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Betonbau in der Schweiz 2010 - fib-ch - EPFL

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Fig. 5Elévation de l’étayage, situation des trémies de pose et d’évacuation.Cut and removal of an element to create open<strong>in</strong>gs on ea<strong>ch</strong> side of the runway.The new side slabs are then laidon water-<strong>in</strong>flated tubes, allow<strong>in</strong>gthem to adjust their height andposition before the space betweenthe ground and the slab isfilled with rapid-sett<strong>in</strong>g grout.The end of the side slab next tothe tunnel has a re<strong>in</strong>forced corbelwith holes enclos<strong>in</strong>g the steelpiles’ top ends.C. Construction of the new abutmentsun<strong>der</strong>neath, while keep<strong>in</strong>gthe clearance free for traffic <strong>in</strong>the tunnel. This work is carriedout next to a Berl<strong>in</strong>-type wall <strong>in</strong>between the steel piles.pieux tout en assurant le passagedes avions. Cet élément permetégalement de compenser les effetsde la courbure du tunnel etde faire un ripage rectiligne malgréla courbure.C. Construction en taupe de nouvellesculées sous la piste actuelleet à l’<strong>in</strong>térieur du gabarit du tunnel.Exécution de ces travaux àl’abri du bouclier formé par uneparoi berl<strong>in</strong>oise réalisée entre lespieux forés au travers de la piste.D. Pose d’un étayage provisoiresupportant l’ancienne dalle detoiture du tunnel. Cet étayage estD. Demolition of the tunnel walls,replaced by temporary shor<strong>in</strong>g,bear<strong>in</strong>g the current slab of thetunnel.This steel shor<strong>in</strong>g, replac<strong>in</strong>g thetunnel walls is designed to progressivelytransfer the aircraftloads, while disconnect<strong>in</strong>g theslab to be pushed out.E. Creation of two large open<strong>in</strong>gs<strong>in</strong> the tunnel slab on ea<strong>ch</strong> side ofthe runway.On ea<strong>ch</strong> side of the runway, outsidethe aircraft traffic, two open<strong>in</strong>gsare created. They are 8 and10 m long, and are as wide as theFig. 6Pr<strong>in</strong>cipe général de la méthode de ripage.General pr<strong>in</strong>ciple of the laun<strong>ch</strong><strong>in</strong>g method.101


Fig. 7Pose d’un nouvel élément dans la trémie – collage époxy et post-tension des éléments à jo<strong>in</strong>ts conjugués.Lay<strong>in</strong>g a new element <strong>in</strong> the open<strong>in</strong>g – epoxy seal<strong>in</strong>g and post-tension<strong>in</strong>g connection aga<strong>in</strong>st the previous one.au droit des anciens murs et assureprogressivement la reprise desefforts. La totalité de la dalle esta<strong>in</strong>si désolidarisée de ses murs etposée sur des voies de ripage.E. Ouverture de deux trémiesdans la dalle du tunnel de part etd’autre de la piste.De part et d’autre de la piste, endehors des zones de circulationdes avions, deux ouvertures de 8et 10 m de longueur sur toute lalargeur du tunnel sont créées. Cesouvertures serviront à poser lesnouveaux éléments préfabriquésde dalle d’un coté et de d’enleverles anciens de l’autre coté après laphase de poussage. En phase opérationnellede l’aéroport, ces ouverturessont protégées par descouvercles métalliques coulissantsur des rails capables de supporterles <strong>ch</strong>arges des avions en cas desortie de piste. Ces «tiroirs» sonta<strong>in</strong>si ouverts et fermés en fonctiondes heures d’exploitation de lapiste d’envol.F. Pose d’éléments préfabriquésde dalle précontra<strong>in</strong>te, étan<strong>ch</strong>éité,bétonnage de la dalle d’usureet évacuation de l’ancienne dalle.Dès l’atterrissage du <strong>der</strong>nier avionvers 23h45, le couvercle de protectionde la trémie de pose estouvert. Le portique de levage déposeun élément préfabriqué dedalle de 36 m de longueur par 3 mtunnel. They are used to lay newprecast slab sections on one side,and to remove old sections on theother side after ea<strong>ch</strong> laun<strong>ch</strong><strong>in</strong>gstep. Dur<strong>in</strong>g the day when theairport is runn<strong>in</strong>g, these open<strong>in</strong>gsare covered with steel plates slid<strong>in</strong>gon rails, whi<strong>ch</strong> are capable oftak<strong>in</strong>g the load of an aircraft (<strong>in</strong>case a plane accidentally exits therunway). These slid<strong>in</strong>g covers areopened and closed accord<strong>in</strong>g tothe air traffic hours on the runway.F. Lay<strong>in</strong>g of new precast prestressedslab sections, proof<strong>in</strong>g layer,cast<strong>in</strong>g of runway top concrete,removal of the old section of thecurrent slab.As soon as the last aircarft landsaround 11:45 pm, the open<strong>in</strong>gcover is slid out. The travell<strong>in</strong>gcrane br<strong>in</strong>gs a new 36 m-wide by3 m-long slab section and puts it<strong>in</strong> the open<strong>in</strong>g. This section isfixed to the previous one byepoxy seal<strong>in</strong>g and post-tensionedus<strong>in</strong>g thirty 50 mm diameter barsconnected to the previous section.After two of these elementsare laid <strong>in</strong> the open<strong>in</strong>g, giv<strong>in</strong>g 6 mof slab, the proof<strong>in</strong>g layer is<strong>in</strong>stalled and the 30 cm-thick topconcrete of the runway is cast.On the other side of the runway,the 6 m-long old slab sectionpushed out is removed from thede largeur dans la trémie. Celui-ciest connecté par collage époxyaux dalles précédentes et mis enprécontra<strong>in</strong>te par une trenta<strong>in</strong>ede barres diamètre 50 mm connectéesà celles de l’élément précédent.Après la pose de deux élémentsde dalles formant 6 m denouvelle couverture du tunnel,l’étan<strong>ch</strong>éité est complétée et ladalle d’usure de 30 cm d’épaisseurest bétonnée.Du coté de la trémie d’évacuation,le morceau de 6 m de dalleprécédemment poussé en dehorsde la piste est découpé et évacué.La piste est rendue au traficaérien à 05h30.G. Ripage progressif de l’anciennedalle et des nouveaux élémentspar étapes de 6 m de longueur.Tous les 6 m, l’ensemble de la dalleest poussée au travers de la piste,déplaçant a<strong>in</strong>si la partie résiduellede l’ancienne dalle vers la trémiede démolition, et <strong>in</strong>troduisant lesnouvelles dalles placées dans latrémie de pose dans le <strong>ch</strong>em<strong>in</strong>ementde la piste. La surface <strong>der</strong>oulement est a<strong>in</strong>si progressivementremplacée sans <strong>in</strong>terventionmajeure dans le <strong>ch</strong>em<strong>in</strong> d’évolutiondes avions. A la f<strong>in</strong> de <strong>ch</strong>aquephase de ripage, des vér<strong>in</strong>s deblocage latéraux <strong>in</strong>tégrés dansl’épaisseur de la dalle viennentbloquer tout le système, af<strong>in</strong> que102


Fig. 8Vue de la piste après 3 étapes de ripage.View of the runway after 3 push<strong>in</strong>g steps.other open<strong>in</strong>g. The runway isgiven back to air traffic at 5:30am.G. Progressive laun<strong>ch</strong><strong>in</strong>g of thestructure <strong>in</strong> six metre steps.Every six metres, the structure ispushed across the runway, ea<strong>ch</strong>time push<strong>in</strong>g a portion of the oldslab out of the runway towardsthe demolition open<strong>in</strong>g, and push<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong> a portion of the new slab.Thus, the runway is replaced andre<strong>in</strong>forced gradually, without disturb<strong>in</strong>gair traffic. At the end ofevery push<strong>in</strong>g step, lateral jacksare used to block the whole structure,so that aircraft can land andtake off without creat<strong>in</strong>g any displacementof the slab laid on slid<strong>in</strong>gbear<strong>in</strong>gs. With this system,even if there is a failure <strong>in</strong> thepush<strong>in</strong>g system, the structure canbe blocked and secured at anymoment and the runway used byaircraft. In the case of the arrivalof an emergency or air-ambulanceaircraft, the runway can be ready<strong>in</strong> just a few m<strong>in</strong>utes.H. End of the push<strong>in</strong>g sequence,connection to the abutments.Once the whole new structure ispushed <strong>in</strong> place, the back walls ofthe abutments are connected toles avions puissent évoluer sur letunnel sans risque de faire bougerla dalle posée sur ses appuis deglissement. De cette manière,même en cas de blocage du ripage,le système peut être à toutmoment sécurisé et la piste exploitée.En cas d’arrivée impromptued’un avion sanitaire ou d’urgence,la piste peut a<strong>in</strong>si être opérationnelleen quelques m<strong>in</strong>utes.H. F<strong>in</strong> du ripage, solidarisation desculées et de la dalle du tunnel.A la f<strong>in</strong> du poussage, les mursarrières des culées sont connectésà la dalle par des barres de précontra<strong>in</strong>teverticales, formanta<strong>in</strong>si des encastrement puissantspermettant l’augmentation decapacité portante de la dalle. Cesmurs remplacent progressivementles étayages qui sont démontésau fur et à mesure des transfertsde <strong>ch</strong>arge sur les murs.Au niveau de la dalle, de la précontra<strong>in</strong>telongitud<strong>in</strong>ale complémentaireet cont<strong>in</strong>ue complèteles barres couplées. De même,dans la dalle d’usure, des câblesde précontra<strong>in</strong>te enfilés à la f<strong>in</strong>permettent de lutter partiellementcontre les effets de la fissurationdue aux effets différés.the slab us<strong>in</strong>g vertical post-tension<strong>in</strong>gbars, creat<strong>in</strong>g strong fixedends to the slab to <strong>in</strong>crease theload<strong>in</strong>g-bear<strong>in</strong>g capacity. Newwalls gradually replace the temporaryshor<strong>in</strong>g, and this is thendismantled bit by bit once the loadis transferred to the walls.Additional longitud<strong>in</strong>al prestress<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong> the slab comes on top ofthe connected bars. Similarly, prestress<strong>in</strong>gcables are slid <strong>in</strong>to thetop concrete of the runway toprevent crack<strong>in</strong>g due to longtermeffects.Auteur/AuthorJean-François Kle<strong>in</strong>Dr ès sc. te<strong>ch</strong>n., <strong>in</strong>g. civil dipl. <strong>EPFL</strong>Adm<strong>in</strong>istrateur de T <strong>in</strong>génierie saCH-1211 GenèveEmail: gva@t-<strong>in</strong>genierie.com103


Pontili galleggianti <strong>in</strong> calcestruzzo precompressosul Lago MaggioreFloat<strong>in</strong>g land<strong>in</strong>g stages <strong>in</strong> prestressed concreteon Lake MaggioreAntonio Paronesso, François PronguéIntroduzioneNell’ambito degli <strong>in</strong>terventi di potenziamentodelle <strong>in</strong>frastrutturedest<strong>in</strong>ate al turismo da diporto f<strong>in</strong>anziatedalla Regione Lombardia,rivestono un ruolo importante lerealizzazioni dei due pontili galleggiantidi Porto Valtravaglia eMaccagno situati entrambi sullasponda est del Lago Maggiore.Ciascuna delle due strutture è formatada moduli prefabbricati <strong>in</strong>calcestruzzo armato assemblati <strong>in</strong>acqua per mezzo di un sistema diprecompressione esterna. Graziealla particolare forma ad arco ealla notevole mole del manufattoassemblato, le oscillazioni prodottedal moto ondoso agente sullastruttura risultano contenute atutto vantaggio di un notevolecomfort per gli utilizzatori delmolo.Azioni esterne prepon<strong>der</strong>antiL’azione <strong>ch</strong>e genera le sollecitazionipiù importanti all’<strong>in</strong>terno diun corpo galleggiante è senz’altroil vento. Il suo effetto si esplicaattraverso un’azione diretta rappresentatadalla pressione c<strong>in</strong>eticaapplicata alla struttura stessa eai natanti ad essa ormeggiati edun’azione <strong>in</strong>diretta rappresentatadal moto ondoso <strong>in</strong>dotto dalvento.I parametri <strong>ch</strong>e maggiormente determ<strong>in</strong>anol’<strong>in</strong>tensità di tali azionie condizionano qu<strong>in</strong>di il dimensionamentodel sistema, sonol’estensione dello spec<strong>ch</strong>io d’acqua(fet<strong>ch</strong>) e il regime dei ventidella zona <strong>ch</strong>e si estende attornoalla struttura. Dal fet<strong>ch</strong> e dalladurata dei venti nel tempo dipendono<strong>in</strong> particolare le lunghezzed’onda dei moti ondosi <strong>ch</strong>e si possonosviluppare <strong>in</strong> un determ<strong>in</strong>atobac<strong>in</strong>o. Dalle <strong>in</strong>tensità deiIntroductionWith<strong>in</strong> the scope of the works forthe development of <strong>in</strong>frastructurefor the tourist <strong>in</strong>dustry f<strong>in</strong>ancedby the Region of Lombardy,the creation of two float<strong>in</strong>g land<strong>in</strong>gstages at Porto Valtravagliaand Maccagno play an importantrole. Both are situated on the eastbank of Lake Maggiore.Ea<strong>ch</strong> of the two structures comprisesprefabricated re<strong>in</strong>forcedconcrete modules assembled <strong>in</strong>the water by means of an externalprestress<strong>in</strong>g system. Thanks tothe particular ar<strong>ch</strong>ed shape andconsi<strong>der</strong>able <strong>in</strong>ertia of the assembledproduct, the oscillationgenerated by the movement ofthe waves act<strong>in</strong>g on the structureproves to be conta<strong>in</strong>ed for thegreat convenience of those us<strong>in</strong>gthe jetty.Ma<strong>in</strong> external actionThe force whi<strong>ch</strong> generates moststress <strong>in</strong>side a float<strong>in</strong>g body is thew<strong>in</strong>d. Its effect is developedthrough direct action representedby the k<strong>in</strong>etic pressure applied tothe structure <strong>in</strong> question and tothe craft moored to it as well as<strong>in</strong>direct action due to the movementof the waves, whi<strong>ch</strong> thew<strong>in</strong>d creates <strong>in</strong> the fluid accommodat<strong>in</strong>gthe body.The ma<strong>in</strong> parameters whi<strong>ch</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>ethe <strong>in</strong>tensity of su<strong>ch</strong> actionand therefore condition thedimension<strong>in</strong>g of the system, arethe extent of open water (lengthof the free area available to thew<strong>in</strong>d or fet<strong>ch</strong>) and the w<strong>in</strong>dspeed (k<strong>in</strong>etic pressure) <strong>in</strong> thearea that extends around thestructure.In particular, the length of thewaves <strong>in</strong> the wave movement,whi<strong>ch</strong> may be generated <strong>in</strong> a particularbas<strong>in</strong>, depend on the fet<strong>ch</strong>venti dipendono <strong>in</strong> generale lealtezze delle onde <strong>ch</strong>e possonoimpegnare la struttura.Pr<strong>in</strong>cipali tipologie di moligalleggianti <strong>in</strong> calcestruzzoarmatoLe tipologie di moli galleggianti<strong>in</strong> calcestruzzo armato attualmenteimpiegate per creare unadarsena possono essere classificate<strong>in</strong> base al sistema di ormeggioutilizzato e <strong>in</strong> base alla rigidezzapropria posseduta dalla struttura.Con riferimento alle modalità diormeggio, si possono dist<strong>in</strong>guereun primo tipo di soluzioni <strong>ch</strong>e utilizzanosistemi di catene ancorateal fondo per mezzo di corpi mortio pali <strong>in</strong>fissi e un secondo tipo disoluzioni <strong>ch</strong>e utilizzano sistemi dibielle rigide (o bracci oscillanti)ancorate al fondo per mezzo dipali.Nel caso dei pontili <strong>in</strong> oggetto si èoptato per la soluzione rigida delsecondo tipo accoppiata ad unsistema di ormeggio formato daben 34 catene opportunamentetesate ed orientate <strong>in</strong> modo dagarantire spostamenti relativi frapasserella di accesso e corpo galleggianteentro le tolleranze diprogetto.AnalisiLa struttura qui <strong>in</strong> esame ha il caratteredi prototipo. Per la determ<strong>in</strong>azionedelle sollecitazioni <strong>in</strong>terne<strong>in</strong>dotte dal moto ondosoassociato a diverse direzioni diAknowledgeLa realizzazione delle opere illustratenel presente articolo è stata resa possibilegrazie al contributo fornitodallo Studio Ambrosetti-Colombo,Varese, Italia, da M. Jartoux, daFreyss<strong>in</strong>et SA Suisse e da AR&PAEng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g, Lugano Svizzera.104


Fig. 1Messa <strong>in</strong> acqua dei moduli per mezzo di un autogru.Plac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the water of the modules by means of mobile crane.and duration of the w<strong>in</strong>d. Ingeneral, the height of the wavesthat could affect the structuredepends on the <strong>in</strong>tensity (k<strong>in</strong>eticpressure) of the w<strong>in</strong>d.Ma<strong>in</strong> types of float<strong>in</strong>g jettiesmade of re<strong>in</strong>forcedconcreteThe types of float<strong>in</strong>g jetties madeof re<strong>in</strong>forced concrete currentlyused to create a dock can be classifiedaccord<strong>in</strong>g to the moor<strong>in</strong>gsystem used and the <strong>in</strong>herent rigidityof the structure.With regard to moor<strong>in</strong>g methods,there is one type of solution,whi<strong>ch</strong> uses systems with <strong>ch</strong>a<strong>in</strong>san<strong>ch</strong>ored to the bottom by meansof an<strong>ch</strong>or blocks or piles, and anothertype of solution, whi<strong>ch</strong> usessystems with rigid connect<strong>in</strong>grods (or swivel arms) an<strong>ch</strong>ored tothe bottom via piles.propagazione d’onde, sono stateeffettuate analisi idrod<strong>in</strong>ami<strong>ch</strong>e<strong>in</strong> frequenza del solo corpo rigidogalleggiante e analisi stati<strong>ch</strong>e ed<strong>in</strong>ami<strong>ch</strong>e non l<strong>in</strong>eari nel tempodel sistema completo di catene.Geometria del manufatto etecnica costruttivaIl molo è formato da 20 moduliprefabbricati <strong>in</strong> calcestruzzo armatodi forma trapezoidale dilunghezza media 5,6 m, sezionetrasversale di larghezza 4 m ealtezza 3 m. I due moduli di testatasi differenziano per organizzazionee dimensioni della struttura<strong>in</strong>terna dagli altri 18 della zonacentrale <strong>in</strong> quanto dest<strong>in</strong>ati adaccogliere le teste di ancoraggiodei cavi di precompressione. Lospessore della soletta di fondo deimoduli è pari a 22 cm mentre quellodella soletta superiore è delleIn the case of the land<strong>in</strong>g stages<strong>in</strong> question, the rigid (i.e. second)type of solution was <strong>ch</strong>osen coupledwith a moor<strong>in</strong>g system formedof 34 <strong>ch</strong>a<strong>in</strong>s tightened and orientatedso as to guarantee therelevant displacement betweenthe access bridge and the float<strong>in</strong>gbody with<strong>in</strong> the project tolerancerange.AnalysisThe structure un<strong>der</strong> consi<strong>der</strong>ationis like a prototype. In or<strong>der</strong> to determ<strong>in</strong>ethe <strong>in</strong>ternal stress <strong>in</strong>ducedby wave action com<strong>in</strong>g fromdifferent directions, some hydrodynamicanalyses were carriedout <strong>in</strong> the frequency doma<strong>in</strong> forthe float<strong>in</strong>g rigid body alone aswell as non-l<strong>in</strong>ear static analysesand non-l<strong>in</strong>ear dynamic analysesperformed <strong>in</strong> time doma<strong>in</strong> for thesystem with <strong>ch</strong>a<strong>in</strong>s.105


Fig. 2Ultime operazioni di accopiamento dei gruppi formati da tre moduli.Last connect<strong>in</strong>g operations of the units formed of three modules.pareti verticali è di circa 18,5 cm.La stazza totale del pontile è paria circa 1200 t. Una volta assemblata,la struttura assume laforma di un arco con lunghezzauguale a circa 120 m e concavitàrivolta verso riva.I moduli sono prefabbricati <strong>in</strong> stabilimentoa Varese grazie all’impiegodi un cassero metallico. Peril loro confezionamento è utilizzatocalcestruzzo di classe C40/50e acciaio B450C. La gabbia dellearmature lente del s<strong>in</strong>golo elementoè preassemblata a pièd’opera e qu<strong>in</strong>di <strong>in</strong>serita nel casseroprima del getto del calcestruzzo.Segue il montaggio degli<strong>in</strong>serti necessari per il passaggiodelle barre di preassemblaggiodei moduli e quelli per la formazionedelle selle di appoggio edeviazione (diabolos) dei cavi diprecompressione. Si procede qu<strong>in</strong>dial getto simultaneo della solettadi fondo e delle quattro paretiverticali del modulo, seguito adistanza di 24 a 36 ore da quellodi completamento della solettasuperiore.Gli elementi prefabbricati sono <strong>in</strong>seguito trasportati su strada s<strong>in</strong>oProduct’s geometry anddesign te<strong>ch</strong>niqueThe jetty consists of 20 prefabricatedmodules made of re<strong>in</strong>forcedconcrete, trapezoidal <strong>in</strong> shapewith an average length of 5.6 m,a cross section of 4 m width andheight of 3 m. The two pierheadmodules differ <strong>in</strong> their arrangementand dimensions of <strong>in</strong>ternalstructure from the other 18 <strong>in</strong> thecentral zone <strong>in</strong> that they are forhous<strong>in</strong>g the an<strong>ch</strong>orage heads ofthe prestressed cables. The thicknessof the bottom slab of themodules is 22 cm while that ofthe upper slab and vertical wallsis about 18.5 cm. The total registeredtonnage of the land<strong>in</strong>gstage is about 1,200 tons. Onceassembled the structure took onthe shape of an ar<strong>ch</strong> with an averagelength of about 120 m andconcavity <strong>in</strong> the direction of thebank.The modules were manufactured<strong>in</strong> the plant at Varese thanks tothe use of a steel formwork. ClassC40/50 concrete and B450C steelwere used. The frame for the concretesteel re<strong>in</strong>forcement of thes<strong>in</strong>gle block was preassembled onalla darsena di varo di Sant’Annasituata presso Sesto Calende. Quiavviene la messa <strong>in</strong> acqua (fig. 1)dei moduli e un primo assemblaggioa gruppi di tre. Questa operazioneè effettuata utilizzando 8barre Ø 40, f pk= 1030 N/mm 2 , dispostesu ciascuna <strong>in</strong>terfaccia dicollegamento. In questa fase lebarre vengono tesate ad un valorenon superiore a 100 kN.Successivamente viene realizzatoil giunto di cont<strong>in</strong>uità fra modulimediante <strong>in</strong>iezione di maltacementizia debolmente espansivapraticata nell’<strong>in</strong>tercaped<strong>in</strong>e creatadall’accostamento dei moduli edall’<strong>in</strong>terposizione fra di essi di unnastro di neoprene posto lungo ilperimetro delle facce da accoppiare.Avvenuta la maturazionedella malta di <strong>in</strong>iezione dei giunti,le barre sono tesate una secondavolta ad un valore limite ugualea circa 750 kN.Ciascun gruppo formato da tremoduli è qu<strong>in</strong>di trasportato viaacqua dalla darsena di varo allazona temporanea di ormeggioposta a circa 300 metri dalla riva.In questo luogo, al riparo da motiondosi importanti (fig. 2), sono106


Fig. 3Il manufatto al luogo d’impianto def<strong>in</strong>itivo.The product at the place of f<strong>in</strong>al <strong>in</strong>stallation.site and therefore <strong>in</strong>serted <strong>in</strong> thesteel formwork before cast<strong>in</strong>g theconcrete. Then followed the assemblyof the <strong>in</strong>serts necessary toaccommodate the preassembledmodule bars and those for theformation of the saddle and deviationsupports (diabolos) for theprestressed cables. Next, simultaneouscast<strong>in</strong>g of the bottomslab and four vertical walls of themodule took place, followedafter 24 to 36 hours by that forcompletion of the upper slab.The prefabricated items werethen transported by road as far asthe Sant’Anna dock slipway situatednear Sesto Calende. Here themodules were placed <strong>in</strong> the water(Fig. 1) and assembled <strong>in</strong> groupsof three. This operation was carriedout us<strong>in</strong>g eight prestress<strong>in</strong>gbars arranged on ea<strong>ch</strong> connect<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>terface with Ø 40 and f pk=1,030 N/mm 2 . In this phase thebars were tightened to a value ofnot more than 100 kN.Subsequently, a cont<strong>in</strong>uity jo<strong>in</strong>twas created between modules bymeans of an <strong>in</strong>jection of slightlyexpansive mortar, made <strong>in</strong> thecavity created by the l<strong>in</strong>e-up ofeffettuate le ultime operazioni diaccoppiamento dei gruppi precedentementeassemblati. Una voltacompletato il collegamento ditutti e 20 i moduli si procede allamessa <strong>in</strong> opera del sistema di precompressionecostituito da 8 cavipostesi ciascuno formato da 12trefoli di 0,6’, f pk= 1860 N/mm 2 , ealla successiva messa <strong>in</strong> tensionedei cavi per una forza totale diprecompressione misurata al mart<strong>in</strong>ettopari a circa 18 750 kN.Il manufatto f<strong>in</strong>ito completo deiflaps di stabilizzazione idrod<strong>in</strong>amicaè qu<strong>in</strong>di trasportato via lagoal luogo d’impianto def<strong>in</strong>itivo(fig. 3) dove sono <strong>in</strong> attesa le catenedi ormeggio preventivamentemesse <strong>in</strong> opera.Sistema e tecnica di messa<strong>in</strong> precompressioneLo stato di sollecitazione dellastruttura <strong>in</strong> oggetto è caratterizzatoda variazioni cicli<strong>ch</strong>e <strong>ch</strong>eimpongono l’utilizzo di una precompressionecentrata con tensioniuniformi su ciascuna sezionetrasversale del pontile. La tecnicadi precompressione esterna quiadottata (con cavi <strong>ch</strong>e corronothe modules and the <strong>in</strong>sertionbetween them of a neopreneband, placed along the perimeterof the surfaces to be jo<strong>in</strong>ed.When the mortar <strong>in</strong>jected <strong>in</strong>tothe jo<strong>in</strong>ts had hardened, the barswere tightened a second time toa limit value of about 750 kN.Ea<strong>ch</strong> group formed of three moduleswas then carried by waterfrom the dock slipway to the temporarymoor<strong>in</strong>g zone located atabout 300 metres from the bank.Here, sheltered from significantwave movement (Fig. 2), the lastconnect<strong>in</strong>g operations of theunits previously assembled werecarried out. Once the connectionof all 20 modules had been completed,sett<strong>in</strong>g up of the prestressedsystem took place, compris<strong>in</strong>g8 cables, ea<strong>ch</strong> one formed of 12strands of 0.6’, f pk= 1,860 N/mm 2and subsequent tighten<strong>in</strong>g of thecables for a total prestressedforce measured with a jack ofabout 18,750 kN.The f<strong>in</strong>ished product, completewith hydrodynamic stabiliz<strong>in</strong>gflaps, was then carried by lake tothe f<strong>in</strong>al place of <strong>in</strong>stallation (Fig.3) where it awaited the moor<strong>in</strong>g107


Fig. 4Impiego di due mart<strong>in</strong>etti monotrefolo.Use of two s<strong>in</strong>gle strand jacks.AcknowledgmentCompletion of the works described <strong>in</strong>this article was made possible thanksto the contribution provided byStudio Ambrosetti-Colombo, Varese,Italy, M. Jartoux, Freyss<strong>in</strong>et SASwitzerland and AR&PA Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g,Lugano Switzerland.<strong>ch</strong>a<strong>in</strong>s whi<strong>ch</strong> had been set up previously.Prestress<strong>in</strong>g system andte<strong>ch</strong>niqueThe state of stress of the structure<strong>in</strong> question is <strong>ch</strong>aracterized bycyclical variations, whi<strong>ch</strong> imposethe use of prestress<strong>in</strong>g centredwith uniform tension on ea<strong>ch</strong>cross section of the land<strong>in</strong>g stage.The external prestress<strong>in</strong>g te<strong>ch</strong>niqueadopted here (with cablesthat run <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>ternal free spaceof the modules), presents variousadvantages compared to othersystems currently <strong>in</strong> use. Theexternal alignment of the cablesallows conta<strong>in</strong>ment of the thicknessof the slabs and walls of themodule, whi<strong>ch</strong> must satisfy, <strong>in</strong> thiscase, only static requirements andthose concern<strong>in</strong>g guaranteedm<strong>in</strong>imum concrete cover to re<strong>in</strong>forcement.The use of greased and PE sheathedstrands located <strong>in</strong>side HDPEtubes, reduces the coefficient offriction to the m<strong>in</strong>imum betweenthese items and facilitates thestress<strong>in</strong>g of cables 120 m longfrom one end. This makes it possibleto carry out the stress<strong>in</strong>g operationsoutside the head modulesnello spazio libero <strong>in</strong>terno deimoduli) presenta diversi vantaggirispetto ad altri sistemi correntementeutilizzati. L’andamento esternodei cavi permette di conteneregli spessori delle solette edelle pareti del modulo <strong>ch</strong>e devonosoddisfare, <strong>in</strong> questo caso, asole esigenze stati<strong>ch</strong>e e di copriferrom<strong>in</strong>imo garantito.L’impiego di trefoli <strong>in</strong>gua<strong>in</strong>ati elubrificati posti all’<strong>in</strong>terno di tubigua<strong>in</strong>a PEHD, riduce al m<strong>in</strong>imo ilcoefficiente di attrito fra tali elementie consente la messa <strong>in</strong> tensionedi cavi di lunghezza 120 m apartire da una sola estremità. Ciòrende possibile effettuare le operazionidi tesatura all’esterno deimoduli di testata grazie all’adozionedi cavi ad andamento <strong>in</strong>crociato.La tecnica utilizzata per il confezionamentodei cavi prevede <strong>ch</strong>el’<strong>in</strong>serimento nel tubo gua<strong>in</strong>a diciascun trefolo <strong>in</strong>gua<strong>in</strong>ato e lubrificatoavvenga <strong>in</strong> maniera <strong>in</strong>dipendentedagli altri grazie all’utilizzodi un sistema di trasc<strong>in</strong>amentoa spola di filo <strong>ch</strong>e garantisceun perfetto all<strong>in</strong>eamento deitrefoli <strong>ch</strong>e compongono lo stessocavo. La successiva <strong>in</strong>iezione deltubo gua<strong>in</strong>a con malta cementizia108

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