sxv. Tumca, cocxal bgeras sul sxva sulieri1O’Brien, Charles. Cinema’s Conversion to Sound: Technology and FilmStyle in France and the U.S. Indiana University Press: Bloomington, 20052Chion, Michel. Film. A Sound Art. Columbia University Press: New York,2009121

mzia manjaviZesubstancia Seaqvs filmis dramaturgiasa Tu calkeulikadris gaazrebaSi, maSin, roca eleqtrobgera, mxolod imSemTxvevaSi unda gamoiyenebodes, rodesac cocxal xmasukve ar SeuZlia im amocanis daZleva, rac avtors aqvsCafiqrebuli,an Tu gamoiyeneba,Zalze frTxili da zomierimidgomiT. bolo wlebSi araerTi filmi iqmneba, sadacmusikas, xmauris efeqtebs, laparaks da eleqtrobgeraserTdroulad erT epizodSi, lamis Tanabari sixSiriTiyeneben. es, ZiriTadad, komerciul kinos exeba, sadacfilmi gaTvlilia mayurebelTa mier mZafri siuJetismoTxovnilebaze.sul sxva midgoma aqvs xmovanebasTan reJisoroTar ioselians. mis SemoqmedebaSi audio-vizualuristruqturis miseul gansxvavebul aRqmas da Taviseburebasmisive kinoesTetika ganapirobebs. es ioselianispirovnuli msoflaRqmis individualuri stilia,gadajaWvuli sakuTar cxovrebiseul koncefciasTan.misi erT-erTi adreuli namuSevari `giorgobisTve~reJisoris didi gulistkivilis ganacxadia arsebuli(komunisturi) yofisa da reJimis mimarT. esaa misiesTetikuri damokidebulebis ganmsazRvreli ironia,romlis gamosaxatavad igi, pirvel rigSi, xmovanebasmimarTavs _ filmis dasawyisSive radios komunisturipropagandis gadacema (mowinave mwvelavis trafaretuligamosvla) moefineba Zveli qarTuli keTilSobili ojaxissauzmis scenas. xmovaneba ufro sarkastul JReradobasiZens meRvineebis scenaSi _ radios rusulenovanixmovaneba saocar kontrasts badebs meRvineebis kaxurqudebTan. reJisori aq ukve Riad `xalisobs~ imdroindelagitaciur, yalb atmosferoze, filmis finalis bolokadrs ki saeklesio zaris xma ise efineba, TiTqosgvesmis reJisoris mowodeba maradiuli Rirebulebisken,WeSmaritebisken.oTar ioselianis filmSi „iyav naTeli“ gadmocemulia122

xmovaneba kinoSiafrikis aborigenTa _ senegalis erT-erTi tomisSeviwroveba-gaZevebis istoria mSobliuri walkotidan,romelsac anadgurebs qalaqidan mosuli xalxi xissaSeni masalis gamoyenebis gamo. aborigenTa idiliuryofas maTive sasimRero folklori axmovanebs, romelic,ZiriTadad, unisonSi sruldeba. Tumca, tyeSi gamoCeniliZraviani manqanis Semosvlas, maSinve mxiaruli marSidaedeba fonad. aqedan iwyeba aborigenTa tragedia, racSeumCnevlad, nel-nela Sedis maT cxovrebaSi. `marSi~axmovanebs am tomis qalaqSi saboloo gadasaxlebisamsaxvel kadrebs, rogorc maTi tragediis finals _aq isini bunebis TviTmyofadi, Zlieri da harmoniuliarsebebidan quCaSi ubadruk movaWreebad qceulan,romlebsac sakuTari RvTaebis aslebis gayidva Semosavliswyarod uqceviaT.calke aRniSvnis Rirsia `marSis~ mniSvnelobaioselianis filmebSi, radgan is TiTqmis mis yvelakinosuraTSi gvxvdeba,roca ki reJisors surs migvaniSnosmisTvis cnobili ironiuli damokidebuleba romelimefaqtze an movlenaze.kompozitori nikoloz zurabiSvili, romelicreJisoris franguli periodis filmebis musikis avtoria,aseTi xasiaTisa da tipis epizodebisaTvis ostaturadwarmoadgens `regTaimis~ msubuq, gasarTobi tipismusikas, romelsac aranairi fsiqologiuri an emociuriCaRrmavebis mizani ara aqvs. reJisori amiT TiTqosgaurbis faqtebis dramatizacias da subieqturi gancdisaTu damokidebulebis mayureblisaTvis `Tavze moxvevas~.swored aq gvaxsendeba eizenSteinis `kontrapunqtuliTeoria~ _ es mxiaruli, msubuqi musika mkveTrad usvamsxazs am istoriis dramatizms,reJisoris udides tkivilssamyaros biwieri sazogadoebis uazro,amao cxovrebiseuliRirebulebebis mimarT.Mmusikis garda, igi xmovanebis sxvaaspeqtebiT _ Sidakadruli xmiT `gvesaubreba~ maradiul123

mzia manjaviZefaseulobaze. filmSi aris epizodi, sadac mTeli tomieswreba mzis Casvlis scenas,rogorc mistikur,ritualursanaxaobas. am dros, saidanRac mglis ymuili moismis. esgarekadruli xmovanebaa. am xmiT reJisori senegalistomis ganwirulobas gvauwyebs _ gardauval gadagvarebasCvens maRalganviTarebul samyaroSi, romelic ZalianCamohgavs yvelasgan ganmartoebuli mglis beds sastiksamyaroSi. sainteresoa, rogor gamoxatavs reJisorimCagvreli wris mier aborigenebis msoflmxedvelobis`koreqtirebis~ amsaxvel scenas _ krebis bolos JRerskomunistur-sabWouri himnis msgavsi musika, romelsacgangaSis xma agvirgvinebs. Cven gvesmis reJisoris Sinaganiaforiaqeba msgavs movlenaze, magram is misTvis Cveuliironiul-sarkastul prizmaSi gatarebuli gancdaa.mglis ymuili gahkveTs Ramis siCumes (òrSabaTisdila~), rodesac filmis finalSi veneciaSi gaqceuliojaxis kaci sabolood ubrundeba mSobliur keras _is isev unda Caebas àma soflis zrunvaSi~, romelicerTferovnebiTa da amaoebiTaa savse,…xolo qarxnisuzarmazari milebidan amoSvebuli Savi kvamli bolokadrze xmovandeba qarxnis sayviris xmiT, rac gangaSisxmad aRiqmeba, _ rogorc samyaros fataluri, gardauvalidaRupvis mimaniSnebeli aqti. aq ukve SeiZleba iTqvas,rom reJisori pesimistia, Tumca, zogierTi kritikosiioselians realistad ufro miiCnevda.sainteresoa,rogor gvixatavs am namuSevarSi reJisoriveneciis xmovan tilos _ esaa vokalTan gadajaWvuliitaliuri temperamentiT savse yvirili Tu Cxubi,romelicfanjrebidan iRvreba. im faqts, roca saxlidan gaqceulimTavari gmiri germanul gemze iwyebs muSaobas, reJisorimxolod xmovanebiT migvaniSnebs _ sanapiroze mdgarigemis kadrebze ismis mxiaruli germanuli simRera (daarc erTi kadri imisa, Tu rogor mivida an moewyo gmiriiq samuSaod).124

xmovaneba kinoSioTar ioselianis filmebSi didi adgili ukaviaqarTul, mravalxmian folklors, qalaqur simReras. igiSeiZleba moulodnelad SemoiWras franguli filmebisromelime epizodSi, sadac qarTuli arc siuJetia, arcgmirebi. qarTuli motivis CarTuloba, erTi SexedviT,SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rogorc reJisoris nostalgiawarsulis, tradiciebisa da adaT-wesebis mimarT. Tumca,unda iTqvas, rom mSvenieri mravalxmianobis musikaluripasaJi, romelsac filmSi garkveuli egzotikuri xibliSeaqvs, absoluturad iazreba filmis rogorc saerTodramatul qsovilsa da mis wyobaSi,ise filmis siuJeturqargaSi. magaliTad, mTavari gmiri Sedis kafeSi, sadacmagidasTan Semomsxdari kacebi qarTul polifoniuràlaverds~ didi STagonebiT asruleben da mas droissul mcire monakveTSi Tavis kompaniaSi ipatiJeben (esecxom qarTuli adaT-wesis erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa). Tumca,filmis siuJetSi, arc iqamde da arc Semdeg, qarTuliaraferi Segvxvdeba.filmi `yaCaRebi~ aseve savsea mravalmniSvnelovanixmovanebiT. Tbilisis samoqalaqo omis periodSizarbaznebis xmebis SualedebSi fanjrebidan qarTulisaqeifo,qalaquri simRerebi iRvreba. amiT reJisori mwareironiiT migvaniSnebs qarTul, dardimandul xasiaTze,romelmac, samwuxarod, bevri avno qveyanas. didi ironiiTgadmogvcems aseve 30-iani wlebis `gawiTlebis~ periodisepizods, sadac rusi bolSeviki Cinovniki qarTvelimandilosnis mier roialze Sesrulebuli akompanementiT,aryiT cxvirgawiTlebuli asrulebs nacionalur simReras.yvelasaTvis cnobili simRera _ `zestafono gSordebi~reJisors am filmis dramaturgiis xmovan kulminaciadDmouazrebia: igi jer Tbilisidan parizSi gaqceuli daquCebSi usaqmod moxetiale, galoTebuli qarTvelebisSesrulebiT JRers,rogorc funqciadakarguli adamianebishimni, romlebic sakuTar samSoblos gaeqcnen ukeTesi125

mzia manjaviZebedis ZebnaSi, xolo momdevno kadrSi Cans saqarTveloSiRamis koconTan msxdomi mebrZolebi, romlebic aseve`zestafonos~ mRerian.Aaq simReras iseTi Rrmadtragikuli elferi dasdevs, rom naTeli xdeba, rogoritkiviliani, tragikuli damokidebuleba aqvs reJisorsam yvelaferTan, kerZod, gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebisdramatul movlenebTan.oTar ioselianis filmebi mamxilebeli tiloebia,romelTa Txrobis sada, dokumenturi stili dakinoqronikis specifika miukerZoeblad gviCvenebs amasoflis uazro facifucs,garegani aqtiurobiT SeniRbuladamianTa Sinagan amorfulobas, inertulobasa daabsurdulobas, Tumca ar gvTavazobs recepts, ar gansjisaravis, magram yvelafers ironiuli msoflSegrZnebisprizmaSi atarebs. ironiuli intonacia, romelicgamWolad gasdevs misi filmebis uamrav epizods, sworedxmovanebaSi poulobs gamoxatulebas. SeiZleba iTqvas,rommisi filmebi gamoZaxilia 20-ian wlebSi damkvidrebuli`postmodernistuli~ mimdinareobisa, sadac erTerTimTavari xerxi swored ironia da movlenebidandistancirebaa.amgvarad, reJisors SeuZlia xmovanebis saSualebiT,SemoqmedebiTi sinTezis harmoiniulad miRweva filmSi,sadac umTavresi piroba SeiZleba iyos sakuTaricxovrebiseuli koncefciis gamoxatuleba, rac metadmniSvnelovania kinodramaturgiaSi.imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu rogor viTardeba boloxanebSi uaxlesi teqnologiebi Cvens samyaroSi,SegviZliavivaraudoT kinoxmovanebaSi aseve ganuzomeli da jerkidev warmoudgeneli SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba, rackidev ufro saintereso mignebebis saSualebas mogvcemsmsoflio kinoxelovnebaSi.126

xmovaneba kinoSigamoyenebuli literatura:• Altman, Rick. Silent Film Sound. Columbia University Press:New York, 2004, p.• O’Brien, Charles. Cinema’s Conversion to Sound: Technologyand Film Style in France and the U.S. Indiana University Press:Bloomington, 2005, p.• Chion, Michel. Film. A Sound Art. Columbia University Press:New York, 2009, p.127

naTia mefariSvili,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,kinomcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli: zviad doliZeholivudi – faseulobebis cvlara aerTianebs frensis ford kopolas, stiven alanspilbergs, braian de palmas, jorj lukassa da martinskorsezes? upirveles yovlisa is, rom TiToeulimaTganis SemoqmedebiTi Taviseburebebi Camoyalibda axaliholivudis epoqaSi – periodSi,romlis kvlevaze dRemdeadakavebuli dasavleTis yvelaze kaSkaSa kinomcodneTagoneba. termini àxali holivudi~ 1970 wlebis SuaxanebSi damkvidrda, rodesac amerikuli kino Tanamedrove`blokbasterebis eraSi~ Sesasvlelad emzadeboda dakars iyo momdgari iseTi mniSvnelovani da saetapokinosuraTebi, rogorebicaa `ybebi~ (1975) da pirveli`varskvlavuri omebi~ (1977).àxali holivudi~ – esaa SesaZleblobebisfarTod gaRebuli fanjara, romelic `gaixsna~ 1960-iani wlebis bolodan 1970-iani wlebis Sua xanebamde,warmoadgenda klasikuri holivuduri Janris reJisuras,rasac emateboda evropuli art-kinos stilistikuriinovaciebi. koncepti àxali~ gulisxmobs orientirebasgansxvavebul auditoriaze.filmebis principulad axali xarisxi nakarnaxevi iyoaSS-s gansakuTrebiT mkacri socialuri da politikuriZvrebis epoqiT, ramac mTeli Taoba moicva da moaxdinagardatexa. es periodi SesaZloa movixsenioT, rogorcudidesi depresiis epoqa. martin luTer kingismkvlelobasa da riCard niqsonis gadadgomas Soris,amerika ganicdida koleqtiuri sulis intensiur Ziebas,128

omelic dakavSirebuli iyo Taobebs Soris mZafrkonfliqtTan `rasobriv~ da `genderul~ sakiTxebze.vietnamis omis sawinaaRmdego protestma, moZraobamsamoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis da feminizmis talRamwarmoSva sxvadasxvagvari politikuri kultura.kinomcodne Tomas elsaeseri am epoqas SemdegnairadgvixasiaTebs: àxali holivudis~ paradoqsi imaSimdgomareobda, rom man eris mimarT ndobis dakargvisdemonstrireba moaxdina, gaCnda eWvebi `marTlmsajulebada Tavisufleba yvelasaTvis~ Taobaze, rac aisaxebodamTeli rigi kinematografistebis namuSevrebze. esfilmebi afiqsirebdnen moralur ukmayofilebas, racar anelebda maT interess stilisturi da formalurieqsperimentebis mimarT. pirvel rigSi, wamoiwia umizno,depresiulma, TviTganadgurebisken midrekilma xasiaTebma.warmodgenili Temebi ki Tamami da aratradiciuli iyo. 1gansazRvreba àxali~ gaCnda axali Taobiskinoskolebidan da kinokritikidan mosuli reJisorebisgamoCenasTan erTad. maT daiwyes komerciuli amerikulifilmebis gadaReba, rac mogvagonebs frangul àxaltalRas~. 1960 wels martin skorsezem daamTavraNniuiorkisuniversiteti, braian de palma kolumbiisuniversitetis kursdamTavrebulia, maSin, rodesacdasavleT sanapiroze frensis ford kopolam da jorjlukasma daamTavres kaliforniis universiteti losanJelesSida samxreT karolinis universiteti, stivenspilbergma ki kaliforniis saxelmwifo universiteti.isini polin qeilis, endriu sarisis da meni barberis60-iani wlebis kinokritikas kiTxulobdnen, moeqcnen`kaie diu sinemas~ gavlenis qveS, aRfrTovanebulni iyvnenbergmanis, felinis, antonionis, bertoluCis, triufosada godaris filmebiT. saavtoro Teoriis saSualebiT1Horwath Alexander, Elsaesser Thomas and Noel King. The Last GreatAmerican Picture Show: New Hollywood Cinema in the 1070s. Amsterdam:Amsterdam University Press, 2004, p. 38129

naTia mefariSviliisini axdendnen amerikuli kinoklasikis gadafasebas. amTaobis CamoyalibebaSi, arc Tu ukanaskneli roli iTamaSakinodepartamentebis gaxsnam niu-iorkis, kaliforniisa dasamxreT kaliforniis universitetebSi, sadac momavalikinematografistebi iRebdnen codnas ara mxolodreJisuraSi, aramed yvelaze farTo kinoganaTlebasac.sinefilurma Semadgenelma SeakavSira Taoba, romelsacmogvianebiT `kinosaZmo~ daerqva. 1axali holivudis reJisura warmoudgeneliaavtoris TviTkritikis gareSe. avtoroba aRiqmeboda,rogorc personalurobis manifestacia, gansakuTrebuligamomxatvelobiTi stili, sakuTari `xma~. ekranebzegamodioda manamde tabudadebuli Temebi – homoerotizmi,seqsi, narkotikebi. garda amisa, axali holivudisganviTarebisTvis didi mniSvneloba iqonia rojerkormenis 2 studiam, sadac daiwyes TavianTi kinokarieraskorsezem, kopolam, lukasma, scenaristma robert Taunimda sxv).zogierTi mkvlevari ixreba im azrisken, rom axaliholivudi ufro adre daiwyo – e. w. `paramauntis~Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis~ droidan, anu 1948 wlidan,roca cnobili studia iZulebuli iyo gaeyidaTavisi kinoTeatrebi, riTac gadadga pirveli nabiji`vertikaluri integraciis~ ngrevaSi (studiisWerqveS warmoeba-distribucia-Cvenebis SeTavsebaSi). manholivudis òqros xanas~ dausva wertili. ramdenimewlis ganmavlobaSi Tavisi kinoTeatrebi gayida yvelamsxvilma kinokompaniam. warmoeba-distribucia-Cvenebissxvadasxva organizaciaSi gadanawilebam gamoiwviapirveli damoukidebeli korporaciebis Camoyalibeba 50-1Pye Michael and Lynda Myles. The Movie Brats: How the Film GenerationTook over Hollywood. New York: Holt, Reinhardt and Winston, 1979, p. 122Bordwell David, Staiger Lanet and Kristin Thompson. The Classical HollywoodCinema: Film Style and Mode of Production to 1960. New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press, 12985, p. 372130

holivudi – faseulobebis cvlaian wlebSi, ramac, Tavis mxriv, biznesisa da SemoqmedebiTisafuZveli Cauyara filmebis axal, `paketur~ warmoebas,Tumca, amasTan dakavSirebuli periodizaciis sakiTxi RiarCeba. mag., duglas gomeri Tavis versias gvTavazobs daaRniSnavs, rom unda aRiaron ori àxali holivudis~arseboba. pirveli modis 1960-1970 wlebze, meore kiiwyeba 1990 wels, pirveli korporacia-konglomeratis`Taim uorneris~ Camoyalibebis momentidan, romelicaerTianebda kinowarmoebas da mediabizness. amieridankinoproduqtidan miRebul mogebas uzrunvelyofdamomsaxurebaTa mTeli speqtri, maT Soris Tematuri parki,musikaluri xmis Camweri, gamomcemloba. 1vertikaluri integraciis ngrevam Secvala mTeliholivudis mowyobiloba. Cvenebaze kontrolis dakargvamfarTo ekranis ufro ZviradRirebuli filmebis gamoSvebagamoiwvia, am procesma ki xeli Seuwyo paketuri warmoebisayvavebas. `damoukideblebis~ zrdam mTeli rigi patarakompaniebis Camoyalibeba gamoiwvia, romlebic xSirad ariyvnen dakavSirebulni gigant-distributorebTan, pasuxsrom agebdnen filmis calkeuli nawilebis warmoebaze,mag.:msaxiobTa agentebze, specefeqtebis kompaniebze, gadasaRebmoedanze, sakvebis mimwodebel kompaniebze da sxv. cxadia,axali sawarmoo kompaniebi Tavidan cdilobdnen didistudiebis mier filmebis Seqmnis gzebis aslgadaRebas,magram mTeli sistemis gadakeTebas rigi koreqtivebiSehqonda studiebis muSaobaSi.1967-1976 wlebi saavtoro aRmavlobisa daindustriis gardaqmnis xanaa. termini `holivudisrenesansi~ mas Semdeg gaCnda, rac 1967 wlis 8 dekembrisJurnal `TaimsSi~ daibeWda statia film `boni daklaidis~ Sesaxeb, saTauriT àxali kino: sisastike, seqsi,xelovneba~. statia mkveTrad miuTiTebda, rom artur1Gomery Douglas. Hollywood Corporate Business Practice and PeriodizingContemporary Film History, in Contemporary Hollywood Cinema. London:Routledge, 2000, p. 47131

naTia mefariSvilipenis filmi amerikuli kinos istoriis wyalgamyofia,_ amyarebs axal stils, axal `Trends~, formalur daTematur inovaciebs, kombinirebas ukeTebs komerciulwarmatebasa da kritikul davas. `Tavisuflebis SokifilmSi~, – ase afasebdnen am kinosuraTs. 1axali holovudis safuZvelia `kontrkultura~. racSeexeba esTetikas, misi moculobiTi ganmarteba mogvcapiter kramerma, roca dawera, rom àxali talRiT~miRebuli amerikuli kino `xasiaTdeba rTuli TxrobiT,kinematografiuli ileTebis aqcentirebiT, Janrulihibridebis mimarT midrekilebiTa da akrZaluliTemebis ararsebobiT~. 2 am epoqaSi auditoria mzad iyoeqsperimentebisaTvis rogorc cxovrebaSi, aseve ekranze,gansakuTrebiT momarTuli iyo gadaexeda moZvelebulimoralis normebi da moexdina idealebis demiTologizacia.axalgazrdobaze orientirebuli axali holivudigamoirCeoda sanaxaobiTi ZaladobiT, rac mowodebuliiyo protestis manifestirebisaken dromoWmulTaZalauflebisa da socialuri iluziebis ararsebobismimarT. es iyo ara marto axali gzebis Ziebis, arameduzarmazari saavtoro Tavisuflebis xana, romelsac 70-ian wlebSi kvlav SezRudavs prodiuserTa diqtati.saprodiusero diqtatis gaZliereba SesaZleblobasiZleva gavavloT mkveTri xazi àxal holivudsa~ dae. w. ùaxles holivuds~ Soris. àxali holivudi~aRiniSneba reJisoruli Tavisuflebis mokle periodiT,roca didi kinokompaniebi, romlebic seriozuldabneulobaSi iyvnen mimdinare cvlilebebis gamo,eZebdnengamosavlis SesaZleblobebs da amerikel reJisorebsdid Tavisuflebas aZlevdnen. Tavis mxriv, ùaxlesiholivudi~, anu `blokbasterebis epoqa~ _ konservatizmisa1Kramer, Peter. The New Hollywood: From Bonnie and Clide to Star Wars.London: Wallflower press, 2005, p. 382Cornea, Christine. Science Fiction Cinema: Between Fantasy and Reality.Edinburg: Edinburg University Press, 2007, p. 81132

holivudi – faseulobebis cvlada apolitikurobis xanaa.òri holivudis~ wyalgamyofs warmoadgenscifruli teqnologiebi, romlebmac Seqmnes ùaxlesiholivudis~ safuZveli, dawyebuli 1980-iani wlebis Suaxanebidan. maTi warmoSobis Tanamgzavri iyo mTeli rigiekonomikuri, mmarTvelobiTi, demografiuli faqtorebi,romlebmac holivudi, blokbasterebis saxiT, msofliosuzarmazari gasarTobi manqanis mdgomareobaSi Caayena.dadga globalizaciis dro, romelic biznesSi topmoTamaSeTaarsebobas hkarnaxobda, vinc qveynis SigniTgrZelvadiani strategiuli operaciebis Zlieri bazisSenebasa da msoflios yvela mniSvnelovan bazarzedaswrebas aviTarebda.ùaxlesi holivudis~ ganviTarebas winaswarmetyvelebdavideoteqnologiis ganviTareba, romelic 1980-ianwlebidan iqca gigantur biznesad. 1 Tu 1980-ian wlebSiasidan mxolod or ojaxs hqonda videomagnitofoni, ukveaTi wlis Semdeg _ ojaxTa ori mesamedi sargeblobda.saSinao videos ganviTarebam avtomaturad gazardamoTxovna filmebis warmoebaze, ris Sedegad maTi ricxvi1983 wels gamoSvebuli 350 filmidan 1988 wlisaTvis600 filmamde gaizarda. aman gaaZliera seqtori ìndi~(`damoukideblebi~). im dros, roca e. w. `meijorebi~(studia-korporaciebi) aviTarebdnen ara raodenobas,aramed xarisxs, `mini-meijorebi~ awarmoebdnen danarCenkinoproduqcias. isini ZiriTadad fsons debdnenbiujetis da specefeqtebis mxriv mokrZalebul filmebze,cdilobdnen danaxarjebis amoRebas komerciulisakabelo televiziebsa da saSinao videoze uflebebisgadacemis xarjze. es ar niSnavs, rom `damoukideblebi~saerTod ar awarmoebdnen maRalbiujetian filmebs.magaliTad, swored `damoukidebelma~ kompania`karolkom~ daamyara maRalbiujetiani filmebis axali1Neale, Stephen. Contemporary Hollywood Cinema. London: Routledge,2003, p. 61133

naTia mefariSvilistandartebi, roca gamouSva 100 milioniani biujetisfilmi `terminatori-2 _ gankiTxvis dRe~ (1991), riTacnacionalur kinogaqiravebaSi daagrova 204 milioni,xolo ucxour kinogaqiravebaSi _ 310 milioni dolari.brwyinvale koncefciis, super-varskvlavis, vizualuriefeqtebis mqone am filmma Seamcira riskebi, raTa SeZlomosuliyo SesabamisobaSi zogierT faqtTan: 1) warmoaCinaTavi, rogorc media-movlena; 2) uzrunvelyo TavisTvisZalian kargi `promouSeni~; 3) dado fsoni mogebazevideo da gasarTobi parkebis gavliT; 4) uzrunvelyoTavisTvis mogeba ucxour kinogaqiravebebSi. 1arsobrivad, ùaxlesi holivudis~ strategiasganasxvavebs msubuqi distribucia. amis sxva Semadgenelia`promouSenze~ uzarmazari saxsrebis xarjva (reklama).es danaxarjebi wlidan wlamde izrdeba. Tu `ybebma~(reJ. s. spilbergi) `promouSenze~ 12 milioni dolarisCadeba moiTxova (da daaxloebiT amdens xarjavdnen 1980-ian wlebSi), 1990 wlebSi am Tanxam ukve Seadgina 35milioni. 2ùaxlesi holivudis~, anu `blokbasteris epoqam~,romelic dRemde grZeldeba, moiTxova, uari eTqvaTwinamorbedi periodis bevr monapovarze, gansakuTrebiTrTul, problemur gamoTqmebze, romlebic ufro da ufrometad gadaecemoda ìndividis~ gadasaxads, e. i., im films,romelmac Tavisi ganviTareba hpova damoukidebelifilmisa da holivudis Sezrdaze. 3 amisaTvis (sakmarisiagavixsenoT iseTi kompaniebis produqcia, rogorebicaa`miramaqsi~ an `niu laini~). Tanamedrove holivudi,rogorc aRniSna jon beltonma, – es aris àxlisCavardna~: stilisturad axali da gamomgonebluri,magrampolitikurad konservatoruli, dafuZnebuli poziciaze1Cornea, Christine. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 1632 Cornea, Christine. dasax. naSr., gv. 1133King, Geoff. Spectacular Narratives. New York: Columbia University Press,2009, p. 4134

holivudi – faseulobebis cvla_ `SeuZlebelia iseTi ramis Tqma, rac jer ar Tqmula~.ideebis avTenturi gamoxatva,romelsac warsulSi hqondaadgili, dRes Canacvlebulia avTenturi gamoTqmebiscitatebiTa da iluziebiT. 1kiTxva imis Taobaze, warmoadgenda Tu ara 50-ianiwlebis kino `postklasikurs~, problematuria. cxadia,rom 50-iani wlebis klasikur Txrobas deformaciisseriozuli safrTxe daemuqra. amas isic cxadyofs, Turogor diferenciacias axdens auditoriaze im droiskino: `nervuli meamboxeebi~ aSkarad apelirebdnenaxalgazrdobaze. elia kazanis kino, anu àxali kino~,gamiznulia ganaTlebul auditoriaze, maSin roca didikinokompaniebis farToekraniani sanaxaobrivi filmebi,sesil de milis àTi mcnebis~ msgavsad, aSkaradorientirebulia masobriv konservatorul mayurebelze.klasikuri periodis kinowarmoebis modeli Camoyalibdaekonomikis, teqnologiis da TxrobiTi procesis stilisSerwymis wyalobiT. es iyo vertikaluri integraciisdro (e. i. bazarze moTamaSeTa mcire ricxvis dominireba).aseT pirobebSi formaluri da stilisturi normebiiqmneboda,Sendeboda da viTardeboda ekonomikur miznebze,specifikur Sromis pirobebze da filmebis warmoebisgansakuTrebul gzebze dayrdnobiT. gasaTvaliswinebelia,rom naratiuli filmebis istoria damokidebuliakulturuli industriis istoriaze. es momenti 1910wlebis Suaxanebisa da 1960-iani wlebis klasikuriperiodisTvis SezRudvebis dawesebis saSualebas iZleva.swored aseT Sualeds uweseben `klasikur~ kinos Jurnal`monogramis~ avtorebi tomas elsaeseri da piterloidi, romelTaTvisac, Tavis mxriv, àxal holivudSi~Sesvla gaigivebulia postklasikuri kinos epoqaSiSebijebasTan. 2klasikuri kino eyrdnoboda stabilur Janrul1Belton, John. Movies and Mass Culture. London: Rutgers, 1999, p. 122Monogram, 1971, № 1, p. 9, 12135

naTia mefariSvilisistemas, miznobriv xasiaTze dayrdnobiT aSenebda TavisSemakavSirebel novatorul formulas da qmnida TxrobisTavisebur stils misTvis damaxasiaTebeli efeqturobiT,eleganturi formebiTa da ubraloebiT. televiziazeaRzrdili reJisorebi moeqcnen saavtoro Teoriis `mavnezegavlenis~ qveS da ganudgnen klasicizmis fundamentursafuZvlebs barokos sasargeblod, moCvenebiTi martivisiuJetebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. postklasikurikinos gmirebs aRar axasiaTebdaT mkveTrad dasaxulimiznebi, mkafio moraluri poziciebi da Sedegad, maTiqmedebebi xSirad xdeboda aramotivirebuli da xSiradiracionaluri Zaladobis naTebas warmoadgendnen. aqmxedvelobaSia axali holivudis `xatebi~, rogorebicaa`boni da klaidi~, `buC qesidi da sandens qidi~ an sempekinpas gmirebi. konservatorul blokbasterze gadasvlaSecvlis gmiris koncefciasac, magram sisastike daZaladoba damaxasiaTebeli Strixad iqca, rac cxadyofs60-iani wlebis `heisis kodeqsis~ damxobas da iqcevamTeli rigi Tanamedrove holivuduri Janris ganuyofelnawilad da, rogorc minimum, mxardaWeras hpovebs rigireJisorebis mxridan (deivid linCi, quentin tarantino).postklasikuri kino ukve arasdros ityvis uarssisastikesa da Zaladobaze,rogorc sanaxaobriv elementze.mogvianebiT zogierTi maTgani, rogorebic arian paulverxuveni an gviandeli deivid kronenbergi, ganixilavenZaladobas,rogorc adamianuri urTierTobebis safuZvels.es pozicia zustad gamoxata braian de palmam, romelmacaRniSna, rom `Zaladoba vizualuri formaa. is Zalianefeqturia, aRagznebs. arasdros vityvi uars Zaladobazeimitom, rom igi gansakuTrebulad lamazia~. 1Zaladoba, romelzec saubrobs de palma, `speqtaklis~,sanaxaobriobis nawilia, romelic postklasikur kinoSi1De Palma, Brian. Interviews. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi,2003, p. 85136

holivudi – faseulobebis cvlamadominirebeli faqtori xdeba. ùaxlesi holivudis~blokbasterebi akeTeben aqcents apoTeozTan miaxloebulsanaxaobaze, maT Soris gadaWarbebuli specefeqtebiT.rogorc jof qingi werda, sanaxaoba `sicocxleze metia~,igi yoveldRiurobaze ufro mkafiod da intensiuradgamoiyureba. 1amdenad àxali holivudi~ aris kinematografSiaxali `Trendebis~ damkvidreba. televiziam Tavis TavzeaiRo masobrivi auditoriis `tvinis gamorecxvis~funqcia (amiT adre dakavebuli iyo masobrivi kino).Tavis mxriv,holivudi mimarTavs amerikuli sazogadoebisnaklebad ìdeologizebul~ warmodgenebs. Tanamedroveholivudi daiwyo rogorc dominanti mimarTulebamsoflio sanaxaobriv bazarze, rasac mohyva axalibiznes-kombinaciebi. Tanamedrove holivudis pirobebSisul ufro rTuldeba ara mxolod mkveTri sazRvrisgavleba kinoindustriasa da sxva media da sanaxaobrivindustriebs Soris, aramed kinos, rogorc kulturulida `teqstualuri~ obieqtis gaazreba. modernizmisgangansxvavebiT, romelic iJinebs maRal unikalur stils daavangarduli xelovnebis mxatvrul ideals,postmodernizmiuars ambobs stilze, unikalurobis grZnobasa daindividualizmze. axali holivudi Tavisi reJisorulistilis fsoniT, aRmoCnda unikalurobis ùkanasknelimercxali~. axalma holivudma blokbasterebze, brendebzeda am brendebis gardasaxviT sxvadasxva mediaformaSiunikalurobis uaryofa daiwyo. miuxedavad imisa, romcalkeuli reJisorebi,rogorebic arian stiven spilbergida braian de palma, jer kidev cdiloben, Seaxsenonklasikuri `wyobis~ stilis Sesaxeb, isini wesebidanerTgvar gamonakliss warmoadgenen.1King, Geoff. dasax. naSr., gv. 4137

naTia mefariSviligamoyenebuli literatura:• Horwath Alexander, Elsaesser Thomas and Noel King. The LastGreat American Picture Show: New Hollywood Cinema in the1070s. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2004• Pye Michael and Lynda Myles. The Movie Brats: How the FilmGeneration Took over Hollywood. New York: Holt, Reinhardtand Winston, 1979• Bordwell David, Staiger Lanet and Kristin Thompson. TheClassical Hollywood Cinema: Film Style and Mode of Productionto 1960. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985• Gomery Douglas. Hollywood Corporate Business Practiceand Periodizing Contemporary Film History, in ContemporaryHollywood Cinema. London: Routledge, 2000• Kramer, Peter. The New Hollywood: From Bonnie and Clide toStar Wars. London: Wallflower press, 2005• Cornea, Christine. Science Fiction Cinema: Between Fantasy andReality. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press, 2007• Neale, Stephen. Contemporary Hollywood Cinema. London:Routledge, 2003• King, Geoff. Spectacular Narratives. New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press, 2009• Belton, John. Movies and Mass Culture. London: Rutgers, 1999• De Palma, Brian. Interviews. Jackson: University Press ofMississippi, 2003138

giorgi uRreliZe,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,kino-tele fakultetis doqtoranti,xelmZRvanelebi: daviT janeliZe, lela oCiaurimontaJi uxmo, xmovan kinosa dateleviziaSimontaJi kinematografsa da televiziaSi erT-erTiumTavresi saSualebaa, vinaidan reJisori swored misimeSveobiT, kinofilmisa Tu satelevizio produqciisSeqmnis procesSi, àSenebs~ Tavis filmsa Tuteleqmnilebas. MmontaJis saSualebiT reJisori axerxebs sakuTaridamokidebulebis gamoxatvas ama Tu im movlenis mimarT,sakuTaris xelweris, stilis, azrovnebis gamosaxvas.igi, rogorc kinofilmis mxatvruli xelmZRvaneli,montaJis process uSualo zedamxedvelobas uwevs,TumcamemontaJis individualuri profesionaluri monacemebicmniSvnelovania. aqsiomaa,rom kinofilmi gunduri muSaobisSedegad iqmneba.miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes damontaJeba SesaZlebeliarogorc ZviradRirebuli aparaturiT (kinofirzemuSaobisas), aseve kompiuteriT (videofirsa Tu cifrulmatareblebze gadaRebuli masalis SemTxvevaSi), montaJisSinaarsobriv-azrobrivi principi da datvirTva ucvlelia.memontaJe kinoindustriaSi erT-erT maRalanazRaurebadprofesiad iTvleba. mas Teoriuli ganaTlebis gardapraqtikuli gamocdileba da gansakuTrebuli xedvasWirdeba. montaJis, rogorc filmis Seqmnis erTerTimTavari saSualebis aRmoCena-danergva amerikulikinos cnobili warmomadgenlis deivid uoq grifiTissaxels ukavSirdeba. man filmSi `didi xnis winaT~139

giorgi uRreliZ(1910) pirvelad gamoiyena montaJi, rogorc azrisgadmocemis saSualeba, xolo `SeuwynareblobaSi~ (1916)axal simaRleze aiyvana. grifiTma es srulmetraJianikinosuraTi oTx damoukidebel epizodad dayo. filmiskompozicia rTulia. moqmedeba oTx, gansxvavebul drosada sivrceSi viTardeba.`montaJi udavod warmoadgens kinoenis yvelazespecifikur Semadgenels. pirvel yovlisa, unda iTqvas,rom montaJi aris filmis kadrebis garkveuli wyobiTada TanmimdevrobiT dalageba droSi, risi saSualebiTreJisors SeuZlia mimoixilos samyaro, Caswvdesmovlenebis arss~, _ wers kinos Teoritikosi marselmarteni. 1 igi erTmaneTisgan asxvavebs `montaJ-Txrobas“_ filmis Seqmnis procesSi ubralo da martiv xerxsada `montaJ-gamoxatvas~, sadac montaJi kadrebisSepirispirebiTa da SejaxebiT iwyoba. 2ambavi filmSi SeiZleba martivad damontaJdes,kadrebis mizanmimarTuli dalagebis garda reJisoriCanafiqris gadmocemisTvis iyenebs _ xmas, dialogs,bunebriv Tu xelovnur xmebs... mayurebeli ara martoTvaliT aRiqvams ekranze mimdinare movlenebs, aramedsmeniTac. `montaJi-Txroba~ axasiaTebs satelevizioproduqciasac. aseTi xerxiTaa awyobili e. w. `sapnisoperebi~, sainformacio gadacemebi, satelevizio Souebi.aqve aRvniSnav, rom televizia warmoadgens montaJisgamoyenebis farTo sferos. magaliTad, sateleviziomusikalur klipebSi xSirad iyeneben `montaJgamoxatvas~,mokle, ramdenimewamiani kadrebis Sejaxebebsada Sepirispirebebs, riTac mayurebelze fsiqologiuradufro advilad zemoqmedeben.`montaJi-gamoxatva~ gansakuTrebiT popularuliiyo XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis kinematografSi.1marteni m. montaJi, krebulSi `kinoreJisura (qrestomaTia)~, Tb.,`kentavri~, 2008, gv. 145;2ix.: iqve;140

montaJi uxmo, xmovan kinosa da televiziaSiuxmo filmebSi montaJis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli iyomaRalmxatvruli nawarmoebebis Seqmna, tardebodauamravi eqsperimenti, iwereboda Teoriuli naSromebi. amperiodisa da meTodis brwyinvale nimuSebia _ sergeieizenSteinis `javSnosani potiomkini~, Ziga vertovisàdamiani kinoaparatiT~ da sxva mravali. 1920-ianiwlebis miwuruls saqarTveloSi Seiqmna maRalmxatvrulisamontaJo xelovnebiT gamorCeuli filmebi _ mixeilkalatoziSvilis `jim SvanTe~ da nikoloz Sengelaiasèliso~.gamorCeulia lev kuleSovisa da sergei eizenSteiniseqsperimentebi da Teoriuli Sexedulebebi kinoenisa damontaJis xelovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi. kuleSovissamontaJo eqsperimentebis Sesaxeb, romelsac igi 20-ian wlebSi atarebda, mogviTxrobs hans beleri wignSi`kinomontaJis aspeqtebi~: `SemoqmedebiTi geografiis~eqsperimenti Caatara lev kuleSovma, romelmac ruseTSigadaiRo kadrebi, sadac msaxiobebi erTmaneTs xvdebianda kadrs gareT apyroben mzeras. momdevno kadrSi,montaJis meSveobiT, man aCvena vaSingtonSi mdebare TeTrisaxli. mayurebels Seeqmna warmodgena, rom yvelaferi eskuleSovma amerikaSi gadaiRo.ìdealuri qalis“ eqsperimentSi kuleSovmasxvadasxva qalis sxeulis detalebi gadaiRo,gadaRebuli kadrebi erTmaneTs miaweba da ekranze SeiqmnabunebaSi ararsebuli qali. 1 Aam da kidev sxva araerTieqsperimentiT lev kuleSovma daamtkica montaJis Zala,riTac SesaZlebelia ararsebuli ekranuli realobisSeqmna. misi eqsperimentebidan mokle xanSi, sergeieizenSteinma àtraqcionebis montaJis~ idea wamoayena. igiawebebda mkveTrad gansxvavebul kadrebs da mayurebelzefsiqologiur zemoqmedebas cdilobda.kinoSi xmis, dialogebis gaCenamde mayurebeli1beleri h. kinomontaJis aspeqtebi, Tb., `saga~, 2006, gv. 45-52;141

giorgi uRreliZekranze xedavda ambavs, romelic viTardeboda mxolodgamosaxulebebiTa da musikaluri akompanementiT. arismoda adamianebis saubari, arc bunebrivi Tu xelovnurixmebi da a. S. mTavar iaraRad filmis SemqmnelTa xelSimontaJi rCeboda.xmovani kinos gaCenasTan erTad montaJSi bunebrivicvlileba moxda. pirveli xmovani filmi `jazismomRerali~ amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1927 welsgamovida.Dmiuxedavad amisa, rogorc cnobilia, bevrireJisori uars ambobda filmebSi xmis gamoyenebaze dakvlav Zveli tradiciiT agrZelebda muSaobas.mixeil romi aRniSnavda: `rogorc ukve iTqva,montaJiscneba xmovan kinoSi munjTan SedarebiT Seicvala. kerZod,montaJi TiTqos gamsxvilda. es daaxloebiT ase SeiZlebaavxsnaT: montaJs munj kinoSi mxedvelobaSi hqondaZiriTadad, epizodis SigniT calkeuli kadrebiT operirebissimkveTre; xmovan filmebSi montaJma SeinarCuna simkveTreepizodebis SeerTebaSi. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovaniae. w. romanis tipis filmebSi, sadac saaTsa da ormocwuTSi unda gavirbinoT drois veeberTela monakveTebi.aq gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania montaJuri Sejaxebebiswored epizodebis SeerTebaSi. xerxebi, romlebsacuxmo kino ZiriTadad amuSavebda epizodis SigniTgamosayeneblad, rogoricaa, magaliTad, kontrastulikadrebis mkveTri Sejaxeba, drois SemWidroeba, moqmedebiskupiurebi, montaJuri riTma~. 1kinematografsa da televiziaSi reJisoris winaSexSirad dgeba amocana, rodesac man unda gadaWras droisada sivrcis sakiTxebi. es yvelaferi swored montaJissaSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli.dro pirobiTad SeiZleba gansxvavebul kategoriebaddavyoT: realur da pirobiT, warmosaxviT, `SemoqmedebiT~droebad. realuria dro,romelic sinamdvileSi arsebobs1romi m., montaJuri gadaReba, kr. `kinoreJisura (qrestomaTia)~. Tb.,`kentavri~, 2008, gv. 169142

montaJi uxmo, xmovan kinosa da televiziaSida Cven aRviqvamT mas. realuri dros Secvla adamians arZaluZs. `SemoqmedebiTi~ dro survilis mixedviT,SeiZlebadavgegmoT da vmarToT, swored montaJis saSualebiT.Tu kadrSi vaCvenebT bavSvs, romelic Sedis skolaSiCanTiTa da maswavleblisTvis gankuTvnili yvavilebisTaiguliT, momdevno epizodSi SeiZleba vaCvenoTskolis damTavrebis aRsaniSnavi zeimi, rodesac bavSviukve gazrdilia da skolas amTavrebs. am SemTxvevaSi`SemoqmedebiTi~ dro 10-12 wliT SeikumSa, rasacmayurebeli bunebrivad iRebs.Aam SemTxvevaSi Sedegi orikadris pirdapir SewebebiT miviReT.kinoSi drois SesakumSad xSirad iyeneben e. w. wafenas,romlis dros erTi kadri rbilad, TandaTan gadadismeoreSi. magaliTad, kadrSi SeiZleba avsaxoT moqandakissaxelosno, sadac igi emzadeba saqmianobis dasawyebad,alagebs masalas, iwyebs muSaobas, momdevno kadrSivaCvenebT ukve dasrulebul namuSevars, magaliTad, cxenisqandakebas. TuAam or kadrs erTmaneTTan davakavSirebTwafenis saSualebiT, mayureblisTvis naTeli iqneba, romman ixila ara cxenis qandakebaze muSaobis sruliprocesi (romelic, albaT, ramdenime xans gagrZelda),aramed SekumSul droSi miiRo saWiro informacia.AamSemTxvevaSi, cxenis qandakebis damzadebis ekranuli drosul ramdenime wams an wuTs moicavs.kinematografiuli xerxiT sivrcis sakiTxebisgadawyvetis magaliTad SeiZleba movitanoT aseTi ambavi:kadrSi vaCvenoT Tbilisis aeroporti da mgzavri,romelicelodeba TviTmfrinavs. momdevno kadrSi SeiZleba vaCvenoT,vTqvaT, parizis `Sarl de golis~ saxelobis aeroporti,romelSic Tbiliseli mgzavri TviTmfrinavSi jdeba,an eifelis koSkis win seirnobs. montaJis meSveobiTTbilissa da parizs Soris manZilis problema wamieradgvardeba. sivrcis `daZlevis~ SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba`wafenis~ gamoyeneba.143

giorgi uRreliZmontaJi SeiZleba realobis SegnebiT damaxinjebisinstrumentadac ganvixiloT.satelevizio sainformacio gadacemebSi siuJetimSral, obieqtur simarTles unda Seicavdes. masSiar unda iyos Jurnalistis subieqturi mosazrebebi,analitikuri programebisgan gansxvavebiT. respnodentisazris damaxinjeba montaJuri WriT umcires droSiaSesaZlebeli. magaliTad, Tu romelime politikurimoRvawe akeTebs gancxadebas da politikur oponentzeambobs: `mas miaCnia, rom Cven viwyebT qveyanaSi samoqalaqodapirispirebas, romelic unda gadaizardos samxedromoqmedebebSi, magram misi mosazreba absurdulia daCven aranairi samoqalaqo da samxedro dapirispirebisiniciatorebi ar viqnebiT~, Jurnalists dainteresebisSemTxvevaSi SeuZlia es teqsti daumontaJeblad gauSvaseTerSi, an SeuZlia montaJis saSualebiT teqstsdasawyisi da daboloeba moWras da respondentsaseTi sityvebi àTqmevinos~: `Cven viwyebT qveyanaSisamoqalaqo dapirispirebas, romelic unda gadaizardossamxedro moqmedebebSi~. cxadia, amgvarad politikosisazri damaxinjebulia da misi naTqvamis sapirispirosasaxavs. analogiuri araobieqturi siuJetis gaSvebadRes Zalian rTulia, vinaidan arsebobs informaciisalternatiuli wyaroebi, Tumca politikurad daZabulda `cxel~ periodSi, azris analogiurad damaxinjebas,sanam mayurebeli informacias gadaamowmebs, dagegmiliSedegi SeiZleba mohyves.televiziisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia informaciis, ambismiwodebis myisieri efeqti. mniSvnelovani sportuliTu politikuri movlena pirdapir eTerSi gadaicema.am dros masalis Cawera xSirad ramdenime gadaRebiswertilidan erTdroulad mimdinareobs. reJisori damemontaJe swrafad iReben gadawyvetilebas, Tu rodis daromeli kameriT dafiqsirebuli movlena unda gavides144

montaJi uxmo, xmovan kinosa da televiziaSiama Tu im SemTxvevaSi eTerSi. mayurebeli xedavs misTvalwin damontaJebul vizualur masalas. analogiurisituaciaa satelevizio Souebisa da sxva `cocxali~,pirdapir eTerSi translirebuli gadacemebis dros.aqve Sevexebi `Sidakadruli montaJis~ Taviseburebebs.gadasaReb moedanze mizanscenis firze asaxvas xSirSemTxvevaSi sWirdeba CarTuli kameris gadaadgilebasxvadasxva gadasaRebi wertilis mimarTulebiT, saidanacrakursebisa Tu xedebis mizanmimarTuli cvlilebebiTxdeba gadasaRebad saWiro obieqtebis dafiqsireba. amxerxiT bevri kinofilmia Seqmnili uxmo da xmovankinematografSi. Sidakadruli montaJis dros operatorisostatobazea damokidebuli reJisoris Canafiqrisrealizeba. aseTi tipis namuSevrebidan gamovarCevmixeil kalatoziSvilis Semoqmedebas da gansakuTrebiT,kinosuraTs `me _ kuba~ (1964),romlis operatoria sergeiurusevski.F filmSi xSiradaa gamoyenebuli SidakadrulimontaJi, gadaRebulia grZeli, ramdenimewuTiani kadrebi,kamera ostaturad moZraobs. erT kadrSi afiqsirebsambavs. misi `traeqtoriiT~ SesaZlebeli xdeba pataraistoriis moyola.Sidakadrul montaJs xSirad teleoperatorebi dadokumenturi filmebis reJisorebi iyeneben, rodesacgadamRebi jgufi movlenas misi mimdinareobisTanadroulad, myisierad afiqsirebs da muSaobs erTigadamRebi aparatiT.gamoyenebuli literatura:• beleri h., kinomontaJis aspeqtebi, Tb., `saga~, 2006;• marteni m.,montaJi,krebulSi `kinoreJisura (qrestomaTia)~,Tb., `kentavri~, 2008;• romi m., montaJuri gadaReba, kr. `kinoreJisura(qrestomaTia)~. Tb., `kentavri~, 2008.145

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148

nino dondolaZe,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,xelovnebaTmcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli: irine abesaZeqarTuli Tojinebis damzadebisxelovneba(tradiciebi da simbolika)Pistoriuli wyaroebidan vigebT, rom pirvel Tojinassaxelad `maria~ erqva (misi saxeli SemdgomSi marionetebisTeatrs daedo safuZvlad). igi Soreul aRmosavleTSiqurumebisa da mefeebis dakveTiT Seiqmna, rogorc maTisurvilebis gamomxatveli da erTgvari `Suamavali~ maTsada xalxs Soris. saqarTveloSi pirvel Tojinebs `kuki~da `Wupra~ erqva. sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT`kuki~ (kacTa saxea),anu tansacmelCacmuli `mcire zomiskacis gamosaxulebaa~. 1saxelwodeba `kukis~ Sesaxeb arsebobs sxvadasxvaversia. `kuki~ es termini tyavs niSnavs, igi induri`kulekis,~ an `quleqisagan~ aris warmoSobili dadamuSavebul tyavs niSnavs (aRniSnuli versia ekuTvnisniko CubinaSvils), etimologiurad es variantiZvelTaganve gaqarTvelebul versias unda warmoadgendes. 2arsebobs sxva versiac,dimitri janeliZe wignSi `qarTuliTeatris xalxuri sawyisebi~ `kukis~ ganmartavs, rogorcberZnulidan wamosul saxels, `koukla~ berZnulad`saTamaSo Tojinas~ niSnavs,xolo `Wuprze~ ki mkvlevariwers, rom igi namdvilad qarTuli warmoSobisaa, vinaidan1orbeliani sulxan-saba. sityvis kona, Tb., 1928., gv. 178.2surgulaZe irakli. miTosi, kulti, rituali saqarTveloSi, gamomc.Tsu., Tb., 2003, gv 130.149

nino dondolaZemas analogi ar moeZebneba. 1irkveva,rom `kukebis Teatri~ saqarTveloSi pirveladindoeTidan anton xuciSvilma Camoitana da mas `tyavebisTamaSs~ uwodebdnen. `kukisa~ da `Wupris~ garda,saqarTvelos istoriaSi Tojinebis sxva saxelebic gvaqvsSemonaxuli, magaliTad: patara kacis qarTuli kuTxuritermini _ `juja~; simindis naqurCelidan damzadebuliTojina - `guga~; dedofaliviT morTul-mokazmulikopwia _ `dedofala~; `tikinadan~ warmoebuli saxeli– `tikina~, rac niSnavs Tojina – qalbatons, `tukuna~ki, tikinas kuTxuri variantia; `Rlapa~ _ raWuliwarmoSobis terminia; `qondara~ qondris kacs niSnavsdasavleT saqarTveloSi; `dal~ _ saTamaSo Tojinaasvanurad; `ZiZi qala~ ki,Tojinas mTiulur warmomavlobasaRniSnavs.`Tojina~ saqarTveloSi warmarTuli droidan ariscnobili da vinaidan sityva `Toji~ risime gadasaxadian zogadad gadasaxads niSnavs, igulisxmeba warmarTulperiodSi adamianebis RmerTebisaTvis garkveulgadasaxadis gadaxda. simbolurad `Toji~ RmerTsa daadamianebs Soris gadasaxadis formaa. 2 aqve unda iTqvas,rom `Tojina~ igivea rac `dedofala~.aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi jerkidev safuZvlianad ar aris gamokvleuli TojinebiswarmoSobis etimologia da maTi simbolika, agreTvemaTi damzadebis teqnologiebi. sanam uSualod Cems mier,raWaSi mopovebul eTnografiuli xasiaTis unikalurmasalas warmovadgende, erTi-ori sityva unda iTqvas imritualebze, romlis drosac saqarTvelos sxvadasxvakuTxeSi gamoiyeneboda `Tojinebi~.1janeliZe dimitri. qarTuli Teatris xalxuri sawyisebi, wigni I,gamomc. `saxelgami~, Tb., 1945, gv. 468.2cagareiSvili sergo. qarTuli Tojinebis Teatris istoria, gamomc.`xelovneba~, Tbilisi, 1948, Ggv. 133.150

qarTuli Tojinebis damzadebis xelovneba`Tojinis~ warmoSoba yvelgan da maT Soris,rasakvirvelia, CvenSi uSualod dakavSirebuliiyo xalxis yofasTan da maT tradiciebTan.`dedofalas~ xSir SemTxvevaSi sakulto daniSnulebahqonda. mas SesTxovdnen uSvilo qalebi Svilis yolas,gvalvis SemTxvevaSi wvimis moyvanas an piriqiT,wvimianobisasamindis gamosvlas, SesTxovdnen agreTve sneulebisagangankurnebas. iseTi daavadebebis dros, rogorebicaa`yivanaxvela~ an `batonebi~ gadajvaredinebul joxebzegaakeTebdnen `Tojinas~, Tavis adgilas gaukeTebdnenRils da gadaakravdnen TeTr qsovils. masze Savi ZafiTamoqargavdnen Tvalwarbs, Tavze rkos quds axuravdnenda tanze dakerebul jibeSi Saqars Caudebdnen dagadaisrodnen Zalian Sors, raTa amiT gaestumrebinaTavadmyofoba. (ix. Ffoto #1)cnobilia, rom mamakacis simbolo oTkuTxedia,xolo qalis ki wre, igi asocirdeba mzis simbolosTan. 1ZiriTadad aseTi Tojinebi mzaddeboda gadajvaredinebulijoxebisagan, romelic Semosili iyo qsoviliT da Tavismagivrad fuli, Rili, an matyliT gamotenili burTihqonda, romelzec zemodan aqargavdnen pirisaxes an/da jvaredinad amoqargavdnen xolme, rac gaRmerTebulmnaTobTa astrologiur simboloebs niSnavda. xSiradsaxes arc axatavdnen, radgan Tvlidnen, rom Tvaliyvelanair siborotes xedavs da imavdroulad,`Tojinas~rom ar daenaxa da ar mieRo es siborote, Tvalebisa dapirisaxis gareSe qmnidnen. xSir SemTxvevaSi Tojinebsfexebi ar uCandaT. maT funqcias an orkapiani joxiasrulebda, an naWrisgan iyo Semosili. cnobilia, rogorcaramoZravi agreTve moZravi `Tojinebi~. mas `ZiZi qalebs~uwodebdnen. (ix. foto #2)`Tojinebis~ sakulto ritualebisaTvis damzadeba1abzianiZe zaza, elaSvili qeTevani. simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopedia,gamomc. `bakmi~, Tb., 2011, gv. 143151

nino dondolaZesanaxaobisamebr, saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSisruldeboda mcireodeni gansxvavebiT. aseT sanaxaobebs`lazarobas~uwodebdnen.L~lazaroba-gonjaobas~ ormxrividaniSnuleba hqonda: igi imarTeboda, rogorc gvalvisas,aseve wvimis drosac, oRond savedrebeli teqsti imismixedviT icvleboda, Tu ras sTxovdnen adamianebikonkretulad RvTaebas. 1 SemorCenilia leqsebi, romelsacpiligrimebi asrulebdnen ritualis dros.kaxeTSi gavrcelebuli iyo `didebaze~ siaruli. amrituals did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen kaxeTSi. maT `monaqali~, anu xatis msaxuri miuZRoda win. imavdrouladicodnen `Tojina gonjas~ gakeTebac, romelsac bavSvebiwin waruZRvebodnen xolme, _ es saqme mTlianad bavSvebzeiyo mindobili. rac Seexeba, `didebaze~ siaruls, amasdidebi asrulebdnen. aRniSnuli imdenad seriozulreligiur ritualad iTvleboda, rom iq bavSvebisCareva ar iyo miRebuli 2 . am ritualis dros qalebifexSiSveli miuZRvebodnen procesias,Semoivlidnen yvelaojaxs, xolo sxva kuTxeebisagan gansxvavebiT, kaxeTSiwylis misxmac ar SeiZleboda. wyals mxolod imasmiasxamdnen, visac `gonja~, anu `Tojina~ eWira. xolo,xatisaTvis wylis misxma yovlad SeuZlebeli iyo. fexissiSiSvles is datvirTva hqonda, rom miwis simxurvalekargad SeegrZnoT. winamZRoli moTqmiT ambobda leqssda danarCenebi godebiTve ayvebodnen mas.Ees teqstidaaxloebiT aseTi iyo: `RmerTo didebulo, mSivrebsnu dagvxocav, gvaRirse wvima-nami, nu dagvRupav, bavSvebsmSiers nu dagvitoveb, iav-nani-na~.am moTqmas ìavnanas~ eZaxdnen. irgvliv Tu romelimesalocavi egulebodaT, yvelas CamoTvlidnen. imSemTxvevaSi, Tu am rituals mamakacebic eswrebodnen, maTfexi Semosili hqondaT. mosaxleoba winaswar agrovebda1surgulaZe irakli. miTosi, kulti, rituali saqarTveloSi, `gamomc.Tsu., Tb., 2003, gv. 226.2iqve, gv. 229.152

qarTuli Tojinebis damzadebis xelovnebafuls da gzadagza macxovreblebisgan iRebda xorags.marxvis periodSi sisxliani sanovagis mirTmeva damiReba ikrZaleboda, amitom es rituali ar ewyobodamarxvis dReebSi. bolos ki, gaSlidnen erT did sufras,romelime taZarTan axlos da moilxendnen. pirvelisityva winamZRols, rogorc mas eZaxdnen _ `mona qals~unda eTqva da isic ityoda: `gaimete eliao raimeqveynisaTvis, mosavali moiyvaneo~. am sityvebis SemdegRvinos dalevda jer `mona qali~, xolo Semdeg sxvadanarCeni. mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT, xandaxan wvima isewamoeweodaT, an moiRrubleboda xolme, rom saxlSimisvlasac ver aswrebdnen.sofel vejinSi odnav gansxvavebuli wesi iyoam ritualis Sesrulebisa: iq ramodenime soflidanSegrovdebodnen qalebi da `Tojinas~, romelsacgaakeTebdnen, ezo-ezo Camoatarebdnen, maspinZeli wyalsgamoitanda da Tojinas ganbanda. am Tojinas `tikinas~eZaxdnen.`lazares~ rac Seexeba, igi falikuri RvTaeba iyo:mag, `lazaria kvarcxa midgomia RmerTsa~. mTxrobelTagadmocemiT, aseve falikuri iyo lazares qarTuliTojinebic, kerZod, wyliT moxvnisas gavrcelebuliyofila saweso bilwsityvaoba da sxvadasxva simboluriseqsualuri qmedebani.2011 wlis zafxulSi, Tojinebis saweso ritualebisada maTi damzadebis wesis gacnobis mizniT, raWissoflebs vewvie,sadac movipive unikaluri eTnografiulixasiaTis masala. vinaidan, aRniSnuli masala samecnieroliteraturaSi ar aris cnobili, detalurad aRvwermas.mTian raWaSi `gonjaze~ siarulis wesi, msgavsadsaqarTvelos zemoaRniSnuli regionebisa, farTodyofila gavrcelebuli. sofel futieTis mkvidrimRvdlis, mama avTandil giorgobianis informaciiT,153

nino dondolaZeam dros gaaSiSvlebdnen 10-15 wlis biWs, romelsactanze naxSirsa da talaxs usmevdnen, xelSi joxsdaaWerinebdnen (sxvaTaSoris,es iyo gamonaklisi,rodesac`gonja~ iyo mamrobiTi sqesis). rodesac miadgebodasoflis macxovrebelTa kars, leqsis Tqma evaleboda,ris Semdegac maspinZeli mas gawuwavda da gamoutandaxorags. es yvelaferi `gonjas~ damsaxurebad iTvleboda,xalxs am ritualis swamda. raWaSi gavrcelebuli iyoagreTve Semdegi ritualebi, iseTebi, rogoricaa: `fustisrituali~, `gvergvi~ da `bekikeebi~.`fustis~ rituali (Caviwere 2011 wlis agvistoSi,sof. futieTSi,mamao avTandil giorgobianisgan) ewyobodasulTmofenobis kviris meore dRes (orSabaT dRes),magramim SemTxvevaSi, Tu sofels an qveyanas raime saSiSroebaeloda, soflis Tavkaci Sekrebda kacebs, gaakeTebdnendid xis jvars, romelsac miscemdnen safrTxobelas,Oanu`Tojina-devis~ formas da Semosavdnen gamxmari gvimriTada xis totebiT. es iyo sabrZolo rituali da amSemTxvevaSi, mtris damarcxebis simbolo _ `fustisTojina~ maRali da didi unda yofiliyo. aRniSnulritualSi sxvadasxva asakis mamakacebi monawileobdnen.rituals soflis uxucesi Tavkaci xelmZRvanelobda.isini Semoartyamdnen wres `dev-Tojinas~, xolo soflisuxucesi (Tavkaci) cecxlmokidebuli isriT `gangmiravda~mas da mxolod amis Semdgom, yvela mamakacsa da ymawvilshqonda ufleba, esrola TojinisaTvis cecxlomikebuliisari. manam, sanam Caiwveboda safrTxobela – `Tojina~mamakacebi ferxulSi Caebmebodnen. aRniSnul ferxulsàmiranis ferxuls~ uwodebdnen. xandaxan es ferxulicxra sarTulsac ki Seicavda. damwvar safrTxobelasCawixlavdnen da fexiT sresdnen. amiT isini `Tojinadevs~anu mters amarcxebdnen. Semdeg dailocebodaTavkaci da miulocavda iq myofT mtris ganadgurebas.(ix. foto # 3 #4)154

qarTuli Tojinebis damzadebis xelovnebasainteresoa, rom saqarTveloSi iseT gavrcelebulsaaxalwlo atributs, rogoric gaxlavT `CiCilaki~,raWaSi, Turme e. w. `gvergvi~ cvlida, romelic mzissimbolos warmoadgenda. mTiani raWis soflebismacxovreblebi `gvergvs~ axali wlis mosvlisaTvisamzadebdnen (Caviwere a. giorgobianis monaTxrobi).Txilis xisgan gaTlili totebiT wres kravdnen, romlisSigniTac gaukeTebdnen jvris formas, zed dakidebdnenxils da ise miarTmevdnen erTmaneTs. uSvilo ojaxebski, gvergvze `Tojina-Rlapasac~ daukidebdnen xolme, _amiT locavdnen da gamravlebas usurvebdnen uSviloebs.aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tu ojaxSi daibadeboda gogo,maSin daamzadebdnen `boSuna-Rlapas~, biWis dabadebisSemTxvevaSi ki ojaxi `kacT-Rlapas~ amzadebda. es iyonaWrisagan damzadebuli xis jvaredin formaze wamocmuli`Tojina-gogo~ da `Tojina- biWi~. (ix. foto #5)cnobili faqtia, rom saqarTveloSi gauTxovariqalebi 4 nawnavs atarebdnen, xolo gaTxovilebi _ ors.aseve iyo Tojinebis damzadebisas. `Tojina~, romelsac4 nawnavi hqonda, `qaliSvili~ gaxldaT, xolo 2 nawnavigaTxovili qalis simbolo iyo. 1 onis raionis soflebSiSobis RamisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo agreTve saSobao`bikikebis~ gamocxoba. es Tojinebi mzaddeboda fqvilisada wylisagan. teqnologia aseTi iyo: magrad mozelilcoms sxvadasxva gamosaxulebis formebs aZlevdnen,mag: cxovelebis, frinvelebisa, Tu patara kacunebisformas. comis figurebi haerze Sreboda, magrdebodada qvavdeboda. ojaxebi, romlebTac bevri Svili hyavda,mozeldnen coms da gamoZerwavdnen misgan sxvadasxvacxovels, TavianTi naSierebiT, an Citebs, Tavisi bartyebiTda Sobis dResaswaulze miarTmevdnen uSvilo ojaxebs, _locavdnen da gamravlebas usurvebdnen maT. (ix. foto#6 #7)sof. futieTSi kvira dRes (aRniSnuli informaciac1RoRoberiZe nino, dedofalebi, gamomc. `sabW. saqarTvelo~, 1964, gv 10.155

nino dondolaZemama avTandil giorgobianma momawoda) sofliswinaswar SerCeul adgilas, rasac `sanaxSo~ erqva,soflis uxucesi mamakacebi ikribebodnen, xelSi eWiraTjoxebi, romelTac `sakacebos~ uwodebdnen. es joxebimxolod damsaxurebisamebr gadaecemodaT soflismomaval Tavkacebs, is muxis an kaklis xis totebisaganmzaddeboda. raWvelebisaTvis muxac da kakalic salocavixeebi gaxldaT. joxebis zeda nawili xelis mtevanswarmoadgenda, xisgan iyo gamoTlili da xelis mtevansSigniT jvris forma iyo amoWrili, xolo qveviTa nawili,riTac es joxi miwas eyrdnoboda, wakveTili formahqonda. xSir SemTxvevaSi rkiniT aformebdnen (ix. foto#8). `sanaxSoSi~ Sekrebili uxucesebi msjelobdnenmTeli soflis Wir-varamze. Sexvedrisas, soflisTavkacni joxebs gadaajvaredinebdnen da ase esalmebodnenerTmaneTs. maTive TxovniT soflis mravalSviliani ojaxiakeTebda `Tojina Rlapas~ da soflis Tavkaci miarTmevdauSvilo ojaxs da gamravlebas usurvebda (aRsaniSnavia,rom es rituali mxolod konkretul dResaswaulebzesruldeboda).kaxeTsa da qarTlSi gavrcelebuli yofila egreTwodebuli `mcveli Tojinebi~. maT `bostnis dedofalas~da `bostnis kukis~ uwodebdnen. am `Tojinebs~, anu`safrTxobelebs~ bostnis dacva evalebodaT.AimavedaniSnulebiT cnobilia `bostnis dedofalebi~ CrdilokavkasiaSi. maT aq `xance-guaSesa~ da `ZRapis~ eZaxdnen.odnav gansxvavebuli rituali tardeboda samcxejavaxeTSi.aq, `didebaze~ siaruls moxucebuli daxanSi Sesuli qalebi Taobdnen, isini Seagrovebnenxolme axalgazrda gogonebs da ase midiodnen kardakardasavlelad. Tan aucileblad hqondaT Tojina `gvalvispatarZali~, romelsac saxeze leCaqisebr ferad qsovilsCamoafarebdnen. Tojinas Tavze Cixti unda keTeboda.CixtSi spilenZis jams Caumagrebdnen da rodesacmaspinZels miadgebodnen, simReras ityodnen: `lazare156

modga karsao…~. simReris damTavrebisTanave, ojaxisdiasaxlisi gamoutanda sanTels, yvelsa da fqvils daam gvalvis patarZals jamiT Tavze wyals gadaasxamda.piligrimebi, Sekrebili sanovagiT mosiaruleni eklesiasmiadgebodnen da iq mRvdeli xats gamoabrZanebda daparakliss gadaixdida yanaSi.rac Seexeba mTa-TuSeTs,aq,wvimis gamowvevis ritualiSemdegnairi iyo: mosaxleoba amzadebda Tojina `sawvimarguguas~. aiRebdnen niCabs, gaukeTebdnen xisagan xelebs,niCbis Tavs TeTri samosiT Semosavdnen, viTomda saxeao,xolo niCbis tars ise morTavdnen, rogorc patarZals.amgvarad Semosil Tojinas `maWkulosac~ uwodebdnen.Tojina mdinareze CahyavdaT, pirs dabandnen da zogjermiwaSic marxavdnen wvimis molodinSi myofni.wvimasTan dakavSirebuli rituali gansxvavebuladsruldeboda samegreloSi. aq, sawvimari `Tojina~yovelTvis qalTan asocirdeboda. aseT `Tojinebs~sxvadasxva saxeli erqva: mag., aRmosavleT samegreloSimas `maWyudias~ eZaxdnen. zugdidis raionSi ki, _ `ZiZakvakvas~,galSi `Zivagas~. 1 miuxedavad imisa, rom `Tojinebs~sxvadasxva saxeli hqonda, wvimis gamomwvevi ritualimTels samegreloSi TiTqmis erTnairad sruldeboda, mag.,qalebi da gogoebi daamzadebdnen xis joxebisagan jvrisformas da mas SefuTavdnen qsovilebiT. saxeze TeTrqsovils gaukeTebdnen da naxSiriT uxatavdnen Tvalebsada pirs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, aseTi Tojinebi adamianissimaRlisac iyvnen, radganac tanisamosi adamianebs Tavisisaxlidan gamohqondaT. ase morTul-mokazmul `Tojinas~jer kardakar Camoatarebdnen, xolo Semdeg, mdinarisakenCauyvebodnen. es procesia tirilisa da wivil-kivilisfonze mimdinareobda. amgvari datirebis mizezi ki,`Tojinis~ daxrCoba iyo.sainteresoa, rom msgavsi rituali afxazeTSic1surgulaZe irakli. miTosi, kulti, rituali saqarTveloSi, gamomc.Tsu, Tb., 2003, gv 235.qarTuli Tojinebis damzadebis xelovneba157

nino dondolaZetardeboda, rasac XIX saukunis istoriuli wyaroebimowmoben. aseT `Tojinas~, romelic am ritualis drosgamoiyeneboda, `Zivoi~ erqva. igi TiTqmis adamianissimaRle iyo. rituali mxolod didi gvalvis drossruldeboda. tanisamosiT Semosil `Tojinas~ virzeSemosvamdnen, romelsac TeTri qsovili hqondagadafarebuli da mdinareze miacilebdnen, xolo SemdegmdinareSi CaaxrCobdnen.ATan afxazur enaze ambobdnen:`Zivou! Zivou! Ziri qva-qva makrild avaS axls damSral~,rac daaxloebiT Semdegnairad iTargmneba: `wvimis wyalsda Svid damSral wyaros~. es iyo vedreba wylismosvlisaTvis. 1amgvarad, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi sakmaodmtkice tradicia arsebobda `ritualuri Tojinebis~damzadebisa. Cven SevecadeT warmogveCina xalxiswiaRSi dabadebuli am wes-Cveulebebis simboluridatvirTva, amogvexsna Tojinebis im gamosaxulebebSi,romelTa mxatvruli saxe xSir SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTsemsgavseboda, mcireodeni, magram semantikuradmniSvnelovani gansxvavebebiT. mniSvnelovania is faqtic,rom Zveli warmarTuli sanaxaobebi, rogorc ZirZvelitradiciebi, sakmaod sicocxlisunarianni aRmoCndnenda qristianobasTan transformirebuli saxiT, TiTqmisdRevandel dRemde cocxloben saqarTvelos raionebSi• abzianiZe z,elaSvili q.,simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopedia,gamomc. `bakmi~, Tb., 2011• orbeliani sulxan-saba. sityvis kona, Tb., 1928• surgulaZe i., miTosi, kulti, rituali saqarTveloSi, gamomc. Tsu.Tb., 2003• janeliZe d., qarTuli Teatris xalxuri sawyisebi, wigni I, gamomc.`saxelgami~, Tb., 1945• cagareiSvili s., qarTuli Tojinebis Teatris istoria, gamomc.`xelovneba~, Tbilisi, 1948•RoRoberiZe n., dedofalebi, gamomc. `sabW. saqarTvelo~, 19641surgulaZe irakli. miTosi, kulti, rituali saqarTveloSi, gamomc.Tsu, Tb., 2003158

qarTuli Tojinebis damzadebis xelovneba`dedofali~ #1SemorCenili pirvelimeqanikuri `Tojinebi~#2`fustis~ rituali raWaSi #3`fustis~ rituali raWaSi #4159

nino dondolaZe`bekikeebi~ #6`gvergvi~ #5`bekikeebi~ #7`sakacebo xeljoxi~#8160

Tamar sarCimeliZe,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTaveli Teatris da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,xelovnebaTmcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli irine abesaZeriTmis mniSvnelobis sakiTxi suraTiskompoziciaSizogadad riTmis Sesaxebmsoflio ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze riTmigaxda mravali, sabunebismetyvelo da humanitarulmecnierebaTa disciplinebis analizis sagani (pedagogika,sociologia, medicina, maTematika da a. S.), Tumca,umTavresi damsaxureba riTmis kvlevaSi ekuTvnismusikaTmcodneobas, poeziismcodneobas, biologias daxelovnebaTmcodneobas.riTmi (berZ. rhythmos- moZraoba,taqti,denadoba) arisanalogiuri movlenebis elementebisa da urTierTobebisperioduli monacvleoba sivrcesa Tu droSi.riTmi gvevlineba rogorc materiis, maT Soris,cocxali organizmebis, universaluri organizacia.am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia: kosmiur movlenaTa riTmuloba;araorganuli bunebis mqone riTmebi (moqceva,kristalebiswaxnagebi da a.S.); mcenareuli samyaros riTmuli ciklebi(zrdis, gardaqmnis da a. S.); biologiuri riTmebi(`fiziologiuri saaTi~,nivTierebaTa cvla,sunTqva,gulida a. S.)cnobilia, rom organuli bunebis riTmebi ufrovariaciulebi da plastikurebi arian,vidre araorganulibunebis riTmebi. magaliTad, kristalebis simetria ufromkacri da usicocxloa, vidre yvavilis an xis simetria.161

Tamar sarCimeliZeriTmi xelovnebaSirogorc xelovnebaTmcodne elene volkova aRniSnavs:`xelovnebis riTmi, rasakvirvelia, ufro axloaorganuli samyaros perioduli ganmeorebis principebTan,vidre manqanisa da teqnikis riTmi. mxatvruli riTmi,yovelTvis Seesatyviseba adamianis fsiqo-fiziologiurSesaZleblobebs da reaqciebs. xelovnebaTmcodnis azriT,is SeiZleba iyos gamovlenili mxatvruli nawarmoebisyvela doneze, iqneba es: intonaciur-xatovan, strofulkompoziciur,siuJetur, Tu arqiteqturaSi ornamentulimotividan, arqiteqturuli masivebiT damTavrebuli;musikaSi erTmaneTis gverdiT mdgomi xmebiT dawyebuli,Tu ciklebis urTierTobebis doneze gamovlenili“ 1 .xelovnebis riTmi, cdilobs ra iyos organulisamyaros ganmeorebis principebis adekvaturi, isyovelTvis Seesatyviseba adamianis fsiqo-fiziologiurSesaZleblobebs da reaqciebs. perioduloba Tavs iCensmxolod movlenebSi, romlebsac aqvT drois CveneburimasStabi. is CvenTvis qreba, rodesac misi sixSire metiavidre 16-20 rxeva wamSi. cnobili frangi mkvlevrisa. molis mixedviT, imisaTvis, rom gaCndes molodini,gaCndes periodulobis efeqti, unda moxdes 3-4 movlena(magaliTad,poeziaSi saWiroa,rogorc minimum 3 erTeuli:meore erTeuli gvaiZulebs Cven riTmis winaTgrZnobas,xolo mesame adasturebs am molodins).àrqiteqturaSi, 4 erTeuli aris aucilebeliminimaluri raodenoba, rom gaCndes riTmuli moZraobisefeqti. 2 sveti jer kidev ar iZleva riTmulobisSegrZnebas, radgan Tvali svetebs Soris RerZze Cerdeba.3 sveti qmnis analogiur efeqts, radgan Wvretisas esRerZi ukve Sua svetze modis da masze Cerdeba mzera.riTmis dinamikuri zemoqmedebaa _ 4 sveti. berZnuli taZris1Волкова Е.,Произведение искусства - предмет эстетического анализа,M ,. 1976, gv.239_246.162

iTmis mniSvnelobis sakiTxi suraTis kompoziciaSifrontonSi svetebis Cveuli normaa _ 6~ 1 .riTmi axasiaTebT mravalferovan Caketil, moZrav dadenad formebs. aq riTmi warmarTavs formaTa denadobasda Segubebas, kvanZis gaxsnasa da Sekvras, kumSvasa dagafarToebas.mravlad gvxvdeba riTmis magaliTebi qarTul saeklesioxuroTmoZRvrebaSi. sagulisxmoa,rom ornamentsa da qvaSigamokveTili CuqurTma, odiTganve sulierebis simbolurenas warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSi qvaSi amoZravebuliformaTa nakadebis riTmi religiur-sulieri impulsebiszemoqmedebis erT-erT umTavres Zalad gvevlineba.riTms gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba xalxur,dekoratiul-gamoyenebiT xelovnebaSi. sadac sxvadasxvamasalaSi warmodgenil, folklorul da religiurimotivebze Seqmnil mravalricxovan kompoziciebSi uxvadgvxvdeba simboluri,ornamentuli formebis gansazRvrulimonacvleoba.riTmi mxatvrobaSimusikismcodneobasa da poetikaSi riTmis gansazRvrebakargad aris damuSavebuli, rasac ver vityviT ferweraze,sadac riTmis cnebis gamoyeneba gardauvalad ejaxebasuraTis organzomilebianobas~ 2 .suraTis metyveleba, misi zemoqmedeba ganpirobebuliaSinaarsiTa da gadmocemulia formiT. mis Sesaqmneladmxatvrebi sxva xerxebTan erTad, riTms mimarTaven.`riTmi mxatvrobaSi es aris: Tematuri motivebis,situaciebis, aRmweri detalebis, feriTi laqebis,grafikuli xazebis, intonaciis da a. S. sxvadasxvaganmeorebis tipebi~.riTmi monawileobs ara marto gamosaxulebisagebaSi, aramed xSirad Sinaarssac aniWebs mas da ZaluZsawios an dawios suraTis emociuri muxti, gaaZlieros1s. ginsburgis sityvebi citirebulia:. Волкова Е., Произведениеискусства - предмет эстетического анализа, M, . 1976, gv. 251.2 Волков 3. Н., Композиция в Живписи, “Искусство’’, М., 1977,gv. 64163

Tamar sarCimeliZeSinaarsobrivi dinamika. Sesabamisad riTmi arsebobs neli,harmoniuli, dinamikuri da dramatulic ki.riTmis rRvevanebismieri riTmuli rigi xelovnebaSi aigebada aRiqmeba, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, gansazRvrulerTeulTa msgavsebis safuZvelze, amitom riTmis aseTkanonzomierebas, SeuZlia CvenSi gamoiwvios, rogorcdadasturebis molodini, aseve specifikuri gancda,misi rRvevis SemTxvevaSi. rogorc xelovnebismcodne e.volkova Tvlis, `zogadad xelovnebis damaxasiaTebeliTaviseburebaa riTmis `wyveta~, riTmuli aqcentebi,sicarieleebi da Tavmoyra. konkretulad ki sivrculxelovnebebSi iqmneba ra riTmis SeCerebis problema,is gamoixateba ganmeorebad elementTa raodenobisSezRudvaSi, centris Seqmnasa da mimdebare elementebisgamoyofaSi~ 1 (sur. 1).riTmi da moZraobaTuki drois xelovnebebis – musikisa da poeziissafuZvelSive devs droSi ganviTarebuli moqmedeba(moZraoba),sivrcul xelovnebebSi,anu saxviTi xelovnebisdargebs ar axasiaTebT droSi qmedeba, anu moZraoba, amisgamo, mxatvrebi iZulebulni arian sibrtyeze, kerZod,sasuraTe formatze Seqmnan qmedebis (moZraobis)iluzia.saxviT xelovnebaSi mravlad aris iseTi namuSevrebi,sadac moZraoba aRiqmeba mxolod suraTis Sinaarsidan,siuJeturi Txrobidan gamomdinare, anu, rodesacgamosaxuleba ilustrirebas ukeTebs moZraobas. moZraobisgamosaxuleba ufro efeqturi da STambeWdavi xdeba, Tumis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneba gamomsaxvelobis iseTi xerxi,rogoricaa riTmi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mxatvrebisaTvis,1Волкова Е., Произведение искусства - предмет эстетического анализа,M .1976, gv.239 -252164

iTmis mniSvnelobis sakiTxi suraTis kompoziciaSiriTmi erTgvari `jadosnuri~ xerxia, romlis meSveobiTmaT SeuZliaT sibrtyeze gadmoscen moZraoba. suraTSimoZraoba mxatvris niWis da artistizmis erT-erTigamovlenaa, magram imisaTvis, rom xelovanma moZraobariTmis meSveobiT gadmosces, man unda icodes misikanonzomiereba da isic Tu mocemuli riTmi saboloodrogor imuSavebs kompoziciis saerTo ideisaTvis. ismiskiTxva ratom gadmoscems riTmi moZraobas?SeTanxmebis sagania, rom es dakavSirebulia CvensmxedvelobasTan. mzera, romelic gadaadgildeba erTigamomsaxveli elementidan,misi msgavsi meore elementisken,TiTqos Tavad monawileobs moZraobaSi. magaliTad,rodesac vuyurebT talRebs da gadagvaqvs mzera erTitalRidan meoreze, amiT iqmneba maTi moZraobis iluzia(sur.2.).suraTis riTmulobis meSveobiT damTvalierebelssaSualeba eZleva imoZraos mxatvris mier SeqmnilsamyaroSi,ganicados sivrce,dinamika,movlenaTa dramatizmida a. S.moZraobis da misi ganviTarebis win wamosawevadmxatvrebi iyeneben riTmis gamZafrebis iseT xerxebs,rogoricaa moZraobebis dapirispireba. magaliTad,diagonaluri (dinamikuri) xazis, formis an monasmismonacvleobis Sepirispireba,vertikalur an horizontalurmonacvleobasTan da a. S.riTmis sqematuri ganxilvaxelovnebaTmcodne nikoloz volkovi Tavisfundamentur gamokvlevaSi `kompozicia ferweraSi~(1977 weli) Tvlis, rom `suraTSi riTmi SesaZloaagreTve ganvixiloT, rogorc saxieri geometriis erTerTiganxra da iqve svams kiTxvas: rogor gavigoTriTmuli agebuleba sibrtyeze? xelovnebaTmcodneebi damxatvrebi xom dabejiTebiT afaseben kompoziciebs maTi165

Tamar sarCimeliZeriTmulobidan gamomdinare. ra niSnebis safuZvelze?~ 1sakiTxis gasarkvevad kvlevas mivmarTav riTmissqematur ganxilvaze cnobili mxatvrebis suraTebis(peizaJebis,naturmortebis,portretebis da kompoziciebis)magaliTebis moxmobiT.riTmis gamoyenebis kanonzomierebebis sqematuradganxilvisas TvalnaTliv Cans,rom mxatvrebi xSirad iyeneben,rogorc ukve aRiniSna: vertikaluri, horizontaluri,diagonaluri, rkaliseburi an wriuli xazebis, formebis,feris laqebis da a. S. monacvleobas. swored ammonacvleobaTa sxvadasxva kombinacia warmoadgens qvemoTmoyvanili konkretuli kompoziciaTa sametyvelo enisgansakuTrebulobas.portreticnobilia, rom portretul xelovnebaSi adamianisxasiaTis siRrmeebi yvelaze ufro metad mJRavndebakonkretul moqmedebaSi, konkretul moZraobaSi, amitomportretSi mxatvrebi cdiloben, ara mxolod aRbeWdongamosaxuleba, aramed gamoxaton gamosaxulebis arsiqmedebaSi da ganmsWvalon is dinamikiT. isini xSiradadamianis fsiqoganwyobis gadmosacemad riTmis xerxsacmimarTaven. magaliTad a.Mmodilianis portretSi`mklavgadaweuli~ (sur. 3, 4) gamoyenebulia diagonaluririTmi. qalis xelebi,saxe da mkveTrad aqcentirebuli Tmamoyvanilia diagonalur moZraobaSi, rac gamZafrebuliasxeulisa da interieris sagnebis formebis vertikalurformebTan SepirispirebiT. amgvarad miiRweva portretisaraerTgavarovani moZraobis efeqti, romelic qalisim wuTier ganwyobasa da misi xasiaTis TvisebebzemigvaniSnebs.1Волков Н., Композиция в Живписи. “ Искусство”, М., 1977,gv.64_68166

iTmis mniSvnelobis sakiTxi suraTis kompoziciaSinaturmortinaturmorti xSirad aris agebuli wriuli,vertikaluri, horizontaluri da diagonaluri riTmissxvadasxva kombinaciaze.x. miros warmodgenil tiloze `naturmorti vardiT~,SenarCunebulia sagnobrivi samyaros formaTa mTlianoba.Aaq dominirebs diagonaluri dinamikuri riTmi, romelicSefardebulia wriuli formebis monacvleobasTan.mxatvarma praqtikulad gamoricxa naturmortSivertikaluri an horizontaluri forma, Tu xazi(esoden damaxasiaTebeli klasikuri naturmortisTvis).naturmortSi wamyvani mwvane feri (TavisTavad wynarida stabiluri) moyvanilia dinamikaSi formaTa riTmiT,rasac kidev ufro amZafrebs vardis (sapirispiro)wiTeli feri (sur. 5, 6).k.Llakazis naturmorti ki Seqmnilia sagnobriviformebis Sinaarsobrivi (cnebiTi) mxaris win wamoweviT.rac mocemul SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs konkretulimaterialuris (moculobis, masStabis, Suq-Crdilisda a. S.) ugulebelyofas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseTSemTxvevaSi sagani kargavs Tavis sagnobriobas dagadaiqceva abstraqtul formad, romlis manipulaciiTada komponirebiT mxatvrebi qmnian formaTa riTms,Sesabamisad `moZraobas~ da ase ukeTeben organizebassuraTis abstraqtul sivrces (sur.7, 8).peizaJizogadad suraTebSi bunebis landSafturi reliefisgamosaxva sxvadasxva (vertikaluri, horizontaluri,diagonaluri da morkaluli) formis monacvleobisgamoyenebas ganapirobebs. peizaJebi xSirad Seicavsyvela zemoT xsenebuli formebis erTobliobas, amasTanerTad maTi kompoziciuri wyoba riTmis ganviTarebiskanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba.167

Tamar sarCimeliZeganvixiloT ufro detalurad peizaJebSi gamoyenebuliriTmTa saxesxvaoba. landSaftebis gamosaxvisas xSiradaris gamoyenebuli xeebis vertikaluri formebismonacvleoba,rac suraTSi qmnis dominantur vertikalurriTms. igive vertikaluri riTmuli wyoba xSiradgvxvdeba arqiteqturul peizaJSic.sibrtyobrivi landSafturi reliefis modelirebisas,xSiria mkveTrad gamoyofili samiplanis monacvleobiTSeqmnili peizaJebi (mag., miwis reliefis gamomsaxvelipeizaJebi an wylisa da haerovani sivrcis SemcvelilandSaftebi), sadac mxatvrebi horizontalurisibrtyeebis monacvleobiT, suraTSi horizontaluririTmis gancdas qmnian. mxatvrobaSi ganaTebis anu bnelsivrceSi mzis,mTvaris da a. S. naTelis gradaciis,gamosaxvawarmoCenilia wriuli impulsuri ganviTarebis riTmiT(sur. 9,10). sagulisxmoa,rom `suraTSi riTmis problemissirTule da agreTve, misi sqematuri gamosaxulebissirTulec, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom riTmulia arama rtoageba sibrtyeze,aramed misi ageba siRrmeSic~ 1 . mTagorianipeizaJebis mravalferovani variaciebic, Tavis mxriviqmneba mTebis riTmuli siRrmiseuli agebiT sasuraTesibrtyeze (sur. 11,12). aseve niSandoblivia,rom suraTSidiagonaluri riTmi qaris, niavisa da wvimis gamosaxvissaSualebad gvevlineba.Tematuri kompoziciaganvixiloT e. degas ori planisgan Semdgaribalerinebis amsaxveli suraTi, romelic RirSesaniSnaviaor gansxvavebul kanonzomierebaze agebuli riTmiT. winaplanze ganTavsebuli ori figuris diagonaluri dawriuli formebis riTmi, qmnis paraleluri ganviTarebismartiv, magram esTetikurad daxvewil kompozicias.suraTis siRrmeSi, meore planze, ki mcire masStabis1Н. Волков ,, Композиция в Живписи’’ ,,, Искусство ’’, Москва1977gv.64_68168

iTmis mniSvnelobis sakiTxi suraTis kompoziciaSifigurebSi ormagi dinamikuri diagonaluri riTmiaRiniSneba.Aaqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom orplanSi gadawyvetili riTmi, kompoziciaSi xazs usvamsmis agebulebas, sivrcis siRrmesa da moZraobas (sur. 13, 14).aRsaniSnavia kompoziciebi, sadac mxatvrebi iyenebendiagonaluri da vertikaluri riTmis Sefardebis xerxs,romelic diagonalur formas ufro diagonaluradwarmoaCens da amiT diagonaluri (isedac moZravi)formaTa monacvleoba, ufro metad moZravi xdeba.Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi kompoziciis riTmic mkveTradmoZravi da dinamikuria (mag., m. Sagali _ `dabadebisdRe‘‘). igive SeiZleba iTqvas J. sioras kompoziciaSi`mTibavi‘‘ Seqmnil riTmzec, im gansxvavebiT, rom aqmoZravi, `Cqari‘‘ diagonalisa da `wynari~ horizontaliTmoZraobis (aCqarebuli da mSvidi) urTierTobebiTxdeba diagonaluri riTmisa da imavdroulad, moZraobisgamZafreba.calke SeiZleba gamovyoT iseTi riTmi, romelicdamTvaliereblis mzeras kompoziciis centrisken mimarTavs,rac saucxood exmareba kompozicias SekvraSi. aseTiamagaliTad a. de tuluz-lotrekis afiSis kompoziciisriTmi,sadac kankanis mocekvave qalTa sxeulebis formaTamonacvleobiT inspirirebuli Cveni mzera ZalauneburadmiemarTeba mxatvris mier kompoziciurad winaswargansazRvruli monakveTisken (sur. 15, 16).p. sezanis kompoziciaSi `didi mobanaveebi~ igiveriTmuli kanonzomierebaa, rac zeda kompoziciaSi.mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom formebis (diagonaluri damorkaluli) monacvleobiT Seqmnili riTmi vrceldebasuraTis orive mxares. Sedegad, riTmi qmnis kompoziciiscentralur nawilSi, Sida intervalur sivrces, sadacsiRrmeSi asaxuli ori mcire zomis figura, e. w.kompoziciis centrad aRiqmeba (sur. 17, 18).sainteresoa riTmis ganxilva iseT kompoziciaSi,sadac169

Tamar sarCimeliZegaremo da formac warmoadgens abstraqtul sasuraTesivrces.Aam saxis kompoziciebSi damTvaliereblis mzerakoncentrirdeba formasa da ferze,radgan maTi saxasiaToxatovani metyveleba,am SemTxvevaSi kompoziciis TxrobiTiSinaarsis sanacvlod aris warmodgenili.AaseT viTarebaSigamoyenebuli riTmi gamosaxulebis erTgvari amoZravebis,misi dinamikis Seqmnis mniSvnelovan xerxad gvevlineba.daskvnis saxiT, kvlav xelovnebaTmcodne e. volkovasdavesesxebi da aRvniSnav, rom: `suraTis esodenmniSvnelovani, kompoziciuri mTlianoba iqmneba misikomponentebis gansazRvruli erTgvarovnebis, Tanxmovanebis,msgavsebis, analogiurobis arsebobisas. swored riTmi,romelic Tematuri motivebis, situaciebis, detalebis,feriTi laqebis, grafikuli xazebis, intonaciebis, daa. S. monacvleobas warmoadgens, gvevlineba mxatvrulinawarmoebis kompoziciuri mTlianobis Seqmnis erT-erTumniSvnelovanes saSualebad~. 1gamoyenebuli literaturaB• Волкова Е., Произведение искусства - предмет эстетическогоанализа, M ., 1976• Бюхер К., Работа и ритм, М., 1923 (1896)• Волков Н ., Композиция в Живписи, М., 1977• Кандинский В., Точка и линия на плоскости, изд. “Азбукакласика”, Санкт- Ретербург, 2000.• Kutzli R., Entfaltung Schopferischer Krafte Durch LebendingesFormenzeichnen, Verlag „Die Kommenden“, Freiburg• MARTIN M., HEEL –DUNKEL, VERLAG AM „GOETEANUM“,1997• HARTMAN K., G. NELSON DURER „BEPPE ASSENZA „ VERLAG„ GIDEON SPIKER ‘’, 2005;8 sqemebi ekuTvnis avtors1Волкова Е., Произведение искусства - предмет эстетического анализа,M., 1976, gv.239170

iTmis mniSvnelobis sakiTxi suraTis kompoziciaSisur. 2 okusaisur. 1 mirosur. 3 modilianisur. 4 modilianisur. 5 mirosur. 6. miro171

Tamar sarCimeliZesur. 7 lakazisur. 8 lakazisur. 9 martinisur. 10 martinisur. 11 pisarosur. 12 pisaro172

iTmis mniSvnelobis sakiTxi suraTis kompoziciaSisur. 13 degasur. 14 degasur. 15 lotrekisur. 16 lotrekisur. 17 sezanisur. 18 sezani173

174qeTevan oCxikiZe,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa dakinos saxelmwifo universiteti,xelovnebaTmcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli: nato gengiuricodvilTa dasjis Tema `gankiTxvis dRis~ikonografiaSi(qarTuli xelovnebis X-XIII ss-is nimuSebismagaliTze)XI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis, anu mas Semdeg, racsaqarTveloSi eklesiaTa sruli moxatvis sistemadamkvidrda, TiToeulma ikonografiulma Temam Tavisiadgili daikava taZris interierSi. mxatvruli sqemebisganviTareba, rogorc gumbaTovan, ise ugumbaTo eklesiebSi,garkveulwilad, dakavSirebuli iyo qveynis politikurekonomikurda ra Tqma unda, kulturul viTarebasTan,rac Taviseburad gavlenas axdenda am procesze.mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, qarTuli eklesiaTavisufali iyo ikonografiuli sqemebis damuSavebaSi,ramac ganapiroba kidec misi TviTmyofadoba. TumcamxatvrobasTan dakavSirebiT, arsebiTia misi kavSiribizantiis xelovnebasTan.qarTuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebis interierismoxatulobis Teologiuri programebi ukavSirdebauflis maradiuli didebis ideas da TiToeuli scenaTu kompozicia am ideis irgvliv aris gaerTianebuli.gumbaTsa Tu sakurTxevlis konqSi gamosaxuli `jvrisamaRlebisa~ da `qristes amaRlebis~ kompoziciebiesqatologiuri SinaarsiT arian datvirTulni da amiT`meored mosvlis~ TemasTan pirdapiri kavSiri aqvT. esukanaskneli ki, Tavis mxriv, kidev ramdenime Temas moicavs,maT Soris ganixileba `deisusi~, rogorc mimaniSnebeli`saSinel samsjavroze~ da sakuTriv `gankiTxvis dRis~kompozicia.

`gankiTxvis dRis~ mravalfigurian, mravalkomponentiankompozicias, TiTqmis yovelTvis dasavleT kedeli anmTlianad dasavleT mklavi eTmoba. 1 misi ikonografiaZiriTadad, efrem asuris or da sxva esqatologiurTxzulebebzea dafuZnebuli, romelTa mizani iyo,dawvrilebiT aRewera qristianuli dogmatisaTvis esumniSvnelovanesi Tema. saqarTveloSi, `gankiTxvis dRis~moxatulobaSi gamoCena maSin unda momxdariyo, rocaeklesiis interieris srulad moxatvis aucileblobissakiTxi dadga da erT-erTi adreuli nimuSi, romelicam periods ganekuTvneba, aris daviT garejis kompleqsSiSemavali, udabnos monastris mTavari eklesiisdasavleT kedlis moxatuloba (XI s.). `gankiTxvisdRis~ ikonografia mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba damasSi ramdenime ZiriTadi komponentia gaerTianebuli:`deisusi,~ saydari ganmzadebuli – hetimasia, adam daevas gamosaxulebebi, mebuke angelozebi, romlebic uflismeored mosvlas iuwyebian, marTalTa gundebi, cecxlovanimdinare, samoTxe da jojoxeTis satanjvelebi, angelozismier cis Segragvna, sulTa awonvis scena da sxv. xSirad,moxatulobaSi CarTulia Teofaniuri xasiaTis kompozicia,qriste mandorlaSi qerubimebTan erTad, warmodgenilirogorc mTavari msajuli.`saSinel samsjavroSi~ gaerTianebul TemaTa ammravalferovnebidan Cven winamdebare naSromSi erTsakiTxs gamovyofT. esaa codvilTa dasjis gamosaxvisTaviseburebebi.`gankiTxvis dRis~ ikonografia didi xnis ganmavlobaSiyalibdeboda. es exeba masSi Semaval konkretul siuJetebsac,maT Soris codvilTa dasjasac. Camoyalibebis procesismimdinareoba kargad Cans uZveles bizantiur,kapadokiur TuqarTul moxatulobebSi. kompoziciuri mravalferovnebiTgamoirCeva codvilTa dasjis scenebi. maTi gamosaxva,1arsebobs gamonaklisebic, mag., varZiis mTavar eklesiaSi mas samxreTistoa mTlianad aqvs daTmobili.175

qeTevan oCxikiZeZiriTadad, `jojoxeTis~ an `satanis~ figuris irgvlivxdeboda,geheniis,anu Cauqrobeli cecxlis fonze. amgvariscenebiT eklesia cdilobda, TiToeul adamianis sulSigaeRviZebina miZinebuli sinanulis grZnoba da eCvenebinamonaniebis aucilebloba, raTa momavalSi maT TavidanaecilebinaT aseTi xvedri. amgvari scenebi ara mxolodtanjvasa da wuxils gamoxatavs, aramed adamians uflismier Sewynarebis, gadarCenis imedsac usaxavs marTalicxovrebis gzis arCevisas. sainteresoa satanis,`bneleTisTavadis~ ikonografiac, romelic xSirad aris CarTuli`gankiTxvis dRis~ kompoziciebSi.miuxedavad imisa, rom es kompozicia X-XIIIsaukuneebis TiTqmis yvela moxatul taZarSi gvxvdeba,misi yvelaze adreuli, Cvenamde moRweuli nimuSimqandakeblobaSi SemorCa. joisubnis reliefur filaze,qarTul xelovnebaSi `gankiTxvis dRis~ yvelazeadreuli gamosaxulebaa. fila eklesiis aRmosavleTfasadis sarkmlis moCarCoebas warmoadgenda da Xsaukunis I naxevriT TariRdeba. joisubnis reliefze`saSineli samsjavros~ Tema Semoklebuli redaqciiTaris warmodgenili. igi saukuneze metiT xniT adreSeiqmna, amave Temis Semcvel pirvel qarTul ferwerulnimuSTan anu udabnos mTavari eklesiis moxatulobasTanSedarebiT. joisubnis reliefis ikonografiuliprogramis lakonuroba imaze miuTiTebs, rom programajer kidev ar aris bolomde Camoyalibebuli, udaboSi ki,is ufro ganviTarebuli da mravlismomcvelia.joisubnis reliefuri fila Svidi nawilisaganSedgeba,romelTagan sami konkretulad `gankiTxvis dRis~movlenebs asaxavs. kompoziciuri ageba ferwerulisasSeesabameba da centrSi aRsaydrebuli qristeawarmodgenili, gverdebze mociqul petre da pavlesTanerTad. momdevno filaze angelozis mier sulTaawonvaa gamosaxuli, mis mopirdapired, mesame filazeki qtitorebis Temaa. unda aRiniSnos, rom qtitorTa176

codvilTa dasjis Tema `gankiTxvis dRis~ ikonografiaSiCarTva `gankiTxvis dRis~ kompoziciaSi uCveuloa damogvianebiT atenis moxatulobaSi meordeba.X-XIII saukuneebSi agebul taZrebSi – udabnos mTavareklesiaSi,atenSi,boWormaSi,ikvSi,varZiaSi,timoTesubanSi,beTaniaSi, berTubanSi, ozaanSi, axtalaSi, da a. S. gvxvdeba`gankiTxvis dRis~ vrceli kompozicia,romelSic TiTqmisyovelTvis aris CarTuli codvilTa dasjis scenebi,jojoxeTis satanjvelebi, urCxulze amxedrebulisatanis gamosaxuleba, romelTa ikonografiac amjeradCveni Seswavlis sagans warmoadgens.winamdebare moxsenebaSi, Cven SevecadeT Tvaligagvedevnebina, Tu rogor ganviTarda `gankiTxvis dRis~ikonografia Cvenamde moRweuli uZvelesi nimuSidanmoyolebuli, momdevno saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi da amprocesis TvalsaCinoebisTvis udabnos mTavari taZrismxatvrobasTan erTad, atenis sionis, boWormis, ikvis,ozaanis,axtalas analogiuri siuJetis mqone moxatulobacmogvyavs magaliTebad. Cveni interesis sagans warmoadgens`gankiTxvis dRis~ kompoziciaSi Semavali codvilTadasjis scenebisa da jojoxeTis ikonografiis Seswavla,rogor mimdinareobda am Temis ganviTarebis procesi, dara redaqciebiT gvxvdeba is saqarTveloSi.miuxedavad imisa, rom zemoT CamoTvlili eklesiebismoxatulobebs sxvadasxva dros ikvlevdnen S.amiranaSvili, g. CubinaSvili, T. virsalaZe, n. aladaSvili,ek. privalova, a. oqropiriZe da mravali sxva, `saSinelisamsjavros~ gamosaxulebebi samecniero literaturaSikompleqsurad Seswavlili ar aris da naSromebSi maT,ZiriTadad, aRweriTi xasiaTi aqvT.yvela zemoT CamoTvlil ZeglSi `gankiTxvis dRis~gavrcobil redaqciebs vxvdebiT, romlebSic CvenTvissaintereso – codvilTa dasjis epizodebia CarTuli daerTi SexedviT, mraval, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul TusaerTo scenebsa da niSnebs Seicaven. am moxatulobaTaSeswavlisa da urTierTSedarebis safuZvelze, gvsurs177

qeTevan oCxikiZedavadginoT maT Soris arsebuli msgavseba-gansxvavebani.aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Cven mier am Zeglebis moxmobagamowveulia ara imiT, rom maT raime klasifikaciaSivaerTianebT, aramed imiT, rom Cveni kvlevis am konkretuletapze CamoTvlili nimuSebis SeswavliT varTdainteresebulni. es gamoricxavs X-XIII saukuneebis`gankiTxvis dRis~ sxva kompoziciebis kvlevisugulebelyofas momavalSi da es Cveni Zalisxmeva,saerTojamSi,saqarTveloSi `gankiTxvis dRisa~ da masSi Semavaliscenebis ikonografiuli gadawyvetis Taviseburebebissruli suraTis Sesaqmnelad aris mimarTuli.udabnos monasteri daviT garejis lavrasTan axlos,qedis gadaRma, samxreTiT mdebareobs da kldeSi nakveTimravalricxovani,sxvadasxva daniSnulebis samyoflebisaganSedgeba. qedis centrSi mTavari taZaria da masSi`gankiTxvis dRe~ dazianebuli saxiTaa SemorCenili.eklesiis samxreTi kedeli Camongreulia, amis gamodasavleT kedlis samxreT nawilSi arsebuli mxatvrobagaSiSvlebulia da bunebrivi stiqiebis gamo mTlianadwaSlilia. CrdiloeT nawilSi SemorCenili mxatvrobidanCans, rom kompoziciebi sam registradaa ganawilebuli.meore registri swored `jojoxeTis satanjvelebs~eTmoba. kompozicia mTlianad cecxlis wiTeli alisenebis fonzea gamosaxuli. centrSi warmodgeniliaangelozis monumenturi figura, romelic codvilebsjojoxeTisaken ubiZgebs. codvilTa jgufs warmoadgenenCalmiani mamakacebi. 1 isini, savaraudod, warmarTebi anmusulmanebi unda iyvnen da TavianTi mwvaleblurisarwmunoebisaTvis unda isjebodnen. codvilni mudariTaRsavse TvalebiT Sehyureben mrisxane angelozs. erT-erTmaTgans, cali xeli Txovnis JestiT angelozisken aqvs1Calmiani mamakacebis motivi gvxvdeba torCelos, beTaniis da timo-Tesubnis `gankiTxvis dRis~ kompoziciebSi. beTaniaSi Calmiani Tavisfragmentia SemorCenili,timoTesubanSi ki codvilTa jgufSi Calmianimuhamedia gamosaxuli (ПриваловаЕ. РосписьТимотесубани 1980,94.)178

codvilTa dasjis Tema `gankiTxvis dRis~ ikonografiaSimimarTuli, meoreTi ki satanisken miuTiTebs, romelicjojoxeTis wiaRSi, antiqristes suliT xelSi, mxeczeaamxedrebuli. mxeci adamians Seeqceva, romlis sxeulisnaxevari jer kidev ar gadauylapavs. es jojoxeTSiarsebuli erT-erTi satanjvelis asaxvaa. registrismarjvena kuTxeSi mxatvroba dazinebulia. SemorCenilimowiTalo da muqi feris ferweruli laqebisagan, aqraimes garCeva,erTi SexedviT,Zalze rTulia. am figurebiszemoT, asomTavruli asoebiT Sesrulebuli, mkrTalida dazianebuli warwera moCans, romlis Seswavlisas,SesaZlebeli gaxda amogvekiTxa: `codv[(i)lni] g(a)nk(i)Txv(a)d m(s)mav(a)ln[...]~. 1 am warweridanac irkveva, romregistri daTmobili hqonda jojoxeTis tanjvaTa asaxvas,codvilTa sasjelebis gadmocemas, romelTagan mxolodzemoT xsenebuli scenaa SemorCenili. `ganikiTxvis dRis~ikonografiis sxva danarCeni komponenti (jojoxeTissatanjvelebi, marTalTa gamosaxulebebi da sxv.),udavod, amave registris samxreT nawilSi yofiliyomoTavsebuli,romelic amJamad Camongreulia. mTlianobaSi,is warmoadgenda grandiozul kompozicias, romelicdReisaTvis uZvelesad aris miCneuli.dasavleT kedlis dazianebul da Camorecxil samxreTnawilSi, iq sadac codvilTa dasjis konkretuligamosaxulebebi unda yofiliyo, qveda registrSi,gulmodgined daTvalierebisas, mkrTali wiTeli wre damisgan gamomavali sami iribi xazi SeiniSneba, romlebiczemoT, odnav daxril xazs uerTdebian. iqve, ramdenimevertikaluri da diagonaluri wiTeli feris xazovanifragmentia, rac samosis drapirebas mogvagonebs. erTiSexedviT,es simZimisagan daxrili sasworis pina unda iyosangelozis xelSi, Tumca mxatvrobis dazianebis maRali1did madlobas vuxdiT istorikoss, b-n Temo jojuas, romelicdagvexmara am warweris amokiTxvasa da gaSifrvaSi. aRniSnuli warwerisSinaarsis ganmarteba miseulia da Cven sruliad veTanxmebiTmas.179

qeTevan oCxikiZexarisxis gamo, amis mtkiceba Zalze Znelia. vfiqrobT,momavali detaluri kvleva-Zieba naTels mohfens amsakiTxs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cveni varaudi dadasturdeba,maSin SegveZleba vTqvaT, rom udabnos mTavari taZris`saSineli samsjavros~ kompoziciaSi, CarTuli iyoangelozis mier sulebis awonvis scena, rogorc am TemiserT-erTi umTavresi da uZvelesi komponenti. qarTulxelovnebaSi pirvelad es scena joisubnis reliefzeawarmodgenili da Tavis TavSi Seicavs miniSnebas codvilTadasjaze da jojoxeTuri tanjva-wamebis sxvadasxvawreSi maT gadanawilebaze. bizantiur xelovnebaSisulTa awonvis scena ki, pirvelad, kastoriaSi, wmindastefanes taZarSi, iqna gamosaxuli (IX s.), kapadokiaSi ki,is, ilanli kilises kedlis mxatvrobaSia warmodgenili(IX-X ss.).udabnos eklesiis codvilTa dasjis scenis yvelazeaxlo analogias, Cveni azriT, torCelos mozaika (XII s.)warmoadgens, sadac siuJetis gamosaxva TiTqmis udabnosanalogiuria. mTeli kompozicia, aqac, cecxlis alisfonzea gaSlili. ori Subiani angelozi codvilebsufskrulisaken ubiZgebs. zogierTi maTgani tanis gareSe,mxolod TaviTaa gamosaxulni, zogi mxrebamde, zogi kiufro metad Cans mewamul talRebSi. 1 maT Soris mosCanan:mefe, dedofali, Calmiani adamianebi, mRvdelmTavari,uwveruli Wabukebi. ramdenime maTganisTvis patara, Savdemonebs xeli CaukidiaT da jojoxeTisken mihyavT,raTa isini satanis winaSe waradginon. satana orTavianmxeczea amxdrebuli, xelSi iudas suliT. urCxulisTavebi erTmaneTis sapirispirod arian mimarTulni dacodvilebs Wamen. udabnos analogiuri kompoziciis1`gankiTxvis dRis~ ikonografiis mixedviT, `gansasjelTa~ codvebissimZime, pirdapirproporciulad asaxavda maT mdgomareobas saiqioSi.rac ufro damZimebuli iyo adamiani codvebiT, miT metad iyo CaflulijojoxeTis cecxlsa da kuprSi – mxrebamde, Tavamde, mkerdamde daa.S.. torCelos mozaikaze gamosaxuli codvilebi, swored am `wesis~mixedviT arian warmodgenilni.180

codvilTa dasjis Tema `gankiTxvis dRis~ ikonografiaSimsgavsad,urCxulis sazareli xaxidan msxverplT mxolodfexebi uCanT. torCeloSi, udabnosgan gansxvavebiT,codvilTa dasjis scenebs SedarebiT meti adgili aqvsdaTmobili da ufro gavrcobilni arian. unda aRiniSnos,rom urCxulze amxedrebuli satana antiqristesTan erTadikvSi, ozaanSi, axtalasa da boWormaSic meordeba, Tumcaisini damoukidebel, calke kompozicias warmoadgenenda ar arian CarTulni codvilTa dasjis scenaSi anucodvilebi maTken ar miemarTebian.`gankiTxvis dRis~ ikonografiaSi, sulebis awonvaerT-erTi centraluri siuJetia, sadac angelozicodvilTa sulebs wonis. gavrcobil redaqciaSi, ZalianxSirad CarTulni arian eSmakunebi, romlebic dablaeqaCebian sasworis pinas (axtala, ilanli kilise), raTadaamZimon is da amiT rac SeiZleba meti suli igdonxelT. TandaTan Cndeba codvilTa dasjis sxvadasxvaepizodi gansxvavebuli scenebiT, rogorc konkretuliilustrireba imisa, Tu ra moeliT codvebiT damZimebulsulebs, angelozis mier sasworze `gadarCevis~ Semdeg.udabnoSi, dasavleT kedlis qveda registris CrdiloeTkuTxeSi, oTxi kvadratia. ori maTgani wiTeli ferisaa,danarCen ors ki wiTeli moCarCoeba aqvs. es motivi`gankiTxvis dRis~ iknografiis Semadgeneli nawiliada is, Cveulebisamebr, jojoxeTis gansxvavebul wreebsaRniSnavs. maTSi codvilTa Tavebia xolme gamosaxuli,romlebic codvebisaTvis, sxvadasxva sknelSi itanjebian.udabnos mxatvrobaSi adamianTa Tavebi ar Cans, Tumca, eskvadratebi jojoxeTis aRmniSvnel zogad ikonografiasSeesabameba. zogjer, jojoxeTis maradiuli sknelebiTaRovani galereis saxiT gvxvdeba. 1torCelos mozaikazec, jojoxeTis amsaxveli scenebiudabnos analogiurad, kvardatebSia moTavsebuli da1jojoxeTis sxvadasxva SreTa Redis saxiT Paris Grec 74-is miniaturebzeawarmodgenili,sinas mTis xatebze ki,maT kvadratebis formaaqvT.181

qeTevan oCxikiZeTiToeuli maTgani gansxvavebul Sinaarss Seicavs:erTgan, codvilebis maradiul cecxlSi tanjvaa asaxuli,meoregan, Sav fonze anu bneleTSi, matlebdaxveuli Tavisqalebia, sxeulis sxvadasxva nawili da Zvlebi danarCenkvadratebSia moTavsebuli da a. S..atenis sionSi, XI saukunis II naxevriT daTariRebulivrceli redaqciis mqone `saSineli samsjavro~ ramdenimeregistrs moicavs da mTlianad dasavleT mklavSia gaSlili.codvilTa dasjis scenebisagan, aq mxolod fragmentebiRaSemorCa. kompoziciis centrSi taxtze dabrZanebuliqristea,romlis fexTagan gamomavali cecxlovani mdinarejojoxeTSi Caedineba. qristes marcxniv jojoxeTissatanjvelebi iyo gamosaxuli. cecxlovan mdinaresTanS. amiranaSvilma amoikiTxa: àrs eSmakisa da msaxurTamisTa~. misive dakvirvebiT,`marcxena kuTxeSi SemorCeniliacodvili qalis gamosaxuleba, romelic cecxlis alSiagaxveuli~. 1 mis zemoT kargad moCans, Sav fonze wiTeliferis sferoebi, TeTri aliseburi zedapiriT, rac erTiSexedviT, cecxlovan wvimas mogvagonebs. aseTi siuJetiCven mier ganxilul kompoziciebs Soris versad moviZieT,amitom, unda vifiqroT, rom aq gamosaxuli unda iyos`mtili dauZinebeli~, sadac adamianTa Tavebs wvrilwvrilimatlebi xraven. es sferoebi Tavis qalebia,maTze suliad waSlilia adamianuri ieri, erTgvarovanmasad qceulni, jojoxeTSi samudamod itanjebian. atenSigamosaxuli es scena pirdapir ukavSirdeba torCelosmozaikis erT-erT siuJets, sadac jojoxeTis maradiulsknelSi analogiuri scenaa mocemuli, Tumca, aq savsebiTnaTladaa warmodgenili adamianTa Tavis qalebica damaTze daxveuli matlebic.jojoxeTis ikonogrfia kvadratuli formis laqebissaxiT, boWormis eklesiaSic aris gamosaxuli (XI-XIIss. mijna), samxreT-dasavleT afsidSi. codvilTa dasjis1Амиранашвили Ш. История грузинской монументальной живописи,Роспис Атени, Тб. 1957, 91.182

codvilTa dasjis Tema `gankiTxvis dRis~ ikonografiaSiscenebidan, mxolod Cauqrobel cecxlSi codvilTatanjvaa SemorCenili. satanis zemoxsenebuli ikonografiaaqac meordeba – orTavian gveleSapze amxedrebuls,xelSiantiqristes suli uWiravs. 1siuJeti grZeldeba ikvSic (XIII s.). 2 dasavleTkedelze, meore registrSi warmodgenilia jojoxeTissamyofelebi, romelic, oTx Tanabar nawiladaa dayofili.TiToeul maTganSi adamianTa Tavebi moCans. gumbaTqveSaTaRis burjze gamosaxulebaa _ `mdidari uwyaloi~.es aris adamianis SiSveli figura, romelsac xelipirTan aqvs mitanili. amgvari saxiT gvxvdeba codvispersonifikacia ikvSi. qveda registrSi tradiciuli,gveleSapze mjdomi satanaa antiqristes suliT kalTaSi.maT qvemoT ori gvelSemoxveuli qalis figura gairCeva.saqarTvelos farglebs gareT, analogiuri siuJetikapadokiaSi,ilanli kilises eklesiaSi,`gankiTxvis dRis~kompoziciaSia CarTuli (IX-X ss.). ikvisagan gansxvavebiT,aq codvili qalebi oTxni arian. miuxedavad figuraTagulubryvilo da grafikuli maneriT gamosaxvisa, maTisaxeebi Zalian dramatulia da mnaxvelSi did emociasiwveven. ilanli kilises `gankiTxvis dReSi~, yuradRebaufro codvilTa dasjis scenebzea gamaxvilebuli. mTelipirveli registri eTmoba angelozisa da eSmakis miersulTa awonvis scenas, uzarmazar, samTavian gveleSaps,samive piriTEeSmakis mier gadawonil codvilebs romWams. misi uzarmazari, daklaknili sxeulis gaswvriv,sxvadasxva satanjvelSi, sammwkriva, horizontalurrigebad gamwesebuli codvilebis naRvliani saxeebi moCans.jojoxeTis sknelebis ikonografia aq gansxvavebuli1oqropiriZe a. boWormis wm. giorgis eklesiis moxatuloba (sadisertacionaSromi xelovnebaTmcodneobis kandidatis samecnierixarisxismosapoveblad), 1997, gv. 75.2 ikvis taZarSi moxatulobis ori fena gairCeva. eklesia pirveladagebisTanave- XII saukuneSi iqna moxatuli, dasavleT mklavi dagumbaTqveSa TaRebi ki XIII saukuneSi meored moixata.183

qeTevan oCxikiZeredaqciiT aris mocemuli.ozaanSi, iseve, rogorc yvela zemoxsnebul eklesiaSi,`gankiTxvis dRe~ (XIII s.) dasavleT kedelzea. Sav fonzemoCanan codvilTa Tavebi, daRebuli pirebiT. orTavianidrakoni – jojoxeTis gansaxiereba,adamianebs Wams. qvemoT,cecxlovani mdinarea, mis qveS ki sxvadasxva satanjveliunda yofiliyo gamosaxuli, saidanac, adamianTa Tavebisada figurebis mxolod fragmentebia SemorCenili. 1axtalaSi, jojoxeTis sknelebis ikonografia,TiTqmis iseve meordeba, rogorc sxvagan. dasavleTkedlis CrdiloeT kuTxeSi, pilastrze, mxolod orimarTxkuTxedia SemorCenili da mis SigniT, Sav fonze,pirobiTad Sesrulebuli adamianTa saxeebiaa. es siuJeti,samoTxisken mimaval marTalTa procesias rom esazRvreba,erTaderTia, romelic am pilastrze da mTlianad, mklavisCrdiloeT kedelzea Semonaxuli. `samoTxis~ zemoT,angelozs cal xelSi saswori uWiravs, meoreSi ki Subida sasworis irgvliv Sekrebil eSmakunebs igeriebs. kidevufro maRla, sarkmlis wirTxlSi, SesaZloa, codvilTadasjis ramdenime scena iyos gamosaxuli (sarkmlidanSemomavali sinaTlis Zlieri nakadis gamo, mxatvrobisgarCeva Zalze rTuli gamodga) da isini, savaraudod,CrdiloeT kedelze unda yofiliyvnen gavrcobilni.dasavleT mklavis samxreT kedelze, menaRare angelozia,romlis xmaze cxovelebi piridan adamianebs anTxeven. aqve,uzarmazar mxecze (mis daRebul xaxaSic adamianis figuraCans), bneleTis Tavadia warmodgenili. misi ikonografia,satanisagan gansxvavebulia. es aris kabasa da qudSigamowyobili adamianis saxis mqone arseba, romelsacaraferi aqvs saerTo, satanis yvela zemoT xsenebulnimuSTan. gamosaxuleba nawilobriv dazianebulia da arCans, uWiravs Tu ara mas xelSi raime.1 Привалова Е. Роспись церкви „Вознесения“ - „Амаглева“ в Озаани,ArsGeorgicaA-9, 1987, 121.184

codvilTa dasjis Tema `gankiTxvis dRis~ ikonografiaSi`saSinelis samsjavros~ kompoziciaSi Semaval,codvilTa dasjis,jojoxeTisa da satanis amsaxvel,zemoTmoyvanil ramdenime yvelaze adreuli Zeglis magaliTze,kargad Cans,rom es komponentebi ikonografiaSi Tavidanveiyo CarTuli da maT, droTa ganmavlobaSi, mniSvnelovanicvlilebebi ar ganucdiaT. satanis ikonografia,jojoxeTissasjelebis gamosaxva yvelgan TiTqmis identuria, Tu arCavTvliT umniSvnelo sxvaobebs maT Soris. msgavsebismiuxedavad, sxvadasxva ZeglSi, ikonografiuli aqcentebigansxvavebuladaa gaazrebuli da ganawilebuli. zogan,yuradReba jojoxeTis satanjvelebsa da codvilTa dasjisscenebzea gamaxvilebuli, siuJeti ufro gavrcobilida mravlismomcvelia. miuxedavad imisa, rom udabnoSicodvilTa dasjis konkretuli scenebi ar SemorCenila,Cveni azriT, aq ramdenime siuJeti mainc unda yofiliyo,romlebsac daeyrdnoboda `gankiTxvis dRis~ kompoziciagviandel ZeglebSi, sadac misi ikonografia SedarebiTdaxvewili da ganviTarebulia, es ki winamorbedimagaliTebis codniTa da maTi srulyofis xarjze undamomxdariyo.joisubnis reliefze, angelozi sasworiT xelSi dacodvilTa mwkrivi, lakonurad gadmoscems siuJets daTavis TavSi gulisxmobs yvela im satanjvels, adamianebsrom eliT. mogvianebiT,es lakonuroba,qarTul monumenturmxatvrobaSi vrcel redaqciebad gvevlineba,sadac es TemamTeli Tavisi mravalferovnebiT iSleba.`gankiTxvis dRis~ gamosaxulebebi bizantiasada dasavleT evropaSi, iseve, rogorc aRmosavleTsaqristianoSi, saerTo wyaroebidan iqmnebian da amis gamo,erTmaneTis Zalian hgvanan. miuxedavad amisa,aRmosavleTSimisi ikonografia Camoyalibda rogorc kanonikuri tipi,dasavleT evropis xelovnebaSi ki am Temis yoveli nimuSiaxal qmnilebas warmoadgenda.185

qeTevan oCxikiZegamoyenebuli literatura:• aladaSvili n. joisubnis reliefebi, `sabWoTa xelovneba~1978, #7.• bazeraSvili l. gankiTxvis dRis gamosaxuleba ikviseklesiis moxatulobaSi. sabakalavro naSromi, Tbilisi2007.• gedevaniSvili ek. ikvis wm. giorgis eklesiis `gankiTxvisdRis~ ikonografiuli Taviseburebebi, saqarTvelossiZveleni #14, 2010.• virsalaZe T. qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, atenissionis XI saukunis moxatuloba, Tbilisi, 2007.• oqropiriZe a. boWormis wm. giorgis eklesiis moxatuloba.sadisertacio naSromi xelovnebaTmcodneobis kandidatissamecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi, 1997w.• Амиранашвили Ш. История грузинской монументальнойживописи, Роспис Атени, Тб. 1957.• Вирсаладзе Т. Грузинская средневековая монументальнаяживорись, Тб. 2000.• Привалова Е. Роспись церкви „Вознесения“ - „Амаглева“ вОзаани,ArsGeorgicaA-9, 1987.• Привалова Е. РосписьТимотесувани, Тб. 1980.• Чубинашвили Г. Пещерные монастыри Давид-Гареджи,Тб.1948• Nicole et Michel Thierry: NNouvelles Églises Rupestres deCappadoce. Paris, 1963.186

Sorena fxakaZe,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,xelovnebaTmcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli: irine abesaZediuseldorfis samxatvro akademiisdaarsebisa da ganviTarebis tendenciebiCrdiloeT rain-vestfaliis mxaris administraciulicentri, qalaqi diuseldorfi mdebareobs mdinarerainis marjvena napiras, mdinare diuselis SesarTavSi.swored aqedan warmodgeba misi saxelic. Tavidan bergissahercogos dedaqalaqi,xolo Semdeg rainispira provinciadiuseldorfi Tavisi mcxovreblebis ganaTlebisRirseul dones uzrunvelyofda. jer kidev 1545 welsdiuseldorfSi daarsda pirveli gimnazia, dRevandeliGörres-Gymnasium, XIX saukunidan ki qalaqi xelovanTaganaTlebis centrad iqca .diuseldorfis akademia 1773 wels kurfiurst karlTeodorma daaarsa, rogorc mxatvrebis, moqandakeebisa daxuroTmoZRvarTa saswavlebeli. is lambert kragis mier,1762 wels Camoyalibebuli ferweris skolis bazazeSeiqmna. napoleonis omebis dros akademiis koleqciismniSvnelovani nawili gadatanil iqna miunxenSi. akademiismZlavri ganviTareba daiwyo maSin, rodesac 1815 welsdiuseldorfi prusias SeuerTda. 1819 wels mas prusiissamefo xelovnebis akademiis statusi mieniWa. XIXsaukunis Sua wlebSi akademiam msoflio aRiareba moipova,daiwyo studentebis miReba sxvadasxva qveynidan. miswiaRSi Camoyalibda ferweris `diuseldorfis skola~.akademias sxvadasxva dros xelmZRvanelobdnen:1819-1824 _ peter iozef fon korneliusi,1826-1859 _ vilhelm fon Sadovi,187

Sorena fxakaZe2009-dan dRemde - toni kregi.SevCerdeT maTgan or yvelaze cnobil moRvaweze- peter iozef fon korneliusi da vilhelm fonSadovi. peter iozefi, germanuli romantizmis erT-erTiudidesi warmomadgenelia. moRvaweoba daiwyo, rogorcadgilobrivi eklesiebis mxatvarma, romSi gamgzavrebisSemdeg is germaneli mxatvrebis gaerTianebas SeuerTda.am gaerTianebis wevrebi Tavs `wminda lukas kavSirs“(Lukasbund) uwodebdnen, magram germanuli ferwerisistoriaSi isini Sevidnen metsaxeliT „nazarevelebi“.romSi yofnis periodSi korneliusma sxva nazarevelebTanerTad monawileoba miiRo bartoldis - romSi prusiiskonsulis saxlis moxatvaSi. aseve aRsaniSnavia isfaqti, rom muSaobda ilustraciebze _ „simReranibelungebze“.1811–1818 wlebSi korneliusi bevrs mogzaurobdaitaliaSi: milani, parma, piaCenca, modena, bolonia,florencia, siena, orvieto, swavlobda aRorZinebisostatebis ferweras. 1820-iani wlebis bolodankorneliusi miunxenSi gadadis ludvig bavarielismiwveviT, 1825 wlidan xelmZRvanelobs miunxenis saxviTixelovnebis akademias (Akademie der bildenden KünsteMünchen), moxata ramdenime miunxenuri eklesia, asevegliptoTekisa da pinakoTekis Senobebi. 1840 welskorneliusi berlinSi gadadis, 1841 wels berlinissamxatvro akademiis direqtori xdeba. is berlinSicxovrebis bolomde darCa. CvenTvis udaod sainteresoamsoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsi, romelic man gaatarasamive akademiaSi. SegviZlia am mimarTulebas vuwodoTgermanuli romantikuli akademizmi.vilhelm fon Sadovs rac Seexeba, is cnobili moqandakis,iohan gotfrid Sadovis Svili iyo. mis saxels ukavSirdebapeter iozefTan erTad ferweris `diuseldorfisskolis~ Camoyalibeba. samxatvro ganaTleba man berlinis188

diuseldorfis samxatvroakademiis daarsebisa da ganviTarebis tendenciebiakademiaSi miiRo, romlis warmatebiT damTavrebiT SemdegitaliaSi gaemgzavra, sadac cnobili danieli moqandakeberTel Torvaldseni gaicno. Sadovze didi STabeWdilebamoaxdina nazarevelebis Semoqmedebam. 1813 wels mangadawyvita am jgufs SeerTeboda.berlinSi dabrunebis Semdeg is privat-docentigaxda, xelmZRvanelobda did saxelosnos, sadac mefismfarvelobis wyalobiT bevri moswavle iRebda samxatvroganaTlebas. 1825 wlidan Sadovi xdeba diuseldorfisakademiis reqtori.am ori xelovanis Sesaxeb informaciis mowodebamizanSewonilad miviCnieT, radgan swored maT saxelsada moRvaweobas ukavSirdeba ferweris `diuseldorfisskolis~ Camoyalibeba, rac, ra Tqma unda, mWidrokavSirSia akademiasTan, misi ganviTarebis tendenciebTan.gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, peter iozeffon korneliusi cdilobda daemkvidrebina romatizmisesTetikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciebi, xoloSadovis direqtorobis periodSi Seiqmna sxvadasxvamimdinareoba, romlebic Sua saukuneebis germanul Temebsasaxavdnen. bunebrivia, es yvelaferi akademiis studentTanamuSevrebSi airekleboda (zoni, hildebrandti, reteli,lesingi). viTardeboda realisturi peizaJuri mxatvroba(o. da a. axenbaxebi) da yofiTi Janri (k.hiubneri).aRsaniSnavia karl ferdinand zonis moRvaweoba.berlinis akademiasa da Sadovis kerZo saxelosnoSiganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, SadovTan erTad gadasaxldadiuseldorfSi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,1833 wels miiRoprofesoris Tanamdeboba, romelic sicocxlis bolomdeekava. amgvarad is ferweris `diuseldorfis skolis~erT-erTi damaarsebeli gaxda. aRsaniSnavia aseve is faqti,rom is ekuTvnoda zonebis cnobil mxatvarTa ojaxs.ramdenime sityviT ufro dawvrilebiT nazarevelebisSesaxeb: XIX saukunis evropis kulturuli cxovrebis189

Sorena fxakaZeaxal Strixad iqca mxatvarTa jgufebis gamoCena,romelTacaerTianebdaT erTnairi Sexedulebebi xelovnebaze.erT-erTi aseTi jgufi iyo „wminda lukas kavSiri~(germanulad „Lukasbund”), romelic 1809 wels daaarsesvenis samxatvro akademiis studentebma _ iohan overbekma(1789-1869) da franc pforma (1788-1812) Suasaukuneebisgildiebis magaliTze. saxelwodeba ukavSirdeba wmindalukas,rogorc RvTismSoblis pirveli portretis avtors.isini mTlianad iziarebdnen germanuli romantizmis erTerTifuZemdeblis, fridrix Slegelis Sexedulebas, romTanamedrove xelovneba ùnda atarebdes Sua saukuneebisostatebis xasiaTs,iyos gulRiad guliTadi,safuZvlianadzusti da siRrmiseuli, anu ubiwo da ueSmako~. maTixelovnebis arsi iyo qristianuli keTilSobileba,ZiriTadi SemoqmedebiTi meTodi – XV saukunis germanelida italieli ostatebis mibaZva.es yvelaferi ukve iTqva suraTebis ciklSi 1809–1810wlebSi, romelic eZRvneboda germaniis mefe rudolfI-s (1273-1291), habsburgTa dinastiis damaarsebels.namuSevrebi pforma Seasrula Tavisi mSobliuri qalaqis– mainis frankfurtisaTvis. axalgazrda ostati maSinvegaexva konfliqtSi neoklasicizmis momxreebTan, ramacoverbeki akademiidan garicxvamde miiyvana,xolo SemdgomSidamcinav metsaxelamde `nazarevelebi~, romelic maTkavSirs uwoda mxatvarma iohan qristian rainhartma(1761–1847).1810 wels pfori da overbeki romSi gadavidnen.mogvianebiT maT SeuerTdaT peter fon korneliusi,vilhelm fon Sadovi da sxva mxatvrebi. isini dasaxldnenmonasterSi, romelic Tavisi mowyobiT komunas hgavda.nazarevelebi eweodnen erTobliv meurneobas dayoveldRe ikribebodnen monastris satrapezoSi, romwaekiTxaT biblia da vakenroderis `gulidan naTqvami~.xatavdnen mxolod sakuTar keliebSi, radgan Tvlidnen,190

diuseldorfis samxatvroakademiis daarsebisa da ganviTarebis tendenciebirom mxatvari unda axdendes ara naturis brma kopirebas,aramed unda gamoxatos sakuTari grZnobebi. nazaravelebimxatvris mTavar Rirsebad Tvlidnen sulier siwmindesada religiurobas, rom `mxolod bibliam aqcia rafaeligeniad~. 1813 wels kavSiris yvela wevri – protestanti– kaTolike gaxda. im drosi bevri mxatvari Seiswavlidaadamianis agebulebas gvamebis meSveobiT. nazaravelebi,maTi religiuri Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare, amaze uarsambobdnen da aseve ar muSaobdnen qalis SiSvel naturasTan.mxolod mudmivad mimarTvdnen adreqristianuli,Suasaukuneobrivi da renesansis xelovnebis Zeglebs.1813 wels germaniis napoleonisagan ganTavisuflebammxatvarTa sazogadoeba gamoacocxla. germaneli xalxissulier ganaTlebaSi maT TavianTi mowodeba dainaxesda ocnebobdnen monumentaluri ferweris aRorZinebaze.prusiis konsulma romSi bartoldim nazarevelebsSesTavaza Tavisi saxlis moxatva,romelic nazarevelebismonastris axlos mdebareobda. siuJetad maT airCiesiosebis istoria, xolo teqnikad freska, romelsacprofesionali germaneli mxatvrebi aRar mimarTvdnenukve naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi. isini miiswrafodnenSuasaukuneobrivi idealebisaken, rodesac pirovnebaerwymoda SemoqmedebiT koleqtivs, mxatvrebma gainawilessamuSao. Tumca, bartoldis saxlis freskebis avtorTaindividualoba ar dakargula: overbekis msubuqi monasmi(iosebis monad gayidva) gansxvavdeba korneliusisenergiuli da gamomsaxvelobiTi manerisagan (iosebi icnesZmebma),imavdroulad orive fermweri ganicdis aRorZinebisepoqis ostatTa gavlenebs – overbeki – fra anjelikosada rafaelis, xolo korneliusi – miqelanjelosi.muSaoba bartoldis saxlSi sazeimo sufriT dasrulda,romlis Semdeg kavSirma daSla daiwyo.akademiaSi swavlobda da aswavlida bevri is xelovani,romelTac didi wvlili Seitanes germanuli saxviTi191

Sorena fxakaZexelovnebis axal etapze gayvanasa da ganviTarebaSi. maTSoris iyvnen andreas da osvald axenbaxebi, iozef boisi,arno brekeri, vilhelm buSi, karl ferdinand zoni _ 1833wlidan profesori, emanuel loice _ germanel-amerikelimxatvari da a. S.Cven davinteresdiT,aris Tu ara memkvidreobiTi jaWviakademiaSi SenarCunebuli,viTardeba Tu ara akademia droismoTxovnebis Sesabamisad. mogawvdiT mokle informaciasakademiis dRevandelobis Sesaxeb: diuseldorfisakademia – es aris saxviTi xelovnebisa da xelovanTaumaRlesi saswavlebeli. es gansazRvreba akademiiswesdebaSi Cadebulia 1777 wlidan, aseve Caiwera 1831wels da ZalaSia dResac. Tanamedrove etapze, mxatvrobis,qandakebisa da grafikis garda, akademiaSi iswavlebaxuroTmoZRvreba, dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovneba,scenografia, fotografia da sxva. 300 welze metiadiuseldorfis saxviTi xelovnebis akademia mniSvnelovanisagamofeno sivrcea evropel xelovanTaTvis. igi, rogorcumaRlesi saswavlebeli, gansakuTrebul mniSnelobasaniWebs samecniero kvlevas. akademias aqvs ori centri:erTi ikvlevs xelovnebis nawarmoebTa stilistikas,saxelovnebaTmcodneo analizis gziT, xolo meore,xelovnebisa da masmediis damokidebulebas (videoartisada televiziis magaliTze). dResac, iseve rogorc orisaukuniT adre, diuseldorfis akademiis studentebi dakursdamTavrebulebi monawileobas iReben saerTaSorisogamofenebSi (mag., veneciis bienale). amrigad, akademiaganagrZobs im tradicias, romelic daarsebis dRidanwiTel xazad gasdevs akademiis istorias da mdgomareobsswavlebisa da saxelovnebaTmcodneo kvlevis maRalistandartebis damkvidrebaSi.192

gamoyenebuli literatura:• Hutt W., Die Dusseldorfer Malershule, Lpz.,1964;• Gina Pischel, Grosse Kunstgeschichte der Welt (Maleri.Plastik. Architektur. Kunsthandwerk) Sudwest verlagMunchen,1983,p.594-597;604-605;• http://www.kettererkunst.de/lexikon/munchner-sezession.shtml• http://www.bibliotekar.ru/avanta/70.htm• http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/kultura_i_obrazovanie/izobrazitelnoe_iskusstvo/NAZARETSI.html193

avTandil CaCava,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatris da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,xelovnebaTmcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli: irine abesaZe.sakulto sanaxaobaTa niRbebi da maTiganviTareba saqarTveloSiqarTuli xalxuri dResaswauli! am sityvebze, pirvelrigSi, berikaoba-yeenoba warmogvidgeba, sxvadasxvacxovelad gadacmuli niRbosani personaJebiT,warmarTuli xanidan momdinare ritualebiT, qarTvelixalxis istoriis sxvadasxva epoqis amsaxveli JanruliscenebiT.berikaoba-yeenoba Tavisi Tavdapirveli bunebiTnayofierebisa da aRorZinebisadmi miZRvnili agrarulidResaswaulia, is uZvelesi xalxuri Teatricaa.soflismamakacebi _ axalgazrdebi da moxucebi sakazmis mzadebasSeudgebodnen. raRa ar iyo aq saamisod motanili _ Txis,cxvrisa da xaris tyavebi, tyavkabebi, saqonlis kudebi,gogris, nabdis, muyaosa da qaRaldis niRabi. RorisaTu Txis gamxmari Tavebi, sxvadasxva cxovelis rqebida frinvelTa bumbulebi, sadedoflo qarTuli kaba dasxvadasxva saxis Tavsaburavebi, feradi qaRaldebi, naWrisWreli Tojinebi, zarebi da krialosnebi, ina da naxSiri,simindis naqurCis, xisa da rqis wiTlad SeRebili`konkila~ _ falosebi, xisagan gaTlili xmal-xanjlebi,farebi da Surdulebi. aqve keTdeboda sxvadasxva ferismaRali almebi da CiraRdnebi. miwaze ewyo sanovagisSesakravi Wreli xurjinebi, morCili gudebi, kalaTebi,xeladebi da didi kokebi. 1meore dRes dResaswaulis monawileni myudro1ruxaZe j., qarTuli xalxuri dResaswauli, sabWoTa saqarTvelo,Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 6;194

adgilas Seikribebodnen da Sesaferisad moirTvebodnen.berika – beroli da dResaswaulis sxva monawileni,rogorc ki morTva-mokazmvas daamTavrebdnen, bukisa danaRaris xma sofels maT mzadyofnas amcnobda berikebswin Tavberika da dedofali miuZRodaT, maT xis xmlebiTfarebiT, joxebiTa da SurdulebiT SeiaraRebuli amalamosdevda. mestvireni, meCongureni, mefandureni da sxvaniTavianT unarsa da ostatobas warmoaCendnen.berikaoba-yeenobis dResaswaulma ukve XlX saukuneSimiipyro qarTvel moRvaweTa da mkvlevarTa yuradReba. 1saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mopovebulieTnografiuli masala gvarwmunebs, rom berikaoba-yeenobaar aris warmoSobiT erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli orisxvadasxva dReoba, rogorc es mkvlevarTa nawils miaCnda,aramed yeenoba, berikaobis safuZvelze CamoyalibebulidResaswaulia, romelSiac berikaobidan momdinarewarmarTuli xasiaTis elementebTan erTad,qarTveli erisistoriuli warsulis calkeuli epizodebi aisaxa.istoriul masalaze dakvirveba naTlad warmoaCens,rom qarTveli xalxis wiaRSi Camoyalibebul amsanaxaobebs TviTmyofadi ier-saxe da monawileTaCacmulobis Taviseburebebi gamoarCevs. esaa tansacmeli,niRabi, saritualo nivTebi da sxva, romelTa xasiaTiforma da aRweriloba uSualod gamomdinareobs TviTmovlenis Sinaarsidan, monawileTaTvis mikuTvnebulirolidan Tu weliwadis drosTan dakavSirebuli msgavsimovlenebidan.amjerad, Cveni interesis obieqts warmoadgens araTavad rituali,aramed am ritualebis dros gamoyenebuliniRbebis mxatvruli saxeebi da maTi ganviTareba Zvelidroidan dRevandel dromde.qarTlsa da kaxeTSi niRbis aRmniSvnelia termini`beriko~ da aseve, evropulidan Semosuli `pariki~.1ruxaZe j., qarTuli xalxuri dResaswauli, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 16;195

avTandil CaCavaimereTSi niRabs `kvaxberas~ eZaxian. niRabi eTnografiulimonacemebiT – masalisa da gamosaxulebis mixedviTSemdegnairad jgufdeba. 1masalis mixedviT: Txis an cxvris tyavis niRabi,romelime cxovelis Tavis qalis niRabi (romelic zogjerTavsaburavic aris), nabdis niRabi, kvaxis – gogris niRabi(kvaxbera), blis xiskanis niRabi, muyaos an qaRaldisniRabi, gaxamebuli qsovilis niRabi.gamosaxulebis mixedviT: anTropomorfuli dazoomorfuli. pirvels ganekuTvneba adamianis gamomsaxveliniRabi, meores ki – cxvris, Txis, kuros, Rorisa da sxvaniRbebi.berikaoba-yeenobis dResaswaulis erT-erTmniSvnelovan komponents saweso niRbebi warmoadgens.monawile personaJTa niRbebis rogorc garegnuli, asevefunqciuri mxareebis ganxilva mraval sayuradRebomoments avlens: garda amisa, maTi Seswavla agrarulisakulto niRbebis ganviTarebis istoriisaTvis Tvalismidevnebis saSualebasac iZleva.sanimuSod SeiZleba davasaxeloT aRmosavleTisaqarTvelo, sadac SavniRbiani an saxegamurulebi Txas,cxvars, xars, kuros, mgels, kurdRels, daTvsa da sxvacxovelebs ganasaxiereben. zogierTi niRabi ki istoriulipiris an eTnikuri saxis matarebelia.saaxalwlo da sagazafxulo dResaswaulze berikaobaSimonawile personaJebis gamomsaxveloba SezRuduliar aris _ isini sxvadasxva cxovels an pirovnebasasaxiereben da maT garkveuli tradiciulobac axasiaTebT.mag., Txis an cxvris gamomsaxveli piri dResaswaulSisakmaod realisturad aris warmodgenili. sayuradReboaam cxovelTa stilizebuli gamosaxulebanic. magaliTad,Tu tyapuWian berikas Savi nabdis niRabi an gamuruli1janeliZe d., qarTuli Teatris istoria, `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1983,gv. 260;196

sakulto sanaxaobaTa niRbebi da maTi ganviTareba saqarTveloSisaxe aqvs, Tavze maRali qudi an niRabze damagrebulifrinvelis frTebi (ori an meti) an saqonlis rqebi`kruxi sabudriT~ an `Cala-burdaze~ daskupebuli Tojina`kuki~ amSvenebs,igi berikad an `yeenad~ aris gaazrebuli;misi Tavsaburavia agreTve xmiadi puri, romelic rkaladmoxveuli, Tivazea dadebuli. am personaJisTvis mTavarimainc SaviNniRabi, saxis gamurva da tyapuWis falikuriZvliT an rqiT Tu `konkilaTi~ tarebaa. tyapuWiani anSavad SeRebili personaJi arasodes araa `taxi~, `kuro~,`mgeli~ da a. S. Zalze iSviaTad isinic berikebadixseniebian. arabs, leksa da TaTars ki, ZiriTadad saxissiSavis gamo, berikebsac eZaxian.mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom berika da yeeni, rogorcdResaswaulis sxva monawileni, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo,ara marto Sav niRbebs ikeTeben, aramed saxesac Savadixatavdnen an imuravdnen da erTmaneTs wyals asxamdnen,aRniSnuli wesi saqarTveloSi TiTqmis yvela agrarulwes-Cveulebasa da ritualSia cnobili.kaxeTSi yeenis qudis magivrobas kruxis sabudariswevda, romelSic xSirad cocxali kruxi ijda, sabudariferadi bumbuliT iyo morTuli. qalaqSi _ gorsa daTbilisSi, gamarTul yeenobaSi yeeni sparsul Calmasacatarebda. 1dedofali, romelsac aqac ferumarilwasmuli,xelovnuri mkerdiT damSvenebuli vaJi asaxierebda,CixtikopiTan abreSumis wiTeli qalaRaiaTi iyo morTuli. masqarTul an soflur yaidaze Sekerili CiTis kaba ecva.kabas amSvenebda Wreli qamari da masze CamokidebulikameCis rqa.dResaswaulis monawile sxva berikebsac cxvris moklegadmobrunebuli tyav-kabebi ecvaT da Tavze nabdisganSekerili Savi qud-niRbebi exuraT. kuro (buRa) Tavze1ruxaZe j., qarTuli xalxuri dResaswauli, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 11197

avTandil CaCavaxaris rqebs imagrebda da xaris tyavs wamoisxamdaxolme.qarTl-kaxeTSi yeens, berikas msgavsad, cxvrisgadmobrunebuli tyav-kaba ecva an tyavwamoxurulidadioda, ukan ki saqonlis an wnelisgan gakeTebulkuds imagrebda. tyapuWze mas qamari hqonda Semokruli,romelzedac kameCis an xaris kanWis Zvali, wiTelnaWerSemoxveuli an SeRebili simindis nafurCi an xismokle joxi hqonda dakiduli.zog yeens Coxa-axaluxi scmia, zogs yaraCoxelistansacmeli. qalaqSi xSiri yofila mefe erekles msgavsadmorTuli yeenic, romelsac `mefes~ eZaxdnen. yeens yelzeyvelierSi gamomcxvari nazuqis kveri da sagangeboddamzadebuli mamlis Tavi ekida, romelsac niskartSiTavisive brWyali hqonda gayrili. yeens xSirad yurZnisgamxmari jagnebiT, kaklis xrialebiT, xaxvis galaTi anferadi mZivebiT Seamkobdnen.yeeni sxvadasxvagvarad iyo morTuli. imereTSijaloebiT da WilofiT iyo Semosili,zogjer banjgvlianiqurqi ecva, an Savi axaluxi da ganieri Sarvali. arc TuiSviaTad igi `samefo~ tansacmliTac mourTavT. 1imereTSi yeens wver-ulvaSiT damSvenebuli `kvaxbera~efara an saxe hqonda SeRebili. Tavze exura `SaqrisTavis~ msgavsi qaRaldis an cxvris tyavis maRali qudi,romelsac `gudis tyavis~ qudsac eZaxdnen.yeeni saxeze qaRaldis an muyaosagan damzadebul niRabsifarebda, romelic pirisfrad an wiTlad iyo SeRebili.ufro xSirad ki igi saxes Savad iRebavda, ferad an Savinabdis niRabsac ikeTebda, Tavze rqebs idgamda da Rorisjagris an Txis bewvis wver-ulvaSiT iyo morTuli.niRabi amoWrili iyo Tvalebisa da cxviris gamosaCenad.svaneTSi Sobis dResaswaulSi yaeni/yeeni Txis an1ruxaZe j., xalxuri dResaswaulebi da Tanamedroveoba, ,,mecniereba~,Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 23198

sakulto sanaxaobaTa niRbebi da maTi ganviTareba saqarTveloSijixvis tyavSi gamoewyoba, ciknis xalaTs (`gudras~)daixuravs, xelSi xis daSnas daiWers da win xis falossCamoikidebs. saqmisas kanafis Zveli qveda sacvlebi acvia,zurgze Calis burdo kuziviT adgas, Tavze ubralodboxoxs Camoicvams da saxes nivriT Semdegnairaddaixatavs; naxSiris zolebi Sublidan nikapamde uwevs,zeda tuCis gaswvriv miemarTeba da loyebic gamuruliaqvs. 1rac Seexeba sxva sakulto dResaswaulebs,sayuradReboa TuSeTSi yvelierSi gamarTuli òfofoba~.aq, mamakacebis magivrad ukve qalebi arian yuradRebiscentrSi. am dRes eqvs qals berikebad amoirCevdnen. samsofofebad morTavdnen. qalis Zvelebur grZel kabebs_ win Caxsnil tolis jubebs Caacmevdnen, saxeloebSifexebs gaayrevinebdnen, TvalebTan patara saWvretebsdautovebdnen, kabis bolos Tavs zemoT Seyridnen daTavs bawriT moukravdnen.SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom xangrZlivma TanacxovrebamsaqarTveloSi macxovrebel eTnikur umciresobaTa saxalxoritualebSi SeimCneva sakulto niRbebis mxatvrulidamzadebis qarTulTan mimsgavsebuli esTetika. amaspeqtiT, yuradRebas imsaxurebs TeTri wyaros raionisberZenTa Soris Semonaxuli axali wlis dResaswauli.axal wels daaxloebiT Tormeti kaci sxvadasxvanairadmoirTveboda, erT maTganis Txas ganasaxierebda, TavzeTxis an bumbulis `rqa~ edga da Txis bewvis an simindisfoCis wver-ulvaSi ekeTa. igi Sav niRabs atarebda ansaxe Savad hqonda SeRebili. Txis tyavi an cxvristyapuWi ecva, romelzedac mamrobiTi sqesis aRmniSvneligamosaxuleba ekida. dResaswaulSi monawileobas iRebdaagreTve qalurad gadacmuli mamakaci,romelic dedofals,1ruxaZe j., bunebis ZalTa aRorZinebis xalxuri dResaswaulisaqarTveloSi, berikaoba-yeenoba, Tbilisi, 1999. gv. 92-93199

avTandil CaCavapatarZals ganasaxierebda. 1 adgilobrivi berZnebi,rogorcagrarul, aseve micvalebulis kultTan dakavSirebulwes-Cveulebebsa da ritualebSi xSirad iyenebdnen saxisgamurvis wess.CvenTvis saintereso iyo agreTve saqarTveloSimacxovrebeli qurTebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sakultoritualebisaTvis gamoyenebuli niRbebis mxatvrulisaxe. tradiciulad, dawyebuli erayis qurTebidan isiniTamuziisadmi miZRvnil sagazafxulo dResaswaulze,romelic wvimis gamosaTxovad da nayofierebis miRebismizniT sruldeba, mTavar monawiles Txis tyaviT mosaven,zogjer Tavze Savi Txis tyavisagan gakeTebul rqebsadgamen. mas Savi nabdis qudniRabi aqvs afarebuli ansaxe gamurulia. aRniSnuli ki, gvaZlevs safuZvelsdavaskvnaT, rom Cven mier moyvanil yvela masalaSisakulto niRbebs msgavsi semantkiuri datvirTvagaaCniaT. ZiriTadad, rogorc qarTvelebiT dasaxlebulsaqarTvelos regionebSi,ise CvenSi macxovrebel eTnikurumciresobaTa saweso dResaswaulebSi gamoyenebul saxeniRbebSierTmaneTis msgavsi Sinaarsia Caqsovili.qarTuli sakulto niRbebi mravalferovania. maTamosacnobad mniSvneloba eniWeba ara marto niRbis saxeobas,aramed Tavdaxurvas da morTulobasac. am monacemebismixedviT, niRbebi ganxiluli unda iqnes yvela elementiserToblivi analizis safuZvelze. 2sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom niRbebi cnobiliaagreTve Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebSi: abazebSi, kiaxebSi,CerqezebSi, yabardoelebSi, osebSi, inguSebSi, xunZebSi,lekebSi,yaraCaelebSi,balyarebSi. rogorc aRwerilobiTimasalidan Cans, aqac aRiniSneba berikaoba-yeenobis msgavsisxvadasxva niRbosan personaJTa monawileoba.sainteresoa, rom baskologTa kvlevebiT dasturdeba,1 iqve: gv. 942janeliZe d., qarTuli Teatris istoria, `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1983.gv. 251200

sakulto sanaxaobaTa niRbebi da maTi ganviTareba saqarTveloSirom qarTul xalxur dResaswauls berikaoba-yeenobasda pirineis naxevarkunZulze mcxovreb xalxTadResaswauls `fiesta~ bevri ram aqvT saerTo. albaT,araferia uCveulo imaSi, rom erTi da igive dResaswauli,adamianTa warmodgenebi Tu tradiciebi emTxvevageografiulad gansxvavebul arealebSi. pirineis, anuiberiis naxevarkunZuli evropis dasavleT nawilSia,saqarTvelo ki geografiulad evropisa da aziisgasayarzea ganTavsebuli. Tuki berikaoba-yeenoba, TavisiformiTa da SinaarsiT, nawilobriv waagavs espaneTSigavrcelebul dResaswauls, romelsac san-migelis`fiestas~ uwodeben, mas odnav gansxvavebuli saxe aqvs.igi baski qalis – garasisa da misi satrfos – migelissasiyvarulo ambebzea agebuli. 1`fiestas~ wina dReebSi mwyemsebi Camodian TavianTisadgomebidan, mohyavT Txa an cxvari, maTi tyavisganikeraven tyapuWs, Txis/cxvris Tavisgan niRabs, fexzetyavis qalamnebs icvamen da dolisa da salamurisxmaze mRerian sxvadasxva xasiaTis (xSirad, uwmawur)simRerebs. xalxi maT ar devnis, asaCuqrebs sakvebiTa dasxva nivTiT. am trubadurebsa da vulgarul momRerlebsbercolarebi ewodebaT. 2rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSiberikaoba-yeenoba sursaTis SegrovebiT, saqorwilourTierTobebiT da kvdoma-aRdgomis ritualiT sruldeba.aq aSkara msgavsebaa baskur san-migelis `fiestasTan~,romelic, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, bask qal garasisa damis satrfo migelis sasiyvarulo urTierTobas eZRvneba.bercolarebis mier Sesrulebul simRerebSi yvelazemetad Semdegi teqsti figurirebs: `san migelis dRes,diddResaswaulze SeerTdnen siyvaruliT garasi da migeli,bedma isini SeaerTa bednier wyvilad, pirvelad iq Sexvda1futkaraZe n., sagazafxulo fiesta da qarTuli berikaoba–yeenoba.www.saunje.ge gadamowmebulia 2012 wlis 20 maiss.2iqve.201

avTandil CaCavaerTmaneTs maTi mzera~. rogorc vxedavT, wina planzeawamoweuli qal-vaJuri siyvaruli, rogorc gaerTianebis,ganayofierebisa da gamravlebis simbolo. msgavsia baskibercolarebisa da qarTveli berikebis samosic: isinicxvris an Txis tyavSi arian gaxveulni, niRabi maTiCacmulobis aucilebeli atributia. bercolarebsbaskeTSi mgelkacebsac uwodeben. 1amrigad, mxatvruli gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT,`berikaoba~ erT-erTi gamorCeulia. amgvari gamorCeulobaimiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom mTeli sanaxaoba niRbianipersonaJebis mier TamaSdeba. sxvadasxva cxovelisniRabi, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli tanTCacmulobis xasiaTi,saritualo nivTebi da sxva atributika, _ swored isaa,rac niRbis damamzadebeli xelovanisgan gansakuTrebulcodnas, tradiciebis pativiscemas da mdidar fantaziasmoiTxovs. es sakiTxi aqtualobas ar kargavs dResac,rodesac berikaoba-yeenoba kvlavac imarTeba, rogorcqarTveli xalxis uZvelesi tradiciisadmi pativiscemisdasturi.gamoyenebuli literatura:• ruxaZe j., bunebis ZalTa aRorZinebis xalxuri dResaswaulisaqarTveloSi, berikaoba – yeenoba, Tbilisi, 1999..• ruxaZe j., qarTuli xalxuri dResaswauli, sabWoTasaqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 1966.• ruxaZe j., xalxuri dResaswaulebi da Tanamedroveoba,,,mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1980.• janeliZe d., qarTuli Teatris istoria, `ganaTleba~,Tbilisi, 1983.• futkaraZe n., sagazafxulo fiesta da qarTuli berikaoba–yeenoba. www.saunje.ge gadamowmebulia 2012wlis 20maiss.1futkaraZe n., sagazafxulo fiesta da qarTuli berikaoba–yeenoba.www.saunje.ge gadamowmebulia 2012 wlis 20 maiss.202

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vladimer (lado) tatiSvili,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,mediis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli: giorgi CarTolanimusikis efeqti _ satelevizioreklamis mniSvnelovanikomponenti`sa yo vel Ta od cno bi lia is udi de si ro li, ro mel sacxe lov ne ba Si Cve ni e. w. umaR le si or ga no e bi as ru le ben:Tva li da yu ri. es Te ti kur aRqma Sic pir vel rig Si sworedisi ni iRe be n mo na wi le o bas. mxo lod ma Ti sa Su a lebiTSe iZle ba xe lov ne bis Zi ri Ta di dar ge bis _ mxat vrobisada mu si kis gan cda~. 1jer ki dev an tikur wya ro eb Si gvxvdeba cno be bi mu sikissa Su a le biT adami an Ta gan kur ne bis Se sa xeb. ho me ro sisòdi se a Si~ mo Txro bi lia, Tu ro gor Se u xor cda Wri lobana war mo e bis mTa var gmirs simReris wyalobiT. pla tonis`mu si kis sfe ros~ ana li zis Se de gad ki Tanam edro veas tro lo geb ma da ad gi nes kav Si ri zo di a qos niS neb sa damu sika lur notebs So ris:ver Zi _ do, to na lo ba do-ma Jo rikuro _ do-di e zi (re-be mo li)tyu pe bi _ re, to na lo ba re-ma Jo riki bo – re-di e zi (mi-ma Jo ri)lo mi _ mi, to na lo ba mi-ma Jo riqal wu li _ fa, to na lo ba fa-ma Jo risa swo ri _ fa-di e zi (sol-be mo li)mo ri e li _ sol, to na lo ba sol-ma Jo rimSvil do sa ni _ sol-di e zi (la-be mo li)Txis rqa _ la, to na lo ba la-ma Jo ri1d. uznaZe, zogadi fsiqologia, saqarTvelos macne, Tbilisi, 2006205

vladimer (lado) tatiSvilime rwyu li _ la-di e zi (sol-be mo li)Tev ze bi _ si, to na lo ba si-ma Jo risa in te re soa, rom me cni er Ta da kvir ve biT, bav Svebs, romlebic embrionul mdgo ma re o ba Si mu si kas is men dnen, ritmulo bis Tval saz ri siT gamo rCe u lad jan sa Ri gu lis cemaaqvT 1 .Ci neT sa da ia po ni a Si gamo dis mu si ka lu ri al bo me bisa Ta u re biT: `guli~, `RviZ li~, ùZi lo ba~, `sa kve bis mo neleba~ da sxva.ada mi an ze mu si kis ze moq me de bis Se saxeb mra va li sa intere so na Sro mi ar seb obs. rCe vebs Zi ri Ta dad gvTa va zobeneqimebi, fsi qo lo ge bi, musikosebi: `mu si ka Si asa xu liacxov re bi se u li rit mi~ (l. le no); àdamianu ri qcevisgan xilva Se saZ le be lia mu si ka lur sim bo lo eb Tan kavSir-Si~ (d. so i bel ma ni); `mu si ka odiT gan ve gamo iyenebodaada mi a neb ze zemoq me de bis ia ra Rad. igi er T gva ri in formaci aa. mu si ka gves mis ek le si aSic... mu si ka kur navs~ (i.riJ ko vi); `kom po zi to re bi er Tgva ri mkur na le bi ari an...mu si kis sa Su a le biT Se iZ le ba ada mi ans mo ex snas stre si,ui me do ba, tra gi ku li gan cda... mu si ka kur navs su li e radda fi zi ku rad... igi kaTarsiss iw vevs~ (v. el ki ni).na Srom Si `mo car tis efeq ti~ d. kem pblei gamo yofsada mi a neb ze musikis ze moq me de bis da de biT mxa re ebs. igiaR ni Snavs, rom mu si ka aumjobe sebs sun Tqvas, gu lis riTms(pulss), wne vas, hor mo ne bis gamo yo fas (da amiT xelsuwyobs stre sis mo xsnas), imu nur fun qci as, max sov ro bas,Sro mis na yo fi e re bas. mu si ka xels uwyobs tvi nis tal Rebisgawonasworebas; igi xsnis kun To van da Za bu lo bas daaZ li e rebs sxe u lis ko or di na ci as; da de bi Tad mo qme debsma Ra li si cxis dros; sa grZnob lad aum jo be sebs seq su a-lur mo Txov ni le bebs.j. limb ma Ca a ta ra eq vsi cda imis gamo sarkve vad,Tu ramo sdis tvins ja zu ri musi kis qveS (`tvi ni ja zis qveS~).1Рыжков Ю. Психосоматические реакции на некоторые виды музыкальногоискусства, http://www.yugzone.ru/.206

musikis efeqti _ satelevizioreklamis mniSvnelovani komponentiaRmo Cnda, rom am dros iz rde ba tvi nis im pro vi za ci u liaq ti vo ba, Se sa ba mi sad, Zli er de ba ada mi a nis TviTga mo xatvisuna ri.Zal ze sa in te re soa a. to ma ti sis gamo kvle va _ `smeniTi Te ra pia~. eqimi mo gvi wo debs: `xSi rad us mi neT mocarts~.1 cno bi li msa xo bi J. depardie bav Svo bi dan ve enabluyo fi la. igi mkur na lob da a. to ma tis Tan, ro mel macpa ci ents pir vel sa ve Se xved ri sas gamo u we ra mo car tismu si ka _ 2 sa a TiT dRe Si... de par die ganikurna (ga rkve u-li mu si ka lu ri se an se bis Sem deg) 2 .a. to ma ti si mki Txvels ux snis, Tu ra tom kur navsmu si ka: upir ve les yov li sa, imi tom, rom bge ra _ es arisvib ra cia, rom elic Zal ze dadebiTad mo qme debs ada mianTa gul-sis xlZar Rv Ta sis te ma sa da tvin ze. ra tommaincdamainc mo car ti da ara ba xi, beT ho ve ni Tu sxva? _imi tom, rom mo car ti rCe ba amo uc no bad. yve la ze mTa va riki is aris, rom mi si musi ka yve la sa Tvis mi saw vdo mia daga sa ge bi. mas ax sna (da fiq ri) ar sWirde ba. mo car tis momaja do e be li mu si ka Ta vi si uSu a lo bi Ta da ubralo e biTxels uwyobs ada mi ans su li e ri wo nas wo ro bis Se nar Cuneba Si. aqe dan gamo mdi na re, igi fi zi kur de feq teb sac xnisxSir Se mTxveva Si... mocar tis mu si kas Za luZs _ siT bogada sces tvins.a. to ma ti si, ra Tqma un da, ak vir de bo da sxva Jan rismu si ka sac, agreT ve _ kla si ku ri mu si kis sxva warmomadgen lebs. eq i mis da skvna ase Tia: `ro man ti ku li mu si kaaZ li e rebs grZno bebs, gan cdebs. igi xels uwyobs ada mi a-neb Si si m pa Ti is, Ta nag rZno bis, siy va ru lis ga Rvi ve bas (Suberti, Suma ni, Ca i kov ski, So pe ni, lis ti...)~ 3 ;ja zi da blu zi ada mi a nebs karg xa si aT ze aye nebs, gan-12 Томатис А. Слуховая терапия, Диск “Звёздный странник” на основеметода Томатиса. www.flibusta.net2Томатис А. Слуховая терапия, Диск “Звёздный странник” на основеметода Томатиса, www.flibusta.net3 iqve207

vladimer (lado) tatiSviliwyo bi le bas uum jo be sebs,axa li sebs. am sa xis mu si ka maTSiaR vi vebs max vil go ni e re bas;rok mu si ka aR vi vebs vne bas. es Jan ri sti mu la to risfun qci as asrulebs, ra Ta ada mi a neb ma Ta vi suf lad imoZ raon,ag reT ve _ xsnis daZabu lo bas, ayu Ce bs fi zi kur tkivils;re li gi u ri mu si ka, ra Tqma un da, yve la ze did su li ersim Svi des aniWebs ada mi ans; xels uwyobs mas su li e ri Tufi zi ku ri tki vi lis daZlevaSi.sa qar Tve lo mu si kis qve ya naa. aq TiT qmis yve la mRe risda yo ve li meo re leq sebs wers. ar qe o lo gi u ri ga Txre bisSe de gad aRmo Ce ni li nivTieri kul tu ris Zeg le bi sa dawe ri lo bi Ti wya ro e bis Se swav la-analizis sa fuZ vel zeivara u de ba, rom qar Tve li eris sa mu si ko kul tu ra daaxlo e biT mesame aTaswleu lis siR rme Si iRebs sa Ta ves.asu re Tis me fe sa rgo ni, ro mel mac Zv. w-iT 714 wels daipyro urartus erT-er Ti sa mTav ro qar Tve li mo saxle o-biT, aR frTo va ne biT aRwers maT ma Ral kul tu ras, mdi darcxov re bas da gan sa kuT re biT aR niSnavs, rom es xal xiSro mas `mxi a ru li sim Re re biT~ axa li seb da. aq, bunebrivia,`Sro mis sim Re re bi~ igu lis mxe ba. cno bi lia isic, rom qsenofon te qa rTul sim Re ras moixseniebs _ rogorc `gansakuT re buls~. im dro i sa Tvis qar Tve lebs uk ve hqo ni aTsalaS qro sim Re ra-cek ve bi. rac Se e xe ba `gan sa kuT re bulobas~, ivara u de ba, rom aq qse no fon te gu lis xmob da qar-Tu li sim Re ris mravalxmi a no bas.mra val xmi a ni qar Tu li sim Re ra dRe sac aja do ebsada mi a nebs.sa qar Tve lo Si mu si ka is mis yvel gan: ojax Si, wve u lebaze, ki no Si, Teatr Si, kon cert ze, ka fe-res to rneb Si, mitingze, ek le si a Si... rac Se e xe ba rek la mas, bu nebri via, igiwarmo ud ge ne lia mu si kis ga re Se.sa te le vi zio rek la mis erT-er Ti mTa va ri da mniS vnelova ni komponentia mu si ka. xSi rad sa re k la mo rgo lis208

musikis efeqti _ satelevizioreklamis mniSvnelovani komponentiwarmatebis 80%-s swo red mu si ka gana pi ro bebs, mag ramrek la mis Se mqmne leb ma au ci leb lad un da gaviT va lis winoT,Tu vis zea ga Tvli li sa rek la mo rgo li, an ra sa xispro duq ci as vu wevT rek la mi re bas.Tu Zvi rad Ri re bu li sa i u ve li ro sa mka u le bis reklami re bas ve we viT, mar Te bu li iq ne ba kla si ku ri mu si kiT,an ja zu ri kom po zi ci iT gavamdidroT kad ri, rad gan sworedam Jan ris mu si ka aRiq me ba ada mi a nis gone ba Si, ro gorcZvi rad Ri re bu li,ma Ra li saz o ga do e bisa da xa ris xis niSnad.rek la ma er Tgva ri fsi qo lo giuri ze wo laa ada mi a nisgo ne ba ze _ Sesa ba mis ad, swo rad Se rCe ul mu si ka lur kompozi ci as (ro me lic fo nad mihyve ba kadrs) waruS le liSTa beW di le bis mo xde na Se uZ lia momxmarebelze.ro ca mu si ka lu ri Te ma spe ci a lu rad iq mne ba rek lamisa Tvis, ar un da da gva viwy des, rom `yve la fe ri mar ti vige ni a lu ria.~ swo red am `genialurad mar tiv ma~ un dada i mor Ci los ada mi a nis gu li, mo xib los igi ise, rom daamax sov ros Ta vi gamo rCe u li me lo di u ro biT. mxo lod amSemTxve va Si Ca iT vle ba rek la mi sa Tvis mi sa da ge bu li mu sikalu ri Te ma warma te bu lad.xSir Se mTxveva Si, _ gan sa kuT re biT ma Sin, ro ca sarekla mo rgo li sa i mi joa, _ mu si ka lu ri Tema Se iZ le bavi zu al ze gacilebiT me tsac niSnav des. me lo di am undagadmo sces mTeli emo cia da _ vi Tar ca saintere somTxro bel ma, un da Se aR wi os momxma reb lis su la mde, gu lamdeda, rac mTa va ria, go ne ba mde.ar cTu iS vi a Tad swo rad Se rCe u li mu si ka lu ri Te maga i gi ve bu lia ama Tu im bren deb Tan, mag a liT ad, qar Tu lirek la mis re alo bi dan Se gviZ lia ase Ti ma ga li Tis mo yvana:ro ca Ti-bi-si ban kis sa i mi jo vi de or gols _ `madlo baur Ti er To bi sa Tvis~ _ Se irCa The Beat les-is Te ma All MyLoving, romelic Sem deg ban kis sa vi zi to ba raT ad iq ca, momxmare be li am me lo di as, yve la sa Tvis cno bil sa da mo sa-209

vladimer (lado) tatiSviliwons, mo ix se ni eb da Ti-bi-si ban kis mu si kad (mis sa xed).mu si ka lur efeqts gada mwyve ti mniS vnelo ba aqvs satele vi zio rekla mi saT vis. mu si kas, ro gorc xe lov ne bisumaR les mwver vals, Za luZs ada mi ans mi a ni Wos si xa rulida bed ni e re ba, Causaxos im edi da imavdroulad _gauCinos di di sur vi li ge mov ne biT Se rCe u li mu si kisTanxle biT rek la mi re bu li sa qon lis Se Ze ni sa.radio `sindikatis~ musikaluri programebis miznobriviauditoriis empiriuli kvlevebis Sedegad gamo ik ve Ta er Tisa in te re so ga re mo e ba: msmenel Ta 70% iTxov da jazsa dakla si kur mu si kas. maT am Jan ris mo sme na sur daT upi ratesad dilas _ raTa Se sa ba mi si gan wyo ba SenarCunebodaTmTe li dRis gan mavlo ba Si. mniS vne lo va nia isic,rom Za lianxSi rad ma Ti ar Ce va ni erTgvarovani iyo (musikaluriJan ris Tval saz ri siT). es msgavseba ki, Ce mi az riT, amindsukav Sirde bo da: wvi mi a ni dRe uf ro sevdian ganwyobilebasiw vev da maT Si (Se sa ba mi sad, mu si kac sev di a ni surdaT),Tovli, pi ri qiT, mxi a rul emo ci ebs aR Zrav da (gan sa kuTrebiT winasaSo bao Tu wi na sa a xal wlo dRe eb Si), si ci ve,bu neb ri via, uf ro civ to na lo bas iTxov da, mze da siT boki _ mxi a rul (uf ro msu buq) melodiebs.imave radio `sindikatis~ wamyvanebi mu si ka lu rigada ce mebis wayvanisas mimar Tav dnen cno bil xerxs: erTimxriv, msmenels sTa va zob dnen Sopenis, mo cartis, Su bertis,listis, Stra usis, grigis da sxva kompozitorebisklasikur nawarmoebebs, meore mxriv ki – jazis sam ya roscno bil me lo di ebs. gamorCeul gan wyo bas - si xa rul s daimeds, msmenels uqmni da elingtoni, be i si, te i tu mi, par keri,gi les pi, garneri, am stron gi. imavdroulad, msmenelTada de biT emo ci ebs iw vev da ag reT ve sxva dax va dro is re pi,pop Tu rokmusikis hi te bi. rogorc Cans, rac dros uZlebs,mudam mo da Sia.ze moT qmu lis mi xed viT, Se saZ le be lia ase Ti da skvnisgamo ta na uk ve sa re k la mo rgo lis mu sikalur ad ga for mebasTan da kav Si re biT:210

musikis efeqti _ satelevizioreklamis mniSvnelovani komponenti1. sa rek la mo mu si ka lu ri ga for me ba (ise ve, ro gorcsi tyvi e ri mimarTva) un da iyos yve la sa Tvis mi sa Re bi daga sa ge bi;2. sa rek la mo me lo dia mo mxma re bel Si un da iw vevdesswo red iseT emo ci ebs, ro go ric mi s Tvis aris au cilebe li _ ro gor el fer sac Seesabame ba sa re a li za ci odwarmo dge ni li pro duq cia;3. ge mov ne biT Se rCe ul mu si ka lur fons imis unaricaqvs, rom momxmare bel Si gamo iw vi os sakuTar ZalebSidarwmunebis gan cda. xSir SemTxveva Si swo red mu si kam SeiZle ba aT qme vi nos myi dvels: es swo red is aris, ra ze dacvocnebob di;4. ramdenadac musika warmosaxvis da fantaziissazRvrebs afarToebs, xSir SemTxvevaSi reklamisSemqmnelebs Ta vad kar na xobs kad reb sac da sa rek la mome si jeb sac.aR sa ni Sna via, rom Za li an xSi rad ama Tu im sa rek la morgol ze muSao bi sas xSirad jer swo red mu si ka SeirCeva,Sem deg ki _ vi zu ali.da ki dev, mu si ka brZo lis velze... ga vix se noT musika lu ri Te ma, rome l ic me o re msof lio omis drosJRer da ga mud me biT _ The Holy War... mebrZo lebs euflebo da Zli e ri gan cda _ ae RoT ia ra Ri da fron tiswi na xaz ze da ec vaT sa mSob lo. sa in te re so is aris, romam simReris gagonebisas maT imavdroulad ga mar jve bisrwme nac esaxebodaT.nu da gva vi wyde ba, rom rek la mac er Tgva ri `brZo laa~momxmarebelTan. Cven un da ga vu Ci noT maT sur vi li (`davamar cxoT ma Ti gone ba~), ra Ta Se i Zi non Semo Ta va ze bulipro duq ti. am sa qme Si ki mu si kas gada mwyve ti ro liekisre ba.Cveni kvlevis procesSi sa te le vi zio rek la masganvixilavT, ro gorc Semo qme de bas. cnobili postulati:`jan saR sxe ul Si jan sa Ri su lia~ _ satelevizio211

vladimer (lado) tatiSvilireklamas Semdegnairad SeiZleba miesadagos:vizuali, su li _ mu si ka.sxe u ligamoyenebuli literatura:• uznaZe d., zogadi fsiqologia, saqarTvelos macne, Tbilisi,2006.• ВиталеД. Идеи на миллион долларов от Брюса Бартона,ЭКСМО, Москва, 2009.• ДжефкинсФ. Реклама, изд. Юнити-Дана, 2008.• ДюпонЛ. Реклама, 1001 совет, секреты ремесла от великихмастеров рекламы, Минск, 2008.• Избранные сочинения по естествознания, М., 1958.• Katz D. Der Aufbau der Tastwelt, 1925.• Ratz D. Der Aufbau der Farbwelt, 2A. 1930.• Лено A. Восприятие музыки, http:/www.otkroveiede/beta/xml/other/cilaMyziki/ xml/9• Лимб J. Мозг “подджазом”, ж. Public Librury of Science(PLOS).• Огилви Д. Тайны рекламного двора, www.koob.ru• Рыжков Ю. Психосоматические реакции на некоторые видымузыкального искусства, http://www.yugzone.ru/.• Томатис А. Слуховая терапия, Диск “Звёздный странник” наоснове метода Томатиса, www.flibusta.net• Хан Ф. И. Библия рекламы, Москва, 2004.• Хопкинс К. Моя жизнь в рекламе , 2006 Эксмо• Хромов Л. Н. Рекламная деятельность: искусство, теория,практика212

mzia zautaSvili,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinosuniversiteti,kino-tele fakultetis doqtoranti ,xelmZRvaneli: aleqsandre vaxtangovispecifikuri unar-Cvevebis daxvewapraqtikuli telereJisuris swavlebisprocesSi(meTodis aRwera)Cvens televiziebSi Tavidanve da dResac, reJisoriSeiZleba gaxdes nebismieri profesiis adamiani, ukeTesSemTxvevaSi da Zalian iSviaTad, kinoskolidan anTeatraluri ganaTlebiT, romelic sxvadasxva garemoebiswyalobiT muSaobas iwyebs romelime studiaSi,profesiuli funqciiT yvelaze dabal safexurze dagarkveuli sawarmoo gamocdilebis dagrovebis Semdeg,Tudauzareli, usityvo Semsruleblis reputaciis moxveWiT,xdeba programis reJisori. SeiZleba, praqtikuli codnisTvalsazrisiT, es gza saukeTesoc iyos, Tumca, `mxolodgamocdileba sakmarisi ar aris, miT ufro, Tu is amyarebsmcdar principebs, sul patara niuansic ki mTlianadcvlis programis Sesrulebisa da aRqmis xarisxs~, 1 radgan`TiTi daado pultis romelime Rilaks,ar niSnavs eTerSigadasce xarisxiani satelevizio nawarmoebi~. 2satelevizio specialobebi, maT Soris telereJisura,sxvadasxva formatiT msoflios sxvadasxvasaganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi iswavleba: kolejebSi,saxelganTqmul universitetebSi, ònline~ reJimSi,saerTaSoriso kinoskolebSi, moklevadian kursebze.moklevadiani kursebi aparaturisa da teqnologiisgacnobazea orientirebuli, an videowarmoebis romelime1milersoni j.,satelevizio warmoeba, Fokal press, 2004, gv.162iqve, gv. 9213

mzia zautaSvilistiliT Semoifargleba.Mmsxvili universitetebimasobrivi komunikaciis ganzogadebul programebsgvTavazoben. profesiuli skolebi upiratesobasteqnikur disciplinebs aniWeben da naklebad aswavlianTeorias. patara kinoskolas, Tu is ZviradRirebuliaraa, xSirad ar yofnis finansuri resursi.Ees kiimas niSnavs, rom gadaRebis saSualeba studentebsiSviaTad eZleva. seriozul saswavlebelSi kino datelereJisuris sabaziso Teoriad mxatvruli filmiswarmoebisa da saxviTi gadawyvetis kanonebi iswavleba.`kinoxelovnebis Seswavla aucilebelia humanitaruliganaTlebisTvis,aRqmas amaxvilebs,Tumca warmoebis gareSefilmis SefasebisTvis Tu gamodgeba da ara filmisgadasaRebad~. 1marTalia, kino da televizia erT enaze mogviTxrobsda gramatikis codna aucilebelia kvalificiurispecialistisaTvis, telewarmoebas mainc aqvsgansakuTrebuli,specifikuri niSnebi,rasac gaTvaliswinebasWirdeba swavlebis procesSi da Sesrulebis xarisxiCvevebze ufroa damokidebuli vidre Teoriul wesrigze.vgulisxmob uwyveti moqmedebis `cocxlad~ dafiqsirebisprocess. sadac moqmedeba ar SeiZleba ganmeordes dajgufs gadaRebis mxolod erTi Sansi aqvs. am sawarmooteqnikiT Sesrulebul programebs saeTero sivrcis metinawili uWiravs. satelevizio instrumentebis teqnikuriparametrebis codnas moiTxovs da intensiuri praqtikiTixveweba:• maxvili Tvali;• saintereso epizodis Tu personaJis momgebianikuTxiT dafiqsireba;• realobis adekvaturi aRqma;• gadaRebis procesSive intuiciuri gansja daefeqturi dramaturgiuli ganviTareba;1rabigeri m., dokumenturi kinos reJisura, Fokal press, 2006, gv. 461.214

specifikuri unar-Cvevebis daxvewapraqtikuli telereJisuris swavlebis procesSi• realur droSi ganviTarebuli moqmedebisekranuli Txrobis logikiTa da dinamikiT gadmocema;• gadasaRebi obieqtis swrafi teqnikuri analizi,aucilebeli samuSao xelsawyoebis kompleqtacia daswori ganlageba.dRes swavleba Teoriuli leqciebisa da praqtikulisavarjiSoebis monacvleobiT mimdinareobs. Sualedurdavalebebs sakurso da bolos, _ sadiplomo namuSevariajamebs. aseTi midgoma tradiciulia da mxatvrulikomponentis,kinoTeoriis praqtikiT gamyarebas emsaxureba.telereJisuris saswavlo programis metad daaxlovebakinowarmoebis TeoriasTan, Sedegad gvaZlevs axalgazrdaspecialists, romelic xSirad ibneva realur sawarmooprocesSi. iq,sadac yoveldRiurad moeTxoveba gamoavlinosSesabamisi profesiuli kompetencia. SeiZleba problemagaxdes ara mxolod aucilebeli profesiuli Cvevebisnakleboba, aramed standartul satelevizio situaciebSidamoukidebeli moqmedebis, orientaciis, gadawyvetilebismiRebis unaric.Tanamedrove videoteqnologiebis, gadamRebi, TusamontaJo aparaturis operatiuli funqciebisgamartiveba, sabaziso ganaTlebis doneze, gvaZlevssaSualebas, reJisuris fundamenturi Teoriuli kursisSeswavla mimdinareobdes studentis profesiuli,praqtikuli teqnikis daxvewis paralelurad. moqnilireagireba axal teqnologiur miRwevebze, institutisada telereJisuris specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, iZlevapirobebs meTodis gansaxorcieleblad.saswavlo procesis modelirebis logika agebuliatelewarmoebis specifikaze da strategiad irCevsganumeorebeli kadris, movlenis fiqsirebis profesiulteqnikas. realur droSi ganviTarebuli moqmedeba,`gadasaRebi movlena,~ romelic erTi dubliT undadafiqsirdes aris kino-tele Teoriis leqcia.215

mzia zautaSviliratom TiToeuli saleqcio Temis vizualuri aRwera,sademonstracio versia da ara semestruli praqtikuliproeqti, rac meTodis mixedviT, studentma undaganaxorcielos swavlebis mesame,meoTxe kursze,Teoriulikomponentis srulad aTvisebis Semdeg?• Teoriul leqciebze studenti ar aris pasiurimeTvalyure, is profesiulad, praqtikulad muSaobs;• swavlobs arakontrolirebad situaciaSigadaRebas;• eZebs Sesaswavli Temis vizualuri gadawyvetisxerxebs;• cikluri gadaRebisa da montaJis procesSimodelirebulia telewarmoebis specifika – iRebsmocemul garemoSi, winaswar damuSavebuli scenaris,sawarmoo gegmisa da samontaJo furclis gareSe;amontaJebs gadaRebuli masalidan gamomdinare;• studenti mTlianad koncentrirebulia reJisurisfundamenturi kanonebis Seswavlaze;• specialobis Teoriuli kursi sailustraciomasalisa da vizualuri xerxebis SerCevis ganusazRvrelsaSualebebs iZleva;• swavlobs satelevizio saganmanaTleblo,SemecnebiT JanrSi muSaobas;• saswavlo informaciis vizualizacia TeoriisaTvisebis efeqturi saSualebaa;• dasrulebuli namuSevris wardgenisas modulisxelmZRvanels aqvs saSualeba darwmundes _ swavlobsmisi studenti Tu ara;pedagogi, leqtori am SemTxvevaSi, studentebisdamoukidebeli SemecnebiTi procesis organizatoria.is warmarTavs jgufis profesiuli codnis, unarebis,Cvevebis, individualuri zrdis process. mkafiod,Tematuri logikiT awyobili uaxlesi saxelmZRvaneloebi,Tavmoyrili Teoriuli masaliT, sadac informacia216

specifikuri unar-Cvevebis daxvewapraqtikuli telereJisuris swavlebis procesSistruqturirebulia konspeqtebis saxiT, cxrilebSi,amocanebSi, teqnikuri Tu praqtikuli warmoebissqemebSi saSualebas iZleva, msmeneli, aRqmis procesSi,iolad gadavides saxieri simbolodan niSnebis enaze dapiriqiT.rogor unda iyos organizebuli saswavlo procesi?pirveli kvira daeTmoba mosamzadebel periods.gairkveva swavlis dawyebis etapze studentebis kamerisada kompiuteruli teqnologiebis codnis done. miiRebenpirvel gakveTilebs profesiuli instrumentebisa dasamontaJo programis operatiul funqciebSi. modulisxelmZRvaneli jgufs zogadad, magram ZiriTadi etapebiskonstruqciaSi auxsnis realur droSi ganviTarebulimoqmedebis dafiqsirebis profesiul teqnikas. rogoraxdens CarTuli kamera da mikrofoni sinamdvilistransformacias. rogor iyenebs telewarmoeba gansxvavebasrealobasa da miznobriv iluzias Soris. rogor SeuZliaxelis kameras daafiqsiros spontanuri moqmedeba dagadaRebis procesSive gaataros efeqturi dramaturgiulianalizi. montaJis Teoriidan Sesaval kursSi fiqsirebulqronometraJSi, ideis, ambis, informaciis lakoniuradgadmocemis xerxebze iqneba saubari. mniSvnelovaniadagrovili masalis arqivaciac. studentebs ganemartebaT,rom saswavlo procesi strategiulad orientirebuliaprofesiulad aucilebeli Cvevebis gamomuSavebaze,taqtikurad ki xorcieldeba struqturirebuliTeoriuli masalis TviTSemecnebiT, TviTanaliziT,damoukidebeli kvleviTa da vizualizaciiT. principulimniSvneloba aqvs studentis damoukidebel muSaobas,axali codnis etapobrivi miwodebiT da SeswavlilispraqtikaSi gamoyenebiT. gavixsenoT, rogor mimarTavdamixeil TumaniSvili studentebs _ `saswavlo procesisprincipi amgvari iqneba: me Tqven agixsniT, magaliTebis217

mzia zautaSvilimeSveobiT daganaxebT, Semdeg ki Tqven unda scadoT~. 1Tanamedrove pedagogiur literaturaSi vkiTxulobT:`kreatiuloba _ SemoqmedebiTi unarebi, viTardebaproblemuri swavlebis pirobebSi. sistemuri codnisformirebiT, studentis mier momavali profesiulisaqmianobis Sesatyvisi maRali sirTulis amocanebisgadaWriT~. 2 pedagogi mxolod mimarTavs sagnis Semecnebisprocess. mis funqciebSi rCeba jgufis koordinacia,kontroli. studenti ki pasiuri msmenelidan gadaiqcevaTeoriuli masalis aqtiur interpretatorad. is TviTongadaiRebs, TviTon SearCevs Temis sailustracio masalas,TviTon daamontaJebs, gaaxmovanebs da SefasebisTviswarudgens jgufs da jgufis xelmZRvanels dasrulebulversias. studenti sareJisoro amocanebis SemoqmedebiTmodelSi,sabaziso elementaruli profesiuli unarebidan,TandaTan gadadis teqnikurad rTuli proeqtebisganxorcielebaze. saqmiani TamaSi mas exmareba SeicnossakuTari Tavi momaval profesiaSi.mosamzadebel periodSi dgindeba aseve ganrigi, Tura TanmimdevrobiT gadaiReben studentebi auditoriaSiTematur leqciebs. yovelRiurad erTi maTgani SeasrulebsreJisoris funqciაs. rogorc grZelvadiani zeamocana _jgufi, modulis xelmZRvanelis profesiuli miTiTebebiT,qmnis saganmanaTleblo films reJisuris TeoriaSi. Taninaxavs sakuTari jgufis istorias.leqcia sam komponentad aris dayofili.1. ìdeebis banki.~TiToeuli studenti specialobis leqciaze modisraime ambis CanaweriT, es iqneba dRiuris formiT,saintereso epizodi yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan, presisfurclebidan, abzaci literaturuli nawarmoebidan, idea,mniSvnelovani Tema,romelmac masze STabeWdileba moaxdina.1 TumaniSvili m., mixeil TumaniSvili aswavlis, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 9.2ermolova n., profesiuli saqmianobis modelireba saswavlo proces-Si, 2010, gv.16218

specifikuri unar-Cvevebis daxvewapraqtikuli telereJisuris swavlebis procesSies aris kvleva sakuTari Tavis, piradi interesebisZieba. aseT aqtivobas iTxovs yvela namdvili pedagogi.televiziebSi mravalprofiliani specialistis moTxovnisgaTvaliswinebiT (SesaZlebelia momaval telereJisorskamerasTan,rogorc wamyvans mouwios muSaoba) studentmaes teqsti, auditoriaSi, kameris TanxlebiT unda moyvesda SerCeuli rakursiT gadaiRos.2. axali Tema Teoriuli masalidan.leqtori saswavlo informacias jgufs warudgenssistematizebuli da struqturirebuli saxiT,sirTulislogikuri TanmimdevrulobiT. yuradReba gamaxvildebaTemis sayrden komponentebze. erT-erTi studentisTvismosmenili leqcia gadaRebuli masalacaa. misi amocanaa –SeTanxmebul vadaSi Temis vizualuri versiis damzadeba.es gulisxmobs sruli satelevizio sawarmoo ciklisgavlas. muSaobs winaswari scenaris gareSe, ver gadisklasikuri TeoriiT aRweril mosamzadebel periods,iRebs mocemul pirobebSi, mocemul garemoSi. amontaJebsara winaswar gaazrebuli samontaJo furclis mixedviT,aramed aRebuli masalidan gamomdinare. gadaRebis dro,montaJi, gaxmovaneba, saboloo qronometraJi, wardgenisvada _ mkacrad reglamentirebulia. sateleviziosfecifikis imitaciiT muSaobs ciklurad, gadasaRebidReebis grafikiT - dasrulebuli filmi niSnavs momdevnogadaRebis dRes.3. naSromis prezentacia.dasrulebuli SemecnebiTi filmi jgufisa da leqtorismier fasdeba winaswar SemuSavebuli kriteriumebiT,sadac matulobs punqtebi Seswavlili Temebis mixedviT.kriteriumebis nusxas adgens leqtori da urigebsstudentebs kolegis individualuri SefasebisTvis. naSromireJisoruli kuTxiT Sefasebis Semdeg gadainacvlebsmomijnave specialobebis leqciebze, dargobriv WrilSiganxilvisa da analizisTvis. operatoris xelovneba,219

mzia zautaSviliteleJurnalistika, mxatvroba da musika televiziaSi,_ es, is sagnebia, rac aucilebel formatSi ekiTxebaTtelereJisorebs. studentisa da sxvadasxva dargisprofesionali pedagogebis TanamSromloba produqtiuliiqneba mkafio, diagnostikurad zusti SeniSvnebiT daamocanebis miwodebiT.`reJisura ar aris mistikuri procesi. reJisori araris gansakuTrebuli kastis warmomadgeneli, romelicSemoqmedebiT gadawyvetilebebs cnobierebis raRacgansakuTrebul kunWulSi iRebs, romelic miuwvdomeliaCveulebrivi mokvdavisTvis. Sinagani alRo sinamdvileSisxva araferia Tu ara faruli logikuri procesi.mxolod talantiT es ar miiRweva. iyaviT mzad grZelida rTuli saswavlo procesisTvis~. 1gamoyenebuli literatura:• TumaniSvili m., mixeil TumaniSvili aswavlis,Tbilisi, 2004• ermolova n., profesiuli saqmianobis modelirebasaswavlo procesSi, 2010.• milersoni j., satelevizio warmoeba, “Fokal press”,2004.• rabigeri. m., dokumenturi kinos reJisura, ~Fokalpress”, 2006.1rabigeri m., dokumenturi kinos reJisura, Fokal press, 2006, gv.22.220

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malxaz Rvinjilia,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,sruli profesoridazRvevis uzrunvelyofis problemebituristul industriaSisazRvargareT turistisaTvis gaweuli samedicinodaxmarebis anazRaureba samedicino dazRvevis polisispirobebis safuZvelze xdeba. gamgzavrebamde turistiunda daezRvios da yuradRebiT gaecnos samedicino an sxvatipis dazRvevis yvela detals. sasurvelia sadazRvevoSemTxvevis modelireba da yvela SesaZlo SemTxveviswarmodgena (uecari avadmyofoba,travma,sakvebiT mowamvlada sxva). sainteresoa, rogori da ra TanmimdevrobiTunda iyos warmodgenili turistis Semdgomi qmedebebi:sad da vis daurekos, romel enaze isaubros, ra undaTqvas an ikiTxos; iqneba Tu ara saWiro pirveladidaxmarebis da diagnozis dasmis safasuris winaswarigadaxda; ramdenia dazRvevis dafarvis Tanxa; iqneba Tuara is sakmarisi nebismieri sirTulis travmisas;Ppiradisamedicino dazRvevis garda, kidev ra tipis dazRvevismiReba SeuZlia turists.Tanamedrove soliduri sadazRvevo kompaniebisTavazoben mogzaurobasTan dakavSirebuli sxva riskebisdazRvevasac. kerZod, sabuTebis dakargvis SemTxvevaSi,jgufidan CamorCenis dros, uamindobis gamo da mravalisxva. miT umetes, rom aseTi mravalprofiliani dazRvevissafasuri Seadgens daaxloebiT 40-50 amerikul dolarserT turistze erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi.dadgenili wesebis mixedviT, bevri saxelmwifo argascems vizebs im turistebze, romlebsac ar aqvTsamedicino dazRveva. qveynebis garkveuli raodenoba amas223

malxaz Rvinjiliaar iTxovs, radgan ar SeuZliaT nebismier dros da nebismieradgilas garantirebuli kvalificiuri samedicinodaxmarebis gawevis uzrunvelyofa. unda aRiniSnos, romim SemTxvevaSi,Tu turists ar aqvs samedicino dazRvevispolisi, samedicino daxmarebis xarjebs is TavadaanazRaurebs. gasvliTi turizmis tempebis zrdisa damogzaurobebis geografiis gafarToebis gaTvaliswinebiT,sul ufro da ufro izrdeba turistebis daugegmaviSemTxvevebis dazRvevis aucilebloba.turistuli mogzaurobis dros naklebi problemaSeiqmneba, Tu turistis bargi dazRveuli iqnebaqurdobisagan, momsaxure personalis udieri mopyrobisada sxva SemTxvevebisagan. msgavsi polisi iwyebsmoqmedebas aeroportSi bargis miRebisTanave dauzrunvelyofs sadazRvevo dacvas mogzaurobis mTeliperiodis ganmavlobaSi. sadazRvevo gadasaxadis odenobadgindeba sadazRvevo Tanxis, asakis, profesiis, qveynis dasxva faqtorebis mixedviT, romlebic moqmedeben riskisxarisxis faqtorze.turistis da misi qonebis dazRvevasTan , sicocxlisda janmrTelobis ubeduri SemTxvevis dros samedicinoxarjebis,bargis dakargvis,transportis Seferxebis,cudiamindis, araxarisxiani turistuli momsaxureobis garda,SesaZloa àrgafrenis~, sabuTebis an bargis dakargvis dasxva SemTxvevebisagan dazRveva.samedicino dazRveva, rogorc wesi, iTvaliswinebssaavadmyofoSi ganTavsebas,ambulatoriul da stacionarulmkurnalobas,wamlebis SeZenas,diagnostikur gamokvlevebisCatarebis xarjebs,agreTve,sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi – gvamissamSobloSi Camotanas an sazRvargareT dakrZalvas.Amis garda, arsebobs kidev dazRvevis Semdegi tipebi:‣ turistuli firmis riskis dazRveva; turistTaqonebis an transportis dazRveva; dazRveva turistebisan maTi naTesavebis sarCelebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT224

dazRvevis uzrunvelyofis problemebi turistul industriaSisikvdilis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aucilebelia neStissamSobloSi gadmosveneba.‣ turistebis dazRveva sazRvargareT, sabuTebisdakargvis, jgufidan CamorCenis SemTxvevaSi da a. S.‣ samTo saTxilamuro kurortebze, magaliTadalpebSi mogzaurobisas, dazRveva uTovlobisagan.kompensacia am dros gamoiyofa maSinac ki, Tu turistiiZulebulia gadafrindes meore alpur kurortze. mag.,1998-1999 wels Seiqmna sapirispiro problema – TovlisWarbi raodenoba, rac ar iyo winaswar gawerili.1999-2000 wlebSi, dazRvevis paketSi iyo SetaniliiseTi xarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia mogzaurobisganxorcielebis SeuZleblobasTan. am dros turistsaunazRaurdeba gaweuli xarjebi, Tu es gamowveuliaSemdegi mizezebiT:‣ gardacvaleba, turistis, misi meuRlis, annaTesavebis uecari avadmyofoba;‣ xanZris an sxva bunebrivi movlenis Sedegadqonebis dazianeba;‣ sasamarTlo procesi, romelSiac iRebsmonawileobas turisti;‣ saelCos mier vizaze uaris Tqma;‣ fors maJori (stiqiuri ubedureba, epidemia,cudi meteopirobebi).saerTaSoriso praqtikidan gamomdinare, aranazRaurdeba turistis mier gadaxdili Tanxa, TusadazRvevo SemTxveva (magaliTad sxeulis dazianeba)moxda kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebebis dros; Tu turistiiRebda monawileobas ajanyebaSi,buntSi,saomar moqmedebebSi,agreTve alkoholuri an narkotikuli nivTierebebiszemoqmedebis qveS da TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobis dros.Aarc erTi kompania ar aanazRaurebs qronikuli,fsiqikurian veneriuli daavadebebis mkurnalobis xarjebs. agreTve,ar anazRaurdeba moraluri ziani, rodesac turisti225

malxaz Rvinjiliaavadmyofobis gamo,ver eswreba eqskursiebs an turistuliprogramis sxva RonisZiebebs.dazRvevis safasuri (sadazRvevo Senatani)damokidebulia qveyanaze, marSrutze, mogzaurobisxangrZlivobaze da sxva pirobebze. asaksac aqvsmniSvneloba, radgan sadazRvevo firmebi uars amboben 70-75 da 3 wlamde asakis pirebis dazRvevaze. sadazRvevosistema rTuli da mravalferovania. amitom yovelimogzaurobis dawyebamde mizanSewonilia turisti kargadgaerkvios dazRvevis yvela pirobaSi,gaiaros konsultaciasadazRvevo agentTan.ar arsebobs turfirmebis pasuxismgeblobis dazRveviszogadi wesi. SesaZloa mxolod konkretuli SemTxvevebisdazRveva, rodesac calkeuli TanamSromlis daudevrobisgamo moxda incidenti.rig qveynebSi Seqmnilia turoperatoris profesiulipasuxismgeblobis dazRvevis fondi:‣ mTavrobis miTiTebiT SveicariaSi, CexeTSi,germaniaSi aRniSnul fondebs qmnian sazogadoebrivigaerTianebebi da asociaciebi;‣ did britaneTSi britanuli turistulisaagentoebis asociaciaSi miiReba mxolod kargireputaciis mqone kompania. asociaciis wevrobaturfirmis saimedoobis garanti xdeba. kandidati kompaniavaldebulia warmoadginos sabanko garantia 50 000funti sterlingis (80 aTasi dolaris) odenobiT. aseTSemTxvevaSi klientebis fuli aris garantirebuli.arsebuli praqtikis mixedviT, Tu turfirma arwarmoadgens giraos saxiT raime saxis kapitals, arcerTi banki an sxva finansuri instituti ar gascemsfinansur garantiebs.yvela riskis gaTvaliswinebiT (ara mxolod turfirmispasuxismgebloba, aramed sastumro, gadamzidi kompaniebida sxva), umetesi sadazRvevo kompaniebi ar aZleven aseT226

dazRvevis uzrunvelyofis problemebi turistul industriaSigarantiebs msxvil da cnobil turfirmebsac ki.evropis bevr qveyanaSi vizis misaRebad saWiroasadazRvevo polisi mogzaurobis mTeli periodisaTvis.Ppolisi unda iyos gacemuli sando da gadaxdisunarianikompaniis mier da Seadgendes araumcires 30 aTas dolars.Tu mogzaurobs mTeli ojaxi,maSin unda iyos dazRveuliojaxis yvela wevri. dazRvevis xelSekrulebaSi undaiyos Setanili iseTi SemTxvevebi, rogoricaa: uecaridaavadebebi,qveynis SigniT transportireba da samSobloSidabruneba. aseTi sadazRvevo wesebi SemoiRo fineTma1999 wels.unda aRiniSnos, rom dazRvevis es forma ar arispopularuli saqarTveloSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom esZalian popularulia mTel msoflioSi. turfirmebimetwilad orientirebulebi arian dazRvevis im formebze,romlebic daicaven maT turistebis zedmeti saCivrebidanda finansuri riskebidan.turistul sezonis moaxloebasTan dakavSirebiTsadazRvevo kompania „imedi els“ bazarze axali produqtigamoaqvs. specialuri sadazRvevo paketi “Open door”saqarTveloSi Semomsvlel turistebzea gaTvlili.programa turistebis dazRvevas maTi saqarTveloSiyofnis periodSi gauTvaliswinebeli samedicino xarjebisanazRaurebas gulisxmobs, iqneba es hospitaluri Tuambulatoriuli momsaxureba.miuxedavad imisa, rom sxva qveynis moqalaqeebssakuTari dazRveva gaaCniaT, saqarTveloSi misiadministrirebis gzebi sakmaod rTulia. axali produqtimaT saSualebas miscems, martivad SeiZinon adgilobrividazRveva da saWiroebisamebr miiRon momsaxureba mTelisaqarTvelos masStabiT.aldagi bisiais sadazRvevo polisi, Tqveni kompaniisturistebs mogzaurobis dros mravali usiamovnebisgandaicavs.227

malxaz RvinjiliadazRvevis saerTaSoriso polisebi gaTvaliswinebuliarogorc sazRvrebs gareT mimavali turistebisTvis, aseveSida turebisTvis.aldagi bisiai uzrunvelyofs janmrTelobasTanda mgzavrobasTan dakavSirebuli riskebis dazRvevas.samogzauro dazRveva turistuli saagentoebisaTviserTmaneTisgan sadazRvevo limitebiT gansxvavdeba. eslimitebia: € 60 000; € 50 000; $50 000; $5 000.saerTaSoriso dazRvevis saxeobebSi gaTvaliswinebuliaqvs: multipolisi; erTjeradi polisi; dazRveva evropis qveynebSi; dazRveva msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi; dazRveva sportsmenebisTvis.damatebiTi dafarvebi: bargis dakargva; bargis dagvianeba; reisis gadadeba; vadaze adre dabruneba.analogiuri viTarebaa sxva sadazRvevo kompaniebSic.rogorc magaliTebma cxadyo, saqarTveloSi SemosulituristebisTvis, romlebic ukve dazRveuli arian,damatebiTi dazRvevaa warmodgenili. sainteresoa isgaremoeba, rom ucxoeTSi turistTa gasvlis SemTxvevaSidazRvevebis umravlesoba gadafrenasTanaa dakavSirebulida naklebadaa orientirebuli iq mogzaurobis periodSimiRebuli travmebis an avadobis dazRvevaze.individualuri dazRvevis biznes paketis fasievropul qveynebSi mogzaurobisas bevrad maRalia, vidreaziaSi gadaadgilebisas. swored amitom saqarTveloSimoqmedi turoperatoruli kompaniebis umravlesobaturistebs aziis mimarTulebiT mogzaurobas sTavazobendazRvevis komfortuli paketiT maSin, roca Sesabamisi228

dazRvevis uzrunvelyofis problemebi turistul industriaSisadazRvevo paketiT turistebis uzrunvelyofa evropulsivrceSi 2-3 jer ufro Zviri jdeba.saqarTvelodan gasul turistTa komfortulidazRvevis garantirebulobis uzrunvelsayofadmizanSewonilia qarTuli sadazRvevo kompaniebisintegrireba im saerTaSoriso sadazRvevo qselTan,romelsac saerTaSoriso turistul bazarze muSaobisxangrZlivi gamocdileba gaaCniaT.gamoyenebuli literatura:• Бгатов А. П., Бойко Т. В., Зубрева М. В., Туристскиеформальности. – М., ACADEMIA, 2004• Маринин М.М., Туристские формальности ибезопасность в туризме. м., 2002• http://commersant.ge/index.php?id=144• http://www.bci.ge/index.php?m229

magda cocxalaSvili,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,xelovnebis menejmentis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli: nino sanadiraZekulturuli memkvidreobis marTvissistemebi da urbanuli memkvidreobaTbilisis istoriuli moednis magaliTzesaqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis mniSvnelovannawils warmoadgens Zveli qalaqebis urbanularqiteqturuliZeglebi (gori,quTaisi,siRnaRi,Tbilisi).saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis garkveul nawils `Zveliqalaqi~ warmoadgens,romelic didwilad gansazRvravs mismomxibvlelobasa da mimzidvelobas. Zvel ubnebSi (kala,isani, seidabadi, sololaki, mTawminda, CuRureTi, vera...)SemorCenilia rogorc istoriuli Zeglebi (eklesiebi,sinagogebi, meCeTi, cixe-simagre, qarvaslebi), aseve XIXs-sa da XX s-is dasawyisis sacxovrebeli saxlebi.isini ganumeorebel erTian sivrcobriv kompoziciasda mxatvrul-urbanul mTlianobas qmnian, romelSicgamoikveTeba landSaftisa da urbanuli garemosunikaluri kavSiri. am ubnebma, nawilobriv, jer kidevSeinarCuna Zveli qalaqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebiswesic. Zveli qalaqi polifunqciuri iyo: sacxovrebeli,religiuri, savaWro, samrewvelo, kulturuli da sxva,da yovelTvis mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda TbilisisevoluciaSi.kultura unda ganixilebodes,rogorc sazogadoebisan socialuri jgufisTvis damaxasiaTebel sulier,materialur,inteleqtualur da emociuri niSan-TvisebaTaerToblioba, romelic xelovnebasa da literaturasTanerTad moicavs cxovrebis stils, cxovrebis unars,230

faseulobaTa sistemebs, tradiciebs da rwmenebs(kulturuli mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb UNESCO-ssayovelTao deklaracia). kulturis gavrcelebisformebi saukuneebis manZilze icvleboda drosa dasivrceSi. misi mravalferovneba vlindeba kacobriobisSemadgeneli jgufebisa da sazogadoebebis unikalurobasada mravalgvarobaSi. warmoadgens ra urTierTgaziarebis,novatorobisa da Semoqmedebis wyaros, kulturulimravalferovneba iseve aucilebelia kacobriobisaTvis,rogorc biomravalferovneba bunebisaTvis. amTvalsazrisiT, igi warmoadgens kacobriobis saerTomemkvidreobas da aRiarebul da SenarCunebul unda iqnasamJamindeli da momavali TaobebisaTvis.vinaidan kulturuli memkvidreoba msoflios erTerTiumniSvnelovanesi ara-ganaxlebadi resursia,amitomac gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevaa saWiro adamianebismoTxovnilebebsa da memkvidreobis dacvis interesebsSoris wonasworobis aRsadgenad.kulturuli memkvidreoba sxvadasxva viTarebaSiarsebuli sxvadasxva tipis obieqtebisagan Sedgeba;amasTan, igi moicavs ara mxolod calkeul mniSvnelovanZeglebs, istoriul arealebsa da baR-parkebs, aramedadamianis mier Seqmnil garemos, rogorc erT mTlians.kulturuli memkvidreobis resursebi,maTi konteqstidangamomdinare, SeiZleba asocirebul iqnen sxvadasxvaRirebulebebTan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebensxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi maTi mkurnalobis specifikas.obieqtis, misi Rirebulebebisa da misi mkurnalobisgansazRvrasTan dakavSirebuli cnebebi mkafiod unda iqnanganmartebulni, raTa Tavidan acilebul iqnas Sinaarsismcdari gageba. 1kulturuli memkvidreobis daxasiaTebis, masTan1MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR WORLD HERITAGE SITES –ISBN:978-99940-987-0-5231

magda cocxalaSvilidakavSirebuli Rirebulebebis gansazRvrisa da Sesabamisidamcavi politikis SemuSavebis sakiTxi ganxiluliaUNESCO-s mier Seqmnil mraval saerTaSoriso dokumentSi,kerZod, mTel rig rekomendaciebsa da konvenciebSi.kulturul memkvidreobas miekuTvneba sazogadodaRiarebuli materialuri da sulieri Rirebulebebi,romlebic daculia sazogadoebis mier, raTa SeinarCunossocialuri da eTnikuri identuroba da gadasces igimomaval Taobas. amis mTavari mizani ki kacobriobisganviTarebisaken swrafvaa. ,,kulturul memkvidreobassaxelmwifo icavs kanoniT~. 1kulturuli memkvidreoba iyofa materialur daaramaterialur kulturul memkvidreobad. materialurkulturul memkvidreobas miekuTvneba _ adamianis mieran adamianis bunebaze zemoqmedebis Sedegad Seqmnilinebismieri saxis mxatvruli, esTetikuri, istoriuli,memorialuri Rirebulebis mqone arqiteqturuli,xelovnebis, qalaqTmSeneblobiTi, sasoflo, arqeologiuri,eTnografiuli, monumenturi, teqnikis ganviTarebasTandakavSirebuli uZravi an moZravi obieqtebi, dokumenturimasalebi,aseve baRebi,parkebi,landSafturi arqiteqturisobieqtebi, istoriuli dasaxlebebi, istoriuladCamoyalibebuli garemo dakavSirebuli qveynis istoriasTan,ganviTarebasTan, folklorTan, rwmenasa da tradiciebTan,adre da amJamad arsebul civilizaciasTan.aramaterialur kulturul memkvidreobas warmoadgens_ zepirsityvierebis tradiciebi da gamoxatvis formebi,enis, rogorc materialuri kulturuli matareblis,CaTvliT. saSemsruleblo xelovneba, adaT-wesebi,Cveulebebi, tradiciul xelovnebasTan dakavSirebulicodna da unar-Cvevebi, aseve maTTan dakavSirebuliinstrumentebi, sagnebi, arqefaqtebi da kulturulisivrceebi,romlebic sazogadoebis,jgufebisa da,zogierT1saqarTvelos konstitucia muxli 34, punqti me-2.232

kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvis sistemebida urbanuli memkvidreoba Tbilisis istoriuli moednis agaliTzeSemTxvevaSi, calkeuli pirebis mier aRiarebulia maTikulturuli memkvidreobis nawilad. 1kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis mmarTvelobiTiamocanebis efeqturad ganxorcielebis mizniT,aucilebelia kulturuli memkvidreobis tipebis dayofaZiriTad jgufebad:1. istoriuli da kulturuli Rirebulebis mqonecalkeuli Zeglebi, ZeglTa ansamblebi da kompleqsebimaTi mimdebare bunebriv-istoriuli garemoTi;2. kulturuli landSaftebi;3. cocxali tradiciuli kulturis formebi;istoriuli da kulturuli Zeglebi marTvistradiciul obieqtebs miekuTvnebian, romelic,metnaklebad, uzrunvelyofilia samecniero-meTodurida normatiul-samarTlebrivi baziT. Zegli yovelTvismoicavs konkretul istoriul, mecnierul, esTetikur,memorialur, mxatvrul an sxva kulturul Rirebulebasda SeiZleba warmoadgendes calkeul nagebobas, asevenagebobaTa ansambls da kompleqss. nebismieri uZraviZegli konkretul adgilze iqmneboda gansazRvrulistoriul da kulturul garemoSi, rac imas niSnavs,rom misi Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba ara mxolodfizikuri mdgomareobiT, aramed garemomcveli bunebrivistoriulifonis daculobiTac. memkvidreobis eskategoria (istoriuli da kulturuli Zeglebi) mTelrig qvekategoriebad iyofa, maT Soris ki ZiriTadiacalkeuli obieqtebi da ansamblebi.arsebuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT,kulturis uZraviZeglebi iyofa Semdeg jgufebad:1. istoriis Zeglebi (maT Soris, mecnierebisada teqnikis Zeglebi, sainJinro xelovneba, eTnografia,memorialebi, RirsSesaniSnavi adgilebi da sxv.);2. arqeologiuri Zeglebi ( istoriuli dasaxlebis1saqarTvelos kanoni kulturuli memkvidreobis Sesaxeb; kari 1,Tavi 1. muxli mesame , punqti l, qvepunqti l. a; qvepunqti l. b.233

magda cocxalaSvilikulturuli fena, uZvelesi adamianebis samosaxloebi,naqalaqevebi, dasaxlebaTa narCenebi, nekropolebi, wmindaadgilebi, qvaze naxatebi (warwerebi) da sxv. );3. arqiteqturisa da qalaqTmSeneblobis Zeglebi (maTSoris, calkeuli nagebobebi, ansamblebi da kompleqsebi);4. monumenturi xelovnebis Zeglebi.aseve, aucilebelia ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisganansamblebi, romlis elementebic iqmneboda erTianiarqiteqturuli da funqcionaluri gegmisa da CanafiqrismixedviT da ansamblebi, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSiTandaTan Camoyalibdnen, rogorc mTlian nagebobaTaerTiani kompleqsebi. erTiani istoriul-kulturulikompleqsebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebasa da daculobassaWiroeben. es kompleqsebi Tavis TavSi moicavs calkeulZeglebsa da maT ansamblebs. kulturuli landSaftiistoriulad Tanaswor sistemas warmoadgens, romelSicbunebrivi da kulturuli komponentebi erTi mTlianobissaxiTaa warmodgenili. kulturuli landSaftismagaliTad SegviZlia ganvixiloT samonastro kompleqsebi,brZolis velebi, arqeologiuri kompleqsebi, qalaquritipis kompleqsebi da sxv. msoflio memkvidreobasTandakavSirebul dokumentebSi, romliTac xelmZRvanelobsiunesko, kulturuli landSafti gaazrebulia, rogorcbunebisa da adamianis erTiani Semoqmedeba. kulturulilandSaftebi asaxavs sazogadoebis ganviTarebisevolucias bunebrivi garemos, socialur-ekonomikuri dakulturuli procesebis zemoqmedebiT.urbanuli sivrcis dasagegmareblad mniSvnelovaniroli socio-kulturul mimarTulebebs eTmoba,rac kargadCans Tbilisis istoriuli moednebis magaliTze.lado gudiaSvilis moedani — mdebareobs ZveliTbilisis raionSi, Tavisuflebis moednis midamoebSi.gudiaSvilis moedani aris Zveli TbilisisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli araregularuli quCebis da mcire234

kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvis sistemebida urbanuli memkvidreoba Tbilisis istoriuli moednis agaliTzemoednebis struqturis saxasiaTo adgili. moedaniganlagebulia Zveli Tbilisis uZvelesi nawilis „kalas~Crdilo-dasavleTis nawilSi.yvelaze Zveli dokumenti,romliTac qalaqis qsovilSigudiaSvilis moednis arseboba dasturdeba, aleqsandrepiSCeviCis mier 1785 wels Sedgenili Tbilisis gegmaa.am adgilze arsebobda e. w. beJanas baRebi (mefismamasaxlisi), xolo sakrebulos Senobis adgilze asevebeJanas qarvasla mdgara.am moedans oficialurad saxeli 1828 wels ewoda,Tumca manamde xalxi moRnisis (igive moRnis, igivemoRninis) saxels uwodebda, moednis maxloblad mdgariRvTismSoblis somxuri eklesiis pativiscemiTa da gavleniT.amave adgils dRemde meore saxels _ kolorTaRs, anuylorTaRsac eZaxian. 1828 wels rusulma administraciamgeneral paskeviCis mier sparsuli cixesimagris, abasabadisaRebis aRsaniSnavad _ abas abadis moedani uwoda.moedani ase iwodeboda 1923 wlamde. am wels ki moedansstefane alaverdovis saxeli uwodes. 1988 wlidanjer kidev sabWoTa Tbilisis xelmZRvanelebma moedansda skvers lado gudiaSvilis saxeli uwodes. moedaniramodenime tradiciis SerwymiT _ Suasaukunovani quCebisqselis, klasicizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ansamblurobis,modernisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gegmarebis saxlebis daneoklasicisturi sivrcis erTianobisken swrafviTxasiaTdeba. mis arqiteqturul mTlianobas XIX saukunismeore naxevris da XX saukunis SenobaTa ansambli qmnis.moednis konfiguracia yalibdeboda XIX saukunis 30-ianiwlebidan moyolebuli, mas Semdeg rac aSenda ruseTisarmiis Stabi.moednisa da baRis garSemo Semowyobilia ZiriTadadZveli, TiTqmis erTi simaRlis Senobebi. maTgan udaodgamorCeulia moednisa da lermontovis quCis kuTxeSimdgomi saxli, sadac wlebis ganmavlobaSi gazeT235

magda cocxalaSvili`literaturuli saqarTvelos~ redaqcia iyo.ori saukunis win am SenobaSi jer rusuli armiisStabi iyo, Semdeg ki sardafebSi samxedro hauptvaxti,zeda sarTulebze ki _ oficerTa sastumro.swored am sastumroSi cxovrobda 1838 wels leibgvardiishusarTa polkis korneti mixeil lermontovida swored amitomac XIX saukunis miwuruls am Senobidansololakisken aRma mimaval quCas lermontovis saxeliuwodes.aRsaniSnavia klasicizmis stilSi gadawyvetilibiblioTekis Senoba, romelic XIX saukunis miwurulsaSenda da 1917 wlamde am saxlSi amierkavkasiis somxurisaqvelmoqmedo sazogadoeba arsebobda.gudiaSvilis moedani aris Zveli Tbilisis _„kalas~ unikaluri urbanuli sistemis ganuyofelinawili. iregularul quCaTa qselSi aRmocenebuliklasicisturi da amave dros modernistuli moedani,romelic ganumeorebel kolorits qmnis Tbilisisam uZveles ubanSi. am patara sivrceSi isaxeba Cveniqalaqis istoria da aseve kulturuli gavlenebissxvadasxva drois da stilis gadakveTa. moedanze moxdaramodenime tradiciis Serwyma _ Suasaukunovani quCebisqseli, klasicizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ansambluroba,modernisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gegmarebis saxlebisda neoklasicisturi sivrcis erTianobisken swrafva. amgaremoebebma ganapirobes gudiaSvilis moednis aqtualobadRes XXI saukuneSi,rodesac xdeba bevri ramis gadafasebada sazogadoebrivi sivrceebis dagegmareba xasiaTdebaadamianisaken SemobrunebiT, saqalaqo qsovilSi mcire damyudro sazogadoebrivi sivrceebis gaCeniT. gudiaSvilismoednis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia samagaliTo qalaqurisazogadoebrivi sivrcis dacva, rac xels Seuwyobsistoriuli funqciisa da avTenturobis SenarCunebasmTel istoriul qalaqSi. gudiaSvilis moedani aris236

kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvis sistemebida urbanuli memkvidreoba Tbilisis istoriuli moednis agaliTzeistoriuli Tbilisis umniSvnelovanesi moedani, cocxalimagaliTi sazogadoebrivi sivrcisa, romelmac gauZlodrois qartexilebs da SeunarCuna axal Taobebs ZveliTbilisis ganumeorebeli xibli.mTel msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT ki ganviTarebulqveynebSi, izrdeba kulturul faqtorTa roli qveynisekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. gamokvlevebma, romlebicCatarda sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, aCvenes mWidro kavSirimTel rig kulturul indikatorebsa da ganviTarebasSoris. saerTaSoriso saagentoebi, rogoricaa, mag.,,,msoflio banki~, aRiareben, rom ganviTarebis iseTiproeqtebi, romlebic saTanado yuradRebas ar aqcevensazogadoebis kulturul maxasiaTeblebs, rogorcwesi, xSirad ,,Cavardnis~ tendenciis safrTxis qveSarian. saerTaSoriso saagentoebi ganviTarebad qveynebsmouwodeben, rom ,,ganviTarebis programis maqsimaluriefeqtis misaRwevad saTanado yuradReba mieqces kulturulmaCveneblebs~. Sesabamisad, mmarTvelobiTi sistemisformirebisas saxelmwifos mier gaTvaliswinebul undaiqnas es faqti.arc erTi mmarTvelobiTi forma, mmarTvelobiTistruqturis mxriv, ar SeiZleba miviCnioT absoluturaduzrunvelyofil formad. Tumca zogierTi mmarTvelobiTiformis pirobebSi ukeTesad xdeba istoriul-kulturulimemkvidreobis marTvis sakiTxebis daregulireba.istoriul-kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvis qveSigulisxmeba RonisZiebaTa sistema, romelic mimarTuliaam obieqtebis xarisxian mdgomareobaSi Senaxva-aRdgenisada miznobrivi ganviTarebisaken. RonisZiebebis aseTisistema moicavs:kvleviT da sainventarizacio samuSaoebs(informaciuli uzrunvelyofa, monitoringi);1. sxvadasxva SemoqmedebiTi subieqtebisreglamentaciasa da kontrols (dacvis samarTlebrivi237

magda cocxalaSviliuzrunvelyofa da organizeba);2. marTvis obieqtebis mdgomareobis verbaluri dagrafikuli modelireba, kerZod, Zeglis xarisxobriviparametrebis aRwerisa da dacvis dagegmva (koncefciebis,strategiebis, proeqtebis, programebis, gegmebisa dasqemebis SemuSaveba);3. dagegmili samuSaoebis mimdinareoba, romelicmoicavs mis materialur-teqnikur, finansur da sakadrouzrunvelyofas (mmarTvelobiTi iniciativis realizaciada dasaxuli miznebis miRweva);qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegneba yovelTvis mWidrodiyo dakavSirebuli kulturul memkvidreobasTan. kavSiriwarsulsa da awmyos Soris dResac Zlieria saqarTveloSi.Zveli kultura Tanamedrove azrovnebisa da TviTSegnebisganuyofeli nawilia da ar aRiqmeba mxolod rogorcSoreuli warsulis mogoneba. Sesabamisad, zrunvakulturul memkvidreobaze tradiciulad Rrmad arisgamjdari sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi.gamoyenebuli litetartura:• herb stoveli,riskisTvis mzadyofna: msoflio kulturulimemkvidreobis menejmentis saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi,gamomcemloba ,,nekeri~, 2007;• saqarTvelos kanoni kulturuli memkvidreobis Sesaxeb;• bernar m. fildeni, iuka iokileto ,,msoflio kulturulimemkvidreobis RirsSesaniSnavi adgilebis marTvissaxelmZRvanelo principebi~; Tbilisi, gamomcemloba,,nekeri~, 2007;• saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi, 2006;• ICOM-s samuzeumo eTikis kodeqsi, 2004;• anna-sofia higeni (filosofiis doqtori, ostfoldismxaris sabWo), statia ,,kulturuli memkvidreobis238

kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvis sistemebida urbanuli memkvidreoba Tbilisis istoriuli moednis agaliTzemarTvis saxelmZRvanelo principebi da wesebi~ (statiagamoqveynebulia JurnalSi: Zveli xelovneba dRes, #2, 2011,gv. 115-120);• „tfilisis hamqari~, q. Tbilisis istoriul nawilSixelisuflebis mier inicirebuli arqiteqturul-urbanuliproeqtebis mimdinareobis Sefaseba, 2012.• herb stoveli, `riskisTvis mzadyofna. msofliokulturuli memkvidreobis menejmentis saxelmZRvanelo,Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2007;• milena dragiCeviC-SeCiCi, bramin stoikoviCi `kultura,menejmenti, animacia, marketingi~. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba`kentavri~, 2007;• Лисицкий А.В. Меняющееся наследие в меняющемсямире: от ресурса к продукту. 2005.239

nino wiTlanaZe,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,xelovnebis menejmentis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli nino sanadiraZeqarTuli Teatri, rogorc kulturissferos resursikulturis politikis sferoSi gavleniani evropulisaitis angariSis Tanaxmad, 2010 wels saqarTveloSikulturis sferoSi CUPIX indeqsma (Cultural Price Index onGoods and Services) kulturis produqtebis raodenobismixedviT Seadgina 38%,xolo sajaro kulturis servisiscifrma 15%. Teatris wili orive am niSnulSi ucnobia.dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi Teatrebis umetesi nawilikulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros dafinansebiTarsebobs da ssip – sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirswarmoadgens. sul, 2011 wlis monacemebiT, saministrosbalansze 26 Teatria aRniSnuli. aqedan 10 dedaqalaqSi,16 ki _ regionebSi.sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Catarebuli sociologiurikvlevis Sedegad gairkva,rom didi qalaqebis mosaxleobismxolod 10-12%-ia Teatris mayurebeli. magram amraodenobis SenarCuneba da gazrda ukve Teatris swormarTvazea damokidebuli. swored aq iCens Tavs Teatri,rogorc ekonomikuri resursi. ra unda gakeTdes, raTagaizardos Teatrisadmi yuradReba mayureblis mxridan,da Sesabamisad, – Teatris ekonomikuri sargebeli?saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministrosqarTuli profesiuli Teatraluri xelovnebisganviTarebis 2011 wlis programis Tanaxmad, ZiriTadproblemas warmoadgens is garemoeba, rom: `... milevadiinerciis ZaliT xangrZlivad momuSave Teatrebi wlebis240

manZilze stagnaciis pirobebSi aRmoCndnen, simbolurianazRaurebiTa da mwiri SemoqmedebiTi nayofierebiTmiusafarTa TavSesafars daemsgavsnen. marTalia, ammdgomareobidan gamosvla 2004 wlidan daiwyo, racZiriTadad axali dadgmebis raodenobriv zrdaSi,sagastrolo moZraobis gamococxlebis pirvel niSnebSi,xelfasebis mowesrigebis tendenciaSi gamoixata.Tumca, ganviTarebis axal etapze gadasulma qveyanam damasTan dakavSirebulma axalma SesaZleblobebma mTelisimwvaviT warmoaCina xelovnebis am dargSi dagrovilimravalaspeqtiani problemebi, romelTa etapobrivmagadaWram da am mimarTulebiT dasaxulma ZalisxmevamTandaTanobiT unda migviyvanos Tanamedrove qarTuliTeatris ganviTarebis axal etapamde. dReisaTvis Teatrebi,komerciuli interesebis, masobrivi momsaxurebisa daSemosavlebis zrdis TvalsazrisiT ufro viTardebian,vidre dauRalavi SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis, mayurebelTainteresebisa da problemebis mxatvrulad gaazrebis gziT.Sedegad,erTferovnebasa da erTjerad warmatebebTan erTad,am warmatebebis reklamirebas speqtaklidan speqtaklSigardamavali Stampebsa da profesiuli kritikis srulidumils viRebT. gamomdinare aqedan, saxelmwifoskulturis politika Teatraluri xelovnebis sferoSiunda emsaxurebodes ramdenime ZiriTad mizans:_ qarTuli saTeatro azrovnebis ganviTarebisxelSewyoba;_ qarTuli Teatraluri memkvidreobispopularizacia;_ axali formebis, ideebis, iniciativebis mxardaWera.gasaTvaliswinebelia `kulturis sferos menejmentisspecifika. mas, rogorc wesi, `sulieri warmoebis~Taviseburebebs ukavSireben. amgvari saqmianobis`produqtebi~ ara imdenad sagnobrivi xasiaTisaa,ramdenadac azrovnebis fenomens ukavSirdeba da uSualo241

nino wiTlanaZedaTvlasa da Sejamebas ar eqvemdebareba~, amitom,kulturis sferos nebismier dargze msjeloba, rogorcmxolod biznesze da materialuri mogebis momtanzedauSvebelia. yovelTvis gasaTvaliswinebelia am sferosspecifikuroba, upirveles yovlisa ki, misi esTetikurida SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTi.ZiriTadi nawili. problemis gadaWris gzebikulturis sferos marTvis mTavari Tavisebureba imaSimdebareobs,rom Semosavlebis miReba ZiriTadad xdeba arasargeblis miRebis mizniT,aramed dainteresebuli donorebismozidvis xarjze: sponsoroba,patronaJi,qvelmoqmedeba dasxva. amitom aucilebelia,es mimarTulebebi strategiuligaxdes TiToeuli TeatrisaTvis. msoflio praqtikaSiarsebuli menejeruli amocanis gadaWris ZiriTad meTodswarmoadgens marketinguli xerxi _ SWOT–analizi,romlis mixedviTac kvlevis obieqti ganixileba Sidada gareTa garemoebis mixedviT dadebiTi da uaryofiTifaqtorebis TvalsazrisiT,rac mravalmxrivi analizis daswori menejeruli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis saSualebasiZleva.winamdebare problemis gasaazreblad SWOT–analiziCatarda Tbilisis al. griboedovis sax. saxelmwiforusuli dramatuli Teatris da Tavisufali TeatrismagaliTze. es ori Teatri SeirCa, vinaidan gvsurdaSegvedarebina saxelmwifo dotaciaze myofi da komerciuliTeatrebis menejeruli midgomebi da Taviseburebebi.SWOT–analizis Sedegebis SejerebaSi monawileobamiiRo orive Teatris samxatvro xelmZRvanelma avTandilvarsimaSvilma. amgvarad, Sida garemos dadebiTi faqtoriaris sferos Zlieri mxareebi (Strenghts). es aris resursisSida Zalebi, romlebic ganapirobeben mis stabilurobasda ganviTarebas. Teatris SemTxvevaSi aseTad SeiZlebamiviCnioT, magaliTad iseTi faqtorebi, rodesac:242

qarTuli Teatri, rogorc kulturis sferos resursi_ iqmneba konkretuli samuSao adgilebi (TavisufaliTeatris SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom samuSaoadgilebi ar iqmneba mudmivad. adamianuri resursebis(msaxiobebis) daqiraveba xdeba miznobrivad, konkretulispeqtaklisTvis);_ sferos aqvs sakuTari avtonomiuri gasaRebisbazari, rogorc Sida bazari, aseve saerTaSoriso;_ Sesabamisad, mas gaaCnia sainvesticio potenciali;_ bazris konkurentunarianobas rac Seexeba, _griboedovis Teatri SeiZleba ganixilos, erTi mxriv,rogorc saerTo qarTuli Teatraluri sivrcisTanasworuflebiani moTamaSe. meore mxriv ki, rogorcamave bazarze arsebuli erTaderTi rusulenovani Teatri.aseve ar unda daviviwyoT, rom `griboedovis Teatri~ amsivrcisaTvis brends warmoadgens._ Tavisufali Teatri metad konkurentunariania,rogorc analogiur kerZo TeatrebTan, aseve saxelmwifodotaciaze myof TeatrebTan SedarebiT._ orive Teatri ganaTlebis, masmediis, turizmis,garTobis industriis ganviTarebis erT-erT wyaroswarmoadgens.amasTanave,Sida garemos uaryofiT faqtorad miCneulianaklovanebebi (Weaknesses)._ dafinansebis ukmarisoba (Tumca, 2012 wlisdasawyisidan griboedovis TeatrSi saxelmwifo dafinansebagaizarda, is kvlav arasakmarisia. amasTanave, miuxedavadbazarze myari poziciebisa, dafinansebis (Semosavlebis)ukmarisobas ganicdis Tavisufali Teatric).SWOT–analizis gareTa garemoebebis dadebiTifaqtori aris sferos SesaZleblobebi (Opportunities)._ gonivruli da gaazrebuli kulturis politikasaxelmwifos mxridan;_ finansebis mozidvis mizniT axali meqanizmebisSemuSaveba (pirvel rigSi, fandraizingis sistemis ufro243

nino wiTlanaZeefeqturi amuSaveba);_ socialurad mniSvnelovani aqtivobebisganxorcieleba (magaliTad, tradiciuli yovelwliurisaaxalwlo speqtakli saCuqriT, romelsac 5 000-mdebavSvi eswreba griboedovis TeatrSi an miznobrivispeqtaklebi bavSvTa saxlebis aRsazrdelebisTvis,invalidebisTvis, patimrebisTvis da a. S. TavisufalTeatrSi);_ TavianTi speqtaklebiT mayurebelTa cnobierebazepozitiuri zemoqmedeba.sferos uaryofiT gare faqtors safrTxeebi (Threats)warmoadgenen:_ bolo 20 wlis socialur-politikuri viTarebisgamo, bazris arasakmarisi ganviTareba da saerTaSorisostandartebisagan CamoSoreba;_ potenciuri momxmareblis deficiti.daskvna _ sxvadasxva avtoris mixedviT,imijis amaRlebisRonisZiebebis specialuri gegma, Teatris magaliTze,pirobiTad, Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba warmovidginoT:_ analogiuri Teatrebis saimijo politikis Seswavlada gaanalizeba;_ warmodgenebis gadacema radioTi, televiziiT,gasvliTi speqtaklebis Catareba;_ Teatris simbolikiT suvenirebis, kalendrebis da a.S. gamoSveba-gayidva;_ Teatrisa da misi `varskvlavebis~ Sesaxebistoriebis Seqmna;_ speqtaklebze an sxva saxis RonisZiebebze dasaswrebibileTebis gavrcelebis politikis SemuSaveba;_ mosaxleobis segmentacia potenciuri mayureblebisodenobis dadgenis mizniT da repertuaris SedgenisasmaTi survilebis SeZlebisdagvarad gaTvaliswineba;_ Teatralur RonisZiebebze jgufurad damswrebTa(organizaciebi, skolebi, umaRlesi saswavleblebi da244

qarTuli Teatri, rogorc kulturis sferos resursia. S.) mizidvisaTvis muSaoba da a. S 1 . am CamonaTvalsSeiZleba araerTi punqti daematos. qarTuli Teatrisarsebuli realobidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, romTeatrebis mcire raodenoba iyenebs am rCevebs da meTodebs,rasac amZafrebs regionuli TeatrebisTvis informaciisxelmisawvdomobis simcire da marketinguli strategiebissisuste an ararseboba. zog SemTxvevaSi am viTarebisgamosworebis gzebis moZiebis survilis ararsebobaa.Tu Teatris SemoqmedebiTi jgufi ZiriTadi saqmianobisSedegad saintereso, Tanamedrove problematikis amsaxvelispeqtaklebis dadgmasa da sxva saxis RonisZiebebisorganizebas ver uzrunvelyofs, maSin CamoTvliliRonisZiebebis gatareba misi imijis amaRlebas xels verSeuwyobs, rac yvelaze mTavaria, gasaTvaliswinebeliasferos srulyofili funqcionirebisaTvis gaxsniligaremo da gonivruli politika. Tanamedrove samyaroSiaucilebelia Teatrebma Tavad daiwyon zrunva sakuTariresursebis srulfasovani amuSavebisaTvis. saqarTveloSiunda dainergos fandraizingis tradicia. es meTodiamerikasa da evropis qveynebSi didi xania aprobirebulia,rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaTeatrebis muSaobaSi. fandraizingis magaliTebiqarTul Teatralur sivrceSic arsebobs, magram msgavsipartniorobis magaliTi arasakmarisia. es ganpirobebuliaimiTac, rom ar arsebobs Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblopolitika, sponsorobis survili da SesaTavazebeliproduqtebis swori strategia. Teatris menejerebmaunda gaiTavison, rom Teatri aris ara mTxovneli, aramedTanabaruflebiani partniori. kultura da xelovnebasocialurad momgebiani sferoa,imdenad,ramdenadac axdenssazogadoebis faseulobaTa, cnebaTa akumulirebasa datranslirebas, romlebic komerciuli da arakomerciulisaqmianobis drosac gamoiyeneba. biznesisa da menejmentis1Тульчинский Г., Шека Е.; Менеджмент в сфере культуры; изд-во«Лань»; СПб.; 2009, стр. 151.245

nino wiTlanaZeiseTi Tanamedrove teqnologiebis arseboba, rogorebicaasazogadoebasTan urTierTobis sxvadasxva instrumenti:reklama,personalTan muSaoba,korporaciuli kulturisada safirmo stilis Camoyalibeba, warmoudgeneliasocialur-kulturuli moRvaweobis tradiciuliformebis gamoyenebis, kulturis sferos seqtorTanTanamSromlobis gareSe.gamoyenebuli literatura:• Тульчинский Г., Шека Е.; Менеджмент в сфере культуры;изд-во «Лань»; СПб.; 2009246

THEATRE STUDIESGvantsa Guliashvili,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and film Georgian stateuniversity,PHD student of cinema and television facultySupervisor: Aleksandre VakhtangovCHALLENGES AND PROBLEM OF THE MODERNGEORGIAN THEATREGeorgian theatre faced numerous problems and challengesin the past decade. Despite a big and interesting historicalheritage, Georgian Theatre had to overcome many difficulties.90s of XX century was generally very hard for the countryand especially for the theatre. Transformation and waking uptime has started from the end of 90s. Georgian Theatre is in theprocess of searching nowadays, as well as Georgian drama. Thegoal of the topic is to show the problems of modern GeorgianTheatre. Strong competition that is created by the television andcinematography requires a certain compromise from the theatredirectors. For attracting the spectators one has to foresee theirinterests to satisfy them. One of the most important problemsof the modern Georgian Theatre is a bounty of “box office”performances. The fact determines another problem – taste anddemand of the audience. This is one stretched chain, whichcreates a general picture.1. Georgian Theatre from soviet epoch as modern historicalheritage2. Georgian reality of 90s, last century that was directlyreflected on the development of theatre life3. The main problems in Georgian theatre existed in thepast decade4. Drama as the main support for the theatre art5. Features of modern Georgian drama247

Nino Gunia-Kuznetsova,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University,PHD student of theatre study direction,Supervisor: Tamar BokuchavaON SCENOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION1. Main and essential principles of scenographic compositionare:Spatial principlesDramaturgic principlesThe essence of the spatial principle is based on thetridimensionality and is measured by the system of spatialcoordinates.The dramaturgical principles (narrative development andenactment) are characterized with two main coordinates – thetime and the movement.Consequently, the scenographic composition may be attributedto the spatiotemporal art as it exists in the space and changes intime.2. Main representational tools of scenographic composition:The main representational tools of the scenogrpahic compositionare created by the descriptive tools of the spatial arts –architecture, painting, sculpture, and the main descriptive toolsof the spatial arts may be reduced to three, namely: the shape,color and line.These three descriptive tools create three compositional systemsof scenography:- architectonic (system of shapes);- lighting (script created with light-and-shade and color)- plastic (transformation of some shapes or system ofshapes).These three systems characterize the scenographic compositionscreated in the real and virtual spaces (the virtual space implies248

multimedia and visional space designed by digital technologies).Out of them the architectonic system is spatial, and the lightingand plastic – mainly spatiotemporal. These definitions are ofconditional character.3. Closed and open kinds of scenographic composition- In drama theater the scenographic composition is mainly ofclosed character that implies the adequacy and completenessof the composition- The scenographic composition of the post-drama theater ismainly open and expresses the trend of evanescence of thenarrative in the performance and happening.Natalia Digmelashvili,Shota Rustaveli theatre and film Georgian State University,PHD student of Drama faculty,Supervisor: Davit KobakhidzeMODERN APPROACHES INTRODUCTION OF TOTHE STUDY OF DANCEThe problem of dance teaching at the Tbilisi TheatreUniversity has always been a subject of attention of thedepartment of scenic movement.In 60-80th of the XX century, educators of faculty beganto translate the elementary terms in Georgian. Also in theirScientific papers were reflected the psycho-physiologicalproblems of students of Acting Department, which were actualat that time in also in other countries. Unfortunately none ofthose works were published by the department.XXI century brought dramatic changes in all spheres of life,including theater. In Drama, dance and plastic is not a link anymore, but sometimes plastic and choreography dominates indramatic performance and they lead the dramatic line. Since249

the plastic characteristics of the actors has become increasinglyimportant not only in the incarnation director, but also in theperception of the performance by the audience. That is whyit is so important a scientific basis and to clearly direct thelearning process to develop these essentials for actor for theouter expression.Today our goal understands of achievement, creating anddeveloping new complementary curriculum in disciplinesof dance teaching for scenic movement, regarding moderntendencies and current trend in choreography, herewith usingnew digital and video technology in learning process.Giorgi Savaneli,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University,PHD student of Drama faculty,Supervisor: Davit KobakhidzeLEARNING ADVANTAGES WITH DIFFERENTMETHODOLOGY OF ACTOR’S SKILLS - THELEARNING COURSE WITH THE BREKHT’STHEATRICAL METHOD AND ITS INCULCATION ONTHE FACULTY OF ACTINGThe advantages in learning methods diversity in acting–Course of Brecht’s theatrical method in acting and it’sestablishing in acting faculty.Currently, In theatrical arts new forms and genres are takingan important place; Divers theatrical methods has been createdat different historical periods; Due to social and public processesthe competition became even harder. Therefore, actors areobliged to be proficient in all kinds of expression forms andmethods.The leading acting schools also teach many different250

theatrical methods next to the traditional once (like Method ofStanislavski). It is important that Georgian acting schools sharethese tendencies and implement it in teaching programs.The most important thing is to teach acting with manydifferent methods, because this is the guarantee of actor’sdivers expression. The topic of the research will be particularlyBrecht’s theatrical method in acting – how to apply Brecht’steaching method of “epic theatre” and “estrangement effect”and also the significances and aim of this method. Furthermore,there will be researched how to manage and fulfill teachingof acting with Brecht’s method in Georgian drama schools.Studying level, which will be more appropriate for teachingthis method. In addition, the type of teaching will be discussed -whether it must be a special additional course in acting or betterbe thought on, graduate program and how many semesters aredesired for it. However, mainly, the research will offer clearlyformulated plan and program for teaching according to Brecht’sacting method.Tamar Pirosmanashvili,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University,PHD student of Drama faculty,Supervisor: Davit KobakhidzeTHE ROLE OF CHOREOGRAPHY IN A PLAYAND IT’S TEACHING METHODSChoreography and theatre have difficult and interestinghistory that counts centuries. This development has made itpossible to discuss their similarity and difference, interactionand counteraction, individuality and coexistence in one contextcalled choreography in dramatic theatre.1. In ancient world dancing played crucial role in ritualsand it was tightly connected with the labor process, pagan andhousehold customs. Ritual dances demonstrated joy caused by251

the victory or labor. So, in antiquity they conveyed some story ora ritual expressed with motion or by overplayed expressiveness.We can assume that dancing initially was part of a dramaticperformance. Then it gradually turned into an independentbranch of art. However, the connection to its origins is sostrong, that choreography and theater have intertwined and onedoes not exist without the other.2. Directors often incorporate dancing in a play as aplain combination of beautiful movements without significantconnection with the play itself. This hinders dramaticdevelopment of the performance. Each dance has its owndramaturgy, which will unsettle the chain of events in a playunless it obeys the core idea of the performance. Thus, elementsof choreography in theatre must become an organic part of theplay.3. The goal of this work is to introduce alternative andradically different methods of teaching dancing for students inacting schools to insure that choreography goes hand in handwith the art of acting.Nino Qiria,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State UniversityTheatre critic,“THE INTIMATE THEATRE” OF AUGUSTSTRINDBERG AND GEORGIAN THEATRICAL SPACE(“The dance of death» in the underground theatre)August Strindberg’s creative work and its developmentstages. August Strindberg, as a representative of a new drama.The way from naturalism up to expressionism.The theory of the intimate theatre and chamber drama.Theoretical opinions of A. Strindberg in the introduction of“ Freken Julie” (1888), in the article of “Modern drama and252

modern theatre” (1889) and in the memorandum “The openletter to the intimate theatre”(1908).Practical organization of the theatrical opinion by A.Strindberg in the “intimate theatre” founded in 1907. The cycleof chamber plays.“The dance of death” by August Strindberg in theunderground theatre. A. Strindberg’s chamber drama in theGeorgian “experimental laboratory”.Nana Khuskivadze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State UniversityPHD student of Drama faculty,Supervisor: Davit KobakhidzeFRESHMAN OF DOCTORAL CANDIDACY(CREATIVE PEDAGOGY)The Meaning of Personality in Theatrical Art“I don’t know how good actors you become, the only thingI know, I’ll do all my best you to become personalities”. Thesewords belong to my tutor Mr. Gizo Jordania. He told me andmy friends (and now my colleagues) 30 years ago at our veryfirst lecture. His words were a bit vague that time. We enteredTheatrical Institute (that was the name by that time) as we wantedto become actors and today everything is clear-Personality, onlypersonality with its individualism can create the precedent ofuniqueness in art of acting. An actor is alive in its creation (as heitself is as material as creature of art). That’s why art of acting isunique branch in creative work.Georgian Theatre experienced transformation many times.By means of great directors and actors the Georgian Theatre wasalways important and this type of importance was stipulated bypersonalities called directors and actors (their tutors). Yes, actor253

is the title and not only the profession. These were the personswho determined the highest art taste.Two opposite theories are the subject of constant argumentamong theatrical theorists- Theatre - actor’s or director’s? Ithink both have the right of existence. Personally for me, theconfluence of these two theories is ideal. Sturua’s whole creativework is genius synthesis of both. Without actor’s mastery andits individual characteristic even the greatest director decisioncan remain as abstract form of performance.Today new tendency is born in Georgian Theatre- the mainattention is on shows shown on TV. The attempt of inculcationof “new forms”, “genre” is directed only for the entertainmentof spectators. As if we are forgetting the main meaning of theTheatre. In world theatres this process is already well considered(I mean commercial projects). There is very superficial attitudethat can cause actors as personality is leveling. Real changes,aspiration for novelty, progress is necessary as well as inevitable.I think that today actor’s personality needs the greatest innerresource as never before.During the teaching process, by psychologist’s assistance, bymeans of psychological tests and exercises we must determinestudent’s personal abilities and enrichment in right direction inorder not to lose the most important thing – actor as a personalityas micro world in the huge world that is called Theatre.254

FILM STUDIESTamar Bartaia,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University,PHD student of Film study directionSupervisor: Zviad DolidzeTHE IDEA, PLOT AND ITS WRITING SPECIFICITY1) Name of doctoral theme: “Main principles of cinemadramatic art. 2) Conference theme: “idea, plot and specificcharacter of writing”- before writing a film script there isa sort of preparatory period, which makes working on ascript much easier. In spite of the fact, that each director hasgot his individual style and specific character, there existrules, worked out for years, and i think, it would be usefulto know for those, who are just starting writing a script.so, in my conference work- “ idea, plot and specific character”,I am considering the existing and approved methods beforewriting a film script.Maka Dolidze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University,PHD student of Film study direction,Supervisor: Zviad DolidzeGERMAN FASCISM AND PROPAGANDA FILMSThe changes that took place in polite-economic systems andin social life brought up the need of overlook the approachingof historical events. To realize the meaning of fascism as ahistorical event and as a phenomenon itself I used the opinion ofan Austrian Psychoanalysts Wilhelm Reich which he describesin his book “The Mass Psychology of Fascism”. In this work255

he shows us that fascism is an eternal part of the existence ofhuman systems as a concept and we deal or will deal with itstransformed kinds.I reviewed the input of Joseph Goebbels and the mainphilosopher of fascism doctrine and the founder of “TheGerman Culture Protecting Union” Alfred Rosenberg also thepropaganda films (The Lost Valley (1934), Hitler Youth Quex(1933)). These films preached that the strength of faith couldeven put the life of father in danger. Meanwhile was crated theface of the enemy and the image of the young German dedicatedto fascistic political ideals.In the film “The Refugees” (19330 the director GustavUcicky describes the escape of the group of Germans from faraway Manchuria. Through the chaos of the war and revolutionby the leads of the veteran major Arneth they rush back to theirhome country - Germany. The film reminds us of the biblicalepisode where Moses brings his people to the Promised Land.Moses is simply replaced by major Arneth.In his historical drama “The old and the young king” HansSteinhoff tells us about King Friedrich Wilhelm the first whosacrifices Lieutenant Hans Hermann von Katte a friend of hisson, to protect him from bad influence, by the state interests, infront of which all the private interests should back down.The full time documentary films by Leni Riefenstahl“Triumph of the Will” (1935) and “Olympia” (1936) agitate therevived face of the aligned Germany.In the propaganda films of this period the line betweendocumentary and feature is erased. The historical past ofGermany which was filled with wars projected on society’sconsciousness, and this consciousness was reflected in Germancinematography.The self critical attitude of Germany should be an examplefor other more democratically self-valuating countries, becausein the era of technological evolution and changed political256

environment fascism may transform in a new shape and witha “harmless” form can harm the mankind. The psychologicalstructure of the modern world totally depends on the authorityof successful career and on benefits. It doesn’t support thedetermination of longing to national freedom and religiousviews of small counties and nations.In order to support ideas of protecting the human rights andstill getting the best quality, the world unconsciously got newsocial event (the forming of a new world order) and didn’t refuseto use military forces and economical violence to maintain theirgoals.Nick Kereselidze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University,PHD student of cinema and television faculty,Supervisor: Aleksandre VahtangovPUPPETS AS ACTORS IN THEATER AND ONTELEVISIONPuppets are engaged for a long time in many areas ofpractical and creative activity of people. That includes spatiotemporalpuppet arts: theatrical and not theatrical performances,variety miniatures, films, art TV programs.They are also used as application means: in commercials,games or presentations, in the dramatized shows and festiverepresentations, in carnival processions, etc. as well as ineducational environment in TV programs and children’spsychiatry.A puppet as the theater actor is inanimate, it’s the art toolartificially created by the people, with the purpose to createa scenic image, through scenic action. Any object involvedin the circle of substantial human, humane associations and257

participates in scenic creativity, is a puppet.In this case, the conversation will be about special and uniquefeatures of the puppets as actors of the three major design typesmet as far as in the very ancient form of theater, puppet theaterand since the twentieth century, in screen adaptations of puppetperformances, teleplays, and TV programs.The famous performance by S.Obraztsov’s puppet theater,named “Extraordinary concert’’ (USSR), represented certainparody to various genres of art. Later, the “Extraordinaryconcert’’ was adapted for television broadcast (USSR).Puppet environment by its nature is flexible and inventiverepresentation. Creative teams often work in collaborativecombinations with puppet forms and involve real objects intheir performances.For example, Jim Henson’s (USA) TV-show “The MuppetShow”. High ratings and super-success of “The Mappets”inspired Henson to creation of amusing, combined puppet andhuman, musical movie “The Mappets”.It is possible to observe such a phenomenon of moderntelevision as puppet TV shows, using puppets for politicalsatire in entertaining programs, with acidulous issues of actualpolicy.Studying the matter, it is possible to correctly understandthe very special features of puppet actors in scenic, cinemaand television types of spatio-temporal arts, giving the chanceto intuition and respectively means to express and transfer thementioned arts in telespace.Theoretical questions on the subject of puppet actorsin theater and on television will be illustrated with the bothGeorgian and foreign examples.258

Mzia Manjavidze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University,PHD student of cinema and television faculty,Supervisor: Elizabeth EristaviSOUND AND ITS CONCEPTUAL ROLE IN FILMS OFOTAR IOSSELIANI1. Sound at an early stage of the history of cinema:Cinematography incorporates in itself almost all traditionalart genres, which have moved into the cinema as if they weredesigned for it from the very beginning. Music has a veryspecial role among them. Music, actually, always accompanieddramatic theatrical performances or activities. But in cinemamusic acquired much wider importance than it ever had in theframework of theatrical art.2. Silent movie with sound:In silent movies music replaced the speech and filled thesilent vacuum. Silent movie with sound still interests modernresearchers. The diversity of the range of sound in silent movieswas wide. Piano players – mainly it was their mission to bringsound in them. Special musical scores have appeared whichserved as musical illustration of different episodes in varioussilent movies.3. The contrapuntal role of music (Eisenstein):A big dispute started in the world of cinema with theintroduction of sound. Many believed that the sound wouldkill the plastics of the art of cinema and would convert it intosomething static, while with the introduction of speech anddialogue cinema would converge with theatre. Eisensteinshowed from a new point of view the importance of sound andin particular of music for cinematography. In his famous theory,he argued that the contrapuntal use of music would elevatecinema to the new level of its development.4. Variety of sound - music, special effects, speech:259

Together with music special sound effects have importantrole in cinema. The special effects, noise, are an integral part ofcinema sound. Modern electric devices provide the opportunityto create different, wide variety of special sound effects. Thedirector should be aware of these technical achievements,because the film sound is the proper and effective tool ofcontrol, which helps to avoid standard, already well-known andwidely used forms of special sound effects. It is importantalso do pay special attention to the sound of speech – tembre ofactors, speaking rate, which affects the dynamics of the film andis very important for the film sound overall structure.5. 60s of the XXth century - some of the Georgian filmsound features:In Georgian cinema of this period there was a nostalgictowards silent films - the director M. Kobakhidze has created afew “silent” films where the music is mainly considered as anillustration of the emotional content, but the director gives tosound some symbolic importance too. In movies of this decade“symphonic” kind of music is rejected and chamber musicbecomes more popular.6. Otar Iosseliani, as an intellectual director and theconceptual importance of music in his films.The director uses sound for delivering his position, beliefsor uses it as a humorous way to tell the story. He uses sound ina different way. Besides the emotional background, grotesque,association he often uses his favorite musical form: March(sometimes seemingly in inappropriate places), classical vocaland instrumental music. Also often he uses folk music specialsound effects, giving symbolic role to the sound of the bell, tonoise, etc.In his early film - ‘’Falling Leaves’’ (1966.) - The sound ofradio is not only a historical epoch illustration, it is also a symbol,shows the director’s ironic attitude towards the reality. The filmactively uses middle-class urban folklore of the contemporary260

society and the falsity of the happenings in the wine factory issort of expressed via the falsely played piano sounds. While thesound of the bell in the final of the film expresses the director’sirreconcilable position and his appeal – to go back to our true,Georgian consciousness and values.Film - “And Then There Was Light’’ (1989) – shows the lifeof a tribe in Senegal – initially their life is idyllic in the forest,life saturated by their own musical folklore. It points at theharmonious way of life of these people – music is everywhere– courtship, digging of the well, appearance of the newbornchild, praying about the coming of rain. But one day the moderncivilization intrudes in their life under the symbolic form andnoise of a car (and we hear a hilarious march music in thebackground), which is a prerequisite for further developments- deforestation and the migration of indigenous people to thecity, but beforehand they are well indoctrinated mentally –presumably by some Catholic missionaries. We hear suddenand unexpected sounds of siren. And finally we hear ominoussound of bells when we see these people in the streets of thecity selling the statues of their formerly beloved deities, whichreminds us the final episode of the ‘‘Falling Leaves’’.Giorgi Ugrelidze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University,PHD student of cinema and television faculty,Supervisors: Davit Janelidze, Lela OchiauriQUESTION OF MONTAGE IN SILENT ,IN SOUNDFILMS AND IN TELEVISIONThe Function of an editor is very important in Cinema andTV as while producing a new product a director “builds”. Hisfilm helps of montage.These bits of footage are as important as the bricks for a261

uilding. When we put the bricks correctly we get a desirableresult.With the help of montage a director can express his ownattitude to this or that event. As the artistic leader of the film,the director generally leads the editing process, though it is notgood to limit his individual professional abilities within anyframe or to limit his creative freedom, as a film is the result ofteam work.With the appearance of sound films, the character of montagechanged. Montage is different for silent films, sound films andtelevision.In film and TV the director must solve questions of spaceand time in his product. Everything is possible with montage.In our examples above we have tried to describe montage andits importance in the making of art work in moving pictures.262

ART STUDIESNino Dondoladze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University,PHD student of Art study direction,Supervisor: Irene AbesadzeAMBROLAURI AND ONI ETNOGRAPICALMATERIAL RECORDED IN GEORGIAN CEREMONY,„DOLL“ ABOUT(„Pust’s Ritual“, „Naxshi“, „Gvrigvi“ and „Bekikeebi“)From my scientific interests, which refers to the ancientGeorgian religious art of puppet making, over the summer2010 - 2011 my oldest population in the villages of Racha’smountains unique type of material has been gathered, Whichrefers to the little-known Georgian Ethnography ,in the socalled“ritual pustis’”, “gvirgvis bekikebis’’ and public holidaysand the dolls are used in ritual.As for, “pustis” ritual, it was in the second day of the week- on Monday.Symbolically, this was a remarkable victory over the enemyin combat ritual. This ritual was held in the case, if there wasdanger of attack by the enemy, in order to avoid.The ritual was led by the village’s leaders and only mentook part in it.Villagers collecting dried fern, dried grass and so on, makinga large wooden cross with Davis-shaped- “Doll - scarecrow”just made of dried fern and not from walnut and oak twigs,because these two trees are as temple in Racha for this time.Round dance of the fire continued the ritual of shootingarrows and performed ending at “Doll – Davi’s” ashes withtread.263

In village, Putieti, the weekly ritual of “Naxshi” only heldon SundayThe elderly men of the village used to gather at a preselectedplace called “Sanakhsho” and held the sticks in thehands named “Sakatsebo”, which was given to leader of thevillage.It was just made of walnut and oak sticks.They were crossingthese sticks and greeting each other with it.The leader of the village requested from the large familyto do “Doll - Glapa”,and then he gave it to the childless familyand wished them many children.“Doll Glapa” (Racha’s Chichilaki) “Gvirgvis” placed in themiddle of Racha was given to childless families.on New Year.In villages of Oni’s region for Christmas night, they baked“Christmas bikikeebis.” Other images dolls were baked withflour and water made dough. For example: bird with youngbirds, or other animal with its young animal, that were giving tochildless families and neighbors also.Ketevan Ochkhikidze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University,PHD student of Art study direction,Supervisor: Nato GengiuriTHE THEME OF PUNISHMENT OF SINNERS IN THEICONOGRAPHY OF `THE LAST JUDGMENT~(Based on the examples of the Georgian Art of X-XIIIcenturies)The composition of `The last judgment~ in middle ages,was widely spread in the Eastern Christian countries, includingGeorgia. Its iconography is multi-component. One of the themeit contains is connected to the punishment of the sinners, met in264

different variations. There are short and large versions, startingfrom the scenes of measuring souls of the sinners, finishing withthe different scenes of tortures of the hell. The theme is met inthe relief sculpturing and more widely in the frescos. In Georgiathe theme of `The last judgment~ for the first time can be foundas a relief image, on the window frame of the church in thevillage Joisubani, in Racha region. The image is dated as of2nd half of the 10th century. The theme is presented in a shortedition, although it consists the scene of `soul measurement~.We are discussing the compositions of the punishment ofthe sinners on the examples of frescos of churches, like themain church of Udabno, Ateni, Bochorma, Ikvi, Ozaani andAkhtala. The frescos of the above mentioned churches havebeen explored by the Sh. Amiranashvili, G. Chubinashvili, T.Virsaladze, N. Aladashvili, Ek. Privalova, A. Okropiridze andother researchers. They have certainly touched the theme ofthe `Last Judgment~ too. Although the theme has never beenthe subject of the deeper exploration. Our paper representsiconography of the scenes connected to the sinners’ theme incomposition of `The Last Judgment~ and in what versions theyare found in Georgia X-XIII centuries.Tamar Sarchimelidze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University,PHD student of Art study direction,Supervisor: Irene AbesadzeSIGNIFICANCE OF RHYTHM SUBJECT IN PAINTINGWORKS COMPOSITIONThe integrity is appearing from existence of certainuniformity, consonance, similarity, analogy of the components.Thereby the significant means to create the artistic unity and265

integrity is the rhythm.Rhythm (Greece - rhythmos) is the regular periodicrecurrence of identical or analogous phenomena, elements andrelations in space or time. Rhythmical processes define the widesphere of actuality: there could be discussed the rhythms ofcosmic phenomena, rhythms of inorganic nature (surf, crystalfacets), repeated, rhythmic cycles of plant world, periodicityin the field of industry and communications, or the rhythms ofhuman organism (“physiological watch”, rhythms of brain ormetabolism, breathing, heart beat).Classic aesthetics considered rhythm presence to be ofthe signs to beauty. There is no art without rhythm. Rhythmof the arts is naturally closer to the principles of reiteration inorganic world, rather than machines and mechanisms. Artisticrhythm is always correlated to psycho-physiological abilitiesand reactions of human being, and tends to be adequate tothem. It is impossible to ignore the great activity of rhythmicalvariability in modern arts, as well as raising complexity of therhythmic compositions. Invariable recurrence in the arts hasrather qualified limits, beyond which our perception starts tofeel tedious monotony. In many particular sciences about arts,the rhythm conception is nowadays interpreted in the widesense. It might be various types of recurrence in the arts: subjectscope, situations, description details, color spots, graphic lines,tunes etc. In space arts there is a problem of rhythm interruption(limited repetitions of the elements reoccurred, creation ofthe center, highlighting of framing objects).“Interruptions” ofrhythm, rhythmic accents, interstices and tightening are thedistinct peculiarities of the arts.Rhythm is carrying out the aesthetic function of thecomplex artistic structure, the most adequate to human psychophysiologicalsystems;It separates and integrates the impression, addingdynamism in the effect of expectation and suddenness, raises266

expressiveness and semantic capacity of the artwork due tonumerous correlations and analogies, incorporating diversecomponents in a uniform object, and in the end embodying theartistic idea as expressive means of unique order.Theory subjects in the present article are illustrated withpictorial examples of Georgian and European artworks.Shorena Pkhakadze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University,PHD student of Art study direction,Supervisor: Irene AbesadzeTHE ESTABLISH AND DEVELOPMENTTENDENCY OF THE DÜSSELDORF’S ART ACADEMYThis article is about the most important centre of arteducation. In addition, there are some interesting informationestablish and development of the Düsseldorf’s academy of art.The Academy of art established in 1773 by elector KarlTheodor, as the academy of arts, sculptors and architectures.The academy of Düsseldorf is the highest collage ofimitative art.Nowadays, people can study – art, painting, drawing,architecture, photography . . . in this academy.Moreover, there was the specific school of German academyof arts in which was the interest of romantically and historicalthemes.In the beginning of 20-th century it was developed therealistic trend of landscapes.More than 300 years this academy of arts is the mostconsiderable and significant place of exhibition for Europeanart.It – as the highest collage has the most important influencefor scientific research.267

The academy has two centres. The first – researches thescience of style of the art’s patterns by the analysis of artcriticism.The second – researches the dependence of art and otherways of information (TV and video art).Nowadays, in the academy of Düsseldorf’s students andgraduated are members of international exhibitions (TheBiennale of Venice).The academy continues the traditions that consists thehighest standards of establish the studying and art’s researches.Avtandil Chachava,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University,Supervisor: Irene AbesadzeMASKS FOR CULT SPECTACLE AND THEIRDEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIABerikaoba-Qeinoba is a folk holiday originally dedicated tofertility and regeneration. It is also the most ancient Georgianfolk theater.Ethnographic material collected in various parts of Georgiaprovides evidence that the Berikaoba-Qeinoba had initially oneoriginally and does not come from two mutually independentsources, as is popular in scholarly literature. Rather, the Qeinobaas a holiday emerged from the Berikaoba tradition, and certainepisodes of the Georgian nation’s historic past are reflected in italongside elements of pagan nature coming from the latter.Historical evidence clearly demonstrates that these eventsthat originated in the Georgian milieu had distinct features, andparticipants’ choice of clothes, ritual masks and other objectswas determined by the contents of the event itself, the roleassigned them in it and by similar phenomena related to the268

season of the year.The subject of this paper is the artistic forms of the masksused in those rituals, as well as their development from ancienttime to present day.This article provides described typological characteristicsof the masks according to the region, image, and mask material.Examples of material-wise typology are sheep- or goat skin-,animal’s skull- (sometimes used as headgear), weavingmasks made of rough tissue, pumpkin-, bark-, cardboardor paper masks. Examples of mage-wise typology includeanthropomorphous and zoomorphic masks. The first categoryfeatures the masks with human traits, while the second one –those with recognizable traits of sheep, goats, bull, pork andother animals.Ritual masks are one of essential components of theBerikaoba-Qeinoba festivity, whose study reveals many noteworthyfacets. This paper puts the Georgian ritual masks toa comparative analysis, viewing as parallel field materialcharacteristics of the masks used in the South Cuacasus, amongthe Greeks of the Tsalka district of Georgia, and by the Basks ofthe Iberian Peninsula for similar ritual purposes.269

MEDIA STUDIESMzia Zautashvili,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University,PHD student of cinema and television facultySupervisor: Aleksandre Vahtangov270REFINEMENT OF A SPECIFIC ABILITIES IN THEEDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF THE ART OF TVDIRECTION(Description of the Method)ObjectiveThe simplification of operating functions of contemporaryvideo technologies, shooting or editing devices, enables us todeliver to the students the fundamental theoretical course of theart of direction simultaneously with the perfection of practicaltechnics.GoalThe organization of educational process in respet of student’seducational and creative activities individually and in group,which ensures the development of the quality of practicalactivities and creative potential of the future TV director in theprocess of education.Present MethodAfter Theoretical lectures in the art of TV direction, the practicalwork in forms of intermédiate assignments, course works,diploma TV program or video.Suggested MethodBackground – psychological conception “ Learning on thehighest level of complexity.”

Individual, independent understanding, perception andvisualization of theoretical lectures, educatinal information. Thiscan be achieved by the members of the TV art of direction group,who will, in tern, shoot all topical lectures, then by seeking ofvisual material around the topic, also , in the process of editing,by organization of the form and finally, by presentation. Thepresentation is completed by profesional analysis and discussionaround the work.The Advantage of the MethodAt the beginning of learning process the student is introducedto the specificity of TV-video production. The studentsimultaneously studies theory and practice. The visualzationof the topic develops his imaginary thinking and intellectualdata. This makes clear wheather the student has a propensity tochosen profession and inner readiness.The group, under direction of the head of module, creates theeducational movie in the theory of direction.Vladimir (Lado) Tatishvili,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University,PHD student of media direction,Supervisor: Giorgi ChartolaniMUSICAL EFFECT – ONE OF THE IMPORTANTCOMPONENTS OF THE TV ADVERTISEMENT• It is far-famed that the biggest role in the art, has so calledhighest organ: eyes and ears. They also are in the firstraw, one of the main components, while talking about theesthetical perception. Just by their help you can feel themain branch of art – painting and music. (D. Uznadze -2006)• Even in the ancient sources, there are the notes about so271

called musical therapy - . In the “Odyssey” by Homer itis told that wended personage was cured by the help ofthe music. Analyzing “Music Sphere” by Plato modernastrologists came to result that there are some connectionswith zodiac signs and music notes.• In Georgia Music is heard everywhere: in flats, parties,movie, theatre, concerts, cafes, restaurants, rallies,churches… while talking about advertisement, it isunimaginable without music.• One of the most important and main component ofTelevision advertisement is music. Very often the 80% ofthe success of TV advertisement is depending on the music.But however the creators of advertisement, besides the typeof the production, have to foresee, to whom, on what kindof audience it has to work.• We can consider an advertisement as the psychologicalpressure on the minds of humans. Therefore, well selectedmusical composition (which is on the back sound of theadvertisement) could have increase unforgettable impressionon the audience.• The effects of the musical composition have the main rolefor the television advertisement. Music as the top of thehill of art could bring joy and happiness, give hope to thehuman being; at the same time it could raise a wish to buythe advertised product which is mounting by liking, goodtasted music.• While working on the Georgian market, creative groupwhich is working on the television advertisement, in thefirst place have to find out and lead by the cultural andnational traditions, they have to go even deeper and learnthe specialties of the musical culture of the population.272

MANAGEMENTEND TOURIZMMalkhaz Gvinjilia,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University,Full professorINSURANCE GUARANTEEING PROBLEMS IN THETOURIST INDUSTRYCompensation for the tourist medical insurance abroad isprovided on the basis of the medical insurance policy. Beforethe departure the tourist must get an insurance card and becomeinformed about every other type of the insurance detail.According to the established rules lots of states do notissue visas to the tourists without medical insurances. A certainnumber of states do not require this, as they cannot provide themwith guaranteed, qualified medical aid at any time or place.As a rule, medial insurance envisages placement inhospitals, clinical treatment, providing medicines and expensesof diagnostic treatment: Transportation of the corps to the nativelands in case of death or burial abroad.This form of insurance is not popular in Georgia despite itis popular in the whole world. Tour-firms are mostly oriented atthose types of insurance that would protect them from touristcomplaints and financial risks.In order to provide tourists from Georgia with comfortableinsurance guarantees Georgian insurance companies must beintegrated in the international insurance net that has long standingworking experience in the international tourist market.273

Magda Tsotskhalashvili,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University,PHD student of Art management direction,Supervisor: Nino SanadiradzeCULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSAND URBAN HERITAGE BY THE EXAMPLES OFTBILISI HISTORICAL SQUARES• Historical and cultural monuments belong to the traditionalobjects of management, which, more or less, are providedwith the scientific - methodological and normative - legalbasis.• In accordance with the cultural heritage laws, culture realestate sites are divided into different groups, which includearchitecture and city-building sites (including separatebuildings, ensembles and complexes, etc.). It is necessary todistinguish from each other the ensembles, which elementswere created according to the architectural and functionalplan and idea and the ensembles, which gradually establishedover time as a united complexes of total structures.• The role of cultural factors in economic development of thecountry. Various studies in different countries have shownthe close connection between a number of cultural indicatorsand the development. International agencies, for example,,The World Bank~, recognize that development projects,which ignore the social and cultural characteristics, as arule, often are at risk to fail.• Social, political, ideological, economic, geopolitical andtechnological effect of urban planning. Social-culturaltrends have important role in the planning of urban areadevelopment, that is clearly presented by the examples ofTbilisi historical squares.274

Nino Tsitlanadze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian StateUniversity,PHD student of Art managment direction,Supervisor: Nino Sanadiradze,GEORGIAN THEATRE AS CULTURAL RESOURCEGeorgian theatre is discussed as a cultural resourse. Thebranch is examined with SWOT-analysis. We must say, thatone-sided and centralized culture politics have to be updated.At the same time, theatres themselves must search additionalfinancing. For this should be skilfully accepted methods offundraising. But, everything will be vain, before theatres won’tpropose professional qualitative products and before thoseproducts won’t be reviewed by professional and unbiasedcritics.Dodo Chumburidze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University,PHD student of Art managment direction,Supervisor: Nino SanadiradzeTHEATRE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY WITHTARGET GROUPS(Concept of attraction and ‘admiring’ of audience)Each work of art itself means two main aspects the timeof creation and perception of work. The problem of theatre’saudience does not lose the actuality. Therefore, the theme„Theatre communication strategy with target groups (Conceptof attraction and ‘admiring’ of audience)“ is about the theatre, asa cultural product’s particular characteristics and specification275

of target audience.The theme also includes: what kind of influence has theprinciples of market economy on the cultural sphere; how it ispossible to expand the scope of theatre’s audience and to rousethe interest;What should be clear in the theatre’s public relations strategyand how should encourage devotion of loyal audience;How can be conducted the theatre’s communication strategy,in order to be possible to transform the potential audience intoloyal audience.276

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saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #4 (53), 2012 ART SCIENCE ...

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