ekonomika da biznesi - Tbilisi State University
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ekonomika da biznesi - Tbilisi State University

ekonomika da biznesi - Tbilisi State University ekonomika da biznesi - Tbilisi State University

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis <strong>Tbilisi</strong>s saxelmwifo universitetisekonomikisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>biznesi</strong>s fakultetis saerTaSoriso referirebadi<strong>da</strong> recenzirebadi samecniero-praqtikuli JurnaliÌåæäóíàðîäíûéðåôåðInternational refereed and reviewed scientific and practical journalof the Faculty of Economics and Business,Iv. Javakhishvili <strong>Tbilisi</strong> <strong>State</strong> <strong>University</strong>Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ðåôåðèðóåìûé è ðåöåíçèðóåìûé íàó÷íîïðàêòè÷åñêèéæóðíàë ôàêóëüòåòà Ýêîíîìèêè è ÁèçíåñàÒáèëèññêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà èìåíè Èâ.Äæàâàõèøâèëègamodis 2008 wlis ianvri<strong>da</strong>n, or TveSi erTxelPublished since January, 2008 once in two monthÂûõîäèò ñ ßíâàðÿ 2008 ãîäà ðàç â äâà ìåñÿöàre<strong>da</strong>qciis misamarTi: <strong>Tbilisi</strong>, universitetis q., #1,Tsu maRlivi korpusi, me-13 sarT., tel. 230-36-68, 599-10-38-16e-mail: ebf.journal@tsu.ge

sare<strong>da</strong>qcio kolegiarevaz gogoxia – mTavari re<strong>da</strong>qtoriekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr–korespondentebi, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi: vladimerpapava, avTandil silagaZe, leo Ciqava.ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesorebi: iuriananiaSvili, ramaz abesaZe, simon gelaSvili, revaz gvelesiani,nugzar Todua, irakli kovzanaZe, eka lekaSvili, murTaz maRraZe, maiamargvelaSvili, qeTevan marSava, elguja meqvabiSvili, iakob mesxia,nugzar paiWaZe, sergo sanaZe, mirian tuxaSvili, eTer xaraiSvili,elene xarabaZe, roman xarbedia, no<strong>da</strong>r xaduri, akaki xelaZe, TemurSengelia, emzar jgerenaia.EDITORIAL BOARDRevaz Gogokhia – Editor-in-chief Doctor of Economic sciences, professor.Corresponding members of Georgian National Academy of Sciences, doctorsof Economic Sciences: Vladimer Papava, Avtandil Silagadze, Leo Chikava.Doctors of Economic Sciences, professors: Iuri Ananiashvili, Ramaz Abesadze,Simon Gelashvili, Revaz Gvelesiani, Nugzar Todua, Irakli Kovsanadze,Eka Lekashvili, Murtaz Magradze, Maya Margvelashvili, Ketevan Marshava, ElgujaMekvabiishvili, Iakob Meskhia, Nugzar Paichadze, Sergo Sanadze, MirianTukhashvili, Eter Kharaishvili, Elene Kharabadze, Roman Kharbedia, No<strong>da</strong>r Khaduri,Akaki Kheladze, Temur Shengelia, Emzar Jgerenaia.ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈßÐåâàç Ãîãîõèÿ – ãëàâíèé ðåäàêòîð, äîêòîð ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê,ïðîôåññîð.×ëåíû-êîððåñïîíäåíòû Íàöèîíàëüíîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ãðóçèè –Âëàäèìåð Ïàïàâà, Àâòàíäèë Ñèëàãàäçå, Ëåî ×èêàâà.Äîêòîðà ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîðà: Þðèé Àíàíèàøâèëè,Ðàìàç Àáåñàäçå, Ñèìîí Ãåëàøâèëè, Ðåâàç Ãâåëåñèàíè,Íóãçàð Òîäóà,Èðàêëèé Êîâçàíàäçå, Åêà Ëåêàøâèëè, Ìóðòàç Ìàãðàäçå, ÌàéÿÌàðãâåëàøâèëè, Êåòåâàí Ìàðøàâà, Çëãóäæà Ìåêâàáèøâèëè, ßêîáÌåñõèÿ, Íóãçàð Ïàé÷àäçå, Серго Санадзе, Ìèðèàí Òóõàøâèëè, ÅòåðÕàðàèøâèëè, Ýëåíå Õàðàáàäçå, Ðîìàí Õàðáåäèÿ, Íîäàð Õàäóðè, АкакиХеладзе, Òåìóð Øåíãåëèÿ, Ýìçàð Äæãåðåíàèÿ.3

sare<strong>da</strong>qcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi.volfgang vengi – berlinis (germania) universitetisprofesori, harald kunci – branderburgis(germania) universitetis ekonomikuri Teoriis kaTedrisgamge, kim taqsiri – ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiisakademikosi, jozef xasidi – pireusis (saber-ZneTi) universitetis ekonomikuri fakultetis dekani,profesori, tomas haldma – tartus (estoneTi) universitetisekonomikisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>biznesi</strong>s administrirebisfakultetis dekani, profesori.FOREIGN MEMBERS OF THEEDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICS:Wolfgang Weng – Professor at Berlin <strong>University</strong> (Germany),Harald Kunz – Head of department of Economic theory at Branderburg<strong>University</strong> (Germany), Kim Taksir – Academician of RussianAcademy of Sciences, Joseph Hassid - Dean of the Faculty of EconomicsPiraeus <strong>University</strong> (Greece), Professor, Toomas Haldma– Tartu <strong>University</strong>’s Dean Faculty of Economics and BusinessAdministration, professor (Estonia).4ÈÍÎÑÒÐÀÍÍÛÅ ×ËÅÍÛÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÊÎËËÅÃÈÈ:Âîëôãàíã Âåíã - Ïðîôåññîð Áåðëèíñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà(Ãåðìàíèÿ), Êóíö Ãàðàëä – çàâ. êàôåäðîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîéòåîðèè Áðàíäåðáóðãñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Êèì Òàêñèð– Àêàäåìèê Ðîññèéñêîé Àêàäåìèè Íàóê, Äæîçåô Õàññèä –äåêàí ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà Ïèðåéññêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà(Ãðåöèÿ), Òîîìàñ Õàëäìà - äåêàí ôàêóëüòåòà ýêîíîìèêè èàäìèíèñòðèðîâàíèÿ áèçíåñà Óíèâåðñèòåòà Òàðòó (Ýñòîíèÿ),ïðîôåññîð.

SinaarsisaSobao epistole ................................................................................. 11ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong>ekonomikuri politikarevaz gvelesiani. ekonomikuri politikis saSualeba-Ta racionaluri gamoyenebis logika ..........................17slava fetelava, Salva gogiaSvili. saqarTveloskonkurenciis politikis srulyofis mimarTulebebi….......................................................................................................................33enver lagvilava. eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelos SeqmnisTeoriul-meTodologiurisakiTxebi¬........................................................................................................ 45mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>ia nacvliSvili. inovaciuri midgomebi globalurvaWrobaSi _ msoflio keTildReobis gaumjobesebisfaqtori (inglisur enaze) ............................................................. 61gulnaz erqomaiSvili. velnes (Wellness) industria <strong>da</strong>misi ganviTarebis strategia saqarTveloSi .................79naTia <strong>da</strong>ReliSvili. Rrma <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcveli vaWrobisSesaxeb SeTanxmeba (DCFTA) - realoba Tu “partniorobaqaRaldze?” ........................................................................... 91Tengiz TaqTaqiSvili. mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> misi saxelmwifoebrivi mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisformebi .................................................................................................... 995

finansuri <strong>ekonomika</strong>akaki gabelaia. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetisdeficitis ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis Sefaseba <strong>da</strong>prognozireba ............................................................................................ 111vaxtang Waraia. sabanko ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis maregulirebelistan<strong>da</strong>rtebis <strong>da</strong>nergvis TaviseburebebisaqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> sazRvargareTis qveynebSi ............ 121buRaltruli aRricxva. auditimarina maisuraZe. sawarmoTa aqtivebis gaufasurebisregulireba ............................................................................................... 143WiWiko adeiSvili. audituri kontroli: istoria,Tanamedroveoba <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis perspeqtivebisaqarTveloSi .......................................................................................... 153kritikaiuri ananiaSvili, vladimer (lado)papava. QqarTveliekonomistis litvaSi gamoqveynebuli plagiaturistatiis Sesaxeb .................................................................................... 171Cveni iubilarebiprofesori qeTevan marSava ....................................................... 1936

CONTENTSChristmas Epistle .......................................................................... 11ECONOMIC THEORY ANDECONOMIC POLICYREVAZ GVELESIANI. Logics of Applying Possibilities ofEconomic Policy Rationally ……….............................................. 17SLAVA FETELAVA, SHALVA GOGIASHVILI. RegardingImproving Competition Policy of Georgia ……………………….33ENVER LAGVILAVA. Theoretical-Methodological Issues forCreating an e-Textbook …………................................................. 45MICRO-MACROECONOMICSIA NATSVLISHVILI. Innovative Approaches in Global Trade –Factor of Promoting Wellbeing Worldwide ………………………61GULNAZ ERKOMAISHVILI. Wellness Industry and itsDevelopment Strategies in Georgia …........................................... 79NATIA DAGELISHVILI. Deep and Comprehensive Free TradeAgreement (DCFTA) – Reality or “Cooperation on the Paper?” ...91TENGIZ TAKTAKISHVILI. Small and Medium-sized Business inGeorgia and the Government Support ………………………....…997

FINANCIAL ECONOMICSAKAKI GABELAIA. Evaluation and Forecasting of EconomicSignificance of the <strong>State</strong> Budget Deficit of Georgia ……....……111VAKHTANG CHARAIA. Peculiarities of Introducing RegulatoryStan<strong>da</strong>rds for Banking Supervision in Georgia and in ForeignCountries ……………………………………...………………. 121ACCOUNTING AND AUDITMARINA MAISURADZE. Regulation of Depreciation of aCompany’s Assets …………..........................................……… 143CHICHIKO ADEISHVILI. Audit Control: History, Current Situationand Development Perspectives in Georgia ……….......…………153CRITICSIURI ANANIASHVILI, VLADIMER (LADO) PAPAVA. RegardingPlagiaristic Article by Georgian Economist Published in Litvia …171BIRTHDAY ANNIVERSARIESProfessor Ketevan Marshava ……….……………….......…… 1938

СодержаниеРождественское Эпистоле ......................................................... 11Экономическая теория иэкономическая политикаРеваз Гвелесиани. Логика рационального использованиясредств экономической политики ............................................. 17Слава Фетелава, Шалва Гогиашвили. Направлениесовершенствования политики конкуренции Грузии .............. 33Энвер Лагвилава. Теоретико-методологические вопросысоздания электронического учебника ...................................... 45Микро-МакроэкономикаИа Нацвлишвили. Инновации в глобальной торговле -фактор повышения мирового благосостояния ........................ 61Гульназ Эркомаишвили. Велнес (wellness) индустрия истратегия ее развития в Грузии .................................................. 79Натия Дагелишвили. Соглашение о глубокоми всеобъемлющей торговле (DCFTA): реальность или“Партнерство на бумаге” ............................................................ 91Тенгиз Тактакишвили. Малый и средний бизнес в Грузиии формы его государственной поддержки .............................1039

Финансовая ЭкономикаАкакий Габелая. Оценка и прогнозированиеэкономического значения дефицита государственного бюджетаГрузий ......................................................................................... 111Вахтанг Чарая. Особенности внедрения стандартоврегулирования банковского наблюдения в Грузии и зарубежныхстранах ....................................................................................... 121Бухгальтерский учет. АудитМарина Майсурадзе. Регулирование обесценения активовпредприятий ............................................................................... 143Чичико Адеишвили. История, современность иперспективы развития аудитического контроля в Грузии .....153КритикаЮрий Ананиашвили, Владимир (Ладо) Папава. Оплагяторскои статый грузинского экономиста опубликованнойв Литве ...................................................................................... 171Наши юбиларыПрофессор Кетеван Маршава ....................................19310

saSobao epistolesaqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqissaSobao epistoleyovladsamRvdelono, mRvdelmTavarno, moZRvarno,diakonno, ber-monazonno, yovelno sulierno SvilnosaqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiisa, RvTiv kurTxeuloiveriis mkvidrno <strong>da</strong> Cveni samSoblos sazRvrebs gareTmcxovrebo Tanamemamuleno!„aTaswlovani molodini kacTa modgmis xsnis <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>.aRsrul<strong>da</strong> mraval TaobaTa natvra, - iSva ieso“.oci saukunis winaT aRmobrwyinebuli belemisvarskvlavi dRes kvlav amcnobs samyaros eniT miuwvdomelsaidumlos RvTis ganxorcielebisa; saswauls, romelsacverasodes Caswvdeba a<strong>da</strong>mianuri goneba. saocrebas,romelsacver warmoidgen<strong>da</strong> TviT angelozTa <strong>da</strong>sic.TiTqmis ar aris arc erTi qveyana ,arc erTiqristianuli ojaxi, rom ar xarobdes am dRis <strong>da</strong>dgomiT,magram faqtia, rom bevrisTvis ucnobia amgvari ganwyobisnamdvili mizezi <strong>da</strong> isic, Tu ras avaldebulebs es dReyovel a<strong>da</strong>mians.umravlesoba ver gvipasuxebs, mainc ra mizniT miiRokacobrivi buneba ufalma? ra saWiro iyo es? ra Seicvalamisi mosvliT de<strong>da</strong>miwaze?amis gageba zogierTs arc ki ainteresebs, maTTvis isicki sakmarisia, rom kargi ganwyobisa <strong>da</strong> mxiarulebisTvisraRac mizezi aqvT. <strong>da</strong>e,iyos es qriste Soba, - arsobrivmniSvnelobas amas arc aniWeben. maT ki, romelnic naklebadgaTviTcnobierebulni arian sarwmunoebaSi, magram codnisSeZenis survili aqvT, kidev erTxel Sevaxseneb wmin<strong>da</strong>werils :a<strong>da</strong>mi Semoqmedma xatad <strong>da</strong> msgavsad Tavisa Seqmna <strong>da</strong>samoTxeSi netari cxovreba uboZa, magram samyaros gvirgvinad<strong>da</strong> gamgeblad <strong>da</strong>dgenili kaci Tavisi nebiT,ampartavnebiTa <strong>da</strong>upasuxismgeblo qceviT RmerTs ganudga <strong>da</strong> macduris monobaSiaRmoCn<strong>da</strong> . masTan erTad <strong>da</strong>eca miwieri samayaroc, romelicmas eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>. RvTis madliT aRvsili harmonia, wm.maqsime aRmsareblis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, eSmakis tiraniiTganmsWvalulma siZulvilma <strong>da</strong> urTierT<strong>da</strong>pirispirebam11

Secvala; es mdgomareoba aisaxa rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianTa SorisurTierTobaSi, ise cxovelTa, mcenareTa <strong>da</strong> saerTod, mTelibunebis arsebobis wesSi: yvelaferi <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebara princips,- brZola arsebobisaTvis.ase rom, RmerTsa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mians Soris ga<strong>da</strong>ulaxaviufskruli gaCn<strong>da</strong>; a<strong>da</strong>mma <strong>da</strong> evam <strong>da</strong> maTma STamomavlebma<strong>da</strong>karges suliwmindis madli, riTac SemoqmedTan kavSirixorcieldebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> rac RmerTTan maTi msgavsebisganmapirobebeli umTavresi faqtori iyo; am madlsmoklebulni, moakldnen swor azrovnebasa <strong>da</strong> qmedebasac.codvas codva SesZines <strong>da</strong> sakuTar Tavs maradiuli sikvdiliganumzades.am realobis Secvlis SesaZlebloba ki aRararsebob<strong>da</strong>,radgan kacTa xsna mxolod iseT a<strong>da</strong>miansSeeZlo,romelic ucodveli iyo <strong>da</strong> xelewifebo<strong>da</strong> sxvaTasimZime etvirTva. aseTi ki, am qveynad ar ipovebo<strong>da</strong>, radganpirvelqmnili codva yvelas memkvidreobiT ga<strong>da</strong>ecemo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amas kidev calkeuli a<strong>da</strong>mianis piradi codvebic ematebo<strong>da</strong>.yovelive xilulisa <strong>da</strong> uxilavis Semoqmedma <strong>da</strong>ganmgebelma cani modrikna, a<strong>da</strong>mianuri buneba miiRo <strong>da</strong>Cveni xsnisaTvis <strong>da</strong>viTis qalaqSi, beTlemSi iSva.aq, bagaSi, sicivesa <strong>da</strong> simwireSi <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> axalia<strong>da</strong>mi,¬-- ieso, raTa ampartavnebiT <strong>da</strong>cemuli Zveli a<strong>da</strong>miscodva gamoesyi<strong>da</strong>, marTalTa sulebi jojoxeTi<strong>da</strong>n exsna <strong>da</strong>RmerTTan kavSiri aRedgina. ai,es aris Cveni didi sixarulismizezi, saTave eniT gamouTqmeli bednierebisa.sxva ra un<strong>da</strong> Seva<strong>da</strong>roT am dRis sidiades?! rogorxorcieldeba pirveqmnil harmoniasTan Cveni <strong>da</strong>bruneba?pirvel rigSi, qristianuli naTlisRebiT.“beWedimoniWebul ars sulisa mier wmidisa,amin!“-- ambobs saidumlosaRsrulebisas moZRvari <strong>da</strong> Svidjer scxebs mirons mas ,vincinaTleba, riTac a<strong>da</strong>mians eniWeba suliwmidis madli <strong>da</strong>eZleva ganRmrTobisa <strong>da</strong> netari maradiulobis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisSesaZlebloba.am miuwvdomeli wyalobis gamo wmin<strong>da</strong> mamebi,<strong>da</strong>viT winaswarmetyvelis msgavsad, saukuneTa manZilzegulwrfelad gaocebulni kiTxulobdnen: “rai ars kaci,r a m e T u m o i x s e n e m i s i , a n u Z e k a c i s a i , r a m e T u m o x e d a v m a s ? “(fs. 8:4).Cveni xsnisaTvis macxovris Tavganwirva udidespasuxismgeblobas gvakisrebs <strong>da</strong> am epistoleSi swore<strong>da</strong>RniSnul grZnobaze min<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT gavamaxvilo12

saSobao epistoleyuradReba.es Tviseba a<strong>da</strong>mianSi asakTn erTad viTardeba; amasTan,ramdena<strong>da</strong>c maRal sulier safexurze imyofeba esa Tu ispirovneba, miT metad aris masSi es ganc<strong>da</strong>.pavle mociquli ambobs: ”rodesac viyavi yrma, vityodi,rogorc yrma, vfiqrobdi, rogorc yrma, vmsjelobdi, rogorcyrma; xolo,rodesac <strong>da</strong>vkacdi,zurgi vaqcie yovelive yrmobisdroindels ( I kor. 13:11 ).Cvenc gvmarTebs yrmobi<strong>da</strong>n gamosvla, anu sulierigazr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gacnobiereba Cveni pasuxismgeblobisa, upirvelesyovlisa, Semoqmedis – uflis, samSoblos <strong>da</strong> moyvasis winaSe;pasuxismgeblobisa rogorc cocxlebis,ise gar<strong>da</strong>cvlilebismimarT, rac gulisxmobs Cvens valdebulebebs mSoblebTan,ojaxTan, megobrebTan, naTesavebTan, mezoblebTan mimarTebaSi,aseve samsaxurebriv pasuxismgelobas.Cveni winaprebi TavianT Svilebs bavSvobi<strong>da</strong>nuRvivebdnen am grZnobas. amitomac iyo Cveni eri Zlieri.miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad ganuwyveteli omebisa, igi ibrZo<strong>da</strong> kidec <strong>da</strong>amasTan, <strong>da</strong>uRalavad Sromob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qmni<strong>da</strong>.rwmenisa <strong>da</strong> mamulis <strong>da</strong>sacavad saWiroebis SemTxvevaSiqudze kacze gamodio<strong>da</strong>. saerTod ki ojaxSi,sofelsa Tu TemSiyvelas Tavisi pasuxismgebloba qon<strong>da</strong>: mefe zrunav<strong>da</strong> mTelserze, Tava<strong>da</strong>znauroba patronob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xmliT icav<strong>da</strong> Tavisteritoriaze mcxovrebT; eklesia anaTleb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> suliera<strong>da</strong>mtkiceb<strong>da</strong> ers samwysos; glexebi qmnidnen dovlaTs; yvelanierTad ki Seadgendnen Cveni qveynis erTian, mTlian cocxalorganizms, sa<strong>da</strong>c TiToeuli Tavisi SesaZleblobebisfarglebSi emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> RmerTs <strong>da</strong> qveyanas. romelimemaTganis <strong>da</strong>Zabuneba iwvev<strong>da</strong> yvelas <strong>da</strong>sustebas, radganarcerTi maTganis funqcia ar iyo umniSvnelo: Tumca, racufro maRali iyo wodeba <strong>da</strong> Tanamdeboba, miT meti iyopasuxismgeblobac. es ki xSirad sicocxlis ganwirvasmoiTxov<strong>da</strong>. zogjer mefis an sasuliero piris Tav<strong>da</strong>debaiyo sakmarisi, mag. wm. demetre Tav<strong>da</strong>debuli, wm. evdemozkaTalikosi, zogjer ki mTeli eris, mag. 100000 mowamis.Tavisufleba <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgebloba urTierT<strong>da</strong>kav-Sirebuli cnebebia. vinc Tavisuflebas kargavs, monurmdgomareobaSi vardeba <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobis ganc<strong>da</strong>cuqveiTdeba.gavixsenoT, ra mox<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis <strong>da</strong>kargvisSemdeg saqarTveloSi: mTeli es harmoniuli sistema moiSala,mefis xelisufleba <strong>da</strong> eklesiis <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba gauqmn<strong>da</strong>,13

Zalaufleba ucxo Zalis xelSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>cTava<strong>da</strong>znauroba ugulo batonad iqca, yovelive es ki mTelisimwvaviT glexkacobaze aisaxa.qarTvelma kacma misTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli cxovrebiswesi Zirfesvianad Secvala. saqveyno sazrunavis adgilipiradulma <strong>da</strong>ikava. samSobloze fiqris nacvlad misi gonebamxolod saakuTar kar-mi<strong>da</strong>mosa <strong>da</strong> ojaxze zrunvam moicva.didma iliam es problema cnobili leqsiT,……_ “bednierieri”_ naTlad <strong>da</strong>gvanaxa.eris upasuxismgeblo mdgomareobam migviyvna iqamde,rom 1918 wels wmin<strong>da</strong> ilia marTlis erovnuli gzis nacvladxalxma ucxo qveynis aTeisturi partia airCia. Semdeg kikidev ufro samwuxaro Sedegmac ar <strong>da</strong>ayovna <strong>da</strong> mokle xanSiqveyana komunistur imperiis nawili gaxa<strong>da</strong>.ufali, marTalia, samarTliania, magram,amave drosmowyalec, romelic ara codvaTa CvenTaebr mogvagebs, aramedCveni gamosworebisTvis gvrwvTnis imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Turamdenis <strong>da</strong>tevna SegviZlia. amitomac, ra mdgomareobaSicar un<strong>da</strong> viyoT, gacilebiT ukeTesad varT, vidre vimsaxurebT<strong>da</strong> mravalWirgamovlili wm.ioaneoqropiris msgavsad mu<strong>da</strong>mmadlobas un<strong>da</strong> vwiravdeT RmerTs yvelafrisaTvis, <strong>da</strong> Tugvsurs, mdgomareobis gamosworeba, un<strong>da</strong> vitvirToT Cveniwili pasuxismgebloba <strong>da</strong> uflis wyaloba amiT movipovoT.es aris yvelaze mTavari. CveniT ki verafers gavxdebiT.mxolod sakuTar SesaZleblobebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnoba <strong>da</strong>mRupveliiyo <strong>da</strong> iqneba yovelTvis.samwuxarod, TiToeul Cvengans dResac gvakliapasuxismgeblobis grZnoba. Cven gulgrili qistianebi varTnel-Tbilni, <strong>da</strong> amitomac did Secdomebs vuSvebT. CvenSimZlavrobs egoisturi zraxvebi <strong>da</strong> “mes” principi, racYWeSmarit RirebulebaTa <strong>da</strong>mangrevelia.Cveni sulieri sisustis gamovlinebaa Tun<strong>da</strong>c is, romdResaswaulebs faqtobrivad miwieri grZnebebiT vegebebiT <strong>da</strong>realuri ganc<strong>da</strong> cocxal RmerTTan erTierTobisa,ara gvaqvs.rom Cvens garSemo vamCnevT mxolod im a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, romlebicgviyvars an gvZuls, sxva ubralo a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ki yuradRebismiRma gvrCeba. RvTis winaSe ki didi <strong>da</strong> mcire ar arsebobs.rom codva aRar gvawuxebs <strong>da</strong> misi simZimis ganc<strong>da</strong>c aRargvaqvs. rom TiTqmis gawyvetili gvaqvs kavSiri bunebasTan,mis<strong>da</strong>mi Mmxolod momxmareblur <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas viCenT <strong>da</strong>Cveni upasuxismgeblo qceviT vanadgurebT mis sikeTes.Cveni <strong>da</strong>naSaulia isic, rom kargad ar vicnobT Cvens14

saSobao epistolewarsuls, Cvens istorias; ara<strong>da</strong>, misi codna gvexmareba, romar movwydeT Cvens fesvebs, sakuTari Tavi SevicnoT <strong>da</strong>sicocxlis azric naTlad gavacnobieroT.araeTxel miTqvams isic, rom dRes informaciuli omisJami dgas,kalmiT anu sityviT brZolis dro. masTan SeWidebaki gonierma, mcodne <strong>da</strong> amasTan RvTismoyvare a<strong>da</strong>mianebmaun<strong>da</strong> itvirTon. un<strong>da</strong> SevZloT, yalbi idealebis batonobisCvens xanaSi gavxdeT sulierad ufro mtkiceni <strong>da</strong> Zlierni,raTa gavimarjvoT.gansakuTrebiT min<strong>da</strong> mivmarTo axalgazrdebs <strong>da</strong> vTxovo:gauZeliT informaciul Semotevas, romelic niaRvariviTmoedineba masmedii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> cdilobs, cru Rirebulebebisgavlenis qveS mogaqcioT, ar gaxdeT Tanaziarni fsevdokulturisa,romelic amaxinjebs fsiqikas,auxeSebs grZnobebs<strong>da</strong> acarielebs Sinagan samyaros. SeiyvareT wigni, iswavleTRrma azrovneba, iswavleT RmerTis SiSi <strong>da</strong> siyvaruli, romRvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveynis erTguli mecixovnenigaxdeT.dro mcire gvaqvs <strong>da</strong> ar un<strong>da</strong> aRmovCndeT im xuTiqalwulis mdomareobaSi, romelTa kandelsac uflismosvlisas sakmarisi zeTi ar aRmoaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,rom iyvnen morwmuneni <strong>da</strong> uflis momlodineni, ver SevidnenRvTis saufloSi.borotis gavlenisgan Tavis <strong>da</strong>Rweva did ZalisxmevasmoiTxovs <strong>da</strong> es mxolod Zlier pirovnebebs SeuZliaT, anuimaT, romelnic sakuTar nebas gaazrebulad umorCilebenRvTis nebas <strong>da</strong> amqveyniur sacdurTa winaaRmdeg brZolasar uSindebian.yoveli admiani upirveles yovlisa swored aseTipirovneba un<strong>da</strong> iyos, _ WeSmaritad Tavisufali <strong>da</strong> sulieradZlieri,raTa ers xerxemlad eqces. asaTi a<strong>da</strong>minebis aRzrdissaqmeSi eklesias did roli akisriasaerTod, eklesia xels uwyobs sazogadoebisganviTarebas; igi is macxovnebeli wiaRia,romelic inarCunebssaukeTeso tradiciebs <strong>da</strong> aqvs ra ucvalebeli rjuli <strong>da</strong>moZRvreba, yvela epoqaSi mowmobs WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb.gavixenoT Tun<strong>da</strong>c is faqti, rom saerTaSorisosazogadoeba mxolod me-20 saukunis bolos miuaxlov<strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>mianTa Tanasworobis Sesaxeb RirebulebaTa im stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs<strong>da</strong> faseulobebs, rasac eklesia oci saukunis winadqa<strong>da</strong>geb<strong>da</strong>. monaTmflobelobis <strong>da</strong> feo<strong>da</strong>lizmis periodSi,Zalmomreobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>undoblobis xanaSi, qristes saxareba15

mouwodeb<strong>da</strong> xalxs Tanasworobisaken.yoveli qristianis cxovreba absoluturadTavisufalia <strong>da</strong> eklesiis wevrobac mxolod mis Tavisufalnebazea <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli. TiToeuli mrevlis wevri mxolodsakuTari sindisiT aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli moZRvarTan <strong>da</strong> erTerTiumTavresi saidumloc sinanulisa mxolod mis piradpasuxismgeblobazea <strong>da</strong>mokiduli, _ a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong>mokidebuladwyvets, ras ityvis aRsarebaSi <strong>da</strong> imasac, ramdenad iqneba esnaTqvami sinanuliT gajerebuli.sruli TavisuflebiT moqmedi <strong>da</strong> amave dros,WeSmaritisinanuliT ganmsWvaluli pirovneba iRebs suliwmindismadls, romelic cvlis mis sulier <strong>da</strong> yofiT samyaros <strong>da</strong>mas RvTis saTno Svilad aqcevs; Semdeg ki ukve igi TviTonxdeba gzis maCvenebeli sxvaTaTvis; amaze wer<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong>serafime saroveli: moixveWe suliwmindis madli <strong>da</strong> SensgarSemo aTasebi cxondebiano.TiToeuli Cvengani valdebulia, moipovos sulissiRrmeSi <strong>da</strong>maluli uflisgan boZebuli es saCuqari,valdebulia, aaRorZinos igi, raTa Rirseulad aRasrulosTavisi vali am wuTisofelSi <strong>da</strong> Semdeg Cven didebulwinaparTa mzgavsad zecis moqalaqeoba mopovos.Soreuli qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n axladSobili ieso qristesTayvanissacemad midian aRmosavlelni mogvni,midian mwyemsnicTavisi gulwrfelobiT, angelozTa galobis msmenni. maS,wavideT Cvenc, raTa vixiloT bagasa mwoli iesos didebuleba<strong>da</strong> aRarasodes ganvSordeT, radgan saukuno sicocxlissityvebi mas aqvs mxolod (in. 6:68).“naTeli qristesi gangvanaTlebs yovelTa!”Cemo suliero Svilebo, Cemo naTlulebo, yovelnoqarTvelno,afxazno,somexno,osno,berZenno,rusno,asirielno,iezidno <strong>da</strong> qurTno,azerbaijanelno,ukrainelno <strong>da</strong> udinno...yvelas gilocavT qristes Sobis brwyinvale dResaswauls.ufalma moganiWoT madli sulisa wmindisa, raTa ixaroTorsav sofelsa Sina, amin!ilia IIsruliad saqarTveloskaTolikos-patriarqi.Soba qristesi, <strong>Tbilisi</strong>, 2013 weli.16

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri politikis saSualebaTaracionaluri gamoyenebis logikarevaz gvelesianiiv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is ekonomikuripolitikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli,ekonomikuri politikis qarTul-germanuliinstitutis direqtori, sruli profesoriekonomikuri politikis saSualebaTa gamoyenebisprocesis racionalurad warmarTvis mizniT un<strong>da</strong>gaviTvaliswinoT intervenciis sami wesi: miznis mimarTkonformuloba, koncefciis mimarT konformuloba<strong>da</strong> sistemis mimarT konformuloba. amasTan, saWiroa<strong>da</strong>vicvaT garkveuli Tanamimdevrobis principi. pirvelrigSi un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT ramdenad uwyobs xelsmocemuli saSualebebi miznis ganxorcielebisakenswrafvas. aseTi saSualebebi SesaZlebelia Sefasdesmiznis mimarT konformulobis TvalsazrisiT, xoloSemdeg isini un<strong>da</strong> SevafasoT koncefciisa <strong>da</strong> sistemismimarT konformulobis safuZvelze. amiT dgindebaramdenad konformulia RonisZieba koncefciasTan<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT, rac winaswari arCevanis gakeTebissaSualebas iZleva. ekonomikuri politikis RonisZiebaTasaboloo Sefaseba <strong>da</strong>naxarjebisa <strong>da</strong> sargeblis analizsmoiTxovs. aucilebelia saSualebebis gamoyenebis,rogorc ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong> Tanmxlebi, aseve grZelvadiani <strong>da</strong>moklevadiani Sedegebis gaTvaliswineba <strong>da</strong> gaanalizebuliRonisZiebebis urTierTSe<strong>da</strong>reba. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, yovelTvisaris mosalodneli calkeuli problemis warmoSoba.ekonomikuri politikis iseT RonisZiebaTa ZiebisprocesSi, ramac Tavi<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> agvaSoros <strong>da</strong>saxulimiznisagan ga<strong>da</strong>xveva, Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad aucilebeliaSemowmdes Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania mosalodneli17

evaz gvelesianiSedegi uSualod ekonomikuri politikis miznebTan<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT. miznis mimarT konformulad un<strong>da</strong>miviCnioT yvela is RonisZieba, romelic miesa<strong>da</strong>gebaekonomikuri politikis problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wras. miznismimarT konformulobiT xasiaTdeba mizanSewoniliRonisZiebebic.aseTi Semowmebis Sedegad teleologiuri midgomayalibdeba, magram igi ar iTvaliswinebs aqvs Tu arasakuTari Rirebuleba SerCeul saSualebebs. amasTanerTad, gasarkvevia ra Tanmxlebi zemoqmedeba SeiZlebaiqonios maTma gamoyenebam ekonomikuri politikis sxvamiznebze. aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, rom kidev gansaxilveli<strong>da</strong> gasaanalizebelia is Sedegebi, rac SeiZleba maTgamoyenebas mohyves ufro farTo sazogadoebriv miznebTan<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT. magaliTad,inflaciis SemTxvevaSi un<strong>da</strong>gaviTvaliswinoT <strong>da</strong> RonisZiebad ganvixiloT rogorcfulis eqspansiis Seneleba, aseve fasebisa <strong>da</strong> xelfasebiskontrolis maqsimalurad farTo qseli. orive RonisZieba,rogorc wesi, miznis mimarT konformuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>.amave dros isini sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad un<strong>da</strong> SevafasoT,erTi mxriv, ekonomikuri zrdis aspeqtiT, meore mxriv,ki ganawilebis aspeqtiT, vinai<strong>da</strong>n orive RonisZiebaekonomikuri politikis gansxvavebul miznebs warmoadens.aseve, sruliad sxa<strong>da</strong>sxvagvar Sefasebas moiTxovs is, Tura <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSia saerTod miznebi ufro masStabur,individualuri Tavisuflebis sazogadoebriv mizanTan.aseTi sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad aucilebelia sxvamniSvnelovani kriteriumebis gaTvaliswineba.racionaluri ekonomikuri politikisga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis misaRebad aucilebelia Semowmdes <strong>da</strong>gaazrebul iqnes miznis mimarT konformul saSualebaTamniSvneloba. es un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcieldes mizanTa mTelsistemasTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT, im miznebis CaTvliT,romlebic ZiriTad Rirebulebebad aris miCneuli.ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong>naxarjebisSesamcireblad saWiroa iseTi kriteriumi, romelic18

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikaSefasebas gaaadvilebs. un<strong>da</strong> gamovikvlioT, agreTve,ekonomikuri politikis programi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,konkretuli problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisaTvis romelisaSualebis gamoyenebaa <strong>da</strong>saSvebi. aseTi programa arisekonomikuri politikis koncefcia. igi gvawvdis sakmaris <strong>da</strong>erTmniSvnelovan informacias arsebiTi <strong>da</strong> politikuradmniSvnelovani konsensusis Sesaxeb, romelic gulisxmobs,rom <strong>ekonomika</strong>s, rogorc sazogadoebriv mizanTa ufromomcveli sistemis Semadgenel sferos, <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuliadgili uWiravs. amiT ganisazRvreba misi Rirebuleba,risi gaTvaliswinebac gviadvilebs <strong>da</strong>vadginoT mizanixasiaTdeba Tu ara sistemis mimarT konformulobiT.sistemis mimarT konformuloba swored iskriteriumia, romliTac izomeba is, rac mTavariamocemuli ekonomikuri politikis koncefciaSi. ZiriTadiRerZia koordinaciis is meTodebi, romlebic <strong>ekonomika</strong>saxasiaTebs, rogorc <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul sferos (qvesistemas).mniSvnelovania swored am sayrdeni RerZis arCeva,vinai<strong>da</strong>nekonomikis rogorc qvesistemis arseboba koordinaciismeTodebis funqcionirebazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. ekonomikurmdgomareobasa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas, erTi mxriv, aqvs<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli Rirebuleba,meore mxriv,ki igi warmoadgensufro masStaburi (globaluri) sazogadoebrivi miznebismiRwevis saSualebas.koordinaciis meTodebis TvalsazrisiTregulirebadi sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong> Taviseburi dualizmiTxasiaTdeba. ZiriTadi ekonomikuri sakiTxebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetissaqmeSi, pasuxismgeblobis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis mxriv, is kerZoseqtorzea orientirebuli. meore mxriv,ki igi ekonomikiskonkretul tipia, romelsac Sualeduri adgili uWiravswmin<strong>da</strong> sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> centralizebuladmarTvad <strong>ekonomika</strong>s Soris. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, masSisaxelmwifo seqtori mniSvnelovnad gamoirCeva. ase, romglobaluri sazogadoebrivi saqonliT uzrunvelyofiskoordinacia centralizebulad regulirdeba. sabazroberketebiTa <strong>da</strong> centralizebulad regulirebuliseqtorebi erTmaneTTan kavSirSia marTvis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva19

evaz gvelesianiRonisZiebis safuZvelze, rac ekonomikuri politikismizan<strong>da</strong>saxulobiT xorcieldeba. dualisturi xasiaTismqone sistemis funqcionirebis SesaZlebloba, upirvelesyovlisa, <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia imaze Tu:• ramdenad koordinirebulad muSaobs oriveseqtori;• ra zegavlenas axdens sabazro koordinaciisseqtoris funqcionirebaze, misi marTvis mizniT,saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi.sistemis mimarT konformulobis kriteriumicentralizebulad marTvadi sabazro ekonomikisaTvisZalze mniSvnelovania. misi saSualebiT marTvasTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebul RonisZiebaTa sizuste SesaZlebeliasabazro koordinaciis aspeqtiT Sefasdes. koordinaciismeTodebis funqcionirebis gaumjobeseba an gauaresebaimas niSnavs,rom zogierTma mizanma,romelsac konkretulidualisturi sistemis safuZvelze veswrafviT, <strong>da</strong>debiTizemoqmedeba ganica<strong>da</strong>, zogmac - uaryofiTi. Sefasebisproblemis warmoSoba swored amas ukavSirdeba.regulirebadi sabazro ekonomikis konkretul tipTan<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT, gasarkvevia Tu ra Sedegi moaqvsgaazrebul RonisZiebas. ganawilebis miznebi<strong>da</strong>ngamomdinare, saqme imis garkvevas exeba ,,<strong>da</strong>zian<strong>da</strong>’’ Tu arasabazro koordinacia <strong>da</strong> xom ar Semcir<strong>da</strong> ganawilebissizuste.koncefciisa <strong>da</strong> sistemis mimarT konformulobiskriteriumis gamoyenebam regulirebadi sabazro ekonomikispirobebSi Tavi<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> agvacilos dezorientirebuliintervencionizmi. aseT intervencionizms, upirvelesyovlisa, ori faqtori ganapirobebs:• jer erTi, im a<strong>da</strong>mianebis TvalsawierisSezRuduloba, romlebic ekonomikis qvesistemisspecifikur problemaTa analiziT arian <strong>da</strong>kavebuli. amavedros, pir<strong>da</strong>pir zegavlenas ganicdian isini an rogorcuSualod politikuri Tanamdebobis pirebi (ministrian Sesabamisi saparlamento komitetis wevri) an rogorcinteresTa jgufis <strong>da</strong>mcvelebi (romelime gaerTianebis20

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikafunqcioneri);• meorec, politikuri moRvawe mu<strong>da</strong>m warmatebismiRwevis wnexis qveSaa, vinai<strong>da</strong>n igi cdilobs moklesaparlamento periodSi iseTi RonisZiebebi gaataros,romelic maqsimalur ukugebas moitans. igi gaTvlas miznismoklevadian zemoqmedebebze akeTebs <strong>da</strong> grZelvadianperspeqtivas ar iTvaliswinebs.intervencionizmis safrTxe, upirveles yovlisa,aris is, rom igi arasasurvel kumulaciur efeqtebsiwvevs. iqmneba uamravi iseTi situacia, romlis drosacsistema fasdeba, rogorc funqcionirebis unaris armqone.magram aseTi Sefaseba SesaZlebelia mc<strong>da</strong>ri aRmoCndes.saqme is aris, rom gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris gatarebulRonisZiebaTa Semowmebisa <strong>da</strong> Sesworebis SesaZlebloba.am SemTxvevaSi pasuxgaucemeli rCeba kiTxva imis Sesaxeb,rom RonisZiebaTa koreqtivebis Semdeg sistema kvlavSeZlebs Tu ara funqcionirebas. saerTod, imTaviTvear gamoiricxeba, rom swored aseTi koreqtivebis Semdeggaxdes SesaZlebeli Znelad misaRwev miznebTan miaxloveba,romelTa gamoc sistema funqcionirebis unaris armqonedSefas<strong>da</strong>.ekonomikuri politikis RonisZiebaTa sistemismimarT konformulobis Semowmebisas mizanSewonilia iminstitutebs <strong>da</strong>veyrdnoT, romlebic sabazro-ekonomikurwesrigs ayalibebs. isini universaluri TvisebebiTxasiaTdeba <strong>da</strong> akmayofilebs sayovelTaobis, Riaobisa <strong>da</strong>gansazRvrulobis kriteriumebs. rac Seexeba intervenciebs,maT arc Riaoba axasiaTebT <strong>da</strong> arc sayovelTaoba. piriqiT,am SemTxvevaSi konkretul ekonomikur Sedegebs xSiradmxolod garkveul interesTa jgufebi imkian. gamocdilebagviCvenebs, rom ekonomikuri politikis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTarealizeba miT ufro Znelia <strong>da</strong> igi ufro did ziansayenebs TviTregulirebadi bazris funqcionirebas, racufro metad Sordeba Sesabamisi wesebi universalurobisTvisebas.mecnier Tuchtfeldt–is klasifikaciiT, gamoiyofa21

evaz gvelesianikonformulobis xuTi xarisxi. ekonomikuripolitikis RonisZiebebi sistemisaTvis SeiZleba iyos:aucilebeli, xelSemwyobi, adekvaturi, gamauaresebeli an<strong>da</strong>mangreveli [1, gv.207]. Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom iserogorc zoga<strong>da</strong>d kategoriaTa Camoyalibebis dros, amSemTxvevaSic konformulobis xarisxebs Soris sazRvrebicvalebadobiT xasiaTdeba. amitomac, mniSvnelovania isinigaviazroT, rogorc orientirebi im Skalaze, romlis erTboloSi sistemisaTvis aucilebeli, meoreSi ki sistemis<strong>da</strong>mangreveli RoniZiebebia ganTavsebuli.sistemisaTvis aucilebelia yvela is RonisZieba,romelTa safuZvelzec koordinaciis specifikurimeTodebi yalibdeba. sabazro koordinaciis SemTxvevaSisaqme exeba, rogorc kompetenciebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebasa <strong>da</strong>maT kontrols, aseve warmatebis motivTa samarTlebriviformebis Camoyalibebas. upirveles yovlisa, samarTlisim formebs, romlebic agebs <strong>da</strong> awesrigebs rogorckerZo avtonomias, aseve misi gacnobierebis saSualebebs.ekonomikuri politikis amocanebis aspeqtiT amaSiupiratesad wesrigis politika igulisxmeba.sistemis xelSemwyobad ki iseTi RonisZiebebiiTvleba, romlebic misi funqcionirebis SesaZleblobasuzrunvelyofs. sabazro koordinaciis SemTxvevaSiaseT RonisZiebebs is zomebi ganekuTvneba, romlebsacganawilebasa <strong>da</strong> konkurenciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuliproblemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris mizniT axorcieleben.sistemis mimarT adekvaturia iseTi RonisZiebebi,romlebic an sruliad ar zRu<strong>da</strong>vs mis funqcionirebas,an<strong>da</strong>umniSvnelo zians ayenebs mas. am RonisZiebebSi Sedis iszomebi,romlebsac Semosavlebis miRebis SesaZleblobaTagaTanabrebis mizniT atareben. Semosavalebisga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis magaliTze naTlad Cans, rom sistemismimarT konformuloba, am SemTxvevaSi, <strong>da</strong>mokidebuliamiRebuli zomebis formasa <strong>da</strong> dozirebaze.sistemis gamauaresebeli RonisZiebebi, marTalia,amcirebs misi funqcionirebis SesaZleblobas, magramar angrevs mas. am tipis RonisZiebis magaliTia iseTi22

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikasakanonmdeblo zomebi, romlebic zRu<strong>da</strong>vs bazarzeSesvlis SesaZleblobas. sistemis gamauaresebelzomebTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac erTi mxriv, wesdebamobilobis <strong>da</strong>mabrkolebeli sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebi,rac <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia anulirebis uflebis SezRudvasTan,meore mxriv ki, rodesac soflis meurneobis iseTixelSemwyobi zomebi tardeba, romlebic fasebismaregulirebel funqcias auqmebs. aseTi RonisZiebebigar<strong>da</strong> nawilobrivi zemoqmedebisa, sistemis <strong>da</strong>mangrevelkumulaciur efeqtebsac iwvevs.sistemis <strong>da</strong>mangreveli RonisZiebebi an sagrZnobla<strong>da</strong>ferxebs mis funqcionirebas, an<strong>da</strong> mis paralizebasiwvevs. swored aseT RonisZiebaTa kategoriaSi Sedis:savaluto kontroli,sabazro koordinacii<strong>da</strong>n garkveuliseqtorebis amoReba, fasebisa <strong>da</strong> xelfasebis kontroli,investiciebis saxelmwifoebrivi marTva <strong>da</strong> sxva. amasTan,xSirad xdeba xolme, rom sistemis <strong>da</strong>mangreveli erTiromelime RonisZiebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT sxvaiseTi ram tardeba, romelic misi warmatebis garantia.aseTi RonisZiebis magaliTia warsulSi safrangeTisa <strong>da</strong>germaniis federaciuli respublikis nebismieri mcdeloba,rom rogorme sagareo savaWro kanonmdeblobis saSualebiTkontroli <strong>da</strong>ewesebinaT kapitalis saerTaSorisomimoqcevaze. kapitalis importTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT esRonisZiebebi moicavs rogorc fuladi depozitisa <strong>da</strong>kuponis ga<strong>da</strong>saxads, aseve licenzirebis valdebulebasfasiani qaRaldebis ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebisaTvismiyidvis SemTxvevaSi. aseTi RonisZiebebi iwvevs SezRudvaTajaWvur reaqcias, romlis Sewyvetis mizniT aucilebelixdeba calke zomebis gatareba.gra<strong>da</strong>ciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli siZneleebi maSinwarmoiSoba, rodesac saqme calkeuli RonisZiebisorganizebasa <strong>da</strong> dozirebas exeba. aseve imas, Tu ra <strong>da</strong>ra RonisZiebebTan aris SesaZlebeli misi kombinireba.aRniSnuli siZneleebi ufro metad iCens Tavs, rac ufrobundovania ekonomikuri politikis koncefcia.gra<strong>da</strong>ciebi, romlebic zemoaRniSnul kriteriums23

evaz gvelesianiakmayofilebs, im moTxovnas emyareba, rom koncefciiTgamoxatuli politikuri konsensusi ZalaSia ekonomikisqve<strong>da</strong> donis wesrigis farglebs gareTac (anu mTelsazogadoebaSi). aseTi wanamZRvris gaTvaliswineba imasniSnavs, rom mag., sistemis gamauaresebeli RonisZiebisSemTxvevaSi aqcenti uaryofiT gverdiT zemoqmdebebzekeTdeba. is zegavlena, romlis miReba RonisZiebiT surT,ierarqiulad ufro maRal safexurze dgas, vidre yvelais Tanmxlebi zemoqmedeba <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, Sedegi,romelic koordinaciis funqcionirebis unars zRu<strong>da</strong>vs.sistemisadmi konformuloba regulirebad sabazro<strong>ekonomika</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT ar aris igive, rasac(Tun<strong>da</strong>c nawilobriv) bazris mimarT konformulobaSivgulisxmobT. bazris mimarT komformulobasTan maSingvaqvs saqme,rodesac „faswarmoqmnis meqanizmi <strong>da</strong> bazrisTviTregulireba,romelsac igi iwvevs,ki ar uqmdeba,aramedmas axali „maCveneblebi“ emateba <strong>da</strong> maTTan asimilirebaxdeba“ [2, gv.578]. faswarmoqmnis meqanizmis aspeqtiTraRac RonisZieba, romelic bazris mimarT konformulia,SesaZlebelia sabazro koordinaciisaTvis sazianoaRmoCndes,gaauaresos sistema an sulac <strong>da</strong>angrios igi. amismizezi SesaZlebelia iyos rogorc dozirebis problema,aseve is moklevadiani Tu grZelvadiani zemoqmedebebi,romlebic Tan axlavs saSualebebis gamoyenebas. dozirebisproblemis klasikuri magaliTia akrZalviTi baJi. erTiSexedviT, alokaciisagan gansxvavebiT, aseTi RonisZiebaar azianebs faswarmoqmnis meqanizms, amitomac igi bazrismimarT konformuli RonisZiebaa. meore mxriv, sagareovaWrobaSi akrZalviTi baJis SemoRebiT gamowveulizemoqmedeba auqmebs konkurenciis SezRudvis kontrolisSesaZleblobas. amitom, es RonisZieba auaresebs sistemismuSaobas. rac Seexeba im RonisZiebebs, romelTa mizaniasoflis-meurneobis produqciaze fasebis gamyarebaintervenciaze moTxovnis saSualebiT, is zians ar ayenebsfaswarmoqmnis meqanizms (cxadia, Tu es WTO-s moTxovnebsar ewinaaRmdegeba) <strong>da</strong> amdenad bazris mimarT konformuliRonisZiebebia. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, is SesaZlebelia sistemis24

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikamimarT konformul RonisZiebeba<strong>da</strong>c vaRiaroT, Tuintervenciaze moTxovnis saSualebiT agrarul bazarzefasebis meryeobis Semcireba moxerxdeba. Tu saxelmwifointervenciis SemTxvevebi <strong>da</strong>gegmils di<strong>da</strong>d aWarbebs, esukve utyuari niSania imisa, rom sabazro koordinaciisfunqcionireba <strong>da</strong>irRva anu aSkaraa resursebis gaflangvisSemTxveva. es RonisZieba sistemis gamauaresebeli zomaciqneba. racionalurobis wanamZRvri<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare <strong>da</strong>miznis mimarT konformulobis gaTvaliswinebiT, aseTiRonisZiebebi maSin iqneba gamarTlebuli, Tu: 1)xeli armigviwvdeba soflis meurneobis xelSemwyob sxva ufroadekvatur zomebze, 2)maT (zomebs) ufro naklebi resursebi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi <strong>da</strong>Wirdeba.rac Seexeba arCevanis SesaZleblobebs, intervenciisSesaxeb ganxiluli wesebis [3, gv.178-206] safuZvelzeun<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom:• miznis mimarT konformulobis kriteriumisgamoyeneba mxolod imis uflebas gvaZlevs, romRonisZiebaTa vargisianobis Sesaxeb mxolod erTiani(aradiferencirebuli) mosazreba gvqondes;• koncefciis Tu sistemis mimarT konformulobiskriteriumi mxolod winaswari msjelobis nebarTvasgvaZlevs, romlis safuZvelze miznis mimarT konformulRonisZiebaTa agreTve mxolod winaswar arCeva SeiZleba.ekonomikuri politikis gamtareblisaTvisminiWebuli Tavisuflebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, SesaZlebeliaerTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT:• saSualebis diskreciuli gamoyeneba, rodesacmTlianad ekonomikuri politikis gamtareblis Sefasebazea<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli romelime saSualeba ra situaciaSi <strong>da</strong>rogor gamoiyenos;• saSualebis gamoyeneba wesis mixedviT, rodesacekonomikuri politikis gamtareblis Sefaseba imiTizRudeba, rom Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve iZulebiTi (savaldebulo)samarTlebrivi wesiT gansazRvrulia: ra pirobebSi, rasaSualeba, ra doziT <strong>da</strong> ramdeni xniT un<strong>da</strong> gamoiyenos [4,gv. 322].25

evaz gvelesianiZalze cvalebadia sazRvari, romelic erTmaneTisganhyofs saSualebis diskreciul gamoyenebas (romelsacSemTxveviT intervenciasac uwodeben) <strong>da</strong> wesis mixedviT misgamoyenebas, rasac formalur moqniloba<strong>da</strong>c moixseniebenxolme. meoresTan, upirveles yovlisa, maSin gvaqvs saqme,rodesac saSualebas stabilizebis politikis mizniTiyeneben.sakuTari SexedulebiT moqmedebis Tavisufleba<strong>da</strong> saSualebis diskreciuli gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia,ramdena<strong>da</strong>c ekonomikuri politikis situacia miznisadmimaqsimalurad konformuli saSualebis gamoyenebis nebasgvaZlevs. amas win eRobeba ramdenime <strong>da</strong>brkoleba. swored<strong>da</strong>yovnebebisa <strong>da</strong> maTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli safrTxisgamo, stabilizebis mizniT SemoRebulma RonisZiebamSesaZlebelia sawinaaRmdego Sedegi gamoiRos. amasmivyavarT mniSvnelovan mosazrebamde: saqme exeba<strong>da</strong>yovnebis elementTagan zogierTis mocilebas, xolosxvebisaTvis moqmedebis xangrZlivobis Semcirebas.efeqtiani wesebis SemoRebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeliainstanciebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong>yovnebebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aSoreba,an<strong>da</strong> Semcireba. winaswari diagnozis mixedviT momavalSierTnairi konkretuli movlenebi (mag.,umuSevrobis kvotiszr<strong>da</strong>) ekonomikuri politikis erTnair Sedegebamde(struqturuli an cikluri umuSevroba) migviyvans <strong>da</strong> maTiTerapiac (saSemosavlo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis Semcireba) erTnairiiqneba.un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom SemTxveviTi intervenciebiT<strong>da</strong>yovnebis safrTxeebs ver avicilebT. piriqiT,ekonomikuripolitikis ideebis formirebis aspeqti<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,sakiTxavia surs <strong>da</strong> SeuZlia Tu ara sakanonmdebloxelisuflebas saTanadod gamoiyenos Sefasebis isareali, romelsac mas aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaTavazobs. Sefasebis Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> SemTxveviTiRonisZiebebiswinaaRmdeg ramdenime pretenzia Cndeba, romlebicaucileblobas ar warmoadgens wesebis SemosaRebad:• sakuTari SexedulebiT moqmedebis Tavisuflebam26

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikaSesaZlebelia arasasurveli ekonomikuri politikisgatarebis cduneba aRZras. parlaments SeiZleba SecdomiTegonos, rom rac SeiZleba bevri kanonis miReba misiwarmatebuli muSaobis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa. aseve SesaZlebelia,aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebac safrTxis winaSe <strong>da</strong>dges,sakuTari SexedulebiT moqmedebis Tavisufleba borotadgamoiyenos <strong>da</strong> amiT Zalauflebis demonstrirebamoaxdinos;• sakuTari SexedulebiT moqmedebis Tavisuflebaaadvilebs ekonomikuri politikis lavirebas moklevadianSedegTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT. amave dros, mas Tan axlavssafrTxe, romelic jamur negatiur efeqts ukavSirdeba.lavirebisken swrafva iwvevs intervenciebis zr<strong>da</strong>s,rasac Tan axlavs, rogorc mokle, aseve grZelvadianzemoqmedebaTa mateba. es aZnelebs an<strong>da</strong> sruliadSeuZlebels xdis Sedegebis saparlamento kontrols <strong>da</strong>lavirebisken swrafvas kidev ufro aZlierebs;• sakuTari SexedulebiT moqmedebis TavisuflebaSesaZlebels xdis, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebainteresTa jgufebis gavlenis qveS moeqces. kerZointeresebis realizeba ufro advilia, rodesacaRmasrulebeli xelisufleba maT mxars uWers. aseTizewolis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba miiRweva mxolod sakanonmdeblokontrolis gziT;• SemTxveviTi RonisZiebebi aZnelebs ekonomikuripolitikis <strong>da</strong>gegmvasa <strong>da</strong> gegmazomier koordinacias.erTi mxriv, misi winaswar ganWvreta ufro Znelia, vidrewesebis mixedviT ganxorcielebuli intervenciebisa.meore mxriv ki,SemTxveviT intervenciebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<strong>da</strong>nakargebi <strong>da</strong> kontrolis cdomilebebi maSin Cndeba,rodesac ekonomikuri politikis gegmebis Semowmebisa <strong>da</strong>koordinaciisaTvis garkveuli droa saWiro;• warmatebis winapirobaa marTvis codna, risdeficitic xSiria ganvicdiT. ekonomikuri politikisSemadgeneli elementebis urTierTqmedebaTa arasakmarisicodna, xSir SemTxvevaSi, uzarmazari riskiswinaSe gvayenebs. amis mizezia ga<strong>da</strong>metebuli ndoba,27

evaz gvelesianiromelsac vucxadebT ucnob, <strong>da</strong>yovnebul zemoqmedebaTaprognozirebis SesaZleblobebs.wesebis <strong>da</strong>dgenis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formaSi ramdenimesaerTo struqturuli elementi gamoiyofa. ekonomikuripolitikis instancia an zustad <strong>da</strong>dgenili wesismixedviT moqmedebs, an<strong>da</strong> misi moqmedebis SesaZleblobebiSezRudulia. aucilebelia iseTi inicirebuli viTarebebis(indikatorebi) gansazRvra, romelic instanciasavaldebulebs an<strong>da</strong> uflebas aniWebs, rom man aucilebelimoqmedeba ganaxorcielos, an<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dgenil farglebSiifunqcioniros. <strong>da</strong>dgenilma wesebma avtoritetisZala rom SeiZinos aucilebelia wesebi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>xvevasanqciebiT isjebodes. amitomac saWiroa wesebis <strong>da</strong>cvisgakontroleba.is, rac marTvis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis aspeqtiTdiskreciuli politikis warmatebis wanamZRvris SesaxebiTqva, ufro metad ZalaSia sakuTari SexedulebebiTmoqmedebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT SezRuduli sferos mimarT.problemis konkretuli arealis Sesaxeb arsebulicodnis moculoba, rogorc wesi, SezRudulia. esSemdegi dilemis winaSe gvayenebs: iseTi wesebis SemoReba,romlebmac un<strong>da</strong> moawesrigos sakuTari SexedulebebiTmoqmedebis SesaZleblobebi, marcxiT sruldeba. imis gamo,rom arasakmarisia marTvis Sesaxeb codna. saSualebisdiskreciuli gamoyenebis aspeqtiTac politikuriproblemebis gverdiT Tavs codnasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulisirTuleebi iCens. Tu am pirobebSi SesaZlebeliaSemTxveviTi intervenciebi, romlebsac parlamentigaakontrolebs, isini problemuri mainc iqneba. saqme isaris, rom instanciebis mxriv <strong>da</strong>yovnebis procesi kidevufro gaWianurdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am masStabis kanonSemoqmedebasulis SemxuTveli sakanonmdeblo procesi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>,romelic moqalaqeTa ekonomikur aqtivobas safrTxesSeuqmni<strong>da</strong>. es ki <strong>da</strong>scem<strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisavtoritets. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,bevr demokratiul qveyanaSiswored aseTi efemeruli sakanonmdeblo procesiSeiniSneba. es naTels hfens im movlenasac, Tu ratom28

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikaaris gamarTlebuli yvela is argumentacia, romelicstan<strong>da</strong>rtuli valdebulebebis SemoRebas mxars uWers.un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom kanonmdebels sursekonomikuri politika wesebis saSualebiT Camoayalibos.Semdeg ki efemeruli argumentaciis gziT es wesebi<strong>da</strong>icvas <strong>da</strong> simyare mianiWos.im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac SesaZlebelia wesebisSemoReba <strong>da</strong> maTi realizeba, ekonomikuri politikismcire intervenciis ramdenime SesaZlebloba arsebobs.SesaZlebeli zaralis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebis mizniT, maTigaTvaliswineba aucilebelia. mcire intervencia <strong>da</strong>„ekonomikuri politikis meti simyare“ [5, gv.285]. erTimxriv, es imas niSnavs, rom ekonomikuri politikis ufrocota Sansi arsebobs,magram misi kontrolis sizustesTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli riskebic mcirdeba. izrdeba ekonomikuripolitikis moqmedebis prognozirebis SesaZlebloba<strong>da</strong> drois aspeqtiT igi srul SesabamisobaSia sabazrokoordinaciis moTxovnebTan.rac ufro metad aris gaTvaliswinebuli <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>fasebuli sabazro koordinaciis TviTregulirebisunari, miT ufro mcirdeba SemTxveviTi intervenciebissafrTxe. upiratesoba eniWeba Tanmimdevrul, grZelvadiansa<strong>da</strong> frTxil ekonomikur politikas. gansakuTrebulsifrTxiles un<strong>da</strong> viCendeT, rodesac vcdilobTCarCo pirobebis <strong>da</strong>dgenas TviTregulirebis gaumjobesebismizniT.im SemTxvevebSi,rodesac arsebobs wesebis SemoRebisSesaZlebloba, intervenciis politikasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTupiratesoba swored mas un<strong>da</strong> mivaniWoT. ase un<strong>da</strong> moxdesmaSinac,Tu intervenciebi TviTregulirebis principuladgaumjobesebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. wesebi gulisxmobsrogorc winaswari prognozis,aseve ekonomikuri politikiserTjeradi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis SesaZleblobas. rac ufroiZulebiTi (savaldebulo) <strong>da</strong> mkafiod formulirebuliaromelime wesi, miT ufro mcirdeba instanciebTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong>yovnebis procedura.29

evaz gvelesianiLogics of Applying Possibilities of EconomicPolicy RationallyR. GvelsianiIn order to apply means of economic policy rationally, it’s importantto follow a certain principle of succession. First of all, it should beconsidered how much the given means support to realization of the goal.Such means might be evaluated from the point of view of conformity tothe goals. Afterwards, they should be evaluated on the basis of conformityto the concept and the system. In this way it can be determined howmuch conforming the measure is with the concept. This allows to makea preliminary choice. Final evaluation of economic policy measuresrequires cost-benefit analysis. At the same time, it is necessary to take intoconsideration basic and accompanying as well as short and long term resultsof applying the measures. Intercomparison of the analyzed measures is alsovery important.gamoyenebuli literatura1. TUCHTFELDT, E. (1960), Zur Frage der Systemkonformitaetwirtschaftspolitischer Massnahmen; in H. J. SERAPHIM (Hrsg.): ZurGrundlegung wirtschaftspolitischer Konzeptionen (Schriften des Vereinsfuer Socialpolitik, N. F. Bd. 18), Berlin;2.THALHEIM, K. C. (1955), Zum problem der Einheitlichkeit inder Wirtschaftspolitik in K. MUHS (Hrsg.): Festgabe fuer Geirg Jahn,Berlin; 2004;3. TUCHTFELDT, E. (1982). Wisrtschaftspolitik, in:Handwoerterbuch der Wirstchaftswissenschaft, Bd. 9, Stuttgart;4. STREIT E. M., Theorie der Wisrtcshaftspolitik, 6. Auflage,Stuttgart, 2005;5. EUCKEN, W. (1959), Grundsaetze der Wsrtschaftpolitik, 7.Aufl., Tuebingen, 2004;6. r. gvelesiani, i. gogoriSvili, ZiriTad sazogadoebrivRirebulebebTan ekonomikur-politikuriga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis Sesabamisoba, Tb., 2012.30

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikasaqarTvelos konkurenciis politikissrulyofis mimarTulebebislava fetelavagrigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetisasocirebuli profesoriSalva gogiaSviliivane javaxiSvilis saxelobisT b i l i s i s s a x e l m w i f ouniversitetis asocirebuli profesoribolo periodSi eqspertTa <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>da</strong>interesebulimoqalaqeebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n sistematurad keTdebagancxadebebi qveynis calkeuli sasaqonlo bazris monopolizaciis<strong>da</strong> monopoliebis winaRmdeg mebrZoli antimonopoliurisamsaxuris Seqmnis aucileblobis Sesaxeb.amasTan, iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos, aRniSnulisamsaxuris Seqmnis Semdeg, qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong>iwyeba sawvavis,wamlebis <strong>da</strong> sxva saqonlis fasebis myisieri kleba, racsxva araferia, Tu ara farTo sazogadoebis SecdomaSiSeyvana. Sesabamisad, Tu antimonopoliuri samsaxurisSeqmna fasebis klebas ar gamoiwvevs (zoga<strong>da</strong>d, sazogadoebisdid nawils ara mxolod sawvavis <strong>da</strong> wamlisfasi miaCnia maRal fasad), amas moyveba sazogadoebisuaryofiTi reaqcia.aqve gvin<strong>da</strong> xazi gavusvaT im garemoebas, romeqspertTa umetesoba panacead miiCnevs antimonopoliurisamsaxuris Seqmnis aucileblobas, maSin rodesac31

slava fetelava, Salva gogiaSviliaseTi samsaxuri saqarTveloSi 1992 wli<strong>da</strong>n arsebobs[1, gv.131]. is jer saqarTvelos ekonomikis saministrosSiga struqturuli erTeulis saxiT funqcionireb<strong>da</strong>1992-1996 wlebSi, xolo 1997-2005 wlebSi ki _ ukveamave saministros sistemaSi, oRond, saqarTvelos prezidentiswinaSe angariSvaldebuli struqturulierTeulis saxiT rogorc saqarTvelos saxelmwifoantimonopoliuri samsaxuri. amasTan, saxelmwifo antimonopoliurisamsaxuris likvi<strong>da</strong>ciis Semdeg (2005wlis agvisto), imave dRes Seiqmna saqarTvelos ekonomikuriganviTarebis saministros saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo<strong>da</strong>wesebulebis saxiT - Tavisufali vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong>konkurenciis saagento, romlis saqmianobis ZiriTadimiznebi <strong>da</strong> amocanebi [2, gv. 35] igive iyo, rac likvidirebuliantimonopoliuri samsaxuris (Sinaarsobrivad-konkurencia, antimonopolia <strong>da</strong> antitrasti sinonimebia).mogvianebiT, 2010 wlis meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n, ekonomikuriganviTarebis saministros sistemi<strong>da</strong>n gamoyvaniliqna Tavisufali vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> konkurenciis saagento<strong>da</strong> imave saxelwodebis sajaro samarTlis iuridiulipiris saxiT Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mTavrobisstruqturaSi. amasTan, evrokavSiris eqspertTa (Svedieqspertebis) aqtiuri CareviT, 2011 wlis bolos, ssipTavisufali vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> konkurenciis saagento Seerwyossip saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis saagentos, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>cukve 2012 wlis 1 ianvri<strong>da</strong>n funqcionirebs ssipkonkurenciisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis saagento.Sesabamisad, msjeloba imaze, rom qveyanaSi antimonopoliuripolitikis gamtarebeli organo ar arsebobs <strong>da</strong>is axla, 2013 wels un<strong>da</strong> Seiqmnas, arasworia.Cven Sors varT im mosazrebisagan, rom saqarTveloSirealizebuli konkurenciuli (antimonopoli-32

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikauri) politika pasuxobs dRevandel (an Tun<strong>da</strong>c 2005wlamdel) moTxovnebs, magram is, rom antimonopoliuripolitikis realizaciis sferoSi arsebobs mniSvnelovanixarvezebi, ar niSnavs aseTi politikis ar arsebobas.aRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, migvaCnia, rom dResmsjeloba un<strong>da</strong> iyos ara axali antimonopoliuri samsaxurisSeqmnaze, aramed imaze, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> moxdesarsebuli konkurenciis organos gaZliereba. es ukanaskneliki miRwevadia ,,Tavisufali vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong>konkurenciis Sesaxeb“ CarCo kanonis srulyofisa <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>xvewis gziT. amasTan, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, arckonkurenciuli kanonmdeblobis aRmasrulebeli organosstruqturul reorganizaciasa <strong>da</strong> menejmentisSecvlaze un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vixioT ukan, Tumca, es ar niSnavs carielnia<strong>da</strong>gze axali struqturis Seqmnas.amasTan, gulistkiviliT un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, romeqspertebi, romlebic antimonopoliuri samsaxuris SeqmnisiniciativiT gamodian (mogviteveT, magram xan<strong>da</strong>xanrCeba STabeWdileba, rom eqspertTa garkveul nawilsantimonopoliuri samsaxuri <strong>da</strong> konkurenciis saagentosxva<strong>da</strong>sxva funqciis mqone institutebi hgonia) <strong>da</strong>am samsaxuris Seqmnas ukavSireben qveyanaSi fasebisproblemis mogvarebas, cud samsaxurs uweven qveynisaRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, radganac konkurenciissaagentos (igive antimonopoliuri samsaxuris) amocanaver iqneba fasebis kontroli <strong>da</strong> regulireba. fasebiTregulirebas eqvemdebareba mxolod bunebrivi monopoliisseqtori <strong>da</strong> am saqmes met-naklebi warmatebiT TavsarTmeven Sesabamisi <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli maregulirebelikomisiebi. rac Seexeba liberalur bazrebze fasebisregulirebas (fasebis gamocxadebas, Tu gamocxadebu-33

slava fetelava, Salva gogiaSvilili fasebis sisworis <strong>da</strong>cvas <strong>da</strong> a.S.), es yofili fasebissaxelmwifo inspeqciis prerogativa iyo <strong>da</strong> maszesaxelmwifom 2005 wlis agvisto<strong>da</strong>n, sruliad samarTlianad,Tqva uari. Sesabamisad, liberalur bazrebze fasebisregulirebis 2005 - wlamdeli meqanizmebis SemoRebaar Seesabameba sabazro ekonomikis principebs. aRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>ngamomdinare molodini, rom antimonopoliursamsaxuris CamoyalibebiT moxdeba qveynis sasaqonlobazrebze dRes arsebuli Tavisufali sabazro fasebisga<strong>da</strong>xedva, sxva araferia Tu ara sakiTxisadmi arasworimidgoma <strong>da</strong> demagogia. erTaderTi, rac un<strong>da</strong> moeTxovosqveynis konkurenciis (antimonopoliur) organos,esaa - Sesabamisi sasaqonlo bazrebis analizi<strong>da</strong> monitoringi. Tu mokvleul bazrebze adgili eqnebadempinguri, an monopoliurad maRali an <strong>da</strong>bali fasebisgamoyenebas (rasac seriozuli <strong>da</strong>sabuTeba sWirdeba),aseve, konkurenciis SemzRu<strong>da</strong>v Serwymebs, SeTanxmebebs,dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas<strong>da</strong> a.S., swored aseTi ukanono qmedebebi un<strong>da</strong> aRkveToskonkurenciis samsaxurma. Tumca, yovelive amas sWirdebasrulyofili samarTlebrivi baza. amdenad, am etapisupiratesi amocana swored konkurenciis CarCokanonis srulyofaa. marTalia, dRes am sakiTxze Riadmidis msjeloba, magram, erTmniSvnelovnad imis Tqma,rom qveynis sakonkurencio samarTlebrivi norma iqnebasrulyofili, Znelia; qveynis aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasadrec araerTxel hqonia amis mzaoba (yovelSemTxvevaSi deklarirebis doneze), magram saqme saqmezerom mimdgara, srulyofili samarTlebrivi norma arcerTxel ar miuRiaT. am etapze, arsebobs konkurenciiskanonis ramdenime axali versia. erT-erTi maTganiukve wardgenilia saqarTvelos parlamentSi inicia-34

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikativis doneze. Cveni azriT, sakmarisia qveynis ekonomikiswinaSe mdgari antimonopoliuri gamowvevebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba,,Tavisufali vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> konkurenciisSesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis srulyofiT. kanons un<strong>da</strong>CamoSordes masSi ucxo sxeuliviT SeWrili debulebebi,riTac moxdeba misi calkeuli <strong>da</strong>maxinjebuli muxlis<strong>da</strong>xvewa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSiris Sesabamis normebTan <strong>da</strong>axloebaara mxolod saTauris, aramed Sinaarsis doneze.zemoaRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, Cveni mizania warmovaCinoTis naklovanebebi, rac ,,Tavisufali vaWrobisa<strong>da</strong> konkurenciis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos moqmed kanons(2012 wlis 8 maisis re<strong>da</strong>qcia) gaaCnia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vsaxoTmaTi gamosworebis gzebi.1) arasworad migvaCnia, rom kanoni ar vrceldebaim bazrebze, romelTa saqonluri brunva ar aRematebamSp-is 0,25%-s [3, muxli 4, ,,v“ punqti], radganac iqmnebaimis saSiSroeba, rom marilis, asanTis <strong>da</strong> sxva msgavsibazrebi (sa<strong>da</strong>c dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotadgamoyenebis faqtebi antimonopoliuri regulirebisarc Tu ise Soreul warsulSi iyo gamovlenili <strong>da</strong>aRkveTili) ar moxvdeba konkurenciis kanonis regulirebissferoSi. miT umetes im fonze,rom ,,saqarTvelos2010 wlis mSp-is moculobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, 0,25% <strong>da</strong>axloebiT52 mln lars Seadgens“ [4, gv.17];2) gaumarTlebelia, rom kanoni ar vrceldebaqveynis usafrTxoebis mniSvnelovan obieqtebze <strong>da</strong>Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisaTvissaWiro saqonelsa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebaze [3, muxli 4, punqti,,z“], radganac aRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, Tu ekonomikuriagenti arealizebs Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriviusafrTxoebisaTvis saWiro saqonelsa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebas(aseTi saqoneli SeiZleba iyos sawvavic),35

slava fetelava, Salva gogiaSvilimaSin mas SeuZlia am sferoSi <strong>da</strong>arRvios konkurenciiszogadi principebi <strong>da</strong> imoqmedos Tavisi SexedulebiT,maT Soris, arakeTilsindisiera<strong>da</strong>c (aqsiomaa is, romkonkurenciis kanoni keTilsindisier mewarmeebs <strong>biznesi</strong>skeTebaSi xels ki ar uSlis, aramed axalisebs maT.amdenad, gaurkvevelia - ratomaa safrTxis Semcveli <strong>da</strong>ratom ar un<strong>da</strong> vrceldebodes konkurenciis zogadinormebi im ekonomikur agentebze, romlebic am <strong>biznesi</strong>Tiqnebian <strong>da</strong>kavebulebi; aseTi midgomiT, xom SeiZlebaarc saga<strong>da</strong>saxado, arc sabaJo <strong>da</strong> a.S. samarTlebrivinormebi ar gavrceldes am an sxva sferoebze <strong>da</strong> maSinras miviRebT .....; miT umetes, bazris monawile subieqtismier konkurenciis normebis ignorirebiT, sxva subieqt-TaTvis miyenebuli ziani, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d (umravles SemTxvevaSi)di<strong>da</strong>d aRemateba saga<strong>da</strong>saxado kanonmdeblobis<strong>da</strong>rRveviT miyenebul zians);3) kanoni ar vrceldeba iseT horizontalurxelSekrulebebze, romlis mxareTa erToblivi sabazrowili Sesabamis bazarze ar aRemateba 25%-s, xolo vertikalurixelSekrulebebis SemTxvevebSi - 40%-s. aseve,kanoni ar vrceldeba Tu ekonomikur agentTa Soris<strong>da</strong>debuli xelSekruleba moicavs rogorc horizontaluri,aseve vertikaluri xelSekrulebis maxasiaTeblebs,ris gamoc rTulia misi klasifikacia ama Tuim saxeobis xelSekrulebad, <strong>da</strong> am xelSekrulebis mxareTaerToblivi sabazro wili Sesabamis bazarze araRemateba 40%-s [3, muxli 8, punqtebi ,,a“, ,,b“, ,,g“].aRsaniSnavia, rom evrokavSiris rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebiT,es maCveneblebi horizontaluri xelSekrulebisSemTxvevaSi, ar un<strong>da</strong> aRematebodes 10%-s, vertikalurixelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi - 15%-s, xolo, rodesacrTulia klasifikacia, maSin masSi monawile mxareTa36

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikaerToblivi wili Sesabamis bazarze ar un<strong>da</strong> aRematebodes10%-s [5; 8; 11];4) kanonSi Cadebuli saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmarebebismaregulirebeli debulebebi mTlianad kargavs azrs,radgan saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmarebebis ganmartebaSi [3, muxli3,punqti ,,t“] aRniSnulia,rom is ar gulisxmobs saqarTvelosprezidentis, saqarTvelos mTavrobis <strong>da</strong> qalaq<strong>Tbilisi</strong>s meriis sarezervo fondebi<strong>da</strong>n gamoyofiliTanxebis <strong>da</strong>xarjvas. ara<strong>da</strong>, am Tanxebma SesaZlebeliacalkeul sasaqonlo bazarze arsebul konkurenciazearsebiTi gavlena iqonios. miTumetes, ,,2011 wlis monacemebiT,aRniSnuli sarezervo fondebis moculobamjamSi 102 mln lari Seadgina“ [6, gv.9];5) kanonis Tanaxmad <strong>da</strong>saSvebia nebismieri saxeobisga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis Semcirebisa <strong>da</strong> restruqturizaciisSemTxveva, Tu aRniSnul sakiTxebze ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebsiRebs saqarTvelos mTavroba [3, muxli 12, punqti 2, qvepunqti,,T“], rac yovlad gaumarTlebelia, radganaccalekuli ekonomikuri agentisaTvis, ama Tu im formiT,ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis Semcirebis an/<strong>da</strong> restruqturizaciis Taobazega<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas yovelTvis mTavroba iRebs (iReb<strong>da</strong>).Sesabamisad, Tu ar iqneba am nawilSi konkurenciiszogadi principebi <strong>da</strong>culi, araa gamoricxuli adgilihqondes patiosan mewarmeTa interesebis saziano qmedebebs;6) kanonis regulirebi<strong>da</strong>n gamosulia saga<strong>da</strong>saxado<strong>da</strong>valianebis ga<strong>da</strong>xdevinebis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebisSeCerebisa <strong>da</strong> saga<strong>da</strong>saxado <strong>da</strong>valianebis CamowerisSemTxvevebi [3, muxli 12, punqti 2, qvepunqti ,,i“],rac aseve arasworia, radganac aseTi gamonaklisebiTadvila<strong>da</strong>a SesaZlebeli Seilaxos keTilsindisierikonkurenciis principebi Sesabamis sasaqonlo bazre-37

slava fetelava, Salva gogiaSvilibze. amitom, vfiqrobT, saWiroa meti erTguleba ekonomikurikonkurenciis zogadi principebisadmi, riTacsaboloo angariSiT, moigebs Sesabamisi bazris yvelamonawile, saxelmwifos CaTvliT;7) kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs, ara<strong>da</strong> aucilebelia,rom konkurenciis mTavari saxelmwifo organo iyosaRWurvili iseTi uflebamosilebiT, rom mis mier miRebuliga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis gauqmebis ufleba ar hqondesaravis, gar<strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa (konkurenciisorganos un<strong>da</strong> hqondes ara sarekomen<strong>da</strong>cio xasiaTis,aramed Sesasruleblad savaldebulo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebismiRebis uflebamosileba);8) samwuxarod, kanonis mixedviT, mTavrobis miergacemul saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmarebebze saboloo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas,konkurenciis saagentos rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebissafuZvelze, isev mTavroba Rebulobs, rac aseve arasworia(konkurenciis organo un<strong>da</strong> iyos mTavrobis miermiRebuli konkurenciis SemzRu<strong>da</strong>vi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebisgamomvleni <strong>da</strong> aRmkveTi <strong>da</strong> ara mTavrobisaTviskonkurenciis <strong>da</strong>rRvevis faqtebze mxolod rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebisSemmuSavebeli);9) problematuria isic, rom ,,Tavisufali vaWrobisa<strong>da</strong> konkurenciis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonisTanaxmad, konkurenciisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo Sesyidvebissaagentos ufleba ara aqvs mTavrobisagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad(sakuTari iniciativiT) moaxdinos sasaqonlo bazrebisanalizi. kerZod, mas am uflebas aniWebs saqarTvelosmTavroba winaswar gansazRvrul prioritetulmimarTulebebze. Sesabamisad, im bazrebze, romlebicprioritetul mimarTulebebSi araa moqceuli, romchqondes adgili arakeTilsindisier konkurencias,maszereagirebis uflebamosileba saagentos ar gaaCnia. e.i.38

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikasaagento pasuxs ar agebs im bazrebze arsebul arakonkurentulmdgomareobaze, romlebic mTavrobas prioritetulmimarTulebebSi ar aqvs Setanili, rac araswori<strong>da</strong> gaumarTlebelia;10) migvaCnia, rom individualuri saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmarebisumniSvnelo odenobis gansazRvra un<strong>da</strong> xdebodesara mTavrobis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT, aramed kanoniT;miTumetes, am nawilSi arsebobs evrokavSiris regulacia,romliTac gansazRvrulia de minimis-s ze<strong>da</strong> Car-Co [7]; Cveni azriT, de minimis-s sakiTxiT manipulirebisufleba aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas ar un<strong>da</strong>hqondes;11) faqtia, rom evrokomisiis Tanxmoba ar sWirdebaim saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmarebebs, romlebic gacemuliamcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo zomis sawarmoebze; kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebisaTvis;garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis; <strong>da</strong>saqmebisa <strong>da</strong>treningebisaTvis; aseve, regionur <strong>da</strong>xmarebas, romelic<strong>da</strong>mtkicebulia komisiis mier TiToeuli wevri saxelmwifosaTvis.samwuxarod, evrokavSiris es midgomasaxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmarebebis nawilSi, gafarToebul <strong>da</strong>ganvrcobil iqna im kuTxiT, rom saqarTveloSi dResmoqmed konkurenciis CarCo kanonSi Caido rogorcgamonaklisi - saga<strong>da</strong>saxado <strong>da</strong>valianebis Camoweris,ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis Semcirebis <strong>da</strong> sxva msgavsi sakiTxebi, rac,ara Tu aaxloebs, aramed winaaRmdegobaSi modis evrokavSirisprincipebTan saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gacemisnawilSi. ufro metic, kanonis es nawili TviT,,konkurenciis politikis yovlismomcveli strategiisSesaxeb“ saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2010 wlis 3 dekembris#1551 gankargulebasTanac modis winaaRmdegobaSi,radganac am strategiis Tanaxmad gansazRvrulia, rom,,konkurenciis CarCo kanoniT saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmareba39

slava fetelava, Salva gogiaSviliganimarteba evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad“[8, gv.177], rac samwuxarod, ar iqna gaTvaliswinebulikonkurenciis 2012 wlis 8 maisis kanonis miRebisdros. es yvelaferi kidev erTxel a<strong>da</strong>sturebs, romkanonis es nawili seriozul re<strong>da</strong>qciul (<strong>da</strong> ara martore<strong>da</strong>qciul) srulyofas saWiroebs;12) kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs ekonomikurikonkurenciis samarTlebrivi bazis aRsrulebis xelisSemwyobrig mniSvnelovan definicias - ,,arakeTilsindisierikonkurencia“, ,,umniSvnelo sabazroZalaufleba“, ,,monopoliuri saqmianoba“ (kanonSi amisasaxvis aucilebloba gamomdinareobs saqarTveloskonstitucii<strong>da</strong>n. kerZod, saqarTvelos konstituciis30-e muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad - ,,. . . . akrZaluliamonopoliuri saqmianoba, gar<strong>da</strong> kanoniT <strong>da</strong>SvebuliSemTxvevebisa“ [9, gv.11-12]. Sesabamisad, <strong>da</strong>konkreteba imisa,Tu rogor saqmianobas hqvia ,,monopoliuri saqmianoba“,CarCo kanonma un<strong>da</strong> gansazRvros an konstituciaSiun<strong>da</strong> Sevides cvlileba <strong>da</strong> iq Caiweros, rom akrZaluliaara ,,monopoliuri saqmianoba“,aramed ,,dominirebulimdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba“. es ukanaskneliki,ukve konstitucias moiyvans kanonTan SesabamisobaSi),,,konkurentulze maRali fasi“, ,,dempingi“ <strong>da</strong> sxv.;13) kanoni un<strong>da</strong> iTvaliswinebdes ukanonod gacemulisaxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmarebis ukan <strong>da</strong>brunebis valdebulebas.winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gamodis, rom konkurenciiskanonmdeblobis <strong>da</strong>rRveviT gacemuli saxelmwifo<strong>da</strong>xmareba <strong>da</strong>vafiqsireT, magram mis mimRebs veubnebiT,rom Tqven, marTalia, <strong>da</strong>arRvieT kanoni, Tumca, kanoniTqvens qmedebaze pasuxismgeblobas ar iTvaliswinebs(es ,,kanonis“, zogad, CarCo principebs ewinaaRmdegeba);<strong>da</strong>vis sagani ar SeiZleba iyos is, rom nebismieri kanoni40

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikaregulirebis sferos mkacr CarCoebSi aqcevs <strong>da</strong> amiTicavs samarTlianobas. samarTlianobis <strong>da</strong>cva ki, <strong>da</strong>na-Saulis ara mxolod gamovlena, aramed misi aRkveTa <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sjacaa (winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, azrs kargavs <strong>da</strong>na-Saulis gamovlenac);14) konkurenciis organos ufleba un<strong>da</strong> hqondes,saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier gansazRvruli prioritetulimimarTulebebis gar<strong>da</strong>, sxva nebismier sasaqonlobazarze, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vadmoaxdinos reagireba arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciisfaqtebze <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sabuTebis SemTxvevaSi, aRkveTos is;15) aseve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom kanonis me-18 muxlispirveli punqtis ,,g“ <strong>da</strong> ,,v“ punqtebi, Cveni azriT,urTierTSesabamisobaSia mosayvani. pirvel SemTxvevaSi,(,,g“) saqmesTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli dokumentaciis miuReblobisas,mokvlevis mizniT sasamarTlos waredginebaSuamdgomloba agentis mier Sesabamisi dokumentaciiswarmodgenis <strong>da</strong>valdebulebis Taobaze, xolo meore(,,v“) SemTxvevaSi, saqmesTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli informaciismiuwodeblobis SemTxvevaSi, ekonomikur agents uwesdebaadministraciuli jarima (jarimebis <strong>da</strong>kisrebayvela SemTxvevaSi mxolod sasamarTlos meSveobiTun<strong>da</strong> xdebodes). aseT SemTxvevebSi (exeba informaciisTu dokumentaciis miuReblobas) saagento informaciis(dokumentaciis) miuwodeblobaze un<strong>da</strong> adgendes administraciulisamarTal<strong>da</strong>rRvevis oqms <strong>da</strong> ugzavnides sasamarTlos(moTxovniT Tanxis <strong>da</strong>kisreba+<strong>da</strong>valdebulebainformaciis/dokumentaciis mowodebaze) saboloo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebismisaRebad (es erTmniSvnelovnad un<strong>da</strong>ikiTxebodes kanonSi);16) aris kidev iseTi sakiTxi kanonSi,rac azrTa sx-41

slava fetelava, Salva gogiaSviliva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobas iwvevs. kerZod, saqarTvelos konkurenciisCarCo kanonis Sesabamisad (Tavi VII), jarimebi mibmuliaekonomikuri agentis mier wina finansur wels miRebulmogebaze, xolo Tu mas mogeba ar miuRia im periodSi,maSin jarimi ebmeba brunvas (2%-iT). aq eqspertebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>dprocentis sidideze <strong>da</strong>voben, rac arasworia,radganac, Cveni azriT, is, Tu ra procenti un<strong>da</strong> iyossanqciebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT gansazRvruli, aris qveynismTavrobis <strong>da</strong> parlamentis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyveti. Sesabamisad, amnawilSi pretenziebi ar SeiZleba iyos miRebuli. er-TaderTi, rac Cveni azriT, SeiZleba iyos sa<strong>da</strong>vo, esaa _kanon<strong>da</strong>rRvevis aRmofxvramde sanqciis (sauravis) <strong>da</strong>kisrebissakiTxi,rasac evrokomisia axorcielebs araumeteswina wlis saSualodRiuri brunvis 5%-is [10] farglebSi,rac konkurenciis 2012 wlis 8 maisis kanoniTaraa gaTvaliswinebuli.Regarding Improving CompetitionPolicy of GeorgiaS. PetelavaSh. GogiashviliThe article critically analyses the issues of improving competitionpolicy in Georgia. It’s highlighted that it’s not among the competenciesof the Antitrust Service to regulate and control markets throughprices. Though, restriction of monopolistic activities and limitation ofunfair competition will obviously contribute to regulation of monopolisticprices.42

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikaThe authors consider that the competition (antitrust) service hasto analyze and monitor relevant markets. If case there are some cases of<strong>da</strong>mping or monopolistic high or low prices, mergers and agreements restrictingcompetition, abuse of dominant position, etc. - such illegal actsshould be eliminated by the competition department. However, in orderthe country’s competition service is able to reveal antitrust activities andprevent them a perfect legal framework is needed. Thus, currently, theprimary objective is to improve legal framework of the competition.Consequently, specific suggestions for improving the law on Free Tradeand Competition adopted on May 8, 2012 are suggested.gamoyenebuli literatura1. fetelava s., konkurenciis Teoria <strong>da</strong> antimonopoliuriregulireba saqarTveloSi, ,,loi“, Tb., 2007;2. gogiaSvili S., konkurenciis ekonomikuri politika<strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo praqtika saqarTveloSi, ,,inovacia“,Tb., 2009;3. ,,Tavisufali vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> konkurenciis Sesaxeb“saqarTvelos kanoni, 2012 wlis 8 maisi;4. konkurenciis politika, sabaJo procedurebi,inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebi, evropissamezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegmis SesrulebasaqarTveloSi 2011 wels,samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTaSefaseba, evraziis TanamSromlobis fondisevrointegraciis programa, Tb., 2012 wlis ianvari;5. evrokomisiis regulacia #2658/2000, 2000 wlis29 noemberi;6. ,,konkurenciis politikis yovlismomcvelistrategia“, saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2010 wlis 3 dekembris#1551 gankarguleba;43

slava fetelava, Salva gogiaSvili7. evrokavSiris regulacia #2790/1999, 1999 wlis 22dekemberi;8. evrokavSiris regulacia #1/2003, 2003 wlis ianvari;Commission Regulation (EC) #69/2001 of 12 Ianuary 2001 onthe application of Articles 87 and 88 of the EC Trearty to de minimis;9. Commission Regulation (EC) #994/98 of 7 May 1998 on theapplication of Articles 92 and 93 of the Trearty establishing the EuropeanCommunity to certain categories of horizontal state aid;10. saqarTvelos konstitucia, gamomcemloba ,,raizi“, Tb., 2005; 311. ,,konkurenciis politikis yovlismomcvelistrategia“, saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2010 wlis 3 dekembris#1551 gankarguleba.44

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikaswavlebis kompiuteruli teqnologiebi (evropisqveynebis samecniero literaturaSi mas mobilur teqnologiebsacuwodeben) yvelaze zogadi ganmartebiT,aris personaluri kompiuterebis,sxva mciregabaritianiaparatuli saSualebebis, programuli uzrunvelyofis,internet-servisebis, agreTve im xerxebis, meTodebisa<strong>da</strong> wesebis erToblioba, rac saSualebas iZleva ganxorcieldessaswavlo informaciis eleqtronuli Tavmoyra,Senaxva, <strong>da</strong>muSaveba, asaxva teqnikuri, audio, video<strong>da</strong> grafikuli saSualebebiT operatiuli komunikaciispirobebSi saerTaSoriso kompiuteruli <strong>da</strong> sakomunikacioqselebis resursebis gamoyenebiT [1, gv.99].ganaTlebis informatizaciis centraluri cnebebia”eleqtronuli swavleba” (e-learning) <strong>da</strong> eleqtronulisaxelmZRvanelo.eleqtronuli swavleba rTuli cnebaa, romelSicakumulirdeba <strong>da</strong> integrirdeba ganaTlebis sferoSigamoyenebuli inovaciuri informaciul-sakomunikacioteqnologiebi: swavlebis kompiuteruli teqnologiebi,interaqtiuli multimedia, swavleba veb-teqnologiebisbazaze, on-line swavleba <strong>da</strong> a.S. am terminma Tan<strong>da</strong>Tangamodevna farTod gavrcelebuli termini ,,distanciuriswavleba”. Sesabamisad iSleba sazRvrebi <strong>da</strong>Sorebulswavlebasa <strong>da</strong> uSualod saswavleblis farglebeleqtronulisaxelmZRvanelosSeqmnis Teoriul-meTodologiurisakiTxebienver lagvilavaivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-isasocirebuli profesori,45

enver lagvilavaSi swavlebas Soris. eleqtronuli swavleba asaxavssaswavlo procesis distanciuri <strong>da</strong> tradiciuli organizaciisintegracias informaciuli <strong>da</strong> sakomunikacioteqnologiebis bazaze.ganaTlebis Tanamedrove sistema evropis wamyvanqveynebSi viTardeba saswavlo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebis saqmianobisyvela sferoSi informaciul-sakomunikacio teqnologiebis<strong>da</strong>nergviT <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ganpirobebuliainternet-teqnologiebis saSualebebze Tavisufali wvdomiT.es ukanaskneli iwvevs saswavlo procesis tradiciulimidgomebisa <strong>da</strong> meTodebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs.eleqtronuli swavleba moswavleebsa <strong>da</strong> maswavleblebsaZlevs informaciis aratradiciul wyaroebzeTavisufali wvdomis saSualebas, amaRlebs <strong>da</strong>moukidebelimuSaobis efeqtianobas, iZleva Semoqmedebis, saku-Tari unarebis gamovlenisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis srulia<strong>da</strong>xal SesaZleblobebs. gar<strong>da</strong> aRniSnulisa,SesaZlebelixdeba realizebuli iqnes swavlebis sxva axali formebi<strong>da</strong> meTodebi. am mizniT farTod gamoiyeneba lokaluri<strong>da</strong> globaluri sainformacio qselebi, telekonferenciebi,eleqtronuli fosta, forumi, Cati <strong>da</strong> a.S.eleqtronuli swavleba saSualebas iZleva Tanamedrovepe<strong>da</strong>gogikuri teqnologiebi gaxdes pirovnebazeorientirebuli <strong>da</strong> mimarTuli iyos moswavlis individualuriunarebis ganviTarebaze.samecniero literaturaSi farTo<strong>da</strong>a ganxilulieleqtronuli swavlebis upiratesobebis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebelimravali maCvenebeli <strong>da</strong> parametri. sakmao yuradRebaeTmoba mis uaryofiT mxareebsac, Tumca, avtorTaumravlesobis azriT, is araarsebiTia <strong>da</strong> xasiaTdebaSemcirebis tendenciiT. eleqtronuli swavleba moiTxovsgansxvavebuli formebisa <strong>da</strong> meTodebis gamoyenebas46

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikaswavlebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva donisa <strong>da</strong> safexurebis mixedviT.Sesabamisad, misi gamoyenebis Sedegebic warmosdgebagarkveuli specifikuri maCveneblebiT. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos,rom eleqtronuli swavlebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva forma gansakuTrebiTfarTod <strong>da</strong> efeqtianad inergeba umaRlesiskolis sistemaSi. umaRles saswavlebelSi eleqtronuliswavlebis farTod <strong>da</strong>nergva gamoiwvevs Semdeg mniSvnelovancvlilebebs:– maRali xarisxis saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebisspeqtris gafarToeba;– studentTa codnis amaRleba <strong>da</strong> unar-CvevebisgafarToeba;– Sesaswavli masalis mimarT interesis gazr<strong>da</strong>,masalis saintereso formebiTa <strong>da</strong> pirobebSi miwodebisxarjze;– pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa profesiuli zrdisa <strong>da</strong> kvalifikaciisamaRlebis SesaZleboba;– studentTa <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis Semcireba;– saganmanaTleblo resursebis drouli ganaxlebisa<strong>da</strong> gavrcelebis uzrunvelyofa, maTi xelmisawvdomobisgazr<strong>da</strong>;– erTdroulad moswavleTa raodenobis zr<strong>da</strong>;– studentTa swavlebis uwyvetobis uzrunvelyofadroiTi <strong>da</strong> sivrculi SezRudvebis moxsnis xarjze;– studentTa muSaobis (swavlis) personalurigrafikis uzrunvelyofa;– Sualeduri <strong>da</strong> finaluri atestaciebis gaioleba<strong>da</strong> gamravalferovneba.saqarTvelos ganviTarebis axali socialur-ekonomikurirealiebi, rac xasiaTdeba mosaxleobis socialuri<strong>da</strong> profesiuli mobilobis arsebiTad gaaqtiurebiT,moiTxovs ganaTlebis organizaciis iseTi axali,47

enver lagvilavaadekvaturi formebis Ziebasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nergvas, romlebicuzrunvelyofs mosaxleobis mier ganaTlebis miRebazean adre miRebuli ganaTlebis srulyofaze mzardimoTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas.aSkaraa, rom ganaTlebis tradiciuli koncefciebi<strong>da</strong> formebi axal pirobebSi kargavs efeqtianobas<strong>da</strong> CamorCeba msoflios mowinave qveynebis stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs.erT-erTi umwvavesi problemaa xarisxiani saganmanaTleblomomsaxurebisa <strong>da</strong> resursebisadmi wvdomisSemcireba. wamyvani umaRlesi saswavleblebi, romlebsacgaaCniaT kvalificiuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi <strong>da</strong> sxva saganmanaTlebloresursebi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d koncentrirebuliamsoflios mowinave qveynebSi, msxvil qalaqebSi, racmosaxleobis umravlesobas uqmnis TiTqmis ga<strong>da</strong>ulaxavfinansur <strong>da</strong> sxva saxis barierebs. amitom, udidesmniSvnelobas iZens ganaTlebis sferoSi iseTi axalisamecniero mimarTulebebisa <strong>da</strong> cnebebis warmoSoba <strong>da</strong>ganviTareba, rogoricaa: ganaTlebis informatizacia,erTiani saganmanaTleblo sivrce,ganaTlebis misawvdomoba,eleqtronulisaswavlo resursebis eleqtronuliswavleba [2, gv.16].zemoT aRniSnuli, urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, integrirebulisamecniero meTodologiuri <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebiTiproblemebis kvleva un<strong>da</strong> warimarTos im mimarTulebiT,rom maqsimalurad Seuwyos xeli Semdegi urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulisamecniero <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli problemebisga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas:– informaciul-sakomunikacio infrastruqturebisganviTareba, romelic uzrunvelyofs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva donissaganmanaTleblo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaTa urTierTkavSirs. risSedega<strong>da</strong>c gaCndeba saswavlo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis informaciuliresursebis realuri operatiuli gacvlis Sesa-Zlebloba, rogorc teritoriulad <strong>da</strong>Sorebul sagan-48

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikamanaleblo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs, aseve moswavleebs Soris;– saganmanaTleblo resursebis axali informaciuligaremos Camoyalibeba, axali informaciuli teqnologiebismoTxovnasa <strong>da</strong> swavlebis procesSi misigamoyenebis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT;– saswavlo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis, maswavleblebis, me-Todistebis, saswavlo procesis administratorebismasobrivi momzadeba informaciuli teqnologiebisa <strong>da</strong>axali saganmanaTleblo resursebis swavlebaSi efeqtianigamoyenebis mimarTulebiT;– saswavlo procesis administrirebis informatizacia;– saswavleblis erTiani sainformacio sivrcisSeqmna, romlis ZiriTadi miznebia; momxmarebelTa (moswavleTa)saswavlo moTxovnebis maqsimaluri individualizaciisuzrunvelyofa; codnis xarisxis ama-Rleba swavlebis procesSi informaciuli resursebis(eleqtronuli saxelmZRvaneloebis, codnis bazebis,eleqtronuli biblioTekebis) gamoyenebiT; saswavloprocesis kompleqsuri marTvis efeqtianobis amaRleba;resursebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba.saswavlo procesSi gamoyenebuli teqnikuri <strong>da</strong>teqnologiuri saSualebebis mrvalferovnebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,swavlebis xarisxi uwinares yovlisa, <strong>da</strong>mokidebuliasaswavlo masalis srulyofilebaze (xarisxze),misi warmodgenis formebsa <strong>da</strong> saswavlo procesis organizaciaze.informaciis didi moculoba, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva informaciulnakadsa <strong>da</strong> wyaroebs Soris maRali konkurenciawarmoSobs axal moTxovnebs saswavlo masalis warmodgenisa<strong>da</strong> miwodebis xerxebis mimarT. codnisadmiinteresi farTovdeba misi maqsimalurad moxerxebuli<strong>da</strong> iolad gasagebi saxiT miwodebis xarjze. swavlebis49

enver lagvilavaprocesi maqsimalurad efeqtiani xdeba maSin, rodesacmomxmarebeli urTierTmoqmedebs iseT garemosTan, sa<strong>da</strong>cxdeba saswavlo <strong>da</strong> saTamaSo procesebis <strong>da</strong>axloeba.amas xels uwyobs samganzomilebiani interaqtiulisistemebis Seqmna, romelic gamoiyeneba eleqtronuliswavlebisas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxeobis amocanis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad– saswavlo masalis vizualizebasa <strong>da</strong> prezentacii<strong>da</strong>n,perspeqtiuli gegmebis SemuSavebasa <strong>da</strong>procesebis simulaciamde. aseTi sistemebis ZiriTadiupiratesobebia: virtualur sivrceSi muSaobisas minimaluririskebi; eqsperimentebis <strong>da</strong>bali Rirebulebavirtualur garemoSi; distanciurad erToblivi muSaobisSesaZlebloba <strong>da</strong> sxva [3, gv.147–148].eleqtronuli swavlebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formisa<strong>da</strong> meTodebis <strong>da</strong>nergva rTuli teqnikuri <strong>da</strong> meTodikuriamocanaa. metad aqtualuria kompiuteruli swavlebissaSualebaTa Seqmnis koncefciebis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba.kompiuteruli swavlebis umTavresi saSualeba gax<strong>da</strong>eleqtronuli saswavlo masala (saxelmZRvanelo),romelic uzrunvelyofs swavlebis, TviTmaswavleblis,Sesaswavli masalis demonstrirebis, kontrolisa <strong>da</strong>TviTkontrolis, SeTvisebuli codnis sistematizaciis,Seswavlili masalis praqtikuli gamoyenebis funqciebisrealizacias. amgvarad, eleqtronuli swavlebiserT–erTi yvelaze aqtualuri Temaa swavlebis mravalfunqciurisaSualebis – eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelos(kursis) Seqmna [4, gv.125].specialuri literaturuli wyaroebis analizisSedegad SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom eleqtronulisaxelmZRvanelos erTiani, universaluri <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcveliganmartebis Camoyalibeba rTulia <strong>da</strong> arcaris aucilebeli. mizanSewonili iqneba ramdenime ganmartebisCamoyalibeba, romlebSic xazgasmuli iqne-50

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikaba eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelos erTi an ramdenimeTviseba, <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba, specifika, maxasiaTebeli <strong>da</strong>/an fuqcia. Sesabamisad, eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelowarmoadgens:– grafikuli, teqsturi, cifruli, audio, video,foto <strong>da</strong> sxva saxis informaciaTa erTobliobas,romelicgaerTianebulia erTiani sagnobriv-Tematikuri,meTodikuri<strong>da</strong> di<strong>da</strong>qtikuri moTxovnebiT <strong>da</strong> orientirebuliamoswavlis mier saswavlo mizniT gamoyenebisTvis.eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelo SeiZleba ganTavsdesrogorc manqanur (kompiuterul) matarebelze, asevegamoqveyenebul (warmodgenil) iqnes kompiuterul qselebSi;– disciplinis Sesabamis samecniero-praqtikulsferoSi arsebuli iseTi sistematizebuli <strong>da</strong> aqtiurimasalebis Semcvels, romelmac un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyosmoswavleebis mier am sferoSi codnis, unarebisa<strong>da</strong> Cvevebis aqtiuri <strong>da</strong> SemoqmedebiTi <strong>da</strong>ufleba. masun<strong>da</strong> axasiaTebdes informaciis sisrule, gaformebisa<strong>da</strong> di<strong>da</strong>qtikur-meTodikuri Tanxlebis srulyofilisaSualebebi, teqnikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis, TvalsaCinoebisa <strong>da</strong>logikurobis maRali done;– eleqtronul saswavlo-saxelmZRvanelos gamocema,romelic tradiciul saxelmZRvanelos cvlisnawilobriv/mTlianad, an kidev warmoadgens mis <strong>da</strong>matebas.igi oficialurad un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli saTanadosaswavlo-samecniero <strong>da</strong> sare<strong>da</strong>qcio organoebismier Ria an korporaciuli sargeblobisTvis. igi ariseleqtronuli teqsti, masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli multimediafragmentebiT.eleqtronul saxelmZRvanelos SeqmnaSi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvetimniSvneloba aqvs avtoris Semoqmedebas. igiayalibebs rogorc ZiriTad sainformacio-saswavlo51

enver lagvilavaresursebs (kontents), aseve aproeqtebs saxelmZRvaneloskonstruqciul elementebs, qmnis saxelmZRvanelosformas. arsebobs eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelos ramdenimeCamoyalibebuli (tradiciuli) forma, romelsacmet-naklebad eyrdnoba nebismieri avtori:– testi eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelos umartivesiformaa. ZiriTad sirTules warmoadgens kiTxvebisSerCeva <strong>da</strong> formulireba, aseve kiTxvebze pasuxebis interpretacia.kargad Sedgenili testi un<strong>da</strong> iZleodes imcodnis, unarebisa <strong>da</strong> Cvevebis obieqtur suraTs, romelsacflobs moswavle codnis garkveul sferoSi;– enciklopedia eleqtronuli sxelmZRvanelos sabazoformaa. masSi koncentrirebuli informaciuliresursebi un<strong>da</strong> iyos sruli <strong>da</strong> amomwuravi. enciklopediaTavisi SinaarsiT asocirdeba tradiciul saxelmZ-RvnelosTan. faqtobrivad igi un<strong>da</strong> moicavdes obieqtisSesaxeb amomwurav Teoriul, Sinaarsobriv masalas.udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba teqstebis mocemulobisa<strong>da</strong> struqturis Camoyalibebas, calkeul elementebs(modulebs) Soris Sinaarsobrivi kavSirebis <strong>da</strong>dgenas<strong>da</strong> mimTiTeblebis (ga<strong>da</strong>svlebis) <strong>da</strong>dgenas. teqstebiun<strong>da</strong> Seicavdes mxolod aucilebel <strong>da</strong> sakmaris informacias;– savarjiSoebis <strong>da</strong> amocanebis krebuli tipuriamocanebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis instruqciebiT. moswavle Rebulobskonkretuli amocanis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisTvis saWiromonacemebs <strong>da</strong> saswavlo informacias. warmodgenilmaamocanebma un<strong>da</strong> moicvas mTeli Teoriuli masala.Tanamedrove eleqtronuli saxelmZRvaneloebiun<strong>da</strong> Seicavdes moswavleTa jgufuri SemoqmedebiTimuSaobisTvis, modelirebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>proeqebisTvis saWiroinformaciul-meTodikur <strong>da</strong> programul saSualebebs.am saSualebaTa erTobliobas kreatiul saxelmZRvane-52

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikalos uwodeben. is xels uwyobs maswavleblis mier miwodebuligarkveuli proeqtis farglebSi moswavleTajgufisTvis saTanado unarebisa <strong>da</strong> Cvevebis formirebasa<strong>da</strong> ganmtkicebas. aseTi kreatiuli sfero SeiZlebaTan axldes nebismieri formis saxelmZRvanelos, asevearsebobdes <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli formis saxiT.eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelos erT-erTi ZiriTadimoTxovnaa saswavlo garemosadmi a<strong>da</strong>ptireba. yovelisaxelmZRvanelo SesaZlebelia orientirebuli iyoskonkretuli saswavleblisTvis, specialobisTvis, saswavlojgufebisTvis, xSirad konkretuli moswavleebisTvis.amisaTvis saWiroa saTanado saavtoro saxelmZ-Rvanelo. aseTi sfero uzrunvelyofs enciklopediaSi<strong>da</strong>matebiTi masalebis CarTvas, masSi koreqtivebis Setanas(ganaxlebas), savarjiSoebis krebulis formirebas,meTodikuri masalebis momzadebas. saavtoro sferoeleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnis saSualebebisa<strong>da</strong> meTodebis erTobliobaa.eleqtronuli saxelmZRvaneloebis umravlesoba(gansakuTrebiT enciklopediebis saxiT) formiT verbaluria,Teoria gadmocemulia teqsturi <strong>da</strong> grafikulisaxiT,rac warmoadgens tradiciuli,poligrafiuligamocemebis memkvidreobas. magram xSirad SesaZlebelia<strong>da</strong> sakmaod karg Sedegs iZleva meTodikuri xerxi– ,,gaakeTe CemTan erTad”. aseTi araverbalurisaxelmZRvanelo uzrunvelyofs realur an virtualurpe<strong>da</strong>gogTan <strong>da</strong>swrebis efeqts. is aRWurvilia mdi<strong>da</strong>rimultimedia SesaZleblobebiT <strong>da</strong> vizualur gamomsaxvelobiTisaSualebebiT.eleqtronuli saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmnis warmodgeniliformebi SesaZleblia realizebul iqnesrogorc calkeuli saxelmZRvaneloebis saxiT, asevemoxdes maTi kombinirebuli (jgufuri) gamoyeneba erTi,53

konkretuli saxelmZRvanelos farglebSi. aq udidesrols TamaSobs saxelmZRvanelos avtoris kompetencia,misi osatatoba, gamomgonebloba, meTodikuri <strong>da</strong>di<strong>da</strong>qtikuri codnis flobis done. rasakvirvelia,eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelos avtors moeTxovebaseriozuli codna eleqtronuli saxelmZRvaneloebis<strong>da</strong>proeqtebis <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d informaciuli teqnologiebissferoSi.xSirad, internet <strong>da</strong> multimedia teqnologiebzeorientirebuli saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna moiTxovs<strong>da</strong>proeqtebis procesSi informaciuli teqnologiebisspecialistebis monawileobas. saxelmZRvanelos Seqmniscalkeul etapze saWiro xdeba veb-<strong>da</strong>programebis,veb-dizainis, 3D-<strong>da</strong>proeqtebis <strong>da</strong> sxva specialistTa<strong>da</strong> saxelmZRvanelos avtorTa erToblivi muSaoba. aqgansakuTrebiT efeqtianad SeiZleba gamoyenebl iqnes,<strong>da</strong>proeqtebis principi ,,zemo<strong>da</strong>n qvemoT”, rodesacsaxelmZRvanelos Seqmnis procesi struqturirdebacalkeul etapebad: modulebad, qvemodulebad <strong>da</strong> a.S.,ganisazRvreba maTi Sesrulebis etapebi, modulebs SoriskavSirebi, maTi realizaciis reJimebi <strong>da</strong> sxva.zoga<strong>da</strong>d, eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnisprocesi pirobiTad SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vyoT Semdeg ZiriTadstan<strong>da</strong>rtul etapebad, romelTaganac zogierTi, Tavismxriv, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>iyos modulebad <strong>da</strong> qvemodulebad:– literaturul-teqsturi, grafikuli, multimedia<strong>da</strong> sxva wyroebis SerCeva. SerCeuli wyaroebi rogorcnabeWdi, aseve eleqtronuli un<strong>da</strong> pasuxobdes Semdegpirobebs: disciplinis stan<strong>da</strong>rtul programasTan Sesabamisoba;gadmocemis stili, formebi (magaliTad lakonuroba);maqsimalurad moxerxebuli und aiyos hiperteqstebisSesaqmnelad; un<strong>da</strong> Seicavdes amocanebisa<strong>da</strong> savarjiSoebis maqsimalur raodenobas; warmodgenienverlagvilava54

li un<strong>da</strong> iyos moxerxebuli formatiT, ise, rom adviliSesaZlebeli iyos maTi gaerTianeba, erT stan<strong>da</strong>rtebsa<strong>da</strong> stilSi moqceva;– saTaurebis, cnebebis CamonaTvalis SemuSaveba.fqtobrivad am etapze xdeba saswavlo masalis (kontentis)<strong>da</strong>yofa ganyofilebebad, Tavebad, modulebad,qvemodulebad. yoveli moduli (qvemoduli) un<strong>da</strong> iyosSeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad minimaluri moculobiT <strong>da</strong> Sinaarsobrivad<strong>da</strong>srulebuli (Caketili). aqve un<strong>da</strong> Camoyalibdesim cnebebis CamonaTvali, romlebic aucilebeli<strong>da</strong> sakmarisia sagnis aTvisebisTvis. cxadia, am etapzeudidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba maswavleblis (saxelmZRvanelosavtoris) codnas, gamocdilebas, pe<strong>da</strong>gogiur <strong>da</strong>meTodikur ostatobas;– literaturuli wyaroebis teqstebis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnamodulebad, ganyofilebis, Tavebis, paragrafebis saTaurebisSinaarsobrivi <strong>da</strong>tvirTvebis gaTvaliswinebiT.samuSaoebi SeiZleba warimarTos ori gansxvavbulivariantiT:pirveli, rodesac arsebobs literaturuli wyaro– stamburi wesiT gamocemuli saxelmZRvanelo an misieleqtrnuli versia. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ganyofilebisa <strong>da</strong> TavebismixedviT SesaZlebelia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxelmZRvanelosgamoyeneba. Sesaqmneli saxelmZRvanelos erTianistilis, enobrivi meTodikur-di<strong>da</strong>qtikuri <strong>da</strong> sxvaTviseburebebis SenarCunebisTvis saWiroa am saxelmZ-RvaneloTa seriozuli ga<strong>da</strong>muSaveba – garkveuli monakveTebisamoReba, axali masalis <strong>da</strong>mateba, arsebuliteqstebis ga<strong>da</strong>muSaveba <strong>da</strong> a.S.meore, rodesac avtori qmnis originalurisaxelmZRvanelos teqsts. es varianti ufro efeqtiani<strong>da</strong> momgebiania mravali TvalsazrisiT: ganyofilebebis,Tavebisa <strong>da</strong> modulebis struqtura, modulebis SinaarekonomikuriTeoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politika55

enver lagvilavasi,praqtikuli savarjiSoebi,grafikuli <strong>da</strong> sailustraciomasalebi maqsimalurad miaxloebulia aucilebel<strong>da</strong> sakmaris variantTan (avtoris TvalsazrisiT); maqsimaluradSenarCundeba saxelmZRvanelos erTianoba,gadmocemis stili, sakiTxebis ganmartebis, msjelobis,praqtikuli savarjiSoebis arCevis siRrmiseuli parametrebi<strong>da</strong> sxva. amave etapze xdeba modulebs Sorisga<strong>da</strong>svlebis traeqtoriebisa <strong>da</strong> hiperteqsturi kav-Siris Camoyalibeba, faqtobrivad iqmneba eleqtronulisaxelmZRvanelos teqsturi moduli Semdgomi kompiuterulirealizaciisTvis:< saxelmZRvanelos teqstebis (modulebis), anuhiperteqstebis realizacia eleqtronuli formiT. miiRebasawyisi (primitiuli) forma – eleqtronuli wigni,romelic warmoadgens naxevarfabrikats <strong>da</strong> Sesaqmnelieleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelos ZiriTad birTvs;• kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofis SemuSaveba,romelSic, upirveles yovlisa, igulisxmebasaxelmZRvanelos momxmarebelTaTvis (moswavleTaTvis)misi inteleqtualuri birTvisgamoyenebis instruqciebis SemuSaveba. am etapzemTavrdeba eleqtronuli saxelmZRvenlos Sinaarsobrivi,struqturuli <strong>da</strong> samomxmareblomoTxovnebis Camoyalibeba;• saxelmZRvanelos modulebisa <strong>da</strong> calkeulisakiTxebis SerCeva multimediis TanxlebisTvisgulisxmobs multimediis saSualebebisgansazRvras, teqstebis SemuSvebasa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebasmultimediuri fragmentebisTvis;• bgeriTi Tanxlebis SemuSveba, romelic gulisxmobsmodulebis maqsimalur vizualizaciasim TvalsazrisiT, rom srulad iqnes56

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikagamoyenebuli moswavlis emociuri mexsierebaSesaswavli masalis gagebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>maxsovrebisTvis;• bgeriTi Tanxlebis realizacia moicavsteqstebis vizualizacias. xdeba SemuSavebuliscenarebis kompiuteruli xorcSesxma naxatebis,grafikebisa <strong>da</strong> animaciebis gamoyenebiT.pirobiTad eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnisetapebi SesaZlebelia gaerTiandes or ZiriTadmonakveTSi: Sinaarsobrivi <strong>da</strong> multimediuri komponentebisSemuSaveba. Sinaarsobrivi komponentis SemuSavebaavtorisgan ar moiTxovs kompiuteruli teqnologiebissiRrmiseul codnas. am monakveTSi sasurvelia arsebuliteqnologiebis, misi <strong>da</strong>niSnulebebisa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebiscodna <strong>da</strong> gaTvaliswineba. rac Seexeba meoremonakveTs, saWiroa konkretuli programuli saSualebebisa<strong>da</strong> teqnologiebis srulyofili codna, misi SesaZleblobebismaqsimalurad <strong>da</strong> efeqtianad gamoyenebismizniT.un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom ukanasknel aTwleulSimsoflios wamyvani firmebisa <strong>da</strong> samecniero <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebismier Seqmnilia mravali specializebuliprogramuli sistemebi <strong>da</strong> teqnologiebi eleqtronuliwignebis, programirebuli <strong>da</strong> distanciuri swavlebissxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sagnobrivi sferosa <strong>da</strong> problemebis mixedviT[2, gv.17–18]. Cveni azriT dRevandel etapze, CvensumaRles saswavleblebSi profesor-maswavlebelTamier kompiuteruli teqnologiebis flobis donisgaTvaliswinebiT, gacilebiT mizanSewonilad un<strong>da</strong>CaiTvalos ara specializebuli, aramed universaluri,stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli <strong>da</strong> farTod gavrcelebuli programuliproduqtebisa <strong>da</strong> teqnologiebis gamoyeneba. magaliTad,57

enver lagvilavaeleqtronuli saxelmZRvaneloebis gamosaxulebebzemuSobisaTvis warmatebiT SeiZleba iseTi popularuliprogramebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa Adobe Photoshop<strong>da</strong> Picasa (cifrul fotografiaSi muSaobis programa).audio-vizualuri <strong>da</strong> emociuri aRqmisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTimultimediuri efeqtebis Sesaqmnelad, aseve warmatebiTSeiZleba gamoyeneba: MS PowerPoint, Flash MX, 3D Studio MAX.SesaZlebelia agreTve saitebis Sesaqmneli gavrcelebuliprogramebis gamoyeneba.eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnis zemoaRwerilimeTodika ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>akmayofilebs mis<strong>da</strong>miwayenebul iseT umniSvnelovanes moTxovnebs, rogoricaa:mecnieruloba, misawvdomoba <strong>da</strong> problemuroba.gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,igi maqsimalurad iTvaliswinebs swavlebisTvalsaCinoebisa <strong>da</strong> Sesaswavli obieqtebis grZnobismieri(SegrZnebiTi) aRqmis SesaZleblobebs. informaciismultimediuri warmodgenisas Cndeba SesaZleblobarogorc mxedvelobiTi, aseve smeniTi SegrZnebebis Seqmnisa.aseTi eleqtronuli saxelmZRvaneloebi arsebiTa<strong>da</strong>amaRlebs TviT vizualuri informaciis xarisxs – igigaxdeba ufro mkafio, dinamikuri, mimzidveli, iqmnebarogorc realuri obieqtebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi Tvisebebis,asevesamecniero kanonzomierebebis, Teoriebisa <strong>da</strong> cnebebisTvalsaCino–mxatvruli interpretaciis SesaZlebloba.satelekomunikacio qselebisa <strong>da</strong> informaciuli teqnologiebisganviTarebis kval<strong>da</strong>kval, eleqtronuliswavleba umniSvnelovanes rols Seasrulebs kvalificiurikadrebis momzadebis saqmeSi, gaxdeba codnismiRebis umniSvnelovanesi (ZiriTadi) forma.58

ekonomikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri politikaTheoretical-Methodological Issues forCreating an e-TextbookE. LagvilavaElectronic Teaching is a complicated concept under which allforms of electronically supported innovative information and communicationtechnologies, applied in education are accumulated and integrated.It reflects the integration of distant and traditional teachings onthe base of information and communication technologies, and can makemodern pe<strong>da</strong>gogical technologies personally oriented and directed tothe development of student’s individual skills.One of the most important points in e-learning teaching is todevelop multifunctional tool of teaching – such as tailored electronictraining course or textbook. The author’s creativity is very importantand vital in text-book creation. The author is responsible for buildingthe essential information-educational resources like content production,course design, lay-out etc.The text-book creation process relatively may consist of twoparts: content and multimedia components production. Content componentproduction process does not require the author’s deep knowledge ofcomputer technologies. The general knowledge of target technology andits potential is quite enough at this stage. As for multimedia production,the perfect knowledge of definite software and technologies is requiredfor their effective utilization.Taking into the consideration the <strong>University</strong> professors’ andteachers’ average knowledge in computer technologies, we think thatthe utilization of not specialized, but universal, stan<strong>da</strong>rd and widelyspread program products and technologies would be considered morereasonable. No doubt, the progress in information technology and transitiontowards e-learning methods will have its impact on the ways ofteaching and learning.59

enver lagvilavaE-learning, with the development of telecommunication nets andinformation technologies benefit greatly preparing qualified specialists,real professionals through delivering the most innovative and flexiblesolutions of our students’ training and education challenges. The effectiveuse of technology, especially e-learning methods and techniqueswill enhance teaching/learning experience greatly in educational institutions.gamoyenebuli literatura1. Браун А., Бимроуз Дж. Инновационные образовательныетехнологии. Ж., Высшее образование, 2007 №4;2. Кун К. E-Learning-Электронное обучение. Ж. Информатикаи образование. 2007, №6;3. lagvilava e. eleqtronuli swavlebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi.J. “<strong>ekonomika</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>biznesi</strong>” # 4, 2012;4. Оганесянц Н. Конструктивистские подходы в е-learning.Ж. Высшее образование. 2008, №9;60

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>Innovative Approaches in GlobalTrade – Factor of PromotingWellbeing WorldwideIa NatsvlishviliAssociate ProfessorIvane Javakhishvili <strong>Tbilisi</strong> <strong>State</strong> <strong>University</strong>1. IntroductionTrade and foreign direct investments have had a positive influenceon output and productivity in poor economies. Trade is one of the mostimportant vehicles for growth and growth-related reforms in underdevelopedcountries. However these countries have many political,institutional and economic problems that must be undressed in order toovercome vicious circle of poverty. Free trade and free movement of capitalcan play significant positive role in addressing these issues. Howevernew and innovative approaches are needed for fostering economicgrowth and development in global arena and in poorest countries. Themultilateral trading system has successfully spurred international tradeand investment and been an engine of growth and jobs around the world.Recent years the relevance of such system has been questioned in thelight of world financial crisis and willingness to shield their own firmsfrom foreign competitors has been grown in many countries. It becamedifficult to negotiate comprehensive agreements about free global tradeand investments. New and creative approaches of negotiations areneeded to spur greater interests in further liberalization of global tradeand investments. These new approaches should be pragmatic and feasiblein current political conditions. Several approaches can be introduced to61

Ia Natsvlishvilifurther promote free trade and capital flows. Some of them could be:decentralization of trade negotiations while still keeping mega and globalnegotiations, plurilateral and sectoral agreements among governments,progressive and incremental trade liberalization, fostering economicdevelopment for least developed countries, strengthening the multilateralsystem trough global investment policy and negotiating best practiceguidelines in order to establish basic regulatory fun<strong>da</strong>mentals, offeringbetter conditions for market access to least developed countries, deepereconomic cooperation between the United <strong>State</strong>s and European Union inorder to promote economic welfare within the transatlantic marketplaceand worldwide.622. Euro Crisis and Its Impact on Global Economy2.1 The Causes of the Euro CrisisWorld financial crisis took three main forms that poses a major riskto the stability of the global economy to<strong>da</strong>y: (1) high and rising publicdebts, (2) fragile banks and (3) huge liquidity.The Euro crisis began in world’s largest trading block and containstwo characteristics of global financial crisis: problematic sovereigndebt in particular vulnerable countries and fragile European Bankswhich hold a large portion of that debt. The root of Euro crisis is theloss of competitiveness that is associated with the Euro adoption in EUcountries including Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain (GIIPS):(1) adoption of Euro was accompanied by a large fall in interest ratesand surge in confidence, (2) domestic demand increased dramaticallyfollowed by increase the prices of non-tra<strong>da</strong>ble relative to tra<strong>da</strong>ble andwages relative to productivity, (3) growth accelerated, driven by domesticservices, construction and an expanding government. Exports stagnate<strong>da</strong>nd current account deficit soared, (4) as a result private and publicindebtedness surged (Dadush Uri and Contributors. 2010; p. 2). But whenglobal financial crisis hit the growth model in GIIPS crashed: domesticdemand bubble burst, government must shrink and high costs must bereduced in order to regain export markets for growth.

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>Introduction of Euro cause the expectation that stability andwealth of European Union’s Northern Members (EUN) – Austria,Belgium, France and Netherlands –would diffuse throughput Europe’speriphery. Improved confidence and low interest rates fueled domesticdemand partly financed by foreign lending. Increased demand drove upthe prices and wages, particularly in service and non-tra<strong>da</strong>ble sectors.The GIIPS’ economies realigned away from manufacturing and industrialsectors toward financial services, housing constructions, and real estate:4 percent of GDP in GIIPS countries shifted toward these sectors from1997 to 2007, compared to a shift of 2 percent in EUN. In the sameperiod unit labor costs rose by 32 percent in the GIIPS, compared to a12 percent increase in the EUN ( Dadush Uri and Contributors. 2010;p.12). Remarkable characteristic of these trends was the transformationof German economy into the world’s largest exporter. The result of thesetrends was a dramatic decline in competitiveness in the GIIPS againstadvanced countries. Situation in such vulnerable countries was worsenedby the difficulties associated with having a single monetary policy in theeuro area.2.2 Expanding Governments in EU Member <strong>State</strong>sFrom 1997 to 2007 public spending per person rose by an averageof 76 percent and government’s contribution to GDP rose by 3,5 percent.In the EUN, average per capita spending increased by 34 percent and thegovernment’s contribution to GDP stayed constant. The global financialcrisis fully exposed the flaws of the GIIPS’s post-euro growth model. Taxrevenues collapsed as output growth slowed, revealing that the expandedstate sector was unaffor<strong>da</strong>ble [1, p. 12]. Though the GIIPS are currentlysuffering from overextended governments, the roots of their problem runmuch deeper and reflect a structural misallocation of resources that willrequire more complex and protracted reforms than just deficit reduction.Fiscal worries are most evident symptom of Euro crisis andpoliticians remain focused on debt and deficit targets, the current crisis isnot mainly fiscal. Before the crisis erupted, debt in Ireland, Portugal and63

Ia NatsvlishviliSpain was at or below German levels, and well below the USA level [3,p. 86]. Europe would not face a funding challenge if it functioned as afiscal union. Gross debt in the euro zone was expected to reach 87 percentof GDP in 2011 and begin declining by 2014-compared to 229 percent inJapan and 1000 percent in the United <strong>State</strong>s.The true causes of the current euro crisis involve misalignedeconomic structures and lost competitiveness. When euro was introduced,interest rates declined across the euro zone and spending and borrowingsurged increasing wages relative to productivity. To accommo<strong>da</strong>te thisrise in demand, domestic sectors, such as construction, grew at the expenseof internationally competing sectors, such as manufacturing. Europeanmonetary policy became too loose for the periphery, fueling constructionbooms in Greece, Ireland, and Spain an unprecedented banking expansionin Ireland. The periphery’s less competitive product and labor marketsand weak capacity for innovation kept these countries from matching theexport capacity of a reunited Germany. When the global financial crisisstruck, revenues collapses and the unsustainable nature of the periphery’sgrowth model was exposed. The chart below clearly shows the euro zonesmisalignments in trade and labor costs [3, p. 87].Chart 1. Percent Change in Export and Labor Cost Since 2000Exports as a Percent ofGDPUnit Labor Cost2007 2010 2007 2010Germany 10,9% 7,6% -2,8% 4,2%Greece -1.0% -1,7% 23,7% 35,5%Ireland -31,9% -23,7% 28,0% 28,9%Italy 2,1% 0,0% 21,2% 31,1%Portugal 2,9% 1,3% 17,2% 22,7%Spain -1,1% -1,5% 24,3% 31,0%Source: International Monetary Fund, Organization for Economiccooperation and Development.64

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>2.3 Lessons From Euro Crisis And Responses In The Rest ofThe WorldEuro Crisis will affect the rest of the world. The crisis will lowergrowth in Europe which is the destination of about quarter of world’sexport. Euro will continue to depreciate that will reduce profits fromexports to Europe but will increase the competition from the continent.Keeping low interests rates in Europe and in other industrialized countriesthe crisis will encourage capital flows into emerging markets. Crisis willlead to bouts of risk-aversion and could deal to collapses of many fragilefinancial institutions. But at the same time Euro Crisis will raise the alarmon sovereign debt in other industrial countries and is emerging markets.Without currency depreciation in euro zone, regainingcompetitiveness requires wage and price deflation that will depressgrowth and make debt burden harder. A low euro increases concernsabout currency overvaluation in other countries. A weak euro zoneimplies not only slower global growth - 26 percent of world importsare currently consumed by euro zone members-but also low EuropeanCentral bank interest rates for an extended period [3, p. 89].. This willencourage capital flow out of Europe into fast-growing emerging markets,adding to appreciation and inflation fears in the latter. Europe must takethe necessary steps - cut budgets and enact structural reforms that boostcompetitiveness in the periphery. Europe should move toward fiscal unionand better integrated labor markets across the union to assure rest of theworld that euro will survive.In Euro area crisis is caused by the loss of competitiveness combinedwith high indebtedness dominated in a foreign currency. Vulnerablecountries in Euro area need to take actions toward the combination offiscal consoli<strong>da</strong>tion and structural reforms. The fiscal consoli<strong>da</strong>tion mustbe designed to stabilize their debt-GDP ratio. Structural reforms must bedesigned to boost productivity, competitiveness and potential growth.Reestablishing competitiveness, fiscal sustainability and balanced growthmodel will take several years. Countries need a fiscal adjustment of 5 to65

Ia Natsvlishvili12 percent of GDP, and push back unit labor cost disadvantage of 15 to 30percent. At least three and four years will be required to affect the necessaryreforms. During this period domestic demand will decline or stagnate [1,p. 4]. European Union must tighten its criteria for the admission in Euroarea. New members of Euro area should have large fiscal surplus to offsetthe demand boom that typically accompanies euro adoption. Besides thisnewcomers should restore the competitiveness of their economy whichimplies the wage cuts and fiscal austerity. The demand and supply of nontra<strong>da</strong>bleshould be moderated and special attention needs to be placedon wage-setting and labor market flexibility. Special attention should beplaced on finding ways how to bolster the tra<strong>da</strong>ble sector. Newcomers inEuro area should moderate the inflow of foreign capital, especially debtcreatingcapital, during the early years of euro adoption via tighter bankregulations on borrowing abroad and general capital controls [1, p. 98].The World Bank also cut its forecast for developing countries,which last year grew at their slowest pace in a decade, to 5.5 percentin 2013 from 5.9 percent in the June forecast. World bank warned thatdeveloping countries could suffer fallout from problems in Europe andthe United <strong>State</strong>s. It has advised developing nations to focus on structuralpolicies and investments to support sustained growth. Jim Yong Kim,World Bank President said: “Despite, promising and sometimes evencourageous measures taken in Europe, their issues remain in the Eurozone and of course we still have fiscal policy issues in the United <strong>State</strong>s.The risks from this situation are substantial, especially for developingcountries that have remained remarkably resilient thus far” [11].2.Global Crisis And The CompetitivenessIn The USAFor decades, Europe has been an essential partner working withthe United <strong>State</strong>s to confront a wide range of challenges around the globe.Evidence does not support widespread idea among USA policymakersthat nation’s competitiveness is declining. The fact is that per capita66

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>income in the USA is high and productivity in manufacturing is rising.The real problem lied in misguided fiscal policy, which contributes to lowgovernment and low households saving and inefficient spending. Fiscalreforms that focuses on incentives toward exporting more and importingless would help growth in the long run. On the other hand, a lower dollaror lower wages-traditional solutions to competitiveness problems-woulddo little good. Competitiveness is measured by productivity, per capitaincome and output per hour. The declining USA manufacturing sectorincreased output per hour by 5 percents annually from 1990 to 2009,compared to an average of 3,45 percent in the other major, developedcountries. The United <strong>State</strong>s tends to export relatively sophisticated,high-value added products for wich demand are growing and in whichlow-wage economies are less likely to compete. In 2009, 23 percent ofUSA manufactured exports were high-technology exports, compared tothe OECD average of 17,4 percent [3, p. 112].The United <strong>State</strong>s has lost export share to China and otheremerging markets. But there is little evidence of a long term slowdownin the USA export growth. The United <strong>State</strong>s has maintained its exportshare relative to that of other advanced countries, and the decline in itsshare against developing countries has been more than offset by the rapidgrowth of world trade. [3, pp. 79-80]. There are at least two concernsabout the USA ability to maintain its competitive edge going forward:education and infrastructure. Following a long period of low investments,USA infrastructure is deteriorating. Despite spending an average of $14000 annually per students (Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment, 2010a)-more than any other country- the USA ranks 31 st inmath and 22 nd in science out of 65 countries, including many developingcountries (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,2010b).Before the economic crisis USA households and governmentsavings were deteriorating and both were fueling the unsustainable boom.In 2005 households savings dropped to as low as 1,4 percent compared toan OECD average of 4,4 percent. The overspending was accompanied by67

Ia Natsvlishvilia large deterioration in the current account deficit. The household savingsrate has rebounded to over 5 percent since the crisis but still lags theOECD average which is now 7,3 percent [3, p. 81]. Current accountdeficit narrowed to 2,7 percent of GDP during the recession in 2009 butpolicymakers worry that the trade balance may widen again when USArecovery accelerates.As a conclusion it can be stated that USA does not suffer fromlow productivity or competitiveness. It does not need a lower dollaror to cut wages. But The USA economy suffers from the inadequategovernment and households savings, misguided incentives and inefficientpublic expenditures. Adequate reforms in tax system and more efficientspending may raise the USA potential growth rate and improve itsprovision of essential public goods. This steps would cause the increaseof competitiveness in the USA.3.Impacts Of Transatlantic Leadership OnGlobal Economy3.1 Agen<strong>da</strong> of Growth Through TransatlanticInitiativesRenewed global leadership of tow giants of the world economy –The United <strong>State</strong>s and the European Union is needed to boost the globaleconomy. Both giants need to be better integrated into the economicdynamism of emerging markets, while strengthening the multilateraltrading system embodied in the World Trade Organization (WTO).The Unites <strong>State</strong>s and the European Union need to lead with ambitiousinitiatives the negotiations regarding trade and investment policies at boththe bilateral and multilateral level.To<strong>da</strong>y’s trade policy agen<strong>da</strong> must reflect complex character oftrade that results from the forces of globalization. It needs to a<strong>da</strong>pt tothe greater importance of investments and trade in services, the rise ofmultilateral firms, the globalization of supply chains, and the expansionof the digital economy. (A New Era for Transatlantic Trade Leadership.68

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>A Report from the Transatlantic Task Force on Trade and Investment.February, 2012. p.5)The world economy has changed and shifted away from the oldpost-war model of trade agreements. Then old model was based largelyupon deals initiated and concluded by USA, the EU and Japan. Old modelwas focused largely on reduction of tariffs on industrial goods. The modelwas based on the traditional perception of trade as a zero-sum gameinvolving only imports and exports of goods.3.2 Key Elements of Change in the Reality ofInternational TradeFour key elements caused the changes in the reality of internationaltrade: (1) global supply chains and the rise of true multinational firms,(2) global trade become increasingly led by investment, (3) Decliningpolitical support for open markets, (4) multilateralism without strongleadership.Dramatic increase of intra-firm trade is an evidence of globalsupply chains and the rise of multinationals. Intra-firm trade representsapproximately 16% of total exports of Organization of EconomicCooperation and Development (OECD) countries (ownership threshold of50%). It is most common between OECD countries: 58% of USA importsof goods from OECD countries is intra-firm trade compared to 29% ofthe imports from Brazil-Russia-India-China (BRIC) countries. Intra-firmtrade Accounts for 48% of the total USA imports of goods on average,and 30% of the exports (A New Era for Transatlantic Trade Leadership.A Report from the Transatlantic Task Force on Trade and Investment.February, 2012. p.5)An important purpose for investment to<strong>da</strong>y become maximizationof the efficiency of global supply chains and establishment of commercialpresence in a foreign market that serves as an important mode ofdelivering services for multinational firms. Investing directly abroadis a way for companies to get closer to existing customers and to reachout to new customers in emerging markets. Many emerging countries69

Ia Natsvlishvilirealized that inward foreign direct investments (FDI) offer a fast trackto industrialization and to integration in the world economy. Trade andinvestment made them mutually reinforcing in the global world. To<strong>da</strong>y’stask is to overcome the artificial situation of separation between tradepolicy and investment policy.World Trade in Goods and Total FDI Flows.Source: UnctadstatSince the global financial crisis hit the world economy positiveattitude toward market oriented reforms is generally declining. The worldis a witness of an increasing trend toward re-regulation of the financialsector and selective government intervention. Less enthusiasm for furthertrade liberalization is also symptomatic of a trend of skepticism towardthe operation of market forces.4.3 The Transatlantic Economy In The Global WorldTo<strong>da</strong>y’s challenge in global trade is to design trade strategies– whether they be bilateral, regional or multilateral- that can generategrowth and jobs, and at the same time creates positive tensions for tradeliberalization on a non-discriminatory basis. To<strong>da</strong>y’s world economy needs70

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>enough “outside pressure” to motivate countries to recommit themselvesto substantial trade liberalization. A transatlantic trade initiative can beone of such initiatives.The USA and the EU share the world’s largest cross-border marketfor trade and investment. In 2010 bilateral trade across the Atlantic ingoods alone totaled $674 billion. In 2011 the transatlantic economyrepresents 54% of world GDP. In 2009 the USA and EU accounted for28,2% of global exports of goods and 33,4% of global imports. The USAand the EU were the sources of 62,9% of inward stock of FDI and sourcesof 75,3% of outward FDI stock in the world in 2009. In 2010 USAoutward FDI to Europe amounted $1.1 trillion, i.e. 52 % of total USAFDI. Only 3,7% of total USA FDI was destined for the BRIC countries.In 2000-2010, 76% of total FDI inflow to the USA came from Europe.In 2009 The EU FDI to the USA (1,1 trillion Euros) was significantlyhigher than the combined EU investment in China (58,3 billion Euros)and India (27,2 billion Euros). 61% of all imports to the USA from theEU in 2009 consisted of intra-firm trade, 31% of USA exports to the EUwas intra-firm [8].4. ConclusionsA transatlantic economic policy agen<strong>da</strong> designed to promote jobsand growth and to boost economic welfare in Europe and the United <strong>State</strong>smust foremost be based on an open trade and investment policy that willguarantee even greater flows of transatlantic trade and investment. TheUSA and EU should boost the new bilateral initiatives with regard of tradeand investment policy: conclusion of a comprehensive trade agreementfreeing up substantially all trade, adoption of a unified approach to tariffsand non-tariff barriers, liberalize bilateral trade in services, negotiationof transatlantic investment agreement and a bilateral governmentprocurement agreement.Besides these bilateral initiatives The EU and the USA needboost initiatives to revitalize the global trade: pluriliteral and sectoraldecentralized negotiations, liberalization of trade in services, negotiations71

Ia Natsvlishvilion agricultural policy, agreement on government procurement and ontrade facilitation, fostering development for least developed countries.The EU and the USA should cooperate more closely to promoteenforcement of existing disciple in global trade and strengthen the WorldTrade Organization System.REFERENCES1. Dadush, Uri and Contributors. 2010. Paradigm Lost: The Eu ro inCrisis. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace;2. A New Era for Transatlantic Trade Leadership. A Report fromthe Transatlantic Task Force on Trade and Investment. February, 2012;3. Dadush, Uri and Vera Eidelman, Editors. 2011. Currency Wars.Washington, D.C: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace;4. Dadush, Uri and William Shaw. 2011. Juggernaut: How EmergingMarkets Are Reshaping Globalization. Washington, D.C: Carnegieendowment for International Peace;5. De Grauwe, Paul. 2011 “The Governance of a Fragile EuroZone: Centre for European Policy Studies working document, May 4;6. Education at a Glance 2010; OCDE Indicators, Organization forEconomic Cooperation and Development, Paris, 2010;7. Foxley, Alejandro. 2010. Recovery; The Global Financial Crisisand Middle-Income Countries. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Endowmentfor International Peace;8. Hamilton, D. and Quinlan, J. 2011. The Transatlantic Economy2011, Center for Transatlantic Relations;9. The OECD program for International Student Assessment, Organizationfor Economic Cooperation and Development , Paris, 2010;10. UNCTADstat. United Nations Conference on Trade and Developmenthttp://unctadstat.unctad.org/UnctadStatMeta<strong>da</strong>ta/Documentation/UNCTADstatContent.html;last retrieved May 10, 2012;11. World Bank Cuts Growth Outlook for 2013; http://www.euronews.com/2013/01/16/world-bank-cuts-growth-outlook-for-2013;last retrieved January 16; 2013.72

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>inovaciuri midgomebi globalur vaWrobaSi -msoflio keTildReobis gaumjobesebis faqtori(statiis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi)ia nacvliSvilivaWroba <strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>piri ucxouri investiciebi (pui)<strong>da</strong>debiTad zemoqmedebs warmoebasa <strong>da</strong> mwarmoeblurobazeRarib qveynebSi. vaWroba aris zrdis <strong>da</strong> zr<strong>da</strong>sTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli reformebis ganxorcielebis erT-erTiyvelaze mniSvnelovani saSualeba <strong>da</strong>balganviTarebulqveynebSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, am qveynebSi arsebobsbevri politikuri, institucionaluri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuriproblema, romelTa <strong>da</strong>Zlevac aucilebelia imisaTvis,rom moxdes siRaribis mankieri wri<strong>da</strong>n gamosvla. es,Tavis mxriv, saWiroebs axal <strong>da</strong> inovaciur midgomebs,raTa xeli Seewyos ekonomikur zr<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas,rogorc globalur doneze, aseve gansakuTrebiT,uRaribes qveynebSi. mravalmxrivma savaWro sistemamwarmatebuli biZgi misca saerTaSoriso vaWrobas <strong>da</strong>investiciebs <strong>da</strong> ganapiroba zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> samuSao adgilebisSeqmna msoflio masStabiT. Tumca, ukanasknel wlebSi,msoflio finansuri krizisis fonze, kiTxvis niSnisqveS <strong>da</strong>dga am sistemis relevanturoba <strong>da</strong> mravalqveyanaSi gaizar<strong>da</strong> survili imisa, rom <strong>da</strong>icvansakuTari firmebi ucxoeli konkurentebisgan. garTul<strong>da</strong>Tavisufal saerTaSoriso vaWrobasa <strong>da</strong> investiciebzeyovlismomcveli SeTanxmebebis <strong>da</strong>deba. saWiroa axali<strong>da</strong> kreatiuli midgomebi molaparakebebisTvis,raTa biZgimieces <strong>da</strong>interesebis gazr<strong>da</strong>s saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa<strong>da</strong> investiciebis Semdgomi liberalizaciisadmi. es73

ia nacvliSvilimidgomebi un<strong>da</strong> iyos pragmatuli <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebadiarsebul politikur viTarebaSi. ramdenime midgomaSeiZleba iqnes warmodgenili Tavisufali vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong>kapitalis Tavisuflad ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad,maT Soris SeiZleba iyos: savaWro molaparakebaTadecentralizacia, mravalmxrivi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rgobriviSeTanxmebebi qveynebs Soris, gaZlierebuli <strong>da</strong> mzardisavaWro liberalizacia, mravalmxrivi sistemisgaZliereba globaluri sainvesticio poltikissaSualebiT, sustad ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvisbazarze Sesvlis ukeTesi pirobebis SeTavazeba, aSS-sa<strong>da</strong> evrokavSirs Soris ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisgaRrmaveba,raTa xeli Seewyos ekonomikur keTildReobastransatlantikur bazarze <strong>da</strong> msoflioSi.. globaluri ekonomikis zrdisTvis saWiroamsoflio ekonomikis ori bumberazis - aSS-sa <strong>da</strong>evrokavSiris ganaxlebuli globaluri lideroba.orive gigantisTvis saWiroa ukeT iyvnen integrirebulimzardi bazrebis ekonomikur dinamizmSi,im mravalmxrivisavaWro sistemis gaZlierebis kvalobaze, rasacganasaxierebs msoflio savaWro organizacia (mso).aSS-m <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirma ambiciuri iniciativebiT un<strong>da</strong>warmarTon savaWro <strong>da</strong> sainvesticio politikasTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli molaparakebebi, rogorc ormxriv, asevemravalmxriv doneze.msoflio ekonomikis Secvlam saeWvo gaxa<strong>da</strong>savaWro SeTanxmebebis Zveli, omisSemdgomi modeli.Zveli modeli didwilad <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli iyo garigebebze,rac inicirebuli iyo aSS-is, evrokavSiris <strong>da</strong> iaponiismier. es modeli didwilad fokusirdebo<strong>da</strong> samrewvelosaqonelze tarifebis Semcirebaze, is <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli iyovaWrobis tradiciul aRqmaze,riTac vaWroba ganixileba74

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>rogorc nulovani jamis mqone TamaSi, romelic moicavssaqonlis mxolod imports <strong>da</strong> eqsports.dResdReobiT,oTxma ZiriTadma elementma gamoiwviacvlilebebi saerTaSoriso vaWrobis realobaSi: 1)globaluri miwodebis jaWvebi <strong>da</strong> multinacionalurifirmebis zr<strong>da</strong>, 2) globaluri vaWroba ufro <strong>da</strong> ufrometad warimarTeba investiciebiT,3) mcirdeba politikurimxar<strong>da</strong>Wera Ria bazrebisTvis,4) mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebebi<strong>da</strong> urTierTobebi mZlavri lideris gareSe.firmisSiga vaWrobis dramatuli zr<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>sturebsglobaluri miwodebis jaWvebis <strong>da</strong> mravalerovnulifirmebis zr<strong>da</strong>s. firmisSiga vaWroba Seadgens ekonomikuriTanamSromlobisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis organizaciaSi (OECD)Semavali qveynebis mTliani eqsportis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT16%-s. es procesi aris yvelaze gavrcelebuli eTgo-Si(OECD) Semaval qveynebs Soris: aSS-Si eTgo-Si Semavaliqveynebi<strong>da</strong>n saqonlis importis 58% aris firmisSigavaWroba,xolo brazilia-ruseTi-indoeTi-CineTi<strong>da</strong>n (BRIC)ganxorcielebuli importi<strong>da</strong>n 29% aris aseve firmisSigavaWroba. firmisSiga vaWroba saSualod Seadgens 48%-saSS-is saqonlis mTlian importsa <strong>da</strong> 30%-s eqsportSi.dResdReobiT investirebis mniSvnelovani mizaniaglobaluri miwodebis jaWvebis efeqtianobis maqsimizacia<strong>da</strong> komerciuli warmomadgenlobis <strong>da</strong>fuZnebaucxour bazarze, rac servisis miwodebis mniSvnelovanimeTodia mravalerovnuli firmebisTvis. sazRvargareTpir<strong>da</strong>piri investiciis ganxorcieleba kompaniebssaSualebas aZlevs <strong>da</strong>uaxlovdnen arsebul momxmareblebs<strong>da</strong> moiZion axali momxmareblebi mzard bazrebze. mzardiekonomikis mqone bevri qveyana aanalizebs, rom Semomavalipui maT sTavazobs swraf gzas industrializaciisa<strong>da</strong> msoflio <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si integraciisken. dRevandel75

ia nacvliSviliglobalur msoflioSi saerTaSoriso vaWroba <strong>da</strong>pui urTierTgamaZlierebeli efeqtiT xasiaTdeba.Tanamedroveobis amocanaa xelovnuri <strong>da</strong>yofis situaciis<strong>da</strong>Zleva savaWro politikasa <strong>da</strong> sainvestico politikasSoris.mas Semdeg, rac msoflio finansurma krizisma<strong>da</strong>rtyma miayena msoflio <strong>ekonomika</strong>s, <strong>da</strong>debiTi<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba bazarze orientrebuli reformebisadmi,zoga<strong>da</strong>d mcirdeba. msoflio mowmea zr<strong>da</strong>ditendenciisa, romelic mimarTulia finansuri seqtorisxelaxali regulirebis <strong>da</strong> SerCeviTi samTavrobointervenciisken. naklebi enTuziazmi vaWrobis Semdgomiliberalizaciisadmi aseve simptomuria im tendenciisa,romelic asaxavs skepticizms sabazro Zalebis mimarT.globaluri vaWrobis Tanamedrove gamowvevaaris savaWro strategiebis Seqmna, iqneba es ormxrivi,regionuli Tu mravalmxrivi, romelsac SeuZliaganapirobos ekonomikuri zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> axali samuSaoadgilebi <strong>da</strong> imavdroulad pozitiuri zewola vaWrobisliberalizaciaze aradiskriminaciul safuZvelze.Tanamedrove msoflio <strong>ekonomika</strong>s sWirdeba sakmao„zewola gare<strong>da</strong>n“ imisaTvis, rom moaxerxos qveynebismotivireba, raTa isev ganaxorcielon mniSvnelovanisavaWro liberalizacia. transatlantikuri vaWrobisiniciativa SeiZleba iyos erT-erTi aseTi iniciativa.aSS-sa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirs aqvT msoflioSi udidesiormxrivi sasazRvro vaWroba <strong>da</strong> investiciebi. 2010wels saqonliT ormxrivma vaWrobam atlantikis gaRmaSeadgina 674 mlrd. 2011 wels transatlantikuri<strong>ekonomika</strong> Seadgen<strong>da</strong> msoflio mSp-s 54%-s. 2009 welsaSS-sa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirze modio<strong>da</strong> saqonlis msoflioeqsportis 28.2% <strong>da</strong> msoflio importis 33.4%. mTeli76

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>msoflios masStabiT, 2009 wels aSS <strong>da</strong> evrokavSiriiyo wyaro 62,9% Semosuli <strong>da</strong> 75,3% gasuli pui-ebis.2010 wels aSS-<strong>da</strong>n evropaSi ganxorcielebuli pir<strong>da</strong>piriinvesticebi Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 1.1 trln dolars, anu aSS-<strong>da</strong>nganxorcielebuli mTliani pir<strong>da</strong>piri investiciebis52%-s. aSS-<strong>da</strong>n ganxorcielebuli mTliani pui-ebismxolod 3.7% modio<strong>da</strong> BRIC-is wevr qveynebze (brazilia,ruseTi, indoeTi, CineTi). 2000-2010 wlebSi aSS-SiSesuli pui-ebis 76% modio<strong>da</strong> evropaze. 2009 wels puiebievrokavSiri<strong>da</strong>n aSS-Si iyo mniSvnelovnad meti (1.1trln evro), vidre evrokavSiris mier ganxorcielebulipir<strong>da</strong>piri investiciebi CineTsa (58.3 mlrd evro) <strong>da</strong>indoeTSi (27.2 mlrd evro) erTad. 2009 wels aSS-Sievropi<strong>da</strong>n ganxorcielebuli importis 61%-s Seadgen<strong>da</strong>firmisSiga vaWroba, rac Seadgen<strong>da</strong> aSS-<strong>da</strong>n evrokavSirSiganxorcielebuli mTliani eqsportis 31%-s.<strong>da</strong>sasrul, xazgasmiT un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, romtransatlantikuri ekonomikuri politikis dRis wesrigi,romelic Seqmnilia samuSao adgilebis Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong>zrdis mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad <strong>da</strong> evropasa <strong>da</strong> aSS-Si ekonomikurikeTildReobis gasaumjobeseblad, uwinares yovlisa,<strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos Ria vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> investiciebispolitikaze, rac ganapirobebs transatlantikurivaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> investiciebis ufro did nakadebs. aSSma<strong>da</strong> evrokavSirma un<strong>da</strong> ganaviTaron axali ormxriviiniciativebi savaWro <strong>da</strong> sainvesticio politikasTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT: yovlismomcveli savaWro xelSekrulebisganxorcieleba, romelic aTavisuflebs arsebiTadyvela saxeobis vaWrobas, erTiani midgomis SemuSavebatarifebsa <strong>da</strong> arasatarifo barierebze, ormxrivi vaWrobisliberalizacia momsaxurebis sferoSi, molaparakebatransatlantikuri sainvesticio xelSekrulebis77

ia nacvliSviliSesaxeb <strong>da</strong> ormxrivi SeTanxmeba samTavrobo SesyidvebisSesaxeb.am ormxrivi iniciativebis gar<strong>da</strong>, aSS-ma <strong>da</strong>evrokavSirma un<strong>da</strong> ganaviTaron iniciativebi, raTagamoacocxlon globaluri vaWroba: mravalmxrivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rgobrivi decentralizebuli molaparakebebi,vaWrobis liberalizacia momsaxurebis sferoSi,molaparakebebi soflis meurneobis politikasTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, SeTanxmeba saxelmwifo Sesyidvebsa <strong>da</strong>vaWrobis gamartivebaze, yvelaze sustad ganviTarebuliqveynebis ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyoba. aSS-ma <strong>da</strong>evrokavSirma un<strong>da</strong> iTanamSromlon ufro mWidrod, raTagaaumjobeson arsebuli sistemis disciplinis <strong>da</strong>cvaglobalur vaWrobaSi <strong>da</strong> gaaZlieron msoflio savaWroorganizaciis sistema.78

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>velnes (Wellness) industria <strong>da</strong>misi ganviTarebis strategiasaqarTveloSigulnaz erqomaiSviliivane javaxiSvilis saxelobisTsu-is asocirebuli profesorivelnesi - janmrTelobis industriaa,XXI saukune _ Wellness epoqaapol zein pilzericivilizebul msoflioSi cxovrebis mzardi tempi,yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi stresisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Rlilobisarseboba, saWiroebs a<strong>da</strong>mianis normaluri fizikuri <strong>da</strong>fsiqikuri mdgomareobis SenarCunebas. Aa<strong>da</strong>mians uCndebamoTxovnileba moiyvanos Tavisi fizikuri <strong>da</strong> sulierimdgomareoba harmoniaSi. mas surs gaixangrZlivosaxalgazrdoba, SeaCeros <strong>da</strong>bereba <strong>da</strong> hqondes cxovrebisxalisi. Sesabamisi momsaxurebis kompleqsis erTadgilze arseboba sul ufro moTxovnadi xdeba. AdResmsoflioSi uamravi a<strong>da</strong>miani cdilobs velnes (Wellness)industriis produqtebisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis gamoyenebas.velnesis koncefciaa _ kargi fizikuri <strong>da</strong> sulierimdgomareobis SenarCuneba sasiamovno meTodebiT <strong>da</strong>ara sakuTar Tavze Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebiT.termini _ velnesi (ingl. Wellness) pirvelad gamoiyenaamerikelma eqimma helbert <strong>da</strong>nma 1959 wels. wignSi_ `umaRlesi done velnesi~, man Camoayaliba jansaRicxovrebis wesis ZiriTadi principebi. Mmisi azriT, a<strong>da</strong>mianisjanmrTelobas gansazRvravs ara marto kargifizikuri mdgomareoba, aramed misi sxeulis, sulisa <strong>da</strong>gonebis harmonia. <strong>da</strong>nma am mdgomareobas uwo<strong>da</strong> Wellness,79

gulnaz erqomaiSvilianu umaRlesi donis kmayofileba. [1, gv.2]velnesi popularuli gax<strong>da</strong> jer profesionalurwreebSi, xolo Semdeg, mTel amerikul sazogadoebaSi.Aamas xeli Seuwyo rogorc helbert <strong>da</strong>nis, aseve jontrevisis, Ddonald ardelis, gerxar<strong>da</strong> hetleris mravalricxovanmapublikaciebma velnesis Sesaxeb. YyvelaTanxmdeba imaze, rom velnesi aris jansaRi cxovrebiswesis koncefcia, gajansaRebis kompleqsuri meTodebisgamoyeneba, romelic moicavs optimalur fizikur<strong>da</strong>tvirTvas, sareabilitacio programebs, fsiqologiurgajansaRebas, funqcionalur trenings, spa procedurebs,dietologias <strong>da</strong> a.S. [2, gv.5]dRes sityva `velnesi~ niSnavs Semdegs:• aqtiuri, srulyofili cxovrebis wesi;• sasicocxlo Zalebis swrafi <strong>da</strong> xarisxiani aRdgena;• racionaluri kveba;• yvela sakurorto faqtoris gamoyeneba: klimatoTerapia,mineraluriwylebi,samkurnalo balaxebi <strong>da</strong>abazanebi, RvinoTerapia, talaxiT mkurnaloba, magnituriqviSa, zRvis wyali <strong>da</strong> wyalmcenareebi;• individualurad SerCeuli fizikuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva:curva, samTosaTxilamuro sporti, samkurnalo fizkultura,masaJi, cxeniT seirnoba <strong>da</strong> a. S.• kanis swori movla;• ekologiurad sufTa teqnologia.velnesi samedicino turizmis nawilia, magramigi ar gulisxmobs sanatoriumebsa <strong>da</strong> saavadmyofoebSimkurnalobas, aramed aris <strong>da</strong>avadebebis sawyisiprofilaqtika. velnes momsaxurebis miReba a<strong>da</strong>miansaZlierebs rogorc fizikurad, aseve sulierad, gauxangrZlivebsaxalgazrdobas. velnesi SesaZleblobasiZleva Tavi<strong>da</strong>n iqnes acilebuli `civilizaciis saukunis~mravali <strong>da</strong>avadeba: infarqti, Saqriani diabeti, wne-80

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>va, gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemis <strong>da</strong>avadebebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.amgvarad, velnesi aris samedicino, fizikuri,fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri RonisZiebebis urTierTkavSirismoqnili sistema, romelic mimarTulia a<strong>da</strong>mianisara mxolod profilaqtikaze, aramed aseve sasicocxloZalebis aRdgenasa <strong>da</strong> mkurnalobaze. velnesmomsaxureba un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcieldes erT kompleqsSi <strong>da</strong>misi mizania a<strong>da</strong>mians SesTavazos <strong>da</strong> ganuviTaros jansaRicxovrebis Cvevebi, rac gulisxmobs spa momsaxurebas,fizikur varjiSebs, velnes ganaTlebas, jansaRsamzareulos <strong>da</strong> a.S.1990 wli<strong>da</strong>n, cneba _ `velnesi~ popularuli gax<strong>da</strong>evropaSi, evropam aitaca devizi - `gin<strong>da</strong> iyo janmrTeli?Cade investicia Sens janmrTelobaSi~. 2000 wli<strong>da</strong>naRniSnuli termini Semovi<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi, magram ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>dSveicarii<strong>da</strong>n Semotanil kosmetikur saSualebebTanasocirdeba, xolo rac Seexeba termins _`velnesindustria~, igi jerjerobiT qarTul leqsikonebSi<strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli ar aris.bolo periodSi velnesi rogorc <strong>da</strong>rgi, swrafadviTardeba. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c sazogadoebaSi Cndeba <strong>da</strong>berebisprocesis Senelebis miswrafeba, Sesabamisad, saWiroxdeba jansaRi kvebis obieqtebis,fitnesis,spa-centrebis,sport <strong>da</strong>rbazebis, kosmetologiis, velnes sastumroebis,mTeli rigi servisis obieqtebis arseboba. Aamdenad,velnes industria moicavs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxeobis naturalurikvebis produqtebis, kosmetikis, piradi higienissaSualebebis, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis velnes <strong>da</strong>nadgarebiswarmoebas, ekologiurad sufTa teqnologiis gamoyenebas,velnes sastumroebis ganviTarebas <strong>da</strong> saerTodmomsaxurebis farTo speqtrs.Aamgvarad, velnes industria swrafad mzardi industriaa,romelicmravali sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxeobis produqciisa<strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis gayidvebis donis amaRlebis81

gulnaz erqomaiSviliinstrumentia.termini _ velnes industria pirvelad gamoiyenaamerikelma profesorma, amJamad aSS-is prezidentisekonomikurma mrCevelma pol zein pilzerma. igi 25wlis asakSi milioneri, xolo 30 wlisa _ multimilionerigax<strong>da</strong>. Mman pirvelma iwinaswarmetyvela personalurikompiuterebis, xolo Semdgom internetis bumi.Ppilzeri aris 10 wignis, maT Soris sami bestselerisavtori. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia misi wigni `velnesisrevolucia _ Semdgomi trilioni dolari~, sa<strong>da</strong>caRniSnulia, rom mTel msoflioSi izrdeba interesivelnesis mimarT. aqtualuri gax<strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis srulikompleqsis erT adgilas miReba, izrdeba im a<strong>da</strong>mianTaricxvi, romelTac surT am momsaxurebis miReba,raTa gaixangrZlivon axalgazrdoba, hqondeT sicocxlisxalisi <strong>da</strong> SeaCeron sibere. velnesi janmrTelobisindustriaa, XXI saukune velnesis epoqaa. aSS-Si 2010wlisTvis velnes industriaSi brunvam 1 trln dolarsmiaRwia. Aarc erT sxva industrias aseTi tempebi araaqvs. jansaRi cxovrebis wesis industria _ momavalimravalmiliardiani industriaa.Myovel aTwleulSi ibadeba axali ekonomikuritendencia. XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi es iyo mikrotalRovaniRumelebi, 80-ian wlebSi – videomagnitofonebi,90-ian wlebSi – kompiuteri <strong>da</strong> interneti. isini,vinc gamoiyena 80-iani wlebis tendencia, milionerebigaxdnen, xolo isini vinc 90-iani wlebis tendenciagamoiyenes _ miliardelebi. Ppol zein pilzerisazriT, aSS-s <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si yovelwliurad miliardobiTdolari Caideba jansaRi cxovrebis wesis industria-Si <strong>da</strong> es Tanxa gamoiyeneba im produqtebis Sesaqmnelad,romelic xels Seuwyobs a<strong>da</strong>mianis gajansaRebas,SeaCerebs <strong>da</strong>berebis process <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zlevs avadmyofobas.a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis yvelaze faseulia ara bina <strong>da</strong> sxva82

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>materialuri Rirebulebebi, aramed axalgazrdobisa<strong>da</strong> janmrTelobis SenarCuneba. misi azriT, industriissaTaveSi iqneba qseluri marketingis industria,sworedqseluri marketingi warmoadgens idealur socialurekonomikurinstruments axali <strong>da</strong>rgis cxovrebaSi<strong>da</strong>samkvidreblad. [3, gv. 7]velnes industria moicavs msoflio ekonomikismraval seqtors, kerZod kvebis produqtebis warmoebas,kosmetologias, axalgazrdobis SenarCunebis medicinas,turizms <strong>da</strong> a.S. am industriis dinamikurad mzardi<strong>da</strong>rgia vitaminebis warmoeba, <strong>da</strong>balansebuli kvebisa-Tvis saWiro produqtebi, sakvebi <strong>da</strong>namatebi, personalurimovlis saSualebebi, preparatebi wonis <strong>da</strong>saklebad.velnesi Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan dominirebs sxva seqtorebze.velnes industriis ganviTarebis mxriv favoritiqveynebia italia, safrangeTi, espaneTi <strong>da</strong> ungreTi.Aes qveynebi turistebs velnes momsaxurebis farTospeqtrs sTavazoben. gansakuTrebiT popularulia cxeliwyaroebi <strong>da</strong> sazRvao kurortebi.bunebrivia, interess iwvevsAvelnes industriisromeli mimarTuleba SeiZleba ganviTardes saqarTvelo-Si, aqvs Tu ara mas istoriuli safuZveli.saqarTvelo kurortebisa <strong>da</strong> sakurorto adgilebisqveyanaa, romlis erT-erT mniSvnelovan faqtorsmisi hava warmoadgens. Kklimatis mravalferovneba ganpirobebuliasaqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareobiT<strong>da</strong> Savi zRvis faqtoriT. Kklimaturi pirobebi gamoirCevagamoxatuli Terapiuli TvisebebiT <strong>da</strong> mravalipaTologiis samkurnalod gamoiyeneba.saqarTvelo mdi<strong>da</strong>ria mtknari <strong>da</strong> mineraluriwylebiT. sasmeli wylis resursebiT igi 2,5-jer aRematebamsoflios, 2,4-jer evropis <strong>da</strong> 1,7-jer aziis saSualomaCvenebels mosaxleobis erT sulze. AamasTanave,saqarTvelos wylis resursebis 30% umaRlesi xarisx-83

gulnaz erqomaiSviliis miwisqveSa sasmel wyals warmoadgens. Mmineraluriwylebis sabadoTa raodenoba saqarTveloSi 2-jer aRematebamsoflioSi cnobil safrangeTsa <strong>da</strong> germaniaSierTad arsebul mineralur wyalTa debetis raodenobas,xolo rac Seexeba zogierT mineralur wyals,rogoric aris `borjomi~,`sairme~,`lugela~,`uwera~ <strong>da</strong>sxva, isini TavianTi ionuri SemadgenlobiT <strong>da</strong> samkurnaloTvisebebiT, msoflioSi unikaluria. `borjomis~msgavsi mineraluri wyali mxolod safrangeTSia <strong>da</strong>cnobilia `viSis~ saxelwodebiT. maTi Se<strong>da</strong>rebisas specialistebmaupiratesoba `borjomis~ wyals mianiWes.saqarTveloSi cnobilia 730-ze meti <strong>da</strong>saxelebis mineraluriwyali, romelTa jamuri dReRamuri debeti 130mln litrs Seadgens. maTgan 300-ze mets didi samrewvelo<strong>da</strong> balneologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs. [4, gv.177]saqarTveloSi, agreTve, odiTganve moipovebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> samkurnalo talaxebi _ peloidebi, racamJama<strong>da</strong>c warmatebiT gamoiyeneba balneologiur centrebSi.saqarTveloSi RvinoTerapiis unikaluri SesaZleblobebia.jer kidev 1935 wels qarTvelma eqimma iliaqoCiaSvilma Terjolis raionis sofel sikTavraSi<strong>da</strong>aarsa onkologiuri <strong>da</strong>avadebebis profilaqtikisklinika RvinoTerapiis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT. Ees Senoba dResacarsebobs. Mmisi tragikuli <strong>da</strong>Rupvis gamo es Sesani-Snavi proeqti SeCer<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvelom safrangeTze (am-Jamad lideri RvinoTerapiaSi) naxevari saukuniT adreganaxorciela yurZnisa <strong>da</strong> Rvinis unikaluri Tvisebebisgamoyenebis koncefcia janmrTelobis medicinaSi.Aaseve aRsaniSnavia qviSiT Terapia,magnituri qviSebisgamoyeneba. Mmsoflios 2-3 qveyanaSi aris samkurnaloqviSebi, magram magnitis koncentraciiTA unikaluriaurekis qviSebi, romelic saqarTveloSi didi xaniasamkurnalod gamoiyeneba.84

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>bolo periodSi mTel msoflioSi gansakuTrebiTgaizar<strong>da</strong> moTxovna mcenareuli warmoSobis preparatebisadmi,Sesabamisad, imata moTxovnam samkurnalo mcenareebze.samkurnalo mcenareebi erT-erT umTavres rolsTamaSobs farmakologiur kvlevebsa <strong>da</strong> axali samkurnalopreparatebis SeqmnaSi. naturaluri preparatebisamkurnalo saSualebebiT vaWrobis mTlianimoculobis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens. samkurnalomcenareebiT odiTganve mdi<strong>da</strong>ria saqarTvelos flora.saqarTvelos SeuZlia Rirseuli adgili <strong>da</strong>ikavossamkurnalo mcenareebis warmoeba-realizaciis saer-TaSoriso bazarze. saxelmwifom xeli un<strong>da</strong> Seuwyosekologiurad sufTa preparatebis warmoebas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>interesebuliucxoeli investorebis mozidvas. samkurnalomcenareebis resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebaxels Seuwyobs Cveni qveynis ekonomikis gajansaRebas,saeqsporto Semosavlebis zr<strong>da</strong>s,samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas<strong>da</strong> siRaribis zRvarze myofi mosaxleobis wilisSemcirebas.rogorc yovelive zemoTqmuli<strong>da</strong>n Cans, saqarTveloSical-calke arsebobs RvinoTerapiis, talaxiTTerapiis, mineraluri wylebiT Terapiis, magnituriqviSebiT Terapiis, spa Tu fitness centrebi. velnesindustriis asamoqmedeblad saWiroa maTi gaerTianeba.swored am mizans emsaxureba sainvesticio kompania`medjgufi saqarTvelo~, romlis saqmianobis ZiriTadmimarTulebas msoflio donis, premium klasis gamajansaRebelikompleqsis (bioli) mSenebloba <strong>da</strong> sarekreaciozonis,kojris tye-parkis mowyoba <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelosvelnes industriis centrad ga<strong>da</strong>qceva warmoadgens.kompaniis <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebelia eqimi, medicinis mecnierebaTadoqtori, biznesmeni <strong>da</strong> mecenati Tamaz mWedliZe.peterburgSi oc<strong>da</strong>TxuTmetwliani moRvaweobis Semdeg,mis kuTvnilebaSia Tvrameti sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva profilis85

gulnaz erqomaiSviliklinika. HklinikebSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebulia 1500 a<strong>da</strong>miani, maTSoris, maRalkvalificiuri eqimebis 350 kaciani gundi,romlebic warmatebiT muSaoben Anti-Aging Medicine-ze(<strong>da</strong>berebis sawinaaRmdego medicina). gamocemulia uamraviwigni <strong>da</strong> saxelmZRvanelo aRniSnul problemebzerogorc misi, ise klinikaSi momuSave praqtikosi eqimebisMavtorobiT.miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad kolosaluri samsaxurebrivi<strong>da</strong>tvirTvisa,Tamaz mWedliZem sakuTar Tavze unikalurieqsperimenti Caatara: 2004 wlis martSi Seudga wonis<strong>da</strong>klebas programiT, romelic misi xelmZRvanelobiTCamoyalibebuli specialistebis jgufTan erTad SeimuSava<strong>da</strong> gansacvifrebel Sedegs miaRwia – erT weliwadSi74 kg <strong>da</strong>iklo. Mmisi azriT, kveba aris fun<strong>da</strong>menti,plus swori fizikuri aqtivoba. bevrma a<strong>da</strong>mianmaaraswori <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT xerxemali samu<strong>da</strong>mod <strong>da</strong>iziana.Tamaz mWedliZe pirvel rigSi aris eqimi, romelsackargad esmis velnes momsaxurebis upiratesobebi a<strong>da</strong>mianisgaaxalgazr<strong>da</strong>vebis <strong>da</strong> siberis procesis SeCerebismimarTulebiT.gamajansaRebeli kompleqsi kojris tyis mimdebareteritoriaze pirveli proeqtia, romelsac igisaqarTveloSi axorcielebs. amJamad mimdinareobs gamajansaRebelkompleqs `biolis~ mSenebloba, romelicsaqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze gafantul mineralurwylebs, samkurnalo balaxebsa <strong>da</strong> mcenareebs, magniturqviSebsa <strong>da</strong> sxva gamajansaRebel komponentebs gaaer-Tianebs erT sivrceSi, kojris tyeSi. GgamajansaRebelikompleqsis aSenebis erT-erTi mTavari piroba jansaRibunebrivi garemoa. Uukve <strong>da</strong>iwyo gajagnarebuli, <strong>da</strong>avadebulityis movliTi <strong>da</strong> sanitaruli Wra, axalinargavebiT tyis gamdidreba <strong>da</strong> ganaSenianeba. Kkojristye-parki specialistebis mier ukve Sefas<strong>da</strong> `<strong>Tbilisi</strong>sfiltvebad~. Ees iqneba zona, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>svenebas nebismierimsurveli SeZlebs <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>-86

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>vad iqneba SesaZlebeli.`biolis~ teritoriaze ganTavsdeba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagamajansaRebeli obieqti: velnes kotejebi, spa centri,oranJerea, sakoncerto <strong>da</strong> sagamofeno <strong>da</strong>rbazebi, Rvinisa<strong>da</strong> Tixis saxlebi, `biolis~ tyeSi gaSvebuli iqnebasxva<strong>da</strong>sxva egzotikuri cxoveli, TiToeul a<strong>da</strong>miansTavisi individualuri `velnes Terapevti~ eyoleba<strong>da</strong> Tavisi individualuri procedurebi eqneba. gajansaRebissistemaA moicavs swor kvebas, swor fizikuraqtivobas, esTetikur medicinas, genetikur analizs. aqsistematuri kontroli gaeweva organizmis mdgomareobas<strong>da</strong> koreqtivebs, rac gulisxmobs sisxlis analizze<strong>da</strong>kvirvebas, mikroelementebis mdgomareobis Rrma<strong>da</strong> safuZvlian kontrols. a<strong>da</strong>mians saSualeba eqnebaTavis Tavze gamoscados uaxlesi velnes teqnologiebi,rogoricaa Rvino Terapia, magnituri qviSis abazanebi,orTqliTa <strong>da</strong> samkurnalo balaxebiT Catarebuli procedurebi.M<strong>da</strong>mfuZneblis azriT, `velnes industria~rom Seqmna, mravali kompaniis TanamSromlobaa aucilebeli.magaliTad, <strong>da</strong>nadgarebia saWiro. urekSi qviSamSvenieria, magram am qviSisgan maqsimaluri Sedegis misaRebad,misi gacra, aromatebis <strong>da</strong>mateba <strong>da</strong> tomrebSiCayraa saWiro. Mmere spilenZis lamazi abazana un<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>idgas, romelic Tbeba. abazanaSi qviSas Cayrian, gaaTboben,<strong>da</strong>awvenen a<strong>da</strong>mians <strong>da</strong> zemo<strong>da</strong>nac <strong>da</strong>ayrian. ampirobebSi is gansakuTrebiT kargad muSaobs. ase urekisqviSa aravis gamouyenebia. saqarTveloSi mxolod axlaiwyeben RviniT Terapias. Terapia erTia, magram RvinoSirom samkurnalo balaxebic <strong>da</strong>emateba <strong>da</strong> samedicinoprocedurebi Catardeba, kompleqsuri Sedegi miiReba. Mkojris tye-parkSi moewyoba saseirno, velo <strong>da</strong>sacxenosno bilikebi. Ggamoiyeneba cxeniT mkurnaloba– ipoTerapia, kerZod, cxenis unagiri iqneba amoWrili<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>miani sxeuliT exeba cxenis tans, misi temperatu-87

gulnaz erqomaiSviliriT <strong>da</strong> moZraobiT xdeba ara ubralo masaJi, aramed igimcire menjis organoebis <strong>da</strong>avadebaTa profilaqtikisa-Tvis gamoiyeneba. [5, gv. 27]K kompaniis gegmebSia romelime universitetis bazazeSeiqmnas velnes-Terapevtebisa <strong>da</strong> spa menejerebisga<strong>da</strong>mzadebis programebi.Ees iqneba <strong>da</strong>sawyisi im didi miznisa, rasacsaqarTveloSi `velnes industriis~ <strong>da</strong>nergva mohyveba.Semdeg etapze ki Seiqmneba msoflio stan<strong>da</strong>rtis qarTulibrendi _ `jorjian velnesi~, romelic Cveni qveynissavizito baraTi gaxdeba.ekonomikuri efeqti, rasac moutans saqarTvelosvelnes industriis centrad Camoyalibeba, Semdegia:• Ggaaumjobesebs sainvesticio garemos <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovnadgazrdis ucxouri kapitalis <strong>da</strong>bandebassaqarTveloSi, rac gamoiwvevs ekonomikuri wesrigispolitikis evropul stan<strong>da</strong>rtebTan miaxloebas;• Ggaaqtiurdeba qveyanaSi SemomsvlelTa raodenoba;• xels Seuwyobs infrastruqturis ganviTarebas;• Seqmnis axal samuSao adgilebs, <strong>da</strong>saqmebulebimiiReben Rirseul anazRaurebas;• Ppozitiuri mimarTulebiT saxes Seucvlis ekologias;• Ggaizrdeba moTxovna soflis meurneobisproduqciaze (mefutkreoba, meRvineoba, marcvleuliswarmoeba, mecxoveleoba, mexileoba, mebostneoba, Caiswarmoeba);• Ggaizrdeba moTxovna suvenirebsa <strong>da</strong> xalxurirewvis produqciaze;• saWiro gaxdeba iseTi <strong>da</strong>rgebis momsaxurebisgamoyeneba, rogoricaa: transporti <strong>da</strong> komunikaciis88

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>saSualebebi, <strong>da</strong>zRveva <strong>da</strong> sabanko saqmianoba, samSeneblo-samontaJosamuSaoebi, sainformacio-sareklamo, turistuli<strong>da</strong> turoperatiuli <strong>da</strong> sxva;• ganviTardeba kurortologia;• moizi<strong>da</strong>vs msoflios maRalSemosavlian a<strong>da</strong>mianebs;• velnes industria moiTxovs a<strong>da</strong>mianis maRalinteleqtualur potencials, rac gavlenas moaxdensmTlianad eris inteleqtualuri potencialis zr<strong>da</strong>ze;• propagan<strong>da</strong> gaeweva janmrTelobis axal kulturas,rac iqneba inteleqtualuri distribucia;• gazrdis Semosavlebs <strong>da</strong> Semonatanebs;• moxdeba qveynis popularizacia msofliomasStabiT.gamoyenebuli literatura1. Halbert Dunn. High level Wellness. 1961, .www. Icaa.cc2. Donald B. Ardell. What is Wellness. www. Seekwellness.com3. Paul Zane Pilzer, The new Wellness Revolution, New York,2011;4. g.erqomaiSvili,mewarmeobis formirebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebisTaviseburebani saqarTveloSi, <strong>Tbilisi</strong>, Tsuisgamomcemloba, 2004;5. interviu `medjgufi saqarTvelos~ <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebelTamaz mWedliZesTan. Jurn. `<strong>biznesi</strong> <strong>da</strong> menejmenti~,#3(33), 2012;6. www. Icaa.cc; www.seniorfitness.net7.www.commersant.ge89

Wellness Industry and its DevelopmentStrategies in GeorgiaG. ErkomaishviliNowa<strong>da</strong>ys, wellness industry, the industry of healthy lifestyle,is becoming more and more popular all over the world. It’s going to bea multi-billion industry is closest future. The concept of Wellness is tomaintain good physical and mental health willingly and in a pleasantway, not under compulsion.Georgia has excellent resourses for developing one of the mostimportant direction of this industry – construction of recreation complexes,which is provided by the investment Company `MedgroupGeorgia~. The center offers its customers the services with the up-to<strong>da</strong>tetechnologies and it will employ a large number of people as well.Using the products and services from local suppliers will increase profitand have positive impact on the country’s economy. It will become thebeginning of developing the Wellness industry in Georgia.90

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>Rrma <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcvelivaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba(DCFTA) _ realoba Tu„partnioroba qaRaldze?~naTia <strong>da</strong>ReliSviliiv.javaxiSvilis Tsu-is doqtorantieqsportis gafarToveba <strong>da</strong> saerTod savaWro urTierTobebisgaRrmaveba nebismieri qveynis mudmivi sazrunavia.Sedegi pir<strong>da</strong>pirproporciulad aisaxeba mosaxleobissocialur keTildReobasa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis pirobebisgaumjobesebaze. saqarTvelosTvis aRniSnuli TematikagansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gax<strong>da</strong> 2006 wels ruseTismier qarTul produqciaze <strong>da</strong>wesebuli embargos Semdeg,ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c Cven <strong>da</strong>vkargeT yvelaze msxvili savaWropartnioris bazarze wvdoma. dRis wesrigSi <strong>da</strong>dga alternatiulibazrebis moZieba <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirTan ekonomikuriintegracia.ukve gvaqvs imis fufuneba, rom evrokavSiris warmomadgenelioficialuri pirebisagan xSirad vismenTkomplimentebs evrokavSirTan saqarTvelos socialurekonomikuriintegraciis winga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabijebis Sesaxeb_ <strong>da</strong>wyebulia molaparakebebi Rrma <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcvelisavaWro sivrcis Sesaxeb, 2011 wels ZalaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong>evrokavSirsa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Soris savizo reJimisgamartivebisa <strong>da</strong> readmisiis xelSekruleba (rac evrokavSirTanuvizo mimosvlis safuZvelia) <strong>da</strong> a.S.evrokavSirTan ekonomikur integraciazea awyobiliqveynis samoqmedo kursi, radgan evrokavSiris bazarsalternativa ar gaaCnia msoflioSi: evrokavSirismosaxleoba 2011 wlis ianvris mdgomareobiT, 502,5 mln-s91

naTia <strong>da</strong>ReliSviliSeadgens [1], rac msoflios yvelaze msxvil bazars warmoadgens.saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierTobebi SemdegiqronologiiT xasiaTdeba:partniorobisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis SesaxebSeTanxmeba (PCA). 1996 wels samxreT kavkasiis qveynebTan<strong>da</strong>wyebuli molaparakebebi <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> logikuri SedegiT_ 1999 wels ZalaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo-evrokavSirsSoris partniorobisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis SesaxebxelSekruleba. pirvel etapze SeTanxmeba 10 wlis va<strong>da</strong>sgulisxmob<strong>da</strong>, Tumca, avtomaturad yovel wels 1 wliTgrZeldeba. partniorobisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis SesaxebSeTanxmeba auqmebs kvotebs vaWrobis sferoSi <strong>da</strong> icavsinteleqtualuri, sawarmoo <strong>da</strong> komerciuli sakuTrebisuflebas.evrokavSiris samezoblo politikis programa(ENP). evrokavSiris samezoblo politika SemuSav<strong>da</strong> 2004wels, evrokavSiris gafarToebis Semdeg. misi mizani iyoevropasa <strong>da</strong> axal mezoblebs Soris gamyofi xazebismoxsna <strong>da</strong> stabilurobis,usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> keTildReobisuzrunvelyofa. samezoblo politika miznad isaxavsevrokavSirsa <strong>da</strong> mis mezobel qveynebs Soris politikuri,ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli urTierT<strong>da</strong>axloebisprocesis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras <strong>da</strong> misi saSualebiT evrokavSiriTavisi sazRvrebis garSemo demokratiis, stabilurobisa<strong>da</strong> keTildReobis gavrcelebas uwyobs xels [2,gv192].preferenciebis zogadi sistemiT (GSP+). 2005 wlisdekemberSi saqarTvelom evrokavSirisagan preferenciebiszogadi sistemiT (GSP+) sargeblobis ufleba miiRo. GSP+saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n evrokavSirSi eqsportirebuli saqonlissabaJo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebisgan gaTavisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> tarifebiscalmxrivad Semcirebas iTvaliswinebs. aRniSnulipreferenciebi vrceldeba saqarTveloSi warmoebuli7200 <strong>da</strong>saxelebis produqciaze.92

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>„aRmosavleTis partnioroba“ (EaP). 2009 wlis7 maiss praRis samitze oficialurad Sevi<strong>da</strong> ZalaSi“aRmosavleTis parniorobis” iniciativa[3,gv.6] _evrokavSirsa <strong>da</strong> eqvs partnior qveyanas (somxeTi,azerbaijani, belorusi, saqarTvelo, moldovisrespublika <strong>da</strong> ukraina) Soris politikuri asocirebis<strong>da</strong> Semdgomi ekonomikuri integraciis xelSewyoba.aRniSnuli urTierTobis farglebSi evrokavSiripartniorebs sTavazobs ufro maRali donis politikurasocirebas <strong>da</strong> ZiriTad sferoebSi kavSirebis kidevufro gaaqtiurebas. aRmosavleTis partniorobisfarglebSi evrokavSirsa <strong>da</strong> partnior qveyanas Sorisormxrivi TanamSormloba Semdegi mimarTulebebiTganviTardeba: 1) Rrma <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcveli TavisufalivaWrobis xelSekrulebis (DCFTA) SeTanxmeba <strong>da</strong> miReba;2) ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoeba; 3) energetikuliusafrTxoeba; 4) ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri ganviTarebismxar<strong>da</strong>Wera.Rrma <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobisxelSekrulebis (DCFTA) SeTanxmeba. Tavisufali vaWrobasabaJo tarifebisa <strong>da</strong> kvotebis gareSe vaWrobas gulisxmobs.tarifebis gar<strong>da</strong> arsebobs e.w. arasatarifo barierebivaWrobaSi. Rrma <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcveli TavisufalivaWrobis SeTanxmeba aqcents swored am arasatarifo barierebismoxsnaze akeTebs, rac partniorebs Soris vaWrobaSiTanabari pirobebis arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> saerTo ~Tama-Sis wesebiT” xelmZRvanelobisTvis aris saWiro. amiskenaris aseve momarTuli vaWrobis msoflio organizaciisprincipuli SeTanxmebebi, rogoric aris vaWrobaSi teqnikuribarierebis, sanitariuli <strong>da</strong> fitosanitariulizomebis, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis <strong>da</strong>cvis, saxelmwifoSesyidvebis <strong>da</strong> subsidiebis Sesaxeb. amdenad, vaWrobasTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli evropuli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis 1/3 kmayofildebavaWrobis msoflio organizaciis moTxovnebisSesrulebiT.93

naTia <strong>da</strong>ReliSviliyovelive zemoT CamoTvlils Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,samomavlo perspeqtiva swored Rrma <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcveliTavisufali vaWrobis sivrces ukavSirdeba. yuradRebasgavamaxvilebT aRniSnul terminze, raTa ganvasxvaoT igievrokavSirTan ormxrivi <strong>da</strong> mravalmxrivi TanamSromlobisagan.mravalmxrivi TanamSromloba (Multilateral track).mravalmxrivi gza CarCoa,romlis farglebSi evrokavSiri<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT partniorebi erTad, jgufuradmuSaoben saerTo amocanebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wraze. mravalmxriviformati emsaxureba aRmosavleT samezoblos miznebisganxorcielebas oTxi prioritetuli (demokratia,marTvisa <strong>da</strong> stabilurobis srulyofili sistema;ekonomikuri integracia <strong>da</strong> konvergencia evrokavSiris<strong>da</strong>rgobriv ekonomikur politikasTan,Tavisufali savaWrozonebis Seqmnis CaTvliT; energetikuli usafrTxoeba <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>mianTa Soris kontaqtebis ganviTareba) platformisa<strong>da</strong> ramdenime flagmani iniciativis saSualebiT.ormxrivi TanamSromloba (Bilateral track). aseTiTanamSromlobis mizania evrokavSirsa <strong>da</strong> TiToeulaRmosavleT partniors Soris urTierTobis gaRrmaveba.es miiRweva ormxrivi SeTanxmebebis,magaliTad,asocirebisSesaxeb SeTanxmebis, Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb Rrma<strong>da</strong> yovlismomcveli SeTanmxebis, vizebis gamartivebisSesaxeb ormxrivi dialogis,sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferoSi (<strong>ekonomika</strong>,energetika, garemos <strong>da</strong>cva, transporti, kvleva <strong>da</strong> a. S.)ufro mWidro ormxrivi TanamSromlobis <strong>da</strong> teqnikuri<strong>da</strong>xmarebis saSualebiT. aRmosavleT partniorobaarsebul ormxriv saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebTanerTad ganxorcieldeba. misi ganxorcieleba partniorebsSoris gansxvavebebsa <strong>da</strong> maTTvis SemuSavebul pirobebzea<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.[4]yovelive aRniSnulis Semdgom upriania ganvixiloTRrma <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis sivrce.saqarTvelosTan DCFTA-ze molaparakebebis <strong>da</strong>wyebis94

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba evrokavSirma 2011 wlis 5 dekembersmiiRo. molaparakebebi oficialurad gaixsna 2012 wlis28 Tebervals vaWrobis sakiTxebSi evrokomisris b-nkarel de guxtis saqarTveloSi vizitis dros. misigancxadebiT, Rrma <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcveli TavisufalisavaWro sivrce xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos gaxdesufro konkuretunariani <strong>da</strong> SeeZlos evrokavSiris SigabazriT sargebloba. aRsaniSnavia, rom molaparakebebi<strong>da</strong>Cqarebuli reJimiT warimarTa:• molaparakebebis pirveli raundi gaimarTa q. TbilisSi2012 wlis 27-29 marts;• meore raundi gaimarTa 26-28 ivniss, q. briuselSi;• molaparakebebis mesame raundi gaimarTa q. TbilisSi25-27 seqtembers;• meoTxe raundi gaimarTa 26-30 noembers, q. briuselSi.Rrma <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcveli savaWro sivrcis molaparakebebswarmarTavs ekonomikisa <strong>da</strong> mdgradi ganviTarebissaministro. virjinia kosulis ganmartebiT, vilniusissamitzea moazrebuli SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb molaparakebebis<strong>da</strong>srulebaze gancxadebis gakeTeba. Sigasaxelmwifoebriviprocedurebi sakmaod xangrZlivia, Tuki2013 wels <strong>da</strong>sruldeba molaparakebebi, SeTanxmeba DCFTAZalaSi Seva 2015 wels.evrokavSirma Rrma <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcveli TavisufalivaWrobis Sesaxeb molaparakebebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT prioritetuladoTxi ZiriTadi sfero gamoyo: 1. vaWrobisteqnikuri barierebi; 2. sursaTis uvnebloba; 3. inteleqtualurisakuTrebis uflebis <strong>da</strong>cva; 4. konkurencia.rac Seexeba savaraudo ekonomikuri sargebels,romelis motanac DCFTA-reJims SeuZlia, gamocdiliorganizaciis CASE-is kvlevam Global Insight-Tan erTad,aCvena, rom DCFTA-s mniSvnelovani pozitiuri gavlenismoxdena SeuZlia saqarTvelos <strong>ekonomika</strong>ze, gansakuTrebiTim <strong>da</strong>rgebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c qveyanas ukve aqvs gamovlenili95

naTia <strong>da</strong>ReliSvilifardobiTi upiratesobebi. magaliTisTvis: xelSekrulebis<strong>da</strong>debi<strong>da</strong>n 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebeliasafeiqro produqciis gamoSveba <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 55%-iTgaizardos. DCFTA-m <strong>da</strong>debiTad SeiZleba imoqmedos sam-TomopovebiTi mrewvelobisa <strong>da</strong> karierebis <strong>da</strong>muSavebisgamoSvebaze, ramac 5 wlis Semdeg SeiZleba 21%-iT moimatos.19%-iani zr<strong>da</strong> SeiZleba hqondes qimiuri, rezinis<strong>da</strong> plastmasis produqciis warmoebasac. Rrma <strong>da</strong>yovlismomcveli vaWrobis reJimis pozitiuri gavlenaaisaxeba metalurgiazec, romlis produqciac SesaZlebelia30%-iT gaizardos. mniSvnelovania aseve is garemoeba,rom DCFTA-s amoqmedebam SesaZlebelia saqarTveloSixelfasebis done gazardos, Tumca, es aisaxebaufro metad arakvalificiuri muSebis xelfasze, vidrekvallificiuri muSaxelis anazRaurebaze. yovelive esiqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs, rom zrdis meti perspeqtiva SesaZlebeliaim <strong>da</strong>rgebs qondes,romlebic Sromis maRaliintensivobiT xasiaTdeba (metalurgia, safeiqro warmoeba<strong>da</strong> a.S). amasTanave, Rrma <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcvelma TavisufalmasavaWro reJimma SesaZlebelia mniSvnelovani<strong>da</strong>debiTi impulsebi Sehmatos saeqsporto produqciiszr<strong>da</strong>s. momdevno xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mTliani qar-Tuli eqsportis zrdis tempma SesaZlebelia 13%-s miaRwios.SesaZlebelia mniSvnelovnad moimatos liTonisnawarmis eqsportma, aseve sakvebi produqtebisa <strong>da</strong> sasmeliseqsportma (gansakuTrebiT naturaluri Rvinoebisa<strong>da</strong> spirtiani sasmelebis). zrdis perspeqtiva aqvs aseveavejis, saiuveliro nakeTobebis, saTamaSoebis, sportuliinventaris eqsports.[5]zemoT Tqmuli miuTiTebs Rrma <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcvelisavaWro sivrcis <strong>da</strong>debiT aspeqtebze, magram realuradevrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis <strong>da</strong>myareba arc isemartivia _ „qaRaldze partniorobis“ meore mxares dgasevropuli biurokratia mTeli rigi stan<strong>da</strong>rtebiT (HAC-CP, SPS <strong>da</strong> a.S.), romelTa <strong>da</strong>cva mZime tvirTad <strong>da</strong>awvebaT96

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>qarTveli mwarmoeblebs <strong>da</strong> sabolood gaaZvirebs produqciisRirebulebas. yvelaze ufro rTulad mosawesrigebeli,savaraudod, sursaTis uvneblobisa <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualurisakuTrebis sferoebi iqneba. moklevadianperiodSi evrokomisiis mier mowodebuli rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebisSesruleba <strong>da</strong> qarTuli kanonmdeblobis harmonizacia<strong>da</strong> Cveni produqciis evropul bazarTan <strong>da</strong>axloeba,sargeblis nacvlad, zians moutans qarTul <strong>ekonomika</strong>s,Tumca grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi is didi sargeblianobismomtani iqneba.u<strong>da</strong>voa, rom evrokavSirTan Rrma <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcvelisavaWro sivrcis arseboba prioritetuli mimarTulebaa,Tumca, evrointegracia moiTxovs gacilebiT seriozulinabijebis ga<strong>da</strong>dgmasa <strong>da</strong> meti instituciurireformebis ganxorcielebas,vidre es xdeba e.w. „SerCevi-Ti reformebis“ dros. 2013 wlisTvis evrokavSiris miersaqarTvelosTvis gamoyofili <strong>da</strong>finanseba Seadgens 70mln evros, rac Cveni qveynis struqturuli reformebisTvissasicocxlod mniSvnlelovnaia.rogorc aRvniSneT, DCFTA asocirebis SeTanxmebisnawilia, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom mxareebis mier misixelmoweris SemTxvevaSic ki SeTanxmeba Tavisufali vaWrobisSesaxeb ZalaSi myisierad ar Seva. asocirebisSeTanxmeba (<strong>da</strong> maSasa<strong>da</strong>me DCFTA) ratificirebuli un<strong>da</strong>iyos evrokavSiris yvela wevri saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> aseveevroparlamentis mier. jamSi saWiroa 30 sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva parlamentisratificireba, maT Soris 27 wevri saxelmwifosi,aseve xorvatiisa, romelic wevri gaxdeba uaxloesmomavalSi, amas <strong>da</strong>matebuli saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirisparlamentebi. Tumca, aris precedentebi, rom msgavsitipis SeTanxmebebis ekonomikuri muxlebi ZalaSi Sedisratificirebamde, anu Rrma <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcveli savaWrosivrce evrokavSrTan SesaZloa amoqmeddes 2015 wlisTvis.97

naTia <strong>da</strong>ReliSviliDeep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA) –Reality or “Cooperation on the Paper?”N. DagelishviliIt can be said that there is mutual readiness for closer relationsand strengthening of cooperation between the EU and Georgia. Havingactive trade relations with the EU is very important for Georgia. Once theEU decided to launch the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement(DCFTA) with Georgia, we have to face challenges - the aim of theDCFTA is to foster mutual trade by lifting trade barriers by introducingthe EU norms and stan<strong>da</strong>rds in the third countries. DCFTA helps Georgiato integrate with the EU internal market in long term and it is supposed tocontribute to Georgia’s development.gamoyenebuli literatura:1. evrostati -http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home/2. aRmosavleTis partnioroba <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuripolitika, kavkasiis ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>socialuri kvleviTi instituti (CIESR), <strong>Tbilisi</strong>, 2011;3. Joint Declaration of the Prague EaP Summit, Council of the EuropeanUnion, Brussels, 2009;4. European Neighbourhood Policy Georgia-EU Action Plan (ENPAP), 2012 Implementation Plan, EC;5. nana beruaSvili, evrokavSirTan Rrma <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcveliTavisufali vaWrobis fasi, gazeTi rezonansi,2012, http://www.resonance<strong>da</strong>ily.com/index.php?id_rub=2&id_artc=78586. evropis samezoblo politikis sityvari, http://www.enpi-info.eu/main.php?id=403&id_type=27. evrokavSiris warmomadgenloba saqarTveloSi -http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/georgia/index_ka.htm8. aRmosavleTis partniorobis samoqalaqo sazogadoebisforumis saqarTvelos erovnuli platforma -http://eapnationalplatform.ge/?lang=geo98

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> misi saxelmwifoebrivimxar<strong>da</strong>Weris formebiTengiz TaqTaqiSviliiv. javaxiSvilis saxelobisTsu-is doqtorantimcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong> (msb) msoflios mravaliqveynis ekonomikis <strong>da</strong>sayrdnia. uamrav qveyanaSi mcire<strong>da</strong> saSualo firmebi registrirebuli kompaniebis 90%-ze mets Seadgens <strong>da</strong> lomis wili uWiravs mosaxleobis<strong>da</strong>saqmebasa <strong>da</strong> mTlian Siga produqtSi.ganviTarebul qveynebSi mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo zomisfirmebi bazarze moqmedi firmebis 97-99%-s Seadgens.aSS-Si mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s wili firmebismTlian raodenobaSi 99.7%-ia. maTze modis aSS-s mSp–is52% <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa saerTo raodenobis 53%. OECD-smonacemebiT, espaneTsa <strong>da</strong> safrangeTSi mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualofirmebis wili registrirebul kompaniebSi 99%-zemetia, iseve rogorc iaponiasa <strong>da</strong> SveicariaSi [8, gv.86].mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s ganviTareba qmnis<strong>da</strong>saqmebis farTo SesaZleblobebs, xels uwyobs a<strong>da</strong>mianebisSemoqmedebiTi unaris gamovlenas, ganviTarebas<strong>da</strong> <strong>biznesi</strong>s gamravalferovnebas.gamomdinare iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom msb-s naklebad miuwvdebaxeli mowinave teqnologiebze, warmoebis am faqtorebissiZviris gamo, isini Tavis saqmianobas ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d axorcielebena<strong>da</strong>mian-kapitalis meSveobiT. Sedegad, mcire<strong>da</strong> saSualo firmebis raodenobis zr<strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>pir zemo-99

Tengiz TaqTaqiSviliqmedebs qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebis donis zr<strong>da</strong>ze. mcire <strong>da</strong>saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>saTvis xelsayreli garemos SeqmnisgziT regionebSi, SesaZlebelia rogorc Siga, aseve garemigraciis SeCereba.<strong>ekonomika</strong>Si, sa<strong>da</strong>c msxvili sawarmoebi dominireben<strong>da</strong> mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo bizness ar eZleva ganviTarebisSesaZlebloba, adgili aqvs Semosavlebis araTanabarga<strong>da</strong>nawilebas. kapitalisa <strong>da</strong> Semosavlebis udideswils flobs msxvili <strong>biznesi</strong>,mcire bizness ar miuwvdebaxeli saWiro kapitalsa <strong>da</strong> kvalificiur muSaxelze,saSualo fenis ararsebobis pirobebSi sazogadoebaSiRrmavdeba ufskruli mdidrebsa <strong>da</strong> Raribebs Soris.msb evrokavSirSi warmoadgens ekonomikis mTavar<strong>da</strong>sayrdens. mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo firmebis ricxvievrokavSirSi <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 20.7 milionia <strong>da</strong> SeadgensevrokavSirSi moqmedi kompaniebis 98%-s. aRsaniSnavia,rom amaTgan <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 92% aris firmebi 10-ze naklebiTanamSromliT. kerZo seqtorSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli samia<strong>da</strong>miani<strong>da</strong>n ori msb-ze modis. mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo biznesSi<strong>da</strong>saqmebulia 87 mln a<strong>da</strong>miani, rac <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa67%-ia. mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo biznesze modis evrokavSirSiSeqmnili <strong>da</strong>matebuli Rirebulebis 58% [11].gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa saqarTveloSi. qveyanaSiminimaluri raodenobiT xorcieldeba mcire <strong>da</strong>saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri programebi, firmebi ganicdianfinansuri resursebis naklebobas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>baliamaTi menejmentis kvalifikaciis done. Sedegad, mcire<strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s wili kerZo seqtorSi produqciismTliani gamoSvebis mxolod 19%-s Seadgens. amitom,vfiqrobT, saintereso iqneba problemis Seswavla <strong>da</strong> imgzebis gamovlena, riTac SesaZlebeli iqneba mcire <strong>da</strong>saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera.saqarTvelos saga<strong>da</strong>saxado kodeqsis Tanaxmadmcire <strong>biznesi</strong>s statusi SeiZleba mieniWos mewarme100

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>fizikur pirs, romlis mier ekonomikuri saqmianobi<strong>da</strong>nmiRebuli erToblivi Semosavali kalen<strong>da</strong>ruli wlisganmavlobaSi, ar aRemateba 100 000 lars. mikro<strong>biznesi</strong>sstatusi SeiZleba mieniWos fizikur pirs, romelic ariyenebs <strong>da</strong>qiravebul pirTa Sromas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebladeweva ekonomikur saqmianobas, romli<strong>da</strong>nac mis mier misaRebijamuri erToblivi Semosavali kalen<strong>da</strong>ruliwlis ganmavlobaSi ar aRemateba 30 000 lars [3].saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxurismonacemebiT,2012 wlis III kvartalSi sawarmoTa mTlianmabrunvam 10.9, mlrd lari Seadgina. amasTan, mTlianibrunvis 81.0% msxvil biznesze modis, 8.3 % - saSualobiznesze, mcire <strong>biznesi</strong>s wili ki 10.7%-ia. <strong>da</strong>qiravebul-Ta mTliani raodenoba sawarmos zomis mixedviT Semdegnairadnawildeba: msxvili <strong>biznesi</strong> – 58.9%; saSualo<strong>biznesi</strong> – 16.4%; mcire <strong>biznesi</strong> – 24.7%, [4].moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, mikro<strong>biznesi</strong> gaTavisuflebuliaga<strong>da</strong>saxadebisgan, xolo mcire <strong>biznesi</strong> ibegrebawliuri brunvis 5%-iT. 3%-iT igi im SemTxvevaSi<strong>da</strong>ibegreba, Tu erToblivi Semosavlis 60% xarji eqneba<strong>da</strong> SeZlebs amis dokumenturad <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas. mikro<strong>biznesi</strong>ar eqvemdebareba <strong>da</strong>jarimebas. aRsaniSnavia, romerTnairi sididis jarimebi ufro did zians ayenebsmcire bizness, vidre msxvil firmebs. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,umjobesiamoxdes jarimis odenobis diferencirebakompaniis zomis mixedviT <strong>da</strong> mcire <strong>biznesi</strong> ufro naklebiTanxiT <strong>da</strong>jarimdes msgavsi <strong>da</strong>rRvevis SemTxvevaSi,vidre msxvili <strong>biznesi</strong>.umTavresi problema, rasac awydeba mcire zomisfirmebi, aris finansur resursebze xelmisawvdomobis<strong>da</strong>bali done. ganviTarebuli qveynebis mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualofirmebi gansxvavdeba ganviTarebadi qveynebis msgavsifirmebisgan <strong>biznesi</strong>s marTvis Tanamedrove midgomebiT,ufro kvalificiuri menejmentiT <strong>da</strong> meti stabiluro-101

Tengiz TaqTaqiSvilibiT. amas emateba ganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebuli stabiluribiznesgaremo <strong>da</strong> amitom, rogorc wesi, mcire<strong>da</strong> saSualo bizness ganviTarebul qveynebSi, ufro naklebiproblema eqmneba finansebisa <strong>da</strong> saWiro sesxebismoZiebis procesSi, vidre ganviTarebad qveynebSi.mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>sTvis mniSvnelovaniafinansebis moZiebis procesSi aqcenti gaakeTdes grZelvadianTanamSromlobaze im finansur institutTan,romlisganacapirebs sesxis aRebas. grZelvadiani urTier-Tobebi saSualebas iZleva wamoWrili problemebisadmierTiani midgoma Camoyalibdes bankisa <strong>da</strong> klientismxri<strong>da</strong>n. bankebi, rogorc wesi, ufrTxildebian klientebTanCamoyalibebul grZelvadian urTierTobebs <strong>da</strong>im SemTxvevaSi, Tu klients eqmneba problema <strong>da</strong> veraxerxebs sesxis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>s droulad, maqsimalurad iTvaliswinebsmis interesebs <strong>da</strong> garkveuli SeRavaTebisgawevis mizniT, Seaqvs cvlilebebi sesxis pirobebSi.sul ufro mzardi masStabebi aqvs kerZo kapitalisinvestirebas mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo biznesSi. mcirebiznesSi kerZo kapitalis investirebis ori yvelazemniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong> farTod gavrcelebuli wyaroa e.w.„biznes-angelozebi“ <strong>da</strong> venCuruli kapitali.„biznesangelozebi“ kerZo investorebia, romlebicaxorcieleben sakuTari fulis investirebas perspeqtiulbiznesSi. venCuruli kapitalistebi, rogoc wesi,axorcieleben sxvisi fulis investirebas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvafondebis saSualebiT [5, gv. 24].„biznesangelozebi“ ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d axorcieleben Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTmcire investiciebs,vidre venCuruli kapitalia<strong>da</strong> avseben im finansur naprals,romelic rCeba venCurulikapitalistebis yuradRebis miRma. biznes-angelozebiinvestirebas axorcieleben mcire <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebissawyis stadiaze myof firmebSi. aseT investorebs gansakuTrebiTizi<strong>da</strong>vT teqnologiebis sferoSi <strong>da</strong>saqme-102

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>buli mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo zomis firmebi. maT yovelTvissurT TavianTi wvlili Seitanon kompaniis marTvaSi <strong>da</strong>aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulni strategiuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebismiRebaSi. investirebis ganxorcielebis Semdeg „biznesangelozebi“xdebian investiciebis mimRebi firmismniSvnelovani wilis mflobelebi.saqarTveloSi 2009 wlis mdgomareobiT, im investorebisricxvi, romlebic sakuTar Tavs „biznesangelozis“poziciaze ganixilaven, Zalze mcirea- <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 50-60. Tanxa, romelsac qarTveli „biznesangelozebi“perspeqtiul proeqtebSi abandeben, saSualod50 000 lars Seadgens. mogeba ki, romelsac isiniinvesticiebi<strong>da</strong>n elodebian, saSualod 30%-ia [10].venCuruli kapitalis investireba, rogorc wesi,xorcieldeba maRali riskis mqone, Tumca potenciuradZalian maRali mogebis mqone biznesSi. venCuruli kapitalistebismizania kompaniis wilis Sesyidvis gziTinvesticiebis ganxorcieleba masSi <strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg, rackompania gafarTovdeba <strong>da</strong> ganviTardeba,sakuTari wilisgayidva momgebian fasad.venCuruli firmebis organizaciul-samarTlebriviforma, rogorc wesi, aris Sps, sasicocxlo cikliSeadgens saSualod aT weliwads <strong>da</strong> Sedgeba kerZoseqtorSi arsebuli institutebisa <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiTdidi odenobis kapitalis mqone biznesmenebisgan.mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso organizaciebisroli, romelTac SeuZliaT nawilobriv Seavson is finansurinaprali, rasac adgili aqvs mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo<strong>biznesi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>finansebaSi.mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>finansebis erT-er-Ti yvelaze aqtiuri donori kuTxiT aris saerTaSorisosafinanso korporacia (IFC), romelic axorcielebsmsb-s mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras mraval ganviTarebad qveyanaSi. IFC-msaqarTvelos bank „respublikaSi“ 42 milionamde aSS103

Tengiz TaqTaqiSvilidolaris investicia ganaxorciela, mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo<strong>biznesi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>finansebis SesaZleblobebis gazrdis mizniT[2].aSS-s saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentom(USAID) 2005-2009 wlebSi ganaxorciela „mcire <strong>da</strong> sa-Sualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris proeqti“, romlis mizaniiyo saqarTvelos kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebis xelSewyoba<strong>da</strong> samuSao adgilebis Seqmna. proeqtis farglebSitreningebi utardebo<strong>da</strong>T mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>swarmomadgenlebs. treningebi moicav<strong>da</strong> iseT sakiTxebs,rogoricaa: <strong>biznesi</strong>s marTvis unarebi, sesxis aRebasTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli procedurebi, <strong>biznesi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>wyebisaTvissaWiro procedurebi <strong>da</strong> a.S. treningebi utardebo<strong>da</strong>aseve finansur institutebs,romelTac acnobdnen mcire<strong>da</strong> saSualo biznesTan urTierTobis specifikas <strong>da</strong> misi<strong>da</strong>kreditebis principebs [8, gv. 190].mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris programisfarglebSi Seiqmna 1196 samuSao adgili <strong>da</strong> 162 firma.biznes unarebSi treningebi Cautar<strong>da</strong> 4562 a<strong>da</strong>mians.rodesac bazari ver uzrunvelyofs mcire <strong>da</strong> sa-Sualo bizness saWiro teqnologiiTa <strong>da</strong> kapitaliT,safiqrebelia, rom adgili aqvs e.w. „bazris Cavardnas“.aseT SemTxvevaSi ki saWiroa saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>nracionaluri zemoqmedeba, mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>swaxalisebisTvis efeqtiani ekonomikuri politikis SemuSaveba<strong>da</strong> ganxorcieleba.Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli qveynebis umravlesobadid yuradRebas uTmobs mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>sganviTarebisTvis xelsayreli sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmnasa<strong>da</strong> mudmiv srulyofas. aSS-m jer kidev 1953 welsmiiRo „mcire <strong>biznesi</strong>s aqti“, samxreT koream 1966 welsmiiRo „kanoni mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s Sesaxeb“, 1963wels iaponiam SeimuSava „mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>skonstitucia“ <strong>da</strong> momdevno wlebSi miiRo uamravi kano-104

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>ni mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo firmebis mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad [12].aSS-Si saxelmwifo, kerZo safinanso institutsaZlevs sesxis nawilis <strong>da</strong>farvis garantias. kerZod,Tu mcire mewarmis aRebuli sesxi ar aRemateba 750aTas dolars, mewarmis ga<strong>da</strong>xdisuunarobs SemTxvevaSisaxelmwifo faravs kreditis 75%-s, xolo Tu krediti100 aTas dolars ar aRemateba, garantia 80%-ze gaicema[9].didi britaneTis mTavrobam SeimuSava 20 miliardianipaketi, romlis farglebSic saxelmwifo gamovi<strong>da</strong>garantoris rolSi bankebis winaSe mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo<strong>biznesi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>finansebisTvis. proeqtis farglebSi bankebimcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo bizness aZlev<strong>da</strong> sesxebs 1%-iTiafad. firmis gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo sakuTarTavze iReb<strong>da</strong> sesxis 75%-is <strong>da</strong>farvas. am proeqtisfarglebSi, romelic 2009 wels SeimuSava britaneTismTavrobam, 2009-2011 wlebSi 14 750-ma mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualofirmam miiRo sesxi 1.47 mlrd funtis odenobiT. aRsaniSnavia,rom am programaSi monawile firmebSi 38%-iT gaizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmeba [5, gv.27].<strong>da</strong>finansebis mopovebis Semdeg mcire mewarmisproblemaa arsebuli kapitalis racionalurad gamoyeneba.gamocdilebis ararsebobis <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva problemisgauTvaliswineblobis gamo aSS-Si yovelwliuradgakotrebuli firmebis 85% modis msb-ze. am problemisga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad muSaobs „aSS mcire <strong>biznesi</strong>s administracia,”romelic aSS–is kongresma 1953 wels <strong>da</strong>aarsa.mis xelmZRvanels niSnavs prezidenti <strong>da</strong> amtkicebssenati. mTel qveyanaSi arsebobs am organizaciis 1000-mde filiali, sa<strong>da</strong>c 50-mde saxis programa funqcionirebs.erT-erT mTavar saqmianobad iTvleba sainformaciomxar<strong>da</strong>Wera <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mzadeba. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva filialSimimdinareobs treningebi <strong>da</strong> konsultaciebi, romelicaerTianebs 10 000-ze met yofil <strong>da</strong> axlad<strong>da</strong>arsebul105

Tengiz TaqTaqiSvilifirmas. aseve, arsebobs individualuri midgomis konsultaciis<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis programebic.mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s ganviTarebis erT-erTmimarTulebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi miCneulia amfirmebis CarTuloba saxelmwifo SesyidvebSi. evrokav-Siris mier 2006-2008 wlebSi kerZo biznesTan <strong>da</strong>debulikontraqtebis jamurma Rirebulebam Seadgina 876 mlrdevro,sai<strong>da</strong>nac 34% modio<strong>da</strong> mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo biznesze.aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierT qveyanaSi es maCvenebeli iyoZalian maRali (magaliTad, 79% – bulgareTSi, 52% – saberZneTSi)[7, gv. 59].aSS-Si moqmedi „mcire <strong>biznesi</strong>s aqtiT“ gansaz-Rvrulia, rom yovelwliurad saxelmwifo Sesyidvebiskontraqtebis 25% un<strong>da</strong> modiodes mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo biznesze.amisaTvis, xSirad xdeba msxvili kontraqtebis<strong>da</strong>yofa mcire nawilebad <strong>da</strong> mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo firmebzega<strong>da</strong>nawileba.braziliis mecnierebisa <strong>da</strong> teqnologiis saministrosmier 2011 wli<strong>da</strong>n xorcieldeba programa„PROGEX“, romlis mizania <strong>da</strong>exmaros eqsportze orientirebulmcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo firmebs teqnologiuriresursebis gaumjobesebaSi. <strong>da</strong>xmareba xorcieldebaSemdegi mimarTulebebiT: saWiro teqnologiebis moZieba,teqnologiis miwodebis uzrunvelyofa, produqciismodifikacia bazris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad <strong>da</strong> a.S.proeqtis wliuri biujetia 7.8 mln evro <strong>da</strong> yovelwliurad100-ze meti firma iRebs <strong>da</strong>xmarebas [6, gv.40].zogierT qveyanaSi, Seqmnilia sakonsultacio centrebi<strong>da</strong> moqmedebs e.w. „cxeli xazi“, romelic emsaxurebamcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s warmomadgenlebs.magaliTad, indoeTSi Seqmnilia satelefono cxelixazi – U<strong>da</strong>yami Helpline, romelic muSaobs 24–saaTianireJimiT, kviraSi Svidi dRe. am centris <strong>da</strong>xmarebiTmcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT106

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>nebismier dros miiRon detaluri informacia maTTvissaintereso sakiTxze, romelic moicavs kreditze xelmisawvdomobas,teqnologias, marketings <strong>da</strong> a.S. [13].saqarTvelos mTavrobam ganaxorciela ramdenimeproeqti <strong>biznesi</strong>s mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia„iafi kreditis“ programa, romelic mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>2008-2009 wlebSi. am programis mizani iyo kerZoseqtoris uzrunvelyofa iafi kreditiT, arsebuli <strong>biznesi</strong>sganviTareba <strong>da</strong> axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna.sul „iafi kreditis“ farglebSi <strong>da</strong>finans<strong>da</strong> 130 proeqti,romelTa saerTo Rirebuleba iyo 65 mln lari.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom „iafi kreditis“ programamver gamoiRo sasurveli Sedegi, man ver uzrunvelyomniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>debiTi efeqtis moxdena mcire <strong>da</strong> sa-Sualo biznesze. Tu programis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi – 2008 welsgaica 62.4 mln lari, 2009 wels saxelmwifom am programisfarglebSi gasca mxolod 2.4 mln lari. es imdenadumniSvnelo Tanxaa, rom mas ar SeiZleba qono<strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovanigavlena saerTo mdgomareobaze.kidev erTma proeqtma, <strong>Tbilisi</strong>s meriis iniciativiT- ,,<strong>da</strong>iwye <strong>biznesi</strong> meriasTan erTad“, „iafi kreditis“programis msgavsad, mxolod mcire zegavlena moaxdinasaerTo mdgomareobaze. amitom, saWiroa ufro kompleqsuriprogramebis SemuSaveba, ufro meti finansebis mimarTvamcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>sken <strong>da</strong> maTi uzrunvelyofasaWiro treningebiTa <strong>da</strong> konsultaciebiT.aucilebelia mcire <strong>biznesi</strong>s uzrunvelyofa sainformaciobaziT. mcire <strong>biznesi</strong>s informaciuli uzrunvelyofismizniT saWiroa qveynis masStabiT <strong>da</strong>regionul doneze farTod ganviTardes mcire <strong>biznesi</strong>smxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri teqnikuri <strong>da</strong> sxva saxeobis informaciismimwodebeli struqturebi, formirebul iqnesmonacemTa bazebi. Sesabamis samsaxurebs un<strong>da</strong> SeeZloTmsurvelebs miawodon komerciuli, iuridiuli, statis-107

Tengiz TaqTaqiSvilitikuri informacia. agreTve,informaciebi investiciuriproeqtebis Sesaxeb, sawarmoTa registraciaze [1, gv.54].saqarTveloSi ar aris SemuSavebuli mcire <strong>da</strong>saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyobisstrategia <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, TiTqmis ar xorcieldeba mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeriprogramebi.saqarTveloSi arsebobs <strong>da</strong>rgebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mcire <strong>da</strong>saSualo bizness SeuZlia aiTvisos gamouyenebeli potenciali.es <strong>da</strong>rgebia soflis meurneoba <strong>da</strong> turizmi.amisaTvis, maT sWirdebaT finansur resursebze xelmisawvdomobisgamartiveba, informirebulobis donis amaRleba<strong>da</strong> saWiro treningebis Catareba.zemoTqmuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia Camoyalibdesramdenime rekomen<strong>da</strong>cia,romelTa ganxorcielebac,CveniazriT,xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi mcire <strong>da</strong>saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s masStabebisa <strong>da</strong> efeqtianobis zr<strong>da</strong>s:mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyobaaRiarebul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes ekonomikuri ganviTarebiserT-erT prioritetul mimarTulebad; saxelmwifo<strong>da</strong> kerZo seqtoris TanamSromlobis gziT xeli un<strong>da</strong>Seewyos inovaciuri <strong>biznesi</strong>deebis waxalisebas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>finansebas;maRalteqnologiur <strong>da</strong> codna intensiuri<strong>da</strong>rgebis mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo firmebis uzrunvelyofasaWiro finansebiTa <strong>da</strong> treningebiT; mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo<strong>biznesi</strong>sTvis jarimebis odenobis Semcireba; kerZoinvestorebisTvis saga<strong>da</strong>saxado SeRavaTebis <strong>da</strong>wesebamcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo biznesSi investiciebis ganxorcielebisSemTxvevaSi; kapitalis fondebis formirebasaxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> kerZo <strong>biznesi</strong>s monawileobiT, romelicorientirebuli iqneba mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>suzrunvelyofaze saWiro finansuri <strong>da</strong> konsaltingurimomsaxurebiT; mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s mxar<strong>da</strong>mWericentrebis Seqmna, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>interesebuli pirebimiiReben yvela saWiro informacias Sesabamisi kanon-108

mikro-makro<strong>ekonomika</strong>mdeblobis, sabanko sesxebis, <strong>da</strong>finansebis SesaZlo wyaroebis,saWiro teqnologiebis Sesaxeb. am centrebSimcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s warmomadgenlebs SeeZlebaTtreningebis gavla <strong>biznesi</strong>s marTvasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulsakiTxebSi.Small and Medium-sized Business in Georgia and the GovernmentSupportT. TaktakishviliThe article analyzes the current conditions for small and mediumsizedenterprises (SME) in Georgia as well as all over the world. Respectivefigures and different kinds of supportive government supportivepolicies are shown on the examples different countries indicating thehigh importance of SMEs for those countries.The main problem SMEs face is the lack of access to financialresources. The paper describes different ways of providing SMEs withfinancial resources and suggests that financial institutions play the mostimportant role in this regard. The gap that is left beyond financial institutionsmay be filled by “business angels” or venture capitalists. Internationalorganizations also make valuable contribution to developmentof SMEs. However, when private sector and international organizationsare not able to foster growth in SME sector and there is so called marketfailure, government takes initiatives and through creating funds, establishingsupport centers and developing different policies promotes developmentof small and medium-sized enterprises.gamoyenebuli literatura1. T. rostiaSvili, mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s mar-Tvis strategia, Tb., 2010;2. saqarTvelos ekonomikisa <strong>da</strong> mdgra-109

Tengiz TaqTaqiSvilidi ganviTarebis saministro, http://www.economy.ge/?category=4&lang=geo&dn=5413. saqarTvelos saga<strong>da</strong>saxado kodeqsi, Tavi XII, muxlebi84, 88, 90;4. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxurihttp://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/business/Press%20Release%202012%20III.pdf5. BIS ECONOMICS PAPER, SME Access to External Finance,NO. 16, JANUARY 2012;6. Erkko Autio, Mathias Kronlund, Anne Kovalainen, High-Growth SME Support Initiatives in Nine Countries: Analysis, Categorization,and Recommen<strong>da</strong>tions, January 2007;7. GPFI and IFC, SME Finance Policy Guide, October 2011;8. ORGANIZATION OF THE BLACK SEA ECONOMICCOOPERATION (BSEC) and KONRAD-ADENAUER-STIFTUNG(KAS), “Strategies of the Development of Entrepreneurship and theSME Sector in the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Region”, Istanbul,Turkey, 21-22 July, 2011;9. http://afba.ge/?p=17310. http://www.commersant.ge/npopup.php?nid=812711.http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/newsroom/cf/itemdetail.cfm?item_id=6232&lang=<strong>da</strong>12. http://www.globalsmes.org/news/index.php?func=detail&lan=en&detailid=945&catalog=0313. http://smallenterpriseindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=915%3Agovernment-support-for-smes-in-india&catid=82%3Afeatureone&Itemid=53110

finansuri <strong>ekonomika</strong>saqarTvelos saxelmwifobiujetis deficitisekonomikuri mniSvnelobisSefaseba <strong>da</strong> prognozirebaakaki gabelaiafizika-maTematikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-ism o w v e u l i a s o c i r e b u l i p r o f e s o r isaxelmwifo biujetis deficiti miekuTvneba qveynis umniSvnelovanesmaxasiaTelTa ricxs,romelsac udidesi gavlenaaqvs misi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan parametrebze.aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, misi sxva umniSvnelovanes ekonomikurmaCveneblebze gavlenis analizi <strong>da</strong> prognozuli SefasebebiZalze aqtualuria, gansakuTrebiT mimdinare etapze, roca qveyanaSiyalibdeba axali ekonomikuri politika. swored amsakiTxebs eZRvneba mocemuli statia.sanam uSualod saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis<strong>da</strong> masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli maCveneblebis analizzega<strong>da</strong>vidodeT, un<strong>da</strong> SevniSnoT, rom 2009 wlis 19 dekembersmiRebuli „saqarTvelos sabiujeto kodeqsi“-<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,Seicvala biujetis deficitis gaangariSebis meTodika, risSedega<strong>da</strong>c mox<strong>da</strong> am maCveneblis dinamikis ga<strong>da</strong>angariSeba.kerZod, sabiujeto kodeqsis mixedviT, saxelmwifo biujetisumniSvnelovanesi maCvenebelia „biujetis mTlianisaldo“, romlis <strong>da</strong>debiTi mniSvnelobac warmoadgens saxelmwifobiujetis proficits. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, cxadia, romsaxelmwifo biujetis deficitis sidide tolia uaryofiTiniSniT aRebuli saxelmwifo biujetis mTliani saldossididisa. ase rom, naSromis <strong>da</strong>saxelebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, qvemoTCven yuradRebas swored am maCvenebelze gavamaxvilebT.111

akaki gabelaiasaqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis deficitisa <strong>da</strong> masTan uSualod <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulimakroekonomikuri maCveneblebis dinamika 2002-2011 wlebSi [1]wlebisaxelmwifobiujetisdeficitimTlianiSigaproduqti(mln lar-Si)saxelmwifobiujetisdeficiti(%-Si mSpsTan)ekonomikurizrdis tempi(%-Si)saqarTvelossaxelmwifovali periodisbolosaTvis(mln lari)2002 137.0 7459.4 1.83 5.5 4 843.32003 76.5 8565.1 0.89 11.3 4 608.02004 -52.6 9950.6 -0.53 9.7 4 306.62005 -177.2 11620.9 -1.52 8.1 4 076.12006 -345.2 13789.9 -2.50 9.4 3 177.32007 -129.6 16993.8 -0.76 12.3 3 242.22008 361.7 19074.9 1.90 2.3 4 476.22009 1197.0 17986 6.65 -3.8 6113.92010 918.6 20743.4 4.43 8.5 6340.02011 293.9 24229.1 1.21 7.0 6682.6112

finansuri <strong>ekonomika</strong>Semdgomi analizisTvis moviyvanoT ase gansazRvrulisaxelmwifo biujetis deficitisa <strong>da</strong> masTan uSualod <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuliumniSvnelovanesi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebisdinamika 2002-2011 wlebisaTvis (ix. cxrili).<strong>da</strong>viwyoT saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis dinamikisanaliziT.rogorc cxrilis monacemebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans (ix. agreTve nax.1), 2002-2011 wlebi<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetiproficituli iyo 2004-2007 wlebSi, <strong>da</strong>narCenSi ki- deficituri.160012008004000-40002 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11saxelmwifo biujetis deficitinax. 1. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis deficitisdinamika 2002-2011 wlebSiamasTan, proficitis maqsimaluri sidide - 345.2 mlnlari, miRweuli iyo 2006 wels, xolo deficitis maqsimalurimniSvneloba, 1197.0 mln lari, <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> 2009 wels, risSemdegac saxezea misi klebis tendencia.113

akaki gabelaiasaxelmwifo biujetis deficitma mSp-s-Tan mimarTebiT(ix. agreTve nax. 2), Tavis minimalur mniSvnelobas _mSp-s 2.5 %-s, miaRwia 2006 wels, xolo maqsimaluri mni-Svneloba ki- mSp-s 6.65 %, <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> 2009 wels.86420-2-402 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11sax. biuj defic. proc. gdp-s mimarTnax. 2. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis deficitisdinamika mSp-sTan mimarTebiT -%-biT,2002-2011 wlebSirac Seexeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas qveynis umniSvnelovanes makroekonomikurmaCveneblebTan (am mizniT gamoviyeneT cnobilikompiuteruli paketi EViews-5) [2]. rogorc SesabamismagaangariSebebma gviCvena korelaciis koeficienti ekonomi-114

finansuri <strong>ekonomika</strong>kuri zrdis tempsa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo biujetis deficitissidides Soris -0,72-s tolia, e.i. (Cvens sinamdvileSi!)rac metia deficitis sidide miT naklebia ekonomikurizrdis tempi <strong>da</strong> es kavSiri zomieri statistikuri ZaliTxasiaTdeba (<strong>da</strong> sxvaTaSoris, rogorc Sesabamisma gaangari-Sebebma gviCvena, es korelacia araa yalbi!).maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, saqarTvelos ekonomikis pirobebSi, biujetisdeficiti sulac ar aris neitraluri ekonomikurizrdis mimarT, aramed maT Soris arsebobs garkveuli ukuproporciulikavSiri.es Zalze sainteresoa, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ekonomikurTeoriaSi es sakiTxi ase calsaxad ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetila<strong>da</strong>r iTvleba <strong>da</strong>, zogi cnobili specialistis azriT, biujetisdeficiti neitraluria ekonomikuri zrdis mimarT,e.i. ar axdens gavlenas masze (Tumca keinzianuri modelismixedviT, biujetis deficiti <strong>da</strong>debiT gavlenas un<strong>da</strong>axdendes ekonomikur zr<strong>da</strong>ze.)amasTan, am sakiTxis didi Teoriuli <strong>da</strong> praqtikulimniSvnelobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, Cven SevecdebiT cotaTi ufrometad CavuRrmavdeT mas <strong>da</strong> gavarkvioT am <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis„mimarTuleba“ Cvens SemTxvevaSi,e.i. gavarkvioT,Cvens sinamdvileSisaxelmwifo biujetis deficitis zr<strong>da</strong> moqmedebsekonomikuri zrdis Senelebaze, Tu piriqiT, ekonomikurizrdis Seneleba zrdis biujetis deficits?!am sakiTxSi garkvevis mizniT, gamoviyenoT <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si2003 wlis nobelis premiis laureatis, k. greinjeris [3],cnobili mizez-Sedegobriobis testi. am testis realizaciamocemul SemTxvevaSi (EViews-5-is bazaze) gvaZlevs:115

akaki gabelaiaPairwise Granger Causality TestsDate: 01/30/13 Time: 22:24Sample: 2002 2011Lags: 2Null Hypothesis: Obs F-Statistic ProbabilityEKZT does not Granger CauseSBD 8 0.31261 0.75280SBD does not Granger Cause EKZT 1.97933 0.28307miRebuli Sedegebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, saxelmwifo biujetisdeficits gaaCnia meti amsxneli Zala ekonomikuri zrdismimarT, vidre piriqiT, e.i. Cvens sinamdvileSi (empiriulimonacemebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare) saxelmwifo biujetis deficitisSemcirebas SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos ekonomikur zr<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> piriqiT.sxvaTaSoris, es savsebiT Seesabameba saqarTvelos finansTaministris n. xaduris gancxadebas imis Sesaxeb, rom “deficitiun<strong>da</strong> Semcirdes, qveyanam sakuTar xarjebze cxovrebaun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyos <strong>da</strong> <strong>ekonomika</strong> un<strong>da</strong> gajansaRdes”.rac Seexeba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas saxelmwifo biujetis deficitsa<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo valis sidides Soris, maT Soriskorelaciis koeficienti sakmaod maRalia (0,8-is toli), e,i,saxelmwifo deficitis zr<strong>da</strong> iwvevs saxelmwifo valis zr<strong>da</strong>s(e.i. am mimarTulebiT Cveni <strong>ekonomika</strong> originalurobiTar gamoirCeva!).zemoaRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, saxelmwifo biujetisdeficitis Semcireba SeiZleba iyos saqarTvelos ekonomikisgajansaRebis mniSvnelovani faqtori.ga<strong>da</strong>videT axla qveynis saxelmwifo biujetis deficitisprognozirebis problemis ganxilvaze. cxadia, rom esmaCvenebeli,Cveulebriv,qveyanaSi gatarebuli ekonomikuri po-116

finansuri <strong>ekonomika</strong>litikiT ganisazRvreba, magram miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, SesaZlebeliamisi prognozuli Sefasebebis povna uSualod misive dinamiki<strong>da</strong>ngamomdinare, anu wmin<strong>da</strong> statistikuri (e.w. pasiuri)prognozuli Sefasebebis povna.amisaTvis, winaswar, rogorc es Teoriulad aris rekomendebuli,SeviswavleT saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis SesabamisidroiTi mwkrivis stacionarulobis sakiTxi, cnobiliADF testis gamoyenebiT. uaryofiTi Sedegis miRebis SemdegmovaxdineT am mwkrivis e.w detrendizacia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vrwmundiTSedegad miRebuli mwkrivis stacionarulobaSi mniSvnelovnebis10%-is doneze.aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, agebuli iyo saanalizo maCveneblisdinamikis „mcocavi saSualosa <strong>da</strong> avtoregresiis modeli“(e.w. ARMA-s tipis modeli) [4], trenduli komponentis<strong>da</strong>matebiT, 2002-2011 wlebis monacemebis bazaze:SBD = 10.3755*@TREND + [AR(1)=0.2607,MA(1)=4.6535,INITMA=2003]sa<strong>da</strong>c @TREND,e.w. drois xelovnur trendul cvladsaRniSnavs, AR(1) -pirveli rigis avtoregresiul wevrs, xoloMA(1) ki _ pirveli rigis mcocavi saSualos sidides (rogorccnobilia, MA(1)=u t-1, sa<strong>da</strong>c u t-1mocemuli gantolebiscdomilebaa (naSTiTi wevria) wina periodisaTvis).rogorc Sesabamisi gaangariSebebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, modeli statistikuradsakmaod saimedoa. kerZod, misi determinaciiskoeficienti 0,97-is tolia, koeficientTa t-statistikebi, meorekoeficientis gar<strong>da</strong>, sakmaod kargia <strong>da</strong> a.S. mokled, modeli,prognozirebis TvalsazrisiT savsebiT <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebelia,Tumca, rogorc cnobilia, am tipis modelebis gamoyenebaprognozirebis mizniT rekomendebulia mxolod moklevadianperspeqtivaSi.rac Seexeba modelis sizustes, masze vizualur warmodgenasgvaZlevs nax. 3.117

akaki gabelaia160012008004002000-4001000-1002003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Residual Actual Fittednax. 3. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis deficitisARMA-s tipis modelis (trenduli komponentis <strong>da</strong>matebiT)cdomilebis grafikuli warmodgenavnaxoT, ras mogvcems saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetisdeficitis prognozireba miRebuli modelis bazaze,2012-2015 wlebisaTvis. amasTan, imis gamo, rom 2012 weli ukve<strong>da</strong>srulebulia, magram Cven jer kidev ara gvaqvs oficialuradgamoqveynebuli monacemi am wels deficitis moculobisSesaxeb, aRniSnuli wlis maCveneblis prognozi warmoadgensprognozs ukana ricxviT (e.w. ex post prognozs).aRniSnuli modeli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, EViews-5-is bazazemiRebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis deficitisprognozuli Sefasebebi 2012-2015 wlebisaTvis, Sesabamisad,tolia (mln lar-Si): 181.1, 188.0, 197.4, 207.6. amasTan, am maCveneblisdinamika, mis prognozul SefasebebTan erTad naCvenebianax. 4-ze.118

finansuri <strong>ekonomika</strong>rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, am modeli<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli prognozuliSefasebebi sakmarisad optimisturia, navaraudevia deficitisumniSvnelo tempebiT mateba. rac Seexeba am prognozis realurobas,rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es masaxiaTebeli CveulebrivganisazRvreba qveyanaSi gatarebuli ekonomikuri politikiT.160012008004000-40002 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15SBDFnax. 4. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis dinamika<strong>da</strong> ARMA-s tipis modelis (trenduli komponentis<strong>da</strong>matebiT) bazaze miRebuli prognozuli SefasebebiamasTan, un<strong>da</strong> SevniSnoT, rom 2012 wlis III kvartlismonacemebiT, 2012 wels saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetisdeficitma ukve miaRwia 316,7 mln lars, sai<strong>da</strong>nac gamomdinare,aseTi saSualo tempiT zrdisas, is SeiZleba aRmoCndes(4/3)*316,7=422,3 mln laris toli. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, rogorccnobilia,2013 wlis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis gegmurideficitis sidide 446.893 mln lars Seadgens. ase,rom zemoT moyvanili Cveni prognozuli Sefasebebi marTlacmetismetad optimisturad gamoiyureba. Tumca, vin icis, Tu119

akaki gabelaiaaxali mTavroba aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT imuSavebs, SeuZlebeliaraferia.Evaluation and Forecasting of Economic Significance of the<strong>State</strong> Budget Deficit of GeorgiaA. GabelaiaThe paper presents the analysis of interrelation of the state budgetdeficit of Georgia with the most important macroeconomic indicatorsof the country carried out using the EViews software. On the basis ofthis analysis, it becomes obvious that the state budget deficit has moreinfluence on the economic growth of the country than on the contrary. Inother words, reduction of the budget deficit can contribute to economicgrowth and vice versa.The problem of forecasting the state budget deficit is considered.In spite of the fact that this indicator is usually defined by the economicpolicy carried out in the country, possibilities of receiving look-aheadestimates of the state budget deficit based on its dynamics are shown.Namely, “moving average and autoregressive model” (so called ARMAtype model) of this indicator with addition of a trend component is designe<strong>da</strong>nd based on it forecasts for 2012-2015 are made.gamoyenebuli literatura1 saqarTvelos finansTa saministrosa <strong>da</strong> erovnuli bankismonacemebi;2 R. C. Hill, W.E. Griffiths, G.G. Judge. Using eviews for undergradueateeconometrics. Jon Wley & Sons, inc., 2001;3 C. W. J. Granger. Forecasting in Business and Economics. AcademicPress, Inc. 1980.4 V. Su. Economic Fluctuations and Forecasting. HarperCollins College.PubliShers. 1996.120

finansuri <strong>ekonomika</strong>sabanko ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobismaregulirebeli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis<strong>da</strong>nergvis TaviseburebebisaqarTelosa <strong>da</strong> sazRvargareTisqveynebSivaxtang Waraiaiv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is doqtorantifinansuri krizisi msoflioSi <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad,saqarTveloSic yvelaze metad sabanko seqtors Seexo.amaze metyvelebs: komerciuli bankebis sakredito potencialisSemcireba, va<strong>da</strong>ga<strong>da</strong>cilebuli kreditebis zr<strong>da</strong>,saprocento ganakveTebis mateba,mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo <strong>biznesi</strong>s<strong>da</strong>kreditebis Semcireba, sabalanso wlis zaraliT<strong>da</strong>sruleba <strong>da</strong> sxva [1]. amisi mizezi mravalia, Tumca, CveniazriT, umniSvnelovanesia aSS-is „ipoTekuri buStis“gaskdoma, rasac, Tavis mxriv, aSS-is sabanko sistemis mieripoTekuri bazris „ugunuri“ <strong>da</strong>krediteba <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>zRvevosistemis gaumarTaobis erToblioba uZRo<strong>da</strong>.marTalia, eqspertebi Tanxmdebian, rom msoflio finansurikrizisis gamomwvevi iyo aSS, magram am kriziszeadekvaturi pasuxis gacema ara mxolod amerikam, aramedmTelma msoflio sabanko seqtorma ver SeZlo. gamonaklisiarc im ganviTarebuli qveynebis sabanko sistemaa,romelic im droisaTvis sabanko regulirebis yvelazeTanamedrove (bazeli II) stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs icav<strong>da</strong>. am <strong>da</strong> sxvaproblemebis aRmosafxvrelad, 2010 wels, didi oceulisseulis samitze miRebul iqna bazelis komitetis mierSemuSavebuli rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciaTa axali paketi – bazeli III[2], romelic miznad isaxavs axali finansuri krizisebisaganTavis aridebas <strong>da</strong> mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTare-121

vaxtang WaraiabisaTvis xelis Sewyobas.bankebze <strong>da</strong>wesebuli gamkacrebuli regulireba,mar-Talia, ufro gaarTulebs banksa <strong>da</strong> msesxebels SorisurTierTobas, Tumca, minimumamde iqneba <strong>da</strong>yvanili riskebisSemcveloba (kapitalis gazrdis an riskSewoniliaqtivebis Semcirebis gziT), rac grZelvadian perspeqtivaSiufro mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, rogorc globaluri,aseve lokaluri WriliT. „bazeli III-is“ <strong>da</strong>nergvasTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli yvelaze didi problmebi, savaraudod,saerTaSoriso bankebs SeeqmnebaT, pirvel rigSi, saxsrebisukmarisobis gamo, rac aucilebelia gamkacrebulikapitalisa <strong>da</strong> likvidobis maCveneblebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad.”Financial Times-Si“ gamoqveynebuli statiis Tanaxmad,<strong>da</strong>savluri bankebi did imedgacruebas gamoxataven axalilikvidobis koeficientTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT (LCR), romelic,maTi azriT, ekonomikis <strong>da</strong>kreditebas zRu<strong>da</strong>vs [3], „JpMorgan“-is SefasebiT, 2010 wlis bolos, 28 gamokvleulievropuli banki ganicdi<strong>da</strong> 493 mlrd evros deficits ammoTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad [4]. ”McKinsey Analysis” Tanaxmadki, 2019 wlisaTvis evropul <strong>da</strong> amerikul bankebserobliobaSi 7 mlrd evroze meti kapitali <strong>da</strong>sWirdebaSesabamisi moTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad [5].rac Seexeba saqarTevloSi bazelis Tanamedroverekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis <strong>da</strong>nergvas, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es araubralod saqarTvelos eronuli bankis (SemdgomSi –seb) survilia, aramed Tanamedrove realobis gamoZaxilirogorc politikur, aseve moralur–zneobriv doneze.marTalia, SesaZlebelia sabanko sistemis gamarTulifunqcionireba bazeli II <strong>da</strong> III rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis implementaciisgareSec (Tu analogiur moTxovnebs lokaluricentraluri banki Tavad <strong>da</strong>aregulirebs), magram saqarTvelos,romelic iswrafvis <strong>da</strong>savluri sistemisaken, sxvagza ara aqvs, Tu ara igive stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis <strong>da</strong>nergva, rac<strong>da</strong>savleTSia aqtualuri. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, Tavad bankebs amiT122

finansuri <strong>ekonomika</strong>eZleva saSualeba <strong>da</strong>amyaron ufro axlo kontaqtebi maT<strong>da</strong>savlel partniorebTan, gaxdnen sandoebi saerTaSorisobazarze <strong>da</strong> gavidnen saqmianobis axal masStabebze.rac Seexeba am rekome<strong>da</strong>ciebis <strong>da</strong>nergvasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulproblemebs,am etapze is ufro teqnikuri xasiaTisaa<strong>da</strong> naklebad exeba kapitalis ukmarisobas,<strong>da</strong> mainc,samar-Tlianoba moiTxovs aRvniSnoT, rom seb-is mTavari mizani– sabanko sistemis stabiluri funqcionireba (bankebisdepozitarTa <strong>da</strong> sxva kreditorTa interesebis <strong>da</strong>cva sabankosistemaSi sistemuri riskebis minimumamde <strong>da</strong>yvanisgziT, agreTve, konkurentunarianobis principebisa <strong>da</strong> sebisinstituciuri interesebis <strong>da</strong>cva) [6], warmoudgeneliabazelis Tanamedrove rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis gareSe.bazeli III aris, “sabanko regulirebis Sesaxeb bazeliskomitetis” wevri qveynebis mier <strong>da</strong>dgenili globalurimaregulirebeli stan<strong>da</strong>rti sabanko riskmenejmentSi,kerZod: bankebSi kapitalis sakmarisobis, strestestirebisa<strong>da</strong> sabazro likvidobis Sesaxeb [7]. sabanko ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobisbazelis komitetis rekomen¬<strong>da</strong>¬ciebis mixedviT,sabanko saqmianobaze ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis mTavari mizaniyvela bankze mudmivi ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobiT mosalodnelisistemuri krizi¬sebis aRmofxvraa. agreTve riskebis mar-Tvis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovan mizans erTdrouladwarmoSobili didi moculobis zaralis Tavi<strong>da</strong>nacileba warmoadgens, raSic bazelis Tanamedrove rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebiZalze praqtikulia [8].stefan valteris Tanaxmad (bazelis komitetis yofiliufrosi), bazeli III <strong>da</strong>nergvis ZiriTadi faqtorebia[9, gv. 1-12]:sabanko krizisis negatiuri efeqtebi. sabankokriziss ZaluZs ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>Rmavlobis gamowveva,rac mSp–is 60%–s SeiZleba gautoldes, krizisis winaperiodTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. saqarTvelos realobaSi aseTmamasStaburma ukusvlam SesaZloa qveynis ekonomikisaTvissruli katastrofa <strong>da</strong> 90–iani wlebis maCvenebelze <strong>da</strong>b-123

vaxtang Waraiala <strong>da</strong>weva gamoiwvios. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSibolo finansuri krizisis <strong>da</strong>ZlevaSi (romelic globalurifinansuri krizisiT iyo gamowveuli) didia saerTa-Soriso organizaciebsa <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva partnior qveynebiswvlili. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia ruseT–saqarTvelosomisSemdgom donorTa $4.5 mrld <strong>da</strong>xmareba, ramac finansuribaliSis funqcia itvirTa saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis[10].sabanko krizisebis sixSire. 1985 wli<strong>da</strong>n moyolebulibazelis komitetis wevrqveynebSi <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulia30 sabanko krizisze meti (ixileT cxrili 1), rac udrissabanko krizisTan Sejaxebis 5%–ian albaTobas organizaciiswevri qveynisaTvis mocemul weliwadSi.sabanko krizisebis sixSire bazelis komitetiswevrqveynebSi 1985–2010 ww. [11]cxrili 1samarTliani iqneba 2013 iTqvas, 2014 2015 rom 2016zemoaRniSnuli2017 2018 2019I /RWA 3,5 4,0 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos sabanko sistemam/RWA - - 0,625 1,25 1,875 2,5 2,5<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis + mopovebis 3,5 Semdgom 4,0 4,5 ara 5,125Tu 5,75 2–36,375 krizisi 7,0ganvlo, rogorc es bazelis - komitetis - - 0,625wevri 1,25 qveynebis1,875 2,5umetesobaSi mox<strong>da</strong> (zogierT 8,0 8,0 qveyanas 8,0 8,0 ki saerTod 8,0 8,0 8,0ar+ 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,625 9,25 9,875 10,5ga<strong>da</strong>xdenia arc erTi ekonomikuri krizisi), aramed gacilebiTmeti (<strong>da</strong> aramarto ekonomikuri) <strong>da</strong> iyo periodi,rodesac qarTuli sabanko sistema 2011 2012 arc 2013 ki gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. 2014 2015 Sesabamisad,saqarTvelosTvis gamarTulad2015

finansuri <strong>ekonomika</strong>sabanko sistemas <strong>da</strong> misi stabiluroba sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaucileblobaa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvetia qveynis momavalimdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis, rameTu sabanko sistemaekonomikis mamoZravebelia <strong>da</strong> stabiluri ganviTarebisqvakuTxeds warmoadgens.bazeli III-is benefitebi. bazeli III-is pozitiuriefeqtebi mis <strong>da</strong>nergvasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul <strong>da</strong>naxarjebsTvalsaCinod aRemateba, radganac stabiluri sabankosistema nebismieri ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTarebisqvakuTxedia. saqarTvelosTvis ki, sa<strong>da</strong>c erovnuli bankismxri<strong>da</strong>n, marTalia, riskebis marTvis sakmaod maRalimoTxovnebia <strong>da</strong>wesebuli, araTu bazeli III-is, aramed jerbazeli II-is rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciaTa paketzec ara varT ga<strong>da</strong>suli.amitom rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciaTa drouli <strong>da</strong> xarisxiani implementaciasasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa.aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciaTa wina oripaketisagan gansxvavebiT (bazeli I <strong>da</strong> bazeli II), bazeliIII ukve aRar aris ubralod rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciaTa nusxa, Sesabamisad,erovnul bankebs eZlevaT sruli ufleba Sesabamisisanqciebi gaataron urCi bankebis winaaRmdeg.magaliTad, bankebs ar SeeZlebaT aqcionerebisTvis dividendebisga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>, bonusebisa <strong>da</strong> premiebis gamoyofaTavianTi mmarTvelebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> a.S. sanam ar <strong>da</strong>icavenbazelis moTxovnebTan a<strong>da</strong>ptirebuli erovnuli bankismoTxovnebs [12, gv. 3–52].rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciaTa <strong>da</strong>nergvis sirTuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,eqspertTa nawili varaudobs, rom bazeliskomitetis mier <strong>da</strong>dgenili oficialuri vadebi (ix.cxrili 2) zogierTi qveynebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n (aSS, indoeTi,ruseTi...) ga<strong>da</strong>weuli iqneba ufro Soreul momavalSi[13]. Tumca <strong>da</strong>narCenebi miiCneven, rom mZafri konkurencii<strong>da</strong>ngamomdinare,axali stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis minimalurvadeb Si <strong>da</strong> maRali xarisxiT <strong>da</strong>nergva sasicocxlomniSvnelobis iqneba maTi momdevno warmatebuli ganvi-TarebisaTvis. is mniSvnelovani iqneba, erTi mxriv, mareg-125

vaxtang Waraiaulirebeli organoebis moTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad,meore mxriv ki, adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> ucxoeli partniorebismosazi<strong>da</strong>d, რეინჰარდი agreTve, ლიივენსი sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva და adgilobriv რეინჰარდი და Tu ლიივენსი saerTa- დაქვეყანაქვეყანადა როგოფი ვალენსიაროგოფი ვალენსიაSoriso reitingebSi maCveneblebis gasaumjobeseblad,იაპონია 1992, 2008 1997, 2008 საუდ. არაბეთი –– –rac ბელგია mTlianobaSi 2008 maTi – warmatebis სამხრეთ აფრიკა garanti 1989 gaxdeba. –ბრაზილიაkapitalis1990, 1994SemadgenlobasTan1990, 1994 შვეიცარია<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli2008 2008minimalurimoTxovnebi <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>nergvis vadebi (% Sesa-კანადა – – თურქეთი 1991, 2000 2000ჩინეთი 1997 1998 ბრიტანეთი 1991, 1995, 2007 2007bamisi wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis) [14]გერმანია 2007 2007 ამერიკა 2007 1988, 2007ინდოეთი 1993 1993 რუსეთი 1995, 1998cxrili 19982იტალია 1990 – მექსიკა 1997 1994შემადგენლობა 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019I დონის საბაზო კაპიტალი/RWA 3,5 4,0 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5ბუფერული კაპიტალი/RWA - - 0,625 1,25 1,875 2,5 2,5სააქციო კაპიტალი + ბუფერი 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,125 5,75 6,375 7,0კონტრციკლური კაპიტალი - - - 0,625 1,25 1,875 2,5კაპიტალის საკმარისობის კოეფიციენტი 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0კაპიტალის საკმარისობა + ბუფერი 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,625 9,25 9,875 10,5mTlianobaSi, wina rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciaTa2011 2012 2013pakets2014ramdenime2015 2015 5.125 - 5.75 iqnes 0.625 - gamoyenebuli;1.25 80% 20%> 5.75 - 6.375kontrcikluri1.25 - 1.875buferis60%<strong>da</strong>nergvas,40%romelic> 6.375 - 7.0 1.875 - 2.5 40% 60%<strong>da</strong>matebiTi > 7.0 berketia 2.5 qveyanaSi 0% arastabiluri 60% ekonomikuriviTarebisgan Tavis <strong>da</strong>sacavad;kapitalis sakmarisobis maCveneblis <strong>da</strong>nergva (kapitalisa<strong>da</strong> aqtivebis Sefardeba, rezervebisa <strong>da</strong> morage-126

finansuri <strong>ekonomika</strong>bis maCveneblebis gareSe);<strong>da</strong>inergeba sakuTari <strong>da</strong> nasesxebi kapitalis Tanafardobis(leverijis) “ara riskSewonili” koeficienti,romelic bankebisTvis kidev erTi <strong>da</strong>mxmare berketi iqnebakrizisuli viTarebis dros;<strong>da</strong>inergeba axali grZelvadiani (1 wlamde) <strong>da</strong> moklevadiani(30 dRemde) likvidobis maCveneblebi.aRsaniSnavia, rom gansazRvrulia axali rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebisetapobrivi <strong>da</strong>nergva anu droSi moTxovnaTaetapobrivi implementacia (ix. cxrili 2) bankebis „umtkivneulo“ga<strong>da</strong>wyoba/ga<strong>da</strong>jgufebisaTvis.Tu Seva<strong>da</strong>rebT bazel III–s mis winamorbedTan, Sei-Zleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom mas moqmedebaTa ufro farTo bazagaaCnia, rogorc mikroprudenciuls (calkeuli bankebisriskebi): a) kapitalis bazis zr<strong>da</strong>; b) riskebis <strong>da</strong>farvasTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli moTxovnebis zr<strong>da</strong>; g) leverijis(sakuTari <strong>da</strong> nasesxebi kapitalis Sefardeba) <strong>da</strong>nergva;d) LCR <strong>da</strong> NSFR koeficientebis <strong>da</strong>nergva. aseve, makroprudenciuldoeze (mTlianad sabanko seqtoris riskebi):a) kapitalis kontrcikluri buferis SemoReba; b) kapitalisusafrTxoebis buferi; g) savalo valdebulebebiskoeficientis <strong>da</strong>nergva.seb-i aqtiurad cdilobs xeli Seuwyos bazeliIII-is mier gaTvaliswinebuli makro <strong>da</strong> mikro prudenciulinormebis <strong>da</strong>nergvas saqarTveloSi. seb-i aqtiuradnergavs axal politikas, romelic iyenebs mikroprudenciulmonacemebs makroekonomikuri politikisaTvis <strong>da</strong>gansazRvravs makroekonomikuri Sokebis qfeqts mikroprudenciulregulaciebze. kerZod, monaxazi, romelicgansazRvravs kontrcikluri buferis saWiroebas bazeliIII-is Tanaxmad, ukve amoqmedebulia. agreTve, <strong>da</strong>gegmiliaBSBC–s mier <strong>da</strong>dgenil vadebSi sistemurad mniSvnelovanibankebis identifikacia (G-SIBs finansuri institutebi,romelTa <strong>da</strong>cema, maTi masStabebi<strong>da</strong>n, sirTuli<strong>da</strong>n<strong>da</strong> sistemuri urTierTvakSiri<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,gamoiwvevs127

vaxtang Waraiafinansuri sistemisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri aqtivobis paralizebas)<strong>da</strong> is nawilobriv morgebuli iqneba saqarTvelosrealobaze (geografiuli, seqtoruli <strong>da</strong> sxv. niSniT),jerjerobiT kontrcikluri <strong>da</strong> sistemuri riskebis sawinaaRmdegobufers seb-i mxolod monitoringis mizniTgamoiyenebs.rac Seexeba makroprudenciul normebs, seb-is Tanaxmad,is gansazRvravs strestestirebebs ekonomikisSesaZleblobebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare. magaliTad, negatiuriSokis Semdgom saWiro iqneba ufro Serbilebuli <strong>da</strong> immomentze morgebuli strestestirebis Catareba. miRebuliinformacia gamoyenebuli iqneba sakredito riskebisqve<strong>da</strong>nayofebis mier, romelic Semdgom ganaxorcielebsmikro donis strestestirebas. SemdgomSi, miRebul informaciaze<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT bankis ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelebi ganaxorcielebenstrestestirebas sabanko portfelze <strong>da</strong> msesxeblebsmianiWeben Sesabamis reitingebs maTi riskebisa<strong>da</strong> elastikurobis mixedviT, romelic gamoiyeneba meoradkapitalSi axali CarCos farglebSi <strong>da</strong> SemoRebul iqneba<strong>da</strong>matebiTi moTxovnebi kapitalze naklebad streselastiuribankebisaTvis. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, bankebsmoeTxovebaT makro scenari<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare mikrodonisstrestestirebebis Catareba [15].axla ganvixiloT, Tu ra Sedegi eqneba sabanko ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobisbazelis komitetis Tanamedrove rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciaTapaketis <strong>da</strong>nergvas, Semdegi kategoriebis mixedviT:kapitalis xarisxis <strong>da</strong> odenobis zr<strong>da</strong>.pirveli donis (iyofa pirveli donis sabazo kapitalad<strong>da</strong> pirveli donis <strong>da</strong>matebiT kapitalad, romelicSedgeba iseTi instrumentebisagan, romelic banksaZlevs ga<strong>da</strong>xdebis srul diskreciasa, (risi ga<strong>da</strong>uxdelobaar un<strong>da</strong> iwvevdes defolts <strong>da</strong> zaralis <strong>da</strong>farvisaTvismisi srulad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas) <strong>da</strong> meoredonis kapitalis (salikvi<strong>da</strong>cio kapitali, romelmac128

finansuri <strong>ekonomika</strong>un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos zaralis <strong>da</strong>farva depozitarebamde<strong>da</strong> kreditorebamde misi likvi<strong>da</strong>ciisas an mniSvnelovanifinansuri sirTuleebis dros) mimarT gamkacrebulimoTxovnebis Sedegad rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciaTa avtorebi imedovnebenmovlenaTa mTeli jaWvis ganviTarebas: bankebismxri<strong>da</strong>n mosalodneli iqneba finansur resursebze meti<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, rac gamoiwvevs saWiro Tanxebis mozidvis/<strong>da</strong>farvisaucileblobas Cveulebrivi aqciebisa <strong>da</strong>arga<strong>da</strong>xdili dividendebis saSualebiT (gaizrdeba kapitalian Semcirdeba riskis mixedviT Sewonili kapitali),amis Sedegad ki miviRebT sabanko kapitals, romelicxarisxobrivad iqneba gajansaRebuli <strong>da</strong> nakleb riskebs<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli.“Morgan Stanley”-is cnobiT, kapitalizaciis sakmarisidonis <strong>da</strong> sxva miznebis misaRwevad momdevno wlebSi evropulibankebi 3 trln evromde Rirebulebis aqtivebsgaasxviseben, erTi mxriv, kapitalizaciis pirobebis <strong>da</strong>,meore mxriv, 2014 wlamde arauzrunvelyofili grZelvadianivaldebulebebis <strong>da</strong>safarad [16].eqspertTa azriT,Zlieri bankebi rac SeiZleba male<strong>da</strong>iwyeben Tavisi sabalanso angariSebis “gasufTavebas”<strong>da</strong> bazelis komitetis grZelvadiani Canafiqri miaRwevsTavis mizans. Tumca, “Barclays Capital”–is analitikosebismtkicebiT, am qmedebas didi uaryofiTi mxarec eqneba, racgamoixateba fasiani qaRaldebis bazris savaraudo SemcirebiT,radganac akrZaluli iqneba hibriduli fasianiqaRaldebis gamoyeneba pirveli donis kapitalSi.rac Seexeba saqarTvelos sabanko sistemas, am aspeqtiTerovnuli banki miiCnevs, rom misi moTxovnebiaxloa bazelis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebTan. ufro metic, saqarTveloSidRes moqmedi minimaluri kapitalis stan<strong>da</strong>rtebssafuZvlad swored bazelis komitetis mier SemuSavebulisistema udevs. arsebuli stan<strong>da</strong>rti gansazRvravspirveladi kapitalis riskis mixedviT Sewonil aqtivebsa<strong>da</strong> saze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelo kapitalis riskis mixedviT Sewonil129

vaxtang WaraiaaqtivebTan Tanafardobis minimalur moTxovnebs.savalo valdebulebebis Semcireba leverijiskoeficientis SemoRebis Sedegad.marTalia, leverijis koeficientis SemoRebis Sedegad(2013 wli<strong>da</strong>n mxolod monitoringi, 2018 wli<strong>da</strong>n ki– srulfasovnad) bankebis sagareo vali Semcirdeba, Tumca,eqspertTa azriT, es nabiji bankebisaTvis SeiZlebaiqces saprocento ganakveTebis zrdis stimulad, rasac,rogorc wesi, <strong>da</strong>kreditebis Semcireba mosdevs. ufrometic, gar<strong>da</strong> im moTxovnebisa, romelsac maregulirebeliuyenebs bankebs, SesaZloa maT Tavad moisurvon ufromaRali stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis <strong>da</strong>Wera, TavianTi reitingebisa <strong>da</strong>maCveneblebis gasaumjobeseblad. cxadia, es iZulebiTiqmedeba iqneba, romelic kreditebis gacemas ufro SezRu<strong>da</strong>vs,Tumca, meore mxriv, bankebi SeZleben riskebis ukeTesmarTvas <strong>da</strong> TavianT bizness ufro usafrTxos gaxdian.nasesxebi saxsrebsi ga<strong>da</strong>xdis vadebi 2010 w. dekembrismdgomareobiT [18]cxrili 32011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015 5.125 - 5.75 0.625 - 1.25 80% 20%masTan > 5.75 - 6.375 gamklaveba,miTumetes,rom 1.25 - 1.875 60% qarTul sabanko 40% sivrce-> 6.375 - 7.0 1.875 - 2.5 40% 60%Si axali masStaburi kapitalis Semodineba ar igegmeba,130> 7.0 2.5 0% 60%– 2.5%- 4.5% :0 - 2.5%85%I

finansuri <strong>ekonomika</strong>saerTaSoriso bazarze misi gaZvirebis gamo, ukve aRebulisesxebis 70% saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebsa<strong>da</strong> saTao kompaniebze modis, xolo <strong>da</strong>narCeni 30% – sxvakerZo wyaroebze.3) moklevadiani likvidobisa (LCR) <strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> stabilurifinansirebis koeficientebi (NSFR).saerTo mosazrebiT 2008 wlis finansuri krizisiara mxolod kapitalis ukmarisobaSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>,aramed – likvidobaSic. am problemis momavalSi aRmosafxvreladbazelis komiteti gvTavazobs or axalkoeficients LCR (amoqmeddeba 2015 wli<strong>da</strong>n) <strong>da</strong> NSFR (amoqmeddeba2018 wli<strong>da</strong>n):a) 30 dRiani LCR koeficienti saerTaSoriso bankebsaZlevs saSualebas <strong>da</strong>rwmundnen, rom maT gaaCniaT sakmarisimaRalxarisxiani moklevadiani likviduri aqtivebi,romelic gauZlebs strestestirebas momdevno 30 dRisaTvis.es koeficienti aiZulebs bankebs iqonion maRallikviduri, magram <strong>da</strong>balSemosavliani aqtivebis didimaragi Semdegi proporciulobiT:(maRallikviduri aqtivebis maragi)100% ≤ ≤(mTliani Tanxis gadineba momdevno30 kalen<strong>da</strong>ruli dRis ganmavlobaSi)seb-is cnobiT, bazeli III-is rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebTan ufro<strong>da</strong>saaxloeblad man bolo periodSi moklevadiani likvidobiskoeficienti (LCR) SemoiRo <strong>da</strong> momavalSi apirebs,rom gaxados is likvidobis ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis ZiriTadmaCveneblad qarTul bankebSi. Zalian mniSvnelovania,rombazeli II <strong>da</strong> bazeli III rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebze ga<strong>da</strong>svlamdeqarTuli bankebi ukve icnobdnen <strong>da</strong> gamoiyenebdnen ammaCvenebels, rac SemdgomSi u<strong>da</strong>vod gaaadvilebs bazelisrekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis implementacias saqarTveloSi [19].seb-ze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, qarTul bankebs sakmaod stabiluri<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>majerebeli poziciebi ukaviaT kapitalizaciisa<strong>da</strong> likvidobis mxrivac (saqarTvelos ekonomikuri131

vaxtang WaraiaSesaZleblobebis Sesabamisad), rac <strong>da</strong>kreditebis SemdgomizrdisaTvis Zalian xelsayrelia. Tumca, <strong>da</strong>kreditebisbumma SesaZloa rogorc <strong>da</strong>debiTi (saprocento ganakveTisSemcireba), aseve uaryofiTi (sakredito riskebis zr<strong>da</strong>)Sedegebi gamoiRos. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia bolodros Semcirebuli, magram mainc maRali dolarizaciisdone qveyanaSi. depozitebis dolarizaciis koeficientma2012 wlis pirveli ivnisisaTvis 62.23% Seadgina, e.i.3.0%-iT meti pirveli maisis mdgomareobasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.3%-iani zr<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos navTobisa <strong>da</strong> gazis korporaciismier gamoSvebuli evrobondebis realizacii<strong>da</strong>namonagebis depozitebze ganTavsebam gamoiwvia. ucxourivalutiT ganTavsebul depozitebSi dolaris wilma 80.2%,xolo evros wilma 17.3% Seadgena [20].b) NSFR koeficienti gamiznulia bankebis wasaxaliseblad,Tavisi saSualo <strong>da</strong> grZelvadiani operaciebisstabiluri <strong>da</strong>safinansebis mosazi<strong>da</strong>d, agreTve moklevadian<strong>da</strong>finansebaze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis Sesamcireblad. isgamoiTvleba Semdegi formuliT:100% ≤(finansirebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi Tanxa)(finansirebisaTvis saWiro Tanxa)amasTan mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoT, rom NSFRkoeficientis gaTvlisas Sewonili faqtori Seadgens: 1)0% <strong>da</strong> 5%–s naRdi fulisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo obligaciebisaTvis;2) 65% ipoTekuri sesxebisaTvis; 3) 85% sacalokreditebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> 4) 100% sxva saxis aqtivebisaTvis.am ori koeficientis SemoRebiT bazelis komitetiimedovnebs moTxovnis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas moklevadiani<strong>da</strong>ngrZelvadiani <strong>da</strong>finansebisaken (sabanko sistemisaTvis),magram is agreTve gamoiwvevs sabanko seqtoris aqciebismimarT investorTa interesis Semcirebas, dividendebismosalodneli Semcirebis gamo.132

finansuri <strong>ekonomika</strong>kontrcikluri <strong>da</strong> kapitalis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi buferisgaCena.ekonomikuri ganviTarebis rogorc stabilur, asevearastabolur viTarebebSi bankebis mdgradobis <strong>da</strong> likvidobisgasaumjobeseblad, sxva <strong>da</strong>narCen RonisZiebebTanerTad, regulatorebi moiTxovs kapitalis <strong>da</strong>matebiTbuferis Seqmnas. mis <strong>da</strong>muSavebamde (ix. cxrili 4) bankebsaekrZalebaT: dividendebisa <strong>da</strong> bonusebis gacema <strong>da</strong> sxv.I დონის საბაზოკაპიტალი (%)sabufero kapitalis konservacia. [21, gv. 10-13]cxrili 4შესაბამისიბუფერი (%)კაპიტალის მინიმალურირეზერვი (ბანკის მოგებიდანმიღებული % ბუფერისშესავსებად)მოგებიდან მიღებული% დისკრეციულიგანაწილებისათვის4.5 - 5.125 0 - 0.625 60% 0%> 5.125 - 5.75 0.625 - 1.25 80% 20%> 5.75 - 6.375 1.25 - 1.875 60% 40%> 6.375 - 7.0 1.875 - 2.5 40% 60%> 7.0 2.5 0% 60%<strong>da</strong>matebiT, finansurma krizisma gamoavlina, rom <strong>da</strong>nakargebisabanko seqtorSi SeiZleba gansakuTrebulad- 4.5% :maRali iyos,rodesac <strong>da</strong>cemas win uZRvis sakredito bumi.– 2.5%Iadvilad misawvdomi krediti xels 85% uwyobs kreditebis0 - 2.5%<strong>da</strong>grovebas <strong>da</strong> fasebis zr<strong>da</strong>s, rasac, Tavis mxriv, xSirad– 1.5%mivyavarT e.w. “aqtivebis buStamde”. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, buStis– 2% 15% IIgaskdomisas fasebi <strong>da</strong>iwyebs klebas, magram kreditebi(rogorc sacalo aseve bankTaSorisi) ukve rTulad xelmisawvdomigaxdeba. kreditebze 2011 . xelmisawvdomobis 2010 . 2009 momdevnoSezRudva gamoiwvevs aqtivebze fasebis <strong>da</strong>cemas.392.6288 168 292.84<strong>da</strong> yvelafer amas Sedegad . SesaZlebelia mohyves 109.10 TviTdefoltic [22].97.53 75.65 90.15am bneli jaWvisagan Tavis <strong>da</strong>saRwevad bazelis68.79komiteti gvTavazobs kontrciklur 41.17 bufers, 30.50 romelic40.65meore <strong>da</strong>matebiTi buferi iqneba 55.64 <strong>da</strong> kreditebis 49.22 gacemis28.30BTA 32.09 40.46 22.74zrdis periodSi Seivseba. faqtobriv is sakredito bumismamuxruWebeli Zala iqneba, romelicTBC 22.52amavdroulad28.5 26.6 34.7VTB 16.82 24.17 17.8916.22 17.33 17.4814.5 15.1 17.09HSBC * * 16.1622.22 26.85 15.17133

vaxtang Waraiabankebs amosunTqvis saSualebas miscems <strong>da</strong>Rmavlobis periodSi.<strong>da</strong>kreditebis tempebis cvalebadobasTan erTadkontrcikluri buferis cvlilebac iqneba SesaZlebeli0%–<strong>da</strong>n 2.5%. e.i. pirveli <strong>da</strong> meore donis kapitalis saer-To moculobam SeiZleba pikSi 13%–sac miaRwios [23) (ix.cxrili 5].moTxovnebi pirveli <strong>da</strong> meore donis kapitalze +buferi [24]cxrili 5პირველი დონის საბაზო კაპიტალი - 4.5% :კონსერვაციის ბუფერი – 2.5%კონტრციკლური ბუფერი 0 - 2.5%პირველი დონის დამატებითი კაპიტალი – 1.5%85%Iდონის კაპიტალიმეორე დონის საბაზო კაპიტალი – 2% 15% II დონის კაპიტალი2011 . 2010 . 2009 .faqtia, ukanaskneli msoflio safinanso krizisis392.62Semdeg, msoflio <strong>ekonomika</strong> <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT sabanko seqtorigamojamrTelebis . gzas adgas, maT Soris saqarT-109.1088 168 292.84veloSic, sa<strong>da</strong>c orwliani 97.53 (2008–2009ww.) 75.65 <strong>da</strong>Rmavlobis90.15Semdgom 2009 wlis bolo kvartalSi sabanko seqtorma68.79SeZlo kvlav mogebaze gasvla: 41.17 2011 wels 30.50 2010 welTan40.6555.64 49.22 28.30Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT wmin<strong>da</strong> sabanko mogebam gaorkecebul niSnulsBTA 32.09 40.46 22.74miaRwia (2010 w, – 156 mln lari; 2011 w. – 323 mln lari),TBC 22.52magram 2012 wels Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 134 mln lari Seadgina.28.5 26.6 34.7Zveli Secdomebis aRmosafxvrelad sabanko regulirebissferoSi, saWiroa axali stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong>VTB 16.82 24.17 17.8916.22 17.33 17.48<strong>da</strong>nergva, sabanko risk–menejmentis14.5ufro15.1maRal doneze17.09ayvana, HSBC gansakuTrebiT ki sakredito * riskis * marTvis 16.16 me-Todebia <strong>da</strong>saxvewi [25, gv. 285]. 22.22 26.85 15.17rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 14.14seb-i aqtiurad 9.36 cdilobs12.96bazelis Tanamedrove rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis 14 droul 15 implementacias,14.22( )bazelis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebSi26.71gawerili39.52grafikis12.38Tanaxmad.seb–sa <strong>da</strong> komerciul bankebs Soris dialogi am134

finansuri <strong>ekonomika</strong>sakiTxze kiTxva-pasuxis reJimiT mimdinareobs, raTa minimumamdeSemcirdes Tanmdevi gaugebrobebi orive mxri<strong>da</strong>n.Financial Сtability Institute-is 2012 wlis kvlevis Tanaxmad,pirvel etapze igegmeba „pilar I-is“ stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli midgomis<strong>da</strong> „pilar II–is“ e.w. „advanced” meTodis <strong>da</strong>nergva,rac seb–s saqarTvelos sabanko sistemaze morgebuli rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebisimplementirebis saSualebas miscems. racSeexeba qarTuli bankebis pirveli ICAAP (Sinagan kapitalisadekvaturobis Sefasebis procesi) wardgenas, maTis seb–s un<strong>da</strong> miawodon araugvianes 31.12.2012–sa, „pilar II–is“ moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, xolo „pilar III–is“ moTxovnebisSesruleba transparentulobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT– 01.07.2013–mde.aRsaniSnavia, rom seb-is moTxovnebi rig sakiTxSibazelis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebze metad konservatiulia. mag.:seb–is moTxovnebi pirveli donis kapitalTan riskiTSewonili aqtivebisaTvis bazelisas aRemateba <strong>da</strong> 7–isnacvlad 8%–s Seadgens (bazeli II – 4%); mTlianobaSisaze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelo kapitali ki bazeli III–is 8%–is nacvlad12%–s Seadgens; rac Seexeba likvidobis koeficients(LCR), seb–is moTxovnebi bazelTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT aranaklebkonservatiulia.magram, seb-is “komerciuli bankebis kapitalisadekvaturobis moTxovnebis Sesaxeb debuleba”-sa [26]<strong>da</strong> bazeli II–sa <strong>da</strong> bazeli III–is moTxovnebs Soris arisramdenime sxvaobac, kerZod:pirveli. seb-i moiTxovs, pirveli donis kapitalSiCarTuli iyos: a) Cveulebrivi aqciebi; b) <strong>da</strong>matebiTi saxsrebi,romlebic warmoiqmneba ZiriTadi pirveladi kapitalisinstrumentebis emisiiT; g) akumulirebuli sxvasruli Semosavali <strong>da</strong> sxva rezervebi; d) gaunawilebelimogeba (zarali). es maSin roca, bazelis III-is moTxovnebiiTvaliswinebs mxolod Cveulebrivi aqciebisa <strong>da</strong> gaunawilebelimogebis CarTvas.135

vaxtang Waraiameore. meore donis kapitalSi seb-is <strong>da</strong> bazelismoTxovnebi Tavsebadia, Tumca arasruli. seb–is Tanaxmad,meoradi kapitali aris saze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelo kapitalis<strong>da</strong>matebiTi wyaro <strong>da</strong> udris meoradi kapitalis elementebisjams gamoklebuli meoradi kapitalis saze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelokoreqtirebebi: a) instrumentebi, romlebic akmayofilebsmeoradi kapitalis kriteriumebs <strong>da</strong> ar arispirveladi kapitalis nawili; b) meorad kapitalSi Semavaliinstrumentebis emisiiT miRebuli <strong>da</strong>matebiTi saxsrebi;g) saerTo rezervebi, sakredito riskis mixedviTSewonili riskis poziciebis maqsimum 1.25%–is odenobiT.amas emateba bazelis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebSi gaTvaliswinebuliSemdegi moTxovnebi: a) saaqcio premia (aqciebis fasiszrdiT gamowveuli namati); b) konsolidirebuli Svilobilikompaniebis mier gamoSvebuli calkeuli instrumenti(mag. monoritaruli interesi), romelic gamoiyenebamesame pirebis mier <strong>da</strong> rac akmayofilebs meoradi kapitaliskriteriumebs <strong>da</strong> g) Sinagan reitingebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulibankebisaTvis (Internal Ratings Based Banks) xelmisawvdomisaxsrebis namati (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) mTlianmosalodnel <strong>da</strong>nakargebTan izRudeba riskSewonili aqtivebis0.6%–iT.mesame. seb-is moTxovnis Tanaxmad pirveladi kapitaliun<strong>da</strong> Seadgendes saze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelo kapitalis aranakleb50%-s,xolo bazeli III-is Tanaxmad ki, pirveli doniskapitalis Tanafardoba meore donis kapitalTan un<strong>da</strong>iyos 75%/25%–ze.meoTxe. saqarTvelos sabanko sistemaSi jer ar arsebobsNSFR koeficentis Sesabamisi moTxovna, romelicgaTvaliswinebulia bazeli III-is rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebSi.agreTve, aRsaniSnavia, rom bazelis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebSi calkepunqtad aris gamoyofili <strong>da</strong>matebiT ori kapitalisbuferi: savaldebulo konservaciis buferi (2.5%-is ode-136

finansuri <strong>ekonomika</strong>nobiT) <strong>da</strong> diskreciuli kontrcikluri buferi, romelicerovnul banks aZlevs saSualebas moiTxovos <strong>da</strong>matebiT2.5%-mde kapitali <strong>da</strong>kreditebis maRali zrdis periodSi.aRniSnuli buferebi seb-is mier jer ar <strong>da</strong>nergila.mTlianobaSi gamodis, rom bazelis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebiTSesaZloa bankze <strong>da</strong>wesebulma moTxovnebma riskiTSewonili aqtivebis 13%–s miaRwios (gansakuTrebuilekonomikuri movlenebis dros), maSin rodesac seb-ismoTxovnebiT is 12%-s ar aRemateba.sainteresoa, ra mdgomareoba gaaCnia qarTul bankebskapitalis sakmarisobis kuTxiT. rogorc cxrili 6–<strong>da</strong>nCans qarTul bankebs araTu kapitalis adekvaturobisproblema <strong>da</strong> misi nakleboba aqvT, aramed mis siWarbesacki ganicdian <strong>da</strong>savleli kolegebisagan gansxvavebiT,romlebic gakotrebis <strong>da</strong> gaerTianebis safrTxis winaSedganan axali stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis gamo. bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSimxolod erTxel <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> SemTxveva, rodesac2010 wels korstan<strong>da</strong>rtbankma ver Seasrula erovnulibankis mier <strong>da</strong>wesebuli minimumi 12%–is odenobiT <strong>da</strong>misi kapitalis adekvaturoba mxolod 9.36%–s Seadgen<strong>da</strong>.sxva <strong>da</strong>narCen SemTxvevaSi qarTul bankebs, rogorc ukveaRvniSneT, am tipis problema ar SeqmniaT, ziraaT bankski aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 2009 wels sulac 392.62% hqon<strong>da</strong>,savaldebulo 12% fonze.kapitalis xarisxis <strong>da</strong> odenobis axali stan<strong>da</strong>rtebisparalelurad, bazeli III gulisxmobs cvilebebssavaWro portfelis (Trading Book) struqturaSic, Tumca,qarTul bankebSi misi praqtikulad uqonlobis gamo,is CvenTvis aqtualuri ar aris. aseve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos,rom amave regulaciis „pilar III–Si“ gaTvaliswinebulimoTxovnebi gamWvirvaleobis kuTxiT, saqarTveloSi ukvesruldeba <strong>da</strong> seb–is gancxadebiT misi momdevno <strong>da</strong>xvewacproblemas ar Seqmnis.137

vaxtang Waraiakapitalis adekvaturobis koeficienti (%) qarTulbankebSi. [27]cxrili 6.ბანკის დასახელება 2011 წ. 2010 წ. 2009 წ.ზირაათ ბანკი ვერ მოვიპოვეთ ვერ მოვიპოვეთ 392.62ხალიკ ბანკი 88 168 292.84კავკასიის განვითარების ბანკის ფილ. ვერ მოვიპოვეთ ვერ მოვიპოვეთ 109.10პროგრესბანკი 97.53 75.65 90.15ინვესტბანკი ვერ მოვიპოვეთ ვერ მოვიპოვეთ 68.79აზერბაიჯანის საერთაშორისო ბანკი 41.17 30.50 40.65ბანკი ქართუ 55.64 49.22 28.30BTA ბანკი 32.09 40.46 22.74TBC ბანკი ვერ მოვიპოვეთ ვერ მოვიპოვეთ 22.52საქართველოს ბანკი 28.5 26.6 34.7VTB ბანკი 16.82 24.17 17.89პროკრედიტ ბანკი 16.22 17.33 17.48ბაზისბანკი 14.5 15.1 17.09HSBC ბანკი * * 16.16ბანკი რესპუბლიკა 22.22 26.85 15.17კორსტანდარტბანკი 14.14 9.36 12.96ბანკი კონსტანტა 14 15 14.22(ტაო)პრივატბანკი 26.71 39.52 12.38ლიბერთი ბანკი არ აქვეყნებს არ აქვეყნებს არ აქვეყნებსamave dros aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, romyvelaze meti sirTule, rogorc amas saerTaSorisogamocdileba mowmobs, mosalodnelia pilar II–Si (saze<strong>da</strong>mxedveloganxilvis procesi), miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad bazelis <strong>da</strong>narCenpilarebTan pilar II–is dokumentaciis simcirisa.amitom erovnuli banki aqtiurad muSaobs am sakiTxismosagvareblad <strong>da</strong> Tvlis, rom misi adekvaturi ganxorcielebaqarTul sabanko sivrces stabilurobis axaldoneze ga<strong>da</strong>iyvans, rac riskebis prevenciasa <strong>da</strong> marTvasmniSvnelovnad gaaadvilebs.yovelive aRniSnul procesSi gasaTvaliswinebeliasabanko ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis axali stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis <strong>da</strong>nergvas-138

finansuri <strong>ekonomika</strong>Tan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli saerTaSoriso gamowvevebi. 2009 wels,londonis didi oceulis Sexvedraze germania <strong>da</strong> safrangeTienergiulad asabuTebdnen axali maregulirebelistan<strong>da</strong>rtebis SemoRebis aucileblobas. maT swam<strong>da</strong>T,rom maTi kuTvnili bankebi, kapitalis kuTxiT, aSS-isbankebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, ufro karg mdgomareobaSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> miiCnevdnen, rom gamkacrebuli wesebi frangul<strong>da</strong> germanul bankebs globalur upiratesobas mianiSeb<strong>da</strong>.Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac evropaSi krizisma frTebigaSala, aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom safrangeTis <strong>da</strong> germaniis bankebi„toqsikur“ aqtivebSi iZirebodnen. amitom, safrangeTis<strong>da</strong> germaniis warmomadgenlebs (ruseTTan, aSS–sa <strong>da</strong> sxvaqveynebTan erTad) ukve aRar surT wesebis gamkacreba,rogorc minimum im vadebSi, romelic ukve SemuSavebuliabazelis komitetis mier.kapitalisa <strong>da</strong> likvidobis maCveneblebis gasamyarebladsaWiro saxsrebis savaraudo odenoba amerikisa <strong>da</strong>ervopisaTvis 2019 wlamde [28].rac Seexeba amerikul sabanko seqtors, is evropul-Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcirea <strong>da</strong> kapitalze moTxovnac Sesabam-139

vaxtang Waraiaisad naklebi eqneba. kerZod: pirveli donis kapitalze,moklevadian <strong>da</strong> grZelvadian likvidobaze – €870 mlrd(€600 mlrd) €800 mlrd (€570 mlrd),€3.2 trln (€2.2 trln)Sesabamisad (ix. grafiki).mTliani mosazidi kapitalis odenoba pirveladikapitalis Sesavsebad, mTliani evropuli <strong>da</strong> amerikulipirveli donis kapitalis 60%-s Seadgens, xolo moklevadianilikvidobis saWiroebis <strong>da</strong>safaravi saxsrebiutoldeba dRevandeli analogiuri maCveneblis 50%-s.amasTan, xazi un<strong>da</strong> gavusvaT im faqts, rom aseTma mkacrmamoTxovnebma SesaZloa mZime gavlena iqonios mTlianadsabanko seqtorsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ekonomika</strong>ze: gaaZviros kreditebi,Seamciros sadepozito ganakveTebi, gazardos umuSevroba<strong>da</strong> a.S. eqspertTa varaudiT, agreTve, Semcirdeba rogorcbankebis raodenoba, aseve maTi Semosavlebic.<strong>da</strong>bolos, <strong>da</strong>skvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rommsoflio finansuri krizisi mTel msoflioSi, <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad,saqarTveloSic yvelaze metad sabanko seqtorsSeexo. am movlenasTan gasamklaveblad sabankoze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis bazelis komitetma SeumuSava sabankoregulirebis specialuri rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi - bazel IIIissaxelwodebiT. misi ZiriTadi mizania axali sabankokrizisebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba, rasac is bankebisadmi gamkacrebulimoTxovnebiT cdilobs miaRwios.rac Seexeba saqarTevloSi bazelis Tanamedrove rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis<strong>da</strong>nergvas, es ara ubralod seb-is survilia,aramed Tanamedrove realobis gamoZaxili, romelsacseb-i gamoexmaura <strong>da</strong> cdilobs <strong>da</strong>nergos saqarTveloSi.rogorc nebismier novacias, bazelis mesame rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciaTapaketsac gaaCnia Tavisi <strong>da</strong>debiTi <strong>da</strong> uaryifiTimxareebi, magram mTlianobaSi qveynis ekonomikisa <strong>da</strong> sabankoseqtoris gaZlierebisaTvis, misi <strong>da</strong>nergva sasicocxloaucileblobaa, maT Soris saqarTveloSic.140

finansuri <strong>ekonomika</strong>PEculiarities of Introducing Regulatory Stan<strong>da</strong>rds for BankingSupervision in Georgia and in Foreign CountriesV. CharaiaThe last financial crisis was caused by many factors, but the mainreasons were the following: dramatic change in the ability to create newlines of credit, which dried up the flow of money and slowed new economicgrowth and the buying and selling of assets. As a result global financialcrisis of 2008 year has hurt millions of individuals, businesses, andfinancial institutions all over the world and also in Georgia. To prevent futurecrisises Basel Commission on Banking Supervison has invented newscheme of recommen<strong>da</strong>tions called Basel III, which is very conservativeand may cause some significant problems for the western banks.What concerns the process of Basel III recommen<strong>da</strong>tions implmentaionin to the Georgian banking system, we could say that it willbe usefull and will not cause any significant problems for the Georgianbanks. Moreover, almost all Georgian banks do satisfy the main criteriasfor Basell III recommen<strong>da</strong>tions right now, but the future strengthening ofGeorgian banking system vitally requaries its implementation.gamoyenebuli literatura1. narmania d.,geTia S., saqarTvelos sabanko sistemismdgomareoba..., CIESR, Tb., 2009 w;2. Moorad Choudhry, An Introduction to Banking: Liquidity Riskand Asset-Liability..., Wiley, 2011;3. Regulators poised to soften new bank rules, Finacial Times, September5, 2011;4. Results of the comprehensive quantitative impact study, BIS, December2010;5. „Basel III and European banking: Its impact, how banks mightrespond....“, McKinsey Analysis 2011;6. seb-is miznebi http://nbg.ge/index.php?m=327;7. BCBS, September 2010. http://www.bis.org/press/p100912.pdf141

vaxtang Waraia8. l. RuduSauri. sabanko <strong>da</strong> sakredito organizaciebis reinJineringi,<strong>Tbilisi</strong>, 2012;9. Basel III: Stronger Banks and a More Resilient Financial System,April 2011, pp. 1-12;10. BBC, Donors pledge $4.5bn to Georgia, 22 October 2008, UK;11. BCBS, September 2010. http://www.bis.org/press/p100912.pdf.,12. P. Chabanel, Basel III Regulatory Up<strong>da</strong>te, Moody’s Analytics2012;13. A. Goyal, Banks, Policy and Risks, ICRIER 2012. - www.icrier.org/pdf/Policy-Series-No-12.pdf14. BCBS, September 2010. http://www.bis.org/bcbs/index.htm15. Stefan Walter, 2011;16. ECB, BNR, 2011 year;17. Georgia and the IMF, Georgia: Letter of Intent, Memorandum ofEconomic…, 2012 year;18. saqarTvelos sagareo vali. http://24saati.ge/index.php/category/business/2012-04-03/2735619. seb-is wluri angariSi - 2012 w;20. seb-is wluri angariSi - 2010 w;21. Georgia and the IMF, Memorandum of Economic and FinancialPolicies... 2012;22. seb, http://www.nbg.gov.ge/index.php?m = 339&n&-newsid=188823. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision 2011. http://www.bis.org/bcbs/index.htm24. Walter W. Eubanks, 2010;25. John C. Hull, Risk Management and Financial Institutions, JohnWiley & Sons Ltd 2012;26. seb www.nbg.gov.ge/uploads/.../nbg1.4.5.1capital-adequacygeo.pdf27. seb wliuri angariSebi 2009 – 2011 ww;28. „Basel III and European banking: Its impact, how banks mightrespond, and the challenges of implementation.“ McKinsey Analysis 2011.142

uRaltruli aRricxva. auditisawarmoTa aqtivebis gaufasurebisregulirebamarina maisuraZeiv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-isasocirebuli profesorisawarmos aqtivebis, rogorc finansuri angariSgebiserT-erTi elementis aRiareba <strong>da</strong> aRniSnul angariSgebaSiasaxva xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosalodnelia amaqtivis gamoyenebiT momavali ekonomikuri sargeblismiReba <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebelia misi saimedod Sefaseba. zogjer,SesaZlebelia, aqtivebis gamoyenebisa <strong>da</strong> Senaxvis <strong>da</strong>naxarjebmaga<strong>da</strong>aWarbos misgan misaReb ekonomikur sargebels.aseT SemTxvevaSi, sawarmo mudmivad akontrolebsaqtivebis SesaZlo gaufasurebas, ris Sedegsac asaxavsfinansur angariSgebaSi.aqtivebis gaufasurebis sakiTxebs aregulirebsbass 36 _ ,,aqtivebis gaufasureba”. es stan<strong>da</strong>rti exebasawarmos yvela aqtivs, gar<strong>da</strong>: sasaqonlo-materialurifaseulobebis, samSeneblo kontraqtebis Sedegad miRebuliaqtivebis, ga<strong>da</strong>vadebuli saga<strong>da</strong>saxado aqtivebis,<strong>da</strong>qiravebul momuSaveTa <strong>da</strong>xmarebebis Sedegad miRebuliaqtivebis, realuri RirebulebiT Sefasebuli sainvesticioqonebis, sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobasTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli im biologiuri aqtivebis (romelTa Sefasebacxdeba gayidvis xarjebiT Semcirebuli realuriRirebulebiT), gasayi<strong>da</strong>d gamiznulad klasificirebuligrZelvadiani aqtivebisa, romelTa aRricxva regulirdebabass-iT [1, gv. 320].143

marina maisuraZefass-is Tanaxmad, aqtivis gamoyenebiT momavalSimisaRebi ekonomikuri sargebeli yovelTvis un<strong>da</strong> aWarbebdesmis sabalanso Rirebulebas, rac is Tanxaa, romliTacaqtivi aRiarebulia <strong>da</strong>grovili cveTis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>groviligaufasurebis zaralis Tanxis gamoklebiT.yoveli angariSgebiTi periodis bolos, sawarmomun<strong>da</strong> gansazRvros, arsebobs Tu ara miniSneba aqtivisgaufasurebis Sesaxeb. aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,sawarmo valdebulia Seafasos aqtivis anazRaurebadiRirebuleba. aqtivis sabalanso Rirebuleba ar un<strong>da</strong>aRematebodes mis anazRaurebad Rirebulebas. aqtivisanazRaurebadi Rirebuleba aris udidesi, neto sarealizacioRirebulebasa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebis Rirebulebas Soris.aqtivis gamoyenebiT miRebuli ekonomikuri sargebeligansazRvravs am aqtivis gamoyenebis Rirebulebas.aqtivis gamoyenebis Rirebulebis gaangariSebaSiun<strong>da</strong> aisaxos Semdegi elementebi:• im momavali fuladi nakadebis Sefaseba, romlismiRebasac sawarmo varaudobs mocemuli aqtivi<strong>da</strong>n;• aRniSnuli fuladi nakadebis mosalodnelisididis an miRebis drois SesaZlo variantebis saSualosidideebi (lodinebi);• fulis droiTi Rirebuleba, romelic warmodgeniliaurisko mimdinare sabazro saprocentoganakveTiT;• aqtivisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli ganusazRvrelobismatarebeli fasi.aqtivis gamoyenebis Rirebulebis SefasebaSiCarTuli fuladi nakadebis grZelvadiani prognozebiemyareba gonivrulad <strong>da</strong>sabuTebul <strong>da</strong>Svebebs, romelicwarmoadgens sawarmos xelmZRvanelobis mier gamoTvlilim ekonomikuri pirobebis saukeTeso Sefasebas,144

uRaltruli aRricxva. auditiromelic iarsebebs aqtivis <strong>da</strong>rCenili sasargeblo momsaxurebisvadis ganmavlobaSi. amasTan, bass-is Tanaxmadsawarmos xelmZRvanelobam:* un<strong>da</strong> Seafasos im <strong>da</strong>Svebebis <strong>da</strong>sabuTebuloba,romelsac eyrdnoba mis mier gamoTvlili mimdinarefuladi nakadebis grZelvadiani prognozebi – fuladisaxsrebis adrindel prognozebsa <strong>da</strong> faqtobriv fuladnakadebs Soris gansxvavebebis Semowmebis gziT;* un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos imis garantia, rom <strong>da</strong>Svebebi,romelsac eyrdnoba mimdinare fuladi nakadebis gr-Zelvadiani prognozebi, Seesabameba warsuli periodebisfaqtobriv Sedegebs, Tu amis saWiroebas Seqmnis Semdgomimovlenebis an garemoebebis gavlena, rac ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>maSin, rodesac aRniSnuli fuladi nakadebigamomuSav<strong>da</strong>.aqtivis gamoyenebis Rirebulebis Sesafasebladgamoyenebuli fuladi nakadebis prognozebi <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuliun<strong>da</strong> iyos xelmZRvanelobis mier <strong>da</strong>mtkicebul yvelazeuaxles finansur biujetebze _ moklevadian prognozebze.fuladi nakadebis grZelvadiani prognozebigamoricxavs iseT Semosul an gasul fulad nakadebs,romelTa warmoSoba mosalodnelia: momavali restruqturizaciisagan,romlis valdebulebac sawarmos jerara aqvs aRebuli, an aqtivis efeqtianobis (gamoyenebismaCveneblebis) gaumjobesebis an amaRlebis Sedegad.aqtivis gaufasureba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia realuriRirebulebis Sefasebis meTodze:1. Tu aqtivis realuri Rirebuleba misi sabazroRirebulebaa, maSin realur Rirebulebasa <strong>da</strong> gayidvis<strong>da</strong>naxarjebiT Semcirebul realur Rirebulebas SoriserTaderT gansxvaveba mocemuli aqtivis gasvlasTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong>naxarjebia.145

marina maisuraZe2. Tu aqtivis gasvlasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong>naxarjebiumniSvneloa, maSin ga<strong>da</strong>fasebuli aqtivis anazRaurebadiRirebuleba aucileblad uaxlovdeba an metiamis ga<strong>da</strong>fasebul Rirebulebaze (realur Rirebulebaze).aseT SemTxvevaSi, ga<strong>da</strong>fasebis moTxovnebis gamoyenebisSemdeg, naklebsavaraudoa, rom ga<strong>da</strong>fasebuli aqtivigaufasurebuli iyos <strong>da</strong> saWiro ar aris anazRaurebadiRirebulebiT Sefaseba;3. Tu aqtivis gasvlasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong>naxarjebiar aris umniSvnelo, ga<strong>da</strong>fasebuli aqtivis gayidvis<strong>da</strong>naxarjebiT Semcirebuli realuri Rirebulebaaucileblad naklebia mis realur Rirebulebaze. Sesabamisad,ga<strong>da</strong>fasebuli aqtivi gaufasurebuli iqneba, Tuaqtivis gamoyenebis Rirebuleba naklebia ga<strong>da</strong>fasebulRirebulebaze (realur Rirebulebaze). aseT SemTxvevaSi,ga<strong>da</strong>fasebis moTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis Semdeg,sawarmo gansazRvravs gaufasurebulia Tu ara mocemuliaqtivi.im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aqtivis realuri RirebulebaganisazRvreba sabazro Rirebulebisagan gansxvavebulsafuZvelze, igi SesaZloa meti an naklebi iyos misanazRaurebad Rirebulebaze. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, ga<strong>da</strong>fasebismoTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis Semdeg, sawarmogansazRvravs mosalodnelia Tu ara mocemuli aqtivisgaufasureba.aqtivis gasvlasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong>naxarjebipir<strong>da</strong>piraa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli aqtivis an fuladi saxsrebiswarmomqmneli erTeulis gasvlasTan, finansuri <strong>da</strong>naxarjebisa<strong>da</strong> mogebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis gamoklebiT.bass-is Tanaxmad, aqtivis fuladi saxsrebis warmomqmnelierTeuli warmoadgens aqtivebis umciresijgufia,romelic moicavs mocemul aqtivs <strong>da</strong> warmoqmnis146

uRaltruli aRricxva. auditifulad saxsrebs uwyveti gamoyenebis Sedegad, romelTamiReba, umeteswilad, <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli ar aris sxva aqtivebi<strong>da</strong>nan aqtivTa jgufi<strong>da</strong>n fuladi saxsrebis miRebaze.aqtivis fuladi saxsrebis warmomqmneli erTeulis gansazRvramoiTxovs gansjas. Tu anazRaurebadi RirebulebisgansazRvra SeuZlebelia calkeuli aqtivisaTvis,sawarmo axdens aqtivebis umciresi jgufis identificirebas,romlisuwyveti gamoyenebis Sedegad fuladisaxsrebis Semosvla, umeteswilad, <strong>da</strong>moukidebelia sxvafuladi saxsrebis Semosvlaze.magaliTi: avtobusebis kompania municipalitet-Tan <strong>da</strong>debuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze eweva momsaxurebas.mas moeTxoveba minimaluri momsaxurebis gawevaxuT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva marSrutze. TiToeuli marSrutisaTvisgamoyofili aqtivebi <strong>da</strong> TiToeuli maTgani<strong>da</strong>n miRebulifuladi saxsrebi SesaZloa identificirebul iqnescal-calke. erT-erTi marSruti muSaobs mniSvnelovanizaraliT. radgan sawarmos ara aqvs romelime marSrutisSewyvetis ufleba, uwyveti gamoyenebis Sedegad imfuladi saxsrebis Semodinebis umciresi identificirebadidone, romlis miReba, umeteswilad, <strong>da</strong>mokidebuliar aris sxva aqtivebis an aqtivTa jgufi<strong>da</strong>n fuladisaxsrebis Semodinebaze, aris xuTive marSruti<strong>da</strong>n miRebulifuladi saxsrebi. TiToeuli marSrutisaTvis fuladisaxsrebis warmomqmneli erTeuli mTlianad avtobusebiskompaniaa.bass-is Tanaxmad, yoveli angariSgebiTi periodisbolos, sawarmom un<strong>da</strong> gansazRvros, arsebobs Tu araminiSneba aqtivis gaufasurebis Sesaxeb. aseTis arsebobisSemTxvevaSi, sawarmo valdebulia Seafasos aqtivisanazRaurebadi Rirebuleba. aseve, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, arsebobsTu ara miniSneba gaufasurebaze, sawarmo valdebulia:147

marina maisuraZe1. yovelwliurad Seamowmos ganusazRvreli momsaxurebisvadis mqone <strong>da</strong> jer kidev gamouyenebeliaramaterialuri aqtivebi gaufasurebaze, maTi sabalanso<strong>da</strong> anazRaurebadi Rirebulebebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebis gziT.aseTi Semowmeba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes nebismierdros saangariSgebo wlis ganmavlobaSi im pirobiT,romes moxdeba yovelwliurad erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaaramaterialuri aqtivis Semowmeba gaufasurebazeSeiZleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros, Tumca, Tu aramaterialuriaqtivis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli aRiareba xdeba mimdinareangariSgebiT wels, misi Semowmeba gaufasurebaze xdebaimave angariSgebiTi weliwadis <strong>da</strong>srulebamde;2. yovelwliurad Seamowmos sawarmoTa gaerTianebasTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT warmoSobili gudvili.aramaterialuri aqtivis unaris - momavalSi gamoimuSavossakmarisi ekonomikuri sargebeli ise, rommoxerxdes sabalanso Rirebulebis <strong>da</strong>farva –Sefaseba,rogorc wesi, ufro did ganusazRvrelobas eqvemdebareba,rodesac aqtivi jer gamouyenebelia, vidre maSin,rodesac igi gamoyenebadia. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,36-e stan<strong>da</strong>rtimoiTxovs, sawarmom ganaxorcielos, sul cota –yovelwliurad, jer gamouyenebeli aramaterialuri aqtivissabalanso Rirebulebis Semowmeba gaufasurebaze[2, gv. 250].aqtivis SesaZlo gaufasurebis maCveneblebis arsebobis<strong>da</strong>dgenisas, sawarmom un<strong>da</strong> gaiTvaliswinos SemdegimaCveneblebi:a) informaciis gare wyaroebi:• mocemuli periodis ganmavlobaSi aqtivis sabazroRirebuleba mniSvnelovnad Semcir<strong>da</strong> imasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,rac mosalodneli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> drois gasvlis annormaluri gamoyenebis Sedegad;148

uRaltruli aRricxva. auditi• mocemul periodSi adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovancvlilebebs, ramac uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina sawarmoze,an axlo momavalSi eqneba adgili aseT cvlilebebsim teqnologiur, sabazro, ekonomikur an samarTlebrivgaremoSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c funqcionirebs sawarmo, an imbazarze, romlisTvisac gankuTvnilia aqtivi;• sabazro saprocento ganakveTebi an investiciebzeukugebis sabazro ganakveTebi mocemul periodSigaizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mosalodnelia, rom aRniSnuli zr<strong>da</strong> gavlenasmoaxdens aqtivis gamoyenebis Rirebulebis gaangariSebisasgamoyenebul diskontis ganakveTze <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovnadSeamcirebs mocemuli aqtivis aRdgeniT Rirebulebas;• angariSvaldebuli sawarmos neto aqtivebis sabalansoRirebuleba metia mis sabazro kapitalizaciaze.b) informaciis Siga wyaroebi:• mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi, ramac <strong>da</strong>debiTad imoqme<strong>da</strong>sawarmoze, mox<strong>da</strong> mimdinare periodSi an mosalodneliamoxdes axlo momavalSi, aqtivis gamoyenebisxarisxsa <strong>da</strong> wesSi an savaraudo gamoyenebaSi. aRniSnulicvlilebebi moicavs kapital <strong>da</strong>naxarjebs, racgaweul iqna mocemuli periodis ganmavlobaSi aqtivisgaumjobesebis, misi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli mwarmoeblurobisgazrdis mizniT, an ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas imoperaciis Sewyvetis an restruqturizaciis Sesaxeb,romelsac aqtivi ganekuTvneba;• Siga angariSgebis mixedviT aqtivis ekonomikurimwarmoebluroba gaizar<strong>da</strong> an momavalSi gaizrdebamosalodnelTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT [3, gv. 323].bass-is Tanaxmad, aqtivis sabalanso Rirebulebaun<strong>da</strong> Semcirdes mis anazRaurebad Rirebulebamde149

marina maisuraZemxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mocemuli aqtivis anazRaurebadiRirebuleba naklebia mis sabalanso Rirebulebaze.Semcirebis Tanxa warmoadgens gaufasurebiszaralia, romlis aRiareba xarjis saxiT un<strong>da</strong> moxdessruli Semosavlebis angariSgebaSi,gar<strong>da</strong> im SemTxvevisa,rodesac aqtivi ga<strong>da</strong>fasebuli TanxiT aisaxeba buRaltruliaRricxvis sxva saerTaSoriso stan<strong>da</strong>rtis Sesabamisad(magaliTad, bass 16-iT, `ZiriTadi saSualebebi~gansazRvruli ga<strong>da</strong>fasebis modeliT). ga<strong>da</strong>fasebuli aqtivisnebismieri gaufasurebis zarali un<strong>da</strong> aRiricxosrogorc ga<strong>da</strong>fasebis Semcireba bass 16-is Sesabamisad.mogebaSi an zaralSi aRiardeba im aqtivTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuligaufasurebis zarali, romelic ar ga<strong>da</strong>fasebula.Tumca, ga<strong>da</strong>fasebuli aqtivis gaufasurebis zarali aRiardebasruli Semosavlis angariSgebaSi im odenobiT,ra sididiTac gaufasurebis zarali ar aRemateba amaqtiviTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul ga<strong>da</strong>fasebis nametis Tanxas.amgvari gaufasurebis zarali amciresebs am aqtivTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebul ga<strong>da</strong>fasebis namets. Tu Sefasebuli gaufasurebiszaralis Tanxa aRemateba Sesabamisi aqtivissabalanso Rirebulebas, sawarmom valdebuleba un<strong>da</strong>aRiaros mxolod maSin, Tu es moiTxoveba buRaltruliaRricxvis sxva saerTaSoriso stan<strong>da</strong>rtiT.gaufasurebis zaralis aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi,masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli nebismieri ga<strong>da</strong>vadebuli saga<strong>da</strong>saxadoaqtivi an valdebuleba ganisazRvreba bass12-is, `mogebi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi~ Sesabamisad, aqtivis koreqtirebulisabalanso Rirebulebis saga<strong>da</strong>saxado bazasTanSe<strong>da</strong>rebis safuZvelze .150

uRaltruli aRricxva. auditi<strong>da</strong>sasrul, <strong>da</strong>skvnis saxiT un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, romsawarmoTa aqtivebis gaufasurebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT,yoveli angariSgebis periodis bolos sawarmom un<strong>da</strong>gansazRvros arsebobs Tu ara miniSneba aqtivis gaufasurebisSesaxeb. aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, sawarmovaldebulia Seafasos aqtivis anazRaurebadi Rirebuleba.aseve, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, arsebobs Tu ara miniSnebagaufasurebaze, sawarmo valdebulia: yovelwliuradSeamowmos ganusazRvreli momsaxurebis vadis mqone <strong>da</strong>jer gamouyenebeli aramaterialuri aqtivebi gaufasurebaze,maTi sabalanso <strong>da</strong> anazRaurebadi RirebulebebisSe<strong>da</strong>rebis gziT; aseve, yovelwliurad SeamowmossawarmoTa gaerTianebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT warmoSobiligudvili. xazgasasmelia, rom aqtivis gamoyenebiT miRebuliekonomikuri sargebeli gansazRvravs am aqtivisgamoyenebis RirebulebasRegulating Depreciation of Company’s AssetsM. MaisuradzeThe article highlights the main issues of depreciation of a company’sassets. It’s noted that at the end of each reporting period a companyshould identify if there is any sign of depreciation of assets. In casethere is some, the company is obliged to evaluate compensation valueof the asset. In addition, regardless existence of depreciation possibilityor not, the company should annually check the chance of depreciationof assets having indefinite useful life and the intangible assets not usedjet, comparing their balance and compensation values. The goodwill derivedregarding the merger of companies should be checked annually. It’snoted that economic benefit gained from the use of the asset determinesthe value of using this asset.151

marina maisuraZegamoyenebuli literatura1. bass 36 aqtivebis gaufasureba. Tb., 2009;A2. ACCA F7. finansuri angariSgeba. inglisisa <strong>da</strong>uelsis nafic sertificirebul buRalterTa asociaciisprofesiuli sertificirebis saxelmZRvanelo. Tb.,2009;3. ACCA F3. finansuri aRricxva. inglisisa <strong>da</strong> uelsisnafic sertificirebul buRalterTa asociaciisprofesiuli sertificirebis saxelmZRvanelo. Tb., 2009;4. e.xarabaZe, finansuri aRricxva (me-2 done). Tb.,2012;5. n. kvataSiZe, a. xorava, z. gogriWian i , f i n a ns u r i a R r i c x v a ( m e - 2 d o n e ) . T b . , 2 0 1 1 .152

uRaltruli aRricxva. auditiaudituri kontroli: istoria,Tanamedrove mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong>ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSiWiWiko adeiSviliekonomikisöakademiuri doqtorimaterialuri dovlaTis aRricxvas <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisimonacemebis sisworis Semowmebas msoflio praqtikaSididi xnis istoria aqvs. cnobilia, rom romSi, ZveliwelTaRricxvis 200 wels, kvestorebi (saxelmwifoxazinis gamge, xazina<strong>da</strong>ri) iyvnen is Tanamdebobispirebi, romlebic ganagebdnen finansur <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlosaqmeebs, akontrolebdnen saxelmwifo buRaltrebissaqmianobas. kvestorebi romSi agzavnidnen finansurangariSgebebs, romlis axsna-ganmartebas ismendnenmimRebebi (gamomcdelebi). aqe<strong>da</strong>n warmoiSva cneba„auditi“ (laTinurad „audio“, rac qarTuladniSnavs _ „mas esmis“, „msmeneli“). zoga<strong>da</strong>d, “auditi”aRniSnavs qmedebas, progress, Semowmebas, praqtikuli<strong>da</strong>xmarebis gawevas sawarmos xelmZRvanelisa <strong>da</strong>ekonomikuri samsaxurisaTvis saqmis warmoebaSi,iuridiul sferoSi <strong>da</strong> sxva. auditurma organizaciamun<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos wmin<strong>da</strong>Tawmin<strong>da</strong> movaleoba_ audi tis konfidencialuroba <strong>da</strong> moizidosspecialistebi droebiTi SeTanxmebis safuZvelze.cneba “auditisgan” warmoiSva termini „auditori“, anu<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli buRalteri, kontroliori, revizori,finansuri kontroli <strong>da</strong> sxva specialobis uflebamosilipiri, finansuri Semowmebis Camtarebeli.auditis istoriul samSoblod aRiarebulia153

WiWiko adeiSvilididi britaneTi. inglisurenovan qveynebSi cnoba auditisSesaxeb <strong>da</strong> Cvenamde moRweuli yvelaze Zveli saaRricxvodokumentia inglisisa <strong>da</strong> Sotlandiis „saxazino arqivi“,romelic <strong>da</strong>TariRebulia 1130 wliT <strong>da</strong> rogorc wesi,Seicavs informacias audituri Semowmebis Sesaxeb. didbritaneTSi, auditi mTavrdebo<strong>da</strong> auditoris angariSismosmeniT.marTalia,msoflioSi pirvel auditur SemowmebadiTvleba 1631 wels holandii<strong>da</strong>n amerikaSi gagzavnilibuRaltris mier Semowmebuli koloniis mzardi<strong>da</strong>valianebis Sesaxeb informacia, magram, miuxe<strong>da</strong>va<strong>da</strong>misa, auditis samSoblo didi britaneTia, vinai<strong>da</strong>npirveli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi iq Seiqmna. saaRricxvoinformaciis xarisxianad Sesrulebaze meTvalyureobismizniT, inglisSi Seiqmna audituri kontrolisinstituti. auditoris Tanamdebobis SemoReba ganapirobaangariSgebis sisworis garantiis aucileblobam.auditorebi pirvelad moixsenieba XIII s. bolos(1299 w.),xolo saxelmwifo saSualebebis auditi inglisSiXIV saukuni<strong>da</strong>n umaRlesi <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli audituriorganos saxiT Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. inglisis mefe eduard II-m1324 wlis 24 marts <strong>da</strong>niSna pirveli sami saxelmwifoauditori, maTgan erT-erTi iyo jon de haikesle. mefisbrZanebaSi auditorebis <strong>da</strong>niSvnis Sesaxeb naTqvami iyo,rom auditori mowodebulia: „... ikiTxos, usminos <strong>da</strong>aiRos yvela angariSi, romlebic SemoRebuli iyo <strong>da</strong>romlebic SemoRebuli iqneba provinciebSi... akeTos<strong>da</strong> aRniSnos yvelaferi, rac auditorebma un<strong>da</strong> akeTonangariSebTan“[1, gv.13). auditorebisadmi es pirvelimoTxovnebi SenarCunebulia dRemde. arsebobs mravaliistoriuli mowmoba, rac a<strong>da</strong>sturebs auditorebisaqtiur saqmianobas mTeli Suasaukuneebis manZilze.154

uRaltruli aRricxva. auditiTumca, auditis istoriis mkvlevarTa azriT, auditisistoriuli fesvebi un<strong>da</strong> veZioT uZveles warsulSi.cnobili amerikeli mecnieri robert montgomeriTvlis, rom „angariSgebis Sedgenis praqtika saTavesiRebs <strong>da</strong>axloebiT Zv. welTaRricxvis 4000 wli<strong>da</strong>n,rodesac axlo aRmosavleTis uZvelesma civilizaciebma<strong>da</strong>iwyes maRalorganizebuli saxelmwifoebis Seqmna <strong>da</strong>sameurneo saqmianobis mowesrigeba“ [1, gv.13).saxelmwifoebis Seqmnam moiTxova materialuriSemosavlebis <strong>da</strong> gasavlebis aRricxva, ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebisakreba. am saqmianobaSi adgili rom ar hqono<strong>da</strong> motyuebas<strong>da</strong> saerTod <strong>da</strong>maxinjebas,saWiro gax<strong>da</strong> kontrolisa <strong>da</strong>auditis SemoReba. amis Sesaxeb sainteresoa montgomerismosazreba: „Sinagani kontrolis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formaaRwerilia bibliaSi,romlis Sinaarsi... moicavs periodsZveli welTaRricxvis 1800 wli<strong>da</strong>n axali welTaRicxvis95 wlamde“[1, gv25). kontrolis SemoRebis logikuri<strong>da</strong>sabuTebaa is, rom moxeles Tuki miecemo<strong>da</strong> moparvissaSualeba, igi isargebleb<strong>da</strong> am SesaZleblobiT.bibliaSi ganxilulia qonebis ormagi <strong>da</strong>cvis sakiTxi- saqmis mcodne <strong>da</strong> patiosani moxeleebis (Cinovnikebis)<strong>da</strong>qiravebis meSveobiT.CineTSi,CJous CJous dinastiis epoqaSi (1122-256w. Cv. wel-TaRricxvamde), aRricxvis saxelmwifo sistema moicav<strong>da</strong>safuZvlianad <strong>da</strong>muSavebul biujets <strong>da</strong> yvela samTavrobodepartamentis audits. aTenSi „Zv. welTaRicxvisV s–Si, „saxalxo kreba“ akontroleb<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifosyvela Semosaval-gasavals, xolo qveynis finansursistemaSi Sediodnen samTavrobo auditorebi, romlebicamowmebdnenTanamdebobis pirTa dokumentebs maTiuflebamosilebis Sewyvetis Semdeg. kerZo seqtorSiqonebis mepatroneebi TviTon atarebdnen TavianTi an-155

WiWiko adeiSviligariSgebis audits.romSi, Cv. welTaRricxvamde III s–Si, romaelimmarTvelebi saxazino moxeleebs (Cinovnikebs) avalebdnenprovinciebis buRaltrul kontrols. iq saxelmwifofinansebi eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong> senatis kontrols,xolo saxelmwifo biujets, xazinadris meTvalyureobiT,amowmeb<strong>da</strong> auditorTa Stati. romaelebma <strong>da</strong>amuSavesSemowmebisa <strong>da</strong> urTierTkontrolis rTulisistema. Zvel egvipteSi iyvnen saxelmwifo moxeleebi,romlebic erTmaneTs uTavsebdnen aRricxvis, marTvis<strong>da</strong> kontrolis funqciebs. Zvelad did britaneTSior tipis auditi tardebo<strong>da</strong>. pirveli tipis audititardebo<strong>da</strong> qalaqebSi sajarod <strong>da</strong> mas mmarTveliTanamdebobis pirebi <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeebi eswrebodnen.auditi mTavrdebo<strong>da</strong> auditoris angariSis mosmeniT.meore tipis auditi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> umsxvilesi mamulebisfinansur mmarTvelTa saga<strong>da</strong>saxado angariSebisdetalur Semowmebas „debetis <strong>da</strong> kreditis“ mixedviT,romelic mTavrdebo<strong>da</strong> „auditoruli deklaraciiT“,e. i. zepiri angariSgebiT mamulis mepatronisa <strong>da</strong>mmarTvelTa sabWos winaSe. auditis orive tipi, didbritaneTSi TiTqmis me-VVIII s–mde moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>.XIV s–is <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi aRiarebul iqna auditisprincipebi: patiosneba, kompetenturoba, win<strong>da</strong>xeduleba,rac dRemde moqmedebs.XVIII s-is <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo auditorTa Sesaxebpirveli specialuri cnobarebis gamocema. XIXs-is meore naxevarSi Seiqmna auditorTa arasaxelmwifoebrivigaerTianebebi, maT Soris pirveli _ SotlandiaSi1854 wels. mogvianebiT, aseTi organizaciebiCamoyalib<strong>da</strong> inglisSi, amerikaSi, kana<strong>da</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> a.S.inglisurenovan qveynebSi es organizaciebi dRemde156

uRaltruli aRricxva. auditiaregulirebs auditorul saqmianobas. XIX s-is meorenaxevarSi profesionali auditori gax<strong>da</strong> saqmiani samyarosorganuli nawili. amave periodSi aSS-Si Seiqmnarogorc Sinagani, aseve garegani, anu <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo auditorebis samsaxurebi. XX s-Si auditorulmasaqmianobam arsebiTi cvlilebebi ganica<strong>da</strong>.30-ian wlebSi gaizar<strong>da</strong> moTxovna auditorebze, aseveaudituri Semowmebis xarisxis mimarTac. amiT auditimZlavr iaraRad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca TaRliTebTan brZolis saqme-Si. meore msoflio omis Semdeg gaizar<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriviinteresi auditorTa movaleobis <strong>da</strong> saqmianobismimarT, TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi Seiqmna profesionalTasxva<strong>da</strong>sxva instituti gansxvavebuli saxelwodebebiT.magaliTad, germaniaSi auditori ganisazRvra, rogorcTavisufali profesia, Tumca, maT ar exsnebo<strong>da</strong>T pasuxismgeblobasaxelmwifos winaSe. inglisSi auditorsuwodebdnen finansuri angariSgebis utyuarobis kontrolissferoSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebul nebismier specialists.dReisTvis safrangeTSi, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli safinanso kontrolissferoSi,moqmedebs ori profesiuli organizacia:buRalter-eqspertebis <strong>da</strong> sakonsultacio momsaxurebiTam sferoSi. aSS-Si am saqmianobas axorcielebsdiplomirebuli sazogadoebrivi buRalteri.msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyanaSi makontrolebeliorganoebis saxelwodeba gansxvavebulia erTmaneTisagan.bevr inglisurenovan qveyanaSi buRaltruli aRricxvisspecialistebs uwodeben „privilegirebulbuRaltrebs“, aSS-Si _ „msajul buRaltrebs“ an „umaRlesikvalifikaciis diplomirebul buRaltrebs“,safrangeTSi _ „buRalter-eqspertebs“ <strong>da</strong> „wignebis(<strong>da</strong>vTrebis) kontroliors“ (2,gv 45).sazRvargareTis qveynebSi finansuri kontrolis157

WiWiko adeiSviliwamyvani formaa <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli auditi, romelsac axorcielebenfarTo profilis profesionalebi. auditurifirmebi iq mravla<strong>da</strong>a, xolo saqmianoba imdenadgafarToebulia, rom aman gamoiwvia saerTaSoriso auditurifirmebis Seqmna.auditis ganviTarebas dRemde mecnierebi yofenor etapad: pirvel etapad miCneulia XIX s-is meorenaxevri<strong>da</strong>n XXs-is meore naxevramde periodi. aRniSnuliperiodis sawyisia 1853 w., rodesac SotlandiaSioficialurad <strong>da</strong>fuZn<strong>da</strong> edinburgis auditorTa instituti.meore etapia XX s-is meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n (1950wli<strong>da</strong>n) dRemde ganvlil periodi, roca Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>umsxvilesi transerovnuli audituri sakonsultaciofirmebi - sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyanaSi mravalricxovani filialebisqseliT.saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani arsebobis man-Zilze, un<strong>da</strong> vivaraudoT, rom maRalganviTarebuli<strong>ekonomika</strong> <strong>da</strong> aRricxva-kontrolis samsaxuri hqon<strong>da</strong>magram, amis Sesaxeb werilobiTi wyroebis mwiri informaciaaSemorCenili. saqarTveloSi buRaltruli aRricxvisa<strong>da</strong> sakontrolo-sarevizio samsaxuris roli<strong>da</strong> mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT gaizar<strong>da</strong> XXs-is 20-ian wlebSi, roca qveyanam <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba moipova.<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis gamocxadebi<strong>da</strong>n (29.08.1918) erT TveSisaqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mTavrobamgamosceskanoni _ „saxelmwifo kontrolis Tanamdebobis<strong>da</strong>arsebis“ Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos saxelmwifokontrolioris (ministris) Tanamdebobaze <strong>da</strong>iniSnagamoCenili mecnier-ekonomisti <strong>da</strong> sazogado moRvawe,<strong>Tbilisi</strong>s saxelmwifo universitetis erT-erTi <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli,profesori filipe gogiCaiSvili, romelicam Tanamdebobaze 1918-1920 wlebSi moRvaweob<strong>da</strong>.158

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo kontrols didi mniSvnelobaeniWebo<strong>da</strong> qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobisgaumjobesebis saqmeSi. amaze miuTiTebs is, rom saqarTvelosparlamentma <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mTavrobam mokledroSi (6.12.1918) miiRo kanoni „saqarTvelos demokratiulirespublikis saxelmwifo kontrolis Sesaxeb“,romlis safuZvelze <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> „debuleba saxelmwifokontrolisa <strong>da</strong> misi uwyebis saganTaTvis“ <strong>da</strong> „reviziiswesdeba“. saxelmwifo kontrolisa <strong>da</strong> reviziis Sesaxebkanonebi aisaxa 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis saqarTveloskonstituciaSi.saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo kontrols <strong>da</strong> reviziasdidi mniSvneloba eniWebo<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSirisarsebobis drosac. ganvlili periodis gamocdilebaun<strong>da</strong> miviRoT gamocdilebis saxiT <strong>da</strong> saukeTeso niSan-Tvisebebi ganvaviTaroT gaumjobesebis mimarTulebiT,rom warmatebas mivaRwioT ekonomikis sferoSi. saqarTveloSi,XX s-is 90-ian wlebamde, mxolod kontrolis<strong>da</strong> reviziis instituti arsebob<strong>da</strong>. 90-ian wlebi<strong>da</strong>nerTi ekonomikuri sistemis meoreTi Secvlam gamoiwviasakuTrebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formis sawarmoebis Seqmna. amformebs un<strong>da</strong> Seesabamebodes kontrolis <strong>da</strong> reviziissaxeobac, rac un<strong>da</strong> iTvaliswinebdes saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>kerZo mewarmis interesebsac <strong>da</strong> orive mxarisTvis iyosmisaRebi. mewarmeobis axal formebs ver marTav ZvelimeTodebiTa <strong>da</strong> xerxebiT, amitom viyenebT axali SinaarsiTgamdidrebul ekonomikur cnebebsa <strong>da</strong> terminebs,romelTa ricxvs miekuTvneba auditi <strong>da</strong> auditori.saqarTveloSi auditoruli samsaxurebis Seqmna,intensiurad <strong>da</strong>iwyo, XX s-is 90-ian wlebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> mokleperiodSi mniSvnelovani Sedegia miRweuli. magali-Tad, saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis gamoyenebis safuZ-159buRaltruli aRricxva. auditi

WiWiko adeiSvilivelze SemuSav<strong>da</strong> pirveli sakanonmdeblo dokumentebi.dReisaTvis moqmedebs aTeulobiT audituri firma <strong>da</strong>individualuri auditori <strong>da</strong> mainc,saqarTveloSi Tanamedroveauditis civililizebuli wesebis CamoyalibebisaTvlis wertilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 1995 w. 7Tebervali, rodesac saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRosaqarTvelos respublikis kanoni „auditoruli saqmianobisSesaxeb“ <strong>da</strong> funqcionirebas Seudga saqarTvelosparlamentTan arsebuli audituri saqmianobis sabWo,romelic Seiqmna saqarTvelos parlamentis 1995 wlis30 ivnisis <strong>da</strong>dgenilebis - „saqarTvelos parlamentTanarsebuli auditoruli saqmianobis sabWos Sesaxeb“ -safuZvelze.Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis moTxovnebis Sesabamisiaudituri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb axali kanonimiiRo saqarTvelos parlamentma 2012 wlis 29 ivniss- „buRaltrulis aRricxvisa <strong>da</strong> finansuri angariSgebisauditis Sesaxeb“, romelic amoqmed<strong>da</strong> gamoqveynebisTanave.aRniSnuli kanoniT gansazRvrulia auditisCatarebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi <strong>da</strong> misi Catarebisuflebamosilebis mqone pirTa reestri. agreTve, savaldebulo<strong>da</strong> sainiciativo auditis Catarebis wesi. amavekanoniT gaTvaliswinebulia is, rom auditori valdebuliaprofesiuli momsaxurebis ganxorcielebisas <strong>da</strong>icvasprofesionali buRaltrebis eTikis kodeqsi. amassafuZvlad udevs audituri saqmianobis sabWos mier<strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli - „auditoris eTikis kodeqsi“, romelicSeicavs zogad eTikur principebs, miznebs <strong>da</strong> wesebs.auditorma profesiuli momsaxurebis ganxorcielebisasun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>icvas miRebuli informaciis saidumloeba.saqarTveloSi auditis organizacia <strong>da</strong> praqtikamsoflioSi <strong>da</strong>grovil gamocdilebas emyareba, magram160

uRaltruli aRricxva. auditiaudituri saqmianobis srulyofisaTvis jer kidev didisamuSaoa Casatarebeli.sabazro urTierTobaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlis procesma gamoiwviamakontrolebeli organoebis axali fenis Seqmna.kerZod, auditorebi amowmeben sawarmos finansurangariSgebas, mis utyuarobasa <strong>da</strong> Sesrulebuli sameurneooperaciebis kanonierebas. agreTve, mrCevlebisa<strong>da</strong> konsultaciebis funqciebsac asruleben. auditorulisaqmianoba is unikaluri instrumentia, romelsacZaluZs <strong>da</strong>exmaros gansxvavebuli profilisa <strong>da</strong>iuridiuli statusis mqone sawarmoebs. amJamad auditiSeWrilia TiTqmis yvela sferoSi, ramac gamoiwvia auditurisaqmianobis momsaxurebis saxeobiTi klasifikacia.dReisaTvis auditis <strong>da</strong>jgufebis ramdenime variantiacnobili. klasifikaciis erT-erT variants safuZvladudevs sami kriteriumi:1. Semowmebis mwarmoeblis subieqtis mixedviTSiga auditi warmoebs organizaciis SigniT specialuri,<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli struqturuli qve<strong>da</strong>nayofis saSualebiT(auditoris mier). gare auditi ki xorcieldebagareSe audituri organizaciebis an individualuri auditorebismier;2. savaldebulo perioduli Semowmebis moTxovnismixedviT, savaldebulo auditi tardeba saxelmwifoskanonis Sesabamisad. sainvesticio, anu nebayoflobiTiauditi warmoebs sawarmos mesakuTris iniciativiT;3. auditis obieqtis mixedviT: a) saerTo auditi;b) bankis <strong>da</strong> sxva sakredito organizaciis auditi; g)sa<strong>da</strong>zRvevo kompaniebis auditi; d) birJebis, sainvesticio<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo, arasabiujeto fondebis auditi.saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi ganasxvaveben, agreTve,audituri saqmianobis saxeobiTi klasifikaciis Semdegformebs:161

WiWiko adeiSvilia) operatiuli auditi _ samewarmeo sistemis funqcionirebisnebismieri nawilis Seswavla misi efeqtianobisSemowmebis mizniT;b) Sesabamisobis auditi _ <strong>da</strong>culia Tu ara samewarmeosistemaSi zemdgomi organoebis mier <strong>da</strong>wesebulinormatiuli dokumentebis wesebi;g) finansuri angariSgebis auditi, rac sakuTriv,TviT zogadi auditia.cnobilia, agreTve, auditis saxeobiTi klasifikaciisSemdegi sqema:1. finansuri auditi _ es aris buRaltrulibalan sisa <strong>da</strong> finansur angariSgebaSi warmodgeniliinformaciis obieqturobis Semowmeba;2. SeTanxmebuli, anu regularuli auditi warmoebssawarmos xelmZRvanelobis moTxovniT;3. mmarTvelobiTi auditi gamoiyeneba mmarTvelobiTisaqmianobis xarisxis Sesamowmeblad;4. sazogadoebrivi auditi warmoebs didi moculobisinformaciis Sesakrebad.buRalterTa saerTaSoriso sabWom Camoayalibaauditis saerTaSoriso praqtikis komiteti, romelicsabWos saxeliT SeimuSavebs <strong>da</strong> gamoscems stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs<strong>da</strong> debulebebs auditis momsaxurebis Sesaxeb. magram,dokumentebis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nergva sakmarisi ar arismaRalxarisxiani momsaxurebisTvis, amitom sabWo didmniSvnelobas aniWebs auditorebis <strong>da</strong> audituri firmebissaqmianobis xarisxis kontrols.amJamad audituri saqmianobis Sesrulebis xarisxiskontroli regulirdeba buRalterTa saerTaSorisofederaciis sabWos 1992 wlis ivlisis <strong>da</strong>dgenilebiT_„auditis <strong>da</strong> masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli momsaxurebisxarisxis uzrunvelyofis” <strong>da</strong> `auditis saerTaSoriso162

uRaltruli aRricxva. auditistan<strong>da</strong>rtis _ 220 auditoruli saqmianobis xarisxiskontrolis“ safuZvelze [3, gv15)dReisTvis saqarTveloSi audituri saqmianobisganxorcielebis samarTlebriv safuZvlebs gansaz-Rvravs <strong>da</strong> awesrigebs saqarTvelos kanoni _ „buRaltruliaRricxvisa <strong>da</strong> finansuri angariSebis auditisSesaxeb“. am kanoniT, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, gansaz-Rvrulia audituri firmis muSaobis xarisxis kontrolissistema, rac, xarixis kontrolis saerTaSorisostan<strong>da</strong>rtis Sesabamisad auditoris mier <strong>da</strong>dgeniliwesebisa <strong>da</strong> procedurebis erTobliobaa. auditorisxarisxis kontrolis sistemis monitorings axorcielebsis akreditebuli profesiuli organizacia,romel-Sic gawevrianebulia es auditori. xarisxis kontrolisSemowmebis programa iTvaliswinebs informaciiskonfidencialurobas, SemowmebulTa <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas<strong>da</strong> obieqturobis garantias, Semmowmebels aqvs saTanadocodna, kvalifikacia <strong>da</strong> specialuri gamocdileba<strong>da</strong> a.S.saqarTveloSi, ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebammoiTxova ekonomikuri saqmianobis <strong>da</strong> sxvasaxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> arasaxelmwifo samsaxurebis moqmedebisaudituri kontrolis xarisxis arsebuli sistemissrulyofa. am mizniT, 2012 wels saqarTveloSi arsebulikontrolis palatis nacvlad Seiqmna saxelmwifoauditis samsaxuri. axali uwyebis Seqmnis ZiriTadimizania saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv biujetze myofiorganizacia-<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis saqmianobis efeqtianad<strong>da</strong> sworad marTva-gamgeoba, aseve, arasaxelmwifoebrivi(arasamTavro) <strong>da</strong> partiuli organizaciebis Semosavalgasavlismiznobriv gamoyenebaze kontrolis sistemismonitoringis gaZliereba,agreTve,<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli kerZo163

WiWiko adeiSviliseqtoris (komerciuli) sawarmoebis ekonomikuri muSaobis(saqmianobis) Sedegebis mixedviT biujetis kuTvniliga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis gaangariSeba <strong>da</strong> droulad Setana.ekonomikuri saqmianobis audituri kontroliun<strong>da</strong> Catardes Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: winaswari (perspeqtiuli);mimdinare (operatiuli); Semdgomi (faqtobrivi)<strong>da</strong> dokumenturi (Semowmeba). ekonomikurisaqmianobis audituri kontroli ar un<strong>da</strong> atarebdeserTjerad, kampaniur xasiaTs, aramed is un<strong>da</strong> mimdinareobdesTanmimdevrulad <strong>da</strong> ganuwyvetliv.audituri kontrolis <strong>da</strong>magvirgvinebelia ekonomikurisaqmianobis faqtobrivi Sedegis finansuri angariSgebisdokumenturi Semowmeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>skvnis gakeTeba.saqarTvelos dRevandeli mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobiserT-erTi mizezia mwyobri <strong>da</strong> gamarTuli makontrolebelisistemis ararseboba. dRes moqmedi kontrolissistema Zirfesvian reorganizacias moiTxovs.saxelmwifo seqtorSi arsebul kontrolis sistemasar SeuZlia im moTxovnaTa <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba, romelsackerZo mewarmeobis sawarmoebi uyenebs Semmowmebel samsaxurebs.perspeqtivaSi, savaraudoa <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli auditurosamsaxurebi gaxdes Semowmebis universaluri<strong>da</strong> wamyvani forma. auditurma kontrolma un<strong>da</strong> SeiTavsoskontrolis <strong>da</strong> reviziis funqciebi, rogorc kerZoseqtoris sawarmoebSi, aseve saerTo saxelmwifo seqtorissawarmoebsa <strong>da</strong> organizacia-<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi.audituri Semowmebisas <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli auditorebiZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d or funqcias asruleben: pirveli _ esaris finansuri angariSgebiT warmodgenili informaciisWeSmaritebisa <strong>da</strong> ariTmetikuli sizustis mowmobaTamaRalkvalificiuri Semkrebisa <strong>da</strong>Semfaseblis funqcia.auditoris meore funqciaa finansuri angariSgebis Se-164

fasebisa <strong>da</strong> gaSifvrebis Semowmeba, Tu ramdenad Seesabamebaisini aRricxvis saerTod miRebul principebs.audituri kontrolis ZiriTadi mizania sawarmos samewarmeosaqmianobis buRaltruli aRricxvis warmoebasa<strong>da</strong> angariSgebis Sedgenaze meTvalyureoba misi moqmednormatiul dokumentebTan Sesatyvisobis misaRwevad<strong>da</strong> sawarmos finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb utyuari<strong>da</strong> obieqturi informaciis miReba. auditis <strong>da</strong>matebiTimizania klientisTvis Siga kontrolis sistemis struqturasa<strong>da</strong> mis saimedoobaze informaciis miwodeba.amrigad, finansuri angariSgebis audituri Semowmebismizania obieqturad warmoaCinos sawarmoTa finansurimdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> samewarmeo saqmianobis angariSgeba,agreTve, fuladi saSualebebis moZraoba saerTodmiRebuli buRaltruli aRricxvis principebis Sesatyvisad.audituri Semowmebis Catarebis miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvisaucilebelia: audituri Semowmebis maRalxarisxianadCatareba; audituri firmebis kompiuterebiTaRWurva; audituri firmebis maRalkvalificiurispecialistebiT <strong>da</strong>kompleqteba, kerZod, keTilsindisieri,kanon<strong>da</strong>mcavi <strong>da</strong> saqmisadmi erTguli a<strong>da</strong>mianebiT,romelTa meSveobiTac gaewevaT klientebs kvalificiuri<strong>da</strong>xmareba; auditurma firmam Tavisi saqmianobisSedegiT un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos saTanado mogebis miReba.saqarTvelos audituri kontrolis Catarebisgamocdileba memkvidreobiT ar miuRia. amitom, ucxouriqveynebis praqtikis gaziarebis mizniT, saWiroa misisaerTaSoriso stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis <strong>da</strong> debulebebis aramartopir<strong>da</strong>pir gadmoReba, aramed mis safuZvelze originalurierovnuli normatiuli dokumentebis SemuSaveba<strong>da</strong> qveynis <strong>ekonomika</strong>sTan SesatyvisobaSi moyvana. nor-165buRaltruli aRricxva. auditi

WiWiko adeiSvilimatiuli <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri dokumentebi erTmaneTs un<strong>da</strong>emTxveodes, rogorc es amJamad buRaltrul aRricxva-Sia.auditurma kontrolma samewarmeo saqmianobaSi naklovanebebisaRmofxvris gzebi un<strong>da</strong> uCvenos, igi un<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>exmaros xelmZRvanelobas swori orientaciis aReba-Si <strong>da</strong> konkurenciul brZolaSi gaamarjvebinos. sawarmoebSiauditori un<strong>da</strong> iyos, agreTve, kargi ekonomisti,menejeri <strong>da</strong> iuristic.dResdReobiT,finansuri kontrolis organoebi<strong>da</strong>n,yvelaze misaRebi formaa audituri kontrolis sistema,romelsac profilaqtikuri <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba akisria.amJamad arsebuli ekonomikuri sistemis mewarmeebiTviTon un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen <strong>da</strong>interesebuli auditorebismowveviT, raTa naTeli gaxdes samewarmeo saqmianobasa<strong>da</strong> finansur urTierTobebSi arsebuli xarvezebi.dResdReobiT, mewarmeebs jer kidev ar sjeraT auditurikontrolis sikeTis <strong>da</strong> am saqmianobas isev Zvelrevizor-kontroliorebad aRiqvamen, amave dros, audituri<strong>da</strong>skvnebis Sedegebs arc saga<strong>da</strong>saxado organoebiiTvaliswineben. amitom, auditur saqmianobas zedmetadTvlis mewarmeebis umetesoba , rac araswori Sexedulebaaaudituri kontrolis Sesaxeb. sawarmoebisaTvis auditorulikontroli iseT rols asrulebs, rogorcmosaxleobisaTvis _ „ojaxis eqimi“. amitom auditorsa<strong>da</strong> mewarmes Soris undoblobis faqtoris moqmedebaun<strong>da</strong> aRmoifxvras.audituri samsaxuri sabazro meqanizmis aucilebeli<strong>da</strong> umniSvnelovanesi elementia samewarmeo saqmianobisswori mimarTulebiT warmarTvis erT-erTi sa-Sualebaa.166

uRaltruli aRricxva. auditiauditorisa <strong>da</strong> klientis urTierToba emyarebaurTierTgagebasa <strong>da</strong> keTilganwyobas. auditori gamodisTavisi klientis TanaSemwis, mrCevlisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mcvelisrolSi. klienti SeiZleba moqmedebdes umarTebulod<strong>da</strong> kanonsawinaaRmdegod, magram auditori valdebuliayvelaferi es ganumartos mas <strong>da</strong> droulad miscesrCevebi.rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, saqarTvelos auditurikontrolis samsaxuris gaZlierebisa <strong>da</strong> gaumjobesebismizniT, 2012 wels gatar<strong>da</strong> mTeli rigi RonisZieba,kerZod, saqarTvelos (saxelmwifo) kontrolis palatagar<strong>da</strong>iqmna saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuris organod(uwyebad) <strong>da</strong> miRebul iqna saqarTvelos axali kanoni“buRaltruli aRricxvisa <strong>da</strong> finansuri angariSgebisauditis Sesaxeb” (2012 w. 29 ivnisi).saqarTvelos ekonomikis marTvis sistemaSi ganxorcielebulmagar<strong>da</strong>qmnebma saTanado Sedegi rom gamoiRos,mizanSewonilia Semdegi problemebis mogvareba:pirvel rigSi, un<strong>da</strong> Seiqmnas saqarTvelos kanoni“saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuris Sesaxeb”, romelSic<strong>da</strong>dgenili iqneba uwyebis agebis struqtura, kerZod,gansazRvruli iqneba audituri Semowmebis obieqtebi:sabiujeto organizacia-<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi, saxelmwifosawarmoebis, organizacia-<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis saqmianoba,arasaxelmwifo (kerZo, komerciuli) samewarmeo saqmianoba,sxva saqmianobebi <strong>da</strong> a.S; un<strong>da</strong> SemuSavdes <strong>da</strong> gamoicesorganuli kanoni saxelmwifo auditis samsaxurismier audituri kontrolis Catarebis Sesaxeb, sa<strong>da</strong>c mocemuliiqneba misi mizani, funqciebi, amocanebi, meTodika,meTodologia, xerxi, roli <strong>da</strong> adgili ekonomikursaqmianobaSi, agreTve, ufleba-movaleoba <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobaqveynis erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi.167

WiWiko adeiSvilisaxelmwifo auditis samsaxurma un<strong>da</strong> ganaxorcielosaudituri kontroli mTeli qveynis masStabiT, yvela<strong>da</strong>rgSi <strong>da</strong> is perspeqtivaSi un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes erTaderTimakontrolebeli organo saqarTveloSi. amitom,saxelmwifoauditis samsaxuris uwyebaSi un<strong>da</strong> gamoiyos orimimarTuleba: erTi – ekonomikuri saqmianobis audturikontroli, <strong>da</strong> meore – araekonomikuri saqmianobis auditurikontroli, xolo TiToeulma mimarTulebamgamoyos profilis Sesabamisi seqtorebi. amave dros,un<strong>da</strong> SemuSavdes audituri kontrolis Catarebiserovnuli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi <strong>da</strong> sxva normatiuli dokumentebi.<strong>da</strong>moukidebel auditors un<strong>da</strong> hqondes serTifikati<strong>da</strong> ar un<strong>da</strong> muSaobdes Sesamowmebel sawarmoSi <strong>da</strong> arun<strong>da</strong> iyos misi <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli an aqcioneri.“buRaltruli aRricxvisa <strong>da</strong> finansuri angariSgebisauditis Sesaxeb“ miRebuli axali kanonis Sesabamisad,reorganizebul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes amJamad moqmedi samsaxurebi.vfiqrobT, qveynis ekonomikis efeqtianad marTvisaTvis,saWroa Seiqmnas misi xerxemali _ buRaltruliaRricxvis, auditisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri analizis marTviserTiani sistema saministros komitetis an palatis saxiT,romelic gaaerTianebs rogorc saxelmwifo, asevekerZo seqtoris sawarmo-organizaciebis am ekonomikursamsaxurebs. amisaTvis, saministroSi (komitetSi) un<strong>da</strong>Seiqmnas ori mimarTuleba: saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> kerZo seqtoris,xolo TiToeuli <strong>da</strong>iyos sam-sam ganyofilebad, ker-Zod: buRaltrul aRricxvad, auditur kontrolad <strong>da</strong>ekonomikur analizad. TiToeulma ganayofma un<strong>da</strong> moicvasyvela mxare (saxelmwifo, sabiujeto, arasamTavrobo<strong>da</strong> kerZo seqtoris) sawarmoebis buRaltruli aRricxva,audituri kontroli <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri analizi.168

uRaltruli aRricxva. auditiaseTi wesiT, erT sistemaSi qveynis masStabiTbuRaltruli aRricxvis, audituri kontrolis <strong>da</strong>ekonomikuri analizis moqceva, srul suraTs mogvcemsmTlianad qveyanaSi arsebul finansur mdgomareobaze.amiT aRmoifxvreba <strong>da</strong>qsaqsuloba, gaugebrobebi, winaaRmdegobebi<strong>da</strong> sxva gaurkvevloba. amiT gaiafdeba saqmiswarmoeba, misi marTvis sistema <strong>da</strong> menejmenti.aRniSnuli reorganizacia uzrunvelyofs buRaltruliaRricxvis, audituri kontrolis <strong>da</strong> ekonomikurianalizis, warmoebis marTvis operatiulobas, informaciisgamWirvalobas, ekonomikuri monacemebisa <strong>da</strong>maCveneblebis sizustes,samuSao drois <strong>da</strong>zogvas,ekonomikuriresursebis ekonomias, finansuri angariSgebisrealobas <strong>da</strong> sxva teqnikur- ekonomikuri maCveneblebisgaumjobebsebas.aRsaniSnavia, rom stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis SemuSavebasTandReisTvis, auditis saerTaSoriso stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi SemoRebuliamsoflios 72 qveyanaSi,xolo 54 qveyanam SeimuSavaerovnuli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi saerTaSoriso stan<strong>da</strong>rtebissafuZvelze. amJamad saqarTveloSi, moqmedebs buRaltruliaRricxvisa <strong>da</strong> auditis saerTaoSoriso stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi,Tumca, Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos ekonomikisTaviseburebebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, saWiroa saerTaSorisostan<strong>da</strong>rtebis gamoyenebis gamocdilebis safuZvelze,uaxloes momavalSi SemuSavdes buRaltruli aRricxvisa<strong>da</strong> audituri kontrolis warmoebis erovnulistan<strong>da</strong>rtebi, rac kidev ufro srulyofs buRaltruliaRricxvisa <strong>da</strong> auditis warmoebis meTodebsa <strong>da</strong> praqtikas.169

WiWiko adeiSviligamoyenebuli literatura1. montegomeri. auditi. Tb.: ,,finansebi~, 1997;2. Jurn.”buRaltruli aRricxva”, N#12 –2011; N5;N6 –2012;3. Jurn.” Auditi, aRricxva, finansebi”, N#3 , N#5,#6 _ 2000; N#1, N#2, N#11_2001;4. Jurn. “ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi <strong>da</strong> aRricxva”, N#11 -2005;5. sabazro ekonomikis formirebisa <strong>da</strong> funqcionirebisproblemebi saqarTveloSi, Sromebis krebuli,t.III, Tb,1997;6. saqarTvelos kanoni „buRaltruli aRricxvisa<strong>da</strong> finansuri angariSgebis auditis Sesaxeb“, Tb.,2012 wlis 29 ivnisi;7. a.Seremeti v.suci. auditis safuZvlebi, Tb,1998;8. Пупко Г.М. Аудит и ревизия, 2-е издание, M., 2004.Audit Control: History, Current Situation and DevelopmentPerspectives in GeorgiaCh. AdeishviliThe article shortly reviews the development of audit controlworldwide. The development of control and audit in Georgia since19 th -20 th centuries till the present time is discussed. The current situationof audit control in Georgia is discussed and the author’s suggestionsare made regarding its future development.170

kritikaqarTveli ekonomistis litvaSigamoqveynebuli plagiaturistatiis Sesaxebiuri ananiaSviliekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori,vladimer (lado) papavaekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesorilitvaSi gamomavalma Jurnalma “Intellectual Economics”2012 wlis me-4 nomerSi <strong>da</strong>beW<strong>da</strong> inglisurenovani statia“The Influence of Optimal Tax Burden on Economic Activity and ProductionCapacity” (optimaluri saga<strong>da</strong>saxado tvirTis gavlenaekonomikur aqtiurobasa <strong>da</strong> warmoebriv simZlavreze) [1],romlis avtorad moixsenieba baTumis SoTa rusTavelissaxelmwifo universitetis profesori giorgi abuseliZe.statiam Cveni yuradReba maSinve miiqcia ori garemoebisgamo: erTi, rom saTaurSi <strong>da</strong>smuli problema Cvenisamecniero interesebis sferoSi eqceva <strong>da</strong> mis SesaxebaraerTi naSromi gvaqvs Seqmnili <strong>da</strong> gamoqveynebulirogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve ucxoeTSi; meore, qarTveliekonomistebi, samwuxarod, iSviaTad vaxerxebT saerTaSorisoarenaze Cveni samecniero saqmianobis Sedegebis gatanas,amitom, yoveli aseTi mcdeloba sasiamovno siurpriza<strong>da</strong>Riqmeba <strong>da</strong> bunebrivad Cndeba misi gacnobisinteresi.un<strong>da</strong> vaRiaroT, rom g. abuseliZis statia CvenTvismarTlac siurprizi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, oRond arasasiamovno,radganac igi mecnieruli arakeTilsindisierebis yovelgvarzRvars scildeba. am ukanasknelSi rom <strong>da</strong>rwmundesCveni mkiTxveli, gavaanalizoT zogierTi ram aRniSnuli171

iuri ananiaSvili, vladimer (lado) papavastatii<strong>da</strong>n, romlis formaluri struqtura JurnalisaTvismisaReb stan<strong>da</strong>rtul CarCoSia moqceuli <strong>da</strong> Sedgebareziumis, Sesavlis, literaturis mimoxilvis, kvleviTinawilis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>skvnebisa <strong>da</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebisgan.<strong>da</strong>viwyoT reziumiT. yvelasaTvis karga<strong>da</strong>a cnobili,rom reziumeSi mokled un<strong>da</strong> iyos gadmocemuli Turas exeba naSromi <strong>da</strong> ra aris masSi avtoris mier gakeTebuli.Cveni Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli gaoceba gamoiwvia sworedim faqtma, rom aRniSnulis nacvlad reziumis saxiT g.abuseliZis statias wamZRvarebuli aqvs ori abzaci CvenierT-erTi statiis [2-4] <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n. es statia Tavisdroze mivuZRveniT saga<strong>da</strong>saxado tvirTis Sefasebis orisaxeobis – gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis tipis modelis <strong>da</strong> qceviTi tipismodelis analizs. pirveli maTgani ekuTvnis saga<strong>da</strong>saxadotvirTis cnobil mkvlevars evgeni balackis, qcevi-Ti modeli ki Cven mier SemoTavazebuli konstruqciaa.orive modeli saSualebas iZleva SevafasoT e.w. pirveli<strong>da</strong> meore gvaris fiskaluri wertilebi, romelTa cnebacsamecniero mimoqcevaSi SemoiRo evgeni balackim. CvensstatiaSi <strong>da</strong>sabuTebulia, rom, radganac saga<strong>da</strong>saxadotvirTi gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis modelSi resursebis gamoyenebis teqnologiisa<strong>da</strong> efeqtianobis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria,xolo Cven mier SemoTavazebul qceviT modelSi – resursebisgamoyenebis moculobis <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri aqtiurobisdonis ganmsazRvreli faqtori, amitom laferiscnobil koncefcias mxolod qceviTi modeli<strong>da</strong>n miRebuliwertilebi Seesabameba. am Sedegze rom mivsuliyaviT,statiis Sesavali nawili Semdegi teqstiT <strong>da</strong>viwyeT:”gansakuTrebul <strong>da</strong>sabuTebas ar saWiroebs is garemoeba,rom ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis gareSe Tanamedrove saxelmwifosa<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis arseboba SeuZlebelia. amave dros,aRiarebulia, rom <strong>da</strong>begvra gavlenas axdens moxmarebasa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zogvaze, investirebaze, moTxovnasa <strong>da</strong> miwodebaze,172

kritikafaswarmoqmnaze, bazrebis maStabebze <strong>da</strong> a.S [5-6]. es yvelaferi,sabolood, pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong> iribi saxiT warmoebismoculobaze <strong>da</strong> biujetis Semosavlebis sidideze aisaxeba.gamoSvebis moculobasa <strong>da</strong> biujetis saga<strong>da</strong>saxadoSemosavlebze saga<strong>da</strong>saxado tvirTis zemoqmedeba SeiZlebaori gansxvavebuli gziT ganxorcieldes. erTi mxriv,agregirebuli saga<strong>da</strong>saxado tvirTi zemoqmedebs warmoebisteqnologiasa <strong>da</strong> resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobaze<strong>da</strong> am saxiT gavlenas axdens gamoSvebis moculobasa<strong>da</strong> biujetis Semosavlebze; meore mxriv, saga<strong>da</strong>saxadotvirTis cvlileba zemoqmedebs ekonomikuri resursebisgamoyenebis moculobaze <strong>da</strong> ganapirobebs warmoebisa <strong>da</strong>biujetis Semosavlebis zr<strong>da</strong>s an Semcirebas resursebiswarmoebaSi CarTulobis cvlilebis Sesabamisad”.etyoba baton abuseliZes teqstis es nawili imdenadmoewona, rom mcireodeni cvlilebiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>maxinjebiT(savaraudod Targmanis gavlenis Sedegad) reziumeSiasaxa. moviyvanoT misi reziumis sruli varianti SesabamisiTargmaniT. g. abuseliZe wers:“Abstract. That the modern state couldn’t exist without taxes issomething that doesn’t need to be argued to society. It is also acknowledgedthat tax burden influences not only the budget revenues, but investments,demand and supply, prices and others. All this has direct as well asindirect influence on the economic activity and production capacity.In the concept of tax burden the important fact is the connection of taxburden with the economic activity and production capacity. The influenceof tax burden on budget tax revenues and production capacity can berealized in two different ways. On the one hand, tax burden influencesproduction technologies,effective usage of resources that accordingly willbe depicted on the production capacity and, on the other hand, the changeof tax burden influences budget tax revenues that will be depicted on theeconomic activity.173

iuri ananiaSvili, vladimer (lado) papavareziume. is, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifos arSeuZlia ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis gareSe arseboba, aris is, ris<strong>da</strong>sabuTebas ar saWiroebs sazogadoeba. amave dros, aRiarebulia,rom saga<strong>da</strong>saxado tvirTi gavlenas axdensara marto biujetis Semosavlebze, aramed, agreTve, investiciebze,moTxovnasa <strong>da</strong> miwodebaze, fasebze <strong>da</strong> a.S.yovelive amas rogorc pir<strong>da</strong>piri, aseve iribi gavlenaaqvs saqmian aqtiurobasa <strong>da</strong> warmoebis SesaZleblobaze.saga<strong>da</strong>saxado tvirTis koncefciaSi mniSvnelovanifaqtia kavSiri saga<strong>da</strong>saxado tvirTsa <strong>da</strong> saqmian aqtiurobasa<strong>da</strong> warmoebis SesaZleblobas Soris. warmoebisSesaZleblobaze <strong>da</strong> biujetis saga<strong>da</strong>saxado Semosavlebzesaga<strong>da</strong>saxado tvirTis gavlena SeiZleba ori gansxvavebuligziT ganxorcieldes. erTi mxriv, saga<strong>da</strong>saxadotvirTi zemoqmedebs warmoebis teqnologiaze, resursebisgamoyenebis efeqtianobaze <strong>da</strong> am saxiT gavlenas axdenswarmoebis SesaZleblobaze; meore mxriv, saga<strong>da</strong>saxadotvirTis cvlileba zemoqmedebs biujetis Semosavlebze<strong>da</strong> aisaxeba saqmian aqtiurobaze”.un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom g. abuseliZis statiaSi gadmocemuliteqstis SinaarsTan, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebTgamoyenebuli terminebis msgavsebas, am saxis reziumespraqtikulad araferi saerTo ar gaaCnia.vinai<strong>da</strong>n Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens g. abuseliZisstatiaSi mocemuli yvela aspeqtis ganxilva – esZalian Sors wagviyvans – gamovtovebT statiis im paragrafebs,romelTa saTaurebia Sesavali <strong>da</strong> literaturismimoxilva (Tumca, ar SegviZlia ar aRvniSnoT, rom amsaxelwodebis saTauris arsebobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, statiaSirealurad literaturis mimoxilvas adgili ara aqvs)<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>valT e.w. kvleviTi nawilis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebaze.samwuxarod, imis nacvlad, rom g. abuseliZes aq sakuTarikvlevis raime Sedegi moeyvana, TiTqmis mTlianadSemoifargla kargad cnobili masalis aRweriT. amasTan,am masalis mniSvnelovani nawili,romelic ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis174

kritikaekonomikur subieqtebze (mwarmoeblebsa <strong>da</strong> momxmareblebze)ga<strong>da</strong>kisrebas exeba, aRebulia ekonomiksis cnobilisaxelmZRvaneloebi<strong>da</strong>n,xolo teqstis pirveli oTxi abzaciki TiTqmis mTlianad kvlav erT-erTi Cveni statii<strong>da</strong>n[7] an wigni<strong>da</strong>n [8, gv. 38-40] aris amoglejili <strong>da</strong> miTvisebuli,mcireoden <strong>da</strong>maxinjebuli (savaraudod Targmanisgamo 1 ) formiT. kerZod, aRniSnul statiaSi ganxiluliaerToblivi gamoSvebis (Y) saSualo saga<strong>da</strong>saxado ganakveTze(t) <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis funqcia Y = Y(t) , romelic,miwodebis ekonomikuri Teoriis farglebSi gavrcelebulimosazrebis Tanaxmad, zr<strong>da</strong>dia, roca saSualo saga<strong>da</strong>saxadoganakveTis mniSvneloba 0-<strong>da</strong>n garkveul, magaliTad,t * , , 0 < t * < 1 donemde izrdeba <strong>da</strong> klebadia t-s cvlilebis momdevno (t*,1] SualedSi. am mosazrebisCveneuli <strong>da</strong>sabuTeba Semdegi saxiTaa Camoyalibebuli.“saSualo saga<strong>da</strong>saxado ganakveTTan mimarTebaSierToblivi gamoSvebis funqciis aq aRniSnuli Tavisebureba<strong>da</strong>debiTad <strong>da</strong> uaryofiTad moqmedi efeqtebisjamis saSualebiT SeiZleba avxsnaT. SemdegSi <strong>da</strong>debiTsvuwodebT efeqts, romelic ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis gadidebisasekonomikuri aqtiurobisa <strong>da</strong> erToblivi gamoSvebis xelSemwyobia,xolo Semci¬rebisas - xelSemSleli xdeba.Sesabamisad, uaryofiTs mivakuTvnebT efeqtebs, romlebicekonomikur aqtiurobasa <strong>da</strong> erTobliv gamoSvebas ga<strong>da</strong>sxadebisgadidebisas amcirebs, Semcirebisas ki zrdis.<strong>da</strong>debiTi efeqtebis jgufs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoTekonomikuri garemos (an saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris)Seqmnis efeqti <strong>da</strong> Semosavlebis efeqti. ekonomikurigaremos Seqmnis efeqti gulisxmobs, rom saSualo1am garemoebas kidev erTxel xazs vusvamT imis gamo,rom statiismTliani teqstis calkeuli wina<strong>da</strong>debebi inglisurad imdenadgaumarTavia,rom zogjer zusti Sinaarsis gamotana SeuZlebelia.175

saga<strong>da</strong>saxado ganakveTis zr<strong>da</strong> afarToebs saxelmwifosfinansur SesaZleblobas <strong>da</strong> igi ukeTesad asrulebsmasze <strong>da</strong>kisrebul ekonomikur funqciebs. es efeqti er-Tobliv miwodebaze <strong>da</strong>debiTad aisaxeba, radganac gazrdilisaga<strong>da</strong>saxado Semosavlebis pirobebSi, jer erTi,izrdeba sakuTriv saxelmwifo seqtoris mxri<strong>da</strong>n miwodebamis mier meti produqtisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis SeqmnisgziT <strong>da</strong>, meore, saxelmwifo aumjobesebs biznes-garemos,rac Zalze mniSvnelovania kerZo seqtoris erToblivimiwodebis gadidebis xelSewyobisaTvis. Semosavlebisefeqti axasiaTebs individebis qcevaze ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebispir<strong>da</strong>pir zemoqmedebas. e. atkinsonis <strong>da</strong> j. stiglicismixedviT, Semosavlebis efeqti warmoiqmneba imis gamo,rom ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis amoReba individebis SemosavlebisSemcirebas iwvevs, isini realurad Raribdebian <strong>da</strong> iZulebuliarian ga<strong>da</strong>don pensiaze gasvlis dro, samuSaodrois gazrdis xarjze Seamciron Tavisufali dro <strong>da</strong>a.S. [5, gv. 48-49]. aseTi logikidin gamomdinare Semosavlisefeqti ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis gadidebisas ekonomikuri aqtiurobisamaRlebis xelSemwyobad gvevlineba.uaryofiTi anu saga<strong>da</strong>saxado tvirTis efeqtebisjgufs miekuTvneba Canacvlebis efeqti <strong>da</strong> finansuriefeqti 2 . ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebTan mimarTebiT Canacvlebis efeqtisarseboba imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom yvela saxis saqmianoba<strong>da</strong>begvras ar eqvemdebareba <strong>da</strong> is rac ibegreba, rogorcwesi, ibegreba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ganakveTiT. rodesac ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebiizrdeba, Canacvlebis efeqtis gavlenis Sedegadekonomikuri saqmianoba <strong>da</strong>begvradi sfero<strong>da</strong>n ara<strong>da</strong>begvradsferoSi an maRali ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis sfero<strong>da</strong>n<strong>da</strong>bali ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis sferoSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis. individebi aqtiuradeZeben <strong>da</strong> xSir SemTxvevaSi pouloben gzebs, romliTacSesaZlebelia ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis mTlianad an nawilo-2es ori efeqti Semosavlis efeqtTan erTad ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ZiriTadmaxasiaTebleba<strong>da</strong>a ganxiluli atkinsonisa <strong>da</strong> stiglicis zemoTaRniSnul wignSi [5, gv. 48-49].iuri ananiaSvili, vladimer (lado) papava176

kritikabriv Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba. ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi<strong>da</strong>n Tavis <strong>da</strong>Rwevis amgzebs ekonomikuri aqtiurobis Semcirebamde mivyavarT.aseTive Sedegi miiReba finansuri efeqtis Sedega<strong>da</strong>c. esefeqti maSin warmoiSveba, roca erTi <strong>da</strong> igive saqmianobasxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formiT SeiZleba anazRaurdes <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad,<strong>da</strong>begvris ganakveTic SeiZleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva iyos. am efeqtisgamovlenis klasikuri magaliTia SemTxveva, rodesacgazrdili ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n asacileblad sameurneosubieqtebs Soris naRdi ga<strong>da</strong>xdebis gamoyeneba <strong>da</strong>«Crdilovan» <strong>ekonomika</strong>ze ga<strong>da</strong>svla xorcieldeba.”modiT, vnaxoT am teqstis abuseliZiseuli versiajer inglisurad, Semdeg ki qarTul TargmanSi. batoniabuseliZe Tavisi statiis me-3 paragrafs ase iwyebs:“3. Survey. In respect to taxation pressure, peculiarities of economicactiveness and output may be explained by means of the balancing ofpositive and negative effects. Hereinafter the effects promoting growth ofeconomic activeness and output in case of increase of taxation pressureand those preventing such growth in case of decrease of taxation pressureis called “positive”, and vice versa: the effects preventing growth ofeconomic activeness and output in case of increase of taxation pressureand those promoting such growth in case of decrease of taxation pressureis called “negative.”The group of positive effects may include the effect of creationof economic environment (or economic ability of state) and the effect ofbenefits. The effect of creation of economic environment supposes that thegrowing of taxation pressure up to the optimal level – 38,2% (Abuselidze,2005)¬ – extends the financial abilities of the state and performs itseconomic function better (please see the Abuselidze curve).This effect is positive for output, as in conditions of growing taxrevenues, first of all supply from the public sector itself grows by meansof creation of more public wealth and services, and, secondly, the state theimproves business environment, which is very important for promotionof growth of economic activeness in private sector. The effect of benefits177

iuri ananiaSvili, vladimer (lado) papavadefines direct influence of taxes on individuals’ behaviour. So, the effectof benefits promotes economic activeness in case of growing of taxationpressure up to the optimal level.The group of negative effects includes the effect of replacementand financial effect. Existence of the effect of tax replacement is providedwith that some kinds of business are not taxable, besides those taxableare liable to various rate taxes. When tax rates grows over the optimalpressure, the result is the effect of the replacement of business transfersfrom taxable spheres to tax-free spheres or from the spheres of heavytaxes to the spheres of lower taxes. Individuals actively seek and oftenfind ways to avoid taxes partly or wholly. Such ways of avoiding taxationlead to reduction of budget revenues (Abuselidze, 2005). The same resultis received resulted financial effect. This effect originates when the samebusiness may be compensated in various forms and correspondingly therate may vary. A classic example of the influence of this effect is the casewhen for the purpose of avoiding grown tax the business entities shifttaxes onto each other and transfer to shadow economy.3. kvleva. saga<strong>da</strong>saxado wnexTan mimarTebaSi ekonomikuriaqtiurobisa <strong>da</strong> gamoSvebis Taviseburebebi <strong>da</strong>debiTad<strong>da</strong> uaryofiTad moqmedi efeqtebis <strong>da</strong>balansebissaSualebiT SeiZleba avxsnaT. SemdegSi “<strong>da</strong>debiTs” vuwodebTefeqts, romelic saga<strong>da</strong>saxado wnexis gadidebisasekonomikuri aqtiurobisa <strong>da</strong> erToblivi gamoSvebiszrdis xelSemwyobia, xolo Semcirebisas xelSemSlelixdeba. piriqiT, “uaryofiTs” mivakuTvnebT efeqtebs, romlebicekonomikur aqtiurobasa <strong>da</strong> gamoSvebas saga<strong>da</strong>saxadownexis gadidebisas amcirebs, Semcirebisas ki zrdis.<strong>da</strong>debiTi efeqtebis jgufs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoTekonomikuri garemos (an saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris)Seqmnis efeqti <strong>da</strong> sargeblis efeqti. ekonomikurigaremos Seqmnis efeqti gulisxmobs, rom saga<strong>da</strong>saxadownexis zr<strong>da</strong> optimalur donemde – 38,2% (abuseliZe, 2005)afarToebs saxelmwifos finansur SesaZleblobas <strong>da</strong> igi178

ukeTesad asrulebs masze <strong>da</strong>kisrebul ekonomikur funqciebs(gTxovT ixiloT abuseliZis mrudi).es efeqti <strong>da</strong>debiTad aisaxeba gamoSvebaze, radganacgazrdili saga<strong>da</strong>saxado Semosavlebis pirobebSi, jererTi, izrdeba sakuTriv saxelmwifo seqtoris mxri<strong>da</strong>nmiwodeba mis mier meti produqtisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis SeqmnisgziT <strong>da</strong>, meore, saxelmwifo aumjobesebs biznes-garemos,rac Zalze mniSvnelovania kerZo seqtoris erToblivimiwodebis gadidebis xelSewyobisaTvis. sargeblis efeqtiaxasiaTebs individis qcevaze ga<strong>da</strong>saxdebis pir<strong>da</strong>pirgavlenas. Sesabamisad, saga<strong>da</strong>saxado wnexis optimalurdonemde zrdis SemTxvevaSi sargeblis efeqti xelsuwyobs ekonomikuri aqtiurobis zr<strong>da</strong>s.uaryofiTi efeqtebis jgufs miekuTvneba Canacvlebisefeqti <strong>da</strong> finansuri efeqti. ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebTanmimarTebiT Canacvlebis efeqtis arseboba imiTaa ganpirobebuli,rom yvela saxis saqmianoba <strong>da</strong>begvras areqvemdebareba <strong>da</strong> is rac ibegreba, rogorc wesi, ibegrebasxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ganakveTiT. rodesac saga<strong>da</strong>saxado ganakveTioptimaluri wnexis zeviT izrdeba, Canacvlebis efeqtisgavlenis Sedegad ekonomikur saqmianoba <strong>da</strong>begvradisfero<strong>da</strong>n ara<strong>da</strong>begvrad sferoSi an maRali ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebissfero<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>bali ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis sferoSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis.individebi aqtiurad eZeben <strong>da</strong> xSir SemTxvevaSi poulobengzebs, romliTac SesaZlebelia ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis mTliana<strong>da</strong>n nawilobriv Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba. ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi<strong>da</strong>nTavis <strong>da</strong>Rwevis am gzebs sabiujeto Semosavlebis SemcirebisakenmivyavarT (abuseliZe, 2005). aseTive SedegimiiReba finansuri efeqtis Sedega<strong>da</strong>c. es efeqti maSinwarmoiSveba, roca erTi <strong>da</strong> igive saqmianoba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaformiT SeiZleba anazRaurdes <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, <strong>da</strong>begvrisganakveTic SeiZleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva iyos. am efeqtis gamovlenisklasikuri magaliTia SemTxveva, rodesac gazrdikritika179

iuri ananiaSvili, vladimer (lado) papavali ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n asacileblad kompaniebi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebserTmaneTSi cvlian <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>dian Crdilovan<strong>ekonomika</strong>Si)”.rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, moyvanili teqsti imdenad umniSvnelodgansxvavdeba Cveni teqstisagan, rom raime komentarisgakeTeba zedmetia. magram, amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, mkiTxvelisyuradReba ramdenime garemoebas gvin<strong>da</strong> mivapyroT.pirveli ukavSirdeba imas,rom abuseliZem arafrad Cagvagvdoara marto Cven, aramed, agreTve, cnobili mecnierebia. atkinsoni <strong>da</strong> j. stiglici <strong>da</strong> maT naSromze CvensteqstSi arsebul miTiTebebs gverdi auara. Tumca aRsaniSnavia,rom abuseliZis statiis bolos <strong>da</strong>rTul literaturisCamonaTvalSi a. atkinsonisa <strong>da</strong> j. stiglicisaRniSnuli wigni [5], TiTqos<strong>da</strong>, gamoyenebuli gverdebismiTiTebiTaa warmodgenili. am faqts xazs vusvamT imitom,rom a. atkinsonisa <strong>da</strong> j. stiglicis citirebisas zemoTmoyvanil abzacebSi Cven mier SecdomiT 47 <strong>da</strong> 48 gverdisnacvlad, miTiTebulia 48-49 gverdi. gverdebis zusta<strong>da</strong>seTive araswori miTiTebaa mocemuli abuseliZis mier.meore, Tu miaqcieT yuradReba Cveni teqstisaganabuseliZis teqstis moyvanili nawyveti, Tu Targmanis Taviseburebasar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d imiTgansxvavdeba, rom am ukanasknelSi avtori orjer moixseniebsTavis gvars – erT SemTxvevaSi “saga<strong>da</strong>saxadownexis optimaluri donis – 38,2%-is” <strong>da</strong>mdgen avtorad,meore SemTxvevaSi “abuseliZis mrudis” avtorad. gvin<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>va<strong>da</strong>sturoT, rom rogorc moyvanili procentuliricxvi, aseve “mrudi” (ufro sworad, texili <strong>da</strong> ara mrudi,rogorc amas TviTon g. abuseliZe uwodebs) namdviladg. abuseliZis “naazrevia” <strong>da</strong> mis kuTvnilebasTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT araviTari pretenzia ar gagvaCnia (RmerTma<strong>da</strong>gvifaros aseTi uazrobisagan!). yuradRebis gamaxvilebaaq sxva rameze gvin<strong>da</strong>. saqme isaa, rom ricxvic <strong>da</strong> “mru-180

kritikadic” abuseliZes jer kidev 2005 welSi gamoqveynebulTavis statiaSi [9] aqvs moyvanili yovelgvari realuriekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>sabuTebis gareSe. maTematikaSi kargadcnobili oqros kveTis Sefardeba, romelic mTelisor erTmaneTis aratol 0,382 <strong>da</strong> 0,618 nawilebad <strong>da</strong>yofasgulisxmobs (romlis drosac didi nawilis mTelTan SefardebaemTxveva mcire nawilis didTan Sefardebas), g.abuseliZis azriT safuZvlad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>edos optimalurisaga<strong>da</strong>saxado tvirTis mniSvnelobis <strong>da</strong>dgenas, anu aseTganakveTad un<strong>da</strong> avirCioT 0,382 (anu 38,2%). magram optimalurisaga<strong>da</strong>saxado ganakveTis mniSvnelobad 0,382-ismxolod imitom arCeva, rom igi maTematikaSi cnobiliricxvia, aSkarad <strong>da</strong>uSvebelia. aranakleb cnobil ricxvswarmoadgens, magaliTad, naturaluri logariTmisfuZe, anu neperis ricxvi e, an kidev wrewiris sigrZismis diametrTan Sefardebis aRmniSvneli ricxvi π . sxvaTaSoris,amaTgan pirvelis Sebrunebuli 0,368-s udris,meores Sebrunebuli ki 0,318-s. bunebrivia vikiTxoT, optimalursaga<strong>da</strong>saxado ganakveTis mniSvnelobad ratomun<strong>da</strong> aviRoT 38,2% <strong>da</strong> ara 36,8% an 31,8%, miT umetes, romamaTgan ukanaskneli (31,8%) Zalian axlos aris, magaliTad,aSS-Si arsebul saSualo saga<strong>da</strong>saxado ganakveTTan?am kiTxvaze martivi pasuxi arsebobs: ekonomikisTvis“lamazi” maTematikuri kanonzomierebebis, abstraqciebis,gansakuTrebuli Tvisebis mqone ricxvebis, mimdevrobebis<strong>da</strong> a.S. xelovnurad Tavs moxveva, rogorc amas g. abuseliZegvTavazobs, <strong>da</strong>uSvebelia. yvela ekono-mistma icis,<strong>da</strong> es albaT abuseliZemac un<strong>da</strong> icodes, rom <strong>ekonomika</strong>,sxva yvelaferTan erTad, socialuri sistemaa <strong>da</strong> misiraodenobrivi <strong>da</strong> Tvisebrivi maxasiaTeblebi am sistemaSiCarTul subieqtTa qceviT, maTi konkretuli imanenturiTvisebebiT, tradiciebiT, CvevebiT, garemoTi <strong>da</strong> a.S. ganisazRvreba,romelic mudmivad icvleba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdin-181

iuri ananiaSvili, vladimer (lado) papavaare, Cven Tu gvin<strong>da</strong>, magaliTad, optimaluri saga<strong>da</strong>saxadoganakveTis gansazRvra, maSin ganyenebuli modelis anricxvis nacvlad un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT <strong>da</strong> SevafasoT iseTimodeli, romlis struqtura <strong>da</strong> Tvisebebi konkretul<strong>ekonomika</strong>Si mimdinare procesebisa <strong>da</strong> movlenebis adekvaturiasaxva iqneba.mesame, rodesac vmsjelobT saga<strong>da</strong>saxado tvirTismniSvnelobasa <strong>da</strong> rolze, erTmaneTisagan un<strong>da</strong> ganvasxvaoTe.w. warmoebrivi <strong>da</strong> fiskaluri mrudebi. warmoebrivimrudi Seesabameba erToblivi gamoSvebis funqciasY = Y(t) , romelic axasiaTebs saga<strong>da</strong>saxado tvirTiscvlilebis gavlenas mTlian gamoSvebaze, maSin rocafiskaluri mrudi Seesabameba biujetis saga<strong>da</strong>saxadoSemosavlebis funqcias T = T(t) <strong>da</strong> aRwers saga<strong>da</strong>saxadotvirTis cvlilebis gavlenas biujetis Semosavlebissidideze. araerTi gamokvleviT <strong>da</strong>sabuTebulia, rom esori funqcia <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, mrudi, rogorc wesi, Tavismaqsimums saga<strong>da</strong>saxado tvirTis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mniSvnelobazeaRwevs, amasTan, maqsimaluri fiskaluri efeqti (sabiujetoSemosavlebis maqsimumi) saga<strong>da</strong>saxado tvirTisufro maRali mniSvnelobis pirobebSi miiRweva, vidre maqsimalurisawarmoo efeqti (maqsimaluri erToblivi gamoSveba).zemoT moyvanil Cvens teqstSi, romelic ase pirwmin<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>qvs g. abuseliZes gadmoRebuli, msjelobaa er-Toblivi gamoSvebis mrudze (Sesabamisad funqciaze) <strong>da</strong>im SesaZlo oTx efeqtze, rac mis saxesa <strong>da</strong> Tvisebebs ganapirobebs.iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom g. abuseliZe erTmaneTSiurevs warmoebriv <strong>da</strong> fiskalur mrudebs, radganacigi “Tavis” teqstSi msjelobs gamoSvebis mrudsa <strong>da</strong>imaze, Tu rogor axdens saga<strong>da</strong>saxado tvirTis cvlilebagavlenas ekonomikur aqtiurobasa <strong>da</strong> gamoSvebis moculobaze<strong>da</strong> “gvTxovs vixiloT abuseliZis mrudi”, romelicfiskaluri mrudia (ufro swored, texilia).182

kritikaun<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom yovelive zemoT Tqmulis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,g. abuseliZis mecnierul keTil sindisierebazemsjelobas Cven, savaraudod,amden yuradRebas ar <strong>da</strong>vuTmobdiT,romara mis statiaSi mocemuli e.w. “<strong>da</strong>skvnebi <strong>da</strong>rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi”, rasac araferi saerTo ara aqvs statiiswina nawilebTan <strong>da</strong> mTlianad ga<strong>da</strong>Rebulia erT-erTiCveni statii<strong>da</strong>n an wigni<strong>da</strong>n. Cveni aRSfoTebis mizezigasagebi rom gaxdes, gvin<strong>da</strong> Zalian mokle Sesavali gavakeToT.jer kidev XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis bolos,erT-erTma Cvenganma wamoayena lafer-keinzianuri sinTezisidea [10]. mogvianebiT am ideis Semdgom srulyofas,Sesabamisimodelis agebas <strong>da</strong> gamokvlevas mivuZRveniT ramdenimestatia [11-15] <strong>da</strong> wigni [8]. am publikaciebSi mivediT<strong>da</strong>skvnamde, rom <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis rolis srulfasovaniaxsna <strong>da</strong> keinzianuri <strong>da</strong> laferis (miwodebisekonomikis warmomadgenlis) Teoriebis calmxrivobisga<strong>da</strong>laxva SesaZlebelia makroekonomikuri wonasworobismodelis ganxilvis safuZvelze, romelic erToblivimoTxovnisa <strong>da</strong> erToblivi miwodebis funqciebisaganSedgeba. magram, erToblivi moTxovnisa <strong>da</strong> erToblivi miwodebisstan<strong>da</strong>rtuli modelisagan gansxvavebiT, es funqciebiganxilul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes ara fasebis donisa <strong>da</strong> gamoSvebismoculobis sakoordinato RerZebis sibrtyeze,aramed saga<strong>da</strong>saxado ganakveTisa (t) <strong>da</strong> gamoSvebis moculobis(Y) sakoordinato RerZebis sibrtyeze. amasTan,<strong>da</strong>vasabuTeT, rom aseTi modelis pirobebSi erToblivimoTxovnis mrudi, imis<strong>da</strong> mixedviT, Tu rogori Sesabamisobaarsebobs moxmarebisadmi zRvrul midrekilebas b-s <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo Sesyidvebisadmi zRvrul midrekilebasg -s Soris, SeiZleba iyos klebadi an zr<strong>da</strong>di saSualosaga<strong>da</strong>saxado ganakveTis mimarT. yovelive amis Sedega<strong>da</strong>vageT <strong>da</strong> gavaanalizeT makroekonomikuri wonasworobis183

iuri ananiaSvili, vladimer (lado) papavamodeli rogorc formalur-maTematikuri WriliT, aseveSesabamisi grafikuli ilustraciebis gamoyenebiT. amilustraciebis safuZvelia grafikuli modeli (ix. nax.1), romelic gviCvenebs, rom mocemuli erToblivi moTxovnisa<strong>da</strong> erToblivi miwodebisTvis lafer-keinzianurisinTezis modelSi SeiZleba ar arsebobdes an SeiZlebaarsebobdes wonasworuli saSualo saga<strong>da</strong>saxado ganakveTiserTi an ori mniSvneloba.YYDYDYDYFSYEYDDYDYFESYnax. 1. wonasworoba lafer-keinzianuri sinTezispirobebSigrafikul ilustraciebs gansakuTrebiT gvin<strong>da</strong>gavusvaT xazi, vinai<strong>da</strong>n g. abuseliZes is etyoba Zalianmoewona (Tumca, samwuxarod, bolomde ver gaigo maTi<strong>da</strong>niSnuleba) <strong>da</strong> teqstis garkveul fragmentTan erTadsakuTar Semoqmedebad gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. moviyvanoT Cveniteqstis es fragmenti statii<strong>da</strong>n [7], romelic gamoyenebuliliteraturis CamonaTvalSi g. abuseliZes sxvaTaSorisaqvs miTiTebuli.mkiTxvelisaTvis moyvanili fragmentis Sinaarsigasagebi rom iyos, aRvniSnavT, rom igi lafer-keinzianurisinTezis Cven mier SemoTavazebuli modelis pirobebSiaRwers makroekonomikuri wonasworobis aRdgenis erTerTscenars, roca wonasworobis <strong>da</strong>rRvevas ganapirobebserToblivi moTxovnis cvlileba.1840*t 1t t′1 2a) b > gt1t0t 1 t′ *1 t t 2b) b < g1Type equation here.t

“imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogor myardeba moyvanilimodelis pirobebSi saqonlis bazris wonasworoba, mivmarToTnax. 2-ze warmodgenil SemTxvevebs. sawyis etapzeSCavTvaloT, rom mocemuli Y (t)DY<strong>da</strong> Y (t) ^DwirebisTviswonasworoba F wertilSi arsebobs <strong>da</strong> mas t 1 saSualosaga<strong>da</strong>saxado ganakveTi Seesabameba. vTqvaT, garkveulimizezebis gamo avtonomiuri xarjebi raime ∆ ∆ A AsididiT gaizar<strong>da</strong>. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi es cvlilebagamoiwvevs erToblivi moTxovnis gazr<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisimrudis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas axal2-ze naCvenebi saxiT.D1(t)kritikaY mdgomareobaSi nax.nax. 2 wonasworobis aRdgena erToblivi moTxovniscvlilebis pirobebSivinai<strong>da</strong>n saSualo saga<strong>da</strong>saxado ganakveTi TviTregulirebasmxolod nawilobriv eqvemdebareba, amitom,Tu <strong>da</strong>vuSvebT, rom erToblivi miwodebis zemoT ganxiluliTeoria samarTliania, maSin Seqmnil situacia-Si axali wonasworobis CamoyalibebisaTvis gazrdili185

iuri ananiaSvili, vladimer (lado) papavaavtonomiuri xarjebis paralelurad saxelmwifom Sesabamisikanonmdeblobis safuZvelze t -s mniSvneloba t 1-<strong>da</strong>n t′ 1 -mde un<strong>da</strong> gazardos. saqme isaa, rom sawyisi wonasworobisF wertilSi <strong>ekonomika</strong> erToblivi miwodebismrudis aRmaval nawilze imyofeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi t -sgadidebiT warmoqmnili efeqtebi<strong>da</strong>n dominirebadia er-Tobliv miwodebaze <strong>da</strong>debiTad moqmedi garemos Seqmnisefeqtis <strong>da</strong> Semosavlebis efeqtis jami. amitom, raodenparadoqsulic ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos, ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis gadidebaxels Seuwyobs resursebis miwodebis zr<strong>da</strong>s. arsebuliresursebis gazrdili raodenobiT gamoyenebis pirobeb-Si erToblivi gamoSveba gaizrdeba <strong>da</strong> wonasworoba F 1wertilSi aRmoCndeba.gansxvavebul situacias eqnebo<strong>da</strong> adgili ekonomikiswonasworobis sawyisi wertili F -is nacvlad EE-Si rom yofiliyo. nax. 2-is mixedviT es ukanasknelierToblivi miwodebis <strong>da</strong>Rmaval nawilze mdebareobs, sa<strong>da</strong>cdominirebul rols ukve ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis uaryofiTiefeqtebi (Canacvlebis efeqti <strong>da</strong> finansuri efeqti) asrulebs.cxadia, aseT pirobebSi ekonomikuri aqtiurobiswaxalisebisa <strong>da</strong> erToblivi miwodebis gadidebis bunebrivgzas saSualo saga<strong>da</strong>saxado ganakveTis Semcirebawarmoadgens. amitom, Seqmnil hipoTezur situaciaSi,saxelmwifo t -s mniSvnelobas Tu Seamcirebs t 2 -<strong>da</strong>n t′ 2-mde, maSin <strong>ekonomika</strong> SesZlebs axal E 1 wonasworobaSiga<strong>da</strong>svlas <strong>da</strong> gazrdili erToblivi moTxovnis Sesabamis<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas.”modiT, vnaxoT axla rogor aris es yvelafer sityva-sityviTmiTvisebuli abuseliZis mier. igi wers(Cvens teqstTan moyvanili teqstis identurobas adviladSeniSnavT. amitom gTxovT, yuradReba miaqcioT, agreTve,grafikebis qveS gakeTebul minawerebs):“Let us assume that at the initial stage balance of output andeconomic activeness is at point F and it is corresponded with tax rate t.186

kritikaLet us say that due to some circumstances state charge grew to some value.In other equal conditions this change will cause growing of economicactiveness and correspondingly curve moves to the new position. In suchsituation, for the purpose of achieving the new balance, simultaneouslywith grown expenses state has to rise t value up to t 2. The matter is that atF point of the initial balance economy is on the ascending part of the curveof aggregate supply. In such case, among the effects originated resultedrise of the t sum of the effect of creation of output promoting environmentand the effect of revenues prevail. That is why, ironically enough, rise oftaxes up to t 2will promote growing of recourses supply. In circumstancesof grown quantity of using recourses available the aggregate output willgrow and balance will be achieved at point F 1(Fig. 3).The different situation takes place, when the initial balance point isat E. This latter is on the descending part of output and aggregate supply,where prevailing role belongs to negative effects of taxes (effect ofreplacement and financial effect). Certainly, in such conditions loweringof taxation pressure is a natural way of economic activeness stimulationand growth of output. That is why, in this hypothetic situation, if statereduces t value from t 1to t 2, then economy will manage to transfer to thenew balance at E 1and satisfy the grown aggregate demand (Fig. 4).187

iuri ananiaSvili, vladimer (lado) papava<strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom sawyis etapze, gamoSvebasa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuraqtiurobas Soris wonasworoba aris F wertilSi <strong>da</strong>is Seesabameba saga<strong>da</strong>saxado ganakveT t -s. vTqvaT, romgarkveuli mizezebis gamo saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>naxarjebigarkveuli sididiT gaizar<strong>da</strong>. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi,es cvlileba gamoiwvevs ekonomikuri aqtiurobis zr<strong>da</strong>s<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi mrudis ga<strong>da</strong>aadgilebas axal mdgomareobaSi.Seqmnil situaciaSi, axali wonasworobis miRwevismizniT,gazrdil <strong>da</strong>naxarjebTan erTad saxelmwifom erTdroulad,t -s mniSvneloba t 2 -mde un<strong>da</strong> gazardos. saqmeisaa, rom sawyisi wonasworobis F wertilSi <strong>ekonomika</strong>erToblivi miwodebis mrudis aRmaval nawilze imyofeba.aseT SemTxvevaSi t -s gadidebiT warmoqmnili efeqtebi<strong>da</strong>ndominirebadia gamoSvebis zrdis xelSemwyobi garemosSeqmnis efeqtisa <strong>da</strong> Semosavlebis efeqtis jami. amitom,raoden ironiulic ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos, ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis t 2 -mdezr<strong>da</strong> xelsSeuwyobs resursebis miwodebis zr<strong>da</strong>s. arsebuliresursebis gazrdili raodenobiT gamoyenebispirobebSi erToblivi gamoSveba gaizrdeba <strong>da</strong> wonasworobaF 2 wertilSi aRmoCndeba (nax. 4. saga<strong>da</strong>saxadopolitika <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri efeqti – abuseliZis versia).188

kritikaganxvavebulia situacia, rodesac sawyisi wonasworobaaris E wertilSi. es ukanaskneli gamoSvebis <strong>da</strong>erToblivi miwodebis <strong>da</strong>Rmaval nawilze mdebareobs, sa<strong>da</strong>cdominirebul rols ukve ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis uaryofiTiefeqtebi (Canacvlebis efeqti <strong>da</strong> finansuri efeqti) asrulebs.cxadia, rom aseT pirobebSi ekonomikuri aqtiurobiswaxalisebisa <strong>da</strong> gamoSvebis gazrdis bunebrivgzas saga<strong>da</strong>saxado wnexis Semcireba warmoadgens. amitom,Seqmnil hipoTezur situaciaSi saxelmwifo t -s mniSvnelobasTu Semacirebs t 1 -<strong>da</strong>n t 2 -mde, maSin <strong>ekonomika</strong>SesZlebs axal E 1 wonasworobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlas <strong>da</strong> gazrdilierToblivi moTxovnis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas (nax. 4. saga<strong>da</strong>saxadopolitika <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri efeqti – abuseliZisversia)”mTlianobaSi, abuseliZis statiis <strong>da</strong>skvna <strong>da</strong>rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi, aq moyvanili ZiriTadi fragmentis gar<strong>da</strong>,kidev or abzacs Seicavs. orive maTganSi plagiatisaSkara niSnebia. marTalia, zemoT moyvanilic sakmarisiaimis saCveneblad, Tu visTan <strong>da</strong> rasTan gvaqvs saqme,magram ar SegviZlia bolo abzacze rom ar gavamaxviloTyuradReba, romlic Semdegi saxisaa:“In spite of curves shifting fiscal points t 1and t 2remain unchanged,although maximum values of output and economic activeness determinedby these points do change (Fig. 5). So, the level of balance of economicactiveness and output depends on optimal taxation pressure t 2=38,2%.mrudebis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, fiskaluri werti-lebit 1 <strong>da</strong> t 2 ucvleli rCeba, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, romam wertilebiT gansazRvruli gamoSvebis maqsimalurimoculoba <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri aqtiuroba icvleba (nax. 5.saga<strong>da</strong>saxado tvirTis mrudebi – leperisa <strong>da</strong> abuseliZisTanaxmad). amrigad, ekonomikuri aqtiurobisa <strong>da</strong> ga-189

iuri ananiaSvili, vladimer (lado) papavamoSvebis wonasworobis done <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia optimalursaga<strong>da</strong>saxado wnexze t 2 =38,2%”.Figure 5. Tax burden curves - compliance with Laper and Abuselidze 3 ”.es abzaci abuseliZis zemoT moyvanili teqstispir<strong>da</strong>piri gagrZelebaa, Tumca, Sinaarsobrivad masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuliar aris. ufro metic, Cveni teqsti<strong>da</strong>n imdenaduadgilo<strong>da</strong>a amoglejili, rom mis safuZvelze raime<strong>da</strong>skvnis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia. rac Seexeba moyvanilgrafiks, romelsac g. abuseliZem ratomRac Tavisi <strong>da</strong>leperis (?) saxelebi miaweba, kargad aris cnobili <strong>da</strong>erToblivi miwodebis <strong>da</strong> biujetis saga<strong>da</strong>saxado Semosavlebismrudebis ilustrirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. magaliTad,statiaSi [7] an wignSi [8, gv. 104-105], romli<strong>da</strong>nacsavaraudod es grafiki <strong>da</strong> Tan<strong>da</strong>rTuli teqstia gadmoRebuli,weria:“erToblivi miwodebis sidide Y(t) Y<strong>da</strong> saga<strong>da</strong>saxadoSemosavlebi T(t) <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia, rogorc t -ze, aseveekonomikuri resursebis, kerZod ki, kapitalisa K <strong>da</strong>Sromis L moculobaze <strong>da</strong> maTi SesaZlo gamoyenebis sidideze.cxadia,Tu sxva Tanabar pirobebSi K K -s an L L -ismniSvneloba Seicvleba, magaliTad, zrdis mimarTulebiT,maSin nax. 1-ze (anu zemoT moyvanil nax. 5-ze) mocemulsakoordinato sibrtyeze Y Y(t) -s <strong>da</strong> T(t) -s mrudebimkiTxvelis yuradReba gvin<strong>da</strong> mivaqcioT im garemoebas, rombatoni abuseliZe mxolod erTxel wers statiaSi laferisgvars swored. sxva SemTxvevebSi is <strong>da</strong>maxinjebiTaa moyvanili.190

zemoT ga<strong>da</strong>adgildeba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n orive es funqcia K -s <strong>da</strong>L -is mimarT zr<strong>da</strong>dia. amasTan, mrudTa ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebismiuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, fiskaluri wertilebi t * <strong>da</strong> t **(anu nax.5-ze t 1 <strong>da</strong> t 2 wertilebi) ucvleli rCeba, Tumca, icvlebaam wertilebiT gansazRvruli erToblivi miwodebisa <strong>da</strong>sabiujeto Semosavlebis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebi.“<strong>da</strong>sasrul, <strong>da</strong>skvnis saxiT gvin<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, romes gamoxmaureba, albaT, siurprizi iqneba sakuTriv g.abuseliZisTvis. vfiqrobT, roca igi am statias litvaSigamosaqveyneblad agzavni<strong>da</strong>, albaT ar moelo<strong>da</strong> Tu vinmewaikiTxav<strong>da</strong> mas saqarTveloSi. magram asec rom iyos, esmas araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar amarTlebs. aseve ar Sei-Zleba sayveduri ar gamovTqvaT Jurnal “Intellectual Economics”-isre<strong>da</strong>qciis mimarT. Cven gvesmis, rom Jurnalisre<strong>da</strong>qtoris an recenzentisaTvis Zneli <strong>da</strong>sadgeni iqnebo<strong>da</strong>statiis avtoris mecnieruli keTilsindisiereba.magram maTi uSualo movaleobaa ar <strong>da</strong>beWdon arakompetenturad<strong>da</strong>werili statia, romlis TvalsaCino nimuSs,plagiaturobasTan erTad, swored g. abuseliZis aq ganxilulistatia warmoadgens.gamoyenebuli literaturakritika1. Abuselidze George. The Infuence of Optimal Tax Durden onEconomic Activity and Production Capacity // Intellectual Economics,2012, Vol. 6, No, 4 (16), http://www.mruni.eu/en/mokslo_<strong>da</strong>rbai/ie/paskutinis_numeris/dwn.php?id=334919.2. i. ananiaSvili, v. papava. resursebis gamoyenebisefeqtianobasa <strong>da</strong> moculobaze saga<strong>da</strong>saxado tvirTisgavlenis Sefasebis modelebi // ekonomisti, 2011, №#1;3. Ю. Ананиашвили, В. Папава. Налоги, технология производстваи экономический рост // Общество и экономика, 2011, № 4-5;4. I. Ananiashvili, V. Papava. Taxes, Production Technology, and EconomicGrowth // Problems of Economic Transition, 2012, Vol. 54, No. 12;5. Аткинсон Э. Б., Стиглиц Дж. Э. Лекции по экономическойтеории государственного сектора. Москва, Аспект Пресс, 1995.6. Стиглиц Дж. Э. Экономика государственного сектора.191

iuri ananiaSvili, vladimer (lado) papavaМосква, МГУ, ИРФРА-М, 1997;7. i. ananiaSvili. ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis gavlena erToblivmiwodebaze // <strong>ekonomika</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>biznesi</strong>, 2009, №#1;8. i. ananiaSvili, v. papava. ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi, moTxovna <strong>da</strong>miwodeba: lafer-keinzianuri sinTezi. <strong>Tbilisi</strong>, siaxle,2009;9. g. abuseliZe. biujetis Semosavlebis perspeqtivebiaxali saga<strong>da</strong>saxado kodeqsis aspeqtiT // socialuri<strong>ekonomika</strong>, 2005, №#1;10. V. Papava. The Georgian Economy: From “Shock Therapy” toSocial Promotion” // Communist Economics & Economic Transformation,1996, Vol. 8, No. 2;11. i. ananiaSvili. ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi <strong>da</strong> makroekonomikuriwonasworoba // saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne,ekonomikis seria, 2004, t. 12, #1-2;12. i. ananiaSvili, v. papava. makroekonomikuri wonasworobalafer-keinzianuri sinTezis pirobebSi // ekonomisti,2010, # 5;13. Ю. Ананаиашвили, В. Папава. Роль средней налоговойставки в кейнсианской модели совокупного спроса // Общество иэкономика, 2010, № 3-4;14. Ю. Ананаиашвили, В. Папава. Лафферо-кейнсианскийсинтез и макроэкономическое равновесие // Общество и экономика,2010, № 9;15. I. Ananiashvili, V. Papava. Macroeconomic Model of Laffer-Keynesian Synthesis // Problems of Economic Transition, 2012, Vol. 54, No, 12.192

Cveni iubilarebiPprofesoriqeTevan marSavaiv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is akademiuri sabWos <strong>da</strong>dgenilebiT,saiubileoTariRTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT,universitetissamecniero <strong>da</strong> saswavlo procesis ganviTarebaSiSetanili gansakuTrebuli <strong>da</strong>msaxurebisaTvis, ekonomikis<strong>da</strong> <strong>biznesi</strong>s fakultetis srul profesors qeTevanmarSavas mieniWa ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobisme<strong>da</strong>li.vulocavT qalbaton qeTevans am gansakuTrebuljildos <strong>da</strong> vusurvebT zRvar<strong>da</strong>udeb bednierebas <strong>da</strong>warmatebebs.es werilic aRniSnuli TariRisadmia miZRvnili...profesor qeTevan marSavas pirovnuli gamorCeulobaimdenad Zlieria, rom gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeblisZieba arc aris saWiro. garegnulad imden siTbosasxivebs, pirveli SexvedrisTanave gangawyobs a<strong>da</strong>miansndobiTa <strong>da</strong> siyvaruliT.igi aravis hgavs, Tavisi gamokveTili individualobiT;albaT, imitom, rom rac ufro didia niWi, miTufro Zlieria individualizmi.profesori qeTevan marSava gamorCeulia pirovnulikulturiT, saocrad mowesrigebuli <strong>da</strong> faqizi sulierebiT,TanagrZnobis gansakuTrebuli niWiT, keTil-SobilebiT, a<strong>da</strong>mianebze keTili zemoqmedebis iSviaTiunariT...mfarvelobs yvelas, visac misi mzrunveli <strong>da</strong>sikeTiT gamowvdili xeli sWirdeba. gagaognebs misi193

didsulovnebac, saaTobiT SeuZlia uSurvelad <strong>da</strong>ixarjosSenTvis!anaTebs Sinagani sisufTaviT. aris gansakuTrebuladsaintereso. umdidresia misi pirovnuli gumani,pirovnuli pasuxismgebloba... TiTqos, Seni gulis feTqvasusmens, TiTqos Sens fiqrebs kiTxulobs. arasdrosRalatobs alRo, gemovneba, gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuliRirsebebiT.sikeTeze umSvenieresi araferia amqveynad. sa<strong>da</strong>csikeTea, iq gonebis zeimia <strong>da</strong> vinc brZenia <strong>da</strong> Wkviani, iskeTilicaa.sikeTea misi cxovrebis gzac, iseTive sufTa,rogorc misi sulieri samyaro. misi keTilSobilebacmis karg xasiaTSia saZiebeli <strong>da</strong> misi sulic mxolo<strong>da</strong>m sikeTiTaa Zlieri.aris ukompromiso <strong>da</strong> marTali.Tavisufali sulis Rirsebac gulwrfelobaa <strong>da</strong>gulRia saubari. uyvars mosmena: masTan xSirad yofnasxvanairs gxdis, radgan TviTonaa sa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ubralo. misganaravin brundeba, odnav ukeTesad <strong>da</strong> bednierad romar igrZnos Tavi, yvelas uSurvelad unawilebs sikeTes,siTbos.misTvis yvelaze Zvirfasi saganZuri siyvaruli,zomiereba <strong>da</strong> simSvidea. albaT, es Tvisebebi gamoarCevsmas yvelasgan.Zvel berZens ekiTxebian:ra aris yvelaze ukeTesi amqveynad?- kargad akeTo is, rasac akeTeb!albaT, amitomac gvaocebs qalbatoni qeTevaniTavisi gonebrivi <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebismaqsimaluri gamoyenebiT. albaT, amitomac miiCneven,rom ,,ar aris imaze didi sikeTe, vidre Seni sayvarelisaqmiT gaxareba”. sayvareli saqme ki a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvs mx-194

olod gansakuTrebuli jildoa...igi Semkulia im gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT,romelic mxolod moZRvars SeiZleba hqondes.iqneb, cnobili striqoni - ,,cxovreba mxolod sxvebisTvisRirs”, aris avtoris lamazi cxovrebis saidumlosgasaRebic. mas sikeTiT <strong>da</strong> mxolod sikeTiTSeuZlia gaaocos TiToeuli Cvengani. misi azriT, ararseboben cudi <strong>da</strong> kargi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, arseboebs mxolodcudi <strong>da</strong> kargi urTierTobebi. am urTierTobis safuZveliki aris ara is, ras amboben a<strong>da</strong>mianebi erTmaneTze,aramed is, Tu ras grZnoben isini.albaT, esaa qalbaton qeTevanis momxibvlelobissaidumloc.profesori qeTevan marSava profesionalia, sayvarelisaqmisadmi gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT gamor-Ceuli.mZiviviT asxmuli mwyobri ideebi <strong>da</strong> sakiTxebi,misi80-ze meti naSromi, monografiebi, saxelmZRvaneloebi,publikaciebi.wers gasagebad, keTilxmovnad, ubralod. erTstriqonsac ver <strong>da</strong>wer didi siyvarulis gareSe. raodenusazRvro un<strong>da</strong> iyos misi grZnobebis masStabi, erTmane-Tze ukeTesi wignebiT, uTvalavi sixaruli mianiWo aTasobiTmkiTxvels.Tavisufali <strong>da</strong> maZiebeli gonebaa TiToeulistriqonis safuZvelTa safuZveli.avtoris monografiaSi - ,,statistikis Tanamedroveproblemebi”, 1 vkiTxulobT: ,,amoicaniT, ra aris is, risgareSe cxovreba SeuZlebelia,Tumca,mas Zalian xSiradvemduriT. SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es siyvarulia. ara -saubaria statistikaze”.1Tanaavtoria prof. m. mindoraSviliCveni iubilarebi195

marTlac, dRes, XXI saukunis gariJraJze, yovladwarmoudgenelia informaciis, saimedo, obieqturistatistikuri monacemebis gareSe cxovreba. ,,statistikaaCens imas, rac sakmaod orazrovania <strong>da</strong> malavsZalian mniSvnelovans”.albaT, amitomacaa tyuilisa <strong>da</strong> statistikis urTierTobisSesaxeb uTvalavi, erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegoTvalsazrisi... ,,sicrue, didi tyuili <strong>da</strong> statistika”,magram mkacrad gaazrebuli <strong>da</strong> mokled CamoyalibebuliprogramiT. sakmaod maRal donezea sazogadoebrivimovlenebisa <strong>da</strong> procesebis kvleva.statistikuri informaciis utyuarobis mniSvnelobaufro <strong>da</strong> ufro did masStabebs iZens.utyuari cifrebi - sazogadoebis utyuari saxe -aseTia realoba.statistikuri monacemebis mimarT ki sazogadoebisndobis amaRlebisTvis brZolas gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba eniWeba. amis <strong>da</strong>sa<strong>da</strong>stureblad sakmarisianaSromSi <strong>da</strong>smuli problemebis CamonaTvalic:statistiki<strong>da</strong>n ,,sociestikamde”statistikis istoriis kval<strong>da</strong>kval,,ndobis faqtori”statistika <strong>da</strong> mediastatistikuri ganaTleba...xazgasasmelia metaforuli ,,mteri Tu moyvare”,,,moyvares pirSi uZraxe”...monografiaSi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa evrobarometriskvlevebi, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis magaliTebisSe<strong>da</strong>reba qarTul statistikur monacemebTan.mediis profesionalizmis, misi xarisxis zrdisobieqturi <strong>da</strong>skvnebis gakeTebis mniSvnelobis xazgasma.asimetria informaciasa <strong>da</strong> codnas Soris. mkacrad196

Cveni iubilarebigaanalizebuli <strong>da</strong> mokled Camoyalibebuli <strong>da</strong>skvnebi.monografia, mecnierul <strong>da</strong>xvewilobasTan erTad,iseTi saintereso masalebiT aris Sevsebuli, mxatvrulinawarmoebiviT ikiTxeba, rac wignis gansakuTrebulmniSvnelobas kidev erTxel usvams xazs...***mecnierTa azriT, Cveni era humanizmis eraa. a<strong>da</strong>mianebigamoirCevian gansakuTrebuli sikeTiTa <strong>da</strong> siyvaruliT.mTavaria, icxovro mSvi<strong>da</strong>d, lamazad <strong>da</strong> garemosTanharmoniulad, mudmivad pozitiuri fiqriT...albaT,amitomacaa bednieri cxovrebisTvis aucilebeli,,kargi wignebi, Zlieri frazebiT <strong>da</strong> sikeTe!”- gemravloT, qalbatono qeTevan, bednierebis aseuxvad momadlebuli es gansakuTrebuli maCveneblebimTeli cxovrebis manZilze!siyvaruliT,Pprofesori mzia qirTbaia2013 wlis 11 ianvari197

JurnalSi – ,,<strong>ekonomika</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>biznesi</strong>~, samecniero statiiswarmodgenis <strong>da</strong> gamoqveynebis wesi1. JurnalSi qarTul, inglisur, germanul <strong>da</strong>rusul enebze qveyndeba statiebi ekonomikuri Teoriisa<strong>da</strong> ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa istoriis, ekonomikuri politikis,ekonomikisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>biznesi</strong>s aqtualur sakiTxebze, aseve,recenziebi bolo periodSi gamoqveynebul monografiebsa<strong>da</strong> saxelmZRaneloebze.2.statiaSi warmodgenili un<strong>da</strong> iyos: sakvlevi problemisaqtualuroba, kvlevis mizani <strong>da</strong> amocanebi, kvlevismeTodologia, kvlevis Sedegebi (siaxle), rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi.3. statia warmodgenili un<strong>da</strong> iyos 4 formatiT.statiis moculoba, gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalisa<strong>da</strong> referatebis CaTvliT, ar un<strong>da</strong> aRematebodeskompiuterze 1,5 intervaliT <strong>da</strong> 11 SriftiT nabeWdi teqstis15 gverds.4. qarTul enaze <strong>da</strong>weril statias un<strong>da</strong> axldesreferatebi qarTul <strong>da</strong> inglisur enebze - TiToeuli1000-<strong>da</strong>n 1500-mde niSnis moculobiT. Uucxo enaze <strong>da</strong>werilstatias Tan un<strong>da</strong> axldes ZiriTadi Sinaarsi 2-3gverdze qarTul enaze <strong>da</strong> referati imave ucxo enaze.5. re<strong>da</strong>qciaSi statiis warmodgena aucilebelia ornabeWd egzemplarad, elversiasTan erTad( MS word, qarTulistatia SriftiT AcadNusx, ხოლო უცხოურ ენაზე ტექსტი- Times New Roman).6. statiis saTauris qvemoT (marjvena mxares) un<strong>da</strong>mieTiTos avtoris (an avtorebis) sruli saxeli, gvari, akademiurixarisxi, Tanamdeboba, telefoni <strong>da</strong> eleqtronulifostis misamarTi;.7. statiaSi un<strong>da</strong> Candes sakvlev problemasTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli mniSvnelovani literaturis gamoyeneba.literaturis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba un<strong>da</strong> ganTavsdes statiis bolos198

erTiani siis saxiT: a) wignis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT- avtoris (avtorebis) gvari <strong>da</strong> inicialebi,wignis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba, gamocemis adgili, gamomcemloba, weli;b) saJurnalo statiisaTvis - avtoris (avtorebis) gvari<strong>da</strong> inicialebi, statiis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba, Jurnalis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba,weli, Jurnalis nomeri.literaturis siaSi miTiTebuli wyaro gamoyenebuliun<strong>da</strong> iyos statiis teqstSi. ama Tu im avtoris naSromi<strong>da</strong>ncitirebisas, mas un<strong>da</strong> mieTiTos wyaro Sesabamisigverdis aRniSvniT Semdegi saxiT [5,gv.41], sa<strong>da</strong>c pirvelicifri Seesabameba citirebuili wyaros rigiT nomersgamoyenebuli literaturis siaSi,xolo meore - im gverds,sai<strong>da</strong>nac moyvanilia citata. literaturis siaSi yoveliwignis (Jurnalis) bibliografiuli aRwera un<strong>da</strong> Seesabamebodesmis satitulo furcels.8. ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d teqstSi cxrilebi, grafikebi <strong>da</strong> sqemebiun<strong>da</strong> ganTavsdes maTi miTiTebis adgilze, Tu iqadgili arasakmarisia - SeiZleba momdevno gverdze. cxrilebs,grafikebs <strong>da</strong> sqemebs un<strong>da</strong> hqondes <strong>da</strong>saxeleba <strong>da</strong>numeracia.9. statias, romelic ar pasuxobs zemoT CamoTvlilmoTxovnebs, re<strong>da</strong>qcia ar miiRebs10. JurnalSi statiis gamoqveyneba ufasoa iv. javaxiSvilisTsu-is profesor-maswavlebelTa, doqtorantebisa<strong>da</strong> yvela TanamSromlisaTvis, xolo sxva (gare) avtorebiixdian safasurs – erT gverdze 5 (xuT) lars,rac maT mier Cairicxeba Tsu-is ekonomikuri SemosavlebisangariSSi.sakontaqto telefonebi:2 30 36 68; 2 30 40 78; 599 24 77 47;599 10 38 16 e-Mail:ebf.journal@tsu.ge199

ISSN 1987-5789<strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<strong>Tbilisi</strong>s saxelmwifo universitetis bazazekompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa -manana jixviSvili200

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