soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisoxumis saxelmwifo universitetisS r o m e b iVIIIhumanitarul da socialur-politikurmecnierebaTa seriagamomcemloba `meridiani”Tbilisi – 2010-2011

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebis VIIItomSi – humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria – warmodgeniliasamecniero gamokvlevebi enaTmecnierebis, literaturaTmcodneobis,istoriis, arqeologiis, politologiis, sociologiis, samarTalmcodneobis,pedagogikisa da fsiqologiis aqtualur problemebze.krebuli gankuTvnilia rogorc Sesabamisi dargebis specialistebisaTvisda studentebisaTvis, ise farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis.soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisSromebismTavari saredaqcio sabWo: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori joni afaqiZe (Tavmjdomare); fizika-maTematikis mecniereba-Ta doqtori, profesori malxaz aSordia; istoriis doqtori, asocirebuliprofesori lia axalaZe; samarTlis doqtori, asocirebuli profesorivefxvia gvaramia; istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori zurab papasqiri(Tavmjdomaris moadgile); qimiis doqtori, profesori zurab faCulia;filosofiis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori elguja qavTaraZe; filologiismecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori leda qobalia; ekonomikis doqtori,profesori daviT jalaRonia.humanitarul da socialur-politikurmecnierebaTa seriissaredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesorizurab papasqiri (mTavari redaqtori); filologiis mecnierebaTadoqtori, profesori diana alania; istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesorijoni afaqiZe, filologiis doqtori, profesori ema kilanava; samarTlisdoqtori, profesori mixeil mamniaSvili; filologiis mecnierebaTadoqtori, profesori mariam miresaSvili; filologiis doqtori,profesori merab naWyebia; filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesoriolRa petriaSvili; filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesoriluara sordia; filosofiis doqtori, profesori kaxa qecbaia; filologiismecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori leda qobalia; pedagogikis mecnierebaTadoqtori, profesori jemal jinjixaZe.saredaqcio kolegiis pasuxismgebeli mdivani – istoriis doqtorikaxa kvaSilava© soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti, 2010-2011

SOKHUMI STATE UNIVERSITYPROCEEDINGS OF SOKHUMI STATEUNIVERSITYVIIIHumanities, Social and PoliticalSciences SeriesPublishing House “Meridiani”Tbilisi – 2010-2011

The VIII volume of “PROCEEDINGS OF SOKHUMI STATE UNI-VERSITY” (Humanities, Social and Political Sciences Series) represents theresearches on the topical issues in linguistics, literary studies, history, archaeology,political sciences, social sciences, law, pedagogics and psychology. Theauthors are professors of the newly established Sokhumi University.The edition is intended for the specialists, students, and general readers.CHIEF EDITORIAL COUNCIL OF “PROCEEDINGS OFSOKHUMI STATE UNIVERSITY”:Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Joni Apakidze (Head of theCouncil); PHD in History, Associate Professor Lia Akhaladze; Doctor ofPhysico-Mathematical Sciences, Professor Malkhaz Ashordia; PhD inLaw, Associate Professor Vepkhvia Gvaramia, PhD in Philosophy, AssociateProfessor Elguja Kavtaradze, Doctor of Philological Sciences, ProfessorLeda Kobalia; PHD in Economics, Professor David Jalagonia;PHD in Chemistry, Professor Zurab Pachulia; Doctor of Historical Sciences,Professor Zurab Papaskiri (Deputy head of Council).EDITORIAL BOARD OF HUMANITIES, SOCIALAND POLITICAL SCIENCES SERIES:Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Zurab Papaskiri (Editor-in-Chief),Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor Diana Alania,Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Joni Apakidze; Doctor of PedagogicalSciences, Professor Jemal Jinjikhadze; PhD in Philosophy, ProfessorKakha Ketsbaia, PhD in Philology, Professor Ema Kilanava; Doctor ofPhilological Sciences, Professor Leda Kobalia; Doctor of Philological Sciences,Professor Mariam Miresashvili; PhD in Philology, Professor MerabNachkebia; Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor Olga Petriashvili;Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor Luara Sordia.Executive Secretary of the Editorial Board – PhD in HistoryKakha Kvashilava© Sokhumi State University – 2010-2011

S i n a a r s ie n a T m e c n i e r e b amanana bukia. tyuil-isa da cud-is urTierTmimarTeba qarTulsada megrul-lazurSi ................................................................................................. 13Tamila zviadaZe. toponim `wyaltubos” etimologiisaTvis .............. 17marine kakaCia, qeTevan margiani, marina jRarkava.frazeologizmebi ioseb yifSiZis leqsikonSi ......................................... 22qeTevan margiani. dalis xeobis istoriuli da Tanamedrovetoponimia ......................................................................................................................... 31merab naWyebia. afxazeTis teritoriaze mosaxleobis raodenobisada afxazuri enis statusis amJamindeli mdgomareoba ....................... 41levan faCulia. intenciis saxeebisaTvis zepir dialogurmetyvelebaSi .................................................................................................................. 51Tamar giTolendia. 1867 wlis afxaz muhajirTa siaSigamovlenili qarTveluri warmoSobis gvarsaxelebi ........................... 60maia daraselia. ilokuciuri da intencionaluri pragmatulikoherentulobisaTvis diskursSi ...................................................................... 68ema kilanava. pasiuri diaTezebis zogierTi Taviseburebainglisur samecniero teqstebsa da literaturul dialogSi .... 74Tamar jojua. ucxo enaze zepirmetyvelebis swavlebissrulyofisaTvis .......................................................................................................... 81nana ediSeraSvili. „saeWvoobis SemTxvevebi~ germanul enaSi„meSvide~ (zibTe an zibenTe: Siebte oder Siebente)/germanul enaze/ .......................................................................................................... 87Tamar kiRuraZe. kulturis nimuSebi uaxles germanulliteraturaSi /germanul enaze/ ...................................................................... 94Tea jRarkava. cvaigiseuli narativis eqspozicia: `daxasiaTeba~sametyvelo-kompoziciur formaTa lingvisturi Teoriisa dapersonaJis eqspoziciaSi warmodgenili poetikis mixedviT ............ 99diana alania. XXI saukunis rusuli ena /rusul enaze/ ..................... 105nino eTeria. rusulis, rogorc ucxo enis swavleba /rusul enaze/.. 117l i t e r a t u r a T m c o d n e o b anana araxamia. Canafiqri rogorc mxatvruli Sinaarsiskategoria ........................................................................................................................ 1255

salome kapanaZe. qarTuli biografiuli romanis erovnulmsoflmxedvelobriviintegralebi. rostom CxeiZisbiografiuli romanis ,,Savi Coxis~ mixedviT .......................................... 146nana kucia. maradiuli `wyevlakrulviani sakiTxavi~. gurambaTiaSvilis romani `Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa~ ..................... 160Sorena lomiZe, lela mircxulava. `fardulebiani~ romanismiTologiuri paralelebi .................................................................................... 175ciala mesxia. SoTa niSnianiZis saxeobrivi azrovneba ............................ 197mariam miresaSvili. nikita xruSCovis politika kulturissferoSi da qarTuli literaturuli cxovrebis zogierTiaspeqti .............................................................................................................................. 223lela mircxulava. miTi da parabola Wabua amirejibis romanSi`daTa TuTaSxia~ ......................................................................................................... 244tite mosia. `vefxistyaosnis~ lomis SeswavlisaTvis ........................... 265TamTa rogava. naTlisa da bnelis tropika Teimuraz meoris,,dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~ .............................................................................. 279luara sordia. tragikuli momavlis anticipacia ticiantabiZis poeziaSi ......................................................................................................... 292Tamar yaliCava. xelovani da totalitaruli saxelmwifo.literaturuli paralelebi ............................................................................... 309olRa petriaSvili. lermontovis Semoqmedeba qarTvelliteraturaTmcodneTa gamokvlevebSi /rusul enaze/ .......................... 319i s t o r i a, a r q e o l o g i a,e T n o g r a f i ajambul anCabaZe. evropis socialistur partiaTa delegaciaaRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (1920w. 14-28 seqtemberi) ........................ 328irakli gelenava. qvelmoqmedeba afxazeTSi 1900-1917 wlebSi.qarTuli perioduli presis masalebis mixedviT ................................... 341oTar gogoliSvili. samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebi aWaraSiosmalTa batonobis periodSi ............................................................................. 353kaxa kvaSilava. ruseTis mier samurzayanoSi samouravosdawesebis sakiTxisaTvis. axladmikvleuli saarqivo masalebismixedviT ............................................................................................................................... 364zurab papasqiri, beJan xorava. soCisa da misi Semogarenisistoriuli warsulidan ........................................................................................ 387givi rogava. afxazeTSi islamis gavrcelebisa da damkvidrebissakiTxisaTvis ................................................................................................................ 420manana kuprava. tamiSis namosaxlari .................................................................. 4346

vaxtang jafariZe. sebastopolisis (dioskuriis) stratigrafiis,nagebobebis raobisa da daTariRebis sakiTxisTvis (nawili I) ...... 446revaz xvistani. sofel kalas wmida kvirikesa da ivlitassaxelobis eklesiis aSenebis TariRisaTvis ............................................... 472salome baxia-oqruaSvili. mamamZuZeoba afxazebSi .................................... 481giorgi anTelava. Turquli enis reforma ..................................................... 497p o l i t o l o g i a, s o c i o l o g i a,f s i q o l o g i aguram abesaZe. Tanamedrove saqarTvelos politikuri kulturisdemokratiuli tranziciis paradigmebi ........................................................ 513kaxi kopaliani. suiciduri motivebi klasikuri fsiqoanalizisTvalsazrisiT ............................................................................................................... 525nestan lomaia. globalizaciiis aspeqtebi warmosaxviTsazogadoebasa da religiaSi ............................................................................... 538kaxa qecbaia. religiis momavlis sakiTxi klasikur daTanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi ........................................................... 552Tamar SinjiaSvili. ganaTlebis ideebi, problemebi dakoncefciebi XIX saukunis mecnierTa sociologiur SromebSi .... 569meri Wanturia. qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis zogierTisocialuri aspeqti Tanamedrove qarTul ojaxSi ................................. 579leonide jaxaia. cnobari `qarTveli filosofosebi~ statistikisTvaliT .............................................................................................................................. 586dazmir jojua. saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ruseTis agresiis (2008wlis agvisto) konceptualizaciis erTi sakiTxisaTvis.humanitaruli intervenciis~ problema ........................................................ 591s a m a r T a l iirma gabelia. sisxlis samarTlis kanonSemoqmedebis cnebisa daarsis gagebisaTvis. kriminalizaciisa da masTan dakavSirebuliprocesebis ganmarteba ............................................................................................. 598lali gabisonia. ontologia aqsiologia da gnoseologiasamarTlis filosofiaSi ....................................................................................... 617vefxvia gvaramia. saerTaSoriso sapolicio TanamSromlobismeqanizmebis roli gatacebuli avtosatransporto saSualebebisZebnaSi .............................................................................................................................. 628sofio gvaramia. literaturuli agentis, rogorc saavtorosamarTlis subieqtis saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT damkvidrebis7

sakiTxisaTvis ............................................................................................................... 640aleqsandre giorgiZe. SezRuduli Seracxadoba da braleuloba ... 646Temur darsania. damnaSavis fsiqologia ......................................................... 661mixeil mamniaSvili. Tanamedrove samarTlis sistemis qveynebissisxlis samarTlis procesis Taviseburebebi ............................................. 671helmut kuri, mixail viurgeri, ediSer futkaraZe.sisxlissamarTlebrivi sanqciebi qarTvel studentTa SefasebiT ..... 689p e d a g o g i k aguranda gabunia. valeologiuri aRzrda skolamdeli asakisbavSvebSi ........................................................................................................................... 722lela rexviaSvili. klasgareSe muSaobis adgili skolismuSaobis struqturaSi da misi roli moswavlissocializaciaSi ........................................................................................................... 731brolisa wulaia. pedagogiuri praqtika da bunebismetyvelebismaswavlebelTa momzadebis procesi ................................................................ 745ramaz Wanturia. skolaSi istoriis swavlebissaswavlo-meToduri safuZvlebi ........................................................................ 753jemal jinjixaZe. erTi Secdomis Sesaxeb saskolo maTematikasada misi swavlebis meTodikaSi ............................................................................ 761avtorebi .............................................................................................................................. 769avtorebi (inglisur enaze) ..................................................................................... 7738

C O N T E N T SL i n g u i s t i c sManana Bukia. Interrelation of Tkuili (Lies) and Tsudi (Bad) inGeorgian and Megrelian-Laz .................................................................... 13Tamila Zviadadze. On the Etymology of the Toponym “Tskaltubo” ........ 17Marine Kakachia, Ketevan Margiani, Marina Jgarkava.Phraseologies in the “Vocabulary” of Ioseb Kipshidze ............................ 22Ketevan Margiani. Historical and Modern Toponimy of Dali Gorge … 31Merab Nachkebia. The Population Number of Abkhazia and the PresentStatus of the Abkhazian Language ............................................................ 41Levan Pachulia. On the Types of Intention in Oral Dialogue Speech … 51Tamar Gitolendia. The Names of Georgian Etymology Revealed in theList of the Abkhaz Muhajirs of 1867 ........................................................... 60Maya Daraselia. Illocutive and Intentional PragmaticCoherence in Discourse ............................................................................. 68Ema Kilanava. On Some Features of the Passive Diathesesin Modern English Literary Dialogue and Scientific Prose ...................... 74Tamar Jojua. For the Perfection of the Foreign Oral LanguageTeaching .................................................................................................... 81Nana Edisherashvili. “Dubious cases” in German (Siebte or Siebente:Siebte oder Siebente) (in German) ............................................................ 87Tamar Kiguradze. Cultural Patterns in ContemporaryGerman Literature (in German) ................................................................ 94Tea Jgarkava. Narrative Exposition According to Stefan Zweig:“The Specification” Representing Speech-Compositional Forms inLinguistics and Character Exposition Presented in the Poetics ................ 99Diana Alania. The Russian Language of XXI Century (in Russian) ......... 105Nino Eteria. Teaching Russian as a Foreign Language (in Russian) ......... 117L i t e r a r y S t u d i e sNana Arakhamia. Artist’s Intention as the Category of Belles-Lettres’Form .......................................................................................................... 125Indira Gadilia. The Acknowledged Master of the GeorgianPoetic Word ............................................................................................... 133Salome Kapanadze. The National World View Integrals of the GeorgianBiographical Novel. According to the Biographical Novel “The BlackTunic” by Rostom Chkheidze .................................................................... 146Nana Kutsia. The Novel “Time For Silence and Time for Talk”by Guram Batiashvili ................................................................................ 1609

Shorena Lomidze, Lela Mirtskhulava. The Mythological Analogiesof the Novel “The Sloughed Snake-Skin” ................................................. 175Tsiala Meskhia. Shota Nishnianidze’s Figurative Thinking ...................... 197Mariam Miresashvili. Nikita Khrushchev’s Cultural Policy and SomeAspects of The Georgian Literary Life ..................................................... 223Lela Mirtskhulava. The Mith and the Parabole in Chabua Amirejibi’sNovel “Data Tutashkhia” ......................................................................... 244Tite Mosia. On the Study of the Lion in “The Knight in the Tiger’s Skin” 265Tamta Rogava. The Trope in Teimuraz II’s“The Conversation Between the Light And the Dark” ............................. 279Luara Sordia. The Anticipation of the Tragic Future in Titsian Tabidze’sPoetry ........................................................................................................ 292Tamar Kalichava. An Artist and a Totalitarian State.Literary Parallels ...................................................................................... 309Olga Petriashvili. Lermontov’s Works in the Investigations of GeorgianLiterary Critics (in Russian)....................................................................... 31910H i s t o r y, A r c h a e o l o g y, E t h n o l o g yJambul Anchabadze. A Visit of a Delegation of the European SocialistParties in Eastern Georgia (on September 14-22, 1918) ........................... 328Irakli Gelenava. Charity in Abkhazia in 1900-1917.According to the Georgian Periodic Press ............................................... 341Otar Gogolishvili. The Law Situation in Adjara During OsmanDomination ................................................................................................ 353Kakha Kvashilava. On the Problem of Establishing a Pristavstvo inSamurzakano. According to the Newly Ascertained Archival Materials .. 364Zurab Papaskiri, Bezhan Khorava. From the Historical Past of Sochiand Its Vicinity .......................................................................................... 387Givi Rogava. Islam in Abkhazia ................................................................. 420Manana Kuprava. Tamishi Settlement ………………………………… 434Vakhtang Japaridze. For Stratigraphy and Dating of Constructionsin Sebastopolis (Dioskuria) /Part 1/ ............................................................. 446Revaz Khvistani. To the Problem of Dating the St. Kvirike and St. IvlitaChurch in the Village of Kala ................................................................... 472Salome Bakhia-Okruashvili. “Mamadzedzuoba” (Foster-Father)Relations in Abkhazia ............................................................................... 481Giorgi Antelava. The Reform of the Modern Turkish Language .............. 497P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e s, S o c i o l o g y, P s y c h o l o g yGuram Abesadze. The Paradigms of Democratic Transition on theModern Georgian Political Culture ........................................................... 513

Kakhi Kopaliani. Suicidal Motives from the Standpoint of ClassicalPsychoanalysis .......................................................................................... 525Nestan Lomaia. The Aspects of Globalization in Imiginary Society andReligion ..................................................................................................... 538Kakha Ketsbaia. On the Problem of the Future of Religion in theClassical and Modern Religion Sociology ................................................ 552Tamar Shinjiashvili. Education Ideas, Problems and Concepts in theSociological Works of the Scientists of the XIX Century ........................ 569Meri Chanturia. Some Social Aspects of Marriage and Divorce inContemporary Georgian Families ............................................................. 579Leonid Jakhaia. Statistical Analysis of the Reference Book“Georgian Philosophers” ........................................................................... 586Dazmir Jojua. On the Problem of Conceptualization of the RussianAggression Against Georgia (August, 2008). The Problem of“The Humanitarian Intervention” ............................................................ 591L a w S t u d i e sIrma Gabelia. For Understanding the Idea and the Essence ofCriminal Lawmaking. ............................................................................. 598Lali Gabisonia. Axiology, Ontology and Gnosiology in thePhilosophy of Law .................................................................................... 617Vepkhvia Gvaramia. The Role of International Police CollaborationMechanisms in the Search of the Appropriated Motor Vehicles .............. 628Sophio Gvaramia. To the Problem of Establishing the Literary Agent asa Subject of the Copyright Law by the Georgian Legislation ................... 640Alexander Giorgidze. Restricted Amenability and Culpability ................. 646Temur Darsania. The Psychology of an Offender ..................................... 661Mikheil Mamniashvili. General Description of the Criminal LawProcess of Particular Countries ................................................................. 671Helmut Kury, Micheil Wuerger, Edisher Phutkaradze. CriminalSanctions in the Estimation of the Georgian Students .............................. 689P e d a g o g i c sGuranda Gabunia. Peculiarities of Valueological Educationof Preschool Age Children ........................................................................ 722Lela Rekhviashvili. Place of Extracurricular Scool Activities in theStructure of Scool Work and its Role in the Socialization of a Student .. 731Brolisa Tsulaia. Pedagogical Practice and Preparation Processof Teachers of Natural History .................................................................. 74511

Ramaz Chanturia. Educational and Methodological Foundationof Teaching History at School ................................................................... 753Jemal Jinjikhadze. On One Mistake in School Mathematics and inthe Methods of Teaching It ....................................................................... 761Authors (In Georgian) ........................................................................... 769Authors .................................................................................................. 77312

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriae n a T m e c n i e r e b amanana bukiatyuil-isa da cud-is urTierTmimarTebaqarTulsa da megrul-lazurSiTanamedrove qarTulSi tyuili da cudi erTmaneTisagansruliad gansxvavebulad ganimarteba: tyuili `1. rac mar-Tali ar aris, rac sinamdviles ar Seefereba, – sicrue. 2.cru, yalbi, mogonili. 3. safuZvels moklebuli; uSedego,amao, fuWi~. cudi `1. uaryofiTi Tvisebis mqone, – uvargisi,uxeiro, mdare. 2. arawesieri, zneobrivad uaryofiTi. 3.Zv. amao, fuWi~. 1Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonSi tyu(v)ili `tyuoba,cruobaa~, 2 sabasTan ki tyuvili budis saxiT aris warmodgenilida ramdenime sityvas Seicavs: tyuvili ganiyofis samad:cruobad, cilad da Worad. sicru(v)e ars sruliad tyuiliiyos; cili ars Sewamebuli da msgavsi tyu(v)ilisa; xoloWori ars, ra ambavi gaismas da amb(v)is momREbi ara sacnauriyos da arca vin hamb(v)isa mis WeSmaritoba icodes~ ; 3 cudiki asea ganmartebuli: cudi `calieri~, `amao~, `amaoeba~, fu-Wi, cru, uqmi, `usamarTlo~, 4 sabas mixedviT ki ganimarteba,rogorc `amao, gina bediTi~. 5 rogorc Cans, Zvel qarTulSiam sityvaTa semantikur TanxvedrasTan gvaqvs saqme.sainteresod gveCveneba tyuili cudi sityvebis seman-1 qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. arn. Ciqobavas saerTo redaqciiT,Tb., 1955-1964, gv. 665.2 i. abulaZe. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni. Tb., 1973, gv. 415.3 sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. t. II. Tb., 1993, gv. 151.4 i. abulaZe. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni. Tb., 1973, gv 520.5 sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. t. II. Tb., 1993, gv. 342.13

pati 1 `cudi, boroti~ 2 : oxorja, pati sanji miRun, beqida bRuru, idi xoja qomoÁoni~-Áa `qalo, cudi avadmyofobamaqvs, iqneba vkvdebi, wadi, xoja momiyvaneo~ ; 3 xavi / xai 4`avi, cudi~ 5 ; xizani ~cudi~ 6 ; feriSani (T.-sp) `cudi, gafufuWebuli~7 ; finTi `cudi~ 8 .megrulSi tyuilis gadmosacemad gamoiyeneba tyura, amsityvisganaa warmoqmnili tyuraia `cru, amao~, tyurafa`gatyueba~, metyure, metyurenji `matyuara~, simtyune `tyuili~9 , tyuani `mtyuani~, tyuTe-tyurelo `tyuil-ubralod~,tyuranjia `matyuara~, tyurafili `motyuebuli~,tyureba `tyuilis Tqma~. 10`motyuebis~ aRmniSvnelia megruli Roreba, 11 misganiwarmoeba sityvaTa mTeli rigi: Rorebuli `motyuebuli~, 12maRorebeli `momtyuebeli~, oRorebeli `mosatyuebeli~, na-Rorebu `monatyuebi~, naRorebueli `motyuebis safasuri~,uRorebu `moutyuebeli 13 .~ sabasTan moRoreba `motyueba,mocTunebaa~, 14 Tanamedrove qarTulma moRoreba am mniSvnelobiTar icis. `motyuebis~ mniSvnelobiT Semoinaxa ra-Wulma dialeqtma 15 .`cudi~ megrulSi qarTuli glaxa-Ti gadmoicema. 16 i.yifSiZes megrul leqsikonSi ki Semoaqvs sityva cudi `cu-1 n. quTelia. lazuri paramiTefe. Tb., 1982, gv. 78.2 Н. Я. Марр. Грамматика чанского (лазского) языка.., gv. 129, 179.3 J. diumezili. lazuri zRaprebi da gadmocemebi.., gv. 212.4 Н. Я. Марр. Грамматика чанского (лазского) языка.., gv. 228.5 n. quTelia. lazuris fonematuri sistema, gv. 55.6 Н. Я. Марр. Грамматика чанского (лазского) языка с хрестоматиею и словарем.рем. С.-Пб. 1910. gv. 2327 И. А. Кипшидзе. Дополнительные сведения о чанском языке, gv. 30.8 s. JRenti. Wanuri teqstebi.., gv. 209.9 И. А. Кипшидзе. Дополнительные сведения о чанском языке, gv. 332.10 o. qajaia. megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, t. III, Tb. 2002, gv. 50.11 И. А. Кипшидзе. Дополнительные сведения о чанском языке, gv. 351.12 И. А. Кипшидзе. Дополнительные сведения о чанском языке, gv. 352.13 o. qajaia. megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, t. III. Tb., 2002, gv. 191.14 sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. t. I, Tb., 1991, gv. 510.15 al. Rlonti. qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona. Tb., 1974, gv. 383.16 И. А. Кипшидзе. Дополнительные сведения о чанском языке, gv. 218.15

dis, amaos~ mniSvnelobiT 1 da miuTiTebs, rom qarTulidanaanaa Semosuli, magram cocxal metyvelebaSi es sityva argvxvdeba.zemoTqmulidan irkveva, rom Zveli qarTulis monacemebTanufro axlos dgas lazuri, romelmac sityva cud-isodindeli mniSvneloba SeinarCuna, Tumca es forma daCndebamegrul gacudeba-Si, romelic `gawbilebas, motyuebas~ niSnavs.Sdr. gecudu `motyuvda~, gacudu `moatyua~, gacudebuli`motyuebuli~. sainteresoa, rom svanurma cÍid / cud`fuWi, tyuili, amao~ semantikiT Semoinaxa. 2daskvnis saxiT vityviT, rom megrul-lazurSi tyuilicudi sityvebi semantikis TvalsazrisiT qarTulTan mimar-TebaSi sxvadasxva qronologiur Sres gamoxatavs – erTimxriv, lazurma SeinarCuna cud-is odindeli semantika, meoremxriv, sabas mier miTiTebuli moRoreba aSkara zanizmia.MANANA BUKIAINTERRELATION OF TKUILI (LIES) AND TSUDI (BAD)IN GEORGIAN AND MEGRELIAN-LAZIn the article it is discussed the semantic field of “tkuili” (lies) and“tsudi” (bad) and their spreading in Kartvelian languages. It seems thatthe word “tsudi” (bad) has preserved its oldest meaning, but in Megrelianthe use of it is limited.1 И. А. Кипшидзе. Дополнительные сведения о чанском языке, gv. 371.2 v. Tofuria, m. Qaldani. svanuri leqsikoni. Tb., 2000, gv. 840.16

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaTamila zviadaZetoponim `wyaltubos~ etimologiisaTvistoponimebi enobrivi samyaros kuTvnilebaa, enobrivifaqtebia, enis leqsikuri Sedgenilobis metad aqtiuri er-Teulebia. toponimia sayuradRebo masalas gvawvdis ama Tuim teritoriaze odesme mosaxle xalxTa istoriis Sesaswavlad.qarTul saistorio mecnierebaSi dasabuTebulia,rom zanebs gacilebiT vrceli teritoria eWiraT winaT,vidre dRes. megrel-WanTa winaprebis gansaxlebis arealSiSedis qvemo imereTic, kerZod, wyaltubos raioni. qarTulienis dasavlur kiloebSi, maT Soris qvemo imerulSic, zanuriskvali Tavs iCens rogorc fonetika-morfologiasa dasintaqsSi, ise leqsikasa da toponimiaSi.wyaltubos raionSi zanuri warmoSobisa Tu struqturistoponimebi da mikrotoponimebi mravladaa. (mag.: tyaCiri,zaraTi, ofurCxeTi, ofSkviTi, CuneSi, banoja, maRlaki,cxunkuri, gviStibi, oRaskura ... ). maT rigSi moiazrebenwyaltubosac. toponim `wyaltubos” zanuri warmoSobis Sesaxebvaraudi Tavdapirvelad gamoTqva k. maWavarianma. 1 akademikosiarn. Ciqobava sityvis meore nawilSi moiazrebs megrul-Wanur-tib/tob/tub Zirs:`Wanuri tub-u//tib-u da megruli tib-u `Tbils~ aRniSnavs.svanuri mas Seesabameba teb-id, Zvel qarTulSi tfil-i.Zireuli masala unda yofiliyo tab-, rasac mowmobssvanuri teb, Wanuri tub-tob. tib – meoreulia da miRebuliatub-isagan. es Ziri Senaxulia geografiuli punqtissaxelwodebaSi `wyal-tub-o~. 21 К. Мачавариани. Целебные минеральные источники в Кутайской губерний.Тифлис, 1915, gv. 12.2 arn. Ciqobava. Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni. tf.,1938, gv. 237.2. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi17

es fuZe meordeba indoevropul enebSi:laTinuri: tep – id – us;rusuli: тёп-лыйZv. induri: tip – ati – anTia, aTbobs.v. goriaevi am ZirTan dakavSirebiT ixsenebs qarTultfilsa da Tbils. 1 `wyaltubos~ zanuri warmoSobis Sesaxebmsjelobs agreTve z. WumburiZe: `es saxelwodeba miRebuliawyar-tubu-sagan, rac megrulad `Tbil wyals~ an ukeT`wyalTbilas~ niSnavs~. 2sityvas megrulTan akavSirebs xalxuri gadmocemac,Tqmuleba: wyaltubos midamoebSi Turme naxirs aZovebdamwyemsi, romelsac qarebi awuxebda. igi SemTxveviT waawydaTbili wylis gubes, tbors, Camoisvena, fexebi wyalSi CauSvada uCveulo Semsubuqeba igrZno. mwyemsisagan es cnobiligamxdara samegrelos dedoflisaTvis, romelsac saxsrebistkivili awuxebda. Tbili wylis abazanebis miRebis Semdegdedofali gankurnebula da swored amis Semdeg gamxdarasaqveynod cnobili es adgili da darqmevia wyaltubo anuwyalTbila.toponimis sxvagvari axsnac arsebobs. ase magaliTad, T.kartozia imowmebs iv. javaxiSvils da miuTiTebs, rom`wyaltubo~ `wyalTubnisagan~ unda iyos miRebulio. 3 o. SavianiZe4 varaudobs, rom saxelwodeba `wyaltubo~ sulacar aris zanuri warmoSobis: igi sityvis meore nawilad moiazrebs`tumpos~, romeli dasavluri dialeqtebisaTvis(imer., raW.,) kargadaa cnobili: tumpo//tumpe – wumpe. 5 amSemTxvevaSi o. SavianiZe eyrdnoba r. mesxikaZis naSroms, 6romelSic miTiTebulia, rom XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebamde1 В. Горяев. Сравнительный этимологический словар русского языка. Тифлис,1896, gv. 364.2 z. WumburiZe. `ra gqvia Sen?~ Tb., 1966, gv. 112.3 Т. Картозия. Лечебные воды Цхалтубо. Тб., 1965, gv. 4.4 o. SavianiZe. wyaltubos etimologiisaTvisю – gaz. `droSa~, # V-VI, 1967.5 al. Rlonti. qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona. Tb., 1977, gv. 518;6 r. mesxikaZe. wyaltubos mineraluri wylis moqmedeba normisa dapaTologiis dros. Tb., 1963, gv. 3;18

wylis abazanebs iRebdnen uSualod naturalur wyalsacavebSi,Ria cis qveS. aseTi Ria wyalsacavebi, `tumpoebi~,e.w. `veluri abazanebi~ ukanasknel xanebamde iyo SemorCeniliwyaltuboSi, amitomac mecnieri etimonad `wyaltumpos~miiCnevs.wyaltupo-wyaltupes geografiuli punqtis Tu hidronimisaRsaniSnavad dResac gaigonebT adgilobriv mkvidrTametyvelebaSi. magaliTisaTvis o. ioselians davimowmebT:`beknaras rom gadaivli, laSes iqiT wyaltupes (mdinarea)pirebis vrceli sayaneebidan gadavidodi berbogirze~.`wyaltupes wyali Rrmaa, magram iqamde Tu mixvedi... naxevarigza gavlili geqneba~. 1 aq, ra Tqma unda, gvaqvs b/p monacvleoba,rac fonetikuri movlenaa da damaxasiaTebeliadasavluri kiloebisTvis (xbo / xpo, kbili / kpili, naWyebia/ naWyepia).`wyaltubos~ zanur warmoSobas ar eTanxmeba arc r.WeiSvili. `sityva `wyaltubo~, rogorc xSirad dausabuTebladamtkiceben, niSnavs Tbil wyals, ufro sworad `wyal-Tbilas~. Tu gavixsenebT, rom `cudsa mciresa tbaTagansatbore ewodebis~, maSin miviRebT `wyaltbores~... am sityvisSesabamisi fonetikuri cvlileba ki, albaT, `wyaltubomde~migviyvans~. 2angariSgasawevia is faqti, rom saxelwodeba `wyaltubo~werilobiT ZeglebSi mogvianebiT Cndeba. T. Jordaniasmier aRmoCenil daviT narinis droindeli sigeli gvamcnobs:`mamuli Cemi mkvidri, patronTagan boZebuli, maRlakis abanoisasaxeli, pirvelca sadekanozod Semeqmna, TxutmetTalitriTa zeTiTa xaxulis RvTismSoblisaTvis Semewira daawca, viTa momixsenebia, ganaRamc hagreve mas hmsaxurdes~. 3am sabuTis mixedviT, XII-XIII saukuneebSi `wyaltubo~,rogorc saxeli, ar unda arsebuliyo, radgan maRlakis sa-1 o. ioseliani. Txzulebani 3 tomad. t. I. Tb., 1989, gv. 216, 223;2 r. WeiSvili. wlevandeli zafxuli wyaltuboSi. – mnaTobi, # 1,1967, gv. 81.3 T. Jordania. qronikebi. II. tfilisi, 1897, gv. 128-129, xazgasma Cvenia– T.z.19

xelwodebiT Seuwiravs `abanoisa saxli~ iakob dekanozs xaxulisRvTismSoblisaTvis. abanoebis saxelwodebad `wyaltubo~pirvelad axalcixel nazariSvilis xelnawer dRiurebSigvxvdeba. nazariSvili kaTolike mRvdelia, romelicXVIIIs. 70-80 wlebSi quTaisSi cxovrobda. igi wers: `viareTmdinare wyaltubos saTavemde, romelic gamodis kirqvianikldis horizontaluri napralidan. iqidan daaxloebiT erTversze dasavleTi 4 saJenian ganikveTis Tixian ormoSi amodisTbili, buStebiani wyali, romelic mRvrie, usuno da ugemoaris. igi Caedineba wyaltuboSi, romlis gaswvriv CvenviareT da naxevar saaTSi sofel wyaltuboSi mivediT~. 1XVIII saukunemde saxelwodeba `wyaltubo~ arsad arCans. Tbili wylis tborebi, gubeebi, romlebic `velur abazanebad~iwodeboda, kurortis midamoebSi marTlac, sakmaodiyo. magram arc civi wylis Releebisa Tu tborebisaganiyo saculi es teritoria. rogorc cnobilia, mdinare, romelickurortis CrdiloeTiT iRebs saTaves, wvimebis droskalapotidan gadmodioda da irgvliv yvelafers tboravda.mxolod XXs. 30-ian wlebSi, roca safuZveli Caeyarawyaltubos ganaSenianebas hidroinJiner mamraZis sainteresoproeqtiT, mdinare wyaltubos saTavesTan gadaiketa kalapotida Seiqmna xelovnuri tba – `civi~ (platina).ase rom, tborebis (rogorc Tbili, aseve civi wylis)arseboba gvavaraudebinebs toponim `wyaltubos~ meore nawilis`tub~ Ziri davukavSiroT ara Tbils, aramed tbas,tbors. tbori//tbore – avi gube, cudi tba. 2 Sdr. tibawyuri.sof. borjomis municipaliteti. `tba~ sazogado saxelsSesatyvisebi moepoveba samive qarTul enaSi:qarTuli: tba – *tabamegruli: toba//tobo _ tba, Rrma wyali.Wanuri: toba//tiba - tba, morevi.svanuri: tub – xevi; tomp//trmb – gube; tuib – tba;1 giuldenStetis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi. germanuli teqsti qar-Tuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo g. gelaSvilma.t. I. Tb., 1962, gv. 147.2 sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. II. Tb., 1993, gv. 135;20

prof. b. jorbenaZis mixedviT, tomba formaSi m bgerafonetikurad gaCenilia, svanurSi `tomb~ megrulidan Cansnasesxebi. WanurSi `tiba~ meoreulia, miRebulia `toba~formisagan: toba – * – tuba – tiba (disimilaciuri delabializaciiT).megrul-WanurSi gardamavali safexuri (*tuba)ar dasturdeba, magram misi realoba mtkicdeba svanur-Si povnieri tub//tuib formiT, romelic aseve megrulidanunda iyos nasesxebi. tub aRniSnavs Reles, nakaduls, gubes.uZveles qarTul xelnawerebSi dafiqsirebulia tburi//tbur-e`povis tburi Tikovani~//`povis tbure Tikovani~.am formaTa nairsaxeobaa: tbori//tbore. 1 megrulSi toba//tobo//tombacneba `Rrmasac~ gamoxatavs, tub – Rele,xevi, gube.ase rom, saxelwodeba `wyaltubos~ warmoSoba misi Sinaarsobriv-fonetikuriSedgenilobis Tanaxmad SeiZleba`tba, tbori-tbore~ sityvasTan iyos dakavSirebuli.TAMILA ZVIADADZEON THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE TOPONYM “TSKALTUBO”In the Georgian historiography it is scientifically proved the Zansoccupied much more territories in the past than they do today. The areasof settlement of the Megrelian-Chan ancestors also include Lower Imereti,in particular Tskaltubo district. In the western dialects of the Georgianlanguage, and in the lower Imeretian among them, Zan can be traced inphonetics, morphology, syntax, as well as in lexis and toponymy. InTskaltubo district there are numerous toponyms and microtoponyms ofZan origin and structure and “Tskaltubo” is among them. The present articledeals with the etymological analysis of the toponym “Tskaltubo”, asa result of which the origin of the second part of the given toponym hasbeen ascertained.1 b. jorbenaZe. geografiul terminTa gamoyenebisaTvis toponimika-Si. Tb., 1993, gv. 111.21

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriamarine kakaCia, qeTevan margiani,marina jRarkavafrazeologizmebiioseb yifSiZis leqsikonSicnobili qarTveli mkvlevari ioseb yifSiZe peterburgisqarTvelologiuri skolis brwyinvale warmomadgeneliiyo. mas didi wvlili miuZRvis megrul-lazuris Seswavla-Si. i. yifSiZis samecniero moRvaweobis gvirgvins warmoadgensfundamenturi monografia ,,megruli (iveriuli) enisgramatika”, romelic rusul enaze daibeWda peterburgSi1914 wels. `masSi warmodgenilia megrulis bgeriTi sistemisada fonetikur movlenaTa daxasiaTeba, lakonurad dametwilad zustad Sefasebulia yvela metyvelebis nawilisspecifika, gansakuTrebiT vrclad aris ganxiluli saxelTabrunebisa da zmnaTa uRlebis rTuli sakiTxebi. SromaSi SesuliasanimuSod Cawerili sxvadasxva Janris megruli teqstebi,romlebsac erTvis vrceli (233 gverdiani) megrulrusulileqsikoni.es ukanaskneli, marTalia, TargmniTi xasiaTisaa, magramramdenadme etimologiuri da enciklopediuri leqsikonebisniSnebsac atarebs, rac zrdis mis sacnobaro da mecnierulRirebulebas. arsebiTad, enciklopediur sityva-statiebswarmoadgenen warmarTul RvTaebebTan, uZveles wes-CveulebebTanTu gadmocemebTan dakavSirebuli iseTi leqsikuri er-Teulebi, rogoricaa: anTari, alanuroba, goxarWalafa, aram-xutu,kapuna/mirsoba, mesefi, WeWeToba da sxv~. 1amjerad, am leqsikonSi Cveni yuradReba miiqcia frazeologizmebma(idiomaturma gamonaTqvamebma), romlebic av-1 k. danelia. ukvdaveba mecnieris Rvawlisa. – wgn.: i. yifSiZe. rCeuliTxzulebani. Tb., 1994, gv. 9.22

tors ama Tu im leqsemis sailustraciod aqvs moxmobili.rogorc cnobilia, idiomatika leqsikis organuli da amavedros Taviseburi nawilia. 1 frazemebis, leqsikalizebuliSesityvebebis, frazeologiuri erTeulebis, anu frazeologizmebisaTvisniSandoblivia struqturuli, leqsikuri,semantikuri, agreTve gamoyenebis stabiluroba.`frazemebi leqsemaTa mudmivi konteqstis safuZvelzemiiReba. amgvar SesityvebaTa zogierTi an yvela komponentismniSvneloba gardaqmnilia mataforis, metonomiisa Tu sxvaformiT. frazemaTa struqturis mdgradoba imaSi mdgomareobs,rom maTi komponentebis Senacvlebadoba SezRudulia,sityvaformaTa rigi umeteswilad fiqsirebulia, komponentebsSoris sxva sityvaformebis Casma, rogorc wesi, akrZalulia;magaliTad, ar vambobT: didi drois mokvla, an er-Ti saaTis mokvla...”. 2 sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT frazemaTaramdenime klasifikacia arsebobs. erT-erT maTgans safuZvladudevs mTeli Sesityvebisa da misi komponentebis mniSvnelobaTaTanafardoba. magaliTad, `bolTas scems” frazemaSikomponentebs Soris kavSiri ufro mWidroa, vidre,vTqvaT, frazemaSi `SiSma Seipyro”. myar SesityvebaTa distribuciuli(gramatikuli) klasifikacia iTvaliswinebswinadadebaSi maT sintaqsur rols – gamoyofen ama Tu immetyvelebis nawilis ekvivalentur frazemebs. mag., frazema`kalmiT naxati” zedsarTavi saxelis ekvivalenturia, `Rv-Tis anabara~ – zmnizedisa da a. S. calke jgufs qmnis winadadebisekvivalenturi frazemebi. kidev erTi klasifikaciismixedviT, myar SesityvebaTa simravle iyofa Semdeg araer-Tgvarovan jgufebad: idiomebi, frazeologiuri Sesityvebebi,sametyvelo Stampebi, frazeosqemebi da e. w. frTiani gamoTqmebi(andazebi, aforizmebi da misT.), moaruli citatebibibliidan – e. w. bibleizmebi. 31 al. oniani. qarTuli idiomebi. Tb., 1966, gv. 5.2 T. gamyreliZe, z. kiknaZe, i. Saduri, n. Sengelia. Teoriuli enaTmecnierebiskursi. Tb., 2003, gv. 375.3 T. gamyreliZe, z. kiknaZe, i. Saduri, n. Sengelia. Teoriuli enaT-23

specialur lingvistur literaturaSi sagangebod arisaRniSnuli, rom frazemebi specifikuria da zedmiwevniT,sityvasityviT sxva enaze, rogorc wesi, ar iTargmneba. amas-Tan, Sinaarsi, romelic erT enaSi frazemiT gadmoicema,sxva enaSi SeiZleba sxva saSualebiT gamoixatos. 1myar SesityvebaTa umravlesoba eqspresiulia. Tumca,gvxvdeba konotacias moklebuli frazemebic. eqspresiuli sa-Sualebebidan frazeologiaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba riTma, kontrasti,gameoreba, sinonimebi, Sedareba, ritmi. frazemebisSemTxvevaSi sakmaod rTuli gadasawyvetia omonimiisa da polisemiisgamijvnis sakiTxi. ,,xSirad frazeologizmebis arsebobadakavSirebulia romelime konkretul movlenasTan,konkretul adgilsa da drosTan.” 2 mag., iulius cezaris saxelsukavSirdeba gamoTqma `rubikonis gadalaxva~, saqarTveloSilekianobis faqtebs ki – `Cailuris wyali dalia~.i. yifSiZis leqsikonSi Cven mier moZiebuli frazeologizmebimkvlevars gamoyenebuli aqvs masalis ilustrirebisas.avtori gvawvdis idiomaturi gamonaTqvamis rogorcsemantikur, aseve sityva-sityviT Targmansac. frazemebisdajgufebisa da klasificirebisas SeZlebisdagvarad SevecadeTwarmogvedgina qarTuli Sesatyvisobanic:1. dio koCiSi xoruaSa Toli ve muugamu – пока емуеще не приходилось видеть (букв. глазом ударить) людскоепоселение: ,,jer adamianis sacxovris-isTvis Tvali ar moukravs~.es frazeologizmi i. yifSiZes moyvanili aqvs sityvagam: gama, megamas (=kvra) sailustraciod. 32. qaaCiné, muWoTTi is qaRardi va daguredé ni –заметил он, что тот не сможет (не смог бы) выучиться грамотеmecnierebis kursi, gv. 3781 g. nebieriZe. enaTmecnierebis Sesavali. Tb., 1991, gv. 239.2 g. nebieriZe. enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, gv. 239-240.3 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 417.24

(букв. бумага): ,,mixvda, rom igi qaRalds (wera-kiTxvas) veriswavlida~.[ZirTan gur: gurafa, dogurafa (=swavla)]. 13. Cqimi mumaq Cqimi gurafas qigiodiné, mara Cqimde mu-Taq giSarTé – отец мой много позаботился о моём обучении(разорился из-за моего обучения), но из меня ничего не вышло:,,mamaCemi Cems swavlas gadahyva, magram Cemgan araferi gamovida~.[ZirTan din//dén: dinafa (=dakargva)]. 24. dixaSa qédudurinuu dudi – он отсёк ему голову(букв. заставил его голову летет к земле): ,,misi Tavi miwiskengaafrina (Tavi gaagdebina)~.[sityvasTan – durini, turini (=vardna) gv. 433]. 35. dudiS dakvra – быть головой, кланятся: ,,Tavis dakvra”(misalmeba).[ZirTan kvr: kvra, dakvrasTan]. 46. ma guri muTémale – я сержусь (букв. мне приходитьсердце): `me guli momdis (guli momidis)~.[ZirTan l – vl: ulas (=svla)]. 57. Ticali maxinji ofena Tinefi, namuda qiGanas norgilafuena– Они были, оказывается, такие воры, что охлаждали(т. е. крали всё) страну: `iseTi qurdebi yofilan isini, romqveyanas acivebdnen (awiokebdnen)~.[sityvasTan rgili, rgii (=civi)]. 61 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 424.2 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 430.3 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 433.4 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 460.5 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 469.6 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 508.25

8. dudiS ardeba – быть дерзким (букв. бросать вверхголову): `Tavis agdeba”.[ZirTan rd: rdeba, ardeba. (=gdeba, agdeba)]. 19. gurs muko-mirTinuana – возвращают мне сердце, т.е.успокаивают меня: ,,guls momibruneben” (damamSvideben).[ZirTan rT: rTina, rTafa, rTHma, rTala, dorTina(=brunva, triali)]. 210. geriaq GujiSaTi ve gileefarTxuu – Гериа необратил никакого внимания (букв. не потрусил даже в ухо):`gerias yuric ki ar dauferTxavs (gaupartyunebia)”.[ZirTan farTx: farTxua, farTxala (=ferTxva)]. 311. gimoRala xeSi – усердно за что приняться (букв.вынуть руку): `xelis gamoReba”.[ZirTan R: Rala (=Reba, waReba]. 412. gegéwuuRes arTianc xe – дали друг другу руку(букв. взяли друг у друга руку): `erTmaneTs xeli Camoar-Tves”.[ZirTan R: Rala (=waReba)]. 513. dudi do bolo Sqas – с начала до конца (букв.между началом и концом): `Tavsa da bolos Sua~.[sityvasTan Sqa (=Sua)]. 614. Cama guriSi – давать сердце (букв. понимать,догадываться): `mixvedra”.1 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 508.2 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 510.3 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 538.4 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 552.5 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 552.6 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 562.26

[sityvasTan Cama (=micema)]. 115. CilamuriSi Tudo – в слезах (букв. под слезой):`cremlebqveS.”[sityvasTan Cilamuri (=cremli)]. 216. Tis dudi ve meCqé – у него не видна голова (т. е.причина не известна): `imas Tavi ar uCans~.[ZirTan Cq//rCq (= Cans)]. 317. xeSi manwyuu – помогающий (букв. устраивающийруку): `xelis Semwyobi~.[ZirTan wy//nwy (=wyoba, Sewyoba)]. 4ramdenime magaliTi moviZieT i. yifSiZis `Wanur-rusulleqsikonSic”:1. duSuniTe momaxelu marazi – (тексты, 8,а) отзадумчивости я заболелю: `fiqri SemamTxvevs avadmyofobas~.[sityvasTan duSuni (= fiqri)]. 52. Tozis ogintalare – смешаю тебя с пылью,раздавлю: `mtverSi agrev~.[ZirTan ntal: opentalem (=Sereva)]. 63. fuSluRi domoRodu – он (она) изменил(а) мне: ,,RalatidammarTa~.[sityvasTan fuSluRi (=Ralati)]. 74. obgaruTe jer Toli emaWabu – от плача у менясклеились (ослепли) оба глаза:1 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 566.2 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 568.3 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 571.4 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 587.5 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 661.6 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 665.7 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 667.27

`tiriliT Tvalebi Semeweba~.[sityvasTan Wabu: oWabu (= webva, Sewebva)]. 1rogorc vxedavT, i. yifSiZe megrulisaTvis bunebrivifrazeologizmebis gverdiT qarTulis kalkirebul idiomaturgamoTqmebsac gvTavazobs. saanalizo masalaze dakvirvebamkidev erTxel warmoaCina dasaxelebuli mecnieris udidesiwvlili qarTveluri enebis (megrul-lazuri) struqturiskvlevisa da Seswavlis saqmeSi. miT ufro dasafasebeliamisi Rvawli, rom misTvis megrul-lazuri ,,akvnisena” ar yofila. samwuxarod, i. yifSiZes mxolod aTiodeweli dascalda samecniero moRvaweobisa. miuxedavad amisa,SeZlo Seekriba fasdaudebeli masala, romelic dRemde amsakiTxiT dainteresebul mkvlevarTaTvis sanimuSo da angariSgasawevia.i. yifSiZis leqsikonidan amokrebili masalis analizissafuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom saenaTmecniero literaturaSisxvadasxvagvarad klasificirebul myar sityvaT-SenaerTTagan aq ar gvxvdeba e. w. bibleizmebi, frazeosqemebi,sametyvelo Stampebi; xSiria frazeologizmebi, romelTadistribuciuli (gramatikuli) funqciis gansazRvra ramdenadmeufro martivi aRmoCnda, vidre im specifikisa da semantikuriniuansebis zedmiwevniT Targmna, rasac isini megrul-lazurSiasaxaven da Seicaven.sakvlevi masalis wminda lingvisturi Tu eqstralingvisturiaspeqtiT Seswavlis paralelurad, Cven davinteresdiTTanamedrove megrul-lazurSi, cocxal metyveleba-Si maTi gavrcelebulobiT, konotaciiT, winadadebaSi sintaqsuriroliTa da distribuciis sakiTxebiTac. irkveva,rom TiTqmis saukunis win i. yifSiZis mier Sekrebili enobrivimasala da saleqsikono fondi Seicavs iseT iSviaT sityva-formebs,leqsemebsa da frazemebs, romelTac cocxalmetyvelebaSi, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda Taobis sasaubro1 i. yifSiZe. rCeuli Txzulebani, gv. 668.28

enaSi miviwyebis bindi gadahkvria, an Zalzed iSviaTi xmarebissferos ganekuTvneba, rac, vfiqrobT, kidev erTxel usvamsxazs gansakuTrebul Rvawls ioseb yifSiZisa, rogorcpeterburgis qarTvelologiuri skolis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlisamegrul-lazurisa da zogadad qarTvelur enaTaSeswavlis metad saWirboroto da saSviliSvilo saqmeSi.29

MARINE KAKACHIA, KETEVAN MARGIANI,MARINA JGARKAVAPHRASEOLOGIES IN THE “VOCABULARY”OF IOSEB KIPSHIDZEWell-known Georgian scientist Ioseb Kipshidze was the brightestrepresentative of St. Petersburg school of Kartvelology. He greatly contributedto the Megrelian-Lazic language studies. The Fundamental monographicresearch “Grammar of the Megrelian Language”, which is IosebKipshidze’s most important work, was translated into Russian in St. Petersburgin 1914. The idiomatic expressions, selected to illustrate variouslexemes by the author, attracted our keen attention. The scientist did notonly semantic, but also literary translation of the idiomatic expressions.We tried to present Georgian equivalents when classifying the material.Alongside the idiomatic expressions, which are so natural for Megrelian,the author also suggests Georgian calqued idiomatic expressions.30

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaqeTevan margianidalis xeobis istoriuli daTanamedrove toponimiadalis xeoba mniSvnelovani istoriuli mxarea dasavleTsaqarTveloSi, afxazeTSi.dalis svaneTi mdebareobs dasavleTi kavkasionis samxreTkalTebze mdinare kodoris xeobis zeda welze, saTaveebidan70km-is manZilze. CrdiloeTidan mas esazRvreba yara-Cai-CerqezeTis avtonomiuri olqi (ruseTis federacia); saz-Rvari gadis kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qedze, naharvisa(gondorais) da qluxoris uReltexilebidan maruxis uReltexilamde(daaxloebiT 80-90km.). dalis svaneTs aRmosavle-TiT mestiis raioni esazRvreba. maT erTmaneTisagan yofsxvaraSisa da jerilis sakmaod maRali mTagrexilebi; samxreTiToCamCirisa da tyvarCelis raionebis teritoriebia(urTierTgamyofia fanavis qedi, harvasa da barumbas mTebi),dasavleTiT ki – bagadis kldeebia. dalis svaneTi moicavsmdinare kodoris xuTi (aZgara, yuluCi, gvandrala, xecqvara,saknara) Senakadis auzebs. misi farTobi Seadgens 650 heqtars,aqedan 350 heqtari sakarmidamo da saxnav-saTib miwebsukavia, danarCeni ki tyis masivebi da alpuri saZovrebia. 1dalis xeobis istoria Soreul warsulSi ikargeba dais aTaswleulebsac ki iTvlis; sxvadasxva epoqaSi am mxarisaTvisuwodebiaT `misimianeTi~, `dalis xeoba~, `afxazeTissvaneTi~, `kodoris xeoba~, `webelda-dalis saboqaulo~,`zemo afxazeTi~. saxelwodebaTa aseTi mravalferovneba ki,vfiqrobT, TavisTavad mianiSnebs saqarTvelos istoriaSi ammxaris gansakuTrebul rolsa da mniSvnelobaze.1 S. margiani. kodoris xeobis (`dal~-is) svaneTis social-ekonomikuriganviTarebis strategiuli gegma. – wgn.: dalelTa imedi. Tb.,2005, gv. 16.31

dalis xeobisa da, zogadad, dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriulitoponimiis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi mniSvnelovaniwyaroa Teodose gangrelis (VIIs. ierusalimelimonazvnis) Txzuleba da masSi asaxuli saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebulianastasi apokrisiaris (VIIs.) werili, romelSicZveli afxazeTis ramdenime toponimia dafiqsirebuli, maTSoris bizantiidan 662 wels egrisSi gadmosaxlebuli maqsimeaRmsareblis, anastasi apokrisiarisa da anastasi berissapatimro cixeebi da moZraobis adgilebi. 1 esenia: skotori,mukorisi, svanidis cixe, bukolusi, 2 Takviria, fusta, jixaxora,Tusume, sxemari, sqimari (sqiomari, himari), moqvi 3 ...dalis xeobis istoriuli toponimebia: CxalTa; fusta

`sabrZolo adgili~ – agaTia sqolastikoss. 1istoriografiaSi xazgasmulia, rom kodoris xeobissavaWro da samxedro-strategiuli mniSvnelobis gzaze, romelic`misimianTa gzis~ saxeliT iyo cnobili, ganlagebulicixeebi svanur saxelwodebasa da Sinaarss atarebdnen,radgan isini svanur enaze mosaubre misimianebs ekuTvnoda. 2dalis xeobis Zveli svanuri toponimebis Sesaxeb cnobebimowodebuli aqvT jer kidev antikuri periodis berZen daromael avtorebs, nawili gviandeli periodis Sua saukuneebiswerilobiT wyaroebSia fiqsirebuli, nawilze ki legenda-gadmocemebsada xalxis mexsierebas Semounaxavs cnoba.mag., svanebma jer kidev gadmosvlamde icodnen, rom undaCasaxlebuliyvnen tìSSi, genwviSSi, naharæSi, xutiaSi, la-TaSi, SéyerSi. am geografiulma saxelebma afxazur enobrivgaremocvaSi saukuneebs gauZles da uZvelesi droidan dRevandelobamdemoaRwies.rogorc cnobilia, hidronimia aris toponimiis Zvel-TaZveli da saintereso nawili; wyals, zogadad, didimniSvneloba hqonda adamianisaTvis. `kacobriobis civilizaciiskerebi, pirveli dasaxlebani swored mdinareebTanaadakavSirebuli. erT-erTi zogadtoponimikuri kanonzomierebisTanaxmad, did obieqtTa, gansakuTrebiT, mdinareTa saxelebisaukuneebSi cocxloben da mosaxleobis eTnikurcvlasac ki uZleben~. 3 aRsaniSnavia, rom yofili misimiane-Tis da dRevandeli svaneTis mxareTa mdinareebis saxelebisgarkveuli nawili erTsadaimave -ra sufiqss Seicavs: gvandra,sakna-ra, aZga-ra, aja-ra, xec-qva-ra//xe-wyva-ra//xe-qvara...svaneTSi msgavs warmoebas vxedavT mdinareTa saxelebSi:dol-ra, nak-ra, kal-ra, mélxu-ra...ne meoris mefobaSi. – georgika.., t. III, gv. 236.1 agaTia sqolastikosi. martines gadayeneba da isutines daniSvnastrategosad. – georgika.., t. III, gv. 164, 166, 170, 174.2 T. mibCuani. dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTvel mTielTa eTnogenezis,gansaxlebisa da kulturis istoriidan. Tb., 1989, gv. 132.3 p. cxadaia. samurzayanos istoriuli da Tanamedrove toponimia.Tb., 2004, gv. 89.3. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi33

zogadad, saqarTvelos hidronimebze, Tumca mwiri, magrammainc moipoveba cnobebi Sua saukuneebis araerTi arabi,frangi, italieli mogzaurisa da istorikosis nawarmoebebsaTu CanawerebSi. misioneri arqanjelo lambertiaRwers mdinareebs – faziss, hiposs (cxeniswyals), glauks(abaSas), takurs (texuras), koxiss (xobs), engurs, kodorsis(kodors). aseve, Jan Sardeni Tavis naSromSi asaxelebsengurs, mtkvars, kodors, rionsa da sxva mdinareebs. mdinarekodori da misi Semogareni vrclad aris aRwerilivaxuStis geografiaSic: “...zis episkoposi, mwyemsi kodorismdinarisa da moqBs mdinaris Sorisis adgilisa... moigo saxelidabis kodorisagan, romel ars drandas zeiT, amwyalzed mTaSi. xolo am kodoris dasavleTad dis mdinarecxomisa~. 1hidronim `kodoris~ etimologiasTan dakavSirebiTonomastikur literaturaSi gamoTqmulia sxvadasxva mosazrebani:T. mibCuani mas svanur kadðr-s `mSral-s~ ukavSirebsda miiCnevs mis zaninebul variantad; 2 sxva TvalsazrisisTanaxmad, miuxedavad Ziriseuli xmovnis sigrZisproblemisa, kodori miCneulia leqsemidan skídi (svan.`Rrma~) momdinared Tavkiduri Tanxmovnis dakargviTa da -or topoformantiT warmoqmnilad. 3 x. bRaJba, kodoris analizisas,saWirod miiCnevs paralelebis gaTvaliswinebasCrdilo kavkasiis teritoriaze: kuda-ko (SafsuRSi), kudefsta(soWis regionSi), kudir-Ta (bzifis midaomebSi). 4dalis xeobis Tanamedrove toponimiis upirvelesi maxasiaTebeliaris enobrivi siWrele, mravalferovneba, sax-1 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, – qarTliscxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviTs. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. IV. Tb., 1973, gv. 781.2 T. mibCuani. dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTvel mTielTa eTnogenezis,gansaxlebisa da kulturis istoriidan. Tb., 1989, gv. 131-132.3 q. margiani. dal-svaneTis toponimia. _ kreb. qarTveluri onomastika.Tb. 1998, gv. 138; z. WumburiZe. svanuri ena. Tb., 2007, gv. 344 Х. С. Бгажба. Некоторые вопросы этнонимики Абхазии. – Труды Абхазскогоинститута языка, литературы и истории. Т. XXVII, 1956, gv. 38.34

eldebis sruliad gansxvavebuli qronologia, sxvadasxvaenobrivi warmomavloba; zogadi suraTi SeiZleba ase warmovadginoT:svanuria, ZiriTadad, soflebisa da uReltexilebissaxelwodebani, mTeli mikrotoponimia, hidronimTa umetesoba,agreTve werilobiTi (berZnuli) wyaroebiT fiqsirebuligeografiuli saxelebi; afxazuria araerTi soflis,mdinaris, mTisa da sazafxulo saZovris // ialaRissaxeli; mxolod erTeulebis saxiTRa aris warmodgenilimegruli, rusuli... gaurkveveli etimologiis toponimebi.sakmaod gavrcelebuli topoformatebis (-ba, -...a)gaTvaliswinebiT, afxazurenovani, SesaZloa, iyos dalisxeobis Semdegi geografiuli saxelebi: akakæa, abayæa,anuyæa, ar{e}mæa, RæaRæa, quTarba, barémba//mramba

kldis ferdobisa, sadac Sxefebad modis da mowanwkarebsCanCqeri da myinvarebis nadnob-naJuri wyali; laSdRæi-ðr`samarxebi~

jgufis toponimebi mcire geografiuli arealis gamomxatvelniarian.4. dalis xeobis mikrotoponimiaSi gvxvdeba agreTveramdenime formantiT markirebuli geografiuli saxelebi,(wina viTarebis konfiqsi da mr. ricxvis sufiqsi) nð-l-gimal-æ-ðr`namSeneblarebi~

i: dðl `nadirobis qalRmerTi, monadireTa mfarveli~;dðlOð kojðr `dalis kldeebi~; PaldëSrelðkæcìr `xaldevelTa sajixve~; emzó lðkæcìremzas//emzaris sajixve~... botanonimebi: letlëfiðr

miT dðl) – nadirobis qalRmerTis sabrZanebeli da dalelTaistoriuli samkvidrebeli.uaRresad xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareobiT –kluxoris, maruxis, naharvis uReltexilebiT istoriulidalis xeoba aris dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispira regionisCrdiloeT kavkasiasTan damakavSirebeli umoklesi gza,rac am xeobas, yovel istoriul epoqaSi, gansakuTrebulmniSvnelobas da strategiul funqcias sZenda. dalis xeobistoponimia xasiaTdeba enobrivi mravalferovnebiT dasaxeldebis sruliad sxvadasxva asakiTa da qronologiiT.antikuri periodisa da Sua saukuneebis wyaroebSi moxseniebuliistoriuli toponimia kodoris xeobisa (fusta, Cixari//Cxali//CxalTa,lagvana, Siyeri//Séyeri, bokeri//bogeri...)mxolod da mxolod svanurenovania. dalis xeobisTanamedrove toponimiis upirvelesi maxasiaTebeli ki enobrivisiWrelea; afxazuria araerTi sazafxulo saZovris,soflis, mTisa da mdinaris saxelwodeba (armua, ajara, aZgara,aZmax, soifsara...). svanuria, ZiriTadad, soflebisa dauReltexilebis saxelebi, mTeli mikrotoponimia, hidronimTaumetesoba, drimonimebi (tyeebis saxelebi), oikonimebida sazafxulo ialaRebi (génwiS, naharv, kodor, xuarðS,laTa, saken, Oalcunesga, gvandrala, saknara, tæibraSër,tìS, nðmSixæ, aWafara, béZégér, tæibrêlðr, maklaTxezagðr, âaldeSre lðkæcìr, buCuyur, Jibe laxæ...). dalisxeobis Tanamedrove geografiul nomenklaturaSi mxoloderTeulebis saxiT gvxvdeba megruli, rusuli da gaurkvevelietimologiis toponimebic.39

KETEVAN MARGIANIHISTORICAL AND MODERN TOPONIMYOF DALI GORGEDali Gorge is a historical part of the West Georgia, Abkhazia. Inthe antique epoch it was called Mivsianeti or Misimianeti, in the middleages – Dali Gorge, in XIX century – Tsebelda Pristavstvo (administrativesubdivision in the Russian Empire was in late XVIII – early XX centuries),in the Soviet epoch it was called Abkhazian Svaneti, and in XXI century– Upper Abkhazia. Such a variety of names speaks for itself, of theimportance and special role of this gorge in the history of Georgia. Whereasfor Svaneti, Svanians and immediate neighbors, Kodori Gorge hasalways been known as Dali (Dal as Svanians pronounce the name – thethrone of a goddess of hunting in Georgian mythology was placed therein the gorge, and the place was considered to be the place where Daleliansresided. The gorge enjoys the most advantageous geographical location– Klukhori, Naharvi, Marukhi. Dali Gorge is the shortest way thatconnects the seaside region of the West Georgia with the North Caucasus.That explains special importance and strategic functions assigned tothis territory in every historical epoch. The Toponymy of Dali’s Gorge ischaracterized by lingual diversity and absolutely different chronology ofdesignation. Kodori Gorge toponyms mentioned in the antique periodand middle centuries sources (Pusta, Chikhari, Chkhalta, Lagvana, Shekeri/Shikeri,Bokeri/Biker...) are basically of Svanian origin. The maincharacteristic of Dali Gorge modern toponymy is its lingual diversity: namesof several summer pastures, mountains, villages and rivers (Armua,Achara, Adzgara, Soipsara...) are of Abkhazian origin, whereas the namesof most villages and passes, the whole microtoponymy, most hydronyms, drimonyms (names of forests) and oikonyms (Gentsish, Naharv,Kodor, Khuarash, Lata, Saken, Altsunesga, Gvandrala, Saknara...) are basicallyof Svanian origin. Megrelian, Russian and other names of uncertainetymology within Dali Gorge Geographical nomenclature are tracedvery rarely.40

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriamerab naWyebiaafxazeTis teritoriaze mosaxleobisraodenobisa da afxazuri enis statusisamJamindeli mdgomareoba1993 wlidan, rodesac ruseTma saqarTvelos uaRresadmniSvnelovani nawilis – afxazeTis okupacia-aneqsia ganaxorciela,gaZnelebulia Cveni qveynis am teritoriisa damisi mosaxleobis Sesaxeb saimedo informaciis mopoveba. saqarTvelossaxelmwifosTvis erTnairad mniSvnelovania amJamaducxo Zalis mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze mcxovrebiCveni moqalaqeebisa da am teritoriidan devnili mosaxleobisfsiqosocialuri, enobriv-kulturuli ganviTarebisada adaptaciis sakiTxebis codna, erTi mxriv, am adamianTasamoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis programebis gansaxorcieleblad,xolo meore mxriv, arakontrolirebad teritoriazemimdinare procesebis gasaTvaliswineblad da demokratiuliRonisZiebebis safuZvelze samomavlo mSvidobisdasagegmad.sakiTxis Seswavla arasodesaa gvian, miT ufro Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,rom ruseTi TiTqmis orasi weli moTminebiTamzadebda im Sedegs, romelic 1993 wels miiRo.afxazeTis teritoriaze amJamad mcxovrebi mosaxleobadanarCeni saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebul politikur, socialur,ideologiur da enobriv situaciaSi imyofeba, sxvaenobrivi kanonebis, Taviseburi (ruseTis federaciis modelis)saganmanaTleblo sistemis gavlenis qveSaa, gansxvavebuliaenobrivi kontaqtebis tipi da Semadgenloba, enobrivistandartis regulirebis principebi, dargobrivi terminologiisganviTarebis tendenciebi, mediaena, onomastikuriarCevani da sxv. es yovelive ki principulad cvlis am mo-41

saxleobis enobriv identobas (da saerTod eris, eTnosisidentobas); amdenad, politikosebma ar unda daiviwyon, romsamxedro, politikuri da ekonomikuri problemebis mogvarebisSemTxvevaSic ki isini erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnadgansxvavebuli, Secvlili cnobierebisa da kompetenciis sazogadoebaTaintegraciis uaRresad Znelad gadasaWreliproblemebis winaSe aRmoCndebian.mosaxleoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom omisSemdgom arwydeba sxvadasxva tipis “referendumebi” da “arCevnebi”, afxazeTSimosaxleobis raodenoba sxvadasxva informaciiTsxvadasxvaa da cTomileba Zalian mniSvnelovania. SeiZlebaiTqvas, mosaxleobis raodenoba da eTnikuri Semadgenlobisricxobrivi maCveneblebi mudmivi davis sagania. SevecdebiTTavi movuyaroT am gansxvavebul statistikas:oficialuri(an araoficialuri)aRweriswlebi42afxazeTisde-faqto xelisuflebismonacemebiTrusuliwyaroebismonacemebiTucxouriwyaroebismonacemebiTeTnikuridiasporebismonacemebiTsaqarTvelosmTavrobismonacemebiT340000 adamians2001 weliaRema-teba2003 weli 215 972somxuridiaspora: 179 000215 9722005 weli 178 000saerTaSorisokrizis jgufi:157000-dan2006 weli190000-mde;180000-sa da220000-s Sorisenciklopedia2007 weli“britanika”:180 0002009 weli 214 0002010 weli 320 000РусскаяобщинаАбхазии -is monacemebi,318320214 000

(maTgan 220000 ukveruseTismoqalaqea)cTomileba ki 100 an 150 aTasis farglebSia, rac esodenmcire teritoriisaTvis umniSvnelo sulac araa. rusipolitanalitikosebi Semdeg cxrils gvTavazoben: 11989 wels mosaxleobis bolosabWoTa aRweris monacemebiTAafxazeTis mosaxleobis2003w. aRweris monacemebiTafxazeTis mcxovreblebisulmosaxleobis 41%)215 272 kaci (1989 wlis525 061 kaciqarTvelebi 239 872 45,6% 45 953 21,3%afxazebi 93 267 17,7% 94 606 44%rusebi 74 913 14,3% 23 420 10,9%somxebi 76 541 14,6%44 87020,8%berZnebi 14 664 2,8% 1 4861%-zenaklebienciklopedia ,,britanika” 2007 wlisaTvis afxazeTismosaxleobis raodenobas 180 000 adamianiT gansazRvravs, 2saerTaSoriso sakriziso jgufi ki 2006 wlisaTvis am teritoriismosaxleobad 157 000-dan 190 000-mde kacs varaudobs(an 180 000-sa da 220 000-s Soris). 3kanoni enis Sesaxeb. afxaz mosaxleobas omiswina periodSigansakuTrebulad awuxebda afxazuri enis momavali damesame mxaris CagonebiT, afxazuris funqcionirebis SezRudulobasqarTvelebsa da qarTuls abralebda.sabWoTa kavSirs saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebis da SidasazRvrebis moxazvis TvalsazrisiT mravali danaSaulebri-1 И. Сухов. Президентские выборы в Абхазии в 2009 году: Частичное повторениепройденного. – ix. el-versia: http://www.icds.ee/fileadmin/failid/ICDS_-_elections_in_Abkhazia,_full_version_in_Russian.pdfam avtoris sakmaod vrcelanalitikur statiaSi Zalian bevri ramaa sadavo, Tumca zogimsjeloba namdvilad sainteresoa.2 Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online 09 Sep. 2008.3 Abkhazia Today. The International Crisis Group Europe Report N°176, 15 September2006, p. 9.43

vi RonisZieba aqvs gatarebuli. danaSaulebrivi iyo enobrivipolitikac, romelic mosaxleobis rusifikaciis Canafiqrsetapobrivad axorcielebda da yovel respublikaSieTnikuri diasporebis kerebis SeqmniTa da avtonomiaTa gamoyofisspecifikuri logikiT rusul enas respublikurisakonstitucio enis metoqed nergavda, miT ufro, rom Zalamis xelSi iyo. aviRoT erTi magaliTi: afxazi avtorebibrals sdeben qarTvelebs, Cvens gaqarTvelebas cdilobdneno.am braldebis safuZvlianobis dadgena Zneli araris, radgan Tu igi simarTlea, maSin afxazeTis afxazurmosaxleobaSi didi unda yofiliyo im afxazTa wili, vincar icis Tavisi erovnebis ena da dedaenad qarTuls aRiarebs.mosaxleobis 1989 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, saqar-TveloSi mcxovreb afxazTa Soris enaTa flobis TvalsazrisiTamgvari viTareba iyo:erovnebamudmivimosaxleobameore enadicodarusulimeore enadicodaqarTuliarflobda meoreenasafxazi 95 853 77 193 2 283 15 921es statistika cxadad miuTiTebs, rom qarTvelebis misamar-TiT wayenebuli braldeba saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi afxazebisaTvisqarTuli enis Tavs moxvevis Taobaze yovelgvarsafuZvelsaa moklebuli.erTi SexedviT, omisSemdgom wlebs afxazebisTvis maTienis statusobrivi da funqciuri gavlena unda gaeZlierebina.magram ase ar moxda... 2007w. 14 noembers “afxaze-Tis parlamentis~ deputatebma saboloo wakiTxviT miiReskanoni `saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb~. 1 rogorc oficialuriwyaroebi da rusuli periodika miuTiTebs, kanonma saboloodgansazRvra afxazeTis saxelmwifo enad afxazuri, racramdenadme zRudavs sxva enebs, maT Soris rusuls respublikispolitikuri cxovrebidan.1 kanonis teqsti oficialurad gamoqveynda 2007 wlis 29 noemberssaxelmwifo gazeTSi – «Республика Абхазия».44

afxazuri ena afxazeTis saxelmwifo ena am momentamdeciyo, da mis gverdiT saxelmwifo organoebsa da sazogadoebrivurTierTobebSi farTod gamoiyeneboda rusulic, axlaki, magaliTad, kanonis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad,“2015 wlidan respublika afxazeTis saxelmwifo organoebisxelmZRvanelebi, maTi struqturuli qvedanayofebisxelmZRvanelebi, respublika afxazeTis parlamentis (saxalxosabWos) deputatebi, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisorganoebis xelmZRvanelebi valdebulni arian flobdnen daiyenebdnen afxazeTis saxelmwifo enas”. 1 amave muxlSi miTi-Tebulia, rom kanonis gamoqveynebis momentidan eqvsi TvisamowurvisTanave yvela masobrivi informaciis saSualeba undagadavides saxelmwifo enaze (ara nakleb gadacemaTa naxevrisa).am muxlma araerTgvarovani reaqcia gamoiwvia afxazeT-Si. es kanoni mimarTulia damoukidebeli masobrivi sainformaciosamsaxuris gakotrebisa da, Sesabamisad, likvidaciisaken.maTi TqmiT, am kanonis Sesasruleblad redaqciebsdasWirdebaT axali TanamSromlebis ayvana (Jurnalistebis,redaqtorebis, koreqtorebis, amkrebebis). amasTan saWirogaxdeba damatebiTi (da arcTu mcire) Tanxebi teqnikis SesaZenad,gaizrdeba sastambo xarjebi; anu bevri amJamad moqmedimasobrivi sainformacio struqtura daixureba. amas-Tan, normaluri cxovrebisaTvis respublikis yvela mcxovrebs,romelmac ar icis afxazuri, mouwevs enis Seswavla,sxvagvarad isini xelisuflebasTan urTierTobas ver moaxerxebenmiTiTebuli meeqvse muxlis mixedviT. axali enisasaTviseblad 7 welia micemuli. TiTqos mcire dro araris, magram unda gaixsnas saswavlo centrebi, moxdes maTidafinanseba. saxelmwifo biujeti ki 2008 wlisa ukve damtkicebulida aTvisebulia, es xarjebi ki gaTvaliswinebuliaraa; ase rom realurad mxolod 6 welia mocemuli.rusuli presa imave dRes – 14 noembersve – gamo-1 gaz. «Республика Абхазия». 29.XI.2007.45

exmaura kanonis miRebas da es aRiqva rogorc afxazeTSirusulisaTvis gansakuTrebuli statusis miniWeba. 1 kanonproeqtisTanaxmad, afxazeTis saxelmwifo ena afxazuria,xolo “rusuli, afxazurTan erTad aRiarebulia saxelmwifoda sxva dawesebulebaTa enad”. kanonis Tanaxmad, “saxelmwifo”yvela eTnikur jgufs garantias aZlevs, rom maTeqnebaT mSobliuri enis Tavisuflad gamoyenebis ufleba. kanoniiTvaliswinebs saxelmwifo enis dacvisa da mxardaWerisgarantiebs da agreTve im moqalaqeTa uflebebis dacvisgarantias, romlebic saxelmwifo enas ar floben. “saxelmwifoorganoebis xelmZRvanelebi, maTi struqturuli qvedanayofebisxelmZRvanelebi, respublika afxazeTis parlamentis(saxalxo sabWos) deputatebi, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisorganoebis xelmZRvanelebi valdebulni arianflobdnen da iyenebdnen afxazeTis saxelmwifo enas”.kanonis merve muxlSi naTqvamia: “oficialuri urTier-Tobis saSualeba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebSiaris saxelmwifo ena da rusuli ena misi statusis Sesabamisad,rac respublika afxazeTis konstituciiTaa gansazRvruli”.2 parlamentSi prezidentis warmomadgenelma aleqsandreadleibam ganacxada, rom “es kanoni aris erT-erTiyvelaze mniSvnelovani, magram amave dros erT-erTi yvelazerTuli”. 3 realurad ki afxazuri ena ver asrulebs saxelmwifoenis statusiT gaTvaliswinebul funqciebs da konkurenciasver uwevs rusul enas.afxazeTis Tanamedrove kulturuli cxovrebis aRweraSTambeWdavia, magram esoden qeba-didebiT Semkuli situaciisWeSmariti suraTis danaxva SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva drosda sxvadasxva piris mier micemuli interviuebis, statiebis,wignebis calkeuli fragmentebidan. magaliTad, muSni1 Вс. Ягужинский. Русский язык получил особый статус в Абхазии. – internetJurnali: `Новый Регион~. http://pda.nr2.ru/policy/149945.html2 Вс. Ягужинский. Русский язык получил особый статус в Абхазии. – internetJurnali: `Новый Регион~. http://pda.nr2.ru/policy/149945.html3 Вс. Ягужинский. Русский язык получил особый статус в Абхазии. – internetJurnali: `Новый Регион~. http://pda.nr2.ru/policy/149945.html46

lasuria (afxazeTis mweralTa asociaciis prezidenti) rusuliliteraturuli gazeTisaTvis micemul interviuSi imdros isaklisebs, rodesac rusebi marto TviTon ki ar CamodiodnenafxazeTSi, aramed afxazeTis mwerlebsac iwvevdnenmoskovSi. amave respondentis sityviT, afxazeTSi amJamadarsebul or SemoqmedebiT gaerTianebaSi bevria mwerali,romelic sxva enebze (araafxazurad) wers. igi beds uCivis,rom axla bevrma, misTvis Rirebulma sakiTxma dakarga aqtualuroba.amJamad mwerlebi sakuTari qonebisaTvis ibrZviano.ver wesrigdeba gamomcemlobis saqmeebi, gamosasworebelialiteraturuli periodika. Zvelad afxaz mwerlebsa dapoetebs gamoCenili mTargmnelebi Targmnidnen, “axla es saxelganTqmuliskola buqsaobs”, “axla mTargmneli erTistriqonisTvis erT evros iTxovs da ramdenime aTasi striqonisfuls sadRa iSovni?” “wignis gamocemas mogeba armoaqvs, amis mogvareba jerjerobiT Cvens saxelmwifos arSeuZlia”, – acxadebs m. lasuria. “ai, ratomaa, rom arcerTi poeturi wigni ar gadaTargmnila bolo oci wlisganmavlobaSi. calkeuli momcro zomis nawarmoebebi angariSSiCasagdebi araa”. 1dRevandel afxazeTSi TiTqmis yvela eTnosi uCivis SidaeTnikurdapirispirebebsa da fobiebs. TviT afxazebsac miaCniaT,rom maT mier idealizebuli “damoukidebloba” sulacar aRmoCnda erovnuli kmayofilebisa da srulfasovnebisgrZnobis momtani. ruseTi fxizlad adevnebs TvalyursafxazTa yovel azrs da mwvaved reagirebs damoukidebeliazris yvela gamovlinebaze. erTi azrisa da miznis dasaxvaTandaTan Zneldeba ara marto araafxaz da afxaz moqalaqe-Ta Soris, aramed TviT afxazebs Sorisac. erTi konkretulimagaliTis dasaxeleba SeiZleba.2010 wlis aprilSi soxumSi gamarTul samecnierokonferenciaze mwvave kamaTi gaimarTa Tavisi rusuli imperiulisuliskveTebiT sayovelTaod cnobil rus politi-1 Б. Лукин. Кончилась Эпоха «Полуправды». Литературная Абхазия. – Литературнаягазета. Выпуск №11 (6215) (2009-03-18). eleqtron. versia:№ http://www.lgz.ru/article/817547

koss, manamde afxazTa `didi megobrad~ miCneul, ruseTisfederaciis saxelmwifo saTaTbiros deputat konstantinezatulinsa da afxaz istorikossa da politikos stanislavlakobas Soris, romlis drosac k. zatulinma mkacrad gaakritikaes ukanaskneli 2006 wels gamocemul (o. bRaJbasada s. lakobas mier avtorobiT) “afxazeTis istoriis” saskolosaxelmZRvaneloSi 1 ganviTarebuli zogierTi Tezisisgamo. 2 Semdeg am kamaTma presis furclebze gadainacvla,rodesac al. papaskirma gamoaqveyna statia separatistuliafxazeTis mmarTveli partiis oficialur organoSi. statiaSigakritikebulia stanislav lakobasa da oleg bRaJbassaxelmZRvanelos calkeuli debulebebi. statiis avtoriaRniSnavs, rom es saxelmZRvanelo «учит детей, мягко говоря,недоброжелательно относиться к России» da, arc meti,arc naklebi, moiTxovs wignis saswrafod amoRebas. 3magram movubrundeT enobriv situacias amJamindel afxazeTSi.iq gamomavali 35 gazeTidan 28 rusuli an rusulnacionaluria,qarTuli an qarTulTan erTad sxva enisasul Svidi gazeTi gamodioda, cxadia, dRes afxazeTSi arcerTi qarTulenovani gazeTi ar gamodis (Tu ar CavTvliT1 О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии. С древнейших времён до нашихдней. 10-11 классы. Учебник для общеобразовательных учебных учреждений.Сухуми, 2006.2afxaz istorikosTa am `Sedevris~ amomwuravi kritika ix.: z. papasqiri.cru istoria. recenzia oleg bRaJbas da stanislav lakobas`afxazeTis istoriis~ saxelmZRvaneloze. – SromaTa krebuli.afxazeTis mecnierebaTa akademia. humanitarul mecnierebaTa seria.t. 2. Tb., 2010, gv. 18-48, eleqtron. versia: http://iberiana.wordpress.com/afxazeti/papaskiri-recenzia/;З. Папаскири. Так не пишется история. Некоторые замечанияпо поводу т.н. «учебника» «Истории Абхазии» О. Х. Бгажба и С. З. Лакоба.– „Кавказ и мир“, №8, 2010, с. 69-90. eleqtron. versia: http://iberiana.wordpress.com/afxazeti/papaskiri-recenzia-ru/.aRniSnuli publikacia ix.agreTve wignSi: З. Папаскири. Абхазия : История без фальсификации. Второеиздание, исправленное и дополненное. Тб., 2010, gv. 455-490.3 Ал. Папаскир. Школьный учебник или первый блин комом. – Газета: «ЕдинаяАбхазия». №15 2.XI.2010 (xazgasma Cvenia – m.n.). aRniSnuli saxelmZRvanelosirgvliv afxazur da rusul presaSi atexili aurzaurisSesaxeb ix.: В. Шария. В Абхазии разгораются страсти вокруг школьногоучебника истории. – Эхо Кавказа. 10.11.2010. (http://www.ekhokavkaza.com/content/article/2216431.html).48

megrulad gawyobil da separatistulad ganwyobil gazeT„gals~). Tavad afxazur enaze (an afxazurTan erTad) 11gazeTi gamodioda da gamodis. omisSemdgom periodSi mxolodxuTi afxazurenovani gazeTi iSva.dasavlur da rusul literaturaSi xazi gaesmis kavkasiismravalerovnebas, multilingvizmsa da polikonfesiurobas.saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis warmodgena eTnikuri,enobrivi da religiuri TvalsazrisiT msoflios erT-erTyvelaze mravalferovan da mravalricxovan regionad ukveSeicavs Tavisebur gafrTxilebas, rom am mravalricxovaniTaviseburebebis daregulireba rTuli saqmea da “mravaliarbitris” Carevas saWiroebs Sinagani wonasworobis mopovebis,regulirebisa da dacvis saqmeSi.imTaviTve unda iTqvas, rom am mravalferovnebaze saubrisasqaTinauris miRma iseTi faruli sayveduric ismis,rogoricaa kavkasiis mosaxleobis Znelad integrirebadobada am sivrceSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis kulturuli izolacionizmisakenmiswrafeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom amgvari imijikavkasiisaTvis Tavs moxveuli da arabunebrivia, xolosaqarTvelosTvis, romelic xSirad amgvari tendenciebis keradcxaddeba, usamarTlocaa.Tanamedroveobas erTi ucnauri seni dasCemda: rodesacsabWoTa kavSirsa da komunistur reJimebze saubroben, uaryofiTadfasdeba is ideologiuri da samxedro RonisZiebebi,romlebsac sabWoeTi axorcielebda aRmosavleT evropisaTu saerTod dasavleTis mimarT, magram e.w. sabWoTa respublikebisSigniT maSin gatarebuli enobriv-eTnikuri politikiskanonierebaSi eWvis etanasac ki tabu aqvs dadebuli.4. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi49

MERAB NACHKEBIATHE POPULATION NUMBER OF ABKHAZIAAND THE PRESENT STATUSOF THE ABKHAZIAN LANGUAGEThe article is devoted to the analysis of the problems concerningthe language identity of the post-war population of Abkhazia, the northwestpart of Georgia occupied by Russia. There are investigated the languagespecifities of the population living there at present and which arequite different from those in other parts of Georgia due to the influenceof the peculiar educational system (the Russian Federation model). Thearticle touches upon the type and the constituent parts of the languagecontacts, the principles regulating the language standards, the media language,the onomastic variety, the status of the Abkhazian language, etc.The study of the factual material has shown that the idealized “independence”has not brought the feeling of national satisfaction and full value.Russia watches over every action of the Abkhazians and acutely reacts toall the manifestations of independent free thought which is visible, despitethe caution in the interviews given at various times and by differentpersons, in the articles and the fragments of the books.50

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa serialevan faCuliaintenciis saxeebisaTvis zepirdialogur metyvelebaSigasuli saukunis lingvistikis ganviTarebaSi SeiZlebagamoiyos ori etapi, romelTaganac pirveli uSualod ukav-Sirdeba enis sistemis (struqturis) kvlevas, xolo meoreperiodisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia enis funqcionirebis TaviseburebaTagamovlena, e.i. metyvelebis Seswavla. TavdapirveladenaTmecnierTa gansakuTrebul interess iwvevda ,,paradigmebi”da ,,kategoriebi”, magram formalur kriteriumebzeagebuli kvlevebis garda SesamCnevi gaxda miswrafeba ,,adamianurifaqtoris” mimarT, radgan enis bunebis gageba SeuZlebeliamisi matareblis – adamianis, rogorc enobrivi arsebisa(v. fon .humboldtis mixedviT) da moazrovne individisfaqtoris gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. o. iesperseni sagangebodaRniSnavda, rom ,,Tu Cven gvinda gavigoT enis buneba,kerZod, misi is sfero, romelic Seiswavleba gramatikismier, mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes... ori adamiani –metyvelebis warmomqmneli da aRmqmeli”. 1XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan lingvistTa yuradRebissferoSi moeqca enis SemoqmedebiTi aspeqti: gaanalizda gamonaTqvamiswarmoqmnis procesi, SemuSavda enis gamoyenebiskoncefciebi yofiT-sasaubro praqtikaSi, dadginda sametyveloqcevaTa wesebi, informaciis `gamgzavnisa” da `mimRebis”sakomunikacio strategia farTo gagebiT da sxva.Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi didi adgili eTmoba sakomunikaciointenciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs: calkeuligamonaTqvamis intenciis paralelurad warmoebs kvlevebimTliani teqstis intenciisa (teqstis intencionaluri an-1 О. Есперсен. Философия грамматики. М., 1958, gv. 15.51

alizi), aqcentirebulia intenciis teqstwarmomqmneli funqcia,SesaZlebloba teqstTa klasifikaciisa intenciis Sesabamisadda a. S.amJamad winamdebare naSromis mizania intenciis saxeebisgamoyofa zepir dialogur metyvelebaSi, rogorc zepiriurTierTobis pirvelad, uZveles da dResac yvelaze bunebrivsaxeobaSi, romlis fesvebic genetikurad yofiT – sasaubrometyvelebidan amodis.pirvel yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom adamianis nebismieri,maT Soris sametyvelo moRvaweoba Znelad warmosadgeniaintenciis (laT. intentio – swrafva, ganzraxva, Canafiqri)gareSe. garkveuli ganzraxviTa da mizniT moqmedebs adamianisoflis meurneobasa da mrewvelobaSi, politikasa daxelovnebaSi, filosofiasa da mecnierebaSi... sametyvelomoRvaweoba (= metyveleba) adamianis socialuri aqtivobisumniSvnelovanesi sferoa SromiTi, SemecnebiTi da sxva moRvaweobissaxeobebis gverdiT. misi saSualebiT myardeba ur-TierToba sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris, romlebic gansazRvrulsocialur konvenciebs misdeven.sametyvelo urTierToba (zepirica da werilobiTic)qmnis sakomunikacio konteqsts, romelSic realizdeba sametyveloaqtebi – mocemul sazogadoebaSi miRebuli wesebisada principebis Sesabamisad ganxorcielebuli mizanmimarTuliqmedebebi, romelTa umTavresi Tvisebaa intencionaloba,mizandasaxuloba da konvencionaloba. sametyveloganzraxvidan (intenciidan) zepir (an werilobiT) teqstebzegadsvlis procesTa erToblioba da Tanmimdevroba – intencia,motivi, Sinagani programireba da realizacia –warmoqmnis metyvelebas (teqsts), e.i. intencia teqstiswarmoqmnis sawyisi etapia, romlis gareSec ar arsebobs araviTarikomunikacia.Tu intencia, rogorc metyvelebis (teqstis) warmoqmnispirveli etapi, ar ukavSirdeba mTqmelis azris sityvier(an werilobiT) gamoxatvas, maSin igi ar warmoadgenssakomunikacio intencias (= sakomunikacio ganzraxvas) da,52

Sesabamisad, ver iqneba lingvisturi analizis sagani. amitomsakomunikacio intencia yovelTvis Seefardeba molaparakepirs (homo loguens-s), romelic sakomunikacio aqtis um-Tavresi komponentia (an Semadgenelia) msmenelTan da metyvelebissaganTan erTad.mTqmeli, msmeneli da metyvelebis sagani, rogorc sakomunikacioaqtis ZiriTadi Semadgenlebi, gamoyofili iyojer kidev antikur ritorikebSi da mas Semdeg vercerTizogadi xasiaTis linvisturi naSromi gverds ver uvlismaT. n. trubeckoi Tavis ,,fonologiis safuZvlebSi” garkveuladgils uTmobs metyvelebis daxasiaTebas da aRniSnavs,rom ,,metyveleba yovelTvis konkretulia ... esadageba garkveuladgilsa da dros. igi gulisxmobs mTqmels (`gamgzavns”),msmenelsa (`mimRebs”) da metyvelebis sagans, romlisSesaxebacaa saubari”. 1 magram sakomunikacio aqtSi mniSvnelovanrols asrulebs ukukavSiric, romelic myardebamTqmelsa da msmenels Soris.mTqmelisaTvis sulerTi rodia, Tu ramdenad srulyofiladgaigeba mis mier gadacemuli Setyobineba: igi yurad-RebiT akvirdeba msmenelis reaqcias da amis mixedviT cdilobs,rom Tavisi naTqvami ufro gasagebi gaxados, raimedaumatos an gamoaklos. msmeneli Tavisi qceviT (da aramarto enobriviT) gavlenas axdens mTqmelis gamonaTqvamisxasiaTze; e.i. ukukavSiric aucilebeli faqtoria, romelicmoqmedebs komunikaciis procesSi.sakomunikacio aqtis Semadgenlebs Soris, rogorc esaraerTgzisaa xazgasmuli specialur literaturaSi, centraluriadgili ukavia mTqmels, radgan ,,individualuraqts, romlis meSveobiTac Cven viyenebT enas, upirvelesyovlisa, Semohyavs mTqmeli, rogorc parametri im pirobebsSoris, romlebic aucilebelia gamonaTqvamisaTvis.” 2amdenad, mTqmeli (an damweri) metyvelebis (teqstis)warmoqmnis ZiriTadi parametria, romelsac, ase Tu ise, uk-1 Н. С. Трубецкой. Основы фонологии. М., 1960, gv. 7.2 Э. Бенвенист. Общая лингвистика. М., 1974, gv. 313.53

avSirdeba sxva faqtorebi. arsebiTad, mTqmels ekuTvnis ar-Cevanis ufleba, Tqvas raime, Tu saerTod araferi ar Tqvas(daweros Tu ar daweros), raze, ra mizniT, visTan, sad darodis ilaparakos.mTqmels unda gauCndes raRac intencia, rom vinmes raimeSeatyobinos, telefoniT daurekos, werili misweros...gaakeTos gancxadeba, sityviT gamovides krebebze, konferenciebze,simpoziumebze... daweros Tezisebi, statiebi, monografiebi...sakomunikacio intenciis SemTxvevaSi mTqmeli TviTonirCevs Setyobinebis im formas an metyvelebis tips, romelicyvelaze metad Seesabameba mis ganzraxvas, Tanamosaubris(an TanamosaubreTa) xasiaTs, metyvelebis sagansa da impirobebs, romlebSic unda moxdes mTqmelis gamonaTqvamisrealizacia da romlis farglebSic aigeba misi momavaliteqsti.metyvelebis tipebi nairgvaria (igulisxmeba 1. zepirimetyveleba, romelsac ar gaaCnia werilobiTi safuZveli(yofiT –sasaubro metyveleba, folklori); a) ritorikulimetyveleba, romelsac SeiZleba hqondes werilobiTi prototipi(politikuri, sasamarTlo, epidieqturi, mqadagebluri,propagandistuli); b) mareproducirebeli , e.i. zepiradkopirebuli werilobiTi metyveleba (diqtoris gamosvla,Teatraluri metyveleba); 2. werilobiTi metyveleba(werilebi, dokumentebi, Txzulebebi);3. beWdviTi sityviereba,literatura (mxtvruli, samecniero, Jurnalisturi)4. masobrivi komunikacia (radio, televizia, kino, gazeTi,reklama) da informatika), magram mTlianobaSi metyveleba,jer erTi, zepiria da werilobiTi; meorec, dialoguri damonologuri. am binaruli dapirispirebis safuZvelze SeiZlebagamoiyos metyvelebis oTxi ZiriTadi tipi: 1. zepiridialogi, 2. zepiri monologi; 3. werilobiTi dialogi da4. werilobiTi monologi.romeli metyvelebis tipic ar unda airCios mTqmelma,sakomunikacio intencia maTi integraluri sawyisia ugamon-54

aklisod yvela sametyvelo JanrisaTvis.zepiri komunikacia mimdinareobs dialoguri da monologurimetyvelebis formiT. maTi aRwera, Cveulebriv,warmoebs komunikaciis pirobebis, e.i. sakomunikacio situaciis,komunikaciis monawileTa raodenobis, komunikatTa aqtiuroba-pasiurobis,ukukavSiris, saubris sagnis, droisdeficitisa da mTqmelis mier SerCeuli strategiis mixedviT.am parametrebis gaTvaliswinebiT `standartul” zepirdialogsa da `klasikur” zepir monologSi aseTi suraTiikveTeba:– sakomunikacio situacia zepiri urTierTobis orivetipSi erTnairia, normaluria, e.i. komunikaciis monawileni(=partniorebi) erTdroulad im- yofebian erTsa da imaveadgilas (daculia adgilisa da drois erTianobis principi);– komunikaciis monawileTa raodenoba zepir dialogSiminimaluria: erTi mTqmeli da erTi msmeneli. mTqmeli er-Tia zepir monologur metyvelebaSic, magram msmenelTa raodenobametia: msmenelis rolSi gvevlineba auditoria. ur-TierToba orive SemTxvevaSi uSualoa (gamoiricxeba urTierTobateqnikuri saSualebebiT);– zepir dialogur metyvelebaSi komunikaciis monawilenierTnairad aqtiurni arian: mTqmeli drodadro msmenelixdeba da piriqiT. zepir monologSi mTqmeli, Cveulebriv,aqtiuria, xolo auditoria enobrivi TvalsazrisiT pasiuria;– ukukavSiri zepir dialogur metyvelebaSi rogorcenobrivi (verbaluri), aseve araenobrivi (araverbaluri)pirdapiria. zepir monologSi ukukavSiri mxolod araenobrivia:mTqmeli Tavisi teqstis efeqtianobis Sesaxeb msjelobsmxolod msmenelTa mimikebisa da Jestebis mixedviT;– saubris sagani zepir dialogSi mWidro kavSirSiasituaciasa da komunikaciis monawileebTan: rogorc wesi,saubroben `TavianT saqmeebze” (Tumca gamonaklis SemTxvevebSisaubari SeiZleba Seexebodes sxva Temebsac, magali-55

Tad, Zveli romis civilizacias da misT.). zepir monologurmetyvelebaSi ki saubris sagani uSualod ar ukavSirdebaarc situacias da arc komunikaciis monawileebs, saubariayvela msmenelisaTvis ufro zogad, saerTo sakiTxebze,rac ganisazRvreba, rogorc interesTa wre;– drois deficiti specifikuria zepiri dialogurimetyvelbisaTvis, radgan mTqmels ara aqvs sakmarisi dromTliani teqstis an calkeuli gamonaTqvamis formis mosafiqreblad.zepiri monologi ki (iseve rogorc werilobi-Ti dialogi da werilobiTi monologi) drois deficitisuqonlobiT xasiaTdeba;– zepiri monologuri metyveleba damkvidrebuliamTqmelis intenciaze, romelic Tavis gamonaTqvams agebs mismierve SerCeuli strategiis mixedviT. dialoguri metyvelebaki, pirvel yovlisa, urTierTobaa or pirs Soris(mxedvelobaSia `standartuli” dialogi, xolo sxva Sem-TxvevaSi msmenelTa raodenoba SeiZleba metic iyos). mimdinareobsganuwyveteli rolebrivi cvlileba: mTqmeli garkveulidroiT msmeneli xdeba, xolo msmeneli mTqmelisrolSi gvevlineba da iZens mTqmelisaTvis damaxasiaTebelTvisebebsa da Taviseburebebs; e. i. komunikaciis partniorebi,rogorc es zemoT aRiniSna, erTnairi aqtiurobiT xasiaTdebianda amaSi vlindeba maTi Tanasworoba. es bunebrivicaa,radgan ,,adamiani (metyvelebis procesSi – l.f.) iswrafvisdominantobisaken ... e.i. iswrafvis iqiTken, rom yovelTvismTqmeli iyos”. 1 `rogorc ki xdeba mTqmeli da mimarTavsenas, igi umal upirispirebs Tavis Tavs sxva pirs,rogoric ar unda iyos daswrebulobis xarisxi... gamoTqmisyvela aqti, romelic eqspliciturad an impliciturad mimarTuliavinmesadmi, yovelTvis axdens Tanamosaubris postulirebas”.2zepir dialogur metyvelebaSi (iseve rogorc monolo-1 В. И. Карасик. Языковый круг: личность, концепты, дискурс. Волгоград, 2002,gv. 50.2 Э. Бенвенист. Общая лингвистика. М., 1974, gv. 313.56

gis SemTxvevaSi) komunikaciis partniorTa `daswrebulobisxarisxi” maqsimaluria: mTqmeli uSualod, raime dabrkolebisgareSe pirdapir mimrTavs Tavis vizavis, `qmnis” da ,,agzavnis”teqsts, xolo msmeneli ,,iRebs” mas da mocemuliintenciis Sesabamisad axdens mTqmelis Setyobinebis interpretaciassapasuxo gamonaTqvamebsa da replikebSi. ,,msmenelissakomunikacio rols aqvs unari mTqmelis sametyveloqcevis gansazRvrisa, e. i. gavlenas axdens diskursis ganvi-Tarebaze”. 1dialogur metyvelebaSi realizdeba yvela monawilisintenciebi da strategiebi. dialogi garkveulwilad arawinaswarganganzraxulia,yovel SemTxvevaSi msmenelisaTvis,magram mTqmelisaTvis am faqtoris gamoricxva ar SeiZleba.igi saubars iwyebs Tavisi sakuTari intenciiT, rasac vervityviT meore mTqmelze, romelic aqamde msmenelis rolSiimyofeboda da saubars (ra Tqma unda, Tu amis surviliaqvs) agrZelebs ara Tavisi intenciiT, aramed ,,movaleobismoxdis’’ mizniT. misi sapasuxo replika `nakarnaxevia” komunikaciispartnioris wina gamonaTqvamiT.nimuSisaTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT saubari d. kldiaSviliscnobili nawarmoebis – “samaniSvilis dedinacvalis”personaJebs – kirile miminoSvilsa da platon samaniSvilsSoris, rodesac isini sadedinacvlos saZebnelad miemgzavrebian.qeifis moyvaruli kirile cdilobs, daiyolios platoniSafaTaZis qorwilSi wasvlaze:`–platon,... erTs getyvi da, Tu Zma xar, uars nu metyvi!– ho!– arc erTs guli ar dagvwydeba...– Tqvi, kaco!– modi orive amaRam SafaTaZisas mivideT!– SafaTaZisas?! – gaikvirva platonma.1 Т. Г. Винокур. Говорящий и слушающий. Вопросы речевого поведения (текст),М., 1993, gv. 73.57

– ho! da amaRam iq viqnebiT, xval ki wavalT salomes-Tan.– ras ambob, kirile!... gadiria Cemi mteri! kacs arvicnob, ar micnobs... qorwilSi mivide ucnobi kaci?!– ra giWirs?– tyvila araa axla mag?! – da platonma, isev miabrunacxeni da wkepla dahkra, magram kirilem ucbad utacaxeli aRvisSi da gaaCera cxeni.– platon, Tu Cemi siyvaruli gaqvs... Tu Cemi Zmobisarame gwams, axla gevigeb amas... gaficeb Sens col- Svils,SafaTaZisas unda wamoxvide!..– gasakviri saqmea, Sen nu momikvdebi!.. ras ityvis isadamiani, amisTana dRes ucxo kaci karze mivadge? – gajavrebiTwarmoTqva platonma. – ras ifiqrebs, hm?!– ityvis, rom kai kaci yofilao, – siciliT daatanakirilem, – sxvas ras ityvis?! SafaTaZis wvevas miviReb, mival,Tankarg, patiosan aznouSvils, maszed gamoCenils, mivuyvanda imas miwyens?! rava gekadreba!.. ewyineba ki ara,Tavze Semogevleba! Se kaco, SenTan rom movide, ucxo kacimomyves, Cemi keTili, sawyenad dagirCeba?.. a, miTxari, TuZma xar?.. karSi gamomagdeb? a?– ime!– hoda eg aris!.. mere me maspinZels vetyvi, mizezs gavagebinebsaqme gvaqvs, usaTuod xval adrianad wamavalivar, Zalian saWiro saqmeze Tqva da ase, ise... erTi sityviT,Cemeburad... Seni pativiscemac mindoda Tqva da amasTan da-Sorebac ar SemeZlo Tqva da amisTanebi... naxav ager, rogorimadlobeli dagirCes!.. ra ganaRvlebs, kaco, maspinZlismets xom aravis ecodineba, dapatiJebuli xar Tu ara. maspinZelTanki, geubnebi, me vici!..saSveli aRar misca kirilem da platoni iZulebuligaxda daTanxmeboda SafaTaZisas wasvlaze.”moyvanil dialogSi kirile miminoSvili (pirvelimTqmeli) saubars iwyebs Tavisi intenciiT, xolo platoni(meore mTqmeli) saubars agrZelebs ara sakuTari ganzrax-58

viT, aramed Seqmnili situaciidan gamomdinare. igi `iZulebulia”,pasuxi gasces kiriles daJinebul Txovnas.zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilad migvaCniazepir dialogur metyvelebaSi intenciis ori saxeobis gar-Ceva, romlebsac SeiZleba vuwodoT pirdapiri (uSualo) dairibi (gaSualedulebuli, `Tavsmoxveuli”, `nakarnaxevi”).pirveli Seefardeba dialogis damwyeb pirs, xolo meore –saubris gamgrZobs.intenciis saxeebis gamoyofa dialogur metyvelebaSisaSualebas mogvcems dialoguri urTierTobis standartulirealizaciis saxeebis dadgenisa.LEVAN PACHULIAON THE TYPES OF INTENTION INORAL DIALOGUE SPEECHIntention is the first stage of creation of text. Without it communicationdoes not exist, but in dialogical speech the beginner ( the first speaker)begins to communicate with his own intention (we cannot say the same aboutthe second (another) speaker who was the listener before. He continuestalking not using his own intention but because of obligation only. His answeris based on the phrase of the first speaker, so we must differ twokinds of intention we can call “direct” and “indirect” infentions.59

60soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaTamar giTolendia1867 wlis afxaz muhajirTa siaSigamovlenili qarTveluri warmoSobisgvarsaxelebiafxazTa Soris gavrcelebulia bevri qarTvelurigvari da es uCvenebs, rom am teritoriaze qarTvelurimosaxleoba cxovrobda, romelic Seerwya Tanamedrove afxazeTisteritoriaze XVI saukunidan dasaxlebul afxazurmosaxleobas. garda aRniSnuli faqtisa, amas adasturebsis, rom Sua saukuneebis qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSiTanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze ar saxeldebaarc erTi afxazuri gvari, samagierod bevria qarTvelurigvarsaxeli. Sua saukuneebis wyaroebSi moxseniebuligvarsaxelebidan bevri dRes ukve aRar arsebobs. amTvalsazisiT sayuradReboa XIX saukunis dokumentebismonacemebi, romlebidanac Cans, rom afxazTa Soris sakmaodyofila gavrcelebuli qarTveluri gvarsaxelebi,romelTagan erTi nawili dRes saerTod ar dasturdeba.Cveni naSromis mizania gamoavlinos afxazTa Sorisadre gavrcelebuli da dRes ukve gamqrali qarTveluriwarmoSobis gvarebi. saanalizo masalad gamoyenebuligvaqvs afxaz muhajirTa 1867 wlis sia, romlis qarTuliTargmani 2004 wels gamosca b. xoravam. 1 naSromSime-6 punqtSi gvarsaxelebs miwerili aqvs suladobriviraodenoba. monacemebi amoRebulia a. silagaZisa da a.ToTaZis wignidan ,,gvar-saxelebi saqarTveloSi~. 2 muhajirTasiaSi warmodgenili gvarsaxelebis gavrcelebissazRvrebi gudauTidan dawyebuli md. RaliZgamde modis.1 b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba. Tb., 2004.2 a. silagaZe, a. ToTaZe. gvar-saxelebi saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1997.

afxaz muhajirTa 1867 wlis sia garkveul warmodgenasgviqmnis im gvarsaxelebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gavrcelebuliiyo afxazeTis teritoriaze aramarto 1867wlis muhajirobis dros, aramed gacilebiT ufro adre.aRniSnuli dokumentidan amoRebuli masalis analizissafuZvelze gamovlinda:1. gvarebi, romlebic pirvelad xdeba cnobili:(a)karia / arkariZe, araia, arsia, beramia, berzania,bestuklia, gabaia, gamsalia, gerdelia,gergalia, zualia, karCxelia, kutitia, laJia,marmovia, mixelia, marxolia, patxuria, rgualia,sagerlia, sagirgia, sadokia, saTirgia,salTablia, saCinaia, fSania, fSelia, qabajia,qanjia, qanTaraia, Ruarwkia, CefSia, Cexvaia,dopua, Soua, xuarTnaia, Cxufria... aRniSnuligvarebi dakargulia da dasturdeba mxolodafxazTa Soris. 32. gvarebi, romlebic amJamad gamqralia, Tumca istoriuladarsebobda da xSirad gvxvdeba dasavleTsaqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebSi: karCxelia,laSuria (lasuria), saRaria, Cxonguria,Cxulgiria, Cxunguria (Sdr. ist. Cxunburia),jinjia (Sdr. ist. jinjua), harania (ist. xaramia),difSua (ist. TifSxua), bamburaZe (Sdr.ist. baimburia)...3. gvarebi, romlebic dReisaTvis dakargulia megrulSi,magram dasturdeba maTi aRmosavlurqar-Tuli variantebi. isini saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT,rom istoriulad arsebobda maTi da-3 dasaxelebuli gvarsaxelebis analizi ix.: T. giTolenia. -ia daboloebianigamqrali qarTveluri gvarebi 1867 wlis afxaz muhajirTasiis mixedviT. naw. I. _ filologiuri paralelebi #2.Tb., 2010; T. giTolendia. ramdenime gamqrali qarTveuli gvar-saxeliafxaz muhajirTa 1867 wlis siis mixedviT. _ didaWaroba.saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia. masalebi. xulo-didaWara,2010, gv. 354-355.61

62savlurqarTuli variantebic: arsia (Sdr. arsiaSvili),badia (Sdr. badiaSvili), gabaia (Sdr.gabaiZe), gelia (Sdr. geliaSvili), kvaCia (Sdr.kvaCiZe), kuwnia (*kviwinia. Sdr. kviwinaSvili),labia (Sdr. labaZe), mixelia (Sdr. mixeliZe),sania (Sdr. saniSvili), Calia (Sdr. CalaZe),Colia (Sdr. ColiaSvili), Cuguria (Sdr. CugunaZe),xaraia (Sdr. xaraiSvili), xaraza (Sdr.xaraziSvili), xarazi (xaraziSvili)...4. dReisaTvis dakarguli gvarebi, romelTa warsulSiarsebobas toponimia adasturebs: barCan(*barjania. top. lebarjane), vardalia/vardania(top. levardane/lebardane), kokua (top. nakoku)...5. afxazuri yaidis anu sesxebis Sedegad gaafxazurebuligvarebi: berzania (berzenia), blia (bulia)gablia, gabnia, gamkia, Salabria (SalamberiZe),Cxufria (Cqoforia). barkal, bercxela,blesker, bleskir, gordana,, guardal, vardan,kersal, kifa, loma, marSani, uCana, qobli, Ckua,yurdRel, jinjal, jinjel, xurxumal (*xurxumelia,Sdr. xorxomeliZe), sabua, Cxodua, Cxid-Zi, Cxci.6. afxazurisa da qarTulisaTvis saerTo gvarebi.maT Soris umravlesobas gaqroba emuqreba: bJania,gabelia, gindia (23 suli), vaWaria (44 suli),Toria, kobaxia, labaSia (52 suli), lazaria,lomia, malania, sabekia, saria, faCulia,filia, qvaCaxia, Cangelia, Citia, CxarCxalia,wabria (105 suli), Wkadua, jojua, kiknaZe...7. gvarebi, romelTa amosavali formebi qarTulSidasturdeba pirsaxelebad. sxvanairad, qarTul-Si gavrcelebuli pirsaxelebi da afxazurSidadasturebuli gvarebi formiT absoluturademTxveva erTmaneTs an fonetikuri cvlilebebi-

Taa warmodgenili: badlia (badala), gelia, la-Cia, narTia (nartiananartiananatri), xaxubia,xutalia (xutalei), erisTo (eristo)...8. saerTo fuZis mqone gvarebi, romlebic afxazurSiwarmodgenilia sxvadasxva variantebiT:bagua, gigva, bigba; guna, gunia, gunba; kacia,kacba, kacbai, kac, kaca, kaci; lazaria, lazarifa;saCinaia, sanCiaa; Calia, Cal-ifa; xoraia,xora, xoraa; vardania, vardan; laz, laz-ifa;papa, papaa, papba...9. gvarebi, romelTa agebuleba CvenTvis gaugebaria,Tumca maT qarTvelur warmomavlobas adasturebs–ia daboloeba: bestuklia, marmovia,patxuria, xuarTnaia...10. sof. gufis monacemebSi gamoiyofa gvarebi, romelTacTavkidura poziciaSi ganviTarebuli aqvTr Tanxmovani. es gvarebia: rgualia, rJalika,rJigania. aRniSnuli monacemebi gvavaraudebinebs,rom r-s ganviTareba gvarebSi sof. gufis metyvelebisaTvisunda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli.11. afxazuri zogadi formebis mawarmoebeli a-prefiqsiT nawarmoebi gvarebi: abJinaa, ebJnou(asimilaciiT), agunba, amfar.12. svanuri warmomavlobis gvarebi: kafSani, cintala...13. afxazur-megruli -ba-ia sufiqsebiT nawarmoebigvarebi: burdRubaia, rostobaia.14. ormagi sufiqsaciis dReisaTvis ucnobi gvarebi:CefSia (*CefeSia. Cefesi), caZvaia (*cac-uaiacacua)...15. saxelobiTi brunvis niSniT warmodgenili origvari: kacbai, xaci.63

64danarTiafxaz muhajirTa Soris gavrcelebuli gvarebi(1867w)-ia daboloebiani gvarebi(a)kariaaraiaarsiabagaTeliabadiabadaliabediaberamiaberzaniabestukliabliabJaniabuliagabaiaburdRubaiagabeliagabliagabniagamkiagamsaliageliagergaliagerdeliagvaramiagindiagoliaguaiavardaniavardaliaguniavaWariazualiaToriakaciakacikarCxeliakvarWiakvarWeikobaxialabaSiakutitiakuwniakvaCiakobaxiakutitialabaSiakuwnialabialazarialaJialaSurialaCialomiamalaniamarmoviamarxoliamixelianarTiapatxuriargualiarostobaiarJiganiasabekiasagerliasagirgiasadokiasaTirgiasalTabliasanguliasaniasaraniasariasataiasaRariasaCinaiaseqaniasonguliaqanTaraiafiliafSaniafSeliaqabajiafaCuliaqanjiaqariaquTeliaRuarwkia

655. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis SromebiSakaiaSalabriaCaliaCangeliaCaxaniaCefSiaCexvaiaCitiaColiaCugeriaCxarCxaliaCxonguriaCxulgiriaCxunguriaCxufriacaZvaiawabriaxaraiaxaxubiaxoraiaxutaliaxuarTnaiajiganiajinjiajinjoliajonjoliaharaniadaboloebamokvecili gvarebiamfarargunbarkalbarCanbercxelabigvableskerbleskirbreskilbriskelgarCalgogurigordanaguardalguligunaebJnouerisTovardankackacakafSanikersalkifakurkupakutakuCalomalazmarRanimarSanimaruSkapaparJalikauCanaqobliyurdgelcintalaCkuacintalajinjaljinjelxurxumalxarazaxarazixacixoraxurxumal-ua daboloebiani gvarebiagruaamruabaguabojguagoguadifSuadopuaTorduakokualoguamatuasabuaSouaCxoduacacuaWkaduaWolokuajojuajopuajapua

aRir-ifagabal-ifagabra-ifagabri-ifaiasa-ifaguar-ifa-ifa daboloebiani gvarebikuaC-ifalazar-ifalaz-ifaxut-ifarafa-ifaCal-ifaCikur-ifaCux-ifaCxap-ifaCxu-ifaxuaC-ifamaxarbel-ifa-fha / -fa daboloebiani gvarebigabu-fagublia-fhaagerbaagunbaivanba/iuanbaabJinaabigvaagvadavaagogulaakukaa-ba daboloebiani gvarebikacbaWanbapapba-aa daboloebiani gvarebilagulaapapaasamaasanCiaaqardaa-Ze daboloebiani gvarebikacbaiWiTanaaxuajaaxvaraaWiTanauarkariZebamburaZekiknaZeCxidZiqoriZeCxci-(i)Si daboloebiani gvarebixaduSel xalvaS xaivaS66

skiri (sqiri) daboloebiani gvarikvekveskiriqvemoT CamoTvlil formebSi ver gavarkvieT,maT Soris romelia gvari:agrua pita kuaC faT xilnocxa aznaurTAMAR GITOLENDIATHE NAMES OF GEORGIAN ETYMOLOGY REVEALEDIN THE LIST OF THE ABKHAZ MUHAJIRS OF 1867On the basis of analysis of the material taken from the list ofAbkhaz Muhajirs of 1867 the following data have been established: 1)the names which have not been known before; 2) the names which havealready disappeared, though they existed and now often occur in theecclesiastical documents of Western Georgia; 3) the names which arealready lost in Megrelian but whose Eastern-Georgian variants have beenconfirmed; 4) the names which no longer exist today but the existence ofwhich in the past is confirmed by the toponyms; 5) the names borrowedfrom Abkhazian; 6) the names common for both Abkhazian and Georgia,the better part of which are under the threat of disappearance; 7) thenames the initial forms of which are confirmed in Georgian personalnames; 8) the names with common roots which are represented inAbkhazian by various forms; 9) the names the structure of which isambiguous though their Georgian etymology is confirmed by the ending-ia: Bestukhia, Marmovia, Patkhuria, Khuartnaia; 10) in the documentsof Gupi-village there are singled out the words with the consonant “r” inthe initial position; 11) the names derived by the prefix a-, forming theAbkhazian general forms; 12) the names of Svan etymology; 13) thenames formed by the Abkhaz-Megrelian suffix -ba-ia; 14) obscurenames of double suffixation; 15) two names represented by theNominative Case.67

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriamaia daraseliailokuciuri da intencionaluripragmatuli koherentulobisaTvisdiskursSikoherentuloba warmoadgens diskursSi gamonaTqvamisgarkveul organizacias. `diskursi – es araa TviTon ena daarc raime masze mosaubre subieqti, aramed praqtika, romelicflobs gabmulobis da Tanmimdevrobis sakuTar formebs~.1 koherentuloba uzrunvelyofs diskursis azrobriverTianobas da garda formalur-gramatikuli aspeqtebisa,moicavs gamonaTqvamebis kavSirebs, azrobrivi da SemoqmedebiTidakavSirebulobis semantikur-gramatikul da funqcionaluraspeqtebs. diskursis pragmatuli koherentulobadamokidebulia Cvens mier makropragmatuli Sinaarsis sametyveloaqtebis (anu erTi an meti makrosametyvelo aqtebis)jaWvidan gamoyvanis SesaZleblobaze. radganac, sametyveloaqtebs Soris kavSirebis arseboba da Zala, romlebicSeadgenen frazeologiuri intensifikatoris funqcionirebisdiskurss, qmnian diskursis pragmatul koherentulobas,SesaZlebeli xdeba frazeologiuri intensifikatorismonawileobis kvleva sametyvelo aqtebs Soris kavSiris Zalis,anu pragmatuli koherentulobis uzrunvelyofaSi.Cven gamovyofT pragmatuli koherentulobis or saxes:ilokuciursa da intencionalurs.diskursis ilokuciuri koherentulobis gamosavlenadaucilebelia diskursSi Semavali gamonaTqvamis ilokuciuriZalis dadgena saerTo pragmatul principebze dayrdnobiT.lokalur doneze ilokuciuri koherentulobis gacilebiTdidi saerTo piroba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom winmavali sa-1 М. Фуко. Ареология знания. Киев, 1996, gv. 207.68

metyvelo aqti qmnis konteqsts, sadac xdeba momdevno sametyveloaqtis ilokuciuri Sefaseba. `gamonaTqvami ar SeiZlebaizolirebuli iyos. is yovelTvis gulisxmobs miswin maval da Semdgom gamonaTqvamebs. arc erTi gamonaTqvamiar SeiZleba iyos pirveli an bolo, is mxolod rgoliajaWvSi da mis gareT ver Seiswavleba”. 1 cnobilia, rom diskursis,rogorc dakavSirebuli da SeTanxmebuli winadadebebisSedegebis aRqma moiTxovs am kavSirebis interpretacias.analogiurad sametyvelo aqtebis Tanmimdevrobis aRqmadafuZnebulia momijnave sametyvelo aqtebs Soris kavSirebisinterpretaciaze.diskursis semantikis Teoriis Camoyalibebisas upirvelesad,gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom molaparakes gonebaSihqondes sagnis konceptualuri reprezentaciis garkveulisaxe. swored es reprezentaciaa is fundamenturi `mniSvneloba~,romelsac molaparake amuSavebs diskursis konstruirebisdros. lingvistebi konceptualur reprezentaciasufro xSirad mosazrebaTa nakrebad miiCneven, rasac zogjerteqstobriv reprezentacias an teqstobriv safuZvels uwodeben,2 magram konceptualuri reprezentacia ver iqnebamxolod mosazrebebze damyarebuli. magaliTad, yavis daleviskonceptualuri reprezentacia SeiZleba Zlier gansxvavdebodesmusikis mosmenis konceptualuri reprezentaciisagan,xolo es ukanaskneli – avtomanqanis siCqareebisgadarTvisagan. Cven SegviZlia rogorc konceptualuri reprezentaciebisSeqmna, aseve maTi mexsierebidan da aRqmiTigamocdilebidan gamoZaxeba.aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom diskursis Sinaarss mxolodkonceptualuri reprezentaciebi ar warmoadgens. molaparakemrogorRac unda SearCios mTliani konceptualurireprezentaciidan da aagos teqsti SerCeuli informaciissaSualebiT. igi arCevs im informacias, romelic massWirdeba, da es informacia msmenels exmareba garkveuli1 М. М. Бахтин. Эстетика словесного творчества. М., 1979, gv. 424.2 W. Kintsch. The Representation of Meaning in Memory. Hillsdale. N.Y., 1974, gv.36-41.69

Sinaarsis aRqmaSi. molaparakis mier informaciis flobisada gadmocemis xerxi metad mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobsdiskursis warmoqmnasa da gagebaSi.momijnave martiv sametyvelo aqtebs Soris kavSirisinterpretaciis Tavisi varianti SemogvTavaza a. feraram. isgamoyofs sametyvelo aqtebs Soris funqcionaluri urTierTobebisSemdeg tipebs: mtkicebuleba (justificatory relation),gafarToeba (expansion relation), ganmarteba (explanatoryrelation), gameoreba (repetition), komentireba (comment relation),Sesworeba (correction), damateba (addition), Tanxmoba(agreement), mowoneba (approval), uaryofa (objection), daskvna(conclusion) da sxv. 1 aucilebeli araa koherentobisSemadgeneli sametyvelo aqtebi erTi `donis~ iyos. v. karabanmagamoikvlia rTuli sametyvelo aqtebi da mivida imdaskvnamde, rom sametyvelo aqtebs Soris SeiZleba ipovosubordinaciis urTierToba, magaliTad, rodesac ramodenimesametyvelo aqti warmoadgens damxmares meoresTan mimarTebaSi.2 mecnieris mier Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom sametyveloaqtebis koherentulobis agebaSi mniSvnelovanrols TamaSoben ilokuciuri miznebi, romelTa SeTanxmebulobacuzrunvelyofs koherentulobaSi sametyvelo aqtebiskavSirs. rogorc aRmoCnda, ilokuciuri miznebis doneze,martiv sametyvelo aqtebs Soris subordinaciuli urTier-Tobis gverdiT SeiZleba arsebobdes kidev ori saxis diskursuliurTierToba: koordinaciuli da damxmare.amgvarad, sametyvelo aqtebs Soris subordinaciuliurTierToba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom erTi (damokidebuli)aqtis ilokuciuri miznis ganxorcieleba emsaxureba meore(mTavari) aqtis ilokuciuri miznis ganxorcielebas. sametyveloaqtebs Soris ilokuciuri miznebis msgavsebisSemTxvevaSi dgindeba koordinaciis urTierToba. sametyveloaqtebs Soris urTierToba im SemTxvevaSi warmoiSveba, Tu1 A. Ferrara. Pragmatics. Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Dimensions of Discourse.Vol. 2. Academic Press Inc., London, 1985, gv. 137-157.2 В. И. Карабан. Сложные речевые единицы: грамматика английских асидентическихполипредикативных образований. Киев, 1989, gv. 132.70

erTi aqtis ilokuciuri miznis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelsxdis meores ilokuciuri miznis ganxorcielebas. v. karabanmaaseve aRmoaCina, rom am urTierTobebis safuZvelze martiviilokuciuri Zalebi SeiZleba gaerTiandes sami saxisrTul ilokuciur Zalad: kompleqsuri, kompoziciuri daSedgenili. 1 am ilokuciebis arseboba ganpirobebulia erTismxriv, Semadgeneli propozicionaluri Sinaarsis gamoxatvismoTxovnilebiT da meores mxriv, komunikantis surviliT,uzrunvelyos konkretuli perlokuciuri miznis miRwevismeti SesaZlebloba.kompleqsuri sametyvelo aqti – esaa rTuli sametyveloaqtis iseTi tipi, sadac subordinaciul urTierTobaSiarsebuli komponentebi warmoadgenen Sesabamisad mTavar dadamxmare sametyvelo aqtebs. kompozitiur sametyvelo aqtSiv. karabani gulisxmobs rTuli sametyvelo aqtis iseTtips, sadac komponentebi arian koordinaciul urTierToba-Si da warmoadgenen koordinebul sametyvelo aqtebs. Sedgenilisametyvelo aqti SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc ise-Ti rTuli sametyvelo aqti, sadac komponentebs Soris Cansdaxmarebis urTierToba. 2lokalur doneze ilokuciur aqtebs Soris urTier-Tobebs xels uwyobs ilokuciuri koherentuloba, romlisromlis formalur eqsplikaciad a. baranovi da g. kreidlinigvTavazoben ilokuciuri iZulebisa da ilokuciuriTviT iZulebis cnebebs. 3amrigad, zogierT sametyvelo konteqstSi ilokuciuriiZulebis urToierTobiT dakavSirebul sametyvelo aqtebs,a. baranovisa da g. kreidlinis msgavsad, vuwodebT ilokuciuraddamoukidebel da ilokuciurad damokidebuls. sxva1 В. И. Карабан. Сложные речевые единицы.., gv. 132.2 В. И. Карабан. Сложные речевые единицы.., gv. 132.3 А. Н. Баранов. Аргументация как языковой и когнитивный феномен, – wgn.: Речевоевоздействие в сфере массовой коммуникации. Ответственные редакторы Ф.М. Березин, Е. Ф. Тарасов. М., 1990, gv. 40-52; А. Н. Баранов, Г. Е. Крейдлин.Иллокутивное вынуждение в структуре диалога. – Вопросы языкознания. №2,1992, gv. 84-99.71

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ,,ilokuciurad damoukidebeli sametyveloaqti – esaa sametyvelo aqti, romlis ilokuciuridaniSnulebac ganisazRvreba zepiri metyvelebis intenciebiT,xolo ilokuciurad damokidebuli sametyvelo aqti -esaa sametyvelo aqti, romlis ilokuciuri daniSnulebacmTlianad ganisazRvreba wina replikis ilokuciuri daniSnulebiT”.1 damokidebul da damoukidebel sametyvelo aqtebsSoris kavSiri da misi gamovlenis Taviseburebebi ganisazRvrebasxvadasxvagvari faqtorebiT. upirveles yovlisa,esaa dialogis konstruqciuli Tvisebebi. amgvarad, lokalurdoneze ilokuciuri koherentuloba iqmneba ilokuciuraqtebs Soris pragmatuli urTierTobebiT ilokuciurimiznebis doneze. sametyvelo aqtebis koherentuloba SeiZlebagavaanalizoT globalur donezec. am SemTxvevaSi igiganixileba rogorc erTi mTliani – rogorc erTi globalurisametyvelo aqti an makrosametyvelo aqti. makrosametyveloaqtebi qmnian pragmatul makrostruqturas.Tu ilokuciuri koherentuloba uzrunvelyofs avtorisganzraxvebis erTianobas da sametyvelo aqtebis koherentulobas,maSin diskursis intencionaluri koherentulobauzrunvelyofs mosaubris intencionaluri mdgomareobiserTianobas da mis ganzraxvas gamoxatos es intencionalurimdgomareoba sametyvelo aqtebis daxmarebiT. amasTanerTad, intencionaluri mdgomareobebi dakavSirebulia aramarto sametyvelo aqtebTan, aramed erTmaneTTanac.1 А. Н. Баранов, Г. Е. Крейдлин. Иллокутивное вынуждение.., gv. 84-99.72

MAYA DARASELIAILLOCUTIVE AND INTENTIONAL PRAGMATIC COHERENCEIN DISCOURSEThere are a number of important matters one must deal with in developinga theory of discourse semantics. First, the speaker must have inmind some sort of conceptual representation of the subject matter underdiscussion. It is this representation which is the fundamental ‘’meaning’’the speaker works with in constructing a discourse. Most of the time aslinguists think of conceptual representation as a set of propositions, sometimesreferred to as a text representation or text base, but a conceptualrepresentation need to be simply or only propositional. The conceptualrepresentation alone, though, is not the meaning of the discourse. Somehowthe speaker must select information from the overall conceptual representationand build a text from the selected information. The speakerwill select information he believes the listener needs, and that informationwill be presented to help the listener make good sense of what is heard.How the speaker manages information plays a critical role in discourseproduction and comprehension.73

74soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaema kilanavapasiuri diaTezebis zogierTiTavisebureba inglisur samecnieroteqstebsa da literaturuldialogSiwinamdebare statiaSi mokled mimovixilavT inglisursamecniero teqstebsa da literaturul dialogSi gamoyenebulpasiuri struqturebis gamokvlevasTan dakavSirebulzogierT debulebas. analizis obieqtad gamoviyeneT winadadebebizemoTaRniSnuli struqturebiT, romelic SerCevisprincipiT amovkribeT XXs. britaneli da amerikeli avtorebispiesebidan da prozauli nawarmoebebis dialogebidan,aseve Tanamedrove inglisuri samecniero literaturidan.gamokvlevis Teoriul safuZvlad gamoviyeneT diaTezebisTeoria, romelic efuZneba egreT wodebul azrobriv-situaciursqemas da ganixileba rogorc semantikuri an siRrmiseul-sintaqsuridone. 1 am Teoriis Tanaxmad, diaTezaewodeba korelacias azrobriv-semantikuri (siRrmiseul-sintaqsuri)da zedapirul-sintaqsuri doneebis komponentebsSoris. 2gvari ganixileba rogorc erT-erTi gramatikulad markirebulidiaTeza zmnaSi. 3 i. dolininas sityvebiT, pasiurigvaris SemTxvevaSi presupoziciuri Zvra dakavSirebulia intenciisSecvlasTan: xazgasmulia, rom winadadebis centrad1 А. А. Холодович. Залог. – kreb.: Категория залога. Материалы конференции.Л., 1970, gv. 2-13.2 А. А. Холодович. Залог, gv. 2; В. С. Храковский. Пассивные конструкции. _wgn.: Типология пассивных конструкций. Диатезы и залоги. Л., 1974, gv. 20-25;С. Е. Яхонтов. Формальное определение залога. – wgn.: Типология пассивныхконструкций, gv. 46.3 А. А. Холодович. Залог, gv. 2-13.

iqceva is participanti, romelic agensis zemoqmedebas ganicdis,amasTan arsebobs kavSiri masa da agenss Soris (imismiuxedavad, es ukanaskneli gamoxatulia Tu ara). 1Cven mier warmodgenili azrobrivi situaciis komponentebissqema emyareba C. filmoris klasifikacias – zogier-Ti cvlilebiT. zemoqmedebis (moqmedeba, aRqma, urTierToba)situaciaSi gamoiyofa gvaris problemis gaazrebisaTvis relevanturiSemdegi komponentebi: 2 predikati – centraluri komponenti, romelicmoicavs moqmedebis, fsiqo-fiziologiuri aqtivobisada urTierTobebis predikatebs. isini winaswargansazRvraven aqtantebis arCevans. 3 aqtantebi – zemoqmedebis situaciis relevanturiparticipantebi. atributebi – zemoqmedebis situaciis komponentebi,romelic Tan axlavs meorad semantikur aqtantebsada predikats, xsnis da avsebs maT. cirkumstantebi – zemoqmedebis an aRqmis aqtismimdinareobis pirobebi.aqtantebs Soris gamoiyofa pirveladi aqtantebi anusubieqtebi – agensi da eqsperienceri da meoradi aqtantebianu obieqtebi – paciensi, adresati, rezultativi da instrumentali.mocemul gamokvlevaSi inglisuri enis pasivi ganisazRvreba,rogorc zmnis paradigma be+Ved-is nawili, romelickorelaciaSia diaTezasTan, sadac qvemdebaris sintaqsurrols Seesabameba zemoqmedebis situaciis nebismieri meoradisemantikuri aqtanti (obieqti), instrumentalis garda.aRmoCenili pasiuri diaTezebi iyofa 3 jgufad imis mixed-1 И. Б. Долинина. Рефлексив и средний залог в системе английских залогов ипроблема гиперлексемы. – wgn.: Проблемы теории грамматического залога. Л.,1978, gv. 168.2 Ch. Fillmore. A Case for Case. _ wgn.: Universals in Linguistic Theory. N.Y., 1968.3 Э. А. Левицкий. Пассив в системе глагольных форм. – wgn.: Проблемы теорииграмматического залога, gv. 226; В. А. Успенский. К понятию диатезы. _ wgn.:Проблемы лингвистической типологии и структуры языка. Л., 1977, gv. 78.75

viT, situaciis participantebs – agenss, adresatsa Tu rezultativsSoris, romeli korelirebs winadadebis qvemdebaresTan.moviyvanoT magaliTebi: Reflexes have been studied in all animals. She’s been offered five thousand pounds. All species were created separately.mocemul winadadebebSi gamoyofili qvemdebare Sesabamisadkorelirebs paciensTan (I), adresatTan (II) da rezultativTan(III).samive jgufis diaTezebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagandamatebiTi semantikur-sintaqsuri korelaciis qona-arqoniT.moviyvanoT magaliTebi gamosakvlevi diaTezebis mxolodramdenime saxeobisaTvis. More complex studies were being conducted by scholars.aq qvemdebare aris paciensis reprezentanti, xolo SemoTavazebuliby-phrase-iani damateba agensisa. ... nothing’s been denied you.mocemul winadadebaSi qvemdebare paciensTan korelirebs,xolo iribi damateba (you) – adresatTan.diaTezebis xvedriTi wonis gamokvlevam, sadac agensis(eqsperienceris) rolSi gvevlineba by-phrase-iani damatebagamoavlina, rom moqmedi gacilebiT xSirad gamoiyeneba literaturuldialogSi, vidre samecniero teqstebSi (9,2% :6,5%).amonakrebis saerTo moculobasTan mimarTebaSi diaTezebisjgufebis xvedriTi wonis gamokvlevam aCvena, rom orivesakvlev subenaSi ufro gavrcelebuli aris diaTezebisjgufi zogadi korelaciiT: qvemdebare – paciensi (85% dialogSida 95% samecniero teqstebSi). diaTezebze, sadacregistrirebulia qvemdebarisa da adresatis Sesabamisoba,modis magaliTebis 10,4% dialogSi, samecniero teqstebSiki – 2,0%. diaTezebi, romelic gamoxatavs qvemdebaris korelaciasrezultativTan, Seadgens pasiuri konstruqciebis76

saerTo raodenobis 4,6%-s dialogSi, xolo samecnieroenaSi 3,0%.pirveli jgufis diaTezebis orive funqcionalurstilSi, daaxloebiT mesamedSi, gamoiyofa gansakuTrebulitipis diaTezebi, romelSic paciensi gadmoicema formaluriqvemdebariT – “it”. mocemuli konstruqcia sxvadasxvagvaradganixileba inglisuri enis mkvlevrebis mier. avtorTa erTijgufi miiCnevs, rom gamokvleuli winadadebebis tipi undaganvixiloT, rogorc – upiro. 1sxva avtorebi ganixilaven “it”-s, rogorc “momaswavebel”,Semyvan qvemdebares, romelic erTgvarad iTvaliswinebs,ganWvrets damokidebuli winadadebiT an infinitiviTgadmocemul namdvil qvemdebares. mocemul Tvalsazrissiziareben m. ganSina da n. vasilevskaia, 2 l. barxudarovi dad. Stelingi, 3 b. kauSanskaia, r. kovneri da sxvebi. 4Cven viziarebT bolo Tvalsazriss da vTvliT, romsakvlev diaTezebSi Semyvani nacvalsaxeli “it”, marcxenadistribuciaSi aris formaluri (Semyvani) qvemdebare, ganusazRvrelipaciensis korelati, romelic marjvena distribuciaSi,pirvel SemTxvevaSi, Seesabameba infinitivs an misfrazas da atributs aRniSnavs, romelic aaSkaravebs ganusazRvrelipaciensis Sinaarss, rogorc am magaliTSi: It is not proposed to import vaccine from abroad.meore SemTxvevaSi Semyvani, formaluri qvemdebare “it”,1 А. И. Смирницкий. Синтаксис английского языка. М., 1957, gv. 158; Б. А.Ильиш. Современный английский язык. М., 1948, gv. 271; Г. В. Елизарова. Неопределённо-личныепассивные конструкции. (Семантический и номинативныйаспекты). – kreb.: Структура и семантика единиц номинации. Л., 1986, gv. 38;А. А. Волкова. Инфинитив и герундий в функции подлежащего. Кандидатскаядиссертация. М., 1964; А. А. Винокурова. Пассивные конструкции в современноманглийском языке. – kreb.: Вопросы грамматики германских языков. Киров,1973, gv. 36.2 M. A. Ganshina, N. M. Vasilevskaya. English Grammar. M., 1964, gv. 340.3 Л. С. Бархударов, Д. А. Штелинг. Грамматика английского языка. М., 1963,gv. 294.4 В. Л. Каушанская, Р. Л. Ковнер и др. Грамматика английского языка. Л., 1967,gv. 229.77

ogorc marjvena distribuciis ganusazRvreli paciensiskorelati, Seesabameba qvemdebarul damokidebul winadadebas,romelic warmoadgens atributis korelats.magaliTad:78Previously it was supposed that electrons could ex istwithin the atomic nucleus.sakvlevi tipis diaTezebi daregistrirda agreTve byphrasewindebulian damatebasTan, marjvena distribuciaSiagensis korelatTan, Tumca agensiani diaTezebis xvedriTiwona dialogSi Zalian mcirea (1,5%), kidev ufro naklebiasamecnieri teqstebSi (0,5%).moviyvanoT magaliTi: It has been shown by an American physicist that the periodicradiation of an atom changes in frequency.literaturul dialogSi formaluri qvemdebare “it”-is Semcvel diaTezebTan, romlebic marjvena distribuciaSikorelireben paciensTan, iyo daregistrirebuli agreTveiribi da windebuliani damatebebi, romelic siRrmiseulstruqturaSi aRniSnaven adresats.moviyvanoT magaliTebi:1. Is it permitted for one of us to join the police? (windebulianidamateba – adresatis korelati).2. It will be shown us what we are to do (iribi damateba– adresatis korelati).Tumca, samecniero teqstebSi formalur, Semyvan qvemdebariandiaTezebis marjvena distribuciaSi winadebulianida iribi damatebebi – adresatis korelatebi, ar daregistrirda.miuxedavad amisa, formalur, Semyvan “it” qvemdebarianidiaTezebis xvedriTi wonis Sedarebisas gamovlinda amdiaTezebis mkveTri siWarbe samecniero teqstSi da simcireliteraturul dialogSi (Sesabamisoba 70% : 30%). Tumcaliteraturul dialogSi es diaTezebi gacilebiT ufromravalferovania da gvevlineba marjvena distribuciaSisxvadasxva meorexarisxovan aqtantebTan.Seswavlili diaTezebis marjvena distribuciaSi arc

erT sakvlev funqcionalur stilSi ar aRmoCnda meoradiaqtantebi – rezultativi da instrumentali, rac SeiZlebaaixsnas mocemuli diaTezebis warmomqmneli zmna-predikatebissemantikiT.zmna-predikatebis semantikis kvlevam aCvena, rom formaluriqvemdebare “it”-is Semcvel diaTezebSi ar aris fizikurimoqmedebis aRmniSvneli leqsemebi, romelic pasivSigamoyenebuli zmnebis ZiriTad jgufs Seadgens. mocemul diaTezebTandaregistrirda piradi da socialuri urTierTobebisgamomxatveli zmnebi (hope, forbid, request, intend, permit,object, order da a.S.), komunikaciis zmnebi (report, say, rumour,suggest, whisper, propose, mention, state, argue, agree, point, out,emphasize da a.S.), grZnobiTi aRqmis zmnebi (feel, find, notice,note, observe, see, fear da a.S.), gonebrivi moqmedebis gamomxatvelizmnebi (assume, calculate, believe, consider, accept, estimate,know, presume, prove, remember, think, suppose, suspect,surmise, understand, perceive, plan, imagine, regard da a.S.).saerTo ram aq moyvanili zmnebis mniSvnelobaSi, vnebiTgvarSi aris SefasebiTi sema, ramdenadac gonebrivi da komunikaciurimoRvaweoba, grZnobiTi aRTqma, piradi da socialuriurTierTobebi saboloo jamSi aris adamianis cnobiereba-Si realuri sinamdvilis faqtebis asaxva da maTi Sefaseba.da bolos, unda aRvniSnoT, rom SedarebiT naklebixvedriTi wona diaTezebisa, adresatiT, qvemdebaris funqciaSi(rolSi) literaturul dialogSi da maTi kidev ufronaklebi wili samecniero teqstSi unda aixsnas, erTimxriv, imiT, rom diaTezebs, romelSic qvemdebare korelirebsadresatTan, qmnian predikatebi, romlebic mxolod orda samvalentovan zmnebTan korelireben. mkveTri siWarbeadresatiani diaTezebisa – qvemdebaris funqciiT, literaturuldialogSi, samecniero teqstTan SedarebiT, imiTunda aixsnas, rom literaturul dialogSi yuradRebiscentrSi aris moqceuli adamiani, misi cxovreba da moRvaweobakonkretul garemoSi, konkretul pirobebSi, misiqcevebi, gancdebi, maSin, roca samecniero teqsti moiTxovs79

masalis obieqtur gadmocemas, miukerZoeblobas, informaciissizustes. samecniero teqstSi gadmocemuli moqmedebaganyenebulia sinamdvilisagan. zemoT naTqvamidan gamomdinare,SesaZlebelia aixsnas agenturi damatebis SedarebiT naklebixvedriTi wili samecniero teqstSi, vidre literaturuldialogSi, samecniero subenaSi “it” formalur qvemdebarianikonstruqciebis meti siWarbe, vidre literaturuldialogSi, adresatis funqciiT windebuliani da iribidamatebebis ar arseboba “it” formaluri qvemdebariani dia-Tezebis marjvena distribuciaSi.EMA KILANAVAON SOME FEATURES OF THE PASSIVE DIATHESESIN MODERN ENGLISH LITERARYDIALOGUE AND SCIENTIFIC PROSEThe article is devoted to the analysis of a specific type of the passiveconstructions, namely, with the formal (anticipatory) subject “it” usedin the Modern English literary dialogue and the Modern English scientificprose. The research is carried on the basis of the so-called theory of diathesespresupposing the correlation between the components (participants) ofthe notional-semantic (deep-syntactic) and the surface – syntactic levelsthe voice being defined as one of the diatheses grammatically marked inthe verb. In the analysed diatheses the pronoun “it” in the left-hand distributionis a formal (anticipatory) subject signifying the indefinite patienswhich in the right-hand distribution correlates either with the infinitive(or its phrase) as a real subject or with the subject subordinate clause denotingthe attribute which discloses the content of the indefinite patiens.Certain types of additional (secondary) syntactic-semantic correlationsand semantic classes of verb – predicates were revealed characterizingeach type of the analysed functional styles of speech.80

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaTamar jojuaucxo enaze zepirmetyvelebis swavlebissrulyofisaTvisdRes, globalizaciisa da kulturuli integraciis pirobebSi,ucxo enis srulyofili codna erT-erT prioritetulsakiTxad rCeba Tanamedrove sazogadoebisaTvis.inglisuri, gaero-s 6 oficialuri samuSao enidan,erT-erTia. masze, rogorc mSobliur enaze, molaparake mosaxleobisraodenoba II adgilzea msoflioSi Cinuris Semdeg.Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, am enaze ramden adamians Sorisxorcieldeba urTierToba politikuri, saqmiani, da mecnierulimolaparakebidan quCaSi gzis garkvevamde, misi, rogorcsaerTaSoriso enis, roli konkurenciis gareSea. TanamedroveSromis bazarze didi moTxovnilebiT sargeblobeninglisuri enis maRalkvalificiuri specialistebi.ucxouri enebis swavlebis Tanamedrove meTodika moiTxovs,enis swavlebas ufro metad komunikaciuri, interaqtiulixasiaTi mieces, Semswavlels unda Camouyalibdesucxo enaze metyvelebis kultura. koreqtuli da spontanurisametyvelo aqtivoba, rogorc weriTi, aseve zepiriformiT ucxo enis efeqturi dauflebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia.enis swavlebis SinaarsSi zepirmetyvelebas erT-er-Ti ZiriTadi adgili uWiravs. is mravalaspeqturi da sakmaodrTuli fenomenia, romelic adamianTa Soris urTierTobisZiriTad saSualebad gvevlineba. saubari, audirebasTanerTad, metyvelebis zepir formas warmoadgens. am drosxdeba gamonaTqvamis producireba, xolo audirebisa ki –misi aRqma. sametyvelo urTierTobis am procesSi monawileobenerTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli sametyvelo-motorulida smeniTi analizatorebi. saubrisa da audirebis6. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi81

unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba-srulyofa ganuyofeli procesia.orive procesisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia masSi monawileTa azrovnebiTiaqtivoba. 1laparaks safuZvlad udevs warmoTqmiTi, leqsikuri dagramatikuli unar-Cvevebi. saubari Sedgeba monologuri dadialoguri metyvelebisagan.dialogi saubris iseTi formaa, romlis drosac xdebagamonaTqvamTa uSualo urTierTgacvla or an orze metpirs Soris. is pirobebi, romelSic warimarTeba dialogurimetyveleba gansazRvravs mis specifiurobas. maT Sorisacganasxvaveben gamonaTqvamis simokles, mimikas, Jestebs, intonaciisrols, elipturi winadadebebis mravalferovnebas,gamonaTqvamis sintaqsur gaformebas, romelic Tavisufaliamkacri gramatikuli CarCoebisagan da martiv winadadebaTasiWarbes. dialoguri metyvelebis swavlebis erTeuls warmoadgensmikrodialogi – ramdenime replika, romelic dakavSirebuliaerTmaneTTan formiTa da SinaarsiT. dialogurimetyvelebis swavlebis ZiriTadi etapebia: konkretuli situaciis prezentacia verbaluri axsnisan swavlebis teqnikuri saSualebebis meSveobiT; dialogis prezentacia audirebis saSualebiT angrafikuli formiT; mocemul dialogSi gamoyenebuli enobrivi masalisSeTviseba; dialogSi replikaTa SekavSirebis saSualebaTa daufleba; dialogis reproduqcia.dialogi-nimuSis saSualebaTa gafarToeba mocemuli situaciisSemadgeneli komponentebis Secvlis xarjze. 2ucxo enaze zepirmetyvelebis am formis swavlebis intensifikaciisaTvissaWiroa SemswavlelTa sxvadasxva rea-1 l. giorgobiani, l. kaxiSvili, g. macxonaSvili, r. qvliviZe. ucxourienebis swavlebis Teoria da praqtika. Tb., 2004, gv. 162-175.2 Е. И. Пассов, В. Б. Царьков. Концепции коммуникативного обучения. М., 1993,gv. 35-40.82

lur sakomunikacio situaciebTan maqsimalurad miaxlovebulpirobebSi moTavseba. mecadineobebze unda xdebodes dialogissxvadasxva saxeobaTa da formaTa varireba (dialogi-saubari,dialogi-inscenireba, studentTa Soris aqtiurikomunikacia, maswavlebelTan saubari, wyviluri da jgufuriintensiuri sametyvelo aqtivoba). sworad SerCeuli, sainteresoda motivirebuli savarjiSoTa sistema xels uwyobsSemswavlelTaTvis ucxo enaze iseTi unar-Cvevbis Camoyalibeba/srulyofasrogoricaa: sxvadasxva saxis informaciismiReba da misi adeqvaturi aRqma/analizi, sakomunikaciopartnioris replikaze adewvaturi reagireba, dialogiswarmarTvis procesSi replikaTa kombinireba.saubris meore forma – monologi – mimarTulia erTan ramdenime msmenelze, zogjer ki – sakuTar Tavze. dialogurimetyvelebisgan gansxvavebiT, is xasiaTdeba gamonaTqvamisSinaarsis farTo Tematikis moculobiT, gavrcelebulisametyvelo konstruqciaTa sixSiriT da gramatikuligaformebiT. monologuri metyvelebis swavleba warimarTebasam etapad:pirvel etapze mimdinareobs enobrivi avtomatizmis gamomuSaveba– fonetikuri, leqsikuri, gramatikuli masalisswrafi da uSecdomo gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebis formirebazemuSaoba imitaciuri, asociaciuri, sametyvelo, jgufuri dapirobiT-komunikaciuri aqtivobebis safuZvelze; swavlebismeore etapze xdeba im enobrivi masalis SerCeva unar-Cvevebisformirebaze, romelic sakomunikacio miznis Sesabamisia.yuradRebis centrSi eqceva Sinaarsis gamoxatvis unarisformireba Sesabamisi leqsikur-struqturuli masalis daxmarebiT;mesame etapze warmoebs varjiSi iniciativuri metyvelebisunaris ganviTarebaze. komunikantis koncentraciamimarTulia gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsze. 1monologuri metyvelebis niSnebs ganekuTvneba uwyvetoba(gamonaTqvami ar ifargleba erTi fraziT, aramed war-1 Е. И. Пассов, В. Б. Царьков. Концепции коммуникативного обучения, gv. 41-45.83

moadgens zefrazul erTobliobas), Tanmimdevroba, logikuroba,SedarebiTi azrobrivi dasrulebuloba, gamonaTqvamiskomunikaciuri mimarTuleba. monologuri metyveleba gamoiyenebasxvadasxva sakomunikacio miznebisaTvis: informaciis miwodeba; msmenelis darwmuneba/gadarwmuneba; ama Tu im qmedebis provocireba.Txroba miCneulia dialoguri metyvelebis yvelaze ufrorTul saxed. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia movlenaTa Tanmimdevroba.winaswar momzadebuli monologis nairsaxeobaswarmoadgens leqcia, sajaro gamosvla. swavleba unda uzrunvelyofdeszepirmetyvelebis am formis yvela saxezemuSaobas. ucxo enaze monologuri metyvelebis unar-CvevebissrulyofisaTvis mosamzadebeli da sametyvelo savarji-Soebi unda moicavdes iseT aqtivobebs rogoricaa sxvadaxvaSinaarsis mqone teqstebis moyola, situaciebis, suraTebisaRwera, moxsenebis momzadeba SeTavazebuli Temis irgvliv,moTxrobis Sedgena, sxvadasxva Temis logikuri TanmimdevrobiTgaxsna, sakuTari msjelobis dasabuTeba, saubrisprocesSi gansjisa da argumentaciis elementebis CarTviT.rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, zepirmetyveleba saubarTan er-Tad moicavs audirebasac. ucxo enaze zepirmetyvelebis unar-Cvevebissrulyofili formireba SeuZlebelia mosmenisunar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis gareSe. audirebis praqtikis gavlisgareSe, enis Semswavlelis metyveleba Zalzed SorsaasaTanado donisgan. misi saubari ucxour enaze gamoirCevanaklebi damajereblobiT, neli tempiT, ufro xSiri daTvalSi sacemi xdeba interferenciis movlenebi; xSiria Sem-Txvevebi, roca sxvaTa saubarze ver xdeba adeqvaturi reagireba.1 amgvari garTulebebis Tavidan asacileblad aucilebelia,rom enis Semswavlels SevuqmnaT yvela piroba, raTaman regularulad SeZlos mosmenis unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebazemuSaoba saintereso, motivirebuli savarjiSoebis dax-1 H. Douglas Brown. Teacher by Principles – an interactive approach to language Pedagogy.San Francisco State University Press, 1990, gv. 138-208.84

marebiT. am tipis savarjiSoebs ganekuTvnebian: studentebis CarTva realuri, cxovrebiseuli situaciebismsgavs aqtivobaSi, sadac isini gamodiansxvadasxva rolebSi, erTmanTs usvamen SekiTxvebs,pasuxoben da axdenen SemdgomSi am pasuxebis reproducirebas; telefoniT, radioTi da televiziiT miRebuli informaciisaRqmis unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba; gamonaTqvamebis, moTxrobis variantebis mosmena dagansxvavevebis dadgena; mosmenili masalis mokle Canawerebis gakeTeba; mosmenili ramdenime pasuxidan swori pasuxis Se-Ceva gamomdinare mosmenili teqstidan; mosmenilis gagrZeleba; mosmenili teqstis moyola da darRveuli logikuriTanmimdevrobis aRdgena; mosmenilis ZiriTadi azris gageba; mosmenilis perifrazi; filmebis, satelevizio Souebis, sportuli Sejibrebebiskomentirebis gageba; mosmenilis irgvliv diskusiis warmoeba da sxva. 1ucxo enaze zepirmetyvelebis swavlebis srulyofisaTvisaucilebelia swavlebis Tanamedrove, moqnili meTodebisaqtiuri gamoyeneba romelic mimarTuli iqneba monologuri,dialoguri metyvelebisa da audirebis efeqturi unar-Cvevebisformirebisa da srulyofisaken raTa Semswavlelma SemdgomSiSeZlos nebismier sametyvelo situaciaSi nebismierienobrivi barieris warmatebiT gadalaxva da sakomunikaciomiznis miRweva.1 T. Jojua. Different types of communicative techniques for the effective formation oflistening skills in the process of teaching English. _ soxumis universitetisSromebi. t. I, humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTaseria. Tb., 2007, gv. 48-51.85

TAMAR JOJUAFOR THE PERFECTION OF THE FOREIGN ORALLANGUAGE TEACHINGThe article deals with one of the important areas of the foreign languagemethodology – teaching hearing and speaking. The knowledge ofeach of the aspects is of great importance to learners. Language is a meansof communication. It exists and functions only through speech. Whena person knows the language he first of all should understand the languagespoken and can speak it himself. Speech is a bilateral process. It includeshearing and speaking. Speaking exists in two forms: dialogue andmonologue. As communicative methods have developed, teachers havebeen concerned to ensure that students not only practise speaking and hearingin a controlled way in oder to form and perfect their skills, but alsopractise using features of pronunciation,vocabulary and structure morefreely in purposeful communication. It is necessary to include various accuracyand fluency based activities. Speaking a foreign language is themost difficult part in language learning because students need amplepractice in speaking to be able to say a few words of their own in connectionwith a situation. While teaching foreign oral language all peculiaritiesand specific components of a dialogue, a monologue and auding shouldbe taken into consideration. The tasks we ask our students for performancemust be sufficiently realistic and motivating for them to see a usefulpurpose for study. Listening and speaking techniques must be interestingin order to simulate learners in acquitting better skills. Teachers mustfind out all they can about how oral language skills can be improved andwhat activities are useful to this end and then use this knowledge and thesetechniques in the own classrooms.86

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaNANA EDISHERASHVILISPRACHLICHE ZWEIFELSFÄLLE:SIEBTE ODER SIEBENTEIm vorigen Artikel wurde der Begriff „Sprachliche Zweifelsfälle”diskutiert.Dabei wurden von mir folgende Bedeutungen geäußert: Schwankungen zwischen Synonymen oder vom Gefühlher; Kenntnisse von Zweifelsfällen aus der Umgangssprache; Einige Zitate aus dem Duden.Hier fasse ich das Thema zusammen und definiere den Begriffwie folgt: „Ein sprachlicher Zweifelsfall ist eine sprachliche Einheit(Wort/Wortform/Satz), bei der kompetente Sprecher im Blick auf(mindestens) zwei Varianten (a, b...) in Zweifel geraten können,welche der beiden Formen (standardsprachlich) korrekt ist. Die beidenVarianten eines Zweifelsfalls sind formseitig oft teilidentisch(z.B. dubios/dubiös/, lösbar/löslich). In der Regel setzen die Sprecherin Zweifellsfällen die Existenz einer standardisierten Sprachregelungvoraus, die die Entscheidung über die Korrektheit bzw. Unkorrektheitder fraglichen Varianten gewährleisten soll“.In diesem Artikel werde ich über den Zweifelsfall Siebte odersiebente vortragen. Sie wird folgendermaßen gegliedert:I. Siebte oder siebente? Ein sprachlicher Zweifelsfall1. Karte über die aktuelle Verteilung des Gebrauchs vonsiebte/siebente in der gesprochenen Sprache2. Unterschiede zwischen Ost- und WestdudenII. Sprachwandel und historische Entwicklung – die Entstehungzweier Formen1. Extensions-Form2. Reduktions-FormIII. Von siebente zu siebte – Konsensbildung und Umstandardisierung.I. Siebte oder siebente? Ein sprachlicher Zweifelsfall. Der87

Aufbau des Artikels folgte der Darstellung von Günter BellmannDer siebente / der siebte: 11. Karte über die aktuelle Verteilung des Gebrauchs vonsiebte/siebente in der gesprochenen Sprache. In derZeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik LXIX. Jg.,Heft 1 (2002) findet sich auf Seite 1 – 37 eine Karte undgenaue Quellenangaben zu Autoren und Texten. DieseKarte und die wesentlichen Gesichtspunkte des vorgetragenenReferats wurden als Tischvorlage (3 Seiten) verteilt.Die Karte zeigt die aktuelle Verteilung des Gebrauchsvon siebte/siebente in der gesprochenen Sprache inder Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Grenzen nach derWiedervereinigung 1990). Man sieht wesentliche Unterschiedezwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland.2. Unterschiede zwischen Ost- und Westduden. EineDurchsicht der Duden-Ausgaben in Ost und West lehrt,dass wir auch die Bruchzahl Siebentel (siebente Teil) sowiedie Kardinalzahlen siebzehn und siebzig nicht ausseracht lassen dürfen, da auch diese von der Varianten des -en- Elementes betroffen sind. In der 1. Duden-Auflage(1880) stehen noch allein siebente und siebentel als volleFormen, aber schon gekürzt siebzehn, siebzigste und siebzigstens.2Diese drei Formen findet man in D. Sanders „Wörterbuch derDeutschen Sprache“ nicht. 3 Die -en- Doppelklammer hat Sandersbei sieb(en)tens, sieb(en)tel. Die Klammersammlung wird spätestensin der 8. Auflage (1909) des Duden in allen vergleichbarenFällen durchgeführt, von sieb(en)te bis sieb(en)zig. 4 Nach demZweiten Weltkrieg werden bei siebzehn und siebzig die langen Formendefinitiv aufgegeben, im Leipziger Duden 1951 (Rechtschreibungmit Berücksichtigung der häufigsten Fremdwörter). 5 Während1 G. Bellmann. Standardisierung und Umstandardisierung: Der siebente/der siebte – In:Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik. LXIX Jahrgang, Heft 1 (2002), S. 1-37.2 K. Duden. Vollständiges Orthographisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache.Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts. Leipzig, 1880.3 D. Sanders. Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache. Band 2, 2. Leipzig, 1865, S. 1095.4 K. Duden. Die Grammatik, 8. Auflage; Duden Verlag, Mannheim, 2009;5 G. Bellmann. Standardisierung und Umstandardisierung, S. 1-37.88

der Ost-Duden ab 1960 bei den verbliebenen Siebenerzahlen mitLang-/Kurzform-Alternative das Klammerpaar durch das expliziteund damit laienverständlichere „od.“ (=oder) ersetzt und damit dieAlternative als solche akzeptiert, führt der West-Duden von seiner15. Auflage (1961) an eine Bewertung der Variante ein, in dem dielangen Formen als archaisch betrachtet werden: siebent (älter für:siebt), „siebente (älter für: siebte)“ usw. 1Diese Bewertung wird im Einheits-Duden wieder aufgegebenmit nur einer Ausnahme bei siebent. 2 Die 2. Auflage ist diejenige,in der die verbleibenden Wortschatz-Spezifika der DDR als „regiona“bezeichnet werden. Es heisst nun: siebte od. siebente und siebentevgl. siebte. 3 Wenn in der DDR von 1951 an siebt- als Varianteim Ost-Duden geführt wurde, dürfte dies nicht auf den Buchtitel„Das siebte Kreuz“ von Anna Seghers zurückzuführen sein, 4 derenRoman Bestandteil des Schulkanons war. Tatsächlich ist siebt- demalltäglichhen Sprachgebrauch des Östlichen Deutschlands, vor allemder Älteren, bisher fremd geblieben. Siebt- ist kürzer und giltals „westlich-modern“.Aufgrund der Karte spielt die deutsch-deutsche Grenze einebemerkenswert fixierende Rolle: Eisenach und das Obere Eichsfeldmüssen schon vor 1989/1990 von der siebt-Diffusion erfasst wordensein, wenn nicht überhaupt siebt dort originär ist. Einer Älteren,hochdeutschen Schicht entstammen die siebt-Vorkommen in undum Schwerin. Umgekehrt haben Helmstedt, Helmstedt, Schöningenund Königslutter bis heute alte siebent-Vorkommen. Entsprechendesdürfte für Nordost-Bayern gelten. 5II. Sprachwandel und historische Entwicklung – die Entstehungzweier Formen. Sprachwandel und historische Entwicklungwurden durch mehrere Beispiele erläutert.Damit wurde die Entwicklung zu zwei Formen verdeutlicht:1 K. Duden, Rechtschreibung der deutschen Sprache und der Fremdwörter. In: Dergroße Duden (in acht Bänden). 15. Auflage. Band 1, Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim1961.2 Einheitsduden. Dudenredaktion , Mannheim, 26.8.1991.3K. Duden. Das große Fremdwörterbuch. Herkunft und Bedeutung der Fremdwörter.2. Auflage, Mannheim, 2000.4 Anna Seghers. Das siebte Kreuz. Ein Roman aus Hitlerdeutschland. 26. Auflage.Aufbau-Taschenbuch-Verlag. Berlin, 2005.5 G. Bellmann. Standardisierung und Umstandardisierung. S. 1-37.89

901. Das Stammmorphem siebent- bildet die alteingeführteForm der sprachhistorischen Überlieferung. Es leitet sichher von ahd. sibunto (sibun-to). Hier ist in der Ordinalendas zweisilbige Stammmorphem der Kardinalzahl sibunerhalten. Bis zum Ende des 18. Jahrhundert erscheint inder literalen Sprache fast die volle Form sieben-. bzw.siebend: Die siebende Lobrede 1 Der siebente 22. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt wurde nur die Frage, ob die Ordinalevon sieben mit -d- oder -t- zu schreiben sei, behandelt.Die Erhaltung der vollen Form ist typisch für die literaleSprache, die Bühnensprache, die Hochhaltung, denDeklamations- und Diktierstil. In diesem Fall sieht manTendenzen zur Harmonisierung der Silbigkeit. Das Prinzipder Reihenharmonisierung der Silbenstruktur funktioniertin zwei Richtungen:a) Erweiterung (Extension). Bsp: NordobersächsischEins = ēn∂ und analog Zwei = (d) svē∂. Im Referatwurde durch ein Beispiel erläutert, wie die Harmonisierungder Zahlenreihe durch Extension stattfindenkann. So werde im Nordobersächsischen dasKardinale eins unter dem Einfluss von zwei zu ēn∂entsprechend(d) svē∂ erweitert.b) Kürzung (Reduktion). Bsp. ahd. ēristo, zehanto,einlifto, zwelifto werden unter dem Einfluss vontri(t)o, fiordo, fonfto, sehsto, ahto und niunto gekürzt.Es entstehen die zweisilbigen Formen erste,zehnte, elfte usw. Beispiele findet man auch beiden Ordinalzahlen: aus dem 15. Jh. tritt achte alsachtend(e) unter dem Einfluss des siebenden auf.Siebende und achte sind nicht nur Reihennachbarn,sondern sie sind kontrastbildend aufeinanderbezogen. Die quantitative Harmonisierung der Zahlenreiheauf dem Wege der Extension kommt realitervor. Die Erscheinungen der Kürzung (Redukti-1 J. G. Schottel. Ausführliche Arbeit von der Teutschen Haubt Sprache. Erstes Buch.Lobrede 1663, §25 – In: „Studien zur deutschen Literatur im 17. Jahrhundert“, S. 443.2 J. Bödiker. Beiträge zur Namenforschung, Band 20. Berlin, 1746, S. 356.

on) sind dagegen ein sehr allgemeines Phänomen.Nach Bellmanns Modell (2002) stellt sich das Reduktionschemafür siebent- wie folgt dar: ahd. sibunto:0. Null-Reduktion (Kürzung)siebentesevende u.ä.1. Assimilative Reduktionsi:bmt∂ – si:mtga – si:mt∂sebmt∂- semt∂ u. ä.2. Segmentale Reduktion2.1 - n - Reduktionsi:b∂t∂se:v∂d∂ u.ä.2.2 - en -Reduktionsiebtese:ft∂ u.ä. 1In diesem Modell gehen aus dem ahd. sibunto als der Eingangsstufeund als der historischen Quellform die späteren siebent-Varianten hervor. Die Eingabe führt zu einer Nullstufe der Reduktion,auf der die Silbenstrukturen in ihren vollen Formen uneingeschränktals solche erhalten sind. Die reduktive Nullstufe bildetdie Eingabe in die Reduktionsstufe 1. Beispiele sind: si:bmt∂ bissilbenkürzende Reduktion dieses Typs mit hd. si:mt∂. Die assimilativeReduktion spielt sowohl bei der Harmonisierung der Ordinalalsauch der Kardinalzahlen eine Rolle. An dieser Stelle erfolgtenach Zwischenfragen der Kommilitonen eine lebhafte Diskussionüber diesen Abschnitt.III. Von siebente zu siebte – Konsensbildung und Umstandardisierung.Aufgrund von Sprachschichteninterferenz der verschiedenendialektalen Reduktionsvarianten von siebente kommt eszu einer Kompromissbildung, aus der eine stabile Form entsteht.Die Form siebte bietet sich an, weil sie die weitgehende Erhaltungdes hochsprachlichen Lautmaterials (-bt-) mit den Kürzungsbestre-1 G. Bellmann. Standardisierung und Umstandardisierung, S. 1-37.91

ung der Dialekte verbindet.Zu Beginn des 19. Jh. finden sich in Wörterbüchern unter demLemma siebente Zusätze. In dieser Zeit muss sich eine Aufwertungder kurzen Form siebte vollzogen haben: „Er ruht nun auch am siebtenTag/Von manchem Zug und manchem Schlag“. 1Die sprachliche Bildung der Verwender des Deutschen wirdbeeinflusst dahingehend, dass nicht länger der schriftsprachlicheStandard, sondern das alltagssprachliche siebte die dominante unddamit die Standardform wird. Das führt uns zu einer Umstandardisierungder verschiedenen Formen. Siebente gilt als veraltet. Beidenjenigen, die bisher die volle Form benutzten, zeichnet sich einDominanzwechsel ab. Befragungen im Osten Deutschlands zeigen,dass die junge Generation, die durch Medien und West-Orientierungbeeinflusst sind, zum Gebrauch der kurzen Variante siebtetendieren.92nana ediSeraSvili„saeWvoobis SemTxvevebi~ germanul enaSi„meSvide~ (zibTe an zibenTe: SIEBTEODER SIEBENTE)statiaSi ganxilulia „saeWvoobis SemTxvevebi~ germanulenaSi, kerZod sityva „meSvides~ (zibTe an zibenTe: siebteoder siebente) gamoyenebis or varianti: saliteraturo da sasaubro,romelic germanuli enis yofiT leqsikaSi gvxvdeba.aRsaniSnavia, rom germanuli enis momxmarebelTaTvis enazegavlenas axdens ara sityvis, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi kisityva „meSvides~ xSiri werilobiTi formiT gamoyeneba, aramedmisi yoveldRiuri moxmareba sasaubro metyvelebaSi, racmas enaSi standartul formad ayalibebs. swored am gzas1 J. W. Goethe. Gedichte zu „Werther“. – In: Johannes Spangenbergs Sammlung DeutscherGedichte, eine Anthologie. 1775. Erklärung eines alten Holzschnittes vorstellendHans Sachsens poetische Sendung“, Deutscher Klassiker Verlag.

mivyavarT enaSi sityvis sxvadasxva formaTa damkvidrebisken,sityvis standartuli gamoyenebis cvlamde. asea mocemul konkretulSemTxvevaSic: „meSvide~-s (siebente) aseTi formiTgamoyeneba moZvelebulad iTvleba. aRmosavleT germaniaSi CatarebuligamokiTxvebis Tanaxmad axali Taoba, romelic masmediebisada dasavluri orientaciis gavlenas ganicdis, Sesabamisad,sityva „meSvides~ (siebte) gamoyenebis mokle variantsamjobinebs.UNANA EDISHERASHVILI“DUBIOUS CASES” IN GERMAN(SIEBTE OR SIEBENTE: SIEBTE ODER SIEBENTE)The article is devoted to the study of “Dubious cases” in German,in particular, to the analysis of the two variants of the word “the Seventh”in German; literary and colloquial which occurs in the German everydayvocabulary. It should be noted that for the German language speakers thelanguage is influenced not by a frequent use of a word (in the given caseby the use of “the seventh”) in writing but by its everyday use in colloquialspeech which transforms it into a standard form. This way leads tothe establishment of various forms and to the change of the standard use.This applies to the given case too: “the seventh” – “siebente”, the use ofwhich is considered to be old-fashioned outdated today. According to theinquiry made in Eastern Germany the present generation which is influencedby the mass-media and the Western orientation, correspondingly,prefers the usage of the shortened version of “the seventh” “siebte”.93

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaTAMAR KIGURADZEKULTURELLE MUSTER IN DER JÜNGSTENDEUTSCHEN LITERATURDie methodologische Konzeption einer kulturwissenschaftlichorientierten Fremdsprachen- und Literaturlehre erscheint für die georgischenUniversitäten äußerst relevant zu sein. Eine gut durchdachte,konzipierte und effektive Literaturlehre schiene für ein kulturwissenschaftlichgeprägtes Germanistikstudium unentbehrlich zusein. Dies betrifft insbesondere die Vermittlung der deutschen Gegenwartsliteratur,denn es lässt sich in Georgien weitgehend eineNeigung bemerken, unter Gegenwartsliteratur die deutschsprachigeLiteratur nach 1945 zu verstehen und als solche an den Universitätenzu unterrichten. Die wichtigsten literarischen Tendenzen, diesich nach der Wende, in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten zeigten, werdenin den germanistischen Curricula an den meisten georgischenUniversitäten weniger berücksichtigt. Dabei wäre gerade diese Literaturals der zutreffendste Stoff für einen kulturwissenschaftlichenLiteraturunterricht zu beachten.Der theoretische Ausgangspunkt meines Arbeitsverfahrens istdie These, dass die „Kultur“ sich nur durch eine interpretierendeMethode erforschen lässt und dass Texte aller Art, und darunterauch die literarischen Texte zu Forschungsobjekten der Kulturwissenschaftzählen. 1Für einen kulturwissenschaftlich orientierten Unterricht außerhalbdes deutschsprachigen Raumes, an einer Hochschule in Georgienz.B. wie es in unserer Lehrsituation der Fall ist, könnten einige literarischeTexte, trotz ihrer Fiktionalität, als kulturelle Deutungsmusterdienen, denn über diese Texte wäre die Kultur an die Stu-1 Claus Altmayer. Deutsch als Fremdsprache und Kulturwissenschaft. – In: Claus Altmayer,Roland Forster (Hrsg.). Deutsch als Fremdsprache: Wissenschaftsanspruch –Teilbereiche – Bezugsdisziplinen. Peter Lang. Europäischer Verlag der Wissenschaften.Frankfurt am Mein, 2003, S. 126-130.94

dierenden nicht als bloßes Faktenwissen, ein Aneinanderreihen voneinzelnen Daten aus der deutschen Geschichte, Politik, Wirtschaft,Wissenschaft, Kunst und Literatur, sondern als ein durch die gemeinsameErfahrung, Tradition und Lebensweise geprägtes Hintergrundwisseneiner Gemeinschaft, dessen Sprache und Kultur sie studieren,zu vermitteln. In diesem Kontext wäre der Kulturbegriff als ein „selbstverständlichvorausgesetztes gemeinsames Wissen, dass das Verstehenund Verständigung innerhalb einer Sprach- und Kommunikationsgemeinschaftbedingt und ermöglicht“, 1 zu verstehen.Die etwas heterogen wirkende Literaturliste die ich den Studierendenin Georgien als Hauptlektüre für die deutsche Gegenwartsliteraturanbiete, präsentiert folgende Erzählwerke: Bernhard Schlink: Der Vorleser, Roman (1995) Julia Frank: Die Mittagsfrau, Roman (2007) Uwe Tellkamp: Der Turm, Roman (2008) Clemens Meyer: Die Nacht, die Lichter, Stories (2008) Daniel Kehlmann: Die Vermessung der Welt, Roman(2005)Daniel Kehlmann: Ruhm. Ein Roman in neun Geschichten(2009) Pascal Mercier: Nachtzug nach Lissabon, Roman (2004)Diese Erzählwerke von verschiedenen Autoren besitzen einengemeinsamen Zug. Sie scheinen die andauernde „Krise des Erzählens“,die die deutsche Literatur der 2. Hälfte des vorigen Jahrhundertsallgemein kennzeichnete, durch eine betont fiktionale, phantasievolleund unbefangen spannende Erzählweise endgültig überwundenzu haben. Es handelt sich in dieser Textsammlung um literarischeWerke von hohem ästhetischen Wert, obwohl bei der Wahlvorrangig die didaktischen Kriterien berücksichtigt wurden und derlandeskundliche Inhalt dieser Texte entscheidend war. Eine Ausnahmestellt der Roman „Nachtzug nach Lissabon“ von PascalMercier dar, der sich nicht unmittelbar auf die deutsche Realität bezieht,wie ein „schwarzes Schaf“ in unserer Textsammlung wirktund sie auch etwas eklektisch erscheinen lässt. Dennoch ist dieserText ein gutes Deutungsparadigma für die europäische Kultur undist dabei durch einen Leitgedanken gekennzeichnet, der die Wichti-1 Claus Altmayer. Deutsch als Fremdsprache und Kulturwissenschaft, S. 126-127.95

gkeit der schöngeistigen Literatur in unserem Zeitalter betont.„Kann es einen Ersnt geben, der ernster ist als der poetische Ernst?“und damit die Relevanz einer kultur/literaturwissenschaftlicherAusbildung innerhalb der immer stärker auf Arbeitsmarkt und Beruforientierten modernen Studiengänge befürwortet.Das wichtigste Kriterium bei der Wahl der Texte ist jedochder kulturell/ landeskundliche Inhalt, da diese Texte in erster Liniefür einen kulturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht geeignet sein dürfen.In dieser Hinsicht ist der Roman „Der Vorleser“ von BernhardSchlink ein wichtiger Text, der trotz seiner Fiktionalität wesentlichmehr Anregung zum Verstehen und Deuten der deutschen geschichtlichenSachverhalte, als manch ein Dokumentartext, bietet.Ein anderer Text, der auch als eine gute Diskussionsbasis zumThema der Bewältigung der deutschen Vergangenheit dienen könnte,wäre der Roman „Die Mittagsfrau“ von Julia Frank. Beide Romanesind auch hinsichtlich ästhetischer Wirkung vom hohen Wertund gleichzeitig als äußerst scharfe und klare Deutungsmuster in einemkulturwissenschaftlich orientierten universitären Literaturunterrichtanzuwenden.Ein anderer historisch-kultureller Diskurs, der im Unterrichtin Georgien anzubieten wäre, ist die „Wende“, ein Thema, das auchfür Georgien gesellschaftliche Aktualität besitzt. Diesbezüglich wäreder große Roman „Der Turm“ von Uwe Tellkamp ein wichtigerText. Am Beispiel dieses, auch in erzählerischer Hinsicht meisterhaftenWerkes könnte man die neue Generation der Studierenden inGeorgien mit der jüngsten Vergangenheit Deutschlands vertrautmachen, denn dieses Buch schildert das gesellschaftliche Leben inder ehemaligen DDR mit einer außerordentlichen Genauigkeit,Wahrhaftigkeit und Glaubwürdigkeit.Da die deutsche Sprache im Ausland und entsprechend auchin Georgien immer noch als die Sprache der Philosophie und Wissenschaftgeschätzt wird, könnte der Roman „Die Vermessung derWelt“ von Daniel Kehlmann ein gutes kulturhistorisches Deutungsmusterim Unterricht sein. Daniel Kehlmanns jüngstes Erzählwerk„Ruhm. Ein Roman in neun Geschichten“, so wie Clemens MeyersKurzgeschichtensammlung „Die Nacht, die Lichter. Stories“ sind inunserer Auswahl als Beispiele der modernen deutschen Kurzgeschichtenzu betrachten. Bekanntlich ist die Kurzgeschichte eine96

im Fremdsprachenunterricht äußerst begehrte Erzählform. DieseTexte von jungen und erfolgreichen deutschen Autoren könnten imUnterricht in Georgien die leider schon ziemlich abgenutzten Kurzgeschichtender Nachkriegszeit ersetzen. Auf Grund ihrer sprachlichenPräzision, inhaltlicher Spannung und eines betonten Gegenwartsbezugeskönnten diese Stories im Unterricht gut angewandtwerden.Tamar kiRuraZekulturis nimuSebi uaxlesgermanul literaturaSiucxo enebisa da literaturis sauniversiteto swavlebiskulturis Seswavlaze orientirebuli meTodologiaefuZneba mosazrebas, rom kulturis kvleva mxolod ganmartebiTimeTodiTaa SesaZlebeli. amdenad, yvela saxis testi,maT Soris mxatvrulic, ganixileba rogorc kulturismcodneobiskvlevis obieqti. zogierTi mxatvruli teqsti SeiZlebaiqces erTgvar gansamart paradigmad ama Tu im kulturisSeswavlis procesSi. ganmartebiTi meTodis meSveobiTucxo kultura Seiswavleba ara ubralod rogorc faqtobrivmonacemTa wyeba ama Tu im qveynisa Tu xalxis istoriis,politikis, ekonomikis, mecnierebis, literaturisa Tu xelovnebisSesaxeb, aramed rogorc sazogadoebis erTiani istoriulicodna, dafuZnebuli saerTo gamocdilebas, tradiciasda cxovrebis wess, romelic ganapirobebs da SesaZlebelsxdis urTierTgagebasa da gagebinebas ama Tu im enobriv-komunikaciurigaerTianebis farglebSi. statiaSi war-7. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi97

modgenilia uaxles periodSi, kerZod ukanaskneli ori aTwleulisganmavlobaSi Seqmnili germanuli mxatvruli literaturuliteqstebi, romelnic mkafiod asaxaven aqtualursazogadoebriv diskurss, ganixilebian rogorc sauke-Teso gansamarti magaliTebi Tanamedrove germanuli da zogadadevropuli kulturis Sesaswavlad da amdenad gansakuTrebiTrelevanturni arian sauniversteto swavlebis procesSi.TAMAR KIGURADZECULTURAL PATTERNS IN CONTEMPORARYGERMAN LITERATUREThe main idea of cultural studies, as part of foreign languages andliterature teaching at the university is that a culture can only be researchedapplying the explanatory method. Therefore all kinds of texts, includingthe fiction, represent the object of cultural research. Some fictionaltexts may also be used as an interpretative paradigm in cultural studies.This method allows teaching the foreign culture not only as a simple collectionof facts about history, politics, economy, science, literature andarts, but also it makes possible to recognize the culture as backgroundknowledge of a language society, which is based on its common experience,tradition, lifestyle and determines the communication and understandinginside the lingual community. The article presents the most relevantGerman fictional texts, created in the last two decades. The texts reflectthe actual social discourses and so far can be used as explanatory patternsin the university teaching of German language and literature.98

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaTea jRarkavacvaigiseuli narativis eqspozicia:`daxasiaTeba~ sametyvelo-kompoziciurformaTa lingvisturi Teoriisa dapersonaJis eqspoziciaSi warmodgenilipoetikis mixedviTwinamdebare statiaSi, Cveni kvlevis sagans warmoadgenspersonaJis cvaigiseuli poetikis is enobrivi ganzomileba,romelic mocemulia avtoriseuli metyvelebis saxiT daromlis funqciad miviCnieT personaJTa daxasiaTeba. Cvensmier gansaxilveli narativis farglebSi personaJTa avtoriseulidaxasiaTeba mTeli Tavisi SesaZlo enobrivi speqtriTar emTxveva ~daxasiaTebis” rogorc sametyvelo-kompoziciuriformis rogorc teqstobrivi erTeulis sazRvrebs:personaJis avtoriseuli daxasiaTeba SeiZleba realizebuliiyos iseTi arateqstobrivi enobrivi erTeulebi-Tac, rogoricaa winadadeba mTeli Tavisi moculobiT, anwinadadebis esa Tu is wevri (ZiriTadad gansazRvreba an garemoeba).Sesabamisad Cvens winaSea personaJis avtoriseulidaxasiaTebis iseTi doneebrivi modeli, romlis `umaRles”doned warmogvidgeba `daxasiaTeba” rogorc sametyvelo-kompoziciuriforma mTeli Tavisi SesaZlo struqturiT, ufro`dabal” doneebad ki – winadadebisa da winadadebis wevrissaxiT warmodgenili sityva. vfiqrobT, personaJis avtoriseulidaxasiaTebis amgvarad warmodgenili modeli arewinaaRmdegeba Cvens ZiriTad mizans – vikvlioT `daxasiaTebis”rogorc sametyvelo-kompoziciuri formis roli damniSvneloba personaJis poetikis zogad struqturaSi.sakvlevi miznis amgvari dakonkretebis Semdeg gvsursdavsvaT SekiTxva, romelic igulisxmeba mocemuli statiis99

saTauriT da romelsac – ra Tqma unda, masze adekvaturipasuxis gacemis SemTxvevaSi – fundamenturi mniSvneliba eqnebapersonaJis cvaigiseuli poetikis enobrivi ganzomilebiskvlevisTvis. ramdenad pasuxobs es enobrivi ganzomilebaim saxiT, romliTac igi warmodgenilia gansaxilveli narativiseqspoziciaSi, `daxasiaTebis” im funqciur gansazRvras,romelsac iZleva teqstis Tanamedrove lingvisturiTeoria? sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Cveni mizania – Tu vityviTufro ganzogadoebuli saxiT – davukavSuroT erTmaneTsmxatvruli naratiuli teqstis Semdegi sami aspeti:a) naratiuli siuJetis is struqturuli elementi,romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo da aris am JanrisklasikisTvis;b) personaJis, rogorc klasikuri narativis poetika;g) sakuTriv literaturul da enobriv saSualebaTaurTierTzemoqmedeba naratiuli siuJetis agebis daganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.ras unda gulisxmobdes mxatvruli narativis kvlevisadmiinterdisciplinaruli midgoma? igi gulisxmobs imiskvlevas, Tu rogori SeiZleba iyos enobriv saSualebaTaroli naratiuli siuJetis imgvari struqturirebis Sem-TxvevaSi, roca ukve eqspoziciis farglebSi xdeba persona-Jis mkiTxvelisadmi prezentacia misi meti Tu naklebi sisruliTdaxasiaTebis gziT; da Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im funqcias,romelic `akisria” eqspozicias siuJetis zogadstruqturaSi, anu im mdgomareobas, rom siuJetis faqtobriviganviTareba xdeba eqspoziciis Semdeg, gasagebi gaxdebaim enobriv saSualebaTa mniSvneloba, romlebsac mTxrobeliiyenebs personaJis daxasiaTebisas: am saSualebebze dayrdnobiTmTxrobeli winswrebis principiT gasagebad xdis mkiTxvelisTvissiuJetis SesaZlo peripetiaTa mTel erTobliobas.sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, am SemTxvevaSi swored narativissakuTriv enobrivma aspeqtma unda aiRos Tavis TavzemkiTxvelis mier siuJetis aRqmis da gagebis winswreba (anticipacia).100

Cveni azriT, swored eqspoziciis farglebSi persona-Jis arasiuJeturi (anu, yovel SemTxvevaSi, naklebad siuJeturi)e. i. mxolod enobriv saSualebebze dafuZnebuli anticipaciisrogorc problemis kvleva gviqmnis rogorcliteraturaTmcodneobis da lingvistikis monacemTa integrirebissaintereso, anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, aratrivialurSemTxvevas. es aratrivialuroba ki mdgomareobs SemdegSi:rogorc cnobilia, teqstis Tanamedrove lingvisturiTeoria moicavs iseT Tematur da problemur sferos,rogoricaa moZRvreba sametyvelo-kompoziciur formaTa Sesaxeb.aseve cnobilia, rom sametyvelo-kompoziciuri formagaigeba Semdegnairad: es is enobrivi formebia, romelTameSveobiT xdeba `sinamdvilis faqtobrivi aspeqtis.... `aRqma”,`SerCeva”, da `Sefaseba”, 1 rogorc citirebuli naSromis avtorebiamboben, swored sametyveli-kompoziciuri formebissaSualebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba, is, rom metyvelebis proces-Si ~sinamdvilis asxva realizebulia `aRqmis”, `SerCevisa”da `Sefasebis” Sinagani ganuyoflobis gziT~. 2 avtorebi gamoyofensam ZiriTad kompoziciur formas – “Bericht”, “Beschreibung”,“Eroerterung”, 3 anu `cnobas” (Txrobas), `aRweras”da `msjelobas” (ganmartebas). mocemuli paragrafisfarglebSi ar SegviZlia da arc miviCnevT saWirod sametyvelo-kompoziciurformebTan dakavSirebuli mTeli problematikisganxilvas, magram zemoT Cvens mier formulirebulproblemasTan dakavSirebiT gvsurs xazi gavusvaT Semdeggaremoebas:problemasTan dakavSirebiT gvsurs xazi gavusvaT Semdeggaremoebas. rogorc vnaxeT, avtorebi gamoyofen sam ukveaRniSnul formas, magram amave dros sametyvelo-kompozociurforma `aRweris” farglebSi (naSromis misdamimiZRvnil TavSi) gamoyofen da ganmartaven iseT kompoziciurformasac, rogoricaa `daxasiaTeba” (Charakteristik) –1 Л. А. Ноздрина, Поетика грамматическиx кaтeгорий. М., 2004, gv. 14.2 Л. А. Ноздрина, Поетика грамматическиx кaтeгорий, gv. 14.3 Л. А. Ноздрина, Поетика грамматическиx кaтeгорий, gv. 14.101

Tanac gamoyofen mas rogorc savsebiT damoukidebel erTeuls.maTi azriT, `daxasiaTeba” rogorc sametyvelo-kompoziciuriforma SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas ”`sami SemdegiSinaarsobrivi tipiT”.1. pirovnebaTa daxasiaTeba;2. usulo saganTa daxasiaTeba;3. procesTa da mdgomareobaTa `daxasiaTeba”. 1magram, Cvenis azriT da Cveni kvleviTi miznebidan gamomdinregansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieqces imas, Turogor ganasxvaveben avtorebi daxasiaTebas aRwerisgan. maTiazriT, Tu aRwerisas sagnebs da procesebs subieqti uSualodaRiqvams, daxasiaTebisas xdeba piriqiT: `sagnebi daprocesebi uSualod ki ar aRiqmebian, aramed piriqiT `daxasiaTeba”warmoadgens mravaljeradi dakvirvebis, analizis,SedegTa reziumirebas”. 2citirebul avtorTa mixedviT `daxasiaTebis~ rogorcsametyvelo-kompoziciuri formis obieqts SeiZleba warmoadgendesrogorc pirovneba, ise usulo sagani, procesebida mdgomareobani. magram, ra Tqma unda, da imdenad, ramdenadacCveni kvlevis sagans warmoadgens mxatvruli narativi,CvenTvis pirvel rigSi saintereso unda iyos daxasiaTebisis aspeqti, romelic ukavSirdeba pirovnebebs, anu naratiuliTvalsazrisiT personaJebs. da swored am TvalsazrisiTSegviZlia vilaparakoT imis Sesaxeb, rasac zemoT vuwodeTliteraturaTmcodneobisa da lingvistikis monacemTa SesaZlointegrirebis `aratrivialuroba”. saqme SemdegSia: rogorczemoT iTqva, eqspoziciis farglebSi personaJis daxasiaTebaSesaZlebelia, rogorc wesi, mxolod enobrivi sa-SualebebiT da ras unda warmoadgendes es enobrivi saSualebebilingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, Tu ara sametyvelokompoziciurforma `daxasiaTebas” da swored `daxasiaTebis”rogorc enobrivi formis amgvari anu eqspoziciisfarglebSi misi gamoyeneba ewinaaRmdegeba mis im ganmartebas,1 М. Гаспаров. Поэтика, – wgn.: Литературная Энциклопедия. М., 2001, gv. 86.2 М. Гаспаров. Поэтика, gv. 86.102

omelsac iZleva ukve citirebul naSromSi warmodgeniliTeoria.rogorc vnaxeT, am Teoriis Tanaxmad, `daxasiaTeba”warmoadgens `mravaljeradi dakvirvebis SedegTa reziumirebas”.magram swored amgvar ganmartebas mTlianad ewinaagmdegebais faqti, rom eqspoziciis farglebSi gamoyenebulidaxasiaTeba SeuZlebelia iyos dakvirvebaTa (miTumetes`mravaljerad dakvirvebaTa”) Sedegi. rogorc zemoT iTqva,eqspoziciaSi gamoyenebuli enobrivi saSualebebiT mTxrobelimkiTxvels uqmnis siuJetis siRrmiseuli arsisa da gagebisanticipacias – anticipacia ki unda gavigoT imis sapirispiromovlenad, rasac SeiZleba ewodos `mravaljeraddakvirvebaTa Sedegebis reziumireba”.magaliTisTvis moviyvanoT daxasiaTba, romelsac eqspoziciisfarglebSi mTxrobeli aZlevs moTxrobis “BrennendesGeheimnis” (`mwveli saidumlo~) erT-erT personaJs –axalgazrda barons.Er war einer jener jungen Menschen, deren huebschem Gesichtviel geglueckt ist und in denen nun bestaendig alles fuer eineneue Begegnung, ein neues Erlebnis bereit ist, die immer gespanntsind, sich ins Unbekannte eines Abendteuers zu schnellen, dienichts ueberrascht, weil sie alles lauernd berechnet haben, dienichts Erotisches uebersehen, weil schon ihr erster Blick jederFrau in das Sinnliche greift, pruefend und ohne Unterschied, obes die Gattin ihres Freundes ist oder das Stubenmaedchen. vinccvaigis am moTxrobas icnobs, dagveTanxmeba, rom baronis esdaxasiaTeba mocemulia ara siuJetis im epizodebis Semdeg,romlebic mogvcemdnen garkveul dakvirvebaTa Sedegebis reziumirebissaSualebas, aramed piriqiT – igi warmoadgenssworad am epizodTa eqspoziciur anticipacias.aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, romcvaigiseuli mxatvruli narativis eqspoziciis farglebSiadgili aqvs daxasiaTebis rogorc sametyvelo-kompoziciuriformis im funqciis inversias, romlzec laparakobs lingvistika.103

TEA JGARKAVANARRATIVE EXPOSITION ACCORDING TOSTEFAN ZWEIG: “THE SPECIFICATION” REPRESENTINGSPEECH-COMPOSITIONAL FORMS IN LINGUISTICS ANDCHARACTER EXPOSITION PRESENTED IN THE POETICSThe focus of the research paper is to observe “the specification” asthe speech-compositional form, its role and the significance of a characterin the general structure of poetics. According to the cited theories, theobject of the specification representing speech-compositional form canbe not only a person, but also an inanimate object or some other processesand states. To sum up, we assume that in Stefan Zweig’s literary expositionwe observe the functional inversion of the “specification” representingspeech-compositional forms, which is described by linguists.104

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaДИАНА АЛАНИЯРУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК XXI ВЕКАВ новых условиях, в период социальных, экономических,и культурных сломов, русский язык в целом существенно изменился.Иначе и не могло быть. Находясь в постоянном движении,русский язык, «живой как жизнь», непрерывно развивается,совершенствуется, имея свое настоящее, прошлое и будущее.Обогащение словаря – это один из важнейших факторовразвития языка, свидетельство его динамического характера.С развитием общества появляются новые предметы, явления,они запечатляются в новых словах и новых значениях. Всоответствии с языковыми законами лексическая система постоянноперестраивается, она находится в состоянии непрерывногоизменения, особенно в нашу эпоху, отличительной чертойкоторой является раскрепощенность языка, ослабление «внутреннегоцензора» и как следствие – обилие всевозможных новообразований.Как показывают наблюдения, новообразования последнеговремени широко представлены в СМИ, в языке газеты, т.к.газета является одним из видов массовой коммуникации, разностороннеи быстро отражающей события каждого новогодня и чётко регистрирующей новые слова, значения и словосочетания.Она быстрее всех других жанров письменной речиотражает сдвиги, которые происходят во всех сферах жизниобщества и является в большинстве случаев первым письменнымисточником, фиксирующим появление новых слов, значений,выражений, претендующих на вхождение в общеупотребительнуюлексику.Именно в газете возникают и определяются многие важныетенденции развития современного русского литературногоязыка. Она, рассматривая привычные рамки сложившейся системы,стимулирует процессы словотворчества.105

Известно, что из слов состоит наша вселенная, за каждымсловом стоит понятие. Основным же языкотворцем является народ.В некоторых случаях автор нового слова точно известен.Им может быть писатель, ученый, журналист... Например: Ф. М.Достоевский впервые в 1846 году в повести «Двойник» применилслово «стушеваться»; Слово «гелекоптер» создал Леонардода Винчи; А. В. Суворов ввел выразительное слово «немогузнайка»;термин «корабль-спутник» предложил академикС. П. Королев; термин «витамины» (от лат. vita- жизнь) предложилв 1912 г. польский ученый К. Функ; А. П. Чехов придумалшутливое слово «вертифлюшка» из «вертихвостка» и«финтифлюшка»; Евгений Евтушенко в стихотворении «Неуставай» вводит слово «неустаюноша», и читая «неустаюношаседой», мы представляем энергичного, но уже не молодогочеловека. Можно привести еще много подобных примеров.В наш век лексика интенсивно пополняется в основном засчет заимствований: ранее из немецкого и французского языков,теперь – из английского языка. Процесс заимствованияиноязычных слов (в основном английских) оказался одним изнаиболее активных и социально значимых языковых процессовсовременности. В разные эпохи приходили к нам «чужие» слова.Заимствования были требованием жизни. Английское словов современном русском контексте – одна из примет «языковоговкуса эпохи». 1С одной стороны, это потребности изменившейся жизни(изменение политических, экономических и идеологическихориентиров), с другой – американомания, когда привлекаютстандарты жизненного уровня, манера поведения, общения ивкусы. Следует заметить, что сейчас английские слова вытесняютне только русские, но слова раннее заимствованные издругих языков и прижившиеся в русском языке (англ. «сендвич»вместо нем. «бутерброд»; англ. «слоганы» вместо нем.«лозунги»; англ. «дисплей» вместо франц. «экран» и др.).Несмотря на то, что в русском языке существуют некоторыелексические эквиваленты, свидетельствующие об отсутствиинеобходимости в заимствовании (консенсус-согласие, имидж-1 В. Г. Костомаров. Языковой вкус эпохи. М., 1994, с. 55.106

образ, коттоновый – хлопчатобумажный и др.), побеждает общийнастрой: иностранное слово становится не только нужным,но и престижным. Иноязычное слово стало неотъемлемой частьюсловаря даже на бытовом уровне (не говоря о социальном инаучно-техническом). Широкое распространение получили аудиои видеотехника, компьютер, Интернет. Интернет заимствованоиз английского: «international net», в переводе на русскийозначает «всемирная сеть».Английский язык (в его американском варианте) – главныйдонор эпохи; его влияния в разные языки мира, в том числеи в русский, в последнее десятилетие, существенны. Английскийназывают «современной латынью». Англицизмы сегоднянаиболее активны среди заимствований. Есть сферы общения,где они полностью завладели лексическим пространством,например в эстрадной музыкальной культуре. Музыкальныетермины из поп-искусства сегодня хлынули в русскийязык даже вытесняя другие известные заимствования: «сингл»(«single») дословно – «песня», теперь означает отдельную композицию.(Она поет в своем новом сингле) Сингл вытеснилдиск. Слова типа «саунд», «хит», «трек» часто употребляютсяв английском написании.Сегодня английский язык становится международным попричине политического влияния его носителей: США являютсяведущей и развитой в экономическом отношении страной,оказывающей политическое и господствующее влияние на весьмир. 1 Экономическая и военная мощь США определила статусанглийского языка. Великая культура, литература, религия,созданные в прошлом, особые структурные свойства и лексическиеособенности английского языка вполне соответствуютзапросам нынешней технократической цивилизации.Современный мир вошел в ХХI век под знаком глобализации.Глобализация настойчиво входит в нашу жизнь. Лингвистическийаспект глобализации выражается в появленииязыка международного общения. В разные эпохи развития человечествамногие языки побывали фаворитами и успели уйтив небытие. Сейчас настала пора английского. Исторически сло-1 М. Делягин. Россия в условиях глобализации. М., 2000, с. 99.107

жилось так, что именно английский язык выполняет сегодняфункцию языка международного общения мирового сообществаэпохи глобализации. По данным известного английскоголингвиста Д. Кристалла, число людей в мире, говорящих наанглийском языке, составляет 1 млрд 100 млн, из которыхтолько четверть признает английский своим родным языком. 1Для большинства людей английский второй язык повседневногои делового общения.В последнее время появилось понятие ключевой язык (keylanguage), под которым понимается язык, функционирующий внеисконной среде, владение которым является обязательномусловием жизненного, прежде всего профессионального, успехачеловека (ситуация во многих странах Европы и Азии).В «Карте культурной миграции» – Uoices of the Worid –представлены 10 самых распространенных языков мира (в миллионахносителей): английский занимает второе место – 322млн., а русский язык – седьмое место – 170 млн. Эксперты вэтом области предполагают и предрекают (Майкл Краус – MichaelKrauss), что к 2050 году исчезнет около половины всехязыков мира, а к 2100 году исчезнет 90%. 2Что может быть в будущем с русским языком? Как подвластенон глобальным процессам, происходящим в мире?Может ли он когда-нибудь исчезнуть? Русский язык будет существоватьпока существует мир. Он не может исчезнуть подвум основным причинам: во-первых Россия самая большаястрана в мире: она занимает одну седьмую часть поверхностиЗемли, а население России составляет примерно 146 млн. человек,около 85% из них русские. В России большую часть населениясоставляют не очень образованные люди, говорящиетолько на русском языке. Во-вторых, в России существует богатаярусская литература.Со временем английский язык может стать лишь языкомсверхуспешного меньшинства.Каково же положение русского языка сегодня в Грузии?1 Д. Кристалл. Английский язык как глобальный. Пер. с англ. М., 2001, с. 782 M. Krauss. Д. А. Алания. Глобализация и языковая ситуация в мире. – Славистикав Грузии 9. Тб., 2008, с. 26108

Русский язык, международный язык, язык великой культуры,один из богатых и научно разработанных языков, до недавнеговремени в Грузии занимал привилегированное положение, поройконкурировал с государственным, грузинским языком, являясьязыком «межнационального общения». Однако язык, каки любая историческая категория, подвластен глобальным процессам,которые корректируют и мотивируют масштабы и формыего распространения в мире.Социальные перемены изменили статус русского языка вГрузии, официально он стал одним из иностранных языков.Фактически русский язык все еще является основным языкомфункционирования для определенной части населения Грузии,которое представлено не только русскими, евреями, украинцами,азербайджанцами, армянами, греками, абхазами, осетинамии др. но и грузинами. Русский язык de facto является интерязыкомв общении с соседями по региону (на Южном Кавказе,на Северном Кавказе).Сегодня на официальном уровне русский язык обслуживаетнациональные меньшинства внутри нашего государства вих контактах с представителями стран ближнего и дальнего зарубежья,владеющими русским языком. Многие грузины ипредставители национальных меньшинств получили образованиена русском языке; некоторые передачи по радио и телевидениюведутся на русском языке, выходят русские газеты, журналы,книги. Т.о., русский язык продолжает, хотя не в такомобъеме, как прежде, функционировать.Но, как и почти во всех бывших советских республиках,русский язык в Грузии на данном этапе занимает все же скромноеположение. Он подвергается, надо признать, двойному вытеснению:со стороны государственного (грузинского) и английскогоязыков. В Грузии хорошо понимают, что потерятьконтакты с русским языком – значит ослабить связи с русскойкультурой, которая сыграла огромную роль в развитии грузинскойкультуры, да и сама впитала в себе идеи и образы непреходящейценности. Два века общности – это время настоящеговзаимного обогащения.Следует признать, что владение русским языком на сего-109

дняшний день является важной социальной задачей. Коммуникацияс негрузинским населением между народами осуществляласьи осуществляется при помощи русского языка.Перспектива полиязычного развития в Грузии должнавключать обязательное знание грузинского, английского и русскогоязыков, знание других иностранных языков и языков национальныхменьшинств, существующих в Грузии.Динамика развития и новые тенденции определили конкретныеизменения в русском языке ХХ1 века. В основном пополняетсялексика за счет образования неологизмов: «долларизация»– внедрение американского доллара в экономику;«сэконд-хенд» – бывшие в употреблении вещи; «спичрайтер»– автор речей высокопоставленного лица и др.; заимствований:«аутотренинг», «бартер», «ваучер», «дисплей», «инаугурация»,«рейтинг», «менеджмент», «тинэйджер», «файл»,«харизма», «шейпинг», «шоу-бизнес», «пиар» и мн. др.; исемантических преобразований, основные из них:1. деактуализация значений, отражающих советскиереалии, значения которых уходят в разряд семантическихархаизмов: партия (теперь какая?), первичка(теперь первичная организация любой партии) и др.В разговорной речи наблюдается воздействие экономикина жизнь слов: перестают употребляться глаголы«давать» (в значении продавать), «выбросить»,«выкинуть» (в значении пустить в продажу) и др.2. деидеологизация лексики: бизнес, бизнесмен, конкуренция,миллионер, коммерсант диссидент, предприниматель,буржуа и мн. др. слова в официальнойпечати употребляются без идеологического приращения.3. политизация некоторых групп лексики: в сферу политическихконтекстов втягиваются слова изначальноне имевшие отношения к политике: застой, плюрализм,диалог, раунд и др.4. деполитизация некоторых политических терминов:«консенсус» употребляется в значении согласие всемье, в коллективе, в очереди, «плюрализм» может110

обозначать множественность мнений по любому вопросу,«конфронтация» – ссоры, «раскулачивание» –грабеж, слово «приватизация» стало употреблятьсяв шутку со значением «незаконное присвоение»,«ограбление» (прихватизация) и т.д.5. метафоризация – выражение оценки общественнополитическойситуации.Известно, что метафора не только прием изображения,это способ мышления, способ восприятия мира. Метафоры показывают,как картина мира отражается в общественном сознаниии какова она, эта картина. Вот некоторые примеры – метафорвосприятия современности: поезд федерации, корабльреформ, экономическая реформа буксует, болезнь общества,атрофия власти, паралич власти, аллергия на контакты спрессой, злокачественная опухоль национализма, доллароваяинъекция, болезнь суверенизации оказалась заразной, оздоровлениефинансов (экономики), акулы бизнеса и др.В современном русском языке наблюдаются также особенностиупотребления лексики пассивного фонда, а именно,использование историзмов и архаизмов в функции номинацийновых реалий современной жизни, – дума, губернатор, гимназия,лицей, градоначальник, знатный, династия. Следует заметить,что заимствования из пассивного фонда языка и новоеиноязычное заимствование – могут приводить к возникновениюконкурирующих синонимичных номинаций: спонсор, меценат,толстосум; мер, градоначальник, городской голова.На новом стилистическом фоне просторечной языковойсреды наблюдается также использование высокой книжной лексики:держава, федерация, державники. Многие слова, связанныес религией, т.е. конфессиональная лексика, ранее табуированная,освоена современной литературой и публицистикой:милосердие, благословение, исповедь, собор, часовня, священники др. Многие из них подверглись семантическим трансформациям,перешли в разряд беллетризмов, вошли в публицистическоеклише: храм науки, алтарь победы, политическое евангелие,апостолы мировой революции и др. Некоторые используютсяпереносно: молиться рынку, исповедь на заданную тему.111

Интересно заметить, что в современные газетные текстысвободно включаются просторечные и жаргонные элементы,молодежный сленг и уголовное арго. Например: совок (советскийчеловек); тусовка (сборище, гулянка, уличные посиделкимолодежи) – элитная, музыкальная, литературная, религиозная,клевая (крутая), классная (грандиозная), великосветская; фанат– поклонник, любитель чего-либо; беспредел – насилие, убийство,бунт на зоне – заимствовано из уголовного арго; коррупция,подмазать, отстегнуть, рэкет, наехать, кинуть и др.В русском языке блатным словам всегда находилось место,но никогда не было им так раздольно, как сегодня, потомучто они выражают сущность реально существующих в обществесоциальных отношении: демокрады, дермократы, дембанда,травка (наркотик), тундра (недалекий человек), колики(наркотики) и др.Но лексика не только пополняется, но и что-то теряет,т.е. такие понятия, которые становятся менее важными, например:шурин, золовка, свояченица и др. В связи с тем, чтоизменились условия жизни (ранее семья жила компактно, теперьпостепенно распадается). поэтому и нет надобности вупотреблении этих слов.Наблюдается и такое явление: язык постепенно навязываетновое:Ранее:манекенщицамаклерпарикмахер(более ранее брадобрей)получка(более ранее жалованье)выбросили товарвыслеживатьсожительсожительницасожительствоТеперь:модельрентестилистзарплатапоявился товарвыискиватьбой-френдгел-френдгражданский брак112

Реальность навязывает изменение значений слов и выражений:звонить мог телефон, а не человек (метонимия); Я тебянаберу, в смысле твой номер телефона – (переход по смежности);Способ прощания: до связи, до новых встреч и др.Как видим, русский язык живет и развивается по своимисторически сложившимся законам. Из появляющихся новыхслов и выражений войдут в сокровищницу его лексики толькоте, которые соответствуют его закономерностям, грамматическиминормам и звуковым особенностям.Следует обратить внимание еще на то, что в новых социальныхусловиях XXI века возможности и задачи науки о русскомязыке существенно изменились.Современное общество неоднородно, т.е. оно состоитприблизительно из следующих существенных слоев:1. людей, которые изучив русский язык как родной, испытываютпрофессиональную и эмоциональную потребностьсовершенствования в этой области;2. людей, которые изучают русский язык;3. людей, которые преподают русский язык как родной;4. людей, которые преподают русский язык как неродной;5. людей, которые определяют политику по отношению крусскому языку (вводят или отменяют предметы вучебных заведениях, финансируют научные исследованияи т.д.);Очевидно, что самой многочисленной группой людей, заинтересованныхв развитии науки о русском языке, являетсята, которая, изучив русский язык как родной, испытывает профессиональнуюи эмоциональную потребность его совершенствованияв новых условиях. Логика развития науки сегодняпоказала, что научные интересы специалистов по русскомуязыку переместились из лингвистической сферы в областькультуры. Вопросы о том, как отражаются в русском языке исознании такие концепты, как дом, природа, семья более интересны,чем вопросы о фонетике, морфологии, синтаксисе и т.д.Традиционное лингвистическое изучение русской лексики,фразеологии, грамматики в историческом и сопоставительномаспектах создало языковую картину мира и специфику его8. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi113

национального менталитета. Науку о русском языке привлекаютсегодня значение и смысл, которые определяют, как в русскихсловах отразились фрагменты действительности и чтоименно представляют собой конкретные участки русской картинымира.В области преподавания русского языка как неродногоизучена проблема теоретического обеспечения активных речевыхдействий, русского речевого этикета, выражения обращения,благодарности, извинения, просьбы, совершенствованиекомпетенции в русском языке, обучение орфографии и пунктуации,лексики, фразеологии и грамматикиИногда кажется, что еще можно прибавить к описаниюфонетической системы русского языка, русского словоизмененияи других его разделов. Кажется, ничего. Однако следуетобратить внимание на следующее: фонетика традиционно изученаи представлена в вузовских курсах с позиций говорящего,грамматика – с позиций воспринимающего, а лексика ориентированав основном на определение точного семантического содержания.Что же важно при изучении русского языка особенно какнеродного на современном этапе? По всей вероятности определяющимфактором является не значение грамматическихпринципов, а конкретная ситуация, в которой употреблено соответствующеепредложение, и знание собеседника о том, чтопредставляет собой та ситуация, которая описана речью.Наука о русском языке, изучив свой предмет с позицийсоздателя речевых сообщений, может внести определенныйвклад в культурологию. В первую очередь, представляют интересвнутренние, интеллектуальные, духовные, эмоциональныеи нравственные характеристики человека, а также те оценки,которые человек дает окружающему его миру.114

diana alaniaXXI saukunis rusuli enastatia eZRvneba rusuli enis ganviTarebis dinamikasXXI saukuneSi, misi leqsikuri sistemis cvlilebebs, romlebicgamowveulia axali tendenciebiTa da social-politikuripirobebiT: globalizaciis epoqiT, ekonomikuri, politikurida aSS-is samxedro siZlieriT, romelmac gansaz-Rvra inglisuri enis saerTaSoriso statusi. dRes inglisuriena asrulebs saerTaSoriso enis funqcias msoflio-Si. Tanamedrove epoqaSi igi axdens gavlenas sxva enebzemsoflioSi da aris epoqis mTavari donori. Zalian didiainglisuri enis gavlena rusul enaze: inglisuri sityvebiara marto cvlian rusul sityvebs, aramed sxva enebidanrusulSi adre nasesxeb sityvebs; miuxedavad leqsikuri ekvivalentebisarsebobisa rusul enaSi inglisuri sityva imarjvebsda ufro prestiJulia ganwyobis wyalobiT Tanamedroverusul enaSi leqsika ivseba neologizmebiT, sesxebiT,semantikuri gardaqmniT: mniSvnelobis deaqtualizacia;leqsikis deideologizacia; depolitizacia; Tanamedrove metaforizaciisaRqma. sagazeTi statiebSi Setanilia mdabiurienisa da `Jargonuli~ elementebi: sisxlis samarTlisargodan da sxva. socialurma movlenebma Secvales rusulienis statusi saqarTveloSi. is gaxda erTaderTi ucxo ena.rusuli ena de facto aris inter-ena mezoblebTa urTier-TobaSi (amier da imierkavkasiaSi) da faqtobrivad rusuliena jer kidev aris mTavari ena, igi funqcionirebs saqar-Tvelos mosaxleobis garkveul nawilSi, romelic warmodgeniliaara marto rusebiT, ebraelebiT, ukrainelebiT,somxebiT, azerbaijanelebiT, berZnebiT, afxazebiT, osebiTda a.S. aramed qarTvelebiTac.115

DIANA ALANIATHE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE OF XXI CENTURYThe article deals with the problems of the Russian language evolutionin XXI century, the innovations in the Russian vocabulary caused bythe current tendencies and the social and political factors determining theinternational status of the English language: globalization, the economicgrowth and the political and military expansion of the USA. Today theEnglish language carries out an international language status in theworld. It influences other languages and is the main donor of the age.Great is the impact of English on the Russian language. The English vocabularyreplaces not only Russian words but the earlier borrowings fromother languages too. Notwithstanding the existence of their lexical equivalentsin Russian the English vocabulary prevails and enriches the Russianlanguage with neologisms, borrowings, semantic changes (deactualizationof the meaning, deideologization of the vocabulary, politizationand depolitization of some lexical groups, new-langled, metaphorization,etc.). There is a tendency in Modern Russian to use the passive vocabulary(historical words, archaisms, elevated literary and bookish glossary)to nominate the new reality. The publicism have assimilated the confessionalwords the use of which was prohibited before. The newspapers aboundin highly colloquial (informal) vocabulary, slang words and expressions,criminal cant, words with new semantic nuances. The social eventshave changed the status of the Russian language which became the onlyforeign language in Georgia. It is a de-facto international language in therelations of the neighbours. Besides, the Russian language functions incertain parts of the Georgian population represented not only by RussiansJews, Ukrainians, Armenians, Azarbaijanians, Greeks, Abkhazians, Ossetians,etc., but also by Georgians.116

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaНИНО ЭТЕРИЯО ПРЕПОДАВАНИИ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКАКАК ИНОСТРАННОГОМетодика обучения русскому языку как иностранномупредставляет собой самостоятельную педагогическую дисциплинуо законах и правилах обучения языку, о способах овладенияязыком, а также об особенностях образования и воспитаниясредствами языка. Как отмечено в специальной литературе«Предмет методики обучения русскому языку как иностранному– оптимальная система управления учебным процессом,т. е. система, направленная на наиболее эффективное овладениеучащимися русским языком». 1Описание русского языка с целью его преподавания иностранцам– это отдельная отрасль педагогической грамматики сопределенными особенностями. Если сравнить грамматическиеправила русского языка, представленные в школьном учебнике,учебнике для иностранцев и в так называемом академическомиздании, которое осуществлялось примерно раз в 10лет и содержало общепринятые теоретические установки, томожно увидеть заметную разницу. Приведем простой пример.Если рассмотреть тему «Виды глагола» в учебных пособияхвсех трех типов, то в школьном обучении объяснение строитсятаким образом, чтобы научить ученика определять вид глаголав тексте, задавая вопросы – Что делать? Что сделать?; в академическойграмматике очень подробно излагаются сведения оспособах глагольного действия; в учебнике для иностранцевизложение построено иначе и содержит тщательный переченьмногочисленных правил употребления глаголов того или иноговида. Различаются даже представления о границах грамматики:тема «Глаголы движения» всегда входит в грамматики дляиностранцев, а не в лексические пособия. Академическое (на-1 Методика. Под редакцией А. А. Леонтьева. М., 1988, с. 34.117

зываемое также теоретическим, а по задачам – структурносистемным)описание ставит целью обнаружить как можнобольше языковых единиц и установить системные связи междуними. Поэтому в трудах этого направления ценится выявлениеразличных групп (типы словоизменения, схемы предложения ит. п.). 1 В то время как функционирование единиц оказываетсяна заднем плане. Поэтому в некоторых случаях академическоеописание не помогает научить правильно употреблять словоили грамматическую форму (к примеру, знание всех частновидовыхзначений не помогает правильно выбрать глагольныйвид, допустим, при сообщении о факте действия: Я просил обэтом или Я попросил об этом).Во второй половине XVIIв. предпринимались попыткисформулировать отдельные положения теории обучения иностраннымязыкам. В университетах и гимназиях Западной Европырусский язык впервые начали преподавать в началеXVIIIв. Русскими и иностранными авторами составлялисьграмматики и практические пособия по русскому языку дляиностранцев. В учебники включались тексты, рассказывающиео России – о географии, климате, достопримечательностях русскихгородов, обычаях русских. Во второй половине XVIIIв. наЗападе и в России предпринимались попытки теоретическогообоснования методов преподавания иностранных языков (грамматико-переводногои текстуально-грамматического).В XIX – начале ХХвв. русский язык преподавался в большинствестран Европы и некоторых странах Азии и Африки. Впреподавании русского языка по-прежнему развивались дванаправления: грамматико-переводное и практическое. В 70-хгодах ХХв. представители реформы школьного образованиявыдвинули натуральный (прямой) метод, который в несколькоизмененном виде стал применяться и в обучении русскомуязыку как иностранному. В университетах и средних школахбыл наиболее распространён грамматико-переводной метод.Создавался новый тип пособия – учебник-хрестоматия, кото-1 Методика. Под редакцией А. А. Леонтьева. М., 1988; Э. Г. Азимов, А. Н. Щукин.Словарь методических терминов. Теория и практика преподавания языков.СПб., 1999; Е. Г. Борисова, А. Н. Латышева. Лингвистические основы РКИ. Педагогическаяграмматика русского языка. Учебное пособие. М., 2003.118

рый позволял учесть повышенный интерес иностранцев к русскойлитературе. 1Сегодня первое место среди методов обучения русскомуязыку как иностранному принадлежит коммуникативному. Егоцелью является развитие у учащихся умений решать коммуникативныезадачи средствами иностранного языка, свободно общатьсяс его носителями. Таким образом, язык усваивается вовремя естественного общения, организатором и участником которогоявляется учитель. При этом ученик выполняет роль субъектаэтого общения и постоянно должен находиться в действии.Для методики нового времени характерно углубленное исследованиеречевого общения как формы взаимодействия людейпосредством языка. Это направление методических исследованийразвивается под значительным влиянием коммуникативнойлингвистики и рассматривает в качестве главных свойствизучаемого языка такие его качества, как: коммуникативность(так как назначение языка – быть орудием общения), системность(поскольку языковые средства взаимно организованы идолжны изучаться в единстве), функциональность (языковыесредства используются в целях осуществления коммуникаций ипо этой причине содержание высказывания определяет порядокподачи и овладения языковыми средствами). Исследование речевогообщения стимулировало публикацию функциональныхграмматик, сопоставительное изучение языков.Получило развитие исследование, ориентирующее преподавателяна обучение межкультурному общению и отражающееинтерес учащихся к культуре и образу жизни носителя языка. 2Преподаватель стремится формировать у учащихся представлениео языке как отражении социокультурной реальности, национальнойи общечеловеческой. При этом наметились две тенденцииинтерпретации фактов культуры в учебных целях, которыемогут быть разведены и хронологически.Согласно первой тенденции, преподаватель идёт от фактовязыка к фактам культуры. Такой тип знакомства с фактами1 Э. Г. Азимов, А. Н. Щукин. Словарь методических терминов.., с. 54.2 В. Г. Костомарова, Е. М. Верещагина. Язык и культура: Лингвострановедениев преподавании русского языка как иностранного. М., 1973.119

культуры разрабатывается в рамках лингвострановедения. Основнымиобъектами рассмотрения при этом являются: «безэквивалентная»лексика, фоновые знания, присущие носителямязыка и отсутствующие либо иначе трактуемые в иноязычнойкультуре, невербальные средства общения, отражающие особенностинациональной ментальности носителей языка, тактикиречевого поведения в различных ситуациях межкультурногообщения, отражение культурных традиций в художественнойлитературе. При этом культуроведческая информация извлекаетсяиз самих единиц языка, а объектом рассмотрения назанятиях становятся особенности отражения в языке культурыего носителей. Такой подход к изучению языка в контекстекультуры впервые был обоснован в книге В. Г. Костомарова иЕ. М. Верещагина «Язык и культура: Лингвострановедение впреподавании русского языка как иностранного» и продолженво многих публикациях. 1Вторая тенденция в изучении языка и культуры на занятияхпо практике языка рекомендует идти от фактов культурык явлениям в языке. Это направление было отражено в 90-ыхгодах ХХв. Взаимодействие языка и культуры в рамках этогонаправления изучается в новой области языкознания – лингвокультурологии,которая стремится исследовать взаимосвязь ивзаимодействие культуры и языка в процессе их функционирования.В 60-80-е годы прошлого столетия Советом Европы проводилосьисследование уровней владения языком, завершившеесяпубликацией документа «Современные языки: изучение,преподавание, оценка. Общеевропейская компетенция владенияиностранным языком» (Страсбург, 1996). 2В этом документе, помимо определения понятия «коммуникативнаякомпетенция» и толкования входящих в ее составкомпетенций (лингвистическая, речевая, дискурсивная, социокультурная,социальная, стратегическая), были описаны 6уровней владения языком. В качестве параметров для выделенияуровней стали рассматривать: коммуникативные задачи,1 Практическая методика обучения русскому языку как иностранному. Под ред.А. Н. Щукина. М., 2003; А. А. Акишина, О. Е. Каган. Учимся учить: Для преподавателейрусского языка как иностранного. М., 2004.2 Е. Г. Борисова, А. Н. Латышева. Лингвистические основы РКИ.., c. 97.120

которые учащиеся могут решать средствами языка в пределахуровня; сферы, темы, ситуации общения, в пределах которыхэти задачи могут быть решены, т. е. предметно-содержательнаясторона общения; степень лингвистической и экстралингвистическойкорректности решения задач. Описание уровней владенияязыком способствовало интенсификации исследований вобласти контроля уровней овладения русским языком как иностранным.1Наряду с традиционными видами контроля (диктант, изложение,сочинение, выступление на предложенную тему) в90-е годы стал широко использоваться тестовый контроль, чтоозначало переход на новые и более совершенные формы определенияуровня владения языком. Вопрос о преимуществах инедостатках традиционного и тестового контроля остается дискуссионным.Некоторые придерживаются традиционного контроляв отсутствии достаточной объективности и невозможностисравнения уровня знаний и умений учащихся одной группыс уровнем учащихся других групп. В то же время сторонникитрадиционных форм контроля видят недостатки тестированияв его малой эффективности при определении уровнякоммуникативной компетенции в сравнении с языковой, отсутствиедостаточного количества тестов по различным аспектамязыка и видам речевой деятельности, а также слабую подготовкупреподавателей к проведению процедуры тестированияи обработки его результатов. В данной ситуации можно утверждать,что внедрение тестового контроля в практику обученияязыку не должно исключать и другие формы контроля, особеннодля оценки уровня коммуникативной компетенции.В эти же годы получило интенсивное развитие исследованиепроблемы стратегий овладения и владения языком в связис изучением способов приобретения и сохранения информациипри изучении языка. Такие исследования проводятся с позиции«когнитивной психологии». Они привлекают вниманиеметодистов, которые пытаются использовать когнитивныефакторы при обучении порождению и восприятию речи. Исследованиестратегий овладения языком впервые в науке было1 Практическая методика обучения русскому языку как иностранному. Под редакциейА. Н. Щукина. М., 2003, с. 88.121

предложено в работе Г. В. Ейгер, И. А. Раппопорт. 1 В настоящеевремя описаны более ста стратегий, непосредственновлияющих на овладение языком и способствующих такому овладению,предложено их использование на занятиях по языку.В целом можно говорить о двух группах стратегий непосредственновлияющих на учение и способствующих учению. Кчислу первых могут быть отнесены: «когнитивные стратегии»,которые используются учащимися для осмысления материала;стратегии запоминания – для его сохранения в памяти; «компенсаторныестратегии» – помогают справиться с затруднениями,возникающими в процессе общения. К числу вторых –стратегии, связанные с созданием условий для обучения и способствующиепреодолению психологических трудностей в овладенииязыком. 2В последние десятилетия в связи с развитием современныхтехнологий обучения в учебный процесс стали широковнедряться аудио- и видеозаписи, компьютерные программы,дистанционное обучение. Информационные технологии обогащаютучебный процесс во многих областях знания, в самыхразличных условиях обучения и на всех его уровнях. В полноймере это относится к преподаванию иностранных языков особенноза рубежом, где непосредственный контакт с изучаемымязыком ограничен.В своей исследовательской практике филологи давно призналинеобходимость международных связей, а также прямогодоступа к каналам актуальной информации о культуре изучаемогоязыка и используют информационные технологии оченьшироко. Достоинство дистанционной формы обучения заключаетсяв возможности организации самостоятельной работыучащихся в удобное для них время с помощью специальныхкомпьютерных программ и контакта с преподавателем по телефонуили электронной почте.1 Г. В. Ейгер, И. А. Раппопорт. Язык и личность. М., 1991.2 А. А. Акишина, О. Е. Каган. Учимся учить. Для преподавателей русского языкакак иностранного. М., 2004, с. 65.122

nino eTeriarusulis, rogorc ucxo enisswavlebarusuli enis, rogorc ucxo enis swavlebis meTodikawarmoadgens damoukidebel disciplinas enis swavlebis kanonebsada wesebze, enis aTvisebis xerxebze, agreTve enissaSualebiT ganaTlebisa da aRzrdis Taviseburebebze. ucxoelebisaTvisswavlebis mizniT rusuli enis aRwera – espedagogiuri gramatikis calke dargia garkveuli TaviseburebebiT.dReisaTvis rusuli enis, rogorc ucxo enis swavlebismeTodebs Soris pirveli adgili komunikaciurs ekuTvnis.misi mizania moswavleebSi ucxo enis saSualebiT komunikaciuriamocanebis gadaWris ganviTareba, misi matareblebisTavisuflad gamoyeneba. amrigad, enis aTviseba xdeba bunebriviurTierTobis dros, romlis organizatori da monawilemaswavlebelia. amasTan moscavle am urTierTobis subieqtiada mudmivad unda iyos moqmedebaSi. axali droismeTodisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sametyvelo urTierTobissiRrmiseuli kvleva rogorc adamianebis urTierTobis formisaenis saSualebiT.ukanasknel aTwleulebSi swavlebis Tanamedrove teqnologiebisganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT sascavlo proces-Si farTod inergeba audio da video Canawerebi, kompiuteruliprogramebi, distanciuri scavleba. informaciuliteqnologiebi sascavlo process amdidrebs codnis mravalsferoSi, scavlebis gansxvavebul pirobebSi da yvela doneze.es mTlianad ekuTvnis ucxo enebis scavlebas gansaku-TrebiT sazRvargared, sadac uSualo kontaqti SescavlilenasTan SezRudulia.123

NINO ETERIATEACHING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGNLANGUAGEThe methods of teaching Russian as foreign language is an independentpedagogical discipline about the rules and principles of teachinga language, the ways of mastering it, the peculiarities of education andupbringing with the help of a language. Description of the Russian languagewith the view of teaching it to foreigners is a separate branch of pedagogicalgrammar with its specifities called communicative. Nowadaysa communicative approach is primary among the methods of teachingRussian as a foreign language. Its purpose is to develop a pupil’s skills ofsolving communicative problems by the means of a foreign language, anability to communicate freely with the native speakers of a foreign language.Thus, a language is learnt in the process of spontaneous intercoursethe organizer and a participant of which is a teacher , whereas a pupil is thesubject of this intercourse and need incessantly be activated. The modernmethods of language teaching is distinguished by a profound investigationof speech intercourse as a form of human interaction by language means.Recently in connection with the advance of modern teaching facilities intothe educational process have been widely introduced audio- and video-taperecordings, computer programs, a distance teaching method. Informationtechnologies enrich the educational process in many branches of knowledge,in various teaching circumstances and at all its levels. In full measure itrefers to teaching foreign languages, especially abroad where an immediatecontact with the language studied is restricted.124

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa serial i t e r a t u r a T m c o d n e o b anana araxamiaCanafiqri rogorc mxatvruliSinaarsis kategoriacnobilia, rom Canafiqri momavali mxatvruli nawarmoebispirvelsaxes warmoadgens. masSi moiazreba SinaarsisZiriTadi elementebis, konfliqtebis, saxeobrivi struqturiswyaroebi. Canafiqris dabadeba SemoqmedebiTi procesiserT-erTi saidumloa. nawarmoebis Seqmnis sababi SeiZlebagaxdes sxvadasxva impulsi (realobidan aRebuli faqti,gancda, SegrZneba, SemTxveviT mosmenili ambavi da a.S.), romelicnawarmoebze muSaobis procesSi Semoqmedis mier ganzogaddeba.gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom Canafiqri,SesaZlebelia, erTbaSad arc ganxorcieldes da garkveulidrois Semdgom povos asaxva mxatvrul nawarmoebSi.swored ilia WavWavaZis cnobili poemis – “gandegilis” dafolkloruli wyaroebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs SevexebiTCvens statiaSi.literaturisa da xelovnebis sferoSi Zalzed gavrcelebuliada efeqturic mwerlis, xelovanis warmosaxva-fantaziisaTvisama Tu im nawarmoebis masazrdoeblad wyaroTaZieba da am safuZvelze warmoqmnili msgavsebis mauwyebeliparalelebis daZebna. amdenad, arc isaa moulodneli, romilia WavWavaZis `gandegilis~ mimarTac wamoiWra igiveproblema.poemis gamoqveynebisTanave qarTveli sazogadoebrioba,literaturaTmcodneni da mecnierebis sxvadasxva sferoTawarmomadgenlebi dainteresdnen poemis wyaroTi. qarTul125

literaturaTmcodneobaSi am sakiTxTa garSemo arsebulimasala mravalferovani da mravlismomcvelia. bunebrivia, ma-Ti mTlianobaSi gaSuqeba erT sapublikacio naSromSi verxerxdeba. mocemul SemTxvevaSi Cveni konkretuli interesissagans warmoadgens mxolod poemis xalxuri wyaroebis SesaxebliteraturaTmcodneobaSi arsebuli ZiriTadi mosazrebebisdalageba da maTi safuZvlianobis met-naklebad Semowmeba.ama Tu im mwerlisa da mis kvalobaze calkeul qmnilebaTaxalxurobis problema sadiskusio iyo da rCebadResac. 1 xalxurobis erT da arsebiT niSnad isaa miCneuli,Tu ramdenad efeqturadaa gansaxierebuli nawarmoebSi xalxisideali, misi erovnuli suli. meore – Semoqmedebis amrTuli Ziebis gzaze Semdgari xelovani calkeul SemTxveva-Si ramdenad iyenebs, eyrdnoba xalxis wiaRSi Seqmnil folklorulnimuSebs. am TvasazrisiT yvelaze TvalsaCino masalaswarmoadgens is nawarmoebebi, romlebic uSualod xalxurgadmocema-Tqmulebebzea agebuli. ukanasknel xanebSi gamoTqmulSexedulebaTa mixedviT, nawarmoebis xalxurobaar niSnavs mxolod xalxul mxatvrul qmnilebasTan mwerlismimarTebas; `xalxurobad~ gagebulia uSualod xalxSigagonili ara mxatvruli niSnis mqone ambis individualuriSemoqmedebis mier mxatvrulad gardasaxvac. 2ilias `gandegilis~ mimarT es sakiTxi dasva a. xaxanaSvilma.mkvlevari miiCnevda, rom poemas safuZvlad udevsmoxeveTa eTnografiul yofaSi avtoris mier damowmebulixalxuri legenda, magram a. xaxanaSvili mas konkretuladar asaxelebda. 3 ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa aTtomeulisredaqtori p. ingoroyva wers: `ilias poemis Txrobas sa-1 am problemasTan dakavSirebiT saintereso da angariSgasawevia g.kiknaZis Tvalsazrisi. ix.: g. kiknaZe. vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba. Tb.,1957, gv. 155-174.2 d. wowkolauri. vaJa-fSavelas poemaTa xalxur wyaroTa sakiTxi,– vaJas krebuli. I. Tb., 1970, gv. 145.3 v. iTonaSvili. ilia WavWavaZis poema `gandegilis~ folkloruliwyaroebi, – mnaTobi, #11, 1957, gv. 162.126

fuZvlad dasdebia, rogorc amas TviT poemis zedweriligvagulisxmebs, xalxSi gagonili Tqmuleba, aRvniSnavT aq,rom ilias avtografSi poemis zedwerili sami variantiTaris warmodgenili da samsave variantSi aRniSnulia, rompoema xalxur legendas warmoadgens~. 1xalxuri sityviereba, istoria, xevis eTnografiulimasala mowmobs, rom beTlemi ZvelTaganve iTvleboda uwmindesadgilad da iq marTlac binadrobda ber-monazonTa krebuli,rogorc es poemaSia aRniSnuli. mzis sxivze wignisdayrdnoba 2 da wminda jaWvi, 3 sakmaod gavrcelebuli yofilasaqarTvelos mTianeTis, kerZod, xevis xalxursityvierebaSi.rogorc irkveva, ilias legenda xevSi unda moesmina.Tergis xeobasTan da eTnikur xevTan ilia yrmobidan moyolebulimTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiT organulad iyo dakav-Sirebuli. moxeveebTan siaxloves duSeTis mazraSi momrigebel-mosamarTledmuSaobac uwyobda xels. am periodSiilia sofel stefanwmindaSi imyofeba da iqaur simRerebsada saritualo teqstebs agrovebs.cnobilia, rom poemaSi aRwerili myinvarwveriseulibeTlemis Sesaxeb, garda xalxuri gadmocemebisa, cnobebsSeicavs vaxuSti batoniSvilis naSromi `aRwera samefosasaqarTvelosa~. 4 i. WavWavaZe, ra Tqma unda, icnobda vaxuStibatoniSvilis am naSroms da iq aRnusxul cnobebs beTlemze,magram is ufroa safiqrali, rom mweralma uSualodmoismina moxeveTa monaTxrobi myinvaris kldeze arsebuligamoqvabulis Sesaxeb da am `wminda sadgurTan~ dakavSirebulilegenda beTlemSi odesRac dayudebul meudabnoeze.1 i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. red. p. ingoroyva.t. I. Tb., 1951, gv. 380.2 wmindanobis simbolod mzis sxivis aRiarebis Sesaxeb ix.: m. jana-Svili. qarTvelTa matiane, – `moambe~. #4, 1903, gv. 60.3 wminda jaWvis Sesaxeb arsebul warmodgenaTa gamo ix.: m. Ciqovani.mijaWvuli amirani. Tb., 1947, gv. 82.4 vaxuSti bagrationi. saqarTvelos geografia (red. T. lomouri, n.berZeniSvili). Tb., 1941, gv. 67.127

Cvens droSi beTlemis irgvliv ramdenime Tqmuleba iqnaCawerili. maT Soris `samijnuro~ cdunebis ciklisaa s.makalaTias, m. Ciqovanis, v. iToniSvilis da sxvaTa mier Caweriligadmocemebi. 1 s. makalaTia da S. radiani Tvlian,rom poemas xalxuri legenda daedo safuZvlad da es legendaas. makalaTias mier Cawerili Tqmuleba beTlemeliwinamZRvris stefanes Sesaxeb. 2v. iToniSvilis azriT ki, poemis wyaroa asketis cxovrebasTandakavSirebiT xevSi gavrcelebuli istoriuliTqmuleba, romlis ramdenime varianti ukve gamoqveynebulia.ilias arc erTi gamoqveynebuli teqstiT ar usargeblia,radgan poema dawerilia 1883 wels, xolo am gamocemaTavariaciebi qveyndeba momdevno wlebSi. mwerals unda esargebla,erTis mxriv, vaxuStisa da ioane batoniSvilis cnobiT,3 meores mxriv, Tavis mier damowmebuli TqmulebiT,romelic xalxis xsovnaSi imxanad jer kidev cocxlad iyoSemonaxuli. 4T. jvariZis mosazrebiT, poemis amosavali qarTuli sinamdvileada mas safuZvlad udevs legenda gmirobiT gan-Tqmul Rrubela ficxelaurze, romlis Sinaarsic, misiTvalTaxedviT, yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba ilias poemis siuJetsada kompozicias. es Tqmuleba v. iTonaSvils iliasadmimiZRvnil Tavis eTnografiul narkvevSi Seutania, xolo1956 wels igi folkloristebs ivane efxoSvilisaganCauweriaT. ilias ki, avtoris varaudiT, moxeveTagan TviTonmousmenia igi. 5 n. maxaTaZes Tavis naSromSi mohyavs erT-er-Ti xalxuri Tqmuleba saeklesio poetis filipe beTlemelisSesaxeb da gadaWriT miiCnevs mas `gandegilis~ xalxur1 s. makalaTia. xevi. Tb., 1934, gv. 234, 242; m. Ciqovani. ilia WavWavaZeda xalxuri Semoqmedeba. Tb., 1989, gv. 78-94; v. iToniSvili. iliaWavWavaZe da saqarTvelos eTnografia. Tb., 1963, gv. 29-36.2 S. radiani. axali qarTuli literatura. w. I. Tb., 1949, gv. 379, 381.3 S. radiani. axali qarTuli literatura, gv. 3834 v. iToniSvili. ilia WavWavaZe da saqarTvelos eTnografia, gv. 55.5 T. jvariZe. `gandegilis~ xalxuri wyaroebi, – `jvari vazisa~. #1,1987, gv. 55-57.128

wyarod. 1 v. sidamoniZis mier gamoTqmulia mosazreba, romilias poemis gmiri istoriuli pirovneba besarion favleniSvilia.misi azriT, swored besarion beris saxe ukvdavyoiliam poema `gandegilSi~. 2 es varaudi Cven Zalze sakama-Tod gveCveneba.savsebiT marTleburad mesaxeba am TvalsazrisiT l. minaSvilispozicia. misi fiqriT, Znelia romelime Tqmulebisuciloblad ilia WavWavaZis poemis xalxur wyarod miCneva,radgan dRemde ucnobia, Tu konkretulad rogori iyo isgadmocema, romelsac ilia icnobda. l. minaSvili miuTi-Tebs: `ilias, gandegilobis zogadsayovelTao masalaSi,erovnulis gamovlenis faqti izidavs da garkveul SemoqmedebiTimpulsadac gamodis. viciT, ilias gansakuTrebiTmoswons is, Tu ra Zvirad afasebs eri siwmindes. Cvenixalxis rwmeniT, martooden gafiqrebam daukarga bers siwmindeda mzis sxivma misi locvani aRar daiWira. Tu iliaaq xalxur gadmocemebSi dadasturebul rwmenaze laparakobsCveni xalxisa (da ara TviT ilia WavWavaZis mier warmosaxulxalxur warmodgenaze), maSin faqtia, rom amgvariram Cvens droSi Caweril variantebSi codvil fiqrTan kiara gvaqvs saqme, aramed realur cdunebasTan. asea Tu ise,dabejiTebiT mainc ar SegviZlia mivuTiToT, Tu ra aiRoiliam xalxuridan da ra daamata~. 3rogorc motanili masalebis gacnobidan Cans TanamedroveqarTulma saliteraturo kritikam da folkroristikammogvca ilias `gandegilis~ da xalxur TqmulebaTa SedarebiTidaxasiaTebis mravalnairi nimuSi. aseve gamoiTqvamosazrebebi `gandegilis~ Seqmnisas iliaze xalxuri Semoqmedebisideur-mxatvruli zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiTac. mi-1 n. maxaTaZe. i. WavWavaZis `gandegilis~ folkloruli wyaro, –Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentTa samecniero Sromebiskrebuli. t. III. Tb., 1948, gv. 225-236.2 v. sidamoniZe. vin iyo `gandegilis~ gandegili. – gaz.: `sofliscxovreba~. #62, 1982, gv. 4.3 l. minaSvili. ilia WavWavaZe. cxovreba da SemoqmedebiTi aspeqtebisdaxasiaTeba. Tb., 1995, gv. 317-319.9. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi129

uxedavad amgvari cdebisa, mainc Zneldeba dakonkreteba imlegendisa, romelic avtorma poemis wyarod gamoiyena.Cveni fiqriT, `xalxSi gagonili legenda~ iliasaTvismis cnobierebaSi ukve momwifebuli mxatvruli azris gamovlinebiserT-erTi saSualebaa (poeturi impulsis mniSvnelobisSemcvelia) da ara uciloblad `gandegilis~ SeqmnisaTvisgamoyenebuli wyaro, radgan, romc ar arsebuliyolegendebi meudabnoeTa cxovrebis Sesaxeb, is idea, is azri,rac gatarebulia poemaSi, mainc gamoiTqmeboda, vinaidanmwerlis SemoqmedebiTi procesisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvnelobamis emociur-inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs eniWeba.didi mwerali da moazrovne vaJa-fSavela yofiTsa daeTnografiul nimuSebTan SemoqmedTa poeturi damokidebulebisSesaxeb werda: `...xalxis Tqmuleba, rac unda igimdidari Sinaarsisa iyos, azriani da xelovnuri, Tu poetmaigi ar gardaqmna, sakuTar sulier quraSi ar gadaadno, argadaaduRa, masalidan axali ram ar Seqmna da dawera ise,rogorc xalxi ambobs, araferi gamova, eris gulSi amisTananawarmoebi binas ver ipovis, iq ver daisadgurebs da vercxelovnur nawarmoebad CaiTvleba.amis magaliTebi msoflio literaturis istoriaSibevria, yoveli didebuli sakacobrio nawarmoebi, Seqspirisa,goeTesi, xalxur Tqmulebebzea aSenebuli swored ise,rogor zeviT mogaxseneT, rogorc amas Cveulan rCeulni amaqveynisani didi niWis patroni mwerlebi. avtorebi `fausts~,goeTes garda, asobiTa hyvanda, magram goeTes metmanamdvili faustis dawera veravin SeZlo, radgan sakuTarmasulierma quram sxva mweralTa ver SeZlo gadaduRabebaxalxisagan mocemulis masalisa da mis sakuTrebad gardaqmna.aseve daemarTaT Seqspiris `hamlets~, `mefe lirs~,`romeo da julietas~ da sxva. aseve iTqmis didebul SoTazeda mis `vefxistyaosanze~. 1igive SegviZlia gavimeoroT ilias poemaze. k. abaSiZe,1 vaJa-fSavela. kritika b. ip. varTagavas. – wgn.: vaJa-fSavela. TxzulebaTasruli krebuli aT tomad. t. IX. Tb., 1985, gv. 361-362.130

ogorc utyuari literaturuli alRos kritikosi, jerkidev maSin, rodesac ilias sdevnida qarTuli sazogadoebisaraerTi warmomadgeneli, savsebiT kanonzomierad acxadebdamas msoflios did xelovanTa memkvidred. 1 mkvlevari asevemarTebulad aigivebda kritikosi `gandegilis~ siRrmesrusTvelis poemis siRrmesTan. 2 es im dros, rodesac `gandegili~zogierTebis mier, rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, asevemisi mxatvruli RirebulebiTac `usustes~ nawarmoebad iyomiCneuli. 3`gandegilis~ saxiT erovnul da kerZod folklorulmasalebze dayrdnobiT, avtori qmnis sakcobrio mniSvnelobisnawarmoebs. swored aseT TxzulebaTa gamo vaJa-fSavelawerda: `geniosTa nawarmoebebi erovnul niadagze da xSiradeTnografiulzea aRmocenebuli, maSasadame – kerZo Tvisebisada zogadi, sakacobrio xdeba da erTnairad sayvareliayvela adamianisaTvis, romel erovnebasac unda ekuTvnodesigi~. 4 sinamdvilisadmi amgvari midgoma miaCnda klasikosmwerals individualuri Txzulebis zogadkacobriuli Rirebulebisganmapirobeblad. aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi CvensSemTxvevaSic unda movmarjvoT da is uTuod ilias mxatvrulnaturazec vrceldeba.1 k. abaSiZe. azri Tu forma, Sinaarsi Tu sxeuli. – wgn.: k. abaSiZe.cxovreba da xelovneba. Tb., 1971, gv. 42-44.2 k. abaSiZe. azri Tu forma, Sinaarsi Tu sxeuli, gv. 42-44.3 kezeli d. soslani. sakvirao maslaaTi. – gaz.: `droeba~. 1983, #60,gv. 2-3.4 vaJa-fSavela. niWieri mwerali. – wgn.: vaJa-fSavela. TxzulebaTasruli krebuli aT tomad, t. IX. Tb., 1985, gv. 295.131

NANA ARAKHAMIAARTIST’S INTENTION AS THE CATEGORYOF BELLES-LETTRES’ FORMMultifarious and noteworthy opinions have been expressed in thescientific literature on the problems concerning the literary and folkloreand sources of the poem “The Hermit” by Ilia Chavchavadze. It is quitenatural not to be able to embrace all of them in one article. However, thepresent work is only an attempt at clarifying the existing point of viewon the folklore sources of the poem in the Georgian literary studies and atverifying more or less their trustworthiness. With this in view the givenwork surveys the works of V. Itonishvili, P. Ingorokva, M. Janashvili, M.Chikovani, S. Makalatia, Sh. Radiani, T. Jvaridze. N. Makhatadze, V. Sidamonidze,L. Minashvili and others. In our opinion, the folk legend forIlya is his perception of one of the means of manifestation of a naturecreative thought (containing the significance of a poetic impulse) and notnecessarily the source for creation of the poem.132

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaindira gadilia`sxva araferi gaCenila cxovrebis fasi...~`...me siberemde,viT mijnuri velad gaWrili,WeSmaritebis gza-kvals vdevdidauqancvelad~. 1ir. abaSiZem, rogorc poetma da rogorc moqalaqem,kargad icoda maradiul WeSmaritebaTa fasi, romelic TavisiSemoqmedebiTa da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobiT daamtkicakidevac. man Tavisi xangrZlivi sicocxlis manZilze Rirseuladatara didi poetisa da sazogado moRvawis sapatiotvirTi da daimsaxura mSobeli xalxis gulwrfeli siyvarulida pativiscema.irakli besarionis Ze abaSiZe 1909w. 23 noembers daibadaxonSi. iqve daamTavra saSualo skola 1926 wels daimave wels Cairicxa Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSifilologiis fakultetze, 1933-1935 wlebSi swavlobdauniversitetis aspiranturaSi, 1939 wlidan 1967 wlamdesaqarTvelos mweralTa kavSirs xelmZRvanelobda, 1946-1953wlebSi Jurnal `mnaTobs~ redaqtorobda. igi iyo saqarTvelosmecnierebaTa akademiis namdvili wevri da erTxans akademiisvice-prezidentic. 1966 wels igi dainiSna qarTulisabWoTa enciklopediis mTavar redaqtorad.irakli abaSiZis pirveli wigni 1932w. gamovida, xolo1966w. ciklisaTvis `palestina, palestina~ SoTa rusTavelispremia mieniWa. 1960w. ir. abaSiZem, akaki SaniZesTan da1 ir. abaSiZe. xma golgoTasTan, – wgn.: ir. abaSiZe. leqsebi. t. I, Tb.,1975, gv. 155.133

giorgi wereTelTan erTad, monawileoba miiRo ierusalimissamecniero eqspediciaSi, sadac jvris monasterSi miakvliarusTavelis portrets. 1965w. igi arCeul iqna evropismweralTa gaerTianebuli sabWos wevrad. 1972w. qarTvelmgosans javaharlal nerus premia mieniWa. ir. abaSiZe gardaicvala1992 wels. dakrZalulia didubis mweralTa dasazogado miRvaweTa panTeonSi.ir. abaSiZes gamoqveynebuli aqvs publicisturi werilebi,Canaxatebi, dRiurebi. maRalprofesionalurad Targmnav.maiakovskis, a. mickeviCis, a. puSkinis, i. vazovis da sxvaTaleqsebi. misi poeturi Zala gamomJRavnda leqsebSi, romlebSicmisi sulieri cxovrebis suraTia mocemuli. ir.abaSiZe iyo didi mgosani da mgosnadve miicvala. Tavis erTerTleqsSi, romlis saTauria `poets vin aclis Rrmad moxucebas~,werda:`...Cvenc Cveni vuTxraT gamCens madloba,Tu visme gvelis misgan wyaloba,Tu Cvengans visme is ar uwyreba,Tu visme gvergosRrmad moxuceba, _mxolod es azrigvqondes ocnebad:movxucdeT,magram movkvdeT mgosnebad~. 1s. Wilaia wers: `Cveni poeti cotas wers, metismetadZunwad wers, magram am siZunweSi moCans didi pasuxismgeblobada misi poeturi buneba. WeSmariti poeti mxolod ma-Sin wers, rodesac mis sulSi saamiso Sinagani moTxovnilebaibadeba, wers gulis karnaxiT~. 2diax, gulis karnaxiT werda didi poeti saqarTveloze,mis warsulsa Tu momavalze, omis Temaze, mSvidobasa daSromaze. Tavis SemoqmedebaSi man udidesi adgili dauTmorusTavelis Temas. ir. abaSiZem Taviseburi intonacia Seita-1 ir. abaSiZe. leqsebi. t. I, gv. 29.2 s. Wilaia. meoce saukunis qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1962, gv. 331.134

na yvela TematikaSi, rasac kalami Seaxo. monaxa TaviseburikuTxe, Taviseburi midgoma da Sesaferisi sadidebeli sityvauTxra samSoblos sidiadesa da silamazes.`...poetma samwerlo asparezze gamosvlisTanave, TavisumaRles miznad samSoblos samsaxuri da saqveyno sikeTemiiCnia. e. w. `socialisturi realizmi~, romlis oficialuriaRiareba moxda mweralTa pirvel sakavSiro yrilobaze(irakli am yrilobis delegati iyo), kacma ar icoda raiyo, mas ara hqonda Tavisi sakuTari koncefcia, iseTi, rogoricSeefereba da moeTxoveba axal literaturul mimdinareobas,ara da, ukoncefciod, Teoriuli principebis gareSearc kritikuli realizmi darCenila, arc romantizmi,simbolizmi Tu sxva literaturuli skolebi. `socialisturirealizmi~ ki raRac tribunidan gadmosrolil lozungsahgavda da mis safuZvelze arc axali `poetika~ daiwereboda,arc axali `laokooni~ da arc axali `xelovnebisfilosofia~. TviTon iraklis Tavis mogonebaSi `Cvenipirveli yriloba~ arc ki uxsenebia es udReuri mimdinareoba,es aRniSna mxolod, `mweralTa pirveli yrilobis miznebibind-bundiT iyo moculio~. 1mweralTa I sakavSiro yrilobis miznebi Tu bind-bundiTiyo moculi, SoTa rusTavelis saxis xilva kavSirTasaxlis svetebian darbazSi iyo naTliT mosili:`es iyo SoTa...uceb Relva da Jruanteli,uceb TvalebSi bednieri almasis wveTi;kavSirTa saxlSi Semovida didi qarTvelida tribunasTan daikava darbazis sveti~. 2ir. abaSiZe igonebs: `...kavSirTa saxlis svetebian darbazSi,sadac yriloba tardeboda, msoflos sxva did klasikosTagverdiT, SoTa rusTvelis suraTic Camohkides. mearaerTxel damiweria da axlac minda gavixseno is aRtace-1 g. natroSvili. `Sen aq xar, aq xar~. – mnaTobi. #1, 1992, gv. 187.2 ir. abaSiZe. rusTvelis saxe kavSirTa saxlis svetebian darbazSi.– wgn.: ir. abaSiZe. leqsebi. t. I, gv. 207.135

a, romelmac yrilobis darbazi moicva da, maT Soris, rasakvirvelia,pirvel rigSi, Cveni qarTuli delegacia~. 120-iani wlebis dasasrulidan moyolebuli, Cveni qveynisistoriaSi ar momxdara raime didmniSvnelovani movlena,romelTanac ir. abaSiZe aqtiurad ar yofiliyos dakav-Sirebuli. am droisaTvis Cvens mwerlobaSi ukve momxdariiyo mniSvnelovani gardatexebi. irakli abaSiZis axalgazrdobisdroindelleqsebSi didia Senebis paTosi, Zveli daaxali problemebis, saqarTvelos warsulisa da awmyos Taviseburigaazreba. poetis realisturi buneba gansakuTrebiTgamovlinda leqsebSi: `gadarCenis balada~, `burTi~,`odiSis plantaciebi~ da sxv.poetis adrindeli leqsebidan gansakuTrebiT gvinda gamovyoT1936 w. dawerili `pirveli Tovlis simRera~, romelicgamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli musikaluri JReradobiT dawarmoadgens lirikis erT-erT koloritul nimuSs:`wuxel Tovda, netav CemTan rad ar gaCndi,genaxe da ZilSi Tbilad dagexure...me avdeqi pirvel Tovlze ganTiadSida veZebdi Sens patara nafexurebs.daeyara saxlebze da veris gzazeTovli, TeTrad dasaxuli.ase TeTrad, gulubryvilod yvavis aseimereTSi tyemlis xeze gazafxuli~. 2`gansxvavebiT irakli abaSiZis zogierTi adrindeli poeturicdebisagan es leqsi ukve amRerebulia da Tavis SinaganimusikalobiT, mkafiod gamokveTili lirikuli melodiiTgamoirCeva~. 3yvelaze mTavari, riTac ir. abaSiZis axalgazrdobisdroindelmaleqsebma miiqcia yuradReba, aris sicocxlis,mSvenierebis, silamazis, sikeTis da im madlis gancda, romelicadamians rgebia am wuTisoflad:1 ir. abaSiZe. guSin, guSinwin... Tb., 1989, gv. 105.2 ir. abaSiZe. leqsebi. t. I, gv. 209.3 g. asaTiani. miaxloeba mwvervalebTan. ir. abaSiZe. – mnaTobi, #3,1967, gv. 141.136

`ra kargi aris, Sen rom aq xar,sicocxles vaSa,siyvaruls, TrTolvas,axal mzes da qveynierebas!sxva araferi gaCenilacxovrebis fasi,sicocxlis zeims mivaSuroT,bednierebas!~. 1ir. abaSiZis poeziis mTavari Tema patriotizmia. misisiyvarulis sagans sruliad saqarTvelo warmoadgenda, er-Tiani, mTliani, ganuyofeli da Zlieri saqarTvelo TavisikuTxeebiT. poets gansakuTrebiT uyvarda afxazeTi da `mas-Tan Tavisi sulieri siaxlove, kdemamosili damokidebulebanaTlad gamoxata, umSvenieres leqsebSi, romelTa SorisaRsaniSnavia `ca afxazuri~, almanax `riwisaTvis~ sagangeboddawerili 1975 wels~: 2`mwyurodes mudam,rogorc mwyuriamTebis, qedebis brolis naJuri:qceuli sizmrad –dioskuria,qceuli sizmrad _ca afxazuri.mwyurodes mudam, rogorc mesxeTi,mwyurodes mudam, rogorc ispiriCemi zRvispiris basri mercxlebi,Cemi usazRvro Savi zRvispiri...~. 3patriotuli suliskveTebiTaa gaJRenTili ir. abaSiZisleqsebi: `Tbiliss~, `samSoblo iyos Cveni dideba~, `aq davsaxldebi~,`mka gremSi~, `naxe, gaxede~, `alazanTan~, `radagaviwyebs~, `sadac ar unda moxvdes qarTveli~, `Cveni1 ir. abaSiZe. dmanisi. – wgn.: ir. abaSiZe. leqsebi. t. I, gv. 258.2 o. WurRulia. narkvevebi qarTul-afxazuri kulturul-literaturuliurTierTobidan. soxumi, 1983, gv. 116.3 ir. abaSiZe. leqsebi. t. I, gv. 113.137

ilia, Cveni akaki~, `kapitani buxaiZe~ da mravali sxv. Tavisipatriotuli leqsebiT ir. abaSiZe mkiTxvelSi aRZravsamaRlebul siyvaruls samSoblosadmi, romelsac yoveli WeSmaritimamuliSvili ganicdis Tavisi qveynis mimarT.omis pirveli dReebidanve mZlavrad gaisma qarTvel poetTasaprotesto mowodeba da im mowodebaSi ir. abaSiZisxmac eria. `poeti omSi~ – ase ewodeba misi leqsebis cikls,romelic eZRvneba II msoflio omis Temas. am bataliebismrisxane dReebSi poeti mouwodebda yvela patriots, Tavisxalxs mamulis dasacavad:`Zmebo, vananoT mters veragoba,Sav samareSi naxon binebi,ver Segviginon oqros baRebiCveni hangebiT nafofinebi~. 1ir. abaSiZe xSirad dadioda frontze da wrfeli leqsebiTumReroda yvela qarTvel meomars. patriotuli lirikisSesaniSnav nimuSs warmoadgens leqsi `kapitani buxai-Ze~. leqsis gmiri mzad aris sicocxle xelmeored SeswirosmSobel mxares. misi wminda anderZia:`mokvdes, magram mkerdiT Sehkrasderbenti da dariali~.`kapitani buxaiZe~ pirvelad qarTuli diviziis safrontogazeTSi gamoqveynda, mere `komunistma~ dabeWda espatara leqsi, xolo Semdeg, xalxuri melodiiT atacebuli,saqarTvelos TiTqmis yovel kuTxes moedo~. 2omis Temaze dawerili leqsebis lirikul gmirs poetiupirvelesad asazrdoebs deda-samSoblosTan, mSobel miwas-Tan erovnuli asociaciebiT. swored amgvari paTosiT gamoirCevaleqsebi: `mxolod frontisTvis izrune~, `Seteviswin~, `partizanebi~, `qarTveli meomrebi~, `qarTvelebo, vkafoTmteri~, `daWrilis leqsi~ da a. S.ir. abaSiZe Tavisi leqsebiT gverdSi edga meomrebs,1 ir. abaSiZe. saqarTvelos poetebs. – wgn.: ir. abaSiZe. leqsebi. t. I,gv. 230.2 g. asaTiani. miaxloeba mwvervalebTan.., gv. 143.138

uTanasworo brZolaSi CabmulT amxnevebda da isinic Tavsar zogavdnen da ase aRwevdnen gamarjvebas.qveynad yvelafers aqvs dasasruli da omic Cveni xalxisgmiruli gamarjvebiT damTavrda. ir. abaSiZem swored amfaqts miuZRvna Tavisi cnobili leqsi `mSvidoba~:`mSvidoba qveynad, mSvidoba qveynad,es ukvdav gulis Zaxili ari,gulis, romelmac ar icis kvnesa, -man mterze kargad iyara javri~. 1ir. abaSiZis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravsistoriul Temas, qarTveli xalxis saxelovan warsuls,gmiri winaprebis Tavgadasavlebs, maTi vaJkacuri SemarTebisambis moTxrobas. poeti gvixatavs samSoblos dasacavadwinaprebis Seupovari brZolis suraTebs, Cvens cnobierebaSiaRadgens erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis qarTvelixalxis mravalsaukunovani vaJkacuri SemarTebis epizodebs.am TvalsazrisiT saintereso leqsia `sami cixe~.muris Zvel xidTan, sadac `gormaxebs TiTqos mdinaremdana dausva~, sami cixea: `dauxvdi~, `dahkar~ da `ar gauSva~.es cixe-simagreebi qarTveli xalxis gmiruli warsulisistoriuli naSTia, romlebic cocxlad gadmogvcemen,Tu rogori TavdadebiT da vaJkacuri SemarTebiT icavdnenqarTvelebi TavianT mamuls, TavianT samSoblos:`yuri miugde: rogor gadurCamtris xmals qveyana cremldanamuli...`dahkar~, `dauxvdi~ da `ar gauSva~ _ai, ra aris Cveni mamuli~. 2`poeti xedavs: es cixeebi ki ara, kacebi arian. `dauxvdi~_ ficxi Wabukia: omis qarbuqi Tavs rom aiwyvets,momxdurs yvelaze adre man unda Seagebos mkerdi. rocamtrebis alyaSi gatydeba misi zRude, waiqceva es Wabuki,maSin omis qarcecxlSi gadaeSveba cixe `dahkari~ _ es ukvedinji da Warmagi vaJkacia. roca Semoseulni masac gadasTe-1 ir. abaSiZe. leqsebi. t. I, gv. 268.2 ir. abaSiZe. leqsebi. t. I, gv. 220.139

laven, mtris winaSe dadgeba berikaci, dgeba cixe, romelsac`ar gauSva~ ewodeba~. 1ir. abaSiZe yoveli fexis nabijze grZnobs da ganicdismSobliuri bunebis momxibvlelobas, mis idumal silamazes,mSvenebas da bunebis maradiul sunTqvas. mis leqsebSi ismistyis nazi Sriali, nakadulebis CuxCuxi, vxedavT cadazidulmTebs, Tvaluwvdenel velebs, aTasfrad ayvavebuls:`var tyis SrialSi,SurTxTa kriaxSi,var qarafebSi, maRal mTebSi var,me bunebaSi ugzod Sevdivarda viZirebi zRvisfer wiaRSi~. 2poetma icis bunebis ena, ena sibrZnis, silamazis, icissaTibis ena, TavTuxis ena, esmis frinvelTa galoba, foTlebistirili, alaznis talRebis mRera:`saubrad mesmis niavis stvena.frinvels nirs vatyob caSi frenaze...da ise vkvdebi, _es ucxo enaver miTargmnia kacis enaze~. 3ir. abaSiZis poeziaSi bunebas aqvs miniWebuli didiuSualoba, sisadave da momxibvleloba.bunebis SesaniSnavi suraTia daxatuli leqsSi `monadirisRame~. kiTxulob leqss da Tavi tyeSi ggonia, agizgizebulkoconTan. TiTqos bolsac xedav, svel nabads romasdis cecxlTan. Ramea, magram tyeSi samkvdro-sasicocxlobrZola grZeldeba arsebobisaTvis:`tyeSi ki isev tkacuniT Wamdanadiri nadirs, rkosa da xexils;bermuxis ukan mglis Tavi Canda,muryanis ukan – focxveris fexi~.1 g. natroSvili. poeti-akademikosi irakli abaSiZe. Tb., 1984, gv. 21.2 ir. abaSiZe. me alpanaSi ar gelodebi. _ wgn.: ir. abaSiZe. leqsebi.t. I, gv. 298.3 ir. abaSiZe. alazanTan. – wgn.: ir. abaSiZe. leqsebi. t. I, gv. 88.140

leqsi uaRresad sayuradReboa Tavisi ideuri gaazrebiTda es leqsis finalSia gamoxatuli:`CamovdgiT dinjad, gavsili gzisTvisxelada, rogorc Zvirfasi ganZi,da saqarTvelos miwis da mzisTvisingilom Sesva pirveli yanwi~. 1gvxvdeba uaRresad saintereso poeturi saxeebic: `Samfurebstexda nadiris xorci da CinCxlebs hyrida maSxalisgvarad~, `qarvisfrad acmul qonian mwvadebs lokavdacecxli ndobiT da zrunviT~ da a.S.50-iani wlebis meore naxevridan irakli abaSiZis mwerluriaRzevebis axali etapi iwyeba, Tvisobrivad axali periodi,romelmac arnaxuli ZaliT gamoavlina poetis literaturuliSesaZleblobani. es gamovlineba gaxlavT leqsebiscikli `rusTavelis nakvalevze~, `palestina, palestina~.ir. abaSiZem gamoCenil qarTvel mecnierebTan, akaki SaniZesTanda giorgi wereTelTan erTad, imogzaura palestinaSida jvris monasterSi miagno SoTa rusTavelis freskas.misi feradi fotoasli saqarTveloSi Camoitana. manZalze xatovnad aRwera `palestinis dRiurSi~ rusTavelisportretis gamoCena ierusalimis jvris monastris svetze:`Sen aq xar,aq xar...dasrulda kvali.mSobeli miwises medo vali;aq Seni mSvidinabiji Sewyda,aq dawda cremli,xmeleTs rom recxda,vdgavar Sens saxlTan,Sens Camqral cecxlTanwuxili mesxTa,1 ir. abaSiZe. leqsebi. t. I, gv. 228.141

Zaxili mesxTa~. 1es sityvebi aRmoxda poets, roca iq qarTuli jvrismonastris mozaikuri iatakis mrgvali liTonis firfitazeamoikiTxa: `deqiT mtkiced da Seuryevlad~.ciklis `palestina, palestina~ yvela leqsi, gardapirvelisa da ukanasknelisa, warmosaxviT mosmenili SoTas`xmebia~, mas Tavad rusTaveli warmosTqvams monologebissaxiT. `maTi udidesi nawili RvTaebisadmi aRvlenili locva-vedrebaa,yofna-aryofnis zRurbls miaxloebuli brZenkacisaRsarebaa, romelSic siRrmiseulad vlindeba rusTvelissarwmunoebriv-msoflmxedvelobrivi da patriotul-moqalaqeobriviTvalTaxedva, adamianis amqveyniuri daniSnulebisarsisa da mizanswrafvis filosofiuri gansja~. 2saqarTvelodan Sors gadaxvewili rusTaveli freskas-Tan dgas xelapyrobili da samSobloze loculobs. rus-Tvelis xmiT poeti Tavis gulisnadebs gvimxels:`sxva ram ar mwamdasamSobloze wmidaTa wminda, -Seminde, RmerTo,mamulisTvis yovlis daTmoba;mnaTobi SenisaqarTvelos mwamda mnaTobad,Tovda Tu wvimdamamulisTvis Tovda da wvimda~. 3aTqmevinebs poeti rusTavels da samSoblosadmi gamoxatulies siyvaruli gasdevs mTels cikls Tavidan bolomde.didia am ciklis leqsebis mxatvruli Rirebuleba:mdidari da daxvewili riTma, keTilxmovani aliteraciebi,kontrastuli epiTetebi, brwyinvale ganmeorebebi, romlebicmTlian emociur ganwyobilebas qmnian.1 ir. abaSiZe. Sen aq xar. – wgn.: ir. abaSiZe. leqsebi. t. I, gv. 130.2 a. nikoleiSvili. XX saukunis qarTuli mwerloba. quTaisi, 2002,gv. 449.3 ir. abaSiZe. xma zeTisxilis baRSi. – wgn.: ir. abaSiZe. leqsebi. t.I, gv. 130.142

mSobliuri enis sadidebeli qarTul mwerlobaSi bevriTqmula, magram ise moxdenilad, iseTi mxatvruli ZaliT,rogorc ir. abaSiZem SeZlo, aravis uTqvams. meaTe saukuneSidaiwera ioane zosimes `qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai~.mas Semdeg aTasi weli gavida, aTasze meti gansacdeli daatydaTavs saqarTvelos, mravalma qartexilma gadaiara, mravalisimagre daingra, mtveri daedo did xsovnas, mravalnergs daatyda mexi, mraval Zegls daedga fexi. magram darCamarad uWknobi da uZleveli rusTvelis ena, qarTuli ena:`daeces iqneb, simagre yvela,moisras, iqneb, yvela yma velad,daedos mtveri yvela did xsovnas,daakvdes azri napovnis povnas,yovel nergs, iqneb, daatydes mexi,yovel Zegls, iqneb, daedgas fexi,mxolod Sen, uWknobs,Sen, xatad qceuls,ra dro, ra dascemsSen ukvdav sxeuls?~. 1sxva rom araferi Seeqmna, sxva rom araferi daetovebina,poeti am leqsiT darCeboda qarTvelTa mexsierebaSi. esleqsi, leqsi ki ara – himnia didebuli qarTuli enisa.irakli abaSiZem didi amagi dasdo qarTul saymawvilopoezias, romelic gaamdidra aqtualuri TemebiTa da bavSvebisaTvisgankuTvnili maRalmxatvruli poeturi nimuSebiT.ir. abaSiZis damokidebuleba bavSvebis mimarT gamoxatuliasaymawvilo leqsebSi: `irines gakvirveba~, `marula~, `werilibabuasadmi~, `zurabis Civili~, istoriuli poema `rasgadaurCa Tbilisi~ da sxva.ir. abaSiZe, Tavad didi patrioti da mamuliSvili, patarebSicmSobeli miwis siyvarulis grZnobas aRvivebda.poemaSi `ras gadaurCa Tbilisi~ poeti STambeWdavad gviambobsyvela im gmirul Tavgadasavals, rac saukuneTa man-Zilze qalaq Tbiliss gadaxda. nawarmoebi Sedgeba Sesavlis,1 ir. abaSiZe. xma katamonTan. – wgn.: ir. abaSiZe. leqsebi. t. I, gv. 130.143

va nawilisa da bolosityvisagan. unda iTqvas, rom igiscildeba sabavSvo literaturis farglebs. nawarmoebSi avtorsgaTvaliswinebuli aqvs `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mematianeTayvela cnoba: legenda Tbilisis daarsebis Sesaxeb, misidedaqalaqad gamocxadeba, mterTan Seupovari brZola.`ra ar naxa qarTlis gulma,ra wameba gansacdeli,Tavs awvimda sisxlis wvima,ecva cecxlis tansacmeli~.vin moTvlis kidev ras ar gadaurCa Tbilisi da: `zeimobsCveni Tbilisi – Zlevamosili, Zlieri...~. 1norCi mkiTxvelisaTvis gankuTvnili ir. abaSiZis leqsebisisadaviTa da gamWvirvalobiT gamoirCeva.irakli abaSiZe bunebiT xalisiani, optimisti pirovnebaiyo. mis optimizms safuZvlad edo cxovrebis gulwrfelisiyvaruli. poeti maradiul yofna-aryofnis sakiTxSic arasodesar iyo sevdiani, cxovrebaze xelCaqneuli kacis ganwyobilebisgamomxatveli. marTalia, es cxovreba xanmoklea,wuTisofelia, magram poets swams, rom `sxva araferi gaCenilacxovrebis fasi~.`Tu yvelaferi aris sizmari;Tu Sindisferi aris yoveli,maSin ratom dgas es mcxeTis jvari,ratom dgas isev sveticxoveli!ratom elvarebs uZveles qvaSisamTavro sveti mcire da didi,an zed qalaqTan Segubul mtkvarSiratom Cans isev pompeis xidi?~. 2`aq irakli abaSiZe, rogorc lirikosi, arsebiTadscildeba romantikul tradicias da Tavisi mrwamsiT klasikur,harmoniul msoflgagebas uaxlovdeba: maradiulobisidea misTvis gamijnuli ar aris sicocxlisgan, adamianisamqveyniuri samyofelisgan – `wuTi da saukune~ erTdeba1 ir. abaSiZe. leqsebi. t. I, gv. 337.2 ir. abaSiZe. mcxeTa. _ wgn.: ir. abaSiZe. leqsebi. t. I, gv. 130.144

poetis warmodgenaSi da ganuyofel mTlianobas qmnis.~ 1`verafers qveynad ver Sevelie,cxovrebis yvela zvirTSi verie,gulSi vikravdi am tkbil mzianeTs,msurda wameRo yvela siame,wagyveba rame?!~. 2ir. abaSiZem qarTveli xalxis udidesi siTbo da siyvaruliwaiRo Tan. Cven ki dagvitova brwyinvale poeturiqmnilebebi, romliTac mudam iamayebs qarTuli mwerloba.INDIRA GADILIATHE ACKNOWLEDGED MASTER OF THEGEORGIAN POETIC WORDIrakli Abashidze was an acknowledged master of the Georgian poeticword, of the Georgian poetry of XX century. Together with the poeticcreative works he worthily carried the honourable burden of a public figurein the service of the nation and earned a deep love and respect of the nativepeople. From the very first days of his stepping on the writing arena till deathhe was faithful to the classical literary traditions. He wrote by the callof his heart about the past and the future of Georgia, peace and labour,about war, the goal of the poet, the immortality of life, the captivating natureof Georgia. He sang to love and instructed the young generation paternally.Irakli Abashidze contributed greatly to the study of Shota Rustaveli’sbiography and poetry. In 1960 together with A. Shanidze and G. Tseretelihe took part in the Jerusalem scientific expedition. The peak of his creativityis a series of poems: “In the footsteps of Rustaveli”, “Palestine, Palestine”.Itakli Abashidze issued publicistic letter, sketches, and diaries. Hetranslated Mickiewicz’s, Mayakovskyi’s, Pushkin’s and other poets’ poemswith a highly professional skill.1 g. asaTiani. miaxloeba mwvervalebTan.., gv. 147.2 ir. abaSiZe. verafers qveynad ver Sevelie. _ wgn.: ir. abaSiZe. leqsebi.t. I, gv. 130.10. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi145

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriasalome kapanaZeqarTuli biografiuli romanis erovnulmsoflmxedvelobriviintegralebi.rostom CxeiZis biografiuli romanis,,Savi Coxis~ mixedviTcnobiswadils saliteraturo sivrceSi gaCenili axalinawarmoebis mimarT, bunebrivia, avtoris reputacia da mkiTxvelismier ukve Sefasebuli saliteraturo stili gansazRvravs.aseve unari disonansi Seitanos adamianebis azrovnebiswesSi da maT cnobierebaSi krizisis niSnebi gamoavlinos,vinaidan sulieri da gonebrivi kaTarzisis gareSekulturuli faqti Tavis azrsa da daniSnulebas kargavs.am TvalsazrisiT, biografiuli romanis siuJeturi da kompoziciuriSesaZleblobebi niWier mwerals am dinamikiswarmarTvis upiratesobas aniWebs, Canafiqris realizebisada saTqmelis bolomde gamJRavnebis farTo asparezs usaxavs.im zogadi kanonebis miRma, romliTac biografiuliromani imarTeba, rasakvirvelia, yovelTvis dgas mwerlisaRqmis manera, mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis originaluradganfenis unari, fsiqologizmi, analitikuri refleqsia, nacionaluriTu interkulturuli msoflmxedveloba. Turamdenad kargad iqneba epikos-mTxrobelis mier garanduliromanis xveulebi swored am ostatobazea damokidebuli.romani rogorc literaturuli Janri, Zveles droSiCaisaxa, mis warmoSobas miTologiuri cnobierebis krizissada ,,epiur gmirTa~ kvdomis process ukavSireben. 1 am TvalsazrisiT,fuZemdebluria korneli kekeliZis mosazreba,romelic romanistuli elementebis saTaves uZveles proza-1 S. CiCua. meoce saukunis qarTuli romani. – wgn.: literaturuliZiebani. Tb., 1998, gv. 260.146

Si xedavs. 1 amasTan, aSkarad biografiuli romanis elementebisSemcvelia sasuliero proza – wamebaTa da cxovreba-Ta ciklis uZvelesi teqstebi, sadac istoriuli movlenebiswored gmiris msoflSegrZnebebis, misi cxovrebis fonzeagaxsnili. qarTuli romanis sasicocxlo arteria wilobrivadswored biografiuli romanis wyalobiT iZens Seucvlelfunqcias. Cveni erovnul-fsiqologiuri yofisaTvisistoriuli pirovnebebis cxovrebis ganmxatvrulebas normatiulimisia eniWeba, vinaidan biografiul romanSi yovel-Tvis Tanaarsebobs gancdaTa erToblioba, romelic ersmsoflmxedvelobrivi krizisis safrTxisagan gamoixsnis. istoriulpirTa fenomeni Tavisi droismieri sulieri ganwyobilebebiT,TavganwirviT, tragizmiT, eris SesaZleblobebisTviTgaxsnisa da Sinagani rwmenis SenarCunebis procesSiSeucvlel rols asrulebs. amdenad, biografiuli romanis,rogorc Janris aqtualuroba drois miRma dgas da igi maradiuladdarCeba Cveni nacionaluri yofierebis zneobrivida moraluri statusis ganmsazRvrelad.rostom CxeiZis mowameobriv literaturul garjas rombiografiuli romanebis siuxve axasiaTebs – SemTxveviTi araris. inteleqtualizmiTa da maRali profesionaliziT aRbeWdilimisi proza ocdaaT monografiaTa Soris TerTmetbiografiul romans iTvlis. aseTi eqskluziuri produqtiulobaam JanrSi jerac ar axsovs qarTul mwerlobas. Ter-Tmet biografiul romans misTvis imanenturi individualuristiliT, Txrobis originaluri maneruli wyobiT, ganxatebulimovlenebiTa da personaJebiT sruliad garkveuli mizaniaqvs – qarTuli zneobisa da sindisi istorias erTad mouyarosTavi da ers maradiuli gakveTilebad Semounaxos.yvela epoqas Tavisi gmirebi hyavs, magram goeTes TqmiT,maTi gmirebad aRiareba mxolod gmirebs Tu SeuZliaT. 2 amdenad,sxva danarCenTan erTad, rostom CxeiZis qarTuli biog-1 k. kekeliZe. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan.t. 2. Tb., 1945, gv. 96.2 sibrZnis saunje. Tb., 1987, gv. 84.147

afiuli romanis ganviTarebisaTvis gaweul Rvawls erovnuliTavdadebisa da gmirobis kvalifikacia unda mieces.aleqsandre orbeliani, elizbar erisTavi, iakob gogebaSvili,pavle ingoroyva, aleqsandre yazbegi, mixako wereTeli,oTar CxeiZe, zviad gamsaxurdia da sxva qarTuli zneobisada sindisis raindTa biografiebis gaTvalsaCinoebiT masTanswored is miiRweva, rac qveyanas asuldgmulebs, fesvebsunarCunebs da momavlis imeds ar ukargavs. rostom CxeiZisbiografiuli romanis recipientebi swored im xarisxSiarian ayvanili, romelsac imsaxureben, romelic samaradJamodgamoadgeba Cvens erovnul wesrigsa da yofas. masTanyovelTvis Tanaarsebobs gancdaTa erToblioba, romelic misesTetikur koncefciebs da rac mTavaria, saazrovno sistemasmsoflmxedvelobrivi krizisis safrTxes moaridebs.rostom CxeiZisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo WeSmaritebaa, romistoriul pirTa fenomeni epoqiseuli sulieri ganwyobilebebiT,tragizmiTa da misiiT eris TviTgaxsnisa da sasicocxloresursis koncentraciisaTvis udides rols TamaSobs. amWeSmaritebazea agebuli misi TiToeuli mxatvruli teqsti,romelic Tavisi mxatvruli da erovnuli mniSvnelobiTdrois miRma dgas. amjerad, qaquca ColoyaSvilze Seqmnilimisi biografiuli romani ,,Savi Coxa~ Caudga maT kvalSi,romelsac kvlav andrezis utyuaroba da simarTle axlavs,qveynis gamofxizlebis Jini da pasuxismgebloba dayveba xiblad.es romanic nebisyofiT daZleul SiSzea, pirovnebaze,romlis movaleobis Segnebam bedis marwuxebi daamsxvria dasulma triumfalurad sZlia sxeuls. es aris romani, romelicmisive TqmiT, ,,Cvenamde zRaprad mosul qaquca ColoyaSvilislegendaruli saxelisaTvis miuZRvnia~. 1 romanis saxelwodebissimbolikaSic mwerali swored am legendis Suq-Crdilebs xedavs, romlis ganmxatvrulebis preistorias mixeiljavaxiSvilis saxelsac ukavSirebs.mkiTxveli karga xania SeeCvia rostom CxeiZis mraval-1 r. CxeiZe. Savi Coxa, gv. 77.148

mxriv saintereso mignebebs, azrobriv novaciebs samecnieroTu mxatvrul opusebSi. es xelwera bunebrivia, am romanis-Tvisac aris niSneuli. aqac iCens Tavs da albaT Cveuli kanonzomierebiTdalagdeboda molodinis CarCoebSi, rom araromanSi gamoCenili mixeil javaxiSvilis ubis wignakis Canawerebi,romelsac rostom CxeiZe mtvers gadaaclis, axalsicocxles mianiWebs da rac mTavaria, simarTlis ganzomilebaSigadaiyvans.solomon brZenisa ar iyos, yvelafers Tavisi droaqvs. es dro am romanSi mixeil javaxiSvilis ubis wignakisSifris gaxsniT iwyeba da arsebiTad cvlis mwerlis istoriuliromanis ,,arsena marabdelis~ sazriss, misi Seswavlisistorias. es dro rostom CxeiZes ukavSirdeba, sworedmisi mcdelobiT ixsneba ideologiuri marwuxebis nangrevebSiRrmad Cakiruli didi mwerlis kodirebuli simboloebi.Sedegi ganmacvifrebelia – dRemde arsebuli mosazrebebiaradamajereblad moCans da faqtobrivad ganZarculiaim argumentebisagan, romelic Tanamedrove mkiTxvelsesaWiroeba.qaquca ColoyaSvilis pirvelyofil simbolur xatsrostom CxeiZe arsena marabdelSi xedavs. dadga Jami, rocaes daTrgunuli simarTle unda gacxaddes. aqvs gamarTlebarostom CxeiZis sifrTxiles ,,vaiTu mixeil javaxiSvilisTemebis kvalSi Cadgoma gagvixdes saxifaTo da mkiTxvelTanxanmokle gasaubrebis nacvlad samecniero narkvevi SegvrCesxelT~-o. 1 am SemTxvevaSi romanis Janrobrivi normativebiaZlevs mas am windaxedulobis uflebas, Tumca qaquca ColoyaSvilzeSeqmnili misi biografiuli romanis wasakiTxadganwyobil mkiTxvels es fraza verasodes SeakrTobs, piriqiT,molodins gaumZafrebs, radgan karga xania mindobiliarostom CxeiZis samwerlo gamocdilebasa da Txrobiskulturas. radgan mwerali arasodes uSvebs SesaZleblobasuxerxulad daarRvios sazRvari mxatvrul da samecnieroteqsts Soris, amjeradac Sedga paemani im literaturasTan,1 r. CxeiZe. Savi Coxa, gv. 33.149

sadac simarTle swored iseTia, rogoric aris sinamdvile-Si.rCeba STabeWdileba, rom mixeil javaxiSvilis Uubiswignakis iRblad gadarCenili Canawerebi romanis avtorisaTvisdamatebiTi garemoeba aRmoCnda, raTa misi biografiuliromanebis ciklSi qveynis sulierebis istoriis kideverTi mniSvnelovani mxatvruli matiane gaCeniliyo. romanisepilogSi gacxadebulia sakraluri Tanamsoflgancda, sulierida msoflmxedvelobrivi Tanamoazreoba tragikulad da-Rupuli klasikosis mimarT. ,,sulier memkvidreobad gadmoecada TiTqos misi dauwereli wignis Seqmna damkisreoboda..Janri odnav icvleboda – biografiuli romani nacvlad romanisa~.1 romanis saTaursac ,,Savi Coxa~ rostom CxeiZe mixeiljavaxiSvils umadlis. qarTuli mwerlobis es memkvidreobiTixazi – simboloTa aRqmis saerTo wesrigi aZlevsmas unars TiTqmis saukunis Semdeg daarRvios dro--sivrculi lokali, srulad gaigonis winapris xma. igrZnosam Canawerebis epoqaluri suli da gancdaTa mdinareba, ganWvritos,rom mixeil javaxiSvilis Seuqmneli romanis TumoTxrobis saxiT ,,raRac mniSvnelovani dagvekarga samudamod,glovis, tragizmis ieriT aRbeWdili da, imavdroulad,heroikuli suliT gaJRenTili~ 2 da Tavad ataros es sapatio,Tumca mZime tvirTi.ukve aRvniSneT, rostom CxeiZis romanebSi simarTleswored iseTia, rogoric aris sinamdvileSi. amitomac misimosazrebebi xSirad efineba sarCulad sazogadoebriv azrs.xSirad, magram samwuxarod, yovelTvis ara da esec CvenibedukuRmarTobis Sedegad SeiZleba miviCnioT, iseve rogorcqaquca ColoyaSvilis Tavgadasavali, romelic rostom CxeiZemTavisi morigi biografiuli romanis samizned imitomaqcia, rom erovnuli suli ganZarcvisagan gadaarCinos.romanis struqtura da siuJeturi xazi srul TanxmobaSiaam ideasTan. masve emsaxureba mwerlis mier srulyo-1 r. CxeiZe. Savi Coxa, gv. 8.2 r. CxeiZe. Savi Coxa, gv. 8.150

filad Seswavlili dokumenturi masala, epoqis gadasaxedidanganWvretili, droiT Semowmebuli realuri faqtebi.rostom CxeiZe erTgan aRniSnavs, rom biografiuli Janrimaincdamainc ver itans fantaziis gaqanebas, magram fiqrsada gancdaSi SeRweva aucilebeliao. 1 igi amas uzadod axerxebsxolme, radgan romanSi ar arsebobs umniSvnelo, meorexarisxovanidetali im mogonebebisa, romelic qaquca ColoyaSvilzeSemonaxula aleqsandre sulxaniSvilisa dasxvaTa memuarebSi. mwerali arafers yveba qaqucas biologiurimovlinebis, yrmobisa da bavSvobis detalebze, magramuzustesad grZnobs, rodis ibadeba qaquca ColoyaSvilirogorc gmiri. mas swored am droidan ainteresebs igi.gmiris movlineba gveuwyeba, roca qaquca ColoyaSvili armiyveba gaqceuli mTavrobis kvals. marTalia, Tavis bargswasasvlelad gamzadebul SalikaSvils miabarebs, magram saboloodgems axlosac ar gaekareba. ,,sabediswerod ratomunda gadaqceoda mis guls mSobliuri miwa-wylis datoveba~– SeniSnavs romanis avtori da dasZens ,,es is wamia,roca qaquca ColoyaSvili unda daibados~. 2ufaqizes fsiqologiur niuansebs Sifravs mwerali qaqucasdasaflavebis scenaSic. SeuZlebelia rostom CxeiZissaazrovno sivrcis miRma aRmoCndes umciresi detalic ki,romelic emigrantTa ganwyobasa da urTierTobebs asaxavs.romanis pasaJSi, sadac grigol cxakaia noe Jordanias qaqucaskubos asawevad epatiJeba – rostom CxeiZe mTavrobisxelmZRvanelis gulSi gaCenil siamis grZnobas SeigrZnobs,romelic qveynis gamoxsnisaTvis misi saxelis dakavSirebas-Tan asocirdeba. romanSi qaqucas ColoyaSvilis bolo survilic,daewvaT misi neSTi, Semecnebulia – am gziT xom misisaqarTveloSi dabrunebis ocneba axdeboda. romani savsea,,am umniSvnelo detalebis~ mniSvnelovani, didebuli aRmo-CenebiT da gansazRvravs kidec mis amosaval koncefcias –gmiris mRelvare cxovreba rainduli sulis niSansvetad aq-1 r. CxeiZe. Savi Coxa, gv. 103.2 r. CxeiZe. Savi Coxa, gv. 55.151

cios, maradiuli faseuloba ar daukargos samSoblosaTvisTavganwirvis ideas.romanis struqtura mTlianad emorCileba erovnulicnobierebis mowesrigebisa da ganmtkicebis ideas. saamisodSerCeuli istoriis am monakveTis mwerliseuli gadaazrebasarwmuno da damajerebelia. zneobrivi lideris saxe fsiqosocialuriidentobisa da damoukideblobis permanentulkrizisSi myofi qarTveli erisaTvis ualternativo mniSvnelobisaa.zneobrivi lideris, rogorc eris Semkvrelisa daSemakavSirebelis saxe rostom CxeiZis biografiul romanebissamotivacio da warmmarTveli Zalaa. misi mTavari sazrisia.gmiris pirovnul Tvisebebze aqcentireba gasigrZeganebulimxatvruli recefciaa, romelsac romanSi istoriuladdadasturebuli avtoriteti ganapirobebs.,,me vcdilob SevakavSiro xalxi~ – romanis erT-erTiTavis saTaurad gamotanili qaquca ColoyaSvilis es frazaganmtkicebuli misi realuri qmedebebiT, poziciiTa da pasuxismgeblobiTrostom CxeiZisaTvis imis mauwyebelia, rom,,Catexili xidis aRdgenisa da saerTo niadagis TeoriebisayovelTao SekavSirebis idead ubrundeboda sazogadoebrivyofasa da cnobierebas~. 1 unda aRiniSnos, rom romanis Ti-Toeuli Tavis saTauri postulatebad lagdeba mkiTxveliscnobierebaSi, imperatiulad gansaviTarebeli ideisa da siu-Jetis azrobrivi mauwyebeli, misi konteqstis gamomxatvelia.saTauris SerCevis uaRresad daxvewili esTetikiTrostom CxeiZe etapobrivad, Zalian bunebrivad amzadebsmkiTxvels mTavar saTqmelTan Sesaxvedrad, romelic garkveulmzaobas moiTxovs. radgan igi im mweralTa ricxvs arasodesmiekuTvneboda, romelic saTavisod, Tavis Sesaqcevadda ,,sulis saoxad~ weras ar eridebian. am SemTxvevaSi mas-Tan erTad mkiTxvels iliaseul istoriis erTobasa da qar-TvelTa sxva gamaerTianebel faseulobebze uwevs refleqsia.istoriuli paralelebi, arqetipTa asociaciuri Seg-1 r. CxeiZe. Savi Coxa, gv. 133.152

Znebebi kravs romanis saerTo dinamikas. ase ikveTeba maTigenetikuri struqtura. moZraobis wesebi biografiul romanSi,rogorc wesi SezRuduli, mkacrad reglamentirebulia.am SemTxvevaSic xom rostom CxeiZes arcTu axloqronikebTan aqvs saqme. fantaziiT romanis sivrcis Sevsebaaq safrTxilo da mosaridebelia. Tumca faqtebis mxatvruliinterpretaciis kvaldakval istoriuli paralelebismoZiebisa da personaJis azrobriv sivrceSi SeRwevis sruliTavisufleba arsebobs, Tuki mwerals am resursis gamoyenebisintuicia ar Ralatobs da Tanac istoriuli faqtiamis motivaciebs gagrZnobinebs. mwerlis es intuicia roman-Si igrZnoba yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevaSi. gansakuTrebuliaigi genetikuri struqturis aRqmisa da movlenaTa mizez-Sedegobrivigansjisas. aleqsandre batoniSvilis sabediswerobilikebs miuyveba qaquca ColoyaSvili, roca gamarjvebisrwmeniTaa aRsavse. orTaves saukunis daSorebiT eris sasicocxloimpulsebis aRsruleba eqca bediswerad. luarsabTaTqariZis aCrdili gaelvebs romanSi gmirTaTvis niSneuliprotestisa da TviTgvemis niSnad, roca qveynidan gandevnilqaqucas ,,sxva gamosavali ver upovnia, garda imisa, rom mindobodaamgvar yofas, misTvis manamde sruliad miuRebels~.1rostom CxeiZis SesaniSnavi intuiciis Sedegia bolSevizmiskoniunqturis nangrevebSi moyolili mixeil javaxiSviliseuliqveteqstobrivi saidumlos aRmoCena romanebSi,,arsena marabdeli~ da ,,TeTri sayelo~. hierofaniis – anusiwmindeTa Cenis datvirTvis mqonea igi qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis.mwerali darwmunebulia, rom arsena marabdelis saxeSigandevnil qaqucas gulisxmobda mixeil javaxiSvili,,,TeTr sayeloSi~ ki xevsureTis brZolebis epopea xmianobs.am mosazrebis sarwmunoobisa da damajereblobisaTvis mwerlisintuiciis garda romanSi Zalian myari argumentebiamoxmobili qaqucas biografiidan. ,,marTlac axali droebadamdgara saqarTvelos heroikul da zneobriv istoriaSi,1 r. CxeiZe. Savi Coxa, gv. 22.153

da Tu politikur cxovrebaSi bolSevizmis xanaa, rainduliepoqis Semobrunebis texilidan qaquca ColoyaSvilis JamiSemogvyurebs da es Jami amofarebia arsena oZelaSvilis saxels,visi eposic qaqucasaTvis usayvarlesi sakiTxavi iqnebodaymawvilobisas, iqneb zepiradac icoda TaviT bolomde,da Zalianac esiamovneboda sicocxlis mimwuxrze raRacidumali gziT rom Seetyo, arsena marabdelis prototipadSen xar SerCeuli da monumenturadac gamokveTilio~. 1 romanSigamoTqmuli es varaudi Tundac im Savbneli epoqisgaTvaliswinebiTac damajereblad moCans da qaqucas biografiisnawilad iqceva zustad im kanonzomierebiT, ra kanonzomierebiTacmasze legendebi misive sicocxleSi iqmneboda.eris istoriis aRdgena SeuZlia mxolod im mwerals,visTvisac cocxalia awmyo da visac eris momavlis mimarTpasuxismgebloba gaaCnia. ,,epiuri simboloebis darjakSi gatareba~,2 gardasuli Jamis surnelebis aRdgena, drois logikidanmisi daxsna erisaTvis sicocxlis procesia, mudmivadganmeorebadi substanciaa. qaquca ColoyaSvilis fenomeniam procesis erT-erTi maradiuli qarTuli simboloa,romelic fSav-xevsuruli miTologiuri gmiris morigesmsgavsad `wessa da rigs aZlevs qveyanas~.aseTi miTologiuri asociaciebi maSin gagviCnda, rocarostom CxeiZe amiranis eposs ixsenebs. gasakviri namdviladiqneboda misi poeturi esTetikis mqone mwerals miTosis –STagonebis maradiuli sawyisisa da ,,ideologiis pirveladimodelis~ 3 gareSe Seeqmna es heroikuli saga. ,,qaquca ColoyaSvilissaxis maxvilgonivruli gasimboloveba uneburadamiranis xsovnas rom wamogitivtivebs, isedac mkvidradCakiruls Sens cnobierebaSi~, 4 – aRniSnavs rostom CxeiZeda saxelmwifoebrivi miTosis zogad qargas, mis safarqveSSexiznul simarTles da mniSvnelobas yvela drosa da istoriulepoqas ukavSirebs.1 r. CxeiZe. Savi Coxa, gv. 211.2 l. qiaCeli. qarTuli romanis zogi amocana, 96 esse. Tb., 1986, gv. 265.3 Е. Мелетинский. От мифа к литературе. М., 2001, gv. 3.4 r. CxeiZe. Savi Coxa, gv. 223.154

misi rwmena, miTosis arsi da umTavresi niSani maincwrebrunva yofilao, damajerebels xdis mosazrebas, rom,,qaqucasa da misi Seficulebis portretebsa da Tavgadasavalsarsena oZelaSvilisa da misi razmelebis mxatvrulmatianeSi Seufarebia Tavi. xolo ,,TeTri sayelo~ uSualodexmaureba sul cota xnis winaT Cavlil brZolebs am xeobaSi,qaquca ColoyaSvilis pirvel did gabrZolebad romSemorCeboda axali Jamis qarTlis cxovrebis qronikebs~. 1 am,,axalma Jamma~ karga xniT, xelovnurad moaduna simboluriazrovnebisa da qveteqstobrivi kiTxvis unar-Cvevebi qarTulmwerlobaSi. rostom CxeiZis mier mixeil javaxiSvilis romanebisaseTi konteqstiT gaxsna kidev erTi magaliTia imisa,rom TviTkmayofileba literaturuli Ziebebis procesSi,romelic am ,,axali Jamma~ danerga da marTvadi azrovnebisdamkvidrebas miuZRvna, yovlad dauSvebelia. mxatvruli qsovilissafarqveS moqceuli simarTle Tavis dros elodebada es dro adre Tu gvian dgeba.romani ,,Savi Coxa~ dokumentur masalas eyrdnoba, realurfaqtebsa da personaJebs warmogvidgens, magram sagulisxmoa,rom aq wamierad gamoCenili pirovnebebic im dramatulimovlenebis fonze, qaqucas gverdiT istoriulimniSvnelobiT itvirTebian. am wiaRSi heroizmi gadamdebiada Sekrulia erTi ideiT: ,,grZnoba sWarbobs gonebas da ZalianacsWarbobs, raTa ar moiSalos erovnulobis niSati,adaT-wesebi da Tavisuflebis wyurvili, romelTa uwyvetobacaucilebeli pirobaa erisa da saxelmwifos gadasarCenad,Torem aq wyvetilebis gaCena is sabediswero napralebia,amouvsebi rom rCeba, rCeba da... amdeni xalxi da saxelmwifogauqria miwisagan pirisa – sakmaod dawinaurebulierebi Tu mZlavri saxelmwifoebi, ainunSic rom ar CaugdiaTaraviTari safrTxe, Cven vin ra unda dagvaklos, daeiqiT eSinodeT, Tavzar rodis davcemTo. es uwyvetoba undaSeenarCunebina 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebas~ 2 ase gamoxa-1 r. CxeiZe. Savi Coxa, gv. 224.2 r. CxeiZe. Savi Coxa, gv. 217.155

tavs mwerali eris ganviTarebis dialeqtikas, mis sasicocxlodvritas.am muxtis SenarCunebaze orientirebuli adamianebimravlad Cndebian romanis sivrceSi. daviT vaCnaZe, aleqsandresulxaniSvili, Salva favleniSvili, gaga gogoWuri,meduqne peto da sxvebi, romlebic qaqucasTan erTad avseben,,qarTuli siluetebis~ kompoziciur qargas. aqvea Salvaamirejibic, romelic ,,Tavisi pirovnuli TvisebebiT damsoflaRqmiT SeuZlebelia yofiliyo brmad morwmune partiulimoRvawe, Tund am partias erovnul-demokratiulimimarTuleba hqonoda~, 1 – axasiaTebs mas rostom CxeiZe.amiT mwerali upirobod gamoxatavs mis simpatiebs 1924wlis ajanyebis ideisadmi sikvdilamde erTguli Salva amirejibismimarT. Tumca erTgvari sinanuli igrZnoba misfrazaSi ,,gaSlili TxrobisaTvis vera da ver moiclidaSalva – qaquca ColoyaSvilis cxovrebis qronikebs rom gamohyolodada an saistorio matianis da an biografiuliromanis gmirad eqcia~-o. 2am gacxadebuli survilis mizezebi nawilobriv romanisim TavSic SeiZleba moviZioT, romelsac hqvia ,,mzeqalaslegenda da sinamdvile~. marTalia, mzeqalas ambavi aleqsandresulxaniSvili mogonebebSic gaielvebs, magram sworedSalva amirejibis wyalobiT iZens es istoriuli matianemxatvrul Rirebulebas. ai, swored aq gansakuTrebulad um-Zafrdeba rostom CxeiZes qvecnobieri survili, rogorme metimoecala ,,minanqrebis~ avtors qaqucas heroikuli droisaRsawerad. Tumca ar malavs Tavis kmayofilebas Salvaamirejibis am monagaris mimarT – afasebs aramarto istoriul,aramed literaturul faqts da Salva amirejibismonaTxrobs sruliad samarTlianad dokumentur noveladmiiCnevs. ,,qaquca ColoyaSvilis naambobs eyrdnoba ,,mze-qala~,da es winaswari uwyeba mxatvruli mistifikacia ki araris, aramed beladis monayolis TiTqmis stenografiuli1 r. CxeiZe. Savi Coxa, gv. 222.2 r. CxeiZe. Savi Coxa, gv. 222.156

Canaweri, beletristuli kalmis CareviT momxiblav siuJeturqargad Semonaxuli~. 1istoriuli faqtebis mimarT emocionalizmis zomierebarostom CxeiZis msoflmxedvelobisa da erovnuli cnobierebismqone mwerlisaTvis metad originaluri strixia. undavaRiaroT, rom sxvadasxva modur ,,izmebs~ gadarCenil qar-Tuli mwerlobaSi es sazRvrebi saocrad myife da mgrZnobiareada ver uZlebs Tanamedrove mkiTxvelis nihilizmnarevmoTxovnebs, romlis gauTvaliswineblobam paTetizmisada siyalbis gancdis safrTxeebisagan SesaZloa yvelazewarmtaci ideac ver gamoixsnas da fiqciad aqcios. rom ararostom CxeiZis esTetiuri aristokratizmi, fxizeli realizmida piradi magaliTebiT dadasturebuli Tanxvedramwerlis pirovnebisa mis SemoqmedebasTan, ar iqneboda adviliim ndobisa da ganwyobis mopoveba, romelic romanis To-Toeuli pasaJis mimarT UuCndeba mkiTxvels.romanSi ,,Savi Coxa~, heroizmisa da gmirobis kvaldakvalikveTeba Ralatis, upatiebeli orWofobisa da partiuliSuRlis faqtebi, romelic patriotuli gancdebiT ariCrdileba da ufro mZimdeba mwerlis fsiqologiur Wril-Si gamotarebisas. es aris rostom CxeiZis tradiciulistrategia, raTa epoqis realuri portreti yovelgvari Se-RavaTebis gareSe warudgonos mkiTxvels. mwerali icnobs amepoqis Ralatis, Sida ganxeTqilebis anatomias da sakmariszemet mizezebs xedavs, raTa bolSevik-menSevikTa gaigivebasar moeridos. ,,iqneb paragvaiSi gadaesrolaT razmelebi...iqneb parizSi mainc ar SeeSvaT... da martodmarto daetovebinaTqaquca Tavisi didi saxelis amara. es cotas ar niSnavda,cxadia; am Saravands aSkarad gadaeWarbebina yofilimTavrobis gavlenisaTvis, rac mkrTaladRa bJutavda qaqucaheroikuli saxelis fonze~. 2 romanSi es ar aris erTaderTipasaJi, romliTac rostom CxeiZe, faqtobrivad, aaSkaravebs1924 wlis ajanyebis damarcxebis mizezebs. magram es gan-1 r. CxeiZe. Savi Coxa, gv. 217.2 r. CxeiZe. Savi Coxa, gv. 384.157

wyoba da damokidebuleba metad sagulisxmo iyo. misiveTqmiT, ,,saxifaTo TvalTmaqcebis garemoSi~ uxdeboda mimndobqaqucas brZola da Tavganwirva. ,,amjeradac raodenerTnairad moqmedebdnen ideuri da ganayari Zmebi, xelisuflebissaTaveSi iqnebodnen moqceulni Tu damxobili mTavrobadaerqmeodaT~. 1romanis erT-erT bolo Tavis saTaurad rostom Cxei-Zes jvarze gakruli macxovris sayvedurnarevi sityvebiaqvs SerCeuli. ,,RmerTo Cemo, RmerTo Cemo, raisTvis damiteveme!?~. am TavSi, faqtobrivad, Sejamebulia is vrcelimxatvruli diskursi, romelic mas qaqucas legendarulmasaxem da epoqam STaagona. sabolood aris koncentrirebulimwerlis saTqmeli. am naTqvamis fonze kidev erTxel ikve-Teba qaqucas monumenturi saxe. ganuzomelia romanSi erTadSezavebuli tkivilisa da aRtacebis efeqti. marTalia,qristes jvarcmis misteriis gancda bolomde SeuZlebelia,magram rostom CxeiZis romani gaZlevs SesaZleblobas amvnebis simZafre qaquca ColoyaSvilis cxovrebis magaliTzeSeigrZno. romanSi ,,Savi Coxa~ kanonzomieria miTologiur-Tan erTad religiuri motivaciebis organuli Tanaarseboba.SeuZlebelia amis gareSe gaajero qarTuli saazrovno sivrcerainduli epoqis surnelebiT, am epoqis Semqmneli adamianebissimaRliT da mianiWo mas zneobisa da erovnulisindisis maregulirebeli funqcia.kote marjaniSvili 1923 wels gazeT ,,rubikonSi~ werda:,,Cven gavwyviteT kavSiri mzesTan da gadavediT fsiqologiaSida intimSi da pirveli ramac gamakvirva me dabrunebisasamdeni xnis CrdiloeTSi tyveobis Semdeg es arisdabruneba mzesTan~. 2 Tuki tyveobaSi da rostom CxeiZisTqmiT, ,,RmerTsmoklebul droSi~ Tavdasacavad gaCenil ormagikodirebis principebs daveyrdnobiT, didi reJisoris essityvebi udavod iwvevs survils am romanis fsiqo-emociurizegavlena ,,eris simxnevis asaRorZineblad~ axlac mzes-1 r. CxeiZe. Savi Coxa, gv. 385.2 gaz. `rubikoni~ Tb., 1923, 18 Tebervali.158

Tan dabrunebas Seadaro.SALOME KAPANADZETHE NATIONAL WORLD VIEW INTEGRALS OF THEGEORGIAN BIOGRAPHICAL NOVEL.ACCORDING TO THE BIOGRAPHICAL NOVEL “THE BLACKTUNIC” BY ROSTOM CHKHEIDZEThe plot and the composition potentialities inherent in the biographicalnovel give a talented writer an advantage of carrying out dynamism,provide him with a wide arena for the realization of his idea and thedivulgence of what of what is to be said. In general, the literary genre ofthe novel is connected with the crisis of the mythological consciousnessand the dying process of the “epic protagonists” but it is not so juvenile.From this point of view, fundamental is Korneli Kekelidze’s view whosees the source of the novelistic elements in the ancient prose. Moreover,the spiritual prose – the ancient texts of the martyrdom cycle and thecourse of life – contain the elements of the biographical novel, where thehistorical events are exposed on the background of the life and the worldview of a protagonist. The abundance of biographical novels in themartyrological labour of Rostom Chkheidze is not incidental. His prose,imprinted by intellectualism and high professionalism, counts elevenbiographical novels among his thirty monographic works. R. Chkheidze’seleven biographical novels with their inherent individual, their originalnarrative style, occurrences and characters have their own definiteobjective – to accumulate the history of the Georgian morality andconscience and to formulate them to the nation as an eternal instruction.Each epoch has its own heroes and that is the universal truth but R.Chkheidze’s achievement in the promotion of the biographical novel cansurely be counted among the heroic deeds. By unveiling the biographies ofthe knights of the Georgian morality and conscience – AlexandreOrbeliani, and others he inspires, invigorates the country, fortifies its rootsand sustains its belief in the future. His biographical novel about KakutsaCholokashvili: “The Black Tunic” aims at sobering the country andawakening the nation’s responsibility. This novel is about the fear defeatedby the will, about a person whose sense of duty crushes the claws offortune and whose spirit triamphanty subdues the body. It is a novel whichR. Chkheidze dedicated to the legendary name of K. Cholokashvili.159

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa serianana kuciamaradiuli `wyevlakrulviani sakiTxavi~.guram baTiaSvilis romani`Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa~`brZnadmetyvelebai vecxli ars wmidai, xolo dumili– oqroi rCeuli~, 1 – solomonis sibrZnis mziuri anamcvrevi`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ gadmoiRvreba. wignTawignis mSvidi, naTeli sentencia saukuneebs imad gamoar-Rvevs, mziurma fiqrma mziuri fiqri moiyolos da erovnulobisCaSlili Tvali, CarRveuli jaWvi amoamrTelos.`JamTa aRmwereloba WeSmaritisa metyueleba ars da araTualaxma visime~, saRmrTo mdumarebis darRvevis saRmrTovemizans daidasturebs qarTveli mematiane, 2 bibliur winaswarmetyvelTagorisa.wlebs ar akonkreteben qarTveli meistorieni. wlebis-Tvis rodi, maradisisTvis irjebodnen JamTaaRmwerelni... `daaw damtkicebulad giTxra Tquen~, 3 – ityvis curtaveli. samiaswleulis Semdeg sabanisZe Seexideba, ufro zustad, sabanisZismaRali inspiratori – `aRwere sruliad WeSmaritad,viTar igi iyo...~ sabanisZesve dascdeba maRalTa wuxiliT,Wirisuflis sevdiT, `WeSmaritebisagan sasmenelni garemiiqcines da zRaprebsa mieqcneno~. 4mere, Zalian gvian, igive dardi gaTangavs saqarTvelosukeTes Svils: `farva siavisa qveyanas ar mouxdebis... wam-1 giorgi merCule. grigol xanZTelis cxovreba, – qarTuli mwerloba.t. I. Tb., 1987, gv. 524.2 JamTaaRmwereli. – qarTlis cxovreba. mT. redaqtori roin metreveli.Tb., 2008, gv. 555.3 iakob curtaveli. SuSanikis wameba, – `qarTuli mwerloba~. t. I. Tb.,1987, gv. 224.4 ioane sabanisZe. abos wameba, – qarTuli mwerloba. t. I. Tb., 1987,gv. 444.160

xdenelTa da mbaZvelTa kidev sxvac ram wauxdebis~. 1`wamxdenelTa da mbaZvelTa~ avi riali `ar-axalia, Zvelia~...iarac Zvelia da pirSeukravi.saqarTvelos maradi, iliasagan uzustesad ganmartebuli`wyevlakrulviani safiqralic~ Zvelia.vaJas sanaTa, `balaxis Reri~, ikiTxavs maradisi varamismizezs:`sul Cven rada varT tanjvaSi,kvnesa rad ismis CveniTa?rodemdis unda vstirodeT,miwa vasveloT cremliTa?!~ 2apokalipsur xilvaSi, sadRac Sors leqsad rom dascdeniabairons, aris pasaJi – `dRe ar dgeboda, ar Tendebodao~3 ... lamisaa, imav sasowarkveTam dagZalos, `qarTliscxovrebis~ gabmul varams miyuradebuli... arada, marTlac,`sul Cven rada varT tanjvaSi?!~tragikuli, providencialuri pasuxic `qarTlis cxovrebaSivea~nagulisxmevi. `siZvelis neli xavsiT mosil~ etratebSior matianes – `cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisa~-sda `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~-s gamoirCevs gurambaTiaSvili – maradi qarTuli, maradqarTuli varamianikiTxvis pasuxis dardiT mZebneli.es `ucxos~ dardi, Semoxetebulis avi mCxrekelobarodia, pasuxs imad rom daeZebs, borotad gafacicebuli,mere mozeime TvalTmaqcis yalbi TanagrZnobiT Segibralos,anac, uaresi, erTi (mravalTagan) stumarTaganiviT daaskvnas,`qarTvelebi avadmyofi eriao~...mTxrobeli ebraelia, qarTveliviT wamebuli, qarTveliviT`yvelasTvis ucxo da yvelasTvis gaugebari~ – qarTveliebraeli. aqedan – gaugebari sulac ar aris, ratom aRiqvamsmTxrobeli saqarTvelos varams sakuTar Wirad, odesRac1 daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani, – qarTuli mwerloba. t. VII, Tb.,1989, gv. 375.2 vaJa-fSavela. baxtrioni, – wgn.: vaJa-fSavela. Txzulebani. Tb.,1985, gv. 129.3 Byron. Darkness. Selected verses. M., 1989, gv. 246.11. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi161

momxdars – saqarTvelos maradiul satkivarad da ratom iqceva`majaSisa Semtyvebrad~ maradi qarTuli senisa.mwerlisaTvis `qarTlis cxovreba~ sxvisi qveynis, sxvaqveynis mSrali matiane rodia, is cocxali wignia, qarTveli(da qarTveli ebraeli) marad rom unda uRrmavdebodesda mTavars gznebdes – uflis da mamulis uzenaesobas, sakralurerTobas, istoriis TvalCaurRvevel qsovilSi Tavisalags moiZiebdes [hamletis tragikuli kiTxva: `droTa kav-Siri dairRva da wyeulma bedma me rad marguna misi Sekvra?!~1 igiv `wyevlakrulviani sakiTxavia~].mTxrobeli ar SeiZleba iyos ucxo – ucxo ar arisis, vinc sivrcis samanebs daxarbebulebma mSobliur sivrcesmoswyvites da samkvidreblad mxolod drois samanebi argunes– ufals Seatoves... magram ukeTess vis Seatovebs mteriadamians?`abos wamebaSi~ gaixmianebs (Suqad gaikiafebs!) fraza:`Sen ugunurTa maT SemwirvelTa SenTa maxviliTa da cecxliTaumetes alisa gangabrwyinves~ 2 – iavarqmnili israelic– sauflo miwa – ~ganabrwyinves ugunurTa maT SemwirvelTa~– aTasma babilovnelma, Tu... viRam aRar...grigol robaqiZis `gvelis perangSi~ ebraelis tanjulisilueti, naRvliani profili moixazeba – `RmerTisyvelganmyofoba mxolod ebraels SeiZleba egzno~ – `ruahelohim~. 3 ... mxolod ebraels, radgan arsad, arc erT miwaze,arc erT erSi israelianT ar dahviwyebiaT RmerTi daRmerTiviT salocavi – samSoblo, sxvis samSobloze Tvaliar sWeriaT, rac gausamSobloebiaT, ar gansdgomian, nacarSimbJutavi naRverdaliviT SeunaxavT suli erisa – rwmena daena.eklesiastes yuCi sibrZne, saukuneebidan amomzevebuli,suls uTbobdaT. es aRar iyo mxolod ebraelTa sibrZne –ebraulma gonma, genma da geniam igi sxvebsac, `aRmosavaliT1 uiliam Seqspiri. hamlet. – tragediebi, w. I. Tb., 1980, gv. 359.2 iovane sabanisZe. habos wameba, gv. 471.3 gr. robaqiZe. gvelis perangi. Tb., 1987, gv. 44.162

da dasavaliT abraamTan inaxdgmulT~ uwilada, rogorc san-Tlis Suqs uwiladeben xolme msxems. msxemadqceul israelsSuqi sulisa aZlebinebda. `sul Cven rada varT tanjvaSi?!~ebrauli kiTxvac iyo, adamianuri kiTxva.pasuxic arsebobda – eklesiastes yuC sibrZneSive damarxuliimedi: `yovlisaTvis Jami ars... Jami ars Sobisaida Jami ars sikvdilisai, Jami ars danergvisai da Jami mofxvraddanergulisai mis... Jami ars moklvisai da Jami gankurnebisai,Jami ars... dumilisai da Jami sityvisai~.Jami dumilisa, Jami ubnobisa~ daerqmeva guram baTiaSvilisromans, saqarTvelos istoriis erT viTom mziur, sinamdvileSi– tragikul furcels rom amoamzevebs.tragikul furcelTa amomzevebaa salbuni – `sisxliese ganmwmedel ars codvaTa CemTao~, 1 Cumad, mSvidad etyvissulier mamas `tanjuli, gvemuli~ SuSaniki.`tanjuli, gvemuli~ eri unda Caumyudrovdes Tavis matianes,mSvidad furclos gacrecili etratebi, Zvel meistorieTavarami `Seivargisos~... `vinca ismens kaci vargi~, 2iqneb, `Tavic gaiTaviswinos~ da eris samermiso gzac.matianeSi iseTi zeimia, iseTi zaTqi, iseTi RvlarWnilebada ferTa kiafi!`sibrZniTa meigave solomon... ver sakmo ars SemsxmeladulumpianobaTa maT gardacemasa – Tamarissa vityvi~, –ityvis ucnobi mematiane. 3`sibrZniTa meigave solomon ver SemZlebel arso~, issolomoni, `qebaTa qeba~ da `eklesiaste~ rom `SeiZlo~...idga Jami ubnobisa, Jami sityvisa, da hyveboda mematiane,`istoriaze~ ufro, `azma~ SeTxza, qarTul matianeebSiaqamdis arsad Tqmulic dascda, saqarTvelos ZlierebiT galaRebuls:viwyoo ambavi Tamarisa – `samgzis sanatrelisada samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebulisa~... `samebisa Tana1 iakob curtaveli. SuSanikis wameba, gv. 231.2 SoTa rusTaveli. vefxistyaosani, – qarTuli mwerloba. t. IV. Tb.,1988, gv. 7.3 istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani. – qarTlis cxovreba. mT. redaqtoriroin metreveli. Tb., 2008, gv. 377.163

ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar, misworebuli da aRmatebuli~ 1 ...idga `Jami ubnobisa~ da meistoriec ubnobda.davidasturebT vrcel amonarids `istoriani da azmani~-dan:`Seiyarnes SemWirneni da zraxva yves Zebna waRmar-Tisa da moyvana qmrisa... vinaTgan cud sagonebel iqmna daaRar daebada RmerTsa swori amisi,... gamo-vinme-Cnda metyvelimkvidrTa tfilisisaTa Sina, Tavadi da mefeT-mefisaganwyalobaxeldasxmuli da amira qarTlisa da tfilisisa, saxeliTabulasan da metyvelman Tqva:me vici Svili xelmwifisa andria didisa rusT mTavrisa,romelsa moneben samasni mTavarni rusTani da igi, mciredarComili mamisagan, eqsoriaqmniT devnuli gadmoixvewa bi-Zisa, savalaTad [vsevolodad] saxeldebulisagan.da ars igi yivCaRTa mefisa sevinjisa qalaqsa.maSin momsmenarTa misTa uxmes erTi mkvidrTagani zanqanzorababel. mswrafl misrulman cvalebiTa huneTaiTa warmoiyvanada moiyvana uwinare paemniTa moyme saxekekluci,sruli anagebiTa da mWvretTagan saCeni gvarisSvilad. amis-Ta mnaxvelTa da gamcdelTa – patriarqman, didebulman, vazirTada spaTa – moaxsenes Tamars da maTgan [misgan] nebadaurTaviganmzades qorwili.rameTu Tamar WeSmariti iyo da mtkice sjulTa zedada vieTnime daRonebulobiT awvevdes aleqsis moyvanasaqmrad, romeli axlos sTvisobda da mamulad mamis Zmiswuliiyo berZenTa mefisa – ese mas Jamsa aqa myof iyo – daSiSiTa amis qmnisaTa yovlad uwadinelman qorwinebisaman iajaxsna qmrosnobisagan, xolo ara mSvebelman dedofalmanda spaTa aiZules qmnad~. 2Tamaris meore istorikosi ufro mkacria da piruTvneli:`ganzraxviTa yovelTaTa waravlines kaci vinme rusTasamefod qristianobisa da marTlmadideblobisaTvis maT na-TesavTasa da ese vera keTilad ganages, rameTu arca kaciigi Rirsi saqmisa waravlines da arca missa mecnier iyvnes,1 istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani. – qarTlis cxovreba.., gv. 401.2 istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, gv. 410-412.164

omelsa igi moiyvanebdes... [Tamars] awvevdes qorwinebasa daaswrafobdes,... saxlisa misisa unayofoebasa drtvinavdes,winamZRvarsa spaTasa iTxovdes da yovliTurT Seaiwrebdessulsa missa... eseoden mZimesa saqmesa subuqad Seexebodes~. 1guram baTiaSvilis romanis qarga `qarTlis cxovrebis~swored am epizods amohyveba, matianis ramdenime abzacSidamarxuli tkivili, bediswera saqarTvelosi, vrcel mxatvrulteqstad gardaisaxeba. `istorianiSi~ konstatirebuli`Zebna waRmarTisa~ `ukuRmarTis povnad~ transformirdeba[`ukuRmarTad xvna(m) da farcxvam es nayofi gamoiRoo~,ityoda guramiSvili 2 ].abulasanisa da zanqan zorababelis matianiseuli tandemi,oriod StrixiT moniSnuli istoriul TxzulebaSi,mxatvrul teqstSi tragikul personaJTa jufTad gardaiqmneba.Tamaris saqarTvelos mravalTagan ori mesveuristragikuli gzebi sabediswerod gadaikveTeba.`Tavadi da mefeT-mefisagan wyalobaxeldasxmuli daamira qarTlisa da tfilisisa~ – abulasani – erTi imaTgania,yuTlu-arslanis `daurvebis~ Semdeg Jams rom eZiebda[`iuda Jams eZiebda~, 3 – ityvis baraTaSvili yvela droisyvela medroveze], erTi imaTgani, vinc, mematianis sityvisaebr,drtvinavda: `daZrcvilni da unatod gaZeulni varT,da guarianni da msaxureulni saxlni upatiod da usaxelodgasrul varT uguaroTa da uxamurTagan~. 4`simdidriTa aRlaRebuli~ medrove Zalas moirTavs,saTavisod gafacicebuli Semoikrebs sxvaT, saTavisodve gafacicebulT.romanSi ikveTeba qarTvel didebulTa ori dasi – bizantielTada rusTa momxreni TiTqos, magram ufro – sworedrom saTavisod gafacicebulni, saqarTvelos mefis1 basili ezosmoZRuari. cxorebaÁ mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi. – qar-Tlis cxovreba. mT. redaqtori roin metreveli. Tb., 2008, gv. 487.2 daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani, 377.3 n. baraTaSvili. bedi qarTlisa. – qarTuli mwerloba. t. IX. Tb.,1992, gv. 599.4 istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, gv. 405.165

ZlierebiT SemkrTalni, sakuTar Zlierebaze meocnebeni.bizantielTa momxreT mefe-qmrad aleqsi komninosi eocnebebaT,`bizantias unda veZmoT da ara gadamTielsao~.abulasani, rusi ufliswulis `Wirisufali~, TiTqossaqarTvelosTvis sasikeTos ambobs (mxolod TiTqos!): `nuTuar dadga dro, qarTvelTac gaSalon frTebi, nuTu kvlavacbizantiis CrdilqveS yofna gindaT, qarTvelno?! metismetadxom ar gavalaReT bizantionni Cvens mamulSi?! vemorCilebiTim xalxs, romlis Zalovneba dRiTi-dRe sustdeba, Sors gavixedoT,axali naTesavni veZeboT. Camavali mze aRar gaTbobs,amomavali mzea cxoveli~. 1ra Zvelia es yvelaferi: tkivili da sadardeli aietisda fartaZisa, vaxtangisa da `bolod mxedvalTa~, ereklesida solomon lioniZisa... tkivili maradi da mourCeneli...`mesame kidev moiba, ori sabeli Tavs ebao~, 2 mwuxaredityvis guramiSvili vaxtang meeqvseze, iran-osmaleTis yulfmobmulmamesameSi – ruseTisaSi rom gayo Tavi...`vai ar scildeba saqarTvelos ugunur SvilTa gamoo~,3 dascdeba guram baTiaSvilis romanSi ivane falavands,darbaisels. bWoben darbaiselni: saurmag favneli,jorjikisZe, TarxanisZe... wydeba bedi qveynisa...`gaRma gasvlisa msurvelTa ukuRma migvyavs borani~... –saukuneebis Semdeg imave dardiT gulgasenils, dascdeba va-Jas. 4 `ruseTi Zalian Sors aris bizantiuri srulyofilebisagan,bizantiaSi kanoni mefobs, ruseTSi – Zala... ruseT-Si SeiZleba yvelaferi moxdes. rusTa bednierebis saTave isaris, rom isini beds ki ar eurCebian, morCileben. me ar vicisxva eri, ase rom morCilebdes beds. rus kacs uyvars,roca mis beds RmerTi ganagebs, qarTvels ki unda, RvTissaqmec akeTos da Tavisic~, 5 – qveynismnaxveli iudeveli va-1 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa. Tb., 2007, gv. 60.2 daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani, gv. 381.3 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 132.4 vaJa-fSavela. ilia WavWavaZis saxsovrad, – wgn.: vaJa-fSavela. Txzulebani.Tb., 1985, gv. 64.5 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 35;166

Wrisas aras Seismens abulasani.darbaiselT, Tu `simdidriT aRlaRebulT~ arad sWirdebaTZlieri mefe, maT Tvalxatula, damjeri tikina eocnebebaT,maTi nebis brmad morCili, raTa guzan taoskarelebma,boco jayelebma, vardan dadianebma, abulasanebmafrTebi gaSalon...guzan taoskareli miaxlis quTaTel episkoposs, TamariserTguls, `iverT qveyana didebulT unda marTon, mefeki kdemamosili, Rimiliani unda jdes taxtzeo~. 1amad sWirdebaT `sve-usveo~ gadamTieli, smasa da sodomurcodvas gadagebuli – `mefe – darbazis gamgone daara naTesav-jariT Zlieri~ 2 ... [guram baTiaSvilis romanSirusma ufliswulma (qarTvelTa despanisagan gansxvavebiT) winaswarveicis, ra saTxovriT miaeaxleba zanqan zorababeli].orive mematiane Seibralebs `sve-usveos~: `Sevida satanagulsa sueubedurisa rusisa, skBT rame saxeldebulisa~. 3`ganZvindeboda rusi, viTarca RvTisgan safarvelmoZrcvili~... 4mSvidia da Rirseuli Tamaris sityva `sve-usveos~ eqsoriisas:`me ara miZlavs aCrdilisa mrudisa xisasa ganmar-Tvad; da ubralod ganviyri mtuersaca, romeli aRmekra Senmier ~. 5 magram ra ganmarTavs mrude suls?! rarig `ganiyrerebamtveri~ gardagularZnilTa Ralatisa, TavmoTneobisa?!magram aki `mefe, romelic xelisuflebis daCiavebasegueba, mxolod Tavis Tavze zrunavs – Cems mefur Rirsebasara daakldes ra da qveyana Tavad uSveliso Tavs. egeTimefis xelSi qveyana sanTeliviT daileva~ 6 – personaJis popoziciaabsoluturad emTxveva mwerliseuls.nawarmoebis dasawyisSive, cxenTa Sejibrebaze Cndebafiqri: qarTvelebs `iSmaelni qveynidan gaeZevebinaT, sulidanki – vera... araqarTuli yiJiniT adasturebdnen, rom iS-1 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 309;2 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 119;3 istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, gv. 415.4 basili ezosmoZRuari. cxorebaÁ mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi, gv. 487.5 basili ezosmoZRuari. cxorebaÁ mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi, gv. 487.6 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 215.167

maelianoba sulSi SemorCenodaT~... 1vaglax, rom igive fiqri gaikiafebs ara mxolod `cxen-Ta Sejibrebaze~, darbaiselTa darbazobisasac... darbazobisas– ufro metadac...`yuTluR arslanis ajanyeba damTavrda, brZola ki faruladgrZeldeboda, uxmo brZola. guSin meamboxeni, dRessavarZlebSi moqceulni, yovelmxriv cdilobdnen, qveynis-Tvis eCvenebinaT, rom swored misTvis irjebodnen~. 2mamulis namdvili Wirisufalni Cumad iRvwodnen. `Tukacma ver scno Cveni guli, xom icis RmerTmao~, saukuneebisSemdeg ityoda ilia...basili ezoismoZRvris `kaci, araRirsi saqmisa~, ucnobimematianis `kaci erTi mkvidrTagani – zanqan zorababeli~guram baTiaSvilis romanSi saqarTvelos Wirisufal iudeveladtransformirdeba – `rwmeniT iudeveli, israeliani,suliT ufrore qarTveli~.swored igi – `ucxoTa Soris yvelaze axlo, SinaurTaSoris – cota ucxo~ 3 – hkadrebs mze-mefes: `veravin ityvis,Senma didma papam – mefe daviT meoTxem mtrisaTvis metadiqnia xmali, Tu maTraxi – qarTvelTaTvis. brZeni iyoda icoda: kaci, romelic mefis sityvas arad Caagdebs, arcRvTis morCili iqneba. Tavisi xalxi mxolod Zlier mefeTdausjiaT ise, rogorc mefe daviT meoTxe sjida, magram qar-Tvel xalxs jer arc erTi mefe Seuyvarebia ise, rogorcdaviTi. fiqri gvmarTebs imaze, Tu ratom uyvars xalxs mefe,romelmac amdeni maTraxi urtya...is sulganaTlebuli mTeli Tavisi cxovreba am miwazemcxovreb yovel kacs Caagonebda: saxelmwifoSi cxovrobTda ojaxze metad mas unda mouaroTo. visac ar esmoda, maTraxiTmiswvda. CvenSi, Tu maTraxis SiSi ara aqvT, kanonseurCebian, kanonis urCni ki saxelmwifos ver hqmnian~. 41 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 17.2 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 25.3 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 149.4 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 120.168

qarTvel darbaiselTagan mxolod gabaons wamieri (mxolodwamieri!) wuxiliT dascdeba saidumlo darbazobisas:`dagvcinis bedi, sasacilod vixdiT Tavsa. ucxo, gadam-Tieli gvTrgunavda. xan arabi gvxdida suls, xan – TurqselCuki,bizantielic sikvdilis angelosiviT gvadga Tavs.Cvens ubedurebaTa saTaved mters miviCnevdiT, ucxoelT –Cvens dasaTrgunad, Cveni miwa-wylis wasarTmevad mosulT.vgminavdiT, vkvnesodiT, simRerebSic ki voxravdiT – TavisuflebascremliT vnatrulobdiT da xmliT vpovebdiT.aha, mogveca Tavisufleba da, guSin mkvnesareni, dRes saku-Tar mefes ras vuSvrebiT! vidre Tavs ar gamovutydebiT,rom Cvenve varT saTave Cveniv ubedurebaTa – Cveni gaumaZRroba,wesTa abuCad agdeba – egre viqnebiT!~ 1rarig hgavs es dardiani RaRadisi giorgi pirvelistragikul monologs `didostatis marjvenas~ finalSi!gadamTieli mefe-qmris dedis, dedofal ekaterines sityvaciseTi sacnauria: `ra kargi qveyana yofila es saqarTvelo,mxolod qarTvelni ratom unda cxovrobdnen aqa!~ 2am sityvas ruseTis lamis yoveli xelisufali ucnauri,mZvinvare daJinebiT gaimeorebs...TiTqos absoluturad sworia abulasanis sityva, amirspasalarsargis mxargrZelis, Tamaris erTguli amirspasalarisadmiTqmuli: `bizantias unda ebuqnava qarTul miwaze?aRar eyoT? egeni xom mxolod mbrZaneblobas arian daCveulni.me arc basil meore damviwynia da arc konstantinemerve [mexsierebaSi kvlav gaikiafebs foni `didostatis marjvenasi~– n.k.]. rogor jijgnes saqarTvelo! riTa varT naklebi– ra ar mogvdevs – xmali Tu azri?!rusni viRa arian? uCinarni, uZaloni, Tumc ki xvalao,eg axali bizantia iqnebao~. 3TiTqos, eris Wirisuflis sityvaa, wrfeli, dardiani,magram abulasanis mamuliSviloba iq mTavrdeba, sadac mis1 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 120.2 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 211.3 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 260.169

Zalauflebas edeba samani. es ar aris sabaseuli `sityvasaqmiani da saqme sityviani~, 1 rioSi sityvaa, SoTaseuli`Wreli saubari~, 2 iliaseuli `yizilbaSoba~...`marTlad, ara Wrelad~ mxolod quTaTeli episkoposi`Txrobs~, saqarTveloSi dabrunebul, Tamarisagan gandrekildidebulTa mxardaWeriT Zalmicemul iuri (viTom giorgi)russ mefed rom ar akurTxebs:`gadamTielTan ra xeli maqvs?!Cemma Svilebma moixmes igi. ifiqrebda ki qarTul miwazefexis dadgmas, rom ara CemTa SvilTa Ralatiani buneba?!rodis gaumarjvnia mters Cvenze? mxolod maSin, roca Cvenes Zlier mogvindomebia!~ 3esec maradqarTuli `wyevlakrulviani sakiTxavia~...`Zlier mogvindomebia~ da amitomac `musrs avlebda saqarTvelossxvis qveynebSi atexili Wiri!~ (k. gamsaxurdia). 4`Zlier mogvindomebia~ da `CaSlila Tvali da jaWviCarRveula~ 5 – kaxni, TuSni, qarTlelni Tamars icaven, svaneTi,afxazeTi, guria, odiSi, raWa, Takveri, samcxe, javaxe-Ti russ emxroba...ucnauria qveyana qarTvelTa. gadamTieli ukeT Seigznebs:`amdeni mtris patronma qarTvelma xalxma dRemderogor moitana Tavi! – Sin Tu gareT amdeni mteri hyavT,magram mainc lxinisaken uWiravT Tvali. ise cxovroben,TiTqos mtrebi ki ara, moyvrebi exvioT gars. puris saWmeladdasxdebian, or lukmas SesWamen da ise amRerdebian,mtrebic ki sulganabulni usmenen. simRerisaTvis imden Zalasimeteben, TiTqos am wuTSi maTi sikvdil-sicocxlissakiTxi wydebodes. Rvinis smac uyvarT da lxinisas bevri,bevri laparakic. Camaval mzes ise Sescqerian, rogorc omSi1 sulxan-saba orbeliani. sibrZne sicruisa, – `qarTuli mwerloba~.t. VII, Tb., 1989, gv. 32.2 SoTa rusTaveli. vefxistyaosani, gv. 36.3 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 118.4 k. gamsaxurdia. didostatis marjvena. – wgn.: k. gamsaxurdia. Txzulebani10 tomad. t. IV. Tb., 1976, gv. 335.5 m. lebaniZe. rCeuli. Tb., 1984, gv. 58.170

mimaval erTaderT Svils, mzis amosvlas ki uflis gamocxadebadmiiCneven. wvimac uyvarT, wvimasac ki ugaloben~. 1naWarmagevSi aResruleba qvegamxedvari abulasani...`aravin icis, vin aris [igi] – berZenTa STamomavali,Tu romaelTagan qceuli qarTvelad, arabTa naSieri qarTveli,Tu nayivCaRari~... 2es zanqan zorababelis fiqria, iudeveli qarTvelis,qarTveli iudevelis, `drom rom saqarTvelos namdvil Sviladaqcia, am miwis, cis, haeris nawilad~. 3 swored zanqaniscxovreba, Cawnul-gadajaWvuli qarTul yofas, qar-TvelTa istoriis ganmsazRvrelic ki, qmnis guram baTiaSvilisromanis meore, istoriulisagan gansxvavebul, uaRresadsaintereso mxatvrul Sres. esaa istoria ara mxoloderTi kacisa, aramed mTeli erisa, romlisTvisac saqarTveloTavSesafari ki ara, samSobloa!`zanqanis winaprebma saqarTveloSi poves is, rasac RmerTsevedrebodnen... religiis garda, arara asxvavebdaT qarTvel-Tagan. dampyrobeli gansxvavebas ver povebda da orives erTnairadurtyamda.ebrauli wyaroebi zorababelTa winaprebs zerubavelebadmoixsenieben. swored isini miuZRodnen babilonidan sam-SobloSi mibrunebul TanamoZmeebs... samSoblodan otebuliebraeloba sicocxlis gadarCenis dauokebelma wadilma mimofanta.momavalSi igi wigns unda Seekriba – wigniT unda gaerTianebuliyoeri~... 4 swamdaT otebulT: `mefe is ki araris, vinc taxtze dajda, aramed is, vinc ers saganZurs uqmnis~.5 erisa da pirovnebis, mamulisa da mamuliSvilis bediswerissakraluri erToba warmoCndeba zanqanis yovelfiqrSi, sityvaSi, saqmeSi.mTavari, rasac moZRvari Seagonebs Tavis jamaaTs –mrevls, swored am sakraluri erTobis gacnobierebaa: `yo-1 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 321.2 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 361.3 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 360.4 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 18.5 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 18.171

veli Taobis ebraelma ise unda icxovros, TiTqos, Tavaddaixsna Tavi tyveobidan... vai imas, visac es daaviwydeba:Cven yovelTvis pirbasri Subebisa da zRvis talRebs SorisvarT moqceulni. ra kargi cxovrebac ar unda gvqondes,arc zRvis talRebi unda gvaviwydebodes, arc Cveni gulebisgasapobad alesili Subebi~. 1mravalaTaswlovani codnaa, eradyofnis misterias romesaZirkvleba. iqneb, imadac SeeTvisa erTurTs ori tanjuli,maRali eri, Tavis `daniSnulebasa da saRmrTo vals~rom icnobierebda saukuneTa mrume mdinarebaSi!aTasi `bizantiis WrelaWrula, moryeul samefo taxtze~msxdomareT, Jamier aRlaRebulT, etlTa da huneTamoimedeT dahviwyebodaT mTavari – warmavloba Jamieri Zalisa,waruvaloba RvTaebrivisa.`mwams, rom am qveyanas patroni hyavso~, im RvTaebrivisimSvidiT ityvis zanqani, rasac `qveynis patronad~ uflismoazreba CaRvris sulSi.uflisa da adamianis nebis RvTaebrivi Tanxvdena RvTaebrivsimyudroves CaRvris yofaSic – ebraelni `droSi arsebobis~misterias gzneben da amadac aRematebian `sivrceSi arsebobis~mowadineT. droSi arseboba maradiulobis pirobaa.igive piroba gansazRvravs galuTSi (israelsmiRma) mcxovrebebraelTa sanukvar, tragikul, maRal ocnebas – RvTaebrivsivrceSi – aRTqmul miwaze dabrunebas – galuTidanmxolod bednierni brundebian wminda miwaze, raTa daimarxoniq, `sadac micvalebuls matli ar ekareba.~`ieruSalaimis miwaze damadlianeba~ ocnebaTagan uzenaesia,magram mwerali saocar, unatifes detals daamatebsgaluTeli ebraelis israels gamgzavrebis amaRlebul pasaJs:ioSuays aRTqmul miwaze qarTuli miwa miaqvs!tkiviliTa da dardiTaa Tqmuli: `Cven im bednierebasvin gvaRirsebs, Cvens miwaze vibadebodeT da sikvdilsac iqvxvdebodeT, sadac vibadebiT~... 21 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 23.2 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 208.172

swored is, rom nebismieri sxva miwa mainc ucxod rCebaisraelianTaTvis, ganapirobebs maT idumal, RvTaebriv,sakralur kavSirs samSoblosTan.wmidaTawmida, amaRlebuli damokidebuleba wmidaTawmidisadmi– aRTqmuli miwisadmi – warmoaCens am eris RvTaebrivgamorCeulobas.swamT, rom adamiani RvTisa da angelozTa saxed da xatadaaqmnili, dReSi samgzis imeoreben fsalmunis wmidasityvebs: `RmerTo Cemo, aaride Cems enas da bageebs boroti...dadumdes suli Cemi mawyevrisaTvis~ ; 1 wmidaa maTi vedrebauflisadmi: `xuSa leezraTi, adonai, TeSuaTi~ – `gamoeSureCems saSvelad, RmerTo!~ 2romanis didebuli pasaJia naWarmagevis qvegamxedvarTaganwabilwul sasaxleSi zanqanis qmedeba – Camwyvdeul saqonelsdauamebs, wvelis gawamebul kameCebs, Zroxebs, uu-Soresi STamomavali im RvTaebrivi adamisa, ufalma rom mihgvaraaTasi juris cxovel-frinveli da maTi ufloba ubrZana,maTs saxelrqmevasTan erTad...es pastoraluri pasaJi iseTi damamSvidebelia, iseTidamaimedebeli...[folkneri ityoda: `adamiani ara mxolod gadarCeba,gaimarjvebs kidec~. 3 ]`qveyanas hyavs patroni~ da naWarmagevis wabilwulisasaxlidan wmindad gamosuli zanqani emsgavseba bibliurnoes, warRvnas gadarCenils, kidobnidan rom gadmohyvebasiwmindisa da simarTlis RvTaebrivi madli, ara mxolod,droSi, sivrceSic – maradiulobis sawindari...warRvnas gadarCenili saqarTvelo naWarmagevis sasaxlesganwmends da aaRorZinebs...vaglax, axal warRvnaTa kviraZalze...1 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 240.2 g. baTiaSvili. Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa, gv. 255.3 u. folkneri. saubrebi. Tb., 1984, gv. 47.173

NANA KUTSIATHE NOVEL “TIME FOR SILENCE AND TIMEFOR TALK” BY GURAM BATIASHVILIGeorgia attained a new height of power under Queen Tamar, throughwhose efforts the country’s political and economic might was greatlyexpanded. Tamar’s period was actually a continuation of the great successachieved by Georgia in her political, economic and cultural developmentin the reign of David IV the Builder. The great efforts of the GeorgianRoyal Court – the correct home- and foreign policy and great victoriesfurther enlarged and strengthened Georgia. But there were “hard times”as well. As though oblivious of the fact that Tamar had been co--regnant of Giorgi III, the feudal aristocracy demanded that she should becrowned anew. The feudal aristocrats forced Queen to dismiss from theirposts persons of “low birth and useless.” Tamar’s marriage was discussedjointly by the participants of the Church Assembly and representatives ofthe feudal aristocracy.174

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaSorena lomiZe, lela mircxulava`fardulebiani~ romanismiTologiuri paralelebiXXs. 30-iani wlebis sabWoTa saqarTveloSi, maSin, rocaTavisuflebaze, erovnulobaze saubari danaSaulad iTvlebodada qarTuli presa aWrelebuli iyo gamoCenilimwerlis, publicistis, sazogado moRvawis, grigol robaqi-Zis pirovnebisa da Semoqmedebis kritikiT, Tavad mweraliiZulebuli gaxda emigraciaSi wasuliyo. is `braldebuli~iyo RalatSi, ideur-mxatvrul siRatakeSi, rasizmSi. mweralisaswaulebrivad gadaurCa `sasjels~ da, s. orjonikiZisdaxmarebiT, SemoqmedebiTi mivlinebiT, germaniaSi gaemgzavrada emigraciaSi daasrula sicocxle. misi saxeli tabudadebuliiyo, magram `gvelis perangisa~ da `Cakluli sulis~avtoris saxelis sruli miCqmalva SeuZlebeli gaxda.grigol robaqiZis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani romani `gvelisperangi~ 1926 wels daibeWda. es aris dro, roca qar-Tuli mwerloba axal gmirs eZebs. man unda gasces pasuxisakralur kiTxvas – axal sinamdvileSi erma rogor undagaagrZelos cxovreba, eris romeli nawilia sicocxlisunariani,rogoria eris momavali perspeqtiva, sadaa gadarCenisgza. nawarmoebma imTaviTve gamoiwvia `xmauri~ samecnieroliteraturaSi. 1934 wels calke broSurad gamoica grigolmuSiSvilis vrceli werili `gvelis perangosani~, 1romelic mxatvrulad gaaforma lado gudiaSvilma. mxatvarmagr. robaqiZes Tavs qvewarmavlis tani gamoaba da mweraligvelad gamoiyvana.rogorc akaki baqraZe aRniSnavs, `grigol muSiSvilis`gvelis perangosanis~ gamosvlamde gacilebiT adre lado1 g. muSiSvili. `gvelis perangosani~. Tb., 1934.175

gudiaSvils gr. robaqiZis portreti dauxatavs, romelzectician tabiZe werda: `es aris udidesi, rac Seuqmnia ladogudiaSvils, grigol robaqiZe arwivis TaviT, romelsacgadmosdis tvini balRamiviT da Subli Sedrekia ise, TiTqosmacxovars Casces laxvari~. rodis iyo gulwrfeli l.gudiaSvili? maSin, roca arwivisTaviani gr. robaqiZe daxata,Tu maSin, roca gvelistaniani grigol robaqiZe gamosaxa?ra Tqma unda, l. gudiaSvilma Tavisi gulisnasdebi ma-Sin gamoTqva, roca arwivisTaviani gr. robaqiZe daxata, xoloroca gvelistaniani gr. robaqiZe gamoxata, maSin mxatvarikompartiis gankarulebas asrulebda~. 1g. muSiSvilis azriT, gr. robaqiZe `gvelis perangSi~aviTarebs rasistul Teorias, romlis mixedviT mxolodqarTveli eri SeiZleba miekuTvnos umaRles rasas, avtorssurs, am Teoriidan gamomdinare, politikuri daskvna gaake-Tebinos mkiTxvels: `pirmoSvebuli rassa~, skviTis TaviT damonRolis TvalebiT, daesxa `daxvewil rassas~ da `waleka,gadalaxa, warRvna is~. 2arc erTi sakiTxi, arcerTi problema ar darCenila`gvelis perangs” miRma, pirdapir Tu SefarviT, grigolrobaqiZe rogorc mxatvari, sociologi, fsiqologi, filosofosiaanalizebs, ikvlevs da asaxavs oqtombris amboxebismomxden xalxs Tu pirovnebebs. mis dakvirvebebsa da daskvnebsdResac ar daukargavT Tavisi mniSvneloba da dokumentismniSvnelobac ki eniWeba.1930 wels, Jurnal `mnaTobSi~ gamoqveynebul statiaSibenito buaCiZe werda: `yvelaze rTuli da susti sferomxatvruli prozaa. grigol robaqiZis `gvelis perangi~, k.gamsaxurdias `dionisos Rimili~, S. dadianis `ubeduri rusi~,v. barnovis – saSualo saukuneebis romanebi – sabWoTamwerlobis aqtivSi ar Sedis. sabWoTa mkiTxveli maTi momxmarebeliar aris. es nawarmoebni mxolod dokumentebiaaxali mwerlobisaTvis da ara misi mamoZravebeli mowinave1 a. baqraZe. mwerlobis moTviniereba. Tb., 1990, gv. 40.2 g. muSiSvili. `gvelis perangosani~, gv. 16.176

safexuri – rogorc ideuri, ise mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT~.1 Salva radianis azriT, `grigol robaqiZe mTliani daCamoyalibebuli saxis burJuaziuli mweralia. mis SemoqmedebaSiTavidanve pirvel planze ori motivi mosCanda: ukiduresiindividualizmi, romlisTvisac `ucxo~ iyo raimekavSiri sazogadoebriv-socialur yofasTan da erotizmi,romelic ayvanili iyo cxovrebis deda-azrSi~. 2XXs. 30-ian wlebis dasawyisSi, iseT mkacr reJimSi,roca erTi sityvis gamoc ki adamians sikvdili eloda, gasagebiaadamianTa Soris gaCenili undobloba, Suri. swored.es viTareba ganapirobebda robaqiZis, rogorc pirovnebis,aseve misi Semoqmedebis devnas, lanZRvas. dumilic RalatadiTvleboda maSin, Torem iseT `did moRvaweebs~ SeuZlebeliaar scodnodaT grigol robaqiZis Semoqmedebis fasi,winadadebaTa uzado SekavSirebis, miTosur samyaroSi mogzaurobisfasi. erT-erT pirad baraTSi avtori Tavis romansfardulebians uwodebs, meeqvse fardulSic rom Cavidesvinme, meSvide mainc uxilavi darCebao. 3 gr. robaqiZe miTosSiwarmavali istoriuli movlenebis maradiul mniSvnelobebseZebs da amitomac, romanSi arsebuli miTologiuri motivebiiseT mniSvnelobaTa sistemebs qmnian, romlebSic `dabali~uSualo siuJeturi sinamdvile, `maRal~ simbolur magistSigadadis.`visac `simbolo~ da `miTi~ ar esmis, igi Cems Semoqmedebasver gaigebs... vfiqrob, bevr saidumloebaSi SeviWeri,ise rom, ra Tqma unda, maTi `saburveli~ ar Semiryvnia...Cems ZiebaSi gansakuTrebiT qarTvelebis miTiuri winamorbedikardhu mexmareba... miTiuri suraTebi iseve emTxveva uSualokosmiur saidumlos, rogorc enis sityvieri arsi~, –werda grigol robaqiZe. dRes bevrs laparakoben miTosze.es iyo kaci, romelsac amis marTla gaegeboda~, – aRniSnavs1 b. buaCiZe. mxatvruli mwerloba. – mnaTobi. #1. Tb., 1930. gv. 162.2 S. radiani. qarTuli mwerlobis aTi weli. – mnaTobi. #1-2. Tb.,1931, gv. 231-232.3 gr. robaqiZe. simarTle CemTvis yvelaferia. Tb., 1996, gv. 21.12. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi177

nikolaus zombarTi. 1gr. robaqiZe Tavad ase gadmogvcems `gvelis perangis~dedaazrs: `Svili, romelsac saqarTvelo sizmrad axsovsdaeZebs dakargul mamas: `mamis~ ZebnaSi iZvris TandaTan, metisimZafriT, Soreuli fesvi `mamuli~, `mamulis~ naxvaSiielvebs xandaxan: Tauri yovlisa, `mama~ uzenaesi. erTi rkalimoicvis meoreTi, meore mesameTi – aq `mocva sruldeba.`gvelis perangSi” gzis motivTanaa dakavSirebuli mTavarigmiris, arCibald mekeSis Zieba. igi aris `Svili, romelsacsizmrad axsovs saqarTvelo da daeZebs dakargul mamas~,magram misi mogzaurobis mizani, avtoris TqmiT, samsaxovania,arCibaldi eZebs mamas, mamuls, mamas uzenaess, amitomacam mogzaurobas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, gzis dasasruls kimgzavrs elodeba netareba. arCibaldi grZnobs am sixarulissiaxloves da miiwevs win, xolo sulieri gardaqmna am gzaze,romanis centralur Temad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.`romanis gmiri miemarTeba saqarTveloSi iranis gavliT,e. i. moZraobs samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken, rac saukuneebismanZilze Camoyalibebuli simbolikis Tanaxmad, gaigivebuliavertikalurad aRma msvlelobasTan, amas ki gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan qristianuli msoflmxedvelobasamyaros warmogvidgens, rogorc or mopirdapirewertils Soris ganlagebul sivces. esaa ca da dedamiwa,samoTxe da jojoxeTi, RmerTi da satana. maT SorismoZraoba arasdros ar aris xarisxobrivad indiferentuli,igi aRma da daRma mimarTulebas udris da Sesatyvisi simbolurikonotaciebiTaa datvirTuli. samyaros amgvar wyobazeyvelaze klasikur magaliTs, albaT, dantes `RvTaebrivikomedia~ warmoadgens, sadac miwisqveSeTi da zeca jojoxeTsada samoTxes Seesabamebian~, – aRniSnavs d. kiziria.2arCibaldis mogzaurobas saqarTvelosken Tan axlavs1 n. zombarTi. grigol robaqiZe. – mnaTobi. #4, 1989, gv. 164.2 d. kiziria. gr. robaqiZis `gvelis perangi~ rusul-evropuli simbolizmiskonteqstSi. – literaturuli saqarTvelo. 1989, 2 ivnisi.178

miTologiuri motivi, romelic mis moZraobas qristianulisimbolikis konteqstSi aTavsebs. am simbolikis Sesabamisadigi miemarTeba vertikalurad aRma, anu qvesknelidan zesknelisken,sibnelidan sinaTlisken.cnobilia, rom fridrix nicSes cnobilma naSromma`tragediis warmoSoba~, 1 romelSic wamoyenebuli iyo apolonurida dionisuri Zalebis dapirispirebis idea, didigavlena moaxdina XXs. filosofiur-esTetikur azrovnebaze.arCibaldis gamomgzavreba inglisidan saqarTvelosken,anu dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken, gaazrebulia romanSirogorc apolonuridan dionisur samyaroSi gadasvlad. nawarmoebisamgvari gaazreba aZlevda safuZvels konstantinegamsaxurdias eTqva: man ver moinela nicSes, vlad. soloviovis,mereJkovis, vagneris, balmontis ideebio, da misi azriT,mwerali `ideur CixSi~ moeqca, qarTul realobaSi`ver erkveva~. `gvelis perangSi~ citirebulia aleqsandreblokis erT-erTi leqsi da nawilobriv andrei belis romani`peterburgi~. 2d. kiziria marTebulad ganmartavs, rusuli simbolizmiserT-erTi fuZemdeblis, dimitri mereJkovskisa da andreibelis msoflmxedvelobaSi dionisuri (qaosi, amboxi,intuicia, musikis primati xelovnebaSi) da apoloniuri(forma, organizacia, logika, arqiteqturis primati xelovnebaSi)sawyisebis dapirispirebasa da Sexlas centraluriadgili aqvs miniWebuli, Sexla gardauvalia, Tu nicSes mixedviT,tragedia aris nayofi dionisuri eqstatiuri mZvinvarebisdaZlevis apolonis formiT, rusi simbolistebisTanaxmad, kacobriobis istoria warmoadgens dionisiuri amboxebisSedegad gamowveuli ngrevis gaformebas, axal etapzeaRorZinebas apoloniuri maorganizebeli ZalebiT. SemdegpiriqiT, apoloniuri Zala qvavdeba, Zveldeba, kargavs pir-1 Фридрих Ницше. Рождение трагедии или Эллинство и пессимизм. Перевод Г.А. Рачинского. – wgn. Фридрих Ницше. Сочинения в 2-х томах. Том 1. М., 1990,eleqtr. versia: http://magister.msk.ru/library/babilon/deutsche/nietz/nietz05r.htm2 d. kiziria. gr. robaqiZis `gvelis perangi~...179

vandel saxes da igi ukve dionisiuri amboxebis msxverplixdeba.kacobriobas gavlili aqvs ori stadia: warmarTuli(kosmos) da qristianuli (logos). es ukanaskneli dakninebiszRvarTanaa misuli burJuaziul samyaroSi, mis Semdegki daiwyeba mesame xana, axali xana, sadac warmarTuli(xorcieli) da qristianuli (sulieri) Seerwymian erTmaneTs,sxva viTarebaa romanSi `gvelis perangi”, sadac apoloniuriar aris amboxebuli dionisiuris winaaRmdeg dapiruku. gaingliselebuli arCibald mekeSi (apoloni) ubrundebaTavis erovnul sawyisebs da xdeba arCil mayaSvili(dionise) gamanadgurebeli msxverplis gareSe. romanis saTaurSiCaqsovili azri – `gvelis perangi”, swored am dabrunebis,anu sulieri aRorZinebis simboloa. igi ar anadgurebsTavis evropul warsuls, igi ubralod scildeba mas. 1`gvelis perangi” goeTes eZRvneba – `goethes Tvals”.moZRvreba Taursawyisebze – `urfenomenze” – goeTedanaaaRebuli, `visac hsurs konkretulad wvdes Cems Sexedulebas,man unda mimarTos goethes swavlas TaurSemecnebaze”(interviu kalistrate saliasTan). 2 gr. robaqiZem win wamoswiarasis, qarTuli erovnuli fesvebis Ziebis problema,amitomac warmoadgens romani qarTuli rasis apologias,mxolod erovnuli mrwamsis gaRvivebiT, gaZlierebiT SeiZlebodaaetanaT `wiTeli gansacdeli”.qarTvelobis arsi avtorisTvis aris is, rac maradiulia,is, rac `Sinasaxea” qarTvelobisa, rogorc rasisa, anurasac germanul kulturaze aRzrdili mwerlisaTvis `Taurmovlena(urfenomeni”) hqvia, – aRniSnavs a. gomarTeli, –amitomac uwoda kalistrate saliam gr. robaqiZes `qarTvelieris Taurmdgenis mesaidumle”. `gvelis perangis” avtorsar ainteresebs personaJis qcevisa da xasiaTis motivirebamisi individualuri Tvisebebidan gamomdinare. igixatavs personaJs, qarTvels, romelSic mJRavndeba `Taur-1 d. kiziria. gr. robaqiZis `gvelis perangi~.., gv. 542 gr. robaqiZe. `simarTle CemTvis yvelaferia~, gv. 321.180

movlena~, `Sina-saxe”, qarTvelobis arsi~. 1 gr. robaqiZe ar-Cibald mekeSsa da vamex laSxSi eZiebs `Sina-saxes~ qarTvelobisa,rogorc zedapirul Tvisebas, iseve zedrouls,iseve rogorc miTosSi – miTi xom zedroulia.`mekeSi eZebs Tavis Tavs. ver naxulobs fesvebs. arcZma, arc dah, arc deda, arc naTesavi, arc mama?!~ uyurebsarCibaldi cekvas da mama agondeba. cekvaven lekurs, magram`es cekva qarTulia da garda qarTvelisa mas ver icekvebsveravin: rassa ar eyofa~... sparseTSi yofnisas arCibaldis`fiqrebi erT liTonad isxmian, es liToni aris `mama~, arcdro, arc sivrce, arc raime sagani sxva, arc TviTon olga,arc vamex. arc taba tabaÁ. aravin da araferi ar iWers misgznebas. mTeli arsi gavsebulia erTaderTi liToniT. esliToni aris `mama~. 2vaJi dgeba. Cemodnidan iRebs mimalul kolofs – wi-Turad danisluls. kolofze mikrulia sqeli pergamenti.zed inglisurad weriaa: `gaxseni kolofi maSin, roca –erTi fiqriT iqne liToniviT avsili~... xsnis kolofs, Sigmozrdili paketia, romelzec aweria: irubaqiZe.romanSi moqmedeba 1917w. zafxulSi hamadanSi iwyeba da1918w. zafxulSi mTavrdeba sairmeSi, magram drois amgvariaRqma mxolod realistur plans Seexeba, robaqiZis msoflmxedvelobisareSia ara mxolod erTi weli, aramed aTaswleulebisakacobrio istoriisa – ebraelTa gamosvla egviptidan,aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobebi, konstantinopolisaReba. irbaqiZeTa sagvareulo istoriis fonzemwerali gvamcnobs qarTlis cxovrebis sakvanZo epizodebs.scena udabnoSi: Ramea, saSineli siCume. arCibald meke-Si ki raRacas usmens – ras? – `sferoTa musikas~. Staineriindur filosofiaze dayrdnobiT amtkicebs, rom arsebobssami samyaro. fizikuri, astraluri da davexaniurianu RvTaebrivi, isini ar arian erTmaneTisagan sivrcobrivadgamoyofili. davexaniur samyaroSi sufTa bgerebi batonoben.1 a. gomarTeli. qarTuli simbolisturi proza. Tb., 1996, gv. 162.2 gr. robaqiZe. gvelis perangi. Tb., 1988, gv. 85.181

cnobilia, rom piTagorelebma Seqmnes moZRvreba `sferoTaharmoniis~ Sesaxeb, xolo gamoTqma `sferoTa musika~, romelsacgrigol robaqiZe xmarobs – Staineriseulia, – aRniSnavsm. xomeriki, – Tu Cveulebrivi adamiani sicocxleSimxolod fizikur samyaros xedavs, sulieri ganviTarebismaRal safexurze mdgom pirebs, e. w. adeptebs, TiTqos SeswevTunari sicocxleSive ixilon astraluri da davexanurisamyaro. maSasadame, mekeSi amgvari adaptebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba,arCibald mekeSi `igonebs~ imas rac mas realurcxovrebaSi ar unaxavs, igi ixsenebs, Tu rogor SemoagdoekbatanaSi Tavisi cxeni aleqsandre makedonelma ori aTasiwlis win. arCibaldi bibliur moses `igonebs~, Semdeg erkvevada xvdeba, Tu ratom uyvarda mose irubaq irubaqi-Zes~. 1 igi axla `winaparSia TviTon da xedavs, – ganmartavsavtori, – arCibald mekeSi Tvals adevnebs arCibald mekeSsSoreuls~. 2`gvelis perangSi” svanebis kavSiri kardusTan simboluradaris gadmocemuli: `bavSvi dallasi iyo – kardusgan~,cxadia, rom dali am SemTxvevaSi svaneTis simboloa.qarTveli xalxi kimiTiur pirovnebebad gvevlineba. irubaqi-Zeebis arqivSi vxvdebiT agreTve miniSnebas qarTvelebisa dabaskebis naTesaobaze, erT-erTi irubaqiZe espaneTSi wasula`qarTvelebis~ sanaxavad. es irubaqiZec ganzogadebuli saxea,cnobilia, rom espaneTSi, amave dros, nikifore ColoyaSvili– irubaqiZe diplomatiuri misiiT gaigzavna espaneTSi.Tamaz mayaSvilsac baskebisaken gauwia gulma.`irubaqiZe~ robaqiZis arqauli formaa. mwerali axdensTavisi gvaris miTologizirebas, romelic TiTqos VI saukunidanixsneba. maSin ucxovria irubaq irubaqiZes, romeliciyo mamaci da ficxi, gonieri da Tavawyvetili, amayi daucnauri, mas hyvarebia mose da piTagori, mkerdze hqoniaxalimzis niSani. erT irubaqiZes hyavda ori vaJi – Coloya1 m. xomeriki. heratiuli `gvelis perangsa~ da `falestraSi~, –Jurn. `ganTiadi~. #2. 1990, gv. 124.2 gr. robaqiZe, gvelis perangi, gv. 87.182

da maya, romelTagan modis ori gvari: – ColoyaSvili damayaSvili, bolo saukuneebSi irubaqiZeebi damkvidrdnen kaxeTs,iyalToSi, magram gvars moedo epilefsia da SeSliloba,arCibaldis papa gaqceula kaxeTidan, imereTSi dasaxlebula,sairmis axlos, magram avi seni aqac gahyolia, da-Rupvia oTxi vaJi da sami qaliSvili. nawarmoebSi aRniSnulia,rom XIV saukuneSi cxovrobda Tavadi irubaqiZe, romlissagvareulo xmali kedlidan Camovardila da xalibisrkina orad gadamtydara, TiTqos `gvaris xerxemali gadaimsxvra~,amis mere ki wydeba gvaris mematiane da mxolodXX saukuneSi ivseba axali furclebiT.nawarmoebSi naTqvamia: `me, Tamaz mayaSvili, gadmoxvewilisaqarTvelodan vwer bolosityvas, mec xom irubaqiZevar, Cveni gvari bolo saukuneebSi kaxeTs dabinavda – iyal-ToSi, moedva seni: bneda da SeSliloba. mamaCemi imereTSigadasaxlda: sairmes axlo. iqac gahyva ubedureba. mokvda mamaavi seniT. deda Cemi gadahyva Zeobas. momikvda oTxi Zmada sami dah, maTSi: erTi Zma mters Seakvda da meore cxeniTxramSi gadaiCexa, debSi: erTi qmarmaa mohkla da meore avmaznem gaaqro. davkarge sami vaJi da ori qali. colic Zeobasgadahyva. davrCi marto. damrCa oTxi wlis vaJi, momadga gadaSeneba,gavyide mamuli: garda ezo saxliT da sajvareTi.mivaSure evropas: saca ymawvilobaSi vswavlobdi, myavdasiyrmis megobari lord k-rt. evropaSi vaJic Tan wamoviyvane.saxeli `arCil~ arCibaldad Sevucvale, gvarad meZaxdnen– `mayaSi~ `mekeSi~ gadavakeTe, sevda aqac mklavda, raRacauxsneli. momenatra saqarTvelo, movisurve dabruneba, ve-Rar gavbede, Semdeg: vaJi megobars Cavabare. is upatronebs.davutove 30 000 sterlingi. me ki mival baskeTis mxareSi.Tu movrCi – Svils vnaxav, mklavs sevda saqarTvelosi. guliixsenebs lamaz n-s~. 1 mogzaurobisas arCibaldma uneburadSeiZina irubaqiZeTa xmali, meTormete saukunisa, racerTgvari miniSnebaa imisa, rom gvaris `xerxemali~ undagamTeldes.1 gr. robaqiZe. gvelis perangi, gv. 95.183

omanSi gamoyenebulia mravali bibliuri motivi, maTSoris mniSvnelovania aRTqmuli miwisaken ebraelTa ormocwlianmogzaurobasTan dakavSirebuli aluziebi. Tumca gansxvavebaaqac aris, erT-erTi qveTavis saTauria `hozarsiph~,rac avtoris miniSnebiT mose winaswarmetyvelis egvipturisaxelia, rac aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba bibliur tradicias,bibliis mixedviT mose israeluri warmoSobisaa, romlismixedviTac faraonis qaliSvili moses dedobilia. yazvanidanCrdiloeTisaken mimaval qaravans miekedla arCibaldi,misi mogzauroba da swrafva aRTqmuli miwisaken ufro em-Txveva bibliur siuJets, es sanetaro adgili arCibaldis-Tvis saqarTveloa.romanis imave TavSi aris qveTavi saxelwodebiT `bexan~.aq ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT nicSe: aqlemi – es yvelafrisamtani, Ronieri, morCili cxoveli `zaratustraSi~ ganasaxierebsRvTismosav adamians, romelic Tayvans scems RmerTsda udrtvinvelad ezideba umZimes tvirTs – transtendenturisamyaros arsebobis rwmenas. nicSes am SemTxvevaSiWeSmariti qristianis rTuli cxovreba aqvs mxedvelobaSi:RvTis moSiSi adamiani zRudavs pirovnuls da Tavis qcevas,mTlianad eqvemdebareba imperativs – `Sen xar movale~,romlis wyaroc idealuri RirebulebaTa samefoa, RmerTia. 1Tuki erTi ver axerxebs da ecema, meore agrZelebs gzas daqaravani mainc aRwevs aRTqmul qveyanas.avtoris azriT, qristianobis qarTuli varianti niSnavsara warmarTobis ukugdebas da uaryofas, aramed misharmoniulad Serwymas, xorcielisa da sulieris urTier-Tintegracias da maT erTobis axal sustanciad qcevas. nawarmoebSiarCibald mekeSis warsulis Sesaxeb saubari araris. mas arc deda, arc megobari ar axsendeba. hyavs sayvarelidogi allani. mis sicocxles azrs aZlevs mxolodmamis Zieba. arCibalds gulze jvris nacvlad mamis medalionihkidia. misTvis `mama~ aris RmerTi. taba tabaÁs azriT1 fr. nicSe. ese ityoda zaratustra. wigni yvelasTvis da aravisTvis.Tb., 1993, gv. 25.184

pirvelsawyisi `erTi~ yvelaferSia. am pirvelerTTan, ierarqiisyvelaze maRal safexurze dgas adamiani. mTavari pirvelerTisda adamianis sakraluri kavSiris aRmoCenaa.am urTierTobis dafarul azrs taba tabaÁ gadmogvcemsbibliuri igaviT. `sparsi, hindu Tu egviptelis~ ganmartebiT:vaJis winadacveTis dros, `xorci iagves ubrundebaniSnad imisa, rom igi iagves nawilia... kacis qmedi Zalaiagvea TviTon. iagve Teslia da xorci... mama SvilSi qmnisiagves~. 1 `mama da Svili erTni arian, magram Tan sxva~, mamasamyaros xerxemalia, Svili gacdena da Tavisufleba, mama –`msjavri da mwyevaria”, Svili – `Semtevi da uZRebi”, `usaxelo”mama – Tavad uzenaesia, samyaros Semoqmedi. taba tabaÁmaT Soris xedavs stiqiur harmonias. arCibaldma verdaTrguna aRmosavluri stiqia, igi daeZebs dakargul mamas,rogorc samyaros pirvelsawyiss. `dausrulebel dgomaSi meviReb ara am mamas da arc im mamas – aramed saerTo `mamas~,romelic arasdros `Svili~ araa da yovel SvilSia, rogorc`mama~. ruaxheloRhim: `sunTqva yovlis~. ebraeli`ruax elohim~ niSnavs: suli RvTisa. amitom `CvenSi `Svili~imTaviTve mamis wiaRSia. 2– `ra aris es `erTi~ materia Tu suli?~ – kiTxulobsarCibaldi.– `es dayofa evropis analitikaa... igi ar aris arc materiada arc suli... an ukeT: igi materiacaa da sulic...an kidev ukeT: igi am dayofis maRla dgas: miRmaa iqiT mxares~.3mniSvnelovan simboloebs vxedavT romanSi vazis jvarissaxiT: `jvari – qalis TmebiT Sekruli. miCveneT sxva saxeufro mwveli da ufro lamazi!! jvari – vazis nasxlavisagangamoWrili~. 4 qalis Tma da vazis nasxlavi orive miwier,xorciel grZnobebTan (siyvarulTan da RviniT Trobas-1 gr. robaqiZe. gvelis perangi, gv. 117.2 gr. robaqiZe. gvelis perangi, gv. 117.3 gr. robaqiZe. gvelis perangi, gv. 118.4 gr. robaqiZe. gvelis perangi, gv. 137.185

Tan) dakavSirebuli saxeebia, magram maTi najvari umaRlesisulieri aRzevebis simboloa. swored amitom, araqristianitaba taba, `sparsi, hindu Tu egvipteli~, qristianul sam-SobloSi moyveba arCibalds da gaqarTvelebul megobarswarmarTul Tilismas – gvelis perangs – axvevs yelze. amJests yelze jvaris Camokidebis Sesatyvisi mniSvnelobaaqvs.`mze CvenTvis mudam arsiseuli elementi iyo, – aRniSnavsgr. robaqiZe, – mcxeTaSi cxovrobdnen mogvebi, cecxlTayvanismcemlebi,romlebic uZveles sibrZnes mzis kultmsaxurebiTicavdnen. qristes moZRvrebas es Zveli sibrZnear gaunadgurebia, piriqiT: is moqmedebda mzis saSualebiT,swored amis simboluri niSania jvari vazisa, isic, vincmowodebulni iyvnen saswaulebriv mtevanTa wveni daecvaT,mzesTan unda yofiliyvnen RvTaebrivad wilnayarni~. 1`gvelis perangs” ori mTavari personaJi hyavs: arCibaldmekeSi da vamex laSxi. isini oreulebi arian da er-TmneTis saxecvlilebas warmoadgenen, romani Zmis siyvarulismotiviT iwyeba: `Cemi Zma aryofili viT ar miyvardes~...pirvelive danaxvaze orive icnobs da Seicnobs TavianTnaTesaobas, sakuTar Zmobas, intuiciurad xvdebian. ar-Cibalds Tavidan oreulis danaxvis eSinia. es SiSi qreba,rodesac igi vamexs gaicnobs. arCibaldi da vamexi oriveTamaz mayaSvilis vaJebi arian, Tumca dediT sxvadasxva,orive sagvareulo xmlis mflobeli xdeba.`gvelis perangSi” zogjer saocar damTxvevebs vxvdebiTromanis personaJebsa da maT miTologiur hipostasTaTavgadasavalsa da buneba-xasiaTebs Soris. amas SegnebuladakeTebs romanis avtori. arCibaldis deda mSobiarobas gadahyva.momakvdavi dedis – semedes muclidan eqvsi Tvis dioniseheresma gamoiyvana. zevsis eWvianma colma heram, titanebsubrZana nafleTebad eqciaT axalSobili. mere zevsmaxelmeored Sva dionise, arCibald mekeSic xelmeored iSva,oRond es meored Soba xdeba `gonis mxriT~. davaJkacebul1 gr. robaqiZe. `graalis mcvelni~. – kldekari. #1, 1991, gv. 78.186

dionises dedinacvalma heram siSmage mougona. bneda da siSmageirubaqiZe-mayaSvilTa sagvareulo senia. dionises hyavsZma apoloni, orTaveni zevsis Svilebia. isini mamiT erTniarian, msgavsad arCibaldisa da vamexisa. apolons hyavs daartemide. aqac analogiasTan gvaqvs saqme, vamexisa da matasissaxiT.`gvelis perangSi” dionisuri da apoliniuri ZalisSerwyma badebs srul harmonias. nicSes `tragediis dabadebis”Tanaxmad, samyaros yofiereba aris sicocxle, heraklitiseuliqmnadoba, `dionisuri~ ltolva. cxovreba mxoloddionisesa da apolonis urTierTqmedebis wyalobiT SeiZleba.berZnuli tragedia ori sapirispiro sawyisis apoloniseulida dionisuri sawyisis harmoniul erTianobas warmoadgens.1grigol robaqiZe iyenebs induri filosofiis erT-erTZiriTad cnebas, maias, rac iluzias niSnavs. `gvelis perangSi”gadmocemuli saubari landebis Sesaxeb, gvamcnobs, romyvela erTia, igivea `me-Sen-is~. zedapiria, moCvenebaa –`sxivosani maOa~. maOad esaxeba arCibald mekeSs `xvlikisferTvalebiani~ olgac – `silamazis erT-erTi inkarnacia~,es sityva Cndeba arCibaldis cnobierebaSi matasisTan mimar-TebaSi, maSin, roca vaJi metismetad ixibleba qalis xorcielimSvenierebiT. `gvelis perangSi” apolonur iluzias(`maOas~), amqveyniur miwier sacdurs – matasi ganasaxierebs,matasis meSveobiT ambobs arCibaldi `xo~-s amqveyniur yofaze,misi meSveobiT ubrundeba samSoblos. es ufro (apolonis)vamexis damsaxurebaa. man moawona matasi (amqveyniuriyofa) arCibalds (dionises): `Cemi dah, matasi! lamazia,ara?..~ `diax... ra lamazi dah gyavT, vamex!..`vamexi Rvinosasmevs aRCibalds, Tan dasZens: `miwam naxa Svili... niSnadmisi zedaSe~. vamexs udevs wili olga balaSovas daRupvaSi.nawarmoebSi arCibald mekeSi sparseTSi SemTxveviT xvdebaolga balaSovas, mis sayvarels, is unda gamxdariyo arCi-1 Фридрих Ницше. Рождение трагедии или Эллинство и пессимизм.., eleqtr.versia: http://magister.msk.ru/library/babilon/deutsche/nietz/nietz05r.htm187

aldis (dionises) cxovrebis Tanamgzavri. vamexi grZnobs,rom arCibaldma moiwyina, igi Camoiyvans olgas, magram moxdebasamwuxaro faqti, olga balaSova vamexis gadasarCenadiZulebulia danebdes revolucioneri jariskacebis meTaurs.Tumca Semdeg, is am sibinZuris atanas ver SeZlebs da Tavsiklavs.dionisuri adamiani moqceva miwieri saqmianobisakenmxolod apolons SeeZlo Tavisi iluziis wyalobiT. `arcisaa SemTxveviTi, rom vamexs udevs wili olgas daRupvaSi,– aRniSnavs a. gomarTeli, – vamexi ver dauSvebs, rom arCibaldmaucxo tomis qali SeirTos, mis misia xom arCibaldismSobliur wiaRSi dabrunebaa. gr. robaqiZe im Tavs, romelSicolga balaSova Tavs iklavs `skviTebis menadas`uwodebs. mas iseve, rogorc al. bloks, a. belis Tu a. wereTelsskviTebi rusebis winaprad miaCnda. menada ki dionisesTanamgzavrad iTvleboda. olgac xom arCibaldis satrfoa,romelic mudam mekeSs unda axldes Tan. xolo arCibaldisgza mesopotamiasa, iransa da saqarTveloSi dionisessadResaswaulo procesias hgavs. masac xom xvdeba Rvino,sufra, vazi, magram es gza sazogadod qarTvelTa modgmismier ganvlili gzaa~. 1sayuradReboa rasis problema, spetaki bunebis qalmaolga balaSovam Tavi moikla. mwerali ver dauSvebda sisxlisaRrevas. olga rusia, SeiZleba warmoiSvas bastridi,arawminda Taoba. robaqiZis romanSi yvelaferSi rasa metyvelebs:pirovnebaTa fsiqika `sufrac rasis niSania`, aTasqalSi gamoarCev iveriis qalwulis Tvalebs, radgan igi`rassaa Seuryvneli~, xolo Tbilisi `babilonia~, sadac `a-Tasi xalxi cxovrobs~.`gvelis perangSi” aRwerilia amerikeli miliarderi,romelic xmelTaSua zRvis piras aSenebul vilaSi rCeulpirebs evropis yvela kuTxidan epatiJeba da maTTvis qmnisaxal qveyanas. mas `fridrix nicSe ar ukiTxavs, an rad un-1 a. gomarTeli. qarTuli simbolisturi proza, gv. 170-172.188

doda misi wakiTxva~ 1 . fergius urvoori praqtikuladxorcs asxams nicSes Teoriebs. igi momxrea rCeuli adamianebisganaTlebisa da ara masebisa. mwerali fergius urvoorsadarebs `yiala astrals~. es mxatvruli metaforamistikur cnebas eyrdnoba. `yiala astrali~ yovelgvari sulierisawyisidan daclili astraluri gvamia, e.w. `mesamegvami~ romelic uazrod daexeteba, dayialebs.dogi `allani~ arCibald mekeSis sayvareli cxovelia.ZaRli yvelgan Tan axlavs patrons. esmis arCibaldis survili.zogjer winaswar grZnobs moaxloebul safrTxes. yovelTvisSemarTulia da exmareba patrons. aq adamiani daZaRli TiTqos erTarsebaa. gr. robaqiZis SexedulebiT, adamianisxva adamianebTan, cxovelebTan, mcenaresTan da saer-Tod mTel samyarosTan mistikuri ZafebiT aris dakavSirebuli.isini erTiani arian. yvelaferi, rac adamianis garSemoa,aris misi sxvaO.saqarTvelos miwa da misi simbolo – Tbilisi – aramartodedaa arCibaldisa, aramed misi sacolec, amitomacTbiliss qalad saxavs avtori, romelic saqmros elis:`romeli saqmro, kidev?! yvela yalbi?! yvela cru?! egebTviTon aris yalbi?! egeb TviTon aris cru?! vis ucdis amdenxans?!~ 2 mwerali krebs `rasisi natexebs~, rac gabneuliagurulTa, megrelTa, svanTa, qarTlelTa, imerTa, fSav-Ta, xevsurTa xasiaTebSi da scenaze ametyvelebs: `mimodramasmosdevs sxva scenebi: rassis natexebi. gurulTa simkvircxleda kiskasi simRera (romelmac msgavsi ar icismsoflioSi). megrelTa daTasmul Zraoba da Semparavi mzera(romelsac moaqvs zRvis napirebis surneli), svanebis dakorZilikunTebi da himni `lile~ (romelic Subnakravimzea). qarTlelTa udrekoba da gulis simarTle (romelicniSania mZleobis da gamZleobis). fSavTa sairoba (romelicvaJas gamoisrolis). xevsurTa farikaoba (romelic cdisuSiSar morkinals). imerTa rassiuli daxvewiloba da si-1 gr. robaqiZe. gvelis perangi, gv. 79.2 gr. robaqiZe. gvelis perangi, gv. 219.189

darbaisle (romelic edaveba yvela rassebs)~. 1 mweralssurs zogadqarTuli bunebis amaRlebuli warmodgena SeuqmnasmkiTxvels.romanis miTiuri safuZvlis Ziebas garkveuli polemikamohyva. mecnierTa erTi nawilis mtkicebiT romans safuZvladudevs oidiposis miTi, xolo meore nawilis mtkicebiT,mas aranairi kavSiri ara aqvs oidiposTan da igi ufrohomerosis `odiseas” exmianeba.Cven ukve aRvniSneT, arCibaldisa da dionisos identobasaTu msgavsebasTan dakavSirebiT, axla rac Seexeba paralelebsoidiposTan: oidiposma ar icis Tavisi warmomavlobisSesaxeb. winaswarmetyveleba rom ar asrulebuliyo, igimwyemsebma gazardes, man ixsne Tebe urCxulisagan da madliermaTebelebma mas mefe laiosis qvrivi SerTes colad.Tumca manamde, Tebesken mimavals gzad Warmagi didebuliSemoakvda, rogorc gairkva is kaci Tebes mefe, laiosi iyo.ase `uneblied~ aRmoCnda oidiposi sakuTari mamis mkvlelida dedis Tanamecxedre. arc arCibaldma icis vin aris, manacmamis nebiT datova samSoblo, Tavi ingliseli hgonia.`arc deda, arc mama, arc Zma, arc da, arc sxva naTesavi~...samSobloc ar icis Tavisi. eZebs Tavis fesvebs, dakargulmamas, ararsebul samSoblos, mogvianebiT poulobs winapar-Ta kvals, Cadis saqarTveloSi, ewveva sairmes, ixilavs er-Txed qceul cxramuxas, gaicnobs da Seiyvarebs matasis –Tavisi Zmis das.moxuci saridani ambobs, rom mayaSvilebi gadaSenebulan.arCibaldi igebs `angliCanebSi~ wasuli Tavadis saxelsda mosvenebas kargavs. maTi namosaxlari `naZraxi~dawyevlili adgilia, sadac Winkebi darbian Rame da naSieriar xarobs. arCibaldi igebs, rom es `naZraxi adgilia` misisaxli. male mayaSvilebis namosaxlarSi ucxo kaci `baski~gamoCndeba, romelsac winaprebiviT morevia bneda, raionissadgurTan atirebuli unaxavT. erTxelac SeSliliviT daeriasoflis axalgazrdobas, xelSi xmali eWira, romelsac1 gr. robaqiZe. gvelis perangi, gv. 246.190

`irubaqiZe~ ewera. es maxvili arCibaldma sparseTSi aCuqavamexs. vamexi iseve gaxelda, rogorc sairmeSi, ucxo Tamun-Co. vamexma scada xmali waerTmia moxucisTvis. `moxuci gadaizniqebada Tan vamexsac gadaiyolebs TxrilSi. xmali xelidanar gauSvia Setakebisas – da orive pirmrTel xmalzedaecemian. msubuqad daiWreba: moxucic da vamexi~. 1TamunCo cnobs Tavis vaJs – arCil mayaSvils. mere ar-Cilisgan igebs, rom vamex laSxi, ninos Svilia, e. i. misiSvili. arCili da vamexi Zmebi yofilan. TamunCos sakuTarivaJi Sebmia. moxuci gardaicvala, vamexs SeiZleba ewodosmamismkvleli. rom ara es Serkineba da Wriloba, TamunCococxali iqneboda. oidiposiviT arc vamexma icoda vin iyomamamisi, momakvdavi kacis bageTagan Seityo, rom is laSxiki ar yofila, aramed irubaq-mayaSvili.`marTalia, Tamaz mayaSvilis sikvdilis mizezi vamexiada ara arCibaldi, magram amas arsebiTi mniSvneloba araaqvs, vamexi xom arCibaldis meore `mea~ 2 , – aRniSnavs a. gomarTeli.igive mosazrebas aviTarebs d. kiziria, 3 romelicmiiCnevs, rom swored Setakebam vamexsa da mamamiss Sorisgamoiwvia moxucis ukiduresi aRgzneba da mere sikvdili,vamexs mis sikvdilSi brali uZevs. ra Tqma unda, daveTanxmebiTzemoT aRniSnul mosazrebas, rom ara es incidenti,TamunCo cocxali iqneboda, vamexs wili udevs mis daRupva-Si, Tundac uneblied, magram is gaxda mamis sikvdilis mizezi.gansxvavebuli mosazreba gaaCniaT a. baqraZes, T. CxaiZes.maTi azriT, gr. robaqiZis `gvelis perangi~ homerosis `odiseas~exmianeba.`odisea~ antikuri xanis qmnileba, erTganzomilebiania,Txrobas masSi mxolod pirdapiri reliefuri mniSvnelobaaqvs. `gvelis perangs~ ki, Seqmnils axali, meoce saukunisxelovnebis principiT, aqvs meore, gadataniTi mniSvneloba,1 gr. robaqiZe. gvelis perangi, gv. 2722 a. gomarTeli. qarTuli simbolisturi proza, gv. 172.3 d. kiziria. `fardulebiani~ romani. – literaturuli saqarTvelo.#34, 1990.191

simboluri mxarec. arCibald mekeSis Taviseburi odesea,mogzaurobs dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken, aRmosavleTidanki – saqarTvelosken, – es aris mogzauroba ara mxolodrealur drosa da sivrceSi, aramed moZraoba sakuTari cnobierebiswiaRSic. arCibald mekeSi, gamosul nafuZars mibrunebuli,imave dros poulobs Tavis `Zirebs~, ubrundebasakuTar Tavs, sakuTar arsebas, im arsebis uRrmes Sres,romlis magivrobasac ver gaswevs verc ganswavluloba dakultura, verc Tu garegnulad keTilmowyobili yofa, komforti,xmalze dacemas da mama-Svilis SeWidebas raime sabedisweroSedegi ar mohyolia. Tamaz mayaSvili, gaciebulia,sicxes miscems da etyoba, filtvebis anTebiT iRupeba(vixuTebio, arCils SesCivis). vamexs wili ar udevs mamissikvdilSi, moxuci Tamaz mayaSvili kvdeba Tavisi avadmyofobiT~.1revaz miSvelaZis mosazrebiT, Tamazi `ukanasknelma aRtkinebamsikvdilis karamde (safeTqelSi qva moxvda) miiyvana~.2 ak. baqraZis azriT, `oidiposTan dasakavSireblad arkmara marto is, rom vamex laSxma erTxans ar icis misinamdvili mamis vinaoba. amas is mogvianebiT Seityobs. moulodneliambis gagebas araviTari garTuleba urTierTobisasar axlavs, oidiposi uneblied klavs gzaSi Sexvedrilmoxucs, romelic Turme mamamisi iyo, arCibald mekeSi arklavs mamas, piriqiT, daeZebs mas, oidiposis Sesadarebladarc vamex laSxisa da Tamaz mayaSvilis (TamunCos) xmliTSerkineba gamodgeba, am orTabrZolaSi arc mama klavsSvils da arc Svili – mamas. Tamaz mayaSvili bunebrivisikvdiliT kvdeba~. 3unda aRvniSnoT, rom odisevsisagan gansxvavebiT, arCibaldmaar icis sad midis, sad unda dabrundes, odisevsma1 T. CxaiZe. `gvelis perangis~ erTi interpretaciis gamo. – literaturulisaqarTvelo. 1989, 22 dekemberi.2 r. miSvelaZe. uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb., 1998.gv. 132.3 ak. baqraZe. kardu anu grigol robaqiZis cxovreba da Rvawli. –gaz. `axali saqarTvelo~. 1998, 9-15 aprili.192

ki icis sad aris misi samSoblo, icis vinc aris, mamasacicnobs da Svilsac. odisevsi Tavisi Zalauflebis, Tavisimefuri statusis aRdgenisaTvis ibrZvis, raTa misi saxli,miwa da coli metoqeebma ar daisakuTron, xolo arCibaldismogzauroba, pirvel yovlisa, Ziebaa, rogorc mamis damamulis, iseve sakuTari Tavisac. misgan gansxvavebiT arCibaldiuneburad eZebs fesvebs. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani pasaJi,romelic oidiposTan siaxloveze migviTiTebs aris incesti.arCibaldi colad irTavs Tavisi naxevar Zmis das,matass.matasi dedamiwasTan, sicocxlis sawyisTan aris gagivebulinawarmoebSi, miwis nayofierebis qalRmerTTan, romelsacberZnul miTologiaSi demetra gamoxatavda. matasiwminda ninosac ganasaxierebs. matasi – wminda ninos saxisidenturobaze romanSi ara erTi detali Tu epizodi miuTi-Tebs: pantonomiaSi, romelic qarTul sinamdviles asaxavs,matasi wminda ninos asaxierebs da am speqtaklma mniSvnelovaniroli iTamaSa arCibaldis cxovrebaSi, mis qarTveladmoqcevis saqmeSi. `matasi – ninoa. Tu daxata matasi – ninoiqneba~, – fiqrobs arCibaldi. matasi Zalaa, romelic arCibaldsabrunebs wiaRSi.m. xomeriki matasisa da arCilis SeuRlebaSi miTiurrealiebs xedavs da vamexsa da matasis – apolonad da artemidedsaxavs. `artemides uxilavi sunTqva yovelTvis igrZnoba`gvelis perangSi”, abreSumis xaliCaze gamosaxuliatanaSoltili niamori. mTvaris uzenaesi profiliT da qaliSvili,romelic niamoris yels ealerseba. artemidea`dalilac~. babua saridani xSirad hyveba xolme tyis dedofliszRapars. dedoflisadmi Sewirul Svels Sublzenamgala mTvare aqvs daxatuli: niamoriviT aris aSoltilivamexis da, matasi. mas Svlis naxtomi aqvs` sairme matasis– artemides sabrZanisia, `tyuilad ar qvia am kuTxes – sairme~.erT-erTi cnobili miTis mixedviT, mobanave SiSveliartemide aqteronma dainaxa. ganrisxebulma qaliSvili Sveladaqcia da ZaRlebs daaglejina. arCilic SemTxveviT13. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi193

mokravs Tvals mobanave matasis, magram aq ar gvaqvs dasjismomenti. artemide uxsovari droidan miCneuli iyo dionisesZalauflebis da taxtis Tanamoziare RvTaebad~. 1marTebulad miuTiTebs d. kiziria, `vamexi da matasidediT arian da-Zma, arCilsa da vamexs ki erTi mama akavSirebT.amitom, samive, Casaxvisa da Sobis saidumlos Tanaxad,erTsa da imave sisxls arian ziarebuli, garda amisa, pirveliwyvilis deda Seyvarebuli da meuRle – meore wyvilismamisa. matasisa da arCilis qorwinebas jer kidev XX saukunisdasawyisSi nebismieri marTlmadidebeli eklesia akrZalavda,rogorc incesturs, maSasadame, romanSi arCibaldicodvis Camdeni gmiria~. 2sapirispiros amtkicebs ak. baqraZe: `sisxlis TvalsazrisiT,arCibaldi da matasi Sorebeli da ucxo adamianebiarian, maT qorwinebas arc erTi religia dedamiwis zurgzear miiCnevda sisxlis aRrevad, marTalia, erTi mxriT, matasinaxevardaa vamex laSxis, xolo meore mxriT, arCibaldmekeSis naxevarZmaa imave vamexisa da ara ufro meti. sisxliskuTxiT, nino ucxoa arCibaldisaTvis da Tamaz mayaSvilisTvis– matasi~. 3T. CxaiZis azriT, `Tu arCibaldi oidiposia, mas undaSeegno Tavisi saqcielis uzneoba, magram ase ki aris? arCilmayaSvili ver xedavs raime seriozul moralur dabrkolebasmatasisTan SeuRlebisas~. 4 oidiposi mamis unebliemkvleli iyo, man didxans ar icoda da ar undoda daejerebna,rom aseTi saSineli codva hqonda Cadenili, xolo, rodesacSeigno sakuTari danaSauli, man uyoymanod aRiara pasuxismgeblobada Tavi sastikad daisaja. amitomacaa, romelinur miTologiaSi igi keTilSobil gmirad aris miCneuli.arCibaldma icis matasi vin aris, Tumca jer ar esmis,Tu raSi mdgomareobs am SeuRlebis codva, ver grZnobs Ta-1 m. xomeriki. heratiuli `gvelis perangsa~ da.., gv. 128.2 d. kiziria. `fardulebiani~ romani...3 a. baqraZe. kardu anu grigol robaqiZis cxovreba da Rvawli. _gaz. `axali saqarTvelo~. 1998, 9-15 aprili4 T. CxaiZe. `gvelis perangis~ erTi interpretaciis gamo...194

vis mdgomareobas, radganac robaqiZe Tavis romans miTiurisiuJetis im momentiT amTavrebs, sadac oidiposis danaSauliukve Cadenilia, magram misi Sedegi – Savi Wiri TebeSijer ar dawyebula (rogorc viciT oidiposs oTxi Svilimainc eyola sanam es moxdeboda), romanis epilogi ubedurebismomaswavebeli mrisxane simboloTi mTavrdeba: `cxedarida Camavali `mzis TaRi~. TviT tragedia siuJeturi Car-Cos gareT aris datovebuli, mas momavali moutans arCibaldissamSoblos, da asec moxda, mweralma sworad gan-Wvrita XXs. I naxevris sisxliani qronika, komunizmi.irubaqiZeTa STamomavloba or Stod gaiyo: ColoyaSvilida mayaSvili. momavlis scena apokalifsuria, romlismniSvneloba oidiposis codvis matarebel Zmebs, vamexsa daarCibalds jer ar esmiT, cxedari da Camavali mze aSkaradsikvdilisa da ganadgurebis momaswavlebelia: `mzis mewamuliTasi aRar sCans: Tan Tu waiRo babua saridanis mzera~.nawarmoebSi yvelgan Cans molodini, Tebes molodinismagvari, grigol robaqiZem romanze muSaoba 1925 wlisTvisdaamTavra. nawarmoebSi arsad ar aris saubari 1921 wlisTebervlis ambavze, arc 1924 wlis tragediaa naxsenebi, magramyvelgan aris daZabuloba. avtori romanSi arsad ar axsenebssaqarTvelos Tavisuflebis wlebs, piriqiT, im drosroca zeimi iyo quCebSi, romanSi imave quCebs samgloviaroprocesia miuyveba.amdenad, grigol robaqiZis `gvelis perangSi~ wamoWrilsakiTxebs iseT siRrmeebamde mivyavarT verc vxvdebiTromel `fardulSi~ vimyofebiT: uZiro, usamSoblo arCibaldmekeSi miagnebs Tavis fesvebs, Tavis samSoblos daibadeba meored `gonis mxriv~, igi xvdeba, rom sakuTarmafesvebma SeiZleba moganiWos Zala da sulieri simSvide; sulieZebs zeciur samSoblos, romelic dakarga mas Semdeg,rac uxeS materiaSi moeqca. arCibaldi mxolod maSin poulobssulier simSvides, roca ipovis samSoblos, mamas, Zirebs;qarTveli, xalxi, uZvelesi warmomavloba, qaldea,qristianoba, Tamaris uZvelesi dro, monRolebis Semoseva,195

dayofa, dasusteba, cotne dadiani, brZola iranis winaaRmdeg,giorgi saakaZe da bolos orazrovani dasasruli: pataraTamaz irubaqiZe, saqarTvelos momavlis aRorZineba.araviTari dayofa saqarTvelos SigniT. `erToba~, `vinccocxlobs `saqarTvelos ideiT~ mas marad mTeloba undaaxsovdes: mxolod maSin gamobrundeba TandaTan misi jamrTeloba~,magram aqvea Camavali mzis TaRi, momaswavebelisaSineli sisxlisRvrisa, represiebisa, `wiTeli Ceqmis~ gabatonebisa,rasac naTlad xedavda da sworad aRiqvamdagrigol robaqiZe.SHORENA LOMIDZE, LELA MIRTSKHULAVATHE MYTHOLOGICAL ANALOGIES OF THE NOVEL“THE SLOUGHED SNAKE-SKIN”One of the most significant novels of Grigol Robakidze “The SloughedSnake-Skin” came in 1926. It is a time when the Georgian writersseek for a new hero. He must give an answer to the sacral question – howshould the nation continue living in a new reality, which part of the nationis viable, what is the perspective of the nation. The work was followedby a heated discussion in the scientific circle. In search of the mythologicalanalogies in the book there took shape different views and there arestill some aspects which are disputable (dubious): Oedipus or Odysseus.The authors of the present article have attempted to discuss the similaritiesand dissimilarities and to show their own point of view on the resemblanceof the novel to the legend about King Oedipus.196

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaciala mesxiaSoTa niSnianiZis saxeobrivi azrovnebaormocdaaTiani wlebi, omis WrilobaTa moSuSebis SemdgomiaTwleulebi, axal viTarebasTan urTierTobis garkvevis,zogisTvis rwmenisa da Sexedulebis mkacri gadasinjvis,ramdenime socialur-politikuri Rirebulebis gadasinjvis,msoflios ZalTa Tanasworobis swrafi cvalebadobisuaRresad rTuli epoqaa. poeziaSi lirikuli sawyisikvlav gabatonda, galaktioni SemoqmedebiT muSaobas ganagr-Zobs, kvlavac Wabukuri energiiT iRwvian qarTuli mwerlobisZveli Taobis warmomadgenlebic. literaturuli siaxlemaTi SemoqmedebisTvisac gaxda damaxasiaTebeli.SoTa niSnianiZe im pirvelxarisxovan elitas ekuTvnis,romelic misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT:`aq am darbazSi lomis niRbiT rodi seirnobs;auditoriis gasarTobad da saseirnod~. 1epoqis Taviseburebam xeli Suwyo ormocdaaTian wleb-Si saintereso da TviTmyofadi Taobis mosvlas mwerlobaSi.istoriis am mosaxvevs sruliad Taviseburi iersaxe hqonda.problemaTa ramdenime gansxvavebuli wre gaaCnda da poeziasacsinamdvilis axlebur aRqmas ukarnaxebda...SoTa niSnianiZes SemoqmedebiTi gzis dasawyisSi (mispoezias) `moduri literaturis~ elferi ar dahkravda. esoriginalurobis jiuti swrafvis mizeziT ki ar xdeboda,aramed poetis bunebiT, misi Taviseburi literaturulimrwamsiT iyo nakarnaxevi. SoTa niSnianiZe qarTuli folkloris,erovnuli poeziis, demokratiuli tradiciis., galaktionisada giorgi leoniZis skolis erTguli iyo im-TaviTve. poeti qarTuli klasikuri leqsis erTgulebiT, na-1 S. niSnianiZe. lomi. – rCeuli. Tb., 1984, gv. 162.197

Teli azrovnebiT, srulfasovani didnayofierebiT, Sinaarsisprincipuli siaxliT, mZafri emociebiTa da TviTmyofadi poetikurisirTuliT aRbeWdili SemoqmedebiT imkvidrebda gansakuTrebuladgils Tanamedrove qarTul poeziaSi.cnobili mwerali elguja maRraZe aRniSnavs: `SoTaniSnianiZem ori gvari dainaTla cxovrebaSi mis heraldikurxatad ki xari iqca, rogorc samSoblos winaSe maRali movaleobisgamomxatveli simbolo: `me var misani xari wiqara,Seni dvrita var, mamul-dedulo, zRapridan misTvis gamovipare,rom gemsaxuro da gierTgulo, Seni uReli memCatosagremc, qedze ro madgas ganaCeniviT~!... 1SoTa niSnianiZis poeziaSi upirvelesad TvalSi sacemiamaRal-patriotuli ganwyobileba, erovnuli patriotuli lirika(`cixe taZarTa sagalobeli~, `vazis simfonia~, `mcxe-Tis qalaqs~, `Tevdore~, `ostato, bero, mxedaro~, `mSurs,mexarbeba Cemi winapris~, `cotne dadiani~, `winaparTa sagalobeli~,`qarTuli leqsisadmi~, `vefxvi~, `sizmrada maqvsnaxuli~, `mamelukebi~, `Seib maxvili~, `xevsuri~).SoTa niSnianiZis azriT WeSmariti poezia iq ibadeba,sadac Tanamedroveobis mimarT gamaxvilebulia smena da ynosva,sadac dRevandelobas farTod gaxelili TvalebiT ucqerisSemoqmedi. WeSmariti Semoqmedeba xom TviTganaxlebisakenmarad ltolvaa, Zvelis fesvi da axlis nayofi:`me var sicocxlis ltolva maradi,Zvelis fesvi da axlis nayofi,rac kargia da WeSmaritiis axalia marad axali.ai, Zleuli eSma riTaa,ai, riT aris RmerTi maRali !~. 2aseTia poetis Tvalsazrisi saukeTeso literaturulitradiciebisadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxSi, Tanac metisme-1 e. maRraZe. monumenturi xelweris lirikosi. – wgn.: e. maRraZe. sakurTxevelTan.Tb., 1986, gv. 737.2 S. niSnianiZe. me var sicocxlis ltolva maradi, – rCeuli. Tb.,1984, gv. 406.~198

tad mkacria misi pozicia SemoqmedebiTi novatorobis mimarT.da mainc, upirvelesi motivi qarTuli literaturisa– partiotizmi SoTa niSnianiZis lirikaSi gatkepnil gzaski ar gahyva aseve STambeWdav xatad Camoiqna:`hoi, ra macduria, zRvao, Seni saxe,Cemi dioskuria kargad Seminaxe,magram gana gavTavdiT, gana waxda yismaTi,– saqarTvelo sadamdis? marad ukunisamdis!mec mwvavs Zveli Wriloba, ZvelisZveli gzebi,magram dedaSvilobas, nuRa mesizmrebiT...~. 1SoTa niSnianiZem `aTas misnuri qaragmiT mTlianobaSiSekra da monumentiviT Camoasxa saukuneebis manZilze qarTliscxovrebis mZime Wapanis gamwevi, cixe-taZarTa maSenebeli,qveynis marCenali, glexkacis qalamniT Semmosavi, nadim-Sic sasmisad mosaxmari da mainc gangebiT madlmousxmeli,udrtvinvelad yovelives amtani saxe xarisa~. 2 am leqss `xari~hqvia da misi yoveli bwkari, ritmi, mTeli qveteqstisamSoblos bolo eqvsi striqoni avtoportretis magvar metamarfozaSigadadis. ase iqca xari SoTa niSnianiZis heraldikursimbolod:`gvimravldes saqarTveloSi miwisda mTis moxarkeda xariviT msmeli vaJkaci-xarisTvalada xarqeda.netavi, RmerTo, mec momca jani da mada xarisa,sityva xariviT gamwevi mamulis gasaxarisad.viyo xariviT amtani, viyo xariviT momTmeni,Cemi patara qveynisTvis mec SevZlo xarisodena~. 3erovnuli TematikiT gamsWvalul lirikul qmnilebeb-Si erTmaneTs gadaajaWvulia legendebi da sinamdvile. warmarTulcecxls usxedan Cveni winaprebi da fazisis velebzeamorZalebi daaWeneben uxedn ulayebs. Soridan ismis1 S. niSnianiZe. dioskuria. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 244.2 e. maRraZe. monumenturi xelweris lirikosi, gv. 738.3 S. niSnianiZe. xari. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 281.199

cotne dadianis cxenis Tqaruni da uRran tyes moarRvevs`mtris~ `megzuri~ mRvdeli Tevdore. monasterTa grZelRameebSi foliantebs da etratebs Cahkirkiteben TorosanibrZeni mamebi, saqarTvelos cixeebze mzis Subosani dgas mecixovned– maradisoba~, – wers cnobili mecnieri da mweralirevaz miSvelaZe. 1Znelia auRelveblad waikiTxo poetis striqonebi, romlebiTacpoeti saqarTvelos tkivilian istoriul warsulsgvixatavs.`me aq vbinadrob aqa mZinavs cxra saukune,saTofurebSi Cemi sunTqvis eqo gugunebs,gadamTieli aq avCexe mezvrem, mexrema.aq Caveglise gadamsxvreul cixis xerxemalsda JRali Coxa wvimebma, rom amitalaxa:– me gavixade da Cavacvi cixes balaxad,aq Cavenarcxe, am galavnebs Sambad SemovrCi,Savo mercxalo rom emReraT saqarTveloSi~. 2Cveni qveynis warsulTan SoTa niSnianiZes dramatuli,tkiviliani mimarTeba aqvs. es gaxlavT saocari sifaqiziTada mgrZnobelobiT Seqmnili poeturi kaleidoskopi, sadacmgosnis nervebs aTrTolebs ara marto zRvaSi CaZirulidioskuriis tragedia, aramed mitovebuli budeebis sevdac:`mowyenil budes qari arxevs mCate TxiliviT,damesizmreba gardasuli Jivil-xivilida raRac uTqmel gaognebiT Sig iyurebaCalisferi cis udabureba~. 3SoTa niSnianiZis leqsi `xevsuri~ STagvagonebs qarTvelixalxis gonebrivi da fizikuri Zlierebis, maRalkacobriulibunebis rwmenas, mis titanur SemarTebas, siamayesxalxis saukeTeso Svilebis mier Seqmnili gmiruli warsulisgamo. poetma am leqsSi samasi aragvelebis xsovna ukv-1 r. miSvelaZe. uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb., 1998,gv. 486.2 S. niSnianiZe. sizmrada maqvs naxuli.., – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 263.3 S. niSnianiZe. cixe-taZarTa sagalobeli. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 267.200

davyo. mas eamayeba xalxis saukeTeso Svilebis mier mamulissadideblad danTxeuli sisxli. swored dedmamiSvilTa kacurisindisi da qarqaSSi Caugebeli gorda ukafavda gmir mamuliSvilebsgzas momavlisaken. amitomac dagvibrundnen isinizRaprad da legendebad. poeti Cvens warmodgenaSi apatiosnebssamasi aragvelis Tanamedrove jilag-naSierT da amnairadmigvaniSnebs Cveni winaprebis saswaulebrivi gmirobisfesvebze, ra marTebulad brZanebs mwerali elguja maRraZe:`gegonebaT, aRorZinebis mxatvrobis romeliRac kompoziciidanaogadmosulano niSnianiZis am leqsSi goliaTurisxeulisa da sulis adamianebi. suraTi suliT da xorciTqarTulia, xevsuruli peizaJiTa da foniT, ludis duqniT,xinkliT, kafiiTa da sxva mravlismetyveli eTnografiuliStrixiTa da aqsesuariT~. 1`Rreobdnen xevsurni...da zorba xinklebipeSvidan sxltebodnen, rogorc Txis jiqnebi.daTexvil cxvir-pirze efinaT xaSxaSi,agvistos pirdapir isxamdnen xaxaSi.gzaze ki suraTi kacs Rimils mohgvrida;erT axmaxs iabo daufrTxa bogirTan,rac vnaxe, rogor vTqva, an rogor giamboT,goliaTs lajebSi moexrCo iabo,Camoxta devkaci da cxeni mSiSara veebaiRliis qveS amoiCara...... cxens gadaaxuxa xevsurma arayi,dezi hkra... da fexiT gastopa aragvi...~. 2vkiTxulobT am striqonebs da Cvenc saocar grZnobasganvicdiT, TiTqos cxadad vxedavT qarTvel bumberaz winaprebs– mxarze cxenwamokidebul vaxtang gorgasalsa Tufar-abjarosan aragvelebs, momxedurT `sikvdils simwrisganyelze rom adgebodnen~ mudam. poeti gmiruli suliTa damarTali istorizmiT gvmsWvalavs, da bolos mTeli qveteqstisgaxsnaa Semdeg striqonSi:1 e. maRraZe. monumenturi xelweris lirikosi, gv. 741.2 S. niSnianiZe. xevsuri. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 282-283.201

`modis saqarTvelo e magis jiSisa,rom mteri veragi kvdebodes SiSisgan~. 1swored rom erovnuli sulis poeturi Cangi akvnesebsS. niSnianiZis poeziaSi bolomde erTgulad daWimul larebsda legendebidan Tavdadebuli mRvdeli Tevdores aCrdilsacgamoixmobs:`Tevdore,– Tevdore!– SenisTan mekvle gvinda,Seni eri kidev bevrjergamogixmobs legendidan.... mTaSi fandurs aJRavleben,wvims gmiruli kafia,caSi elviT iwereba Seni epitafia~. 2SoTa niSnianiZis saxeobrivi azrovnebis TvalsazrisiTsainteresoa `cixe-taZarTa sagalobeli~, romelic zegardmomadliT Semkuli poetis mier Seqmnili grZneuli striqonebia,sadac SeiZleba dRevandelisa da istoriulis xeluxlebelferebSi xilva, SegviZlia SevigrZnoT, rogor TrTianvenaxebTan da yanebTan erTad `mzis wilxvdomili~ Cveni saqarTveloswmindanebisa da falavnebis saflavebi, rogormaRldebian xmaTa xaverdebad, samSoblosaTvis aRvlenil locva-vedrebacadatyorcnili cixe-taZrebi da rogor gadmodisCvenSi poetis es naTelmxilveli striqonebi erTian cixednagebisaqarTvelos uZlevlobisa da maradisobis rwmeniT:`zogi cixea Sekivleba – zogi gafrena,zogs auSvia xomaldiviT nisli afrebad.zogi muStia, muqaraa, zogi gineba,alayafebiT, qongurebiT rom ikbineba,zogi amayi lileloa, zogi gasrola,zogic Soridan cis da miwis moCans sasworadwlebma ixuvla, ixvarTqla da cixes Seeba,xavsad, dumilad, Wilyvavebad da budeebad,1 S. niSnianiZe. xevsuri, gv. 283.2 S. niSnianiZe. Tevdore. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 247.202

TiTonac mTeli saqarTvelo erTi cixea,dagilewia, mtero, magram ver agiRia~... 1SoTa niSnianiZe is WeSmariti artistuli bunebis Semoqmedia,romelic SesaSuri mecnieruli siRrmiT gadmogvcems`qarTlis cxovrebis~ qronikebs. poetma Tavidanve gau-Ro kari epikur eqos, romelic saukuneTa siRrmeebidan,xalxis warmarTuli azrovnebidan da bunebasTan wilnayarobidaniRebda saTaves. epikuri azrovneba misi poeturi stilismTavari elementia, Serwymuli ZarRvian mxatvrulferwerasTan.poetisTvis warsuli araa ubralod drois cvalebadoba,igi arsebobis organuli nawilia gamaognebeli tkivili-Ta da qarTuli siamayiT gancdili.dasabamidan saqarTvelo didsa da Zlier mtrebs umklavdeboda,magram am uTanasworo brZolaSi arasodes gamosulabolomde gasresil-ganadgurebuli. amis TvalsaCinoilustraciaa monRolTa winaaRmdeg qarTvelTa Seupovrobada SemarTeba, romlebmac:`cxenis Zuaze gamoabes mTeli aziada velur stveniT miaTries qveynis kidemde...maT naterfalebs sikvdili da yvavi asxia...samrekloebze zarebs xsnian, Wixvins hkideben~. 2diax, yviTeli urdoebis yovliswamlekav RvarTqafsswored qarTvelma Seageba mZlavr jebirad Tavisi utexi nebada fantastikuri gamZleoba, mTeli epoqa xedavs, rom`monRolTa sisxlSi mze Wixvinebs udabnoebis...monRolur ybebiT icoxneba amaoeba~. 3SoTa niSnianiZem saukuneTa wyvdiadidan sul sxva naTliTgamoabrwyina cotne dadiani da beri Tevdore, giorgisaakaZe Tu ioane beri, vaxtang gorgasali da sxvani. poetmamaTi plastikuri xatis gacocxlebiT gviCvena Zala Tavganwirvisa,raTa istoriis am STambeWdavi gakveTilebiT kidev1 S. niSnianiZe. cixe-taZarTa sagalobeli, gv. 267.2 S. niSnianiZe. monRolebi. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 256.3 S. niSnianiZe. monRolebi, gv. 256.203

ufro gaaRviZos mamulis siyvarulis grZnoba.SoTa niSnianiZis SemoqmedebaSi vaziviT aris CawnuliCveni warsuli da dRevandeloba, gardasul mamaTa da didwinaparTa aCrdilebis gamoxmoba poets sWirdeba TanamedroveobissamsaxurSi Casayeneblad. leqsSi `saakaZis sami cxeni~poeti wers:`kaspSi ki Zegli ukuRmarTi drois didebaveberTela (ara maxvils) jaWvs ezideba.elva, grigali, dakunTuli jgro muxis rkoTacdilobs amoxtes brinjaodan, bedidan, drodan~. 1ram miiyvana tyveobas SemTxveviT gadarCenili cotnedadiani monRolTa urdoSi moZmeTa mware xvedris gasaziareblad?iqneb TviTonac ar uwyoda gzaze mimavali ras moimoqmedebdaramdenime dRisa Tu saaTis Semdgom, magram missulSi ukve Zleuli iyo is, rasac adamianebi sZleven sam-SoblosaTvis TavSewirvis win. gadalaxuli iqna mijna, romlisiqiT maradisobaSi sicocxle iwyeboda, misi qrolvisritmia Camdgari leqsis mTel im polifoniaSi, sadac erTmaneTscvlian aRmarTi da daRmarTi, fiqri da swrafva Seucnobelibedisaken. pasuxi, romelic qarTvelis genetikurizne da unaria, Tavis TavSi imasac gulisxmobs, rom sworedam Tavganwirvis unarma gadaarCina Cveni eri, samSoblo, aswavlaWirsa Sigan gamagreba, fesvZlier cixes daamsgavsa,gautexelsa da daumorCilebels:`TiTonac mTeli saqarTvelo erTi cixea,dagilewia, mtero magram ver agiRia~. 2aTasi wlis winandeli ambavi: giorgi mTawmindelma saqarTveloSioTxmoci upatrono bavSvi moagrova da SoreulsaberZneTSi, aTenis mTaze waiyvana mosanaTlavad RmrTisada qveynis samsaxurSi Casayeneblad. es gaxlavT istoriiserTi patara furceli. berisa da filosofosis – giorgimTawmindelis am saqciels Sedegad is mohyva, rom wlebismere oTxmoci ganswavluli beri dafaTurobda aTonis1 S. niSnianiZe. saakaZis sami cxeni. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 236.2 S. niSnianiZe. cixe-taZarTa sagalobeli, gv. 267.204

iverTa monasterSi. aToni Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kulturisudides kerad iqca da qarTveli kacis gonebis Suqi amwminda mTidan imdroindel civilizebul msoflios wvdeboda.SoTa niSnianiZis erT leqsSi daxatulia, erTi SexedviTCveulebrivi, upretenzio suraTi – obol bavSvTa laSqrissvla aTonisaken. Cxakuni fandurebis, Surdulebisa da saTamaSocelebis qneva-JRaruniT miabijebdnen isini evraziismtvrian gzaze. Tan miaqvT patar-patara ocnebebi. miamitisizmrebi. keriis kvamli, rac xval beris sakanTa siCumed damamulis gausaZlis sevdad iqceva:`samSoblos tovebs fermkrTali da saxegamSraliobol bavSvTagan Sekrebili qristes laSqari~. 1marTebulad brZanebs revaz miSvelaZe: `qristes samsaxuradSemdgari oTxmoci fexSiSvela bavSvi qarTvelTa istoriulisimbolocaa, Znelbedi warsulis gaxsenebac da,Tu gnebavT sevdiani istoriuli novela kacobriobis ocnebaTamsxvrevis dramatul sinamdvileze~. 2Cveni winaprebi kargad erkveodnen zneobriv faseulobebSi.sicocxlis daTmoba qarTveli kacisTvis mtkivneuliaqtia. qarTuli xasiaTi qristianuli saTnoebiTaa nasazrdoebida kargad esmis sxvisTvis Tavganwirvis dauwerelizneobrivi kanonis arsi. qristianoba qarTvelis bunebaa,Tandayolili keTilzneoba da RvTismoSiSi kacis arCevani...qarTvelma xalxma qristianobidan miiRo da Seisisxlxorcais, rac misTvis yvelaze `mSobliuri~ aRmoCnda: moyvasissiyvaruli, Semwynarebloba da Tavdadeba. es niSanTvisebaniganuyofeli nawilia qarTveli kacis eTikuri msoflmxedvelobisa.S. niSnianiZis poeziaSi samSoblos warsuliTavisi bediTa Tu ubedobiT gaazrebulia, rogorc droTada movlenaTa Sesakrebeli. da savsebiT bunebrivia, rom poeti,romlis STagonebas Zala Seswevs warsulis wiaRidanmsgavsi suraTebis gamoxmobisaTvis, TiTqos xorcieli tkivilisgancdiT ambobs:1 S. niSnianiZe. kojrisa da aTonis dialogi. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 269.2 r. miSvelaZe. uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoria, gv. 486-487.205

`Zlivs gamovdivar warsulidanda mogonebanaSubar jaWvis perangiviTmerRveva tanze~. 1SoTa niSnianiZiseuli ferwera saocari sicxadiT aRadgenswarsulis mfeTqav pulsacias. warsuli imdenad Tavis-Tavadi da sulisSemZvrelia, rom Znelia gaamdidro axalifunqciiT. amitom poeti mudmivad saSiSroebis winaSe dgas,radgan Tu misi qmnilebis emociuri datvirTva faqtis zegavlenisZalas ver gautolda, igi ubralod, ambis mTxrobeladmogvevlineba da TviTon faqtis mniSvnelobasac gaaufasurebda.misi leqsebi Sors scildeba qronikis CarCoebsda zogaderovnuli movlenis ganfenilobas iZens.SoTa niSnianiZes, rom mxolod ori leqsi `saakaZis samicxeni~ da `Tevdore~ daewera SeeZlo Tavisuflad amoesun-Tqa. is qarTveli iyo da qarTvelad rCeboda, araferSi uRalatebdasamSoblos, arc enaSi, arc tradiciaSi, arc yoveldRiurmiwier saqmianobaSi, magram am miwier saqmeTa miRmamartoobis varskvlavebiT moWedil cis qveS, Tu sawer magidasTansabediswero nabijis gadadgmis win igi adamiani iyoda rogorc adamiani da rogorc samyaros moqalaqe ekiTxebodamontens, Seqspirs, sokratesa da tolstois, ekiTxebodayvelas `rogor moviqce, rogor iqceodiT Tqven Tqveni sicocxlisgadamwyvet umniSvnelovanes wuTebSi~. 2 pasuxi amkiTxvaze SoTa niSnianiZem bevr leqsSi mogvca: am TvalsazrisiTsainteresoa `balada profesor Jordanias gmirobaze~da `legenda ianoS korCakze~. 1962 wels, TviTmfrinavi,romelSic profesori Jordania iyo okeaneSi Cavarda, JordaniamTavisi maSveli rgoli ubileTo amerikel gogonasdauTmo, TviTon ki daiRupa, vinaidan curva ar icoda; gamo-Cenili bavSvTa eqimi ianoS korCaki sikvdilmisjil ebraelbavSvebs gazis kameraSi Sehyva. ram daaTmobina profesor1 S. niSnianiZe. monRolebi, gv. 266-267.2 s. Jordania. arsis Zieba, kritikis filosofia, molodini. Tb.,1998, gv. 164.206

Jordanias gadarCenis erTaderTi Sansi viRac ucxo gogonasaTvis,am saqcielis axsnas nu Seecdeba nuravin bunebrivipasuxiT. asakovanma axalgazrdas dauTmo gza. ara, ar iqnebodaamgvari axsna swori, radgan `wlebis mimwuxrze ufrogitkbeba xolme yofis yoveli wuTi~.marTebulad brZanebs kritikosi sulxan Jordania: `So-Ta niSnianiZis zneobrivi grZnobis siwmindesa da patriotizmsgansakuTrebuli elferi dahkravs: misi poezia iseTSTabeWdilebas gviqmnis, TiTqosda samSoblos siyvaruli damorali masSi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiTa da refleqsiiTki ar Camoyalibda, aramed Sewovil iqna dedis rZesa dasisxlTan erTad~. 1 da mainc, siamayiT azvirTebuli mamuliSvilurigrZnoba rudunebiTa da Tbili TanadgomiT exmianebasaukuneTa miRma mdgar TavganwirviT gasxivosnebul aCrdilebs,mTeli arsebiT miiltvis maTken, rom rogorme CaeziarosmaT miwier tkivilSi, gaiTavisos maTi amqveyniurigansacdeli da mowiwebiT sces Tayvani maT legendad gardasaxvas,maT wminda saxelebs yoveli gansacdelis Jams, Cvenieris nugeSad da STagonebad gamoixmobs warsulidan. amaSivlindeba istoriuli sinqronizmi. droTa kavSiri.marTebulad migvaniSnebs poeti, rom vazisa da jvrisadmierTgulebam ixsna mravaljer uTanasworo, Tavsmoxveuliomebidan saqarTvelo. venaxis fesvukvdavi Zirebic samSoblosjariskacebi iyvnen maradJams. misi lerwebi ki qveynis iogebi.ayvavebuli vazi iyo saqarTvelos sicocxlis simbolo, xoloaCexili lerwebi cremli da kvnesa – `qarTlis cxovrebis~moZaxili, glovisa da zarebis gabmuli eqo:`tiris aCexil venaxiviT qarTlis cxovrebada sizmrad xedavs uTvalav vazebs...Zlivs gamovdivar warsulidanda mogoneba naSubar jaWvis perangiviTmerRveva tanze~... 2vazi da venaxi xSirad iZens gansacvifrebel metafo-1 s. Jordania. arsis Zieba.., gv. 164.2 S. niSnianiZe. monRolebi, gv. 256-257.207

ul xarisxs, sayovelTao keTildReobisa da bednierebissinonimad rom gvesaxeba, gafoTlili mtevandasxmuli venaxi,vazis bwkali, samamule rqa da lerwi, TiTqos ganuyofeliapoetis partiotuli leqsebisagan. poetis uSaulo gagebiTvazi pirelyofili pirmSoa qarTuli miwisa, saqarTveloigive venaxia Cveni dasaficari. es marTali, lamazi azriudevs safuZvlad am sityvis metaforul momxibvlelobas.`qarTl-kaxeTi legendaaimereTi zRapari,samegrelo ocnebaa – gafrenili fafari,guria ki simReraa, xolo raWa sizmari,yvela erTad venaxia Cveni dasaficari~. 1SoTa niSnianiZe saocari ZaliT amJRavnebs gmiri winaprebisadmiTayvaniscemas, man iseTi ZaliT icis gmiri winaprebisadmisamadloblad saTqmeli sityvis gatyorcna gulisaken,rom Zirfesvianad SesZravs adamianis gonebas:`ra suli gulobda anda ra guli gicemda,Sen CemsaviT rada kvdebodi, xom mokvdebodi isedac,valad damade didgori, valad damade marabda,freskebi cixe-koSkebi, vefxis da moymis balada.valad damade sicocxle, valad damade sikvdili.SenTan, CemTan da RmerTTanac sammagad miwevs Widili,unda viRvawo, viwvalo, misxals Sevmato misxali,pirze oflgamomdinarem gadavixado RvTis vali~. 2aq istoriuli sinamdvilis miukerZoebeli, originalurigaazrebaa da istoriis poeturi asaxvis Tanadroulobac.amis konkretul adresatad leqsi `giorgi saakaZis samicxeni~ kmara. marTlac rom Rrma simarTliT gvaxedebs amdidi qarTveli mxedarTmTavrisa da uaRresad rTuli daZlieri pirovnebis winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse cxovrebaSi,mis sulier labirinTebSi, istoriis mier am kacis bolomdeamouxsneli tragikuli bedis simZimilsa da ucnaurobaSi...SoTa niSnianiZis leqsi `broweula~ poetis ocnebis1 S. niSnianiZe. vazis simfonia. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 285.2 S. niSnianiZe. ostato, bero, mxedaro. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 244.208

yovlisSemZleobis namdvili zeimia. broweula, rogorc zmaneba,sizmari, mSvenier, poeturi gamomgoneblobis mxatvruliwarmosaxvis simboloa:`vai, sadac davberdi veRaravin vican,dasaklavi xariviT CavbRaodi miwas,xavsiani WiSkrebi CaeketaT, magrad,RmerTo, me es sizmari amixdine kargad~. 1poeturi fenomenia nagulisxmevi SoTa niSnianiZis broweulaSi.broweula – sizmari – zmaneba ocnebasTan, fiqr-Tan, samSoblos naTeli momavlis natvrasTanaa dakavSirebuli,erovnul garemos broweulas saxeSi warmogvidgens poetida adamianis tragizms Zalumad gangvacdevinebs, gvagr-Znobinebs ltolvas mSvenierisa da amaRlebulisaken.SoTa niSnianiZis poeturi xazi zedmiwevniT originaluria,gabeduli, moulodneli da mxatvruli nawarmoebisaganmowyvetilic ki inarCunebs poeturi Sedevris niSan-Tvisebebs:`xe rom gaskdeba zogjer wiflisa,sitkboebisgan da simwifisganda rom ixuvlebsviT oqros qafi,veluri ska da veluri Tafli,swored ase var, mTeli Tve aris,napirs gadmoskda vneba faruli,sxeulze damdis Tqrial-TqrialiTveluri Tafli da sixaruli~. 2aq wiflis niSan-Tvisebebi gadatanilia lirikis gmirze.es sakmaod mniSvnelovania leqsis poetikis originalurobisdasasabuTeblad. wifeli Sedis mxatvruli SedarebisstruqturaSi sadac mocemulia da ara nagulisxmevi, rogorcSedarebaSi orive komponenti; SoTa niSnianiZis mierdaxatuli suraTi, romelSic mgosani damwyvdeulia mgli-1 S. niSnianiZe. broweula. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 431.2 S. niSnianiZe. xe rom gaskdeba zogjer wiflisa. – lirika. Tb., 1989,gv. 621.14. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi209

sebr sakuTari leqsis bwkarebSi, uaRresad moulodneli dainformaciulia:`mgeliviT mivdiv-movdivar, Zlivs vatrialeb kisers– maRizianebs mkiTxveli, cnobismoyvared mimzers,qeCos mgeliviT aviSli, saTqmels ymuiliT movWri,tuCs gadamixleCs striqoni – mglisas alesili Roji.hau, satkivars uxdeba kbilis gakvra da gesli,vaiTu Cemi viSviSi mxolod galobad gesmiT~. 1es suraTi asociaciuri azrovnebis WeSmariti nimuSia.marTebulad SeniSnavs revaz miSvelaZe: `roca SoTa niSnianiZisleqsebs kiTxulobT mTeli sicxadiT grZnobT, Turmera poeturi yofila es erTi SexedviT SeumCneveli, Cveulebrivi,yofiTi sicxade, raSic Cven vcxovrobT. versifikaciulisimarTle aq mxolod erTi meaTedi saSualebania poeturigamarjvebisaTvis. saqme is gaxlavT, rom poets ZaluZssagnebisa da movlenebs Soris axleburi, originaluri,mxolod miseuli damokidebuleba dagvanaxos~. 2SoTa niSnianiZem Seqmna axleburi, originaluri, mxolodmiseuli damokidebuleba sityvisadmi. sakuTari ferebi,ganwyobileba da musika gaamefa axalSeqmnil poetur samyaroSi.WeSmariti xeliTa da gonebiT Seqmnili es poeturiqveyana frTxilad da saTuTad Caatara mkiTxvelis winaSe.ai Tundac:`aravis gindaT bavSvis guli, amayi guli?waiReT Zmebo, momaSoreT, me veRar vuvli...arc gorozia, arc ubiri, arc avadmyofi,ra bevri unda am sawyals da ra cota yofnis,ver egueba verc sibrmaves da verc siyrues,aijagreba da mgeliviT wamoiymuvlebs.verc egueba qedmaRlobas da gaqsuebas,verc niRab-rolebs, verc sixarbes ver egueba.mec mijanydeba am bolo dros,mec ar movwonvar, mitevs da mitevs...1 S. niSnianiZe. mgluri kanonis balada. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 200.2 r. miSvelaZe. uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoria, gv. 487.210

kaci vberdebi da aqamde ver Semityvia,vin visi baton-patronia, vin visi tyvea.... danaRmuli xar sakuTari guliT, poeto,danaRmuli xar siyvaruliT da imedebiT.frTxilad, biWebo, gulebs tlanqad ar wamoedoT,da moZmis gulze, rogorc naRmze nu afeTqdebiT~. 1SoTa niSnianiZe qarTuli metaforuli leqsis klasikuritradiciebis erTgulia, misi leqsis metaforuli brwyinvalebaam mcire magaliTebidanac Cans:`wlebma ixuvla, ixvarTqala da cixes Seeba.xavsad, dumilad, Wilyvavebad da budeebad,TiTonac mTeli saqarTvelo erTi cixea,dagilewia mtero, magram ver agiRia~. 2SoTa niSnianiZis saxeobrivi azrovneba kargad Cans ima-Sic, rom misi TiToeuli leqsi dasrulebuli nawarmoebia,azris koncentraciis. siuJetis, kompoziciis nacadi kanonebiTmowesrigebuli. sailustraciod `futkaric~ gamodgeba:`Sen RvTis fiqri xar, fusfusa fiqri,maZiebeli fiqri kirkita,gabruebuli skisken mihqri,rom daibados saqme fiqridan,Tu Cemi sityva Sens xvedrs gaiyofs,marTlac mqonia qveynad saTqmeli,imaze didi ra unda iyos,kacs Tafli misce, RmerTs ki – sanTeli~. 3zusti ferweruli xatebi SoTa niSnianiZis poeziiserTi yvalaze niSnuli komponentebia. SoTa niSnianiZe aRfr-TovanebiT migvaniSnebs samyaros nakurTx feradovnebaze dagvTavazobs axal poetur ferebs, romelTac iseT grafikulsicxades aniWebs, rom am poetur Strixs aRarc sWirdebalogikis dawvrilebiTi mfarveloba an ambis SeTxzuli, romantikuliwaSveleba...1 S. niSnianiZe. guli. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 403.2 S. niSnianiZe. cixe-taZarTa sagalobeli, gv. 267.3 S. niSnianiZe. futkari. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 157.211

SoTa niSnianiZis leqsi `roca me gardavicvale~ im saukeTesoleqsTa cikls miekuTvneba, romelic sikvdil-sicocxlisproblemazea Seqmnili. aq poeturi xedvis mTelisistemaa, rac leqsis ganumeorebel TviTmyofadobas aniWebs.swored esaa leqsis masStaburobis mTavari maniSnebeli:`roca me gardavicvale, idga aRdgomis swori,zRaparSi xari atirda, saxlSi Svili da coli.Semidgnen aragvelebi Tavis mgaloblis cxedars,farebze gadamiwvines da wamasvenes mcxeTas.– saiT biWebo, – me gavZaxe...miTxres: uflisa nebiT,iq didi saqarTveloa, iq aRaravin vkvdebiT~... 1aseTi ram rom Tqva sakuTar Tavze, marTlac rom sityvisgoliaTi da sakuTar niWSi absoluturad darwmunebuliunda iyo. swored rwmena, simarTle aZlevs leqss saocarmimzidvelobas, roca me gardavicvale zRaparSi xariatirda, gveubneba poeti da raRac gansakuTrebul grZnobasbadebs CvenSi, rameTu iwvevs `xarisa~ da `me var misanis~ucnaur asociaciebs. `Semidgnen aragvelebi Tavis mgalobliscxedarso~. da gvaxsendeba leqsebi: `xevsuri~, `mcxeTaSi~.meri badriaSvili SoTa niSnianiZisadmi miZRvnil erTerTwerilSi wers: `Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom tropuliazrovnebis ganviTarebaSi SoTa niSnianiZis is simbolo,romelic xaris cnebiT aris ganpirobebuli, unikaluri movlenaa,romelic brwyinvale manifestaciaa qarTuli enisa daqarTuli sityvisa da romelic Sedegia xalxis mravalsaukunovanienobrivi Semoqmedebisa aseul TaobaTa gonebriviSromisa, ganuwyveteli zrunvisa da rudunebisa~. 2Znelia mkiTxevlis mexsierebidan amoiSalos iseTi STambeWdavi,daxvewili poeturi novelebi, rogoricaa: `ZaRli~,`beberi mearRne~, `xevsuri~, `vefxvi~: `gamovwove RrublebidancaTa xvaSiadi da miwidan zecamde elvad avSrialdi~. 31 S. niSnianiZe. roca me gardavicvale. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 228.2 m. badriaSvili. vina var, saidan movdivar. Tb., 2005, gv. 15-20.3 S. niSnianiZe. sizmari. – lirika. Tb., 1989.212

a marTebulad brZanebs sulxan Jordania: `SoTa niSnianiZesuyvars saocrad fantastikuri ambavis movlenis, situaciiswarmodgena, igonebs am situaciisTvis sruliad gansakuTrebulviTarebasa da pirobebs, exeba Cems sulSi idumalsimebs da uyoymanod vujereb mas, vendobi mis warmosaxulsuraTs fsiqologiuri WeSmaritebis gamo. ar vTvli mas ararsebulad,warmoudgenlad, crud, vinaidan alRoTi vgrZnobmis poetur simarTles. misi arsebobis idealur SesaZleblobasda Setyuebuli Semoqmedis uSualobiTa da keTilsindisierebiTufaqizes grZnobaTa samyaroSi Sevdivar!~. 1SoTa niSnianiZis mxatvrul samyaroSi realobis bevrisagani, bevri movlena da Tviseba gvxiblavs originalurobiT:`iq, rionze, sanaosTan bondis xidi qanaobda,gavdiodi gaRma mxaresda jadosnur lerwams vTeldi,Turme bewvis xidi iyo, me megona bondis xidi.viRac qali bJolas sxepdada vazs umagrebda Wigos,me megona glexis qali, Turme RvTismSobeli iyo,vinac Sublze xars kocnidada mTesavad xnuls misdevda,Turme qriste RmerTi iyo, me megona guTnisdeda,iq erT biWTan vWidaobdi, xaTrs ar mitexavda isic,Turme amirani iyo Zma badris da usupisi~. 2aseTivea `amorZalebi~, `mesizmra giorgi SatberaSvili~,`patara gogos mamiko uyvars~, `didostatis naanderZali”,`bondoia, biWo”, `amiranis weliwadi” da sxva.cnobili WeSmaritebaa, rom Cvenma folklorma saukuneebsmarto umSvenieresi gakveTili ki ar misca, Janruli kanonebicukarnaxa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SoTa niSnianiZis poeziaSiuxvadaa qarTuli folkloris peizaJebi, aq SegxvdebaToCokoCebi, devebi Winkebi, qondriskacebi, wiqara, saer-Tod, qarTuli miTologiidan, SoTa niSnianiZis poeziaSi1 s. Jordania. arsis Zieba, kritikis filosofia, molodini, gv. 158.2 S. niSnianiZe. qarTuli zRapari. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 284.213

gadmosuli xari did emociur datvirTvas iZens:`me var misani xari wiqara,Seni dvrita var mamul-dedulo,zRapridan misTvis gamovipare,rom gemsaxuro da gierTgulo~. 1bunebrivia, arc qarTuli erovnuli sulis erT-erTzRaprul miTologiur gansxeulebas – amirans tovebs poetiuyuradRebod :`salami, welo axalo, Zveli wavida, gafrinda...amiran darejanis Zev saidan moxvel? – zRapridan!daxnav, dabarav, daTesav aTas satkivars moaxden,avi sulebis laxvaro, alali lukmis mosarClev~. 2SoTa niSnianiZis idealebi, yvelaze amaRlebuli gancdebimainc aq, amqveynad hpoveben xorcSesxmas, sulismierisinaTle da harmonia aq sZlevs bneleTis Zalebs, spobs ukuns,mSveniereba da silamaze aq, am miwaze, saxierdeba cocxalsrulyofil saxeebad:`damesizmra, biliki xelSi mepyra kverTxad,fexze mecva qaosi, welze elva mertya.miwis suli, cis fiqri Rrublad momebura,pirvelSeqmnis xmauri mesma Soreulad.zRvas davkari biliki-aRsdgnen qalaqebida mkvdar saukuneebs peSvze valagebdi.gamovwove Rrublidan caTa xvaSiadida miwidan zecamde elvad avSrialdi~. 3an kidev:`...erTi gogo momewona – irmis jogs wvelida mTaSi,Tu qalRmerTi dali iyo, briyvma ra vicodi maSin.kolxis qali myavda ZiZad – amorZali enamware,niSa xaris siyvarulic am mxareSi Semaswavles,dedaCiti bartyebisTvisRmerTs unTebda Taflis sanTlebs,1 S. niSnianiZe. me var misani. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 256.2 S. niSnianiZe. amiranis weliwadi. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 493.3 S. niSnianiZe. sizmari. – rCeuli. Tb., 1984, gv. 391.214

Citis locvas yurs vugdebdida im madliT gavizarde~. 1SoTa niSnianiZe am Sinagani xilvebis poetia, misi Sinaganiharmoniisa da Sinagani simdidris wyaro am saufloSiadavanebuli. miTis SemoWra dRevandelobaSi, zRapris, Tqmulebebis,istoriisa da realobis Serwyma yvelaze ZalumadigrZnoba mis poeziaSi.SoTa niSnianiZis leqsis arsi misi ZiriTadi Rirsebayvela elementis urTierTmimarTebiT, uCinari mTlianobiTSobili ganwyobileba da asociaciebis traeqtoriaa. axaliefeqturi saxe da Semadgeneli elementebi fers icvlian,rameTu icvleba maTi urTierTmimarTebis xasiaTi:`mgonia vzivar an vixedebiablabudian Tofis lulaSi.ra daclis am Tofs!Torem namdvilad vgavarlulaSi gaCxirul tyvias,albaT dro mova da gavvardebi,Cems saTqmels vityvi adre Tu gvian~. 2da mainc, rogorc cnobili literaturaTmcodne giorgigaCeCilaZe miuTiTebs: `SoTa niSnianiZis poetur sintaqssmTlianad gansazRvravs samyarosTan dumiliseuli komunikaciispaTosi~, ...… veRar vawyvileb striqons striqonze,sulSi siCume Camoileqa~. 3SoTa niSnianiZis poeziaSi vxvdebiT cnobili xatebissistemas, romelSiac calkeuli metafora, SedarebiTi simbologanagrZobs da aZlierebs danarCens. mis poetur samyaroSibavSvobas SeuZlia gamoekidos poets da cremli aRvrevinos.ciskars ki SeuZlia momakvdavi gmiris mxarze ijdesda CrdiliviT kenkos sizmari. poeti Tayvans scemsRvTaebriv xars, mzes, vazs, sakuTari miswrafebani, survi-1 S. niSnianiZe. qarTuli zRapari, gv. 284.2 S. niSnianiZe. roca mzis sxivi gisoss edeba. – lirika. Tb., 1989,gv. 455.3 g. gaCeCilaZe. sulieri gamocdilebis samyaroSi. Tb., 1986, gv. 54.215

lebi da niSanTvisebani gadaaqvs masze. amitomac ar gvikvirs:`es sisxlia, RvTis kaco, RvarTqafad rom damdginda,Tu riJraJma ifeTqa anaforas Ramidan– osana! – osana!modgnen angelosebi, anaforis nakuwebimiaqvT avgarozebad.galobaSi Segaxvies da Segmoses legendebiT,Tu gaWirda mters da orguls legendiTac vekveTebiT,Seni jvari, oqros jvari, rogorc gaxiznuli Citi,rogorc suli, Seni suli – ferad gasisxluli Sindi,gamoeba enad zarebs, saydris damunjebul zarebs.da mze uZRvis Calisferi qarTlis gamarjvebul jarebs~. 1poetTan erTad mkiTxveli religiuri elementebis Rirebulebasmisi wminda poeturi esTetikuri Rirsebidan gamomdinareaRiqvams. niSnianiZiseuli poezia asxivosnebs religiurfaqts, Suqs fens im Cveulebriv, absoluturad bunebrivWeSmaritebas, uxilavi rom aris religiis zebunebriviidumalebis qveS. SoTa niSnianiZis Jiniani, jiuti, gaucnobierebeliltolva marad meryevi diadi miznisken brZolaSimJRavndeba, vinaidan am ltolvaSi, SeuZleblis miRwevisa damiuwvdomlisaTvis brZolaSi xedavs igi adamianuri cxovrebisarsebobis gamarTlebas. poeti aRfrTovanebiT gvaxsenebs,rom feradovnebis safuZveli erTobaa:`Cemi bwkarebis lerwmovanebSivefxviviT Cumad dadis warsulida cixeebis tevri nalesiaqvs bwkalebiT torze asxmuli...~. 2an kidev:`ca ixsneba... da RmerTebTannadimze var wveulida tanidan gamorbiankvici da broweuli...~. 11 S. niSnianiZe. Tevdore. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 247-249.2 S. niSnianiZe. vefxvi. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 260.216

da ase usasrulod gamokrTis Semoqmedis aRtaceba artistuliSTagonebis saxiT. `SoTa niSnianiZis poetur samyaroSirealobis bevri sagani, bevri movlena gvxiblavsoriginalobiT da cxovrebiseuli sibrZniT, aqve unda aRvniSnoTisic, rom sicocxlis arssa da dasasrulze metnaklebiintensivobiTa da siRrmiT yvela qarTveli poetifiqrobs, SoTa niSnianiZe am mxriv gamorCeulia, roca missaocrad mizanswraful da Tanmimdevrul meditacias mihyvebisicocxlis dasasrulze grZnob TiTqos poets mTeli kacobriobisbedis-mwerlebTan unda damegobreba~. 2SoTa niSnianiZis poeziis ZiriTadi motivi mSvenierebisZiebaa, vkiTxulobT mis leqsebs da vgrZnobT, rom kompoziciurimTlianoba atans yvela saxeSi. iWreba yvela situaciaSi,azrsa da Zalas matebs yvela detals, iZulebulsgxdis aRmoaCino is biliki da gauyve im erTaderT gzas,romelzec poetma migvaniSna:`unda viRvawo, viwvalo,misxals mivmato misxali,pirze oflgadmomdinaremgadavixado RvTis vali~. 3da yvela, visac ki xelewifeba poeturi qmnilebissulSi wvdoma, aucileblad gvetyvis, rom `afxazuri kantata~poetis individualuri stilis Sedevria. diax, aq Ti-Toeuli bwkari imdenad individualuri elferiT bibinebs,rom meCveneba TiTqos poeti adamianis sulis sakuTar Tav-Tan SeWidebis maradiul, yvela epoqisaTvis Cveulsa da yvelasaTvisgasageb ideas gadmogvcems:`odiSSi var qorwilSi var, cxens vaWeneb haida,odoias gadmouxta `uraida raida~– Cans antikur arfasaviT aivnebis rikuli,zed simebad lerwebia da sxivebi ciskruli.1 S. niSnianiZe. kvicisa da broweulisa. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 321-322.2 c. mesxia. metaforebis jadosnuri meufe. – Jurn.: `kulturaTa Sorisikomunikaciebi~, #5, 2008, gv. 45.3 S. niSnianiZe. ostato, bero, mxedaro. _ lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 244.217

waiyvanes Tamar-qali afxazeTSi dielo da...mowamei xar, Sen saqarTvelo – ero fexbedniero da...Cans odebze kolxTa Rerbi, Rerbi simind-jiqurisda afxazur cxenis nali avgarozad mikruli~. 1SoTa niSnianiZis poeziis safuZveli uRrmesi msofl-SegrZnebaa da esTetikuri Wvretaa. poeturi xelovneba unazesiferebiT sunTqavs:`atmis xeebo, es ra bolia,an ra ferebis Wreli igavi?!...~. 2SoTa niSnianiZe ver Tmobs idealebs, rogorc faseulobebsda verc realobas aqcevs zurgs, rogorc aucileblobissauflos, Tu Winkis saxiT movlenili cxovrebiseulicdunebebi galaktionisTvis edemis baRis gaudaburebismomaswavebelia, SoTa niSnianiZis Winkis saxiT movlenilmapersonaJma gvauwya, rom SemoqmedebiT idealsa da socialuriwarmatebis meqanizms Soris sabediswero Tanxvedraa:`gaimartive yvela sirTule xelis CaqneviT,anda qirqiliT, xelT igde Tundac sxvisi tituli,daidgi Tundac sxvisi gvirgvini,niRbebi ginda, niRbebs, parikebs,ramdensac ginda imdens mogitan!~. 3vkiTxulob am striqonebs da mjera, rom faustian yofierebissazrisis, adamianis daniSnulebis, samyaroSi misiadgilis gansazRvrisa da sikvdil-sicocxlis problematikiTganmsWvaluli Temaa... realobis jurRmulebisaken megzurobismisia poetma Winkas daakisra, rameTu:`bevri kai ymis niWsa da sindissuCinmaCinis qudi axuravs.nuTu Rirsebad saRdeba nakli,nuTu simarTle ukuRma esmiT?ra moxda eWviT rad dainaRmasaxeli mxatvris, Tanadroulis,1 S. niSnianiZe. afxazuri kantata. _ lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 287-89.2 S. niSnianiZe. aprili. _ lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 453.3 S. niSnianiZe. WinkasTan saubari. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 284.…218

Zens urCevnia briyvis niRabi,mWrmetyvels munjis,mgosans klounis~. 1xelovnebis WeSmarit qmnilebebs poetis Rrma rwmeniTrCeulebi qmnian, oRond maTi valia ise weron, rom naazrevi,nafiqrali, gancdili xalxis kuTvnilebad aqcion. `wmindapoezia~ poets ar miaCnia sityviT Jangliorobad. `frazisakrobatuloba, sityvieri aRqma da laboratoriulicdebi araviTar Sedegs ar iZleva, TamaSi TamaSadve rCebada eqsperimenti eqsperimentad. WeSmariti poezia azris,grZnobisa da formis sicxadiT gamovlenaa. misi azriT, verlibrianu Tavisufali leqsi SeiZleba Tavisufali iyos raimisgan.strofebisgan, magram ara azrisa da grZnobebisagan,verlibri ar unda iyos pwkaredis igiveoba. verlibrs aqvsarsebobis moqalaqeobrivi ufleba, zogierTi Temis, ganwyobilebis,problemis gamoxatva verlibriT aucilebelia~. 2poetis azriT yoveli WeSmariti Semoqmedi (TundacTavisi drois mexotbe) raRaciT mainc udgas kriWaSi Tanamedroveobas,albaT imitom, rom WeSmariti Semoqmedi winuswrebs Tavis dros. daintereseba sokrateTi, volteriT,SileriT Tu arsakiZiT nakarnaxevia imiT, rom isini warmoadgenenironiis, saTnoebis (Svaileri) gansaxierebas cxovrebiseulmankierebebTan brZolaSi adamiani iSveliebs ironias,xan rogorc Tavdacvis xan rogorc Setevis iaraRs.SoTa niSnianiZes gaTavisebuli da keTilad aTvisebuliaqvs did moazrovneTa sibrZne: marto bgeraTa harmonias kiara upirvelesi yuradReba sulis harmoniis ganviTarebas undamieqces. simarTlis matarebeli poeti mSobeli eris es-Tetikuri da eTikuri kodeqsis umaRlesi warmomadgenelia.is mxolod im zneobrivi sawyisiT, im silamaziT, im msofl-WvretiT moqmedebs, romelsac samSoblo sTavazobs. misi dididamsaxureba is gaxlavT, rom droTa kavSiriT pirobade-1 S. niSnianiZe. zogs didostatis mklavi ukurTxes. – lirika. Tb.,1989, gv. 260.2 e. maRraZe. monumenturi xelweris lirikosi, gv. 712.219

uli leqsebis garda, TviTnabadi, moxeTqili leqsebica aqvs.SoTa niSnianiZis cxovreba da Semoqmedeba uxvad iyodaxunZluli sulis nayofiT, sibrZniT, siyvaruliT sulgrZelobiT,daTmeniT, sixaruliT, saxierebiTa da saTnoeba-Si simtkiciT. simarTlisadmi dauokebeli ltolva, sikeTisada siyvarulis impulsuri aRiareba, misi RvTiTboZebuliSinagani moTxovnilebebia. aq avlens poeti qristianulisiwmindiT Tavis arssa da esTetikur ideals.da mainc niRbebis usasrulo simravlem usasrulodamouwuravi gaxada socialuri rolebi. yoveli TamaSi emsaxurebaniRbebis moxsnas, zooparkis rikulebis msxvrevas,realobasTan pirispir misvlas. xom ar aris es usasrulobal-maskaradi, Tavisi niRbebiTurT pirvelsawyisi siwmindisgadarCenisTvis brZola?! rac xe cnobadis nayofi igema adamianma,dakarga WeSmariti sixarulisa da bednierebis gancda,dakarga harmonia Tavad RmerTTan da samagierod SeiZinacodva, SeiZina megobrad eSmaki da misi gulisTqmani. amtotaluri ferxuliT sadac satanis xarxarTan erTad adamianuriyofis saSineli Rrianceli ismis, xom ar aris imis,rom miaqcion yuradReba RmerTs, romelsac SeuZlia Seiwyalosda daubrunos kacobriobas dakarguli samoTxe:`ra mosdis adamis Zeo,Tavs veRar ikavebensul tanze gadaicves arakebi-igavebi~. 1an kidev,`rad minda, ras mavalebs Tu Tavis patroni var,sulebis karnavali, niRbebis pantonima~. 2esaa gaucnobierebeli momenti dakargulis ukan dabrunebis,sulSi mofarTqale umweo bavSvis gadarCenis mcdeloba.`marTali bavSvi aq sicocxlis gagrZelebacaa da Seqmnis,SemoqmedebiTi niWis cocxali simboloca. aq gamosWvivisxelovanis da xelovnebis pozicia sikeTis, siqvelis,siTbos, silamazisa da harmoniis SenarCunebis asparezze da1 S. niSnianiZe. pantonimis filosofia. – lirika. Tb., 1989, gv. 189.2 S. niSnianiZe. pantonimis filosofia, gv. 189.220

niRbis fenomenis wvdoma poetisaTvis samyaros saidumloeba-Ta wvdomis gzaa~. 1 da radgan arsebobs ufro maRali ganzomilebebisada kategoriebis WeSmariti Rirebulebebi, arcmTlad amaoa yovelive. RvTiuri Sefasebis kriteriumebiTarsebuli idealebi marad cocxloben Cvens arsebaSi daCvengan saTuT damokidebulebas moiTxoven:`da Tu SevcdebiT,SegveSleba marTlac raime,xom SeiZleba gvepatios aTasSi erTxel~. 2marTebulad migvaniSnebs meri badriaSvili: `Semoqmedi– esaa ori umSvenieresi simbolos – kvicisa da broweulisharmoniuli arsi. broweuli – rogorc marad ukvdavi silamazis,siyvarulis, sisavsisa da sinazis gamoxatuleba –ganmasaxierebeli cxovrebisa da energiisa kakabaZisa da diurerismSvenier tiloebSi. kvici marad mousvenari da mebr-Zoli arsi. es orive simbolo SemoqmedebiTi STagonebispirvelwyaroa. isini iseve qaoturad arRveven socialurkulturuliyofierebis ganmsazRvrel CarCoebs, rogorcmwife broweuli xeTqavs Tavis kans~. 3 hoda gulwrfeliapoeti, roca ambobs:`rionispir gamosula kviciT broweuli,Wixvinebs da yels iRerebs yvavilis fafriani,poezia CemTvis aris bediswera wyeuli,ura kvicis Wixvini da broweulis brialica ixsneba...da RmerTebTan nadimze var wveulida tanidan gamorbian kvici da broweuli...~. 4ase usasrulod grZeldeba SoTa niSnianiZis saxeobriviazrovneba. man didi amagi dasdo Tanamedrove qarTul poezias.sazogadoebriv movlenebSi wvdomis siRrme, uzado poeturixelovneba da moqalaqeobrivi paTosi didi sicocx-1 c. mesxia. SoTa niSnianiZis esTetikuri fenomeni.., gv. 178.2 S. niSnianiZe. pantonimis filosofia, gv. 189.3 m. badriaSvili. vina var, saidan movdivar, gv. 84.4 S. niSnianiZe. kvici da broweuli, gv. 321.221

lisunarianobiT avseben mis lirikul leqsebs. silamazis,esTetikis win wamowevam axali originaluri kuTxiT dagvanaxaeTikuri problema, romlis gareSec adamians ar SeiZlebahqondes Sinagani swrafva aqtiurobisaken, amaRlebulisada diadisadmi, cxovrebis SemoqmedebiTi gardasaxvisa daprogresis dauokebeli survili...TSIALA MESKHIASHOTA NISHNIANIDZE’S FIGURATIVE THINKINGShota Nishnianidze is a genuine and original literary critic of our times.His well considered and kaleidoscopically emotional world-scaleimages have become a distinctive characteristic feature of his literary careerand his involuntarily real persons have turned into fairy-tale personages.Shota Nishnianidze achieves dimensions of images mainly by usingmultifariously rich devices of the Georgian orally transmitted folklore, bythe assimilation and transformation of the latter’s fiction specifities. ShotaNishnianidze is an artistic creator whose poetic word is imbued withphilosophical and human wisdom, inspired with knowledge and penetratesinto soul. Each of his poems is a complete piece of work with ownoriginal ideas. The poet sings to humanity, to selfless loyalty to a commonmember of the society, to faithfulness to the epoch, to the native roots.He embodies the aesthetic and ethic principles of the nation, theworld view suggested by his homeland.222

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriamariam miresaSvilinikita xruSCovis politika kulturissferoSi da qarTuli literaturulicxovrebis zogierTi aspeqtiqarTul literaturaSi socialisturi realizmis ganviTareba,romelic grZeldeboda saqarTvelos gasabWoebidansabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde (1921-1991ww.), oTx etaps moicavs:I. 1921-1932ww.; II. 1932-1953ww.; III. 1953-1985ww.; IV.1985-1991 wlebbi.winamdebare gamokvleva miznad isaxavs mesame etapis,e.w. `daTbobis” periodis Taviseburebebisa da specifikuriniSan-Tvisebebis Seswavlas. aRniSnul xanaSi mwerlobis ganviTarebas,iseve rogorc winaperiodebSi, sakavSiro kulturul-ideologiurprocesi ganapirobebda. 1953 wels stalinigardaicvala. 1956 wels skkp XX yrilobaze qveynisaxalma xelmZRvanelma, nikita xruSCovma, Tavis moxsenebaSi– “pirovnebis kulti da misi Sedegebi” – dagmo stalinizmida pirovnebis kulti. sabWoTa kavSirSi daiwyo kulturisganviTarebis axali etapi, romelsac “daTbobis” (`оттепель”)periodi ewoda.aRniSnul termins pirvelad ilia erenburgis amave saxelwodebisromanSi vxvdebiT (1954w.), romelSic „daTboba~moiazreba metaforis, stalinuri yinulebis galRvobis,materializaciad. 1 i. erenburgis romanis publikacia SemoqmedebiTmainteligenciam kulturaze ideologiuri zedamxedvelobisSesustebis erTgvar gamovlenad aRiqva. marT-1 analogiuri gaazreba gvxvdeba sabWoTa rusi reJisoris, kanisfestivalis laureatis, grigori Cuxrais, cnobil filmSi `mowmendilizeca“. mis bolo kadrebSi aRbeWdilia yinulmWreli, romelicantarqtidaSi miapobs CrdiloeTis okeanis yinulebs da irgvlivTovli lRveba.223

lac, aRniSnul periodSi partiis kontroli xelovnebasa daliteraturaze metnaklebad Sesustda. Tu xelovani pirdapirar akritikebda sabWoTa xelisuflebasa da socialisturirealizmis principebs, partiuli da literaturulifunqcionerebi mas problemebs ar uqmnidnen. imavdroulad,„xelovnebis frontis~ im muSakebs (Tu „jariskacebs~, rogorcmaT uwodebdnen im periodSi), romlebic aqebdnen sab-Wour wyobas da emsaxurebodnen xelisuflebas, ajildovebdnen(TanamdebobebiT, ordenebiT, sigelebiT, fuladi premiebiT,dasasvenebeli saxlebis ufaso sagzurebiT da a.S.).imTaviTve aRvniSnavT, rom „daTbobis~ periodSi kulturispolitikaSi gatarebulma cvlilebebma sabWoTa kav-Siris yvela respublika, maT Soris saqarTveloc, moicva.amdenad, „daTbobis~ etapebi da misi niSneuli Tvisebebi,romlebzec qvemoT visaubrebT, zogad xasiaTs atarebs dadamaxasiaTebelia mTeli sabWoTa saliteraturo sivrcis-Tvis. aqve SevniSnavT, rom diskusia “daTbobis” periodiskulturisa da, kerZod, literaturis problemebisa da mis-Tvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb, dRemde arSemwydara. aRniSnul diskusiaSi CarTulni arian rogorcpostsabWoTa sivrcis, aseve dasavleTevropeli da amerikeliliteraturaTmcodneni da kulturologebi.samecniero literaturis analizis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia,pirobiTad, ori “banakis” gamoyofa: literaturisTeoretikosTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom “daTbobis” periodSimoxda axali faseulobebis Camoyalibeba, romlebicZireulad gansxvavdebodnen stalinuri normebisgan. rac Seexebameore nawils, igi miiCnevs, rom politikasa da kulturaSiganxorcielebuli garegnuli cvlilebebis miuxedavadstalinuri kulturis fundamenturi tropebi – anu,garkveuli istoriuli periodis teqstebisTvis damaxasiaTebelimetaforebi, romlebic gansazRvraven ZiriTad TxrobiTmodelebs – ar Secvlila. qvemoT SevecdebiT “daTbobis”periodis Sesaxeb arsebuli interpretaciebis warmoCenas,romlebSic gaanalizebulia postsabWoTa da dasavle-224

Tevropel literaturaTmcodneTa naSromebSi; imavdroulad,CamovayalibebT Cvens midgomas aRniSnuli problemisadmi.statistikis Tanaxmad, 1930-iani wlebis represiebs SeewiraaTas orasamde ssrk mweralTa kavSiris wevri, xoloeqvsasi – stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg gaaTavisuflesbanakebidan. 1 am mSrali statistikuri monacemebis fonzeccxadi xdeba, Tu ra mniSvneloba hqonda ssrk-Si “daTbobis”epoqaSi gatarebul kulturul politikas. Tumca, rogorczemoT SevniSneT, „daTbobis“ periodis kultura, upirvelesyovlisa, mis interpretaciebSi arsebobs. misi qronologiacki mTxrobelzea damokidebuli: zogi gansazRvravs mas 1954-1964 wlebiT, anu, igi stalinis gardacvalebis Semdgom aTwleulsmoicavs; zogs ki miaCnia, rom misi dasawyisi ukav-Sirdeba skkp axal programas (1961w.), xolo dasasruli –“praRis gazafxuls”, anu 1968 wels, sabWoTa jarebis mierCexoslovakiis okupacias.literaturis Teoretikosebi da kulturologebi,romlebic „daTbobis~ periods ikvleven, mas stalinurinormebis gadafasebisa da axali zneobrivi orientirebis Camoyalibebisepoqad ganixilaven. rogorc ukve SevniSneT, arsebobsgansxvavebuli mosazrebebi „daTbobis~ epoqis periodizaciasTandakavSirebiT, Tumca, pirveli etapis aTvliswertilad xSirad miiCneven 1953 wlis 16 aprils, anu,stalinis gardacvalebis erTi Tvis Tavze “literaturnaiagazetaSi” mweral olga bergolcis mier gamoqveynebulstatias, romelSic lirizmi gulwrfelobis diskursis safuZvladganixileba. igulisxmeboda, rom gulwrfelobasunda Seecvala stalinuri kulturis maamebloba, mliqvneloba.cxadia, sabWoTa mkiTxvelebs ar gamoparviaT, rombergolcis statia mimarTuli iyo stalinuri klasicizmisyalbi paTosisa da idiliuri intonaciebis winaaRmdeg.imave 1953w. oqtomberSi ilia erenburgma gamoaqveynastatia “mwerlis muSaobis Sesaxeb”, romelSic aRniSnavda,1 В. Эггелинг. Политика и культура при Хрущеве и Брежневе. 1953-1970. М.,1999, gv. 19.15. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi225

om literaturaSi simarTlis gadmocema ufro mniSvnelovania,vidre partmuSakebis miTiTebebisa da dakveTebis Sesruleba.da bolos, dekemberSi, Jurnal “novi mirSi” (“Новыймир~) vladimer pomerancevma gamoqveyna statia “literaturaSigulwrfelobis Sesaxeb”. simarTle iTqvas, XXs.dasawyisis avangardul mimdinareobaTa manifestebis fonzepomerancevis neoromantikuli manifesti sakmaod konservatuladgamoiyureba, Tumca, 50-iani wlebis sabWoTa kulturisrealobaSi igi mniSvnelovan movlenad iqca. imasac SevniSnavT,rom pomerancevis statia ironiul stilSi iyo dawerili,rac, TavisTavad, socrealisturi poetikis uxeSdarRvevas warmoadgenda da, Sesabamisad, zogierTi partiulifunqcioneris gaRizianebas iwvevda. rac Seexeba statiisarss, igi SemdegSi mdgomareobda: Tavisi SemoqmedebiT mwerali ar unda exmaurebodessaxelmwifo struqturebis oficialur brZanebebs;igi sakuTar Sexedulebebs, grZnobebs, gancdebsunda gamoxatavdes, romlebic, imavdroulad,epoqis majiscemas gvagrZnobineben; literaturuli Semoqmedebis umniSvnelovanes faseulobebsemociuri uSualoba da gulwrfelobawarmoadges; stalinuri kulturis dadebiTi gmiri aris siyalbisgansaxiereba; mas unda Caenacvlos sxva tipisgmiri, romelic axal realobas upasuxebs daSesabamisobaSia Tanamedrove moTxovnebTan. 1literaturuli “daTbobis” pirveli talRis dasasruls50-iani wlebis Sua xanebs ukavSireben, rodesac konservatuladganwyobilma partiulma da literaturulmafunqcionerebma gaakritikes liberalurad moazrovne inteligencia(cxadia, maT Soris pomerencevic da erenburgic),xolo zogierTi maTgani samsaxuridanac daiTxoves (mag.,“novi miris” redaqtori, aleqsandre tvardovski).1 Ю. Борев. Социалистический реализм: взгляд современника и современныйвзгляд. М., 2008, gv. 69.226

“daTbobis” pirveli etapis emociurma fonma – literaturaSigulwrfelobis, uSualobis damkvidrebam – vfiqrobT,saintereso asaxva pova cnobili qarTveli literaturaTmcodnis,guram asaTianis “dialogebSi”. 1 kritikosi winaTqmaSiveganmartavs, rom dialoguri forma, rogorc azrisCamoyalibebis Taviseburi xerxi, pirobiTia, radgan avtorsxSirad ararsebuli (araauTentikuri) mowinaaRmdege udgasTvalwin. g. asaTianis pirveli dialogis “mowinaaRmdege”moskovi-Tbilisis samgzavro matareblis ucnobi mgzavria.rodesac es ukanaskneli Seityobs, rom moskovSi ganaTlebamiRebuliaxalgazrda kaci (g. asaTiani, – m.m.) samSobloSi,saqarTveloSi, brundeba da literaturis kritikis sfero-Si apirebs sakuTari Zalebis mosinjvas, afrTxilebs, rommisi momavali saqmianobis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli Tvisebagulwrfeloba unda iyos, radgan “gulwrfeloba SemoqmedisSinagani Tavisuflebis, misi sulieri damoukideblobis pirveliniSania”. axalgazrda kritikosis pasuxi – siwrfele,anu gulwrfeloba, sabWoTa mwerlobaSi TavisTavad nagulisxmeviTvisebaao – ufro g. asaTianis surviliviT JRers,vidre im periodSi arsebul status quo-d. 2momdevno dialogSic, romelic saqarTvelos mweralTakavSiris sadarbazos SesasvlelTan imarTeba e. w. “mkiTxvelsa”da kritikoss Soris, kvlavac qarTul saliteraturosivrceSi arsebul gulwrfelobisa da simarTlis deficitzeasaubari. “mkiTxveli” kritikoss eubneba, rom “...simarTlehaeriviT sWirdeba dRevandel qarTul mwerlobas.siyalbem, xelovnurobam, cru paTetikam amowura Tavisi Tavi”.g. asaTiani aimedebs mkiTxvels, rom mTavari gezi, romelicTanamedrove qarTulma literaturam aiRo, ar gamruddeba...“samociani wlebis dasasruls Cveni mwerloba miaRwevsim dones, rodesac yoveli yalbi sityva, yovelgvariliteraturuli farisevloba yurismomWrel disonansad moxvdebamkiTxvelis smenas, rodesac sityva “realizmi”, rome-1 g. asaTiani. kritikuli dialogebi. t. I. Tb., 2007.2 g. asaTiani. kritikuli dialogebi, gv. 21.227

lic Cveni mwerlobis ZiriTad mxatvrul meTodad arisaRiarebuli, warmoiTqmeba mxolod Tavisi realuri mniSvnelobiT”.1 cxadia, g. asaTianis zemoaRniSnul dialogebSi“daTbobis” epoqis niSandoblivi Tvisebebis – simarTlis,gulwrfelobis – warmoCena sulac ar iyo SemTxveviTi; esiyo kritikosis pasuxi drois mTavar moTxovnaze.literaturis kritikosebi “daTbobis” periodis meoretalRis dasawyiss ukavSireben 1956w. TebervalSi Catarebulskkp-is yrilobasa da xruSCovis moxsenebas “pirovnebiskultis” Sesaxeb; rac Seexeba “daTbobis” periodis meoretalRis dasasruls, mkvlevarTa nawili miiCnevs, romigi 60-iani wlebis dasawyisamde gagrZelda (mag., cnobiligermaneli istorikosi da xelovnebaTmcodne volfram egelingi),xolo sxvebi mis dasasruls ukavSireben imavewlis Semodgomaze sabWoTa jarebis SeWras ungreTsa da poloneTSi(mag., petre vaili, aleqsandre genisi, aleqsandreproxorovi da sxv.). 2axalma drom xelovnebaSi axali politikuri ideebi daTemebi daamkvidra, romlebic amjerad ukavSirdeboda aramtrul garemocvaSi myofi adamianebis revoluciuri, diadimiswrafebebis gadmocemas, aramed mSvidobian garemoSi mcxovrebisabWoTa moqalaqeebis yoveldRiurobas, maT sulier yofas,problemebs. mwerlebi akritikebdnen ara marto pirovnebiskults, aramed maTi Tanamedrove realobis mankier mxareebs,maT Soris, partiul biurokratiasac. aRniSnuli periodisnawarmoebebi gamoirCeoda socialuri simwvaviT,rac siaxles warmoadgenda sabWoTa mwerlobisTvis.mxatvrul literaturaSi socialuri protestis gamoxatviskvaldakval izrdeboda partiuli xelmZRvanelobisSeSfoTebac. mwerlebis mxridan gamovlenili siTamame aSkaradveRar Tavsdeboda socialisturi realizmis mier dad-1 g. asaTiani. kritikuli dialogebi, gv. 32.2 П. Вайль, А. Генис. 60-е. Мир советского человека. – кн.: Собрание сочинений.В двух томах. Т. I: 60-е. Мир советского человека. Екатеринбург, 2003; А.Прохоров. Унаследованный дискурс: Парадигмы Сталинской культуры в литературеи кинематографе «оттепели». СПб., 2007.228

genil orTodoqsalur CarCoebSi. amas, bunebrivia, mohyvasapasuxo reaqcia mTavrobis mxridan: ssrk komunisturipartiis generaluri mdivnis, xruSCovis, Sexvedra mwerleb-Tan naxevradoficialur garemoSi, sufrasTan, da maTi damoZRvra,rom isini “adamianis sulis inJinrebi” arian damaT movaleobas Tanamedrove yofis kritika ki ar warmoadgens,aramed kompartiis interesebis dacva. aRniSnul Sexvedrazessrk-is pirvelma pirma mwerlebs partiis “meavtomateebic”ki uwoda. 1“daTbobis” periodis ganxilvisas SeuZlebelia gverdiavuaroT e. w. “pasternakis saqmes”, romelic boris pasternakissakulto romanis – “eqimi Jivagos” – SemoqmedebiTistorias ukavSirdeba. aRniSnuli istoria TvalnaTlivgvarwmunebs imaSi, rom partiis mxridan masobriv represiebzeuaris Tqmis miuxedavad, misi magistraluri kursi arSecvlila. sainteresod gveCveneba is faqtic, rom gaxmaurebuliromanis Canafiqri saqarTvelos ukavSirdeba. 1958w.10 agvistos (e. i. romanis gamosvlis Semdeg) zoia maslenikovasTansaubrisas pasternaki aRniSnavda: “mas vwerdi didxans,7 weli. 1946 wels Cven viyaviT dResaswaulze saqar-TveloSi baraTaSvilis gardacvalebidan asi wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT.saocari, mziani dReebi idga, yvelaferi yvaodada raRacnairad Cvenc gvedResaswauleboda. damTavrda omi,gaCnda axali imedebi. movisurve, gamekeTebina raRac diadi,mniSvnelovani, – da daibada fiqri romanze~. 21956 wlisTvis romanze muSaoba dasrulebuli iyo.mweralma Jurnalis «Новый мир» redaqcias gadasca xelnaweri.imavdroulad, sakavSiro radiomac gaavrcela informaciapasternakis axali romanis Sesaxeb, ramac daainteresaitalieli komunisti, wignebis gamomcemeli feltrineli.SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, italiaSi romani unda dabeWdiliyomisi «Новый мир»-Si gamoqveynebis Semdeg. magram amasobaSi1 H. Ermolaev. Censorship in Soviet Literature, 1917-1991. Oxford, 1997, gv.184.2 b. pasternaki. `...da daibada fiqri romanze~. – wgn.: Sexvedrebi nobeliantebTan.Tb., 2005, gv. 24.229

sakavSiro Jurnalma uari ganacxada (ufro sworad, aiZules,uari eTqva) romanis dabeWdvaze. ganmartebiT werilSi naTqvamiiyo, rom pasternaki tendenciurad miudga oqtombrisrevolucias, radgan mas rusuli inteligenciis fizikur dasulier ganadgurebaSi dasdo brali. miuxedavad ssrk mweralTakavSirisa da kulturis saministros winaaRmdegobisa,pasternakis “eqimi Jivago” 1957 wels italiaSi gamoicada ori wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflios 24 enaze iTargmna.“eqimi Jivagos” ideur arss Tavad pasternaki ase gansazRvravda:“es aris romani sicocxlesa da sikvdilze,adamianur yofaze, magram raRac istoriul yalibSi. masSirevolucia ar aris gadmocemuli rogorc kremiani torti.ratomRac aseTadaa miRebuli misi warmoCena... me brals mdeben,TiTqos romanSi ugulebelvyavi damkvidrebuli Sexedulebebiistoriul movlenebze da amiT davarRvie viRacis mierrogorRac gaazrebuli saxelmwifo interesebi... mgonia,rom isev iqneba cvlilebebi da ara ukeTesobisken. SeeSindebaTim arcTu ise didi Tavisuflebis, romelic gaiRes,isev mouWeren `WanWikebs~ da erT-erTi aseTi msxverpliviqnebi me Cems romanTan erTad.” 1pasternakis winaTgrZnoba maleve axda. 1958 wlis 23oqtombers SvedeTis akademiam mwerals “eqimi JivagosTvis”nobelis premia mianiWa; 25 oqtombers ki «Литературнаягазета»-s or sagazeTo svetze pasternaks adanaSaulebdnenRalatSi da uwodebdnen „iudas~, „garewars~, „sarevelas~,„tbis bayays~ da sxva. sainteresoa, rom pasternakis saqcielidagmes ara marto ssrk mweralTa kavSiris wevrebma,aramed rusuli emigraciis warmomadgenlebmac, maT Sorisvladimir nabokovma. pasternakis diskreditaciis kampaniamfarTo masStabi miiRo. partiul presaSi gamoCnda werilebi,romlebSic “sabWoTa mSromelebi” iTxovdnen pasternakisgasaxlebas “maTi sayvareli socialisturi samSoblodan~.”aRniSnuli faqti miT ufro sainteresoa, rom am droisTvisromanis wakiTxva SeiZleboda mxolod italiur, in-1 b. pasternaki. `...da daibada fiqri romanze~, gv. 22-23.230

glisur da frangul enebze; amdenad, daujerebelia, romsabWoTa mSromelTa farTo masebi ise zedmiwevniT flobdnenevropul enebs, rom gaecnen romanis srul versias.Tumca, es gasakviric ar aris, Tu gavixsenebT erT niSandoblivfaqts: rodesac erT-erT cnobil qarTvel kritikosshkiTxes, konkretulad ra ar mogwonT pasternakisromanSio, pasuxi sruliad gamaognebeli aRmoCnda: me ar wamikiTxavspasternakis romani da arc vapireb aseTi antisab-Wouri romanis wakiTxvaso.“pasternakis kampania” imiT dasrulda, rom mweraliaiZules, uari eTqva nobelis premiaze. man droebiT datovamoskovi da Camovida TbilisSi, tician tabiZis ojaxSi. aRsaniSnavia,rom pasternakis devna dawyebuli iyo, rodesac1958 wels TbilisSi mwerlis mier Targmnili qarTvel poetTaleqsebi gamoica. pasternakma tician tabiZis qaliSvils,nita tabiZes, werili gaugzavna, romelSic swerda,rom italiis kompartiis mdivanma, toliatim, sTxova feltrinelis,rom ar daebeWda romani, razec Semdegi pasuximiiRo: me mirCevnia, davtovo partiis rigebi, vidre JivagosdabeWdvaze uari vTqva... es iqneba danaSauli kulturis winaSeo.cxadia, am dros saqarTveloc ssrk-s nawili iyo,magram Tavad mwerlis aRiarebiT, aq mis mimarT ar igrZnobodaiseTi agresia, rogoric ruseTSi. gadatanilma stresmapasternakis janmrTeloba seriozulad Searyia da mwerali,romelic stalinur represiebs gadaurCa, 1960 wels“daTbobis” kulturis politikam Seiwira.“pasternakis saqme” iqca Semobrunebis wertilad dasavleTispolitikuri da kulturuli samyarosTvis. isini, visacsjeroda, rom xruSovis politikuri kursi totalitarulireJimis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli (da ara mxolodstalinis pirovnebis), rom sabWour socializms SeiZleboda“adamianuri saxe” hqonoda, seriozulad dafiqrdnen; “praRisgazafxulma” ki sabolood dausva wertili maT imedebs.“pasternakis saqmesTan” dakavSirebiT sainteresod gveCvenebacnobili qarTveli mwerlis, oTar CxeiZis romanis,231

“cTomilnis” bedi. o. CxeiZem samwerlo asparezze gamosvlisTanavemiipyro mkiTxvelis yuradReba rogorc mwvave,kritikuli nawarmoebebis avtorma. 50-ian wlebSi daibeWdamisi romani “jebiri”, romelSic avtorma Tamamad warmoaCinasakolmeurneo sistemis kraxi. amas mohyva gaxmaurebuliromanebi: “burusi”, “meCeCi”, romlebSic kritikulad iyogaazrebuli socialisturi saxelmwifo wyoba da marqsistuliideologia.o. CxeiZis romanebi, upirveles yovlisa, TavisTavadobiTaRizianebda literaturul partokratias: TematikiT,enobriv-stiluri TaviseburebebiT da, rac mTavaria, mimdinaremovlenebis, arsebuli realobis socrealizmis poziciebisgangansxvavebuli SefasebebiT. rogorc wesi, arc literaturulifunqcionerebis mxridan ayovnebda reaqcia: mweralssayvedurobdnen, rom igi arasworad igebda partiisdireqtivebs (mag. cxovrebiseuli winaaRmdegobebis Cvenebas-Tan dakavSirebiT) da sabWouri cxovrebis negatiur, aratipurmxareebs gazviadebulad warmouCenda mkiTxvels.kritikis qarcecxlSi aRmoCnda mwerlis morigi romani– “cTomilni”, romelic ara mxolod partiulma funqcionerebma,aramed saqarTvelos uSiSroebis komitetis Tavmjdomarem,aleqsi inaurmac gaakritika. romani unda dabeWdiliyo1960 wels Jurnal “mnaTobSi”, romlis mTavari redaqtoriiyo simon Ciqovani. rogorc Cans, `keTilismsurvelebis”xelSewyobiTa da saTanado komentarebis TanxlebiTstambaSi dasabeWdad gadagzavnili romani inauris magidazeaRmoCnda. 1960 wlis oqtombris miwuruls saqarTveloskompartiis ck-s biuroze uSiSroebis Tavkacma romanidanamonaridebi waikiTxa da rogorc sabWoTa ideologiisTvismiuRebel nawarmoebs, ganaCenic gamoutana: es romani “eqimJivagoze” uaresiao. 1simon Ciqovani Seecada, rom daecva romani, magram isicmoxsnes mTavari redaqtoris Tanamdebobidan. 21 r. CxeiZe. agvistos Svilebi. mamaCemi oTar CxeiZe. Tb., 2008, gv. 594.2 aqve SevniSnavT, rom `cTomilni~ mxolod 1997 wels daibeWda232

oTar CxeiZis zemoaRniSnuli romanis literaturulibedi kidev erTi dadasturebaa imisa, rom „daTbobis~ periodSipartias ar uTqvams uari totalitarul kulturulpolitikaze; marTalia, man odnav mouSva „marwuxebi~, magramradikalurad ar Seucvlia ideologiuri veqtori. igikvlavac idga socrealizmis principebis erTgul darajad.“daTbobis” periodis meore etapze kulturuli politikismniSvnelovan SenaZens warmoadgenda literaturulialmanaxebis gamocema, romelTa saqmianobaSi cenzura naklebadereoda da amdenad, mwerlebs SesaZlebloba hqondaT,literaturuli partokratiis gverdis avliT gamoeqveynebinaTTavianTi nawarmoebebi. aRniSnul periodSi partiam nawilobrivSeasusta cenzuris simkacre, SesaZlebeli gaxdasinamdvilis movlenebis ufro farTod da aracalmxrivadasaxva. sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT es situacia kargad gamoiyenessakavSiro literaturulma Jurnalebma: „novi mirma~,„zvezdam~, „iunostma~, xolo qarTul sinamdvileSi –„ciskarma~ da „mnaTobma~. swored am Jurnalebs ukavSirdebaSemoqmedTa axali Taobis – „samocianelebis~ – gamosvlaliteraturul asparezze, romelmac principulad gadaaxalisameoce saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi.aRniSnuli procesis aTvlis wertilad qronologiurad50-iani wlebis bolos miiCneven. qarTul saliteraturocxovrebaSi siaxleebis danergvis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebulimniSvnelovania simon Ciqovanis, rogorc poetis, literatorisada “mnaTobis” redaqtoris moRvaweoba. 50-ianiwlebis II naxevarSi es Jurnali axalgazrda mwerlebisTvis(arCil sulakauri, Tamaz WilaZe, oTar WilaZe da sxv.), ostatobisTavisebur skolad iqca. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,mogvianebiT, qarTvel mweralTa am Taobas „samocianelebi~uwodes da isini „ciskris~ garSemo gaerTiandnen.aRsaniSnavia, rom „samocianelebTan~ da maT mier damkvidrebulsiaxleebTan wina Taobis qarTveli mwerlebisJurnal `ciskarSi~.233

damokidebuleba araerTgvarovani iyo, Tumca, aRniSnul „ganaxlebaSi~maTi wvlili (rogorc SemoqmedebiTi, asevepraqtikuli), sakmaod mniSvnelovania: magaliTad, simon Ciqovani,garda imisa, rom „mnaTobs~ redaqtorobda, xelmZRvanelobdakomkavSiris komitetTan arsebul esTetikurseqcias, giorgi leoniZe – literaturis institutSiaxalgazrda mecnierebisTvis daarsebul cnobil „samSabaTobebs~.rogorc vxedavT, miuxedavad sxvadasxva Taobis warmomadgenelTagansxvavebuli xedvisa, qarTul sinamdvileSiufrosi Taobis wvlili literaturuli cxovrebis ganaxlebisprocesSi aSkarad ikveTeba. aRniSnul faqts 60-ianiwlebis literaturuli procesis analizisas qarTvelimwerlebic da literaturis kritikosebic erTxmad aRiareben.“daTbobis” mesame etapi literaturaSi moicavs 60-ianwlebs. Tumca, erTi nawili kritikosebisa mis dasasrulsukavSirebs maneJis gamofenaze 1962 wels xruSCovis Tavdasxmasmxatvar-abstraqcionistebze, rodesac saxelmwifosmeTaurma ernst neizvestni da mxatvrebi-nonkonformistebiucenzuro gamoTqmebiT Seamko; meore nawili ki “daTbobis”bolo etapis dasasruls “praRis gazafxuls” ukavSirebs.“mesame etapis~ erT-erT mniSvnelovan siaxles warmoadgensdisidenturi moZraoba, romelmac literaturaSi ki ar SemoaRwia,aramed swored mis wiaRSi iSva. literaturocentrulisabWoTa kavSirisTvis es bunebrivi iyo. am TvalsazrisiTsimptomaturia andrei siniavskisa (abram terci) daiuli danielis (nikolai arJaki) dapatimrebis istoria(1966): mwerlebma sazRvargareT dabeWdes Txzulebebi, romlebicmTavrobam “antisabWoTad” miiCnia. sayuradReboa, romgarkveuli zewolisa da daSinebebis miuxedavad, samocdasammamweralma moawera xeli oficialur werils, romelSicgaprotestebuli iyo maTi kolegebis dapatimreba. im droisaTvises samoqalaqo gmirobis tolfasi iyo.disidentur moZraobas gasagebi mizezebis gamo ar mouwveviadamfuZnebeli yriloba, ar hyolia damfuZneblebi,234

ar gamouqveynebia manifestebi da a.S. 60-iani wlebis disidentebiiseTs arafers sTavazobdnen sazogadoebas, racpartiis mier ar iyo proklamirebuli. partia mouwodebdasabWoTa moqalaqeebs gulwrfelobisken – disidentebi simarTlesambobdnen; gazeTebi werdnen “kanonierebis normebis”aRdgenaze – disidentebi prokuraturaze ufro zedmiwevniTicavdnen kanonebs; tribunebidan ismoda mowodebebikritikis saWiroebaze – disidentebic swored amas akeTebdnen.qarTul sinamdvileSi disidentur literaturasTandakavSirebiT Cven savsebiT viziarebT ak. baqraZis Sexedulebas.igi werda: “saqarTveloSi solJenicini warmoudgeneliaara imitom, rom am niWierebis kaci ar SeiZleba iyos saqar-TveloSi. saqarTveloSi SeiZleba aTjer ufro niWieri kaciiyos, magram yuradRebas ar miaqceven. roca solJeniciniwers Tavis Txzulebebs, romlebic Tavisi SinaarsiT arisantikomunisturi, es danarCeni msofliosTvis yuradRebissagania, radgan gamoCnda kaci, vinc uyurebs sxvagvarad imsinamdviles, im samyaros, romliTac ruseTi cxovrobs. ise-Tive nawarmoebs aravin miaqcevda yuradRebas, Tu is qarTuladiqneboda dawerili, radgan qarTveli mwerlis ukan aridga is Zala, romelic aqvs ruseTs, rogorc qveyanas. arunda SevcdeT, ar unda movityuoT Tavi, rom am Sefardebasmravalricxovnebisas... mniSvneloba ara aqvs~. 1literaturis sferoSi disidentobis mTavari miRwevaarateqsturi gziT sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibeba aRmoCnda.aRniSnuli xerxis ZiriTadi matarebeli gaxda folklori– anekdotebi, xumrobebi, simRerebi. aRniSnul fenomenTandakavSirebiT sainteresod gveCveneba cnobili mkvlevrisiuri borevis mosazreba. Tavis monografiaSi, romelicsocialisturi realizmis problemebs exeba, igi aRniSnavs,rom inteligencia arasodes mimarTavda zepirsityvierebas;igi werda romanebs, leqsebs, dRiurebs. Tumca, totalitarulireJimis pirobebSi, rodesac sazogadoebriv institu-1 ak. baqraZe. gabaaseba. Tb., 2000, gv. 268.235

tebs saxelmwifo politikis gatarebas aiZulebdnen, rodesacyvela da yvelaferi mkacr kontrols eqvemdebareboda,isic ki saSiSi aRmoCnda, rom mwerals “sakuTari cxovrebiseuligamocdileba saweri furclebisTvis gaendo”. 1 simar-Tle unda Tqmuliyo, magram ra gziT? swored aseT pirobebSiinteligenciam gamonaxa informaciis Senaxvisa da gadacemissaSualeba, romelic cenzuris kontrols ar eqvemdebareboda.ase gaCnda inteligenturi folklori.XX saukunis kulturaSi Camoyalibda mTeli plasti –naklebadSeswavlili da garkveulwilad, naklebadcnobili –romelSic sainteresod aisaxa XX saukunis socialuri dapolitikuri cxovrebisa da sabWoTa xelovnebis ganviTarebisTaviseburebani. inteligenturi folkloris mTavarigmirebi yvelasaTvis cnobili adamianebi iyvnen (partiuliliderebi, mwerlebi, popularuli msaxiobebi da a.S.). racSeexeba Tematikas, igi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeoda. qvemoTmovitanT inteligenturi folkloris ramdenime nimuSssxvadasxva Temaze:sabWoTa xelovanis SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb.kremlSi, daxurul koncertze, warmatebiT gamovidacnobili momRerali ivan kozlovski. partiuli elita (raTqma unda, meuRleebis TanxlebiT), gars Semoexvia. erTnisTxoven: `amxanago kozlovski, imRereT lenskis `ariozo”;meoreni: “gTxovT, SegvisruloT romansi”. saubarSi Caeriastalini: “megobrebo, amxanagi kozlovski Semoqmedi adamianiada man unda imReros mxolod is, rac surs. mas kisurs, rom Seasrulos romansi «Я помню чудное мгновенье».2xelovanTa dajildoebis principis Sesaxeb. 30-ianwlebSi stalinma miiwvia kremlSi oTxi cnobili reJisorida hkiTxa, Tu ra sWirdebodaT, raTa maTi SemoqmedebiTi nayofierebaamaRlebuliyo. mixail romma daiCivla, rom is damisi avadmyofi meuRle erToTaxian binaSi siviwroveSi1 Ю. Борев. Социалистический реализм.., gv. 147.2 Ю. Борев. Социалистический реализм.., gv. 148.236

cxovroben. “geqnebaT didi bina, amxanago romo”, – Sehpirdastalini. pudovkinma Tqva, rom igi qalaqgareT simSvideSigacilebiT ukeT muSaobs. “geqnebaT agaraki, amxanago pudovkino”,– Sehpirda stalini. pirievma daiCivla, rom diddros kargavs Tavis agarakze misasvlelad. “geqnebaT manqana,amxanago pirievo”, – Sehpirda stalini. jeri aleqsandrovzemidga. igi uxerxulad SeiSmuSna da belads uTxra, romZalze didi Txovna hqonda: “me msurs saCuqrad miviRoTqveni wigni “leninizmis sakiTxebi” avtografiT”. “miiRebTwigns avtografiT, amxanago aleqsandrovo”, – Sehpirdastalini. bina, agaraki da manqana aleqsandrovma wignTan er-Tad miiRo. 1komunizmSi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. 60-ian wlebSi xruSovmasabWoTa xalxs amcno, rom oci wlis Semdeg isini komunizmSiicxovreben. yvelam aitaca es Tema. aRniSnul periodSicnobil msaxiobs a. iabloCkinas gadauxades sasceno moRvaweobis75 wlisTavi. 90 wels gadacilebuli veterani msaxiobisamadlobelo sityviT gamovida: “me mjera, rom Cvenmale komunizmSi vicxovrebT: aRar iqneba rigebi; yvelaferiTavze sayrelad gveqneba: produqtebi, tansacmeli... sazRvargareTacvivliT dasasveneblad.. mokled, yvelaferi ise iqneba,rogorc didi imperatoris, nikolozis dros iyo~. 2“uZraobis” periodis beladebis cxovrebidan. aRdgomisdReebSi mxcovan l. breJnevTan kabinetSi Sedis misi mdivanida ulocavs brwyinvale dResaswauls: “qriste aRsdga, leonidiliC”. breJnevi arafers pasuxobs. Semdeg kabinetSiSedis misi erT-erTi moadgile da isic ulocavs: “qristeaRsdga, leonid iliC”. “me es informacia ukve momaxsenes”,– pasuxobs saqmiani ieriT breJnevi. 3inteligenturi folkloris nimuSebi qarTulma sinamdvilemacSemogvinaxa:Tematuri wridan “beladis xumrobebi”. stalins misi1 Ю. Борев. Социалистический реализм.., gv. 149.2 H. Ermolaev. Censorship in Soviet Literature.., gv. 78.3 H. Ermolaev. Censorship in Soviet Literature.., gv. 81.237

TanaSemwe, poskrebiSevi gadascems msaxiob gelovanis Txovnas(am ukanasknelma ramdenime filmSi beladi ganasaxiera),rom mas surs riwis tbaze, stalinis agarakze, dasveneba.“ratom maincadamainc riwaze?” – kiTxulobs stalini.“Tqveni rolis ukeT gansaxierebis mizniT gelovans surs,gaiTavisos is garemo, romelSic Tqven gicxovriaT,” – pasuxobsposkrebiSevi. “maSin turuxanskidan daiwyos, sadacgadasaxlebaSi viyavi,” – gamosavals poulobs beladi. 1mwerlebisTvis jildoebis gadacemis Sesaxeb. poskrebi-Sevi stalins moaxsenebs, rom mweralma leoniZem mas axalipoema miuZRvna. “rogoria leoniZis sacxovrebeli pirobebi?”– dainteresda beladi. TanaSemwem moaxsena, rom mweralsaqvs kargi bina Tbilisis centrSi da agarakic. “manqanaTu hyavs?” – kiTxulobs beladi. poskrebiSevi udasturebs,rom mwerals manqanac hyavs. “maxsovs, rom leninisordeniTac davajildoveT, – agrZelebs beladi. poskrebiSeviudasturebs. stalini gaocebuli Slis xelebs; “aba, ra-Ra unda?” 2komunistebis sicocxlisunarianobis Sesaxeb. cnobilTeatralur reJisors aleqsandre miqelaZes, romelic antikomunisturiganwyobilebebiT gamoirCeoda, megobarma “mgznebarerevolucioneris”, kirovis, mkvleloba axara. miqela-Zes aranairi emocia ar gamouxatavs momxdarTan dakavSirebiT.nacnobma kvlav gaumeora axali ambavi da gancvifrebiTCaekiTxa: ki magram, am siaxlem ar gagaxarao. – ra unda mixarodes,ase TiTo-TiTod Tu mokles, eseni rodis amowydebian,– upasuxa aleqsandre miqelaZem. 3aRsaniSnavia, rom mogvianebiT, XX saukunis 90-ianwlebSi, inteligenturi folklori socartis erT-erTi masazrdoebeliwyaro gaxda.rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, “pirovnebis kultis” dagmobambevri ram Secvala rogorc sazogadoebriv azrovnebaSi,1 П. Вайль, А. Генис. 60-е. Мир советского.., gv. 124.2 А. Прохоров. Унаследованный дискурс.., gv. 96.3 gaz. `asaval-dasavali~, 17 noemberi, 2010, gv. 9.238

aseve xelovnebaSi. gansaxilvel periodSi Seicvala adamianebisdamokidebuleba samyarosadmi; gaCnda ukeTesi momavlisrwmena. 60-ian wlebSi sazogadoebam aitaca komunisturipropagandis axali lozungi – “davubrundeT leninur normebs”,romlis Tanaxmad, bolSevikebis mier Cadenili adamianisuflebaTa Semlaxveli qmedebebi: partiis rigebis “wmenda”,30-iani wlebis represiebi da sxva, fasdeboda, rogorcleninuri kursidan gadaxveva. aqve SevniSnavT, rom sinamdvileSi“axali lozungi” mmarTveli partiis mier sazogadoebisTvisgadagdebuli morigi satyuara iyo, radgan sabWoTakavSirSi pirveli represiebi swored leninis dros Catarda,romelTac igi “revoluciur wmendas” uwodebda.rogorc aRvniSneT, SemoqmedebiTma inteligenciam lozungi– “davubrundeT leninur normebs” – aitaca da gaCndanawarmoebebi, romelTa mTavar ideas warmoadgenda revoluciisada misi dakarguli idealebis – samarTlianobis,movaleobis, patiosnebis – axleburad “SefuTva” da propaganda.aRsaniSnavia, rom tabuaxsnil Temebze pirveli nawarmoebebisgamoCenac aRniSnul periods (60-ian wlebs) ukav-Sirdeba. samarTlianobisa da Tavisuflebis, adamianis kanonieriuflebebis dacvis moTxovna “samocianelTa” TaobamwarmoaCina ara tradiciuli rakursiT, rogorc zogadadhumanisturi mwerlobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli literaturuliTema, aramed rogorc Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi umwvavesisakiTxi. arCil sulakauris “abelis dabruneba”, “Zveliambavi”, revaz WeiSvilis “biWikos avadmyofobis istoria”,Wabua amirejibis “biZaCemi mejRana” is mxatvruli nawarmoebebia,romelTa saSualebiT gamoxates axalgazrda qarTvelmamwerlebma TavianTi damokidebuleba 30-iani wlebis represiebismimarT. maTSi mTeli tragizmiT gacxadda sazogadoebisaTvistabuirebuli Tema; warmoCenil iqna araerTipatiosani moqalaqis, WeSmariti mamuliSvilis xvedri, romlebictotalitaruli saxelmwifos politikuri kursisaTu ubralod, gautaneli, Suriani, mabezRara adamianebismsxverpli Seiqmnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoT moyvanil nawar-239

moebebSi warmoCenilia simarTlis zeimi, rac udanaSauloadamianebis samSobloSi, ojaxSi dabrunebiT gamowveul bednierebasaxlavs Tan, Tumca, avtorTa poziciis Tanaxmad,bednierebam ar unda gadafaros, ar unda waSalos is damRa,romelic samudamod daaCnia pirovnebis suls miyenebulmaborotebam. borotebisadmi Semwynareblobis gamoCena ar SeiZleba,radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi igi axali borotebis saTavegaxdeba – aseTia axalgazrda mwerlebis pozicia.sabWoTa kavSiri mravalerovnuli saxelmwifo iyo, magram,rodesac igi Seiqmna, misi ideologebi cdilobdnen, aqcentigadaetanaT adamianTa dayofaze mxolod klasobriviniSniT. Tumca, mogvianebiT, 60-ian wlebSi, mixvdnen, rom,Tu adamianebs mTlianad moswyvetdnen erovnul kulturasada tradiciebs, miiRebdnen iseT sazogadoebas, romelSicformaluradac ki aRar darCeboda adgili humanizmisa danaTeli idealebisaTvis. aucilebeli gaxda, am nabijis Tundacformalurad, gadadgma. aseT viTarebaSi daiwyo istoriisakenSemobrunebisa da masSi idealis Ziebis procesi.aRsaniSnavia, rom es procesi (anu humanisturi idealisZieba), zogadad, socrealizmis mimdevrebisTvis gaxdaaqtualuri 60-70-ian wlebSi. SemTxveviTi ar aris, romswored am dros gadaiRo cnobilma italielma mweralma dakinoreJisorma pier paolo pazolinim „maTes saxareba~ darodesac hkiTxes, komunistma kacma qristeze filmi ratomgadaiReo, upasuxa, rom swored qriste iyo pirveli komunistida imitom.sabWoTa mwerlebma daiwyes msjeloba sulier, zneobrivfaseulobebze. amitomac „daTbobis periodSi~ sabWoTaxelisufleba aRar krZalavda aseTi tipis nawarmoebebs, xelovnebisada literaturis warmomadgenlebi ki siamovnebiTqmnidnen mxatvrul tiloebs, romlebSic warmoaCendnen gmirebiserovnul xasiaTs, erovnul da socio-kulturul realiebs,tradiciebs, zne-Cveulebebs (mag., r. inaniSvili, n.dumbaZe, g. rCeuliSvili, n. wuleiskiri da sxv.).60-ian wlebSi bevr mwerals kvlavac gulwrfelad240

sjeroda “naTeli momavlis” – komunizmis. Tumca, partiisXX yrilobis Semdeg socrealizmis gmiri Seicvala. simptomaturia,rom Tavisi winamorbedisgan, e. w. “konkias” modelisgangansxvavebiT, axali literaturuli gmiri iswrafoda,gaeumjobesebina sakuTari cxovrebiseuli pirobebi dagadaewyvita individualuri yofiTi Tu egzistencialuriproblemebi. axali literaturuli gmirisTvis “naTeli momavali”gaxda piradul-individualisturi mizani. xelovnebamorientacia aiRo “kerZo sakuTrebis esTetikaze” (i.varSavskis termini). 1amdenad, “daTbobis” periodis aRniSnul etapze socrealizmmadakarga misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi masazrdoebeliwyaro – gmiruli xasiaTi. masTan erTad daikarga siZneleebisdaZlevis paTosi, romelic revoluciisSemdgomi daomisSemdgomi literaturis erT-erT niSneul Tvisebas warmoadgenda.mxatvrulma meTodma, romelsac arsebuli realobaveRar uzrunvelyofda cxovrebiseuli masaliT, sabolooddakarga avtoriteti. gamovlinda daRmavali procesisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli niSnebi: gafermkrTalda oficiozismier adre dadgenili orientirebi, dairRva mis mierve dadgeniliorTodoqsaluri CarCoebi; daiwyo “vibraciuli”procesebi, rasac mohyva, erTi mxriv, erovnuli Sinaarsismqone mxatvruli nawarmoebebisa da literaturul-kritikulistatiebis gamoqveyneba, xolo, meore mxriv, gaizardaiseTi nawarmoebebis ricxvi, romlebic mimarTuli iyo erovnulikulturebis faseulobaTa dasacavad.da mainc, yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis miuxedavad, socialisturirealizmi rCeboda oficiozis mier erTaderTaRiarebul mxatvrul meTodad. marTalia, 60-iani wlebismiwuruls SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebis dadgenilebebSi daiwyessocialisturi realizmis “kanonikuri” definiciis erTgvarirevizia, Tumca, sabolood, mcire koreqtirebaze SeTanxmdnen;kerZod, adrindel formulirebas Camoaciles meorenawili, romelic exeboda xelovnebis saSualebiT komunis-1 http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Варшавский,_Илья_Иосифович16. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi241

turi Taobis aRzrdis perspeqtivas.faqtobrivad, zemoT CamoTvlili tendenciebi, romlebicdamaxasiaTebeli iyo „daTbobis~ periodis sabWoTamwerlobisTvis, srulad aisaxa im qarTveli mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi,romlebmac 60-ian wlebSi daimkvidres Tavi saliteraturoasparezze (a. kalandaZe, m. maWavariani, g. rCeuliSvili,n. dumbaZe, g. fanjikiZe, t. Wanturia, o. WilaZe,T. WilaZe, a. sulakauri, g. doCanaSvili...). savsebiT gasaziarebeliaqarTul saliteraturo kritikaSi araerTxel gamoTqmulimosazreba (k. imedaSvili, j. Carkviani, g. asaTiani...),rom qarTvel „samocianelTa~ ideuri gaerTianeba ganapirobaara damkvidrebis, aramed uaryofis paTosma. „samocianelebma~uaryves is, rac maTi garemomcveli sinamdvilis-Tvis autanel anaqronizmad iqca: siyalbe, fsevdomonumentalizmi,sqematizmi, „socialuri dakveTis~ instituti, „neoklasicizmi~(igive „stalinuri klasicizmi~) da sxva.imavdroulad, maT pirvelebma SeZles socialisturi realizmisnormatiuli esTetikis „garRveva~, qarTul saliteraturosivrceSi arsebuli gulwrfelobisa da simarTlisdeficitis Sevseba, wina aTwleulebSi damkvidrebuli stalinuritropebis garRveva da qarTuli mwerlobis cxovrebiseulrealobasTan daaxloeba.242

MARIAM MIRESASHVILINIKITA KHRUSHCHEV’S CULTURAL POLICY AND SOMEASPECTS OF THE GEORGIAN LITERARY LIFEThe changes in the cultural policy in the thawing years envelopedall the republics of the USSR, Georgia among them. Thus, the thawingphases and their peculiarities described in the given article are generaland typical of entire Soviet literary period. Part of the literature theoreticiansconsider that during the thawing period new values were formedand they were essentially different from the Stalin norms; others thinkthat in spite of the outward changes in politics and culture the fundamentaltropes of the Stalin culture, i.e. the metaphors characteristic of thetexts of a certain historical period and determining the narrative modulesremained the same. The article touches Khrushchev’s cultural policy andits peculiarities.243

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria244lela mircxulavamiTi da parabola Wabua amirejibisromanSi `daTa TuTaSxia~XXs. II naxevris qarTul literaturaSi erT-erT udidesmovlenas warmoadgens Wabua amirejibis genialuri nawarmoebi`daTa TuTaSxia~. es aris sikeTesa da borotebasSoris arsebuli maradiuli brZolis gamovlineba.romans gamosvlisTanave didi gomoxmaureba mohyva samecnieroliteraturaSi. aravin daobs nawarmoebis Rirebulebazeda mniSvnelobaze, gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi misiJanrobriobis garkvevasTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba. romanis mTavarstruqturul elements miTi warmoadgens, romelic parabolurobismisaRwevad aris gamoyenebuli. nawarmoebSiswored miTis saSualebiT xdeba SesaZlebeli arqetipebisdaZebna: daTa – TuTaSxa – wminda giorgi – ieso qriste;muSni – urCxuli – gveli – satana – iuda. romanSi warmodgenilisaxarebiseuli citatebiT naCvenebia eTikurinormebis, zneobrivi safuZvlebis mniSvneloba. arsebulidro da gmirebi ar ganixileba erT konkretul CarCoSi, esaris zogadsakacobrio sakiTxi, romelic yalibdeba pirovnebaSi,avsebs ers da sabolood moicavs kacobriobas.Wabua amirejibi Tavad aRniSnavs, rom `yoveli miTi,upirveles yovlisa, ganzogadebuli sinamdvilea. wminda giorgismiTosi, mogexsenebaT, xalxisTvis Tavdadebis, erisxsnis, sxvaTa sikeTisaTvis msxverplad misvlis, samarTlianisaqmis Zlevamosilebis simboloa... TviT daTa TuTaSxiada romanis sxva gmirebic samplanian saxeebad iyvnen Cafiqrebuli:pirovneba – eri – kacobrioba. amas ganzogadebulimxatvruli saxeebi qvia. Canafiqris meti gamomsaxvelobisaTvisromanSi, ZiriTadi siuJetis paralelurad, wminda gi-

orgis agreTve ganzogadebuli saxe gamoviyene. samwerloboteqnikaSi es cnobili xerxia. `daTa TuTaSxiaSi~ wminda giorgisCems mier interpretirebuli miTosi xuT nawiladdavyavi. pirveli nawili mTel romans wavumZRvare da iginawarmoebis saerTo problematikis paraleluria. yovelkars Tavisi epigrafi aqvs. miTosis am nawilebSi TuTaSxiasxasiaTis dinamika `daTa TuTaSxias~ dinamikas davamTxvie. esaris da es~. 1avtoris mier Seqmnili miTi, romelic man nawarmoebswaumZRvara, mwerlis mistifikaciis nayofs warmoadgens,magram es yovelive miTis Sinagani kanonzomierebis zustcodnas eyrdnoba. epigrafSi TuTaSxaze naTqvamia – erTisuldgmuli ki ar iyoo, aramed `suli krebiTi, arsi, myofikacTa wiaRsa Sina~; 2 xolo meore epigrafis mixedviT, sazareliurCxulic `ara iyo arseba erTi da nadiri xorcieli,aramed suli krebiTi, myofi kacTa wiaRsa Sina~. 3 oRondTuTaSxa iyo `arsi, myofTa wiaRsa Sina, viTarca waxnagTaganimaTi upirvelesi~, xolo urCxuli – `arsi, myofikacTa wiaRsa Sina, viTarca waxnagTagani maTi upirvelesi~,urCxuli ki – `arsi, myofi kacTa waxsa Sina, viTarca waxnagTaganimisi erTi, ganZlierebuli aw~. 4 TuTaSxa ebrZvisurCxuls – krebiTi suli ebrZvis krebiT suls...romanis `daTa TuTaSxia~ Janris gansazRvrisaTvis samecnieroliteraturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs. g.merkvilaZis azriT, `daTa TuTaSxia~ socialur-fsiqologiuriromania, romelic, amasTanave, Warbad Seicavs saTavgadasavlo-avantiuristuliromanis elementebs~; 5 g. xuxaSvils`daTa TuTaSxia~ socialistur romanad miaCnia: `filosofiuriromanic aris. es aris e.w. eklektikuri romani. mas-Si aris socialuri masalac, saTavgadasavlo masalac dayoveli epizodi poulobs igavur ganzogadebas, rac inte-1 k. imedaSvili. saubrebi (interviu W. amirejibTan). Tb., 1990, gv. 22.2 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia. Tb., 1981, gv. 182.3 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 405.4 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 656.5 saubrebi `daTa TuTaSxias~ Sesaxeb. _ Jurn. `kritika~. #2. 1976, gv. 55.245

leqtualur romans axasiaTebs~; 1 l. kalandaZe romani sa-Tavgadasavlo-deteqtiur nawarmoebad aRiarebs; 2 g. gaCeCilaZismosazrebiT, `daTa TuTaSxia~ filosofiuri nawarmoebia;3 J. TiTmerias ki igi heroikul romanad miaCnia, xolodaTa heroikul-tragikul xasiaTad. 4daveTanxmebiT k. imedaSvilis mosazrebas, romelmac aRniSna,rom Janrobrivi TvalsazrisiT `daTa TuTaSxia~ romaniparabolaa. `daTa TuTaSxias~ mTeli qarga, rogorc garestruqturisa, ise Sinagan agebulebas qmnis ori plastiserTianoba – yofiTisa da filosofiuris. romanis avtorismTavari mizania ara sinamdvilis mxatvruli modelis Seqmna,aramed am mxatvruli modelis komentireba, misi filosofiur-konceptualurianalizi. romanSi moqmedeba gadataniliaistoriul warsulSi, magram igi araa mxolod warsuliskoncefciuri asaxva, aramed Tanamedroveobis gardaqmniTiganzogadebac. am miznis misaRwevad avtori xSirad mimar-Tavs igavs, parabolas, movlenis arsSi Cawvdomis dRevandeliliteraturisaTvis metad popularul xerxs~. 5im periodSi, roca nawarmoebi iwereboda, bevri ramisTqma rTuli iyo, akrZalulic, saSiSic da literaturaSixSirad Cndeboda simarTlis SefarviT Tqmis tendencia. 70-iani wlebidan ukve mkvidrdeba parabolurobis cneba, romelicaris realisturi prozis erT-erTi xerxi, rodesacnawarmoebi sulieri da filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT moicavsgacilebiT mets, vidre masSi gadmocemuli movlenebiTCans.Tavad W. amirejibi aRniSnavs, mTavari ar aris romanisJanrobrivi gansazRvra: `mweralma unda Seqmnas sinamdvilismxatvruli adeqvati da am miznis misaRwevad varga literaturuliteqnikis yvela elementi, Tuki amiT zomierebisa1 saubrebi `daTa TuTaSxias~ Sesaxeb, gv. 58.2 saubrebi `daTa TuTaSxias~ Sesaxeb, gv. 67.3 saubrebi `daTa TuTaSxias~ Sesaxeb, gv. 72.4 saubrebi `daTa TuTaSxias~ Sesaxeb, gv. 82.5 saubrebi `daTa TuTaSxias~ Sesaxeb, gv. 82.246

da gemovnebis normebi ar Seilaxeba da Tuki amiT nawarmoebsgamomsaxvelobiTi Zliereba Seemateba~. 1literaturis Teoretikosebi gamoyofen parabolurobisor ZiriTad maxasiaTebels: Tvalmisawvdomoba, rac gulisxmobsyvela siuJeturi xazis daqvemdebarebas avtoriseuliTezisisadmi. sanam mkiTxveli nawarmoebSi aRwerilmovlenebs ecnoba, es daqvemdebareba, erTi SexedviT, Tval-Sisacemi ar aris, magram dasasruls – igi gamoikveTeba; polivalenturoba,romlis amplituda SesaZloa, sakmaod far-To iyos (dawyebuli wminda yofiTi sakiTxwebidan da dam-Tavrebuli `wminda gonebis Wvretamde~). niSandoblivia, romaRniSnuli tipis nawarmoebebs gansxvavebuli qronotopi axasiaTebs,kerZod, zedrouloba, zesivrculoba. garegnuladsruliad realuri ambavi imavdroulad warmoadgens er-Tgvar logizirebul metaforas, igavs, simbolos, romlisniSandobliv Tvisebas, rogorc cnobilia, abstrahireba warmoadgens,aRniSnuli avtorebi sakmaod soliduri literaturaTmcodneobiTinaSromisa `socialisturi realizmisTeoriuli istoria~. 2romanis ZiriTadi problema aris adamianis raobis, arsisa,misiis, daniSnulebisa da adgilis Zieba. `daTa TuTaSxia~warmoadgens dapirispirebas keTilisa da borotisa,zneobisa da moralisa, daTas sikeTis mqmnels, zneobrivadamaRlebul pirovnebas upirispirdeba muSni zarandia, romlismTeli samyaro socialuri da moraluri planis borotebaa.Tumca, romanis ganmavlobaSi boroteba ganicdistransformirebas, iSleba, ingreva da, swored am processunda mohyves sikeTis, simarTlis damkvidreba. daTas daRupvaromanis finalSi sikeTis sikvdils ki ar niSnavs, aramedpiriqiT. gmiris daRupviT xdeba aRzeveba, aRorZineba sike-Tisa, radganac daTam sakuTari sicocxlis SewirviT SeZloborotebaze gamarjveba da sikeTe-WeSmaritebis amaRleba. mi-1 k. imedaSvili. saubrebi (interviu W. amirejibTan), gv. 24.2 n. gafrindaSvili. m. miresaSvili. n. wereTeli. socialisturirealizmis Teoriuli istoria (qarTuli literaturis magaliTze).w. II. Tb., 2010. gv. 128-129.247

uxedavad imisa, rom romanSi moTxrobili ambavi konkretuldrosa da epoqaSi, kerZod ki XIX-XXss. mijnaze xdeba,`daTa TuTaSxias~ azrobriv-msoflmxedvelobrivi mizanswrafvaganzogadebis udides maStabebs moicavs, xolo sworadSerCeuli simboloebi, moTologemebi warmoaCenen sike-Tesa da borotebas Soris maradiulad mimdinare brZolas.revaz TvaraZe aRniSnavs, rom miTosuri elementebismoxmoba avtors Tavisi umTavresi saTqmelis ufro mkveTradwarmosaCenad dasWirda. `daTa TuTaSxia~ imgvarad Cafiqrebulinawarmoebia, rom saTanado siRrmiT wvdomisasmasSi Tavs iCens ori plani – empiriuli da sulieri, romlebicorganulad Serwymulia urTierTs. empiriul planzegaTamaSebuli tragedia SesaZloa wakiTxul iqnes agreTve,rogorc kacTa modgmis Tu yoveli calkeuli adamianissulSi aRZruli brZola misi Sinagani sawyisebisa, rogorckacTa modgmis Tu subieqtis arsebaSi, mis wiaRSi gaTamaSebulitragedia. am SemTxvevaSi daTa TuTaSxias da muSnizarandias dapirispireba da brZola SesaZloa gavigoT agreTve,rogorc yoveli adamianis sulSi mimdinare brZolasikeTisa da borotebisa~. 1daTas arqetipis TuTaSxas Sesaxeb romanis miTosurmodelSi naTqvamia: `hyavs ersa gamgeblad da moriged qveynierTasaqmeTa Wabuki pirmSvenieri da raindi keTilaRnagi_ TuTaSxa, ara iyo igi suldgmuli erTi da Ze xorcieli,aramed suli krebiTi~. 2 TuTaSxias arqetipi RvTaeba TuTaSxa,qvesknelSi Casuli mTvaris msgavsad, isev unda aRorZindes.graf sedegs TuTaSxia gamrCeul pirovnebad miaCnia.TviT muSnic aRniSnavs: `srulqmnili adamiani ar arsebobs,magram TuTaSxia im kacTagania, romelnic srulqmnilebasTanyvelaze axlos arian~. 3 daTa TuTaSxias gamokveTili zneobrivisaxe, misi zogadkacobriuli misia, bibliuri noesmsgavsad, kacTa modgmis gadarCenis misiaa. zRvaSi gauCinareb-1 r. TvaraZe. `daTa TuTaSxia~. _ Jurn. `ciskari~, #3. 1976. gv. 98.2 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia. Tb., 1981, gv. 405.3 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 548.248

uli daTa warRvnis Semdeg sadme unda gariyuliyo da xelmeorecxovreba daewyo. `RmerTma noes xeliT kacobriulisulgrZeloba, maRali zneoba gadaarCina... ramdenjerac undagairyvnas da daeces kacTa modgma... imdenjer gadaarCens...gangeba daTa TuTaSxias, rogorc kveTs da mawvnis dedas~. 1muSni zarandias arqetipi ki is dammonebeli urCxulia,romelsac yoveli mokveTili Tavis sanacvlod axali Tavebiamosdioda. daRvrilma sisxlma ki qveyana waleka. TuTaSxamgadawyvita Ze xorcielad qceuliyo, raTa adamianebisaTvisborotebis sikeTiT gardaqmnis niWi STaenerga. TviTon ki amisTvis`mieca TuTaSxa nebiTa TavisiTa wamebasa umZimess~.TuTaSxa nawil-nawil iWris sxeulis nawilebs da amiT kvebavsdemons, xolo, roca TuTaSxam urCxuls guli gauwoda,man ar ineba misi Wama da uTxra: `aRaravar mwyurvali sisxliTa,aRar miZs survili Wamad kacTa~ da yvela nawiliukan daubruna. rogorc ki boroteba daiTrguna da sikeTedgadaiqca, Ze sxeulad qceuli TuTaSxas suli `aRevlina cad,dajda mTovared da iqmna Ze igi xorcieli – RmerTad~. 2rogorc g. gverwiTeli SeniSvniT, yvela da yvelaferiam romanSi ori mTavari gmiris, daTa TuTaSxias da muSnissaxis gaxsnas emsaxureba, ramac unda gaxados cxadi mwerlismTavari saTqmeli... TuTaSxaca da urCxulic iyo `sulikrebiTi, arsi, myofi kacTa wiaRsa Sina~, oRond TuTaSxa`viTa waxnagTagani maTi upirvelesi~, xolo urCxuli`viT waxnagTagani misi erTi, ganZlierebuli aw~. es garemoebamarto zedroulobas ki ar aniWebs keTilisa da borotisbrZolas, aramed am brZolis asparezad sulier plansacmiiCnevs, radgan erTica da meorec yofila `arsi, myofikacTa wiaRsa Sina~. am TvalsazrisiT TviT daTa TuTaSxiasZieba simarTlisa, rac romanSi monaTlulia rogorc brZolasakuTar arsebasTan, garkveulwilad am ori sawyisis SinaganbrZolaze SeiZleba migvaniSnebdes. 31 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 615.2 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 657.3 g. gverwiTreli. `usiyvarulod ar arsebobs~. Tb., 1981, gv. 317.249

k. imedaSvili marTebulad aRniSnavs, qarTveli erismaxsovrobaSi SemorCenilia sami arqetipi: TuTa (mTvare) –TeTri giorgi – ieso qriste gansxeulda erT pirovnebaSi– TuTaSxa. Tavad TuTaSxa araa erTsaxovani. igi jer `sulikrebiTi~, Semdeg Ze xorcieli, bolos RmerTi – mTvareanu TuTa. TavisTavad es gardasaxva – saxecvla miTologiurimodelis mxatvruli realizebaa, iseve, rogorc saxecvlaurCxulisa – adamianad gadaqceva... avtomiTis mixedviT,`dautova sulman TuTaSxasagan xorcni miwasa zeda, aRevlinacad, dajda mTvared da iqmna Ze xorcieli RmerTad~.miTi aq daTas ukvdavs hyofs, droisa da adgilis miRma ayenebs,magram ise ki, rom konkretul adgilze da konkretuldroSi mis yofnas adasturebs. 1daTa TuTaSxia cxovrebis gzaze mravali movlenismowme gaxda, romelSic monawileoba TviTonac miiRo. manulukmapurod, usaxlkarod, SiSvel-titvlad darCenilicol-qmari, budarasa da budarixa daasaxla, ojaxi mouwyo,radgan fiqrobda, rom `SeZlebuli kacisTvis sikeTe advilisaqnelia. sxva SexvdebaT vinme gaWirvebuli da rogorc medavexmare maT, ise daexmarebian magenic im gaWirvebuls~ 2 .daTas imedma ar gaumarTla. am sikeTem sruliad daangriabudariebis ojaxi, isini saSinlad gaZunwdnen. aseve tyuvdebadaTa, roca xalxs bazris TaRliTi da matyuara marudamoaSora, Tavis mxriv marudac gaubedurda. daTa ki im daskvnamdemivida, rom `xalxs, Cans, ar unda ise cxovreba,vinmem Tu ar daCagra, moatyua da gaatyava~. 3 marudas magivradTamaSi griSka kimenovma daiwyo da axla is atyavebdaxalxs sami kartis TamaSiT. `ar gamova Cemi moqmedebisganaraferi~, 4 – guli dawyda daTa TuTaSxias. Tumca misibrZola sikeTisTvis amiT ar damTavrebula.erT zamTars, daTa da mose zamTaraZe sairmis tyeSi1 k. imedaSvili. miTi da Tanamedrove qarTuli proza. _ mnaTobi. #2.1980, gv. 160.2 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 35.3 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 64.4 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 64.250

seTurTan imalebian. seTuri ucnauri adamiania, romelsacsakuTari `filosofia~ aqvs SemuSavebuli cxovrebaze. masori erTguli msaxuri hyavs: kako Tabagari da asineTa kudiani.seTuris azriT, adamianebisTvis yvelaze kargi SiSisgrZnoba da siyvarulia, siyvaruli TavianTi patronisa, TanacmaT dRe da Rame unda umeoro, rom adamiani ki ara, saxedarida cxenia, advilad ijereben mas. seTurs sjera, rom xalxisbednierebisTvis saWiroa SimSili, SiSi, jamrTeloba da imedi.kako Tabagari da asineTa kudiani daZvrebian xalxSi daseTuris siyvaruls CasCiCineben maT. xalxs Seuyvarda seTuriZaRluri erTgulebiT da mamasa da marCenals eZaxian.`aseTi gveleSapis naxva ar momxdenia arsad, – ambobs damonebulixalxis xilviT sulSeZruli daTa TuTaSxia, – naxvaraia, msgavsi arc gamigonia da arc wamikiTxavs~. 1 seTurismonebi mixvdnen daTas da moses arakeTilganwyobas TavianTipatronis mimarT da qvebisa da ketebis cemiT kinaRam suliamoxades. orive saswauliT gadaurCa sikvdils.parabolizaciis nimuSia W. amirejibis mier asaxuliseTuris samflobelo. mweralma totalitaruli saxelmwifosminimodelis Sesaqmnelad parabolas mimarTa: gare samyarosmowyvetili adamianebi sakuTari nebiT emorCilebianarqofo seTuris mier dadgenil `kanonebs~, magram maT, aseve,gaaCniaT `imedi~, WaSi mjdomi zebes saxiT, romelic, amasTanave,seTuris `wyalobaa~. paralelebi TvalSisacemia:SiSi, agitacia, partiuli sxdomebi, totaluri saxelmwifo,sadac mkacrad aris gansazRvruli muSaobisa da dasvenebisdroc, formac, xalxs fiqrisTvis dro ar unda dar-Ces, `bednieri~ brbo mamasa da marCenals uwodebs `keTil-Sobiluri~ zraxvebiT ganwyobil meTaurs _ es yovelive saocradgavs sabWoeTis did `imperias~.daTas cxovrebis usamarTlobis, gaugonari suraTebisxilvam gadaawyvetina, rom adamiani daxmarebis, zrunvis dapativiscemis Rirsi ar aris. `...yvela kaci ise cxovrobs daise iqceva, rogorc TviTon moswons da sxva kaci mis saqme-1 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 91.251

Si ar unda Caerios... mgonia, arc erTi kaci araa qveyanazemisTana, sxvisi Carevisa da daxmarebis Rirsi rom iyos~ 1 .daTam adamianebs undobloba gamoucxada. igi, TiTqos, ganudgaxalxs, sazogadoebas. Tumca es gadawyvetileba borotebissafuZveli ar gamxdara. daTas arasodes ufiqria samagierosgadaxda budu nakaSiasTvis, romelmac saxl-kari gadauwva;arc vaxtan SaliTurisTvis, romelmac Seuracxofamiayena daTas, daamcira igi sazogadoebaSi. daTam mas moTminebiT,TavdaWeriT da zrdilobiT aswavla Wkua; arc zarnavasTvisucdia samagieros gadaxda, romelmac policia daaxviaTavs; arc Zmebi ToduebisTvis, romlebmac usamarTlodda umizezod scemes daTa. maTi galaxvac SeeZlo da mokvlac,magram xeli ar gaunZrevia.daTas gadawyvetileba, ar Careuliyo aravis saqmeSi,arc maSin Secvlila, rodesac duru meduqnes gonebasustikiku yaCaRebma gaaupatiures. iase berma maSin daswyevla da-Ta Caurevlobis gamo: `vinc RmerTs ganudga, vinc kacTaTvisar aRasrula is, risi aRsrulebac ZaluZda, vinc RvTisSvils gansacdelSi xeli ar gauwoda _ igi laCaria, manTavisi Tavi martoobisaTvis gaswira, Tu Sen ar ginda kacni,arc kacTa undixar Sen da xvedri Seni – mimwyvdeulinadiris xverdi aris~. 2wlebis Semdeg, meduqne durus vaJma Zobam SurisZiebascada. daTas SeeZlo gaqceva, magram – piriqiT, mTvarisSuqze mis win dadga da gulxeldakrefili miaCerda. Zobamrevorveli daaZro, Cumad uyura, Semdeg ki ori tyvia zedizedhaerSi gaisrola. rogorc vaso goderZiSvili ixsenebs,mas mere Zobas xelSi iaraRi aravis unaxavs. ufro xSirad,daTas sikeTes borotebiT pasuxoben, an misi sikeTe nayofsar iRebs. amitom, am erT SemTxvevas, arsebiTi mniSvnelobaaqvs. daTam keTili daamkvidra keTilis Sesaferisi saSualebiT.kacismkvlels uari aTqmevina ara marto am Sav saqmianobaze,aramed xeli aaRebina iaraRze saerTod. Zobas bo-1 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 103.2 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 210.252

oteba da siZulvili daiTrguna sikeTiT. am urTierTobaSiyvelaze mkafiod gamovlinda romanSive aRsarebuli mcneba –`ara hklaT kaci esa da aha, niWi Tqven gardaqcevisaTvissikeTed borotebisa~. 1efemia winamZRvari uaryofiTad aris ganwyobili daTasmimarT, gvamSi satana Cagsvlia da borotebis gamravlebasuwyob xelso. daTas Tavis marTleba gauWirda: `marto qadagebaveRaraferi xdeba. xedavT amas Tqven. waibilwa eri.Zalaa saWiro... `SiSi Seiqms siyvarulsa~, SiSi! borotebiswinaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad marto sikeTe ar kmaroda arasdros~.2 daTam icis, es pasuxi ar aris sakmarisi efemia winamZRvarirom daarwmunos, romelic ambobs: `Zalmomreobamxolod maSin hpovebs gamarTlebas xalxis gonebaSi, Tu igimowameobrivi sinanuliT dagvirgvindeba... boroteba borotebiTvever daiTrguneba~. daTam icis, rom es asea, magram realobasxvagvaria: `Cvens qveyanaSi, Cvens xalxSi zomierebisada saTnoebis gziT mamulisaTvis samsaxuri? SeuZlebelia!~daTa TuTaSxias sruli antipodi da mowinaaRmdege arismisi sisxliT naTesavi, mamidaSvili muSni zarandia. isinigaregnuladac erTmaneTs tyupiscaliviT gvanan, gonebrivadacTanabari Zalis pirovnebebi arian. orives gaaCnia udidesirwmena, oRond sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT: daTa TuTaSxiasikeTea, muSni zarandia – boroteba.dualistur-tyupTa miTTan daTasa da muSnis msgavsebazemiuTiTebs S. maxaWaZe. 3 es tyupi Zmebi dedis wiaRSiveCxuboben. maTgan erTi brZenia da moxerxebuli, meore piriqiT,mouxerxebeli da mobriyvo (Tumca, maTgan gansxvavebiT,muSnisa da daTas gonebrivi SesaZlebloba Tanabaria); erTiZma qmnis cxovrebisa da bunebis cud movlenebs, meore _emsaxureba sikeTes. `keTili~ Zma cis mbrZaneblad iqceva,xolo `boroti~ qvesknelis mpyrobelad.miuxedavad daTasa da muSnis gansxvavebuli poziciisa,1 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 657.2 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 575.3 S. maxaWaZe. miTi da realoba. `daTa TuTaSxia~. Tb., 1996, gv. 111.253

orivesTvis mTavaria rwmena sakuTari gzis sisworisa. muSnimJandarmeriaSi warmatebas SromiT da erTgulebiT miaRwia.mas surs Secvalos sazogadoeba. Tumca, es warmoudgeniaara zneobriobiT, aramed muxanaTurad dagebuli maxeebiT.man icis, rom daTas (sikeTis) damarcxebas pirdapir verSeZlebs, saWiroa eSmakuri xerxi da amisTvis ramdenime maxedaago. muSnim erTmaneTs gadakida daTa TuTaSxia, raJa sar-Cimelia da budu nakaSia. budu nakaSia daarwmunes, rom mamidamisisojaxi daTam amowyvita; raJa sarCimelias uTxres,TiTqos, misi naZarcvi qoneba budu nakaSiZem moipara. daTaski gaagebines, rom beCuni pertaia raJa sarCimeliasTancxovrobda. budu da raJa erTmaneTs gadaekidnen, daTas ankeszewamogeba ki advili ar aRmoCnda. raJa sarCimeliam kimokla budu nakaSia da mere mTavrobas Seurigda. daTam igi`kaciWamia virTagvas~ Seadara.mniSvnelovania romanSi erTi analogia virTagvaWamiebzeda maTi gaigiveba adamianebTan SesaZlebelia, roca mTeliboroteba erT krebiT Zalad aris gaerTianebuli da kaciWamiebadqceulni daesevian daTas. avtori aRniSnavs, rom xisxomaldebze, sadac bevri mRrRneli iyo Zalian didad fasobdakaciWamia virTagva, romelic saTiTaod dauwyebdamRrRnelebs daxrCobas da Wamas. Toriebis ojaxma icis vir-TagvaWamia virTxebis gamoyvana: `kaciWamiebis gamozrda orixerxiT SeiZleba: SimSiliT da simaZRriT. saboloo jamSiorive erTnair kaciWamias iZleva, magram me SimSilis xerxsvamjobinebdi, naklebi dro sWiria. aucileblad Svidi ancxra calia saWiro. daWerili cxovelebi unda carielkasrSi movaTavsoT. Tu kaciWamias gamoyvanas SimSilis xerxiTvapirebT, kasri liTonis unda iyos, Torem Zalian rommoSivdebaT, xisas gaRrRnian da gaiqcevian, simaZRris xerxisdros ki Cveulebrivi kasris gamoyenebac SeiZleba, –maZRari cxovelebi kedlebs ar erCian. sibnelec aucilebelia!sibnele Tu ar iqna, kaciWamia ver gamoizrdeba. kasr-Si da mis fskerze sibnelea, aba ra iqneba, Tu ar CaanaTeSig. Tu SimSilis xerxia – wylis meti ar unda misce ar-254

aferi. Tu simaZRris arsi – Tavsayreli unda hqondes erTiromelime sakvebi – simindi an xorbali Tu gnebavT~. 1 damSeulivirTagvebi bolos erTmaneTs mierevian, SeWamen, gamarjvebulivirTxa ki ukve kargad gawvrTnili kaciWamiaa. igivegameordeba Tuki erTferovani saWmeli mobezrdebaT, gansxvavebulsmoindomeben da erTmaneTs daerevian. maSasadame, mo-Warbebuli simaZRre da SimSili erTnair Sedegs iZleva. adamianisTvismTavaria nebisyofa, magram mTavari warmarTveliZala da borotebis damTrgunveli adamianis suli unda iyos.muSni zarandias SeuZlia virTagvebis gawvrTnis scenarigamoiyenos saxelmwifoSi wesrigis dasamyareblad. igiar erideba aranair xerxs. misTvis mTavari amosavali principiaris rwmena, rom `saxelmwifo aris umaRlesi sikeTe~.daTa TuTaSxiasTvis piriqiT – saxelmwifo `borotebis sa-Tavea~: `kanoni da saxelmwifo, ise aqvs kacobriobas agebuli,rom gaaborotos kaci, siZulvili Caudos gulSi. nuCamiTvliT, TiTqos, imis Tqma mindodes, rom mxolod ruse-Tis imperiaSia es. yvela axlandel saxelmwifos da yvelaaxlandel wyobilebas vgulisxmob me. gava dro, mixvdebaadamiani amas da Seicvleba TandaTanobiT Tu erTbaSad esambavi~. 2 swored amisTvis ibrZvis daTa, rom TandaTanobiTmoxdes ara garemos, aramed adamianis Sinagani cvlileba ukeTesobisaken,sikeTisaken. muSnisac hgonia, rom sikeTisTvisibrZvis, raTa `saxelmwifo namdvili sikeTis wyarod aqcios~.masac hgonia, rom imperia dasamxobi borotebaa, magramsaxelmwifoebriobis gaukeTesebis imeds mainc ar hkargavs.Tavidan grafi sedegi iziarebs muSnis Sexedulebebs, magramrogorc ki aRmoaCens, rom mis mier danaxuli simarTle damTeli misi adrindeli cxovreba erTmaneTs upirispirdeba,uars ambobs uwindel cxovrebaze, Zvel Rirebulebebze.muSni ibrZvis saxelmwifos ukeT mSeneblobisaTvis daam gzaze mis mTavar dabrkolebas warmoadgens TuTaSxia. manicis, rom daTasTvis mTavaria erTguleba da siyvaruli1 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 156.2 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 362.255

moyvasisadmi da amitomac cdilobs mis provocirebas. daTasdaWerisTvis man Semdeg xerxs mimarTa: policmeister nikandroqilias daTas Savi xbos moparva daavala. muSnim icis,rogor uyvars daTas Tavisi da ele; icis, rogor Sewuxdebaele, roca xbos dakargvas gaigebs. daTa ki das uars veretyvis, xbos miakiTxavs. zarandias varaudi marTldeba, daTaegeba muSnis maxeSi, mas daapatimreben. muSnis mier dagebuliyoveli maxe aris boroteba, boroteba ki iseve borotebasbadebs da ara sikeTes.moskovis universitetis qarTvel docents baTumSiapatimreben germaniidan aralegaluri literaturis CamotanisaTvis.muSni mas gaTavisuflebas pirdeba, Tuki is revoluciursamsaxurs CamoSordeba, magram, Tu isev gaagrZelebs,maSin mas moRalated da gamcemad gamoacxadeben. muSniaxdens docentis sulis `datusaRebas~, mas `enaneba~ docentidasasjelad, radgan igi `gacilebiT met sargeblobasmoutans Cems xalxs, vidre anarqistTa ideebis qadageba da,miTumetes, maTi naZaladevad damynobisaTvis Tqveni sikvdili~.1 docenti Tavganwirvas amjobinebs da kamCatkis gadasaxlebaSikvdeba.muSni sruliad xrwnis mewisqvile bonias, romelic,xuTasi maneTis sanacvlod, yidis daTas. man icis, rom cudsaqmes Cadis, magram Tavis gamarTlebas gaWirvebiT cdilobs.mniSvnelovania romanSi daTasa da muSnis Zmuri Sexvedramagali zarandias ojaxSi. daTas ukve eWvi epareba mamidaSviliszneobriobaze da Tan revolvers waiRebs, romel-Sic mxolod erTi vaznaa. yvelasTvis gasagebi xdeba, TurisTvis gamoiyenebs mas daTa Ralatisa da xafangis SemTxvevaSi.muSni Tavisi saqcielis gamarTlebas qveynis, xalxisada moyvasis siyvaruliT xsnis da ambobs, rom xalxisTvismxolod sikeTe surs, amitomac unda karieraSi winsvla,radgan iqidan ufro advili iqneba xalxis `daxmareba~. Tumcamagali zarandias sityvebi sruliad uaryofen muSnisideas: `umaRles Tanamdebobaze keTili ganzraxvebiT gasuli1 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 123.256

evria da sikeTeSenarCunebuli aravino~. muSni TiTqmis yvelafrisTvisaris mzad: `...arsebulze ukeTes awmyos da momavalsCemi samSoblosTvis jerjerobiT ver vxedav... revolucionerebida politikosebi iseT debulebebs Tu wamoayeneben,sadac Cemi eris ukeTes momavals davinaxav da virwmuneb,maTi mxaris daWeras veravin damaswrebs~. 1 aqac gansxvavebaadaTasa da muSnis azrovnebas Soris. daTas azriT,adamianma jer sakuTari sulis zneobrivi srulyofa undaSeZlos, Tu amas ver moaxerxebs, maSin verc momavlis SecvlasSeZlebs.daTa moxvdeba cixeSi, axal mikrosaxelmwifoSi: `ager,mza-mzareuli saxelmwifoa aq, orTaWalis cixeSi: policia,SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, batono, dazverva, kveba da meurneoba,propaganda, diplomatia da elCoba, parlamenti da ra vicime~. 2 aq Tavmoyrilni arian yovelgvari mrwamsisa da zneobisadamianebi. Tumca maTi moqmedeba srulad ar gansxvavdeba`gareT~ myofTa moqmedebisagan. cixe aRSfoTdeba, roca gaigebs,rom cixis ufrosi kocis mamaTmavlebis sakanSi Casvamssaxelis gasatexad. es erTgvari biZgi iyo ajanyebul-TaTvis, magram, rogorc ki Zalauflebas Caigdeben xelSi,igive sasjels gamoiyeneben cixis mmarTvelis mimarT. maSasadame,borotebam saTave daudo axal borotebas.muSni zarandiam daTasTan brZolis dawyebisTanave dakargayovelgvari sikeTis qmnis Zala, xolo daTas sikvdilTanerTad igi ukurnebelma senma, melanqoliam Seipyroda samiode wlis Semdeg gardaicvala. avtori wers: `am udaoddidi talantis adamians Tavisi SesaZleblobis sazomaddaTa TuTaSxia hyavda! Tu davuSvebT, rom adamians arsebobisada moRvaweobisaTvis cocxali magaliTi sWirdeba damuSni zarandiasTvis ki aseTi etaloni daTa TuTaSxia iyo,maSin isic kanonzomierad unda CavTvaloT, rom daTa Tu-TaSxias sikvdilis mere muSni zarandiac unda wasuliyo amqveynidan~. 31 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 599.2 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 763.3 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 865.17. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi257

muSnis azriT, `TviT qristesganac ki araferi darCeboda,iudas igi ocdaaT vercxlad rom ar gaeyida. qristestragikulma, mniSvnelovanma aRsasrulma mis ukvdavebasa daaRiarebas udidesi samsaxuri gauwia. is aRsasruli iudasSegnebuli saqcieli iyo – winaswar ganzraxuli saWiro SedegismisaRebad aRsrulebuli saqme. me es mtkiced virwmune~.1 muSni darwmunebulia, rom daTas `didebas~ TviTon Seuwyoxeli..gamarjvebam bedniereba ver moutana muSnis, gamarjvebismwvervalze myofi SemaZrwunebelma sicarielem SeZra. miuxedavadim didi dapirispirebisa, romelic muSnisa da daTasmsoflmxedvelobaSi Cans, maT Soris urTierTpativiscema daZmuri, sisxlismieri siyvaruli arafriT da arasodes ganelebula.Semzaravia bolo `maxe~, romelic muSnim daTas daugo.daTasa da beCuni pertaxias Svilis gudus maswavlebelma,biqtor samuSiam, muSnis davalebiT, STaagona moekla daTa.es ukve `oidiposis kompleqsia~ – Svili klavs mamas. oidiposismsgavsad gudunam ar icis, rom daTa misi mamaa, magram,Tuki, oidiposis saqcieli, garkveulwilad, TanagrZnobasiwvevs, gudunas saqcielis simdable yovelgvar saz-Rvars scildeba: igi daTas sxvisi davalebiT klavs.gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvs ap. canavas. misi azriT,`romanSi araferia naTqvami `mamis mkvlelis~ metaforis misaniSneblad.mcirewlovan gudunas mier gaucnobierebelimamis mokvlas araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs `mamis mkvlelis~miTologemasTan~... miTis struqtura im SemTxvevaSia tolfardi,roca paradigmaSi, e. i. arqetipSi moazrebuli Sinaarsiaidenturi. `oidiposSi~ `mamis mkvlelis~ paradigma-metaforamiTologemaa da struqturulad proecirebulia,rogorc moiraTi (bedisweriT) gansazRvrul gardauvalobasTan,ise im miTosur warmodgenasTan, romelic realurfaqtad ganicdeboda (mamis mokvla, RvTaebis dafleTa daSeWma, wminda giorgis mier gamogzavnili xaris `ganwvalva~1 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 794.258

da yvela mlocvelisaTvis misi ganawileba da a. S.). gudunasmier Cadenili aqti Sepirobebulia ukiduresad gamwvalebelisocialuri da klasobrivi viTarebiT. wilxvdomilizneobrivi gmiris daTa TuTaSxias mowinaaRmdegeTa xelSiguduna mxolod brma iaraRia da mis gadadgmul sabedisweronabijs araferi aqvs saerTo `mamis mkvlelis~ miTosurmetaforasTan~. 1g. gaCeCilaZes ki miaCnia, rom aq swored `oidiposiskompleqsTan~ gvaqvs saqme: Svili klavs mamas! romanis mTavargmirs ki `ontologiuri SiSis rainds~ uwodebs. `daTaTuTaSxia Tavisi gakvirvebuli TvalebiT ontologiuri Si-Sis raindia~. g. gaCeCilaZe mniSvnelovan paralels avlebsbibliur personaJebsa da romanis gmirebs Soris: `daTa Tu-TaSxias cxovreba drois uwyvetobis (kontinuumis) imgvariluzias qmnis, rom is erTdroulad aris warsulis, awmyosada momavlis mkrebelobiTi mediumi... epoqis `materialurisamoseliT~ (goeTe) Semosili romanis personaJebic saxezemisteriis personaJTa zedroul niRbebs irgeben... tragediiscnobili aqtiorebis garSemo: daTa – qriste, muSni– iuda, sedegi – pilate, nino – magdalineli da a. S. Tavsiyris cxovrebis istoriis aracnobier aqtiorTa uzarmazariarmia... misteria TamaSdeba saidumlo serobis, golgo-Tis, jvarcmisa da amaRlebis TiTqmis yoveli simbolurisafexuris gavlis konteqstSi... misteriis mTavari mTxrobeliki kavkasiis JandarmTa Sefi grafi sedegia. raki misteriaSimisi roli pilates xvedris dublirebaa, misi monaTxrobic`pilates saxarebis~ iseTive variantad aRiqmeba,rogorc `volandis saxarebad~ Cafiqrebuli `ostati damargalita~ m. bulgakovisa~. 2`daTa TuTaSxiaSi~ miTosuri plasti romanis Sinaganilogikis karnaxiT aris ganpirobebuli. TuTaSxas miTma udidesiganzogadebis Zala mianiWa romanis mTavar gmirebs: da-1 a. canava. folklori da Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerloba. Tb.,1986, gv. 152.2 g. gaCeCilaZe, sulieri gamocdilebis samyaroSi. Tb., 1986. gv. 129.259

Ta TuTaSxiasa da borotebis maradiuli orTabrZolis Temas,ganavrco romanis sivrcul-droiTi sazRvrebi, mravalplanianobamianiWa mxatvrul saxeebs, romlebsac aRviqvamTsami ganzomilebiT: pirovneba – eri – kacobrioba.daTa TuTaSxia sikvdilis win ikrebs Zalas, raTa daicvasSvilis Rirseba, rom misi suli sabolood ar daakninosim fulma, romelsac mas policia miscems: `fuli argamoarTva, gagawvalebs da wagaxdens is fuli... me vizam magas!gvams rom ver ipovnian, ise vizam, fuls aRar mogcemenmaSin!~ 1 daTa beCunis ezodan gadis, kldeze adis da iqidanzRvaSi eSveba, raTa samudamod gaqres. sikvdilis win igr-Zno daTam, rom damarcxda, `majoba mainc~. magram es rodiniSnavs sikeTis damarcxebas, daTa xom miTologiuri TuTaSxaa,romelic zRvaSi ukvalod STanTqma kvlav aRorZinebasgulisxmobs, radgan, ukve sabolood, meored mosulma sike-Tem SesZlos sayovelTaod gabatoneba da damkvidreba.`daTa gvarad TuTaSxiaa, TuTaSxia `mTvaris dRisSvils~ niSnavs. maSasadame, daTa Svilia TuTaSxa-raindisa.wyali ki, yoveli miTologiis Tanaxmad, ganaxleba-aRorZinebasgulisxmobs. `ukueTu vinme ara iSves wylisagan da sulisa,ver xelewifebis Sesvlad sasufevelsa RmrTisasa~ –kvers ukravs miToss ioanes saxarebac. es miTologiuri motivikargad aris asaxuli sityvakazmul literaturaSic~,– askvnis a. baqraZe. 2 avT. nikoleiSvilis azriT, kritikulliteraturaSi araerTgzis mieqca yuradReba im garemoebas,rom `daTa TuTaSxia~ miTologiuri wiaRidan aRmocenebuliromania, magram es miTologiuri warmosaxvebi da uZvelesifolkloruli arqetipebi nawarmoebSi xSirad imdenad modernizebuliada SemoqmedebiTad gardaqmnil-transformirebuli,rom avtoriseuli saxe-simboloebi da miTologiuriarqetipebi zogjer mxolod Sinaganad da asociaciurad Tuavlenen erTmaneTTan genur kavSirs. 31 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 858.2 a. baqraZe. rwmena. Tb., 1990. gv. 321.3 a. nikoleiSvili. Wabua amirejibi. literaturuli etiudi. quTai-260

mniSvnelovania romanis dasasruli, aq naCvenebia sike-Tis aRzeveba TviTSewirvis gziT. es aris wamebiT miRebuliukvdaveba. daTa TuTaSxias mTeli cxovreba wamebaa. misTvissikeTis `keTeba~ iqca wamebad, magram man es tvirTi sicocxlisbolomde atara, raTa misi sikvdili qceuliyo sike-Tis amaRlebis imedad.daTas cxovrebam siyvarulis droc ki ar dautova:`namdvil siyvaruls dro sWirdeba, aleqsi, – mciredi dumilisSemdeg Tqva daTa TuTaSxiam. – arc erTxel ar damacadabed-iRbalma~. 1 gamodis, daTas urTierToba beCuni pertaiasTanar yofila siyvaruli. mas arc erTi naxviT Seyvarebissjera. TuTaSxias azriT, es mxolod simReraSi xdebada es ar aris namdvili siyvaruli. `ra vici, rogor giTxra...mowoneba, gataceba, albaT xorcielia eg. siyvarulisulieria. erTxel mainc unda iyoT erTad, rom gulSi CaxedoTerTmaneTs, misi sulieri raRac-raRaceebi Seni sicocxlisTvisaucilebeli rom gaxdeba, maSin daeqmevaTqvens urTierTobas siyvaruli. ase mgonia me da, Seni Svilebisdedac Tu aris is adamiani, amaxvilebs siyvarulses~. 2 Tumca erTxelac ganucdia daTas siyvaruli: `er-Txel... siyvaruli iyo, mgonia is, magram~... – im erTxeldaTas `gatacebis~ obieqti nano TavyeliSvili iyo, magramcxovrebam ar acala daTas am grZnobis gamocda.a. canava daTa TuTaSxias cxovrebis gzis arqetipadqristes golgoTaze asvlis miTs miiCnevs. xolo, rac SeexebaTuTaSxias arqetipad mTvaris miCnevas, aRniSnavs, rom`mTvare RvTaebis kults ukavSirdeba da badebs TeTri giorgisanalogias, TeTri giorgisa, romelic mTvaris erT-erTsimbolodaa miCneuli. 3 rogorc b. bardaveliZe aRniSnavs,`romanis ZiriTadi problema – socialurisa da zneobrivisurTierTmimarTeba – Tanamedrove mwerlobis erT-erTi um-Tavresi problemaa... romanis mTeli rigi Tavebi socialuri,si, 2001, gv. 43.1 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 751.2 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 751.3 a. canava. miTi romanSi. _ Jurn. `kritika~. #4. 1970, gv. 46-56.261

filosofiuri, politikuri, samarTlebrivi da eTikuri Sinaarsisaa...daTa TuTaSxia zneobrivi gmiria, amdenad TuTaSxiaaraa xasiaTi, miTumetes tipi. igi ideaa, simboloa~. 1`daTa TuTaSxias~ finalma azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia.zogierTi kritikosis mosazrebiT daTam ver miaRwia mizans.g. merkvilaZe aRniSnavs: `daTa rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivixasiaTia da misi tragediis erTganzomilebiani aRqmaarafers mogvcems. es aris istoria didi energiis pirovnebisa,visi yoveli cdac am energiis didi sikeTisaken warmar-Tvis, gamouval CixSi emwyvdeva, radgan gmiris mier ar arismonaxuli antagonistur sazogadoebaSi sikeTis ganxorcielebisgza da Seucnobelia adamianebTan da movlenebTan misihumanuri damokidebulebis WeSmariti kriteriumi~. 2daTa TuTaSxia ukvalod ar gamqrala, piriqiT daTassikvdilsac ki udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. daTas sityvebi:`Cven Tu vmargleT, sxvac mogvbaZavs, samarTlianoba Tavisasizams, momravldeba CvenisTana kacebi da bevri rom viqnebiT,maSin saTaveSi rom borotebaa, imazec migviwvdeba xeli~. 3daTam borotebas sikeTe daupirispira, xolo misi zRvaSi gauCinarebulisxeuli ki sikeTis ukvdavebis gamoxatulebaa.romanis mimarTeba Tanamedroveobisadmi gansakuTrebiTiCens Tavs mTavari personaJebis drois atmosferoSi warmo-CenaSi. avtori TiTqos Tvals adevnebs mTavari gmiris cxovrebaskritikul momentebSi, `amaRlebulis~ Ziebisa, imedgacruebis,aRSfoTebis Jams. `W. amirejibi xatavs ara imas,Tu rogor axdens mTavari gmiri gavlenas istoriis msvlelobaze,aramed mis Seborkilobas sazogadoebrivi CarCoebiT.kontrastuli saxe (muSni zarandia) ganasaxierebs srul damorCilebasegoisturi interesebisadmi, adamianis `simdables~.swored es ori polaruli sawyisi, cxovrebisadmi oriaraerTgvarovanii damokidebuleba aRZravs avtorSi gulis-1 b. bardaveliZe. zneobisa da sikeTis gmiri. _ Jurn. `mnaTobi~. #5.1976, gv. 164.2 g. merkvilaZe. romani da humanizmis problema. _ Jurn. `kritika~.#6. 1986, gv. 8.3 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 37.262

tkivils. amiT igi axdens axali azrovnebis provocirebas,aiZulebs mkiTxvels dafiqrdes Tavis sazogadoebaze~. 1Tu `daTa TuTaSxias~ miTisqmnadur nawarmoebad miviCnevT,mxolod da mxolod ori momenti mogvcems amis safuZvels:misi azrobriv-ideuri donis paradigmuloba fausturiliteraturuli naazrevis nakadTan da TuTaSxas miTologemisutyuari arseboda. orive es momenti dakavSirebulia romanisgmiris – daTa TuTaSxias mxatvrulsa da zneobrivkoncefciasTan. `nawarmoebis eTikuri sayrdeni xalxuri niadagidan,sibrZnidan, pirvelqmnili miTiuri warmodgenebidanda am warmodgenaTa moraluri siRrmidanaa aRmocenebuli...TuTaSxa, avtoriseuli winaswargaTqmiT, adamianis sibrZnisis sawyisia, romelic gansxeuldeba progresSi, kulturisada civilizaciis ganviTarebaSi...daTa TuTaSxia wminda giorgis identia, xolo sazogadoebaSifesvgadgmuli boroteba – urCxulisa, romelsac mi-TosSi mudam upirispirdeba da amarcxebs wminda giorgi~, –gansazRvravs m. anTaZe. 2 avtomiTis mixedviT, `dauteva sulmanTuTaSxasagan xorcni miwasa zeda, aRevlina cad, dajdamTvared da iqmna Ze xorcieli RmerTad~... aravis sjera da-Tas sikvdili: `daTa TuTaSxias mtrebi, keTilismsurvelebi,gudu bertaia _ yvela Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli, rom abragikvlav cocxali da saR-salamaTi gamocxaddeboda~. 3 miTismixedviT, daTa ukvdavi xdeba, TiTqos droisa da adgilismiRma dgas, ise, rom ar Sordeba konkretul adgils. maSasadame,miTologiuri da realuri erTmaneTs avsebs.daveTanxmebiT k. imedaSvils, romelic aRniSnavs, romracionaluri sawyisis prevalireba, emociuris erTgvarad`moTokva~, paraboluri azrovneba, mxatvruli enis uaRresipirobiToba, eTikur-filosofiuri problemebis mwvaved dayeneba`daTa TuTaSxias~ inteleqtualuri prozis saukeTe-1 m. miresaSvili. Tanamedrove qarTuli istoriuli romanis JanruliTaviseburebani. Tb., 1999. gv. 94.2 m. anTaZe. `aRiRo Subi TuTaSxam~..., _ kritika, #4, 1989, gv. 29-30.3 Wabua amirejibi. daTa TuTaSxia, gv. 863.263

so nawarmoebTa rigSi ayenebs. 1LELA MIRTSKHULAVATHE MITH AND THE PARABOLE IN CHABUA AMIREJIBI’SNOVEL “DATA TUTASHKHIA”Chabua Amirejibi’s brilliant novel “Data Tutashkhia” is the greatestevent in the Georgian literature of the second half of XX century. Itis a manifestation of an eternal struggle between the good and the evil.The appearance of the novel found a warm response among the scientificcircles. Undoubtedly, the main structural element of the novel is the mythused in the work to achieve parabolicity (parabolism). It is the mythwhich enables us to find the archetype in the novel: Data Tutashkhia – St.George, Jesus Christ; Mushni – the Dragon, the Snake, Satan – Judas.The evangelistic quotations given in the novel signify the importance ofethic norms, of the spiritual fundamentals. The time and the characters ofthe novel are not presented in one concrete frame. They are problemscommon to all humanity, formed in an individual, filling up the nationand eventually enveloping the mankind. Though the events described inthe novel rake place in a concrete time and epoch, i.e. at the close of XIXcentury, the ideological world outlook of “Data Tutashkhia” contains thegreatest dimensions of generalization and the correctly selected symbolsand myths signify the everlasting battle between the good and the evil.1 k. imedaSvili. mijna. Tb., 1987, gv. 105.264

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriatite mosia`vefxistyaosnis~ lomis SeswavlisaTvisadamianebs uxsovari droidan hqondaT lomze sxvadasxvawarmodgena. am mxriv yvelas da yvelafers uswrebs ZveliSuamdinaruli poezia `gilgameSianTan~ erTad, romeliciqmneboda Cvens eramde aTaswleulebis miRma, TviT bibliazebevrad adre. Sumerul-aqadur poetur samyaroSi lomi gaaqtiurebuliaara rogorc mxolod nadirTa mefe, aramedmxatvruli gaazrebis sagnadac.igi qceula simbolo-metaforad, mxatvruli Sedarebisobieqtad. masStaburia Zvel Suamdinarul poeziaSi lomistropuli datvirTva. ramdenime sailustracio masalis CvenebiTSemovisazRvroT.gmiri xuvavas saxe lomTan aris gaigivebuli: `kbilebiim gmirisa: urCxulis kbilebi, saxe: saxe lomisa, Zalamkerdisa misi: movardnili warRvna~. 1 mefe Sulgisa Tavisigmirobis da Zlierebis warmosaCenad lomTan identificirdeba:`mefe var, dedis saSoiTve gmiri var... mzerasaSiSilomi, uSumgalis danabadi var~; an kidev: `mefe Zlieri, nanarismorCili var, xaxadaRebuli lomi mzis RmerTisavar~; `me lomma Zala mouRlelma vaCine Zala Cveni~. mefeSulgisa kvlav agrZelebs avtoapologias: `odes lomgulmasameufo saydarSi, ninegalas uzenaes taZarSi Zali moviRe...viTarca lomis bokveri, win gaviWer~. 2 mefe SuzuenasadmimiZRvnil himnSi naTqvamia: `lomo, gulisa Cemis sayvarelo,tkbilia nayofi Seni, ufrois Taflisa~. 3Zvel Suamdinarul poeziaSi lomi ara oden xuvavas da1 Tamuzis sizmari. – Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia. Sumerulidan daaqaduridan Targmna z. kiknaZem. Tb., 1969, gv. 4.2 Tamuzis sizmari, gv. 61, 62.3 Tamuzis sizmari, gv. 65.265

Sulgis mefis, aramed qalRmerT iSTaris metaforacaa (iS-Tari qalRmerT inanas aqaduri saxelia): `Sengan ars wyaloba,qalbatono, caTa da xmelisa... brwyinvale lomo igigebisav~.1 sikvdilisa da Wiris RmerTis mrisxanebis da gaborotebissimbolod swored lomia SerCeuli: `babilonisZeni – frTosanni, xolo Sen – momnadirebeli maTi, qselSigaaxvie, Seipyre da mosre, gmiro era... saxed lomisad Seicvaleda sasaxleSi Sexved~. 2 mxatvruli Sedarebis sagnadaraerTxel qceula lomi: `viTarca mZvinvare loms, msxverpliver gamomtaces~, `ufrosi Zma gzas lomiviT mihyveba~. 3uxsovari droidan adamianebs sxvadasxva warmodgenauyalibdebodaT lomze. igi miaCndaT mzis zodiaqod anuburjad (saxlad), mefis gamoxatulebad; loms TvlidnenZlierebis, cecxlis, mxneobis, silamazis gamosaxulebad; 4budizmi loms simbolur mniSvnelobas aniWebda; indoeTSiviSnu xvad lomad iTvleboda, Zu loms RmerTad saxavdnen;Tebesa da memfisSi lomi karibWes da udabnos icavda, kacski – lomis avgarozi. 5bibliaSi da qarTul saRvTismetyvelo mwerlobaSifarTo adgili eTmoba lomis warmosaxvas. sailustracioddidi masala dagvigrovda. 6 rusTaveliseuli lomis gacnobierebisTvisfonis Sesaqmnelad ramdenime sagulisxmo aspeqtsgamovyofT. bibliaSi lomi Sedarebis obieqtad arcTu iSviaTad figurirebs: `me var viTarca... lomi saxlsaiudaOssa~. 7 iobis wignSi damnaSaveTa mimarT gamovlenilimrisxanebisaTvis RmerTi Sedarebuli Tu gaigivebulia lom-Tan: `Sen Semqmeni Tixisagan, rZesaviT gadmomRvare da yveliviTSemadede, tyaviTa da xorciT Semmose, ZvlebiTa da1 Tamuzis sizmari, gv. 113.2 Tamuzis sizmari, gv. 123.3 Tamuzis sizmari, gv. 126, 137.4 v. nozaZe. vefxistyaosanis varskvlavTmetyveleba. santiago de Cile.1957, gv. 215.5 ak. gelovani. miTologiuri leqsikoni. Tb., 1983, gv. 2846 t. mosia. bibliur-saRvTismetyvelo Zeglebis metafora-simbolikiszogierTi sakiTxi. zugdidi, 1997, gv. 38-44.7 winaswarmetyveleba osesi, 5, 14.266

ZarRvebiT momqsove, Secodebisas ar mapatie danaSauli... wamoviwevida lomiviT gamomekidebi: da monadirebul var, vi-Tarca lomi klvad~. 1saRmrTo werilSi metaforad lomis gaazrebis araerTinimuSi dasturdeba. qalis (dedis) metaforad Zu lomiawarmosaxuli: `rad dedaO Seni, lekvi Soris lomTa iwva~,e.i. Zu lomi iwva lomebSi. 2 `lekvi lomisa~ – iuda, 3 `lomisbokveri~ – dani: 4 lomis eSvi borotebis simboloa:`RmerTman Semusrnes kbilni maTni pirsa Sina maTsa da Suani(e.i. kbilni) lomTani Sefrquna ufalman~. 5 RmerTi codviladamians lomis meSveobiT sjis: `aha, viTarca warxvideCemgan, gangbasros Sen lomman, da viTarca warvida misgan,pova igi lomman da mokla igi~. 6 bibliaSi mxilebulia lolomismtacebluri buneba da daundobloba. 7 igavTa wignSilomi cxovelTa meufedaa gamosaxuli: `lekvi lomisa uZlieresimxecTa, romeli ara garemoiqcevis, arca SeZrwundebisnadirisagan~. 8 lomebis xaro Zlieri pirovnebebis daRmerTis nebis gamosacdeli adgilia. 9ir. surgulaZis Tanaxmad, lomis simbolo aziidan undaSeWriliyo egeosur samyaroSi. Zvel Suamdinarul, xe-Tur-iberiul, egviptur, sparsul, ZvelberZnul da romaulxelovnebaSi lomis simbolo Zalze gavrcelebuli da aqtualuria...lomi moqceulia aziuri da kavkasiuri qalRmer-Tebis Tanmxleb cxovelTa asabiaSi. 10lomis saxismetyveleba qarTul sasuliero-saRvTismet-1 wigni iobisa, 10, 16; ix. sxva nimuSebic: winaswarmetyveleba sofoniasi,3,3; ricxvTa, 24, 9; I kaTolike epistole petresi, 5, 82 winaswarmetyveleba ezekielisa, 19, 2–3.3 dabadeba, 49, 8.4 winaswarmetyveleba ieremiasi, 49, 8.5 fsalmuni, 57, 7.6 wigni III mefeTa, 20, 36.7 fsalmuni, 7, 3; Sdr.: winaswarmetyveleba naumisi, 2, 128 igavni solomonisa, 30, 30.9 winaswarmetyveleba danielisa, 6, 25.10 ir. surgulaZe. qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika. Tb., 1993,gv. 33.267

yvelo mwerlobas bibliidan aqvs gaTavisebuli. satanis Seupovrobasda Zlevamosilebas lomis metafora warmoaCens.romlis damarcxeba mxolod qristes SeuZlia. `abos wameba-Si~ vkiTxulobT: `mteri igi Cueni lomi (e. i. satana, pirvelSobilicodva) argniTa juarisaOTa mokla~. 1 sasulieroro literaturaSi gvaqvs sapirispiro saxed lomis Seracxvismomentic: `iordaneSi naTlisRebiT macxovarma SemusraveSapi da iqidan lomiviT amovida~. 2qarTul himnografiaSi qristes metaforaa lomis bokveri:`lekB lomisad iwode RmrTisa sityuao mxolodSobilo,romelman ZlierebiT Sehmusre Tavi guelisa mis~. 3 amfrazas paraleli eZebneba bibliaSi. 4 Sesityveba `lekvi lolomisa~Ze RmerTis mamidan Sobilobis metaforaze migvaniSnebs.ioane minCxi sami dRis manZilze miwaSi daflulmacxovars mZinare lomad warmosaxavs: `viTarca lomman miyrdnobiTmiiZina bunebiTa xorcTaOTa saflavsa Sina~. 5erT garemoebaze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas. saxarebisTavfurcelze daxatul maxarebelTagan markozis saxe –simbolod moCans lomi, maTesTan daxatulia frTebianiymawvili, lukasTan – xaris Tavi, ioanesTan – arwivi. amas-Tan dakavSirebiT `saRmrTo sjulis~ wignSi vkiTxulobT:`maxarebelTa es oTxi simbolo Segvaxsenebs ezekia winaswarmetyvelisxilvas, roca man dainaxa qerubimni, romelnioTxi qveyniuri qmnilebis: kacis, lomis, xarisa da arwivissaxiT ugalobdnen da adidebdnen xabaoT RmerTs, maT msgavsaddRes oTxi maxarebeli emsaxureba Cvens macxovars iesoqristes, RmrTis Zes, adidebs da avrcelebs qveynierebazemis wmida saxarebas~. 6 aRsaniSnavia, rom xalxur zepirsity-1 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. t. I (V–Xss). il. abulaZis redaqciiT. Tb., 1963, gv. 53.2 p. ingoroyva. Zvel-qarTuli sasuliero poezia. tf. 1913, gv. 14.3 miqael modrekilis himnebi. gamosca v. gvaxariam. Tb., 1978, gv. 157.4 ricxvTa, 23, 24.5 ioane minCxis poezia. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvlevadaurTo l. xaCiZem. Tb., 1987, gv. 260.6 saRmrTo sjuli. Tb., 1989, gv. 196.268

sityvierebaSi lomi daxasiaTebulia dadebiTi da uaryofiTiniSnebiT.mokled rom movWraT, bibliur-saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSilomi aris metafora-simbolo RmerTis, iudas,danis (iakobis Svilebi), macxovris Zlevamosilebis. amasTanave,lomi simboloa mtaceblis, satanis, pirvelSobilicodvis, boroti Zalebisa, gamoyenebulia igi Sesadarebel–Sedarebul sagnad.aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli saero mwerloba iTavisebsda acnobierebs lomis poeturi warmosaxvis tradiciebs.`vefxistyaosanSi~ lomi aris mefis Tu idealur personaJ-Ta metaforuli saxeli. aseve Sesadarebeli da Sedarebulisagani.rusTavelis lomi mravali mkvlevris gansjis obieqtadqceula (Teimuraz bagrationi, g. imedaSvili, z. avaliSvili,v. nozaZe, g. nadiraZe, el. xinTibiZe, n. sulava, x. zariZeda sxv). vaxtang VI Tavis rusTvelologiur naSromSi(`Targmani pirveli wignisa amis vefxis tyaosnisa~...) yuradRebasmiaqcevs mnaTobebisadmi avTandilis mimarTvisasmocemuli Svidive cdomilis Sesabamis daxasiaTebas: `aq Svidicdomilni varskulavni mouyuania da Tavis codna dasibrZne gamouCenia am varskvlavebs TviTos da TviTos sxvada sxva buneba ufleba aqusT. amaebis ambavi garCeviT CvensigrZisaTvis ar davswereT da visac Setyoba gindodesT saetloda savarskulavTricxo naxeT da iq SeityobT~. 1 `vefxistyaosnis~erT-erT strofSi naxsenebi `saratanis~ komentirebisasvaxtang VI ityvis: `sarostani kirCxibsa hqvian~2 astrologiurad kirCxibi `etlis~ saxelia. poemis vaxtangiseulgamocemaSi igi `sarostanad~ moixsenieba, sxvamecnierul Tu Cveulebriv gamocemebSi ki – `sarastanad~.vaxtang VI-is `komentarebidan~ amonaridi frazebi na-Teli miniSnebaa imaze, rom raRac astrologiuri saZiebeli1 SoTa rusTveli. vefxis tyaosani. 1712. aRdgenili ak. SaniZis mier,Tb., 1937, gv. tmv.2 SoTa rusTveli. vefxis tyaosani. 1712, gv. tmT.269

iyo poemaSi. amaze metyvelebs mis mier dasaxelebuli `saetlo~,`savarskvlavTricxo~, `sarostani~ (kirCxibi). mefepoetskomentari rom vrceli ar gamosvloda, amitom SeukavebiamsjelobisaTvis Tavi (`amaebis ambavi garCeviT CvensigrZisaTvis ar davswereT~). SesaZloa Teimuraz bagrationsswored vaxtangiseulma komentarma misca biZgi sakiTx-Si CasaRrmaveblad. man pirvelTaganma aRniSna, rom `vefxistyaosanSi~mijnur personaJTa erTmaneTisaken daucadebeliltolva, romelic sabolood maTi SeyriTa da bednierebiTmTavrdeba, rusTavels astraluri mzisa da lomis erTimeorisakenaseTive ganuxreli swrafvis mkacri logikis mixedviTaugia. 1Teimuraz bagrationi rusTavelis taepis, `hgvandaodes lomsa Sejdes mze mnaTobTa ukeTesi~, – ganmartebisaswers: – `lomis burjSi, ese igi lomis zodiaqoSi rodesacmze Seva, maSin umetes brZwyinvalebas da Zlierebas aCvenebsyovelsa Tveze umetessa da mze yovelTa mnaTobTa da varskulavTazeda umetesad abrwyinebs da atfobs qveyanasa; egreTvemnaTob qalTa yovelTa zeda ukeTesi iyo nestan-darejani~.2 x. zariZis SeniSvniT, 3 Teimuraz bagrations raRacastrologiuri poemis siuJetSic daunaxavs. rusTveluriTqmis: `raTgan mixvda dakarguli lomi mzesa waxdomilsa~– komentirebisas naTqvamia: `radganac mze lomis burjs mo-Sorvebuli iyo da zamTari naTelsa da Zlierebasa missahfarevda da aw lomis burjsave Sevida Zali da brwyinvalebaTavisi gamoaCina. mzed aq nestan-darejan ars Tqmulida lomad tarieli~. 1950 wels g. imedaSvilma daweramSvenieri gamokvleva `rusTavelis lomi da mze~. avtoriaRrmavebs Teimuraz bagrationiseul koncefcias zodiaqurlomsa da mzeze: rusTavelis metyvelebaSi astralur safuZvelzelomisa da mzis mimarTebis jerovani gageba mTe-1 Teimuraz bagrationi. ganmarteba poema `vefxistyaosnisa~. gamoscag. imedaSvilma. Tb., 1960, gv. 264, 274. 129-130.2 Teimuraz bagrationi. ganmarteba poema.., gv. 129-130.3 x. zariZe. `merme modi, lomi, mzesa~. – kreb.: `literaturuli Ziebani~.t. XXII. Tb., 2001, gv. 141.270

li masalis gaTvaliswinebiT sakiTxis ganvrcobas, dazustebasda ramdenadme axlebur dasmasac saWiroebs. 1g. imedaSvilis sayuradRebo daskvniT, `vefxistyaosan-Si~ poetur enaze zodiaquri fazebis gadatanis safuZveliarwmena. TiTqos astraluri cxovreba adamianTa cxovrebismsgavsadaa mowyobili, adamianuri ki astralurad. 2 avtorssafuZvlianad Seuswavlia lomisa da mzis metafora poema-Si, rac uxvi sailustracio masaliTaa gapoxierebuli. narkvevSimecnieri yuradRebas miaqcevs lomisa da mzis zodiaquriurTierTobis Cvenebisas rusTavels masazrdoebel wyaroebs,rogoricaa XIIs. astrologiuri wignebi, `visramianis~qarTuli Targmani, romelSic mocemulia zodiaqossruli suraTis aRwera, aseve Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisZeglebSi zodiaqos aRwerilobani.`vefxistyaosnis~ lomisa da mzis metaforis axsna z.avaliSvils gakvriT moucia. 3 poemis lomisa da mzis astralursafuZvelze S. Rlonti Zalze mokled saubrobs. 4 lomis,rogorc mamakacuri Zal-Ronis, silamazis da gancdebissimbolos ikvlevs g. nadiraZe. 5 igi gamoyofs `vefxistyaosnis~simboloebis or jgufs. pirvel jgufSi aTavsebs iseTsimboloebs (mze, mTvare, vardi, broli, giSeri, lali, alva),romlebic Tanabrad ganekuTvnebian mamakacebs da mandilosnebsac.meore jgufSi moqceulia iseTi simboloebi, sadacsqesobrivi gansxvaveba mkacrad aris daculi mTel poemaSi.mamakacs ganekuTvneba mxolod lomi, qals ki – vefxvi.avtori, cxadia, gverds ver uvlis rusTavelis miergamoyenebul astronomiul movlenas - mzis Sesvlas lomiszodiaqoSi. v. nozaZe `vefxistyaosanSi~ dasaxelebul etlTaSoris ganixilavs zodiaqo loms. aseve arkvevs, rome-1 g. imedaSvili. vefxistyaosani da Zveli qarTuli mwerloba. Tb.,1989, gv. 139.2 g. imedaSvili. vefxistyaosani da Zveli qarTuli.., gv. 140.3 z. avaliSvili. vefxistyaosnis sakiTxebi. parizi, 1931, gv. 57, 58, 78.4 S. Rlonti. vefxistyaosnis mxatvruli enis specifikurobis problema.soxumi, 1961, gv. 25.5 g. nadiraZe. rusTavelis esTetika. Tb., 1958, gv. 393-396.271

lia swori saxelwodeba erT-erTi etlisa – saros taniTu saratani. 1igi amarTlebs im xelnawerebs da gamocemebs, sadacnaxmaria `saros tani~. miaCnia is poetur gamoTqmad zodiaqosaTvis– `qalwuli~. rusTvelologi zogadad ganixilavslomis simbolurobis sakiTxsac. 2 el. xinTibiZe saTanadonimuSebis moxmobiT asabuTebs, rom rusTaveli kargi mcodneasavaneebis (zodiaqo, burji) astrologiuri Teoriisa.avtori exeba aseve lomis simbolur datvirTvas `vefxistyaosanSi~.3x. zariZem sagulisxmo narkvevi miuZRvna rusTavelislomis problemas. man kvlevis sagnad gaixada Teimuraz bagrationisminiSneba poemis siuJetSic raRac astrologiurispovnis Taobaze. mkvlevarma saTanado argumentebis moSveliebiTsarwmunod daaskvna, rom `vefxityaosanSi~ astralursimbolikas siuJetur-kompoziciuri datvirTvac eZebneba.4n. sulavam gamoaqveyna gamokvleva `lomis metafora`vefxistyaosanSi~, 5 sadac Taviseburad da axleburad arisdanaxuli lomis gansaxovneba poemaSi. striqoni – `hgvanda,odes lomsa Sejdes mze naTobTa ukeTesi~ mkvlevris mierganmartebulia nestanisa da tarielis momavali Sexvedrissimbolur mniSvnelobad. aseve, avtoris azriT, lomis mokvliTsimbolizebulia TviT tarielis mier sakuTar TavSiuaryofiTi Tvisebebis daZleva. n. sulavas daskvniT: `lomismetafora nimuSia imisa, Tu rogor Seirwynen da SeTavsdnenuZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebi, miTosi, astrologiuri codnada mxatvruli azrovneba, rogor warmoCnda mis saxe-simboloSiqristianuli msoflmdexveloba da esTetikuri fe-1 v. nozaZe. vefxistyaosanis varskvlavTmetyveleba, gv. 106-114.2 v. nozaZe. vefxistyaosanis varskvlavTmetyveleba, gv. 216-217.3 el. xinTibiZe. msoflmxedvelobiTi problemebi `vefxistyaosanSi~.Tb., 1975, gv. 37-38.4 x. zariZe. `merme modi, lomi, mzesa~, gv. 143.5 n. sulava. lomis metafora `vefxistyaosanSi~, _ kreb.: `literaturuliZiebani~. t. XXVI. Tb., 2005, gv. 208-217.272

nomeni~. 1z. gamsaxurdias mixedviT, tarielis lomTan brZolada misi damarcxeba enaTesaveba gilgameSis, heraklesa dasamsonis brZolas lomTan, rac aucileblad unda gaiarossamefo iniciaciis gzaze mdgarma mefuri warmoSobis adeptma.man unda daZlios Tavis TavSi mefobis (lomobis) negatiuriTvisebebi, gulgorozoba, mrisxaneba, tirania, despotizmi,siuxeSe. garegan istoriul planSi es aris dapirispirebapolitikuri tiraniisadmi. gavixsenoT magaliTad danielwinaswarmetyvelis Cagdeba lomebTan xaroSi (biblia)da misi saswaulebrivi gadarCena (aq lomebiT simbolizebuliababilonis tirania), samsonis Serkineba lomTan da a.S. 2amrigad, mokled da zogadad movxazeT rusTavelislomis Seswavlis istoria. aRmoCnda, rom rusTvelologTamxridan ZiriTadad aqcenti keTdeba `vefxistyaosnis~ saxismetyvlebisastralur safuZvelze, astrologiur nakadze,lomis metaforulobis Tu simbolurobis aspeqtebze.`vefxistyaosnis~ loms mravalmxrivi funqciuri datvirTvaaqvs. igi Ceulebrivi gagebiTac bevrjer gamoCndebapoemaSi, rogorc mxatvrul-saxeobrivi Sinaarsisagan daclilida Tavisufali. tarieli uyveba avTandils: xuTi wlisasakSic ki fizikurad ise Zlieri viyavi, rom lomis mokvlaWirgadauxdelad SemeZlo, rogorc dasustebuli arsebisa:`xuTisa wlisa Seviqmen msgavsi vardisa Slilisa,Wirad ar miCndis lomisa moklva, marT viTa silisa~.lom-vefxvis, rogorc gareuli mxecebis TavSeyris, er-TmaneTTan Sebmis da tarielis mier lomis mokvlis ambavimoTxrobilia poemis calkeul TavSi: `mboba tarielisaganlom-vefxis daxocisa~. 3 nestanis mijnurma loms aRar apatiadanaSauli. brZolis kanonebi daarRvia. es imaSi gamoixata,rom vefxvi moerida sisxlisRvras, Tavi aarida brZolas(`gamohridna vefxman~), lomi ki veragulad gamoekida.1 n. sulava. lomis metafora `vefxistyaosanSi~, gv. 217.2 z. gamsaxurdia. vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba. Tb., 1991, gv. 198.3 SoTa rusTaveli. vefxistyaosani. Tb., 1988, gv. 141-142.18. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi273

tarielma gakicxa misi laCruli qceva (`lomsa davugme naqmari...fu, maga mamacobasa~) da sicocxles gamoasalma:`xrmal-gamowvdili gavuxe (gamovedevne),mivec laxvarTa sobasa,Tavsa gardavhkar; mo-ca-vkal,davxsen soflisa Tmobasa~.lom-vefxvis daxocvis ambavis gagebamde dabnedili tarielispovnisas avTandils amazrzeni suraTi gadaeSalaTvalwin:`erT-kerZ uc lomi mokluli daxrmali sisxl-mocxebuli,kvla sxavagniT-vefxi usulo,mkvdari, qvedanarcxebuli~.gulanSarodan tarielisken momavalma gaxarebulma av-Tandilma `sadaca naxnis, daxocis lom-vefxni moSambnareni~.man ixila: `Sambisa pirsa tariel dga xrmliTa momaxuli-Ta~, romelsac `vefxi moekla, miT xrmalsa sisxli scxeboda~.calke SevexoT `lomis sisxls~. tarielma avTanilisgannestanis povnis ambavi Seityo, roca `wigni da kide ridisaicna~, `sulni gaeqces~, goni dakarga. megobari gadaar-Cina avTandilma lomis sisxliT:`avTandil mkerdsa daasxa mas lomsa sisxli lomisa,tariel SekrTa, SeiZra razmi indoTa tomisa~.tarielis mosasuliereblad SambnarSi wylis maZiebeliavTandili waawyda lomis sisxls. amdenad, lomis sisxlitarielis sicocxlisken mobrunebis saSualebad iqca, anusikvdilze sicocxlis gamarjvebis simbolod. e. i. lomitarieli ixsna mxolod lomisave sisxlma, iseve rogorclomma avTandilma.lomis metaforuloba `vefxistyaosnis~ mesame strof-Sive gaxmovanda:`vis Svenis, – lomsa, – xmareba Subisa, far-SimSerisa.mefisa mzis Tamarisa, Rawv-balaxS, Tma – giSerisa~.metaforuli lomi aq pirovnebis amocnobis saSualebasacgvaZlevs. es aris daviT soslani, Cveni didi mefis, Ta-274

maris, meuRle. amiT rusTaveli migvaxvedrebs daviTis fizikurZlierebaze. mamacobaze, guladobaze. oriode sityvarusTavelis popularul aforizmze: `lekvi lomisa sworia,Zu iyos, Tunda xvadia~. aq `lomi~ mefis metaforaa. poemismcodnes kargad moexseneba Tu ra situaciaSi daibada esaforizmi. vezirebi rostevans ganumtkiceben gadawyvetilebissiswores samefo taxtze TinaTinis aRsazeveblad: qalixelmwifed RvTis danabadia. mefis (lomis) Svili (lekvi)Ze iqneba igi Tu asuli, unda gaxelmwifdes. maSin warmos-Tqvamen vezirebi: `lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos, Tundaxvadia~. Cven vemxrobiT n. maris, v. nozaZis ... Tvalsazriss,rom am aforizmaSi miniSnebulia mxolod samefo ojaxiswevrTa (viT lomis ojaxis wevrTa) Tanasworobaze da ararusTavelis epoqaSi, saerTod, qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianobaze.zogi rusTvelologis azriT, TiTqos amaforizmiT poemaSi sqesTa Tanasworobaa gamocxadebuli.samecniero literaturis gacnobam dagvanaxa, rom rus-Tveluri lomis warmosaxvis kvlevisas umTavresad aqcentirebulialomis metaforul-simboluroba, xolo Sesadarebelsagnad lomis gamoyenebas metnaklebad dasTmobia yuradReba.aq, cxadia, naklebad imuSavebs literaturis TeoriaSizogjer daxasiaTebuli metafora, rogorc SedarebisSekvecili forma. Sedarebis ra formac unda gvqondes, igiyovelTvis msgavsebaze miuTiTebs. metaforaSi ki sagnebsa damovlenebs miwerili aqvT iseTi Tviseba, romelic maT argaaCniaT, magram poeturad dasaSvebia, esTetikuria~. 1rusTaveli farsadan mefis tanadobas loms adarebs:`tanad lomi da pirad mze, omad mZle, razmTa mwyobeli~.e.i. mefis lomuri garegnoba winapirobaa imisa, rom is omSiZlevamosilia. nadirobis dasrulebis Semdeg rostevani, av-Tandili, maTTan axlos myofi Tormeti mona da laSqarnimdinaris piras ixilaven uCveulo rainds, romelsac `Savi1 a. Wilaia. literaturismcodneobis ZiriTadi cnebebi. Tb., 1971, gv.256; Sdr.: n. gafrindaSvili, m. miresaSvili. literaturaTmcodneobissafuZvlebi. Tb., 2008, gv. 403-405.275

cxeni sadaviTa hyva lomsa da viTa gmirsa~. e. i. rusTaveliucxo moymes amsgavsebs lomsa da gmirs, riTac mis Zlierebasgaxazavs. es Sedareba meordeba poemaSi. avTandili eubnebatariels: `lomo da gmiro tariel, vis Tavi ginazebia~.es Sedareba avTandilzec vrceldeba: `mas lomsa daviTa gmirsa~.`vefxistyaosanSi~ aqtiuria gmirisadmi mimarTvis metaforuliforma – `lomo~: `cremliT, lomo, maga cecxlTara ergebis~, `nu daiCnev, lomo, wylulsa~; `asre hqmen, Cemolomo~, `xelmwifeo, lomo, qvelo~; `ubrZana, lomo, aragWirs Sen omTa gandrekeloba~; `RmerTi, lomo, Senad nacvladsxvasa vismca danergvides~; `he, lomo, cecxli awufro~; `lomo, qebani Senimca~; `diacman uTxra: `he, lomo~;`lomo da mzeo~; `he, lomno (miemarTeba tariels da avTandils),visni viT mogTqmen enani~; `merme modi, lomo, mzesaSegeyrebi, Semeyare~; `gvale, Segyri, lomo, mzesa~. warmodgenilmimarTvaSi, `lomo~, igulisxmebian tarieli da av-Tandili. am idealuri gmirebis fizikuri Zlierebis gamosaxatavSesadarebel sagnad lomia gamoyenebuli. lomo, anulomis msgavso. isini mxatvruli Sedarebis nimuSebia.gmiris lomTan Sesadareblad rusTaveli zogjer xmarobssityvas `damsgavseba~. tarieli Tavis Tavze ambobs:`davemsgavse lomsa nakvTad~ (aRnagobiT, tanad). `Zaladlomsa... vhgvandi~. avTandilze naTqvamia: `daemsgavsa lomimzesa~. rusTaveli fridonze ityvis: `lomisa msgavso... Zalgulad~.rusTaveli iSviaTad mimarTavs Sedarebis gamomxatvelniSans gramatikuli kavSirebis saxiT. erTs (`msgavsad~)ukve gavecaniT. nawilakTagan gamoyenebulia `viT~ (vi-Ta) da `ebr~. `viTa vefxi da lomia~, `lomis lekvsa, viTalomi~, `Tayvanisca mas ukadrsa, lomebr jansa~.`vefxistyaosnidan~ amoviwereT TiTqmis yvela sailustraciomasala, sadac lomi mTavari gmirebis metaforulisaxelia.lomi – tarieli: `mogelis lomsa mTvareo~; `mun gamovCndelomi qvelad~; `lomman mivmarTe xataeTs~; `mzeman276

lomsa vard-giSeri~; `wevs lomi fernamkrTali sad~; `damarCenelilomisa~; `uxaris naxva lomisa~; `mihxvda dakargulilomi mzesa~; `wavida lomi mis mzisa mZebnelad~.lomi – avTandili: `mas lomsa naxva uxaris~; `lomTalomman mzeTa mzesa~; `loms mklavi ar udrkeboda~;`mWvretTa dausaxes... lomsa TaTi~; `ra fatmanissa Sevidalomi~; `me lomi lomTa dagisva gverdsa~; `mun dadga lomiavTandil~.lomi – fridoni: `lomsa vin gawyens~; ~ibrZvis lomida pirad mze~; ~avTandil da lomi fridon~; ~avTandilis-Tvis lomisa~.lomi – tariel – avTandili: `maT lomTa miwyiv mxecqmnilTa~;`erTgan iyvnes igi lomni~; `gaemarTnes igi lomni~.lomi – tariel – avTandil – fridoni: `maT lomTanaxes qalaqi~. oriode magaliTi movipoveT, sadac lomigmirTa mklavebis metaforac aris. moTaTbire avTandilifridons eubneba: `lomTa mklavTagan imedi gaqvs, arawylulni gtkivian~. avTandili vaWrebTan ityvis: `viT vixmarnelomni, mklavni~.amrigad, lomi uZveles droSive gaexvia metafora-simbolurobisnislSi. igi daisaxa mzis zodiaqod, viSnus metaforad.budizmma loms simboluri mniSvneloba mianiWa,Zvel Suamdinarul poeziaSi lomi gansaxovnebulia simbolod,metaforad, mxatvrul Sedarebad. bibliaSi da qar-Tul sasuliero mwerlobaSi lomi RmerTis, iudas, danis(iakobis Svilebi), macxovris Zlierebis gamomsaxveli metaforaa.aseve igi simboloa mtaceblis, satanis, pirvelSobilicodvis, boroti Zalebisa, gamoyenebulia Sesadarebelda Sedarebul sagnad. rusTveluri lomis arsis wvdoma misivemsoflmxedvelobisa da poetikis erT-erTi aspeqtisgarkvevis safuZvelia. `vefxistyaosanSi~ lomi aris daviTsoslanis, tarielis, avTandilis, fridonis metaforulisaxeli, aseve farsadan mefis tanadoba Sedarebulia lom-Tan. samecniero lteraturaSi erTob aqtualur Temad iqca277

usTavelis poetikaSi astralur safuZelze lomisa damzis mimarTebis sakiTxi. kerZod, astraluri cxovrebisdamsgavseba adamianur cxovrebasTan da piriqiTac – adamianurisaastralurTan. lomisa da mzis zodiaquri urTier-Tobis Cvnebisas, lomis metafora-simbolod Tu Sesadarebelsagnad warmosaxvisas rusTaveli nasazrdoebia winare bibliur-qristianulikulturiT, aseve poetis epoqaSive arsebuliastrologiuri wignebiT, `visramianiT~ da a.S.278TITE MOSIAON THE STUDY OF THE LION IN“THE KNIGHT IN THE TIGER’S SKIN”From time immemorial people have had different ideas about the lion.In this respect the most ancient is the Mesopotamian poetry which was beingcreated thousands of years BC. In the Sumerian and Akkadian poetic worldthe lion’s facial expression is manifested in symbols, metaphors and similes.In the ancient times the lion was considered the sun zodiac or the bulwark,the king personified, the symbol or strength and power. Buddhism also conferreda symbolic significance on the lion. In the Bible the lion is presentednot only as the king of beasts, but also as an object of a simile, loaded withthe symbolic-metaphorical meaning. Similarly is the lion depicted in the Georgianspiritual-ecclesiastical and the secular literature due to the influenceof the Bible. In the orally transmitted folklore the lion is decribed as possessingboth positive and negative features. The appropriateness of envisagingall these sources is conditioned by the purpose of creating the identical backgroundfor creating the Rustavelian conceptualization-interpretation of lion.It shows how deeply the author of “The Knight in the Tiger’s Skin” assimilatedthe traditions of the lion’s poetic depiction. Rustaveli’s lion has becomean object of discussion of many researchers (T. Bagrationi, Z. Avalishvili,G. Imedashvili, V. Nozadze, G. Nadiradze, El. Khintibidze, N. Sulava,Kh. Zaridze, etc). The insight into essence of the lion is the foundation forthe investigation of one of the aspects of Rustavieli’s world view and poetics.The correspondence between the lion and the sun on the astral basis hasbecome a most actual topic in Rustavelology. It has been established that theRustavelian description of the lion and the sun zodiac interrelation originatesin the Georgian Biblical-Christian culture, in “Visramiani” and from the poet’scontemporary astrological literature.

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaTamTa rogavanaTlisa da bnelis tropika Teimurazmeoris ,,dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~`dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ mixedviT, `radgan ganwvalvanaTeli da bneli Soris ariso~, 1 dRe-Rames gadauwyvetia,bibliis saintereso pasaJebis Tu qarTul zne-CveulebaTamoxmobis fonze ganexila naTlisa da bnelis umjobes-udaresobisproblema. avtori SesavalSi imeorebs Sesaqmis frazebsda bibliuri kosmogoniis pirvel dRes aRwers. danar-Cen xuT dRes personaJebi ixilaven. Txzulebis XVIstrofSi naTlis sulier aspeqts axsenebs poeti:`naTels uwoda dRed same, egreTve bnelsa RameTa,mose swers: `iqmna mwuxrio~. qmnad kmara es erT JameTa,ganTiad iyo igi dRe, pirveli romel vwameTa,RmerTi zraxvida piris-pir, Cven misgan SeviwameTa~. 2aq pirvel dRes Seqmnil naTelzea saubari. poetis azriT,mwuxric ufalma daawesa, magram xiluli naTlisa dabnelis gamocalkevebiT, zRvari dasdo maT Soris. avtorisTqmiT, radgan droc aris da mosayolic sakmaod bevria, amitomac,umjobesia, dRe-Ramis gabaasebis fonze gadaiWras essakiTxi.pirveli sityva eZleva dRes. igi sakuTari upiratesobismTavar gamoxatulebad RvTisgan `qmnas~ asaxelebs,xoli Ramis warmoSobaSi ki uflis xeli ar urevia:`TviT misgan dabadebuli Senze var bevr-gzis metobiT,RvTisagan ara arsebiT, yofilxar pirvel bnelobiT~. 3Rame aRiarebs uflisgan warmomavlobas da amtkicebs,1 Teimuraz meore. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. g. jakobias redaqtorobiT.Tb., 1939, gv. 2.2 Teimuraz meore. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, gv. 3.3 Teimuraz meore. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, gv. 3.279

Tumca, naTlisgan gansxvavebiT, `SaviT gamonaRebia~, `udaresoba~mainc ar eTqmis.sabolood, dRe-Rame ver rigdeba. isini gadawyveten gamoaaSkaravon`rac RvTisgan keTili momxdara dRiT, Tu RamiTo~.keTil ambebSi Sedaveba gadauwyvetia wyvils, TumcaaRmoCndeba, rom keTilTan erTad borotic bevri momxdara,Tan meti wili movlenebisa dReze modis, Sesabamisad, uaryofiTiambebic meti gamovlinda mis mxares.Rame niSnismogebiT eubneba `saSineli ese codva, dRisiTmoxda eSmakisad~-o da uyveba kaenisagan abelis sikvdilisada Semdeg lameqisagan pirveli mkvlelis mokvdinebisistorias. sabolood, kamaTi kulminaciamde adis. ,,bnelo,dRisa ra bralia – kaen iyos Zmisa mkvleli~, – pasuxobsdRe.Txrobisas meti dro naTels eTmoba, Tumca, arc RameCamorCeba Tavis dasacavi Tu dRis mamxilebeli masalebiT.dRe yveba samyaros Seqmnis da pirveli adamianebis, wyliTrRvnis, isakis msxverpladSewirvis, iakobis kurTxevis ambebs.am xnis manZilze Rame erTaderTxel CaerTveba, dadRisiT momxdar sisaZagles, kaenis mier abelis mokvlisscenas Seaxsenebs naTels. morigi CarTvisas ki geslianadeubneba:`mikvirs, dReo, rad ver daSver grZel saubar ambis TqmiTa?sityva gigo Sesatyvisi, zar-texil gyo mdablis xmiTa~. 1igi mokrZalebulad ,,gamosvlaTa~ wignis sakiTxavebsupirispirebs dRes, – yveba egviptidan israelTa gamosvlisambavs. diskusia mainc mdored miedineba. dRe isev gadabmiTmihyveba da gadmoscems elias amaRlebis, zaqarias dadumebisepzodebs. saerTod, Zveli aRTqmis wignebis Txrobisas Ramessul orjer eZleva sityva. igi TavSekavebulia, aclis dResgauTaveblad ilaparakos, samagierod, Tavis sasargeblodinaxavs iseTi ambebis moyolas, rogorebicaa: xareba, Soba,naTlisReba, feriscvaleba. swored maTze amyarebs imeds, miiCnevs,rom es scenebi qeds moadrekinebs gaampartavnebul1 Teimuraz meore. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, gv. 17.280

dRes da rogorc ki misi jeri dgeba, mSvidad mimarTavs:`dReo, rogorc dagacale, mec macale sityvis Tqmevad,sityva mogce mTeli sworad, ar tyuilis gasarevad,aw Seityo, Cemi saqme Seiqnebis gasarkvevad~. 1kamaTisas arc dRe rCeba valSi. igi yveba ierusalimsSesvlasa da serobaze. amdenad, aSkarad Rame momxdar faqtsacar uTmobs mosayolad.rac Seexeba Txzulebis saero nawils, aq siuJetebismoxmobiT Rame ar Camouvardeba dRes. Tuki dRe axsenebs TamaSisada garTobis im saxeebs, romlebic gavrcelebuliiyo poetis Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, Rame igonebs qal-va-Jis qorwinebas damaxasiaTebeli CveulebebiT da Semdeg perifrazirebasaxdens im Txzulebebisa, romlebic cnobiliaris Tavisi romanuli SinaarsiT – ,,vefxistyaosnis~, `Samifarvanianis~,`iosebzilixanianis~, `vardbulbulianis~, `visramianis~siuJetebs acocxlebs.lxinis garda, Rame kacis sikvdilisa da glovis ambavsacgvamcnobs, siuJetebis CamoTvlis Semdeg ki aRniSnavs:`me amxanagi vyofilvar, ara gxlebivar yulado,veraferSigan mjobixar, Tavs davdeb ar naklulado~. 2sabolood, ukanaskneli sityva dRes eZleva. igi yvebameoredmosvlis Sesaxeb. saero nawilis Semdeg Teimuraziisev sasuliero, bibliis Tematikas ubrundeba. Segvaxsenebsapokalifsis scenas. es bunebrivia, simboluria. mTeli maTimsjeloba, kidev erTxel mJRavndeba, aris erTi WeSmaritidebulebis gamosavlenad moxmobili literaturuli xerxi.qarTveli mudmivad unda zrunavdes srulyofisaTvis, racmiiRweva qristianuli dogmatis dacviTa Tu qarTuli zneobisSenarCunebiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ,,codvilTrscxvenodesT, Seiqnen gul-laxvar ganawonani~. 3 rac Seexebadros, Tu rodis mogvevlineba ufali, gansazRvruli ar aris.amdenad, dRe am siuJets Tavis sasargeblod ver gamoiy-1 Teimuraz meore. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, gv. 26.2 Teimuraz meore. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, gv. 100.3 Teimuraz meore. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, gv. 101.281

enebs, amitomac, gulaxdilad ambobs:`marTl getyvi, sworad ar vici – dRiT movals anu RamiTa,`mec ar vicio~ – TviT brZanebs kacobrivisa ZaliTa,ase vTqvaT: RamiT movides, gina bnelobis JamiTa,bneli ganqardes RvTis mosvliT, gansjides samarTaliTa~. 1Tumca, kamaTs orive mxare sakuTari upiratesobis gamosavlenadmarTavs, igi, mxoloddamxolod, gamarTvis formaaim saTqmelisTvis, rac poets gadauwyvetia, es ki, rogorczeviT aRvniSneT, aris mudmivi swrafva religiuri Tumoqalaqeobrivi srulyofisken.sainteresoa, simbolurad Tu aris gaazrebuli poemaSidRe-Ramis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi da gansxvavdeba Tuaara Teimuraz meoris koncefcia zogadad dRisa da Ramis,anu naTlisa da bnelis, keTilisa da borotis Sesaxeb arsebulinormirebuli Sexedulebisgan.sanam uSualod sakiTxs SevexebodeT, saWirod vTvliT,mimovixiloT naTlisa da bnelis tropuli gaazrebis nimu-Sebi. naTlis simbolika TiTqmis yvela religiaSi imkvidrebsadgils, maT Soris qristianul mwerlobaSi. naTelisikeTis, absoluturi WeSmaritebis simbolod iqna aRiarebuli,Sesabamisad, uflis metaforad iqca. qristes miemar-Teba, aseve, saxe-simboloebi: ganTiadi, dRe, mze. 2Rirs mamaTa da Zveli qarTuli agiografiis avtorTaSorisac mdgara sakiTxi Tu ra kavSiri, ra msgavseba Tusxvaoba iyo naTelsa da bnels, rwmenasa da urwmunobas, ke-Tilsa da borots Soris. `wminda gobronis martvilobaSi~vkiTxulobT: `rai sworebaÁ ars naTlisa da bnelisaÁ, anurai sworebaÁ ars beliarisa qristesTana anu rai nawiliuc urwmunosa morwmunisa Tana~. 3qarTuli agiografiuli Tu himnografiuli mwerlobidanbevri magaliTis moxmoba SeiZleba, sadac sibnele – umecrebis,xolo sinaTle – absoluturi WeSmaritebis simbo-1 Teimuraz meore. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, gv. 100.2 t. mosia. ,,daviTianis~ saxismetyveleba. Tb., 2005, gv. 44.3 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli Zeglebi. w. I. Tb., 1963, gv. 178.282

lodaa miCneuli, Tan sibnelidan sinaTlisken gzamkvleviTviT ufalia.bunebrivia, am Sexedulebis pirvelwyaros biblia warmoadgens.naTeli bibliaSi sxvadasxva saxiT aris warmodgenili:a) fizikuri naTeli; b) naTeli SedarebisTvis; g)RmerTi-naTeli da mama naTlisa; d) ieso qriste-naTeli.bibliaSi naTlis xseneba xSiria da masTan wyvdiadis dapirispirebacCveulebrivia. 1 Semoqmedis mier qaosis formirebasda naTlis gamoyofas Sesaqmis pirvel abzacSive vxvdebiT(dabad. 1-4; 16-18). 2 gr. noselis mixedviT, xilulisamyaro Sesaqmis mesame muxlidan iwyeba, I da II muxlebSiuxilavi, Teslovani, aramaterialuri Zalebis qaoturi moZraobebiamocemuli. ufalma `meyseulad~ Seqmna `pirvelarsni~,romelTa `dakuesebiT~, anu urTierTTanxvedriT, materialurisamyaro Seiqmna, xolo am sinamdvilis pirvelmSobladsinaTle mogvevlina. 3 wminda mamaTa TeologiurnaSromebSi safuZvlianad aris gaanalizebuli naTlis orsaxovneba.4 bibliuri kosmogoniis meoTxe dRemde arsebulinaTlis wyarod miCneulia ara mze da sxva mnaTobebi, aramednaTlis sulieri aspeqti, `uxilavi naTeli~, romelic `xiluli~NnaTlis wyarod miiCneva. 5 mnaTobTa anTeba, ganaTeba,naTelqmna fizikuri TvalsazrisiT (maT Soris mzisa dasxva mnaTobebisa) Sesaqmis meoTxe dRes ganxorcielda. 6`dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ mixedviT, mze ufalma Seqmna,anu masze dabla dgas da RvTiurobis elements ar Seicavs.mnaTobebic astraluri cTomilebi arian mxolod,romlebic exmarebian dResa da Rames (naTelsa da bnels)sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvaSi. Txzulebis personaJis, sityve-1 v. nozaZe. vefxistyaosnis RmrTismetyveleba. parizi, 1963, gv. 109.2 mcxeTuri xelnaweri, Tb., 1981, gv. 48-49.3 g. TevzaZe. Suasaukuneebis filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1996, gv. 173-174.4 n. sulava. `naTlisa gavxde mijnuri~, _ kreb.: daviT guramiSvili-300. Tb., 2005, gv. 67-68.5 n. sulava. naTlis tropika qarTul himnografiaSi, _ kreb.: literaturuliZiebani. Tb., 1983, gv. 211.6 n. sulava. `naTlisa gavxde mijnuri~, gv. 69-70.283

iT, mzes upirispirdeba Rame imiT, rom mas imave yovlisSemoqmedmaRmerTma misca eqvsi da. anu Tuki naTels mxoloderTi hyavs mzis saxiT, Rames-bnels 6 da umSvenebs gverds,Tumca iqve urTavs, rom isini mzes datyvevebuli hyavs. `RamiTamToni mnaTobni~ mxolod `kirCxibiT daixsnebian~. amazedRe pasuxobs, eqvsi dis yola arafers niSnavs, Tuki mzissurvilzea damokidebuli cTomilebis xilvadoba. dRe Ramesumtkicebs, rom mze, rogorc udidesi cTomili, upiratesia.igi brZenTa da filosofosTa xotbis sagania:`ubralo sityvis mravloba cudia, bnelo, eniTa,uzesTaesi mze aris, nu xar amaze wyeniTa,ritorni, filosofosni aqeben SuqTa feniTa,viTa SvenodaT qebani, Seasxes brZenTa eniTa~. 1am strofSi miTiTebuli faqti, mzis qeba, rogorc,,uzesTaesi mnaTobisa~ ritorebisa da filosofosebisagan,gvafiqrebinebs, rom aq mzeSi igulisxmeba ara xiluli, arameduxilavi mze. amdenad, Teimurazic mzes uflis metaforadmiiCnevs. amis safuZvels gvaZlevs zemoaRniSnulistrofebi. mosazrebis gasamyareblad, upriania, yuradRebagavamaxviloT erTY pasaJze. `vefxistyaosanSi~ mze sxva mna-Tobebze umjobes cTomilad aris CaTvlili. 1192-e strof-Si vkiTxulobT:`Seve ficxlad sajinibos, avxsen cxeni ukeTesi,Sevukazme, zeda Sevsvi mxiaruli, ar mokvnesi,hgvanda, odes lomsa Sejdes mze, mnaTobTa ukeTesi~.1953 wels gamocemul `vefxistyaosanSi~ p. ingoroyvas`ukeTesi~ `uzeSTesad~ Causworebia. 2am teqstologiur cvlilebas ar emxroba v. nozaZe. misiTqmiT, `uzeSTesi~ (uzeSTaesi) niSnavs umaRless, rasakvirvelia,igulisxmeba sxva romelimeze umaRlesi TavisimdebareobiT Tu mdgomareobiT. mze mnaTobTa `uzeSTesi~ undaiyos sxva mnaTobTa umaRlesi an Tavisi mdebareobiT, anmdgomareobiT. es Tqma mzis Sesaxeb ar iqneboda swori,1 Teimuraz meore. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, gv. 5.2 vefxistyaosani. Tb., 1953, gv. 246.284

adgan astronomiulad mzes meoTxe adgili ukavia. maSasadame,mze ar aris `uzeSTesi~, – mze aq aris an pirveliRmerTi, an meore, sxva mnaTobTa Soris, da ara `uzeSTesi~.`uzeSTesi~ aris cnobili qristianuli mcneba, romelicsasurvels, umaRles samyofels gamoxatavs, rac aRniSnulSairs sruliad ar udgeba.mze, astrologiurad da esTetikurad aris `ukeTesi~.`ukeTesi~ aris mzis saxeli da amiT mzis silamaze aRiniSneba~.1 v. nozaZe aanalizebs `vefxistyaosnis~ 1192-e strofisIII taepis Sinaarss da miuTiTebs, rom aq igulisxmebamzis lomis zodiaqoSi Sesvla, wminda astronomiuli movlena,da igi Sedarebis obieqtad aris gamoyenebuli.`vefxistyaosnis~ strofisgan gansxvavebiT, Cven miergansaxilvel teqstSi mzis `uzesTaesoba~ niSnavs, rom mzeuwinaresia yovelive arsebulze. amdenad, cneba `uzeSTesze~v. nozaZis msjelobis safuZvelze, SeiZleba vivaraudoT:Teimurazi, marTalia, fizikur naTels, Sesabamisad, mis materialursaxes mzes axsenebs Tavis poemaSi da fizikurnaTelsa da bnels Soris arsebuli sxvaobis dadgenas cdilobs,konkretul SemTxvevaSi, scildeba cTomils materialurisaburveli da saxe-simbolod aRiqmeba. `uzesTaesis~xmareba winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi alogikuri iqneboda.zemoT vaxseneT, rom naTels TeimurazTan simbolurigageba ar axlavs, mze ki erT adgilas RvTis metaforadgvevlineba. cnobilia, warmarT filosofosTa moZRvrebebimzis, rogorc upirvelesi RvTaebis Sesaxeb, magram, Bbunebrivia,Teimurazis yuradReba am filosofosTa naazrevisadmiar aris mimarTuli, igi qristian mamaTa SromebSi gacxadebulWeSmaritebas gulisxmobs. plotini, netari avgustine,prokle diadoxosi, Tu neoplatonizmis mamamTavari fsevdodioniseareopageli (petre iberieli) swored mze-xatsetrfian da asxamen xotbas.am varaudis gamoTqmis saSualebas gvaZlevs poemis1 v. nozaZe. `vefxistyaosnis~ mzismetyveleba. santiago de Cile,1959, gv. 229.285

strofi, sadac fizikuri mze CaTvlilia ufalze udaresad,radganac mis mier aris Seqmnili:`ara ars ZlierebiT mze, arc simdidriTa TvisiTa,RvTisgan ars dabadebuli, tomi ara hyavs TvisiTa~. 1ioane damaskeli ambobs, RmerTi upiratesi saxiT aRematebayovelive arsebuls. igi ar aris aRarcerTi arsebul-Tagani, aramed yovelive arsebulze maRla mdgomia, RvTisepiTetebadac ixmareba iseTi saxelebi, romlebic yvelazeaxlos dgas mis bunebasTan. amitomac, RmerTi iwodeba mzedda naTlad da ara; dRed da ara Ramed; cxovrebad da arasikvdilad. RvTis saxelTa Soris umTavresia saxiereba daarseboba, radgan saxiereba aris mizezi yovelgvari arsebobisa,xolo boroteba ki – uarseboa da mxolod saxierebismoklebas warmoadgens: `niSandoblivia RvTis is saxelebi,romlebsac zeaRmatebuli uaryofis mniSvneloba aqvs. vuwodebTRmerTs `wyvdiads~ da vgulisxmobT ara bnels, aramedimas, rac yovelgvar naTels aRemateba; vuwodebT RmerTs`naTels~ da vgulisxmobT imas, rac ar aris bneli~. 2amdenad, Teimurazi mzis simbolikis aRqmisas neoplatonurimoZRvrebidan amodis, maTi pirvelwyaro ki, bunebrivia,bibliaa.Txzuleba gabaasebis Janrisaa. avtori, Sesabamisad, ukanaplanze dgeba, remarkasa Tu lirikul gadaxvevas, naklebadunda velodeT. Tumca, mkvlevarTa TqmiT, Teimurazi bolomdever icavs am princips da sakuTar pozicias afiqsirebs.SeniSnulia, rom kamaTis msvlelobisas saswori dRissasargeblod ixreba, amitomac, Txzuleba sinaTlis apologiadaris miCneuli. 3 l. menabdis azriT, kamaTis mTavari Tezaa:`dRes daewesa naTeli, Rames – sibnelis wesoba~...Txzulebis avtori TiTqos ganze dgas... da mkiTxvels andobsmsjavris gamotanas, dRisa da Ramis upiratesobis1 Teimuraz meore. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, gv. 5.2 ioane damaskeli. marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis zusti gadmocema.sityva marTlisa sarwmunoebisa. Tb., 1991, gv. 105.3 al. baramiZe. Teimuraz meore, _ gaz. `samSoblo~. 1975, agvisto, gv.6.286

garkvevas, magram misi pozicia zemomotanil sityvebSi naTladmJRavndeba – Teimurazi upiratesobas dRes aniWebs~. 1b. qiqoZis dakvirvebiT, Teimurazi miudgomlobas bolomdever icavs. 2 samecniero literaturaSi gansxvavebulimosazrebac arsebobs. ak. baqraZis TqmiT: `Teimuraz meoris`dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~ mkafiod ver gamoikveTa, rasjobs – bneli Tu naTeli. Ramem arsebiTad imdenive qvelobadaasaxela Tavis sasargeblod, ramdenic – dRem. marTalia,kamaTi imiT dasrulda, rom dRem brZana:`odes iqmnes aRsasruli, gansjad qriste gardmoxdebis,mis winaSe samarTali yvela dRisiT garigdebis,Tu ar marto jojoxeTSi, bneli yvelgan ganqardebis,Rame srulad uCinoa, RvTis madliTa ganaTldebis~. 3magram qriste-RmerTic, Ramis gancxadebiT, `gardamoxdasityva RvTisa: `misgan ganxorcieldebis!~; `RamiT iyo esxareba, Sobac RamiT gamoCndebis~, anda `beTlems SuaRamesiSva meufe da RmerTi Cvilad~. 4ak. baqraZis Sexeduleba dafiqrebis Rirsia. aRniSnulimosazrebis safuZveli TxzulebaSi sxvaganac gvxvdeba. undamieqces yuradReba erT garemoebas. dRe Tavis sasargebloargumentad iyenebs imas, rom igi uflis ganwesebiT iwoda`naTlad~, xolo bnelze uflis xeldasxma ar yofila damis SeqmnaSi RvTis xeli ar urevia:`TviT misgan dabadebuli, Senze var bevr-gzis metobiT,RvTisagan, ara arsebiT, yofilxar pirvel bnelobiT~. 5am ganacxadiT dRe Zalauneburad upiratesobas aniWebsRames. es ukanaskneli uflisgan gancalkevebiT dgeba, radgan`RvTisagan araarsebiT~, anu RvTis Carevis gareSe arsebula.1 l. menabde. XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli literatura. Tb., 1997,gv. 187.2 b. qiqoZe. Teimuraz meore, _ wgn.: `gabaaseba~ Zvel qarTul literaturaSi.baTumi, 1952, gv. 139.3 Teimuraz meore. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, gv. 101.4 ak. baqraZe. daviwyebuli idea, _ wgn.: qarTuli mwerloba. t. V.Tb., 1988, gv. 24.5 Teimuraz meore. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, gv. 3.287

dRis sityvebSi, `TviT misgan dabadebuli, Senze var bevrgzismetobiT, TiTqos neoplatonuri moZRvrebis kvaliigrZnoba. (neoplatonuri SexedulebiT naTeli ufalma dabada,bnelis uflisgan warmoSoba ki gamoricxulia, igi sike-Tis `moklebas~ warmoadgens, oRond amjerad bnelSi igulisxmebaboroti sawyisi). naklebad dasaSvebia, TeimurazibnelSi gulisxmobdes mis metaforul saxes – borots,radganac Cven bnelis amgvari gaazreba Txzulebis sxva adgilebSiarsad ar gvxvdeba. ise, raki dRe dapirispirebisasyvela Rones xmarobs Ramis udaresobis da sakuTari upiratesobisgamosamJRavneblad, SesaZloa, geslianad esec mieTiTebina.amdenad, calke sakiTxia romel bnels gulisxmobsavtori. Tumca, neoplatonuri Sexedulebis gadaxvevasacvawydebiT. sxva pasaJiTac vlindeba, rom poeti areopagelismoZRvrebis logikas bolomde ar mihyveba. poemis mixedviT,bnels naTeli imiT jobs, rom es ukanaskneli ufalmaSeqmna. samagierod, poeti iqve uTiTebs, mis naTlamdecarsebobas. areopagelis moZRvrebis mixedviT ki, rasac keTilisawyisi ara aqvs, arc arsebobs.fsevdo-dionise areopagelis TqmiT, boroti ar arissaxierisagan, anu mas ara aqvs RvTaebrivi dasabami. racRvTisgan modis, aris naTeli, saxieri keTili. mas ar SeuZliawarmoSvas boroti, radganac `arsni yovelni saxierebisaganarian, xolo ararai arsTagani ars borotisagan. borotiara Tu arsTa Soris ar aris, aramed igi araarsis-Tvisac ki friad ucxoa da uarsebo. yoveli arsebuli keTilia,radgan RvTaebrivia, xolo rasac keTili sawyisi araaqvs, igi arc arsebobs. arc angelozTa Soris aris boroti,vinaidan angelozi saRvTo saxierebisa saxe ars da gadmomcemiuxilavi naTlisa da sruli brwyinvalebisa. borotebauarseboa, radgan boroti ars moklebai keTilisagan,sibnele aris sinaTlis mokleba, magram TviT naTeli maradisnaTeli ars, romeli igi bnelsaca gananaTlebs~. 1`RmerTis samyofeli `bnelia~, radganac igi miuwvdome-1 fsevdo-dionise areopageli. Sromebi. Tb., 1961, gv. 56.288

lia kacis Tvalis da gonebisTvis. am wyvdiads iwvevs Rmer-Tis TvalSeudgami naTeli, romelic abrmavebs mxedvelobasda yovelives gaurkvevlobis nisli mosavs. samyaro ariserTianoba dadebiTisa da uaryofiTisa. am ukanasknelis gareSear arsebobs SemosazRvra. is, rac sazRvris miRmaa SemecnebisgareT rCeba, e.i. miuwvdomelia, sadac araa gansaz-Rvruloba, garkveuloba, iq Semecneba SeuZlebelia~, – ambobshegeli, – `wminda sinaTle wminda sibnelea, absolutursinaTleSi Cven vxedavT iseve bevrs da iseve cotas,rogorc absolutur bnelSi... wminda sinaTle da wmindasibnele esaa ori sicariele, romlebic igiveobrivia~. 1ukve iTqva, rom am TxzulebaSi bneli zogadad borotisawyisis sinonimad ar gamoiyeneba. zemomotanili strofisgagebisas WeSmaritebasTan ufro axlos viqnebiT, Tuki vityviT,rom aq bnelSi igulisxmeba ara boroti sawyisi, aramedRvTaebrivi wyvdiadi. Sesabamisad, dRis mier gamoTqmulimosazreba bnelis naTelze adre arsebobaze niSnavs mbrwyinaviwyvdiadis, uxilavi wyvdiadis arsebobas, da igi uflismetaforaa, rogorc naTeli, dRe, an mze.amdenad, zemoT motanili msjelobis gaTvaliswinebiTSeiZleba davaskvnaT:poemis naTeli da bneli aris fizikuri naTeli da bneli.maT Soris dapirispirebis Cveneba literaturuli xerxiamxolod poetis mTavari saTqmelis originaluri formiTgadmosacemad. umjobes-udaresobis gamovlenis mizniTwamowyebuli kamaTi, maleve axal fazaSi gadadis. isini TavidanTiTqos naklis gamosavlenad erTmaneTs uCxreken uaryofiTambebs, magram aerevaT poziciebi, dRe momxdar faqtsRame aSuqebs da piriqiT. amas arsebiTi mniSvneloba araaqvs, radgan mwerlis umTavresi mizani diskusiis wesebiszedmiwevniTi dacva ki ar aris, aramed, qristianuli dogmatis,Tu mama-papaTa zneobis Sexsenebaa. Txzulebis boloTavSi poemis reziumea Camoyalibebuli.1 T. buaCiZe. hegeli da filosofiis arsebis problema. Tb., 1976, gv.15.19. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi289

mkvlevrebi dRis upiratesobis maniSneblad miiCnevenimas, rom Txzulebas is amTavrebs. bolo sityva dRes romekuTvnis es marTalia, magram meoredmosvlis epizodis Sexsenebisasigi Tavad aRniSnavs, rom garkveuli ar aris, Turomel droSi gamoecxadeba da ganikiTxavs ufali xalxs,Tanac mudmivi mzadyofnisken mouwodebs maT. amiT dRis sxvasazrunavi ikveTeba, vidre sakuTari upiratesobis warmoCena.upriania aRvniSnoT, aseve, rom, rakiRa nawarmoebi `gabaasebis~Janrisaa, TxzulebaSi avtoris pozicia gamokveTiliar aris. dRe Tuki Tavis sasargeblo faqtebs axsenebs,Ramec sapirispiros axvedrebs, dRis iniciativa: ,,movyveTrac RvTisgan keTili momxdara dRiT Tu RamiTo~, wesebissruli dacviT ver sruldeba. aRmoCndeba, rom keTilTanerTad borotic bevri moxda orive JamSi. avtori ki mTeliam kamaTis manZilze gancalkevebiT dgas. Rame medgrad upirispirebssawinaaRmdego mosazrebebs dRes, da marTalia, dReufro energiulad da aqtiurad mosCans, misi absoluturiupiratesoba mainc saeWvoa. amitomac, SesaZloa, sinaTlisapologiad CaiTvalos poema, magram iqve garkveviT unda mieTiTosRamis statusi. Rame (bneli) dRis Tanasworia.amdenad, roca sakiTxi exeba am ori cnebis Tanafardobisgamorkvevas, Teimuraz meoris `dRisa da Ramis gabaaseba-Si~, naTlisa da bnelis antinomia unda gavigoT, rogorcori urTierTsawinaaRmdego debulebis tolfardoba.Teimuraz meore naTlisa da bnelis cnebis gaazrebisasmihyveba bibliis, Tu saRvTismetyvelo literaturis kvals.asxvavebs Sesaqmis pirvelsa da meoTxe dRes gaCenil naTelserTmaneTisgan, neoplatonuri moZRvrebis Sesabamisad, mzesaRiarebs RvTis (naTlis) metaforad. rig SemTxvevaSi bnel-Si, wyvdiadSi moiazrebs saRvTo wyvdiads. amitomac, igizogan naTlis tolfas cnebad gvevlineba.dasasruls, Teimuraz meoris `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~naTlisa da bnelis simbolika bibliuri, patristikulida himnografiulia.290

TAMTA ROGAVATHE TROPE IN TEIMURAZ II’S“THE CONVERSATION BETWEEN THE LIGHTAND THE DARK”The purpose of the presented article is to prove that the question ofrelationship between the “day” and the “night”, in the well-known poemof Teimuraz II – “The Conversation Between the Light and the Dark”,should be considered as very symbolic. It revealed the differencebetween its author's conception of the light and the dark or between goodand evil from what is regarded as normal. Particularly, the night (dark)implies not an evil source but the divine darkness. It is God's negativename, as well as the day is the God’s positive name. So, the story’s dayand night, light and dark is the allegory for the divine light and dark. So,the argument between them is the literary way of expressing the poet's view.Regarding this, Teimuraz II’s poem “The Conversation Between theLight and the Dark” cannot be only considered as the apology. It is thequestion of vital importance to show the status of the dark. The night isequal to the day and both are equal to God’s positive and negative notions.291

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa serialuara sordiatragikuli momavlis anticipaciatician tabiZis poeziaSi1915 wels qarTul poetur sinamdviles siaxlis paroliTmoevlina “cisferyanwelTa” literaturuli gaerTianeba.maTi mizani iyo qarTuli poeziis ganaxleba “msoflioradiusiT”.XX saukunis qarTuli renesansis karibWesTan “cisferyanwelebi”idgnen, xolo am msoflio istoriuli misiissrulyofili Sesruleba wilad xvda galaktion tabiZes.cnobilia, rom “qarTvel simbolistTa dajgufebam umniSvnelovanesiroli Seasrula erovnuli poeturi kulturisganviTarebis saqmeSi”. 1 magram “ganaxlebis procesSi monawile~cisferyanwelebs ar SeiZleboda ganaxlebis medro-Sis pretenzia hqonodaT. am process saTaveSi edga galaktiontabiZe. igi qronologiuradac win uswrebda “cisferyanwelebs”.maTi manifestebi, deklaraciebi galaktion tabi-Zis “art poetike”-s mosdevs. 2tician tabiZe qarTvel simbolistTa gaerTianebis erTerTiTavkaci iyo. simbolistobis periodis zog mis debulebasarc dRes daukargavs aqtualuroba. man gaakeTa aseTisagulisxmo ganacxadi: “momaval did qarTvel mxatvarSiunda Sexvdes malarme da rusTaveli”, 3 rac dasavleTisa daaRmosavleTis kulturebis sinTezirebas gulisxmobda. esTeoriuli Tvalsazrisi ki poeziaSi ase gamoxata: “gafizisvardi me prudonis Cavde vazaSi, besikis baRSi vrgav bod-1 a. nikoleiSvili. XX saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriisnarkvevebi. t. I. quTaisi, 1994, gv. 532.2 ak. xinTibiZe. galaktioni Tu cisferyanwelebi. Tb., 1992, gv. 164.3 t. tabiZe. cisferi yanwebiT, _ Jurn.: `cisferi yanwebi~. quTaisi,#1, 1916, gv. 4.292

leris borot yvavilebs” (wignidan “qaldeas qalaqebi”). 1ticianis saxels ukavSirdeba aranakleb sayuradReboazri, rom yvela didi poeti yovelTvis iyo xelisuflebisopozicia da mas moaqvs dantes, baironis, Selis, Sileris,goeTes, Seqspiris, servantesis, bodleris, volteris, griboedovis,radiSCevis, puSkinis, rileevis, Caadaevis, lermontovis,blokis, maiakovskis, qarTveli mefe poetebis (isiniTavianTi Tavis opoziciad warmoaCina), ilia WavWavaZis,akaki wereTlis magaliTebi (revolucia da poetebi). 2SesaniSnavi leqsebis avtori, niWieri prozaikosi, simbolizmisdidi Teoretikosi, evropuli masStabis moazrovneda ucdomeli gemovnebis mqone kritikosi, movlenaTa winaswarmetyveluriganWvretis unariT momadlebuli, aseTaddarCa tician tabiZis saxeli STamomavlobaSi. poets cxovrebamouxda satanuri bolSevizmis epoqaSi, roca idevnebodarwmena, suliereba, erovnuloba, roca xelisuflebam TavisufalmoazrovneTa represirebaSi yovelgvar zRvars gadaaWarba.SesaniSnavi lirikul-patriotuli Sedevrebis avtoritragikuli movlenebis ganWvretiT, avbediTi momavliswinaTgrZnobiTac gamoirCa.tician tabiZis gansakuTrebuli intuicia SeumCneveliar darCenia rus simbolist poets – andrei belis: “amqarTvelma (tician tabiZem – l.s.) erT dReSi amoicno yvelaferi,mimixvda gulisnadebs. is Turme yvelafersgrZnobs, yvelafers xedavs”. “is naRdi “aRmosavleTia”, magramdidebuli “aRmosavleTi”, romlisganac bevri ram undaviswavloT”. 3 xolo cnobili rusi mwerali boris pasternakiwerda ticianis meuRles nino tabiZes: “ticiani burjiaCemi cxovrebisa, Cemi RvTaebaa berZnuli da miTologiurigagebiT”. pasternaki aRniSnavda sikvdilis winagrZnobaze,romelic ticianis leqsebSi yvelgan SeumCnevia. 41 t. tabiZe. leqsebi, poemebi, proza, werilebi. Tb., 1985, gv. 77.2 t. tabiZe. leqsebi, poemebi, proza, werilebi, gv. 467-472.3 n. tabiZe. ticiani da misi megobrebi. Tb., 1985, gv. 59-60.4 n. tabiZe. ticiani da misi megobrebi, gv. 182, 217.293

qarTveli poetis “jadosnur naTelxilvaze”, “qariSxlian,bundovan winaTgrZnobaze” amaxvilebda yuradRebasguram asaTiani. 1 ticianis da paolo iaSvilis poeziis winaswarmetyvelurmuxtze mianiSnebda akaki baqraZe. 2 avTandilnikoleiSvili miuTiTebs tician tabiZis “Seumcdargumanze”, sikvdilis av winaTgrZnobaze, mosalodneli tragedieswinaswar gancdaze, avi winaTrgZnobis SemaZrwunebelxmebze. 3 revaz miSvelaZe xazs usvams poetis “magiur winaTgrZnobasmosalodneli represiebis Sesaxeb, rac iyo mizezi“gamoTxovebis reqviemis” Seqmnisa”. 4 soso sigua SeniSnavs:“cisferyanwelebi” sikvdilis momRerlebi iyvnen da gangebamesTetiuri Jesti realobad uqciaT, Tumca saamiso winaTgrZnobacgaaCndaT: “magram Cven sxva dro wamogvewia, albaTCvenc sadRac CagvaZaRleben”, werda tician tabiZe. 5poeti ebrZoda Sablons, epigonur poezias, magram kargadxedavda, rom swori geziT arc qveyana midioda da arcpoezia, xelisuflebisagan daqiravebuli proletarulikulturis warmomadgenlebi Sors iyvnen WeSmaritebisagan.1924 wels dawera tician tabiZem: “yvelaferi win midis,poeziis garda – iwyeba leqsis ukuRma eleqtrifikacia”(uJmuri kvira). 6 poeturi doqtrinis msaxuri leqsi xalxis,qveynis, sulierebis, rwmenis msaxuri ar iyo, ramac aTqmevinaticians: “leqss dRes Tan axlavs simamaZaRle” (orpiri).7 arc es fraza dawerila SemTxveviT: “leqss romxlebia Tan sawamlavi, es ar yofila dasamalavi” (`es aryofila dasamalavi~). 8poeti aSkarad ilaSqrebda daobebuli leqsis winaaR-1 g. asaTiani. Tanamdevi sulebi. Tb., 1983, gv. 151, 161..2 ak. baqraZe. Txzulebani. t. III, Tb., 2004, gv. 287.3 a. nikoleiSvili. XX saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriisnarkvevebi. t. I, gv. 561-563.4 r. miSvelaZe. uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb., 1998,gv. 310-311.5 s. sigua. qarTuli modernizmi. Tb., 2002, gv. 161.6 t. tabiZe. Txzulebani sam tomad. t. I, Tb., 1966, gv. 150-151.7 t. tabiZe. Txzulebani sam tomad. t. I, gv. 122.8 t. tabiZe. leqsebi, poemebi, proza, werilebi, gv. 146.294

mdeg: “Cven ufro uaresi dro mogvewia, radgan Cvens Tvalwinleqsic ki daobda” (`var usaTuod amis movale~). 1 TviTpoetis guli ki ucdomlad ikvlevda “leqsis amindebs”(`arcerTi sityva ar damcdenia~). 2 Tavisufali sityvisalagmvis, partiuli doqtrinis gafetiSebis periodSi ticiantabiZis leqsis lirikuli gmiri gulistkiviliT gvamcnobdaTavis mdgomareobas: “var gaTelili lekis nabadi,yvela saxsari maqvs dalewili, magram vaJkacma mxolod gabededa mec vaJkacis damide wili” (`mewyeri mewyers~). 3sulis Cakvlaze, uRmerTobaze, borotebis, Zalmomreobisbatonobaze wuxda grigol robaqiZe “Caklul sulSi”.sulis moRunva, sulis areva iyo sasikvdilo reqviemis Seqmnismizezi tician tabiZis poeziaSi: “me Tqvenze adre vekiTxebiCems sakuTar Tavs – rad moiRuna ase suli, an ramaria? siyrmidan vismen ganuwyvetliv me erT reqviems” (`saturnida malaria~). 4 “reqviemiviT ismis axla yvela aria”,gvamcnobda leqsSi “mRvdeli da malaria”. 5sulis, rwmenis sikvdilis epoqaSi bunebrivi iyo kubos,sikvdilis qaris xilvebi, reqviemis aRvlena: „Cemi sulicxom rux dilaze mokvda oboli, warsul imedTa ekubovamimqrali boli, sikvdilis qarad me igi xma wamomiqrolebs,reqviemia es xom Cemi, vin daijerebs” (`maskarad-Si~). 6 da isev sulis gamZleobis problema xdeboda aqtualuri:“moiRuneba Cemi suli – wneli lafanis” (`orpirissezoni~). 7poetis sulsac kuziT xedavda, radgan 1918 wels aWarazeTurqeTis Setevam, baTumis dakargvis SiSma sisxlianicremli awvima aprilSi: `baTumi misces da orpirze modisTaTari, atmis yvaviliT sisxliani tiris aprili, poetis1 t. tabiZe. leqsebi, poemebi, proza, werilebi, gv. 98.2 t. tabiZe. leqsebi, poemebi, proza, werilebi, gv. 197.3 t. tabiZe. leqsebi, poemebi, proza, werilebi, gv. 177.4 t. tabiZe. leqsebi, poemebi, proza, werilebi, gv. 87.5 t. tabiZe. leqsebi, poemebi, proza, werilebi, gv. 85.6 t. tabiZe. leqsebi, poemebi, proza, werilebi, gv. 65.7 t. tabiZe. leqsebi, poemebi, proza, werilebi, gv. 87.295

sulic saqarTvelos kuzad daxrila” (`ori aprili~). 1simarTlis, sulis satkivris gamJRavnebis akrZalva yelisgamoRadrvis tolfasi xdeboda: `trialebs CemSi ra-Rac saTqmeli da gaRadruli miSreba yronti” (`eqvsinisponti~). 2 simwris simRera, simReriT sikvdilis idea galaktionis“mTawmindis mTvareSi” gamJRavnda da tician tabiZe,romelsac esmoda guriis mTebis simRera, simReriT moelodaaRsasruls, amasTan, gulze tyviis daxlis molodinicar tovebda, rac auxda kidec: `aTas salamurs gaaqvs guguni,erTad amRerdnen guriis mTebi, Tu am simReriT sikvdilsmarguneb, arc sikvdilisTvis dagemdurebi. erT sawyalpoets amaze meti sindisiT aRar moeTxoveba, damadeTgulze cameti tyvia, mag Tqveni mamis sulis cxonebas”(`ria-ria~). 3 TiTqos winaswar grZnobda sicocxlis dReebis,poeturi gzis Semoklebas: `vin gadafisa ase gulimSrali balRamiT da ar gvacala STagonebis davaJkaceba”(`ilaiali~). 4poeti udabnod aRiqvamda cxovrebas, adamianebs – kentavrebad(`uabjaroni~). 5 udabnod saxeldebul saqarTveloloSicxovrobda poeti, “cecxlis grigalebi” trialebdamis sulSi:” yvela cecxlebis datrialda CemSi grigali,udabno aris saqarTvelo monomanisTvis” (`mRvdeli da malariakuboSi~). 6 udabnod aRiqvamda samSoblos galaktioni:ni: “Cems samSobloSi me movle mxolod udabno, lurjadnaxaverdebi” (`Tovli~). 7 “udabno, kldovani landSafti ganasaxierebssaaqaos codvil yofas”. 8avis macned evlinebodnen bus, turas, kentavris niRbebadgardasaxuli Tanamedroveni, “naRveli Sav Tovlad Tov-1 t. tabiZe. leqsebi, poemebi, proza, werilebi, gv. 83.2 t. tabiZe. leqsebi, poemebi, proza, werilebi, gv.129.3 t. tabiZe. rCeuli. Tb., 1985, gv. 150.4 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 111.5 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 76.6 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 89.7 g. tabiZe. rCeuli. Tb., 1989, gv. 87.8 z. gamsaxurdia. `vefxistyaosnis~ saxismetyveleba. Tb., 1991, gv. 211.296

da” (`princi magogi~). 1 galaktions “Sav Tovlad” aTovda“Wvartli da burusi Tavanis” (`Semodgoma umanko CarxebismamaTa savaneSi~). 2ticianma Tavis poetur Zmas – paolo iaSvils uZRvnaleqsi romelSic poeziiT daRupva iwinaswarmetyvela: “saqarTvelosmze gaanaTebs sicocxles lamazs maSinac, rocapoeziiT daviRupebiT, vici, gavtydebiT da arasdros movi-RunebiT. Zvel poezias kadnierad vaxuravT Calmas” (`paoloiaSvils~). 3“silaJvardeSi” galaktionis lirikuli gmiri uziarebladsikvdils moeloda da RvTismSobels mimarTvada: “gansasvenebelziarebaze CemTan ar mova Seni xseneba”. 4tician tabiZes is awuxebda, rom Tormeti mRvdlisagangasudruli mamisgan gansxvavebiT, erTi mRvdlisganac areRirseboda wesis ageba, magram is enugeSeboda, rom RmerTisamiwed ar gaimetebda mis wminda suls: “Tormetma mRvdelmamama gasudres, me erTi mRvdelic ki ar amigebs wess… davmadlob ufals, Cemi suli mas abaria, man erTma icis, romar iyo igi samiwe” (`sezonis falavani~). 5 sasaflaos, kubosbos molandebas, zarnaSos, afTris xmas, “Savi naRvelis Savqars” RvTismSoblis mudara enacvleboda, raTa zeciur dedasemcno momavali: “dResac sakuTars mivsdevT Cven kubos,sasaflaos gza rad ar ileva!.. stiris zarnaSop hkivis af-Tari, Savi naRvelis gvcems Savi qarip madonav, satrfov,sad davisvenebT, sad davawyobT Zvlebs, gemudarebiT –gviTxari, dedav!” (`TeTri sizmari~). 6 macxovris mavedrebeliwinaprebis patroni Zvel wminda aRTqmebs ar iviwyebdada mainc sataniseulTa mier uaryofil RmerTs evedreboda:“me didi myavda winamorbedi, winamorbedi macxovars hgavda.me Zveli maxsovs aRTqmebi – wminda da daviwyebul RmerTs1 g. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 125.2 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 91.3 g. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 126.4 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 98.5 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 67.6 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 69.297

vevedrebi” (`balaganis mefe~). 1 aTeistur epoqaSi “cisferyanweli”Zmebi movlenilni iyvnen qristes maxaroblebad: “axaliqristes oTxi davrCiT maxarobelad – paolo, grigol,valerian, me – ioanne (`droSa qimerielTa~). 2 maTiideali iyo “Zlevis Tavadi” – qriste (`Cemi simRera~). 3bolSevikuri drois Tanamdevi iyo uRmerToba, aSkaragaxda daoblebuli sveticxovlis tirili, RvTismSoblisdaxvretili, cremlebiT sveli Tvali. sulSi ki sionis zarirekavda, alaverdis wminda sanTeli enTo, poets CaesmodaomSi mimaval samas xevsuris sayvirebis korianteli, arasvenebda dedoflis daSanTuli sxeuli, qarTls miseulimongolebis xilva, batoniSvil aleqsandres sevda, wiwamur-Si gasrolili tyviis wivili. es sruliad SeuTavsebeliiyo satanuri epoqis xotbasTan, rasac moiTxovda xelisuflebada poeti acxadebda: “vin gaaCerebs am xmebis grails– amdeni Zvlebi rad damigroveT, me Tu momTxovdiT simRerasaxals, me Tu gindodiT Tanamedroved” (`CaaqreT sulSisionis zari~). 4tician tabiZis leqsidan moismis dasaklavi xbos bRavili,moCans eSafoti, aRa-mahmad-xanis aCrdili da ase Sehyavspoets mkiTxveli Savbneli epoqis gauZlis sinamdvile-Si: “dasaklav xbos xmiT minda vibRavlo, rom eSafotze mecdamarwies da xvdeba suli aRa-mahmad-xans, Tbiliss romscemda mrisxane torebs” (`poema-CaRatar~). 5 ialbuzi damyinvari eSafotis boZebad eCveneboda, evlineboda despotimtrebis, murvan-yrus saxeebi, romlebic gaZarcul kvarTshpotnidnen qveynis galavanSi Zvlebs Wvretda, erovnuligmiris kaxaberis agasferad gardasaxvas tiroda: “es araris simRera, es arc leqsia Cems win iyurebian: ialbuzida myinvari, rogorc ori boZi – erTi eSafotis. murvanyru da yvela despoti mZvinvare gaZarcul kvarTs grigali-1 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 80.2 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 92.3 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 144.4 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 125.5 t. tabiZe. Txzulebani sam tomad. t. I, gv. 132-133.298

viT hpotnis, am qveyanas Zvlebisgan aqvs galavani. kaxaberigaxda agasferi” (`es ar aris simRera~). 1“agasferi” aris maradiuli uria, ebrauli legendisgmiri, Semdeg saxarebis legendis cnobili personaJi, ierusalimelixarazi, romelmac golgoTis gzaze mimavaliqriste dasasveneblad Tavis qoxTan ar gaaCera, gaagdo, daartyakidec Tavxedurad da uTxra: “wadi, ieso, iare sasikvdilod!qristem miugo: “me waval, magram Sen icocxlebCems dabrunebamde (`damelodebi~). mas Semdeg agasferi ganwirulia,samudamod usaxlkarod daexeteba”. 2poets aRaSfoTebda TanamedroveTa sabediswero feriscvaleba,mtredad movlenilTa svavis saxeSi gacxadeba,“sxva qariSxlebis” dro: “mtredic gadaiqca axla svavada,sxva qariSxlebis modian droni” (`dasabamidan~). 3 SemTxvevi-Ti ar iyo fiqri gankiTxvaze, wiwamuris tragediaze, maCabliscxedris molandeba: “samSobloSi mxolod bewvis xids,orpiris cecxls” Wvretda “orpiris oqropiri” da mogviwodebda,maSin gagvexsenebina misi traqtati: “yvelas gaaswrebssaakaZis xmali naferi, Tavis ganwirvis am gankiTxvasvin daemalos? kidev amova wiwamurze orqidea, mtkvari amoitansmaCablis gvams. Tu saqarTvelo bewvis xidia, bevrsxva genioss is cecxliT daswvavs, amas wers nabolara poetebis,romelsac daelia leqsis araqaTi. roca orpiriscecxli mogedebaT, maSin gaixseneT es Cemi traqtati” (`esar aris simRera~). 4galaktions satanuri Zala – “mxeci” mouwodebdaTviTmkvlelobisken, satanebiT, cexlis enebiT, sawamlavebiT,jojoxeTuri aliT da ganadgurebiT gamorCeuli dro awamebda(`ar aris igi imdenad tkbili~). 5 TviTmkvlelobis dedemonisdevda saqarTveloSi ticians, “cisferi yanwebis”ordenis rainds cxovreba SxamiT uvsebda yanwebs, sawamlavs1 t. tabiZe. Txzulebani sam tomad. t. I, gv. 158-159.2 ak. gelovani. miTologiuri leqsikoni. Tb., 1983, gv. 96.3 t. tabiZe. Txzulebani sam tomad. t. I, gv. 109.4 t. tabiZe. Txzulebani sam tomad. t. I, gv. 156.5 g. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 124.299

aZalebda da morgisken ubiZgebda: “muxranis velze dasaxrCobadkidev davdgebiT, saqarTveloSi, cxovreba xom TviTmkvlelobaaCveni ordeni poetebis Sxamis yanwebiT.Tavis mkvlelobis Tavze dagvfrens igi demoni. me vxedavim morgs, mowamluli sadac davwvebiT” (`nina mayaSvils~).1 nikoloz baraTaSvilma iwinaswarmetyvela Tavisitragikuli sikvdili, satrfos gareSe, uWirisuflo gasveneba(“merani”, “cisa fers”). 2tician tabiZes saflavze, Zvlebze, satrfos cremlebisgareSe micvalebaze fiqrisas, bunebrivia, Tavisi didi poeturiwinapari nikoloz baraTaSvili axsendeboda: “baraTaSviliaragvze svamda, me ki dRes maxrCobs “qimerioni”.mtredic gadaiqca axla svavada, sxva qariSxlebis modiandroni. ra saWiroa satrfos cremlebi, arc qars vawuxebsaflavis TxrisTvis. moisveneben isedac Zvlebi, Tu krematoriaRirses Tbiliss” (`dasabamidan~). 3es winaTgrZnobac auxda. cxovrebaSi nawamebs, usaflavobacdaebeda. “xanma undobarma, gza rom SeeReba, uxvad moitanasisxli da cxedrebi” – ase ukeTebda aqcentirebasepoqis movlenebze galaktioni leqsSi “mzeo TibaTvisa”. 4tician tabiZis leqsSi gvzaravs “sisxlis tbori”,zRvad dagubebuli sisxlis niaRvari, Sxami, TviT poeti ki“yelwagdebul geds” damsgsvsebia, ukanasknel simReraSirom surs Caatios mTeli epoqis satkivari: “balRamiani essisxlis tbori xmaliT Tu ara, sityviT gacure. sabediswerodvibrZviT Cven orni da brZolac unda aq vaJkacurad.zRva iyo mSvidi da meore zRvad gaqonda guli sisxlis niaRvars,eRirsos mainc erTxel morecxva am gamourwyav Sxamisiaras? erTi sityva aqvs yelwagdebul geds, me vucdiam xmas – gulSi amoxdes” (`gviani doRi~). 5poet geds scemdnen Sublsa da safeTqelze, magram1 t. tabiZe. Txzulebani sam tomad. t. I, gv. 163.2 n. baraTaSvili. Txzulebani. Tb., 1968, gv. 113, 120.3 t. tabiZe. Txzulebani sam tomad. t. I, gv. 109.4 g. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 124.5 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 189.300

sjeroda gulidan amoWrili leqsis atomis sicocxlisunarianobis:“yelwagdebuli imReris gedi, pirdapir scemenSubls da safeTqels. mxolod icocxlebs leqsis atomiT,rac poetis guls daRad amoWres” (`skviTuri elegia~). 1leqsSi “Tbilisi” poeti-gedi “yelwaWrili” da cocxal-mkvdaria,misi sulis oreuli – mimino “xaxamSralia”,guli – “sisxlis leqsiT” sneuli, sasikvdilo agoniiTsavses: “mec minda guli sisxlis leqsad Semogalaqo da TuSen axla poetisagan mogesmis Sesxma, es gedi mReris –yelwaWrili da cocxal-mkvdari. me var mimino, xaxamSralida kapoeti, me var Tbilisis agoniiT mkvdari poeti”. 2 leqsidawerilia 1923 wels.“yelwaWrili da cocxal-mkvdari gedis” paralelurad,tician tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi poetis simbolod gvxvdebaZalze mignebuli saxe “qvebze gaCenili” da layuCebaxeulikalmaxisa, xolo aRsasrulis macnea SemarTuli Caxmaxi. esiyo mefistifelis saukuneSi marTali sityvis safasuri da,potic, aTasebiviT, “TviTmkvlelobis iavnanurs” tovebdadrois braldebad: “gaCenili var qvebze kalmaxi da axeulimaqvs layuCebi, SemarTulia fexze Caxmaxi da usikvdilodver gadvurCebi! ase kvdeboda albaT aTasi da mowmed hyavdaTes ananuri. es aris Cemi mgosnobis fasi da TviTmkvlelobisiavnanuri” (`ananurTan~). 3 TviTmkvlelobis motivierT-erTi umTavresia cremliT, cecliT, sisxliT, “aziuriRalatiT” gamorCeuli epoqis SvilisTvis: “ubralod vkvdebiTmearRneebi da poetebi, magram Cvenc albaT Tavis mokvlacgvepatieba” (`mearRneebi da poetebi~). 4tician tabiZis poeziaSi vlindeboda ara lokaluri,aramed globaluri satkivari. mis poeziaSi daRvrili TergiswyaliviT adidebuli cremli sayovelTao, epoqaluriubedurebiT, saxelisuflo usamarTlobiT gamowveuli crem-1 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 149.2 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 103.3 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 161.4 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 139.301

lia: “dgas lanqerebis korianteli, mTa mTas misdevs dakldeebs awydeba, rom iyos Tergi ori amdeni, Tvalebscremlebad veRar gawvdeba” (`rom iyos Tergi ori amdeni~). 1sxvaganac isev “cremlebis Tergia” poetis xvedri, CamoqceulcasTan erTad “wameqca Tavze ca garRveuli da cazekidev – sxva myinvaris ca, da darialiT gadareuli Tvalebscremlebis Tergi mirecxavs” (`me yaCaRebma momklesaragvze~). 2 erT leqsSi “cremlebis Tergs” enacvleba“cremlebis aragvi”: “dabrundebian koriantelad dagubebuliniaRvarebi. Sav aragvsa da TeTrsa aragvs Cemi cremlebisaragvi erTvis” (`didxans eZina myinvars titveli~). 3cecxli da cremli iyo sityvis msaxuris xvedri dasikeTis, TanagrZnobis deficitiT gamorCeul droSi mxolodmyinvari da ialbuzi esaxeboda mesaidumled: “Soridanvumzer myinvars, ialbuzs, am orma devma mxolod ician poetisguli ra cecxliT miduRs da rac atirebs sawyal ticians”(`ra minda me aq~). 4 totaluri ubedurebis molodiniTiyo poeti gaTanguli: “yvelas gadagvitans sikvdili male,ase datrialda boroti saqanela” (`var usaTuod amismovale~). 5 jer kidev 1916 wels gars exvia gamcemTa urdo,amitom ambobda liturgias da qveyanas panaSvids uxdida:“me mabezReben, rom mxedaven aqamdis mSvids. da Tu veRarvTqvi liturgia me Tavis Tavze, qveyanas mainc gadvuxdi er-Txel panaSvids” (`magi winapari~). 6Savnabadas titvel mTasaviT upovars, cecxlis sakire-Si CagdebuliviT utiroda guli: “ra mabadia – an ra mebada,me var titveli mTa Savnabada, magram guli rom maincmomtiris, TiTqos Caagdes cecxlis sakires” (`Tbilisis Rame~).7 guls ufleTda saqarTvelos warsulis tragikuli1 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 178.2 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 130.3 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 210.4 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 225.5 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 98.6 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 74.7 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 143.302

furclebi, marabadasa da krwanisSi uSedegod daRvrilisisxli, yvela leki da yvela urjulo, kubosaviT dacxrilulinariyala (`soRanluRidan~). 1tician tabiZis satkivari Tavisuflebadakarguli, ruseTismier xelmeored dapyrobili saqarTvelo iyo, udabnod,sasaflaod qceuli samSoblo: “saqarTveloTi vin ardamwvara, an vin ar stiris saqarTveloze, bevris sicocxleman gaamwara da bevric davrCiT sasaflaoze”, werda 1925wels (`Tbilisidan dedas~). 2poetis ideali iyo mtrisgan, dampyroblisgan mouxel-Tebeli da daumorCilebeli aleqsandre batoniSvili: “amsaSinel da uiRblo Rames me mrCeba mxolod erTi anderZi,rom ar amoSres xalxSi naRveli batoniSvilis aleqsandresi”(`poemidan CaRatar~). leqsi dawerilia 1925 wels. 3 daroca Tavisi poeturi momavlis rwmenas gamoxatavda, “urCimiuridebi”, Samili, aleqsandre batoniSvili – es Tavisuflebismoyvareraindebi iyo misi saficari: “da rogorc erTiurCi miuridi vficav sayvarel vaJkacTa wverebs, Samilisfafars da TeTr WaRaras, aleqsandres wvers droSad nakerebs,rom me davtoveb poetis saxels Tu vJkacobas Tqvensasver vamxel” (`poemidan CaRatar~). 4 poets ar asvenebdnen,umizezod kbendnen suliT kacunebi, buzebi: “me armacxia mongolis Tafli da xelgakruli ar vzivar mzeze,magram buzebi, rom ver daiTvli, kbenen Cems sxeuls sulumizezod” (`Tamuna wereTels~). 5 cxovrebaze dakvirvebajer kidev 1926 wels arwmunebda, rom mokldeboda misidReebis ricxvi: “me ase giwer Svilo, or aprils, ar vicikidev ramdeni damrCa” (`tician tabiZe~). 6galaktioni gvamcnobda, rom is cxovrobda “mefistofelissaukuneSi”, mas aRaSfoTebda “samSoblo Savi liuci-1 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 143.2 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 108.3 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 116-117.4 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 117.5 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 128.6 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 127.303

feris”, “qveyana bneli demonebisa” (`brma cali TvaliT~). 1ticianis Tanamdevi gamxdariyo demoni, satanuri qveyana-giganti,Semoqmedis kisers rkinis bawriT rom epareboda,mxolod ufskrulebi, xramebis fskeri isaxeboda udabnodsaxeldebul samSobloSi da enatreboda vefxvTan Serkinebulimwiris mamacoba, Tavis tragikul aRsasruls winaswarWvretda, magram damnaSaves sulgrZelad patiobda yvelafersda borotmoqmedis gadamisamarTebas mimarTvada, TiTqosyaCaRebis naxelavi iyo misi sicocxlis xelyofa. “dagadavyureb almas ufskrulebs, kvaldakval Cemi demoni momdevs,vxedav gigantis Soltis muskulebs da rkinis bawars,yelze rom momdebs, magram mitacebs qariSxaliviT am Tvaluwvdenixramebis fskeri, minda, rom viyo mwiri guladi,saSinel Rames vefxvi rom dabdRvna. minda movirTxna am Saragzaze,minda gavixsna guli alali, me yaCaRebma momklesaragvze, Sen Cems sikvdilSi ar gidevs brali” (`me yaCaRebmamomkles aragvze~). 21926 wels, roca poetebi erTmaneTs ecilebodnen sab-WoTa xelisuflebisaTvis erTgulebis damtkicebaSi, ticiantabiZem saxalxod waikiTxa leqsi, miZRvnili cnobili rusipoetis – sergei eseninisadmi, romelmac TviTmkvlelobiTdaasrula sicocxle. tician tabiZis striqonebSi dafiqsirebuliapoetTa usixarulo cxovreba, cremli da sircxvili,rac gadarCenasac aufasurebda: “gana Sen darCi martococxali, rom gadarCena ar gxarebia?.. vin daiTvalos cremliskurcxali, sircxvili, rac guls gahkarebia!...”Tu zogjer TviTmkvlelobaze saubrobda qarTveli poeti,amjerad “sxva dros” moTxovna maTi CaZaRleba iqneboda:“ar gamocvlila xom poezia, muzebi ciskris karebs aReben,magram Cven sxva dro wamogvewia, Cvenc albaT sadmeCagvaZaRleben”. Semoqmedis sulis da xorcis xelyofiT xasiaTdebodarCeulTaTvis sasaklaos momwyobi xelisufleba:“RmerTi da sjuli, ara varT Sori, mongolis sisxli gvi-1 g. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 171.2 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 130.304

duRs orTaves, suli daapes da mere mZorip mZoric ZerebmagamoaTaves.amiraniviT mkerddakortnilebs arc sawamlavi dahklebiaT:“ise uWirda albaT amirans, rom daulewes CvensaviTmkerdip SevsvamT sawamlavs, Cven rogorc mirons – pirveladSen Tqvi es alaverdi”. CaSvebis, gacemis, damsmenTaepoqaSi martodSTenili poeti sakuTar Tavsac veRar umxeldagulis balRams: “CofuraSvilTan viyaviT wuxel,Senze RrialiT gaskda arRani, sakuTar Tavsac veRar gavumxel,rac Cakirula gulSi balRami”. cisferi ordenis Zmarom gamoitira, iwinaswarmetyvela Tavisi sicocxlis araadamianurixelyofa sadRac, RrmaReleSi: “amxanagebo, TuRrma ReleSi Cveni Tavebic sadme dagordes, yvelam icodes– sxva poetebSi esenin hyavda Zmad cisfer ordens” (`sergeiesenins~). 1 ticianma aTi wliT adre ixila Tavisi tragikuliaRsasruli da es xilva 1937 wels gacxadda kidec,sadRac, soRanluRis velze. poetis utyuari winaTgrZnobisSemcveli leqsebis umravlesoba dawerilia 30-ian wlebSi,1924, 1926-1927 wlebSi. xolo tragediamde erTi wliT adreticians dauweria “avtobiografia”, romelic Seicavsrionis wyaldidobis mogonebas da es adgili gasaocari,mistikuri winaTgrZnobaa poetis mosalodneli ubedurebisa:“adidebul mdinares Tan mohqonda dangreuli saxlebi, akvnebi,garRveuli saflavebidan wamoRebuli kuboebi”. 2mecnieri da novelisti revaz miSvelaZe, romelicimowmebs poetis avtobiografiis am nawyvets, marTebuladSeniSnavs: “xom ar iyo es magiuri poturi winaTgrZnobaimisa, rom male ticiansac miswvdeboda delgma-wyaldidoba,raTa poetis kuboc gaetacna da STamomavalTaTvis samudamoddaekarga misi saflavi”. 3qveSecneulad grZnobda ra TavisTvis damiznebul tyvias,tician tabiZes SiSi ukugdebuli hqonda, radgan poezi-1 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 119.2 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 5.3 r. miSvelaZe. uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoria, gv. 305.20. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi305

iT monaTluls, eimedeboda, rom usamarTlo sikvdili TviTdarCeboda Sercxvenili: “samjer var dabadebuli, monaTlulivar samjer, erTxel sikvdili ras mizams, erTxel sikvdilisar mjerap mova sikvdili, Semxedavs da Sercxveniligaiars, roca ca sisxliT SeRebavs TuraSaulis ganTiads”(`samjer var dabadebuli~). 1 sakuTar maradiulobaSi ajerebdasimaRlis siyvaruli, cisa da mTis simaRlis darisimaRle sulisa: “cac maRalia, mTac maRalia da kacic undaiyos maRali” (`cac maRalia~). 2 poets eimedeboda orbebisSurduliviT gaqanebuli leqsis Zala: “da daeweva orbebisSurduls muxranis velze saTqmeli leqsi” (`muxranisvelze saTqmeli leqsi~). 3tician tabiZe obieqturad afasebda rogorc galaktionis,ise sakuTar Rvawls qarTuli leqsis ganaxlebis saqme-Si: “pleqsi qarTuli gaimarTa orpiris xaziT” (`galaktiontabiZes~). 4 “Savi sikvdilis” gazafxulsac Wvretda da saflavismtverSic mzis momRerali poetis suli enugeSeboda:“pmagram sikvdilsac, Sav sikvdilsac aqvs gazafxuli –saflavis mtverSic mzes umRerebs poetis suli” (`sasaflaoze~).5 ticianis survili iyo qrestomaTiaSi adgilis povna,mecnieruli interesis gamovlena misi naRvawisadmi daamaze erTgvari ironiiT saubrobda: “yvelafers mivcemdi,rac rom mabadia, rom maxsenebdes erTxel mainc qrestoma-Tia. piqneb vinmem Cemzec daweros disertacia. leqsebisTvisvinc moiclis, is ra kacia? kiTxeT Tqvens nacnob patiosanpoets, Tu is Sinauria – vin ufro aRelvebs: stefan malarmeTu daniela uria?” (`orpiris oqropiri~). 6qaldeas qalaqebis ciklis leqsebis avtori darwmunebuliiyo, rom movidoda usamarTlod ganwiruli gulisgacocxlebis dro da maradisobis Tanmxlebi iqneboda moma-1 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 115.2 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 16.3 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 75.4 t. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 105.5 t. tabiZe. Txzulebani sam tomad. t. I, gv. 201.6 t. tabiZe. Txzulebani sam tomad. t. I, gv. 154-155..306

valSi: “da rogorc mkvdari gavacocxle me qalaqebi, Cemsmoklul gulsac gauCndeba gamcocxlebeli, atirdebian saxelebiCemgan naqebi da maradisobis saukunod me var mxlebeli”(`Cemi wigni~). 1 leqsi dawerilia 1915 wels da cxadia,rom or aTeul welze meti xniT adre iwinaswarmetyvelapoetma mosaxdeni ubedurebac da sakuTari ukvdavebac.“leqsi mewyeris” avtori samarTlianad irwmuneboda:“paqedan vici, me rom movkvdebi, am leqss rom vambob –esec darCeba. erT poets mainc gulze moxvdeba da es eyofagamosarClebad”. 2 poetis represirebamde aTi wliT adre daiweraes striqonebi da es sakuTari poeturi aRiarebis winaswarmetyveluriganWvretac axda. aranakleb mniSvnelovaniamisi winaswarmetyveluri leqsebi, romelTa gareSe SeuZlebeliamefistofeluri saukunis srulyofili daxasia-Teba. isini sainteresoa rogorc epoqisaTvis wayenebulibraldeba, sayuradReboa fsiqologiuri Tu esTetikuriTvalsazrisiT.1 t. tabiZe. Txzulebani sam tomad. t. I, gv. 196.2 t. tabiZe. Txzulebani sam tomad. t. I, gv. 144.307

LUARA SORDIATHE ANTICIPATION OF THE TRAGIC FUTURE IN TITSIANTABIDZE’S POETRYTitsian Tabidze, one of the eminent leaders of the literary society“Blue Horners” alongside has amorous and patriotic masterpieces createdpoems distinguished for their particular tragical charge which are anaccusatory artistic record of the unjust epoch, on the one hand, and, onthe other, they are a perfect demonstration of the poet’s capacity foranticipation. Titsian Tabidze’s lyric poetry is noted for blood pools,blood baths and floods of tears, the scaffold as an attribute of totalitarianstate. At the same time the impressive images of a swan with its slashedneck, a trout with its torn-off gills between the stones and a sparrowhawkwith a dry throat signify the persecution of talented creators, of thefree word. Two decades ago Titsian Tabidze predicated the tragic gate ofthe loyal followers of the truth. He unravelled unbiasedly the causes ofthe Russia poet Sergei Esenin’s suicide. With the unmistakable intuitionTitsian Tabidze prognosticated the disgraceful end of the tyrannicalrulers, the ephemeral nature of the primitive proletarian poetry, the everlastingnessof his lyric poetry and his prospective poetic glory.308

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaTamar yaliCavaxelovani da totalitaruli saxelmwifo.literaturuli paralelebistatiaSi gaanalizebulia tiranuli diqtaturis mierxelovanisTvis SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis SezRudvis problema,romelic yvela epoqas Tan sdevda da dResac ar daukargavsaqtualoba. jer kidev antikur epoqaSi aRniSnulproblemisadmi Tavisi damokidebuleba platons, aristoteles,Tukididesa da sxva moazrovneebs gamouTqvamT. xelovanisada totalitaruli saxelmwifos urTierTobis problemasarc aRorZinebis periodSi daukargavs aqtualoba,rasac mowmobs nikolo makiavelis naazrevi. swored man gamijnaerTmaneTisgan morali da politika, ris gamoc amoraluripolitika, misi amosavali principiT – mizani amar-Tlebs saSualebas – dResac makiavelizmad iwodeba. 1osvald Spenglerma XX saukunis dasawyisSive iwinaswarmetyvelaevropis daisi, evropuli kulturisa da zneobisdacema. amave problemasTan dakavSirebiT pitirim sorokiniwerda: `arc hitlers, arc stalinsa da arc musolinisar SeuqmniaT dRevandeli krizisi, aramed piriqiT,arsebulma krizisma Seqmna isini iseTebad, rogorebic arian– misi iaraRiTa da marionetebiT. isini SeiZleba moicilo,magram es ar mospobs kriziss da arc Seamcirebs mas. eskrizisi, sanam is arsebobs, Seqmnis axal hitlerebs, stalinebs~.2aRniSnul periodSive msoflio literaturaSi SeiqmnaaraerTi nawarmoebi, romelSic wina planze wamoiwia egzis-1 nikolo makiaveli. mTavari. Sesavali Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi,wigni IV. Tb; 2007.2 p. sorokini. xelovnebis krizisi. quTaisi, 2006, gv. 91.309

tencialurma problemebma. rogorc m. miresaSvili SeniSnavs,`egzistencialur cikls ganekuTvneba Tematuri jgufic,romelic Semoqmedebasa da xelovnebas ukavSirdeba. gansakuTrebiTaqtualuri gaxda es Tematika XX saukunis literaturaSi,rodesac xelovanis SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebisproblema, xelovanisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobisproblema mweralTa yuradRebis centrSi moeqca. magaliTis-Tvis aviRoT lion foixtvangeris `goia~ da konstantinegamsaxurdias `didostatis marjvena~. orive SemTxvevaSiromanis mTavar Temas warmoadgens xelovanis bedi tiranulsaxelmwifoSi. orive mweralma istoriul warsulSi momxdarimovlenebi asaxa, Tumca, es Tematika (xelovanis bedidiqtatorul saxelmwifoSi) maTi qveynebisa da TanamedroveepoqebisaTvisac friad aqtualuri iyo. lion foixtvangerisSemTxvevaSi xelovanis Tavisufleba izRudeboda germanelinacistebis mier, xolo konstantine gamsaxurdias dros –komunisturi reJimis mier~. 1XX saukuneSi, rodesac msoflio civilizacia kvlavpirispir aRmoCnda iseT totalitarul saxelmwifo modelebTan,rogorebsac germanuli nacizmi da sabWouri socializmiwarmoadgendnen, aRniSnulma problemam axali interpretaciiTiCina Tavi. Savi Wirisa Tu wiTeli teroris gabatonebammwerloba saxelwifo ideologiis msaxurad aqcia;literaturas unda Caenerga xalxisTvis gansazRvruli ideebida idealebi, mwerali unda gamxdariyo ideologi dapropagandisti, mieTiTebina sazogadoebis moZraobis gezze,Camoeyalibebina misi samoqmedo programa. cxadia, xelovnebazemkacri kontroli xorcieldeboda, radgan totalitarulisaxelmwifos samsaxurSi yofna kacobriobisTvis nacnobiyvela zneobrivi kanonis uarsayofad Semzadebas gulisxmobda;arc Ggestapo da arc sakoncentracio banakebis administracia,arc propagandis saministro da arc specsamsaxurebi(an maTi rusuli analogebi) humanuri grZnobebis gamovlenisaTvisSesaferis adgilebs ar warmoadgendnen.1 n. gafrindaSvili, m. miresaSvili. literaturaTmcodneobis safuZfuZvlebi.Tb., 2008, gv. 94-95.310

totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi xelovani iZulebuliiyo gaekeTebina arCevani: igi an sastiki reJimis morCilqveSevdromad unda qceuliyo (diqtatis morCilebaSi myofixelovani ki, rogorc wesi, adre Tu gvian aRzevebuli usamarTlobisTanaziari xdeba) an dapirispireboda mas da SeenarCunebinaSemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba. statiaSi ganxiluliklasikosi mwerlebis – grigol robaqiZis, mixeil bulgakovisada Kklaus manis – Semoqmedebas aRzevebuli satanisturidiqtatis pirispir aRmoCenili niWieri xelovanis sulisSemZvrelitragedia gamoarCevs. maTi romanebis mTavarigmirebi XX saukunis pirveli naxevris kacobriobaze damoklesmaxvilad aRmarTuli tiraniis mier nagvemi xelovanebiarian.XX saukunis sabWour sinamdvileSi xelovnebisadmi damokidebulebasase gvixatavs grigol robaqiZe: ` istoriamar icis dakveTa, garna ara sabWouri. miqel anjelom moxata`siqstinis kapela~ papis dakveTiT, xolo papi ar Careulaxelovanis SemoqmedebaSi. Careuliyo naTiTxni gamovidodanaxati. aravin iqneba winaaRmdegi imisa, mweralma gaSalosSekveTili, Tu, rasakvirvelia, SemkveTeli ar Caerevaavtoris mwerlur procesSi. Careva gamova `xaltura~. 1akaki baqraZis azriT, `SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba upirvelesador aucilebel komponents gulisxmobs – pirveli,mwerals (saerTod xelovans) unda hqondes sakuTarikoncefcia da meore – zneobrivi pasuxismgebloba~. 2literaturul gmirs da masTan erTad mwerlobas martoTanamedroveebze keTilismyofeli zemoqmedeba ki ar evaleba,Tumca arc esaa cota, aramed misi drois suliskve-Tebis da cxovrebis wesis STamomavlobisaTvis cocxlad dautyuarad gadacemac. amitomacaa, rom simarTle da mxolodsimarTle – ai, upirvelesad ra moeTxoveba yvela droismwerlobas da xelovnebas. aki wminda werili pirdapir1 gr. robaqiZe. socialistebis saxelmwifoebrivi uZlureba. – Jurn.:`saxelmwifo da samarTali~, #12, 1990, gv. 61.2 ak. baqraZe. akaki. rwmena. Tb., 1990, gv. 37.311

gvaswavlis, rom ar unda gaCumde, roca xedav rogor scodaven:`da nu Tana-eziarebiT saqmeTa maT unayofoTa bnelisaTa,aramed ufroisRa amxilebdiTca~. 1grigol robaqiZe eTanxmeba mweral Jozef de mestrisaforizms: saxelmwifo safuZveli eSafotiao. mere ki brZanebs:`saxelwifos ar SeuZlia iaresebos ise, Tu igi Zaladobasar mimarTavs...~. 2Semzaravia sabWouri totalitaruli kulturuli politikisSedegebi, rodesac stalinis mier damyarebulmapartiulma diqtatma udierad gaapartaxa da Cakla Tavisuflebismoyvaresuli sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovreb adamianebSi,maT Soris, cxadia, xelovanebSic. swored stalin-Jdanoviskulturuli politikis aRzevebis Jams daiwera romani `Caklulisuli~, romelSic grigol robaqiZem wamoWra qar-Tveli erisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone problemebida mkiTxvels uCvena, Tu rogor iRupeba totalitarulixelisuflebis pirobebSi amaRlebuli suli da imarjvebsmxecuri sawyisi. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom es droebiTi aRzevebada gamarjveba mudam pirobiTia, rac nawarmoebSimkveTrad aris xazgasmuli.cnobilia, rom grigol robaqiZisTvis imTaviTve umTavaresmizans qarTuli sulieri kulturis saboloo gamofxizlebada ganaxleba warmoadgenda, rac unda ganxorcielebuliyoprovinciuli da SezRuduli warmodgenebisgan(mogvianebiT ki, komunisturi reJimis reglamentaciebisgan)ganTavisuflebis gziT. sazogadoebis zneobrivi degradaciisdasturad mwerali gviCvenebs, rom erT dros zneobis umaRlessafexurze mdgomi xalxi komunisturi diqtatis pirobebSiyvelafers ikadrebs, oRond sicocxle SeinarCunos.misTvis aRar arsebobs Rirseba, TanagrZnoba, erTguleba, simaRle,patiosneba. arada, yvela es Tviseba xom aseTi axlobeliada damaxasiaTebeli qarTveli kacisTvis?!1 efeselTa. – biblia. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gamocema. 1989,gv. 5-11.2 gr. robaqiZe. socialistebis saxelmwifoebrivi.., gv. 49-57.312

maS, axla ra moxda? ra Zalam SeZlo am keTilSobiligenis aseTi degradacia? pasuxi erTia: yovelive zneobrivisada amaRlebulis damTrgunveli bolSevikuri ideologiaa,romlis saxe-simbolosac warmoadgens `Caklul sulSi~xvlikisTaviani stalinis saxe. Ggrigol robaqiZis azriT,arc lenini, arc hitleri, arc musolini ar iyvnen im masStabiTdestruqciuli, kacobriobisTvis damangreveli Zalismatarebelni, rogorc stalini. mwerlis azriT, staliniadamianebs araraobad aqcevda. es mkafiod aRwera grigolrobaqiZem `Caklul sulSi~ berzinis saxiT. 1 Semzaravi portretisdaxatviT grigol robaqiZem naTlad warmoaCina damokidebulebaim ideologiis mimarT, romlis Zalauflebamyovelgvari zneobriv-moraluri sazRvari gadalaxa.gr.GrobaqiZis daintereseba stalinis fenomeniT akakibaqraZes bunebrivad miaCnia. igi Tvlis, rom mwerali emociuriarsebaa da bunebrivia, rom mis aRtacebas Zlieri pirovnebaiwvevs. amis nimuSad ak. baqraZe asaxelebs ezra paundisaRtacebas musoliniT, knut hamsunisa – nacizmiT,grigol robaqiZisa – leniniT, musoliniT, hitleriT. 2bolSevikebma TavianTi mmarTveloba, marTlac `kacobriobisbediswerad~ aqcies. viTomcda miTis uaryofiT, axalimiTi Seqmnes axal samyarosa da axal demiurgze, romelTaaRTqmuli qveyana diadi sabWoeTi iyo, xolo axali demiurgebi– lenin-stalini. oriveni TavianT TavSi bnelsa da arnaxulZalebs atarebdnen. 3 bolSevizmis wiTelma terormagr. robaqiZes ufleba CamoarTva qarTveli xalxis erovnuliinteresebis samsaxurSi yofnisa, ramac mweralSi stalinurireJimis mimarT gaunelebeli siZulvili Soba. pirovnulobisada Tavisufali qarTuli genis mospobiT dakavebulistalinis mimarT zizRma emigraciaSi, ukidures ga-WirvebaSi mcxovreb mwerals `adolf hitleri~ da `muso-1 gr. robaqiZe. Cakluli suli. Tb., 1991, gv. 189.2 ak. baqraZe. rwmena, gv. 355.3 m. janjibuxaSvili. miTis poeturi transformacia grigol robaqiZisSemoqmedebaSi. Tb., 1997, gv. 48.313

lini~ daawerina. 1SesaZloa, grigol robaqiZe ahyva cdunebas, roca `adolfhitleri~ da `musolini~ dawera. es Cveulebrivi ambavia.Rirseuli Tu uRirsi adamianebiT warsulSiac aRtacebulanxelovanebi. Tundac, napoleonis magaliTi gavixsenoT,romelsac lamis aRmerTebdnen da nawarmoebebs uZ-Rvnidnen evropeli mwerlebi da kompozitorebi (baironi,Senie, puSkini, lermontovi, baraTaSvili, beThoveni...), Tumcafrangi diqtatoris “ganmaTavisuflebeli” samxedro kampaniebisSemdeg misdami damokidebuleba mkveTrad Seicvala.dResac xdeba ase da momavalSic moxdeba. damafiqrebelisxva ram aris. Ggrigol robaqiZem iSviaTi SorsmWvretelobiTdainaxa bolSevizmis arsi (`Cakluli suli~, `graalismcvelni~); amoxsna misi moqmedebis meqanizmi, magram ver moaxerxaaseTive ZaliT Caswvdomoda faSizmsa da nacizms. esfaqti misdami keTilad ganwyobil adamianebSi gaocebas iwvevdada isini cdilobdnen, zemoaRniSnulisaTvis logikuriaxsna epovaT, Tvlidnen, rom hitlerSi grigol robaqiZerusi bolSevik-komunistebisagan damonebuli saqarTveloshipoTetur ganmaTavisuflebels xedavda da swored aman gamoiwviaavadsaxsenebeli eseis dawera. faqti erTia: lenin-Sic, stalinSic, hitlerSic, musoliniSic mwerals ipyrobdaZlieri pirovnebis fenomeni, misi arsi. am kuTxiT isinimarTlac metad sainteresoni arian. amitomac oTxive diqtatorismimarT gamoxata grigol robaqiZem Tavisi damokidebuleba.Cven mier gansaxilvelma problemam araCveulebrivisicxadiT iCina Tavi XX saukunis rusul mwerlobaSic. amTvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia mixeilbulgakovis romanSi `ostati da margarita~. masSi naCvenebiamwerlis Tanamedrove, XX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebissazogadoebriv-politikuri da literaturuli cxovrebisaganmowyvetis mizezebi, aRwerilia m. bulgakovis – mwer-1 gr. robaqiZe. adolf hitleri. Tb., 2006; gr. robaqiZe. musolini. –Jurn.: `Cveni mwerloba~, #19. 2006.314

lisa da adamianis – dramatuli bedi; mocemulia nawarmoebismTavari motivebis Rrma, filosofiuri gaazreba da ganzogadebulisaxiT warmoCena. romanSi naTlad gamoixatamwerlis moraluri protesti, romlis Sesatyvisad iqnaganxiluli iseTi zogadsakacobrio cnebebi, rogoricaa aTeizmi,rwmena, siyvaruli, siZulvili, SurisZieba, mimtevebloba,Semwynarebloba, xelovnebis maradiuloba, ukvdavebada a.S. m. bulgakovis mier daxatul samyaroSi adamiani ususuri,kanoniT daucveli arsebaa, romelic moklebuliasulier Tavisuflebasa da materialur keTildReobas. isiZulebulia icruos, gairyvnas, gaukuRmarTdes, Tavi Seafarossatanur `mexuTe ganzomilebas~, magram bediswera iqacmieweva. misTvis am samyaroSi nebismieri moqmedeba ganwirulia.mag., ieSuas ar aZleven saSualebas, iqadagos WeSmariteba,ostats – gamoaqveynos Tavisi romani, rimskis – uxelmZRvanelosTeatrs, pilates – gadaarCinos moZRvari,romelmac masSi simpaTia aRZra.m. bulgakovi ostatis magaliTze gviCvenebs, rom xelovnebismamoZravebeli ar SeiZleba iyos SiSi. satanisturidiqtaturis pirobebSi SiSi arcerTi xelovanisTvis ucxoar yofila XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi. SiSi klavsWeSmariti Semoqmedebis unars xelovanSi. ostati Semoqmediiyo manam, sanam SiSi daeufleboda; rodesac SiSma moicvamisi sxeulis yoveli ujredi, man sabolood uari Tqva Semoqmedebaze:`me aRarc ocnebebi aRar gamaCnia da aRarcSTagoneba~... 1m. bulgakovis, rogorc mwerlis udides gambedaobaswarmoaCens mis Tanamedrove literaturul sinamdvileSidemonologiuri personaJebis Semoyvana ssr kavSirSi gamefebuliaTeizmis namdvili arsis warmosaCenad. romaniT `ostatida margarita~ bulgakovma amxela im poetebisa damwerlebis uzneo saqcieli, romlebic sabWoTa kavSirSi aTeizmispropagandas eweodnen. mweralma dagmo makiavelissisxliani principis – `mizani amarTlebs saSualebas~ – mi-1 m. bulgakovi. ostati da margarita. Tb., 1992315

xedviT xelovanis diqtaturis samsaxurSi Cadgoma. mwerlisamgvarma damokidebulebam da Tundac iseTma frazebma romanidan,rogorebic aris `yoveli xelisufleba adamianze Zaladobaa~,“xelnawerebi ar iwvis” – gaaaTmaga mkiTxvelSiprotesti sabWouri reJimis mimarT. swored aRniSnuli mizezisgamo romanma dRis sinaTle mxolod 1966-67 wlebSiixila.didi germaneli romanistis, Tomas manis Svili, klausmani hitleruli germaniis nacisturi reJimis mier SeWirvebulixelovanis bedze wers Tavis `mefistoSi~. `mefisto~anu ambavi SesaZlo karierisa~ – warmoadgens satirul-politikurromans, romlis centrSia mwerlis Tanamedrove-TaTvis advilad gamosacnobi portreti Kklaus manis yofilisiZisa, msaxiob gustav griundhansisa. romanSi mxilebuliatotalitaruli saxelmwifos boroteba hitleruligermaniis saxiT; es aris portreti uxamsobisa da sulis-SemZreli sibilwisa.romanis mTavari gmiri, hendrik hofgeni cnobil msaxiobadgaxdomis ideiT Sepyrobili adamiania. roca nacisturixelisufleba movida germaniaSi, man nebayoflobiT Tqva uariTavis komunistur warsulze, miatova coli da sayvareli,raTa msaxiobis kariera gaegrZelebina. mis mier `faustidan~gansaxierebuli satanisturi warmodgena mefistofelisaamtkicebs, rom mas idealurad SeeZlo gamoevlinagaryvnileba da swored es gaxda misi warmatebis placdarmi.mefistofelis roliT hofgenma moxibla mesame reixisgavleniani piri – herman geringi. swored geringis mfarvelobiTgaiumjobesebs msaxiobi mdgomareobas da germaniissaxelmwifo Teatris xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobasac miaRwevs.hofgeni gaxdeba Teatraluri cxovrebis lideri mesameraixSi.zogadad, `mefistoSi~ gaanalizebulia xelisuflebispolitika xelovnebis moRvaweTa sakuTar banakSi gadabirebisada Tavis mexotbed gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. cnobiliadamianebis, gansakuTrebiT xelovnebis moRvaweTa gadabire-316

is survili, miswrafeba diqtatorul reJimebs zogadadaxasiaTebT. mxolod hendrik hofgenis magaliTze ar SeiZlebaam problemaze saubari – romanSi ganzogadebulia mTelispeqtri – msaxiobebis, mxatvrebis mTeli galerea.klaus manma, miuxedavad imisa, rom romani konkretuladamians miuZRvna, ostaturad SeZlo Temis ganzogadeba.hendriki artistia, magram SeiZleba iyos politikosic, xelisufalic.aseT adamianebs Cven dResac yoveldRe vxedavT.es aris portreti gaorebuli xelovanisa, tragikuli, sabralosuliT. misTvis mTavari problemaa – viRaca ukravdestaSs, is miiswrafvis didebisaken. rasakvirvelia, es bunebriviamsaxiobisTvis, mwerlisTvis, survili, rom mas kiTxulobdnen,rom xalxs sWirdebodes, rom mediumi iyos adamianebisTvis,magram amaSia maTi tragediac. `eSmakTan~ garigebaswored maSin xdeba, rodesac xelovanisaTvis pativmoyvareobaxdeba ZiriTadi warmmarTveli Zala; pativmoyvareobaxom yvelaze Zlieri sacTuria eSmakisagan.Zalauflebas aqvs momxibvleloba, magram xelovani valdebuliaTqvas uari maSinac ki, roca garemo pirobebi yvelanairadubiZgebs, rom ar Tqva `ara~. amaSi mdgomareobsklaus manis romanis idea. hendrikis finaluri sityvebi stadionze– `ra unda xalxs Cemgan, ratom arian aseTi mkacrebi,me xom mxolod erTi saocrad Cveulebirivi msaxiobivar?~ – erTdroulad sasaciloc aris da tragikulic. 1diqtaturas mimxrobilma xelovanma, romelsac amiskensapyrobileSi Cavardnis SiSi Tu sxva mizezi ubiZgebs,jildod SesaZloa pirovnuli Tavisufleba miiRos kidevac,magram Tu jibran xalils davesexebiT, es `Tavisuflebacasea, borkilebis dakargviT igi ufro didi Tavisuflebis-Tvis gardaiqmneba borkilad~. 2 aseT yofaSi araerTi xelovaniaRmoCnda. TviTmkvlelobiT daasrules sicocxle “mefistos”mTavarma gmirmac da misma prototipmac.yvela epoqis xelovanisTvis safrTxe RvTaebrivi sxi-1 K. Mann. Mephisto. Penguin Book, 1995, gv. 263.2 jibran xalili. winaswarmetyveli. Tb., 2007, gv. 55.317

vis CaqrobaSi mdgomareobs. xelovanis nebas ar unda warmoadgendesmodrekili, morCili da gadabirebuli goneba., ra-Ta ar Seiqmnas iseTi samyaro, sadac totalitarizmisrols Seasrulebs uRmerToba, ukulturoba, uvicoba, cudigemovneba, gafetiSeba iseTi kategoriebisa, romelmac daRupa`mefistos~ mTavari gmiri da yvela epoqaSi damRupveli iqnebacivilizaciisa da adamianisaTvis.TAMAR KALICHAVAAN ARTIST AND A TOTALITARIAN STATE.LITERARY PARALLELSThe article analyses a disastrous impact of the totalitarian regimeon the freedom of artists creativity on the basis of certain sources..The above mentioned problem is discussed by the writerswho were subject to repression on the part of the totalitarian regime.The World crisis in the first half of the 20th century, caused bythe Nazi Germany and the Soviet socialism is presented by theworks of three classic writers: Grigol Robakidze, Michael Bulgakovand Klaus Mann. It is highlighted that the main characters ofthe novels of the above mentioned writers, risen during the dictatorship,belong to the group of those tragic artists, whose will was directedby the subdued, obedient, won-over minds tortured with unbearableterror.318

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaОЛЬГА ПЕТРИАШВИЛИТВОРЧЕСТВО ЛЕРМОНТОВА В ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХСОВРЕМЕННЫХ ГРУЗИНСКИХЛИТЕРАТУРОВЕДОВМихаил Юрьевич Лермонтов в поэтическом восприятии иизображении Кавказа, и, в частности, Грузии, несомненно,следовал за свои великим предшественником А. С. Пушкиным,создавшим непревзойденные поэтические шедевры, такие как«На холмах Грузии лежит ночная мгла», «Не пой, красавица,при мне ты песен Грузии печальной». Но столь же очевидно,что М. Ю. Лермонтов пошел дальше, потому что его жизненнаяи творческая судьба была более тесно связана с Кавказом,с Грузией. Поэтому тема «Лермонтов и Грузия» закономернозанимает почетное место в грузинском литературоведении.Творчество М. Ю. Лермонтова уже в ХIХ веке было хорошознакомо грузинскому читателю. Но в первой половинеХIХ века никаких критических или литературоведческих откликови высказываний о М. Ю. Лермонтове в грузинскойпрессе не было, так как самой прессы, как таковой, еще не существовало.Переломными стали шестидесятые годы, когда началасьактивная литературная и общественная деятельность И. Чавчавадзе,А. Церетели, Н. Николадзе и других талантливых грузин,вошедших в плеяду «тергдалеулни» («испивших воды Терека»)и возглавивших национально-освободительное движениеу себя на родине. «Тергдалеулни» поставили перед собойзадачу – обновить родную литературу, превратить ее в демократическуюи реалистическую. Илья Чавчавадзе считал, что«для прогресса родной литературы нужно переводить не писателейтипа Козлова, а первейших звезд литературы – Пушкина,Лермонтова и Гоголя». 11 В. С. Шадури. За хребтом Кавказа. Тб., 1977, с. 105.319

Во второй половине ХIХ веке в грузинской прессе и литературнойкритике уже рассматривались темы, связанные сжизнью и творчеством М. Ю. Лермонтова, особенно кавказскогопериода, например, в газетах «Новое обозрение» за 1889-1891 годы, «Квали» за 1901 год. Не обошла вниманием творчествопоэта и официозная критика, использовавшая страницыгазеты «Кавказ» для внедрения в умы читателей мысль о том,что «Кавказ отрезвил поэта», что здесь испарились его юношескиесвободолюбивые идеи. Подробнее с историей грузинскойлитературной критики второй половины ХIХ века и первой половиныХХ века можно познакомиться в диссертационной работеМ. Г. Барамидзе «М. Ю. Лермонтов в грузинской литературнойкритике». 1К 160-летию со дня рождения М.Ю.Лермонтова вышелсборник статей известного грузинского ученого, литературоведа,много лет заведовавшего кафедрой истории русской литературыТбилисского государственного университета им. ИванэДжавахишвили профессора Вано Семеновича Шадури «Захребтом Кавказа». Здесь представлены многосторонние аспектыисследований, связанных с личностью и творчеством М.Ю. Лермонтова. В. С. Шадури собрал большое количестворедких документальных материалов, которые вошли в статьи«М. Ю. Лермонтов и А. Г. Чавчавадзе», «Однополчанин поэта– К. Мамацашвили». «Кастальский ключ поэта» представляетсобой исследование грузинских исторических и фольклорныхисточников «Демона». Особенно интересна статья «В сердценарода грузинского», которой предпослан эпиграф Акакия Церетели:«Лермонтов как певец природы Кавказа, нравов и обычаевКавказа, особенно близок грузинскому народу, и потомунаши писатели часто обращаются к нему. У нас много переведеноиз Лермонтова». 2 В. С. Шадури в хронологическом порядке(начиная с ХIХ века) рассматривает возникновение и углублениеинтереса грузинской читающей публики к творчествуЛермонтова. Это история первых публикаций в журнале1 М. Г. Барамидзе. М. Ю .Лермонтов в грузинской литературной критике. Авторефератдиссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата филологическихнаук. Тб., 1965, с. 24.2 В. С. Шадури. За хребтом Кавказа, с. 103.320

«Цискари» переводов стихотворений Лермонтова на грузинскийязык, перевода романа «Герой нашего времени» в журнале«Сакартвелос моамбэ», перевода поэмы «Демон» в журнале«Кребули».Далее у В. С. Шадури идет большой обзор по переводамЛермонтова на грузинский язык в ХХ веке. Он перечисляет идиссертационные работы по литературным связям Лермонтова:Н. Г. Хачапуридзе (1953), М. Г. Барамидзе (1965). Сам В. С.Шадури издал книгу «Русские писатели о Грузии» в двух томах(1948), составителем и автором предисловия которой онбыл. В свое время это издание явилось большим вкладом в литературу,ценность этого труда велика и поныне.В 1978 году профессор Тбилисского государственногоуниверситета Лина Дмитриевна Хихадзе издала книгу «Из историивосприятия русской литературы в Грузии». Как отметилапрофессор Мариам Филина, «именно Лина Дмитриевнаввела емкий термин «рецепция» в грузинское литературоведение,не только термин, но и свой способ мышления, которыйозначал новый этап изучения литературных контактов – не установлениеконкретных и опосредованных связей в биографияхписателей, не только сравнение текстов из разных национальныхлитератур, что само по себе важно. Л. Хихадзе исследовала,как внутри национальной культуры, в ее менталитетезреет явление, позволяющее воспринять литературу иного народа,и как эта воспринятая литература постепенно вступает вдиалог с национальным менталитетом, отвечает ему или, напротив,сопротивляется и проявляется новое качество литературы,ее новый этап. 1В частности, Л. Д. Хихадзе рассмотрела контакты грузинскихи русских романтиков и сделала типологический анализтворчества Н. Бараташвили и М. Ю. Лермонтова, там же речьидет о типологическом сопоставлении лирических миров этихдвух поэтов, лейтмотивом проходит мысль о том, что русскийромантизм, Лермонтов по-настоящему глубоко и органично«входит в грузинскую литературу именно с того момента, ко-1 М. Филина. Не верилось, когда она была, не верится, когда ее не стало, – Русскийклуб, №6, 2008, с. 53.21. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi321

гда с его творчеством соприкоснулась поэзия Н. Бараташвили»,1 а грузинский поэт (Н. Бараташвили – О.М.) включился вширокий контекст общеевропейского литературного процесса,который осуществлялся при посредстве русской литературы. 2Не обошла вниманием Л. Д. Хихадзе и историю первогоперевода «Героя нашего времени» на грузинский язык, она сопоставляеттекст оригинала и его перевод на грузинский язык,отмечая как достоинства, так и недостатки переводческой работыМ. Кипиани. Л. Д. Хихадзе приходит к выводу, что «первыйгрузинский переводчик «Героя нашего времени» был одновременноего исследователем и аналитиком, и поэтическиймир лермонтовской прозы открылся ему с осязательностью, несовсем доступной даже исследователю. И это был Лермонтов,зазвучавший на прекрасном и сильном грузинском языке и вовлеченныйв общее движение национальных литератур, служащийее задачам 3 .Особое место среди грузинских ученых-литературоведовзанимает Игорь Семенович Богомолов, доктор филологическихнаук, профессор, много лет заведовавший кафедрой историирусской литературы Тбилисского государственного университета.И. С. Богомолов – член Союза писателей Грузии, кавалерордена Чести, лауреат премии имени Георгия Леонидзе и обладательмедали им. Иванэ Джавахишвили, автор 22 книг имонографий, 350 научных работ. Свою научную деятельностьон начал именно с исследования творчества Лермонтова, опубликовавв 1954 году статью «Великий русский поэт-патриот(О жизни и творчестве М. Ю. Лермонтова)». Круг интересовИ. С. Богомолова – литературные взаимоотношения, художественныйперевод. Перу ученого принадлежат такие книги, как«Из истории русско-грузинских взаимосвязей (Я. Полонский)»(Тб., 1960); «Григол Орбелиани и русская культура» (Тб.,1964); «Александр Чавчавадзе и русская культура» (Тб., 1964);«Из истории грузино-русских литературных взаимосвязей(первая половина ХIХ века). Tипология русского и грузинского1 Л. Д. Хихадзе. Из истории восприятия русской литературы в Грузии. Тб., 1978,с. 48.2 Л. Д. Хихадзе. Из истории восприятия русской литературы в Грузии, с. 43.3 Л. Д. Хихадзе. Из истории восприятия русской литературы в Грузии, с. 168.322

романтизма» (Тб., 1967); «Грузия в поэзии Павла Антокольского»(Тб., 1976); «Важа Пшавела и русская действительность»(Тб., 1980); «Он Грузию любил так пламенно... (Грибоедовв Грузии)» (Тб., 1995); «Из грузинской Пушкинианы»(Тб., 1999); «Грузия стала традицией для всей русской поэзии...»(Тб., 2002).И. С. Богомолов в качестве основополагающего принципанаучного исследования в области литературных взаимоотношенийвыдвинул принцип «двустороннего движения». До этогоизучение русско-грузинских литературных взаимосвязейфокусировалось на исследовании отношений русских писателейк Грузии, обратная связь не рассматривалась и не изучалась.И. С. Богомолов стал инициатором исследований именнов этом направлении. В своих многочисленных работах, лишьмалая часть из которых приведена в данной статье, «он теоретическиобосновал и практически доказал, что грузинские писателине только с благодарностью брали предшествующуюнаучную литературу, но и отдавали свою, в чем собственно, изаключается суть процесса взаимообогащения грузинской ирусской литературы». 1В 2002 году, юбилейном для И. С. Богомолова, вышла всвет последняя книга ученого «Грузия стала традицией длявсей русской поэзии...» (к сожалению, через несколько месяцевпосле своего 70-летнего юбилея И. С. Богомолов ушел из жизни).Каждая глава была посвящена одному из выдающихсярусских поэтов, Богомолов писал об Александре Грибоедове,Александре Пушкине, Михаиле Лермонтове, Якове Полонском,Игоре Терентьеве, Сергее Есенине, Павле Антокольском.Михаилу Лермонтову отведена глава «Прекрасен ты, суровыйкрай свободы...». Она начинается словами В. Г. Белинского:«Кавказ делается его поэтическою родиною, пламеннолюбимую им; на недоступных вершинах Кавказа, венчанныхвечным снегом, находит он свой Парнас; в его свирепом Тереке,в его горных потоках, в его целебных источниках находитон свой Кастальский ключ, свою Ипокрену». 2 Автор книги под-1В. Марташова-Тихонова. Он, русский, Грузию любил. – Русский клуб», 2008,№1, с. 39.2 В. Г. Белинский. Полное собрание сочинений. Т. IV. М., 1955, с. 693.323

робно рассказывает о пребывании поэта на Кавказе, акцентируявнимание читателя на отношении Лермонтова к Кавказскойвойне. Тему Кавказской войны Лермонтов затронул встихотворениях «Кинжал», «Казачья колыбельная песня», «ДарыТерека», «Завещание», «Валерик», «Утес», «Спор», «Черкешенка»,«Утро на Кавказе», в поэмах «Черкесы», «Кавказскийпленник», «Измаил-Бей», «Беглец», «Хаджи Абрек», «Мцыри»,романе «Герой нашего времени», очерке «Кавказец».И. С. Богомолов отмечает, что «у Лермонтова в противоположностьразочарованному герою-индивидуалисту из южныхпоэм Пушкина появляются новые герои – горцы, у которыхна первом плане выступают страстность, сила стремлений,решительность, волевая настойчивость. Контрастомсоциальному одиночеству героя служит связь лермонтовскихгорцев со своим народом.В своих кавказских произведениях Лермонтов противопоставляетбезвольным и бессильным современникам смелыхи свободолюбивых людей, жертвующих всем ради свободы». 1В то же время исследователь делает вывод о неизбежностии предрешенности Кавказской войны у Лермонтова. Детальныйтекстологический анализ стихотворения «Спор» приводитего к мысли, что «философская позиция Лермонтовасводится к тому, что в современных ему реальных условияхборьба против национального угнетения не может привести кпобеде, она неизбежно будет безрезультатной, но не бессмысленной».2Рассматривая произведения М. Ю. Лермонтова, в которыхпоэт отходит от традиционных канонов романтической баталистики,И. С. Богомолов выделяет поэму «Валерик», которуюназывает протестом против варварских методов ведения Кавказскойвойны. Исследователь говорит об идейно-творческойэволюции поэта, о том, что у Лермонтова все большее место занималоподлинно гуманистическое начало, что роднило его сПушкиным. «Лермонтов не просто осуждал жесточайшиеимперско-колониальные методы ведения Кавказской войны, он1 И. Богомолов. Грузия стала традицией для всей русской литературы. Тб., 2002,с. 233.2 И. Богомолов. Грузия стала традицией для всей русской литературы, с. 237.324

вообще считал эту войну безнравственной, чреватой тяжелымипоследствиями для всех ее участников, предлагая вслед заПушкиным, социально-экономические и культурно-просветительскиепути сближения кавказских народов с русскими». 1Лермонтовская тематика занимает важное место в позднихисследованиях профессора Дмитрия Александровича Тухарели.Статья «Где Терек играет...» – типологический анализкавказских произведений А. С. Пушкина, М. Ю. Лермонтова,В. Маяковского, Б. Пастернака, в которых действующим лицомявляется Терек. Д. А. Тухарели прослеживает трансформациюобраза Терека от Пушкина и Лермонтова, у которых рекаолицетворяет символ свободы вообще, до Маяковского,травестирующего тему Терека, его буйство, уподобляя рекупьяному Есенину. 2 В статье «На смерть поэта» Д. А. Тухарелирассказывает о последних днях жизни Лермонтова, подробноисследует все обстоятельства, предшествующие дуэли, приводитвысказывания ученых. Литературоведение не склоняетсяк версии, что поэт стал жертвой заговора. Собранные данныесвидетельствуют, что отношение к Лермонтову в высших кругахбыло недоброжелательным, но убивать поэта не собирались.Роковое стечение обстоятельств, трагичность судьбыЛермонтова – все привело к такой развязке событий, что сталопреступлением против русской литературы. 3Автор этих строк также внесла небольшой вклад в исследованиелермонтовской тематики в Грузии. В статье «Диалектикадвижения человеческого сознания от мифа к фольклору ихудожественной литературе» 4 анализируется грузинское сказаниео прикованном герое Амирани, рассматривается типологияобраза Прометей – Амирани. Образ Прометея – Амиранипоявляется в поэме «Демон», как горный дух, прикованный кскале. Кавказский фольклор интересует поэта как отражение1 О. Гогиашвили, Н. Поракишвили. И. С. Богомолов – 70. Русское культурнопросветительскоеобщество Грузии. Тб., 2002, с. 26.2 Д. А. Тухарели. Где Терек играет, – Русский клуб, №7, 2009, с. 24.3 Д. А. Тухарели. На смерть поэта, – Русский клуб, №10, 2009, с. 13.4 О. М. Петриашвили. Диалектика движения человеческого сознания от мифа кфольклору и художественной литературе. – Центр гуманитарных исследований.Материалы Международной заочной научной конференции. Караганда, 2009.325

национального характера и уклада жизни, М. Ю. Лермонтов нестремится к точному воссозданию этнографического материала,более того, он вслед за А. С. Пушкиным сознательно приглушаетэтнический фон, давая лишь обобщенное представлениео местном колорите.Впечатления, полученные М. Ю. Лермонтовым в Грузии,легли в основу многих произведений – новой редакции «Демона»,поэмы «Мцыри», стихотворений «Тамара», «Свиданье»,некоторых страниц повести «Бэла» и др. Показательно, чтонад сюжетом «Мцыри» и «Демона» Лермонтов работал почтивсю свою творческую жизнь, но после пребывания в Грузиизаново их переработал, придав им законченный, художественносовершенный вид. Перенеся место действия «Мцыри» вМцхету (монастырь Джвари), а «Демона» – на берег Арагви,используя местные легенды, поэт создал новые редакции с новымияркими образами. В своих «грузинских произведениях»Лермонтов, по словам В. Г. Белинского, «заплатил полнуюдань волшебной стране, поразившей лучшими, благодатнейшимивпечатлениями его поэтическую душу». 11 В. Г. Белинский. Полное собрание сочинений. Т. IV. М., 1955, с. 175.326

olRa petriaSvililermontovis Semoqmedeba qarTvelliteraturaTmcodneTa gamokvlevebSipoet mixeil lermontovis gardacvalebidan 170-ewlisTavTan dakavSirebiT, warmodgenil statiaSi ganxiluliaqarTvel literaturaTmcodneTa, Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversitetis profesorebis – vano Saduris, l. xixaZis, i.bogomolovis, d. Tuxarelis da sxvaTa mravalricxovanipublikaciebi, romlebic miZRvnilia m. lermontovis Semoqmedebisadmi.OLGA PETRIASHVILILERMONTOV’S WORKS IN THE INVESTIGATIONSOF GEORGIAN LITERARY CRITICSIn commemoration of the 170 th anniversary since the death of thepoet Mikhail Lermontov an article introduces the readers to literarycritics' numerous publications devoted to the works of the great poet, andthese publications belong to the well-known georgian scientists such asprofessors of the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi state University V. Shaduri,L. Khikhadze I. Bogomolov, D. Tukhareli and others.327

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriai s t o r i a, a r q e o l o g i a,e T n o g r a f i ajambul anCabaZeevropis socialistur partiaTa delegaciaaRmosavleT saqarTveloSi(1920w. 14-28 seqtemberi)1920 wlis Semodgomaze saqarTveloSi Camovida evropissocialistur partiaTa delgacia. sapatio stumrebi 14 seqtembersgem `franc-ferdinands~ Camohyven baTumSi. 1 delegaciisdasaxvedrad aWaris dedaqalaqSi Camovidnen saqarTvelosdemokratiuli respublikis sagareo saqmeTa ministrispirveli moadgile a. sabaxtaraSvili da respublikis damfuZnebelikrebis wevrebi. 2 stumarTa Soris iyvnen: ramzeimakdonaldi, Tomas Sou, eTil snoudeni (inglisi) emil vanderlende,kamil hiusmansi, lui de-briuke (belgia), pierrenodeli, alber ingelsi, adrian de-marke (safrangeTi) dasxvebi. karl kaucki avadmyofobis gamo romSi darCenila (ismogvianebiT Camovida da karga xniT darCa saqarTveloSi).delegacias Camoyva misi mdivani olbergoti. 3delegaciis TiToeuli wevris daxasiaTeba Sors wagviyvans,mxolod zogierTebze SevCerdebiT:ramzei makdonaldi iyo inglisis muSaTa partiis cnobilimoRvawe. 1900 wels is arCeul iqna inglisis muSaTapartiis mdivnad da 12 wlis manZilze am partiis saorganizaciosaqmeebs ganagebda. 1906 wlidan is inglisis parla-1 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~. 1920w., 15 seqtemberi.2 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~. 1920w., 15 seqtemberi.3 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~. 1920w., 15 seqtemberi.328

mentis wevria da xelmZRvanelobs muSaTa (leibloristul)partias. 1924 wels didi britaneTis premier-ministri gaxda.es posti mas mogvianebiTac (1929-1931ww.) ekava.kamil hiusmansi belgiis socialisturi partiis erTerTixelmZRvaneli gaxldaT. 1905-1922 wlebSi II internacionalissaerTaSoriso socialisturi biuros mdivania,1910-1915 wlebSi belgiis parlamentis wevri. 1910 welsmuSaTa internacionalis biuros Tavmjdomared irCeven, xolo1945 wels belgiis premier-ministri xdeba. 1emil vandervelde briuselis universitetis profesori,belgiis socialisturi partiis lideri. 1914 wlidandeputatTa palatisa da belgiis mTavrobis wevria, sxvadasxvadros ekava sagareo saqmeTa da iusticiis ministrebispostebi.karl kaucki germaniis social-demokratiasa da II internacionaliserT-erTi gamorCeuli lideri iyo. Tavdapirveladmarqsizmis poziciaze idga. 1914 wlidan igi daSordamarqsizms. maSin marqsistebi mas brals sdebdnen im mZafrwinaaRmdegobebis miCqmalvaSi, romelic, maTi azriT, axasia-Tebda kapitalizmis ganviTarebis monopolistur stadias.1917 wels k. kauckim monawileoba miiRo germaniis socialdemokratiulipartiis SeqmnaSi. is aSkarad gamodioda ruseTTanmegobruli kavSiris daemyarebis winaaRmdeg. faSisturigermaniis mier avstriis dapyrobis Semdeg (1938w.) gadasaxldapraRaSi, sabolood ki – amsterdamSi damkvidrda.Tomas Sou iyo inglisis TemTa palatis deputati.kargad icnobda rogorc inglisis, aseve – evropis muSaTamoZraobas. sakuTari TvaliT naxa sabWoTa ruseTi, saidanacukiduresad uaryofiTi STabeWdilebiT dabrunda. 2eTil snoudeni – inglisis muSaTa partiis ukiduresimemarcxene frTis – warmomadgeneli, muSaobda qalTa organizaciebSi.isic namyofi iyo ruseTSi da, rogorc Sou1 al. ciskariZe. evropis cnobili pirovnebebi saqarTveloSi. _ Jurn.„epoqa~. #14, 1998, gv. 6.2 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~. 1920w., 17 seqtemberi.329

uaryofiTi STabeWdilebebiT dabrunda. 1pier renodeli – safrangeTis muSaTa partiis umciresobiswarmomadgeneli – safrangeTis muSaTa partiis erTianobasuWerda mxars. gmobda bolSevizmisken gadaxris yovelgvarmcdelobas. 2oficialuri ceremonialis dasrulebis Semdeg, maspin-Zlebis TanxlebiT, delegacia navsadguridan muSaTa sasaxliskengaemarTa. aTasobiT baTumeli quCidan, aivnebidan,saxlebis fanjrebidan guliTadad esalmeboda sapatiostumrebs. 3 muSaTa sasaxlis win saxeldaxelod organizebulimitingis dasrulebis Semdeg delegacia CaqvSi vaxSamzemiipatiJes. 415 seqtembris diliT delegacia Camovida TbilisSi.dedaqalaqs gansakuTrebuli sazeimo ieri hqonda. dilaadrianuamravi xalxi gamovida quCaSi. veris daRmarTidan erevnismoednamde (dRevandeli Tavisuflebis moedani) cocxalijaWvi gakeTda. 5 delegacias miesalma mTavrobis Tavmjdomaren. Jordania. man madloba gadauxada stumrebs saerTaSorisoarenaze saqarTvelos mxardaWerisTvis. stumarTa saxeliT,maspinZlebs mimarTa e. vanderveldem. man madloba gadaixadaTbili miRebisTvis da sityva daasrula mowodebiT – `gaumajossaqarTvelos!~imave dRes delegacia mowveul iqna damfuZnebel krebisspecialur sxdomaze, romelic gaxsna misi Tavmjdomarismoadgilem al. lomTaTiZem. 6 man delegaciis TiToeulwevrs madloba gadauxada stumrobisTvis, Semdeg mokledmimoixila damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mier ganvlili uaRresadZneli gza. aRniSna, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobassafrTxe emuqreboda da arsaidan ismoda daxmarebis xma,xalxi marto, gmirulad ibrZoda naTeli momavlisTvis. man1 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~. 1920w., 17 seqtemberi.2 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~. 1920w., 17 seqtemberi.3 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~. 1920w., 15 seqtemberi.4 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~. 1920w., 15 seqtemberi.5 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~. 1920w., 15 seqtemberi.6 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~. 1920w., 17 seqtemberi.330

ilaparaka ruseTis mxridan safrTxeze, ukmayofileba gamoiTqvaamerikis SeerTebuli Statebis poziciasTan dakavSirebiT,romelmac mxari dauWira ruseTis yofili imperiisfarglebSi aRdgenas. 1 al. lomTaTiZem imedi gamoTqva, romevropis qveynebi daxmarebas gauweven axalgazrda qarTulsaxelmwifos, raTa is gaerios evropis mowinave qveynebisTanamegobrobaSi. 2sxdomaze sityviT gamovidnen: social-demokratiulipartiis saxeliT – m. giorgaZe, social-federalisti S.aleqsi-semxiSvili. erovnul-demokrati g. gvazava, socialist-revolucioneril. Sengelaia da sxvebi. 3 sapasuxosityviT maspinZlebs mimarTes: r. makdonaldma, T. Soum, p.renodelma. sxdomas eswrebodnen n. Jordania da mTavrobissxva wevrebi. 4saRamos gaimarTa muSaTa da deputatTa sabWos sazeimosxdoma. n. Jordaniam sxdomis monawileebs warudgina delegaciiswevrebi, Semdeg isaubra saqarTvelSi Seqmnil mdgomareobazeda gamoTqva rwmena, rom avtoritetuli delegaciiswevrTa aqtiuri mxardaWera saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaRiarebis seriozuli stimulatori iqneboda. 5e. vanderveldem Tavis gamosvlaSi maRali Sefaseba miscak. kauckis da n. Jordanias moRvaweobas da maT `wmindasaxeebi~ uwoda. amave dros aRniSna, rom wyvdiadi ukve daZleuliiyo da amjerad saWiro iyo usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebazezrunva. 6 man kbili gakra rusul socializms. `rusesebiamtkiceben, rom socializmis aSeneba SeiZleba demokratiisgareSe, rac yovlad SeuZlebelia. bolSevizmis nayofimxolod mtveri da nacaria~, daaskvna e. vanderveldem.meore dRes delegacia regionSi gavida. 19 seqtembersis fasanaurSi Cavida. saxeldaxelod organizebul mitingze1 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~. 1920w., 17 seqtemberi.2 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~. 1920w., 17 seqtemberi.3 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~. 1920w., 17 seqtemberi.4 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~. 1920w., 17 seqtemberi.5 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~. 1920w., 17 seqtemberi.6 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~. 1920w., 17 seqtemberi.331

fasanaurelebi miesalmnen stumrebs da daafiqsires uryevipozicia, rom qarTuli saxelmwifo da misi mosaxleoba myaraddadgeba demokratiisa da Tavisuflebis sadarajoze. 1sapasuxo sityva warmoTqva e. vanderveldem. man madloba gadauxadamaspinZlebs Tbili miRebisTvis. uaRresad nasiamovnebidarCa is imis gamo, rom saqarTvelos am ulamazesikuTxis mTebis umaRles mwvervalze frialebda TavisuflebiswiTeli droSa. 2 stumrebs sasiamovno ganwyobas uqmnidafasanaurelebis mier erTsulovnad Sesrulebuli `marselioza~.3 Semdeg delegacia sadilze miipatiJes. r. makdonaldmaaRfrTovaneba ver damala qarTuli stumarTmoyvareobisgamo. man qarTveli xalxis Sesaxeb Tqva: `me vgrZnob davxedav, rom es ar aris erTi romelime klasi an partia,aramed es aris mTeli, eri, mTeli xalxi. maT vusurvebTCven dRegrZelobas da am mTebSi vumRerebT evropis muSaTaklasis simRera ~internacionals~. 4 ingliselma parlamentarmaT. Soum daamata: `me minda gamovxato Cemi grZnobaara sityviT, aramed simReriT, romelic ingliselebisTvisdidi megobrobis gamoxatvaa. am xalxs ver etyvi sityvebsufro lamazs, vidre misi momxiblavi bunebaa~. 5 stumrebsmiesalmnen valiko juReli da benia CxikviSvili. 6yvavilebiT morTuli avtomobilebis korteJi, mTebisTvalwarmtaci sanaxaobis fonze, gzas miikvlevda yazbegisken.yvela sofelTan cxenosani moxeveebi `stumari RvTis~ZaxiliT egebebodnen sapatio stumrebs. korteJs sionTanSekrebili uamravi xalxi gadaeRoba. aq sruliad xevs moeyaraTavi. Camosuliyo 200 SeiaraRebuli xevsuri, romlebmacavtomobilebis gamoCenisas xmlebi iSiSvles. Semdeg, pativiscemisniSnad Zirs daxares. `gaumarjos!~ – xma caswvdeboda, xolo 300 cxenis fexis Sewyobili bakuni gran-1 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 23 seqtemberi.2 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 23 seqtemberi.3 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 23 seqtemberi.4 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 23 seqtemberi.5 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 23 seqtemberi.6 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 23 seqtemberi.332

diozul sanaxaobas qmnida. 1 xalxis saxeliT stumrebs miesalmaglexi andria kobaxiZe. misi TqmiT, XII saukunidanqarTveli eri samkvdro sasicocxlo brZolebs eweoda sxvadasxvajuris dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg, igi icavda Tavs,megobars ki ver poulobda, orive TvaliT Sehyurebda evropas,iqiTken gaSverili hqonda megobrobis xeli, magram ishaerSi rCeboda. aman migviyvana ruseTis uRelSi Sebmamde.magram dRes aRsrulda natvra. Cvens mTebSi vxedavT evropissaukeTeso SvilTa warmomadgenlebs, amieridan gza saqarTvelosada evropas Soris gaxsnilia. Cven vibrZolebTam gzis SesanarCuneblad, am sityvebiT daasrula misalmebaa. kobaiZem. 2sapasuxo sityva warmoTqva e. vanderveldem. man mimarTaxalxs: `mTis Svilno! Tavisufali saqarTvelos moqalaqeno!Cven evropelebs, romlebic vxedavT maRal mwvervalze afrialebulwiTel droSas, ar gvikvirs es, vinaidan Tqveni br-Zola TavisuflebisaTvis am maRali mTebis silamazis Tanmdevia.Tqvens mier Cvnsken gawvdil xelebs miesalmebian evropelimSromelebi. amieridan Cven kavSirs veravin gawyvets~. 3yazbegSic xalxmravloba iyo SekrebilT SemouerTda100 cxenosani. maT win miuZRoda xuTi medroSe, wmida samebisTeTri droSiT, romelic mexsierebaSi aRadgenda samSoblosaTvisdaRupul gmirebs. 4 eklesiis galavanTan Sekrebilili xalxis saxeliT sityviT gamosulma glexma barTlomeRuduSaurma stumrebs da, maTi saxiT, saerTaSoriso demokratiulZalebs sTxova daxmareba saqarTvelos damoukideblobisgasamtkiceblad. 5 saRamos stumrebma yazbegSi daisvenes.kargaxans aTvalierebdnen mis mSvenier midamoebs.aqtiurobiT gamoirCeoda e. vandervelde, romelmac moinaxulaal. yazbegis Zegli da pativi miago mis xsovnas. 61 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~. 1920w., 17 seqtemberi.2 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 23 seqtemberi.3 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 23 seqtemberi.4 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 23 seqtemberi.5 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 23 seqtemberi.6 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 23 seqtemberi.333

stumrebze waruSleli STabeWdileba datova darialis xeobammzis sxivebiT mraval ferebSi gaxveul bumberaz mTebslomiseburi RrialiT miuyveboda xmauriani Tergi. e. vanderveldem,romelic alpebSi iyo namyofi da adarebda masdarials Tqva: `Cems sicocxleSi pirvelad vnaxe aseTimSvenierebao~. 1Semdegi marSruti duSeTi iyo. erobis win, moedanzegamarTul mitingze stumrebs sityviT mimarTa v. kalandariSvilma.2 sapasuxo sityviT gamovida e. snoudeni. man ilaparakasaqarTveloSi qalebis ufro aqtiur monawileobazesazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi, vidre – inglisSi. e.snoudenis TqmiT, iqaur qalebs sxvisi arCevis ufleba aqvT,magram TviTon ar SeiZleba iyvnen arCeuli warmomadgenlobiTorganoebSi. 3 misi aRfrTovaneba saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv–politikurcxovrebaSi qalebis aqtiuri monawileobiT,Cven gadaWarbebulad gveCveneba. ar gvgonia, im period-Si inglisSi qalis ufleba ufro SezRuduli iyo, vidresaqarTveloSi.Tbilad Sexvda xalxi belgiel k. hiusmansis gamosvlas.man Tqva: `saqarTeloSi me vnaxe erTsulovneba, romelsacqarTveli xalxi iCens damoukideblobisa da demokratiisaTvisbrZolaSi. saqarTvelos bevrjer hqonia saSineli gamocda.Cvenc belgielebma oTxi Semoseva vigemeT. ukanasknelimomxduri germania iyo, romelmac gaanadgura qveyana, CvenTavganwirviT vicavdiT Tavs da mivaRwieT kidevac mizans. patarabelgiam Tavi gadairCina. man mimarTa qarTvel xalxs`dRes roca didi qveynebis WidilSi patara erebi isrisebian,sanam, ar SesulxarT erTa ligaSi, sanam arsebobs safrTxe,mSralad SeinaxeT Tofwamali, rom Tavi daicvaT, TavdamsxmelimoigerieT. Tqveni qveyana, romelmac kacobriobas miscarusTaveli, xalxi, romelsac aqvs amouwuravi energia da nebisyofabrZolisa ar SeiZleba gadaSendes~. 41 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 23 seqtemberi.2 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 23 seqtemberi.3 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 23 seqtemberi.4 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 23 seqtemberi.334

21 seqtembers diliT stumrebma kaxeTisken aiRes gezi.zRva xalxma moiyara Tavi sagarejoSi. adgilobrivi social-demokratebissaxeliT stumrebs miesalma eremia gulisaSvili.sapasuxo sitva warmoTqva r. makdonaldma. 1 patarasadgur melaanSi imden xalxs moeyara Tavi, rom stumrebiiZulebuli gaxdnen Casuliyvnen matareblidan da Tbiladmisalmebodnen maspinZlebs. k. hiusmansma mimarTa maT: xalxissiZliere ar ganisazRvreba marto misi mravalricxovnebiT.patara erma SeZlo imis gakeTeba, rac jer kidev diderebs ar miuRweviaT. es aris maCvenebeli imisa, rom saSinelpirobebSic ki SeiZleba warmatebiT awarmoo brZolaTavisuflebisa da qveynis momavali ganviTarebisTvis. 2 sagulisxmoais faqti, rom stumrebis dasaxvedrad melaanissadgurSi movida sof. aleqsandrovkaSi mcxovrebi rusebisdelegacia. 3melaanidan gamosuli matarebeli nela miuyveboda gzasgurjaanisken. stumrebis Tvalwin iSleboda Tvaluwvdenelialaznis veli, romelic kidev ufro amdidrebda isedac sasiamovnoddatvirTul evropelTa STabeWdilebebs. gurjaanissadguri xalxs ver itevda. sagangebod mowyobil tribunidanstumrebs miesalma adgilobrivi xelisuflebiswarmomadgeneli k. andronikaSvili, romelmac saTiTaod gaacnoxalxs delegaciis wevrebi. 4 e. vanderveldem madlobagadauxada saqarTvelos mTavrobas mowvevisTvis, rom SesaZleblobamiecaT gacnoboda saqarTvelos, mis suliT mdidarxalxs. man sakuTari mosazrebagamoTqva saqarTveloSi miwisdamuSavebis tradiciebze da amasTan dakavSirebiT mTavrobasurCia gacnobodnen belgiis gamocdilebas. `Tqven idealebisqveyana xarT. Tqven Tovliani mTebi gigzavnian nakadulebs,romlebic rwyaven velebs. Tqven CaatareT agraruli reforma,es kargia, magram cudia is, rom naWrebad amuSaveben mi-1 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 24 seqtemberi.2 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 24 seqtemberi.3 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 24 seqtemberi.4 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 24 seqtemberi.335

webs, romlebsac didi nayofi ar moaqvs. me girCevT aiRoTmagaliTi belgiisgan, sadac miwebs korporaciuli gaerTianebebiamuSaveben da amave wesiT gaaqvT nawarmi bazarze. medarwmunebuli var, rom Tqvenc ase moiqceviT. 1saintereso iyo e. snoudenis gamosvlac: Tqven gverdiauareT uaRresad saSiS gzas da monaxeT gza demokratiisa.Tqven uaryaviT bolSevizmi, vinaidan mas moaqvs ganadgurebada monoba. Tqveni brZola gvaZlevs rwmenas, rom gaimarjvebT.gisurvebT, rom ar acdenodeT arCeul gzas. 2 p. renodelmaisaubra safrangeTis socialistur partiaSi Seqmnilsituaciaze. aRniSna, rom partiis wevrTa erTi nawilibolSevizmisken gadaixara, magram safrangeTis muSaTa klasi,socialistTa umravlesoba ar gahyveba bolSevizms. 3 mogvianebiT,safrangeTis social-demokratiuli organizacia mkveTradgaemijna komunistur partias, romelsac wlebis ganmavlobaSisaTaveSi edga JorJ marSe.Semdeg matarebuli Telavisaken gaemarTa. sadgurSiSekrebil xalxTan Sexvedris Semdeg stumrebi romanovebisyofil mamulSi miiwvies. 4 mwvaneSi Cafleli winandlis ba-Ri, rogorc TviTon ambobdnen, mzes ukanasknel sxivebs, romparavda, mraval ferebSi warmoaCenda iqaurobas da aRtacebaSimohyavda stumrebi, romlebic sasaxlis aivnidan Sescqerodnensaocar sanaxaobas. saRamos stumar-maspinZlebsSoris gaimarTa azrTa gaziareba, e. vanderveldem ganacxada:saqarTveloSi mogzaurobam Rrmad damarwmuna, rom Tqvenxalxs swyuria Tavisufleba da mSvidoba. CvenTan xSiradmodioda ubralo xalxi da gvTxovda daxmarebas, rom evropisqveynebs ecnoT saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. Cven amas-Tan dakavSirebiT miviRebT zomebs, vinaidan Cven gvwams saqarTvelosmomavlis. 5lui de briukem (belgia) ki aRniSna, `CemTvis da Cemi1 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 24 seqtemberi.2 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 24 seqtemberi.3 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 24 seqtemberi.4 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 24 seqtemberi.5 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 24 seqtemberi.336

qveynisTvis didi pativia, rom noe Jordaniam Cveni Camosvlispirvel dRes Tavis gamosvlaSi saqarTvelo rom Seadarabelgias amaSi Cemi qveynis Rirsebas vxedavo~. 1saqarTvelos miwaTmoqmedebis ministrma n. xomerikma,romelic am Sexvedras eswreboda, stumrebs mokrZalebiTganucxada, rom mTavrobis saqmianobis Sesaxeb maT mier gamoTqmuliSefasebebi gadaWarbebulia. ministrma aRniSna,rom mTavrobas jer kidev, bevri ram aqvs gasakeTebeli. ~iyoSecdomebi, romlis gamosworebebze energiulad vmuSaobT.Cven vcdilobT 2000 wliani saxelmwifoebriobasada kulturulicxovrebis tradiciebi axali droisa da garemosSesabamis CarCoSi movaqcioT~, – daaskvna n. xomerikma. 2TbilisSi dabrunebis Semdeg delegacia ewvia gors, xa-Surs, borjoms. 3 aqac mosaxleobam didi pativiscema gamoxatastumrebis mimarT.delegacia mokle xanSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaemgzavra,sadac evropeli stumrebi aseve Tbilad miiRo adgilobrivmamosaxleobamac. 29 seqtembers ki uaRresad kmayofilmastumrebma saqarTvelo datoves.saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mier evropis socialisturpartiaTa delegaciis gulTbilma miRebam aSkarad warmoaCinaqarTveli xalxis evropuli Rirebulebebisadmi swrafva. raTqma unda, is dauviwyari Sexvedrebi mTavrobis mier iyoorganizebuli. es imas miuTiTebs, rom mTavrobas evropazehqonda orientacia aRebuli da xalxic am mimarTulebiTmihyavda. damowmebuli masalebidan naTlad Cans mTavrobisada qarTuli mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis erTsulovnebaam sakiTxSi iseTi Tbili atmosferos Seqmna, romelsacawydebodnen stumrebi saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi,xalxis enTuziazmisa da keTili ganwyobis gareSe SeuZlebeliiqneboda. am mxriv sayuradReboa glexi andria kobaiZisgamosvla sionSi. misi sityvidan Cans, qarTveli xalxistradiciuli ltolva evropisken. is sinanuls gamoTqvamda1 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 24 seqtemberi.2 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 24 seqtemberi.3 gaz. `erToba~. 1920w., 24 seqtemberi.22. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi337

imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom saqarTvelos gaWirvebis Jams araerTxelmiumarTavs evropis qveynebisadmi daxmarebisTvis,magram dadebiTi pasuxi arasodes miuRia, ramac qveyana despoturiruseTis `uRelSi~ Seaba. analogiuri TxovniT mimarTavdadelegacias yazbegis mkvidri barTlome RuduSaurida sxvebi. uaRresad keTilganwyobili iyo delegaciis Ti-Toeuli wevri saqarTvelos mimarT. qarTulma stumarTmoyvareobam,xalxis erTsulovanma brZolam damoukideblobisaTvisaRafrTovana evropeli stumrebi. gansakuTrebiT moixiblnenisini saqarTvelos bunebis silamaziT. namdviladgulwrfeli iyo e. vandervelde darialSi stumrobisas romTqva, `Cems sicocxleSi pirvelad vnaxe aseTi mSvenierebao~.evropeli socialistebis saqarTveloSi stumrobasopoziciur wreebSi did mniSvnelobas ar aniWebdnen. erovnul-demokratebisgazeTma `saqarTvelo~ 1920 wlis 14 noembersgamoqveynebul publikaciaSi qarTvel social-demokratebs,mTavrobas stumrebis miRebis wesi dauwuna, maT gadaWarbebuliemociebis gamovlenaSi dasdo brali. 1SesaZlebelia, es Sexvedrebi marTlac iyo gadaWarbebulademociuri da es orive mxridan SeiniSneboda, magram evropelistumrebis mogzauroba marto zar-zeimiT ar Semofarglula.delegaciis wevrebs gacnobierebuli hqonda saqarTveloSiSeqmnili problemebi. miRweuliT kmayofilebasgamoTqvamdnen, magram daufaravad miuTiTebdnen mTavrobismier daSvebul Secdomebze. magaliTad, r. makdonaldisaqarTveloSi burJuaziis arasakmars ganviTarebaze akeTebdaaqecents. is urCevda xelisulebas SeemuSavebinaT kerZoiniciativis stimulirebis meqanizmebi.e. vandervelde urCevda mTavrobas ezruna strategiulimniSvnelobis dargebis ganviTarebaze, ucxouri kapitalismozidvaze, uaxlesi teqnikis Semotanaze da a.S. e. vanderveldemsaqarTveloSi miwis patara nakveTebad damuSavebispraqtika daiwuna da mis korporaciuli gziT damuSavebisada nawarmis amave gziT realizaciis sargeblobas gaus-1 gaz. `saqarTvelo~. 1920w., 14 oqtomberi.338

va xazi, rogorc es belgiaSi iyo damkvidrebuli. belgielmastumarma k. hiusmansmac xazi gausva burJuaziis ganviTarebisTvalsazrisiT qveyanaSi Seqmnil problemebs. man mouwodamTavrobas am mxriv belgias magaliTze muSaobis warmarTva.hiusmansma urCia xelisuflebas, rom qveynis ekonomikuricxovreba Tavisufal ZalTa SejibrebisTvis miendo.k. kaucki, romelic mogvianebiT Camovida saqarTveloSiqveynis SigniT mogzaurobis dros mosaxleobasTan SexvebrebisasdadebiT STabeWdilebebTan erTad mTavrobis misamar-TiT kritikuli SeniSvnebis gamoTqmas ar erideboda. ismTavrobas erovnuli burJuaziis interesebis dacvis politikasuwunebda. sagulisxmo da angariSgasawevi iyo misipozicia samuSao drois gadidebis mizanSewonilebasTan dakavSirebiT.`samuSao drois gadidebas me ar girCevT, radganis orpiri maxviliviTaa da cudi Sedegebis motana SeuZliaTqven brZoliT moipoveT rvasaaTiani samuSao dRe damas magrad CasWideT xeli. Tu intensiuri muSaoba iqneba,rva saaTi sruliad sakmarisia, warmatebis miRwevisTvis~, –aRniSnavda sapatio stumari. 1yvelaze mniSvnelovani SeniSvna, rac saqarTvelos mTavrobamevropeli kolegebisgan miiRo, iyo is, rom man verSeZlo Seeqmna xelsayreli pirobebi burJuaziis TavisufaliganviTarebisaTvs. jer kidev ver mieca gasaqani kerZoiniciativas, uromlisod demokratiuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSeuZlebelia. am mxriv saqarTvelos saxelmwifosmarTlac hqonda problema, kerZod, miwis mniSvnelovani nawilisaxelmwifo da municipalur sakuTrebaSi rCeboda:racionalurad mowyobil yofil mesakuTreTa da saufliswulomamulebis bazaze saxelmwifo meurneobebi iqmneboda.sagareo vaWrobis monopolizaciisa da xelfasis naturulizaciisakenmidrekileba, fulad sasaqonlo princimpebzedamyarebuli vaWrobis nacvlad sursaTis gacvla-gamocvlisprincipebis mxardaWera da sxva, rusuli socializmis elementebiiyo da did safrTxes uqmnida qveynis burJuaziuli1 S. vadaWkoria. qarTuli social-demokratia 1917-1921 wlebSi. Tb.,2001. gv. 127.339

gziT ganviTarebas.sagulisxmoa isic, rom xalxis winaSe stumrebis gamosvlebSiSeiniSneboda garkveuli avismomaswavlebeli winagrZnobasaqarTvelos momavalTan dakavSirebiT. isini grZnobdnenruseTidan momaval safrTxes. am mxriv sainteresoahiusmans mier erT-erT gamosvlaSi warmoTqmuli fraza: ~SeinaxeTTof-wamali~. man Seaxsena kolegebs, rom didi qveynebisWidilSi patara qveynebi isrisebian, amitom mouwodamaT aqtiurad emoqmedaT saqarTvelos erT ligaSi misaRebad.romelic misi usafrTxoebis erT-erTi seriozuli garantiiqneboda. 1 e. snoudenic saqarTvelos sifrTxilisakenmouwodebda. analogiuri ganwyobiT gamodiodnen r. makdonaldiT. Sou da delegaciis sxva wevrebiT.amrigad, evropis socialistur partiaTa liderebissaqarTveloSi stumroba qveynisTvis uaRresad sasargebloiyo. maTTan Sexvedrebi saqmiani kontaqtebi, konsultaciebixels uwyobda demokratizaciis xarisxis amaRlebas evropuliRirebulebebisadmi erTgulebas, magram 1921w. Teberval-Si ruseTis agresiam wertili dausva damoukidebeli qar-Tuli saxelmwifos arsebobas.JAMBUL ANCHABADZEA VISIT OF A DELEGATION OF THE EUROPIAN SOCIALISTPARTIES IN EASTERN GEORGIA(ON SEPTEMBER 14-22, 1918)The visit of the leaders of the European Socialist Parties in Georgiawas extremely beneficial for the country. Their meetings, business contacts,consultations promoted the democtratization level, the loyalty tothe European standards, but the Russian aggression of February 1921 puta full top to the existence of the independent Georgian state.1 samwuxarod, evropis wamyvanma qveynebma saqarTvelos erTa ligaSimiRebas mxari ar dauWires. amitomac is ruseTisTvis `msuye lukma~Seiqmna.340

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriairakli gelenavaqvelmoqmedeba afxazeTSi 1900-1917 wlebSiqarTuli perioduli presis masalebismixedviTXXs. damdegs ruseTis imperia socialur-ekonomikuriproblemebiT iyo datvirTuli. afxazeTi, rogorc imperiisperiferiuli mxare arsebuli mdgomareobis gavlenas ganicdida.adgilobrivi mosaxleobis didi nawili ukidures ga-WirvebaSi cxovrobda, CamorCenili iyo mxaris kulturulicxovrebac. TviTmxilvelis cnoba, romelic 1906 wliT TariRdebamogviTxrobs, rom `soxumi ufro sofelia vidre qalaqi,aq gonebrivi siRatakea da qalaqi CamorCenilia yvelaferSi,yvela Tavis soroebSi CaZvra da iqidan uyurebs qveyanas...cxovreba aq TiTqos SeCerebulia, winsvla sruliadar etyoboda da TiTqmis nasaxic ar moipoveba sazogadoebrivicxovrebis: klubi da Worikanaoba – ai raSi ixarjebodaaqaurebis dro. `formisaTvis~ gazeTebsac kiTxuloben, magrames maT gonebas ar ekareba, maTi suli da guli sxva ramesSeuboWavs, maTi ocneba sxva qalaqSi trialebs, fuli damosveneba, `Wamobia da Zilobia~, – ai aqaurobis ideali~. 1arsebuli mdgomareobis miuxedavad, mxaris progresulsazogadoebas far-xmali ar dauyria da gansakuTrebuli SemarTebiT,sxvadasxva saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, cdilobdaregionis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis xelSewyobas,mosaxleobaSi mis popularizacias, rac metnaklebiwarmatebiT xorcieldeboda kidec.CvenTvis saintereso periodSi afxazeTis inteligenciissaqmianobis erTerTi mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas qvelmoqmedebada qvelmoqmedebis waxaliseba warmoadgenda, rac metad1 gaz. ,,talRa~, 1906 w. 17 (29) noemberi.341

mniSvnelovani iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis didi nawilisaTvis,Tundac imitom, rom Cveni informaciiT `arc erT qalaqSiamdeni mawanwala ar daexeteboda rogorc soxumSi~. 1qvelmoqmedeba afxazeTSi, XXs. dasawyisidan, miuxedavadruseTis imperiaSi mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri procesebisa,sul ufro farTo xasiaTs iRebda da moicva sazogadoebisTiTqmis yvela sfero. am periodSi afxazeTSi aSkaraaara marto privilegirebuli fenebis warmomadgenlebis aqtivoba,aramed demokratiuli fenebis Zalisxmeva, raTa afxaze-Tis mosaxleobis erTferovani yofa Secvliliyo ukeTesobisaken.Cvens mier Catarebuli kvleva adasturebs, rom 1900-1917 wlebSi am gansakuTrebul rols asrulebdnen TviTmoqmedigaerTianebebi, sazogadoebebi, Tanamegobrobebi, saqvelmoqmedoorganizaciebi, saTvistomoebi da sxv. maT interesTasferos warmoadgenda: mrewveloba da soflis meurneoba, sainvesticiopolitika, samedicino sfero, upovarTa daltolvilTa daxmareba, mosaxleobis ganaTlebis, dasvenebisada kulturuli garTobis organizeba da a. S.afxazeTSi sakmaod warmatebuli iyo urTierTdamxmare,anu `saurTierTobo~ sazogadoebebi. Cven misi pirveli xseneba1900 wels davafiqsireT, roca gazeTma `kvalma~ dabeWdainformacia, rom soxumSi `ganuzraxavT daarson saurTierTobondobis sazogadoeba~. am sazogadoebis moRvaweobiswarmatebebze isic miuTiTebs, rom 1912 wlisaTvis ukve mas900 wevri hyavda. 2 organizaciis ZiriTadi amocana gaWirvebuliTanamoqalaqeebis daxmarebas da maT materialur mxardaWerasaciTvaliswinebda. 1904 wlis 14 dekembers soxumSiakurTxes adgilobrivi saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis miergaxsnili Ramis TavSesafari. am TavSesafarSi gaWirvebulxalxs Ramis gaTevis garda SeeZloT Caisa da cxeli saWmlismiReba. 3 `sul or kviraSi TavSesafars imdeni xalximoawyda, – wers imdroindeli korespondenti, – rom maT1 gaz. ,,iveria~, 6 ianvari, 1904w.2 gaz. ,,Temi~, #91, 1912w.3 gaz. ,,iveria~, 6 ianvari, 1904w.342

naxevarsac ver akmayofilebda~. am sazogadoebas qalaqismTavroba wliurad as Tumans aZlevda Turme, riTac ukmayofiloaam werilis avtori da ambobs: `...SemdegSi or amdensacmoiTxoven (saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis mesveurebi –i.g.) da is ki aviwydebaT, rom mawanwalaTa samaspinZlod kiara, warCinebul pirTa Sesaxvedradac neba ara aqvs qalaqissabWos daxarjos rame sazogado fulidan”. 1aRniSnuli saurTierTobo ndobis sazogadoeba sponsorebismoZiebiTa da Tavisufali saxsrebis mozidviTac iyodakavebuli. imdroindel periodul presaSi gvxvdeba informaciamoqalaqeebis Sesaxeb romlebic saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebismxardasaWerad finansebs gascemdnen, maT Sorisgvxvdeba anonimuri qvelmoqmednic, magaliTad, Aaris cnoba,rom 1911 wels anonimuri sponsoris mier Semowiruli Tanxa500 maneTi organizaciam ase gaanawila: `1) 100 man. saqvelmoqmedosazogadoebas. 2) 100 man. Rarib moswavleTadamxmare sazogadoebas. 3) 100 man. WleqTan mebrZol sazogadoebas.4) 100 man. qarTul saskolo sazogadoebas. 5)100 man afxazeTis saskolo sazogadoebas~. 2,,saurTierTobo ndobis sazogadoebis” msgavsi organizaciisgaxsnas mogvianebiT cdilobda ,,qarTuli saqvelmoqvelmoqmedosazogadoebis” soxumis saraiono ganyofileba,romelic imdroindeli korespodentis TqmiT ,,TandaTan afarTovebdaTavis moqmedebas”. 3 paralelurad iqmneboda specialurisaqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebebi, romelTa sawesdebomovaleobas upovar-miusafarTa materialur da sulier daxmarebasTanerTad sxvadasxva profesiis adamianTa gaerTianebawarmoadgenda. magaliTad, soxumSi Sedga `urTierT Sorisdamxmare sazogadoeba”, romlis mizani iyo, erT jgufadgaeerTianebina sxvadasxva profesiis adamiani, aRmoeCinawevrebisa da maTi ojaxebisaTvis materialuri da sulieridaxmareba, gaWirvebis dros gaeca sesxi. Tu am organizaciis1 gaz. ,,iveria~, 6 ianvari, 1904w.2 gaz. ,,saxalxo gazeTi~, 14 oqtomberi, 1911w.3 gaz: ,,saxalxo furceli~, 1 maisi, 1916w.343

wevrs daiTxovdnen samuSaodan, sazogadoebas unda ezrunamisi dasaqmebisaTvis, aseve am adamianisaTvis miewodebina`gonieri da sasargeblo gasarTobi”, sazogadoebas unda uzrunveleyoTavisi wevrebis gonebrivi da zneobrivi ganviTarebisaTvissaWiro pirobebi, ,,roca maT amisaTvis eqnebaTTavisufali dro”. 11908-1911 wlebSi soxumSi ukve funqcionirebda `RaribmoswavleTa damxmare sazogadoeba”, 2 `WleqTan mebrZolisazogadoeba” (romlis wesdeba mTavrobas 1904 wels daumtkicebia),3 `qarTuli saskolo sazogadoeba”, 4 ,,afxazeTissaskolo sazogadoeba”, 5`cexlisagan damzRvevi saurTierTosazogadoeba” 6 da sxv. maTi saqmianoba moicavda qvelmoqmedebasac.afxazeTSi gansakuTrebuli efeqturobiT gamoirCeodaqarTuli saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis soxumis ganyofileba,romelic daarsda 1915 wlis noemberSi. igi aqtiur daxmarebasuwevda adgilobriv xelmokle ojaxebs. daarsebidanerTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi am sazogadoebisaTvis daxmarebissaTxovnelad 166 ojaxs miumarTavs. am ojaxebis wevrTa raodenoba654 suls Seadgenda, amaTgan mamakaci iyo – 150,qali – 145, bavSvi – 319. daxmareba aRmouCines 31 ojaxsrac saSualod ojaxze 5 maneTs Seadgenda. 7 metad sayurad-Reboa, rom imave 1916w. agvistoSi `qarTul saqvelmoqmedosazogadoebas” soxumSi Semoxiznul afxazTa dasaxmarebladq. soxumis gankargulebaSi 500 maneTi gadaudvia. 8 amave sazogadoebismier ltolvili afxazebisa da saerTod omisagandazaralebulebisaTvis daxmarebis gawevis gaxSirebaze1 gaz. ,,kvali~, 29 seqtemberi, 1902.2 gaz. ,,saxalxo gazeTi~, 14 oqtomberi, 1911w.3 gaz. ,,cnobis furceli~, 17 noemberi, 1904w. ix. agreTve: ,,saxalxogazeTi~, 14 dekemberi, 1911w.4 gaz. ,,saxalxo gazeTi~, 14 oqtomberi, 1911w.5 gaz. ,,saxalxo gazeTi~, 14 oqtomberi, 1911w.6 gaz. ,,baTumis gazeTi~, 14 oqtomberi, 1911w.7 gaz. ,,saxalxo furceli~, 7 aprili, 1916w.8 gaz. ,,saxalxo furceli~, 28 agvisto, 1916w. (gazeTs gamocemis TariRi,28 agvisto, SecdomiT aris miTiTebuli, unda iyos 30 agvisto– i.g.).344

gvawvdis cnobas gazeT `Cveni megobari”-s korespondentic. 1aRniSnuli saqveloqmedo sazogadoebis mesveurTa saqmianobisSesaxeb detaluri informacia periodulad ibeWdebodapresis furclebze. 2 1916 wlisaTvis afxazeTSi ukvearsebobda qarTuli saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis sami ganyofileba.3 imdroindeli korespodenti gvamcnobs Semdegs:1916 wels ,,ganyofilebis gamgeobam daadgina Tavis RonisZiebaTagasaZliereblad ,,Zmuri nugeSis” magvari dawesebulebagaiCinos da radgan sakuTar binis SesaZenad imdeni jani armosdevs, airCia komisia 5 kacisagan Semdgari, romelsac miandobulvaris saukeTeso nawilis romelime saCaies patronTanmolaparakeba”, raTa kviraSi ori dRiT, `qarTulsaqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebas” dauTmos saCaie, ise, rom imdReebis Semosavali sazogadoebas darCes, Tunmca am wamowyebamwarmatebuli dasasruli ver hpova. 4afxazeTSi aqtiur saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobas eweodnenSemoqmedebiTi koleqtivebic, es is periodia rodesac, regionSiTeatraluri cxovreba TandaTan fexs ikidebs da sazogadoebisgarkveuli nawili jer arc Tu mowonebiT xvdebascenismoyvareTa saqmianobas. 5 miuxedavad arsebuli mdgomarereobisaadgilobrivi scenismoyvareebis warmodgenebs maincgarkveuli warmatebebi hqonda, maTi mniSvnelovani nawilisaqvelmoqmedo xasiaTis iyo da xSirad ,,qarTvelTa Soriswera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis” sasargeblodimarTeboda. 6 moviyvanT zogierT magaliTs: 1902 wlis 5 maiss,soxumis scenis moyvareebma gamarTes warmodgena kneinaterezia ServaSiZis meTaurobiT qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvisgamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis sasargeblod. jer iTamaSesazianis komedia ,,gacruebuli imedi” da gunias vodevili1 gaz. ,,Cveni megobari~, 14 dekemberi, 1916w.2 gaz: ,,dasawyisi~, 20 marti, 1908w.3 gaz: ,,saqarTvelo~, 14 mkaTaTve, 1916w.4 gaz: ,,saxalxo furceli~, 1 maisi, 1916w.5 o. WurRulia. narkvevebi qarTul-afxazuri kulturul-literatuturuliurTierTobebis istoriidan, wigni I, soxumi 1974, gv. 176.6 gaz. ,,cnobis furceli~, 10 ivnisi, 1904w.345

,,CaTrevas Cayola sjobian”; warmodgenaSi monawileobas iRebdnenqalbatonebi: maWavarianisa, konwuraSvilisa da Turqia.b. b. kozmava, CxeiZe, kobaxiZe, x-Svili da xoxiaSvili.” 11904 wlis 28 noembers soxumelma scenis moyvarulebma,kn. mariam daviTis asulis ServaSiZis SemweobiT da artistqujis daxmarebiT gamarTes saqvelmoqmedo saRamo,romelzec warmodgenil iyo valerian gunias speqtaklebi:,,rac ar mergeba ar Semergeba” da ,,siZe-simamri~. 2 soxumSi1911 wlis 11 seqtembers ,,qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvisgamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis” adgilobrivi ganyofilebisskolis sasargebloT gaimarTa koncerti romelSic monawileobasiRebdnen momRerali i. sarajiSvili da axalgazrdamgosani griSaSvili. koncerts didi sazogadoeba daswrebiada Semosavalic skolas blomaT darCenia. 3 1911 wels soxumSi,samuridis axlaT agebul TeatrSi gaimarTa warmodgenebiromelTagan Semosuli Tanxidan 141 maneTi da 15 kapikiadgilobrivi skolis sasargeblod iyo gadadebuli. 41916 wlis 14 ianvars soxumSi adgilobriv qarTuli skolissasargeblod gaimarTa saintereso ,,saRamo-mejlisi”xalxi auarebeli daeswro” da Semosavalic kargad darCenila.5 saganmanaTleblo saqmianobaSi qvelmoqmedebis kuTxiTaqtiurad monawileobdnen adgilobrivi mrewvelebis garkveulinawili, gvaqvs informacia, rom soxumSi, adgilobrivisamkiTxvelis Senobis asagebad mrewvelma ,,feterma siamovnebiTgaiRo 120 maneTis xis masala”. 6garkveuli xasiaTis saqvelmoqmedo saRamoebi imarTebodasoflebSic, gvaqvs informacia, rom sof. aZiubJaSi 1904wlis ,,aprilis 4-sa maqsimovis saxerx qarxnebis msaxurTa1 gaz. ,,iveria“, 1902w. 12 maisi. ix. agreTve: hamuT-bei. werili soxumidan.– gaz. ,,cnobis furceli~, 30 aprili, 1902w.; gaz: ,,baTumisgazeTi~, 12 oqtomberi, 1911w.2 gaz. ,,iveria“, 22 dekemberi, 1904w.3 gaz: ,,kolxida~, 14 seqtemberi, 1911w.4 gr. erqomaiSvili. soxumis daramatiuli wre. – gaz: ,,kolxida~, 2525 ivnisi, 1911 w. ix. agreTve: gaz: ,,baTumis gazeTi“, 12 oqtomberi1911w.5 ,,saxalxo furceli~, 4 Tebervali 1916w.6 gaz. ,,imereTi~, 18 ivlisi, 1914w.346

da muSaTaTvis axlad agebul Teatris SenobaSi (msgavsiwarmodgena merved gaimarTa – i.g.) scenis moyvarulTa miergaimarTa Sinauri ufaso rusuli warmodgena”. 1saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebebi da gaerTianebebi did yuradRebasuTmobdnen mosaxleobis ganaTlebas da kulturuldawinaurebas. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli Rvawli `qarTvelTaSoris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas~ miuZRvis.am organizaciis soxumis ganyofilebis pirveli kreba1909w. 17 maiss iqna mowveuli, 2 xolo 1910 wlisaTvis organizaciiswevrebis ricxvma 200-s gadaaWarba. 3 Tumca manamdec`qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli afxazeTSi kulturisa daganaTlebis gavrcelebis xeSewyobis saqmeSi. 4`qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~soxumis ganyofilebis gaxsnis Semdeg afxazeTisdabebSi SeimCneva am organizaciis adgilobrivi ganyofilebebisgaxsnis mcdeloba, rac ganpirobebuli iyo im progresulida metad saWiro saqmianobiT, rasac organizacia eweoda.`qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ZalisxmeviT afxazeTSi ixsneboda skolebi, samkiTxveloebi,ewyoboda sasargeblo leqciebi, romelTagan SemosuliTanxa skolebsa da samkiTxveloebs xmardeboda. 5aris informacia, rom ,,30 ivniss oCamCireSi, adgilobriviklubis darbazSi, Teofile xuskivaZem waikiTxa leqcia:,,qeleSbei SarvaSiZe da afxazeTis ruseTTan SeerTeba”.leqcias sazogadoeba blomad daswrebia. ,,Semosavali daniSnuliiyo adgilobriv ,,wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ganyofilebis samkiTxvelos sasargeblod”... leqciaskargi STabeWdileba mouxdenia damswreebze da maT or-1 gaz. ,,iveria“, 1904w. 12 ivnisi.2 gaz. ,,droeba~, 1909w. 25 ivnisi.3 hamuT-bei. afxazeTisa da afxazTa Sesaxeb. – gaz: ,,droeba~, 7 marti,1910w.4 gaz. ,,cnobis furceli~, 1903w. 12 ivnisi.5 gaz. ,,imereTi~, 6 ivlisi, 1913w. ix. aseve: gaz. ,,iveria“, ivnisis 12,1903w.347

ganizatorebisaTvis misi gameoreba mouTxoviaT. 1 amave organizaciisiniciativiT daba oCamCireSi 1914 wels gauxsniaTsamkiTxvelo. 2`qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~saqmianoba ar Semoifargleboda mxolod ganaTlebissistemiT. organizacia mravalmxrivi mimarTulebiT aqtiuradiyo Cabmuli mxaris kulturul cxovrebaSi. Ggvaqvsinformacia, rom `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelsazogadoebasTan~ SeTaxmebiT q. soWSi Seiqmna scenismoyvareTawre, romelmac warmatebiT daiwyo moRvaweoba,xolo maTi warmodgenebidan miRebuli mTeli Semosavalisaqvelmoqmedo miznebs xmardeboda. 1915 wels gazeT `saqarTvelos~korespondenti gvacnobs, rom erT-erTi maTiwarmodgenidan miRebuli Semosavali ltolvilTa dasaxmarebladgadaudviaT. 3gvaqvs sxva informaciac: `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvisgamavrcelebel sazogadoebas~, Tavadis qalis anCabaZisTavjdomareobiT, 1916 wlis gazafxulze gauxsnia saCaie`finjani Cai~, romlis Semosavlis 10 % unda moxmareboda`qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas~,xolo 10 % ki wiTeli jvris sasargeblod unda gamoeyenebinaT.Tumca am saqmes ar gaumarTlebia da saqme zaraliTdasrulebula. 4aris cnoba, rom zemoT naxsenebi ,,qarTuli saqvelmoqmedosazogadoebis” iniciativis msgavsi muSaobis mcdelobebihqonda ,,qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelisazogadoebis” soxumis ganyofilebas romelsac Tavisi qonebisgasaZliereblad ,,Zmuri nugeSis” gaxsna undoda, ris-Tvisac sagrZnob xarjis gawevasac apirebda. Tunmca rogorcpirvel, aseve am SemTxvevaSic wamowyebam warmatebuli dasasruliver hpova da ,,saqme gaiyina.” 51 gaz. ,,imereTi~, 1913 w. 6 ivlisi.2 gaz. ,,imereTi~, 1914 w. 18 ivlisi.3 gaz. ,,saqarTvelo~, 5 qristeSobisTve, 1915w.4 gaz. ,,cnobis furceli~, 16 ivnisi, 1903w.5 gaz: ,,saxalxo furceli~, 1 maisi, 1916w.348

ufro STambeWdavia afxazeTSi sasoflo-sameurneo profilisgaerTianeba-amxanagobebis muSaobis intensivoba: 1899wlis dasawyisSi drandaSi daarsda ,,meabreSumeobis amxanagoba”.1 1900 wels soxumSi daarsda ,,kavkasiis sameurneosazogadoeba” romlis wesdebac daamtkica kavkasiis mTavarmarTebelma2 . amave periodSi drandaSi arsdeba ,,sasoflosameurneo sazogadoeba”; 3 1903 wels Seiqmna ,,samurzayanokodorisfrinvelTa gamSenebeli sazogadoeba”. 4 1911 welssoxumSi Seiqmna momxmarebelTa sazogadoeba ,,solidaroba”,romelsac Tavisi wesdeba hqonda 5 . amave periodSi presismonacemebi miuTiTeben, rom soxumSi moqmedebas iwyebs `kooperativismomxmarebeli sazogadoeba – `patroni~. 6ukve Seqmnili sasoflo-sameurneo profilis sazogadoebebisZiriTadi mizani iyo soflis meurneobis progresuliformebis danergva, rac win waswevda regionis aramarto soflis meurneobas, aramed afxazeTis teritoriazeagraruli mecnierebis safuZvlebsac danergavda, Sesabamisadgaumjobesdeboda adgilobrivi glexis materialur mdgomareobac.am daskvnis safuZvels gvaZlevs is, rom 1911 welssoxumis sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoeba Seudga TavisiJurnalis `Cernomorski selianinis~ gamocemas da departamentisaganiTxovdnen finansur daxmarebas, yovelwliurad700 maneTiT, raTa aseTi saWiro Jurnalis gamocema ar Sewyvetiliyo.7 Jurnalma `Cernomorski selianinma~ garkveulidadebiTi roli Seasrula afxazeTSi agraruli teqnologiebisdanergvis saqmeSi.sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoebebis iniciativas zogjeroficialuri struqturebic exmianebodnen, radganrwmundebodnen maT mier dawyebuli saqmis mniSvnelobaSi. magaliTad,soxumis sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoebas miwaT-1 gaz. ,,kvali~, 25 Tebervali, 1901w.2 gaz. ,,iveria~, 28 maisi, 1900w.3 gaz. ,,cnobis furceli~, #2418, 1904w.4 gaz. ,,iveria~, 19 aprili, 1903w.5 gaz. ,,saxalxo gazeTi~, 26 ivlisi, 1911w.6 gaz. ,,saqarTvelo~, 3 noemberi, 1915w.7 gaz. ,,saxalxo gazeTi~, 14 oqtomberi, 1911w.349

moqmedebis saministrom sacdeli safrinveles mosawyobad300 maneTi gadasca. 1sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoebebis erT-erTi mimarTulebaiyo pirveli omis mZime pirobebSi mosaxleobis sursaT-sanovagiTmomaragebac. isini aarsebdnen sacxobebs, purismaRaziebs, fardulebs da a. S. aris informacia, rom1915 wels samurzayanoSi gaxsnes kooperatiuli furne dagegmaSi hqoniaT masTan sxvadasxva sanovagisaTvis ganyofilebisgaxsnac. 2 amave wlis miwuruls daba oCamCiris mcxovreblebmadaarses `momxmarebelTa sazogadoeba~, romelsachqonda furne, igi daxmarebas uwevda materialurad gaWirvebulxalxs. mis Sesaxeb imdroindeli korespondenti werda:`es amxanagoba mxolod sami Tvea arsebobs da ukve kvalicdaamCnia~. 3mxareSi abreSumis Wiis movlisa da abreSumis moyvanistradiciis danergvisaTvis aqtiur muSaobas eweodnen anT.JuReli, 4 iv. gegia, 5 k. SarvaSiZe, miqelaiSvili, tuRuSi 6 dada a.S. isini soflebSi mcxovreb glexebs ufasod urigebdnenabreSumis Wiis Tesls da aswavlidnen glexebs mis movlasada moyvanas. Tavidan glexobis nawili religiuri motiviTufrTxoda mis ojaxSi Setanas magram male naxes ra,rom Semosavali kargi mohqonda am wamowyebas mimbaZvelebicgamouCndnen, mosaxleobam xeli mihyo meabreSumeobas da maleise ganviTarda, rom rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT sofeldrandaSi ,,meabreSumeobis amxanagobac” daarses. 7 1910 wlisaTvisabreSumis parkis warmoeba mTels afxazeTSi gavrcelebula,8 rac Zlier uwyobda xels afxazeTis soflebis1 gaz. ,,imereTi~, 9 ivlisi, 1913w.2 gaz. ,,saqarTvelo~, 1915 w. 22 oqtomeberi.3 gaz. ,,saqarTvelo~, 1916 w. 9 Tebervali.4 T. saxokia. Cemi saukunis adamianebi. Tb., 1984, gv. 52.5 i. gelenava. qarTveli da afxazi inteligenciis erToblivi Rvawlmosilebaregionis socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli aRor-ZinebisaTvis (1900-1917 ww.) – analebi #4, Tb., 2009.6 ,,saxalxo gazeTi”, 1911 w. 21 ivnisi.7 T. saxokia. Cemi saukunis adamianebi, gv. 52.8 o. WurRulia. narkvevebi. soxumi, 1966, gv. 89.350

kulturul da ekonomikur ganviTarebas. 1amrigad, aSkaraa, rom afxazeTSi XXs. damdegs sazogadoebisgadaudebel moTxovnas warmoadgenda saqvelmoqmedosaqmianobis gaZliereba da am mizniT sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisSeqmna, amis iniciatorebi iyvnen inteligenciis iswarmomadgenlebi romlebic mowodebuli iyvnen gaerRviaTerTsaxovani cxovrebis wesi, rasac amkvidrebda carizmiskoloniuri politika da hqondaT survili sakuTari TanamoqalaqeebisaTvisSeeTavazebinaT realuri daxmareba rogorcmrewvelobis, soflis meurneobis, aseve ganaTlebisada kulturis, rigiTi adamianebisadmi humanitaruli daxmarebismimarTulebiT. aSkaraa, rom aseTi gaerTianebebis sulis-Camdgmelni, organizatorebi da aqtiuri wevrebi umravlesSemTvevaSi qarTvelebi iyvnen. 2 Cvens mier mopovebuli masalanaTlad adasturebs, rom afxazeTis sazogadoebrivma organizaciebmapirveli msoflio omis pirobebSic SeZles mowinaveagraruli teqnologiebis SeZlebisamebr danergva, gaWirvebulTada miusafarTa materialuri daxmareba, kulturulicxovrebis organizeba, janmrTelobis kerebis Seqmna.1 gaz. ,,saxalxo gazeTi~, 21 ivnisi, 1911w.2 ix. I. Gelenava. Confessor as the Realizator of the Integration of Cultures (Exampleof Abkhazia, Borders of the Nineteenth-Twentieth Centuries). – Dialogue of Civilizations.New York 2010, gv. 95-103.351

IRAKLI GELENAVACHARITY IN ABKHAZIA IN 1900-1917.ACCORDING TO THE GEORGIAN PERIODIC PRESSAt the beginning of XX century one of the most important orientationsof the activity of the Abkhazian intelligentsia was philanthropy. In thisrespect successfully was functioning a mutual aid society and especiallyeffective was the work of “Sokhumi Branch of the Georgian Charity Organization”.The statutory obligation of numerous charity societies was materialand spiritual help of the poverty-stricken and homeless people, amalgamationof people of different professions, promotion of education andculture and culture. Especially distinguished was “The Georgian LiteracySociety” for its achievements in the educational and cultural spheres. Noteworthyare also agricultural union-cooperatives whose aim was introductionof progressive forms of agriculture which accordingly would improvethe economic conditions of the local peasants. Different charity organizationswere also called upon to break a monotonous mode of life inculcatedby the colonial policy of the tsarist regime.352

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaoTar gogoliSvilisamarTlebrivi Sexedulebebi aWaraSiosmalTa batonobis periodSiosmalTa xangrZlivma batonobam da islamis gavrcelebamaWaraSi gamoiwvia sruliad axali samarTlebrivi sistemisdanergva, romelic gansxvavdeboda tradiciuli qarTulisamarTlebrivi normebisagan. imisaTvis, rom igi sakuTarisaxelmwifos nawilad eqcia, aWaraSi sakuTari oficialurisamarTlebrivi normebis danergva daiwyo. osmaleTisoficialuri samarTlebrivi sistema gamomdinareobda islamurireligiisgan. aWaraSi osmalebma TandaTanobiT danergesmahmadianuri samarTali, romelsac `SariaTi~ ewodeboda.aWaraSi osmalTa batonobis periodSi SariaTi iTvlebodaerTaderT oficialur saxelmwifo samarTlebriv normad.SariaTi aris islamis religiuri kanoni, mahmadianTa religiuricxovrebisa da saqcielis, iuridiuli normebis,principebisa da qcevis wesebis kompleqsi. maTi dacva niSnavdaalahisaTvis sasurvel, umwiklo cxovrebas, romelic uzrunvelyofsmorwmuneTaTvis adgils samoTxeSi. SariaTi iTvlebaRvTaebriv kanonad, romelic adamianisaTvis misawvdomiayuranis, hadisebisa da religiuri avtoritetebis SromebissaSualebiT. realurad SariaTi xorcSesxmulia fikhis SesaxebSromebSi, praqtikaSi – ki muslimur sasamarTloebSi.gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba ama Tu im saqcielis nebadarTulobisaTu akrZalvis sxvadasxva xarisxs.miuxedavad aWaraSi SariaTis damkvidrebisa, aq mTlianadver aRmofxvres Zveli qarTuli samarTlebrivi normebida adaT-wesebi, romliTac, ZiriTadad, Sinauri saqmeebi, sasoflo-TemobriviurTierTobani wydeboda. samarTlebrivi mdgomareobisSesaxeb aWaraSi (osmalTa batonobisa da Semdgom23. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi353

periodSic) Canawerebi dagvitoves dimitri baqraZem, giorgiyazbegma; Semdgom periodSi aWaraSi arsebul samarTlebrivnormebTan dakavSirebiT, rac uSualod miwaTmflobelobiswesebs exeboda, nawilobriv informacias gvawvdian Tedo saxokiada memed abaSiZe. saintereso gamokvleva aqvs amiranavalians Tavis wignSi `miwaTmflobelobis formebi aWaraSi~,romelSic mimoxilulia aq arsebuli miwaTmflobelobiswesebi da masTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebriv normebi.aWaraSi saadgilmamulo urTierTobaTa istoriis SesaxebnaSromi gamoaqveyna axalgazrda mkvlevarma irakli baramiZem,romelSic ganixila miwaTmflobelobis sakiTxebi. 1uSualod aWaraSi samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebis istoriisSesaxeb Zalze saintereso gamokvlevebi aqvT samarTalmcodneebs– besarion zoiZes, 2 oTar zoiZesa 3 da sxvebs.istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, Cans, rom aWaraSi,miuxedavad SariaTis mtkice batonobisa, calkeul sasofloTems Tavisi gadawyvetilebani gamohqonda. magaliTad, g. yazbegiRorjomis Sesaxeb wers: `aq araa sofeli am sityvisCveulebrivi mniSvnelobiT, aramed aris mxolod Temi, romelsacRorjoms uwodeben. saxlebs, jgufebs erTmaneTTanakavSirebs saerTo administracia da rac mTavaria jame (me-CeTi). soflis mmarTveloba mejlisis xelSia, (sasamarTlo,sabWo) romelsac yadi Tavmjdomareobs da Sedgeba ramdenimearCeuli pirisagan. kviraSi erTxel (paraskeobiT) marTlmorwmunenimeCeTSi ikribebian sadac locvis Semdeg mejlisiarCevs mcxovrebTa saCivars. soflis mejlisi aqauri adgilobriviadministraciis umdablesi instanciaa, SemdegiasasamarTlo da mudiris marTveloba (xuloSi), mas mosdevssasamarTlo da kaimakamis mmarTveloba (qedaSi) da bolosmuTaserifi baTumSi~. 41 ir. baramiZe, saadgilmamulo urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis istoriidansamxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 1999.2 b. zoiZe. qarTuli valdebulebiTi samarTali. baTumi, 1989.3 o. zoiZe. ,,moZme aWareli xalxis~ Sesaxeb. _ ciskari, #8, 1989, gv.151-158.4 g. yazbegi, sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 1998, gv. 21.354

1877-1878 wlebamde, sanam ruseTi SeierTebda osmale-Tis saxelmwifoSi moqceul qarTuli teritoriebis nawilebs,igi ganawilebuli iyo sxvadasxva sanjayebsa da vilaieTebSi.maSindeli teritoriul-administraciuli dayofismonacemebis safuZvelZe mkvlevari i. baramiZe askvnis rom:`osmaleTis imperiaSi erT administraciul erTeulSi teritoriebisgaerTianeba xdeboda ara eTnografiuli niSniT,aramed upiratesad geografiuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT,es arcaa gasakviri, radganac imperiuli saxelmwofos mowyobaarasodes iTvaliswinebda erTi modgmis xalxebis Tuerebis erTad Tanacxovrebis saukunovan sistemebs, maT tradiciebsada adaT-wesebs. mogvianebiT, 1877-1878 wlebisomis Semdeg mierTebuli teritoriebis administraciulistruqturis Sedgenisas, arc ruseTis imperiis mesveurT miuRiaTmxedvelobaSi iq mcxovrebi xalxebis erovnuli Semadgenloba.ase aRmoCnda yarsis (erovnuli niSniT ufrosomxur) olqSi olTisi da ardagani~. 1saerTod, nebismieri imperiis umTavresi amocana yovel-Tvis iyo dapyrobil da SemoerTebul xalxebSi erovnuliTviTmyofadobis grZnobis gaqroba da maTi asimilacia sxvaxalxebTan. es iyo mTavari mizezi, ris gamoc imperia dapyrobiliteritoriebis administraciuli dayofisas arasodesiTvaliswinebda erovnul niSans. giorgi yazbegis gadmocemiT,lazistanis sanjayis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda 11 administraciulierTeuli: baTumi, Curuq-su, zemo aWara, qvemoaWara, maWaxeli, livana, gonio, xofa, arqave, aTina, xem-Sini. eseni, avtoris azriT, 5 kazaSi iyo gaerTianebuli. 2bunebrivia, osmaleTi am teritoriebs sakuTrad miiCnevda.amitom iq iseTive sasamarTlo da saxelmwifo reformebsatarebda, rasac TviT osmaleTis teritoriebze.magaliTad, Turqebma TanzimaTi yvela dapyrobil teritoriazeerTnairad gaatares, ramac Seuwyo xeli osmaleTisqarTul teritoriebze imperiis centraluri xelisuflebisganmtkicebas da osmaluri kanonmdeblobis Camoyalibebas.1 i. baramiZe, saadgilmamulo urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis.., gv. 28.2 g. yazbegi, sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, gv. 35.355

gansakuTrebiT osmalos saqarTvelosTvis didi mniSvnelobahqonda miwis Sesaxeb miRebul kanonmdeblobas, romelic1858 wels gamovida.SariaTis mixedviT, yvela muslims SeeZlo sakuTrebaSihqonoda miwa dasamuSaveblad, magram es sakuTreba misTvismudmivi ar iyo, vinaidan miwis mTavar mesakuTred alahi iTvleboda.amave dros, gansxvavebiT sxva muslimuri saxelmwifoebisagan,jer kidev XVI saukunidan, sulTan suleimankanenis droidan, daSvebuli miwis kerZo sakuTrebaSi arseboba,oRond garkveuli pirobebiT.TanzimaTis Semdeg gatarebulma RonisZiebebma qarTvelbegebs SeunarCuna miwaze kerZo sakuTreba, magram maTze axaligadasaxadebi daawesa da, rac mTavaria, ganamtkica osmaleTissaxelmwifoebrivi struqtura aWaraSi. magaliTad,mkvlevar oTar TurmaniZis azriT, `agraruli reformis gatarebisSemdegac am miwebiT mosaxleoba Zveleburadve sargeblobda.sulTnis mTavrobis mesakuTreoba miwaze mxolodaxali gadasaxadebis dawesebulebiT Semoifargla~. 1sasamarTlo saqmeebs ZiriTadad, yadi wyvetda. is iyoislamuri samarTlis mcodne pirovneba da, amasTanave, muslimTamosamarTlec iyo, romelsac niSnavda faSa da a.S. yadebixemZRvanelobdnen SariaTebis sasamarTloebs, romelTauflebamosilebaSi Sedioda socialur, saojaxo, kerZo danawilobriv, sisxlis samarTalTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.osmaleTis periodis aWaraSi yadi did avtoritets warmoadgenda,magram mosaxleoba mis mimarT uaryofiT damokidebulebasamJRavnebda. amis mizezi iyo, pirvel rigSi, maSindelosmalur sasamarTlo sistemaSi gavrcelebuli meqrTameoba.amave dros, osmalur sasamarTloSi adgilobriviqarTuli mosaxleoba pasuxs ver poulobda da ver axerxebdasakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas, amitom ufrosaWirod adaTobrivi sasamarTlo miaCnda.osmaleTSi sakanonmdeblo sistema da samarTlebrivi1 o. TurmaniZe, saadgilmamulo urTierTobani aWaraSi osmalTa batonobisperiodSi. baTumi, 2004, gv. 56.356

normebi arc Tu ise mtkiced iyo daculi. gansakuTrebiT kiiseT mxareebSi, romlebic araTurqul provincias da dapyrobilmxares warmoadgenda. ra Tqma unda, Turquli sasamarTlover akmayofilebda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis interesebsda ar iCenda did dainteresebas gadasawyveti saqmeebisadmi.igi nebismieri sasamarTlo saqmis momCivanis sasargeblod gadawyvetas,qrTamis mixedviT axorcielebda, an kidev – sasamarTlosaqmeebs saerTod miafuCeCebda, an usaSvelod gaaWianurebda.msgavsi SemTxvevebi adgilobriv mosaxleobas rwmenasukargavda Turquli sasamarTlos mimarT, isini darwmunebuliiyvnen, rom qrTamis gareSe veraviTar samarTals veripovidnen – an qrTami unda gadaexadaT an samarTlis Ziebissxva gza moeZebnaT. garda mosamarTleTa gamomZalveobisa,aWaris mosaxleobisaTvis Turqul sasamarTloSi yvelazeZneli iyo enobrivi barieri, vinaidan sasamarTlo warmoebdaTurqul enaze, xolo aWaris mosaxleobas Turquli ar esmodada es ki Zalian did gaugebrobas qmnida.rogorc d. baqraZe aRniSnavda Tavis CanawerebSi `aWaraSiZiriTadi sametyvelo da saurTierTo ena qarTuliiyo~. 1 enobrivi barieri, sasamarTloebSi gabatonebuli usamarTlobada meqrTameoba ganapirobebda imas, rom adgilobrivimosaxleoba iSviaTad mimarTavda yadis sasamarTlos,cdilobda sadao sakiTxebi adaTobrivi sasamarTlos wesiTgadaeWra da samarTali begTan eZia. saerTod, sadavo sakiTxisada samarTlebrivi problemis ase gadaWra aWarlebisaTvisufro Sedegiani iyo. e. i. aWaraSi adaTobrivi sasamarTlosan begis Carevas SeeZlo problemebi ufro operatiuladgadaeWra ise rom, pirovneba umizezod ar daiCagrebodada misi Rirseba da Tavmoyvareoba ar Seilaxeboda.Rirsebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda aWarelTa cxovrebaSi.yvela sadavo sakiTxis gadawyvetisas adaTobrivi da CveulebiTisamarTali yovelTvis iTvaliswinebda pirovnebisRorsebisa da Tavmoyvareobis interesebs.1 d. baqraZe. arqeologiuri mogzaurobani guriasa da aWaraSi. Tb.,1976, gv. 89.357

xSirad mosaxleoba cdilobda samarTali sakuTari iniciativiTdaedgina. aseT iniciativebs ki, bevr SemTxvevaSiarasasurvel Sedegebamde mihyavda adamianebi. albaT, yvelazearasasurveli Sedegi iyo sisxlis aReba, romelic aWaraSisakmaod fexmokidebuli iyo. vinaidan oficialur samarTalzexelCaqneuli pirovneba cdilobda piradad gasworebodaimas, vinc mas ziani miayena an daCagvra moundoma,xolo mkvlelobisaTvis, ZiriTadad, mosaxleoba sisxlisaRebis wess mimarTavda, rac sabolood, iwvevda sxvadasxvagvareulobebs Soris saSinel SuRlsa da dapirispirebas,romelic xSirad ramdenime Taobas gadaecemoda.aWaris maSindeli xelmZRvaneloba cdilobda, rom mosaxleobamainc saxelmwifo kanonebis Semsrulebeli yofiliyo.magaliTad, Serif-beg ximSiaSvili yovel Rones xmarobda,raTa sabolood aRmofxvriliyo sisxlis aRebis mavneCveuleba, romelic, faqtobrivad, adaT-wesad iyo qceuli.sainteresoa, ra mimarTeba arsebobda aWaraSi SariaTissasamarTlosa, romelic saxelmwifo samarTlis funqciebsasrulebda da Zveli adaT-wesebis damcvel CveulebiT sasamarTlosSoris? am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saintereso mosazrebaaqvs qarTuli samarTlis istoriis mkvlevars, batonoTar zoiZes, romelic wers: `yadebsa da xalxur sasamarTloebsSoris urTierTmimarTebis xasiaTis dasadgenadgasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom saadaTo sasamar-Tlo uZvelesi droidanve arsebobda, xalxis yofis aucilebelida organuli nawili iyo. xolo yadebis sasamarTloTavsmoxveuli religiis Tanxmleb komponents warmoadgendada mis damkvidrebas brZola sWirdeboda. mas unda Seeviwroebinasaxalxo sasamarTlo, rac friad Zneli iyo. radganbrZolis warmatebiT dasrulebisaTvis sakmarisi ar iyo saukuneobiTarsebuli yofis Secvla, rac faqtobrivad SeuZlebeliiyo da arc momxdara~. 1im qveynebSi, sadac islami mogvianebiT da iZulebiTgavrcelda, yovelTvis didi winaaRmdegoba xvdeboda Saria-1 o. zoiZe. ,,moZme aWareli xalxis~ Sesaxeb, gv. 151-158.358

Tis danergvas, vinaidan mosaxleoba ar Tanxmdeboda saukuneobriviadaT-wesebis Secvlas da erCia yvela saqme Zveleburad,saxalxo sasamarTloze gadaewyvita, vidre yadis ganaCensdaemorCileboda, romelic ucxod da sakuTari cxovrebiswesisaTvis Seusabamod miaCnda. aWaraSi TurqTa batonobamver SeZlo saadaTo sasamarTlos mospoba. rogorcCans, yvelaze rTul saqmeebs xalxi Zveli, sakuTari adaTwesebiTda SexedulebebiT wyvetda da sjida.mkvlevari z. CitaZec iziarebs am azrs, rom `TurqeTisZalaufleba da mmarTveloba aWaraSi sruli da yovlismomcvleliarc TanzimaTis Semdgom periodSi yofila~. 1 saer-Tod, TurqTa mmarTvelobis dros aWaraSi umaRles sasamar-Tlo organod iTvleboda mejlisi. mejlisi, romelic saxelmwifoxelisuflebas warmoadgenda da ormagi standartiTsargeblobda, pirvel rigSi, iZulebuli iyo gaeTvaliswinebinaqveynis, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis adaT-wesebi dabevri samarTlebrivi sakiTxi adaTis mixedviT gadaewyvita.aseve, SesaZleblobis mixedviT, mimarTavdnen SariaTis kanonmdeblobas,magram adaTebis sasamarTlo gacilebiT ufroZlieri iyo, vidre SariaTi. magaliTad, dokumenturad araris Semonaxuli arc erTi SemTxveva aWaraSi imisa, romromelime mcxovrebi qurdobisaTvis SariaTis mixedviT ganesajaT.bunebrivia, SariaTisa da yuranis normebi ar Seesabamebodaadgilobriv adaT-wesebsa da Zvel Cveulebebs. amitomacaWarlebi uaryofiTad iyvnen ganwyobili Turquli samar-Tlebrivi normebisadmi da faqtobrivad arc aRiarebdnen mas.aWaraSi mimdinareobda brZola Turqul samarTlebrivsistemasa da adgilobriv qarTul adaT-wesebs Soris. aRsaniSnavia,rom adgilobrivi adaT-wesebi imdenad mtkice aRmoCndaaWaraSi, rom Zlier konkurencias uwevda SariaTsada TurqeTis saxelmwifos sxva samarTlebriv normebs. iski ara, aWaraSi yadebis sasamarTlos paralelurad moqmedebdasaxalxo mmarTvlobis organo – olqa, romelic da-1 z. CitaZe, mmarTvelobisa da marTlmsajulebis organoebi mefisruseTis droindel aWaraSi, _ Jurn. `Woroxi~. #6, baTumi, gv. 80-90.359

axloebiT yrilobis mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda da sasamar-Tlo funqciac ekisreboda. z. CitaZis azriT, `olqa igiveolqoba – es soflis anu mTeli mxaris saerTo kreba, yrilobaa.aRniSnul Sekrebaze sakiTxis dasma da ganxilva xdebodazepiri formiT. olqas xelmZRvanelobda soflis, mxarisavtoritetiani da ndobiT aRWurvili piri, romelsacewodeboda `winai kaci~, `Tavi kaci~, `olqa baSi~. 1olqa baSs irCevdnen olqaze. Tavis mxriv igi angariSvaldebuliiyo olqas winaSe. TviT olqa aravis emorCilebodada angariSs aravis abarebda. rogorc mkvlevari vl.mgelaZe werda: `xalxsa da mTavrobas Soris sadavo sakiTxsjer olqoba ganixilavda xolo Semdeg miRebuli gadawyvetilebisSesabamisad moqmedebda mosaxleoba~. 2 e. i. olqobaaWaris politikuri da samarTlebrivi cxovrebis erT-erTiyvelaze umTavresi movlena iyo. olqobaze araerTi mtkivneulisakiTxi ganxilula, romelic aWaris politikur Tuekonomikur cxovrebas Seexeboda.1878w. aprilSi Semdgar olqobaze mTeli aWaris mosaxleobamonawileobda, romelic Zalze mtkivneul sakiTxsganixilavda-ruseTis Semosvlis Semdeg aWaris mosaxleobasamSobloSi darCeniliyo Tu osmaleTSi gadasaxlebuliyo.olqobas aWaraSi ruseTis mmarTvelobis periodSic iwvevdnen,magram am droisaTvis, ZiriTadad mosaxleoba socialurda ekonomikur sakiTxebs ganixilavda. olqoba awesrigebdagvarTa Soris warmoSobil uTanxmoebas, sjida maTvinc adgilobriv adaT-wesebs daarRvevda, ganixilavda sa-ZovrebiTa da tyeebiT sargeblobis sakiTxebs. Tuki sofel-Si an TemSi moxdeboda qurdoba olqobaze gamoiZiebdnenqurdobis saqmes da qurds ganaCens gamoutandnen.Tavisi mmarTvelobis periodSi, TurqeTis mTavroba olqobisadmimtrulad iyo ganwyobili, radgan kargad xedavda,rom olqoba misi xelisuflebis paraleluri xelisuflebaiyo da gacilebiT meti Zala da zegavlena hqonda. amasTanave,1 z. CitaZe, mmarTvelobisa da marTlmsajulebis organoebi.., gv. 92.2 vl. mgelaZe, eTnografiuli Canawerebi. baTumi, 1961, gv. 32.360

igi TurqeTis saxelmwifo xelisuflebis funqciebsac amcirebda,magram TurqeTs olqobis amkrZalavi realuri RoniZiebebisgatareba ar SeeZlo, piriqiT, cdilobda masTan konfliqtSiar Sesuliyo miuxedavad imisa, rom TurqeTis administraciakargad xedavda, rom olqoba xels uSlida TurqeTiscentraluri xelisuflebis kanonmdeblobis gatarebasaWaraSi, olqobis winaaRmdeg Zalis meTodsac mimarTavda.mmarTvelobis Turquli sistemis gverdiT aWaris adgilobrivixalxuri TviTmmarTvelobis arseboba damajerebladmetyvelebs imaze, rom TurqeTis Zalaufleba aWaraSiar iyo yovlismomcvleli, rom aWaris mosaxleoba Tavis sa-Sinao saqmeebSi ugulebelhyofda da ar cnobda Turqul administraciebs.osmalTa xangrZlivi batonobis miuxedavad,aWaraSi, mosaxleobis cnobierebaSi Turquli mmarTvelobisformebi Zalian nela ikafavda gzas da mosaxleoba maincZvel, tradiciul samarTlebriv normebs icavda.miuxedavad adgilobrivi adaTobrivi samarTlis arsebobisa,ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aWaraSi SariaTis zegavlebada misi normebi mTlianad uaryofili iyo. vinaidan aWaraSiislami sakmaod fexmokidebuli iyo, arsebobda SariaTis didizegavlenac. SariaTi mZlavrobda iq sadac sakiTxi exebodaproblematikas, gaTxoveba-daqorwinebas, ganqorwinebas.yvela es rituali unda Sesrulebuliyo islamis religiiswesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. SariaTis normebis ugulebelhyofaTviTon rusebmac ver SeZles, ris gamoc maT saolqo Tusasoflo sasamarTloebSi erT-erT wevrad yadi Seiyvanes.saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis msgavsad, aseve aWaraSicmoqmedebda xalxuri samarTlis yvela is forma romelicCvenTvis aris cnobili. gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyosamediatoro samarTlis forma, vinaidan igi uSualod mosaxleobissayofacxovrebo sakiTxebs da yoveldRiur cxovrebasexeboda. samediatoro sasamarTlo wyvetda mosaxleobaSimiwis garSemo atexil davasac. xSiri iyo iseTi SemTxvevebic,roca soflebs Soris miwaze atexil kamaTs ver wyvetdnensoflis mier arCeuli mediatorebi. amisaTvis moiwvev-361

dnen patiosnobiTa da darbaislobis ganTqmul pirovnebas,romlis avtoritetic Zalze maRali iyo. pasuxic da miRebuligadawyvetilebas Tanabrad akmayofilebda modave mxareebs.mogvianebiT, rodesac aWaraSi rusuli imperiuli xelisuflebadamyarda (1878w.), adgilobriv mosaxleobaSiruseTis ndobis mosapoveblad, general-gubernatori komaroviiZulebuli gaxda gamoeca gankarguleba, romelSic igimosaxleobas adgilobrivi samarTlis normebisa da sarwmunoebisxelSeuxeblobas pirdeboda. amave dros rusuli kanonmdeblobisdanergvasa da dacvasac iTvaliswinebda. TavisimmarTvelobis pirvel etapze ruseTis xelisufleba, bunebrivia,sworadac gaiTvaliswina aWaris mosaxleobis adgilobriviadaTobrivi sistema da arsebuli samarTlebrivinormebi, magram amave dros mkacrad gausva xazi saxelmwifosamarTlis anu igive rusuli samarTlis kanonmdeblobis savaldebuloSesrulebas. faqtobrivad, am gancxadebis safuZvelzemosaxleobas eZleoda ufleba saCivriT miemarTasaxelmwifo samarTlis instanciebisaTvis, radgan sastikadikrZaleboda mosaxleobis mier sakuTar Sekrebebze ZveliadaTebis mixedviT, damnaSave pirisaTvis ama Tu im ganaCenisgamotana. ganaCens gamoitanda saxelmwifo organoebi, romelsacTviTonve aRasrulebda.rusuli samarTlebrivi normebis damkvidrebam pirveletapze ukana planze gadawia aWaraSi moqmedi adaTobrivi samarTlebrivinormebi, romelic Semdgom etapze TandaTanobiTgaqrobis gzas daadga. TurqeTis mmarTvelobisgan gansxvavebiT,romelic iTmenda adgilobrivi adaT-wesebisa da samar-Tlis normebis arsebobas, ruseTis mmarTveloba adgilobrivsaadaTo samarTlebriv gadawyvetilebas ZalaSi ar tovebda,Tu mas saxelmwifo samarTlis organoebi ar daamtkicebden.rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aWaraSi adaTobrivi sasamar-Tlos sxva formebTan erTad moqmedebda `winai kacebis sasamarTlo~.sofeli aRiarebda da emorCileboda mosaxleobaSididi avtoritetisa da gamocdilebis mqone pirovnebebs,romlebsac “winai kacebs” uwodebdnen. swored isini362

kisrulobdnen mosamarTlis funqciebs. adaTobrivi samar-Tlis normebs miekuTvneboda, aseve, TviTgasamarTleba, rocagvari TviTonve Wrida Tavis problemebs.miuxedavad imisa, rom aWaraSi TurqeTi sakmaod didxansbatonobda, rasac islamis gavrceleba, gansxvavebulimsoflmxedveloba, cxovrebis wesi da, ra Tqma unda, samar-Tlebrivi normebi mohyva, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis samar-Tlebriv cnobierebaSi mainc darCa is adaTobriv-samarTlebriviwes-Cveulebani, romlebic saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSiarsebul adaTobriv-samarTlebriv wes-CveulebaTa identuriiyo.OTAR GOGOLISHVILITHE LAW SITUATION IN ADJARA DURINGOSMAN DOMINATIONThe long period of the domination of Osman Empire and spreadingof the Muslim religion resulted in the spreading of a quite different lawsystem in Adjara. This system was quite different from the traditionalGeorgian law system. To make Adjara part of its state, the Osman Empirebegan to implement the laws of the Osman Empire in Adjara. The lawsystem of the Osman Empire proceeded from the Muslim religion. TheOsman Empire part by part planted the Muslim law system, named as“Shariat”, in Adjara.363

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriakaxa kvaSilavaruseTis mier samurzayanoSi samouravosdawesebis sakiTxisaTvis.axladmikvleuli saarqivo masalebismixedviT1813 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac samurzayanoze levan Vdadianis uSualo mmarTveloba dawesda, gansakuTrebiT gamwvavdaafxazeT-odiSis urTierTobebi am sadavo mxaris gamo.Tumca, giorgi (safar-bei) SarvaSiZe jer kidev 1808 welsoficialurad aRiarebda, rom igi iyo `mpyrobeli afxazTauSinaganesi adgilebisa da memkvidre zufusa da webelisa~, 1Tumca, is mainc, farulad, mxars uWerda samurzayanoSi da,zogadad, odiSSi arsebul dadianis opozicias. magaliTad,levan V-s umcrosi Zma, giorgi, romelic cnobili iyo dadianisadmidaumorCileblobiT, xSirad afarebda Tavs afxazeTsada samurzayanoSi. rogorc Cans, levans eWvi hqonda,rom mis Zmas giorgi (safar-bei) SarvaSiZe mfarvelobda. 2amitom 1818 wels dadianma, samurzayanos problemasTan dakavSirebiT,misgan oficialuri poziciis gamoxatva moiTxova.amisTvis levanma Sesaferisi viTarebac SearCia.1818 wlis aprilSi isev amboxeba daiwyo afxazeTSi.odiSis mTavarma Tavisi biZis 3 dasaxmareblad laSqari miavlina,romlebmac afxazeTis mTavars mowinaaRmdege TavadebidaumorCiles. am ambebis Semdeg, dadianma ruseTis xelisuf-1 Акты, собранные Кавказскою Археографическою Коммисиею. Архив главногоуправления Наместника Кавказскаго. Напечатан под редакциею председателякоммиссии ст. сов. Ад. Берже (SemdgomSi _ Акты). Т. III. Тфл., 1869, gv. 204.2 saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri (SemdgomSi – sxec).dokumenti Hd-10595, Hd-10597.3 afxazeTis mTavari giorgi SarvaSiZe levan dadianis mamidis meuRleiyo.364

lebisagan oficialuri komisia moiTxova odiS-afxazeT-svaneTissazRvrebis dasadgenad. 1 giorgim, romelmac xelisuflebaisev megrelTa daxmarebiT SeinarCuna, imereTis mmar-Tvelis, general v. kurnatovskis TandaswrebiT, 1818 wlismaisSi 2 samurzayano oficialurad cno odiSis teritoriad.3mogvianebiT, 1840-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, rodesacdRis wesrigSi dadga samurzayanoze dadianis uflebebis CamorTmevissakiTxi, rusebma scades es xelSekruleba odi-Sis xelisuflebis winaaRdeg gamoeyenebinaT im abusrdulimotiviT, rom TiTqos, giorgim ar icoda, Tu ras awerdaxels. polkovniki n. muraviovi general p. kocebus acnobebda,rom am aqtis gaformebis dros afxazeTis mTavarma aricoda qarTuli ena (romelzedac daiwera dokumenti) damis mxares warmoadgenda mRvdeli mama ioane qavTaraZe (`samegrelosmkvidri~, rogorc mas n. muraviovi moixseniebs).rodesac giorgim gaigo, rusi moxelis TqmiT, Tu ra SeTanxmebasmoawera xeli levanTan, mas maSinve gaugdia mama ioaneafxazeTidan. 4 es imdenad absurduli cnobaa, rom, savaraudod,misi uSualo avtori da am legendis SemTxzveli safar-beisSvili, momavali mTavari mixeil (hamuT-bei) Sarva-SiZe unda iyos, romelic uSualod dainteresebuli iyoodiSisagan samurzayanos CamorTmevis sakiTxiT da, Sesabami-1 T. qadaria. samegrelos samTavro XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi.Tb., 2003, gv. 112.2 rusi Cinosnebi maisis nacvlad ianvars asaxeleben. ix.: Содержаниезаписки представленной Генерал-Лейтенантом Князем Дадьяном, при всеподданейшемпрошении о праве его на владение Самурзаканским округом и объяснениясоставленныя в Корпусном штабе противу записки этой – saqarTvelos erovnuliarqivis saistorio arqivi (SemdgomSi – seasa). fondi 1087,aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 140.3 m. dumbaZe. samegrelos samTavro 1803-1857ww. istoriul mecniereba-Ta kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenilisadisertacio Sroma (xelnaweri). Tb., 1942, gv. 75.4 Раппорт Исправляющего должность Начальника III отделения ЧерноморскойБереговой линий, Полковника Муравьева Начальнику Штаба Отдельнаго КавказскагоКорпуса, Господину Генерал-Майору и кавалеру Коцебу от 27 марта 1841года (№136), – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 40-41; Содержаниезаписки.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 141.365

sad, subieqturic iyo. Zalzed saeWvoa, giorgi imdenad gulubryvilopolitikosi yofiliyo, rom ar scodnoda, rasawerda xels. man, imTaviTve, mSvenivrad uwyoda, rac xdebodaam SemTxvevaSi. sayuradReboa kidev erTi dokumenti, romelicgiorgi SarvaSiZis miervea xelmowerili. amdokuments Cven saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnul centrSimivakvlieT da pirvelad gamogvaqvs samecniero mimoqcevaSi.es aris soxumSi Sedgenili giorgi SarvaSiZis werili al.veliaminovisadmi, sadac saubaria levanis umcros Zmaze,Cvens mier zemoT ukve naxseneb, giorgi dadianis Zeze, romelic,samegrelos mTavris cnobiT, afxazeTSi imaleboda. giorgiuaryofs amas da al. veliaminovs acnobs, rom giorgidadianis Ze samurzayanoSi unda iyos. es mxare ki, afxaze-Tis mTavris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `dadian levanis sabZanebeliaris~. 1 amdenad, safar-bei savsebiT kargad erkveodaori samTavros sazRvrebSi da engur-RaliZgis SuamdinareTslevan V-s sagamgeblo regionad aRiarebda.amasTanave, arsebobs TanamedroveTa cnobebi, rom giorgiSarvaSiZes esmoda qarTuli, Tumca TviTon laparakiuWirda am enaze. 2 aqedan gamomdinare, kidev ufro cxadixdeba, yovelgvari saubari imaze, rom safar-bei mama ioanesmier mizanmimarTulad iyo SecdomaSi Seyvanili, yovelgvarsafuZvels moklebulia. Tuki mama ioanes afxazeTidan gaZevebaam SeTanxmebas ukavSirdeba, albaT, mizezi isev giorgiSarvaSiZe iqneboda, romelmac am gziT erTgvari `gantevebisvaci~ ipova mis daumorCilebel qveSevrdomebTan Tavis gasamarTleblad.mRvdeli ioane, saqarTvelos gulmxurvalepatrioti, rogorc RvTismsaxuri, ar daumalavda afxazeTismTavars SeTanxmebis arss, Tuki es, marTlac, mis movaleoba-Si Sedoda. amitom am sasuliero piris `damnaSaved~ gamoyvanamxolod carizmis moxeleebis mTavari mizani iyo, romlebicdadianisTvis samurzayanos CamorTmevis `legalur~1 sxec. dokumenti Hd-10597.2 g. avaliSvili. mgzavroba Tbilisidan ierusalimamde. teqsti moamzada,gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo el. metrevelma.Tb., 1967, gv. 29-30.366

safuZvlebs eZebdnen da, amasTanave, imTaviTve cdilobdnenqarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris SuRlis Camogdebas. sworedamitomac aris zemoxsenebul angariSSi agrerigad xazgasmulimama ioanes warmomavloba, rac zemoT aRvniSneT.msgavsi viTareba met-naklebad SenarCunda Semdgom periodSicda am sakiTxis irgvliv ori samTavros dapirispirebamkritikul zRvars mixeil SarvaSiZis (1822-1864)mmarTvelobis dros miaRwia. uSedego Zalismieri qmedebebisSemdeg, mixeilma samurzayanos daufleba ukve saqarTvelosrusul administraciaSi saCivrebis weriT gadawyvita. 1838wlis agvistoSi man mTavarmarTebel general evgeni golovins(1838-1842) sarCeliT mimarTa da moiTxova samegreloafxazeTissazRvris dadgena. 1 afxazeTis mTavari dadiansbrals debda samurzayanos mitacebaSi. 2 misi mtkicebiT, levansar hqonda legitimuri uflebebi samurzayanoze, romafxazeTsa da samegrelos sazRvari unda gavlebuliyo md.isxureize nacvlad RaliZgisa da iTxovda, rom es saqmeimereTis sasamarTlos ganexila. 3 mixeilma e. golovini aSkaradmoatyua imiT, rom samurzayanos, TiTqos, babuamiss,qeleS-beis, emorCileboda. 4am movlenebamde cotaTi adre ki, afxazeTis mTavarmadadianis winaaRmdeg demarSi moawyo da soxumSi samurzayanoelSarvaSiZeebs mouyara Tavi. 5 imave wlis 20 dekembersimereTis mmarTvelma generalma ekim espexom levani am sar-Celis Sesaxeb saqmis kursSi Caayena. 61 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 5.2 Записка о действительной и законной принадлежности Владетелю МингрелииСамурзакаской земли, отобранной ныне от него по распоряжению Г на ГлавнокомандующегоЗакавказским Краем, – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f.16; dokumenti rusul enazea Sedgenili da moicavs furclebs 10-32.3 n. TakalanZe. samurzayanos sakiTxi mixeil SarvaSiZisa da samegrelossamTavros urTierTobaSi, – Jurn.: `mafSalia~, #5, 1999, gv.80.4 Записка о действительной.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 19.5 z. cincaZe. samegrelos (odiSis) samTavros sazRvrebis sakiTxisa-Tvis XIX saukunis I naxevarSi. – saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiiskrebuli. t. VII. Tb., 1989, gv. 97.6 zugdidis saxelmwifo istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi. xelna-367

samegrelos mTavarma 1839w. ianvris dasawyisSive pasuxigaugzavna, sadac ver malavda Tavis aRSfoTebas, rom misimamidaSvili usafuZvlo sarCeliT cdilobda sasamarTloprocesis wamowyebas, romelSic dadiani dabarebuli iqneboda,rogorc imereTis rigiTi moqalaqe. levani amas misiRirsebis Selaxvad miiCnevda da samegrelos mTavris sakiTximxolod saqarTvelos mTavarmarTeblis kompetenciaiyo. 1 samegrelos mTavari ganmartavda, rom samurzayano masmemkvidreobiT ergo da, amasTanave, am kuTxeze misi uflebebisdasadastureblad giorgi da mixeil SarvaSiZeebTan dadebul1818-1827ww. xelSekrulebebs imowmebda. 2ruseTis xelisufleba ukve momzadebuli iyo dasavleTsaqarTveloSi axali politikuri sistemis Sesaqmnelad,rac gulisxmobda adgilobriv samTavroebis gauqmebasa dapirdapiri rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebas. am politikispirveli msxverpli imereTis samefo Seiqna (1810w.), 1829w.– guria, xolo 1837 wels maT webeldac mihyva. am ukanasknelisdamorCileba mniSvnelovani samxedro-strategiulida politikuri warmateba iyo ruseTisTvis kavkasiisdauflebisaTvis brZolaSi.ruseTis aseT gaaqtiurebas xeli TurqeTTan 1828-1829ww. omSi gamarjvebam da 1829w. 2(14) seqtembers dadebulmaandrianopolis zavma Seuwyo, romlis VI muxli aRmosavleTSavizRvispireTsa da saqarTvelos Seexeboda.3kerZod, ruseTma miiRo mTeli Savi zRvis sanapiro md. yubanisSesarTavidan wmida nikolozis saguSagomde (SekveTili,guria) cixeebiT: anapa, sujun-yale da foTi; osmaleTma ruseTisimperiis mflobelobaSi cno qarTl-kaxeTi, samcxe-javaxeTi(axalqalaqi da axalcixe), imereTi, guria, samegrewerTafondebi. dadianTa fondi (SemdgomSi – dadianTa fondi),#190, dok. #7486.1 dadianTa fondi, #190, dok. #7486.2 Записка о действительной и законной принадлежности Владетелю МингрелииСамурзакаской земли.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 16.3 Г. А. Дзидзария. Махаджирство и проблемы истории Абхазии XIX столетия.Сухуми, 1975, gv. 52.368

lo da afxazeTi. 1 imperator nikoloz I-ma (1825-1855) jerkidev 1829 wels saqarTvelos mTavarmarTebel graf ivanepaskeviCs (1827-1830) dausaxa sruliad naTeli gegma: «усмирениенавсегда горских народов или истребление непокорных».2am fonze, afxazeTsa mTavarma samurzayanos sakiTxisisev wamoweviT, rusebs mSvenieri `saCuqari~ gaukeTa. maTacar daaxanes da SesaniSnavad gamoiyenes es dava. miT ufro,rom ori mTavris es dausrulebeli dava, rogorc aRniSnavdamefisnacvali mixeil voroncovi did problemebs uqmnidaSavi zRvis sanapiro xazis efeqtur funqcionirebas. 3mTavarmarTebelma e. golovinma samegrelos xelisuflebisagangamoiTxova is sabuTebi, sadac or samTavros SorissazRvrad md. RaliZga saxeldeboda. 4 levanma saWirodokumentebi da cnobebi tfilisSi 1839w. 18 Tebervals gamoagzavna.5 kerZod, es iyo levan V-is mamis – grigol dadianis– `saTxovari punqtebi~ da ruseTis xelisuflebisdadgenileba grigolis qveSevrdomad miRebis Taobaze. samegrelosmTavris titulatura ki dafiqsirebuli iyo, rogorc`mflobeli odiSisa, svaneTisa da afxazeTisa~. levanisTqmiT, `afxazeTSi~ imJamad moiazreboda samurzayano,vinaidan am mxareSi cxovrobdnen samegrelos mTavris qve-Sevrdomi afxazebi; 6 1818w. levan dadianisa da giorgi SarvaSiZisSeTanxmeba; 7 1827 wlis aqti, zufuar didebulTa dada mixeil SarvaSiZis mier xelmowerili. 8am sabuTebs levanma daurTo m. gorCakovis mier 1823w.1 Андрианопольский мирный договор между Россией и Турцией (2 сентября 1812г.) – http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Turk/XIX/1820-1840/Mir_adrianopol-_1829/text.htm2 Г. А. Дзидзария. Махаджирство и проблемы истории.., gv. 52.3 Акты. Т. X. Тфл., 1885, dok. #262, gv. 254.4 Записка о действительной и законной принадлежности Владетелю МингрелииСамурзакаской земли.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 16.5 Записка о действительной.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 16.6 Записка.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 22-23.7 Записка.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 24.8 Записка.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 25.24. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi369

30 maiss gamogzavnili werili #1594, romliTac samegrelosmTavars ufleba eZleoda Zalismier gziT ganedevna mamidamisi,afxazeTis samTavros droebiT mmarTveli TamarSarvaSiZe samurzayanodan. 1 grigolis dam, romlebsac afxazebiZalian ar swaylobdnen, rogorc Cans, am xalxis siyvarulismosapoveblad, gadawyvita engur-RaliZgis SuamdinareTzeafxazeTis samTavros uflebebis ganvrcoba. vinaidan,am dokumentebis umravlesoba ruseTis adgilobrivi xelisuflebisumaRlesi pirebis mier iyo gamocemuli an vizirebuli,Sesabamisad, cxadi iyo, rom ruseTis samurzayanosupirobod samegrelos nawilad moiazrebda. 10 aprils e.golovinma mas upasuxa, rom sakiTxis gasarkvevad sagangebogamoZiebas iwyebda. 2 `WeSmaritebis~ damdgen `gamoZiebas~ unundagaerkvia samegrelo-afxazeTis namdvili sazRvari. amamocanis Sesruleba, anu `aReba qartasa zeda samZRvarTa sa-Sual afxazeTisa da mingreliisa~ e. golovinma 1839w. gazafxulzetopografiis korpusis poruCik petrovs daavala.3 dadians evaleboda gamomZieblisaTvis, dakisrebuli dadavalebisSesasruleblad, yovelnairad xelis Sewyoba `samegrelosaSina nametnavad samurzayanosa Sina~. 4gamoZieba male dasrulda da mis safuZvelze e. golovinma1839w. 31 dekembers gamosca gankarguleba, sadac ormoqiSpe samTavros Soris sazRvrad kvlav md. RaliZga, misisaTavedan vidre Sav zRvasTan mierTebamde, dadginda. 5 amdadgenilebis Sesaxeb levan dadians werilobiT ecnoba (werili#238). 6 unda aRiniSnos, rom e. golovinis es gankarkargulebasavsebiT samarTliani da obieqturi iyo.m. dumbaZis daskvniT, es gamoZieba formaluri aqti iyo,radganac samurzayanos sakiTxi peterburgSi ukve gadawyve-1 Записка о.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 25-26.2 Записка о.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 16.3 dadianTa fondi, #196, dok. #7487, f. 17.4 dadianTa fondi, #196, dok. #7487, f. 17.5 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 6; Записка о действительной изаконной принадлежности.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 16.6 Записка о., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 16.370

tili iyo. 1 amitomac, mTavarmarTebelma xuT TveSi TviTonvegaauqma Tavisive zemoxsenebuli gankarguleba da axali, radikaluradsawinaaRmdego xasiaTis gadawyvetileba miiRo _samurzayano dadians unda CamorTmeoda. 2 1840w. TebervalSisamurzayano CamoerTva odiSs. 3 iq, webeldis msgavsad, saboqaulodaarses, centriT sofel oqumSi. samegrelos-samurzayanossazRvrad ki md. enguri daadgines. 4aRsaniSnavia, rom levani TviTon iTxovda samurzayano-Si rusuli samxedro administraciis dawesebas iq usafrTxoebisuzrunvelsayofad. 5 rogorc Cans, e. golovinma amgaremoebiTac isargeblad da RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTSiruseTis samxedro xelisufleba daawesa, romelic emorCilebodasamxedro oficers (boqauls). Tavad samurzayanosboqauli ki `SavizRvispira sanapiro xazis~ II ganyofilebisufross daeqvemdebara. 6 am gadawyvetilebas rusebi imiTamarTlebdnen, rom mravalwliani areulobebis Semdeg, mxareSiwesrigi unda damyarebuliyo. 7sinamdvileSi, es mxolod sababi iyo, radgan mRelvarebebiiq Semdeg wlebSic grZeldeboda. 8 samurzayanos pirvelvel boqaulad dainiSna poruCiki kirilovi. 9 XIXs. 40-ianwlebSi samurzayanos boqaulis saxelo aseve eWiraT Stabskapitangabaevs, maiors davidovskis, Stabs-kapitans abaSi-Zes.10rogorc vxedavT, amaTgan ori boqauli (gabaevi/gabaSvilida abaSiZe) qarTveli iyo. ra Tqma unda, xelisuflebaiZulebuli iyo regionSi qarTveli samxedro mosamsaxuremievlina, romelsac ar gauWirdeboda adgilobriv1 m. dumbaZe. samegrelos samTavro 1803-1857ww., gv. 77.2 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 6.3 Акты. Т. X, dok. #256, gv. 248.4 Записка о.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 20.5 Записка о.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 20.6 Акты. Т. X, dok. #255, gv. 248.7 m. dumbaZe. samegrelos samTavro.., gv. 78.8 m. dumbaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelo XIXs. pirvel naxevarSi (ruseT-Tan SeerTeba da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba). Tb., 1957, gv. 269.9 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 47.10 Акты. Т. X, dok. #257, gv. 249; dok. #262, gv. 255.371

mosaxleobasTan, romlis absoluturi umravlesoba qarTuli(megruli) warmoSobis iyo, urTierTobis damyareba.mixeil SarvaSiZem ki Tavisi sarCeliT veraferi miiRo.xelisuflebam mas uari uTxra samurzayanos gadacemaze immotiviT, rom es mxare, romelic afxazeTis samTavrosagandidi xnis win iyo gamoyofili, rogorc damoukidebeli politikurierTeuli, mas ar ekuTvnoda. rogorc saarqivomasalebidan irkveva, generali e. golovini 1840w. 6 ivniss 1niss 1 piradad Cavida samegrelosa da afxazeTSi da orivexelisufals auwya oficialuri sanqt-peterburgis gadawyvetilebasamurzayanoze saboqaulos dawesebis Sesaxeb. 2rogorc Cans, levanisTvis am vizitis Semdegac mTladnaTeli ver Seiqmna mTavarmarTeblis axali gadawyvetilebisnamdvili mizezi, amitomac e. golovinma 1840w. 12 ivlisisweriliT mas auxsna, rom, Turme, verc erT mxares rusulixelisuflebisaTvis myarad ver daumtkicebia samurzayanozeTavisi ufleba. 3Tumca, miuxedavad rusuli samxedro-politikuri administraciisxelmZRvanelis am `axsna-ganmartebisa~, mixeilmagarkveuli sargebeli mainc miiRo. samurzayanos CamoaWresteritoria mdinare oxureimde da igi afxazeTis samTavrosgadasces. 4 aRsaniSnavia, rom swored am zonaSi mdebareobssofeli iloric, romlis ukanonod daWera scada mixeilmajer kidev 1834 wels. maSin, rogorc cnobilia, afxazeTismTavarma iloris mosaxleoba mis erTgulebaze daafica. essofeli, romelSic 70 komli cxovrobda, eklesiis kuTvnilebaiyo da iqauri mosaxleoba gadasaxads ar uxdida arcodiSis mTavars da arc – afxazeTisas. 5marTalia, ruseTi TandaTan iwyebda dadianis uflebe-1 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 1.2 Рапорт командира Отдельнаго Кавказскаго Копуса Генерал-Адъютанта НейдйдгардтаВоенному Министру, Господину Генерал-Адъютанту и кавалеру КнязюЧернышеву, _ seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 109.3 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 6.4 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 1.5 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 71.372

is da gavlenis SezRudvas samurzayanoze, magram es arniSnavda, rom upiratesobas mixeil SarvaSiZe moipovebda.amitom mTvarammarTebelma baronma gr. rozenma 1834 wlis12 ivniss mkacri toniT mosTxova mixeils am TviTnebobisaRkveTa da misi samTavros sazRvaric mkafiod miuTiTa:«...Я не могу не удивляться, что вы решились на таковое самоуправствов чужом владении; ибо известно правительству,что живою границею между Мингрелией и Абхазиею служитр. Галидзга. А как сел. Илори находится на левом берегу оной,то и не может принадлежать к Абхазии». 1mTavarmarTebelma moiTxova, rom mixeils werilobiTgaeuqmebina ilorelTa fici mis qveSevrdomobaze, daebrunebinamZevlebi da maTTvis gamoecxadebina, rom maTi xelisufaliiyo samegrelos mTavari. 2 baronma rozenma afxazeTismTavars daavala misi am miTiTebebis Sesruleba asaxuliyodokumentalurad da igi TbilisSi gaegzavna, saidanac meresanqt-peterburgSi gadaigzavneboda. 3mixeili iZulebuli gaxda baron rozenis `miTiTebebs~damorCileboda da 1834 wlis 20 ivniss mTavarmarTeblisadmigagzavnil werilSi afxazeTis mTavarma oficialuradaRiara, rom misi xelisufleba ilorze ar vrceldeboda:«Не отвергая с моей стороны, что селение Илори, как лежащеена левом берегу реки Галидзги, принадлежит к Мингрелии,я, согласно требованию Вашего Высокопревосходительства,объявляю о сем Илорцам, и объявление это препровождаюдля отправления куда следует» (xazgasmulia dokumentisavtorTa mier – k.k.). 4 mixeilma ganacxada, rom es dasaxlebulipunqti levan dadianis samTavros nawili iyo. 5 igivedaafiqsira man 1834 wlis 28 ivlissac. 6mixeilisaTvis iloris gadacemis faqtma levani aRaS-1 Акты, Т. VIII. Тфл., 1881, dok. #325, gv. 449.2 Акты,Т. VIII, dok. #325, gv. 447.3 Акты,Т. VIII, dok. #325, gv. 447.4 Записка о действительной и законной принадлежности Владетелю МингрелииСамурзакаской земли.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 14.5 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 6-7.6 n. TakalanZe. samurzayanos sakiTxi.., gv. 80.373

foTa, radgan es kategoriulad winaaRmdegobaSi modioda e.golovinis mier 12 ivlisis werilSi mocemul axsna-ganmartebasTan.1 aRsaniSnavia, rom samurzayanosaTvis md. oxureimdemiwebis CamoWra gadawyvetili iyo, magram, erT-erTi gegmiTar ivaraudeboda afxazeTisaTvis sof. iloris gadacema.igi samurzayanos farglebSi unda darCeniliyo, radgan rusebsiq samxedro gamagrebebi moewyoT. 2 Tumca, Cvens miermokvleul sabuTebSi ar Cans, Tu ram gamoiwvia Semdgom amgegmis Secvla. etyoba, rusebma es simagreebi strategiulimniSvnelobisad ar CaTvales an miiCnies, rom afxazeTis sam-TavroSi damatebiTi Zalebis dislocireba ufro waadgebodamaTi poziciebis ganmtkicebas am regionSi. miT ufro, romafxazeTis samTavro, kavkasiis omis dros, xSirad xdebodadaumorCilebel mTielTa agresiis obieqti.Cvens mier arqivSi mikvleuli sabuTidan Cans, `samurzayanossakiTxis~ gamoZiebisas rusebs `gaurkveviaT~, romam mxaris mflobeli manuCar SarvaSiZe yofila. 3 Sesabamisad,am ukanasknelis daRupvis Semdeg, 1812w. Semodgomaze, vinaidanregioni `upatronod~ darCenila, iq xelisufleba mxolodrusebs unda waremarTaT, rogorc neitralur mxares. 4res. 4amis dasadgenad rusebma dakiTxes samurzayanoeli Tavadebi5 da aznaurebi. 6 rogorc Cans, eseni im e. w. `damoukikideblobispartiis~ wevrebi unda yofiliyvnen, romlis in-1 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 7.2 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 76.3 Записка о.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 19.4 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 74-75.5 SarvaSiZeebi – praporSCiki levani, almasxani, manuCari da antoni;ni; anCabaZeebi – Stabs-kapitani Temurya, podporuCiki beJani, eris-Tu, burdRu, lomkaci, zurabi da beJani; emxvarebi – beslanguri,butu, murza-yuli, jamleT, Saraxmet, zurabi, aslan-bei, omari,rostomi, sorexi, manuCari, sosran da balaxuxu; Cqotuebi – praporSCikijamleTi, praporSCiki maxu, praporSCiki zurabi, kaci, aslan-bei,rostomi, islami da manuCari; inaliSvili kaci.6 marRaniebi – jamleTi, beJani, Temurya da sosrani; aqirTavebi –beslani, Temurya, manuCari da lomkaci; zuxbaiebi – Tlafsu dasolomoni.374

teresebis gamomxatvelad Tu liderad poruCiki TemuryaanCabaZe Cans.es varaudi miT ufro axlos unda iyos realobasTan,rom sakuTriv Temurya am gamokiTxulTa Soris iyo. maTrus `gamomZiebel~-oficrebs ganucxades, rom samurzayanoarasdros emorCileboda afxazeTsa da samegrelos da, Sesabamisad,misi mflobelebi damoukidebeli mmarTvelebi iyvnen.1 rogorc vxedavT, es Zalian hgavs im sityvebs, romelicT. anCabaZem bebuTovs miswera jer kidev 1827 wels:«В сей земле существует безначалие… ни Дадиани, ниже ктолибоиз фамилии Шарвашидзе не могут управлять и распоряжатьсяздесь». 2respodentebma ganacxades, rom am mxaris pirveli mmar-Tveli iyo yvapu SarvaSiZe, Semdeg ki – murzayan yvapus Ze,xutunia murzayanis Ze, levan xutunias Ze da, bolos, manu-Cari. am ukanasknelis daxasiaTebisas, samurzayanoelma didebulebmaaRniSnes: «В управление округом этим вступил онненаследственно, а при жизни еще двоюроднаго брата своегоЛевана, силою завладел оным». 3 Tumca, respodentebi aq Secdnen,radgan manuCari levanis ZmisSvili iyo da ara – Zma,rogorc isini acxadebdnen.sainteresoa, rom am dakiTxvis Sinaarsi mocemuliacalkeuli kavkasiuri korpusis Stabis ufrosis, general-maiorp. kocebusadmi SavizRvispira xazis III ganyofilebisufrosis, polkovnik n. muraviovis saidumlo patakSi (#136),romelic 1841w. 27 martiTaa daTariRebuli. 4 e. golovinmaki dadianebs werili 1840w. 12 ivliss gaugzavna. rogorc1 Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis III ganyofilebis ufrosis polkovnik n.muraviovis angariSi calkeuli kavkasiuri korpusis Stabis ufrosisgeneral-maior kocebusadmi, #136, 1841w. 27 marti, – seasa. fondi1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 43; dokuments adevs grifi `saidumlo~,Sedgenilia rusul enaze da moicavs furclebs 40-47.2 Письмо кн. Темурква Анчабадзе к полк. кн. Бебутову. – wgn.: Акты. Т. VII. Тфл.,1878, gv. 396.3 Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis III ganyofilebis ufrosis polkovnikmuraviovis angariSi.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 43-44.4 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 42-43, 168.375

Cans, rusebs dasWirdaT `ukana TariRiT~ `gaemyarebinaT~ samurzayanosCamorTmevis gadawyvetileba. maT, ra Tqma unda,icodnen e. w. `damoukdeblobis partiis~ arsebobis Sesaxebda es faqti Tavisi miznebisaTvis gamoiyenes.amgvarad, carizmi cdilobda am aralegaluri gadawyvetilebisaTvis`kanonieri~ safuZveli moeZebna. samegrelosmesveurebma, mama-Svilma, levan da daviT dadianebma amis sapirispirodaRniSnes, rom maTi siZe mxares marTavda rogorcdadianTa qveSevrdomi da ara rogorc damoukidebelixelisufali. 1 maTi TqmiT, manuCari damoukidebeli xelisufalirom yofiliyo, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg xelisufleba,ufrosobis principiT, mis Zmas – beJans unda mieRo. 2mama-Svilis es mtkiceba simarTles ar Seefereboda, vinaidansamurzayanos mflobelobis miRebaSi ufrosobis principiimTaviTve darRveuli iyo, radgan levanis Semdeg xelisuflebaSimovida ara misi Svili, aramed – ZmisSvili. amasTan,beJani cnobili iyo Tavisi aSkara antirusuli poziciiT da,Sesabamisad, xelisufleba arafriT daTanxmdeboda samurzayanosmmarTvelobaSi mis mosvlas.s. makalaTias azriT, samurzayanos CamorTmevis faqtslevani Zalian ar auRelvebia. 3 mkvlevris es daskvna simarTlesar Seefereba, rac Tavis droze samarTlianad SeniSna m.dumbaZem. 4 levan dadiani aseT Sedegs ar eloda. 1840w. 20noembers man imperator nikoloz I-s saCivari gaugzavna. 5igi apelirebda imiT, rom ruseTTan dadebuli mfarvelobisaqti misi samTavrosa da xelisuflebis garantia iyo da,amasTanave, mTeli misi samxedro-politikuri moRvaweobamxolod ruseTis imperatoris erTgulebas adasturebda damas umaRlesi xelisuflebisTvis samTavros nawilis Camor-TmevisTvis sababi ar miucia. 6 amasTan, iqve aRniSnuli iyo,1 Записка о действительной.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 27-28.2 Записка.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 27-28.3 s. makalaTia. samegrelos istoria da eTnografia. Tb., 1992, gv. 141.4 m. dumbaZe. samegrelos samTavro.., gv. 78.5 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 1-9.6 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 2.376

om axali mTavarmarTeblis mier am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiTmiRebuli gadawyvetilebebi ewinaaRmdegeboda rogorc ruse-Tis imperatoris mier samegrelos samTavroze ruseTisproteqciis dawesebas, sadac samurzayano ganixilebodaodiSis Semadgenel nawilad, aseve wina mTavarmarTebelTapoziciebsac. 1 es iyo aSkara Civili ruseTis adgilobrivixelisuflebis umaRless warmomadgenelze.levani Tavis saCivarSi xazs usvamda samuzayanodankuTvnili Semosavlebis dakargvis Taobaze: `xolo CemganwarTmeviTa samurzayanosaTa, vaklivar sargeblobasa, romelicameZleoda me muniT, da amiT SevmWidrovdebi RonisZiebaTaS ~ a kma sayofelad pirad piradTa saWiroebaTa~. 2 dadianebma1840w. 21 maisve xelisuflebas miyenebuli ekonomikurizaralisaTvis moiTxoves yovelwliuri sauravi 10 000vercxlis maneTis odenobiT. 3grigol dadianis Svili grZnobda, rom imereTisa daguriis bedis gaziareba samegrelosac mouwevda. igi zemoxsenebulwerilSi daufaravad aRniSnavda, rom `me davSTebiSTavrdomil ukiduressa urvasa da SiSsa S ~ a raTa ara SemexnenCemis samflobelos sxæaTa nawilebTa zedaca~. 4 esSiSi miT ufro cxoveli iyo, rom mas garkveuli problemebihqonda odiSi samTavros Semaval raWis mamulebTan dakav-SirebiT, romelzedac imereTi acxadebda pretenziebs. 5imperator nikoloz I-sadmi miwerili werilis boloslevani aRniSnavda, rom `ukeTumca viTarme garemoebiTa, SexvdasaWiroeba raTa ganeyos igi mengrelias da gamogverTvasCæEnis mflobelobisgan; maSin CæEn, viTarca sarwmuno qæE-Sevrdomi Tqvenis imperatorobiTis didebulebisa, mzaTvarT mogarTvaT igi~. 6 levani `Tmobda~, Tumca mainc ar eT-1 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 4-8.2 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 8.3 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 57, 133.4 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 8.5 werili levan dadianisa nikolai fiodoroviCisadmi. 1814 wlis 3oqtomberi, – sxec. dokumenti Ad-2229.6 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 7.377

eTmoboda samurzayano. magram, realobis simware imaSimdgomareobda, rom mas, rogoorc ruseTis imperatoris mar-Tlac erTgul qveSevrdoms, rac man araerTxel daamtkica,ukve arc aravin ekiTxeboda rames. rusebma isedac kargadicodnen, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi maTi erTguli mokav-Sire samegrelos mTavari iyo. 1 am Txovna-ajebiT levani SelaxuliRirsebis dacvas cdilobda. magram es ukve, misi damisi ojaxis garda, aravis aRelvebda. oficialur sanqt-peterburgsukve aRarc sWirdeboda dadiani. ruseTSi samegrelossamTavros gauqmebis sakiTxis saboloo gadawyvetamxolod drois sagans Seadgenda.1840w. 20 noembers levan V-m samurzayanos dabrunebissaqmeSi daxmareba sTxova graf i. paskeviCs. Tumca yofilmamTavarmarTebelma, mas, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, upasuxa,rom am sakiTxis gadawyveta misi kompetenciis farglebSiar Sedioda. ra Tqma unda, kavkasiaSi carizmis kolonialuripolitikis iseTi aqtiuri gamtareblisagan, rogorcvarSavis grafi iyo, levanisadmi daxmareba naklebad savaraudoiyo. rogorc wyaroebi adastureben, yofilma mTavarmarTebelmasinamdvileSi kargad uwyoda, Tu ramdenad `damoukidebeli~iyo samurzayano samegrelosagan, magram mis-Tvis upiratesi iyo imperiis interesebi, vidre kavkasiismTebs miRma dakarguli mcire samTavros sazRvrebis dadgenissakiTxi. amitom i. paskeviCma 1841w. 19 Tebervals dadianTanam miwerilobis Sesaxeb acnoba e. golovins. 2amis Semdeg, dadianis saxlma gadawyvita pirdapir peterburgSieZia samarTali da isini samxedro ministr, general-adiutantaleqsandre CerniSevs daukavSirdnen. levanmamas 1842w. 22 aprils werili miswera, 3 romelic samxedroministrs, imperiis dedaqalaqSi vizitis dros, dedamisma,nino bagration-dadianisam, imave wlis nomebris dasawyisSi1 Записка о действительной и законной принадлежности Владетелю МингрелииСамурзаканской земли, – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 124.2 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 48.3 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 82-88.378

gadasca. 1al. CerniSevma e. golovins 11 noembers werili gamougzavna(#8042) da misgan samurzayanos sakiTxTan dakavSirebiTdaskvnebi moiTxova, raTa nikoloz pirvelisaTvis moexsenebina.2 rogorc Cans, ninom moaxerxa imperatorTan amsakiTxze gasaubreba da am dros monarqisaTvis levanis werilicunda gadaeca. evgeni golovinma aleqsandre Cerni-Sevs sakmaod mokle pasuxi gasca. igi aRniSnavda, rom samurzayanozedadianis saxlis uflebebis mimarT misi daskvnauaryofiTi iyo. 3magram amiT dava ar dasrulebula. axali etapi samurzayanossakiTxis ganxilvas ukavSirdeba mTavarmarTebladgeneral-adiutant aleqsandre neidgardtis daniSvnas 1842w.21 dekembers. ruseTis adgilobrivi xelisufleba, romelicsamurzayanos eqspropriaciisaTvis `kanonier~ safuZvlebseZebda, Zalian mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. saqme rTuliaRmoCnda legalizaciisaTvis.amasTan erTad, dadianebis moTxovnam Sesabamis anazRaurebismisaRebad, rac ukve rusebs dRis wesrigSi edgaT1840w. 21 maisidan, axali mTavarmarTeblis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia.rogorc Cans, Tavidanve, sanam saqmis realur viTarebaSigaerkveoda, igi e. golovinis Sesabamis gadawyvetilebis`WeSmaritebas~ iziarebda. amitom, al. neidgardti winaaRmdegiiyo imisa, rom xelisuflebas dadianebisaTvis raimeTanxa gadaexadaT, vinaidan, mTavarmarTeblis rwmeniT, regionidadians arasdros ekuTvnoda, rogorc es misma winamorbedmagamoarkvia. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi uaryofiTadaskvna mTavarmarTebelma samxedro ministr al.CerniSevs 1843 wlis maisSi gaugzavna. 4vinaidan dadianebis mxridan saCivrebi ar wydeboda, al.neidgardtma axali gamoZieba wamoiwyo. man am saqmis arsSi1 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 91-92.2 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 90-93.3 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 94.4 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 114.379

garkveva `titularul sovetniks~ ferdinand reis daavala,romelmac al. neidgardts 1843w. 4 da 15 oqtombers orimoxseneba warudgina. 1 pirvelSi mocemuli iyo dadianis sa-Civris ZiriTadi arsi da samurzayanosTan dakavSirebuli masalebismokle mimoxilva, 2 xolo meoreSi ukve sakuTriv f.reis analizi da daskvnebi iyo warmodgenili. 3 am sainteresoda yuradsaReb dokumentebs Cvens saqarTvelos erovnularqivSi mivakvlieT da pirvelad gamogvaqvs samzeoze.f. reis daskvnebiT, e. golovinis gadawyvetileba dadianisaTvissamurzayanos CamorTmevis Sesaxeb usafuZvlo iyo,vinaidan grafi paskeviCisa da baron rozenis mier imperatorisadmiwardgenil patakebSi aSkarad Cans, rom samurzayanosamegrelos daqvemdebarebuli mxare iyo da igi dadianisgandamoukidebeli ar yofila. Sesabamisad, f. rei uaryofda manuCarSarvaSiZis suverenul marTvelobas RaliZga-engurisSuamdinareTSi, rac, misi sityvebiT, e. golovinisaTvis mTavar`arguments~ Seadgenda.magram f. rei dadianebis advokati ver iqneboda da igi,pirvel rigSi, kolonialuri xelisuflebis interesebsicavda da amitomac kargad xvdeboda, rom e. golovinis zemoxsenebuligadawyvetileba ganpirobebuli iyo ara, TiTqos-da,samurzayanoSi mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT,aramed imperiis interesebidan gamomdinare, romelic kavkasiisregionSi sakuTari samxedro da politikuri poziciebisganmtkicebas cxdilobda da ukve veRar iTmenda adgilobiriviavtonomiuri politikuri warmonaqmnebis arsebobas.amitom al. neidgardtis qveSevrdomic werda, rom samurzayanossamurzayanos CamorTmeva SesaZlebelia, «ежели1 Раппорт Титулярного Советника Рея Его Высокопревосходительству, ГлавнокомандующемуЗакавказским Краем, Господину Генералу от Инфантерии, ГенералАдъютанту и Кавалеру Нейдгардту, _ seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme357, f. 176.2 Записка о притязании Владетеля Мингрелии на Самурзаканскую область, _ seasa.fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 177-185.3 Дополнение к записке содеожащей опровержение домогательства Князя Дадианио возвращении ему Самурзакани, _ seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357,f. 187-189.380

таковая мера требует по общим видом управления». 1aqedan gamomdinare, f. rei, icavda ra ruseTis imperiisinteresebs da Rirsebas, al. neidgardts urCevda, dadianisaTvisfuli mxolod imitom gadaexadaT, rom igi imperatoriserTguli qveSevrdomi iyo da misi moRvaweobac samurzayanoSicruseTis interesebis dacvas emsaxureboda. f.reis azriT, amgvari gamosavali sakuTriv dadinis Txovnasacdaakmayofilebda da arc ruseTis `Rirsebas Selaxavda~am `CaxlarTul da gaugebar saqmeSi~, rogorc igi werda. 2reis rCevis arsi savsebiT naTeli iyo, radgan, Tuki xelisuflebasamegrelos mTavars samurzayanos gamo fuls gadauxdida,peterburgi amiT iribad aRiarebda e. golovinisgadawyvetilebis simcdares da daadasturebda, rom RaliZga-engurisSuamdinareTi dadians emorCileboda. rusma Cinosanmaamgvarad gadaWra es sakiTxi da daicva imperiis interesebic,vinaidan dadians, oficialurad, Tanxas uxdidnenara samurzayanos gamo, aramed – erTguli samsaxurisaTvis.Sesabamisad, e. golovinis usamarTlo gadawyvetilebac kiTxvisniSnis qveS ar dgeboda.al. neidgardtma f. reis rCevebi gaiTvaliswina da igi,rekomendaciebis saxiT, al. CerniSevs gaugzavna. mTavarmar-Teblis winadadebiT, dadianisTvis xelisuflebas unda miecaerTjeradi fuladi anazRaureba da polkovniki daviT Vdadiani unda aeyvanaT general-maioris wodebaSi. es ki undawarmoCeniliyo ise, rom umaRlesi xelisufleba afasebdasamegrelos mTavris Rvawls ruseTis interesebis dacvissaqmeSi. 3 rogorc vxedavT, dadianis mier moTxovnili yovelwliurisauri mxolod erTjeradi anazRaurebiT undaSecvliliyo. al. neidgardti savsebiTYacnobierebda imas,rom samurzayanos dabruneba dadianisaTvis ukve SeuZlebeli1 Дополнение к записке.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 188.2 Дополнение к записке.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 189.3 Рапорт Командира Отдельнаго Кавказскаго Корпуса, Генерал Адъютанта НейдгардтаВоенному Министру, Господину Генерал Адъютанту и Кавалеру КнязюЧернышеву, 1844w. 11 marti, #17, – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357,f. 201-202.381

iyo, radgan am mxareze saboqaulos dawesebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaimperatoris mier iyo xelmowerili. 1amasTan erTad, is iZleoda rekomendacias, romelsacunda daedgina samurzayanosa da samegrelos Soris administraciulisazRvari. 2 saqme imaSia, rom, TanxasTan erTad,1841w. 21 maiss, dadianebma garkveuli dasaxlebuli punqtebi(maT Soris, sof. faxulani) moiTxoves. 3 e. golovinmamaT faxulani daumtkica. 4 rogorc Cans, mTavarmarTebelsamiT afxazeTisaTvis samurzayanos nawilis gadacemis gauvnebelyofebasurda.kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis moxseneba 1844w. 11 maissal. CerniSevma amierkavkasiis saqmeTa komitetis wevrebs gaacno.5 am saxelmwifo organom, romelic iZulebuli iyo xelisuflebisprestiJi SeenarCunebina, ZalaSi datova e. golovinisgadawyvetileba. Tumca man, iribad, xazi gausva kavkasiisyofili mTavarmarTeblis mier mcdar dadgenilebas,mixeilisaTvis samurzayanos nawili gadacemis Taobaze. 6 komitetmamxari dauWira samegrelos mTavrisaTvis garkveuliTanxis gadaxdas. oRond, dadianisTvis unda ganemartaT, romsamurzayano ruseTisaTvis wamgebiani mxare iyo da, piriqiT,igi kidev ufro met xarjebs moiTxovda iq arsebuli rusuliadministraciisa da dislocirebuli samxedro nawilebisSenaxvis gamo. 7 Sesabamisad, dadianis imedi ar unda hqohqonoda,rom Tanxis raodenobis gazrdas moaxerxebda. amierkavkasiissaqmeTa komitetis aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebaumaRlesma xelisufalmac moiwona. 81 Рапорт Командира.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 201.2 Рапорт Командира.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 202.3 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 57.4 Акты. Т. X. dok. #257, gv. 2495 CerniSevis pasuxi neidgradts. 1844w. 9 ivnisi, #398, – seasa. fondi1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 235.6 Выписка из журнала Комитета по делам Закавказскаго Края. 1844w. 11 maisi,– seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 236.7 Выписка из журнала.., – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 236-237.8 Краткая записка по делам Самурзакани, – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqmesaqme 357, f. 219. es dokumenti (#29) 1846w. 29 aprilsaa Sedgenili382

al. neidgardtma, CvenTvis gaurkveveli mizezebis gamo,ver moaxerxa am dadgenilebis aRsruleba da misi ganxorcielebaukve kavkasiaSi mefisnacval graf m. voroncovs mouwia.1 man 1845w. martSi Sesabamisi molaparakebis sawarmoebladdaviT dadianTan SavizRvispira xazis IV ganyofilebisufrosis movaleobis Semsrulebeli polkovniki aleqsibrusilovi miavlina. rogorc Cans am ukanasknelis `despanobas~sxva datvirTvac hqonda, radgan a. brusilovis saxeliimxanebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi kargad icodnen: is1841w. guriis ajanyebis CamxSobi iyo. Cans, m. voroncovssurda dadianis mosalodneli vnebis CaxSoba brusilovTanmolaparakebebis dros.rogorc vnaxeT, Tavidan dadianebi yovelwliurad10 000 vercxlis maneTs iTxovdnen. Tumca, amjerad esmoTxovna gaenaxevrebinaT da daviTma a. brusilovs yovelwliurad5 000 vercxlis maneTi mosTxova. 2 mefisnacvlisdespanma, komitetis zemoxsenebuli dadgenilebis Sesabamisad,mTavars `auxsna~, rom mis mier moTxovnili Tanxa sakmaod`didi~ iyo ruseTis xelisuflebisaTvis. polkovnikmalevan V-s memkvidres acnoba, rom imperatori apirebda mis-Tvis general-maioris wodebis boZebas, riTac is mixeilSarvaSiZes gautoldeboda. rogorc a. brusilovi acnobebdam. voroncovs, daviTi am ambavs gauxarebia da igi ufro metaddamTmobic gamxdara. 3Tumca, mTlad asec ar iyo saqme. daviT dadianma sapatiodmiiCnia maRali samxedro wodebis miReba, magram igipoziciebis daTmobas advilad ar apirebda. man, am molaparakebebisdReebSi, m. voroncovs miswera, rom ruseTis xelisuflebisganmarteba, rom samurzayanos CamorTmevis mizeziiq simSvidis damyareba iyo, sarwmuno ar iyo, radgan im mxageneral-maiorespexos mier.1 Акты. Т. X. dok. #262, gv. 257.2 От Г. Главнокомандующаго Г ну Военному министру. 1845w. 1 aprili, #29, –seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 238-241.3 От Г. Главнокомандующаго Г ну Военному министру. 1845w. 1 aprili, #29, –seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 238-241.383

eSi mainc ar wydeboda qurdobebi, tyveTa taceba da sxvakanondarRvevebi. 1am sirTuleebis miuxedavad, sabolood, rogorc Cans,dadianis daTanxmeba mainc moaxerxa a. brusilovma da, aRniSnulimolaparakebebis Semdeg, m. voroncovma al. Cerni-Sevs 1845w. 1 aprils SesTavaza dadianisaTvis misacemi er-Tjeradi Tanxa 25 000 vercxlis maneTiT gansazRvruliyo. 2mefisnacvali miiCnevda, rom kompensaciis gadacema dadianisaTvissavsebiT samarTliani qmedeba iyo im viTarebidan gamomdinare,rac samurzayanosTan dakavSirebiT Seiqmna. 3 eswinadadeba xelisuflebis mier maleve, imave Tvis miwuruls(29 aprili) dakmayofilda. 4 1845w. damtkicebuli Tanxa dadianmamxolod 1847 wels miiRo. karga xnis manZilze qar-Tul istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli iyo mcdari Sexedulebaimis Taobaze, rom ruseTis xelisuflebam samurzayanosamegrelosgan gamoisyida da am saxiT Sevida Sesabamisicnoba am kuTxis Sesaxeb iseT solidur gamocemaSi, rogoricaa`qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi~. 5aman mixeil SarvaSiZe aRaSfoTa da 1845w. 22 dekemberssaprotesto werili (#109) miswera qerCSi SavizRvispiraxazis korpusis xelmZRvanels general-adiutant a.i. budbergs. misi TqmiT, xelisuflebis am gadawyvetilebammixeil SarvaSiZis avtoriteti dasca mis qveSevrdomebsa damTiel tomebSi. 6 mixeili iTxovda, gaeTavisuflebinaT igimTavrobidan da samagierod misTvis imereTSi miecaT mamuli1 Докладная записка Наследника и Правителя Мингрельскаго Владения Князя ДадианЕго Сиятельству, Наместнику Закавказскаго Края, Господину Генералу отИнфантерии Геренрал Адъютанту и Кавалеру Михаилу Семеновичу Графу Воронцову.1845w. 19 marti, – seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 215-217.2 От Г. Главнокомандующаго Г ну Военному министру. 1845w. 1 aprili, #29, –seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 238-241.3 Акты. Т. X. dok. #262, gv. 257.4 samxedro ministris werili graf vonroncovisadmi. 1845w. 30 aprili,– seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 242.5 samurzayano. – qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. 9, Tb., 1985, gv. 37.6 seasa. fondi 1087, aRw. 2, saqme 357, f. 260-263.384

1 500 komliT. 11849 wels samegrelos gadaeca adre samurzayanoSi SemavalisasazRvro soflebi: didi da patara koki, gainarjiamuxuri, orsantia da Samgona. 2 amiT dasrulda samurzayanoelSarvaSiZeTa da dadianis karis teritoriuli dava, romelic9 weli grZeldeboda.o. bRaJba da s. lakoba ar Ralatoben sakuTar Tavs dasamurzayanoze rusuli administraciis dawesebis Taobazec`axlebur~ midgomas warmogvidgenen. maTi mtkicebiT, TiTqos1840 wels, «владетель Абхазии доказал свои права на этуобласть (samurzayano – k.k.) и с этого времени она являласьотдельным приставством». 3 rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, ammtkicebisaTvis saerTod aranairi safuZveli ar arsebobs.amrigad, rogorc Cvens mier mikvleuli saarqivo dokumentebidanCans, ruseTs dadianisaTvis samurzayanos Camor-Tmevis dakanoneba Zalian gauWirda da am process ramodenimewelic Sealia. am wyaroebidan naTlad Cans, rom es mxareimperiis mersveurebs samarTlianad samegrelos samTavrosSemadgenel nawilad miaCndaT, rac imTaviTve abaTilebs afxaziseparatisti istorikosebis (o. bRaJba, s. lakoba)mtkicebas imis Taobaze, rom, TiTqos, samurzayanoze saboqaulosdawesebiT, ruseTma ergvarad aRiara am mxareze mixeilSarvaSiZis uflebebis legitimuroba.1 s. janaSia. giorgi SarvaSiZe. kulturul istoriuli narkvevi, –Sromebi. t. VI. Tb., 1988, gv. 8; С. Эсадзе. Историческая записка об управленииКавказом. Т. I. Тфл., 1907, gv. 135.2 z. cincaZe. samegrelos (odiSis) samTavros.., gv. 101.3 О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии. С древнейших времён до нашихдней. 10-11 классы. Учебник для общеобразовательных учебных учреждений.Сухум, 2006, gv. 245.25. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi385

KAKHA KVASHILAVAON THE PROBLEM OF ESTABLISHING A PRISTAVSTVOIN SAMURZAKANO.ACCORDING TO THE NEWLY ASCERTAINEDARCHIVAL MATERIALSIn Samurzakano which almost 150 years had been a disputed territorybetween Samegrelo and Abkhazia, was established a directly Russianoccupation rule in 1840. Though Giorgi and Mikheil Sharvashidze recognizedLevan V Dadiani’s authority on this land, they surreptitiouslysupported the activity of the local oppositionists. Thereby Giorgi andMikheil had tried to interfere in the realization of their rights in the Galidzga-Enguriinterfluve. Russia took advantage of this situation and inSamurzakano and there was established a police-administrative unit –pristavstvo. It was a logical continuation of the colonial policy, whichprovided for the destruction of the local self-governing entities.In the article we are the first using the archival documents that havebeen identified by us in the Historical Archives of the National Archivesof Georgia, the National Centre of Manuscripts of Georgia and the ManuscriptCollections of the Historical and Ethnographic Museum of Zugdidi.According to these sources, it was not easily for Russia to legitimizetaking away Samurzakano from Dadiani. In these new discovered documentswe see clearly that the Russians quite rightly recognized that Galidzga-Enguriinterfluve was part of Samegrelo. This fact refuted the statementof the Abkhaz separatist historians (O. Bgazhba, S. Lakoba) thatRussia began to recognize the legitimacy of the rights of Mikhail Sharvashidzeon this land.386

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriazurab papasqiri, beJan xoravasoCisa da misi Semogarenisistoriuli warsulidansaerTaSoriso olimpiuri komitetis gadawyvetilebiT2014 wlis zamTris olimpiuri TamaSebi ruseTis federaciisqalaq soCaSi da mis SemogarenSi unda Catardes. es faqtiaraerTgvarovnad iqna aRqmuli CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. ufrometic, adiRe-CerqezeTis rigma sazogadoebrivma organizaciebmada gaerTianebebma Riad daafiqsires TavianTi negatiuridamokidebuleba sok-is am gadawyvetilebisadmi. amprotests Tavisi axsna aqvs – im teritoriaze, sadacolimpiuri TamaSebi unda gaimarTos 1864 wlamde, ruseTkavkasiisomis dasasrulamde adiRuri (Cerqezuli) modgmisxalxebi – jiqebi da ubixebi cxovrobdnen. sayovelTaodcnobilia, ruseT-kavkasiis omis (1763-1864) dros ruseTisimperiam CrdiloeT kavkasiis muslimur mosaxleobas, maTSoris, Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze – uSualodsoCa-adleris midamoebSi mcxovreb afxazur-adiRurimodgmis xalxebs: adiRe-Cerqezebs, ubixebs, afxazebs, namdviligenocidi mouwyo. omis damTavrebis Semdeg kavkasiaSinaTxvajebis, SafsuRebis, ubixebis, jiqebis, afxazebis mravalricxovanieTnosebidan da eTnografiuli jgufebidanmxolod SafsuRebi da afxazebi SemorCnen. sxvebi, ruseTisxelisuflebam dedabudianad ayara mSobliuri miwa-wylidanda TurqeTSi gadaasaxla, sadac adgilobriv mosaxleobas anCerqezTa sxva eTnografiul jgufebs Seerwynen da TandaTanobiTistoriis asparezidan gaqrnen.ruseTis imperiis memkvidre ruseTis federacia uarsambobs CerqezTa genocidis aRiarebaze. adiRes respublikurisazogadoebrivi organizacia ,,CerqezTa kongresi~ (Tavmjdomaremurat berzegovi) Tvlis, rom im miwaze, sadac387

genocidi moxda da dRemde es danaSauli aRiarebuli araris, xolo Cerqezuli eTnosis aRorZineba istoriul sam-SobloSi gadawyvetili ar aris, olimpiuri TamaSebis Catarebamkrexelobaa da ewinaaRmdegeba rogorc zogadsakacobrio,ise saerTaSoriso olimpiuri komitetis principebs. 1Savi zRvis Crdilo aRmosavleT sanapiroze antikurxanaSi da Sua saukuneebSi mravalricxovani adiRuri eTnografiulijgufebi cxovrobdnen. qarTul saistorio wyaroebSiisini jiqebis, xolo maTi gansaxlebis teritoria jiqeTissaxeliT moixsenieba. 2 Sua saukuneebSi Crdilo-aRmosavleTSavizRvispireTSi, kerZod, soWa-tuafses monakveTSimosaxle adiRebis mniSvnelovani nawili qarTul politikur-saxelmwifoebrivkulturul sivrceSi iyo moqceuli.VIIIs. miwuruls dasavlurqarTuli saxelmwifos ,,afxazTa~samefos Seqmnis droidan Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTisanapiro md. nikofsiamde mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. 3 md.nikofsia Tanamedrove md. neCefsuxoa, romelic amJamindelq. tuafses Crdilo-dasavleTiT erTvis Sav zRvas. q. tuafsesCrdilo-dasavleTiT, zRviT daaxloebiT 20 km-ze, dRe-1 murat berzegovis gancxadebiT: «В ходе Русско-Кавказской войны Российскимгосударством был совершён геноцид в отношении черкесов, особенносильно пострадали именно коренные жители Причерноморья: один из самыхмногочисленных черкесских субэтносов – шапсуги и убыхи. После 1864 года наисторической родине осталось не более 2% шапсугов, убыхи были истреблены ивыселены на 100%. Сегодня на исторической родине не осталось ни одногоэтнического убыха. Российская федерация отказывается признавать геноцидчеркесов, совершенный Российской империи, правопреемником которой онаявляется. Мы считаем, что на земле, где был совершен жесточайший геноцид,и до сих пор это преступление не признано, а вопрос о воссоздании черкесскогоэтноса на исторической родине не решен, проводить олимпийские игрыпо меньшей мере кощунственно и противоречит как общечеловеческимпринципам, так и принципам, провозглашенным Олимпийским комитетом.»Черкесский Конгресс против зимней олимпиады в Сочи. ix. http://ewnc.org/node/953 (xazgasma Cvenia – z.p. b.x.).2 z. anCabaZe, m. cincaZe. saqarTvelo da CrdiloeT kavkasia XII saukunesada XIII saukunis I naxevarSi. – saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi.Tb., 1966, gv. 151.3 З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии (VI-XVII вв.). Сухуми,1959, gv. 110; М. Д. Лордкипанидзе. Возникновение новых феодальных государств.– Очерки истории Грузии, т. II. Тб., 1973, gv. 283.388

vandel sofel novomixailovskisTan mdebareobda q. nikofsia,qveynis ukiduresi Crdilo-dasavleTi punqti. 1 `matianeqarTlisaOs~ saxeliT cnobili XIs. qarTuli qronikis cnobiT`afxazTa~ mefe giorgi II-s (929-957) kaxeTis erT-erTifeodali xaxua arSis Ze Sepyrobili jiqeTs warugzavnia, 2rac imis dadasturebaa, rom im dros jiqeTi uSualod `afxazTa~samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda.XIs. dasawyisSi, rodesac saqarTvelos erTiani monarqiaSeiqmna, jiqeTi qarTuli politikur-saxelmwifoebrivisamyaros sazRvrispira regioni iyo. erTiani qarTuli samefosukiduresi Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari q. nikofsiasTan,md. nikofsiaze gadioda da ase iyo saukuneebis ganmavloba-Si. 3 qarTveli mematiane rodesac erTiani saqarTvelos pirvelimefis bagrat III bagrationis (978-1014) moRvaweobasexeba, aRniSnavs, rom man `daipyra yoveli kavkasia TviTmpyrobelobiTajiqeTiTgan vidre gurgenadmde~ 4 (e.i. kaspiiszRvamde). giorgi mTawmindelis cxovrebaSi dokumenturadaadafiqsirebuli, rom XIs. Sua xanebSi nikofsia uSualod saqarTvelossaxelmwifos sazRvrebSi Semodioda. 5 daviT aR-1 З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой.., gv. 110; Л. И. Лавров. ЭтнографияКавказа. Л., 1982, gv. 168.Y2 matiane qarTlisa. – qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvelaZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I. Tb., 1955,gv. 268; З.. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии, gv. 111; З. В.Папаскири. У истоков грузино-русских политических взаимоотношений, Тб.,1982, gv. 66.3 З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии, gv. 110-111; m. lorTqifaniZe,feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba. Tb., 1963,gv. 180-186; m. berZniSvili. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sazRvrebi XIIIsaukunis damdegs. – saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi. Tb., 1966, gv.293-294.4 sumbat daviTis Ze. cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa. – qarTliscxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviTs. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I. Tb., 1955, gv. 382.5 giorgi mTawmindelis ganmartebiT: `erTi wmidaTa aTormetTamociqulTagani, simons vity kananelsa, queyanasa Cuensa damarxulars afxazeTs, romelsa nikofsi ewodebis~. ix.: giorgi xucesmonazoni.giorgi mTawmindelis cxovreba. – Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuliliteraturis Zeglebi. il. abulaZis redaqciiT, II. Tb.,1967, gv. 154, xazgasma Cvenia – z.p. b.x.389

maSeneblis mmarTvelobis periodSi (1089-1125) SemuSavdaformula, romlis mixedviT erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifosteritoria gadaWimuli iyo `nikofsiTgan darubandisa zRvamdeda ovseTiTgan soerad aregawamde~. 1 erTiani saqarTvelossamefos daSlis Semdeg, XVs. II naxevridan jiqeTi saqarTvelosCamoSorda, Tumca XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi Sedgenil (maTSoris ruseTSi) rukebze saqarTvelos sazRvari q. nikofsiasTanTu md. yubanis SesarTavTan gadis. 2XVIs. Sua xanebidan mzardi ruseTis saxelmwifos eqspansionisturipolitikis dRis wesrigSi kavkasiis sakiTxidadga. am droidanve (1567-1588 ww.) Cndeba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi,md. Tergsa da md. yoisuze rusebis pirveli simagreebida samxedro dasaxlebebi. XVIIIs. II naxevarSi ruse-Tis interesebi kavkasiisadmi kidev ufro gaizarda. ruseTismmarTvel wreebs kargad esmodaT qveynisaTvis am regionismniSvneloba. garda imisa, rom ruseTs savaWro-ekonomikuriinteresebi hqonda kavkasiaSi, misi mizani iyo Sav zRvazegasvla, Sua aziasa da maxlobel aRmosavleTze gamavali savaWrogzebis xelSi Cagdeba da, saboloo angariSSi, axloaRmosavleTSi ekonomikuri da politikuri gabatoneba. 31763w. ruseTis jaris nawilebi yabardoSi SeiWrnen,md. Tergis marcxena napirze cixe-simagre mozdoki daaarsesda iq kazakTa garnizoni Caayenes. am faqtma yabardoelebisaRSfoTeba gamoiwvia da maT cixe-simagris dangreva moiTxoves.ruseTma es moTxovna ar daakmayofila da yabardoSidamatebiT Seiyvana samxedro nawilebi. amis sapasuxod yabardoelebmadidi ZalebiT Seuties mowinaaRmdeges. gaCaRdaaswliani ruseT-kavkasiis omi (1763-1864), romelSic ruse-Ti miznad isaxavda CrdiloeT kavkasiis (centraluri, dasavleTda aRmosavleT kavkasiis) dapyrobas, xolo kavkasi-1 anderZi daviT mefisa (1125). qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. teqstebigamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem, II. Tb.,1965, gv. 19.2 Очерки из истории Грузии. Абхазия с древнейших времен до наших дней. Тб.,2009, карта # 6,7,11,14,19.3 Н. А. Смирнов. Политика России на Кавказе в XVI-XIX веках. М., 1958, gv. 26.390

el mTielTa mxridan oms antikoloniur, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelixasiaTi hqonda. 1XIXs. dasawyisSi ruseTis imperiam saqarTvelo da samxreTkavkasiis sxva politikuri erTeulebi SeierTa. amisSemdeg carizmis gadaudebel strategiul da politikuramocanas warmoadgenda CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyroba, racgamowveuli iyo kavkasiaSi ruseTis politikuri mdgomareobisTaviseburebebiT: imperiasTan mierTebuli teritoriebikavkasionis qedis samxreTiT mdebareobda; maTi dapyroba kavkasionismTiani zolis dapyrobamde moxda. amdenad, imperiiskavkasiuri samflobeloebi metropoliidan gamijnuli aRmoCndadaumorCilebeli CrdiloeT kavkasiiT. amitom dRiswesrigSi CrdiloeT kavkasiis sakiTxi dadga. sanam ruseTiCrdiloeT kavkasias, maT Soris, yubanis mxares da aseve SavizRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros ar daipyrobda, misibatonoba samxreT kavkasiaSi mtkice ver iqneboda. 2 amitomcarizmi am sakiTxis gadawyvetisaTvis zrunvas Seudga.1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi gamarjvebisSemdeg sulTanma ruseTis mflobelobaSi cno Crdilo-dasavleTkavkasia da Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sanapiro.marTalia, es mxare TurqeTis mflobelobaSi ar iyo, magrammasze brwyinvale portas politikuri gavlena vrceldeboda.3 am omis dros, 1828w. 12 ivniss ruseTma daipyro SavizRvis Crdilo aRmosavleT sanapiroze mniSvnelovani navsadgurianapa, romelic Semdeg am mxareSi ruseTis eqspansiisplacdarmad iqca. rodesac nikoloz I (1825-1855) kavkasiismTavarmarTebelsa da jarebis sardals i. paskeviCs (1827-1831) ruseT-TurqeTis omSi gamarjvebas ulocavda, werda:`... daamTavreT ra amrigad erTi didebuli saqme, Tqven moge-1 Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis narkvevebi. red. z. anCabaZe.nakv. II, Tb., 1978, gv. 44; e. anTelava. kavkasia da ruseTi, t. I. Tb.,2007; С. Х. Хотко. История Черкесии в средние века и новое время. СПБ, 2001,gv. 358; И. Макоев. 21 мая – день памяти черкесов, жертв русско-черкесскойвойны 1763-1864гг. ix. eleqtronuli versia: http: //www. newcirca. com/ stat/idar.ntm.2 А. В. Фадеев. Россия и Кавказ первой трети XIX в. М., 1960, gv. 282.3 А. В. Фадеев. Россия и Кавказ первой трети XIX в., gv. 339.391

liT meore, Cemi azriT, iseTive didebuli, xolo pirdapirisargeblis TvalsazrisiT ufro mniSvnelovani – mTielTasruli damorCileba an maTi ganadgureba~. 1 …imperatoris direqtiva – ~mTielTa sruli damorCilebaan maTi ganadgureba~, – naTlad axasiaTebs carizmis koloniuripolitikis arss da mizans kavkasiaSi. aRsaniSnavia, romiseTi liberaluri da demokratiuli Zala am xanis ruseTSi,rogoric iyvnen dekabristebi, aseTsave poziciaze idgnen. dekabristTa`samxreTis sazogadoebis~ lideri p. pesteli saprogramodokumentSi `ruskaia pravda~ kavkasiis xalxebsyofda mSfoTvare, daumorCilebel da mSvid, damyol tomebad.misi azriT, aucilebeli iyo pirvelTa gadasaxleba imperiisSida guberniebSi, xolo meoreTa TandaTanobiTi asimilaciada sruli gaTqvefa kavkasiaSi Casaxlebul rusul mosaxleobaSi.2 SemdegSi carizmi swored ase moiqca.iranTan (1826-1828ww.) da TurqeTTan (1828-1829ww.)omebSi gamarjvebis Semdeg, XIXs. 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSiruseTis jarebma gaaaqtiures moqmedeba CrdiloeT kavkasia-Si, maT Soris, Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze.nikoloz I-is direqtivis realizebis mizniT i. paskeviCmaSeimuSava kavkasiis mTis xalxebis swrafi damorCilebisgegma, romelic imperatorma 1829w. oqtomberSi daamtkica. 3gegma iTvaliswinebda dasavleT kavkasiaSi – Savi zRvisCrdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze da yubanis mxareSi mcxovrebiadiRuri tomebis damorCilebas, risTvisac saWirodiyo miCneuli Savi zRvis sanapiroze arsebuli simagreebis– redut-kale, soxumi, anapa – garda axali simagreebisageba, maTi erTmaneTTan mtkiced dakavSireba sanapiro gziT,1 А. П. Щербатов. Генерал-фельдмаршал князь Паскевич-Эриванский, т. III.СПб., 1891, gv. 229-230.2 П. И. Пестель. Русская правда. СПб., 1906, gv. 48. amis Sesaxeb dawvril.ix.: Э. (Т.) М. Антелава. Из истории русского великодержавного имперскогомышления. – saistorio Ziebani. eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobis saqarTvelossaistorio sazogadoebis afxazeTis organizaciis weliwdeuli.VIII-IX. Tb., 2006, gv. 324-329, eleqtronuli versia: http://sites.google.com/ site/saistoriodziebani/dziebani2005-20063 Утверждение наше в Абхазии. – Кавказский сборник, т. X. Тифлис, 1889, gv. 123.392

agreTve CrdiloeTidan ramdenime eqspediciis mowyoba yubanismxareSi. am gegmis realizebis mizniT Seiqmna `afxazeTiseqspedicia~, romlis mizans soxumidan anapamde sanapiro zolisdakaveba, gamagrebuli sanapiro xazis Seqmna da simagreebsSoris saxmeleTo mimosvlis uzrunvelyofa, saboloojamSi ki dasavleT kavkasiis mTianeTSi rusuli samxedroadministraciulimmarTvelobis damyareba warmoadgenda. 11830w. ivlisSi ruseTis jaris nawilebma afxazeTissanapiroze desantiT daikaves gagra, biWvinTa da bombora,sadac rusebma simagreebi aages da jaris nawilebi Caayenes.miuxedavad Tavdapirveli warmatebisa, gagris Crdilo-dasavleTiTruseTis jaris winsvla Seferxda jiqebisa da ubixebismedgari winaaRmdegobis gamo. 2 afxazeTis eqspediciismoqmedebis paralelurad i. paskeviCma md. yubani gadalaxa daSafsuRebis ramdenime auli gaanadgura, amasTan md. yubanzeramdenime simagre aago. 3 amdenad, srulad ver iqna miRweuliis, rac eqspediciis mizans Seadgenda.Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze, md. bzifsada md. xosTas (xamiSi) Soris jiqebis afxazur-adiRurimodgmis abazuri eTnografiuli jgufi cxovrobda. CrdiloeTiTmaTi sazRvari kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qedzegadioda. jiqebis gansaxlebis teritoria dayofili iyomTis da sanapiro Temebad. jiqebis mTis Temebi iyo: fsxu –md. bzifis zemo welSi; aibga – md. fsous zemo welSi;wvija – md. mzimTas Sua welze; ahWifsi – md. mzimTas zemo1 Утверждение наше в Абхазии, gv. 123. amis Sesaxeb dawvril. ix.: b.xorava. 1830 wlis afxazeTis eqspedicia. – saistorio Ziebani. eqv-Time TayaiSvilis saxelobis saqarTvelos saistorio sazogadoebisafxazeTis organizaciis weliwdeuli. VI. Tb., 2003, gv. 92-114, eleqtronuliversia: http://sites.google.com/site/saistoriodziebani/dziebani20032 Утверждение наше в Абхазии, gv. 143-147; А. В. Фадеев. Россия и Кавказпервой трети XIX в., gv. 340-341.3 Гр. И. Филипсон. Воспоминания, М. 1885, gv. 120; А. Н. Дьячков-Тарасов.Гагры и их окрестности. – Записки Кавказского отдела Императорского Русскогогеографического общества (ЗКОИРГО), кн. XXIV, вып. I. Тифлис, 1903, gv. 59;a. diaCkov-tarasovi. gagra da misi Semogareni. rusulidan Targmnes,Sesavali da komentarebi daurTes zurab papasqirma da beJanxoravam. Tb., 2003, gv. 110-111.393

welSi. jiqebis sanapiro Temebi, romlebic TavadTa sagvareulosaxelebis mixedviT iwodebodnen, cxovrobdnen: can –md. bzifsa da md. xaSufses (candrifSi) Soris; geC – md.xaSufsesa da md. mzimTas Soris; ard (ared) – md. mzimTasada md. xosTas Soris. md. xosTasa da md. Saxes Soris ubixebicxovrobdnen; md. Saxesa da md. fSadas Soris – Safsu-Rebi (mcire SafsuRebi); md. fSadasa da yubanis qvemo welsSoris – naTxvajebi. 1md. yubanis auzSi cxovrobdnen mravalricxovani adi-Ruri (Cerqezuli) eTnografiuli jgufebi da abazuri Temebi.XIXs. Sua xanebisaTvis mniSvnelovani adiRuri eTnografiulijgufebi iyo: yabardoelebi, baslenelebi, Temirgoi,bJeduRebi, xatukai, maxvaSebi, mamxeRebi, egeruyvebi, abaZexebi,SafsuRebi, naTxvajebi; md. yubanis marcxena napirze, md.labis SesarTavsa da yubans Soris cxovrobdnen Turqulimodgmis yubanispireli noRaelebi, xolo dasavleT kavkasiismaRalmTian zolSi md. kumas, yubanis marcxena napirsa damd. labis saTaveebs Soris cxovrobdnen abazuri Temebi:Tam, yizilbeki, Saxgirei, baSilbai, baR, barayai, basxogi.mxolod adiRebis raodenoba yabardoelebTan erTad, XIXs.I naxevarSi (30-40-iani wlebi) TiTqmis milions aRwevda.maTgan yvelaze mravalricxovanni iyvnen: SafsuRebi (daaxl.200 aTasi), abaZexebi (daaxl. 160 aTasi), naTxvajebi (daaxl.60 aTasi). 2 aRsaniSnavia, rom rusebi mTeli XIX saukunisganmavlobaSi maT dacinviT tomebs eZaxdnen.amdenad, ruseTs didi dro, Zala, adamianuri da materialuriresursebi sWirdeboda kavkasiel mTielTa dasamorCileblad.ruseT-iranisa da ruseT-TurqeTis omebisSemdeg, rodesac ruseTis poziciebi kavkasiaSi kidev ufroganmtkicda, carizmma uradReba kavkasiis mTianeTs miapyro.kavkasiis mtkiced dauflebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo Tavisu-1 Ад. Берже. Выселение горцев Кавказа. – Русская старина, т. XXXIII, 1882, январь,gv. 163; С. Т. Званба. О Гагре и джигетах. – wgn.: С. Т. Званба. Абхазскиеэтнографические этюды. Сухуми, 1982, gv. 8-9; В. К. Гарданов. Общественныйстрой адыгских народов (XVIII – первая половина XIX в.). М., 1967, gv. 24.2 В. К. Гарданов. Общественный строй адыгских народов.., gv. 42-44.394

fali mTielebis damorCileba.XIXs. 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ruseTis sardlobaTavs ikavebda dasavleT kavkasiaSi farTo SeteviTi operaciebisaganda anapisa da gagris cixeebis dacvas sjerdeboda.am periodSi carizmis yuradReba ZiriTadad Crdilo-aRmosavleTkavkasiisaken iyo mipyrobili, Tumca CeCneT-daRestanSisaomari moqmedebebis paralelurad, ruseTis jarissamxedro eqspediciebi moqmedebdnen dasavleT kavkasiaSi.kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblisa da kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardlisbaron gr. rozenis (1831-1837) mmarTvelobis xana-Si safuZveli Caeyara yubanispireTis vakisa da kavkasionismTiswineTis dakavebas, md. yubansa da md. labas Soris teritoriazekazakTa dasaxlebebis Seqmnas. kavkasiis sardlobaSavi zRvis sanapiroze agebda simagreebs, gahyavda gzebi,rac am mxareSi carizmis batonobis ganmtkicebas uwyobdaxels. 1831w. rozenma Savi zRvis sanapiroze gelenjiki daikavada iq simagre aago.kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblisa da kavkasiis jarebis mTavarsardlise. golovinis (1837-1842) dros ruseTis sardlobam,kavkasiel mTielTa winaaRmdeg efeqturi brZolismizniT, meti yuradReba miaqcia Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirosmniSvnelovan punqtebSi simagreebis agebas da dapyrobilteritoriebze gzebis gayvanas. rogorc wesi, simagreebida fortebi igeboda mdinareebis SesarTavTan, adgilobrivmkvidrTaTvis warTmeul teritoriebze. simagreebisaSenebiT rusebi kavkasiel mTielebs uspobdnen gare samyarosTan,pirvel rigSi TurqeTTan da inglisTan urTierTobissaSualebas, amasTan rusebi magrdebodnen Savi zRvis sanapiroze,ruseTis flots xelsayreli pirobebi eqmnebodaSav zRvaze batonobisaTvis. 1837w. nikoloz I piradad CamovidakavkasiaSi. anapaSi yofnisas man brZana daeCqarebinaTfortebis mSenebloba da da jars dausaxa amocana CerqezTamTeli sanapiros dakaveba. 1 1837w. Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTsanapiroze aigo simagreebi: sviatogo duxa (adleri)1 С. Х. Хотко. История Черкесии в средние века и новое время, gv. 358.395

– md. mzimTas SesarTavTan, adleris koncxze; novo-troickoe– md. fSadis SesarTavTan; mixailovskoe – md. vulanis SesarTavTan;1838 wels – aleqsandriis forti, romelsacmomdevno wels navaginski ewoda (md. soCas SesarTavTan); veliaminovskoe– md. tuafses SesarTavTan; Tenginskoe – md.Safsuxos SesarTavTan; novorosiiski – cemesis yureSi;1839w. – forti golovinski (md. subaSis/Saxe SesarTavTan,forti lazarevskoe – md. fsezuafses SesarTavTan. 11839 wels Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros yvelarusuli simagre erTmaneTTan saxmeleTo gziT daakavSires.yvela es simagre iq ganlagebul jarebTan erTad Savi zRvissanapiro xazis sistemaSi Sevida. Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTsanapiroze mcxovrebi jiqebi, ubixebi, SafsuRebi,naTxvajebi Tavs esxmodnen rusul simagreebs, rusul jarisnawilebs da mudmivi SiSSi hyavdaT rusuli garnizonebi.1840w. dasawyisSi maT gaaaqtiures moqmedeba ruseTis jarebiswinaaRmdeg. maTTvis cnobili iyo, rom simagreebi saTanadodar iyo daculi, mcirericxovani iyo simagreTa garnizoni,jariskacebs mravali problema hqondaT, maT SorisSeiaraRebis mxriv da sxv. amiT Segulianebulma mTielebmaSeuties rusul simagreebs da Teberval-martSi lazarevskoe,veliaminovskoe da mixailovskoe daikaves. 2ruseTis sardloba Tvlida, rom Savi zRvis sanapirozesimSvide manam ar daisadgurebda, sanam ubixebs ar daimorCilebdnen.1841w. dasawyisSi ruseTis jaris nawilebi jiqe-Tidan, md. mzimTadan ubixeTSi SeiWrnen, ramdenime auli gaanadguresda navaginskis simagremde miaRwies, magram qveynissiRrmeSi, mTebSi ver SeaRwies. ubixebma medgari winaaRmdegobagauwies mters. ubixebis winamZRolis, 70 wlis hajiismail dagumoyva barzegis 9 vaJiSvilidan 4 brZolaSi dai-Rupa, sxvebi ki daiWrnen. noembris dasawyisSi eqspediciaadlerSi dabrunda. 3 amdenad, ubixeTSi samxedro eqspedicias1 М. Ф. Федоров. Походные записки на Кавказе с 1835 по 1842 год. – Кавказскийсборник, т. III. Тифлис, 1879, gv. 125-169.2 М. Ф. Федоров. Походные записки на Кавказе с 1835 по 1842 год, gv. 185-187.3 М. Ф. Федоров. Походные записки на Кавказе с 1835 по 1842 год, gv. 185-187;396

aime realuri Sedegi ar mohyolia.yirimis omis (1853-1856ww.) dros ruseTis xelisuflebaiZulebuli gaxda Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirossimagreebi daecala da aefeTqebina. omis damTavrebis SemdegruseTis xelisuflebam didi ZalebiT Seutia kavkasielmTielebs, romlebic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi eweodnen uTanasworobrZolas. carizmma kavkasiaSi Tavi mouyara mniSvnelovanZalebs, kavkasiis korpusi armiad gardaiqmna. kavkasiisarmiis mTavarsardlisa da kavkasiis mefisnacvlis a. bariatinskis(1856-1862) yuradReba ZiriTadad CeCneT-daRestnisakeniyo mipyrobili, magram igi fiqrobda, rom SavizRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze ganmtkicebis gareSedasavleT kavkasiis dapyroba SeuZlebeli iyo. 1858w. ianvarSiruseTis jaris nawilebma gaanadgures abaZexebis aulebimd. qurjifsze da md. fSexaze, Saxgireebis aulebi md.xoZis zemo welSi, naTxvajebis 23 auli; imavdroulad 6stanica daafuZnes mdinareebze – urupi, Tegeni, didi zelenCuki.1 1859w. ianvar-TebervalSi ruseTis jaris nawilebmaSeuties md. labasa da md. belaias Soris mcxovreb mTielebsda cecxliTa da maxviliT gaanadgures maTi aulebi,mouspes maT sarCo-sabadebeli, amitomac moewyo eqspediciazamTarSi. ivnis-agvistoSi winaaRmdegoba Sewyvites da rusebsdamorCildnen bJeduRebi, baslenelebi, maxvaSebi, yubanispirelinoRaelebi, Temirgoi, egeruyvebi, Saxgireebi. 21859w. 25 agvistos ruseTis sardlobas danebda kavkasielmTielTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis meTaurimTeli meoTxedi saukunis manZilze Samili. kavkasiisomis erTi mniSvnelovani etapi damTavrda, ruseTma CrdiloaRmosavleTkavkasia – CeCneT-daRestani daipyro. CrdiloaRmosavleTkavkasiaSi omis damTavrebisTanave mTielebidarwmundnen, rom ruseTTan brZolis ganaxleba uazrobaИ. Барсуков. Граф Муравьев-Амурский, кн. 1. М. 1891, gv. 104-109.1 А. Макаров. Племя адыге, III, – gaz. ,,Кавказ~, #31, 1862.2 А. Макаров. Племя адыге, III, – gaz. ,,Кавказ~, #31, 1862; А. Л. Зиссерман.Фельдмаршал князь Александр Иванович Барятинский, 1815-1879, т. I. М., 1888,gv. 316-318.397

iyo da gadawyvites gaclodnen maTTvis miuRebel axladdamyarebulkoloniur reJims. kavkasielma mTielebma TurqeTSigadasaxleba gadawyvites. amas arc ruseTi SewinaaRmdegebia,piriqiT, aqezebda kidec, radgan xelisufleba imedovnebda,rom daumorCilebeli mTielebis gadasaxlebis Semdeg am mxareSimyari mSvidoba daisadgurebda. amasTan, gaTavisufldebodamiwis uzarmazari fondi, romelsac carizmi kolonizaciisaTvisgamoiyenebda, am miwebze Camosaxlebulebi ki carizmismyar dasayrdens Seqmnidnen. amis Sedegad TurqeTSigadasaxldnen daRestnelebi, CeCnebi, osebi, sul asi aTasamdekaci. rogorc carizmis erTguli moxele e. veidenbaumiaRniSnavda, ~kavkasieli mTielebi, romlebic araCveulebrivigaafTrebiT ebrZodnen rusebs, damarcxebulebi, magram aradamorCilebulebi, TurqeTisaken gaemarTnen~. 1ruseTis mier Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiis dapyrobisSemdeg, imperiis winaaRmdeg brZolas ganagrZobdnen dasavleTkavkasiis mTielebi – mravalricxovani adiRebi da abazebi.amitom ruseTis sardlobam aqeTken gadmoisrola 200aTasiani kavkasiis armiis ZiriTadi nawilebi. aleqsandre II(1855-1881) sardlobisagan moiTxovda, rom kavkasiis omi,romelic ase didxans gaiwela da uzarmazar saxsrebsnTqavda, male daemTavrebinaT. omSi swrafi gamarjveba ruseTssWirdeboda agreTve evropis TvalSi yirimis omSi(1853-1856) damarcxebiT Seryeuli avtoritetis aRsadgenad.2 1860w. seqtemberSi kavkasiis mefisnacvalma da kavkasiisarmiis mTavarsardalma a. bariatinskim omis swrafaddamTavrebisaTvis RonisZiebebis dasaxvis mizniT, vladikavkazSisamxedro TaTbiri moiwvia. TaTbirze gadawyda, romdasavleT kavkasiis dasamorCileblad Seteva daewyoT md.labisa da md. belaias zemo welidan da mTebidan Savi zRvisakengamoedevnaT abaZexebi, SafsuRebi, ubixebi. maT mierstavropolis guberniis stepebSi gadasaxlebaze uarisTqmis SemTxvevaSi, isini TurqeTSi gadaesaxlebinaT, xolomaT miwa-wyalze rusebi CaesaxlebinaT, umTavresad kazakebi.1 Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis narkvevebi.., nakv. II.., gv. 139.2 Р. Фадеев. Письма с Кавказа. СПб., 1865, gv. 58.398

amis gareSe, rogorc ruseTis sardloba Tvlida, kavkasiisdapyroba sruli da saboloo ver iqneboda. 1 kavkasiis sardlobisgegmiT, dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebi unda aeyaraTTavianTi sacxovrebeli adgilebidan da iq rusebi CaesaxlebinaT.rusul kolonizacias ara mxolod unda dagvirgvinebinaqveynis dapyroba, aramed is TviTon unda yofiliyodapyrobis erT-erTi mTavari saSualeba. 2 maSin, cxel kvalze,r. fadeevi werda: `Западные горы должно покоритьбезотлогательно, не щадя для того никаких жертв~. 3amrigad, kavkasiis damorCilebis mTavar saSualebad mi-Cneul iqna samxedro kolonizacia. aqamde kavkasieli mTielebiswinaaRmdeg ewyoboda eqspediciebi, amarcxebdnen maT,imorCilebdnen, magram Semdeg isini kvlav ibrZodnen rusebiswinaaRmdeg. es iwvevda jariskacTa did msxverpls, qveyanaki daumorCilebeli rCeboda. amieridan, gadawyda, SeewyvitaTuSedego samxedro eqspediciebi da SedgomodnenmTis sistemur dasaxlebas kazakTa stanicebiT, xolo kavkasielimTielebi gadaesaxlebinaT dablobze an gaesaxlebinaTTurqeTSi. ruseTis xelisufleba am gziT cdilobda, kavkasielimTielebisaTvis moespo bunebrivi TavSesafari mTebissaxiT da dablobze CamosaxlebiT Tavisi administraciis kontrolisaTvisdaeqvemdebarebina an TurqeTSi gadasaxlebiTSeemcirebina maTi xvedriTi wili qveyanaSi da daesustebinaisini. mogvianebiT, 1861w. oqtomberSi a. bariatinski gulaxdiladaRniSnavda, rom dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa gadasaxlebismizani iyo `избавить кавказское плоскогорье отнаселения... и открыт этим самым прекрасные и плодородныеместа для... казачьего поселения~. 41 И. С. Кравцов. Кавказ и его военачальники. – Русская старина, т. 50, 1886, gv.589-591.2 Р. Фадеев. Письма с Кавказа, gv. 76.3 Р. Фадеев. Шестьдесят лет Кавказской войны. – Собрание сочинений, т. I. СПб.,1889, gv. 89, xazgasma Cvenia – z.p. b.x. r. fadeevis damokidebulebazeruseTis kavkasiuri politikisadmi ix. agreTve: Э. (Т.) М. Антелава.Из истории русского великодержавного имперского мышления, gv. 342-345.4 Г. А. Дзидзария. Махаджирство и проблемы истории Абхазии XIX столетия, 2-399

1861w. ianvar-TebervalSi rusebma saomari moqmedebebidaiwyes kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeT kalTebze SafsuRebiswinaaRmdeg. isini kafavdnen tyeebs, gahyavdaT gzebi, agebdnensimagreebs. male, ruseTis sardlobam abaZexebs ultimatumiwauyena _ gadasaxlebuliyvnen yubanze. magram abaZexebi damorCilebasar apirebdnen. maSin, aprilSi, rusebi Setevazegadavidnen da 20 dRis ganmavlobaSi cecxliTa da maxviliTgaiares md. labas Senakad xoZsa da md. belaias Soris teritoria.abaZexebi, maxvaSebi, egeruyvebi mTebSi eZebdnenTavSesafars. ivnisSi md. belaias mTel sigrZeze misi orivenapiri rusebis xelSi iyo, Tumca abaZexebi winaaRmdegobasar wyvetdnen. 1dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebma dainaxes, Tu ra saSiSroebacemuqrebodaT da ufro mtkiced SekavSireba gadawyvites.1861w. ivnisSi md. soCas xeobaSi ubixebis iniciativiTdasavleT kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa warmomadgenlebi Seikribnen.maT gadawyvites SeeqmnaT mtkice kavSiri, xolo misimarTvisaTvis airCies 15 pirisagan Semdgari sabWo, romelsacmejlisi ewoda. masze daqvemdebarebuli teritoria 12 olqaddaiyo. TiToeul olqSi iyo mufti, yadi da mamasaxlisi.garegnulad es organizacia imamatis sistemas hgavda,magram mas ar hqonda mkveTrad gamoxatuli TeokratiulixasiaTi. mTielebi ar dakmayofildnen Sinagani organizaciismowyobiT. isini eZiebdnen TurqeTisa da inglisis daxmarebas.agvistoSi mejlisis wevrebma, ubixebis erT-erTma winamZRolmakerentux barzegma da izmail barayai-ifa ZiaSmaweriliT mimarTes inglisis konsuls soxumSi diksons. massTxoves Tavisi mTavarobisaTvis ecnobebina ruseTis jarismier CerqezTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli agresiis Sesaxeb dagamosarCleba iTxoves. 21861w. seqtemberSi kavkasiaSi, saomari moqmedebebis zoедополненное издание. Сухуми, 1982, gv. 198.1 Р. Фадеев. Письма с Кавказа, gv. 97-100; А. Л. Зиссерман. Фельдмаршал князьАлександр Иванович Барятинский, 1815-1879, т. II. М., 1890, gv. 395-396.2 С. Эсадзе. Историческая записка об управлении Кавказом, т. I. Тифлис, 1907,gv. 49.400

naSi aleqsandre II (1855-1881) Cavida. 18 seqtembers imperatorsSexvdnen dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa _ abaZexebis,SafsuRebis, ubixebis da sxvaTa warmomadgenlebi. maT imperatorssTxoves mieRo isini Tavis qveSevrdomad da TavianTmiwawyalze daetovebina. magram imperatorma maT kategoriuladganucxada, rom erT Tves aZlevda mosafiqreblad: gadasaxlebuliyvnenyubanispira dablobze an wasuliyvnen TurqeTSi.1 mTielebisTvis naTeli iyo, rom yubansa da labazegadasaxlebiT isini dakargavdnen damoukideblobas da Tavisuflebas,romliTac miuval mTebSi sargeblobdnen. maT didnawils arc TurqeTSi gadasaxlebis gagoneba surda, amitomimperatoris winadadeba ar miiRes da noembridan omi kvlavganaxlda. ruseTis sardloba yubanis qvemo welze, naTxvajebisada SafsuRebis miwa-wyalze, intensiurad asaxlebda kazakebs,xolo naTxvajebs sacxovreblad ganesazRvraT miwebiyubanis gayolebaze. 1861w. gazafxulidan 1862w. gazafxulamdeyubanis olqSi kazakTa 35 stanica gaCnda. 21862w. damdegs ruseTis jaris nawilebi ukve kavkasionisqedis ZirSi gamoCndnen, ubixebis miwa-wyalTan sul axlos.es faqti 1862w. ivnisSi mejlisis sagangebo Sekrebismizezi gaxda. mejlisma daadgina stambolSi, parizsa dalondonSi elCobis gagzavna daxmarebis TxovniT. 3 1862w. ivnisSiabaZaxebma da SafsuRebma erTxel kidev scades ruse-Tis jarebis SeCereba. maT dasaxmareblad 5 aTasi ubixicmovida. ivnis-ivlisSi sastiki brZolebi gaimarTa, magrammTielebi kvlav damarcxdnen, Tumca isini amis Semdegac arwyvetdnen winaaRmdegobas. 4imavdroulad, mejlisis deputacia izmail barayai-ifaZiaSis meTaurobiT stambols da evropis rig saxelmwifo-1 Записки М. Я. Ольшевского. Кавказ с 1854 по 1866 гг. – Русская старина, 1895,т. 84, # 10, gv. 141.2 Записки М. Я. Ольшевского, gv. 144-145; Р. Фадеев. Письма с Кавказа, gv. 92-93, 96.3 С. Эсадзе. Историческая записка об управлении Кавказом, gv. 50.4 А. Л. Зиссерман. Фельдмаршал князь Александр Иванович Барятинский, 1815-1879, т. II, gv. 397.26. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi401

ebs ewvia daxmarebis TxovniT, magram uSedegod. 1862w. miwurulsmTielTa deputacia polonel revolucionerTan,dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebis gverdiT mebrZol TeofillapinskisTan erTad londonSi warudga inglisis premierministrslord palmerstons da ruseTis agresiis winaaRmdegdaxmareba sTxova. T. lapinskim mgznebare sityviT mimarTapremier ministrs. misi azriT, evropa gulgrili mayurebeliar unda darCeniliyo im tragediis, rac kavkasia-Si xdeboda; saWiro iyo energiuli zomebis miReba da ruse-Tis Zalebis paralizeba; evropas rame unda eRona, rom ruseTisZalebi daeqsaqsa samxreTSi da amiT kavkasieli mTielebiganadgurebisagan exsna. am saqmeSi T. lapinski didimedebs amyarebda inglisze, romelic ~aRmosavleTis sakiTxSi~ruseTis moqiSpe iyo. palmerstonma yuradRebiT moisminamgznebare sityvebi, magram igi kargad xedavda, romkavkasiaSi ruseTis winsvlis SeCereba SeuZlebeli iyo, amitomdeputacias daxmarebaze uari uTxra. 11863w. dasawyisSi ruseTis jarebma sabolood moaqciesblokadaSi abaZexebi. mZime mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili abaZexebiSeecadnen molaparakebodnen rusebs, magram sardlobammaT ultimatumi wauyena gadasaxlebuliyvnen yubanze anTurqeTSi wasuliyvnen. abaZexebs samSoblos datoveba arsurdaT. aprilSi ruseTis jaris nawilebi maT miwawyalzeSeiWrnen. rodesac abaZexebma naxes, rom ruseTis jars ukanmoyveboda rus moaxalSeneTa uricxvi transporti da isiniikavebdnen maT sacxovrebels, srulebiT daecnen sulierad,radgan mixvdnen, rom erTaderTi gza darCenodaT _ TurqeT-Si wasvla. abaZexebma general n. evdokimovs sTxoves, xeliar SeeSala maTTvis TurqeTSi wasvlaSi, razec am ukanasknelma,piriqiT, daxmarebac aRuTqva. 2 amave dros, rusebi Setevasawarmoebdnen Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi SafsuRebiswinaaRmdeg. 1863 w. zafxulSi ruseTis jaris nawilebi ag-1 А. Гарсеванов. Страница из недавняго прошлого Абхазии. Из истории борьбыабхазцев с русскими. – gaz.: ,,Закавказье~, # 89, 23 апреля 1910г.2 И. С. Кравцов. Кавказ и его военачальники. – Русская старина, т. 51, 1886, gv.121.402

Zelebdnen saomar moqmedebebs SafsuRebis, naTxvajebis, aba-Zaxebis winaaRmdeg, gahyavdaT gzebi, ganagrZobdnen stanciebismowyobas. rogorc dagegmili iyo, zafxulis ganmavlobaSiyubanis mxareSi 20 axali stanica Seiqmna, ris SemdegadackazakTa 2 polki Camoyalibda. sul, 1860 wlidan 1863 wlisCaTvliT, yubanis olqSi 58 stanica dafuZnda aranakleb 10aTasi ojaxiT. 1oqtomber-noemberSi rusebma sabolood daimorCilesSafsuRebi da dekemberSi md. Safsuxos SesarTavamde miaRwies.amrigad, 1863w. miwuruls rusebs Crdilo-dasavleTikavkasia dapyrobili hqondaT, rCeboda mxolod kavkasionissamxreT kalTebisa da Savi zRvis sanapiro zolis dapyroba,sadac SafsuRebis nawili, ubixebi da jiqebi cxovrobdnen.1863w. 10 dekembers kavkasiis axali mefisnacvali da kavkasiisarmiis mTavarsardali, didi mTavari mixeil nikolozisZe romanovi (1862-1881) werda: ~dasavleT kavkasiis saboloodawynareba unda moxdes Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirozerusuli mosaxleobis CamosaxlebiT. am mniSvnelovanisaxelmwifoebrivi RonisZiebis ganxorcieleba navaraudeviauaxloes momavalSi. kazakTa stanicebiT dakavebuliateritoria yubanis SesarTavidan cemesis yuremde, sanapirozoli ukve gawmendilia md. jubis SesarTavamde. gazafxulisTvis,danarCen teritoriazec, romelic gansazRvruliakazakTa CasaxlebisaTvis imperatoris mier damtkicebulidasavleT kavkasiis dasaxlebis Sesaxeb debulebiT, ar undadarCes mTieli mosaxleoba. Tu sagareo movlenebma xeli arSegviSala, maSin momavali zafxulis ganmavlobaSi vimedovnebsanapiros gawmendas md. bzifamdec ki, rogorc debulebiTaagansazRvruli~. 2amrigad, xelisuflebas gadawyvetili hqonda Savi zRvis1 Известия из Кубанской области. – gaz. ,,Кавказ~, #61, 8 августа, 1863г.; –gaz. ,,Кавказ~, #78, 6 октября 1863г; Д. А. Милютин. Воспоминания. 1863-1864. Под редакцией Л. Г. Захаровой. М., 2003, gv. 354.2 О заселении восточного берега Черного моря, по очищении его от горцев. –saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi (scssa),f. 416, aRw. 3, s. 216, furc. 1.403

sanapiro zolis md. bzifamde kazakebiT dasaxleba. kavkasiismefisnacvali didi mTavari mixeil nikolozis Ze romanovifiqrobda aq xutoruli meurneobis ganviTarebas sazRvaosaqmisa da TevzWeris mimarTulebiT.1864w. TebervalSi abaZaxebis nawili TurqeTSi gadasaxlda,xolo nawili – md. belaias qvemo welze. carizmi, romelickavkasiaSi Tavisi dampyrobluri gegmebis ganxorcielebisasadgilobriv mkvidrTa gmirul winaaRmdegobas Sexvda,dacarielebuli adgilebis SeerTebas amjobinebda. amitomxelisufleba ki ar ewinaaRmdegeboda, aramed xelsacuwyobda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis TurqeTSi gadasaxlebas,riTac kavkasiis saboloo dapyroba daCqardeboda. ruseTissardloba fiqrobda, rom Tu omi gazafxulamde ar damTavrdeboda,Semdeg SeiZleboda gaWianurebuliyo, radgan `tyegaifoTleboda, balaxi amovidoda, xorbali amoiwvereboda,irgvliv yvelaferi gamococxldeboda da mTielTa saSualebebicgaaTkecdeboda. tyeebi iqneboda maTi TavSesafari, sakvebieqneboda adamiansa da pirutyvs, xolo zamTarSi sursa-Tis maragisa da soflebis ganadgureba maTze damRupveladimoqmedebda~. 11864w. TebervalSi ruseTis jaris nawilebma daiwyeskavkasionis qedis gadalaxva. isini Setevas awarmoebdnen SavizRvis sanapiro zolSic. imavdroulad, ubixeTisa da jiqeTissanapiros ruseTis samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis xomaldebicmiadgnen. martis dasawyisSi daxos razmma general v.geimanis sardlobiT kavkasionis qedi gadalaxa, md. tuafsesxeobaSi gadavida da Savi zRvis sanapiro zolis gawmendasSeudga. 18 marts v. geimanma md. godlikxTan daamarcxa SafsuRebida ubixebi da 25 marts md. soCs miaRwia. 26 martsv. geimanTan gamocxadda jiqebis erT-erTi winamZRoli re-Sid geCi da morCileba gamoucxada mas. 2 1864w. martSi kavkasiismefisnacvali da kavkasiis armiis mTavarsardali mi-1 А. Лилов. Последние годы борьбы русских с горцами на Западном Кавказе. –gaz. ,,Кавказ~, #19, 1867.2 Записки М. Я. Ольшевского, gv. 144-145; С. Эсадзе. Окончание Кавказской войны.– gaz. ,,Кавказ~, , #240, 11 сентября, 1902.404

xeil romanovi aleqsandre II-s werda: `Будем действоватьосмотрительно, но и решительно, чтобы окончательно очиститьвсе черноморское побережье. Надо ожидать, что большаячасть горцев предпочитает выселиться в Турцию, чем перейтина назначенные для них места на Кубани. Дело окончательногопокорения восточного берега Черного моря наиболее зависитьот быстроты выселения туземцев~. 12 aprils mixeil romanovi piradad Cavida saomarimoqmedebebis zonaSi. igi Sexvda jiqebisa da ubixebis warmomadgenlebs,romelTac ultimatumi wauyena – gadasaxlebuliyvnenyubanze an TurqeTSi wasuliyvnen, maTi miwebi kigansazRvruli iyo rusebis dasasaxleblad. didma mTavarmamTielebs erTi Tve misca mosafiqreblad, magram 19 aprilsmTebSi asul rusebs aRar daxvdaT ubixebi. isini erTianaddaZruliyvnen Savi zRvis sanapirosaken. am mamacma xalxmaTavisuflebis dakargvas samSoblos datoveba da ucxoeTSigadaxvewa arCia. aprilSi ubixebi erTianad gadasaxldnenTurqeTSi. 2imavdroulad, adriani gazafxulis rTul pirobebSi,fSexas razmma general-maior p. grabes meTaurobiT, md. fSexasada misi Senakadebis zemo weli ubixeTSi gadasasvleluReltexilamde gawminda mTielebisagan, romlebic Zneladmisadgom qvabulebs afarebdnen Tavs. maTi erTi nawili labazewavida, nawili ki Savi zRvis sanapirosaken gaemarTaTurqeTSi wasasvlelad. 3 1864w. gazafxulze Savi zRvisCrdilo-aRmosavleTi sanapiro adleramde savse iyo kavkasielimTielebiT, romlebic gemebs elodnen TurqeTSi wasasvlelad.rogorc a. bariatinskis biografi, rusi oficeria. zisermani aRniSnavda: `Вытесняемое шаг за шагом... полумиллионноенаселение горцев перенесло все ужасы истребительнойвойны, страшные лишения, голод, повальные болезни,а очутившись на берегу – должно было искать спасения в1 Г. А. Дзидзария. Махаджирство и проблемы истории Абхазии.., gv. 283.2 А. Лилов. Последние годы борьбы русских с горцами на Западном Кавказе. –gaz. ,,Кавказ~, #19, 1867; А. В. Фадеев. Убыхи в освободительном движениина западном Кавказе. – Исторический сборник, 4. М.-Л., 1935, gv. 180.3 Известия из Кубанской области. – Кавказ, 8 августа, 1864, 17/29 мая, #37.405

переселении в Турцию~. 1Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiisa da Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTsanapiros dapyrobis Semdeg rCeboda winaaRmdegobisukanaskneli kerebis likvidacia, jiqebis mTis Temebis –aibga, ahWifsi, fsxu, mdinareebis – mzimTas, fsous da bzifiszemo welSi, – damorCileba. am mizniT oTxi samxedrokolona gaigzavna generlebis: p. Satilovis, d. sviatopolkmirskis,v. geimanis da p. grabes meTaurobiT. afxazeTis jarebissardali p. Satilovi pirveli koloniT 25 aprilsgagridan fsous xeobisken gaemarTa. aibgelebma, romlebicfsous zemo welis qvabulSi cxovrobdnen, viwro xeobaxergilebiT Caketes da sami dRis ganmavlobaSi medgar winaaRmdegobasuwevdnen p. Satilovs. meore kolona d. sviatopolk-mirskismeTaurobiT 28 aprils soxumidan gavida gemebiTadleris mimarTulebiT. meore dRes eskadra adleriskoncxs miadga da razmi md. mzimTas marjvena napirze dabanakda.jiqebi rusebs loialurad Sexvdnen da ganucxades,rom TurqeTSi gadasaxleba surdaT. maisis dasawyisSi razmimd. mzimTas marjvena napirs auyva mTebisken, Tan gza gahyavda.10 maiss, p. Satilovis dasaxmareblad gagzavnilma razmmageneral batezatulis meTaurobiT zurgidan Seutia aibgelebs.mTielebi or cecxls Sua aRmoCndnen da darwmundnen,rom winaaRmdegobis gaweva uazro iyo. maT morCilebagamoucxades rusebs da xergilebis gawmenda aRuTqves, amas-Tan dro iTxoves, rom puri moemkaT da TurqeTSi wasasvleladmomzaddebuliyvnen. ruseTis jaris nawilebma gaagrZeleswinsvla aibgas siRrmeSi, raTa mTielebi aeZulebinaT,usityvo morCileba gamoecxadebinaT. 12 maiss aibgamsruli morCileba gamoacxada da Temis mosaxleoba zRvissanapirosaken gaemarTa TurqeTSi wasasvlelad. 2 amis SemdegahWifsisa da fsxus winaaRmdegoba uimedo gaxda.1 А. Л. Зиссерман. Фельдмаршал князь Александр Иванович Барятинский, 1815-1879, т. II, gv. 397.2 Известия о последних военных действиях на Западном Кавказе. – gaz. ,,Кавказ~,#44 11/25 июня, 1864; Д. А. Милютин. Воспоминания. gv. 444-450.406

maisis dasawyisSi Setevaze gadavida mesame kolonac v.geimanis meTaurobiT. igi md. soCis zemo welisaken miemar-Teboda, Semdeg kavkasionis mTavari qedis paralelurad ah-Wifsisken gaemarTa. meoTxe kolonam p. grabes meTaurobiTmd. patara labis saTaveebTan gadalaxa kavkasionis mTavariqedi, md. mzimTas xeobaSi gadavida da 12 maiss ukve ahWifsSiSevida. ahWifselebi iZulebuli gaxdnen, SeesrulebinaTadre micemuli piroba. maT datoves TavianTi sacxovreblebida erTianad zRvis sanapirosaken gaemarTnen. imavdroulad,fsxuelebma deputacia gamogzavnes ruseTis sardlobasTan.maTi erTi nawili Tanaxma iyo CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadasaxlebuliyo,xolo nawils TurqeTSi wasvla surda. 11864w. 20 maiss ruseTis jaris oTxive kolona SeerTdamd. mzimTas zemo welSi, ahWifsis centrSi, aul gubaadvSi(rus. kbaada, amJ. krasnaia poliana) da mTielTa winaaRmdegobisukanaskneli kera daikava. 21 maiss, gubaadvis velobzekolonebad gamwkrivebul ruseTis jaris nawilebs mefisnacvalmada kavkasiis armiis mTavarsardalma mixeil romanovmamiuloca kavkasiis omis damTavreba. Semdeg sazeimo aRlumigaimarTa da didi nadimi gadaixades. 2miuxedavad imisa, rom kavkasiis mravalwliani omi dam-Tavrebulad gamocxadda, dasavleT kavkasiis mTis xeobebSi,saxeldobr, md. fsezuafses saTaveebSi jer kidev iyvnen dar-Cenili mTielTa mcire jgufebi, romlebic winaaRmdegobas arwyvetdnen. maT gasanadgureblad Seiqmna ,,mfrinavi razmebi~,xolo Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze da mdinareTaxeobebSi kavkasiis armiis saxazo batalionebi ganlagda.3 1864w. ivlisSi ruseTis jarebi fsxuSi SeiWrnen. fsxuelebiTavganwirviT ibrZodnen, magram damarcxdnen. ruseTisjarebma fsxu daikaves. fsxuelTa nawili, 105 ojaxi (8621 Известия о последних военных действиях на Западном Кавказе. – gaz. ,,Кавказ~,#44 11/25 июня, 1864.2 Известия о последних военных действиях на Западном Кавказе. – gaz. ,,Кавказ~,#44 11/25 июня, 1864; Ахчипсху – gaz. ,,Кавказ~, #49, 1864.3 А. Лилов. Последние годы борьбы русских с горцами на Западном Кавказе. –gaz. ,,Кавказ~, #19, 1867.407

suli) CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, md. kumas xeobaSi gadasaxlda,xolo didi nawili TurqeTSi wavida. 1864w. zafxulSi TurqeTSigadasaxlda 20 aTasi jiqi da 5 aTasi fsxueli. 1 amisSedegad md. mzimTas xeoba da md. bzifis xeobis zemo weliTiTqmis mTlianad gaukacurda.omis damTavrebis Semdeg ,,axladdapyrobili mxare araCveulebrivsanaxaobas warmoadgenda, – aRniSnavda generalis. duxovski, – maisis bolos, ivnisSi da Semdeg, gadaixedavdimaRali mTidan da dainaxavdi SesaniSnav xeobebs, qedebs,mTebs, mdinareebsa da nakadulebs; baRebs Soris aqa-iqCanda nasaxlarebis kvali, magram yovelive es usicocxloiyo, arsad sulieris WaWaneba ar iyo. zogan axalamowverilixorbali jer kidev mowmobda arcTu didi xnis win aqmosaxleobis arsebobas, magram saxnavi mindvrebi metwiladmigdebuli da miyruebuli iyo da mxolod SarSandeli simindisgadaWrili Reroebi mowmobda, rom aq odesRac cxovrobdnenda Sromobdnen adamianebi. ar gindoda dagejerebina,rom am uzarmazar sivrceSi, rasac maRali mTis TxemidanTvali wvdeboda, sulieri ar WaWanebda. miuxedavad amisa,es ase iyo. mTeli es SesaniSnavi xedebi, bunebis es SesaniSnaviqmnileba usicocxlo iyo da mnaxvelze ufro mZime dasevdian STabeWdilebas axdenda, vidre sasiamovnos~. 2amrigad, Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze daCrdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi adiReebisa da abazebismniSvnelovani nawili 1858-1864 wlebSi TurqeTSi gadasaxlda,zogierTi xalxi ki, magaliTad, ubixebi – mTlianad.Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze TiTqmis ardarCnen adiReebi da abazebi, maTi mcire nawili aulebad Caasaxlesyubanze. sul, oficialuri monacemebiT, dasavleTkavkasiidan TurqeTSi TiTqos 470 aTasi adamiani gadasaxlda,xolo yubansa da labaze daaxl. 90 aTasi. 3 Tumca, sa-1 И. Половнев. Страна Псху. Сухум, 1934, gv. 31; Г. А. Дзидзария. Махаджирствои проблемы истории Абхазии XIX столетия, gv. 194-195.2 А. Лилов. Последние годы борьбы русских с горцами на Западном Кавказе. –gaz. ,,Кавказ~, #19, 1867.3 Ад. Берже. Выселение горцев Кавказа, gv. 165-167; С. Эсадзе. Историческая408

fiqrebelia, rom es cifri garkveulwilad Semcirebulia.kavkasieli mTielebiT datvirTuli xomaldebi gadiodnen tamanidan,anapidan, novorosiiskidan, tuafsedan, jubgadan,xostadan, soCidan, adleridan, candrifSidan, mdinareebis:tu, neCefsuxo, fSada, makofse SesarTavebidan. 1gadasaxlebis procesi sastiki iyo, rasac TviTmxilvelebigadmogvcemen: `Все это время черкесы оставались на берегуморя, под открытым небом, без всяких средств к жизни.Страдания, которые приходилось выносить в это время горцам,нет возможности описать. они буквально тысячами умирали сголоду. Зимою к этому присоединился холод. Весь северо-восточныйберег Черного моря был усыпан трупами и умирающими,между которыми лежала остальная масса живых, но до крайностиослабевших и тщетно ждавших, когда их отправят вТурцию. Очевидцы передают ужасные сцены, виденные ими вэто время. Один рассказывает о трупе матери же, носившей наруках замерзших детей и никак не хотевшей расстаться с ними;третий – о целой груде человеческих тел, прижавшихся друг кдругу, в надежде сохранить внутреннюю теплоту и в этомположении застывших и т.п.~. 2kavkasiel mTielTa TurqeTSi ZaldatanebiT gadasaxlebisgamo evropaSi didi xmauri atyda. ruseTis xelisuflebaTavs imarTlebda, rom mTielTa TurqeTSi gadasaxleba maTineba-surviliT ar momxdara da yovelive maTi Carevis gareSemoxda. rogorc cnobili publicisti, generali r. fadeeviaRniSnavda, kavkasiis omSi ruseTis xelisuflebis mizanswarmoadgenda: `сдвинуть горцев с восточного берега Черногоморя и заселить его русскими. Эта мера была совершенно необходимадля безопасности наших владений~. magram, rogorcigi aRniSnavda cinizmiT, araviTar aucileblobas ar warmoadgendaadgilobrivi mosaxleobis TurqeTSi gandevna. ruseTssakmarisad hqonda miwebi md. yubanis marcxena napirzemaT dasasaxleblad, magram aseve araviTari mizezi ar arseзаписка..,gv. 52.1 Ад. Берже. Выселение горцев Кавказа, gv. 166.2 Я. Абрамов. Кавказские горцы. Краснодар, 1927, gv. 7.409

obda, daekavebinaT isini maTi survilis winaaRmdeg. 1 r. fadeevi,romelic oficialur azrs gamoxatavda, gulaxdiladaRniSnavda, rom ruseTis saxelmwifo interesi moiTxovda`соблюсти при поселении покорившихся только одно условие:чтобы нигде они, не примыкали к морю, чтобы по крайней меренесколько десятков верст отделяли их от берега~. 2 r. fadeeviufro met gulaxdilobasac iCens da aRniSnavs, rom `это землянужна была государству~, xolo rac Seexeba adgilobrivmosaxleobas, misi TqmiT, `в них самих не было никакой надобности~.3ruseT-kavkasiis omis damTavrebis Semdeg carizmma vrceliteritoria miiRo sakolonizaciod. 1861-1864wlebSi dasavleTkavkasiaSi kazakTa 111 stanica (14239 ojaxi, 85 aTasisuli) Caasaxles. 4 imavdroulad am mxareSi asaxlebdnenruseTis Sida guberniebidan gadmosaxlebul rusebs, ukrainelebs,osmaleTidan gadmosaxlebul berZnebsa da somxebs. 5 dasavleTkavkasiis dapyrobiT damTavrda aswliani ruseT-kavkasiisomi, riTac ruseTis imperiasTan kavkasiis SeerTebis xangrZliviprocesi dasrulda. omis damTavrebis Semdeg carizmmakavkasiaSi Tavi myarad igrZno da dapyrobili mxaris samxedro-administraciulimowyobisa da kolonizaciisaTviszrunvas Seudga. omis damTavrebis Semdeg ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSiSavi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sanapiro sruliaddacarielebuli iyo.adgilobriv mkvidrTa samSoblodan gadasaxlebis SemdegruseTis xelisuflebis winaSe idga amocana kvlav daesaxlebinabunebiT uxvad dajildoebuli, magram gaukacrielebulimxare; es mxare yaCaRebisa da kontrabandistebisTavSesafari ar unda gamxdariyo, amasTan, misi bunebrivisimdidre – vrceli tyeebi da nayofieri miwebi aeTvisebina,ganeviTarebina meRvineoba, meabreSumeoba, meTambaqoeba, meba-1 Р. Фадеев. Письма с Кавказа, gv. 146-147.2 Р. Фадеев. Письма с Кавказа, gv. 147.3 Р. Фадеев. Письма с Кавказа, gv. 147.4 Г. А. Дзидзария. Махаджирство и проблемы истории Абхазии.., gv. 208.5 С. Смоленский. Воспоминания кавказца. – Военный сборник, #12, 1875, gv. 222.410

Reoba, mefutkreoba, risTvisac aq SesaniSnavi bunebriv-klimaturipirobebi arsebobda. magram umTavresi iyo am mxarismosaxleobis sakiTxi. xelisuflebas surda, `иметь на этойïaèìîabêîé окраине население вполне благонадежное в политическомотношении~. 1 am amocanis realizaciis mizniT Semu-Savda ~debuleba Savi zRvis okrugis dasaxlebisa da misimarTvis Sesaxeb~, romelic imperatorma 1866w. 10 martsdaamtkica. debulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebismizniT carizmma dasavleT kavkasiis administraciulimowyobis reforma ganaxorciela. Seiqmna SavizRvis okrugi, romelic moicavda Savi zRvis sanapiro teritoriasmd. tuafsedan md. begerefsTamde. 2 es ukanaskneliyubanis olqis ufross eqvemdebareboda. 3Tavdapirvelad gadawyda mxare daesaxlebinaT ara samoqalaqomosaxleobiT, aramed samxedro mosamsaxureebiT. yofilikazakTa SavizRvispireTis jarisagan Seiqmna SafsuRe-Tis kazakTa sanapiro batalioni, romlis calkeuli nawilebistanicebad gaanawiles yofili samxedro simagreebis teritoriebze.gelenjikis simagris adgilas warmoiqmna gelenjikisstanica; md. fSadis SesarTavTan – stanica beregovaia;md. vulanze – vulanskaia (amJ. arxipo-osipovka) da a.S. kazakebseZleodaT jamagiri da sursaTi, marili, spirti,Tambaqo mTeli ojaxisTvis. 4amrigad, kazakebi Caasaxles ojaxebiT da mTlianad saxelmwifokmayofaze aiyvanes. magram isini Znelad eguebodnenadgilobriv pirobebs – mTiani adgilebi, tyeebi maTTvismiuCveveli iyo. ar iyo meurneobis gaZRolis memkvidreobi-Ti formebi, radgan Cerqezebi mTlianad wavidnen TurqeTSi1 А. В. Верещагин. Черноморское прибрежье Кавказа и его колонизация. СПб.,1878, gv. 7-16.2 А. В. Верещагин. Черноморское прибрежье Кавказа и его.., gv. 7-11; А. В.Верещагин. Путевые заметки по Черноморскому округу. М., 1874, gv. 24.3 Л. С. Личков. Очерки из прошлого и настоящаго Черноморского побережьяКавказа. Киев, 1904, gv. 83.4 Ф. Щербина. Прошлое и настоящее хозяйственных нужд и культурных начинанийЧерноморского побережья. – Труды съезда деятелей Черноморского побережьяКавказа. Т. I. СПб., 1913, gv. 3.411

da waiRes istoriuli gamocdileba, adgilobrivi pirobebiscodna da sameurneo Cvevebi. adgilobrivi pirobebis ucodinarobisgamo, kazakebi sanapiroze damkvidrdnen, ramac maTSimalariis gavrceleba da didi msxverpli gamoiwvia, iRupebodasaqonelic. kolonizaciaze uaryofiTad moqmedebda ugzoobac.1omis damTavrebis Semdeg 12 stanica Seiqmna, romelicyubanis kazakTa jaris SafsuRTa qveiTTa batalionisaganSedga. es stanicebi dafuZnda gelenjiksa da tuafses Soris.batalionis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida 629 ojaxi 4 aTasi suliT.imavdroulad aq Seiqmna ori daba: erTi somxuri md.Safsuxoze da erTi berZnuli kabardinskis koncxTan. mTeldanarCen sanapiroze md. tuafsedan afxazeTis sazRvramde dasaxlebebiar iyo, iyo mxolod jariskacTa saguSagoebi saxazobatalionebisa da yubanis kazakTa Semadgenlobidan. 2 amsivrcis dasaxlebis mizniT gadawyda saxazo batalionebisganlagebis adgilas SeeqmnaT samxedro dasaxlebebi daojaxebulidabali wodebis samxedroebisagan, romelTac unda gadascemoda30 desetina miwis nakveTi ojaxze. ase aRmocendapatara dasaxlebebi, Tumca rodesac mTebSi TavSefarebuliCerqezebis narCenebi gadaasaxles yubanispira vakeze, es batalionebicgadaiyvanes ufro moxerxebul adgilebSi veliaminovsksada daxovskSi. 31866w. 10 martis debulebis Tanaxmad, Savi zRvis sanapirozoli md. tuafsesa da md. bzifs Soris, Savi zRvidankavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qedamde gansazRvruliiyo rus moaxalSeneTa `sanapiro sasoflo dasaxlebebis~Sesaqmnelad. gadmosaxlebulTaTvis gansazRvruli iyo mTelirigi SeRavaTebi: nadelebi – ojaxze 30 desetina; er-Tdrouli fuladi daxmareba (50 man.), gadasaxadebisagan ga-1 Ф. Щербина. Прошлое и настоящее хозяйственных нужд.., gv. 4.2 З. Ш. Дидебулидзе. К вопросу колонизации Черноморского побережья Российскойимперией. – wgn.: Вопросы истории народов Кавказа. Сборник статей,посвященных памяти З. В. Анчабадзе. Тб., 1988, gv. 241.3 З. Ш. Дидебулидзе. К вопросу колонизации Черноморского.., gv. 242.412

Tavisufleba 15 wliT, sarekruto valdebulebisagan gaTavisuflebada sxv. magram, pirvel xanebSi, Savi zRvis okrugSigadmosaxlebuli rusebis ricxvi mainc mcire iyo.ruseTis Sida guberniebis mkvidrT uWirdaT adgilidan daZvra,aSinebdaT gadasaxlebis sirTule, havis sakiTxi. amas-Tan, maT ZiriTadad ainteresebdaT puri, xolo Savi zRvisokrugSi saxnavi miwebi mcire iyo da purs aq meorexarisxovaniroli hqonda. amitom xelisuflebam gadawyvita gadmosaxlebazeuari ar eTqva qristianebisaTvis samxreT kavkasiidanda anatoliidan, zogadad slavebisaTvis, moldavelebisaTvisda sxv. aseTi politikis wyalobiT, anapasa da novorosiisksSoris rusebis garda dasaxldnen Cexebi, bulgarelebi,berZnebi. 1Savi zRvis okrugis saukeTeso miwebi daisakuTres imperatormada misma naTesavebma, kavkasiis mefisnacvalma, didmasamxedro da samoqalaqo Cinovnikebma. imperators ekuTvnodamamuli Savi zRvis sanapiroze, md. fsaxasa da md. dagomissSoris. es iyo SesaniSnavi adgili bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebiT,amasTan kultivirebuli, sadac didi yuradReba mieqca mebaReobisada meRvineobis ganviTarebas. aq moewyo vazis sanaSene,sadac vazis 26 saxeoba gamohyavdaT. imperatoris mamulsuSualod emijneboda kavkasiis mefisnacvlis, didi mTavrismixeil romanovis mamuli vardane, romelic gadaWimuli iyomd. dagomissa da md. xoJiefss Soris, zRvidan mTamde 8 aTasdesetinaze. aqve hqonda mamuli general-adiutant mixeil tarielisZe loris-meliqovs; Savi zRvis okrugis ufross d.pilenkos, soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufross general v.geimans. jiqebis yofil sofel miqelrifSSi, md. fsous marcxenanapirze, samxedro dasaxleba moewyo; md. candrifSidanor versze moldavelebis dasaxleba moewyo, romelsac SavizRvis okrugis ufrosis d. pilenkos pativsacemad 1870 welspilenkovo ewoda; jiqebis im aulSi, sadac adre reSid geCicxovrobda md. fsous marjvena napirze, rusebi Casaxldnen damas vesioloe ewoda. md. fsezuafseze da md. kudefsTaze adi-1 А. В. Верещагин. Черноморское прибрежье Кавказа и.., gv. 16-17.413

Reebis ori auli moewyo. es adiReebi muhajirobis drosmTebs Seefarnen da gadarCnen. Semdeg isini mTebidan Camoiyvanesda rusuli samxedro nawilebis StabebTan Caasaxles. 1amis Sedegad moxerxda ramdenime aTasi, sxvadasxvaerovnebis adamianis mozidva, Tumca xelisuflebas es ar akmayofilebda,radgan mTavrobis mier am saqmeSi Cadebul danaxarjebsar pasuxobda. es dasaxlebebi ZiriTadad orientirebuliiyo xorblis moyvanaze da ar fiqrobdnen am mxarisaTvisufro xelsayreli soflis meurneobis dargebisaTvis,romlisaTvisac es mxare uaRresad karg pirobebs qmnida.1870w. oqtomberSi Savi zRvis okrugSi Caasaxles SafsuRTa90 ojaxi, radgan miiCnies, rom isini ukve safrTxes ver Seqmnidnen.rusuli simagris veliaminovskis garSemo Seqmnilidasaxlebis bazaze 1871 wels aRmocenda posad (winaqalaqi)veliaminovski, xolo daxovskis simagris garSemo arsebulidasaxlebis bazaze 1874 wels posad daxovski. 1874w. bolosTvisTanamedrove soCis raionSi mxolod 15 samoqalaqopiris ojaxi cxovrobda. 2 rac Seexeba aul gubaadvs, mas Semdeg,rac is 1864 wels ruseTis jaris nawilebma datoves,sruliad dacarielebuli iyo. 1878w. Semodgomaze aq stavropolisguberniidan Camovidnen berZnebi, romlebic samosaxloadgilebs eZebdnen. isini moxibla gubaadvis velobma, romelicgamxmari gvimris, buCqnarisa da nekerCxlebis foTlebiTmewamul-mowiTalo ferad iyo Seferili. amitom am adgilskrasnaia poliana uwodes. male aq berZenTa 36 ojaxigadmosaxlda. maT gawmindes velobi, aages saxlebi, gaaSenesbaR-bostnebi da meurneobas mihyves xeli. male aq estonelebicgamoCndnen, romlebic 4 kilometriT zemoT dasaxldnen. 315 wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1881 wlamde, Savi zRvis okrug-Si garda qalaqebisa novorosiiski, anapa da posadebisa soCida tuafse, 37 dasaxlebuli punqti aRmocenda. am dasaxlebebSi,1866 wlamde Seqmnili 12 stanicisa da TurqeTidan1 А. В. Верещагин. Путевые заметки по Черноморскому округу, gv. 70-95.2 А. Мельников, В. Михайловский. От сочи до Красной поляны. М. 1955, gv. 12.3 А. Мельников, В. Михайловский. От сочи до Красной поляны, gv. 56.414

gadmosaxlebulTa dasaxlebebTan erTad, daaxloebiT 10 aTasamdekaci cxovrobda, xolo qalaqebTan erTad mosaxleoba22 aTass aRwevda da erovnuli SemadgenlobiT sakmaod Wreliiyo. aq cxovrobdnen rusebi, germanelebi, Cexebi, estonelebi,moldavelebi, berZnebi, somxebi da Cerqezebic. 1 SavizRvis sanapiros kolonizaciis ideologi a. vereSCagini1878w. 19 ianvars peterburgSi, ekonomikuri sazogadoebissaerTo sxdomaze, Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros kolonizaciissaqmeSi xelisuflebis amocanebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavda:На черноморском побережье Кавказа, как на окрайне государства,стоющей так много русской крови и денег, по праву должныгосподствовать церковь русская, язык русский, грамотарусская. Разноплеменность населения вызывает необходимостьоснования школ, т.к. только школою это разноплнменное населениев будущем может сделаться русским~. 2sanapiros dasaxlebis saqme nela miiwevda win. 1894wels Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros ewvia eqspediciaruseTis miwaTmoqmedebisa da qonebis ministris a. ermolovismeTaurobiT. qspediciis wevrebs soxumSi sadili gaumarTasoxumis olqis ufrosma polkovnikma v. brakerma. banketzesityviT gamovida eqspediciis wevri s. Sarapovi, romelmacgulaxdilad ilaparaka ruseTis zraxvebze am mxareSi.kerZod, man Tqva: `mTeli Tavisi xangrZlivi istoriulibrZolisas, miiswrafvis ra samxreTisaken, Tbili cisa da TbilizRvisaken, rusi xalxi iRebs msxverpls da, ai, bolosmas aqvs es cac da es zRvac. aq frialebs rusuli droSa,dalivlivebs rusuli arwivi. magram ratomaa, rom rusi kaciaq laRad ver grZnobs Tavs, ratomaa rom is aq Seviwroebulia,sulSexuTulia? ratomaa ucxo is am Tbil napirze, amkaSkaSa mzis qveS? vfiqrob imitom, rom rusuli sikeTis wyalobiTaq, am miwaze, romelic rusuli sisxliTaa mopovebuli,mokalaTda yovelgvari ucxotomeli, gansaxlda saukeTesoadgilebze da ara marto aviwroebs rus adamians, arameddascinis mas. magram es didxans ar gagrZeldeba. Cveni saxel-1 З. Ш. Дидебулидзе. К вопросу колонизации.., gv. 242.2 А. В. Верещагин. Черноморское прибрежье Кавказа и его колонизация, gv. 22.415

mwifoebrivi amocanebi moiTxoven, rom es mxare ara marto saxeliTmxolod, aramed marTlac iqces male rusul mxared,rom aq mxardaWerili, gaZlierebuli da daimedebuli iyosrusi kaci. visurvoT batonebo, rom es moxdes Cqara, rommZlavr rusul mucelSi male moixarSos mTeli aqauri sxvadasxvatomobrivida sxvadasxvaerovani narevi da rom es cacda es zRva namdvilad rusuli iyos~. 1 peterburgSi dabrunebisasa. ermolovma didi reklamireba gauwia araCveulebrivisilamazis sanapiros, romelsac rusuli riviera uwoda. 2am droidan daiwyo miwis nakveTebis gayidva soCis midamoebSi.maTze fasi TandaTan izrdeboda. soCis raionisCqari tempiT dasaxlebas xeli Seuwyo 1891-1892ww. novorosiiski-soxumisgzatkecilis gayvanam, romelic ruseTsZalian Zviri daujda. aTasobiT gaubedurebuli, ruseTisSida guberniebSi 1891-1892ww. SimSilobiT devnilma adamianmaTavi moiyara aq im imediT, rom puris natexi eSova daSimSiliT sikvdilisagan Tavi gadaerCina. magram daZabulmaSromam, uCveulo, TiTqmis tropikulma sicxem da momakvdinebelmamalariam maTze damRupvelad imoqmeda. avadmyofobebisgavrcelebas xels uwyobda mZime sayofacxovrebo pirobebi:cxovreba muSaTa fardulebSi, daWaobebuli adgilebis maxloblad.am gzis gayvanis mZime furclebs Seexo maqsim gorkimoTxrobaSi ,,adamianis dabadeba~, romelic 1892w. kavkasiaSimogzaurobisas TviTmxilveli gaxda yvela im ubedurebisa,rac im gzis gayvanas ukavSirdeboda da romelic moSimSileadamianebis Zvlebze amoizarda. amis Semdeg, Savi zRvisCrdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros kolonizacia Cqari tempiTwarimarTa. 1896w. Savi zRvis okrugi yubanis olqs gamoeyoda Savi zRvis guberniad gardaiqmna. imave wels veliaminovskstuafse ewoda imave saxelwodebis mdinaris saxelismixedviT, xolo daxovskis soCi aseve mdinaris saxelis mixedviTda samazro qalaqi gaxda. 31 С. Шарапов. По Черноморскому побережью. Письма из поездки в составе экспедицииминистра Земледелия и Государственных имуществ осенью 1894 года.С.Петербург, 1896, gv. 48, xazgasma Cvenia – z.p. b.x.2 А. Мельников, В. Михайловский. От сочи до Красной поляны, gv. 12.3 А. Мельников, В. Михайловский. От сочи до Красной поляны, gv. 12.416

amrigad, im teritoriaze, sadac soCis olimpiuri TamaSebiunda gaimarTos ruseTis imperiam adgilobrivi mosaxleobisgenocidi da eTnowmenda moawyo. es mxare morwyuliaTavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli abaza-Cerqezebis sisxliTda mofenilia maTi ZvlebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom amumZimesi danaSaulis Cadenis Semdeg didi dro gavida, maszexandazmulobis vada ar vrceldeba. 1946w. 11 dekembers gaerosgeneralurma asambleam miiRo rezolucia, sadac genocidisaerTaSoriso normebis darRvevad da kacobriobis winaaRmdegmimarTul danaSauladaa gamocxadebuli. 1948w. 9dekembers gaerom miiRo konvencia genocidis danaSaulis acdenisada genocidis dasjis Sesaxeb. am konvenciis pirvelimuxlis mixedviT, `genocidi miuxedavad imisa, mSvidobisdros xdeba Tu omis dros, aris danaSauli, romelic saer-TaSoriso samarTlis normebs arRvevs~. 1 meore muxli genocidsTvlis iseT qmedebad, romelic Cadenilia romelimeeTnikuri, rasobrivi Tu religiuri jgufis mTlianad annawilobrivi mospobis ganzraxviT, maT Soris maTi daxocvis,winaswarganzraxviT cxovrebis iseTi pirobebis SeqmniT,romelic gamiznulia misi mTliani Tu nawilobrivi fizikurimospobisaTvis. 2aRsaniSnavia, rom adiRTa sazogadoebrivma moZraobam`CerqezTa kongresma~ 2005 da 2006 wlebSi ruseTis federaciisprezidents mimarTa ruseTis mier CerqezTa genocidisaRiarebis moTxovniT. Tumca maT pasuxi ar mohyolia.`CerqezTa kongresma~ evroparlamentsac mimarTa, raTa manruseTis imperiis qmedeba XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi cnos rogorcCerqezi (adiRe) xalxis genocidi. am faqtma ruseTisxelisufleba gaaRiziana. moskovma cinikurad ganacxada, rom`genocidis cnobisaTvis realuri safuZveli ar arsebobs~. 31 Резолюция, принятая Генеральной Ассамблеей 260 А (III). ix.: http://www.un.org/russian/documen/convents/ genocide.htm2 Резолюция, принятая Генеральной Ассамблеей 260 А (III).3 Черкесские организации просят Европарламент признать геноцид адыгов.ix.: veb-gverdi: «Кавказский узел» http://adjaria.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/101702/27. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi417

aseT fonze, miuxedavad realuri sagareo safrTxeebisa, uaRresadmniSvnelovania saqarTvelos saxelmwifos zneobrivi,Rirseuli nabiji. 2011wlis 20 maiss saqarTvelos parlamentmaruseTis imperiis qmedebas Cerqezi (adiRe) xalxis mimarTXIX saukuneSi genocidisa da eTnikuri wmendis Sefasebamisca.am faqtma mTel msoflioSi gafantuli Cerqezebis dadebiTiemociebi da, rasakvirvelia, ruseTis gaRizianeba gamoiwvia.saqarTvelos parlamentis samarTlebriv-politikuriSefaseba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT pirvelia saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv da politikur sivrceSi, Tumca, imedia, erTaderTiar iqneba.418

ZURAB PAPASKIRI, BEZHAN KHORAVAFROM THE HISTORICAL PAST OF SOCHIAND ITS VICINITYThe article deals with the historical past of Sochi and its environs.During centuries the north-east coast of the Black Sea was part of the Georgianethnopolitical and cultural world which later was settled by the peoplesof the Abkhazian-Adygei Circassian race, though this region stillremained in the Georgian cultural and political expanse for a long time.In 1864 the given region was conquered by Russia and the native populationwere forcefully deported to the Ottoman Turkey Empire. As a resultof the Russian-Caucasian war (1763-1864) and the deportation of the nativepopulation the inhabitants of Sochi and its environs – the Ubykhsand the Jiks – vanished from the history arena. At the end of XIX and atthe beginning of XX centuries the Russian government settled Russians,Greeks and Armenians in their native land. In winter 2014 there are goingto take place Winter Olympic Games in Sochi and its vicinity. But inthe territory where genocide and an ethnic cleansing of the native populationhave been carried no Olympic Games should be held because it is atvariance with the Olympic Charter.419

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriagivi rogavaafxazeTSi islamis gavrcelebisada damkvidrebis sakiTxisaTvisafxazebi, iseve rogorc msoflios yvela sxva xalxi,uxsovari droidan warmarTebi iyvnen. oficialurad maTiqristianobaze moqceva VI saukunis Sua xanebSi miewerebabizantiis imperator iustinianes, romlis drosac afxazeTimis xeldebul qveynad iTvleboda.VIII-XII saukuneebSi afxazeTi saqarTvelos iseTiveqristianulad ganviTarebuli mxare iyo, rogorc qarTli,kaxeTi, imereTi an samegrelo. magram XIIIs. 30-iani wlebidanafxazeTSi iwyeba CrdiloeTkavkasiidan monRolTa mierotebuli afxazTa monaTesave tomebis masobrivi Camosaxleba,romlebmac Tan Camoitanes TavianTi primitiuli sazogadoebriviwyobileba, yofa-cxovrebis wes-Cveulebebi daagreTve TavianTi warmarTuli religia. barSi mTis Camowolisprocesi, albaT Semdeg saukuneebSica grZeldeboda,ris gamoc `afxazeTi XV saukunidan warmarTobs~. 1XVII saukunidan CrdiloeT kavkasielTa (romlebsacakad. n. berZeniSvili `mTiel afxazebs~ uwodebs), tomobriviCamosvla ufro intensiurad grZeldeba. am process sxvaarasasurvel SedegTan erTad, Tan axlda qristianobis daqveiTeba-dacemaafxazeTSi, maT Soris, upirveles yovlisa,afxazebSi, ramdenadac isini sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo (afxazurenaze qristianuli literaturis ar arseboba, XIIIsaukunidan warmarTobis Semoteva da sxv.) naklebad mtkiceqristianebi iyvnen, vidre qarTvelebi.magram qristianuli poziciebis dasusteba afxazebSida misi, TiTqmis, gaqrobamde misvla, Cveni azriT, mxolod1 n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VIII. Tb.,1990, gv. 615.420

warmarTobis Semotevis Sedegi ar yofila. am dros, XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, afxazeTSi qristianobis safuZvlebs iqislamis gavrceleba-ganmtkicebis procesi aryevda, romelsacmkvlevarebi afxazeTSi osamaleTis samxedro, politikurda religiur-ideologiuri eqspansiiT xsnian.amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa calkeul swavlulTamosazrebebi. gamoCenili afxazi mecnieris z. anCabaZisazriT, Turqi dampyroblebis gavleniT afxazeTSi XVIIsaukunis damdegidan TandaTanobiT daiwyo islamis damkvidreba,igi vrceldeba, uwinares yovlisa, gabatonebuli feniswarmomadgenlebSi, romlebic dakavSirebulni iyvnenTurqebTan, afxazeTis CrdiloeT nawilSi islami vrceldebaSedarebiT ufro swrafad da safuZvlianad. XVII saukunisdasawyisSi CrdiloeT afxazeTis mTavari atarebda sufTaTurqul saxels _ yarabeis. 1 islamis gavrcelebas afxazeT-Si Turqebis Semosvlas ukavSirebda aseve S. inal-ifac. 2am Tvalsazriss aviTareben qarTveli istorikosebic.mag., j. gamaxarias daskvniT `XVII saukunis SuaxanebSi afxazeTSiqristianobis ganadgurebis saqmeSi didi roli...TurqeTmac iTamaSa~. 3 T. mibCuani Tvlis, rom afxazeTSi islamisgavrceleba xdeboda XVI saukunidan, TurqeTis batonobisxanaSi~ da rom aq `gavrcelda sunituri islami~. 4 an.jafariZis mtkicebiT `XVIII saukunis 30-iani wlebisaTvisafxazeTis mosaxleobis zedafenas mahmadianoba miaRebines~. 5rogorc zemoTmotanili masalidan Cans afxazeTSi islamisgavrcelebis xanasTan dakavSirebiT erTiani azri istoriografiaSiar arsebobs. magram aseve isic unda iTqvas,rom zemoTxsenebuli avtorebi (da aramarto isini) afxazebiserTi mniSvnelovani nawilis gamusulmanebas mxolod afxazeTzeTurqeTis zegavlenis gaZlierebas ukavSireben, rac1 З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк этнической истории абхазского народа. Сухуми,1976. gv. 166.2 Ш. Д. Инал-ипа. Абхазы. Сухуми, 1965, gv. 373.3 j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba. Tb., 2005, gv. 182.4 T. mibCuani. afxazeTi, naw. II. Tb., 2006, gv. 483.5 an. jafariZe. afxazeTi (qarTvelTa `gaafxazeba~). Tb., 2007, gv. 91.421

Cveni azriT, swori ar unda iyos. saqme imaSia, rom XVI saukunisaTvisTurqeTis gavlena afxazeTze, rom araferivTqvaT mis batonobaze, jer kidev imdenad Zlieri ar yofila,rom iq Tavisi religia _ islami _ gaevrcelebina. mar-Talia, 1578 wels iran-osmaleTis omis msvlelobisas, Turqebmasoxumi daikaves da iq soxumis sabeglarbego Seqmnes,magram ukve 1580 wels isini iZulebulni gaxdnen gaeuqmebinaTigi da soxumi daetovebinaT. 1 Turq-osmalebs XVI saukuneSiafxazeTSi jer kidev fexi ar hqondaT mokidebuli,da amdenad verc islams gaavrcelebdnen iq.amasTan aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom XVIIs. 30-ianiwlebisaTvis afxazebis, gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeT nawilSimcxovrebTa, religiuri cnobiereba ukve islamuria. amazekargad mianiSnebs Turqi mogzauri evlia Celebi, romelic1635 wels Semdegs werda: `abazebs (afxazebs. g.r.) qafirs(e.i. giaurs, aramusulmans, maT Soris qristians) Tu uwodeb,SeiZleba kaci moklan, muslimi rom uwodoT, gaexardebaTda mogeferebian... amasTanave qafiri ar uyvarT, muslimski suls aZleven~. 2 imave Celebis cnobiT imdroindelafxazeTSi ori mTavari iyo, erTi CrdiloeT nawilSi, romlismTavari iyo yarabei, xolo meore _ samxreTSi, romelsacsaTaveSi edga puto. pirveli qristianobisagan gamdgarida musulmanuri orientaciis mTavari iyo, meore ki _ naklebadmorwmune qristiani.evlia Celebis cnobebidan aSkarad Cans, rom afxazebi(yovel SemTxvevaSi afxazeTis Crdilo nawilis macxovreblebi)XVIIs. pirvel naxevarSi ukve gamahmadianebulebi arianda mtkiced icaven am sarwmunoebas _ `qafiri ar uyvarT,muslims ki suls aZleven~. ibadeba kiTxva: riT unda aixsnasaseTi mdgomareoba maSin, rodesac osmaleTis gavlena afxa-1 Т. Берадзе. Этнополитические процессы на территории современной Абхазии вXI-XVвв. – Разыскания по истории Абхазии/Грузия. Тб., 1999, gv. 206; z. papasqiri.narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis istoriuli warsulidan.I. uZvelesi droidan 1917 wlamde. Tb., 2004, gv. 96.2 evlia Celebi. mogzaurobis wigni. Targmna, komentarebi da gamokvlevadaurTo g. fuTuriZem. nakv. I. Tb., 1971, gv. 106.422

zeTze mxolod iwyeba da mas jer kidev araviTari istoriaara aqvs? Tavis mxriv, warmarTobis Tu qristianobis saukuneebiTganmtkicebuli tradiciebis _ wes-Cveulebebis daZlevada misi islamiT Secvla, erTbaSad xom ar moxdeboda,amas xom mTeli saukuneebi Tu ara, erTi saukune mainc xomdasWirdeboda? e.i. afxazi mosaxleobis erTi, mniSvnelovaninawili `suls aZlevs~ musulmanobas, Tu adre ara, XVIsaukuneSi mainc. kidev erTxel xazs vusvamT im garemoebas,rom osmaleTis arc samxedro, arc politikuri da miTufro sulier-religiuri zegavlena jer kidev ZalaSi araa.Cveni azriT, mkvlevarebs yuradRebis gareSe darCaTerTi mniSvnelovani garemoeba _ Crdilo kavkasielTa, ker-Zod Cerqez-adiRelTa anu abazTa religiuri cnobierebismdgomareoba XVI-XVII saukuneebSi. cnobilia, rom am periodisCerqez-adiReelebis erTi nawili ukve gamahmadianebuliiyo, nawili ki _ warmarTi. 1 adiRe XVI saukunidan ganicdidaosmaleTisa da yirimis saxanoebis politikur eqspansias.amave droidan gavrcelda iq islami. kidev meti.cnobili istorikosis e. aleqseevas mtkicebiT `dasavleTisCerqezebSi islami yirimis xanis zewoliT vrceldeba ukveXV saukunidan... 1570 wels TurqeTis mTavrobam ruseTiselCs konstantinopolSi ganucxada, rom Cerqezebs (yabardoelebs)`rwmena Cveni aqvs~, e.i. muslimuri da TurqebshqondaT amis Tqmis safuZveli, ramdenadac XVIs. yabardoeliTavadebi ruseTis mefes erTgulebas yuranze eficebodnen~.2Jan de lukas sityvebiT (XVIIs. 30-iani wlebi) `CerqezTaerTi nawili _ mahmadianebia, sxvebi berZnuli wes-Cveulebebis mimdevrebia, magram pirvelebi ufro metni arian~.3 zemoTaRniSnuli cnobebis mixedviT dgindeba, rom adi-1 Очерки истории Адигеи т. I. Майкоп, 1957, gv. 130.2 Е. П. Алексеева. Очерки по экономике и культуре народов Черкесии в XVI-XVII в.в. 1957, gv. 115-116.3 Жан де Люка. Описание перекопских и нагайских татар, черкесов, мегрелов игрузин. – Записки Одесского общества истории и древностей (ЗООИД). Т. XI.Одесса, 1879, xazgasma Cvenia – g.r.423

RelebSi XVI-XVII saukuneebSi aSkarad SeimCneoda religiurisinkretizmi. am droisaTvis maTTan erTimeoreSi iyoareuli warmarTuli, qristianuli da mahmadianuri religiiselementebi. 1igive cnobebi SesaZleblobas iZleva gaverkveT afxazTagamahmadianebis procesSi. Cveni azriT, advilad SesaZlebeliaXVI-XVII saukuneebis mijnaze Crdilokavkasiis, ker-Zod, md. yubanisa da misi Senakadebis auzSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobiserTi nawili, romelic afxazeTSi Camosaxlda,warmarTi yofiliyo, xolo meore nawili ukve gamuslimebulida maT TavianTi religiuri rwmenebi TandaTanobiTdamxvduri afxazebisaTvis Tavs moexviaT. es arcTu iseZneli iqneboda, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, romafxazebi Rrmad morwmune qristianebi, rogorc es zemoTacaRiniSna, arasodes yofilan.utyuari cnobebis ar arsebobis gamo, qarTul istoriografiaSijer-jerobiT erTmniSvnelovnad dadgenili veraris gviandel SuasaukuneebSi zustad Tu rodis xdeba`mTieli afxazebis~ (akad. n. berZeniSvilis terminiT) tomobriviCamosaxleba afxazeTSi. akad. n. berZeniSvili am sakiTxzemsjelobisas sakmaod frTxilobs da acxadebs, rom`safiqrebelia~ es moxda XVII saukuneSi. 2 aseTi daskvna masgamoaqvs im socialur-ekonomikur, politikuri da kulturuliviTarebidan, romelic im dros afxazeTSi arsebobda. 3p. ingoroyvas mtkicebiT adiRelTa Camosaxleba afxazeTSixdeba XVI-XVII saukuneebSi. 4 j. gamaxarias azriT`XVI saukunis meore naxevridan afxazeTis mosaxleobisumetesobas mainc Crdilokavkasielebi Seadgendnen~. 5 meoreganis wers: `XVIIs. dasawyisisaTvis rTuli viTarebaSeiqmna sakuTriv afxazeTSi, romlis mosaxleobis mniS-1 m. cincaZe. adiRelTa socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli vi-Tareba XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi. Tb., 1961, gv. 122.2 n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. t. VIII, gv. 614.3 n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. t. VIII, gv. 613.4 j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 173.5 j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 173.424

vnelovan nawils ukve XVI saukunidan TandaTanobiT CamosaxlebuliwarmarTi (xazgasma yvelgan Cvenia. g.r.) mTielebiSeadgendnen~, 1 xolo mesamegan igive avtori Semdegs aRniSnavs:`samegrelos Crdilo-dasavleTi nawili (e.i. afxazeTi– g.r.) XVII saukunis bolos afsuebma daipyres~. 2 g.gasvianic CrdilokavkasielTa (afsuaTa) Camosaxlebas afxazeTSixan XVI saukuniT aTariRebs, xanac XVII saukuniT. 3rogorc motanili mosazrebebidan Cans mTieli mosaxleobisafxazeTSi Camosvlis periodi qarTul istoriografiaSijer-jerobiT dazustebuli ver aris. amas ki Tavismxriv, didi mniSvneloba aqvs _ meore sakiTxis _ afxazeTSiislamis gavrcelebisa da damkvidrebis _ dadgenisaTvis. Tu`mTieli afxazebis~, igive afsuebis Camosaxleba afxazeTSixdeba XVI saukuneSi da maTi nawili SeiZleboda yofiliyvnenmuslimebi, maSin gamodis, rom afxazeTSi mahmadioanobavrceldeba ufro adre, vinem iq osmaleTis (TurqeTis)Zlieri gavlena damyardeboda. Tu `mTieli afxazebis~ Camosvlaxdeba XVII saukuneSi, maSin gamodis, rom osmaleTismier islamis afxazeTSi gavrcelebis mcdeloba noyier niadagspoulobs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis afxazur nawilSi,rac mis damkvidrebas SedarebiT aadvilebda.Cvens mosazrebas _ afxazebSi islamis gavrceleba romar iyo mxolod osmaleTis (TurqeTis) politikuri eqspansiiTgamowveuli da mas win uswrebda islamis SemotanaafxazeTSi Crdilokavkasiidan _ amagrebs is faqtic, romislami ufro metad iyo gavrcelebuli mTis kalTebsa daregionis siRrmeSi arsebul soflebSi (magaliTad, durifS-Si, aWandaraSi, WlouSi, jgerdasa da sxvagan), vidrezRvispira mosaxleobaSi (vTqvaT, soxumSi, sadac Turqebisgarnizoni idga, biWvinTaSi, liZavaSi da sxvagan). meCeTebicswored imave durifSSi, aWandaraSi, WlouSi, jgerdaSi da1 j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 189.2 j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 268.3 g. gasviani. afxazeTi XIX saukunis damlevsa da XX saukuneSi.Tb., 2008, gv. 469; g. gasviani. afxazeTi. Zveli da axali afxazebi.Tb., 1998, gv. 30.425

sxv. arsebobda, TurqeTSi gadasaxlebul muhajirTa umravlesobaczemoT aRniSnuli regionebidan iyvnen. yvelazemeti mahmadiani macxovrebeli gasaxlebul iqna s. jgerdidan:481 komlidan _ 356, blaburxvidan _ 222 komlidan _147 anu 985 macxovreblidan _ 653; oTxaris 952 macxovreblidan_ 653; barmiSis 1017 macxovreblidan _ 766. gardaamisa, maT umravlesobas afsuuri gvaris mqone pirebi Seadgendnen:marSan, amiWba, zuxba, aSuba, bazba, TrafS, Cabalurxvada sxv. 1afxazeTSi TurqeTis zegavlenis gaZlierebis periodSi_ XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi _ afxazeTis mTavrebi politikurimosazrebiT qristianobas toveben da mahmadianobaze gadadian.qristefore kastelis cnobiT (1650 wels) `afxaze-Tis mTavari mTeli ojaxiT ufro mahmadiani iyo, vidre sxvasarwmunoebis~. 2 afxazeTis mTavrebis gamahmadianeba TurqimoZaladeebis uSualo zegavleniTac xdeboda. cnobilia,rom Turq-osmalTa batonoba afxazeTSi XVIII saukunis 30-iani wlebidan Zlierdeba. `mTavris taxtidan Camogdebuliqna manuCar SarvaSiZe, romelic umcros ZmebTan zurabTanda SirvanisTan erTad osmaleTSi waiyvanes. SarvaSiZeebmaxelisuflebis dabruneba islamis miRebis gziT SeZles...aseve qelaiS ahmed-beis (igive qeleS-bei) _ faqtobrivadstambolSi Turqebis mier `marTlmorwmune mahmadianad~aRzrdilis _ mTavris memkvidred gamocxadeba aSkarad xelisuflebismoTxovniT gakeTda. 3 mahnadianebi iyvnen SemdegimTavrebic: aslan-bei da safar-bei (giorgi), romelmac mogvianebiTqristianoba miiRo.XVIIIs. miwurulisaTvis qristianoba afxazTa SorisTiTqmis mimqrali iyo, gansakuTrebiT mis CrdiloeT nawil-Si, dRevandeli axali aTonis miRma arsebul teritoriaze,gauqmebuli da gapartaxebuli iyo qristianobis iseTi cen-1 b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba. Tb., 2004, gv. 80-81.2 don qristoforo de kasteli. cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelosSesaxeb. teqsti gaSifra, Targmna, gamokvleva da komentarebi daur-To b. giorgaZem. Tb., 1976, gv. 171.3 z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis.., gv. 112-113.426

trebi, rogoricaa biWvinTis, lixnis, drandis, bediis, moqviseklesia-monastrebi, afxazTa mniSvnelovanma nawilmapirjvris sworad gadawerac ki ar icoda. da es xdebodaara mxolod imis gamo, rom iq warmarTobam didad imZlavra,aramed imis gamoc, rom islami zemoTaRniSnuli mizezebisSedegad met-naklebad myarad Cajda afxazTa religiurcnobierebaSi.XIXs. damdegidan afxazeTSi politikuri viTarebisSecvlasTan erTad, icvleba agreTve religiuri situaciac.ruseTis mier afxazeTis aneqsiis Semdeg (1810w.) erTgvarimetaformoza ganicada afxazeTis mTavrebis sarmwunoebrivmaorientaciam, isini kvlav marTlmadidebluri qristianobiskenSemobrundnen. TviTmpyrobluri ruseTis umaRlesi saeroda sasuliero xelisufleba yovelnairad cdilobda afxazeTSiwarmarTobisa da islamis daZlevas da iq qristianobisaRdgenas. am mizans uSualod isaxavda jer kidev e.w.`osuri sasuliero komisia~ da SemdegSi `kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeliqristianobis aRmdgeni sazogadoeba~.XIXs. damdegisaTvis islamisadmi mimarTebaSi afxazebiiyofodnen or did jgufad: pirvels miekuTvnebodnen is afxazebi,romlebSic ukve mtkiced iyo damkvidrebuli essarwmunoeba (gudauTis regioni), xolo meore jgufs _ isafxazebi, romlebic jer kidev naklebad iyvnen islamismorwmuneni (oCamCiris regioni).pirveli jgufis mahmadiani afxazebi asrulebdnen winadacveTisCveulebebs, maT hyavdaT TviTmarqvia molebi,icavdnen ramazanis marxvas, fics sdebdnen yuranze, micvalebulebsasaflavebdnen musulmanuri wesiT, magram amasTanaveisini ar icavdnen yoveli muslimisTvis savaldebulowess: xuTjer locvas, ganbanvas, meqaSi gamgzavrebas da a.S.afxaz mahmadianTa azriT am wesebis Sesrulebis gareSecSeiZleboda namdvil mahmadianad yofna.meore jgufis warmomadgenlebi _ qristianobis mimarTufro loialurad iyvnen ganwyobili, isini met-naklebadicnobdnen islamis moZRvrebas. maT mxriv islamisadmi rwme-427

na gamoixateboda mxolod imaSi, rom icavdnen ramazans,dResaswaulobdnen bairams, iwvevdnen molebs micvalebulTadasaflavebisas. amasTanave pativs scemdnen, zogjer kidevacmonawileobdnen qristianul dResaswaulebSi, rogoricaa:aRdgoma, qristeSoba, mariamoba, giorgoba. Tayvans scemdneneklesiebsa da xatebs, xmarobdnen cvilis sanTlebs, aRdgomazekvercxebs Rebavdnen wiTlad, micvalebulTa xsenebisasRvinos asxamdnen purze da sxva.aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom qristiani da mahmadianiafxazebi erTi-meoris gverdiT cxovrobdnen erT sofelSiTu qalaqSi da sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT maT Soris ararsebobda araviTari konfliqti. kidev meti. arsebobda ise-Ti ojaxebic, romlis zogierTi wevri qristiani iyo, zogierTiki mahmadiani da es araviTar gavlenas ar axdendaafxazuri ojaxis tradiciul simtkiceze. 1XIXs. 30-iani wlebidan afxazeTSi dawyebuli qristianobisaRdgenis procesis mimdinareobisas pirvel rigSiinaTlebodnen qarTuli (megruli) warmoSobis afxazebi,romlebsac jer kidev kargad axsovdaT, rom maTi winaprebiqristianebi iyvnen da tradiciulad jer kidev mokrZalebasada pativiscemas iCendnen SemorCenili eklesia-monastrebismimarT. aseve didi raodenobiT inaTlebodnen warmarTida mahmadiani afxazebic. amas naTlad adasturebs maSindeli,dRemde SemorCenili `afxazTa monaTvliTi siebi~, romlissisworesac imdroindeli afxazeTis mTavari mixeil Sarva-SiZe Tavisi xelmoweriT adasturebs. 2miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazeTSi qristianobis aRdgenisprocesSi (1834-1912ww.) mravali mahmadiani afxazi gaqristianda,sakuTar sarwmunoebaze aseve sakmaod bevridarCa. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis mTis soflebSi macxovrebelafxazebze, romlebic afsuuri warmomavlobis iyvnen, xolo1 g. rogava. religia da eklesia afxazebSi. Tb., 2004, gv. 36-37.2 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi488, Canaweri, I, saqmeebi, 4296, furc. 14; 4422, furc. 10; 4570, furc. 6,9, 10.428

sarwmunoebiT warmarTebi an mahmadianebi. amaze aSkarad mianiSnebsarqimandrit antonis mimarTva (1837w.) saqarTvelosegzarqosisadmi, romelSic Semdegs vkiTxulobT: `umetes daumetes Zneldebis monaTvla maTi. mizezTa amiT, romelTaarian mosanaTlavni mTis xalxi da umetes mahmadianobismqonebelni (xazgasma Cvenia – g.r.), da amisaTvis, Tuca aravridebT Tavsa Cvensa Sromasa, garna Zneldebis moqceva damiyvana maTi CvenTa marTalsa sarwmunoebasa zeda~. 1afxazebSi islamuri sarwmunoebis poziciebis ganmtkicebaSigansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula ruseT-TurqeTis1877-1878 wlebis omma, romlis drosac afxaz mahmadianTaumravlesoba Turqebs TanaugrZnobda da kidevac exmarebodamaT. ruseTma amisaTvis mkacrad dasaja isini, aiZula daetovebinaTsakuTari samSoblo da TurqeTSi gadaxvewiliyvnen(meore muhajiroba).marTalia, TurqeTSi gandevnil daaxloebiT 30 aTasimahmadiani afxazidan, TiTqmis, droTa ganmavlobaSi kvlavsamSobloSi dabrunda, magram maTi ganwyoba rusebisadmi aSkaradkidev ufro mtruli iyo, vinem adre, ris gamoc rusebisxelisuflebam maT aukrZala zRvispira 3 kilometrianzolSi dasaxleba, afxazebi saerTod damnaSave xalxadgamoacxades, maT ar endobodnen da jarSi ar miyavdaT.samSobloSi dabrunebuli afxazebi marTlmadidebelqristianobas, romelsac dampyroblis religiad aRiqvamdnen,islams upirispirebdnen da yovelnairad cdilobdnen sxvaadgilobrivi macxovreblebic am sarwmunoebaze gadaeyvanaT.gansakuTrebiT es SeimCneoda dRevandeli gudauTisa daoCamCiris regionSi mosaxle afxazTa Soris. ai, ras werdaamis Sesaxeb `kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli qristianobisaRmdgeni sazogadoebis~ 1898-1901 wlebis saqmianobis rusimimomxilveli: `ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis omma didiuaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina afxazeTze, qristianulmaruseTma afxazebis miwebis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT aiZula1 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo centraluri saistorio arqivi, f. 488,naw. I, s. 4800, furc. 4.429

afxazTa nawili gadasaxlebuliyo TurqeTSi (xazgasma Cvenia– g.r.). wlebis Semdeg ukanmobrunebulebma Tan Camoitanesislamuri sarwmunoeba, romelsac farTod avrcelebdnen TanamoZmeTaSoris. es garemoeba, rasakvirvelia, didad aZnelebdamisionerul moRvaweobas maT Soris~. 1afxazeTSi islamis poziciebis ganmtkicebisaTvis sakmaodnayofierad iRwvodnen TurqeTidan Camosuli da aseveadgilobrivi molebi, romlebic afxazur mosaxleobaSiTurqofilur miswrafebebs aRvivebdnen, imave mizans emsaxurebodnenaseve durifSSi, zvandrifSSi, abgarxukSi, aacSi,jgerdaSi, WlouSi, cxeniswyalSi, oCamCireSi da sxvaganarsebuli meCeTebi. 1898 wels soxumis episkoposma arsenmaquTaisis samxedro gubernatoris winaSe daayena sakiTxi afxazeTidanmolebis gasaxlebisa da zogierTi meCeTis daxurvisSesaxeb, ramdenadac meCeTebsa da molebs afxazeTSiqristianobisa da ruseTis xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis saqmezedamRupveli gavlena eqnebodaT. 2ruseTis didmpyrobeluri politika afxazebs am saxelmwifosoficialuri religiis _ marTlmadidebluri qristianobis_ winaaRmdeg ganawyobda da amis gamo mas zurgsaqcevda, rac saxelmwifo xelisuflebisadmi protestisgarkveul formas warmoadgenda. es protesti afxazeTiseklesiebSi wirva-locvis qarTulidan Zvel-slavur enazegadayvanam kidev ufro gaaZliera da afxazi xalxis miswrafebaqristianobisadmi sakmaod Seasusta da Seanela. isqristianobasa da mahmadianobas Soris sakmaod didxans meryeobdada arsebiTad warmarTobis niadagze rCeboda. esgaremoebebi kargad hqondaT gaTviTcnobierebuli im droisafxaz swavlulebs da mas seriozul problemad miiCnevdnen.magaliTad, mRvdeli n. pateifas azriT `iyo Tu ara afxaziodesme qristiani am sityvis mTeli mniSvnelobiT, icodaTu ara man qristianobis arseba, icnobda Tu ara qristes,1 Отчет Общества Восстановления Православного Христианства на Кавказе, за1898-1901. Тифлис, 1903, gv. 79.2 Сотрудник Закавказской мисии, #16, 1912, gv. 92.430

omelzedac is loculobda? _ amaze istoria dums. didimwuxarebiT minda avRniSno, rom Cven, dRevandeli afxazebijer kidev qristianebi ar varT, Cven mxolod monaTlulebivarT. amis dafarva ar SeiZleba~. 1afxazuri damwerlobisa da literaturis erT-erTifuZemdebeli, afxazeTis istoriis pirveli avtori d. guliaafxazebis religiur cxovrebaze ufro radikaluradmsjelobda. misi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `qristianuli sarwmunoebaafxazeTSi arasdros ar hyvaoda da SeiZleba codvadar CaiTvalos imisi Tqma, rom afxazebi namdvili qristianebiarasodes ar yofilan, aramed met-naklebad yovelTvisiyvnen da dResac rCebian warmarTebad, rac Cans maTiwarmarTuli ritualebidan da tradiciuli wes-Cveulebebidan,romlebic maT Soris dRemdea Semonaxuli~ 2 (xazgasmaCvenia – g.r.). imave dros d. guliam SesaniSnavadicoda, rom afxazTa erTi, mniSvnelovani nawili islamismimdevari iyo, magram is am sakiTxze dumils arCevda, albaT,garkveuli mosazrebiT.1897w. kameruli aRweriT soxumis okrugSi (afxazeTSi)mcxovreb afxazTa raodenoba sul Seadgenda 58715 suls.aqedan marTlmadidebel qristianad iTvleboda 49367, e.i.84%, xolo 9342 kaci _ mahmadianad. 3qristianobis daqveiTeba-dacema afxazeTis rig sofleb-Si da mosaxleobis gadasvla islamur sarwmunoebaze aSkaradSeimCneoda XXs. damdegs. kerZod, 1906-1907 wlebSi s.durifSis 150 qristianuli komlidan Tavis sarwmunoebasmxolod 15 ojaxi SerCa, xolo sof. aWandaraSi 200 komlidan_ 21. amasTan dakavSirebiT soxumSi gamomavaliJurnali `Сотрудник Закавказской мисии~, romlis redaqtoriciyo soxumis eparqiis episkoposi andrei, Semdegswerda: `samwuxaro sinamdviles warmoadgens is garemoeba,rom 1911 wlisaTvis soxumis olqis mosaxleobis didi na-1 Сотрудник Закавказской мисии, #11, 1912, gv. 173.2 Сотрудник Закавказской мисии, #10, 1912, gv. 152.3 Г. Чурсин. Материалы по этнографии Абхазии. Сухуми, 1956, gv. 24.431

wili, gansakuTrebiT gudauTis ubanSi, Tu oficialuradara, farulad agrZelebs mahmadianad yofnas. soxumis olqSimcxovreb afxazebSi mahmadianobis Sxami yovelwliuradmkvidrdeba da Tavs iCens sul ufro metad; soflebSimcxovreb bnel mosaxleobaSi mahmadianobis qadageba midissakmaod aSkarad. es qadageba ukanasknel wlebSi mtkicdebaara marto faruli skolebis daarsebiT, sadac swavlebamimdinareobs Turqul enaze da aswavlian agreTve yurans,aramed meCeTebis aSenebiTac, romelSiac jer-jerobiT cotaxalxi dadis an saerTod daketilia, magram romelic ukvewarmoadgens imis niSans, rom man ukve daikava mtkice poziciaafxazur mosaxleobaSi~. 1qristianobisagan afxazebs gandgomisa da mahmadianobazemaTi gadasvlis aRsakveTad soxumis eparqiis episkoposi andreisxvadasxva RonisZiebebs mimarTavda, magram amaod. afxazTaerTi mniSvnelovani nawilis gamahmadianeba gamowveuliiyo ara imdenad am sarwmunoebis siyvaruliT, ramdenadacmaTi siZulviliT didmpyrobeluri ruseTisa da misioficialuri religiis mimarT. religia da eklesia ruseTisxelisuflebis xelSi iyo is SeniRbuli saSualeba, romlismeSveobiTac igi cdilobda afxazi xalxis sxeulSi rusulisulis Cadebasa da ganmtkicebas. afxazi xalxis mniSvnelovaninawili amas kargad grZnobda da cxadad Tu faruladmas upirispirdeboda. aseTi dapirispirebis erT-erT iara-Rad mas musulmanobis miReba miaCnda.yovelive zemoTqmulidan SeiZleba Semdegi daskvnebigavakeToT:1. afxazeTSi islamis gavrceleba iwyeba jer kideviq TurqeTis gabatonebamde, XVI saukuneSi, CrdiloeTkavkasiidanCamosuli `mTieli afxazebis~ mier,romelTa erTi nawili Tavis samSobloSi ukveiyo gamahmadianebuli.2. afxazTa gamahmadianebis procesi daCqarda XVII-1 Сотрудник Закавказской мисии, #16, 1912, gv. 92.432

XVIII saukuneebSi TurqTa samxedro-politikurida religiur-ideologiuri eqspansiis Sedegad.3. ruseTis xelisuflebis mier afxazTa mniSvnelovaninawilis ayrisa da TurqeTSi gasaxlebis mizezimaTi miwebis xelSi Cagdeba Tu iyo, sababs maTimahmadianoba warmoadgenda. xelisuflebam afxazebs1877-1878 wlebSi religiurobis safuZvelze didieTnowmenda mouwyo.4. didmpyrobeluri ruseTis moZule afxazTa erTinawili aSkarad Tu farulad, Taviseburad SursiZiebda masze imiT, rom mis oficialur religiasuaryofda da mahmadianebaze gadadioda.5. afxazTa erTi, aseve garkveuli nawili dResacmahmadianad rCeba da swored es garemoebac SeiZlebaiyos imisi mizezi, rom isini qristian qarTvelebTankonfliqtSi TavianT mokavSireebs Crdilokavkasielmahmadian xalxebSi eZeben.GIVI ROGAVAISLAM IN ABKHAZIAIn the article, on the basis of the study and analysis of the relevanthistorical sources, it is demonstrated that the expansion and introdution ofIslam into Abkhazia began in the second half of the XVI century by kindredtribes of the Abkhazians, settled there from the North Caucasus, partof which already been converted to Islam in their homeland. The authorsubstantiates this statement by the following arguments: 1) the spread ofIslam among the Adyghe-Circassians as early as in the 15th century; 3) thespread of Islam and strengthening of its positions primarily in the mountainousvillages of Abkhazia, rather than its coastal area; 4) the spread of Islamto a greater extent among the persons having come down to Abkhaziafrom the highlands, as compared with the local population.28. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi433

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriamanana kupravatamiSis namosaxlaricentraluri kolxeTis brinjaosa da adrerkinisa xanisxelovnur namosaxlar borcvTa Soris erT-erTi gamorCeuliadgili ukavia tamiSis xelovnur namosaxlar borcvTakompleqss, romelic Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriazemdebareobs. es Zvelkolxuri Zeglebi aRmoCenilia oCamCirisraionis Crdilo-dasavleTiT, mdinare tamiSis marcxena sanapirodan200 metris, xolo Savi zRvis sanapirodan – 300metris daSorebiT.tamiSis namosaxlarze dazverviTi xasiaTis gaTxrebipirvelad 1964 wels v. bJaniam Caatara. 1 1976-1979 wlebSiki namosaxlarze arqeologiur samuSaoebs awarmoebda ssrkismecnierebaTa akademiis arqeologiis institutis SavizRvispireTis,saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis arqeologiurikvlevis centris da amave akademiis afxazeTis enis,literaturisa da istoriis institutis erToblivi arqeologiurieqspedicia. 2XXs. 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aq muSaobda saqarTvelosmecnierebaTa akademiis arqeologiuri kvlevis centrisafxazeTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia m. baramiZis xelmZRvanelobiT.3 1983 wlidan ki tamiSis namosaxlarze arqeolo-1 B. B. Бжания. Тамышское поселение эпохи поздней бронзы. – Сборник научныхработ аспирантов. Cyxyми, 1967, gv. 225-231; M. B. Бaрамидзе, Г. Г. Пхакадзе,B. B. Бжания, Г. K. Шамба, Г. T. Квирквелия, T. Э. Чигошвили. Oсновныеитоги исследования на строительных площадках Абхазии. – Apxeoлогические исследованияна новостройках ГССР. Tб., 1982, gv. 90.2 B. B. Бжания, Д. С. Бжания, Л. М. Когония, А. И. Джопуа. Pacкопки Тамышскогопоселения. – Apxeoлогические oткрытия 1983 гoдa в Абхазии. Tб., 1987, gv. 9.3 M. B. Бaрамидзе, T. Э. Чигошвили, Г. Т. Квирквелия, Г. П. Хубутиa, З. Г.Чумбуридзе, Г. А. Гамкрелидзе. Ocновные итоги работ apxeoлогической экспедиции.– Полевые apxeoлогические исследования в 1981 году. Tб., 1984, gv. 29; M.434

giuri gaTxrebi gaagrZela ssrk-s mecnierebaTa akademiis arqeologiisinstitutis SavizRvispireTisa da saqarTvelosmecnierebaTa akademiis afxazeTis enis, literaturisa daistoriis institutis erToblivma eqspediciam v. bJanias me-TaurobiT. 11992 wels, saomari moqmedebebis dawyebamde, tamiSisnamosaxlaris monapovrebis ZiriTadi nawili inaxeboda sofeltamiSSi, eqspediciis droebiT sacavSi. aq daculi arqeologiurimasalis bedi sadReisod CvenTvis ucnobia. tamiSSimopovebuli masalebis meore nawili ki inaxeboda afxazeTissaxelmwifo muzeumis axali aTonis filialSi. tamiSisnamosaxlari sadReisod yvelaze srulad ganxiluliaa. gabeliasa 2 da T. CigoSvilis 3 naSromebSi.a. gabelias azriT, tamiSis namosaxlari warmoadgensmdinarispira platoze 1m simaRleze mdebare namosaxlars. 4avtoris Tanaxmad, misi farTobi 100x200 metris farTobzevrceldeboda da aRmosavleTis mxridan xelovnuri arxiTiyo SemosazRvruli. mas miaCnia, rom aq xelovnuri namosaxlariki ara, aramed nagebobaTa narCenebia gamovlenili (gabeliaspublikaciis droisaTvis tamiSis namosaxlaris centraluriborcvi 2m siRrmemde iyo gaTxrili). m. baramiZisa5 da l. jiblaZis mixedviT ki, romlebic am namosaxlarzeB. Бaрамидзе, T. Э. Чигошвили, Г. Т. Квирквелия, Л. В. Джибладзе, Г. П. Хубутиa.Ocновные итоги работ apxeoлогической экспедиции Абхазии. – Полевыеapxeoлогические исследования в 1982 году. Tб., 1985, gv. 40-44.1 B. B. Бжания, Д. С. Бжания, Л. М. Когония, А. И. Джопуа. Pacкопки Тамышскогопоселения, gv. 9.2 A. H. Габелия. Поселения Kолхидской культуры (на материалах Абхазии). Авторефератдиссертации на cоисканиe ученой степени кандидата историческихнаук. M., 1984.3 T. CigoSvili. engur-kodoris auzis gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinisxanis namosaxlarebi. disertacia istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatissamecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad (avtoreferati). Tb., 1999;T. CigoSvili. tamiSis namosaxlari (dazverviTi masalebis mixedviT).– axalgazrda mkvlevarTa II da III samecniero sesiis masalebi.Tb., 1982, 25-30.4 A. H. Габелия. Поселения Kолхидской культуры, gv. 29.5 M. Бaрамидзе, Г. Пхакадзе, B. Бжания, Г. Шамба, Г. Квирквелия, T. Чигошвили,A. Opджоникидзе, M. Гунба, Л. Голубева. Apxeoлогические исследова-435

aseve awarmoebdnen arqeologiur gaTxrebs, tamiSis namosaxlarixelovnuri namosaxlari borcvebisagan Sedgeboda damTlianobaSi 90x100 m farTobi ekava. mogvianebiT gamocemulnaSromSi l. jiblaZe tamiSis namosaxlarze xuTi namosaxlariborcvis arsebobas adasturebs. 1 aseve j. afaqiZemiiCnevs, rom tamiSSi xelovnuri namosaxlari borcvebiaaRmoCenili, romelTa kulturuli fenebis sisqe movakebuladgilebSi 0,80 m sisqisaa, xolo SemaRlebul adilebSi ki1,00 m sisqes aRwevs. 2 tamiSSi aRmoCenili namosaxlari, CveniazriT, topografiisa da dasaxlebis tipis, aseve arqeologiurimasalis mixedviT, erTmniSvnelovnad xelovnur namosaxlarborcvTa tips ganekuTvneba da geografiuladacis kolxeTis dablobzea aRmoCenili, sadac amgvari namosaxlarebifarTodaa gavrcelebuli. Sesabamisad, tamiSi am namosaxlaebismixedviT kolxuri kulturis centralur lokalurvariantSi eqceva.tamiSis xuTive namosaxlar borcvze dadasturebuliaerTi kulturuli fenis arseboba, romelic ori samSeneblohorizonts Seicavda. 3 mTlianobaSi gaTxrili iqna 1000m 2 metri farTobi. #1 xelovnuri namosaxlari borcviskulturuli fenis qveda horizontis sisqe 0,30-0,50m-s aRwevda,xolo zeda horizonti – 0,10-0,30m-s. a. gabeliamqveda horizonti Zv.w. XIV-XIss, xolo zeda – Zv.w. VIII-VIIss daaTriRa. amave namosaxlarze i. voronovi afiqsirebdaaseve Sua saukuneebis xanis horizonts. 4ния в Абхазии. – Полевые apxeoлогические исследования в 1977 году. Tб., 1980, gv.113; l. jiblaZe. kolxeTis dablobis brinjaos xanis namosaxlarTastratigrafia, qronologia da periodizacia. Tb., 1997, gv. 35.1 l. jiblaZe. kolxeTis dablobis Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulis namosaxlarebi.Tb., 2007, gv. 16.2 J. Apakidze. Die Spätbronze- und Früheisenzeit in West- und Zentralkaukasien.Chronologische Studien zur Kolchis-Kultur, 1600–700 v. Chr. – Prähistorische Archäologiein Südosteuropa 24. Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH, Rahden/Westf., Bd. II, Katalog,2009, gv. 331.3 T. CigoSvili, tamiSis namosaxlari, gv. 28-30; M. Бaрамидзе, Г. Пхакадзе,B. Бжания, Г. Шамба, Г. Квирквелия, T. Чигошвили,A. Opджоникидзе,M. Гунба, Л. Голубева. Apxeoлогические исследования в Абхазии, gv. 113.4 Ю. Н. Воронов. Археолoгическая карта Абхазии, Cyxyми 1969, 39.436

sagulisxmoa, rom orive horizontis doneze gamovleniliaZvelkolxuri keramika. sul zeda doneze ki Cndebadiunuri keramika 1 . qveda horizontSi aRmoCenilia iatakisZirebis naSTebi, romlebic wriul da vertikalurkedlianormoebs warmoadgenen. am ormoebze mdgaran naxevradmiwuri,sar-lastze gamarTuli facxismagvari Senobebi, romelTaZiri riyis wvrili qvebiT yofila mopirkeTebuli. am nagebobebissiRrme Cadioda 1,2m siRrmemde, xolo diametri 2-2,5m Seadgenda. 2 maT maqsimalurad 100m 2 farTobi ekavaT.Rumelebis naSTebi am saxlebSi ar aRmoCenila. Tumca erTnagebobaSi, romlis diametri 5 metrs aRwevda aRmoCnda Rumelic.namosaxlaris Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi, sadacaseve Senobebis naSTebia aRmoCenili, gamovlinda rva sameurneonageboba, romelTa diametric saSualod 1 metrs,xolo siRrme 1,20m Seadgenda.namosaxlari borcvebis qveda horizontSi didi raodenobiTgamovlinda sxvadasxva keramikuli WurWlis natexebi.pirveli jgufis keramika warmodgenilia qoTnebiT (tab. 1,1-8), piTosebiT (tab. 2, 2-4), sameurneo WurWliT (tab. 2,1), jamebiT (tab. 3, 1-4), qilebiT (tab. 3, 8), saxuravebiTa(tab. 3, 5-7) da aseve miniaturuli WurWliT. aRmoCeniliarogorc Cveulebrivi, WurWelze vertikalurad datanili(tab. 4, 7-9), ise zoomorfuli (tab. 4, 1-3) da zeda nawilSikoWisebr boloiani (tab. 4, 4-6) yurebi. ornamentulisaxeebidan aRsaniSnavia parketisebri, badisebri, kanelu-1 M. Бaрамидзе, Г. Пхакадзе, B. Бжания, Г. Шамба, Г. Квирквелия, T. Чигошвили,A. Opджоникидзе, M. Гунба, Л. Голубева. Apxeoлогические исследованияв Абхазии, gv. 113; l. jiblaZe. kolxeTis dablobis brinjaos xanisnamosaxlarTa stratigrafia, qronologia da periodizacia, gv.36; g. TavamaiSvili. uZvelesi namosaxlarebi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelosaxalSavzRvur terasaze, disertacia istoriis mecnierebaTakandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad (xelnaweri).Tb., 1999, gv. 32-33.2 M. Бaрамидзе, Г. Пхакадзе, B. Бжания, Г. Шамба, Г. Квирквелия, T. Чигошвили,Г. Хубутиa. Ocновные итоги работ apxeoлогической экспедиции Абхазии.– Полевые apxeoлогические исследования в 1978 году. Tб., 1981, gv. 31; l. jiblaZe.kolxeTis dablobis Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis namosaxlarebi,gv. 16.437

ebiani, kopebiani, sxvadasxva mimarTulebis naWdevebiani,talRisebri, Tevzifxuri da sxva motivebiT Semkuli Wur-Weli (tab. 5, 1-10).tamiSis namosaxlari borcvebis zeda horizontSi TavsiCens e. w. qsoviliani keramika, romelic warmodgenilia e.w. vanisebri formis WurWliTa da keramikis rqisebri sadgarebiT,rac am horizontis keramikis 30 procents Seadgens.danarCeni WurWeli ki imeorebs qveda horizontisformebsa da ornamentacias. keramikasTan erTad tamiSis namosaxlarzedidi raodenobiTaa aseve aRmoCenili qvis iara-Rebi: safqvavebi, sanayebi, da sxv.unda aRvniSnoT, rom tamiSis xuTive namosaxlar borcvzedadasturebulia erTnairi stratigrafia, identurikeramikisa da qvis masala. 1 amasTan erTad tamiSis #2 namosaxlarzeaRmoCenilia aseve ormxrivi verZisebrTavebianiTixis sadgarebi, brinjaos Subispiri, balTa, samkauli dagaurkveveli daniSnulebis nivTis Camosasxmeli yalibi. 2#1 namosaxlari borcvi miCneulia tamiSis dasaxlebiscentralur namosaxlarad. m. baramiZis Tanaxmad, am borcvisqveda horizonti TariRdeba Zv.w. XI-Xss, xolo zeda –Zv.w. X-VIIIss. 3 m. baramiZes da l. jiblaZes tamiSis sxvaborcvebi centraluri borcvis sinqronulad miaCniaT. 4 amgvaridaTariReba CvenTvis savsebiT misaRebia, radganac tamiSisnamosaxlaris arqeologiur masalas kolxeTis dablobisanalogiur ZeglebTan mkafio paralelebi eZebneba. eski am qronologias sakmaod myar safuZvels uqmnis.1 l. jiblaZe. kolxeTis dablobis Zv. w. III-II aTaswleulebis namosaxlarebi,gv. 16.2 B. Бжания, Д. Бжания, Д. Koгония, Л. Cангулия, А. Джопуа. Paботы в селеТамыш. – Археологические открытия Абхазии в 1986-1987 года. Tб., 1990, gv. 10.3 m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi Zv.w. II–I aTaswleulispirvel naxevarSi (ZiriTadi problemebi). avtoreferati istoriismecnierebaTa doqtoris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb.,1998, gv. 26-27.4 m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi Zv.w. II–I aTaswleulispirvel naxevarSi (ZiriTadi problemebi), gv. 26-27; l. jiblaZe.kolxeTis dablobis Zv. w. III-II aTaswleulebis namosaxlarebi, 17.438

tamiSis namosaxlaris masalebis mixedviT TvalnaTlivCans, rom es Zegli kolxuri kulturis centraluri variantisgavrcelebis arealSi eqceva da, Sesabamisad, is brinjaosxanaSi kolxeTis dablobSi gavrcelebuli xelovnurinamosaxlari borcvebis analogiaa.geoklimaturi pirobebis gamo centralur kolxeTSimeurneobis wamyvani dargi miwaTmoqmedebaa, mesaqonleobas kimeore adgili ekava. xelovnuri namosaxlari borcvebi mxolodcentralur kolxeTSia gavrcelebuli. dasaxlebis amtipis gaCenac geoklimaturi pirobebis Sedegia, radganacgvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis xanaSi kolxeTis dablobi u-piratesad Waobian adgils warmoadgenda. xelovnuri namosaxlariborcvebi mcire raodenobiT Tavs iCens aseve kolxeTisdablobis momijnave mTiswina zonaSic. centralurkolxeTSi sacxovrebel da sameurneo nagebobebs mxolodxisgan agebdnen. yvela aRniSnuli komponenti kargadaa dadasturebulitamiSis xelovnur namosaxlar borcvTa kompleqsSi.amitomac is, rogorc ukve zemoT aRvniSneT, kolxurikulturis centralur lokaluri variantis gavrcelebisarealSi Semodis.439

tab. 1. tamiSis namosaxlaris qveda horizontis keramika.1-8. qoTnebis fragmentebi(a. gabelias mixedviT /1984/ Sedgenilia m. kupravas mier).440

tab. 2. tamiSis namosaxlaris qveda horizontis keramika.1. sameurneo WurWeli;2-4 piTosebis fragmentebi(a. gabelias mixedviT /1984/ Sedgenilia m. kupravas mier).441

tab. 3. tamiSis namosaxlaris qveda horizontis keramika.1-4. jamebis fragmentebi;5-7. sxadasxva WurWlis saxuravebi;8. cilindrisebri formis WurWlis (qilis ?) fragmentebi(a. gabelias mixedviT /1984/ Sedgenilia m. kupravas mier).442

tab. 4. tamiSis namosaxlaris qveda horizontis keramika.1-3. zoomorfuli yurebi;4-9. WurWelze horizontalurad datanili yurebi;10. frinvelis mkerdisebri formis yuri;11. muxlisebri formis yuri(a. gabelias mixedviT /1984/ Sedgenilia m. kupravas mier).443

tab. 5. tamiSis namosaxlaris qveda horizontis keramika. WurWlisornamentaciis zogierTi nimuSi.(a. gabelias mixedviT /1984/ Sedgenilia m. kupravas mier).444

MANANA KUPRAVATAMISHI SETTLEMENTIn 1964 Tamishi settlement was found by V. Bzhania – the first scientist,who conducted at this site archaeological prospecting through excavationworks. The settlement is located in the Northwest of Ochamchireregion at distance of 200 meters from the Tamishi river bank and 300meters from the Black Sea coast. In the second half of 70-ies and beginningof 80-ies of XX century excavations at the site were conducted bythe joint expedition of the Institute of Archaeology (Academy of Sciencesof the USSR), Center for Archaeological Research (Academy of Sciencesof Georgia) and the Institute of Abkhazian Language, Literatureand History (Academy of Sciences of Georgia). After the archaeologicalexcavations it was ascertained that Tamishi Settlement consisted of fiveartificial hill settlements. This complex of hill settlements was spread inthe area of 100x200 meters. From the East there was an artificial canal,which surrounded the settlement. The central settlement hill was dug on2 meters depth. On all the five settlement hills one cultural layer with twobuilding horizons was revealed. The lower horizon was dated to 14-12centuries BC, and the upper one to VIII-VII centuries BC. Supposedly onthe settlement existed horizon, dated to the Middle Ages. On the settlementthere were revealed some wooden constructions of different sizeand utility structures among them. Usually the diameter of wooden constructionsdid not exceed 5 meters and their floors were laid with cobblestones.The pottery found represented typical Colchian ceramic of the secondhalf of II Millennium BC and beginning of I Millennium (lower horizon)and also, of 8-7 centuries BC (upper horizon). The leading types ofthe lower horizon pottery are pots, pythoses, miniature vessels, lids andetc. In the upper horizon was found textile ceramic, represented by thethe vessels of the bathtub shape. Here were found number of clay trivetsand stone tools as well.On the basis of topography, settlement type and archaeological materialfound, the settlement unambiguously gets into the area of spreadingthe Central Local Variant of Late Bronze and Early Iron Age cultures.445

446soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriavaxtang jafariZesebastopolisis (dioskuriis)stratigrafiis, nagebobebis raobisada daTariRebis sakiTxisTvis(nawili I)antikuri wyaroebis dioskuriis identifikaciis sakiTxidRemde Seunelebel interess iwvevs. am punqts memkvidreobiTukavSirdeba romaul-bizantiuri wyaroebis sebastopolisi.xolo orive aRniSnuls qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiTacerTgvarad enacvleba qarTuli wyaroebiscxumi (cxomi). garkveuli tradiciiT avtorebi, Cveulebriv,maT erToblivad ganixilaven, rac arc Tu iSviaTad naSrom-Ta saTaurebSic aris asaxuli. 1 warmodgenil statiaSi CvenZiriTadad dioskuria-sebastopolisisi arqeologiur monacemebsSevexebiT, radgan ukve gvqonda SesaZlebloba sagangebodgagvexila istoriuli q. cxumisa da misi `qveynis~arqeologiis sakiTxebi. 2 mainc unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuliwyaroebis monacemebiT, romelTac, cxadia, TiTqmis araferiician Zveli dioskuriis Sesaxeb, istoriuli cxumiZveli qalaqis sebastopolisis monakveTSia sagulvebeli. 31 ix. mag., Л. Н. Соловьев. Диоскурия-Севастополис-Цхум. – Труды Абхазскогогосударственного музея. Вып. I. Сухуми, 1947, gv. 99-145; Ю. Н. Воронов. Диоскурия-Севастополис-Цхум.М., 1980.2 v. jafariZe. cxumis (cxomis) qalaqisa da misi `qveynis~ arqeologiisTvis.– kreb. `Teimuraz mibCuani-70~. Tb., 2008-2010, gv. 216-236.3 am mxriv interess iwvevs juanSeris (juanSer juanSeriani. cxovrebavaxtang gorgasalisa. – qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgeniliyvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I. Tb.,1955, gv. 238) da, gansakuTrebiT leonti mrovelis cnobebi, romelTamixedviT cxumi zRvispira qalaqis (leontiT didi andria simoni-TurT `Sevides queyanasa afxazeTisasa da sevaste qalaqad mivides,romelsa aw ewodeba cxumi~ (leonti mroveli. cxovreba qarTuel-Ta mefeTasa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da naTesavTa. – qarTlis

Cveni mizania amJamad warmovadginoT informacia uSualodTanamedrove qalaq soxumis monakveTSi Catarebuli arqeologiurigaTxrebis monacemebze, agreTve maTze gaTxrebisavtorTa da specialist mkvlevarTa mosazrebebi; gavukeToT,SeZlebisdagvarad, interpretacia maT. sruli bibliografiadioskuria-sebastopolis iseve, rogorc Teoriuliganzogadebani warmodgenil iqneba naSromis Semajamebel nawilSi.soxum-sebastopolisis (dioskuriis) pirveli mkvlevarida informatori, mniSvnelovani monacemebis Semgrovebeliadgilobrivi mkvidri da siZveleTa moyvaruli vladimerCerniavski iyo. misi informacia kavkasiis arqeologiuriSeswavlisTvis iseT mniSvnelovan RonisZiebas ukavSirdeba,rogoric iyo TbilisSi 1895w. Catarebuli V arqeologiuriyriloba. interess iwvevs is, rom v. Cerniavski miaqcevdara sagangebo yuradRebas TviT soxumis, ufro ki misisanapiro monakveTis arqeologiur naSTebs, SedarebiTvrclad mimoixilavda Semogarenis Zeglebsac; man pirvelmagaamaxvila yuradReba sanapiros nagebobebis naSTebze, romlebicgarkveuli SemaRlebebis saxiT iyo SemorCenili, mag.yofil sasursaTo maRaziasTan; zRvis mxriv gamorecxil nawilSiaq 4 metramde simaRlis masiuri kedeli SeimCneoda.zRudis erTi, zRvisken gadaqceuli nawili, mis drosac SeimCneodazedapirulad. 1sainteresoa v. Cerniavskis dakvirveba xmeleTze dadasturebuliSemaRlebuli nawilis paralelurad sigrZiv,orive mxriv, zRvaSi dadasturebuli kedlebis Taobaze. igiSemCneuli iyo 30-40 saJenis (63,9-85,2 m) sigrZeze. v. CerniavskiyuradRebas amaxvilebs, agreTve, soxumis cixisTurqebis droindeli nagebobis monakveTze. es nageboba misicxovreba. t. I. Tb., 1955, gv. 42). igive meordeba am avtoris naSromisCanarTSic: `da movida sevastopoled, romelsa aw cxumad saxeledebis~ (leonti mroveli. cxovreba qarTuelTa mefeTasa.., gv. 43).1 В. И. Чернявский. Записка о памятниках Западного Закавказья, исследованиекоторых наиболее настоятельно. – Пятый археологический съезд в Тифлисе. Протоколыподготовительного комитета. М., 1879, gv. 15 da Smd.447

azriT Zvel naSenobaTa naSTebzea daSenebuli. am Zvel nagebobaTakedlebi aseve miemarTeba zRvisaken, sadac fskeridanaRmarTulia ormagi (?) koSki, romlis kedlebze siarulisdros wyali SeiZleba mxolod welamde swvdebodes kacs. 1`Zveli soxumi~ – ase moixsenieba sxvadasxva mkvlevar-Tan punqti, romelic v. Cerniavskis cnobiT dacilebuliasoxumis yures 7 versiT (7-8 km) da warmodgenilia wyalSiSesamCnevad CaZiruli kedlebiT. soxumis zRvis sanapiro amdros dasaxlebas moklebuli iyo da Cndeboda garkveuliperspeqtiva aq arqeologiuri Ziebis CatarebisTvis. amasTanv. Cerniavskim pirvelma daafiqsira zRvis yoveli ZlieriRelvis Sedegad sanapiroze gamotanili nivTebis, kerZod,Zveli monetebis, oqros, vercxlisa da spilenZis nivTebisda Tixis nakeTobebis (albaT Tixis WurWlebis natexebisv.j.) Sesaxeb. adamianebis jgufebi dadiodnen da qviSaSieZebdnen nivTebs. 2 aqve iyo, TiTqos, napovni oqros samefo(?) diadema.interess iwvevs Tbilisis igive yrilobaze a. vedenskisSeniSvnebi da damatebani v. Cerniavskis informaciaze. igiiZleva ganmartebas e. w. oqros diademis Taobaze da cnobasgazviadebulad miiCnevs. 3 yrilobaze dioskuria-soxumis sakiTxTandakavSirebiT novorosiiskis universitetis profesormap. iurCenkom weriliT mimarTa Tavmjdomares. igi saerTodiTxovda kavkasiis unikaluri Zeglebis nusxis Sedgenas,raTa maTze gamaxvilebuliyo yuradReba; amave droskonkretulad svamda sakiTxs soxumis sanapiros SeswavlisTaobaze. 4 igi yuradRebas miaqcevda sanapiros monakveTzeelinuri monetebis xSiri aRmoCenebis SemTxvevaze da aq samarovnisarsebobasac varaudobda. arqeologiuri yrilobismasalebSic, Tumca SedarebiT arasrulad, aisaxa informaciasoxumis axal arqeologiur monacemebze.1 В. И. Чернявский. Записка о памятниках.., gv. 16.2 В. И. Чернявский. Записка о памятниках.., gv. 15.3 А. Веденский. Замечания А. Н. Веденского на записку В. Чернявского. – Пятыйархеологический съезд в Тифлисе, gv. 126.4 Пятый археологический съезд.., gv. 51.448

v. Cerniavski aRniSnavs 1878w. mis mier, isev sanapiroze,cixesa da yof. olginskoes quCas Soris, zeda da SuafenaSi napovn mravalricxovan samzareulo (?) WurWlisa dasxvadasxva cxovelTa Zvlebis fragmenteze. aqve iyo napovniferadi minis WurWlis – mSvenieri nakeTobis, doqebisa daTixis sxva WurWlTa fragmentebi; umeteswilad masiuri datlanqad nakeTebi da sxv. es masala 1878w. moskovis anTropologiurgamofenaze moxvda. imave wels v. Cerniavski prendelTanerTad Seiswavlida soxumis cixis zRudes. maT gaarkvies,rom sami saJeni (6 m-ze meti) simaRlis kedeliurTierTperpendikularul, sami mimarTulebiT, fiWvis morebsSeicavda. isini lursmnebiT iyvnen erTmaneTze damagrebulnida hqondaT kedlis Semagrebis (e. i. konstruqciuli)daniSnuleba. wyobaSi aseve iyo dadasturebuli masiuri,oTxkuTxa da mrgvali agurebi (teqstSi laparakia kramitze– v.j.), aseve, Tixis WurWlebis mravalricxovani natexebi.es masalebic moskovSi moxvda. 1v. Cerniavskis moRvaweobam garkveuli biZgi misca zogadadmxarisa da dioskuria-soxumis Seswavlis saqmes, xoloarqeologiurma yrilobam xeli Seuwyo garkveuli arqeologiurimonacemebis popularizacias, rac erTi monawilisv. sizovis SemdgomSi aq Catarebul saqmianobaSi gamoixata.igi moskovis saimperatoro arqeologiuri sazogadoebis davalebiTarqiteqtor n. nikitinTan erTad ukve 1886w. gazafxulzeSeudga samuSaoebs ganxorcielebas adgilze. v.sizovi pirvelia, vinc arqeologiuri, gaTxriTi samuSaoebiCaatara da mniSvnelovani Sedegebi moipova. 2v. sizovis damsaxureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi didiinteresiT Seiswavlida, rogorc TviT soxumis yurismonakveTs, aseve momijnave farTobs, rogorc zRvispirisa,1 В. И. Чернявский. Ответ на замечание А. Н. Введенского по поводу моей записки«О памятниках Западного Закавказья» и дополнения. – Труды Пятого археологическогосъезфд в Тифлисе. М., 1887, gv. 259.2 В. И. Сизов. Восточное побережье Черного моря. – Материалы по археологииКавказа. Вып. II. М., 1889, gv. 15.18. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi449

md. besleTis marcxena sanapiro zolSi, aseve mTagorian monakveTsac.interess iwvevs md. kodoris SesarTavTan mis mierganxorcielebuli dazvervebi da sxv. sizovma pirvelmawarmoaCina Sua saukuneebis soxumis (cxumis) arqeologiuriZeglebi da mogvca masalebis – gansakuTrebiT moWiquli keramikis,met-naklebad swori gansazRvra. 1pirvel rigSi ki yuradRebas, ra Tqma unda, iqcevs sizovismier ganxorcielebuli samuSao qalaqis centrSi,olginskoes quCaze. aq gaWril, zomiT 18 x 2,5 m, TxrilSiZiriTadad erTi kulturuli fena iqna dadasturebuli.Txrilis dasavleT, e. i. zRvisken mimarTul, nawilSi kulturulifena ufro intensiurad iyo warmodgenili, vidreaRmosavleTis, Cans Zeglis periferiul, nawilSi. 2warmodgenili masalebis mixedviT SeiZleba vifiqroT,rom aRniSnuli fena Sereulia – Seicavda rogorc adreulmasalebs, agreTve mogvianos. kerZod, v. sizovis naSromSiilustrirebulia Savlakiani WurWlebis fragmentebi (tab.I. sur. 1-4), romlebsac avtori zogadad berZnuls uwodebs;aRiniSneba romauli xanis masalebis Sesaxeb. Semdgom-Si, v. sizovis naSromSi warmodgenili zogi masalis Tari-Ri, daazusta o. lorTqifaniZem. radgan soxumis aRniSnuliimportuli masalis qronologiis gansazRvras principulimniSvneloba aqvs dioskuriis istoriis sawyisi etapis SeswavlisaTvis,aRvniSnavT zogierTi koreqtivis Sesaxeb. ker-Zod, Savlakiani WurWlis palmetebiTa da ovebiT SemkuliZiris fragmenti Sedarebulia mirmekiaSi napovn, Zv. w. V-IIIss-iT daTariRebul kilikTan. ufro mogviano xaniT arisgansazRvruli iqve napovni lekiTosisa da megaruli Tasebisfragmentebi. 3soxumis Zveli nagebobebis, kerZod, soxumis cixis naS-Tebis Seswavlaze sagangebo yuradReba gaamaxvila k. baSki-1 В. И. Сизов. Восточное побережье.., gv. 23-36.2 В. И. Сизов. Восточное побережье.., gv. 15.3 А. Апакидзе, О. Лордкипанидзе. Новые материалы к археологии Диоскурии-Себастополиса. – Труды Абхазского института языка, литературы и истории. Т.XXXIII-XXXIV. Сухуми, 1963, gv. 211.450

ovma. man pirvelma, SeiZleba iTqvas, wyobebis detalurikvleviT mogvca safortifikacio nagebobebis stratigrafia.adre, ukve v. sizovis mier SeniSnuli Turquli cixis wyobisagangansxvavebul Zvel nagebobaSi ufro adreuli fenacgamohyo; Sedegad, zRvispira, Turquli cixis monakveTSi,kerZod samxreT-dasavleTi koSkis nawilSi – Turquli, adrebizantiurida zogadad romauli xaniT daTariRebulidoneebi dafiqsirda. 1 a. baSkirovis kvlevis Sedegebi soxumisZvel safortifikacio nagebobebze dResac inarCunebsmecnierul Rirebulebas. sakuTriv naqalaqaris, soxumis cixisteritoriis farglebSi, arqeologiuri ZiebiT ramdenadmemniSvnelovani Zveli fenebi aris dadasturebuli. amisSemdeg, vidre XXs. 50-ian wlebamde, soxumis farglebSiramdenadme mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri samuSaoebi ar ganxorcielebula,Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT SemTxveviTgamovlenil masalebs. 2mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri gaTxrebi Catarda 1951wels soxumis yuris aRmosavleTiT – soxumis mTaze. samu-Saoebi aq parkis mSeneblobas daukavSirda, rac gansazRvravdasamuSaoebis dros da moculobas; gamovlenil iqna mniSvnelovanimonacemebi: winareantikuri samosaxlosa da samarovnis(Tu calkeuli samarxebis) naSTebi, aseve antikurixanis kulturul fenebTan dakavSirebuli masalebi. erTimxriv Tu es masala adgilobrivi (kolxuri) tradiciebismatarebelia, meore mxriv ukve antikur xanaSi SeiniSnebacvlilebebi; dadasturebulia importi, Tumca es masalakompleqsebs iSviaTad ukavSirdeba, rac xels uSlis maTimeSveobiT fenebis diferencirebul kvlevas. aRiniSneba rodosuliamforebisa da, Cans, Savlakiani keramikis (kanTarosi)Sesaxeb; es masala zogadad adreelinisturi xaniT arisgansazRvruli. 3 soxumis mTaze mopovebuli masalebi miCneu-1 А. С. Башкиров. Археологические изыскания в Абхазии летом 1925 года. – ИзвестияАбхазского научного общества. Вып. IV, Сухум, 1926, gv. 5.2 a. kalandaZe. soxumis mTis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. soxumi, 1954, gv. 40.3 soxumis hesis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebiT aq movlenilma saxelmwifomaterialuri kulturis instutis moskovis eqspediciam, a. ie-451

lia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis cxoveli savaWro-ekonomikuriurTierTobis damadasturebel garemoebad antikuri samyaroscentrebTan. 150-ian wlebSive ukve saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiisafxazeTis enis, literaturisa da istoriis institutiseqspedicia sxvadasxva dros Seiswavlida soxumis Semogarenis(gareubnis) ZiriTadad winare da adreantikuri xanisnasaxlarebs da samarovnebs, rasac didi mniSvnelobahqonda q. soxumis da masTan mimdebare Zveli samosaxloebisxasiaTis garkvevis TvalsazrisiT.am mxriv gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens soxumismTis monakveTSi gamovlenili da m. trapSis mier Seswavliliguadixus samarovani. aq ori qronologiuri jgufia gamoyofili– adreuli, anu ufrosi jgufi; igi zogadadVIII-VI saukuneebiT aris gansazRvruli. 2 aseve mniSvnelovaniam. trapSisve gaTxrili da Seswavlili soxumis wiTeliSuquris samarovani. romelic guadixus samarovnis msgavsadsamarxTa ori jgufiT aris warmodgenili, xolo TariRizogadad Zv.w. VIII-II saukuneebiT aris gansazRvruli. 3interess iwvevs zRvis sanapiro zolSi eqspediciis miergamovneli, Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebis SedarebiT mZlavrikulturuli fena, romelic adgilobriv masalebTan erTadmniSvnelovani raodenobiT importulsac (mag. amforebi) Seicavda.iqve iyo mikvleuli keramikuli qura. zemoT aRniSnuliam ori Zeglis monacemebma mniSvnelovnad waswies windioskuriis qalaqobis winare periodis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebisSeswavlis saqme, rac Sesabamisad aisaxa specialursamecniero da sxva literaturaSi (maT Cven qvemoT SevexesenisxelmZRvanelobiT, mxolod zogadad moixila q. soxumis gareubnisZeglebi (А. А. Иессен. Сухумская экспедиция ГАИМК. – «Советскаяархеология». Т. 3, 1937, gv. 251-252)1 А. Апакидзе, О. Лордкипанидзе. Новые материалы к археологии Диоскурии-Себастополиса, gv. 213.2 М. М. Трапш. Древний Сухуми. – wgn.: М. М. Трапш. Труды. T. II. Сухуми,1969, gv. 76.3 М. М. Трапш. Древний Сухуми, gv. 76.452

iT). amasTan orive samarovans, iseve rogorc samosaxlosnaSTebs, agreTve keramikul quras, didi mniSvneloba aqvsqalaqobis droindeli etapis SeswavlisaTvis, dioskuria-sebastopolisise. w. xoris monacemebis gansazRvris TvalsazrisiT.es sakiTxebi, sainterneto axali monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT,sagangebo kvlavas saWiroebs.soxumis arqeologiuri Seswavlis Semdgom etapze sainteresokvlevis ZiriTad obieqtad jer samSeneblo, TukeTilmowyobis samuSaoebis, xolo Semdeg samecniero interesebisgaTvaliswinebiT, uSualod zRvis sanapiros monakveTiiqca. aq ki romauli da, nawilobriv, bizantiuri xanissasimagro nagebobebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli sxva naSTebi,agreTev kulturuli fenebi, iyo gamovlenili. pirvel sam-Seneblo samuSaoebs daukavSirda 1957 wels l. ServaSiZisada l. soloviovis mier ganxorcielebuli savele-arqeologiurikvleva-Zieba e. w. Turqul cixesa da oqtombris qu-Cas Soris. aq zRvis sanapiros paralelurad safortifikaciosistemis mZlavri kedeli gamovlinda. mis ZiriTad damaxasiaTebelniSans warmoadgenda wyobebSi riyis qvebisa daagurebis wyobebis (sartylebis) monacvleoba. amgvari kedeli,rogorc gamTxrelebi miuTiTeben, maT adreve daadastureszRvaSi, wyalqveSa dazvervebis dros. 1miwis zedapirze gamovlenili kompleqsis saerTo sigrZedaaxloebiT 220 metria; gamoiyo sami ZiriTadi nawiliaRniSnuli kompleqsisa:1. aRmosavleTis sasimagro nageboba koSkebiTa da kontroforsebiT;2. dasavleTis sasimagro nageboba; igi sanapirosparapetss scildeba da zRvisken aris mimarTuli; 3.kedeli, romelsac orive mxriv koSkismagvari gamonaSverebiaqvs.igi or, zemoaRniSnul kedels Soris aris dafiqsirebuli,mimarTulebiT emTxveva da Sesqelebas warmoadgens1 Л. А. Шервашидзе, Л. Н. Соловьев. Исследование древнего Себастополиса. –«Советская археология», №3, 1963, gv. 171; Л. А. Шервашидзе. Повесть о городевзятом волнами. Сухуми, 1967, gv. 175.453

dasavleTis kedlisa. 1 arqeologiur monapovarTagan did interessiwvevs aRmosavleTi kedlis #1 koSkis monakveTSi,misgan gareT, napovni kedlis mozaikis kenWebi. sainteresoaavtorTa msjeloba maTi nagebobasTan kavSiris TvalsazrisiT.2 mas Cven qvemoT SevexebiT.sur. 1: soxumis (sebastopolisis da sxva nagebobebis) cixis gegma (l. soloviovis,l. ServaSiZis da m. TrapSis masalebis mixedviT); a) – sebastopolisiskedlebi; b) – Turquli cixis gegma; в) – 1959w. arqeologiuriTxrili – 1-2 – dasavleTis gamagrebis ZiriTadi kedlis fragmenti; 3,4 –aRmosavleTis gamagrebis kedlebi; 5-6 – dasavleTis gamagrebis ZiriTadikedlis koSkebi; 7-8 – aRmosavleTis gamagrebis kedlis koSkisebri minaSenebi;9-10 – aRmosavleTis gamagrebis ZiriTadi kedlis koSkebi; 11-15 – aRmosavleTisgamagrebis ZiriTadi kedlis kontrforsebi; 16 – Zv.w. Is. kedlisfragmentebi; 17 – Txrili #1; 18 – Txrili #3; 19 – sameTuneo qura;20 – sacxovrebeli nagebobis kedlebis fragmentebi; 21 – Wa.mniSvnelovania is, rom aRniSnuli arqeologebi safortifikaciosistemis kedlebis qronologiur diferenciaciasiZlevian; gamoyofilia 3 ZiriTadi qronologiuri jgufi,romlebic Seesabamebian zemoT aRniSnuli kompleqsis ukveCamoTvlil nawilebs. am Tanmimdevrobis dacviT TariRebi1 aseT SesaZleblobas uSveben dasaxelebuli avtorebi (Л. А. Шервашидзе,Л. Н. Соловьев. Исследование древнего.., gv. 172, ix. sur. 1).2 Л. А. Шервашидзе, Л. Н. Соловьев. Исследование древнего.., gv. 175.454

amgvaria: I. kedlisTvis – ax.w. Is.; II kedlisaTvis ax.w. I-IIss; III – kedlisaTvis – ax.w. IVs.; IV kedlad miiCnevaTurquli xanis zRudis fragmenti. samwuxarod dasaxelebulnaSromSi avtorebi nakleb yuradRebas aqceven arqeologiur,masiur monapovars-keramikas, rogorc damaTariRebelmasalas. xolo monetebze zogadad aRniSnaven, rom isinisakmaod xSirad iyo napovni da Cans, rom cxovreba aqax.w. II-III saukuneebSi intensiuria, magram ax. IV saukuneSiqveiTdeba, xolo V saukuneSi, aq gavrcelebuli samarxebisgamo, Cans, cixes funqcia daukargavs. es monacemebi, rogorcqvemoT vnaxavT, mxolod nawilobriv emTxveva soxumissanapiro zolSi, Zveli sebastopolisis cixis monakveTSimomdevno ori eqspediciis mier Catarebuli gaTxrebis monacemebs.1959 wels Zveli sebastopolisis, anu soxumis yurissanapiros monakveTSi, paralelurad, orma samecniero dawesebulebiseqspediciam Caatara arqeologiuri Zieba. iv. javaxiSvilissax. istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiisinstitutis SavizRvispireTis eqspedicia (xelmZRv. a. afaqi-Ze, o.lorTqifaniZe) arqeologiur Zeglebs Seiswavlidasoxumis cixis teritoriaze – zRvis sanapirosTan. 1 sulgaiTxara 50 kv. m. farTobi. ZiriTad kvadratebSi CaRrmavebebiSesaZlebeli iyo 1,9 m-is doneze. gruntuli wylebisgamo mniSvnelovani CaRrmaveba mxolod erT kvadratSi (kv.VII, farT. 5X5 m) moxerxda, sadac mniSvnelovani monacemebigamovlinda. SesaZlebeli gaxda sakmaod rTuli stratigrafiulisuraTis warmoCena. 2interess iwvevda ukve pirveli fena, romelic mniSvnelovnadintensiuri iyo da SedarebiT mravalricxovan daam fenisTvis moulodnelad mravalferovan masalebs Seicavda.aq ZiriTad damaTariRebel masalas warmoadgenda amforebisda wiTellakiani keramikis mogviano – ax. w. IV-Vsaukuneebis nimuSebi, agreTve ax. w. IVs. meore naxevriT da-1 А. М. Апакидзе, О. Д. Лордкипанидзе. Новые материалы.., gv. 209-223.2 А. М. Апакидзе, О. Д. Лордкипанидзе. Новые материалы.., gv. 221.455

TariRebuli xaliani mina.II moyviTalo, Tixnaris fena Seicavda romaul, mcireaziur da trapizonul, agreTve kesariul monetebs. aseveiyo napovni mravalricxovani amforebisa da wiTellakianiWurWlebis fragmentebi, romlebic ZiriTadad mcireaziuriwarmoSobis aris. amforebi Tixis SemadgenlobiT emsgavsebiansinopurs, Tumca amgvari, piroqsenis marcvlebis mravladSemcveli,magram moyviTalo-moyavisfro kecis mqone amforebissawarmoo centrebis gansazRvra dResac problematuria.amaTgan gansxvavebulia wiTeli feris, moyavisfroCanarTebisa da mozrdili, oqrosferi qarsis Semcveli amforebi.amave fenaSia napovni aSkarad adgilobrivi, magramucxouris mibaZviT damzadebuli, amforebis fragmentebi.TariRs unda gansazRvravdes TeTrangobiani, gofrirebulikedlebis mqone amforebi, romlebic ax.w. II-IIIss. ufro adreulixanisad ar SeiZleba iqnas miCneuli. 1 aseve damaTari-Rebelia wiTellakiani jamebi da langrebi; kerZod, langrebi,romelTa gadakecili piris kide reliefuri gamosaxulebebiTaris Semkuli, an datanili aqvT Rarebi da kopebi.III fena gamokveTili ar iyo, xolo IV warmodgeniliiyo TeTri Tixis mqone orluliani yuris mqone amforisa(kosi?) da wiTellakiani keramikis fragmentebiT. aseve iyonapovni Zv.w. Is. moneta.gruntuli wylebis pirobebSi CaRrmaveba mxolod erTkvadratSi moxerxda da dadasturda Zv.w. III-II saukuneebismZlavri, sisqiT 1 m-mde, fena. aq iyo warmodgenili pergamulida megaruli, aseve, adgilobrivi nawarmi. ufro Zvelimasala warmodgenilia Zv.w. Vs. Savlakiani WurWlis natexebiT,magram ar yofila dadasturebuli Sesabamisi kulturulifena. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom aRniSnuli kampaniisdros Seiswavleboda soxumis da misgan samxreTiT mdebareramdenime mniSvnelovani monakveTis, mag. e.w. kelasuris kedliswyalqveSa arqeologiuri Zeglebi. maT Sesaxeb informa-1 А. М. Апакидзе, О. Д. Лордкипанидзе. Новые материалы.., gv. 220.456

cia naklulia.aRniSnuli iyo, rom paralelurad soxumis sanapirosmonakveTSi arqeologiur gaTxrebs axorcielebda afxazeTisenis, literaturisa da istoriis institutis arqeologiurieqspedicia m. TrapSis xelmZRvanelobiT. 1 manve aq arqeologiurisamuSaoebi jer kidev 1952 wels Caatara soxumiscixis nangrevebis monakveTTan. 2 aq maSin oTxi kulturulifena gamovlinda; pirvelad dadasturda XI-XIII saukuneebismZlavri, zemodan meore kulturuli fena, xolo pirveli– 3,25 m-is sisqisa, warmoadgenda masalebis Semcvel nayarfenas; IV fena, 0,8-1 m-is sisqisa, Seicavda adgilobriv daimportul, wiTellakian keramikas, arbaletur mSvildakinZsda ax.w. I-II saukuneebis romul spilenZis monetebs. IVkulturuli fena 0,4 m-is simZlavris, importuli amforebisada Savlakiani keramikis mixedviT, Zv.w. V-III saukuneebiTaris gansazRvruli. es TariRi dakonkretebas saWiroebs.am samuSaoebis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda aRniSnuli,l. ServaSiZisa da l. soloviovis xelmZRvanelobiT 1959wels ganxorcielebuli gaTxrebi; igi safortifikaciosistemis igive monakveTis Semdgom kvlevasa da stratigrafiisdadgenas daukavSirda. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom 1959wels ganxorcielebuli es samuSaoebi bevrad mniSvnelovanimasStabebiT iyo ganxorcielebuli( e.w. aRmosavleTis kedlisSeswavlis mizniT gavlebuli Txrilis ganazomebia –31 X 2-5 m-ze). aq amgvari stratigrafia dadginda: I fena– igi dazianebuli iyo qristianuli xanis samarxebiT. Seicavdacilindrulyelian, agreTve Rrma da xSiri daRarulobismqone amforebis fragmentebs. TariRi, zogadad ax.w.IV s; II fena – 0,5-1 m-is simZlavris, yelviwro amforebisa1 М. М. Трапш. Раскопки древнего Себастополиса в районе Сухумской крепостив 1959г. – Труды Абхазского института языка, литературы и истории им. Д. И.Гулия АН ГССР. Т. XXXIII-XXXIV. Сухуми, 1963, gv. 257.2 М. М. Трапш. Краткий отчёт о результатах археологических исследований вСухуми в 1952 году. – Труды Абхазского института языка, литературы и истории.Т. XXVI. Сухуми, 1955, gv. 209-210.457

da wiTellakiani keramikis mixedviT ax.w. III-IV saukuneebiTaris gansazRvruli; III fena – 0,4-0,8 m-is simZlavris, romaulimonetebisa da wiTellakiani keramikis fragmentebiTax.w. II saukuniT aris gansazRvruli. 1 aqve, qveda donezedadasturebuli iyo Ria feris kecis mqone ax.w. Is. kosis(?) amforis Ziri, rogorc erTeuli monapovari, radgan amxanis fena soxum-sebastopolisSi sustad aris gamoxatuli;IV fena, monacrisfro-ruxi Tixnarisa, mcire monapovrebiTxasiaTdeba; 2,8-2,9 m-is done napovn Savlakian WurWelTa daamforebis fragmentebis mixedviT, igi Zv.w. III-I saukuneebiTTariRdeba. 2interess iwvevs safortifikacio sistemis zogi monakveTis,mag. #2 koSkis gaTxrebis monacemebi. aq mopovebuliiyo ZiriTadad mxolod meore fenasTan dakavSirebuli masalebi.aRmosavleTis sasimagro nagebobis daTariRebisTvisdidi mniSvneloba aqvs stratigrafiis monacemebze dakvirvebas:am nagebobis mZlavri sasimagro kedeli m. TrapSis mierax.w. III-IV saukuneebis dasawyisiT aris daTariRebuli, magrammasTan dakavSirebuli fena ZiriTadad ax.w. IV saukuneebiTaagansazRvruli. 3 am fenasve ukavSirdeba qristianulisimboloebiT (jvrebi) Semkuli wiTellakiani keramika, romlisTariRSi, axali kvlevebis safuZvelze, garkveuli koreqtiviSeiZleba SevitanoT, masalis gaaxalgazrdavebisTvalsazrisiT. igive sistemis, rogorc m. TrapSi uwodebs,mokle kedeli, ax.w. I-III saukuneebis fenebis sadmi mimarTebisgamo (kedeli Cadgmulia am fenaSi) ax.w. IV saukuniTTariRdeba. 4aRniSnuli kampaniis dros soxumis cixis sanapirosmagistralTan gaiTxara samSeneblo keramikis gamosawvaviqura, romlis mxolod sacecxle nawili Semoinaxa. quris-Tvis CaWrilia ax.w. II-IIIs. kulturuli fena. amasTan, qu-1 М. М. Трапш. Раскопки древнего Себастополиса, gv. 240.2 М. М. Трапш. Раскопки древнего Себастополиса, gv. 241.3 М. М. Трапш. Раскопки древнего Себастополиса, gv. 243.4 М. М. Трапш. Раскопки древнего Себастополиса, gv. 243.458

is gauqmebis Semdeg, aq, VII-VIII saukuneebiT daTariRebulisamarxebia gamovlenili. yvela am monacemis mixedviTgamTxreli quras IIIs. bolo – IV saukuniT aTariRebs. 1 amdazvervebisa da gaTxrebis dros xmeleTsa da, gansakuTrebiT,zRvaSi safortifikacio sistemis araerTi monakveTi,xolo sanapirodan 2 km-is manZilze sasimagro koSki gamovlinda.Cans, es ukanasknelic romauli xanis sebastopolisissasimagro nagebobaTa vrceli kompleqsis Semadgenelinawili iyo. misi warmoqmna ki ax.w. IIs. miwuruliTa da IIIsaukuniT aris gansazRvruli. 2 koSkSive cxovreba grZeldebaax.w. IV-V saukuneebSic. rogorc qveda, aseve zeda kulturulifena mniSvnelovnad intensiuria, rac am nagebobis ax.w. II-V saukuneebSi aqtiur gamoyenebaze miuTiTebs.1980 wels soxumis cixis teritoriaze arqeologiurisamuSaoebi, aq Casatarebeli samSeneblo samuSaoebis gamofarTo masStabiT daigegma. es samuSaoebi mcire intervalebiT80-iani wlebis bolomde gagrZelda. 3 am samuSaoebisdros ZiriTadad ax.w. I aTasw. kulturuli fenebi da fragmentebinagebobebisa, maT Soris adreqristianuli xanistaZris, gamovlinda. sirTules kvlav gruntuli wylebisarseboba warmoadgenda. Zveli cixis aRniSnul monakveTSi,faqtobrivad, ar dadasturebula elinisturi xanis fena dacalkeuli monapovari. nagebobebidan qristianuli taZrisgarda yuradRebas iqcevs abanos kompleqsi. 4 misi gaTxradasrulebuli ar aris. TariRi winaswarulad ax.w. V sau-1 М. М. Трапш. Раскопки древнего Себастополиса, gv. 251; М. М. Трапш. ДревнийСухуми, gv. 313, 243.2 М. М. Трапш. Древний Сухуми.., gv. 304-305.3 М. М. Гунба. Краткий отчет об археологических раскопках в Сухуми 1980 году.ду. – kreb.: Археологические Открытия (SemdegSi – AO) 1980г. в Абхазии.Тб., 1982, gv. 33-37; М. М. Гунба. Археологические раскопки в Сухуми в 1982году. – kreb.: АО 1981-1982гг. в Абхазии. Тб., 1985, gv. 23-26; М. М. Гунба. Археологическиераскопки на территории Сухумской крепости в 1984 году, Тб.,1989, gv. 40-45; М. М. Гунба, Л. Г. Хрушкова. Археологическое исследованиесухумской крепости, – kreb.: АО 1986-1988гг. в Абхазии. Тб., 1990, gv. 39-55.4 М. М. Гунба, Л. Г. Хрушкова. Археологическое исследование сухумской крепости,gv. 39.459

kuniT aris gansazRvruli. 1fenebis didi aRreuloba arTulebs stratigrafiaSinaTlad garkvevas. gamTxrelebi qveda fenad romaul xanasasaxeleben. adrebizantiuri taZrisa da abanos Sesaxeb aRvniSneT.am nagebobebis funqcionirebis xanad winare (gvianantikuri)xanac igulisxmeba. kulturuli fenebis kvlevisTvalsazrisiT unda aRiniSnos moWiquli keramikiT mravladwarmodgenili ganviTarebuli da gviani Suasaukuneebis doneebis,Turquli cixisdroindeli nagebobebis naSTebisa dagviandeli masalis, maT Soris, moWiquli keramikisa da CibuxebisSemcveli fenebis Sesaxeb. es gviandeli fena aqXIVs. da momdevno – XV-XIII saukuneebiT aris daTariRebuli.2amrigad, gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis arqeologiurisamuSaoebis Sedegad gvianantikuri masalebis paralelurad,mniSvnelovan farTobze dadasturda adrebizantiurida momdevno xanis sebastopolisis (cxumisac?) naqalaqarismaterialuri kulturis naSTebi, romelTac pirdapiri kav-Siri SeiZleba hqondeT wyaroebis (prokopi kesarieli dasxv.) monacemebTan. masalebis interpretaciis sakiTxi qvemoTiqneba warmodgenili.sxva monacemebi dioskuria-sebastopolisis arqeologiisSesaxeb, ZiriTadad SemTxveviT gamovlenil Zeglebsa damiwis samuSaoebze meTvalyureobis Sedegad dafiqsirebulmonacemebs eyrdnoba. 3 antikuri xanis dioskuriisa da misi1 М. М. Гунба, Л. Г. Хрушкова. Археологическое исследование.., gv. 39.2 М. М. Гунба, Л. Г. Хрушкова. Археологическое исследование.., gv. 39. sxvaSemTxvevaSi avtorebi zeda fenis zeda qronologiur mijnad XIXs.sdeben. amasTan, igive doneze, fenebis didi aRrevis gamo, romauliwiTellakiani keramikac iyo dadasturebuli.3 Ю. Н. Воронов. К изучению керамического производства Диоскуриады. Советскаяархеология, 1977, №2, gv. 162-171; Г. К. Шамба. Погребение в VI в. до н. э.близ Сухуми. – Краткие сообщения института археологии. Вып. 174, М., 1983,gv. 33-37; Ю. Н. Воронов. Новые материалы античной эпохи из окрестностей Диоскуриады.– «Советская археология», 1991, № 1, gv. 225-234; Г. К. Шамба, М.Б. Барамидзе, Г.Т. Квирквелия, С. М. Шамба. Обследование в окрестностяхОчамчира и Сухуми. – kreb.: АО в 1977г. М., 1978, gv. 474; Г. К. Шамба. Иссле-460

Semogarenis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani monacemebiaZveli soxumisa da eSeris naqalaqarebis SeswavlisadmimiZRvnil g. Sambas naSromebSi. 1aseve, zemoT warmodgenilma masalam farTo asaxva hpovasxva, rogorc specialur arqeologiur literaturaSi,ise ganmazogadebel samecniero Teoriuli xasiaTis naSromebSi.2Cveni TemisTvis upiratesi mniSvneloba swored romuladrebizantiurixanis soxumis, anu sebastopolisis monacemebsaqvs. samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnuli fenebis Sesaxebmsjeloba soxumis yuris ZiriTadad safortifikacionagebobebis Seswavlis monacemebis, iq arsebul nagebobaTaqronologiuri danawevrebis da Sesabamisi kompleqsebis gamoyofissafuZvelze xdeba; xolo, radgan iSviaTi gamonaklisisgarda aRniSnuli periodis nagebobebi jer gamovleiliar aris, samosaxlos ganvrcobis farglebi kulturulifenebis gavrcelebis arealiT unda ganisazRvros.Tavdapirvelad warmovadgenT Semajamebel msjelobassoxumis sanapiros safortifikacio nagebobebis gegmarebis,stratigrafiisa da masalebis Sesaxeb. sanapiros nagebobebisarqeologiuri pirveli seriozuli kvleva, Tu mxedveloba-Si ar miviRebT v. sizovis ukve aRniSnul dakvirvebebs, a.baSkirovs ekuTvnis. misi msjeloba, rogorc safortifikaciosistemis kedlebis, aseve kulturuli fenebis, aRwerilobisTvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan profesiul donezeawarmodgenili. 3 sxva avtorTagan safortifikacio nagebobebzemsjelobisas ZiriTadad veyrdnobiT l. ServaSiZe-l. soloviovisada m. trapSis naSromebs. sagangebo statiebi miдованияна территории Сухуми. – kreb.: АО в 1977г., gv. 494; В. А. Логинов.Новые материалы по археологии Диоскуриады. – «Советская археология». М.1983, №2, gv. 228-229.1 Г. К. Шамба, Древний Сухуми. Сухум, 2005; Г. К. Шамба. Ешерское городище.Тб., 1980.2 statiis xasiaTis gamo aq ar gvaqvs SesaZlebloba farTod movixiloTzogi axali informaciac.3 А. С. Башкиров. Археологические изыскания.., gv. 7-18.461

uZRvna sebastopoliss v. leqvinaZem. 1soxumis yuris nagebobebis naSTebSi SeiZleba sami sxvadasxvadrois kastelumis, anu gegmaSi oTxkuTxa formissasimagro nagebobaTa naSTebi SevicnoT. I – es ukiduresiCrdilo-dasavleTis monakveTis, zedapirzeve adreve adviladSesamCnevi nagebobis naSTia, romlis Seswavlas TavdapirveladyuradReba swore a. baSkirovma miaqcia. Semdgom am nagebobisfragmentebi aRniSnuli naSTebis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiTacdadasturda; aq, gansakuTrebiT 80-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebulma(ix. zemoT miTiTebuli m. gunbasa da l.xruSkovas angariSebi) gaTxrebma Sesabamisi xanis jer daudgeneligegmis mqone nagebobaTa naSTebi gamoavlina, agreTve,maTTan dakavSirebuli Sereuli kulturuli fena.konstruqciuli monacemebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiTmniSvnelovania a. baSkirovis dakvirveba: TiTqmis mTlianadriyis qviT naSen kedlebSi ganivad nawyobi morebia dadasturebuli.2 isini sigrZivad nawyob amgvar morebTan erTadmaTi monacvleoba sxvadasxva doneze, intervaliT – 1,4-1,5m, hqmnian erTgvar CarCoebs, maTSi Casxmul kirxsnarTan er-Tad ganapirobeben, seismomdgradobis TvalsazrisiT, kedlebissimyares. kidev ufro rTulia amgvari konstruqciebikoSkebis nawilSi. aRniSnuli konstruqciul xerxze sagangebodaris yuradReba gamaxvilebuli, rogorc maTariRebelmomentze da miTiTebulia ramdenime analogia. aseT analogiadSeiZleboda damatebiT migveTiTebina e.w. “afxazuri~ (kelasuris)kedlis konstruqciul monacemebze, aqac dadasturebulixis morebis anabeWdebi. magram dRes es monacemebiar aris sakmarisi qronlogiuri jgufebis gamoyofis-Tvis, radgan aRniSnuli konstruqciuli xerxi aRmosavleT-Si, maT Soris saqarTveloSi adreuli xanidanve aris dadasturebuli.gvxvdeba igi adrebizantiuri xanis Zegleb-1 В. А. Леквинадзе. Оборонительные сооружения Себастополиса, – «Советскаяархеология». №1. М., 1966, gv. 203-210; В. А. Леквинадзе. «Понтийский лимес». –«Вестник древней истории». №2, М., 1969, gv. 82-83.2 А. С. Башкиров. Археологические изыскания.., gv. 7.462

zec, kerZod dadasturebulia rodopolis-vardcixis D nagebobiskedlebSic. 1riyis qvis wyobebia dadasturebuli, a. baSkirovis gansazRvriT,zemodan meore fenis nagebobebis kedlebSic, romlebicmoWiquli keramikis nimuSebis mixedviT ganviTarebuliSuasaukuneebiT TariRdeba. am xanis kulturuli fenebisgamoyofis SesaZlebloba soxumSi araerTganaa dadasturebuli,iseve, rogorc es cixe-qalaqis aRniSnul monakveT-Si, magram am fenis uSualo kavSiri zRudesTan a. baSkirovisnaSromSi saTanadod argumentirebuli ar aris. amasTanTu gvianfeodaluri xanis e.w. Turquli cixis gegma metnaklebadnaTlad warmoidgineba, rogorc naSTebiT, aseve,gansakuTrebiT, e.w. imereTis 1737w. cnobili rukiT, romlisgamouqveynebeli fotopirebiT sargeblobis saSualebagvqonda, ar viciT ganviTarebuli Suasaukuneebis soxumisubis monakveTis cixis gegma, misi naSTebis raoba, maT Sesaxebmxolod a. baSkirovi aRniSnavs. aq erTgvar analogiadSeiZleboda dagvesaxelebina soxumis e.w. bagratis cixiskedlebis wyobebi, romlis ZiriTadi nawili aseve riyis qvebiTaris naSeni, magram qronologiuri Tanxvedrobis miuxedavad,warmosaxviTi gegma sruliad iqneba konkretulobasmoklebuli.ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis soxumis topografiagadis Cveni amJamindeli dakvirvebis farglebidan, magram miswarmodgenas mainc aqvs garkveuli mniSvneloba; igi ufroqalaqis cxovrebis im etapis amsaxvelia, roca wyaroebSimis aRmniSvnel terminad ixmareba ~cxomi~ anu ~cxumi~ –ZirZveli qarTuli saxeli (aqedan misi Turquli saxeli –soxumi-suxumi). am drois cxumis tipografias, Tuki is1 igi piradad davadastureT XXs. 70-ian wlebSi Cveni iq (gulrif-Sis raionSi), i. voronovTan erTad, Catarebuli dazverviTi gasvlisdros. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom e.w. kelasuris kedliswyobis xasiaTze es dakvirveba winaswarulia. qronologiuri TvalsazrisiTCvenc viziarebT mosazrebas (i. voronovi da sxv.), romaRniSnuli nagebobis udidesi nawili swored gvianSuasaukuneebSiaaSenebuli.463

dadgindeba, SeeZlo moeca garkveuli informacia, zogad xazebSi,adreuli xanis dasaxlebaTa raobasa da maTi ganviTarebiszogad kanonzomierebaze. sxva mxriv yuradRebas iqcevsrukis monacemebi, romelzec Turquli cixe swored kastelumisformisaa, interess iwvevs minawerebic masze. 1 es masalanagvianevi analogiis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania.amjerad ukve Cven SevecdebiT Zeglebi da monacemebisxva qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT – romaul-bizantiuriqronologiis farglebSi, fenebis mixedviT qvemodan zemoTwarmovadginoT. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT im mniSvnelovanmonacemebs, romlebic v. sizovs gaaCnda dRevandeli soxumisqalaqis centraluri (olginskoes q.) nawilidan daromlebic adreantikuri da elinisturi xaniTac TariRdeba.yvela sxva, rogorc cixis monakveTis, aseve a. baSkirovisdazvervebis (qalaqis centralur nawilSi) masalebi wel-TaRricxvaTa mijnasa da momdevno xanaze miuTiTebs. niSandobliviais garemoebac, rom winaromauli xanis arqeologiurimasalebi aRniSnuli monakveTis wyalqveSa dazvervebsTiTqmis ar moucia.amrigad ramdenime mniSvnelovani dasaxlebis – nagebobebisda kulturuli fenebis, gamovlenis perspeqtiva aq naklebadCans. am xanis soxumis sxva monacemebs dioskuriislokalizaciis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SevexebiT. yvelazeZveli kedlis naSTad l. SarvaSiZe da l. soloviovi e.w.aRmosavleTis kedlis TiTqmis mTel sigrZeze gawmendilmonakveTs miiCneven da mas ax.w. I-II saukuneebiT aTariReben 2rac, TiTqos, saeWvoa, radgan, rogorc m. TrapSi miuTiTebs,am kedlis gawmendis dros ax.w. III-IV saukuneebiT daTari-Rebuli masalebic iyo napovni. 3saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom dasaxelebul naSromSi1 amis Sesaxeb aseve ix.: S. burjanaZe. lixT-imereTis 1737 wlis ruka,rogorc feodaluri saqarTvelos istoriis pirvelwyaro, – saqarTvelosmecnierebaTa akademiis xelnawerTa institutis moambe.I. Tb., 1959.2 Л. А. Шервашидзе, Л. Н. Соловьев. Исследование древнего.., gv. 177.3 М. М. Трапш. Древний Сухуми, gv. 312.464

avtorebi mniSvelovnad gansxvavebul mosazrebebs gamosTqvamensebastopolisis safortifikacio sistemis sxvadasxvamonakveTebis daTariRebis TvalsazrisiT. amaTgan Cven ufrom. TrapSis msjeloba da TariRebi migvaCnia misaRebad 1 cxadiagarkveuli koreqtivebis gaTvaliswinebiT.kedlebis danomvris principi ZiriTadad qronologiurmonacemebs eyrdnoba. am mxriv l. ServaSiZe, l. soloviovisada m. TrapSis gansazRvrebebs ufro viyenebT. gvaqvs garkveulikoreqtivi, rogorc daTariRebis, ise, Sesabamisad, Tanmimdevrobis(mSeneblobis etapebis Tanmimdevrobas vgulisxmobT)gansazRvris TvalsazrisiT. aradamajerebeli gveCvenebav. leqvinaZis mier SemuSavebuli sqema da daTariRebisprincipi, razec araerTxel gagvimaxvilebia yuradReba) 2 .kerZod, v. leqvinaZis mosazrebebi da TariRebi winaaRmdegobrivmonacemebs Seicavs. 3 Tumca, zog SemTxvevaSi, avtorismosazrebaTa cvalebadoba, gansakuTrebiT TariRebis sakiTxSi,kvlevis etapebis amsaxveli SeiZleba iyos.Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs e.w. gamagrebis dasavleTisistema, zogjer #1 kedlis saxelwodebiT rom aRiniSneba.igi ori nawilisagan Sesdgeba – dasavleTisa da aRmosavle-Tis, boloebSi CaSvebuli TiTo koSkiT. ZiriTadad gamagrebises xazi erToblivad ganixileba da erTnairad TariRdeba(asea es mag.: m. TrapSTan, romelmac sagangebod SeiswavladasavleTis koSki da sasimagro kedlebTan dakavSirebulikulturuli fenebi). sxva SemTxvevaSi gamoTqmulia mosazrebadasavleTis zRudis am ori monakveTis gansxvavebuli TariRebisSesaxeb, 4 m. TrapSis mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod,romelsac miaCnia, rom am ori monakveTis samSeneblo kon-1 М. М. Трапш. Древний Сухуми, gv. 305, 310, 312-313.2 v. jafariZe. naqalaqar vardcixis arqeologiuri SeswavlisaTvis.– kreb. feodaluri saqarTvelos arqeologiuri Zeglebi. t. II, Tb.,1974, gv. 89-91.3 В. А. Леквинадзе. Оборонительные сооружения Себастополиса, gv. 205, 208,210; В. А. Леквинадзе. Монументальные памятники Западной Грузии I-VIIвв. Авторефератдиссертации на соискание ученой степени доктора историческихнаук. М., 1973, gv. 10-11.4 В. А. Леквинадзе. Оборонительные соооужения Себастополиса, gv. 207.30. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi465

struqciebs Soris mniSvnelovani sxvaobis miuxedavad, e.w.pirveli kedeli, ZiriTadad, drois erT monakveTia aSenebuli.1Cveni azriT, yvela monacemiT #1 kedlis aRniSnuliori nawili sxvadasxva qronologiur WrilSi SeiZleba iqnasganxiluli amaze, pirvel rigSi, TviT koSkis monacemebimiuTiTebs. TviT koSkis TariRic dasazustebelia, radganmisi ganviTarebuli feodaluri xaniT daTariReba (a. baSkirovi)2 ararealurad mimaCnia, amitom ufro gasaziarebeliamisi zogadad romauladrebizantiuri xaniT daTariReba (m.TrapSi 3 ). am (#2) koSkis kedlebSi agurebis ZiriTadad samrigianisartylebia datanebuli. arsebuli monacemebiTmsgavsi wyoba SeiniSneboda koSkze miSenebuli kedlis fragmentzec,maSin roca am kedlis aRmosavleTi nawili da #1koSki sruliad gansxvavebuli wyobebiT xasiaTdeba: aq araris gamoyenebuli aguris wyobebi, agreTve ~singumi~ (kermikaSeruliduRabi). soxumis cixis agurissartyliani koSkida wyobebi, romelic #3 kedelSic aris dadasturebuli,zogadi monacemebiT, adrebizantiuri xaniT unda daTariRdes;es TariRi an ax.w. IV-VI saukuneebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros.magram #1 kedlis koSkis agurissartyelian wyobebSi gamoyenebuliduRabis fena Txelia, ar aRemateba agurebis sisqes,rac adreuli ZeglebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.es dakvirveba dRes dadasturebulia gienos-oCamCirisgaTxrebiTac. 4 damyarebulia konstantinepolis kedlebis monacemebze.yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT #1 kedlis dasavle-Tis koSki (#2) ax.w. IV saukuniT da uSualod momdevnoxaniT SeiZleba daTariRdes. arqeologiur monacemebze dayrdnobiT,zogadad, aseT TariRs gulisxmobs m. TrapSic. 5#3 kedlis wyobis aguris sartylebis Sesaxeb Cven garkve-1 М. М. Трапш. Древний Сухуми, gv, 301.2 А. С. Башкиров. Археологические Изыскания в Абхазии.., gv. 302.3 М. М. Трапш. Древний Сухуми, gv. 302.4 С. М. Шамба. Гюэнос-1. Тб., 1988, gv. 59.5 М. М. Трапш. Древний Сухуми, gv. 203.466

uli monacemebi ar gagvaCnia. aq, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo,dadasturebulia ori koSki da ramdenime piloni (burji),romelTac aseve SeiZleba hqondeT garkveuli mniSvnelobadaTariRebis TvalsazrisiT. am mxriv mTavari monacemi e.w.Sereuli wyobebia, anu Cvens SemTxvevaSi aguris sartylebisgamoyeneba mSeneblobaSi. l. ServaSiZe da l. soloviovi garkveviTmiuTiTeben wyobebSi 3 da 4 rigiani aguris sartylebisarsebobaze 1 v. leqviniZe ki dasaxelebul mkvlevarTa gamoqveynebulfotomasalaze dayrdnobiT mxolod 2 rigiansartyelze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. 2v. leqvinaZis mixedviT aRniSnuli III kedeli zRudisada, Sesabamisad sistema, ax.w. III saukuniT aris gansazRvruli.3 Cven gvgonia, rom yvela monacemiT: masiuroba kedlisa(sisqe – 2,4 m.); aguris sartylebis 3 da 4 rigiani wyobebi;pilonebi, romlebic, SesaZloa, zRudis kedlis Sesamagrebladda sabrZolo bilikebis mosawyobadac iyo naSeni,aRniSnuli kedeli ax.w. V-VI saukuneebiTac SeiZleba daTariRdes.aseTi TariRi savaraudoa im garemoebis gamoc, romme-3 etapis sasimagro nagebobasTan (kastelumi?) dakavSirebulies kedlebi, winaaRmdeg v. leqvinaZis mosazrebisa, arSeiZleba sebastopolisis nagebobaTagan yvelaze adreulida I kastelumis kuTvnili iyos. amitom misi daTariReba II-III saukuneebiT an, miT ufro, ax.w. I-II saukuneebiT sruliadmoklebulia realobas. garda arqeologiuri monacemebisaamaze arapirdapir unda miuTiTebdes wyaroebis monacemebisebastopolisze.amrigad sebastopolisis gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovleni-1 А. А. Шервашидзе, Л. Н. Соловьев. Исследования древнего.., gv. 12.2 В. А. Леквинадзе. Оборонительные сооружения Себастополиса.., gv. 205; gam-TxrelTa statiaSi gamoqveynebul fotoze erTgan, marTlac Seim-Cneva ori rigi agurebisa, magram igi, jer erTi, dadasturebuliacokolis monakveTTan da fragmentulad, radgan ar gulisxmobssistemas, meorec aseTi CarTvebi agurebisa, kedlebis calkeulimonakveTebis Sesavsebad, an Riobebis gverdebis amosaSeneblad, asevemiRebuli samSeneblo wesia, magram ara “opus mixtum”-i.3 В. А. Леквинадзе. Оборонительные сооружения Себастополиса, gv. 206.467

li kedlebisa da kulturuli fenebis monacemebis mixedviTyvelaze adreulad unda miviCnioT e.w. dasavleTis, anu pirvelikedlis aRmosavleTi nawilis fragmenti da SesaZloa,koSki #2, agreTve fragmentebi Seuswavleli, an sxva nagebobebTandakavSirebuli, ZiriTadad riyis qvebiT naSeni wyobebisa.ax.w. IV saukuniT unda TariRdebodes e.w. dasavle-Tis kedlis Crdilo-dasavleTis agurwyobebiani koSkebi. essistema, Cans, ufro adre ganaxlda vidre #2, kuTxeebSikoSkis magvari minaSenis mqone kompleqsi; igi ufro masiurikedlebisagan Sedgeba, amasTan miSenebulia #1 kedlis aRmosavleTisfragmentze. m. trapSis monacemebiT 1 am nagebobiskedlebis saZirkveli CaSvebulia (CaWrilia) kulturulfenebSi, romlis zogadi TariRi ax.w. I-IV saukuneebia; Sesabamisad,II kedeli ar SeiZleba daTariRdes ax.w. IVs-isboloze adreuli xaniT; aseTi mosazreba zogadad gasaziarebelia,miuxedavad imisa, rom gamTxreli am da sxva Sem-TxvevebSic ax.w. I-IV saukuneebis fenebs yovelgvari danawevrebisgareSe warmoadgens. ise ki #3 Txrilis monacemebismixedviT fenebs Soris wyvetili ar SeiniSneba da, Cans,I-IV saukuneebis naSTebis dafeneba uwyvetad, qronologiuriTanmimdevrobiT xdeboda.m. TrapSi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom ax.w. Is. monacemebiZalian mcirea, magram igi met-naklebi intesivobiT yvelganiyo gamovlenili. kerZod #3 Txrilis farglebSi igi warmodgeniliiyo saintereso damaTariRebeli masaliT: wiTellakianijamebi da doqebi, romelTac mkveTri wiTeli lakiTaqvT zedapiri dafaruli, agreTve TefSebi, gadaSlili piriskideze reliefuri gamosaxulebebiT, agreTve kosis amforebi.amrigad, aRniSnuli masalebisa da nagebobebis konstruqciulimonacemebis safuZvelze vfiqrobT dRes Cven-Tvis cnobil nagebobebSi sami ZiriTadi qronologiuri etapiSeiZleba gamoiyos: 1) ax.w. II-III saukuneebi; 2) ax.w. IVan IV-V saukuneebi; 3) ax.w. VIs.1 М. М. Трапш. Древний Сухуми, gv. 310.468

aq erTgvarad araa gaTvaliswinebuli m. TrapSis dakvirveba,romelic Tvlis, rom ax.w. II-III saukuneebSi igulisxmebasebastopolisis axali aRmavloba, anda sulac satortifikacionagebobebis ZiriTadi nawilis aRmoceneba. 1Cven gamovricxavT masiuri da kuTxeebSi koSkismagvari nagebobebiTwarmodgenili kastelumis fragmentis adreulixaniT (ax.w. II-IIIss. da, albaT IVs.) daTariRebis SesaZleblobas,radgan misi saZirkvlisTvis gaWril TxrilSi, ax.w.I-IIIss. masalebiT warmodgenil fenaSi Sereuli iyo ax. w.IVs. masalebic. amasTan, m. TrapSis 2 TariRic (ax.w. IVs.)angariSgasawevi gveCneba. stratigrafiuli da topografiulimonacemebiT aRniSnuli II kedeli erTgvarad SualeduriaI da III kedels Soris da ar gamovricxavT, is CveninumeraciiT me-2 kedlis dangrevis Semdeg aeSenebiaT (v.leqvinaZe) 3 radgan zRvis zemoqmedebis kvali Zveli mSeneblebisTvisTvalnaTlivi iyo.SemorCenili naSTebis mixedviT Zneli gansasazRvriasxvadasxva epoqis kastelumebis farTobi. yvelaze ZveladmiCneuli, kuTxeebmomrgvalebuli I kastelis (v. leqvinaZisklasifikaciiT) farTobi 0,6-0,8 ha. xolo momdevno xanis –ax.w. IV-V saukuneebis kastela ufro vrceli iyo da misifarTobi Seesabameboda `noticia diagnitatum~-Si moxsenebuliSenaerTisTvis saWiro farTobs, anu 2-2,5 ha-s. 4 es monacemebisrul pirobiTobazea damyarebuli radgan TiToeulimaTganis, amJamad zRviT dafaruli, nawilis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia.aqve dgeba sakiTxi kastelumis gareT arsebuli dasaxlebistopografiisa da misi gavrcelebis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb,rac aseve Zneli dasadgenia. ukanaskneli, 80-iani wlebisSeswavlis Sedegebi uCveneben mniSvnelovan, upiratesadadre bizantiuri xanisa da ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis1 М. М. Трапш. Древний Сухуми, gv. 310.2 М. М. Трапш. Древний Сухуми, gv. 303.3 В. А. Леквинадзе. Оборонительные сооружения Себастополиса, gv. 208.4 В. А. Леквинадзе. Монументальные памятники Западной Грузии.., gv. 11.469

sebastopolisadmi misakuTrebuli naSTebis ufro farTodgavrcelebis SesaZleblobaze e.w. Turquli cixis Crdiloe-TiT da Crdilo-dasavleTiT, sadac gviani SuasaukuneebisTurquli cixis naSTebi zedapirzeve SemCneva, mTeli rigimonacemebiT aq qalaquri dasaxlebis farglebi igulisxmeba,rogorc masalebiT Cans, ukve gvianromauli xanidan mainc(ix. zemoT miTiTebuli angariSebi m. gunbasi da, agreTve, m.gunba-l. xruSkovasi) am dasaxlebis adrebizantiur xanaSimniSvnelobis Sesaxeb aq qristianuli, originaluri gegmismqone qristianuli taZaric miuTiTebs. 11 am axali gaTxrebis monacemebis Sesaxeb ix.: v. jafariZe. cxumis(cxomis) qalaqisa da misi `qveynis~ arqeologiisaTvis, gv. 230-232;ufro vrclad ki warmodgenili iqneba naSromis II nawilSi.470

VAKHTANG JAPARIDZEFOR STRATIGRAPHY AND DATING OF CONSTRUCTIONSIN SEBASTOPOLIS (DIOSKURIA)(Part 1)Issue of identification of Sebastopolis (Dioskuria) in ancient sourcespreserves its urgency up to date. Traditionally Tskhumi, which ismentioned in Georgian sources, is also linked to this location. Role of archaeologyis of a special importance in resolution of this complex issue.Excavations at the Sukhumi Bay, which were carried out in the 50ies and60ies of the last century (M. Trapsh, L. Solovyov, L. Shervashidze, A.Apakidze, O. Lordkipanidze, etc.), revealed fortification constructions,temples and other buildings from the I-VI century AD in an immediatevicinity of the coast and partially in the sea. Special artefacts and materialsfound in archaeological cultural layers of the region are of great interest.Excavations from the 80ies of the last century (M. Gunba, L. Khrushkova,etc.) and absolutely new working materials fill the gaps that arecreated by Roman and Byzantine sources concerning Sebastopolis. Studyof the major parts of the urban settlements in Dioskuria and Tskhumi needsto be conducted along with large scale excavation works. In the presentedarticle the author attempted to make some corrections to the definitionand dating of constructions and cultural layers of Sebastopolis. Generaloverview of theoretical issues that are connected to the archaeologicalstudy of Sebastopolis (Dioskuria) and take into account modern literatureis given in the second half of the article.471

472soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriarevaz xvistanisofel kalas wmida kvirikesa daivlitas saxelobis eklesiisaSenebis TariRisaTviswmida kvirikesa da ivlitas saxelobis darbazuli eklesia,romelic samonastro kompleqsis mTavar xuroTmoZ-Rvrul elements warmoadgens, mdebareobs mestiis raionissofel kalaSi, daba mestiis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 34 km-isdaSorebiT, md. enguris marcxena mxareze, zRvis donidan2000 metrze maRla, soflis ubnebis-xesa da agrais mopirdapiremTis erT-erT Sverilze. sofeli kala Sedgeba 7 dasaxlebulipunqtisagan: lalxori, 1 davberi, xe, viCnaSi, agrai,ifrali da xalde. 2wmida kvirikesa da ivlitas saxelobis samonastrokompleqss svanurad `lagurka~-s uwodeben. monasters aqdavanebul bizantiuri warmomavlobis sanawile xatis adgilobrivisaxelis mixedviT `Saliani~-s saxeliTac moixsenieben.`Saliani~ svaneTSi yovlisSemZledaa miCneuli. rogorce. TayaiSvili wers, svaneTSi, borotebisa da, saerTod, danaSaulisCamdenis aRmosaCenad Salianize aficebdnen saeWvopirebs, ar yofila SemTxveva, rom mas ficis dros ar eRiarebinosTavisi danaSauli da ar gatexiliyo. 3lagurka, aRniSnuli avtoris sityvebiT, `svanebisaTvisis aris, rac mTeli saberZneTisaTvis delfos taZari iyo.1 aq dRemdea SemorCenili svaneTis erisTav gelovanTa koSkebisada sasaxlis naSTebi.2 xalde, svaneTis ajanyebis gamo, mefis ruseTis regularulmajarma 1876 wlis agvistoSi nacartutad aqcia. xalde mxolod 20wlis Semdeg aRsdga. bolodroindeli migraciuli procesebis Sedegadsofeli kvlav gaukacrielda.3 e. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum-svaneTSi 1910wels. parizi, 1937, gv. 179.

es aerTianebs svaneTs Temebad dayofils ise, rogorc delfostaZari aerTianebda berZenTa sxvadasxva respublikebs~. 1qedidan mkveTrad gamoyofili borcvi, romelzec samonastrokompleqsia aRmarTuli, sami mxridan SemozRuduliakldeebiT; meoTxe mxares, samxreTiT, es mcire gavakebulimoedani viwrovdeba da qedis ferdobs uerTdeba. am adgilzeaaRmarTuli eklesia, satrapezo, qongurebiani koSk-darbazi,uqonguro koSki da qongurebiani koSk-karibWe. kompleqssgalavani Semouyveba, romlis kedlis xazSi, Crdilo-dasavleTkuTxeSi kidev erTi uqonguro koSkia CarTuli.amgvari gegmarebiT Seqmnilia Sua saukuneebis svaneTisxuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli landSafti. ansamblismTavar arqiteqturul elements, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,darbazuli eklesia warmoadgens. kompleqsi xeobissasazRvro da Sida qedebis yvelaze lamaz da SemaRlebuladgilzea agebuli, saidanac oTxive mxareze kargad moCansmosazRvre xeobebi da soflebi. sainteresoa misi dagegmarebisprincipic: aqedan kargad moCans xeobis danarCeni Zeglebi.erTi sityviT, misTvis iseTi adgilia SerCeuli, rom safortifikacionagebobebisTvisac xelsayrelia.wmida kvirikesa da ivlitas eklesia warmoadgens moyviTaloferis arawmindad naTal Sirmis 2 kvadrebiT klodvanreliefze usaZirkvlod 3 rTul xsnarze nageb, zemo svaneTisaTvisdamaxasiaTebel momcro darbazul eklesias,romlis SigniTa zomebia 5X2,70m. interierSi naxevarwriulisakurTxevlis afsidi darbazis ZiriTadi sivrcisagangamoyofilia qvis kankeliT. cilindruli kamara erT sabrjenTaRs eyrdnoba. sigrZivi kedlebi danawevrebulia ororiTaRiT. sarkmlebi gaWrilia afsidsa da dasavleTis kedelSi.eklesiis iatakad fiqalis mosworebul kldea gamoyenebuli.eklesiaSi Sesasvlelebi mowyobilia dasavleTiT,samxreTiT da CrdiloeTiT (Crdilo da samxreT Sesasvle-1 e. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum-svaneTSi.., gv. 179.2 svan. `sbendik~.3 saZirkvlis magivrobas kldeSi amoWrili bude asrulebs.473

lebi amJamad amoSenebulia). SemorCenilia Crdilo minaSenisaRmosavleT kedlis fragmenti, romelic eklesiis arqiteqturisTanadroulia.eklesiis samxreTi minaSeni (ekvderi) aSkarad gamoxatavsgansxvavebul samSeneblo periods. igi nagebia fleTilifiqaliT rTul xsnarze, Sesasvleli mas dasavleTiskedelSi aqvs mowyobili. analogiuri saSeni masaliT nagebimomcro minaSeni eklesias Crdilo mxarezec aqvs, romlisCrdilo kedeli galavnis kedlis xazSia CarTuli. amgvarisamSeneblo masaliTaa nagebi eklesiis dasavleTiT midgmulisamreklo, romlis qvemo kubi eklesiaSi Sesasvlels warmoadgens,zemoT ki sakuTriv samrekloa. 1910w. dimitri ermakovismier gadaRebul fotoze samreklo SedarebiT dabalia.Tanamedrove samreklo restavrirebulia XXs. 80-ianwlebSi vaso pirvelis mier.rogorc aRvniSneT, eklesias irgvliv galavani Semouyveba,romelic mis kedlis xazSi CarTuli nagebobebiTurTZiriTadad borcvis wveris gavakebul adgils farglavs dauSualod cicabo xevis pirasaa mowyobili. mas mravalgzisgadakeTebis kvali atyvia da dRemde Zalze cud mdgomareobaSimoaRwia. kedlebi aqac fleTili fiqalis wyobiTaa agebulirTul xsnarze. galavnis kedlis xazSi, samxreT mxareze,rogorc aRvniSneT, CarTulia satrapezo, romlis iatakad,eklesiis iatakis msgavsad, fiqalis mosworebuli kldeagamoyenebuli. satrapezos samxreTidan midgmuli aqvs qongurebianikoSk-darbazi, romlis iataki satrapezos iatakisdonidan 40sm-iTaa amaRlebuli. amJamad satrapezosa dakoSk-darbazis gamyofi kedeli dangreulia. CamongreuliakoSk-darbazis meore sarTulis iatakic. koSk-darbazis pirvelisarTuli sacxovrebelia, meore sarTuli ki arsebiTadbania, romelsac TavdacviTi daniSnuleba aqvs. aRniSnulisaTavsos dasavleTiT, galavnis kedlis xazSi erTveba qongurebianikaribWe koSkic, romlis meore sarTuli agreTveTavdacviTi daniSnulebis bania.rogorc eklesiis dasavleTis kedlis freskuli warweriTirkveva, wmida kvirikesa da ivlitas saxelobis ek-474

lesiis interieri 1112 wels mouxatavT. mxatvroba ekuTvnisXI-XII saukuneTa mijnis SesaniSnav xelovans – `mefismxatvar~ Tevdores, romlis saxelsac ukavSirdeba zemo svaneTiskidev sami taZris moxatuloba. es eklesiebia ifrarSi,nakifarSi da wvirmiSi. maT Soris yvelaze adrindelia ifrarismTavarangelozTa eklesiis mxatvroba, romelic Sesrulebulia1096 wels. mas, mosdevs kvirikesa da ivlitas eklesia.Semdegia nakifaris wmida giorgis eklesiis 1130wlis mxatvroba, bolos ki – wvirmis macxovris eklesiismxatvroba. aqedan ifrarisa da nakifaris moxatuloba Tevdoresmier `xelmowerilia~, ori danarCeni moxatulobamkvlevarTa mier TevdoresaTvis aris mikuTvnebuli. 1wmida kvirikesa da ivlitas eklesiis da, saerTod, samonastrokompleqsis gansxvavebul samSeneblo periodebisdasadgenad saintereso masalas gvawvdis interierSi, eklesiisarqiteqturis Tanadrouli, qvis kankelis TaRis sartyelzemoTavsebuli freskuli warwera: `saydari ese wmidakvirikesi, odes miwisa Zvraman daarRvia, me antonisSvilman giorgi axlad SevakeTe, vinca ar damiviwyoT, Rmer-Tman Segindos~. warwera XIV-XVss. TariRdeba. 2saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis arqeologiuri kvleviscentris svaneTis arqeologiurma eqspediciam 1999w. agvistoSisamonastro kompleqsis Tanamedrove galavnis gareT,CrdiloeT mxareze, gamoavlina kedlis fragmenti, romelic,SesaZloa, aRniSnul miwisZvris Sedegad dangreuliTavdapirveli galavnis naSTi iyos. niSandoblivia, rom miwisZvrisSedegadaa dangreuli taZris Tavdapirveli CrdiloeTiminaSenic (ekvderi), romlis aRmosavleT kedlisfragmenti (Sirimis kvadrebis wyoba), rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,dRemdea SemorCenili.samecniero literaturaSi aRwerili monastris aSeneb-1 dawvr. ix.: Н. Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили, А. Вольская. Росписи художникаТевдоре в Верхней Сванети. Тб., 1966; Н. Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили,А. Вольская. Живописная школа Сванети. Тб., 1988.2 v. silogava. qtitoriTa freskuli warwerebi zemo svaneTSi. _kreb. `svaneTi~. Tb., 1977, gv. 43-82.475

is TariRad XI saukunea miCneuli. 1 Cveni azriT, Zeglis arqiteqtura,romelic specialurad aravis ukvlevia, gacilebiTZvelia. kompleqsi arc arqeologiuriadaa bolomde Seswavlili.rogorc aRvniSneT, eklesiaSi Sesasvlelebi mowyobiliaCrdiloeTiT, samxreTiT da dasavleTiT. amdeni SesasvlelierTgvarad ewinaaRmdegeba, ar emorCileba mcirezomis darbazuli eklesiis interieris aRqmis princips,kerZod, sigrZivi RerZis gaswvriv moZraobs dasavleTidanaRmosavleTisaken, sakurTxevlisken. samxreTidan da CrdiloeTidanSemsvlelma, imisaTvis, rom TvalTaxedviT mTlianadmoicvas Siga sivrce, unda gaixedos ara marto erTmxares, erTi RerZis gaswvriv, aramed meore mxaresac, e. i.marcxniv da marjvniv. sivrce Semsvlelis orsav mxaresTiTqos Tanazomierad nawildeba. aq, Cveni azriT, Tavs iCensmravalsaukunovani Zireuli tradicia. Sesasvlelebis analogiuriganlageba gvaqvs bolnisis sionSi, rac wmida kvirikesada ivlitas eklesiis (lagurkas) adreulobaze undametyvelebdes.monastris satrapezos dasavleTiT, galavnis kedlisxazSi CarTulia uqonguro koSki qvis Sida kibeebiT. analogiuriuqonguro koSki galavnis kedlis xazSi CrdilodasavleTkuTxeSicaa CarTuli. msgavsi uqonguro koSkebiuCveuloa Sua saukuneebis svaneTis arqiteqturisaTvis. CveniazriT, aqac am SemTxvevaSic Zireul tradiciasTan undagvqondes saqme. aRniSnuli uqonguro koSkebi Tavisi formiTaxlos dganan svaneTSi dadasturebul warmarTul salocavis– viTinis formasTan.folkloriT, lagurkas aSeneba imereTis mefes ukav-Sirdeba. am imereTSi SesaZlebelia gaerTianebuli dasavleTsaqarTvelo igulisxmebodes. lagurkaSi davanebul wmindan-Ta sanawile xatis amotana svaneTSi, xalxuri tradiciiT,svaneTis mkvidr Salianis ukavSirdeba. mkvlevarTa azriT,svaneTs aRniSnuli Zvirfasi xati afxazeTis mefe Savlianis1 g. gasviani. wmida kvirikes eklesia, Savlianebi da SarvaSiZeebi. _kreb. `svaneTi qarTuli kulturis savane~. Tb., 2008, gv. 274.476

sagvareulo dinastiis warmomadgenelma uanderZa. 1 varaudoben,rom afxazseTis mefeebis SavlianTa Stos SarvaSiZeebiwarmoadgendnen. 2Sua saukuneebSi, Znelbedobis Jams xdeboda qristianulisiwmindeebis baridan mtaSi evakuireba da iq usafrTxodSenaxva. amitom pirveli qristianuli salocavebi, lagurkasmsgavsad, gareSemortymuli iyo TavdacviTi nagebobebiT damaTTvis SerCeuli iyo strategiuli adgilebi.rogorc irkveva, gvian Sua saukuneebSi sakvlev kompleqsSidedaTa monasteri yofila ganTavsebuli. XVIIs. dasawyisSikvirikesa da ivlitas monasterSi monazvnad Semdgaramefis asuli Tekla, romlis mier taZrisaTvis Sewirulzarze Semonaxulia aseTi xucuri warwera: `w. RmerTokuirike, Seewie orsave Sina cxovrebasa xelmwifisa Svilsamonazonsa Teklas, romelmac Semogwira zari ese, amin~. 3eklesiis, TavdacviTi, sameurneo da sacxovrebeli nagebobebisarqiteqturis arqauli stili, zedapirulad Sesam-Cnevi gansxsvavebuli samSeneblo periodebi, strategiulimdebareoba da xalxuri tradicia safuZvels gvaZlevs lagurkassamonastro kompleqsi adre SuasaukuneebSi, araugvianesIXs. aSenebulad miviCnioT.1 g. gasviani. wmida kvirikes eklesia.., gv. 275-276.2 sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix.: T. mibCuani. afxazeTis mefeebi damTavrebi. Tb., 1997.3 e. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum-svaneTSi.., gv. 123-235.477

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REVAZ KHVISTANITO THE PROBLEM OF DATING THE ST. KVIRIKE AND ST.IVLITA CHURCH IN THE VILLAGE OF KALAThe article deals with the St. Kvirike and St. Ivlita church-monasterysituated in the village of Kala in Mestia region and which is surroundedby defensive structures and is hoisted on the summit of mountain2000 metres above the sea level. The interior of the church –monastery ispainted by an eminent XI century painter Theodore. Together with othernumerous sacred objects there rest a reliqquary icon of Byzantine origin.Considering the architectural style we assume that the given monasterycomplex was built in IX century and not in XI century as is dated in thescientific literature.480

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriasalome baxia-oqruaSvilimamamZuZeoba afxazebSikavkasiis xalxebSi, Svilis sxvis ojaxSi aRsazrdeladgabarebis wesis, rZiT danaTesavebuli jgufebis Taviseburebebisada mravali damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis Sesaxeb masalebipirvelad m. kovalevskim gamoavlina. 1 man samjer imogzaurakavkasiaSi da iq Sekrebili masala gvarovnuli urTierTobisada misi formebis rRvevis Sesaxeb Seqmnil naSroms daudosafuZvlad, romelsac sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT ganixilavda.umTavresad igi daRestnis eTnografiul masalaseyrdnoboda, magram Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis masalebsacflobda. misi varaudiT, Cerqezebi imitom aZiZavebdnen bav-Svebs ucxo ojaxSi, rom Zvelad ramdenime mamakacs er-Tdroulad SeeZlo sqesobrivi kavSiri daemyarebina bavSvisdedasTan, es ki, bavSvis namdvili mamis dadgenas uSlidaxels. rogorc davinaxeT, m. kovalevskim mamamZuZeobis institutisCamoyalibebis dro sakmaod adreul epoqas miakuTvna.mecnieris es varaudi mravalma sabWoTa kavkasiologmagaiziara (m. kosveni, v. gardanovi, i. smirnova, S.inal-ifa da sxvebi), cxadia, sakuTari interpretaciisa dacvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. 2m. kosvens mamamZuZeobis instituti mTuri yofis daaqedan, bavSvis mkacri aRzrdis, sisxl-mesisxleobaSi Su-1 М. Ковалевский. Закон и обычай на Кавказе. М., 1890. Т. 1, gv. 14-17.2 М. О. Косвен. Аталычество, – Советская Этнография. №2, 1935; Я. С. Смирнова.Аталычество и усыновление у абхазов в XIX-XX вв., – Советская Этнография.№2, 1951; В. К. Гарданов. «Кормильство» в древней Руси (К вопросу о пережиткахродового строя в Феодальной Руси IX-XIII вв), – Советская Этнография.№6, 1959; В. К. Гарданов. Аталычество, – IX международный конгресс антропологическихи этнографических наук. Доклады. М., 1973; Ш. Д. Инал-ипа.Абхазы. Историко-этнографические очерки. Второе переработанное, дополненноеиздание. Сухуми, 1965.31. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi481

isZiebis Sewyvetisa da dapirispirebuli mxareebis SesarigebelsaSualebad miaCnda. 1v. gardanovi, romelic Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiisxalxebis socialur sakiTxebs Seiswavlida, amtkicebda,rom kavkasiaSi `aTalikobis~ (e. i. mamamZuZeobis) institutmagvarovnulidan feodalur wyobaSi gadasvlis periodSimniSvnelovani roli Seasrula. 2 igi transformaciuli Sualeduriformebisa da safexurebis arsebobis dadasturebascdilobda. ris Sedegadac, es instituti genetikurad gvarovnuliwyobilebis CveulebaTa im rigs miakuTvna, romelmacfeodalur sazogadoebaSi axali socialuri Sinaarsida mniSvneloba SeiZina.i. smirnovam mamamZuZis, dedis gvaris xelmZRvanelisroli wamoswia. gamoTqva varaudi, rom pirvel adgilze`arqauli biZa~, dedis Zma idga da ara – qali-ZiZa, romelicbavSvs sakuTari rZiT kvebavda. amave dros, afxazuriterminebis etimologiuri analizis dros, ZuZuTi mkvebaviqalis roli ufro aRmoCnda gamokveTili. aqedan gamomdinare,man aTalikoba matriarqatidan patriarqatSi gadasvlasdaukavSira.i. smirnovas azriT, feodalur xanaSi am institutma,Tavdapirveli gvarovnuli mniSvneloba sruliad dakarga. winwamoswia feodalebis mier daqvemdebarebuli glexebisaganrac SeiZleba meti naturaluri begaris amoReba. feodaliSvils gasazrdelad glexs imitom aZlevda, rom bavSvis Sesanaxxarjebs mTlianad mamamZuZesa da mis naTesavebs akisrebda.amave dros, am institutis wyalobiT feodalebi zedmetadmorCil, Tvinier da erTgul qveSevrdomebs iZendnen.glexi, glexis Svils ar aiyvanda gasazrdelad, radgan mases arafrad ar uRirda. feodalis Svilis ayvanis SemTxveva-1 М. О. Косвен. Аталычество, – Советская Этнография. №2, 1935, gv. 47-49.2 В. К. Гарданов. «Кормильство» в древней Руси (К вопросу о пережитках родовогостроя в Феодальной Руси IX-XIII вв), – Советская Этнография. №6, 1959; В.К. Гарданов. Аталычество, – IX международный конгресс антропологических иэтнографических наук. Доклады. М., 1973.482

Si ki, igi raRac garkveul mcire wils, saCuqrebis saxiT,mainc iRebda da amave dros, Zlier mfarvelsac iZenda. 1aTalikobis ((Turquli sityva aTa=mama, winapari; lik-=abst.suf.; aTalik=gamzrdeli, moZRvari, damrigebeli) institutisarseboba Zvel adiResa da Crdilo kavkasiisxalxebSi literaturuli monacemebiT ar dasturdeba. XIII-XIXss. evropuli avtorebis mier adiRebSi, balyarebSi dayaraCaelebSi fiqsirebuli masala yovelmxriv sistematizirebulkrebulSia Tavmoyrili, romelSic Svilis dabadebis-Tanave sxvis ojaxSi aRsazrdelad gabarebis wesis SesaxebXVIIIs. bolomde arc erT avtorTan araferia naTqvami. 2erTaderTi avtori, romelmac XVs. miwurulisaTvisara ZuZuTa bavSvis, aramed 3 wlis asakidan ucxo adamianzeaRsazrdelad gabarebis SemTxveva aRwera, iyo mxolodjorjio interiano, Tumca, zemoTqmulidan ukve Cans, rommis mier fiqsirebul eTnografiul wess rZiT naTesaobasTanar unda hqonoda kavSiri: interiano Tavis naSromSi werda:`warCinebulebs Soris zogierTs vasali hyavs, magram isiniyvelani erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad cxovroben. aravisunda sakuTar Tavs zemoT RmerTis meti mbrZanebeli sxvaaRiaros. arc mosamarTleebi da arc dawerili kanonebiaqvT. maT Soris Camovardnili dava, Zalis, sazrianobis damoxerxebulobis wyalobiT an samediatoro sasamarTlos sa-SualebiT aRikveTeba. xSirad warCinebulebs naTesavebs uklaven,umetesad Zmebs. erTi Zmis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi, meoresimave Rames, gardacvlili Zmis coli, rZali coladmohyavs. CerqezebSi ramdenime colis yola daSvebulia, romlebsacisini yvelas kanonierad Tvlian. warCinebulisSvils Seusruldeba Tu ara ori an sami weli, mas romelimemsaxurs miscemen. msaxurs vaJi cxeniT yoveldRe mihyavs.mas xelSi patara Svild-isari uWiravs. msaxuri bavSvsSvild-isris srolas aswavlis. bavSvi dainaxavs Tu ara qa-1 Я. С. Смирнова. Аталычество и усыновление у абхазов.., gv. 109-110.2 Адыги, балкарцы и карачаевцы в известиях европейских авторов XIII-XIXвв. Составление,редакция переводов, введение и вступительные статьи к текстам В. К.Гарданова. Нальчик, 1974.483

Tams an romelime sxva frinvels, an Rorsa da sxva cxovelsisars esvris. roca bavSvi izrdeba, am cxovelebze nadirobasTviTon iwyebs. mas amaSi warCinebulze damokidebuliadamianebi arasodes uSlian xels. dadgeba Tu ara misganmamakaci, igi mudmivad cxovrebas velur cxovelebze nadirobaSiatarebs, magram isini SeiZleba iTqvas Sinaurcxovelebze da umetesad adamianebze nadiroben~. 1Txzulebis es nawyveti naTesaobasa da miT umetesrZiT naTesaobaze uaryofiT masalas iZleva, bavSvs `msaxurs~aRsazrdelad mxolod 3 wlis asakSi aZlevdnen; meore,es amonaridi saSualebas ar iZleva gavarkvioT bavSvimsaxuris saxlSi izrdeboda Tu igi mamis saxlidan sanadirodyoveldRe mihyavdaT; mesame, aq aRzrdis absoluturadsxva specifikuri momenti aRiniSneba, romelic gviandeli`aTalikobis~ institutisaTvis tipiuri ar unda iyos. sainteresoaisic, rom amonaridisa da Cerqezebis yofis SesaxebeTnografiuli masalebis aRmweri yvela avtori TavisTxzulebebSi gvaris Zlier meTaurs, belads – Tavads, xolomis qveSevrdoms vasals uwodeben. magram XV-XVII saukuneebSi,Cerqezuli yofidan gamomdinare, Crdilo kavkasieliarc Tavadi da arc vasali avtorebis qveyanaSi da maTenaSi damkvidrebul Tavadsa da vasals ar Seesatyviseboda.cnobilia, rom feodalizmis ZiriTad wamyvan niSnebad– miwis sakuTrebis forma; politikuri Zalauflebis Serwymamiwis sakuTrebasTan; ierarqiuli diferenciacia – iTvleba.Tu miviRebT, rom (rogorc amas sxvadasxva droisavtorebi amticebdnen) Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebSi ierarqiulidiferenciacia, ase Tu ise, damkvidrebuli Cans, verafersvityviT miwis sakuTrebis feodalur xasiaTze da politikuriZalauflebis Serwymaze miwis sakuTrebasTan. amdenad,misi ganmsazRvreli da wamyvani miwaTmflobelobisfeodaluri forma, msxvili feodaluri sakuTreba miwazesamefo-saxelmwifo da kerZo memamuluri sakuTrebis saxiTgamoxatuli, saTemo miwaTmflobelobis Tanaarsebobis piro-1 Адыги, балкарцы и карачаевцы.., gv. 48.484

ebSi, romlisTvisac vinmes uxdidnen gadasaxadebs, CrdilodasavleTkavkasiaSi ar ikveTeba. msgavsi mdgomareobaa aq,miwis sakuTrebis siuzerenul-vasalur sistemasTan dakavSirebiTac.amrigad, XVIIIs-ze adre Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSifeodaluri urTierTobis niSnebze saubari Zneldeba. aqufro wvrili saojaxo-individualuri, sagvaro da saTemomflobelobaa gabatonebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, masalebSiaxalSobilis gaZiZavebaze da sxvis ojaxSi aRzrdaze, araferianaTqvami. rac Seexeba, terminebs – Tavadi, vasali daa.S. – maTi damkvidrebis mizezi sxva movlenasTan iyo dakav-Sirebuli.Crdilo kavkasiaSi uZvelesi droidan damkvidrebulimekobruli TareSis Sedegad erTeuli sagvareulo, naTesaurijgufis laSqarTa meTaurebis dawinaureba-gaZliereba, ZaladobiTqonebis moxveWa an miwis xelSi Cagdeba, sabWoTaperiodSi adrefeodalur, mTur feodalizmad miCneuli socialuristruqturis ganmapirobebeli gaxda. rac vfiqrobT,feodaluri urTierTobis Camoyalibebis principebsar Seesabameboda. Cveni varaudiT, igi aseve sabWoTa period-Si samxedro demokratiis saxelwodebiT damkvidrebuli safexurisSinaarss ufro Seefereba. Crdilo kavkasiaSi mTiurifeodalizmis niSnebi sakmaod gvian gaCnda da susti iyo,aqedan gamomdinare mamamZuZeobis institutic gvian unda Camoyalibebuliyo.amas is faqtic unda daematos, rom Turqulitermini aTaliki XVIIs-ze adre Crdilo kavkasiaSiver moxvdeboda.Cerqezuli warmoSobisa da saerTod Crdilo-dasavleTkavkasiis xalxebSi yvelaze farTod aTalikoba XVIII-XIXss.iyo gavrcelebuli. institutis funqcionirebaSi lokaluriTaviseburebebi SeiniSneboda, magram maT saerTo Crdilo kavkasiurzogad elementebs yvela maTgani erTnairad eqvemdebareboda.adiReuri eTnikuri mcire jgufebisaTvis terminebimsgavsi iyo, magram yaraCauls, balyaruls, romlebic ala-Taur enaTa ojaxs ekuTvnis terminologia gansxvavebulihqonda. Cerqezul-yabardoulSi aRsazrdeli `kan~ aRmzrde-485

li `aTalik~ terminiT aRiniSneboda. 1 yaraCaSi aRmzrdel mamakacs`emCek ata~, ZuZus mawovebel qals ki – `emCek ana ananalk~ ewodeboda. TviT aRsazrdeli vaJi `emCek ulan~, an`emCek daJaS~, qaliSvili – `emCek kz~, xolo ukve aRzrdamiRebuli `emildeS~ iyo. 2TavisTavad cxadia, Crdilo kavkasieli aTalikismzrunvelobis mTavari mizani iyo aRsazrdelisaTvis cxenzejdomis, jiriTis, isris srolis, xmlisa da iaraRis xmarebisada, amasTan erTad, zrdilobis kodeqsisa da mWermetyvelebisSeswavla. vaJi, aTalikTan erTad, mezobel xalxeb-Si mogzaurobda, sxvadasxva xalxebSi gamarTul samxedroTamaSebSi da, miT umetes, jiriTSi (doRSi) iRebda monawileobas,sadac, gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, miRebuli jildoaTaliks ekuTvnoda. 3Crdilo kavkasiuri aTalikoba qarTuli mamamZuZeobisaganimiT gansxvavdeboda, rom aTaliki Tavis aRsazrdels 4wlidan TareSis, mekobreobis, mzakvrobis yvelanair saSualebasaswavlida. wyaroebis Tanaxmad, mTeli XVIII-XIXsaukuneebis gazafxuli da Semodgoma, adiReli feodalebi`mindorSi~ gasvlisTanave TareSiT iyvnen mTlianad dakavebulni,romelsac xSirad nadirobasa da sxva gasarTobebsuTavsebdnen. gazafxulze `mindorSi~ gasvla aprilsa da ivnisSixdeboda. cxenebsa da moTareSeebs orives sakvebi esa-Wiroeboda. bevris waReba samZimo saqme iyo, amitom isinisxvadasxva xalxebze Tavdasxmis dros moipovebdnen yvelafers.Semodgomis TareSis cikli 3 Tve (seqtemberi, oqtomberi,noemberi) grZeldeboda. siciveebisa da pirveli TovlisSemdeg yvela feodali Tavis saxlSi brundeboda. Tovli,rogorc wesi, kvals tovebda, romelsac mdevari yaCaRifeodalebis TavSesaframde SeeZlo mieyvana. TavSesafarimkacrad konspirirebuli iyo da im adgils arasodes ucxo1 Кабардинцы и черкесы. – Народы Кавказа. Т. I. М., 1960, gv.179; И. Х. Калмыков.Черкесы. Черкесск, 1974, gv. 199-200; Ш. Б. Ногмов. История адыгейскогонарода. Нальчик, 1958, gv. 81.2 Карачаевцы. Этнографический сборник. Черкесск, 1978, gv. 211.3 В. К. Гарданов. Общественный строй Адыгских народов. М., 1967, gv. 169-170.486

aravin ar unda gakareboda. Cveulebriv es adgili sakmaodmocilebuli iyo soflebisagan da tyis siRrmeSi, uRranadgilze gamagrebuli iyo aucileblad. 1aTaliki valdebuli iyo Tavisi aRsazrdelisaTvis adreulasakSive moenaxa sacole. mis movaleobas, aucileblobisSemTxvevaSi, motacebaSi monawileobac Seadgenda.srulwlovan aRsazrdels aTaliki mSoblebTan Sesaxvedradamzadebda – unda eyida an TareSSi monawileobiT cxeni, iaraRida mdidruli tansacmeli eSova. mxolod amis Semdegmihyavda mas igi mSobliur saxlSi. saxlSi aTalikic dasa-Cuqrebuli brundeboda. mas wvrilman saCuqrebTan erTad iaraRs,saqonels da zogjer monebsac aZlevdnen. aRzrdilisdaqorwinebis dResac aTaliki Zvirfas saCuqars iRebda.qaliSvili, romelsac aTaliki da misi coli zrdidnen,sxvadasxva qalur saqmianobas swavlobda. gogonas aRzrdaufro mcire xans grZeldeboda. 12 wlisa igi ukvemSoblebis saxlSi cxovrobda da gaTxovebisaTvis emzadeboda.molaparakebis dros vaJi, rogorc wesi, valdebuli iyoyalimi (urvadi) gadaexada. yalimis raodenoba mTlianadaTaliks ekuTvnoda.kavkasiis xalxTa yofaSi mamamZuZeobis instituti eTnosTaSorisikontaqtebis gamyarebasac emsaxureboda. natuxaelebiTavianT aTalikebad ubixebs, medoveebi – yabardoelebs,SafsuRebi – ubixebs da a. S. Tvlidnen.qarTvelebSi mamamZuZeobis instituti jer kidev Cvenieris dasawyisidan uZveles qarTul wyaroebSia dadasturebuli.`qarTlis cxovrebis~ 2 Tanaxmad, igi maRali wodebissazogadoebaSi iyo gavrcelebuli. mas kargad Camoyalibebuliwesebi da terminologiac gaaCnda. am sakiTxs pirvelma1 В. К. Гарданов. Общественный строй Адыгских народов, gv. 170.2 leonti mroveli. cxovreba qarTuelTa mefeTasa da pirvelTaganTamamaTa da naTesavTa, – qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvelaZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I. Tb., 1955,gv. 30, 62; juanSer juanSeriani. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa. –qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnawerismixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I. Tb., 1955, gv. 145, 172, 189, 199.487

iv. javaxiSvilma miaqcia yuradReba, magram man es institutiarqaul periods daukavSira, rodesac mamis RviZli va-JiSvili Tu qaliSvili mamiseuli sagvareulos gareT, dediseulgvarSi izrdeboda. marTalia, bavSvs ZuZus dedaawovebda, magram saxls, sadac igi izrdeboda `mamamZuZissaxli~ ewodeboda, rac bunebrivia, qalis xaziT Seqmnil na-Tesaur dasaxlebis formas gulisxmobda. e.i. mamamZuZe dedisufrosi Zma unda yofiliyo, romlebsac aRsazrdeli mamaski ara mamamZuZes uwodebda. avtoris varaudiT, terminmamamZuZes arseboba, dedamZuZes arsebobasac gulisxmobda,radgan am sityvis Sinaarsi qals ufro miesadageboda.dedamZuZe terminis arseboba `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaOs~ matianeSidasturdeba, sadac igi aRmzrdelis (`mzrdeli qali~-s)mniSvnelobiT iyo naxmari. 1 aqedan gamomdinare, misiazriT, mamamZuZe ufro adrindeli gaCenili unda yofiliyo,vidre dedamZuZe. iv. javaxiSvilis mamamZuZeobis institutsuZveles sazogadoebaSi egzogamiuri jgufebis CamoyalibebasacukavSirebda. es Cveuleba, misi azriT, `col-qmrobisiseTi uwinaresi wesis arsebobas agulisxmevinebda, rodesacmarto bavSvi ki ar izrdeboda Tavisi mamis sagvareulosada saxlis gareSe, aramed TviT misi dedac~, romelic qmrissagvareulosa da saxlSi jer kidev colad ar iyo Sesuli.magram amasTan, egzogamiis arsebobis faqti udao iyo, radganmamakacs Tavisi coli sxva sagvareuloSi hyavda. 2Zvel saqarTveloSi mamamZuZeobis institutis arseboba,rogorc ukve aRiniSna, uZvelesi wyaroebiT mowmdeba, magramgasaTvaliswinebelia n. mgelaZis azri imis Taobaze, rom saqarTvelosubatono mTianeTs (mTiuleT-gudamayars, fSavxevsureTs,aWaras, samcxe-javaxeTSi...) ar Semounaxavs mamam-ZuZeobis gvarovnul sazogadoebasTan damakavSirebeli kon-1 leonti mroveli. moqceva mirian mefisa da mis Tana yovlisa qar-Tlisa wmidisa da netarisa dedisa Cuenisa nino mociqulisa mier,– qarTlis cxovreba. t. I. Tb., 1955, gv. 80, 84.2 iv. javaxiSvili. qarTuli samarTlis istoria, – Txzulebani Tormettomad, t. VI. Tb., 1982, gv. 150-151.488

kretuli faqtebi. 1 Tu am institutis warmoSoba marTlacgvarovnul sazogadoebasTan iyo kavSirSi, maSin saqarTvelosmTasac raRac garkveuli gadmonaSTuri formebi undaSemorCenoda. magram, raWaSi, leCxumSi, zemo imereTSi aRniSnuliinstituti met-naklebad funqcionirebda gabatonebulwodebriobaSi, rogorc aRzrdis erT-erTi forma. amregionebidan `sxvisSviloba~ zemo raWaSi xelovnuri naTesaobisTavisebur normasTan `kerZmokeTeobasTan~ iyo dakav-Sirebuli.am Cveulebis Tanaxmad, raWveli glexi Cvil vaJiSvilsCrdilo kavkasieli megobris – kerZis ojaxSi aRsazrdeladgaaZiZavebda. msgavsi urTierToba zemo svanebsa da yabardoelebsSorisac iyo dadgenili. magram, am SemTxvevaSi orisxvadasxva eTnikuri warmoSobis ojaxebs Soris ZuZuTa na-TesaobasTan erTad megobrobac myardeboda. miuxedavad sxvadasxvaeTnikuri warmomavlobisa, ZuZuTa naTesavebs Sorissaqorwino urTierTobebi ikrZaleboda. rac ufro myardebodafeodaluri urTierTobebi baris mimarTulebiT gadmonacvlebasTanerTad, miT ufro gamoxatuli da datvirTuliiyo urTierTvaldebulebebiT mamamZuZeobis instituti.ase magaliTad, samegrelosa da afxazeTis yofam am institutisdamaxasiaTebeli niSnebi kargad Semoinaxa. samegreloSiglexis ojaxi sTxovda Tavads an aznaurs Svils gasazrdelad.Tu ZiZa qals kargi ZuZu hqonda, SeTanxmeba advilisaqme iyo da es ZiZa – `ZiZe~ – Tavis `mordils~ (gasazrdels)SviliviT usasyidlod gazrdida. bavSvi ZiZissaxlSi mihyavdaT, sadac igi glexis, ZiZes qmris – `mordus~ojaxis garemo-pirobebSi izrdeboda. mordili (aRsazrdeli)masTan 5-10, zogjer meti weli rCeboda. cxadia,mordilsa da gamzrdelebs Soris dedaSvilur, mamaSvilurisiyvaruli da damokidebuleba myardeboda. Tu mordili bi-Wi iyo sami wlis Semdeg TiTqmis mordus garemocvaSi, xo-1 n. mgelaZe. mamamZuZeoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, – samxreT-dasavleTsaqarTvelos yofa da kultura. statiebis krebuli. 16. Tb.,1989, gv. 39-40.489

lo Tu gogo iyo maSin ZiZes garemocvaSi izrdeboda.mordils, vaJi iyo Tu qali, aswavlidnen zrdilobas,keTilSobilebas, TavdaWerilobas, saqmianobas, dauzarelobas,mondomebulobas da a.S. biWs usaTuod unda scodnodacxenze jdoma, jiriTi, iaraRis xmareba, sameurneo saqmisgaZRola da nadiroba, rac mTavaria mas mamacobasac aCvevdnen.gogonas xelsaqmes – kervas, qsovas, saWmlis gakeTebas,saxlis movla-patronobas da a.S. aswavlidnen. mordilismSobliuri saxlSi dabrunebis momentisaTvis, bavSvismSoblebi ZiZesa da mordus asaCuqrebdnen. aZlevdnen Zroxas,cxens, sxva saWiro nivTebs, aucileblad miscemdnenorives TiToxel tanisamoss. bavSvis aRmzrdelebs mebatonisaganTavis daxsnac SeeZloT.mordils Tavisi mordia da ZiZe xSirad sakuTar mSoblebzemetad uyvarda. igi yovelTvis zrunavda maTze damfarvelobas uwevda. aseTive siyvaruli da valdebulebebihqonda mordils Tavisi ZuZumteebis (e.i. ZiZis Svilebis)mimarT, romlebsac da-Zmebad miiCnevda. Tu ZiZe an mordugardaicvleboda mordili mas Tavisi xarjebiT krZalavda,Tanac kubos da axal tansacmelsac SeuZenda. ZiZisSvilebsacTavianTi movaleoba-valdebulebebi hqondaT. mordilisdaqorwinebaSi isini aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen. Tu qalismotaceba gaxdeboda saWiro, isini am sakiTxis mogvarebasTavianT Tavze iRebdnen. mordili ZiZiSvilebis qorwil-Si aucileblad mayarSi iqneboda, magram ZiZisSvilis gaTxovebisSemTxvevaSi mordili qorwilSi siZes cxens aCuqebda. 1qarTuli da Crdilo kavkasiuri konkretuli masalisganxilvis Sedegad unda iTqvas, rom XVs. 70-ani wlebidan,Crdilo kavkasiidan migrirebul mosaxleobas, mamamZuZeobisinstituti Tan ar unda Camoetana. igi maT feodalur saqarTveloSi,qarTvelebTan kulturul-istoriuli urTier-Tobis safuZvelze unda aeTvisebinaT. rasac terminologiuriSesatyvisobebic adasturebs. afxazurad mamamZuZes `aba-Ze~ (aba=mama), xolo dedamZuZes – `anaZe~ (an =deda) Seesa-1 s. makalaTia. samegrelos istoria da eTnografia, Tb., 1941, gv. 277-278.490

tyviseboda. mamamZuZeobis institutisaTvis bzifis afxazeb-Si gavrcelebuli iyo zogadi termini `aaZra~. rogorcCans, afxazurma enam am terminebis meore nawilisaTvis dasavleTsaqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli qarTuli sityvis Zi-Zas (gamzrdelis mniSvnelobiT) Ziri isesxa e.i. mamaZiZa dadedaZiZa. abJuas afxazebSi mamamZuZeobis institutis aRsaniSnavad`axaSaTra~ (axaS=rZe) ixmareboda, rac rogorc`rZiT naTesaoba~ iTargmneba. aRsazrdels axufha ewodeboda(=qalis wili(anxufha=deda qalis wili).aaZra||axaSaTra-s arsi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom feodalurxanaSi privilegirebuli maRali wodebis ojaxebidanmSoblebi bavSvs, umetesad vaJebs, magram gogonebsac dabadebisTanaveaRsazrdelad ramodenime wliT an srulwlovanebamdemaTze dabali wodebis ojaxSi gaaZiZavebdnen. rogorcaznaurebi, ise glexebi sixaruliT iRebdnen bavSvs aRsazrdelad,radgan amiT Zlier mfarvels iZendnen. mamamZuZessaxlis wevrebsa da namdvil mSoblebs Soris rZiT danaTesavebisurTierTobis Camoyalibebis niadagze, orive mxaresTavisi urTierTmovaleoba-valdebulebebi uyalibdebodaT.aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom mSoblebi bavSvs arc mamis daarc dedis xaziT wasul naTesavebSi aRsazrdelad ar gaabarebdnen.abaZei da anaZei aucileblad sxva gvaris warmomadgeneliunda yofiliyo. isic aucilebeli iyo, rom aRsazrdeliufro maRali safexuris warmomadgeneli unda yofiliyo,vidre aRmzrdelebi. Tavadebi zogjer aznaurebs ir-Cevdnen, magram umetesad pirdapir glexebs aZlevdnen TavianTSvilebs aRsazrdelad. aznaurebs sakuTari Svilebis ga-ZiZaveba mxolod glexebSi SeeZloT. Tu aznauri mamamZuZexdeboda, maSin misi ojaxi, Tavis mxriv, romelime glexisqals SearCevda, rom bavSvisTvis ZuZu ewovebina. Tavadisada aznaurTa colebi bavSvebs ZuZuTi ar kvebavdnen. mSoblebisnaTesavebs bavSvs aRsazrdelad arasodes ar aZlevdnen.XIX saukunesa da XXs. I naxevarSi afxazeTSi bavSvebisgaZiZaveba imdenad iyo gavrcelebuli da, miT umetes,qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris, rom maRali wodebis war-491

momadgenlebidan sul cota adamiani Tu iqneboda sakuTaridedis rZiT gazrdili. 1 XIX saukuneSi SarvaSiZeebis gaafxazebulizogierTi memkvidre xSirad adiReSi izrdeboda.magaliTad, afxazeTis bolo mTavari, mixeil SarvaSiZisaTaliki ubixi beladi xoja-barzega-dagumoyva iyo. mixeildidxans samegreloSi, imereTsa da TbilisSi cxovrobda da,miuxedavad imisa, rom igi ubixis gazrdili iyo, misi mSobliuriqarTuli wigniereba iyo, rac misi miwer-moweridanackargad Cans. 2xSirad glexi, romelsac mebatonis gamocvla undoda,molaparakebis Sedegad meore mebatonis Svilis abaZei xdeboda,rac mas saSualebas aZlevda yofili mebatone mietovebinada meores mfarvelobis qveS moqceuliyo. miT umetes,Tu igi pirvel mebatoneze Zlieri iqneboda. marTalia, ase-Ti faqtebis winaaRmdegi iyvnen feodalebi, magram winaaRmdegobebisSeqmnis miuxedavad, Zlieri feodali saboloodmainc imarjvebda. zogierTi glexi am momentiT sargeblobda,feodalis fexmZime cols winaswar sTxovda Svili aRsazrdeladmisTvis daeTmo. SeTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi, bavSvsdabadebisTanave aRmzrdelebs gadascemdnen. mSoblebi abaZeisada anaZeis sadResaswaulo sufrasTan bavSvs akvniT gamouyvandnenda gadascemdnen. bavSvis gadacemis dros aRmzrdelebssaCuqrebs aZlevdnen – tansacmels meZuZurisaTvis (aZ-ZeimaTa), bavSvisTvis safenebs da sxva wvrilman nivTebs –qvabs, taSts da sxv. aucileblad Zroxas an furkameCs. 3bavSvis aRzrda mniSvnelovan movlenad iTvleboda. pirvelyovlisaaRmzrdelebi aRsazrdelis sicocxlesa da janmrTelobasufrTxildebodnen. bavSvi mudmivad yuradRebiscentrSi iyo. dedamZuZisaTvis pirveli axufha iyo, xolomeore adgilze sakuTari Svili. afxazebi axufhas saxelsacurCevdnen, cdilobdnen misi wodebis Sesaferi saxeli moe-1 Ш. Д. Инал-ипа. Абхазы. Историко-этнографические очерки, gv. 480.2 s. janaSia. giorgi SarvaSiZe. kulturul istoriuli narkvevi, –Sromebi. t. VI. Tb., 1988, gv. 31.3 Ш. Д. Инал-ипа. Абхазы. Историко-этнографические очерки, gv. 481.492

ZebnaT. xat-salocavsac pirvelad axufhas janmrTelobasSesTxovdnen, xolo Semdeg sakuTari Svilis. 3 wlis vaJiukve mamakacis xelSi gadadioda, xolo gogona dedamZuZisxelSi rCeboda. vaJs tradiciul samarTlebriv normebs, sazogadoebasada ojaxSi qcevis wesebs, mSoblebisa da uxucesiadamianebis pativiscemas, yvela situaciaSi sulierisimSvidis SenarCunebas, keTilSobilebas, simamaces da a.S.aswavlidnen. mas aCvevdnen cxenze jdomas, jiriTs, iaraRisxmarebas da a.S. axufhas aRzrdaSi mamamZuZis ojaxis mamakaciwevrebic iRebdnen monawileobas, rac maTTvisac mniSvnelovanmizans warmoadgenda. gogonas dedamZuZe ojaxis saqmianobisgaZRolas, kervas, qargvas, qsovas da romelimexalxur instrumentze dakvras da simReras aswavlida. mTeliim xnis manZilze, sanam bavSvi mamamZuZis ojaxSi izrdeboda,mSoblebi mis sanaxavad ar midiodnen. mxolod, er-Txel sami wlis asakSi moinaxulebdnen mas. zogjer mamam-ZuZe `Serigebis~ sufras gaamzadebda da axufhas mSoblebsdapatiJebda, Tumca mSoblebi Svilisagan Tavs mainc SorisiWerdnen.axufhas sakuTar saxlSi dabrunebis droisaTvis mSoblebimas sadResaswaulo Sexvedras uwyobdnen. umaspinZldebodnengamzrdelebs da asaCuqrebdnen. bunebrivia, rZiT danaTesavebulTakavSiri aRsazrdelis dabrunebis SemdegacgrZeldeboda. gamzrdelisa da aRsazrdelis ojaxebis damokidebulebaSimaterialuri urTierTobebic arsebobda. aRmzrdelebidResaswaulebze aRsazrdelis saxlSi saklaviT,RviniT da sxva ZRveniT xeldamSvenebuli midiodnen. feodaliki maT saCuqrebiT xvdeboda. zogjer saCuqarSi miwisnakveTic SeiZleba miecaT. cxadia, axufha mamamZuZisa da misinaTesavebisaTvis sasurveli stumari iyo, romelsac na-Tesavebi `aufSvl~-s uwodebdnen, rac igive qarTuli `ufliswuli~unda iyos. `uflisSvili~ Tavis megobrebTan er-Tad xSirad stumrobda mamamZuZes. mamamZuZe maT axali xorciTada RviniT umaspinZldeboda. 1 ZuZumteebs erTmaneTisa1 Ш. Д. Инал-ипа. Абхазы. Историко-этнографические очерки, gv. 486-487.493

da ZiZis qaliSvilebis dacva normad hqondaT qceuli. orivemxare erTmaneTis qorwinebaSi aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen.iseve rogorc samegreloSi, qalis motacebis metadsaSiS saqmes ZuZumteebi erTad axorcielebdnen. qorwilisorganizaciaSic da nawilobriv xarjebis dafarvaSic Tanamoziareebixdebodnen. Tu axufha qali iyo, aRmzrdelebimziTvis SekrebaSic erTvebodnen. axufha valdebuli iyo TavisZuZumteebs qorwinebis dros materialurad daxmareboda,ZuZumtes patarZlisTvis usaTuod cxeni unda mierTmia.xolo, ZiZis qaliSvilis e.i. `rZis dis~ gaTxovebis Sem-TxvevaSi, misi vaJi megobris roli unda Seesrulebina daxelismomkide yofiliyo, amasTan pirbadis axsnis dros fulieCuqebina.aRzrdili da aRmzrdelebi erTmaneTis mimarT glova-Sic ufleba-movaleobebiT iyvnen dakavSirebulni. Tu aRzrdiligardaicvleboda, aRmzrdelebi mas iseve glovobdnen,samgloviaro tansacmels atarebdnen da `anSansac~Slidnen, rogorc sakuTari Svilis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi.romelime aRmzrdelis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi samgloviarotansacmlis tareba, Tmisa da wveris moSveba, xarjebis nawilobrivdafarva axufhasac evaleboda. garda amisa, igi valdebuliiyo micvalebulisaTvis axali tansacmeli da kubomoetana, xolo dasaflavebis dRisaTvis samsxverplo saqoneli– `afsaTatv~ (gardacvlilis sulis wili) moeyvana,romelsac wlisTavze daklavdnen.sisxl-mesisxleobis, SurisZiebis dros urTierTvaldebulebebiorive mxares ekisreboda. axufhas sikvdilisaTvisrZis Zmebi aucileblad Surs iZiebdnen, misi ojaxis, gvarisda sakuTari Tavis safrTxeSi CagdebiT. Cveulebis Tanaxmadaxufhac valdebuli iyo rZis Zmebi Seuracxyofisagan daecvada Suric eZia maTTvis. magram, Tu axufha vinmes moklavda,maSin pirvel yovlisa SurisZiebis vali mxrebze abaZeisawveboda, rogorc sisxliT, ise materialuri anazRaurebisTvalsazrisiT, radgan axufha misi gazrdili iyo.mesisxleebs Soris mamamZuZeobis institutis Cveule-494

is gamoyeneba SeuZlebeli iyo, radgan mkvlelis ojaxSibavSvs araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gaaZiZavebdnen. bavSvis mosatacebladmoklulis ojaxSi Sesvla ki did riskTan iyodakavSirebuli SurisZiebis SiSiT. am Cveulebis gamoyenebaiSviaTad, magram mxolod mediatorTa sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiTiyo SesaZlebeli, sisxlis safasuris gadaxdisSemdeg. isic mosamarTleebi `aZbavcva~ ara mkvlelis, aramedZmis an romelime axlo naTesavis ojaxs Tu miscemdnenbavSvs gasazrdelad cota xniT, rom mosalodneli sisxlisRvraTavidan aecilebinaT.amrigad, mamamZuZeobis instituts safuZveli feodalursazogadoebaSi unda Cayroda, romlis ierarqiul safexurzemdgar sxvadasxva fenebs Soris damokidebulebis mowesrigebasda normalur urTierTobas, am fenaTa interesebisdaaxloebas emsaxureboda. amave dros, marTalia, maRaliwodebis fenisaTvis mamamZuZeobis institutis funqcionirebaSedarebiT momgebianad gamoiyureba, magram orive mxarisurTierTvaldebulebaTa da movaleobaTa Seswavlis Sedegad,Cans, rom rogorc feodalebis, ise glexebisTvisac am socialuriinstitutis arseboba TiTqmis erTnairad xelsayreliunda yofiliyo. marTalia, XIXs-Si afxazeTSi feodaluriwyoba, dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebisagan gansxvavebiT,SedarebiT susti iyo, magram aq qarTuli feodalizmis,qarTveli mTavrisa da qarTveli feodalebis arsebobisgaTvaliswinebiT, afxazebis aaZaras instituti qar-Tuli mamamZuZeobis institutis analogiuri iyo. Crdilokavkasiis da kerZod Cerqezuli warmoSobis mosaxleobaSigavrcelebuli aTalikobis institutis wes-Cveulebebi da,rac mTavaria, misi arsi qarTuli da afxazurisagan maincgansxvavdeboda.495

SALOME BAKHIA-OKRUASHVILI“MAMADZEDZUOBA” (FOSTER-FATHER)RELATIONS IN ABKHAZIAExistence of social institute of “foster-father relations” in Abkhaziais inherent only to feudal period. It is one of the forms of establishingfoster relations, which implies the habit of giving a son for upbringing toa family of other family name. In the Abkhazian language it is called “aadzara”.They used terms “abadze” for foster-father and “anadze” forfoster mother. The first part of the terms “ab”= father, “an”=mother, thesecond part is the root of Georgian “dzidza” (nanny). “Abadze” and“Anadze” ought to be the representatives of other families.Representatives of high layers used to give for upbringing theirsons (and daughters too) to the families of lower layers, mostly to peasants’families, for some years, even till full age. Peasants received childrenfor upbringing with pleasure thus acquiring powerful patrons. Betweenthe members of the families of “foster-father” and actual parentsthe new close relations were form on the basis of creation of “dzudzi”(foster) relations.Upbringing of a child was considered a significant phenomenon. Achild was always in the center of attention to protect his life and healthfrom danger. When a child was three years, his father-dzudze (foste-father)used to commence his training in sitting on horseback, riding, usingthe weapons, and as a child grew up, he was taught to traditional legalnorms, rules of behavior in the society and in the family, respect to parentsand elder persons, nobility, bravery et al.Mother-dzudze (foster-mother) used to teach a girl to manage the housework,to sew embroidery art, knit and play any folk instrument. A girlused to return to her own family earlier to prepare dowry. A boy was takenhome by his parents when he reached 15-16 years. Parents used to meettheir child with a feast table and the foster parents were given presents.Both parties used to render each other definite material or moralsupport in significant moments of the life, be it a wedding, mourning,blood-blood taking, vengeance issues “Mama-dzudze” (foster father) instituteserved to the relations between the layers that were on various hierarchicbases of feudal society and to normal relations, approximation oftheir interests. The existence of this social institute should have been almostequally profitable for both parties.496

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriagiorgi anTelavaTurquli enis reformaramdenime aTeuli welia TurqeTis respublikis kulturulicxovrebis wina planze dgas enis reformis sakiTxi.es procesi cnobilia `enis revoluciis~ saxeliT(Dil Devrimi). igi yovelTvis iyo da dResac aris mwvavediskusiis sagani.reforma kanonzomieri Sedegia im istoriuli, socialur-politikurida kulturuli Zvrebisa, romelic pirdapirukavSirdeba TurqeTis revolucias da mustafa qemalaTaTurqis saxels. amdenad igi unda iyos Seswavlili daganxiluli erTis mxriv, politikuri, sociologiuri,kulturuli da religiuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT dasakuTriv lingvisturi mxaris – meore mxriv.1918 wels dawyebuli Turqi xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelimoZraoba dasrulda 1923 wlis 29 oqtombersTurqeTis respublikad gamocxadebiT. istorias Cabarda osmaleTisimperia. Tavisi struqturiT es imperia warmoadgendaislamur, Teokratiul, mravalerovan da mravalenovansaxelmwifos, romelic yovelTvis ganicdida arabuli dasparsuli kulturebis uZlieres gavlenas.respublikis pirvel prezidentad arCeul iqna mustafaqemal faSa, SemdgomSi `Turqebis mamad~ – Atatürk-ad wodebuli.igi iyo uaRresad ganaTlebuli, ramdenime ucxo enismcodne, warmatebuli samxedro sardali da mosaxleobaSifriad popularuli pirovneba. didi franguli revoluciisideebiT gatacebuli, bunebiT aSkara modernisti mustafaqemali, darwmunebuli iyo, rom religiaze dafuZnebuli saxelmwifoebisdro dasrulda. igi uaryofda qveyanaSi islamisuzenaesobas da mTlianad ewinaaRmdegeboda saxelmwi-32. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi497

fos marTvaSi islamis monawileobas. SemTxveviTi ar iyo,rom 1931 wels saxalxo-respublikuri partiis (erTaderTilegaluri partia maSindel TurqeTSi) yrilobaze miRebuliprogramis erT-erTi punqti iyo laicizmi, romelic gulisxmobdaqveynis farglebSi islamis moqmedebis mniSvnelobisZlier SezRudvas. qemalistebis azriT es iyo yvelaze`moxerxebuli~ gza Tanamedroveobisaken, TurqeTis dasavleTissamyarosTan adaptaciisaTvis. am gzaze svla niSnavdarig tradiciaze uaris Tqmas da mniSvnelovani socio-kulturulireformebis gatarebas, rasac aferxebda religiismsaxurTa avtoriteti da Zliereba.kapitalisturi ganviTarebis gzaze TurqeTisTvis seriozuldabrkolebas warmoadgenda saukunovani CamorCenilobaganaTlebis mecnierebis, yofacxovrebis da kulturis sferoebSi,rac, bunebrivia, Zlier amuxruWebda muslimuri saxelmwifosdasavleTis samyaroSi integracias. laicizmi moiazrebodaqveynis modernizaciis safuZvlad. muslimuri kulturistipi, misi religiuri cnobierebiT, Zlier gansxvavdebodadasavluri, bevrad ufro Ria kulturuli koncefciisagan.albaT amiT aixsneba muslimi xalxebis kulturuliizolacia. `muslimebs ar gaaCniaT sxva klasikuri kultura,garda im kulturisa, romelic Camoyalibda islamiT, maT arhqondaT iseTi kulturuli pirobebi, romlebic safuZvladdaedeboda pirovnebis humanistarul aRzrdas~. 1erovnuli saxelmwifos arsebobis axal pirobebSi(mustafa qemalma uaryo osmaleTis imperiis plurieTnikurimodeli `eri – saxelmwifos~ ideis sasargeblod: erTieri, erTi ena, erTi kultura), rodesac nacionalizmi gaxdayvela socialuri fenis mobilizaciis mTavari saSualeba,qemalistebma miznad daisaxes nacionalizmis `gaTavisufleba~religiis gavlenisagan, radgan, rogorc aRiniSna, religiaiyo umTavresi xelisSemSleli faqtori dasavleTiskulturul sivrceSi integraciis procesSi. saWiro iyo1 M.-A. Akinci. Les Pratiques Langagières Chez les Immigres Turcs en France, –http://www.bleublancturc.com/Franco-Turcs/MehmetAli/Mehmet_Ali.htm.498

kardinaluri reformebis gatareba. erT-erTi aseTi reformaswored enis reforma unda yofiliyo. magram mustafa qemalsdasWirda ramdenime weli imisTvis, rom daewyo enisrevolucia (4 weli anbanis revoluciis dasawyebad da 9 –sakuTriv enisa). mas kargad esmoda Tu ra reaqcia moyvebodaopoziciiT waqezebuli mosaxleobisagan am WeSmaritadrevoluciur nabijs: igi aRqmuli iqneboda rogorc uZvelesikulturuli tradiciebis uaryofa da islamis faseulobebzeuaris Tqma. magram swored am tradiciebis gaqrobaiyo misi upirvelesi mizani. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom kultismsaxurebma igi ereTikosad `monaTles~.reforma mustafa qemalma daiwyo maSin, rodesac mTlianadakontrolebda qveyanaSi politikur situacias. igi absoluturaddarwmunebuli iyo, rom erovnul saxelmwifosunda hqonoda sakuTari erovnuli ena da msgavsad ekonomikuri`kapitulaciebisa~ unda gamqraliyo lingvisturi kapitulaciebic.msoflioSi albaT iSviaTad moiZebneba am masStabis reformisanalogi. reforma Tavidanve mimdinareobda saocarisiswrafiT, radikalizmiT da xelisuflebis, ufro zustad,piradad mustafa qemalis zewoliT. igi uSualod akontrolebdareformis msvlelobis process. enis reforma man piradsaqmed aqcia. unda iTqvas, rom saerTod Tavisi miznebisgasaxorcieleblad igi xSirad erTpirovnulad moqmedebda,ar erideboda arc muqaras da arc Zalis gamoyenebas. naTqvamisdasadastureblad sakmarisia mcire amonaridis motanamisi gamosvlidan 1926 wlis 8 agvistos erovnuli krebissxdomaze, rodesac man ganmarta is mizezebi, romlebmac ai-Zules mowinaaRmdegeTa mocileba: `me var TurqeTi. visacsurs damangrios, mas surs TurqeTis dangreva... sisxli daiRvara.es aucilebelia: revolucia, romelic ar aris daRvrilsisxlze dafuZnebuli, yovelTvis uSedegoa. me gavuZRvebiCem xalxs vidre misi nabijebi ar gaxdeba Zlierida igi ar dainaxavs gzas. maSin igi SeZlebs Tavad marTosTavisi Tavi. Cemi mizani miRweuli iqneba da mec movcildebi499

mas, magram mxolod amis Semdeg~. 1 es gamosvla dakavSirebuliiyo 1926 wlis izmiris SeTqmulebis monawileTa gasamarTlebasTan.maSin ramdenime pirs sasamarTlom sasjelisumaRlesi zoma – sikvdili miusaja, xolo danarCenebs sxvadasxvavadiT patimroba. dasjilTa Soris aRmoCdnen misiuaxloesi TanamebrZolebi, generlebi qiazim karabeqiri, fuadfaSa, refeT faSa, romelTac sicocxle SeunarCundaT. 2ramdenime ucxo enis Cinebulad mcodnes, mustafa qemalskargad esmoda, rom Turquli erovnuli saxelmwifosmSeneblobis procesSi mniSvnelovani adgili enis radikalurcvlilebebs unda daekavebina.osmaleTis imperiis mravalsaukunovani arsebobis man-Zilze, saxelmwifoSi gabatonebuli iyo klasikuri arabulida sparsuli enebi. sulTnis kari, saxelisuflebo institutebi,feodalur-klerikaluri wreebi saxelmwifo da saeklesiosaqmianobas awarmoebdnen e.w. osmalur enaze(osmanlıca), romelic Camoyalibda qveynis oficialur enad.es iyo arabulis, sparsulisa da Turqulisagan Sedgeniliena, romelSic sakuTriv Turquli elementi (leqsikur-gramatikuli)nulamde iyo dayvanili. 3 es xelovnurad Seqmniliena iTvleboda `maRali stilis enad~ (fasih türkçe).arabuli da sparsuli kulturebis gavlena Turqebzeimdenad didi iyo, rom Turquli ena vercerT sferoSi vergaxda saxelmwifo da kulturis ena 4 . es gavlena, ZiriTadad,ori mimarTulebiT mimdinareobda 5 : pirveli – arabulsparsulileqsikur-gramatikuli elementebis sesxeba cocxalimetyvelebis saSualebiT (teritoriuli kontaqtebi,ekonomikuri kavSirebi da sxv.); meore – Turqi tomebisprogresuli islamizacia (ara ugvianes XI saukunisa). swo-1 www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/turquie.2 m. svaniZe. TurqeTis istoria. Tb., 2007, gv. 232.3 Agah Sırrı Levend. Türk Dilinde gelişme ve sadeleşme savhaları. Ankara, 1949,gv. 12.4 Agah Sırrı Levend. Türk Dilinde gelişme ve sadeleşme savhaları, gv. 6.5 Л. Н. Старостов, Из истории становления турецкого литературного языка/Османский период/. М., 1965, gv. 16.500

ed islamma iTamaSa gansakuTrebuli roli arabul-sparsulileqsikis gavrcelebis saqmeSi. prof. n. dmitrievi wers,rom `islamma, romelmac Secvala Zveli Samanizmi, ZlieridaRi daasva Turqul leqsikas~ 1 .yuranTan erTad TurqulSi Semovida arabuli anbani daarabuli ena, rogorc religiis, samarTlis da mecnierebiserTaderTi ena. rac Seexeba sparsuls, igi gabatonda poeziasada xelovnebaSi. sakuTriv Turquli (salaparako) gamoiyenebodaadgilobrivi problemebis (soflebSi) mogvarebisas.es ena, romelsac uxeSi, primitiuli, mdabioTa ena (kabatürkçe) ewoda, TurqeTSi osmanlıca-s paralelurad arsebobda.man Semogvinaxa xalxuri ena da SesaniSnavi, WeSmaritaderovnuli literatura mdidari folkloris saxiT.paralelurad moqmed am or enas Soris imdenad didida Rrma ufskruli gaCnda, rom maTze mosaubreebs interkomunikaciapraqtikulad ar SeeZloT. igi absoluturad gaugebariiyo aramarto Turqi glexisaTvis da gaunaTlebelimoqalaqisaTvis, aramed arabuli da sparsuli enebis kargadmcodne Turqsac ki uWirda am enaze kiTxva da saubari.XIX saukunis orientalisti vamberi aseT suraTs aRwers:`Turqi msaxuri Tavisi Turqi batonis, efendis kabinetSiyurs ugdebda mis saubars Turqul enaze meore ganaTlebulTurqTan da... araferi esmoda~. 2arabuli da sparsuli enebidan nasesxebi da enaSi damkvidrebulileqsikur-gramatikuli elementebis mozRvavebamZime realobad iqca sakuTriv Turquli enisaTvis. enisadmifeodaluri da religiuri elitis amgvarma damokidebulebamganapiroba is faqti, rom XVI-XIX saukuneebSi Turqulienis leqsikuri fondis TiTqmis 90% ucxo, umTavresadarabul-sparsuli leqsikisagan Sedgeboda. mas droTa man-Zilze emateboda osmaleTis imperiis sxva saxelmwifoebTanTu xalxebTan kontaqtebis Sedegad sxva enebidan nasesxebileqsikac (berZnuli, italiuri, franguli, germanuli, som-1 Н. К. Дмитриев. Турецкий язык. М., gv. 26.2 Н. К. Дмитриев. Турецкий язык. М., gv. 11.501

xuri, inglisuri da sxv.).Turquli enis purifikaciis cdebi (Tumca uSedego)SeiniSneba ukve XV-XVI saukuneebSi. gansakuTrebiT aqtiuradibrZodnen enis gamartivebisaTvis (sadeleşme) Tanzima-Tis periodis moRvaweebi, romlebic moiTxovdnen radikalurireformebis gatarebas ganaTlebisa da administraciisdargSi `am reformebma, – wers ebraeli mkvlevari u. heidi,– osmanTa portis istoriaSi axali era Seqmnes”. 1enis problema miuxedavad calkeuli cdebis Tu tendenciebisagadauWreli rCeboda, rac pirdapir kavSirSi iyoarabuli anbanisa da enis batonobasTan, maT ~wmindanobas-Tan~ da amdenad xelSeuxeblobasTan. arabuli asoebis umravlesobaar miesadageboda Turqul enas. aRsaniSnavia, romosmalurSi arabuli anbani garkveulad saxecvlili Semovidairanidan beqTaSiebis derviSTa ordenis meSveobiT. sparselebma,romlebmac islami Turqebze ramdeninime saukuniTadre miiRes, arabul anbans daumates ramdenime aso-niSani(ufro sworad – saxe ucvales) im bgerebis gadmosacemad,romlebic arabulisTvis ucxo iyo, xolo sparsulisaTvis– bunebrivi. amgvari saxiT (ukve arabul-sparsuli) anbaniTurqulSi iqna gadmotanili, ramac Tanamedrove TurqulsSeuqmna (rbilad rom vTqvaT) warmoudgeneli uxerxuloba.es uxerxuloba gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom arabulidan Tusparsulidan Semosuli sityvebi Turqebma Tavis fonetikurnormebs dauqvemdebares da Sedegad Seiqmna kidev ufro mZimeviTareba. arabuls aqvs sami (mokle da grZeli) xmovani.amaTgan grZeli xmovani iwereba, xolo mokle – ara, Tumcaarsebobs diakritikuli niSnebi, romlebic SeiZleba iyosgamoyenebuli maT gamosaxatavad. sparsuls aqvs eqvsi xmovani.is xmovnebi, romlebic gadmocemulia arabuli diakritikuliniSnebiT, rogorc wesi, ar iwereba. Turqul enaSirva xmovania da arabul-sparsul damwerlobas ar hqondamaTi gadmocemis saTanado saSualeba.rogorc wesi, xmovnebi osmaluri periodis Turqul1 U. Heyd. Language reform in modern Turkey. Jerusalem, 1956, gv. 10.502

teqstebSi `tradiciulad~ ar aRiniSneboda, rac Zlier ar-Tulebda am teqstebis gagebas. amis dasadastureblad moviyvanTsityva و و و و -s, romelic Sedgeba 4 arabuli aso V-`vav~-isagan. am sityvaSi or `v~-s pirvel da mesames (SevaxsenebTmkiTxvels, rom arabuli anbaniT dawerili teqstebiikiTxeba marjvnidan marcxniv) aqvs Tavisi sawyisi mniSvneloba,anu es aris Cveulebrivi Tanxmovani bgera `v~. racSeexeba darCenil or `v~-s, isini gadmoscemen xmovnebs. ker-Zod rigiT meore aris U (u), xolo meoTxe – O (o). essityva unda yofiliyo wakiTxuli rogorc VUVO (vuvo),anu teqstis wamkiTxvels unda scodnoda, rom saubariamdinare VUVO-ze (cimbiris erT-erT regionSi), sxvagvaradigi verasdros mixvdeboda, rom ras gamoxatavda es grafikuladerTnairi `vavi~. XIX saukunis osmaleTSi ramdenimejeryofila warmodgenili anbanis reformirebis proeqti,Tumca yoveli maTgani uaryofil iqna im motiviT, rom esiyo pirdapiri Tavdasxma islamze. muslimebisaTvis arabulianbani ar aris mxolod damwerlobis saSualeba. mistikuriswavlebis Tanaxmad, arabuli anbani, romelic, ganasaxierebsalahis- adamianis saxes, aris misi enac, gadmocemuli 28aso-niSniT. am niSnebSi moqceulia alahis-adamianis da maradisobisyvela saidumlo. amdenad marTlmorwmune muslimebisaTvisyuranis teqsti, ena da Srifti, romliTac gadmocemuliamisi teqsti, maradiulia da urRvevi. swored amitomdauSvebelia yuranis Targmani, misi kiTxva sxva enaze dagadmocema sxva anbaniT.Turquli enis reforma respublikur TurqeTSi sworedanbanis SecvliT daiwyo (mas cota xniT win uswrebdaarabuli cifrebis Secvla evropuliT). axal anbans undahqonoda SesaZlebloba zustad gadmoeca salaparako enisyvela bgera. igi ar unda yofiliyo osmaluri damwerlobismartivi transkrifcia. axali orTografia unda yofiliyofonetikuri, anu yvela sityva unda yofiliyo daweriliise, rogorc gamoiTqmeboda. 1928 wlis 1 noembers didmaerovnulma krebam daamtkica axali Turquli anbani, rome-503

lic laTinuri anbanis bazaze Seiqmna. axali anbani gamoqveynda3 noembers, xolo 1929 wlis 1 ianvridan TurqeTSiaikrZala arabuli anbanis gamoyeneba. 1931 wlis 23 dekembersqveynis kerZo da saxelmwifo skolebSi aikrZala arabulienis swavleba. amieridan arabuli iswavleboda mxolodstambolis universitetis literaturuli fakultetisTeologiis ganyofilebaze. 1 swored am faqultetma,romlis saTaveSi idga cnobili Turqi mecnieri Mehmet FuadKöprülü 1928 wlis ivnisSi gamoaqveyna RvTismsaxurebisprocesis Turqul enaze Sesrulebis proeqti. 2reformatorebis azriT axali anbani uTuod gaaadvilebdamosaxleobis swavlebas. am droisaTvis mosaxleobis mxolod10% kiTxulobda da werda arabulad. dawyebuli modernizaciisTeoriul safuZvlad arCeul iqna cnobilimwerlis da sazogado moRvawis Ziya Gök Alp-is Sromebi, romelTaavtori sazogadoebis reformirebis umniSvnelovanesetapad miiCnevda religiis `nacionalizacias~ 3 . misi azriTyvela religiuri wigni unda yofiliyo Targmnili Turqulenaze. Turquladve unda Sesrulebuliyo huTba (qadageba,romelic sruldeboda paraskevis didi locvis, msxverplSewirvisdResaswaulis da sxva gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisdros), radgan aravis Seswevs unari Cawvdes sakuTari religiisarsSi, mis siRrmeSi Tu ver waikiTxavs religiur teqstebsda ver moismens qadagebas mSobliur enaze. 4arabul anbanze uaris Tqma ar iyo mxolod enis `daqvemdebareba~axal fonetikur normebs. es aqti SeiZleba Sefasdesrogorc erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nabiji, gadadgmulixelisuflebis mier axali Turquli erovnebis Camoyalibebisgzaze da axal kulturul cnobierebaze gadasvla, racefuZneboda mustafa qemalis sityvebs: `kavSiri, romelic1 E. Rossi. Lariforma linguistica in Turchia. Oriente Moderno, 1935, XV, N 1.2 g. anTelava. Turquli saenaTmecniero sazogadoeba da Turqulisaliteraturo enis zogierTi sakiTxi. – macne, enisa da literaturisseria, 1975, N 4, gv. 103-109.3 g. anTelava. Turquli saenaTmecniero sazogadoeba da.., gv. 103-109.4 Agah Sırrı Levend. Türk Dilinde gelişme ve sadeleşme savhaları, gv. 334.504

aerTianebs erovnul sulsa da enas, sakmaod mtkicea. eniserovnuloba da misi simdidre erovnuli sulis ganviTarebisZiriTadi komponentebia. Turquli ena umdidresTagania.igi sakmarisia imisTvis, rom daxvewos suli. Turqma erma,romelmac SeZlo Tavisi teritoriis da damoukideblobisSenarCuneba, unda icodes, rogor gaaTavisuflos Tavisi enaucxouri batonobisagan~1932 wlis 12 ivliss aTaTurqis iniciativiT daarsdaTurquli saenaTmecniero sazogadoeba (Türk Dil Kurumu). amdRidan iwyeba mizandasaxuli meToduri brZola enis ucxoleqsikur-gramatikuli elementebisagan gawmendisaTvis (DilSavaşması). sazogadoebam miiRo programa, romelic miznadisaxavda Turquli enis yovelmxriv kvlevas. farTo mecnierulimuSaoba warimarTa sakuTriv Turquli enis sxvaTurqul enebTan Sedarebisa da maTi urTierTkavSiris dadgenis,Sesaferisi terminologiis da arabul-sparsuli gamoTqmebisTurquli ekvivalentebis SemuSavebis mimarTulebiT,imisTvis rom `mecnierebis da kulturis nebismiericneba xalxisTvis gasagebi gamxdariyo~ 1 .Tavisi aqtiuri moRvaweoba sazogadoebam daiwyo 1933wels. misi pirveli RonisZieba, – didi lingvisturi anketa(Büyük Dil Anketi) tardeboda 1933w. 12 martidan 2 ivlisamde.anketis CatarebaSi monawileoba miiRes gazeTebma, stambolisda ankaras radiom. raSi mdgomareobda es RonisZieba?yoveldRiurad sazogadoeba aqveynebda arabul da sparsulsityvebs, romelTaTvis unda daZebniliyo saTanadoTurquli Sesatyvisebi. saerTo jamSi gamoqveynda 105 sia,romelSic Setanil iqna 1382 sityva. 2 SemdgomSi anketis masalebisafuZvlad daedo Osmanlıcadan Karşılıklar Kılavuzu-s(osmaluris sapirispiro Sesatyvisebis leqsikoni) momzadebasada gamocemas. gamocemis saTauridan da Sinaarsidan Cans1 g. anTelava. Tanamedrove Turquli saliteraturo enis leqsikisreformis zogierTi sakiTxi. – saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiismoambe. XLVIII, N 1, 1967, gv. 241-246.2 E. Rossi. La riforma linguistica in Turchia. – Oriente Moderno, 1935, XV, N 1.505

lingvisturi reformis arsi da ZiriTadi mizani: Turqulienis `gaTavisufleba~ arabuli da sparsuli sityvebisagan.saerTod 1933-1934 wlebi miCneulia enis reformaSiukiduresi purizmis periodad. (unda iTqvas, rom puristebsZlier daupirispirda opozicia, romelsac enis reformisgansxvavebuli xedva hqonda. es dapirispireba mwvave politikurdiskusiaSi gadaizarda razec saubars am SemTxevaSiTavs varidebT). am dros mimdinareobda intensiuri muSaobaTurquli sityvebis Segrovebaze anatoliisa da rumeliisteritoriaze. amisTvis momzadda da mosaxleobas daurigdaaTasobiT anketa-baraTi, romlebSic respondentebs unda CaeweraTama Tu im regionis xalxur metyvelebaSi `SemorCenili~Turquli sityvebi, maTi Sesatyvisebi osmanlijaSi daSeZlebisdagvarad moecaT ilustracia. 1933 wels 8 TvisganmavlobaSi sazogadoebam miiRo 125988 baraTi. baraTebiSesaswavlad gadaeca stambolis saSualo skolebSi swavlebiskomitets. komitetis rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebiTsazogadoebam gamosca Turquli dialeqtebis leqsikonissamtomeuli (Türkiyede Halk Ağzından Söz Derleme Dergisi).paralelurad mimdinareobda Zveli teqstebis SerCevada kvleva. am samuSaos mizani iyo moZvelebuli da daviwyebulisityvebis `gacocxleba~. kvlevas axorcielebda saSualoskolis da universitetis 30 profesor-maswavlebeli.SerCeuli teqstebi dawerili iyo rogorc Turqul, asevearabul da sparsul enebze. es iyo Zveli divanebi, leqsikonebi,zRaprebi, SemorCenili legendebis Zveli redaqciebi.am samuSaos Sedegad mopovebuli masala safuZvlad daedodidi leqsikonis Tarama Dergisi-s gamocemas.gamocemul leqsikonSi Segrovda arabuli, sparsuli dasxva ucxo sityvebis 30000-mde Turquli Sesatyvisi, romelicSekrebilia ara marto anatoliuri Turqulidan, aramedsxva Turquli enebidanac: oRuzuridan, yivCaRuridan, Ca-Ratauridan, alTauridan, azerbaijanulidan, Turqmenulidanda yirgizulidan. am uzarmazari samuSaos mizani iyo imleqsikuri bazis momzadeba, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdida506

saukuneebis manZilze enaSi damkvidrebuli arabuli da sparsulisityvebis Tu gamoTqmebis Secvlas sakuTriv Turquli(öz türkçe) substitutebiT. am substitutebs Turquli saenaTmecnierosazogadoeba Semdegi saSualebebiT poulobs:1. Zveli Turquli sityvebis aqtualizacia;2. dialeqtizmebis da sxva Turquli enebidan aRebulisityvebis `Semoyvana~ saliteraturo enaSi;3. axali sityvebis Seqmna morfologiuri saSualebiT(afiqsacia);4. axali sityvebis Seqmna sintaqsur-morfologiuriprincipiT (kompozitebi);5. ucxo leqsikis `gaTurquleba~.mokled SevCerdeT am jgufebze. winaswar SevTanxmdeT,rom terminebi `neologizmebi~, `axali sityvebi~ zogjerar Seesabameba terminis namdvil mniSvnelobas, radgan maTididi raodenoba enaSi bevrad adre arsebobda, Tumca SeqmniliviTarebis gamo daviwyebas iyo micemuli. (samwuxarod,werilis moculoba ar gvaZlevs sailustracio masalis yovelTvisCvenebis SesaZleblobas).Zveli Turquli sityvebis aqtualizacia: saukuneebismanZilze `miviwyebuli~ Zveli Turquli sityvebi reformebisSedegad enas ubrundeba. amaTgan bevri sxva Turquli enebidanacaris aRebuli. maTi ricxvi sakmaod didia. yvela es sityvakonteqstiTurT fiqsirebulia Turquli saenaTmecnierosazogadoebis mier momzadebul da gamocemul leqsikonSi. 1dialeqtizmebis `Semoyvana~ saliteraturo enaSi: reformisprocesSi saliteraturo enaSi damkvidrda dialeqtizmebismniSvnelovani raodenoba, romelTa popularizaciaSididi roli iTamaSes Tanamedrove Turqma mwerlebma. amfaqtma ganapiroba am leqsikis gamoCena radios, presis,uwyebaTaSorisi mimoweris enaSi. dRes saliteraturo enaSidialeqtebidan Semosuli leqsikis arseboba normalur movlenadaris miCneuli. es leqsika Setanilia Turquli enis1 XIII Yüzyıldan Günümüze kadar Kitaplardan Toplanmış Tanıklarıyla Tarama Sözlüğü,I–IV.507

dialeqtebis leqsikonSi im adgilebis miTiTebiT, sadac Caweriliqnaesa Tu is sityva. 1 unda aRiniSnos, rom dialeqtebidansaliteraturo enaSi Semosuli sityvebi xSiradicvlian Tavis pirvandel mniSvnelobas. ufro xSiria mniSvnelobisdaviwroebis SemTxvevebi.). mag. ışıldak – brwyinvale,moelvare, naTeli – gaxda proJeqtori; ergene – 1.maRaro, sabado; 2. mTagrexili enaSi – mkvidrdeba rkinissabados mniSvnelobiT da sxv.axali sityvebis Seqmna morfologiuri principiT (afiqsacia):afiqsacia sityvawarmoebis yvelaze produqtuli ZiriTadixerxia. `afiqsaciis meSveobiT, – wers J. vandriesi,– sityvebis ricxvi gramatikuli TvalsazrisiT, ulevia. 2cocxali, produqtuli sufiqsebis garda axali neologizmebisSeqmnis procesSi, reformtorebma `gaacocxles~da intensiurad gamoiyenes miviwyebuli, e.w. araproduqtulisufiqsebi, romelTagan zogierTi nasesxebia sxva Turqulienebidan an dialeqtebidan. am sufiqsebiT Seqmnili sityvebisraodenoba imdenad didia, rom maTi aRniSvna termin`araproduqtuliT~ dRes ukve umarTebuloa. es sufiqsebia:-a 2 ç/-ı 4 ; -a 2 /-ı 4 t; -v/-a 2 v; -a 2 l/-ı 4 l; -s(a) 2 l/-s(ı) 4 l; -tay; -m(a) 2 n; -a 2 y da sxv. am sufiqsebiT nawarmoebi sityvebis didi jgufiTavisi aSkara xelovnurobis gamo, xSir SemTxvevaSi mosaxleobisaTvisgaugebari iyo, ramac aiZula reformatorebimoemzadebinaT da gamoecaT specialuri leqsikonebi, romlebSicganmartebuli iyo es sityvebi. reformis procesSiSeqmnili `axali~ sityvebi - neologizmebi (maT Soris afiqsaciisprincipiT nawarmoebi) fiqsirebulia Cvens mier Sedgenilda gamocemul leqsikonebSi 3 da amitom Tavs vikavebTmagaliTebis Cvenebisagan.axali sityvebis Seqmna sintaqsur-morfologiuri prin-1 Türkiyede Halk Ağzından Söz Derleme Dergisi, T,D.K., I-III.2 Ж. Вандриес. Язык. М., 1937, gv. 178.3 Краткий турецко-русский словарь „новых слов“. Составитель Г. И. Антелава.Тб., 1978; Турецко-русский словарь. (неологизмы). Составитель Г. И. Антелава.Тб., 1985.508

cipiT (kompozicia): am jgufis neologizmebis (arsebiTi saxelebi)Sesaqmnelad gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva sintagmebi:arsebiTi saxeli arsebiTTan, zedsarTavi saxeli arsebiTTan,damxmare sityva arsebiTTan, ricxviTi saxeli arsebiTTan:garda CamoTvlili tipebisa arsebobs rTuli sityvebis sxvatipebic: mimReoba mimReobasTan, damxmare sityva mimReobasTan,arsebiTi saxeli mimReobasTan da sxv. am wesiT Seqmnili daenaSi damkvidrebuli sityvebis raodenoba sakmaod didia.ucxo leqsikis `gaTurquleba~: calke aRniSvnis Rirsiaaxali sityvebi, romelic miRebulia zogierTi ucxosityvis `gaTurqulebis~ xerxebiT da radgan es erTob ucnauradgveCveneba, mogvyavs ramdenime ilustracia. kerZod:1. ucxo sityvis fonetikuri transformaciaokul – skola (fr. école)nomal – normaluri – (fr. normal)geçiv – satira – (ar. hiciv)belleten – krebuli, Jurnali – (fr. bulletin)ırkıl – 1. winaswarmetyveli, orakuli; 2. qurumi –(fr. oracle)2. ucxo sityvis Turquli sityvamawarmoebeli sufiqsiTgaformebaakılcı – racionalisti – (ar. akıl+cı)cinsel – 1. sagvareulo; 2. sasqeso – (ar. cins+selfuZiseuliTanxmovani amovarda)cebirsel – algebruli (ar. cebir+sel)yetsiz – uZluri – (ar. yet+siz)zmnebis Sesaxeb. reformis procesSi Seiqmna zmnebis didiraodenoba. ZiriTadad es aris sinTeturi warmoebisrTuli zmnebi. rac Seexeba martivfuZian zmnebs, romelTaricxvic agreTve didia, xSir SemTxvevaSi maTi fuZe emTxvevaZireuli zmnidan nawarmoeb saxels da amdenad saqmegvaqvs meorad warmoebasTan. mag.: ayrış – danawevreba (ayrış –ayırmak); bağınmak – damorCileba (bağın – bağmak); dergimek– Sekreba, Segroveba (dergi – dermek) da sxv.enis reformis Sedegebi. reformam mis dawyebiT stadi-509

aze mosaxleobis (Tu ar CavTvliT opzicionerebs) didi en-Tuziazmi gamoiwvia, rasac aZlierebda mustafa qemal aTa-Turqis aqtiuri monawileoba mis gatarebaSi. Tumca es en-Tuziazmi sul male dacxra da dRis sinaTleze gamoCnda issirTuleebi, romelic reformatorebisTvis TiTqos moulodneliaRmoCnda da amdenad maTi daZlevis gzebi TurqulsaenaTmecniero sazogadoebas SemuSavebuli ar hqonia. cxadigaxda, rom axali sityvebis didi raodenoba mosaxleobisaTvisufro gaugebari iyo vidre bevri arabuli da sparsulisityva, romlebic Turqulma Seisisxlxorca da xalxiscnobieirebaSi Turqul sityvebad moiazreboda. maTi gandevnaenidan, rasakvirvelia, umarTebulo iyo, rac drom daadastura.uamravi axali sityvis gavrceleba, xSir SemTxvevaSiver xerxdeboda imis gamo, rom maTi mniSvneloba mogoniliiyo, damyarebuli raRac `fantastikur~ etimologiaze, romliTacreformatorebi cdilobdnen maTi `Turqulobis~ dasabuTebasda enaSi maT damkvidrebas 1 . Sedegad, gaCnda er-Tgvarad xelovnuri ena, romelic gasagebi iyo puristi reformatorebisviwro wrisTvis. am xelovnur `enas~ `mogonili~ena (uydurma) Searqves. bolos Tavad saenaTmecnierosazogadoebamac aRiara, rom moxda Zlieri gadaxra da, romidea enaSi damkvidrebuli yvela ucxo (arabuli da sparsuli.reforma ar Sexebia evropeizmebs) sityvis Secvla sakuTrivTurquli neologizmebiT araswori gamodga. sainteresodetali 1934 wlis ganmavlobaSi (ukiduresi purizmisdros) aTaTurqi Seecada ramdenimejer Tavis gamosvlebSigamoeyenebina `axali ena~, magram 1935 wlidan isev daubrundatradiciul metyvelebas. 2miuxedavad amisa, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, romreformam udidesi gavlena moaxdina ara mxolod enis, aramedmTlianad kulturis ganviTarebis procesze. Tamamad Se-1 Erik Jan Zürcher. La théorie du “langage-soleil” et sa place dans la réforme de lalangue turque. – www.iisg.nl/staff/ezu.php.2 Falıh Rıfkı Atay. Çankaya Atatürk’ün Doğumundan Ölümünr kadar. İstanbul. 1968,gv. 47.510

iZleba iTqvas, rom enis reformiT daiwyo Turquli kulturulicnobierebis transformirebis procesi.laTinur (fonetikur) anbanze gadasvlam mowyvitaTurquli samwerlobo ena osmalur tradicias da arabulsparsulgavlenas da daaaxlova igi salaparako enasTan.aman mkiTxvels misca saSualeba Tavisuflad waekiTxa ucnobisityvebic ki, rac praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo osmaluriorTografiiT dawerili teqstebis kiTxvisas. axali anbanisSemoRebam (xSirad ZaldatanebiT) gaaadvila da daaCqaramosaxleobis masiuri alfabetizacia (mosaxleobaSi wera-kiTxvisucodinarTa raodenoba 1923 wels iyo 80%,1980 wels – 30%, xolo 1995 wels – 19%.anbanis reformam sagrZnoblad Seaferxa panislamuriakulturacia da daaCqara kulturuli nacionalizmis procesi.bunebrivia, ibadeba kiTxva: rogor Seicvala Turqulisaliteraturo enis leqsika? TanzimaTis Semdgom periodSividre 1939-ian wlebamde gamocemuli sxvadasxva Turqi mwerlisliteraturuli nawarmoebebis leqsikis Seswavla cxadyofs,rom am nawarmoebebSi dafiqsirebuli Turquli sityvebisraodenoba Seadgens 35-40%. 1 1920-ian wlebSi es procentiumniSvnelod izrdeba. 1940-1950-iani wlebisTvis igi aRwevs50-60%, xolo dRes es procenti asulia 80-85%-mde.bevrad ufro maRalia sakuTriv Turquli sityvebis ricxvimecnierebis (reformatorebis) SromebSi, sadac igi meryeobs90-98% Soris, rac miuTiTebs maT aSkara tendenciurobaze.Turquli leqsikis dRevandel standarts avtorebi(ZiriTadad Jurnalistebi) mkacrad da erTgvarovnad armisdeven. igi umeteswilad orientirebulia mkiTxveliskulturul donesa da profesiul codnaze. aRsaniSnavia isgansxvavebac, romelic arsebobs salaparako enaSi. reformisSedegebi naklebad aisaxa soflis mcxovrebTa ufrosi TaobismetyvelebaSi, romelSic jer kidev Warbadaa arabuli dasparsuli sityvebi. mosaxleobis am nawilma xSirad arc1 Ömer Asım Aksoy. Gelişen ve özleşen Dilimiz. Ankara, 1975, gv. 89.511

icis axali sityvebis mniSvneloba da amdenad mis mier es`axali~ sityvebi praqtikulad ignorirebulia. bunebrivia,drois manZilze es gansxvaveba TandaTanobiT qreba. axaliTaoba swavlobs dRevandel enas, am enaze saubrobs da wers.igi sxvagvarad afasebs Turqul kulturul kapitals, monawileobsqveynis `erovnul revoluciaSi~ da qmnis axalerovnul cnobierebas, rac aaxlovebs mas dasavleTTan.GIORGI ANTELAVATHE REFORM OF THE MODERN TURKISHLANGUAGEThe language reform is one of the most widely and at the same timemost heatedly discussed problems in modern Turkey. This reform isnot only an interesting attempt to change the Turkish language deliberatelyand methodically; it is also an integral part of an important manifestationof the social, political and cultural transformation which has takenplace in Turkey. The linguistic changes can only be understood in correlationwith the simultaneous development of Turkish society. Owing tothis dual aspect, the Turkish language reform may be of interest not onlyto the Turkologists, but also to the historians and sociologists. The Turkishlanguage reform, initiated by the first president of the Republic –Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, has been one of the important steps directed towardsthe formation of the new Turkish nation and its transformation tothe new cultural consciousness.512

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriap o l i t o l o g i a, s o c i o l o g i a,f s i q o l o g i aguram abesaZeTanamedrove saqarTvelos politikurikulturis demokratiuli tranziciisparadigmebiTanamedrove saqarTvelos politikuri sistemis demokratiulitranziciis erT-erT upirveles process politikurikulturis donis amaRleba warmoadgens. politikurikultura mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens politikuri procesebismdgrad ganviTarebasa da demokratiul modernizaciaze.amitom, sociumis politikur-kulturuli TviTdamkvidrebapolitikuri sistemisa da reJimis stabiluri funqcionirebisada legitimurobis upirvelesi faqtori unda gaxdes.qarTuli politikur-kulturuli sivrcis demokratiulitranzicia Zalze rTuli procesia da garkveuli mimar-TulebebiT Rrma cvlilebebs moiTxovs. es cvlilebebi ZiriTadadSemdegi paradigmebis saxiT SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:politikuri pragmatizmi. politikuri tranziciis pirobebSipolitikuri procesebis marTvisa da demokratiulipolitikuri reJimis damkvidrebis upirvelesi faqtoria politikuripragmatizmi. igi gansazRvravs politikuri kulturisdemokratiul-tranzitul procesebs: 1. politikuricxovrebis iseTi modelis Seqmnas, romelic realurad ganapirobebsdemokratiul politikur procesebs, politikuriwesrigis instituciur mdgradobasa da politikuri reJimisstabilurobas; 2. adamianebisa da politikuri aqtorebisunars Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenon politikuri situacia33. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi513

da warmarTon sakuTari interesebi ise, romelic uzrunvelyofssaerTo erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv progress.politikur kulturaSi pragmatizmi realuri interesebisada miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis politikuri sivrcisdemokratiul transformacias gulisxmobs. individebida politikuri subieqtebi demokratiul politikur kulturaSipolitikuri Tanacxovrebis reJims sargeblianobisprincipebze ageben, romelSic sworad iqneba gaazrebuli individualurida saxelmwifoebrivi interesebi. politikuripragmatizmis formireba uzrunvelyofs racionaluri sargeblianobisprincipis ganxorcielebas; igi politikuri re-Jimis iseT tips amkvidrebs, romelic gansazRvravs adamianispolitikur TavisTavadobasa da sakuTari nebiT moqmedebas. 1politikuri pragmatizmi qarTul politikur sivrceSiuzrunvelyofs: 1. politikuri kulturizaciis TavisufladganviTarebasa da realur politikur situaciasTan maT Sexamebas;2. sakuTari kulturul-inteleqtualuri potencialissrulyofilad gamovlenas, romelic ganapirobebs politikurisargeblianobis damkvidrebas; 3. viwro klanurida partiuli interesebis daZlevas da saxelmwifoebrivipolitikuri keTildReobis wina planze wamowevas.politikuri legitimacia. demokratiuli tranzitispirobebSi politikuri kulturis formireba moiTxovs politikuristruqturebis legitimaciis principebis ganxorcielebas.tranziciis procesSi politikuri legitimurobaniSnavs:1. politikuri sistemis institutebisa da struqturebisfunqcionirebas moqalaqeTa interesebisa danebis gamoxatvis safuZvelze;2. politikuri elitis formirebas demokratiuliprincipebisa da samarTlianobis dacvis Sedegad;3. politikuri xelisuflebis danawilebasa da gamijvnas,maT arCevas saarCevno kanonmdeblobis mkac-1 Г. А. Альмонд, С. Верба. Гражданская культура и стабильность демократии. –«Полис». №6, 1992, gv. 128.514

ad dacvis safuZvelze;4. politikuri pluralizmis ganxorcielebas da adamianTainteresebis gamoxatvas;5. adamianTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis dacvas;6. eleqtoratis racionaluri arCevanis unaris TandaTanobiTdamkvidrebas.saqarTveloSi politikuri legitimurobis principebizogjer ar xorcieldeboda; xSirad politikuri elitisnebis safuZvelze irRvevoda saarCevno kanoni da uaryofiliiyo eleqtoratis interesebi, rac iwvevda krizisulsituaciebs; tranzituli procesi ar midioda demokratiulilegitimaciis principebis dacviT. aseTma procesebmaadamianebSi daamkvidra pasiuri politikuri moqmedebebisformebi, nihilizmi da pesimizmi.politikuri legitimuroba adamianebs gamoumuSavebspolitikur situaciaSi damoukidebeli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebisunars, politikuri procesebis racionalurad gaazrebisada Semecnebis SesaZleblobebs, romelic TavisTavadgarkveul politikur-inteleqtualur kulturas saWiroebs.demokratiul politikur kulturaSi legitimuroba aqtiurdamoukidebel da gaazrebul moqmedebebs gulisxmobs.politikuri marTvis kultura. tranziciis periodSipolitikuri kulturis formireba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebulipolitikuri procesis marTvis kulturisTandaTanobiT gamomuSavebaze. politikuri marTvis kulturapolitikuri Zalauflebis mqone institutebis efeqtian mu-Saobas gulisxmobs:1. isini unda iyvnen legitimurad damkvidrebulebi;2. aqtiur zemoqmedebas axdendnen politikuri procesebistransformaciaze;3. SeeZloT urTierTSeTanxmebuli muSaoba;4. hqondeT kulturul-inteleqtualuri komunikaciasociumTan;5. cdilobdnen erovnuli konsolidaciisa da TanxmobismiRwevas.515

politikuri Zalauflebis mqone institutebsa dastruqturebs legitimuroba met uflebebsa da pasuxismgeblobasaniWebs. amitom, isini yovelmxriv unda cdilobdnenpolitikuri marTvis Sinagani kulturis srulyofas. politikurmarTvaSi gansakuTrebiT saWiroa profesionalizmi,radganac politikuri gadawyvetilebebi mTel socialurprocesebze axdens gavlenas da Tavisi arsiT met moqnilobas,risks, SemarTebas, inteleqts, manevrirebas, xelovnebasda situaciur moqmedebebs gulisxmobs.politikuri marTva moiTxovs SemecnebiT da racionalur-SemoqmedebiTgaazrebebs, problemebis uaRresad Rrmaglobalur Seswavlas. amitom, politikuri liderebis Ser-Ceva da daniSvna unda xdebodes sajaroobisa da legitimurobisprincipebis farTod gamoyenebis safuZvelze. igi uzrunvelyofs:1. politikuri liderebis SerCevas profesionalurobisada kompetenturobis principiT;2. politikuri lideris an xelmZRvanelis SecvlassamarTlebrivi principebis gamoyenebiT;3. liderebisa da xelmZRvanelebis pasuxismgeblobisamaRlebasa da maT kompetentur muSaobas.politikuri marTvis kulturaSi Zalze mniSvnelovanimomentia dialogisa da kompromisebis gamomuSavebis kultura.politikuri procesi Tavisi specifikurobiT aucilebladsaWiroebs politikur dialogsa da kompromisebis gamoyenebisxelovnebas, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos sayovelTaoerovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi Tanxmoba. politikuridialogi ufro obieqturad da realurad gamoavlens dapirispirebulimxareebis Sexedulebebs, maT moTxovnebsa dainteresebs, romlis safuZvelzec SeiZleba miRweul iqnaskonsensusi da erovnuli Tanxmoba.politikur-kulturuli integracia. tranzitul periodSidemokratiuli politikuri kulturis formirebisprocesi TandaTanobiT iwvevs sazogadoebaSi politikurkulturulRirebulebaTa Tanabar ganawilebasa da sazoga-516

doebis sayovelTao integracias. saqarTveloSi politikuricvlilebebi TavisTavad iwvevs politikur-kulturuli Rirebulebebisada orientaciebis Secvlas, zogjer maT urTierTdapirispirebas.es procesi metad rTulia da winaaRmdegobrivxasiaTs atarebs, rasac zogjer xels uSlis zogierTilatenturi politikuri Zala. politikur-kulturuliintegrireba axali qarTuli saxelmwifos ganmtkicebisaucilebeli pirobaa.integrirebuli demokratiuli politikuri kulturisZiriTad Tvisebad saerTo erovnul-politikuri Tanxmoba dakonsesusi unda miviCnioT; misi TandaTanobiT damkvidrebadamoukidebelia:1. politikuri Zalebis ganlagebasa da TanamSromlobaze;2. politikuri elitis legitimur funqcionalur-SemoqmedebiT rolze;3. sazogadoebaSi politikur-kulturuli Rirebulebebisinteriorizaciis procesze.erovnul-politikuri integraciis done gansazRvravsdemokratiuli gardaqmnebis temps, RirebulebiTi orientaciebisSecvlas, politikuri azrovnebisa da moqmedebebispluralizmis damkvidrebas.qarTul sinamdvileSi politikur ZalTa urTierTdamokidebulebisagresiuli formebi da politikuri dialogisiracionaluri foni jer-jerobiT xels uSlis saerTo erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivkulturul integracias. gansxvavebuliazrisa da Sexedulebebisadmi damokidebuleba aSkaradupavtivcemulobis formiT vlindeba da konsesusis SeuZleblobaSiaisaxeba. sazogadoebaSi zogjer miuRebeli xdebapluralizmi da dialogi, romelic erovnul-kulturuliintegraciis miRwevisaTvis metad saSiSi faqtoria.politikuri azrovnebisa da TviTcnobierebis kultura.demokratiuli tranzitis pirobebSi erT-erT upirveles amocanaswarmoadgens politikuri azrovnebisa da politikuriTviTcnobierebis kulturis amaRleba; isini gansazRvraven po-517

litikur sivrceSi politikuri wesrigisa da stabilurobisformebs, politikuri transformaciis orientaciebsa da prioritetebs.adamianis cnobierebis transformacia ufro rTuliada Zalze neli tempiT mimdinareobs. mis Secvlas mTeliistoriuli epoqa sWirdeba da Zalze bevr garegan faqtorebzeadamokidebuli. tranziciis pirobebSi instituciurcvlilebebTan erTad unda icvlebdes azrovnebis stilic. 1politikuri azrovnebis kultura ori mimarTulebiTvlindeba:1. politikuri azris gamoxatvis Ria formebi, SemoqmedebiTida SemecnebiTi procesebis Tavisufalistili;2. gansxvavebuli azrisadmi pativiscema da loialuridamokidebuleba.politikuri TviTcnobierebis kultura gulisxmobssakuTari interesebis, miznebisa da orientaciebis inteleqtualurgaazrebas; misi mizania individis TviTdamkvidrebada TviTrealizacia, politikuri rolis gansazRvra. politikuriTviTcnobiereba individis Sinagani kulturizaciissafuZvelia, romlis pirobebSic mimdinareobs sakuTari SesaZleblobebisada unaris TviTSemecneba. damoukidebeli politikuriazrovnebisa da TviTcnobierebis gareSe SeuZlebeliasabolood ganxorcieldes demokratiuli tranziti,radganac igi aris individis TviTgansazRvris da TviTaqtivizaciissafuZveli.politikuri procesebis institutizacia. demokratiulipolitikuri kulturis damkvidrebis tempi da racionalurimimdinareoba arsebiTad damokidebulia politikuriprocesebis institutizaciis doneze. am mxriv qarTulitranziti Zalze sustia da mniSvnelovan srulyofas saWiroebs.politikuri institutebis sisuste ganapirobebskrizisuli situaciebis, umarTavi da qaosuri movlenebiswarmoSobas. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos simyare ori mimar-1 Д. В. Ольшанский. Трансформация человеческого сознания. – «Полис». №3,1991, gv. 53-56.518

TulebiT SeiZleba Sefasdes:1. politikuri institutebis stabilurobiTa damdgradobiT ;2. am institutebis mier TavianTi funqciebis SesrulebiT.orive am kriteriumiT qarTuli saxelmwifo sustia,romlis gamoxatulebaa xelisuflebis konstituciuri gziTgadacemis uunaroba. amasTanave, qarTuli politikuri institutebigansakuTrebiT aramdgradia sxva tranzitulqveynebTan SedarebiT. qarTuli inteleqtualebi am sakiTxsxsnian arasaxelmwifoebrivi mentalitetiTa da individissaxelmwifo institutebisadmi gaucxoebiT. 1gansakuTrebiT umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa politikuriinstitutebisadmi gaucxoebis procesis daZleva. adamianebiar endobian politikur institutebs da ZiriTadad liderebzearian orientirebulni, romlebic Tavisi qarizmatuliTvisebebiT gamoirCevian. aseTi negatiuri procesi gamowveuliapolitikur ZalTa urTierTdamokidebulebis dabalipolitikuri kulturiT, romelic gamoixateba agresiulobasada upativcemulobaSi; xSiria politikur ZalTauxeSi urTierTdapirispirebis tendenciebi, rac iwvevs adamianTagaucxoebas am Zalebisadmi. amitom, maTi Rirebulebi-Ti orientaciebis gamomxatvel imedad mxolod qarizmatuliTvisebebis mqone liderebi rCeba. xelisuflebis monacvleobacam faqtorzea damokidebuli, romelmac SesaZlebeliayovelTvis ar moitanos pozitiuri Sedegi.politikuri sivrcis institutizaciis dabalma donempolitikuri procesebis transformacia liderebis sakonkurenciobrZolad gadaaqcia, romelic qarTuli saxelmwifosganviTarebisaTvis yovelTvis ar aris misaRebi; isini gansxvavebuliorientaciebiTa da poziciebiT gamoirCevian daxSirad cvlian TavianT RirebulebiT koncefciebs; es iwvevspolitikuri sazogadoebis dabneulobasa da am liderebisadmidapirispirebas. saboloo Sedegi SesaZlebelia iyos1 saxelmwifoebrioba da usafrTxoeba. Tb., 2006, gv. 87-91.519

politikuri nihilizmi da pesimizmi. amitom, qarTuli politikurisivrce instituciur kulturizacias moiTxovs,romelic politikuri wesrigis upirvelesi pirobaa.politikuri ideologiis rolis amaRleba. demokratiulitranzitis politikur orientaciebsa da prioritetebspolitikuri ideologia gansazRvravs; igi aris RirebulebaTasistema da politikuri Tanacxovrebis koncefciurimodeli, romelic Tavis ganviTarebaSi erovnulma saxelmwifomairCia. igi gamoxatavs sociumis, politikuriinstitutebisa da organizaciebis, erisa da saxelmwifosinteresebs, miznebs, Sefasebebs da RirebulebiT orientaciebs.misi ganviTarebis saerTo done mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravsdemokratiuli politikuri kulturis sistemaSi politikurSexedulebaTa, SefasebaTa da orientaciaTa koncentraciasada sistematizacias axdens; igi aCqarebs erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivintegraciasa da aRmavlobas. 1tranzitis pirobebSi gansakuTrebiT didia saxelmwifoebrivipolitikuri ideologiis roli, romelic aRiarebulida legitimuri unda iyos politikuri sazogadoebisumravlesobis mier. saxelmwifoebrivi politikuri ideologiismizania politikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTad Rirebuleba-Ta, orientaciaTa da prioritetul mimarTulebTa gamokve-Ta, sazogadoebis politikuri integracia, erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivigaTiSulobisa da dezorganizacis Tavidan acileba.tranzitul periodSi misi roli gansakuTrebiT undagaizardos, radganac saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri institutebisada politikuri Zalebis SeTanxmebuli da koordinirebulimuSaoba saxelmwifoebrivi politikuri ideologiisgareSe ar arsebobs; misi saSualebiT unda moxdespolitikur funqciaTa ganawileba, erovnuli Tanxmobis miRweva,individisa da sociumis politikuri socializacia.politikurma ideologiam unda SeZlos sazogadoebis adaptaciademokratiuli politikuri kulturuli Rirebule-1 А. Ахизер. Идеология – предмет науки, наука – элемент идеологии – ОНС. t.I. 1991, gv. 83;520

ebisadmi da gadaaqcios igi individis Sinagan moTxovnilebad;man unda SeZlos sazogadoebis politikuri gaucxoebisada TviTgaucxoebis daZleva, politikuri gardaqmnebisaTvisindividisa da sociumis mobilizeba. 1politikuri liderebis politikuri kulturis formireba.tranzitul sazogadoebebSi politikuri procesebisganviTarebis temps didad gansazRvraven politikuri liderebi;maTi roli krizisul da eqstremalur situaciebSi gansakuTrebiTmniSvnelovania. RirebulebaTa cvlilebebis pirobebSipolitikuri lideri gamokveTili aqtoris rols asrulebsda gansazRvravs prioritetebs. politikuri lideristips SeuZlia politikuri tranziti racionaluri an iracionalurimimarTulebiT warmarTos. amitom, politikuri liderisfenomeni tranziciis procesSi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria.qarTul sinamdvileSi politikur liderTa garkveulinawili progresul rols asrulebs da aCqarebs politikurtransformacias, magram aris iseTi politikuri lideristipebi, romlebic mxolod viwro klanur-partiuli principebiTmoqmedeben; isini xels uwyoben sazogadoebaSi politikurinihilizmis, sayovelTao agresiuli tonalobisa damtris xatis sindromis gavrcelebas. tranziciis periodSipolitikuri lideris tipi ganapirobebs politikuri cvlilebebisprogresulobas. progresuli politikuri lideriaCqarebs politikur demokratiul gardaqmnebs, axdens sazogadoebismobilizacias da amkvidrebs azrTa pluralizms.tranzitis pirobebSi zogjer pozitiurad unda miviCnioTlideris mmarTvelobiTi avtokratuli stili, radganackrizisuli da eqstremaluri situaciebi riskian politikurgadawyvetilebebs moiTxovs. lideris pirovnuli Tvisebebieqstremalur situaciebSi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobasiZens; amitom, aseT viTarebaSi qarizmatuli niSnebi kidevufro gamokveTilad Cans; politikuri lideris mizanswrafvagansakuTrebulad zemoqmedebs politikuri sazogadoebis1 g. abesaZe. politikuri kulturis formirebis paradigmebi gardamavalpolitikur sistemaSi. – politika. #2, 1999, gv. 70.521

aqtiurobaze, romlis safuZvelzec yalibdeba erTiani erovnulipolitikuri neba.demokratiuli politikuri lideris tipis formirebazeori ZiriTadi faqtori axdens gavlenas:1. politikuri situacia, tranziciis done da tempi,politikuri Zalebis ganlageba da sazogadoebisfsiqologiur-emociuri Taviseburebebi, romelsacmocemuli politikuri viTareba gansazRvravs;2. politikuri lideris Sinagani politikuri kulturisdone, romelic inteleqtualobasa da mentalobaSigamovlindeba.lideris kulturul-inteleqtualuri Tvisebebi gansakuTrebulzemoqmedebas axdens sazogadoebis poitikuri socializaciisprocesze, romelic miznad isaxavs politikuridemokratiuli Tanacxovrebis modelis Seqmnas.demokratiuli tranzitis ganxorcieleba ori faqtorisgaTvaliswinebis gareSe SeuZlebelia:1. SenarCunebulii iqnas erovnuli tradiciebi daRirebulebebi, erovnuli mentaloba da kulturul-inteleqtualuriTanacxovrebis wesebi;2. liberalur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebis damkvidrebamar unda gamoiwvios erovnuli kulturulitradiciuli Tanacxovrebis moSla, romelic yovelTvisgamoirCeoda Tavisi Semwynarebluri datolerantuli principebiT. istoriulad qarTuliTanacxovrebisaTvis ucxo iyo totalitarizmi daagresiuloba.humanizmi, individualizmi, Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTicxovreba, tolerantoba, urTierTpativiscema – qarTveladamianSi mudam stereotipis formas iRebda. samwuxarod,zogjer cdiloben daamkvidron Tanacxovrebis iseTi standartebi,romelic qarTuli mentalobisTvis sruliad ucxoda miuRebelia. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqiilia II Tavis saSobao epistoleSi (2007w.) ambobs:`unda gavacnobieroT, rom Seteva xorcieldeba TiToe-522

uli adamianis azrovnebaze, amitomacaa yoveli Cvenganis gulida goneba am brZolis asparezi. esa Tu is pirovneba anrCeba qarTvelad, an Tavisi Sinagani sisustisa da mimbaZvelobisgamo, icvlis RirebulebaTa sistemas~.demokratiuli politikuri kulturis damkvidrebaerovnuli TavisTavadobis principebs emyareba; eri Taviskulturul-inteleqtualur Tanacxovrebas istoriul-tradiciulRirebulebebze agebs, romelic politikuri kulturiserovnuli modelis formas iZens. qarTuli politikuritranziti miznad isaxavs tradiciuli politikurikulturis elementebis SenarCunebasa da ganmtkicebas. am mimarTulebiTwinaaRmdegobebi saxezea, rogorc qveynis Signidan,ise garedan, magram qarTuli kultura da TviTmyofadobaTavis erovnul formasa da principebs mkveTri transformaciispirobebSi yovelTvis inarCunebda.Tanamedrove politikur-kulturuli tranzitis mizaniaqarTveli adamianis Tanamedrove kulturul-inteleqtualuritipis formireba, romelSic upirvelesi prioritetiiqneba saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba; politikuri eri esaris saxelmwifoebrivi eri, romlis politikuri moRvaweobasasicocxlo politikuri sivrcis SenarCunebas emsaxureba.politikur-erovnuli sivrcis demokratiuloba damoukidebelisaxelmwifos TviTdamkvidrebas unda daemyaros.523

GURAM ABESADZETHE PARADIGMS OF DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION ON THEMODERN GEORGIAN POLITICAL CULTUREThe political culture of the present Georgia is undergoing a democratictransition. The process of transition can be established by the followingparadigms: securing the political pragmatism, which is a functional factorof a democratic-political regime and culture, a gradual generation of theruling culture of the political processes improving the political competenceand professionalism; political-cultural integration and national consolidation;raising the culture of the political consciousness and self-awareness,the social political-cultural self-assertion; institution of political processesand ensuring their stable functioning; raising the role of the political ideologyin the transition process and forming a national-state ideology; heighteningthe political culture level of the political leaders. The aim of a democratictransition of the political culture in present-day Georgia is raisingthe cultural-intellectual level of an individual whose very first (main) prioritywill be the state interests and values.524

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriakaxi kopalianisuiciduri motivebi klasikurifsiqoanalizis TvalsazrisiTklasikuri fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria eTanxmeba suicidurimoqmedebis interpretacias, romelic TviTmkvlelobiscnebaSi Sedis. am SemTxvevaSi saubaria autoagresiuliaqtis Sesaxaeb. Tumca is erT mniSvnelovan siaxlesac Seicavs:suicidis aqtSi mniSvnelovani aqcenti axlo adamianisrolze keTdeba. obieqtis dakargvaze (es termini farTe gagebiTaxlo adamianis ara marto faqtobriv dakargvas aRniSnavs,aramed mis mimarT imedgacruebasac da a.S.), depresiiskenmidrekili adamiani, Tavidan siZulviliT reagirebs.Tumca misgan Tavis dacva ucebve uwevs, ramdenadac mocemuladamians ar SeuZlia obieqtze uaris Tqma. dacva xorcieldebaregresiis saSualebiT, gancdebis oralur formaze,dakarguli obieqtis gadaylapvis fantaziiT. SemdgomSixdeba obieqtis identifikacia subieqtis pirovnebasTan. si-Zulvili, romelic pirvelsawyisad mimarTulia dakargulobieqtze, exla miemarTeba TviTon (TviTobis) obieqtis winaaRmdeg,e.i. sakuTari personis winaaRmdeg.Tumca sadao gaxda is sakiTxi, rom depresiuli afeqtiara imdenad siZulvilSi da mZvinvarebaSi gamoixateba, ramdenadacbraleulobis gancdaSi, ipoqondriul sifrTxileSida gaRatakebis SiSSi. abrahami da rado 1 amas imiT xsnian,rom warmosaxviTi gadaylapvis procesi misi sadistur-hanibalurimaxasiaTeblis ZaliT ganicdeba rogorc, dasaZraxisaqcieli. uizdomi 2 amatebs, rom obieqtis dakargva ukvewinaswar aRiqmeba, rogorc provocirebuli aqtiuroba (me1 S. Rado. The Problem of melancholia. – Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 9, 1928, gv. 154-165.2 J. O. Wisdom. Die psychoanalytischen Theorien uber die Melancholie. – Jb. Psychoanal.,4, 1967, gv. 102-154.525

imitom ara var gabrazebuli rom dedam mimatova, aramed meiseTi gabrazebuli viyavi rom dedam mimatova) da sworedes iwvevs braleulobis gancdas. rado (rado 1928) 1 da fenixeli2 ki klinikur masalaze dayrdnobiT amtkiceben, romdepresiis dros adgili aqvs ara marto ze-me agresias, Tvi-Tobis obieqtze mimarTuls, aramed obieqti aseve nawilobrivkavSirSi modis ze-mesTan da amgvarad TviTobis obieqtiswinaaRmdeg miemarTeba (`dualuri introeqcia~).suiciduri moqmedeba klasikur TeoriaSi gagebulia,rogorc depresiuli dinamikis saboloo Sedegi. `arc erTinevrotiki ar ganicdis TviTmkvlelobis im zraxvas, romelsacis ar mimarTavda sakuTar Tavze sxvisi mokvlis impulsidan~.3 am formiT, TviTobaSi obieqtis ganadgureba xdeba,xolo TviToba sakuTari danaSaulis gamosyidvas sikvdiliTaxdens.Sesabamisad, klasikuri fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria depresiaSida mis dasasrulSi – TviTmklelobaSi, uwinaresyovlisa agresiis konfliqtis gadaWras xedavs; swored amaspeqtiT Sevida is literaturaSi, romelic suicidisproblemebs eZRvneba. am Teoriis CarCoebSi momuSave avtorebi,fsiqoTerapiis SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, suicidiskenmidrekili adamianis daxmarebis SesaZleblobebsganixilaven, Tumca Teoriis arsebobis miuxedavad, suiciduripacientebis fsiqoTerapia Zalian rTulia, rac iribadimaSic gamoixateba, rom literaturaSi ZiriTadad aRweriliamxolod Terapiuli samsaxurebis organizebis principebi(ndobis telefoni, deprsiul mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebiskonsultireba, suicidis daZlevis centri da sxva.).fsiqoTerapiul meTodTa Soris pirvel rigSi ganixileba ismeTodebi, romlebic konfliqtebis gverdis avliT xorcieldeba,magaliTad, autogenuri varjiSebi, daxmareba gareproblemebis gadaWraSi da a.S. magram rogorc ki saubari1 S. Rado. The Problem of melancholia. – Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 9, 1928, gv. 172-192.2 O. Fenichel. The psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis. New York 1945, gv. 47-70.3 S. Freud. Zur Einleitung der Selbstmord-Diskussion. 1910. G. W. VIII, gv. 34.526

kauzalur psiqoTerapiaze, konfliqtebis gadamuSavebaze iwyeba,sakiTxi bundovandeba da xdeba nawilobriv polipragmatulian gulwrfelad pesimisturi. es ramdenadme ucnauradgamoiyureba, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT imas, rom arsebobsmkafio da sayovelTaod aRiarebuli Teoria. maS ibadebakiTxva: raSia saqme – agresiis konfliqtis gadamuSavebaaZalian rTuli, Tu Teoriaa Zalian martivi?tipiuri suiciduri motivebi. avtorTa nawili, romlebicTavianT muSaobaSi ZiriTadad fsiqoanalitikur meTodsiyeneben, gacnobierebuli suiciduri motivebis an maT konstelaciebTandakavSirebuli dakvirvebebis aRweras axdenen.am avtorTa Teoriuli msjeloba suicidaluri fsiqodinamikiscalkeuli dargebis axsnis saSualebas gvaZlevs, Tumcayovlismomcveli Teoriis SemuSavebis saSualebas ar iZleva.magaliTad, zilbergi, 1 hendini, 2 kubi, 3 Stengeli 4 suicidentebTansaubris safuZvelze maTi gacnobierebuli motivebisSesaxeb da sxva araverbaluri da verbaluri qcevis formebiskonteqstSi im fantaziebze akeTeben daskvnebs, romlebicsuicidur moqmedebaSi gadaiRvara. meTodur damokidebulebaSipraqtikulad ar xdeba imis gaTvaliswineba, rom aseTifantaziebi an motivebi ukve ama Tu im zomiT daeqvemdebarenmeorad gadamuSavebas da fsiqodinamukuri procesissaboloo produqts warmoadgenen, e.i. isini damaxinjebuliformiT namdvil motivacias asaxaven. amiT aixsneba mravalgvariklasifikacia da maTi abstraqciis gansxvavebuli xarisxi.Tu gadavxedavT, ra fantaziebs an motivebs aRwerenzemoxsenebuli avtorebi, miviRebT aseT sias:1 G. Zilboorg. Differential Diagnostic Types Of Suicide. – Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 35,1936, gv. 270-291.2 H. Hendin. The Psychodynamics of suicide. – J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 136, 1963, gv.236-244.3 L. S. Kubie. Multiple Determinants of Suicide. – J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 138, 1964, gv.3-8.4 E. Stengel. Neuere Forschungsarbeiten uber das Selbstmordproblem. Frankfurt. 1965,gv. 123-132.527

internalizebuli obieqtis mkvleloba; autoagresia; monaniaeba, TviTdasja; SurisZieba, samagieros gadaxda; agresiuli daZabulobis ganusjelad acileba (ka-Tarsisi); situaciaze sruli Zalaufleba, aqtiuri gafrTxileba; faqtobrivi realizacia emociurad ukve Sesrulebulifaqtisa (e.i. `sikvdilisa~); bavSvobaSi dabruneba; kontaqtis Zieba, zogjer regresiuli saSualebiT(sarisko TamaSi); gardacvlil adamianTan mierTeba, simbioturi damokidebulebebissurvili, eqstazi, Tavganwirva; morCileba, gaqceva; ganaxleba, aRorZineba, axali cxovreba.mocemuli sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT es sia mniSvnelovaniaimiT, rom CamoTvlil motivTa Soris agresiis konfliqtisavsebiT naTelia, da mainc maTi nawilis, kerZodki bolos moxsenebulTa interpretacia, rogorc suicidurizraxvebis gamoxatuleba daZabulobis gareSe SeuZebelia.suicidis tipiuri motivebis klasifikaciaze momuSaveavtorTa Soris, erTiani Teoriuli midgomis SeqmnaSi azr-Ta principuli sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs. l. kubi sxvadasxvagvarifsiqodinamikuri meqanizmebis arsebobis Sesaxeb gamoTqvamsvarauds. is erTiani Teoriis Seqmnis SesaZleblobaskategoriulad uaryofs. 1 sxva avtorebi zogadi TeoriisSeqmnas ki cdiloben, magram uars amboben sxvadasxvagvar`motivTa tipiuri konstelaciis~ sasargeblo unifikaciaze.magaliTad, g. zilbergi eWvis qveS ayenebs im azrs, rom internalizirebuliobieqtis mkvleloba suiciduri fsiqodi-1 L. S. Kubie. Multiple Determinants of Suicide. – J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 138, 1964, gv.115-132.528

namikis erTerT tips warmoadgens. misi varaudiT SesaZloasuicidis mcdeloba aseve Sesustebuli me-s `paradoqsalurTviTganmtkicebas~ warmoadgendes. is yuradRebas amaxvilebsimaze, rom subieqtur da sociokulturul damokidebulebebSisuicidur moqmedebebs aqvs arqaul-ritualuri Tvisebada gansxvavebul xalxTa tradiciebis Sedarebis aucileblobazemetyvelebs. 1msgavsi mcdeloba gamoiyena h. hendinma. man Caatara suicidurifenomenis farTo eTnofsiqologiuri kvleva skandinaviisqveynebSi (TviTmkvlelobaTa umniSvnelo raodenobanorvegiaSi daniasTan da SvedeTTan SedarebiT _ 7,5 Sem-Txveva daaxloebiT 22 SemTxvevis winaaRmdeg 100 000 macxovrebelze).2 es fenomeni kidev ufro sayuradReboa imiT,rom borotmoqmedebis, alkoholizmis, ganqorwinebis donismixedviT mocemuli qveynebi erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdebian.kvlevebSi hendinma gamoiyena fsiqoanalitikuri interviusteqnika. misi interesebis sferoSi pirvelyovlisa moeqcawarmodgenebi da fantaziebi sikvdilze da sikvdilis Semdegmdgomareobaze. man mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba aRmoaCina aRniSnulsam qveyanas Soris. fsiqoanalitikur teqnikasTanerTad, sakuTari dakvirvebis gamtkiceba hendinma Sesabamisiqveynebis literaturis kvlevebiT scada. amisaTvis yuradRebamiapyro ara marto dramebs, aramed karikaturebsac,folklors da qalTa Jurnalebsac. samive qveynidan TiToeulSi25 suicidaluri pacienti gamoikvlia. Sedavebaze,rom cdispirebis raodenoba Zalian cotaa, hendini pasuxobs,rom misi azriT, TviTon dakvirvebis faqti ufro mniSvnelovania,vidre maTi raodenoba. 3hendinma fsiqodinamikuri terminebis gamoyenebiT, aRniSnulsam qveyanaSi siucidTan mimarTebaSi arsebuli ganxvavebebiaRwera, romlebic erTis mxriv, agresias, brale-1 G. Zilboorg. Differential Diagnostic Types Of Suicide. – Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 35,1936, gv. 154-163.2 H. Hendin. The Psychodynamics of suicide, gv. 236-244.3 H. Hendin. The Psychodynamics of suicide, gv. 236-244.34. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi529

ulobis gancdas, warmatebaze da miRwevaze mimarTebulobasda dasjis meTodebs miekuTvneba, magram, garda amisa, iTvaliswinebeniseT aspeqtebsac, rogoricaa damikidebuleba,daxmarebis pasiuri miRebisken midrekileba, sqesTa SorisurTierToba da sxva. 1am kvlevaTa Sedegebis mixedviT danielebi aRwerilia,rogorc pasiurebi, ganSorebis mimarT hipermgrZnobiareni,agresiis daTrgunvisken midrekilni, sxvebSi braleulobisgancdis gamowvevis efeqturi teqnikis mflobelni. SvedebiSedarebiT adreul asakSi aSoreben sakuTar bavSvebs dedebisagan.maT miRwevasTan mimarTebaSi naTeli molodini gaaCniaTda amasTan erTad pativmoyvareobis waxalisebas agresiismkacri kontroliT axdenen. norvegielebi aseve axdenen damoukideblobiswaxalisebas, magram sakuTar Tavs ufro metiemociis uflebas aZleven, isini nakleborientirebulniarian warmatebaze da warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi TviTdasjasacnaklebad mimarTaven. 2hendinis azriT suicidisken midrekilebas swored esfsiqosocialuri maxasiaTeblebi gansazRvraven. danielebisaTvisdamokidebulebasTan da danakargTan dakavSirebulisuicidis tipia damaxasiaTebeli, SvedebisaTvis – miRweveb-Tan, norvegielebisaTvis – moralTan; sxvagvarad, romvTqvaT, danielebisaTvis mniSvnelovan rols ganSorebis motiviTamaSobs, SvedebisaTvis _ miRwevis frustraciis motivi,xolo norvegielebisaTvis _ antisocialuri qcevisagresiis gamo braleulobis gancdis motivi. 3ufro zogadi motivis saxiT, hendini gamoyofs suicidentisyovlisSemZleobis gancdas TviTmkvlelobis gziTnebismier situaciaze aqtiuri zemoqmedebis SesaZleblobiT.am SemTxvevaSi mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs mkvlelobis impulsebisinversiaTa cnobili agresiuli aspeqtebis gverdiT gan-Sorebisa (zogjer gaTamaSebuli) da ukeTes samyarosTan Se-1 H. Hendin. The Psychodynamics of suicide, gv. 236-244.2 H. Hendin. The Psychodynamics of suicide, gv. 236-244.3 H. Hendin. The Psychodynamics of suicide, gv. 236-244.530

erTebis da aRorZinebis Sesaxeb fantaziis aqtiuri gafr-Txileba. is yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom warumateblobis(marcxis) Semdeg TviTdasja miuniSnebs muqaris grandiozulobaze.1es saintereso namuSevari SeumCneveli namdvilad ardarCenila, Tumca miuxedavad amisa literaturaSi misi SesabamisiSefaseba mainc ar momxdara. ZiriTad es mis meTod-Si eWvis Setanas ukavSirdeba. SesaZloa, miRebuli Sedegebisintegrirebas isic arTulebdes, rom h. hendini bundovnadgadmogvcems sakuTar Teoriul sistemas. marTalia amis gamomisi gakritikeba Znelia, magram rTulia misi miRebac.r. litmani da n. tabaCkini suicidur moqmedebaSi adaptaciisprocess xedaven: Seguebis Cveuli sqemebi garkveulsituaciebSi axal realobas ver ergeba. suiciduri moqmedebaki axali adaptaciis mcdelobas warmoadgens. mas mivyavarT`fsiqosocialur moratoriumTan~ (eriqsonis cneba),e.i. Sesvenebis Tavisebur formasTan, romelsac uzrunvelyofsnebismieri suiciduri moqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelisocialuri mowodebis aSkarad gamoxatuli Tviseba. fsiqosocialurimoratoriis Teoria pirvel yovlisa gamoricxavsagresiul problematikas. axali Seguebis sababs warmoadgenswarumatebloba realur cxovrebaSi, romelic daurwmuneblobisada identurobis safrTxesTan erTad narcistulproblemasac exeba. aRwerilidan gamomdinaremTlad gasagebi ar aris is, Tu rogor midian avtorebi imdaskvnamde, rom suicidis fsiqodinamika Seesabameba depresiisklasikur fsiqoanalitikur dinamikas. fsiqosocialurimoratoriumis suraTi ki, mainc, wasvlis, gaqcevis, dabrunebis,mierTebis, simbiozis da a.S. fantaziaTa axsnas iZleva,aseve aRorZinebis da axali cxovrebis Sesaxeb fantaziis,rogorc raRac TviTmyofadisa. 2fenomenaluri struqturuli analizi. calkeuli av-1 H. Hendin. The Psychodynamics of suicide, gv. 250-271.2 R. E. Litman. N. D. Tabachnick. Psychoanalytic Theories of Suicide. – In: H. L. P.Resnik (Ed): Suicidal Behaviors. Boston 1968, gv. 73-81.531

torebi cdiloben sxvadasxva suiciduri moqmedebebis fenomenologiidangaakeTon daskvnebi tipiuri motivebis, zraxvebis,tendenciebis da maTi urTierTmoqmedebis Sesaxeb, e.i.motivaciuri struqturis Sesaxeb. msgavsi saxis erTerTpirvel magaliTad SeiZleba k. miningeris naSromi dasaxeldes.is miiCnevs, rom TiToeul suicidur moqmedebaSi SesaZlebeliasami tendenciis aRmoCena: mokvlis survili, moklulad yofnis survili, mkvdrad yofnis survili.meningeri mTlianad imyofeba suiciduri moqmedebis agresiuliaspeqtis STabeWdilebis qveS. 1 suicidentebTanfsiqikur procesTa ambivalentobis da maTi socialuri zemoqmedebisSeswavlis ZiriTadi damsaxureba pirvel rigSi e.Stengels ekuTvnis. 2 ukve didi xania cnobilia da es faqticspecialur literaturaSi Sevida, rogorc TviTmkvlelobisdemonstraciuli mcdelobis cneba an TviTmkvlelobismcdeloba, rogorc Teatrisa, rom suiciduri aqti, rogorcwesi, warmoadgens TviTmkvlelobis impulsis ara martomkafio da erTmniSvnelovan gamoxatulebas, aramed suicidalurimoqmedeba destruqciul motivebTan erTad asevekonstruqciuli motivebis gamoxatulebasac Seicavs. 3 esdakvirveba agresiis konfliqtis Teorias ar ewinaaRmdegeba.saubaria TviTmkvlelobis impulsebis interpretaciis Sesaxeb,romelTa arseboba eWvgareSea. e. Stengeli xazsgasmiTaRniSnavs zedetminaciis ideas, TviTngrevisa da TviTSenar-Cunebis motivTa mudmiv Serevas. 4 marTalia aseTi Semosaz-Rvra abstraqtulia, Tumca TiToeul konkretul SemTxveva-Si mainc SesaZlebelia ganxilva imisa, Tu rogor xdeba am1 K. A. Meninger. Man against Himself. New York, London 1938, gv. 50-57.2 E. Stengel. Neuere Forschungsarbeiten uber das Selbstmordproblem. Frankfurt 1965,gv. 99-112.3 E. Stengel. Neuere Forschungsarbeiten uber das Selbstmordproblem, gv. 123-132.4 E. Stengel. Neuere Forschungsarbeiten uber das Selbstmordproblem, gv. 123-132.532

motivTa Sereva.e. Stengelis dakvirvebas eTanxmeba v. fouerlaini. 1 iswarmogvidgens triadul models da TiToeul suicidurmoqmedebaSi mowodebis, autoagresiis da cenzuris (an pauzis)survilis tendenciebis arsebobas varaudobs.gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ukanasknel tendencias eniWeba.is SeiZleba advilad SeumCneveli darCes. yvelazexSirad ki Zilis survilSi gamoixateba. es tendencia sxvaavtorTa mierac msgavs formaSi iqna aRwerili. r. litmanida n. tabaCniki eriqsonis msgavsad `fsiqosocialuri moratoriumis~Sesaxeb saubroben, 2 v. baperti _ `gadarCenis~Sesaxeb, 3 e. Sneidmani _ `Sewyvetis~ Sesaxeb, 4 x. cvingmani_ `SeCerebuli azrovnebisa da usafrTxoebis mdgomareobis~Sesaxeb, 5 e. lungershauzeni _ `droebiTi sikvdilis~ Sesaxeb.6`mowodeba~ e. Stengelis mier gagebulia, erTis mxriv,rogorc daxmarebisa da kontaqtis Ziebis gamoZaxili, xolomeores mxriv _ rogorc SurisZiebis gamoxatuleba, gamo-Zalva, e.i. rogorc agresiis gamovlena. 7 amrigad, Tu mowodebistendencias davyofT destruqciul da konservatorulkomponentebaT, maSin foierlainis modeli mTlianoba-Si daemTxveva k. lindenis models, 8 romelic TiToeul suicidurqcevaSi or urTierTsapirispiro zraxvas ganixilavs,kerZod: erTis mxriv agresias da autoagresias, meoresmxriv _ mowodebas da gaqcevas.1 W. Feuerlein. Selbstmordversuch oder parasuizidale Handlug? Nervenarzt, 1971, gv.127-130.2 R. E. Litman. N. D. Tabachnick. Psychoanalytic Theories of Suicide, gv. 73-81.3 W. Bappert. Die Zunahme der Suicidversuche und ihre seelischen Hintergrunde.Frankfurt, 1965, gv. 78-12.4 E. S. Shneidman. Orientations toward Death. – In: H. L. P. Resnik (ed.): SuicidalBehaviors. Soston 1968, gv. 19-48.5 Ch. Zwingmann. Selbstvernichtung. Frankfurt. 1965, gv. 49-75.6 E. Luhgershausen. Selbstmorde und Selbstmordversuche bei Studenten. Hurthing1968, gv. 230-243.7 E. Stengel. Neuere Forschungsarbeiten uber das Selbstmordproblem, gv. 123-132.8 K. J. Linden. Der Sizidversuch. Stuttgart, 1969, gv. 47-58.533

ganxilvas saWiroebs Semdegi sakiTxi, xom ar igulisxmebasxvadasxva modelebSi da maT cnebebSi erTi da igive.magaliTad, Tu k. meningeris da v. foierlainis modelebserTmaneTs SevadarebT da mxedvelobaSi gveqneba, rom`mkvdrad yofnis survili~ sikvdilis ara realur Sedegebsgulisxmobs, aramed ufro fantazias warmoadgens daculobisda simSvidis Sesaxeb da a.S. maSin `mkvdrad yofnissurvilisa~ da `cenzuris, Zilis, pauzis, Sesvenebis da a.S.survilis~ cnebebiT SesaZlebeli iqneboda msgavsi tendenciebisaRwera. igive iTqmis k. lindenis gaqcevis tendenciisSesaxebac. gansxvaveba aq imaSi mdgomareobs, rom k. miningerisTvisjer kidev ar iyo cnobili mowodebis tendenciada rom, mkvdrad yofnis, gaqcevis da pauzis survilis Sesaxebsaubrisas, aucilebelia erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoTmkvdrad yofnis `maradiuli~ da `droebiTi~ survili.Tu k. lindenis models vaRiarebT (zemoxsenebuli SesworebebiT),maSin gamodis, rom tipiuri suiciduri moqmedebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelia motivis orpolusiani struqtura:agresiuli da libidoizuri swrafva Sesabamisad miemarTeba,erTis mxriv, sakuTari personis winaaRmdeg, xolomeores mxriv _ axloblebis winaaRmdeg.winasuiciduri sindromi. mniSvnelovani aRmoCena gakeTdae. ringleris mier, man triadis daxmarebiT aRwera _ Seviwroeba,agresiis inversiebi da suiciduri fantaziebi _sindromi, romelic pirovnuli tipisgan da ZiriTadi somaturian fsiqologiuri daavadebisgan damoukideblad winuswrebs yovelgvar suicidur moqmedebas. 1am aRmoCenas ara mxolod diagnostikur-prognostuliRirebuleba gaaCnia, aramed misi mniSvneloba aseve imaSimdgomareobs, rom wina suiciduri sindromi, rogorc Cans,asaxavs individualur da nozologiurad araspecifiur suicidalurfsiqodinamikas. 2 Tu ki sindromi ar warmoadgens1 E. Ringler. Der Selbstmord. Dusseldorf, 1953, gv. 43-45.2 H. Henseler. Die Bedeutung narzibtischer Objektbeziehungen fur Verstandnis undBetreuung von Suizidpatienten. – Z. Allgemeinmed., 46, 1970, gv. 505-510.534

specifiurs im gagebiT, rom suiciduri aqti SeiZleba darwmunebiTiwinaswarmetyvelo, is warmodgeba tipiurad, ramdenadacCveulebisamebr win uswrebs TiToeul suicidurmoqmedebas.agresiis Sekaveba Seneleba da inversia, aseve suicidurifantaziebi cnobil fenomenebs warmoadgenen. mniSvnelovandamatebas warmoadgens, rogorc aseTi, `sindromis bazisi~,Seviwroeba. Seviwroeba, romelic wyeniT, sasowarkveTilebiT,warumateblobiT aris gamowveuli ganviTarebis regresiultendencias warmoadgens, romelsac Tan axlavs ganviTarebisSesaZleblobis Sinagani da garegani (dinamiurida situaciuri) SezRudvebi, pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebisda RirebulebaTa obieqturi aRqmis regresiebi. regresiulitendenciebis safuZvlad devs _ Tu saubari nevrotulganviTarebas exeba _ `mZime nevrotizacia bavSvebSi~`daucveli me-s~ wamyvani simptomebiT. me-s am daucvelobisdaZleva mxolod nawilobriv aris SesaZlebeli. aseTi saxismcdelobebs warmoadgens, pirveli, adamianebze moWideba, meore,rigiduli da subieqturi idealebi, mesame, agresiisgandacva da meoTxe, gancdisa da qcevis regresiuli formebis,`SeviwroebaSi~ ganrideba.Seviwroebis cneba da misi genetikur-dinamiuri interpretaciaaxlos dgas narcisizmis Tanamedrove fsiqoanalitikuriTeoriis warmodgenebTan, Tumca suiciduri moqmedebisgagebisaTvis aq wina planze dgeba sakuTari Tavis pativiscemisgrZnoba, aseve warmatebuli an warumatebeli regulacia.analogiur daskvnebs aseve akeTebs h. fon Slifeni. 1obieqtTan mimarTebaTa specifikacia. axlo adamianTamniSvneloba suiciduri qmedebis ganviTarebaSi statistikuraddamtkicebulia jer kidev e. diurkheimis mier, xoloSemdgomSi xazgasmulia da dadasturebulia pirvel rigSi e.Stengelis mier. 2 froidi-abrahamis TeoriaSi `obieqti~ centraluradgils ikavebs, xolo nebismieri depresia obieq-1 H. v. Schlieffen. Der Suizidversuch. Clausthal-Zellerfeld, 1969, gv. 122-148.2 E. Stengel. Neuere Forschungsarbeiten uber das Selbstmordproblem, gv. 123-132.535

tis dakargvis Sedegs warmoadgens.Tumca depresiis an aeve suicidur moqmedebaTa gamosawvevad,aucilebeli araa obieqtis dakargava. z. froidi(1916) sakmaod detalurad iyo dakavebuli im sakiTxiT, Turomel obieqtTan urTierTobaSi obieqtis dakargva iwvevsdepresiul dinamikas da aRwevs TviTmkvlelobas. 1sucidis problematikaze literaturaSi suicidentebisobieqtebTan mimarTeba Cveulebisamebr aRwerilia, rogorcdamokidebuli, `moWidebadi~, simbioturi, oraluri, pasiurida mazoxisturi. es cnebebi nasesxevia swrafvis fsiqoanalitikuriTeoriisgan, Tumca isini arasakmarisia imisaTvis,rom erTmaneTisgan gaimijnos, regresiul instinqturi moTxovnilebebiTgamowveuli damokidebuleba da me-s umwifarimeqanizmebiT ganpirobebuli damokidebuleba, ufro sworadidentifikaciaze dafuZnebuli, umwifari mimarTebebi obieqtebTan.2am gansxvavebaze gansakuTrebiT miuniSnebs diuseni. mismier aRwerilia TerTmeti (raodenobrivad) 16-18 wlis gogonebi,romlebsac sicocxlis TviTmkvlelobiT dasrulebisseriozuli mcdeloba hqondaT, profesiul sferoSi identurobiskrizisis gancdasTan erTad dedisaTvis usayvarlesisrolis dakargvis gamo (magaliTad, axali bavSvis anSviliSvilis gaCenis gamo). aqamde gogonebi sakuTari dedisaTvisidentifikaciis gansakuTrebuli obieqtis rolSi gamodiodnen.kompleqsur urTierTobebSi maT yvelaferTan er-Tad, `prestiJis moTxovnileba da dedebis daukmayofilebelipativmoyvareoba unda daekmayofilebinaT~. roca yvelaferies uceb gaqra, maT sakuTari Tavi mitovebulad da ugulebelyofiladigvrZnes. 3diurseni ar iyenebda obieqtebTan narcistuli mimarTebiscnebas, magram is swored maT aRweras axdens. gogonebi1 S. Freud. Zur Einleitung der Selbstmord-Diskussion. 1910. G. W. VIII, gv. 78-90.2 E. Bibring. The Mechanism of Depression. New York 1968, gv. 13-48.3 Diusen. W. Bappert. Die Zunahme der Suicidversuche und ihre seelischen Hintergrunde.Frankfurt. 1965, gv. 78-122.536

sakuTar dedaTa narcistul obieqtebs warmoadgenen da piriqiT.obieqtebTan narcistul mimarTebaTa mniSvneloba suiciduripacientebis gagebisa da TerapiisaTvis konkretuliSemTxvevebis magaliTze aseve dadasturebulia henselerismier. 1KAKHI KOPALIANISUICIDAL MOTIVES FROM THE STANDPOINTOF CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYSISThe present work is devoted to the analysis of typical suicidal motivesfrom the standpoint of classical psychoanalysis which sees the solutionof the aggression and in its end – suicide. The article gives considerationsof the authors who while describing deliberate motives in their work mainlyuse a psychoanalytical method. It is maintained that the theoretical argumentationof these authors in spite of the explanation of particular fieldsof psychodynamics is unable to elaborate a comprehensive and all-embracingtheory because of opinion among the authors working at the classificationof the typical motives of suicide. The article also deals with the resultsof a wide ethnopsychological research of the suicidal phenomenonand the psychosocial characteristics determining a suicidal act.1 H. Henseler. Die Bedeutung narzibtischer.., gv. 505-510.537

538soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa serianestan lomaiaglobalizaciiis aspeqtebi warmosaxviTsazogadoebasa da religiaSitermini „globalizacia~ pirvelad gamoiyenes XXs. 80-ian wlebSi da igi calkeuli produqtebis bazrebis Serwymasgulisxmobda. globalizaciis erT-erTi pirveli ganmartebamartin elbrous ekuTvnis romlis azriTac, globalizaciamoicavs yvela im process, romelic msofliosxalxebs erT msoflio, globalur sazogadoebad gadaaqcevs.cnobili ingliseli sociologis entoni gidensis mixedviT,globalizacia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc msofliosocialuri urTierTobebis iseTi intensifikacia, romelicdaSorebul adgilebs erTmaneTTan iseTnairad akavSirebs,roca adgilobrivi movlenebiT yalibdeba aTasobiT milisiqiT momxdari movlenebiT da piriqiT. 1 germaneli mecnieriemanuel rixteri Tvlis, rom globalizacia es arisglobaluri qseli, romelmac adre izolirebuli da gafantulisazogadoebebi erT samyaros urTierTdamokidebulerTobad „SeaduRa~. 2globalizaciis mraval maxasiaTebels Soris erT-erTiZiriTadi da gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani misi deteritorizacia,anu saxelmwifo da erovnuli sazRvrebis moSlaa.Sesabamisad Zireulad icvleba saxelmwifos mniSvneloba daroli. Tu adre igi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mTavarisamoZravebeli Zala da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis faqtiuraderTaderTi regulatori iyo, globalizaciis procesisganviTarebis paralelurad misi mniSvneloba sagrZnobladmcirdeba. amaTanave es cvlileba exeba rogorc saxelmwifos,rogorc individualur erTeuls mTeli Tavisi rTuli1 Э. Гидденс. Социология. М., 1990, gv. 118.2 z. daviTaSvili. nacionalizmi da globalizacia. Tb., 2003, gv. 184.

da mravalferovani funqciebiT, ise saxelmwifoTa serTaSorisosistemas da Sesabamisad msoflio wesrigs. 1Tanamedrove socialuri cxovreba asocirdeba saxelmwifosTan,rogorc sazogadoebrivi qmedebebis faqtiuradyvela formis ganmsazRvrelTan. saxelmwifo gvesaxeba, rogorcyvelgan myofi da mudam arsebuli fenomeni, romelcaregulirebs cxovrebis pirobebs dabadebis registraciidansikvdilis cnobis gacemamde. xolo is, rom Tavis sazRvrebsSigniT igi Zalauflebis erTaderTi matarebelia, icavs wesrigsuzrunvelyofs ekonomikur, socialur da kulturulganviTarebas, ganaTlebas da janmrTelobis dacvas sayovel-Tao WeSmartebaa. nebismieri adamiani miekuTvneba romelimeers da cxovrobs gansazRvrul saxelmwifoSi. 2j. bailsi da s. smiti globalizaciis xuT sxvadasxvaSinaarsobriv datvirTvas ganasxvaveben:1) internacionalizacia, roca globalizaciaSi gulisxmobensaxelmwifoTa Soris kavSirebis gaaqtiurebasda sazRvrebis rolis ganuxrel Semcirebas;2) liberalizacia, rac gamoixateba saxelmwifoebriviSezRudvebis moxsnasa da SemcirebaSi saxelmwifoTa-Soris moZraobasa da gadaadgilebaSi, anu Ria da integrirebulekonomikaSi da mosaxleobis TavisufalmimosvlaSi;3) globalizacia aris universalizacia anu materialuriTu sulieri Rirebulebebis farTod gavrcelebamsoflios nebismier kuTxeSi;4) globalizacia aris vesternizacia da pirvel rigSimisi amerikuli forma;5) globalizacia, deteritorizaciis mniSvnelobiT, rocaadgilmdebareoba, manZili da teritoriuli sazRvrebiTavianT pirvandel mniSvnelobas kargavs. 3j. bailsi da s. smiti globalizacias miiCnevs rogorc1 У. Бек. Что такое глобализация? М., 2001, gv. 112.2 ed. kodua. eTnosociologiis zogierTi sakiTxi. Tb., 2002, gv. 24.3 J. Bails, S. Smith. The Glogalization of World Politics. Oxford, 2000, gv. 22-24.539

process, sadac socialuri kavSirebi teritoriulobisagan,geografiisagan gancalkevebulia ise, rom kacobriobis cxovrebamimdinareobs samyaroSi, rogorc ganuyofel da erTianmTlianobaSi.daaxloebiT msgavs daskvnas akeTebs d. heldi, romelicTvlis, rom globalizacia SeiZleba miviCnioT procesad,romelic gulisxmobs socialuri urTierTobebisa da urTierTkavSirebissivrciTi organizaciis transformacias. 1yvela zemoTqmulidan Cans, rom globalizaciis mTavariniSani saxelmwifo da erovnuli sazRvrebis moSla,erovnuli ekonomikis – globaluri ekonomikiT, erovnulikulturis – globaluri kulturiT, xolo erovnuli cnobierebis– globaluri cnobierebiT Secvlaa.Tu gavaanalizebT zemoTCamoTvlil ganmartebebs globalizaciisSesaxeb, naTeli xdeba, rom TiTqmis yvelaze metaddaxvewili da gamoyenebadi definicia, ekuTvnis ingliselsociologs m. foterss. mas globalizacia esmis „rogorcsocialuri procesi, romelSic socialuri da kulturulimowyobis geografiuli SezRudvebi sustdeba daadamianebi am Sesustebas sul ufro da ufro acnobiereben. 2a robertsoni Tvlis, rom globalizaciis koncefcia exebarogorc msoflios SemWidrovebas, aseve am msoflios, rogorcerTi mTlianobis gacnobierebis intensifikacias, rogorckonkretul damokidebulebas, aseve globaluri mTlianobisgacnobierebas. 3 T. fridmani Tavis wignSi „leqsusida zeTisxilis xe~ globalizacias ganmartavs rogorc bazrebis,erovnuli saxelmwifoebisa da teqnologiebis Seuqcevadda arnaxul integracias, romelic individs, korporaciasan saxelmwifos SesaZleblobas aZlevs ufro swrafadda iafad, vidre odesme, miaRwios msoflios nebismierwertils. fridmanis mixedviT, saboloo jamSi globaliza-1 D. Held.The Global Transformation. Oxford, 2000, gv. 188.2 M. Foters. Globalization and the Nation-State. New-York, 1998, gv. 189.3 A. Robertson. Globalization Social Theory and Global Culture. London, 1992, gv.190.540

cia es aris sabazro kapitalizmis gavrceleba msofliosyvela qveyanaze. 1Cven ar SevdivarT globalizaciis procesis periodizaciisSesaxeb diskusiaSi da viziarebT azrs, rom misi Tanamedroveetapi iwyeba XXs. 60-iani wlebidan. 2 globalizaciam,romelsac dRes adideben an gmoben erovnuli gansxvavebebisgauqmebisaTvis, sinamdvileSi uSualo monawileobamiiRo Tanamedrove erebis warmoqmnaSi. msoflios „SemWidroveba~xorcieldeba didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis sabeWdidazgis gamogonebis, drois sworxazovani aRqmisa da gazeTebisgavrcelebis meSveobiT.bolos da bolos, swored globalizaciam misca adamiansTanaziarebis, saerTo warmoSobisa da bedis, im adamian-Ta erTobasTan naTesaobis SegrZneba, romelTa absoluturiumravlesoba mas arasodes unaxavs da verc verasodes Sexvdeba.magram globalizacia procesia, romelic gansakuTrebiTTavis adreul stadiaSi, sivrceSi araTanabrad vrceldeba,msgavsi araTanabrobiT xasiaTdeba, agreTve, erTa formirebisprocesi. eri warmosaxulia, rogorc garkveulfarglebSi moqceuli movlena, radgan yvelaze did erebsacki, romelTa mosaxleoba miliardsac aRemateba, aqvT, marTalia,elastiuri, magram savsebiT garkveuli sazRvrebi, romelTamiRma sxva erebi saxloben. arc erTi eri ar Tvlis,rom is hgavs kacobriobis sxva romelime warmomadgenels.eri warmosaxulia, rogorc suverenuli fenomeni, radganeris cneba gaCnda im periodSi, roca ganmanaTleblobada revolucia anadgurebdnen ierarqiuli dinastiuri samefosRvTarebrivad miCneul legitimurobas. kacobriobis istoriissimwifis xanaSi, roca nebismieri sayovelTao religiisyvelaze erTguli mimdevrebic ki, amaod upirispirdebodnenarsebul religiur pluralizms da alomorfizmscalkeul rwmenaTa ontologiur moTxovnebs da teritoriulgafarToebas Soris, erebi ocnebobdnen Tavisuflebaze1 T. fridmani. leqsusi da zeTisxilis xe. Tb., 2001, gv. 12.2 z. daviTaSvili. nacionalizmi da globalizacia. Tb., 2003, gv. 202.541

RmerTis mfarvelobiT. am Tavisuflebis sawindari ki, mudamsuverenuli saxelmwifo iyo. eri warmosaxulia, rogorcsazogadoeba, Temi, radgan realuris, uTanasworobisa daarsebuli eqspluataciis miuxedavad, rac SeiZleba gabatondesnebismier maTganSi, eri yovvelTvis moiazreba rogorcRrma, horizontaluri amxanagoba. es aris Zmoba, romelicam bolo ori saukunis manZilze milionobiT adamians mouwodebsara imdenad sxvebis ganadgurebisaken, ramdenadacTavis gawirvisaken im idealebisaTvis, romlebic am SezRuduliwarmosaxvebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. faqtobrivad,warmosaxviTia yvela is sazogadoeba, romelic ufro far-Toa, vidre pirvelyofili soflis axlo urTierTkavSirSimyofi mosaxleoba. cxadia, sazogadoebebi unda ganvasxvavoT,magram es unda moxdes ara moCvenebiToba namdvilobiT, aramedim stiliT, romliTac xdeba maTi warmosaxva.sociologiuri organizmi, romelic arsebobs kalendaluraderTferovan da azrisagan daclil droSi, eris ideiszusti analogiaa. eric istoriis Tanmdev solidur gaerTianebadaaCafiqrebuli. verc qarTveli da verc amerikeliver Sexvdeba da verc verasodes gaicnobs Tavis TanamedrovesmoZmeTa sul mcire 240 milionian warmomadgenelsmainc, da mas warmodgenac ki ara aqvs, riTi arian isini dakavebulidrois garkveul periodSi da miuxedavad amisa, ismainc absoluturad darwmunebulia, rom isini gonivrulad,anonimurad erTsulovnad moqmedeben.didi sazogadoebebis winaSe globalizacia gardauvladsvams kiTxvas im xarisxis Sesaxeb, romliTac isini, anu sazogadoebebiapireben monawileobis miRebas globalizirebulimsoflios procesebSi. amitom aSkarad gamoxatuli, animpliciturad arsebuli erovnuli identurobis mqone amaTu im koleqtivis miswrafeba damoukideblobisaken, agreTvewarmoadgens miswrafebas „globalur megaproeqtSi~ pirdapirida ara gaSualebuli monawileobisadmi.Tumca, mocemul konteqstSi Cven gvainteresebs religiiskavSiri globalizaciasTan – kavSiri, romelsac inten-542

siurad ikvleven religiis sociologebi. dRes mimdinareobsglobalizaciis demonizireba, misi Semkoba kosmiuri TvisebebiTda zogjer religiasTan gaTanabrebac ki. d. holkinsi,romelic globalizacias religiad Tvlis, wers, rom amaxali religiis RmerTi aris finansuri kapitalis koncentracia.am RmerTis saxelia mamona, misi qurumebi ki mcirejgufia, romelic mamonas mier dadgenili kanonebis codnasflobs da yvelasagan moiTxovs am kanonebis morCilebas. esjgufi gansazRvravs, Tu vin aris namdvili morwmune da vin– ara, vin unda icocxlos da vin – mokvdes. isini iRebengadawyvetilebebs, ayalibeben sazogadoebriv azrs da bolos,isini wyveten, Tu vin unda miiRon am qurumTa korpusSi.sxva kvazireligiur institutebs Soris sami maTganiSeadgens globalizaciis religiis erTgvar samebas: 1) saerTaSorisosavaWro organizacia, 2) saerTaSoriso bankebi,3) transnacionaluri monopoliebi. 1religiuri warmosaxviTi sazogadoebis daknineba da misiSecvla nacionaluri warmosaxviTi sazogadoebiT evropa-Si, benediqt andersonis mixedviT, ori mTavari faqtoriTiyo gamowveuli. erTi iyo araevropuli samyaros, msofliosdanarCeni regionebis aRwera-gamokvleva, ramac sagrZnobladgaafarTova evropelTa horizonti da aCvena, rom cxovrebisalternatiuli formebis arsebobac SesaZlebelia.meore faqtori iyo wminda, sakraluri enebis TandaTanobiTdaqveiTeba da maTi Secvla adgilobrivi enebiT (kerZod,laTinuris Secvla literaturuli franguliT, espanuriT,italiuriT, inglisuriT da sxva enebiT dasavleT evropaSi,rac beWdvis gamogonebisa da komerciuli miznebiT misi gamoyenebisSemdeg moxda). nacionalizmi TviTon iZens religiisfunqcias, sadac RmerTis cnebas cvlis eris cneba, xoloreligiuri siwmindeebisa – nacionaluri siwmindeebi(obeliski, memorialebi, ucnobi jariskacis saflavi daa.S.). 21 d. holkinsi. religiuri sazogadoeba. Tb., 2002, gv. 28.2 . b. andersoni. warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebi. Tb., 2003, gv. 32.543

erovnuli TviTSegnebis warmoqmnisa da ganmtkicebismTavar faqtorad andersons ena miaCnia. kerZod, roca adgilobrivisalaparako ena standartizebul, gazeTebisa dawignebis enad iqceva, eris Camoyalibebis pirveli etapi, rocaigi Tavs kulturul erTobad acnobierebs, faqtobrivaddamTavrebulad unda CaiTvalos. amis Semdeg iwyeba politikurierTobis aucileblobis gacnobiereba, risi mizanic sakuTarisaxelmwifos Seqmnaa.religiis sociologTa Soris erT-erTma yvelaze cnobilmada produqtiulma mecnierma xose kazanovam 2000wels akademiuri sazogadoebis yuradReba miaqcia globalizaciismTel rig damaxasiaTebel niSnebs. xose kazanova ambobda,rom modernTan erTad ganviTarebisas globalizaciakavSirs wyvets did narativebsa da istoriis filosofieb-Tan, Zirs uTxris dasavleTis hegemonistur proeqts damsoflios mowyobis decentralizacias axdens. 1 am azriTglobalizacia – postmodernuli, postkoloniuri, postdasavlurifenomenia. globalizacia xels uwyobs Zveli civilizaciebisada msoflio religiebis dabrunebas ara mxolodanalitikuri erTgulebis, aramed mniSvnelovani kulturulisistemebisa da warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebis saxiT.amasTan es axali warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebi urTierTs gadakveTen;zogjer ki im Zvel warmosaxviT sazogadoebebs,romlebzedac werda b. andersoni, 2 anu erebs, ejibrebian.erebi gaagrZeleben Tavis arsebobas, amtkicebs x. kazanova,rogorc qmediTi warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebi da globalursivrceSi koleqtiuri identobis matareblebi, magram lokalurida transnacionaluri identobebi, gansakuTrebiT religiuri,SesaZloa ufro mniSvnelovannic ki aRmoCndnen.rodesac axali transnacionaluri identobebi gamoCndebian,arsebobs didi albaToba, rom isini isev Zvel civilizaciebsada msoflio religiebs daukavSirdebian. msoflio mas-1 x. kazanova. mosazrebani drois Sesaxeb, – macne, filosofiis seria,#4, 2004, gv. 32.2 b. andersoni. warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebi. Tb., 2003, gv. 42.544

StabiT kulturuli sistemebisa da civilizaciebis mzardimniSvnelobis gacnobierebaSi, kazanova xedavs „civilizaciebisSejaxebas~. 1ase, rom globalizacia msoflios erT mTlianobad aqcevsda Tu igi ar axdens globalur kulturul da religiurkonvergencias, yovel SemTxvevaSi, religiebisa dakulturebis urTierTSexvedras gardauvlad xdis. sainteresoa,rom adamianTa uzarmazari masebi, romlebic globalursofelSi cxovroben da globalur bazarze yiduloben saqonels,ar gamoTqvamen mxurvale miswrafebas sakuTari religiurikuTvnilebis cvlilebebisadmi. rogorc aRniSnavsx. kazanova, adamianebi, am SemTxvevaSi, ar iqcevian igivenairad,rogorc bazarze – isini xan „yiduloben~ im saqonels,romelic ar akmayofilebT, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki – ar„yiduloben~ amgvar saqonels da arc mis Semcvlels eZeben.2 monopolizaciis maRali done, romelic bazrisaTvisdamangrevelia, ar anadgurebs „religiuri supermarketis~maRal aqtivobas da religiurobis done msoflios mimarT,sadac kaTolikuri eklesiis monopolizmi Zalian Zliariada evropaSi erT-erTi yvelaze maRali. es viTareba paradoqsuladacCans mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mivudgebiT ekonomikuribazris kategoriebiT, magram yvelaferi Tavis adgilasdadgeba, Tu mis analizirebas movaxdenT kulturulisistemis farglebSi.metad STambeWdavia is uzarmazari teritoriuli sivrce,romelic uWiravT islamis mimdevrebs marokodan sulusarqipelagamde, qristianebs – paragvaidan iaponiamde dabudistur samyaros – Sri-lankidan koreis naxevarkunZulebamde.didma sakralurma kulturebma Tavis TavSi gaaerTianesuzarmazari sazogadoebebis warmodgenebi da azrebi. magramqristianoba, islamuri uma da Sua samefoc ki, romelicdRes CvenSi CineTis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili da, romelicTavs ara Cinur, aramed centralur samefod miiCnev-1 x. kazanova. mosazrebani drois Sesaxeb, gv. 34.2 x. kazanova. mosazrebani drois Sesaxeb, gv. 34.35. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi545

da, – warmosaxviTi iyvnen sakraluri enebis da damwerlobiswyalobiT. islamis magaliTic sakmarisia zemoTqmulisdasamtkiceblad: roca magindanaosa da berzerebis tomiswarmomadgenlebi xvdebodnen erTmaneTs meqaSi, maT ar icodnenerTmaneTis enebi da, amdenad, gamoricxuli iyo urTier-Tobis damyareba metyvelebis gziT, magram isini mainc ugebdnenerTmaneTs ideogramebis daxmarebiT, radgan saRvToteqstebi, romlebTanac orive maTgans hqonda Sexeba, arsebobdamxolod klasikur arabul enaze. am TvalsazrisiT,arabuli damwerloba igive funqcias asrulebda, rasac Cinuriieroglifebi, rodesac isini qmnidnen sazogadoebasara bgerebis, aramed simbolikebis saSualebiT.yvela didi klasikuri sazogadoeba Tavis Tavs aRiqvamdarogorc kosmiurad centralurs, romelic sakralurieniT gaSualebuli, dakavSirebuli iyo Zalis zemiwier wesrigTan.da mainc saRvTo enebiT dakavSirebul klasikur sazogadoebebshqondaT erTi iseTi Tviseba, romelic ganasxvavebdamaT Tanamedrove erebis warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebisagan.ZiriTad gansxvavebas warmoadgenda Zvel sazogadoebaTarwmena sakuTari saRvTo enebis gansakuTrebulobasa da amdenad,am sazogadoebaTa rigebSi gaerTianebis didi mniSvnelobisSesaxebac. 1mdumare saRvTo ena mainc mediis rols asrulebda damisi daxmarebiT xdeboda warsulis globalur sazogadoeba-Ta warmosaxva, xolo aseTi warmosaxvebis utyuarobaSidarwmuneba ki damokidebuli iyo Tanamedrove dasavluriazrovenbisaTvis sruliad ucxo mosazrebaze: enobrivi niSnis„aranebismierobaze~. miuxedavad imisa, rom saRvTo enebmadasabami misces iseT erTobebs, rogoricaa saqristiano,am sazogadoebriv gaerTianebaTa WeSmariti moqmedebis sferoda damajerebloba mainc ar SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod saRv-To damwerlobiT. bolos da bolos, am damwerlobis mkiTxvelnirom uwignurTa okeaneebSi arsebul wignierebis pata-1 И. Н. Чебоксаров, И. А. Чебоксарова. Народы, расы, культуры. М., 1985, gv.37-38.546

a rifebs warmoadgendnen. ufro sruli ganmartebis gasake-Teblad, saWiroa Tvali gadavavloT ganaTlebul adamianTaurTierTobebs sazogadoebasTan. udaod SevcdebiT, Tu pirvelsTeologiur teqnokratad miviCnevT. enebi, romelTasaSualebiTac ganaTlebuli xalxi amyarebda urTierTobas,SesaZloa, Znelad gasagebi yofiliyo, magram es siZnele ariyo gamowveuli „iuridiuli~ an „ekonomikuri~ JargonebiT,romelTa Semotana, sazogadoebrivi azris gauTvaliswineblad,TviTneburad xdeboda. wignieri sazogadoeba ufro imganaTlebul, strategiul fenas warmoadgenda kosmologiurierarqiaSi, romlis mwvervalad sasuliero piri gvevlinebodasayuradRebo mosazrebebi „socialuri jgufebis~ Sesaxebcentriskenuli da ierarqiuli iyo da ara sazRvrebSimoqceuli papis saocari Zalaufleba Tavisi gafurCqvnis periodSigasagebi iyo mxolod transevropuli laTinuri damwerlobismcodneTaTvis. aseve gasagebi iyo msoflios cnebac,romelsac faqtiurad, yvela iziarebda, xolo orenovariinteligencia, romelic Suamavals warmoadgenda laTinursada adgilobriv enas Soris, aseve Suamavlis rolsasrulebda miwasa da zecas Soris. 1yvelaze rTulad amgvari erToba SeiZleba Camoyalibdesim religiebis safuZvelze, romlebic ganuyrelad arian dakavSirebulnimiwasTan da Zvel warmosaxviT sazogadoebeb-Tan. am SemTxvevaSi saubaria marTlmadideblobaze. avtokefaluroba,rogorc msoflio marTlmadideblobis organizaciisZiriTadi eklezialuri principi, sayovelTaod aRiarebulicentris ararseboba, aseve mtkice fesvgadgmuloba globalizaciamdelidentobebSi – ai, upirveles yovlisa, ra sakiTxidgeba Cveni problemis kuTxiT marTlmadideblobis Sesaxeb.msjelobis dros sakmaod rTul amocanas warmoadgenssolidarobis aucilebel grZnobaze msjelobac. rasakvirvelia,marTlmadideblobaze saubars vagrZelebT, rogorckulturul sistemaze da ara rogorc institucionalurqselze, sadac „qselTaSorisi dapirispirebebi~ aSkarad sa-1 b. andersoni. warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebi, gv. 44.547

frTxes uqmnis Tavad am qselis sicocxlisunarianobas. cxadia,konstantinopolsa da moskovs, moskovsa da buqarests,konstantinepolsa da aTens, an ierusalims Soris iurisdiqciuliwinaaRmdegobebis siuxve, ganviTarebas xels aruwyobs. magram es ar aris ierarqiuli brZola, romelicmarTlmadideblobis kulturul resursebs ar exeba da arzRudavs mis unars Tavisi wvlili Seitanos globalizaciisaTvis– piter beieris gansazRvrebiT – „narCeni~ problemebisgadaWra – personaluridan dawyebuli ekologiuriTdamTavrebuli. 1 marTlmadideblobas, rogorc kulturulsistemas, aqvs „solidarobis mobilizebis~ unari. bunebrivia,saubaria ara saWeTmpyroblebis erTobliv aqciebze „ka-Tolikur~ an „seqtantur~ safrTxeebTan dakavSirebiT, anmaT erTsulovnebaze wminda saydris mier ukrainaSi ber-Znul-kaTolikuri eklesiis sapatriarqos daarsebis mcdelobiswinaaRmdeg. am sistemis mtkivneuli reaqcia 1999wels nato-s mier iugoslaviaSi Catarebul samxedro operaciazemocemuli Temis erT-erT ilustacias warmoadgens.Tumca, saerTo marTlmadidebluri solidaroba arasodesyofila marTlmadidebeli erebis sakuTar warmosaxviT sazogadoebebzekoncentrirebul kerZo interesebze Zlieri.balkanur krizisSi dasavleTis CarevasTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebebiara mxolod saxelmwifoTa poziciebSia, aramedtradiciulad marTlmadidebluri kulturis mqone qveynebismosaxleobis sazogadoebriv azrebSi.gansakuTrebuli mtkicebulebebi ar sWirdeba im Sexedulebas,romlis mixedviTac marTlmadidebluri kulturisqveynebis umravlesobaSi erebi „dagvianebiT~ (dasavleT evropasTanSedarebiT) Camoyalibda. bevrma maTganma sul exlaxansdaamTavra Tavisi aRmavloba Tu daRmavloba – esdamokidebulia damkvirveblis poziciaze – bundovani erovnuliidentobidan, romelSic marTlmadidebloba TviTidentifikaciismTavar safuZvels warmoadgenda, metnaklebad Camoyalibebulerovnul gansazRvrulobamde. es gansazRvru-1 P. Beier. Banal Nationalism. London, 2003, gv. 264.548

loba zogjer gamoyofda marTlmadideblebs sxva erovnebismqone erTmorwmuneTagan da iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, warmosaxvi-Ti sazogadoebis farglebSi, aerTanebda kidec maT „maTiveerovnebis aramarTlmadideblebTan~.saintereso da niSandoblivi iqneboda am globalurxanaSi, roca marTlmadidebluri ierarqiebi globalizaciisSedegebs sxvadasxvanairad aRiqvamen da aanalizeben, mar-Tlmadidebluri saqarTvelos rolsa da mis monawileobazemimdinare procesebSi. Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos avtokefalurimarTlmadidebeli eklesiis globalizacia qristianulimisiisaTvis SesaniSnav SesaZleblobebs qmnis, radgan„informaciis axali saSualebebisaTvis sazRvrebis gaxsna,saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ganmtkiceba, politikuri konfliqtebisada Caketili sazogadoebebis daZleva – xelsSeuwyobs msoflios axal evangelizacias. Tumca globalizaciasakuTar TavSi moicavs kulturuli Taviseburebebis nivelirebissafrTxes da arsebobs aseve saSiSroeba globalizaciisgadaqcevisa axal totalitarizmad. globalizaciaseklesiisaTvis didi SesaZleblobebi moaqvs da aZlierebs mismniSvnelobas, rogorc erebis kulturuli identurobebismatareblisa sul ufro unificirebul msoflioSi.”nebismieri religia rwmenas erovnebaze da saxelmwifozemaRla ayenebs da yovelgvari idea, qmedeba Tu Rirebuleba,rac mis dogmebs ewinaaRmdegeba, miuReblad miaCnia.roca qristianoba, budizmi an islami vrceldeboda ama Tuim xalxSi, aucilebeli iyo xalxs uari eTqva im wes-Cveulebebze,tradiciebze da ideebze, romlebic maTTvis axlobeliwinaprebidan momdinare iyo, magram axal sarwmuneobasar Seesabameboda. e. i. xalxi uars ambobda erovnuli kulturissakmaod did nawilze da mis nacvlad axal religiurkulturas iTvlisebda. es kultura ki zeerovnuli dazesaxelmwifoebrivi iyo. religiuri moralidan gamomdinare,mxolod Senive sarwmunoebis adamiania Seni sulieri Zmada igi ufro axlobelia, ra erovnebisac ar unda iyos, vidreSeni erovnebis is warmomadgeneli, romelic sxva sar-549

wmuneobas aRiarebs. 1aqedan gamomdinare, romelime religiis gavrceleba ukveTavisTavad iyo Taviseburi „religiuri globalizacia~.islami, magaliTad, saerTod uaryofs erovnul dayofas dayvela muslimani erTiani sazogadoebis „umma~-s wevrad miaCnia.Sesabamisad, arsebobs erTiani islamuri sazogadoeba,muslimani xalxi da islamuri kultura, xolo sakuTarenebze locva kategoriulad akrZalulia da am mizniT mxolodarabuli ena gamoiyeneba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas qristianulreligiaze. gansakuTrebiT ki kaTolicizmze, sadacwirva-locva mxolod laTinur enaze unda Sesrulebuliyo.es Taviseburi enobrivi globalizaciis magaliTebia.cxadia, veravin ver uaryofs qristianuli (mis SigniTki marTmadidebluri, kaTolikuri, protestantuli), islamuri,budisturi, induisturi, konfucianuri kulturebisarsebobas. is ar aris sadao, rom erTi da imave religiismimdevari xalxebis kulturebs gacilebiT meti aqvT saer-To erTmaneTTan, vidre sxva religiis kulturebTan (mag.:qarTveli, rusi, berZeni, rumineli saerTo marTmadideblurikulturis matarebelebi arian da erTmaneTTan ufro axlosdganan, vidre frangebTan, ingliselebTan, amerikeleb-Tan da miT umetes arabebTan da iaponelebTan). magram erovnulikulturebis sruli Serwyma da erTiani zenacionalurireligiuri kulturebis warmoqmna mainc ar moxda. qar-Tuli kultura, magaliTad, sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba asevemarTmadidebluri bulgaruli an serbuli kulturisagan.igive SeiZleba iTqvas sxva erTi da igive sarwmunoebis, magramsxvadasxva erovnuli xalxTa kulturebis Sesaxebac.maSasadame, kulturis globalizacia saSualod religiamver SeZlo, Tumca swored man iTamaSa yvelaze didi roliim procesebSi, romlebsac dRes globalizacias vuwodebT.1 q. pavliaSvili. saeklesio globalizaciis istoria kavkasiaSi.Tb., 2008, gv. 370.550

NESTAN LOMAIATHE ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION IN IMIGINARYSOCIETY AND RELIGIONIn the paper is considered both positive and negative influence onorthodoxy. It is a question of an imagined society which is wider, thanbeing in close relations the population of primitive village. It is analyzeda role and value of the Georgian autocephalous orthodox church in currentprocesses of the world globalization which promotes world newevangelization. Globalization also gives churches the big possibilities andstrengthens its value in business of preservation of cultural originality.The Georgian culture considerably also differs from orthodox Bulgarianor Serbian culture. But the same it is possible to say on the relation of thesame belief, but about culture of the peoples of different nationalities tothe religion could not carry out globalization of culture, however just ithas played the most important role in those processes which today we nameglobalization.551

552soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriakaxa qecbaiareligiis momavlis sakiTxi klasikur daTanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi`sicrue iqneba ukanaskneli sayviris xma,romelic adamianis modgmas RvTis samsjavrozemouxmobs, radgan Tqmula, rom meored mosvlisasqriste ver hpovebs rwmenas dedamiwaze~.frensis bekoni`adamians daaviwyda RmerTi da gacofda~.konstantine gamsaxurdiareligiis sociologiaSi misi fuZemdeblebis (diurkemisada veberis) droidan moyolebeluli yovelTvis aqtualuriiyo sakiTxi religiis momavlis Sesaxeb. TanamedrovesazogadoebaSi mimdinare mTelma rigma globalurma procesebmareligiis momavlis Sesaxeb sakiTxs ufro meti simwvaveda aqtualoba SesZines da igi erT-erT yvelaze metadsakamaTo sakiTxad iqca. religiis sociologiis, rogorcreligiis Semswavleli mecnieruli disciplinis, daniSnulebaSiimpliciturad igulisxmeba misi Sesaswavli sagnisperspeqtivaSi danaxva da momavlis prognozireba. miT ufromaSin, rodesac religiasTan dakavSirebiT dRes Seqmnili vi-Tareba ramdenadme sagangaSoa. dRes ukve yvelasagan aRiarebulifaqtia da siaxle amaSi araferia, rom kacobriobapostklasikur epoqaSi imyofeba, rac klasikuri Rirebulebebisdevalvacias niSnavs. sakacobrio kulturaSi am procesisdawyebis mauwyebeli fridrix nicSe iyo. man erT-er-Tma pirvelma auwya kacobriobas `RmerTis sikvdilis~ Sesaxeb.1 es ki `adamianis sikvdilsac~ niSnavda, magram fufune-1 fr. nicSe, `ese ityoda zaratustra~. Tb., 1993, gv. 250.

as, komfortsa da yoveldRiur cxovrebiseul wvrilmanebsgamodevnebul kacobriobas maSin amisaTvis saTanado yuradRebaar miuqcevia. sabolood ki, yovelive imiT damTavrda,rom `RmerTis mkvlelma~ kacobriobam `adamianic mokla.~Tuki XX saukunes `RmerTis sikvdilis~ damRa azis Sublze,XXI saukunisaTvis aseTi ram `adamianis sikvdili~ iqneba.arsebuli realoba imdenad pesimisturi da Semzaravia,rom TviT yvelaze did pesimists – Sopenhauersac ki Se-Surdeboda aseT epoqaSi cxovreba. Seqmnili realobis yovelgvaridramatizebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yovelivees Zalze mtkivneulad aisaxeba religiis momavalze.amJamad aravin ar davobs imaze, rom globalizaciisprocesis paralelurad, sazogadoebis axali tipis – transformirebadisazogadoebis Camoyalibeba xdeba, sadac yvelasocialuri instituti cvlilebas ganicdis. magaliTad, boloaswleulSi Seicvala kultura, ekonomika, politika,RirebulebaTa sistema da savaraudoa, rom yovelive amismsgavsad Seicvleba sazogadoebis religiuri cxovreba. TanamedrovesazogadoebaSi, romelic maRal teqnologiebsa dasamyaros mecnierul midgomas eyrdnoba, religiis rolisukana planze gadaweva moxda, ramac (klasikuri religiissociologiis msgavsad) Tanamedrove religiis sociologiareligiis gaqrobaze aalaparaka. sociologebis TqmiT, globalizaciamgamoiwvia `samoqalaqo religiis~ gaCena. romelickvazireligiuri loialurobaa, sadac moqalaqeoba religiurSeferilobas iRebs. yovelive es postkonfesiurisazogadoebis warmoSobas uwyobs xels. 1sociologebis mixedviT, am tipis sazogadoebaSi winaplanze wamoiweva eleqtronuli, e. w. kibereklesiis cneba,romelic saboloo jamSi `virtualuri religiurobis~sawyisad moiazreba. 2 am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis ganviTarebismagistralur xazs `sakraluridan saerosaken~, `zesTasofluridanamsoflurisaken~ svla warmoadgens, romlisdrosac sakraluri sul ufro metad knindeba da, saboloo1 Sdr. Дж. Масионис. Социология. М., 2004, gv. 641.2 Дж. Масионис. Социология. М., 2004, gv. 641-642.553

jamSi, desakralizebul sazogadoebas viRebT. am yovelivessekularizaciis procesi udevs safuZvlad, romelsac Tanamedrovereligiis sociologiaSi, arcTu usafuZvlod, modernizaciisprocess ukavSireben. `virtualuri religiiis~cnebasTan erTad religiis sociologiaSi kidev erTi axalitermini – `religiuri inovaciebi~ Semovida. 1`virtualuri religiiis~ cneba `virtualuri sazogadoebisa~da `virtualuri adamianis~ cnebebTanaa kavSirSi. immraval saWirboroto sakiTxTagan, romelic religiis momavalTanaris dakavSirebuli, erT-erTi axali teqnologiebia,romelic, Tavis mxriv, postmodernuli realobis arsebiTimaxasiaTebelia imdenad, ramdenadac saubaria industriuliteqnologiis mniSvnelobis Canacvlebaze informaciul-sakomunikacioteqnologiebiT, rac, TavisTavad, arsebuli realobisgaqrobas niSnavs. mis adgils axali realoba ikavebs,romelic adamians Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT – televiziiT(ukve moZvelebuliT), socialuri qselebiTa da kolosaluradgazrdili Tanamedrove mediasaSualebebiT miewodeba.imisaTvis, rom adamianma SeigrZnos sakuTari arseboba,is unda arsebobdes am virtualur sivrceSi – sakomunikacioekranze, feisbuqze (Facebook), maisfeisze (MySpace) daa. S. postmodernist Jan bodriaris mixedviT, TanamedrovesazogadoebaSi mediasaSualebebi, codnisa da garTobis industriabatonobs, romelmac industriuli sazogadoeba damisi RirebulebiTi samyaro Caanacvla. qseluri sazogadoebaniSnebis mwarmoebeli sistemebiT manipulirebs, romelic sakuTariTavis garda sxvas arafers aRniSnavs. iqmneba iseTitotaluri virtualuri realoba, romelic simulaciaze,TvalTmaqcobasa da mimbaZvelobazea damyarebuli. es arisaxali sinamdvile, e. w. virtualuri realoba – arsebulisinamdvilis xelovnuri asli, romelic ukve imdenad mniSvnelobs,rom namdvil sinamdviles azri aqvs dakarguli.sociologiis enaze amas socialuris sikvdils eZaxian. amieridanadamiani simulirebulia – namdvili adamianis nac-1 q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri. sociologia. Tb., 2008, gv. 545.554

vlad saxezea misi simulacia. 1 virtualur realobaSi adamianimxolod misi cifruli gamosaxulebis saxiT arsebobs,radganac erTaderTi realoba zerealuri, virtualuri sivrcea,romelic sxva saxis realobas gamoricxavs. faqtobrivades is aris, rasac Cven `adamianis sikvdils~ vuwodebT.bunebrivia, adamianisa da sazogadoebis virtualizaciareligiasac Seexo. ris gamoc sociologebi SeSfoTdnen dareligiis momavlis Sesaxeb alaparakdnen. daiwyo msjelobada cxare kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra bedi elis religiaspostklasikur, virtualur sazogadoebaSi.mTavari, centraluri kiTxvebia: marTla aqvs Tu araadgili religiis rolis dakninebas Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi?Tuki es asea da religia sazogadoebaze Tavis mniSvnelobasada gavlenas marTlac kargavs, maSin rogori iqnebaam procesis saboloo finali? xom ar mivdivarT ureligiosazogadoebisaken? perspeqtivaSi es yvelaferi e.w. axalireligiebis warmoSobiT unda damTavrdes? Tu piriqiT moxdeba,– yovelive es sapirispiro reaqcias gamoiwvevs datradiciuli religiebi axal garemoSi axali energiiT Seivsebianda sisxlsavse cxovrebas daiwyeben.es kiTxvebi realuria, radaganac realuria sazogadoebistransformaciis daCqarebuli tempi. mTavari kiTxva kiaseTia: Tuki kultura iqca maskulturad, igive xom aremuqreba religiasac? miT ufro maSin, rodesac, bodriarissityvebiT Tu vityviT, Tanamedrove kultura nagvis warmoebad,xolo adamiani lamisaa nagvad iqces. am kiTxvebze pasuxidrois moTxovnaa. es aris is gamowveva, romlis wina-Sec religiis sociologia aRmoCnda dRes.am kiTxvebs, romlis dasmac ki religiuri TvalsazrisiTmkrexelobaa, pasuxebi sWirdeba. tradiciul religiebsmasze sakuTari pasuxi momzadebuli aqvT. sxva saqmea, Tu rasamboben amis Sesaxeb im mecnieruli disciplinis warmomadgenlebi,romelTa uSualo profesiuli saqmianoba religiis1 J. bodriari. simulirebulebi da simulaciebi. gigi TevzaZis Targmani.– Jurn.: `paraleluri teqstebi~. #2. Tb., 1997.555

Seswavlaa. am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba,rom religiis momavlis sakiTxis Teoriuli analizi sociologiaSiempiriul masalasa da faqtebzea damyarebuli.religiaze pirdapir Tu arapirdapir mTeli rigi faqtorebiaxdenen gavlenas. esenia: kultura, ganaTleba, mecnierebada teqnika, moralur-eTikuri normebi, politikuricxovreba da ekonomika; am sferoebSi mimdinare procesebikidev ufro amwvaveben religiis momavlis sakiTxs, amitom,saboloo jamSi, sakiTxi religiis momavlis Sesaxeb zogadadsazogadoebis momavlis Sesaxeb sakiTxis erT-erTi ZiriTadisegmentia. Tu religias ara aqvs momavali, maSin sazogadoebasacar hqonia momavali da piriqiT.istoriulad, pirveli prognozi religiis momavlisSesaxeb sociologiis mamas, konts ekuTvnis. misi prognoziT,momavlis sazogadoebaSi religia mecnierebas unda Caenacvlebina.1 es mosazreba azrovnebis istoriaSi karga xansbatonobda, XIXs. bolodan moyolebuli XXs. Sua xanebisCaTvliT. misi sayovelTaod cnobili mimdevrebi sociologiaSipozitivistebi iyvnen. pozitivizmis mixedviT, mecnierebakacobriobas bednierebas moutanda. 2 Tumca am debulebissisworeSi Tavis droze kontsac eWvi epareboda. miuxedavadamisa, man, rogorc sociologma, icoda, rom sazogadoebasyovelTvis sWirdeba raRac ideali, romelic miswevrebSi altruizmsa da sulgrZelobas aRZravs. sworedmsgavsi keTilSobiluri paTosiT iyo motivirebuli misipozitiuri religia.kontis prognozi ar gamarTlda. igi, misi msgavsi sxvaideebis darad, Tavidanve uperspeqtivo iyo, radganac religiisSeqmna xelovnurad SeuZlebelia. Cans, es Cveulebriv mokvdavTaZalebs aRemateba. garda amisa, cxovrebam aCvena, rommecnierebam araTu ver gaxada adamiani bednieri, piriqiT, mas1 О. Конт. Дух позитивной философии. Перевод с французского И. А. Шапиро.Ростов н/Д., 2003. gv. 256.2 Sdr. Р. Карнап, Х. Хан, О. Нейрат. Научное миропонимание – Венскийкружок. – Jurn.: `Логос~, № 2 (47). 2005, gv. 20.556

mTeli rigi ubedurebebi da tragediebi moutana. axla ukveyvelasaTvis sanukvari mecniereba gaxda Tavsatexi.kontis idea mxolod erT punqtSi aRmoCnda warmatebuli.kerZod, man aCvena sazogadoebisaTvis religiis aucilebloba.kontis Secdomaze religiis sociologiis ufrodidma warmomadgenelma diurkemma miuTiTa. man aRniSna is,rac konts mxedvelobidan gamorCa – es aris is, rom religiaadamianis gacnobierebuli, inteleqtualuri saqmianobisSedegs arasodes ar warmoadgens, rom misi Semoqmedi ZalebiadamianisTvis ucnobia. igi TavisTavad Cndeba, rogorc adamianissocialuri cxovrebis dasawyisi da garanti. religiisracionaluri proeqtirebis faqti istoriaSi yovelTviswarumateblad mTavrdeboda, radganac masSi racionalursiracionaluri sWarbobs yovelTvis. 1religiis gaqrobaze marqsistuli socialuri Teoriacsaubrobda. k. marqsi religias gaucxoebis Sedegad da `yalbicnobierebis~ formad miiCnevda, 2 Tumca religiis sociologiurianalizi marqsTan calmxrivi iyo. igi saTanadod ver afasebdareligiis rols sazogadoebaSi. marqsistuli religiissociologia utopiuri Teoria iyo, romlis mcdaroba dautopiuroba kargad gamoCnda CvenSi marqsistuli ideologiiskraxis epoqaSi. religiis gaqrobamde ufro adre religiisaraTu marqsistuli Teoria, saerTod, marqsizmi gaqra.marqsis Semdeg veberma SemogvTavaza dafiqreba imaze,arsebobs Tu ara iseTi socialuri funqcia, romelSic religiaSeucvlelia. am sakiTxis sociologiuri analizisSedegad man daaskvna, rom religiis gareSe adamians gauZneldebasakuTari cxovrebis kritikuli gaazreba; misTvisreligia yovelTis axal sazrisebs Sobs. veberis mixedviT,religia radikaluri socialuri cvlilebebis potencialismqonea (igulisxmeba protestantizmi). 31 e. diurkemi. religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi. Tb.,2004, gv. 46-47.2 К. Маркс. Социология. М., 2000, gv. 159.3 m. veberi. rCeuli nawerebi religiis sociologiaSi. nino fircxalavasada emzar jgerenaias Targmani. Tb., 2004. gv. 70,557

sakraluris dakargvis Teoriis avtoric veberia. is miiCnevda,rom teqnologiisa da biurokratiis batonoba TanamedrovesazogadoebaSi adamianis cnobierebasa da miswrafebebspragmatuli interesebiT gansazRvravs da komfortzezrunviT sazogadoebis iseT tips qmnis, romelSic yovelivewinaswar dadgenili da gansazRvrulia. am SemTxvevaSi religiurobasTanerTad maRali idealebisaken swrafva, mSvenierebistrfiali da heroikuli aRmafrena ikargeba. amprocesis aRsaniSnavad man `ganjadoebis~ cneba Semoitana.amjerad igi religiasa da Tanamedrove cnobierebas Soriskonfliqtis cnebidan amodioda da, kontis msgavsad, religiazeam ukanasknelis gamarjveba iwinaswarmetyvela. TanamedrovesazogadoebaSi religiis rolis dakninebas veberisamyaros racionaluri xedvis mier banaluri utilitarizmisdamkvidrebaSi xedavda, rac religiis mxridan racionalurobishipertrofirebiT gamowveuli sulieri avadmyofobissindromad aRiqmeba. 1religiis momavlis Sesaxeb klasikuri sociologiuriTeoriebis mxridan aseTi arasaxarbielo prognozebis miuxedavadreligia Cveul ritmSi agrZelebs Tavis arsebobas. iski ara, piriqiT, XX saukuneSi mTeli rigi qveynebi (maTSoris, saqarTvelo) religiuri renesansiTac gamoirCevian,rac imaze metyvelebs, rom sakraluris arseboba grZeldeba,rac sociologebs aZlevs imis Tqmis saSualebas, rom religiagansakuTrebuli fenomenia, romelic ama Tu im formiTadamianTa cxovrebaSi yovelTvis monawileobs. amaze mianiSnebdadiurkemi, rodesac ambobda, rom religiaSi maradiuliadavanebuli; rom religia iluzia da samyaros yalbixedva ki ara aris, aramed – sxva socialur institutebTanSedarebiT yvelaze metad cocxali realoba, romlis gaTanabrebamecnierebasTan an ideologiasTan ar SeiZleba miuxedavadimisa, rom ideologiur momentebs religia, garkveulwilad, Seicavs. 2 religiisadmi diurkemis mimarTeba, miuxeda-1 m. veberi. rCeuli nawerebi religiis sociologiaSi, gv. 71.2 e. diurkemi. religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli.., gv. 50-51.558

vad misi pozitiuri Sinaarsisa, religiur adamians ar moewoneba,radganac igi religiis sociologiur gagebas iZleva,rac imas niSnavs, rom religia diurkemisaTvis sainteresoaimdenad, ramdenadac igi adamianebSi socialuri energiis aRmZvrelia;diurkems, rogorc sociologs, religia ainteresebsimitom, rom igi masSi adamianis sociumis wevrad maformirebelmZlavr faqtors xedavs. saerTod, unda iqvas,rom mecnierebisa da religiis dapirispirebam, religiis sociologiisSesaZleblobaze uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia, magrammas Semdeg, rac es dapirispireba moixsna da codnisa darwmenis tolpirveladoba aRiarebul iqna, SesaZlebeli gaxdaufro Tamami saubari religiis sociologiis Sesaxeb.dRes igi dargobriv sociologiur disciplinebs Soris er-T-erTi yvelaze metad saintereso da gamorCeulia ara martoTavisi sagniT, aramed imiT, rom masSi erTmaneTs xvdebiansaero, samoqalaqo da zesaero, zesamoqalaqo Rirebulebebi.igi miwierisa da zeciuris Sexvedris adgilia.veberis msgvsad, diurkemic amCnevda sazogadoebis mimar-Tulebis gezs da amitomac miaCnda, rom tradiciuli religiebiver pasuxoben an ar Seesabamebian Tanamedrove adamianisada sazogadoebis socialur gamocdilebas. amitom is varaudobda,rom samomavlod maTi transformacia gardauvaliiqneba. axali tipis sazogadoebas, diurkemis azriT, axalireligia dasWirdeba. Tuki es asea, maSin religiis momavlisSesaxeb sakiTxi, diurkemis mixedviT, sxva rakursiT unda iqnesdasmuli. kerZod, SesaZlebelia Tu ara sazogadoeba religiisgareSe? 1 Tuki religias diurkemiseburad gavigebT,maSin am kiTxvaze pasuxi uaryofiTi iqneba, magram sakralurisarseboba ZalaSi darCeba, radganac sazogadoebas wminda,sakraluri sagnebis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZlia. sakralurismoTxovna yovelTvis iqneba. oRond daZleuli aRmoCndeba isRmerTi, romelsac tradiciuli religia gvTavazobda. 21 Sdr. e. diurkemi. religiuri cxovrebis.., gv. 602-603.2 Д. Бонхеффер. Молиться среди людей. – wgn.: Великие учители молитвы. Брюссель,1986, gv. 25.559

eligiis sociologiis did warmomadgenels sociumissaidumloebaTa gasaRebis Ziebis procesSi mxedvelobidan gamorCaumTavresi ram – is, rom WeSmariti religia da religiurirwmena yovelTvis axali da Tanamedrovea. vxedavT, romtradiciuli religiebis arseboba faqtia. aqedan gamomdinare,Zneli ar aris Tqma imisa, rom garkveuli azriT kontis, diurkemis,marqsisa da veberis klasikuri Teoriebi religiisSesaxeb araswori iyo da rom religia maradiulia.miuxedavad amisa, mainc rCeba problemaTa rigi, romelicreligiis momavlis sakiTxs negatiur WrilSi warmoa-Cens. aseTia tilixis mosazreba Teizmis krizisis Sesaxeb. 1is, rasac tilixi Teizmis kriziss eZaxis, veberis mier miniSnebulisulieri da socialuri cxovrebis racionalizaciisSedegia. miuxedavad amisa, es procesebi religiis arsebobasrealur safrTxes ver uqmnian. am sakiTxze yuradRebasamaxvilebs p. bergeric. 2 misi azriT, religiam kargadauRo alRo Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv progress, masSiTviTgadarCenis instinqtma imZlavra da igi kargad SeewyoTanamedrove sazogadoebas (mkvlevars, am SemTxvevaSi, kaTolicizmida protestantizmi aqvs mxedvelobaSi). bergerissityvebiT rom vTqvaT, religia kargad mezoblobs TanamedrovesazogadoebasTan. 3 es niSnavs imas, rom igi am sazogadoebiswevrebis mxolod piradi cxovrebiT Semoifarglebada uwindeli centraluri, `universumis makonstruirebeli~institutis funqcia dakarguli aqvs. rac Seexeba saxelmwifosmxridan zewolas, es xdeba maSin, rodesac saxelmwifosreligia sakuTari legitimurobis garantad dasWirdebada a. S. anu religia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mxolodformalurad arsebobs, rogorc samuzeumo eqsponati, rad-1 П. Тиллих. Избранное.Теология Культуры. М., 1995, gv. 442-454.2 amerikeli sociologi, socialur-konstruqtivistuli mimarTulebiswarmomadgeneli Tanamedrove sociologiaSi, bostonis universitetiskulturis, religiisa da msoflio problemebis kvlevisinstitutis xelmZRvaneli.3 П. Бергер. Религиозный плюрализм в эпоху плюрализма. saavtoro uflebaekuTvnis: Project Syndicate/Institute for Human Sciences, 2005 – www.project – syndicate.org.560

ganac sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval eTnosi, kulturada saxelmwifo religiur sazriss TandaTan kargaven.Tumca es religiis dasasruls ar niSnavs. Tanamedrove sociologebisazriT, es religiis tradiciuli formebis finalsmoaswavebs mxolod.rodesac sociologebi religiis momavalze saubroben,maT sxvadasxvanairad esmiT religiis cneba. klasikuri religiissociologiis warmomadgenlebs religiis tradiciuligageba aqvT mxedvelobaSi. religiis sociologiis Tanamedrovemkvlevrebis gageba ki tradiciulisagan ramdenadmegansxvavebulia, radganac, raoden sakamaToc ar unda iyos,isini miiCneven, rom Tanamedrove sekularizebul sazogadoebaSidemokratiis, pluralizmis, Tavisuflebisa da msgavsisabazo Rirebulebebis zeobis pirobebSi RmerTi tiranis saxiTwarmodgeba da adgili aqvs religiurobis monopolizebas(magaliTad, g. zimeli).g. zimelis mixedviT, sakiTxi Semdegnairad dgas: droTaganmavlobaSi tradiciuli religiebi ver SeZleben TavianTiRirebulebebis konservacias, rac sazogadoebis desakralizaciaski ara, Teizmis kriziss moaswavebs. 1 misi azrebi amSemTxvevaSi tilixis azrebs emTxveva, romelic religiismomavals `Teizmis miRma~ xedavs, 2 es ki tradiciuli religiise. w. samoqalaqo religiad gadaqcevas niSnavs. TanamedrovesazogadoebaSi religiuroba maskulturis nawilad iqcevada aseTi Teizmi aTeizmze uaresi SeiZleba iyos. tilixisprognoziT, sabolood, religiuri rwmena ganiZarcvebareligiuri samoselisagan da rCeba rwmena, romelsac saku-Tari sxeuli – eklesia, kulti, Teologia ara aqvs. aseTiareligiis aratradiciuli, Tanamedrove gageba, rac albaTZneli wamosadgenia.p. tilixis mier XXs. SuaxanebSi amgvarad warmodgenilireligiuri rwmenis sociologiuri portreti aratradi-1 Г. Зиммель, Религия. Социально-психологический этюд. М., 1909, gv. 71-73.2 p. tilixis mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT ix. П. Тиллих. Избранное.Теология Культуры, gv. 241.36. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi561

ciuli religiebis saxiT mogvca r. belam. 1 mis wignSi `gulisCvevebi. individualizmi da `komintmenti~ 2 amerikulcxovrebaSi religia warmodgenilia, rogorc aSS-is sajarocxovrebis erT-erTi rigiTi struqturuli elementi, romlismeSveobiTac amerikelebi sakuTari Temis cxovrebaSiarian CarTulni. religiis am Tanamedrove mkvlevris daskvnaaseTia: Tanamedrove amerikul sazogadoebaSi religiis rolisxva institutebis msgavsad arsebiTad Seicvala. 3aq saqme religiis rolis dakninebas ki ar Seexeba mxolod.religiuri doqtrinebis mniSvnelobis dakargva xomreligiis aRsasrulis tolfasia! amerikuli sazogadoebistransformaciis paralelurad, transformacias ganicdisreligiac, rasac religiisaTvis socialuri sivrcis SezRudvamohyva Tan. morwmune amerikelis azriT, misi urTier-Toba RmerTTan religiuri identobis farglebs gareT gadis.amisaTvis igi saWirod ar miiCnevs romelime religiisaRmsarebeli iyos. amerikeli sociologebis azriT, es religiisada religiurobis ultraTanamedrove safexuria,rasac isini postTanamedrove safexurs uwodeben.aqamde amerikulma sazogadoebam religiuri progresis`adreTanamedrove~ safexuri gaiara. amitom isini erTmaneTisaganganasxvaveben maRalganviTarebuli da ganviTarebis gzazeSemdgari qveynebis religiebs. postTanamedrove safexurze Tura saxes miiRebs religia, amerikeli sociologebis azriT,bevrad aris damokidebuli im sociokulturul transformaciaze,romelsac Tanamedrove sazogadoeba ganicdis. am Sem-TxvevaSi tradiciul religiebs gauWirdebaT arseboba. amerikelisociologis, fenomenologiuri sociologiis fuZemdeb-1 robert nil bela kaliforniis berklis universitetis Sedarebi-Ti kvlevebisa da sociologiis profesoria, romelic religiismodernizaciis problemebze muSaobs. igi Tanamedrove religiissociologiaSi erT-erTi gavleniani avtoria.2 r. bela. nawyveti wignidan `gulis Cvevebi. individualizmi da`komintmenti.~ krebulSi: `Религия и общество: Хрестоматия по социологиирелигии“. М., 1996, gv. 256.3 r. bela. nawyveti wignidan.., gv. 251.562

lis a. Siucis azriT ki, am tipis sazogadoebaSi religiasmxolod pirovnuli xasiaTi eqneba da meti araferi. 1sxva viTarebaa ganviTarebad qveynebSi. aq tradiciulireligiebi, grZnoben ra mosalodnel safrTxes, SeZlebisdagvaradibrZvian sakuTari identobis SesanarCuneblad,Tumca aqac dawyebulia istoriulidan `adreTanamedrove~religiiisaken svlis procesebi, oRond am qveynebSi Tanamedroveuaxlesi teqnologiebis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSiCarTvis done Zalze dabalia. aq mxolod msgavs tendencieb-Tan an kidev sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebis dones-Tan Seusabamod msgavsi teqnologiebis brma, gauazrebel eqsportTangvaqvs saqme. miuxedavad amisa, am qveynebSi religiajer kidev ar Tmobs sakuTar poziciebs da sakuTariTavis gadarCenas Tanamedrove sazogadoebis moTxovnebTanadaptaciis unaris gamomuSavebiT cdilobs. am SemTxevaSipirveli rigis amocanaa sekularizaciisa da modernizaciisprocesis gadalaxva an masTan gamklaveba, misTvis saTanadoalternativebis monaxva da a. S.sainteresoa, aseve, cnobili socialuri futurologis,skandaluri wignis – `momavlis Sokis~ avtoris – e.tofleris prognozi religiis momavalTan dakavSirebiT,romelic am tipis sxva mkvlevrebis prognozebisagan gansxvavaebiToptimisturi da damaimedebelia. 2 tofleris azriT,Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebis siswrafeda Tavisuflebis maRali xarisxi adamianTaTvis Sokis momgvreliiqneba. amas is `momavlis Soks~ uwodebs. 3 mis wignSidetaluradaa gaanalizebuli warmoudgeneli masStabis istransformacia, romelic adamianisa da sazogadoebis TiTqmisarcerT kuTxe-kunWuls ar tovebs xeluxleblad. erTaderTigamonaklisi am totalur da yovlismomcvel procesSi arisreligia, romelic Tavis myofadobas kvlavac inarCunebs da,1 Sdr. А. Шюц. Избранное: Мир, светящийся смыслом (Серия «Книга света»).М., 2004, gv. 39-40.2 Е. Тофлер. Шок Будущего. М., 20023 Е. Тофлер. Шок Будущего, gv. 146-147.563

Sesabamisad, misi momavalic naTliT mosilia. 1religiis momavlis Sesaxeb pesimistur da nihilisturwarmodgenebs religiaze Tanamedrove, uaxlesi sainformacioteqnologiebis sul ufro mzardi gavlena udevs safuZvlad.am mxriv religiis sferoSi mimdinare procesebis aRsaniSnavadreligiis sociologiaSi mravali axali terminigaCnda. maT Soris erT-erTi aw ukve SedarebiT moZvelebulitermini televangelizmia, rac saxarebiseuli Temebissaqadageblad satelevizio da mediateqnologiebis gamoyenebasniSnavs, rac, faqtobrivad, evangelisturi praqtikisamerikul-protestantuli versiaa. 2televangelizmis ultraTanamedrove versias am sfero-Si internetpraqtika warmoadgens. es yvelaze mtkivneul dasakamaTo sakiTxTa rigs miekuTvneba dRes. mis Sesaxeb er-Txel da samudamod Camoyalibebuli principuli poziciaaraTu sociologebs, aramed tradiciuli religiebis warmomadgenlebsSorisac Znelad Tu moiZebneba. azrTa sxvadasxvaobaSiori ZiriTadi poziciaa gamokveTili: erTni masSireligiis arnaxul transformacias, tradiciuli religiebisfinalsa da `axali religiis~ – e. w. virtualuri religiisdasawyiss xedaven, meoreni ki am procesebSi religiasveranair transformacias ver atyoben da mimdinareprocesebs ganixilaven, mxolod rogorc komunikaciis, informaciisgadacemis Tanamedrove saSualebaTa efeqtur gamoyenebasreligiur praqtikaSi.am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, religiis momavlis Sesaxebnihilisturi sociologiuri Teoriebi saqmis viTarebas gangebamuqeben anda, ubralod rom vTqvaT, es yvelaferi maTireligiuri umecrebis Sedegia. Tumca, dRes ukve faqtia religiuricxovrebis virtualizacia, rac, Tavis mxriv, mismomavals erTob pesimisturs xdis. TiTqos araferi saganga-So ar unda iyos imaSi, rom kompiuteruli teqnologiebigamoyenebul iqnes Tundac qadagebebisaTvis, magram saqmes1 Е. Тофлер. Шок Будущего, gv. 146-147.2 q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri. sociologia, gv. 563.564

arTulebs misi gamoyenebis mcdeloba RvTaebrivi saidumloebebisSesasruleblad. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs aRsarebis saidumlo.misi virtualizacia, romelsac dRes aqvs adgili,sruliad axali da gaugonari fenomenia. swored aqedaniRebs saTaves religiis finalobis problema. religiuriTvalsazrisiT, rac ar unda miuRebeli iyos, am teqnologiasdRes ukve Tavisi momxmarebeli hyavs (amis damadasturebelfaqtebs dRes dainteresebuli mkiTxveli sociologiisnebismier saxelmZRvaneloSi ixilavs). mravali sxvadasxvaprograma arsebobs, romelTa meSveobiT Tundac binidan gausvleladSesaZlebelia virtualuri eqskursia msofliosnebismieri taZris dasaTvaliereblad. daTvalierebas kidevara uSavs ra, rom ara aqamde gaugonari iseTi faqti, rogoricaavirtualuri sanTlis danTeba. religiuri gagebiT, esumZimesi codvaa, radganac am SemTxvevaSi usisxlo msxverplSewirvisreligiuri aqtis SebRalvasTan gvaqvs saqme. magramdesakralizebul sazogadoebaSi, sadac `religia specefeqtigaxda~, aseTi ram savsebiT realuria. 1informaciuli sivrce adamianis sulieri cxovrebismxolod da mxolod zedapiruli garsia. amitom virtualurida kibereklesia versaodes ver Secvlis namdvil taZars. isrealuri taZris parodia da simulaciaa mxolod. erTxelaciqneba adamiani gamoaRwevs am simulaciisa da virtualuri realobistyveobidan da isev miubrundeba maradiul WeSmaritebasada namdvil religiur rwmenas. fsevdoreligiisa dafsevdorwmenis iluziiT gaTanguls, etyoba, jer kidev didigamocda elis win. didi mixvedra ar sWirdeba imas, rom xelovnuradSeqmnil, virtualur sivrceSi konstruirebulfsevdoreligias ara aqvs momavali da rom yovelgvari eqperimentebiam sferoSi imTaviTve dasaRupavad ganwirulia.religiuri cxovreba transcendentTan cocxali urTierTobaa,romelic virtualizaciis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba.virtualuri eklesia verasodes ver SeZlebs daexmarosTundac im adamians, romelsac taZarSi siaruli janmrTe-1 Ж. Бодрийар. Америка. СПб., 2000, gv.36.565

lobis mdgomareobis gamo uWirs. aseT adamians locvis gam-Zafrebul survils virtualuri eklesia ver daukmayofilebs.rac Seexeba aRsarebis internetiT miRebis novacias,SesaZlebelia es dasaSvebi iyos, magram am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia,Tu rogor unda moevlos aRsarebis anonimurobissakiTxs. garda amisa, es saxifaToc SeiZleba iyos, miTufro maSin, roca saqme adamianis sulier cxovrebas exeba,radganac yovelive es im eqimis moqmedebas hgavs, romelsacavadmyofi TvaliT ar unaxavs da ise uniSnavs mkurnalobas.aRsarebis funqcia marto codvaTa miteveba rodia, amasTanerTad misi mizania adamiani xelaxla gaxados eklesiis wevri.xolo iq, sadac eklesia ar aris, bunebrivia, masSi Sesvlissurvilic ar arsebobs.virtualuri eklesia, piriqiT, Trgunavs taZarSi siarulissurvils. is aukuRmarTebs namdvil religiur grZnobebs.eklesia qristes sxeulia. imisaTvis, rom am sxeulis nawiligaxde, masTan cocxali kontaqtia saWiro, rasac internetaRsarebaxels uSlis. rac Seexeba qadagebasa da RvTissityvis gavrcelebas, amisaTvis interneti kargi saSualebaSeiZleba iyos, magram qadageba xom mxolod mp3-formatisaudio an videoCanaweri ar aris. is aris RvTis cocxalisityva, romelic ambionidan unda warmoiTqvas. garda amisa,internets sakuTari metyvelebis wesi aqvs, romelic RvTismsaxurebisenas ar Seesabameba. 1 amasTan religiis cifruligamosaxuleba xom absurdia da meti araferi.am sakiTxebis analizisas gasaTvaliswinebelia is sayveduri,romelsac Tanamedrove avtorebi klasikuri TeoriebismomxreTa misamarTiT gamoTqvamen. kerZod, postsekularulepoqaSi usafuZvloa sekularuli sazogadoebis eniTmetyveleba. 2 es sayveduri, ra Tqma unda, gasaTvaliswinebelia,magram ara religiis misamarTiT, radganac religia maradaxali da marad cocxali fenomenia. igive sociologebisdaskvnebiT, veraferi ver Secvlis RmerTTan adamianis1 Виртуальная религия. – http://ierei-korenev.ru/list/internet.html2 Sdr.: Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gamowveva. iurgen habermasisa daiozef ratcingeris werilebi. mTargmneli g. baramiZe. Tb., 2010.566

pirovnul mimarTebas, romelic yvelaze kargad tradiciulreligiur cxovrebaSia mocemuli, amitom aseT viTarebaSizogadi daskvna gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeiZlebaaseTi iyos: sazogadoebis transformaciis procesifaqtia, magram religiuri TvalsazrisiT arc iseTi faqti,romelic msoflio religiebis arsebobas kiTxvis niSnisqveS daayenebs.Tanamedrove sazogadoebis racionalizacia, virtualizaciada inteleqtis safuZvelze marTvis (qseluri ekonomika)moTxovna, savaraudoa, rom tradiciul religiebSibunebriv ukureaqcias gamoiwvevs da sazogadoeba isev dadgebairacionalizmisa da mistikis moTxovnis winaSe. es kidesakralizebul sazogadoebas isev maradiul Rirebulebeb-Tan daabrunebs, xels Seuwyobs masobrivi cnobierebis diskreditaciasda yovlisSemZle gonebis moralur uZlurebaskidev ufro gamoaaSkaravebs.Tanamedrove globalizaciuri procesebis paralelurad,religias sazogadoebasTan dialogis ufro meti saSualebamieca. klasikuri Tu araklasikuri sociologiuri TeoriebismTeli rigi pesimisturi prognozebis miuxedavad, misimomavali bed-iRbali didad aris damokidebuli im adamianiszneobriv mdgomareobaze, romelic globaluri problemebisada gamowvevebis winaSe dgas. garda amisa sagulisxmoa isfaqtic, rom Rirebulebebi, romlis sadarajozec tradiciulireligia imyofeba: siyvaruli, mSvidoba, sasoeba datolerantoba is zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebia, romelzecuaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi TviT kacobriobis momavalidadgeba eWv qveS. am kuTxiT religiis momavali ufro optimisturia,vidre amas Tanamedrove sociologebi winaswarmetyveleben.optimizmis safuZvels iZleva agreTve Tanamedrovereligiuri cnobierebis Riaoba sazogadoebasTan dagansxvavebul kulturebTan mimarTebaSi.saerosa da sasulieros Soris dialogi kargad exmianeba`planetaruli cnobierebis~ eTikasa da solidarobiszogadsakacobrio ideas. calkeuli arerTgvarovani religi-567

uri reaqciebi, romelTac adagili aqvs Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi,im winaaRmdegobaze mianiSnebs, romelic globalizaciismanivelirebel procesebs sdevs Tan. Tuki met-naklebadmniSvnelovani faqtori, romelzec damokidebulia Tanamedrovesazogadoeba, aris adamianis Rirseba – dedamiwazedRes mcxovrebi adamianisa, maSin religiis momavali damokidebuliiqneba imaze, Tu ra zomis socialurad mniSvnelovanwvlils Seitans adamiani im samyaroSi, romelSic igicxovrobs. mokled rom vTqvaT, es damokidebuli iqneba imaze,Tu ramdenad SeinarCunebs adamiani adamianobas.KAKHA KETSBAIAON THE PROBLEM OF THE FUTURE OF RELIGIONIN THE CLASSICAL AND MODERNRELIGION SOCIOLOGYThe article deals with the analysis of the classical and modern sociologicaltheories on the problem of the future of religion. In sociology ofreligion since its foundation the problem of the future of religion has alwaysbeen actual. However, the global processes going on in modern societyhave made the given problem more urgent. The aim of sociology ofregion, as a scientific discipline studying religion, is to anticipate the objectof its study in perspective, i.e. to prognosticate its future. The moreso now that the situation concerning religion is somewhat alarming today.It is a universally recognized fact today that mankind is in the postclassicalepoch which signifies decrease of classical values. The harbingerof this process Friedrich Nietzsche was one of the first to herald tothe mankind “the demise of God”. “The demise of God” symbolises “theruin” (“undoing”) of man. But people in pursuit of luxury, comfort andeveryday small vital things did not pay any proper attention to it then. Finally,“the God killer” humanity killed man as well. If XX century isbranded with “the demise of God”, XXI century will be labeled as thehumanity downfall.568

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaTamar SinjiaSviliganaTlebis ideebi, problemebi dakoncefciebi XIX saukunis mecnierTasociologiur SromebSiXIX saukune – es is periodia, rodesac ganaTlebammravali mkvlevaris mzardi yuradReba miiqcia da mTeli rigimecnierebis da maTi dargebis Seswavlis sagnad iqca. ganaTlebamasiuri, TiTqmis universaluri gaxda, suliericxovrebis mniSvnelovan sferod gadaiqca. ganaTlebis mniSvnelobiszrda sxvadasxva donis da kvalifikaciis mqoneganaTlebul adamianebze moTxovnilebis zrdiT iyo gamowveuli,ramac mravalsafexuriani ganaTlebis sistemis formirebasSeuwyo xeli, rac rogorc saxelmwifosgan, aseve ganaTlebissakiTxebiT dainteresebuli kerZo pirebisgan misiganviTarebisaTvis aucilebel ZviradRirebuli meqanizmebisSeqmnas moiTxovda. ZiriTadad dasavleTis qveynebSi gaCndamoTxovnileba ganaTlebis axal sistemaze da samrewvelowarmoebasa da marTvisTvis kvalificiuri kadrebis momzadebaze.ganaTlebis sakiTxebis win wamowevas misi samecniero-Teoriuli analizi da empiriuli kvleva mohyva. daiwyomecnierebis ganviTarebasa da ganaTlebis sferoSi arsebulmdgomareobas Soris mWidro kavSiris gaazreba. misi progresisperspeqtivam da am procesSi sazogadoebis RvawlmaganaTlebis Sesaxeb samecniero codnis diferenciaciamdemigviyvana. ganaTlebis ideebis, problemebis da koncefciebisganxilva XIX saukunis mecnierTa sociologiur SromebSiaisaxa. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia ogiust kontisa daherbert spenseris Sexedulebebi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb.frangi sociologis ogiust kontis SemoqmedebaSi ganaTlebisproblemebi aRzrdis problemebTan mWidro kav-SirSi ganixileboda. am ukanasknels is ufro farTo da569

mniSvnelovan cnebad Tvlida. konti miiCnevda, rom ganaTlebaaucileblad unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli rogorc aRzrdisZiriTadi faqtori, aRzrdis miznebisa da amocanebismiRwevis umniSvnelovanesi saSualeba. igi dRis wesrigSiganaTlebis reformis ganxorcielebis aucileblobis sakiTxsayenebda da saWirod Tvlida kaTolikur swavlebasada aRzrdis sistemaze uaris Tqmas, romelic gamosadegarimxolod Suasaukunovan pirobebSi iyo. konti akritikebdasqolastikur sauniversiteto ganaTlebas, radgan: 1) ariyo masobrivi; 2) mosaxleobis farTo fenebs ar moicavda;3) dogmatizmiTa da religiiT iyo gaJRenTili. gamomdinareaqedan, mecnieri moiTxovda ganaTlebis da aRzrdis xasiaTisada mimarTulebis Secvlas. 1riTi iyo gamowveuli kaTolikuri da mTlianad ganaTlebisSuasakuneobriv sistemaze uaris Tqma da misi SecvlaaxliT, `pozitiuriT”? Tu kontis pozicias mivyvebiT, mizeziramdenime iqneba. pirvels socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTigaaCnia. saubaria imaze, rom ganaTlebis Zveli sistema industriulisazogadoebis ganviTarebas aferxebda, radgan masobrivsda farTod xelmisawvdoms ar warmoadgenda. axali sazogadoebaki didi raodenobiT ganaTlebul adamians moiTxovda.meore mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sazogadoebassWirdeboda realuri da sasargeblo codna, romlis micemacganaTlebis Zvel sistemas ar SeeZlo. mesame mizezi ki isaa,rom ganaTlebis arsebul Zvel sistemas ar SeeZlo ganaTlebismicema sazogadoebis yvelaze mravalricxovan klasisTvis– proletariatisTvis. amitomac, frangi sociologi aucilebladTvlida industriuli sazogadoebisTvis gamousadegarikaTolikuri ganaTleba axali `umaRlesi ganaTlebis”sistemiT SeecvalaT. umaRlesi saxalxo ganaTleba sayovel-Tao da yvelasTvis xelmisawavdomi unda yofiliyo.rogorc Cans, konti ganaTlebis masiurobis momxredgamodioda, romlis gareSec industriuli sazogadoebis1 О. Конт. Общий обзор позитивизма. – Западно-европейская социология XIXвека. М., 1996, gv. 156.570

warmatebiT ganviTareba saeWvo iyo. masobrivi ganaTlebisqveS dawyebiT ganaTlebas gulisxmobda, romelic ara martoelementarul codnas iZleoda, aramed aseve aucilebelprofesiul siaxleebs da unarebs. konti did imedebs saxelmwifozeamyarebda, romelic `valdebulia misces ganaTlebamxolod proletariats” (sxva klasebis da socialurifenebis ganaTlebis problemas is ar ayenebda).adamianis ganaTlebas (kontis interpretaciiT moicavsperiods dabadebidan srulwlovanobamde) is yofs or nawilad- `TviTwarmoebuls” da `sistematiurs”. pirveliojaxSi ganaTlebis miRebasTan da socializaciasTan, esTetikurigemovnebis ganviTarebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. pozitiuriganaTlebis ~sistematiuri” nawili niSnavs codnismiRebas specializirebul saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi,sadac sxvadasxva mecnierebis swavlebis funqciebs, saerTocodnisa da profesiuli unar-Cvevebis gadacemas profesionalipedagogebi axorcieleben, romlebic amisTvis specialuradunda iyvnen momzadebulni. 1 kontis azriT, maT miercodnis gadacema nebismieri oficialuri doqtrinis da xelisuflebisgavlenisgan Tavisufali unda yofiliyo.swavlebisa da aRzrdis struqturis agebisas kontiTvlida, rom ganaTlebis `sistematiuri” nawilis mniSvnelobismiuxedavad, ar SeiZleba bavSvis ojaxuri cxovrebisganmowyveta, romlis gareSec misi pirovnebis evoluciisganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia.amrigad, ogiust kontis sociologiaSi gansazRvruliaganaTlebis ganviTarebis sakmaod mniSvnelovani ideebi, misistruqtura, masebSi ganaTlebis farTod gavrcelebis procesi,saxelmwifos roli mis gavrcelebasa da ganviTareba-Si, elituri da religiuri ganaTlebis SeTavseba. es ideebisakmaod nayofieri aRmoCnda rogorc ganaTlebis sociologiis,aseve TviT ganaTlebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis.ganaTlebis problemis analizs gverdi ver auara ingliselmasociologma herbert spenserma. aRzrdisa da1 Г. Е. Зборовский, Е. А. Шуклина. Социология образования. М., 2005, gv. 16.571

swavlis principebis formulirebisas XIX saukunis bolodroindelkapitalisturi sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaxal pirobebSi, spensers ar SeeZlo Tavisi damokidebulebaar gamoexata ganaTlebis wina sistemisadmi, romelic imdroindelsazogadoebas memkvidreobad hqonda darCenili.kontis msgavsad, spenseri akritikebs ganaTlebis, aRzrdisSuasakunovan sistemas, romelic religiuri ganaTlebis batonobazeda saeklesio dogmebze iyo dafuZnebuli.spenseri ganaTlebisa da aRzrdis sistemaSi mTeli rigiprincipebis ganxorcielebas Tvlida saWirod. maT Sorisis asaxelebda: aRzrdis procesSi gadasvlas martividanrTulisken, ganusazRvrelidan gansazRvrulisken, empiriulidanracionalurisken; gakveTilis dawyebis aucileblobaskonkretuli masaliT da abstraqtuliT damTavrebas; TviTganviTarebis,rogorc aRzrdis birTvis procesis waxalisebas;swafvas iqces ganaTlebis programa sasiamovnod moswavleTaTvis.1spenseri amtkicebda, rom ganaTlebis programa da SinaarsidadebiT emocias unda iwvevdes moswavleebSi. maT mxolodam SemTxvevaSi CamouyalibdebodaT swavlis procesTandamokidebulebaSi saintereso da sasiamovno saqmianobaSimonawileobis grZnoba da mas aucilebel da mosawyen saqmianobadar aRiqvamdnen. 2 arsebiTad saubari exeba im principisrealizacias, romelsac ewoda ~swavla siamovnebis-Tvis”. aman biZgi misca inglisel sociologs swavlebisinovaciuri meTodikis Seqmnis sakiTxi daesva, romelic aRniSnuliprincipis realizaciaze da moswavleTa mxatvruliunarebis ganviTarebaze iqneboda mimarTuli. 3 Tumca spenserismier sakiTxis aseTi dasma ar niSnavda mis mier ~swavlasiamovnebisTvis” ganaTlebis mxolod erdaderT principadaRiarebas. ara nakleb mniSvnelobas moswavleTa nebisyofasaniWebda, rac maT saswavlo programis aTvisebaSi undadaxmareboda.1 Г. Спенсер. Синтетическая философия. Киев, 1997, gv. 459.2 Г. Спенсер. Статьи о воспитании. СПб, 1914, gv. 10-12.3 Г. Е. Зборовский, Е. А. Шуклина. Социология образования, gv. 19.572

sociologi akritikebda swavlebaSi ara marto dogmatizms.is miiCnevda, rom ganaTlebis da aRzrdis arsebulsistemas moswavleebi masalis meqanikur damaxsovrebamde,dazepirebamde miyavda. aseTi sistemis ganxilvisas spenseriTvlida, rom es sistema axal ganaTlebaSi nel-nela qreboda.igi bunebriv mecnierebebs yvelaze mniSvnelovnad aRiarebdada saswavlo programebSi yvela danarCen disciplinebsSoris maT (maTematikas, fizikas, biologiasa da astronomias)mowinave adgils aniWebda. 1aseve araswori iqneba vamtkicoT, rom spenseri humanitarulidisciplinebis rols ar afasebda. is maT swavlebisada aRzrdis procesisTvis aseve mniSvnelovnad Tvlidada am disciplinebs or jgufad yofda. pirvels fsiqologiasada fiziologias miakuTvnebda, radgan maTi codnis gareSeindivids mSoblis movaleobebis gansaxorcielebladver moamzadebdnen, rac bavSvis moralur, inteleqtualurda fizikur ganviTarebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. humanitarulimecnierebis meore jgufSi is disciplinebi aRmoCnda,romlebic individs amzadeben moqalaqis funqciis Sesasruleblad.aRzrdis am saxeobaSi spenseris azriT, gadamwyvetrols istoria TamaSobs.mTlianobaSi sakmarisi safuZveli arsebobs daskvnis-Tvis, rom aRzrdasa da swavlebaze spenseris SexedulebebmamniSvnelovani roli Seasrules SemdgomSi sociologiuricodnis mniSvnelovani nawilis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi, romelsacdaerqva `ganaTlebis sociologia”. misi Sexedulebebijer kidev ar aris sakmarisad Seswavlili, magram isiniromlebic dReisTvis cnobilia, adasturebs ingliseli mecnierisseriozul Rvawls ganaTlebis Seswavlis saqmeSi.rac Seexeba karl marqs, mis SromebSi ganaTlebisa daaRzrdis burJuaziuli sistemis mkveTri da daundobelikritikaa. marqsis Teoria ara marto misi Tanamedrove ganaTlebisada aRzrdis analizze iyo mimarTuli, aramed masxangrZlivi prognozis xasiaTi hqonda, romelSic burJuazi-1 Г. Е. Зборовский, Е. А. Шуклина. Социология образования, gv. 20.573

uli sazogadoeba im socialur sistemamde miyavda, rasacTviTon marqsi komunizms uwodebda.k. marqsi aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis iseTi sazogadoebrivisistemis Seqmnaze akeTebda aqcents, romelic pirovnebassaSualebas miscemda ganviTarebuliyo yvela mimarTulebiT.amasTanave aRzrdis roli aSkarad hipertrofirebuli iyo.misi azriT, aRzrdis daxmarebiT SeiZleboda yvela ZiriTadisocialuri amocanis gadaWra sazogadoebisaTvis iseTipirovnebis tipebis Seqmnis gziT, romlebsac igi realuradsaWiroebda. e.i. xelisuflebas misTvis saWiro da gamosadegaripirovnebis tipebis formireba SeeZlo. Tumca aq marqsiskoncefciaSi sawinaaRmdego SeimCneva, radgan TeoriuladmasSi pirovnebis TviTgamorkvevis da TviTganviTarebisuflebaa gadmocemuli, romelic sazogadoebrivi aRzrdismocemuli sistemis batonobis pirobebSi naklebad savaraudoaganxorcieldes. 1k. marqsis aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis koncefcia sazogadoebismaterialuri gagebis saerTo sociologiuri TeoriisSemadgenel nawils warmoadgens. misi damsaxureba mdgomareobsimaSi, rom man sakmaod mkveTrad gansazRvra ganaTlebisda aRzrdis adgili socialuri organizmSi, aCvenamaTi, rogorc socialuri institutis roli.ganaTlebis sakiTxebis damuSavebaSi Tavisi wvlilifsiqologiuri mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebmac Seitanes.ganaTlebasa da aRzrdasTan dakavSirebuli kontis, spenseris,marqsisa da sxvaTa mier adreuli klasikuri periodispirobebSi formirebuli mTeli rigi ideebi SemdgomSi ganvi-Tarda, zogierTi idea ki pirvelad gamoiTqva.fsiqologiuri mimarTulebis ganxilvisas aucilebeliaSevCerdeT l. uordis. g. lebonisa da C. kulis Sexedulebebze.amerikeli sociologi lester uordi Tvlida, romganaTleba socialuri gardaqmnis stimulad da yvelaze saimedoformad, kapitalisturi sazogadoebis organizaciulistruqturis cvlilebis saSualebad, socialuri progresis1 Г. Е. Зборовский, Е. А. Шуклина. Социология образования, gv. 22-24.574

instrumentad gvevlineba. amitomac sayovelTao Tanasworida savaldebulo ganaTlebis SemoRebas (romlis aucileblobasicavda uordi), misi azriT, sakmaod xelsayreli Sedegebieqneboda. es iyo amerikeli sociologis erT erTi~reformatoruli” Tezisi. uordi misi mTavari naSromissociologiuri daskvniT TavSi (~dinamikuri sociologia”,gamovida 1883 wels) dawvrilebiT aRwers skolebis rolssazogadoebriv gardaqmnaSi da misi Rrma sociologiuriSeswavlis aucileblobis sakiTxs svams. 1amerikeli mkvlevari Tavis wignSi miuTiTebs, rom adamianisinteleqtualuri Zalebi da unari ufro aRzrdazeadamokidebuli, vidre bunebaze. amitom adamianis ~gamosworeba”an ~gaumjobeseba” mxolod ganaTlebis sistemis srulyofiTaris SesaZlebeli. swored am process, uordis azriT,mniSvnelovani da fundamenturi rolis Sesruleba mouwevsadamianis ganviTarebaSi, ganaTlebasa da aRzrdaSi.frangi sociologi gustav leboni Tvlida (iseve rogorcmisi winamorbedi sociologebi), rom aucilebeliaganaTlebisa da aRzrdis tradiciuli sistemis Secvla axliT,romlis safuZvelic profesiuli aRzrda iqneba. amisgansaxorcieleblad dazepireba, dazuTxva ar aris sakmarisi,aucilebeli xdeba namdvili profesiuli codnis, unarebis,siaxleebis daufleba ama Tu im konkretul profesia-Si. aseT pirobebSi gardauvali gaxdeba iseTi saqmianobebi,romlebic adamianis fizikur da gonebriv ganviTarebas Seuwyobenxels. 2lebonis mixedviT profesiuli aRzrdis amocana kvalificiuriSromisaTvis axalgazrda adamianebis xarisxian momzadebaSimdgomareobs. momavalma mSromelma operaciebis,moqmedebebis meqanikuri Sesruleba ki ar unda iswavlos,aramed piriqiT, man mTeli Tavisi suli Sromis procesSiunda Cados. am miznis misaRwevad man unda iswavlos daprofesiuli kuTxiT aRizardos.1 Г. Е. Зборовский, Е. А. Шуклина. Социология образования, gv. 25.2 Г. Лебон. Психология Масс. М., 2000, gv. 214.575

amerikeli sociologis Carlz kulisTvis pirovnebayuradRebis mTavari sagani iyo. misi azriT, ganaTleba socialurimemkvidreobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtoria, romelicadamianis formirebaSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs.Tavis naSromSi ~adamianuri buneba da socialuri wesrigi”adamianis formirebaze moqmedi bunebrivi, biologiuri dasocialuri Tanafardobis ganxilvisas, amerikeli sociologidid mniSvnelobas am ukanasknels aniWebda, amasTanave bunebrivniWsa da adamianis unarebs ar iviwyebda. 1sociologiaSi fsiqologiuri mimarTulebis farglebSiformirebulma ideebma didi roli Seasrules ganaTlebissociologiis CamoyalibebaSi da aqtiurad gamoiyenes klasikurigermanuli sociologiis warmomadgenlebma _ g. zimelmada m. veberma.ganaTlebis sociologiis CamoyalibebaSi georg zimelisrolis daxasiaTebisas aucilebelia aRiniSnos ganaTlebisada aRzrdis misi interpretacia socialuri urTierTqmedebiskoncefciis poziciidan. zimelis azriT, aRzrdisprocesis gazomva SeiZleba ukuqmedebis ZaliT, ganxorcielebulimisi pasiuri mxaris mier (moswavlis) aqtiurmxareze – maswavlebelsa da aRmzrdelze. pedagogmaunda gaiTvaliswinos Tavisi moswavlis individualuri maxasiaTeblebi.progresis kriteriumad aRzrdis evoluciaSig. zimeli ganixilavda misi ori subieqtis – pedagogisa damoswavlis (aRsazrdeli) urTierTqmedebis zrdas. 2maqs veberis mixedviT kvalifikacia, codna, unari, profesiulixelovneba – yvela es faqtori ganaTlebis wyalobiTgansazRvravs adamianis adgils sazogadoebis socialurstruqturaSi. muSakis saqmianobis profesionalizmi mniSvnelovanwiladmis mier miRebuli ganaTlebiT ganisazRvreba.aqedan gamomdinareobs am ukanasknelis, rogorc adamianTaekonomikuri qcevis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtorisroli. 31 Ч. Кули. Человеческая природа и социальный порядок. М., 2000, gv. 14.2 Западно-европейская социология XIX века. М. 1996, gv. 105-107.3 Г. Е. Зборовский, Е. А. Шуклина. Социология образования, gv. 28.576

veberis damsaxureba ganaTlebis socialuri rolis gansazRvraSimdgomareobs imaSi, rom mecnieri cdilobda gaeanalizebinais ara marto misi Tanamedrove kapitalizmis pirobebSi.germaneli sociologi, rogorc cnobilia, TavisSemoqmedebaSi did yuradRebas uTmobda msoflio meurneobisistoriis daxasiaTebas, ganaTlebis rols avlenda uZvelesiprofesiebis (xelosnis, mkurnalis das xv.) CamoyalibebaSi.mTlianobaSi ganaTlebis ideebis, problemebis da koncefciebisganxilvam XIX saukunis mecnierTa sociologiurSromebSi mniSvnelovanwilad Seuwyo xeli sociologiurimecnierebis gansakuTrebuli dargis _ ganaTlebis sociologiisCamoyalibebas. am procesSi didi roli akisria pozitivisturideebs (o. konti, h. spenseri), marqsizms (k.marqsi), fsiqologiur mimarTulebas (l. uordi, g. leboni,C. kuli), klasikur germanul sociologias (g. zimeli, m.veberi). rogorc Cans, ganaTlebis sociologiis Camoyalibebisfaqtorad sxvadasxva mimarTulebebi da paradigmebi iqca.yvela am sociologisTvis saerTo iyo sazogadoebisganviTarebis da misi transformaciis procesSi ganaTlebisada aRzrdis didi rolis aRqma da aRiareba.37. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi577

TAMAR SHINJIASHVILIEDUCATION IDEAS, PROBLEMS AND CONCEPTSIN THE SOCIOLOGICAL WORKSOF THE SCIENTISTS OF THE XIX CENTURYIn the XIX century, education attracted attention of many researchersand became the subject of research of a number of scientists andtheir fields. Discussions of educational ideas, problems and concepts arereflected in the sociological works of the scientists of XIX century,where there are defined rather important ideas of education development,its structure, the process of widely spread education among people, therole of state in its proliferation and development, combination of elite anreligious education. These ideas turned out to be quite fruitful for botheducation and sociology, as well as for the further development of education.Discussion of educational ideas, problems and concepts in thesociological works of the XIX century contributed significantly to theformation of special field of sociological science – sociology of education.Positivist ideas (O. Komte, H. Spencer, Marxism (K. Marx), psychologicaldirection (L. Ward, G. Le bon, Ch. Cooley), the classic GermanSociology (G. Simmel, M. Weber) play an important role in this process.Perception and recognition of a great role of education in the developmentand transformation process of the society were common for all thesesociologists.578

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriameri Wanturiaqorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis zogierTisocialuri aspeqti TanamedroveqarTul ojaxSisiyvarulis, ojaxis, qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebisproblemebi urTierTdakavSirebuli da erTmaneTis ganmsazRvrelifenomenebia.ojaxi adamianis aRwarmoebis sazogadoebrivi meqanizmia,sisxliT naTesaobasa an qorwinebaze dafuZnebuli mcire socialurijgufi, romlis wevrebi erTmaneTTan mWidrodarian dakavSirebuli yofiTi erTianobiT, urTierTdaxmarebi-Ta da moraluri pasuxismgeblobiT, ramdenadac meuRleobada mSobloba iRebs socialur sanqcias, moralur da samar-Tlebriv dakanonebasa da saxelmwifoebriv mxardaWeras.ojaxi warmoadgens socialur instituts.ojaxis Seqmna iwyeba qorwinebiT, igi sanqcias aZlevssapirispiro sqesis or an meti partnioris intimur urTierTobebs,maT urTierTmovaleobasa da uflebebs, rac arsebiTiaojaxis funqcionirebisaTvis. qorwinebis gabatonebuliformaa meuRleoba sapirispiro sqesis or pirs Soris,Tumca zogierT sazogadoebaSi nabadarTulia mravalcolianobada mravalqmrianoba da agreTve qorwineba erTi da imavesqesis adamianTa Soris. magaliTad, meqsikaSi qorwinebaSimyof erTi sqesis wyvils-mamakacebs sasamarTlos dadgenilebiTufleba eZlevaT iSvilon sxvisi bavSvi.qorwinebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saWirod migvaCniayuradReba gavamaxviloT qarTul realobaSi arsebul zogierTitradiciis mniSvnelobaze da im arsebiT cvlilebebze,romlebic am tradiciebisagan gadaxvevis, cxovrebis axaliwesis danergvasTan aris dakavSirebuli.579

qarTveli axalgazrdebisaTvis tradiciulia:a) qorwinebis, rogorc pirovnebis cxovrebaSi udidesimniSvnelobis mqone movlenis gaTvicnobiereba;b) mSoblebis azris gaTvaliswineba maT mier qorwinebissakiTxis gadawyvetaSi. Tu adre, arsebiTad, mSoblebiwyvetdnen axalgazrdebis daojaxebis sakiTxs da naklebadiTvaliswinebdnen maT interesebsa da miswrafebebs,dRes es tradicia met-naklebad Sesustda, magrammainc bevrgan ZalaSi rCeba. 1rogorc cnobilia ojaxis simtkice da siyvaruli, Svilebisgazrda da aRzrda, maTi cxovrebis gzaze dayeneba,maTTvis ganaTlebis miRebaSi xelisSewyoba, ukeTesi cxovrebisaTvispirobebis Seqmna – unda iyos mSoblebis interesebiscentrSi. swored Svilebis siyvarulma da maT momavlazezrunvam unda Sekras ojaxi mtkice mTlianobad. ojaxisdangreva qarTul sinamdvileSi samarcxvino faqtia ara martomeuRleebisaTvis, aramed naTesavebisa da maxloblebisaTvisac,rasac safuZvlad udevs saukuneebiT Camoyalibebulida ganmtkicebuli tradicia ojaxis daurRvevulobaze.magram, samwuxarod, Tanamedrove pirobebSi qarTuliojaxebis simtkices sakmaod Seudga wyali. axalgazrdebiserTi nawili cdilobs saerTod ar Seqmnas ojaxi, an maTsakmaod advilad SeuZliaT daangrion igi, Tu aRmoCndebianarc Tu didi sirTuleebis winaSe. swored maTi aseTi qmedebawarmoadgens im tradiciebis rRvevas, rac Cveni winaprebisaTvisiyo damaxasiaTebeli. sociologebis mtkicebiT saqar-TveloSi yoveli 4 qorwinebidan 1 ganqorwinebiT mTavrdeba. 2ganqorwineba, iseve rogorc qorwineba, uaRresad mniSvnelovanifenomenia, romelsac imdeni xnis istoria aqvs,ramdenic saerTod monogamiur ojaxs. mas aqvs Tavisi obieqturida subieqturi faqtorebi, romelTagan, sociologe-1 m. beqaia. ojaxis sociologiuri kvlevis meToduri sakiTxebi. Tb.,1998, gv. 158.2 a. sulaberiZe. fiqrebi qarTul ojaxsa da demografiaze. Tb., 2007,gv. 382.580

is azriT, umniSvnelovanesia:a) biologiuri SeuTavsebloba;b) erT-erTi meuRlis xSiri moTxovnileba intimur kav-Sirze. roca misi dakmayofileba ojaxSi ver xerxdebamas gareT eZeben, rac iwvevs Ralats, irRveva colqmrulikavSiris erT-erTi ZiriTadi piroba-erTguleba,rac Tavis mxriv ganqorwinebis did procents ganapirobebs.1orive zemoTxsenebuli faqtori iTvleba ganqorwinebisumTavres subieqtur faqtorad.obieqturi faqtorebidan umTavresia:a) ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. ojaxis wevrTa daukmayofileblobamaterialuri resursebiT: kveba, bina,tansacmeli, fexsacmeli da misT., iwvevs ojaxSikonfliqtebs, zogjer sakmaod mwvaves, rasac SeiZlebaSedegad moyves ojaxis dangreva;b) sxvadasxva konfesiisa da erovnebis warmomadgeneladamianTa qorwineba. aseTi ojaxebi iZleva ganqorwinebaTadid ricxvs, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom yovelkonfesiasa da eTnoss aqvs sakuTari tradiciebi, sakuTariRirebulebiTi samyaro, samSoblo da salocavi.adamians yoveli maTganisadmi marTebs msaxureba daradgan es orientaciebi gansxvavebulia, col-qmarierTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul interesTa samyaroSixvdeba, rac aZnelebs maT Soris bolomde saerToenis gamonaxvas. 2g) ganqorwinebis erT-erTi faqtoria col-qmars Sorissocialuri statusis gansxvavebuloba. es faqtorigansakuTrebiT mwvaved moqmedebs iq, sadac coli sakuTaristatusiT maRla dgas qmarze. qarTul ojaxSimamakacis dominireba dRemde met naklebad isev Zala-Si rCeba, magram im ojaxebSi, romlebSic qalebi arian1 С. Г. Шуман, В. Т. Шуман. Конфликты в молодой семье, причины, путы устранения.Минск, 1982, gv. 137.2 С. Г. Шуман, В. Т. Шуман. Конфликты в молодой семье.., gv. 140.581

582ZiriTadad Semosavlis Semomtani, mamakacebis prioritetiojaxis marTvaSi knindeba, rasac mamakacTa umravlesobametad mtkivneulad ganicdis, rac iwvevs,konfliqtebs da zogjer gayrasac-ki.d) ganqorwinebis aseve erT-erTi faqtori SeiZleba iyoseWvianoba saqarTveloSi Seqmnilma socialurma situaciam-samrewveloobieqtebis daxurvam qalaqad, sabWo-Ta meurneobisa da kolmeurneobebis gauqmebam, sadacmamakacTa umravlesoba iyo dasaqmebuli da SemosavlisZiriTad wyaros warmoadgenda – gamoiwvia qalebisdasaqmeba wvril vaWrobasa da momsaxurebis sferoSi,maTi erTi nawilis raionebidan gasvla Tbilis-Si da sazRvargareTis qveynebSi, ojaxidan maTi didixniT mowyveta, rac sakmao safuZvels aZlevT mamakacebseWvianobisaTvis, RalatisaTvis, romelic iwvevskonfliqtebs meuRleTa Soris, aseve – gayrasac.e) ganqorwinebis faqtori SeiZleba iyos ojaxuri Zaladoba,ara marto mamakacebis mxridan, aramed qalebismxridanac. ojaxur Zaladobas, Cveni azriT, upirvelesyovlisa, ganapirobebs is mZime socialur-ekonomikuriviTareba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia dRevandeliqarTuli ojaxebis udidesi umravlesobisaTvis;esaa umuSevroba, elementaruli sacxovrebeli pirobebisuqonloba, uimedoba da gulgatexiloba. aqedangamomdinare Tanamedrove axalgazrdebis erTi nawilis(da aramarto axalgazrdebis) mentalitetis Secvla,Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamosavalis Zieba loTobaSi,narkotikebis miRebaSi, qurdobasa da yaCaRobaSi. yovelivees arTulebs urTierTobas col-qmars SorisojaxSi, xolo Tu gafarToebul ojaxebTan gvaqvssaqme, mdgomareoba ufro rTuldeba, ramdenadac ojaxisufrosi Taoba xSirad ereva sakuTari Svilebiskonfliqtur situaciaSi da zogjer aramc Tu xelsuwyoben axalgazrduli ojaxis SenarCunebisa da ganmtkicebisprocess, aramed, SeiZleba dangrevamde miiyvanonis. amis magaliTad gamodgeba SemTxveva, rome-

lic saqarTvelos televiziis pirvelma arxma gadmosca2010 wlis 24 agvistos. erT-erT ojaxSi mamam TavisivaJi daarwmuna imaSi, rom, TiTqosda, mas RalatobdameuRle da bavSvi, romelsac axalgazrda qaliSvidi Tvis manZilze mucliT atarebda, misi ar iyo.eWvianobis safuZvelze armaturiT nacemi qali raRacasaswauliT gadaurCa sikvdils. SeiZleba iTqvas, romufrosebis arasamarTliani CareviT da eWvianobis safuZvelzeSesaZlebelia moxdes mkvlelobac da TviTmkvlelobac.imave gadacemis mixedviT ojaxuri ZaladobissixSiriT saqarTveloSi pirvel adgilzea kaxe-Ti, xolo meore adgilze imereTi.bolo 10-15 wlis manZilze, saqarTveloSi momxdarisocialur cvlilebebis viTarebaSi, qarTul ojaxebSi momxdariganqorwinebebis faqtorebis Seswavlis mizniT, Cvensmier soxumis universitetis socialur-politikur mecnierebaTafakultetis II kursis studentebis TanamonawileobiT,Catarebuli iqna garkveuli sociologiuri gamokvleva.kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebuli iqna gamokiTxvis anketurimeTodi. sul gamokiTxuli iqna 420 respodenti. aqedan305 qali da 115 mamakaci. qalTa Soris qorwinebaSimyofi aRmoCnda 249, ganqorwinebuli-56. mamakacTa SorisqorwinebaSi imyofeboda 68, xolo ganqorwinebuli aRmoCnda37, e.i. 6 qalidan ganqorwinebuli iyo 1, xolo 3 mamakacidanaseve-1. procentebSi ganqorwinebul qalTa raodenobamSeadgina 20%, xolo ganqorwinebul mamakacTa raodenoba-30%. ramdenadac ojaxs safuZveli qorwinebiT eyreba, ojaxissimtkice didad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu ra safuZvelzeSeerTdnen axalgazrdebi, rogori iyo maTi qorwinebismotivacia. 1ojaxis Seqmnis safuZvlad 305 qalis mier aRiarebuliiqna:1. siyvaruli – 2172. ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba – 401 m. beqaia. ojaxis sociologiuri kvlevis meToduri..., gv. 132.583

3. socialuri statusis amaRleba – 314. movaleoba – 125. mSoblebis zewola – 17ganqorwinebis faqtorebad 56 ganqorwinebulma qalmadaasaxela:1. mZime saojaxo pirobebi – 102. umuSevroba – 93. eWvianoba – 94. Zaladoba – 125. meuRlis Ralati – 26. narkomania – 47. biologiuri SeuTavsebadoba – 10ojaxis Seqmnis safuZvlad 115 gamokiTxul mamakacsmiaCnia:1. siyvaruli – 782. ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba – 203. socialuri statusis amaRleba – 94. movaleoba – 55. mSoblebis zewola – 3ganqorwinebis faqtorebad 37 ganqorwinebul mamakacsmiaCnia:1. mZime saojaxo pirobebi – 82. umuSevroba – 173. eWvianoba – 24. loToba – 25. Zaladoba – 36. biologiuri SeuTavsebadoba – 17. prostitucia – 28. narkomania – 2ojaxis Seqmnis faqtorTa Soris meore adgilzea erTerTipartnioris ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebameore partnioris xarjze;mesame adgilzea socialuri statusis amaRleba;umniSvnelo adgili ukavia ojaxis Seqmnis faqtorebsSoris movaleobisa da mSoblebis zewolas.584

ac Seexeba ganqorwinebis faqtorebs 93 ganqorwinebulispasuxis mixedviT:a) pirvel adgilzea mZime saojaxo pirobebi – 26;b) meoreze – umuSevroba;g) mesameze – Zaladoba;sxva faqtorebs(Ralats, eWvianobas, bilogiur Seu-Tavsebadobas) SedarebiT umniSvnelo adgili ukaviaT ojaxisdaSlis procesSi.rogorc am mikrosociologiuri gamokvlevis Sedegebisanalizidan Cans dRevandeli saqarTvelos metad mZimesocialur-ekonomikur pirobebSic ki qarTuli ojaxis SeqmnissafuZvlad kvlav partniorTa urTierT siyvaruli rCeba.amas adasturebs gamokiTxuli 420 respodentis 295 dadebiTipasuxi, rac Zalze mniSvnelovania ojaxebis simtkicisada tradiciis gagrZelebis TvalsazrisiT.MERI CHANTURIASOME SOCIAL ASPECTS OF MARRIAGE AND DIVORCEIN CONTEMPORARY GEORGIAN FAMILIESThe analysis of the results of the conducted micro-sociologicalstudy have demonstrated that even in the difficult social and economicconditions the basis for the creation of a Georgian family still remainsmutual love of partners, which occupies the first position, the improvementof the economic state is on the second position, and raising the socialstatus is on the third. Of the divorce factors, difficult family circumstancesoccupy the first position, unemployment – the second, and violence– the third.585

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa serialeonide jaxaiacnobari `qarTveli filosofosebi~statistikis TvaliTcnobarSi `qarTveli filosofosebi (IV saukunidan XXsaukunis CaTvliT)~ sul naxsenebia 161 personalia: qarTvelifilosofosebi da saeklesio moRvaweebi. 1 aqedan 135 filosofosiqronologiurad miekuTvneba XX saukunes. es metadmniSvnelovani faqtia, vinaidan swored am dros moxdaqarTuli filosofiuri azris arnaxuli ganviTareba. da racyvelaze sainteresoa, am 135-dan 100 − qarTul provinciaSiadabadebuli. gamarTlda Zveli franguli aforizmi: `geniosebiibadebian provinciaSi, xolo kvdebian dedaqalaqSi (pariz-Si)~. geniosebze ra mogaxsenoT, magram cnobarSi dasaxelebulifilosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesorebi, saqarTvelosfilosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis wevrebi namdviladniWierebi arian, amitom zemoTmoyvanili aforizmiSeiZleba Semdegnairad iTqvas: `niWierebi ibadebian provinciaSi,xolo kvdebian dedaqalaqSi (TbilisSi)~.am Tezisis dasabuTebisTvis moviyvanT (cnobaris mixedviT)monacemebs im 135 qarTvel filosofosebisa, romlebicmiekuTvnebian XX saukunes, daibadnen an moRvaweobdnendrois am monakveTSi. statistikuri damuSavebis Semdeg miviReTaseTi Sedegi: 135 qarTveli filosofosidan, vincmoRvaweobda XX saukuneSi (saqarTveloSi an yofil sabWo-Ta kavSirSi), 74 dabadebulia sofelSi, rac saerTo raodenobidan55,5% Seadgens, anu naxevarze mets. es Zalian maRalimaCvenebelia, Tanac bevr rameze migvaniSnebs. Tu am1 qarTveli filosofosebi (IV saukunidan XX saukunis CaTvliT).cnobari. saredaqcio kolegia: s. avaliani, m. maxaraZe, l. jaxaia.baTumi, 2004.586

icxvs davamatebT qarTvel filosofosebs, dabadebuls raionulcentrebsa da patara, provinciul qalaqebSi (sul26 personalia, anu 19,4%), es procenti gaizrdeba 75%-de,e.i. siis TiTqmis 3/4. konkretulad suraTi Semdegnairadgamoiyureba: gagra – 1, gali – 2, senaki – 4, foTi – 1,qobuleTi – 1, ozurgeTi – 2, zestafoni – 2, baRdadi –2, borjomi – 2, axalcixe – 1, Telavi – 1, sagarejo – 1,rusTavi – 2, kaspi – 1, gori – 2, cxinvali – 1. oTxmsxvil qarTul qalaqze modis 36 personalia (26,6%): Tbilisi– 21, quTaisi – 10, soxumi – 2, baTumi – 3.rogorc vxedavT, aq warmodgenilia saqarTvelos mTeligeografia, yvela misi kuTxe: dedaqalaqi (Tbilisi), samiveavtonomia afxazeTi (soxumi, gagra, gali, dranda), aWara(baTumi, qobuleTi, xulo), samaCablo (cxinvali), qar-Tli (borjomi, kaspi, gori, rusTavi), kaxeTi (Telavi, yvareli,sagarejo, dedofliswyaro, axmeta), imereTi (quTaisi,wyaltubo, samtredia, zestafoni, WiaTura, xoni, baRdadi,vani, Soropani, Terjola, saCxere), guria (ozurgeTi,lanCxuTi, Coxatauri), samegrelo (senaki, foTi, abaSa, martvili,Cxorowyu, walenjixa), raWa-leCxumi (ambrolauri,oni), mcxeTa-TianeTi (TianeTi, duSeTi), svaneTi (mestia),samcxe-javaxeTi (axalcixe).vaanalizebT ra am fenomens, mivdivarT im daskvnamde,rom XX saukuneSi erTdroulad Tavs iCens ramdenime zogadida konkretul-istoriuli mizezi. zogadi mizezebidan,upirveles yovlisa, gamovyofT dadgenil kanozomierebas,romlis mixedviT niWieri adamianebi ibadebian Tanabrad nebismieradgilas, eTnikur jgufsa Tu socialur fenaSi.aqedan gamomdinare, akademikosma ilia vekuam, novosibirskisuniversitetis reqtorad yofnis dros, daarsa universitetTanskola-internati maTematikuri niWiT gamorCeulmoswavleTaTvis, romlebsac misi aspirantebi da ufroskurselebiyovelwliurad eZebdnen da poulobdnen dasavleTda aRmosavleT cimbiris Soreul soflis skolebSi, im varaudiT,rom `lomonosovebi~ yvelgan arian, Tu droulad587

SevamCnevT moswavleTa maTematikur niWs da mivawvdiT kvalificiurswavlas. da marTlac, skola-internatma gazardaimdeni umaRlesi rangis maTematikosi, programisti, rommTlianad uzrunvelyves sabWoTa kavSiris kosmosuri programa,gaamdidres axali kadrebiT (profesorebiT, akademikosebiT)ara marto novosibirskis universiteti, aramed sab-WoTa kavSiris universitetebi sxva regionebSic, xolo sab-WoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg dasavlurma samecniero centrebmasiamovnebiT miiRes isini, rogorc Tavisi saqmis saukeTesospecialistebi. analogiuri viTarebaa filosofia-Sic, Tu axalgazrdebs droze gauwevT daxmarebas da xelsSeuwyobT maT miswrafebaSi.konkretul-istoriuli mizezebi ki Semdegia:1. 1918 wels TbilisSi gaixsna pirveli qarTuliuniversiteti wamyvani `sibrZnismetyvelebis~ (filosofiis)fakultetiT;2. TandaTanobiT daiwyo sakandidato da sadoqtorodisertaciebis dacva;3. umaRlesi ganaTleba gaxda xelmisawvdomi muSaTada glexTa SvilebisaTvis;4. swavla umaRles saswavlebelSi iyo ufaso, studentebseZleodaT stipendiebi, saerTo sacxovrebeli,studentur sasadiloSi fasebi iyo dabali;5. filosofiur ganaTlebas hqonda maRali socialurireitingi maSindel sazogadoebaSi samuSaosa dakarieris TvalsazrisiT;6. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis sistemaSi daarsdafilosofiis instituti, rogorc maRalkvalificiurifilosofiuri kadrebis centri.ra Tqma unda, xelisuflebis amgvari zrunva axalgazrdobisumaRlesi ganaTlebasa da kulturaze garkveulideologiur da politikur miznebs emsaxureboda, magramfaqts ver gaveqceviT: qarTvel axalgazrdobas gaexsna axaliSesaZleblobebi da perspeqtivebi mecnierebisa da kulturisdargSi. gansakuTrebiT, TanamedroveobasTan Sedare-588

iT, rodesac Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filosofiisfakulteti ukve ar arsebobs, filosofia Sedis humanitarulifakultetis SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc erT-erTi`mimarTuleba~. filosofosoba, rogorc profesia, dRes ukvearaprestiJulia, vinaidan praqtikulad arafers ar iZlevakarieris TvalsazrisiT. umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSiWarbobs fasiani swavleba stipendiebisa da studentTa saer-To sacxovreblebis gareSe. faqtobrivad swavla-ganaTlebagaxda mdidari, SeZlebuli socialuri fenebis privilegia.Tumca aseT pirobebSic axalgazrdobis swrafva filosofiuriganaTlebis miRebisken aSkarad SeimCneva, magramXX saukunesTan SedarebiT naklebia. amaze metyvelebs qvemoTmoyvanilicifrebi da procentebi:ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversitetis humanitarul fakultetze 2009-2010 saswavlowels specialobaze `filosofia~ swavlobda sul 74studenti, maT Soris bakalavriatze − 62, xolo magistraturaSi− 12 studenti. aqedan TbilisSi dabadebulia 41studenti (55,4%), saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSi − 17(23%), raionebsa da raionul centrebSi − 16 (21,6%). ufrokonkretulad.qalaqebidan:Tbilisi − 41, quTaisi − 1, soxumi − 1, gagra −1, oCam-Cire − 1, gali − 1, zugdidi − 2, foTi − 1, samtredia −1, zestafoni − 1, WiaTura − 1, xaSuri − 1, gori − 1,mcxeTa − 1, rusTavi − 3.raionebidan:gulrifSi − 2, martvili − 1, walenjixa − 1, Cxorowyu− 1, Terjola − 1, Suaxevi − 1, xelvaCauri − 1, xulo− 1, ambrolauri − 1, bolnisi − 2, yvareli − 1, axmetisraionis sofeli maRrani − 1, gurjaanis raionis sofelimelaani − 1, adigeni − 1.studentTa ganawileba regionebis mixedviT (sul − 33589

studenti):afxazeTi − 6, aWara − 3, samegrelo − 6, imereTi − 5,raWa − 1, qarTli − 7, mcxeTa-mTianeTi − 1, kaxeTi − 3,samcxe-javaxeTi − 1.Tu SevadarebT bolo monacemebs cnobarTan `qarTvelifilosofosebi~, SegviZlia gavakeToT daskvna, rom arsebulsocialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi studentTa warmoSobis geografiuliareali Semcirdeba. sakmarisia moviyvanoT mxoloderTi magaliTi: cnobaridan Cans, rom ufrosi TaobisfilosofosTa 55% daibada saqarTvelos soflebSi, maSinroca dRes ukve 55% Tbiliselia. es gasagebicaa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebTsaqarTveloSi arsebul socialur-ekonomikurviTarebas.LEONID JAKHAIASTATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE REFERENCE BOOK“GEORGIAN PHILOSOPHERS”The paper gives a statistical analysis of the dates and places of thebirth of the XX century Georgian philosophers included in the referencebook “Georgian Philosophers” (Batumi, 2004). The data are comparedwith those for the Georgian philosophy students of the academic year2009-2010 at the specialty “Philosophy” at Ivane Javakhishvili TbilisiState University (Baccalaureate and Magistracy) and adequate conclusionsare made.590

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2001humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriadazmir jojuasaqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ruseTis agresiis(2008 wlis agvisto) konceptualizaciiserTi sakiTxisaTvis.`humanitaruli intervenciis~ problema2008w. 7-12 agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos omma, mobilurmasahaero dartymebma Cveni qveynis samxedro da samoqalaqoinfrastruqturis obieqtebze, teritoriis garkveulinawilis okupaciam didi ziani miayena saqarTvelos, Seuqmnara mas seriozuli risk-faqtorebi politikuri damoukideblobisada teritoriuli mTlianobis TvalsazrisiT. amas-Tan, saqarTveloSi ruseTis samxedro invervenciam da mismapirveladma Sedegebma aSkarad gamokveTes Tvisobrivad axleburiglobaluri viTareba da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTasistemis formirebis inovaciuri elementebi.ruseTis samxedro intervencia, rogorc mraval-ganzomilebianidestruqciuli movlena da absoluturad danaSaulebriviaqcia, moiTxovs yovelmxriv analizs. migvaCnia,rom am movlenis mecnieruli Seswavla unda daiwyos misikonceptualizaciis met-naklebad ganzogadebuli modelisSeqmniT, rac, Tavis mxriv, unda ganxorcieldes ruseT-saqarTvelosomis mizezebisa da arsis asaxsnelad Teoriuliresursebis mobilizebiT.erT-erTi azrobrivi bloki ukavSirdeba saqarTveloSisamxedro agresiis operacionalistur saxelwodebas. cnobilia,rom ruseTis prezident d. medvedevis Sesabamisi brZanebulebissaTauri iyo – `mSvidobisaTvis saqarTvelos iZulebisoperacia~ («Операция по принуждению Грузии к миру»).1 TiTqos, saqarTvelom gadawyvita teritoriuli mTli-1 www.kremlin.ru/appears/2008/08/08/1401.shtml591

anobis aRsadgenad samxedro berketebis gamoyeneba, osebisada afxazebis genocidi da amiT safrTxe Seuqmna mSvidobasda usafrTxoebas kavkasiis regionSi. aq saqmis arsi mxolodsaxelwodebaSi rodia. prezident medvedevis brZanebulebispolitikuri semantika aSkarad metyvelebs, rom saqarTveloSisamxedro agresiis samarTlebriv safuZvlad da erTgvarTeoriul wyarod ruseTma gamoiyena e.w. humanitaruliintervenciis koncefcia. Tumca, es koncefcia, romelic saerTaSorisourTierTobebis samarTlebrivi regulirebissferos ganekuTvneba, am SemTxvevaSi absoluturad Seusabamoda araadeqvaturia.saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis uflebis sakiTxi,ramac ukanasknel xanebSi `humanitaruli Carevis koncefciis~konturebi SeiZina, rogorc ityvian, ar axalia. iscnobilia jer kidev XVI saukunidan, rodesac Teologebmaf. de vitoriam da T. suaresma wamoayenes nebismieri adamianis,rogorc RvTis Semoqmedebis nayofis, mimarT qristianobispasuxismgeblobis problema. 1 Carevis uflebam saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivpraqtikaSi SeRweva daiwyo XIX saukunisdasasrulidan, roca xelmoweril iqna pirveli xelSekrulebanisamxedro tyveebis statusis, SeiaraRebaTa zogierTisaxeobis akrZalvis, wiTeli jvris misiebis da sxv. Sesaxeb.problemam Tvisobrivad axali ganzomileba SeiZina XXsaukunis 90-iani wlebidan, rodesac saerTaSoriso urTier-Tobebis globalizaciam bevr sxva faqtorTan erTad calsaxadgamokveTa erTi arsebiTi tendencia: msoflioSi sulufro da ufro izrdeba iseT situaciaTa ricxvi, rodesacerTi qveynis mTavrobis mier miRebuli garkveuli saSinaopolitikurigadawyvetilebani an erTi qveynis teritoriazemimdinare movlenebi uaryofiT gavlenas axdenen sxva qveynebissaerTod. farTomasStabiani SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebiqveynis SigniT; religiuri, eTnikuri da rasobrivi jgufebisgenocidi; agresia damoukidebeli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg;adamianis uflebaTa masobrivi darRvevebi; saxelmwifo1 Ф. Де Витория. Теологические рассуждения. М., 1956.592

institutebis kraxi da Sinagani qaosi; ekologiuri da teqnologiurikatastrofebi – es is movlenebia, romlebiciwveven sxva saxelmwifoebisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebisreaqcias, iZulebiT Carevas konkretuli qveynis suverenitetisSezRudvis saxiT. 1es momenti qmnis `humanitaruli intervenciis koncefcias~,romelic gulisxmobs:a) saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSi Carevas, maT Sorissamxedro Carevas, Tu am saxelmwifos saSinao politikaiwvevs zemoTCamoTvlil situaciebs (politikuriaspeqti);b) saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis dros erovnulisuverenitetisa da Caurevlobis principebiver gamodian sawinaaRmdego argumentebad, radganacerovnuli suvereniteti ar niSnavs im uflebebisdarRvevis SeuzRudvel uflebas, romelTadasacavadac es Careva xdeba (iuridiuli aspeqti);g) tradiciuli saerTaSoriso samarTali suverenitetsada saSinao saqmeebSi Caurevlobas miiCnevs fundamenturprincipebad.amitom humanitaruli Careva legitimuri SeiZleba iyosmxolod uflebaTa darRvevis tipiuri SemTxvevebisas daTanac Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso institutebis an maTi organoebisgadawyvetilebis, e. i. konkretuli precedentis safuZvelze.amdenad, humanitaruli intervencia precedenturisamarTlis da garkveulwilad `SezRuduli suverenitetis~sferoa (samarTlebrivi Teoriis aspeqti).unda iTqvas, rom humanitaruli Carevis sakiTxi araerTproblemur kiTxvas badebs. SekiTxvaTa erTi jgufi SeexebasakiTxs, Tu ra situaciaSi SeiZleba iqnas is gamoyenebuli,radganac adamianis uflebaTa darRveva an eTnikurreligiurisegregacia namdvilad ar aris iSviaTi movlena.aq iqmneba ormagi standarti – ratom aris, rom erT SemTxvevaSiCareva xdeba (magaliTad, haitSi 1997w., iugoslavi-1 П. А. Цыганков. Теория международных отношений, М., 2002, gv. 368.38. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi593

aSi 1999w.), xolo meore SemTxveaSi (magaliTad, qarTvelebiseTnowmenda da genocidi afxazeTSi, CeCeni xalxis masobriviganadgureba) _ ara? aq, albaT, warmoiSoba sxva problematurisakiTxi – SeiZleba rodisme humanitaruli Carevamoxdes saxelmwifoSi, romelsac gaaCnia birTvuli iaraRi?cxadia, ara. magram am SemTxvevaSi xom principi kargavsuniversalobisa da sayovelTaobis xasiaTs da amkvidrebsuTanasworobis gancdas.problematuria aseve sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romelmastruqturam unda miiRos gadawyvetileba Carevis Sesaxeb.Cvenis azriT, humanitaruli intervenciis sanqcia unda gascesgavlenianma saerTaSoriso institutma da samxedroaliansma da araviTar SemTxvevaSi erTma konkretulma saxelmwifom.winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saerTaSoriso urTier-TobebSi daisadgurebs anarqia, qaosi da SiSveli ZaladobisreJimi. gavlenianma saerTaSoriso organizaciam unda SeiswavlosSeqmnili situacia da Tu masSi precedenturi formistipiur Tvisebebs aRmoaCens, unda miiRos gadawyvetilebaCarevis Sesaxeb. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi iqneba humanitaruliintervencia legitimuri aqcia.ukanasknel periodSi ganxorcielda ramdenime aseTiaqcia: erayis winaaRmdeg (1991 da 2003 wlebSi); somaliSi(1992w. aprili – 1993w. marti); gvatemalasa da haitSi(1997w.); iugoslaviis winaaRmdeg (1999); aRmosavleT timorSi(1999w. seqtemberSi) da avRaneTSi (2001w. oqtomberdekemberSi).1 yvela es samxedro operacia ganxorcieldazust da mkafiod gansazRvrul legitimur safuZvelze –gaero-s uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciis (gaero-s wesdebisVII Tavis Sesabamisad) an Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebisorganizaciis Sesabamisi koleqtiuri aqtebis bazaze.ruseTis samxedro intervencia saqarTveloSi ar yofilasanqcirebuli arc erTi saerTaSoriso organizaciisa daTviT ruseTis mier kontrolirebadi dsT-s koleqtiuriTavdacvis sabWos mierac-ki. ase rom, es iyo ara `humanita-1 П. А. Цыганков. Теория международных отношений, gv. 368.594

uli intervencia~ an ruseTis mxridan preventuli Tavdacva,aramed samxedro aqcia saqarTvelos politikuri suverenitetisada teritoriuli mTlianobis winaaRmdeg. intervenciisganxorcielebis dros ruseTi mTlianad iyo gamosulisaerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi reJimidan, xolo misiqmedeba unda Sefasdes, rogorc saerTaSoriso mSvidobisada usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aSkara saerTaSorisodeliqti.amdenad, `humanitaruli intervenciis~ koncefcia daprecedentuli praqtika gamoricxavs saqarTveloSi ruseTissamxedro intervenciis marTlzomierebas an amgvari marTlzomierebisargumentacias; igi ar `jdeba~ Zalis iZulebiTigamoyenebis samarTlebriv CarCoebSi. ruseTis istebliSmentispecialurad akeTebda gancxadebebs cxinvalis regionSimSvidobian mosaxleobas Soris daRupulTa didi raodenobisSesaxeb da saqarTvelos qmedebas osebis genocidad afasebda.cxadia, rom amgvari propagandistuli vakxanaliis mizaniiyo agresiis saerTaSoriso legitimacia da moraluri`dasabuTeba~. realurad ki, 7-8 agvistos Ramis qarTul samxedrooperacias arc eTnikuri osebis masobrivi ganadgurebagamouwvevia da arc amgvari ganadgurebis risks Seicavda.es momenti calsaxad daafiqsires saerTaSoriso samTavroboTSorisma(gaero, evrokavSiri, euTo, evrosabWos saparlamentoasamblea) da arasamTavrobo (Human Rights Watch)organizaciebma. yvelafers Tavi rom davaneboT, TviT ruse-Tis prokuraturis specialurma sagamoZiebo komitetma daadasturamxolod 162 adamianis daRupva, 1 isic daRupulTaarakombatanturi kuTvnilebis miTiTebis gareSe.amasTan, humanitaruli Carevis doqtrinalur-normatiuliprincipebis ugulebelyofasTan erTad medvedev-putinisimperokratiulma xrovam daarRvia analogiuri aqciebis farglebSiaucilebeli ramdenime moTxovna. pirveli, Carevis1 saqarTvelos mTavrobis angariSi ruseTis federaciis mier saqar-Tvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul srulmasStabian agresiasTandakavSirebiT. Tb., 2009, gv. 105.595

humanitaruli da politikuri aspeqtebis urTierTgamijvna.cxadze ucxadesia, rom `genocidisagan osi xalxis dacvis~virtualuri `programa~ realurad miznad isaxavda saqar-TveloSi politikuri gadatrialebis organizebas da misievroatlantikuri geopolitikuri veqtoris blokirebas.ase rom, araviTari `humanitaruli~ mizandasaxuloba ruse-Tis samxedro aqcias ar hqonia. afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreToseTis `damoukideblobis~ cnobam, saqarTvelos Sida teritoriebzerusuli saokupacio sivrcis ganSladobam faqtobrivadnulamde daiyvana ruseTis samxedro Carevis `samarTaldacviTi~potenciali da `humanitaruli~ argumentebismiRma kremlis sruliad pragmatuli eqspansionisturigegmebi gamoavlina.meore, kremlis samxedro aqciam humanitaruli proeqtiki ar ganaxorciela, aramed moaxdina afxazebisa da osebis`TviTgamorkvevis~ Zalismieri realizacia saqarTvelos teritoriulimTlianobis sapirispirod. saerTaSoriso samar-Tlis arc erTi norma (Tundac yvelaze uaxlesi – 1992w.deklaracia umciresobaTa uflebis Sesaxeb) ar ganixilavsTviTgamorkvevis uflebas saxelmwifoebrivi gamoyofis anusecesiis uflebad. ruseTis samxedro Carevam ki ganapirobasaqarTvelos teritoriuli erTianobis darRveva da am danaSaulebriviaqtis legitimaciis mcdeloba.596

DAZMIR JOJUAON THE PROBLEM OF CONCEPTUALIZATIONOF THE RUSSIAN AGGRESSIONAGAINST GEORGIA (AUGUST, 2008).THE PROBLEM OF “THE HUMANITARIANINTERVENTION”In the argumentative arsenal of the military intervention in Georgiain August of 2008 the ruling circles of Russia actively use the so-calledDoctrine of Humanitarian Intervention. According to them one of themost essential reasons of the use of force against Georgia is the necessityof genocide prevention of the ethnic Ossetians and thus justifying the armedattack by the humanitarian foundations. On the basis of analysis ofthe relevant factual material the article plausibly substantiates and absoluteincongruity of the Russian operations with the principles of forcedhumanitarian intervention. It is shown that the military interference ofRussia was not a humanitarian intervention, but quite the contrary; it wasa full-scale military aggression against Georgia. It is noted that in the internationaldiscussions concerning the August was the assertion of incongruityof the Russian operations with the doctrinal aspects of the humanitarianintervention is of fundamental significance from the point of viewof conducting a rational information war on our part.597

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa serias a m a r T a l i598irma gabeliasisxlis samarTlis kanonSemoqmedebiscnebisa da arsis gagebisaTvis.kriminalizaciisa da masTan dakavSirebuliprocesebis ganmartebaiuridiul literaturaSi gavrcelebulia mosazreba,rom kanonSemoqmedeba da, aqedan gamomdinare, kriminalizacia,rogorc sisxlis samarTlis kanonSemoqmedebis umTavresisfero, unda ganixilebodes sisxlis samarTlis politikisCarCoebSi. m. Cubinskis azriT, sisxlis samarTlispolitikosis umTavres amocanas warmoadgens imis gansaz-Rvra, Tu rogor unda iqnes gavlebuli sazRvari danaSaulebrivsada aradanaSaulebrivs Soris, ra kriteriumebi SieZlebarekomendirebuli iqnes kanonmdeblosaTvis. 1n. zagorodnikovs ki miaCnia, rom sisxlis samarTlispolitikas, qmedebaTa kriminalizaciisas, moeTxoveba istoriuladdasabuTebuli, socialurad gamarTlebuli, tradiciul,Rirebul orientaciaTa gansazRvra, rac saSualebasmogvcems danaSaulebrivi qmedeba ganvacalkevoT aradanaSaulebrivisagan,rogorc kanonSemoqmedebiT, ise – samarTalgamoyenebiTsaqmianobaSi. es Rirebuli orientaciebi aZlevssisxlis samarTlis politikas mimarTulebas, orientirebs,imis gadasawyvetad, Tu ra SeiZleba da aucilebelia, vaRiaroTdanaSaulad. 2 igive mosazrebisaa v. kloCkovic, rome-1 М. П. Чубинский. Курс уголовной политики. Изд. второе. СПб., 1912, gv. 102.2 Н. И. Загородников. Советская уголовная политика и деятельность органоввнутренных дел. М., 1979, gv. 85.

lsac sisxlis samarTlis politikis sagnad swored kriminalizaciisproblemebi miaCnia. 1 xolo m. kovaliovis, t. minkovskis,a. korobeevis azriT, sisxlis samarTlis politikisSinaarsobriv mxares qmnian kriminalizacia da masTandakavSirebuli procesebi. 2ufro metic, specialur literaturaSi SemoRebuliatermini `sisxlissamarTlebrivi politika~, romelic v. kudriavcevisazriT, sisxlis samarTlis politikas viwro gagebiTgulisxmobs. igi fiqrobs, rom v. kurliandskim da i.galperinma SeimuSaves mTeli rigi debulebani, romlebic exebasisxlis samarTlis politikis viwro gagebas da maT miermTeli sisruliT iqna daxasiaTebuli sisxlissamarTlebrivipolitikis sagani da ZiriTadi mimarTulebani. 3 miRebulia,rom sisxlis samarTlis politikis farTo gageba gulisxmobs,danaSaulTa winaaRmdeg brZolis sferoSi, saxelmwifopolitikis im nawils, romelic xorcieldeba sisxlissamar-Tlebrivi saSualebebiTa da meTodebiT, xolo, rac Seexebasisxlis samarTlis politikis viwro gagebas anu sisxlissamarTlebrivpolitikas, misi centraluri mimarTulebani v.kurliandskisa da i. galperinis azriT aris sisxlissamar-Tlebrivi akrZalvis socialuri ganpirobebuloba, sasjelTa,sisxlissamarTlebrivi da sazogadoebrivi zemoqmedebis sxvaRonisZiebebis ganpirobebuloba, im pirTa mimarT, romelTacbrali miuZRvis danaSaulis CadenaSi. 4 aqedan gamomdinare, v.kudriavcevi fiqrobs, rom sisxlis samarTlis politikiserT-erTi centraluri problemaa qmedebaTa kriminalizacia. 51 В. Клочков. Уголовная политика и уголовное право. – Социалистическая законность.№ 11, 1977, gv. 15.2 В. Н. Кудрявцев. Понятие уголовной политики и формы её реализаций. – wgn.:П. С. Дагель, Г. А. Злобин, С. Г. Келина, Г. Л. Кригер, В. Н. Кудрявцев, Т. И.Минаева, А. М. Яковлев. Основания уголовно-правового запрета. М., 1982, gv. 18.3 В. Н. Кудрявцев. Право и социальная действительность. – Проблемы социологийправа. Вып. 1, Вильнюсь, 1970, gv. 67.4 И. М. Гальперин, Б. И. Курляндский. Предмет уголовной политики и основныеанправления её изучения, – wgn.: Основные направления борьбы с преступностью.М., 1975, gv. 25.5 В. Н. Кудрявцев. Право и социальная действительность. – kreb.: Проблемы599

ver daveTanxmebiT zemoT gamoTqmul mosazrebebs, vinaidankriminalizacia sisxlis samarTlis politikis ki ara,aramed kanonSemoqmedebis sagania, xolo – kanonSemoqmedeba,Tavis mxriv, damoukidebeli sferoa da misi gapolitizirebaamaxinjebs Semoqmedebis am damoukidebeli saxis arss.`politikis gafetiSeba da misi gamocxadeba sisxlis samar-Tlis kanonSemoqmedebis erTaderT sawyisad politologizmismankier Sedegad unda CaiTvalos~, – wers g. naWyebia. 1marTalia, saxelmwifo politikis erT-erTi mimarTulebaaris danaSaulTa Tavidan acileba, damnaSaveobasTanbrZola sisxlissamarTlebrivi meTodebiT, vinaidan saxelmwifovaldebulia daicvas sazogadoeba, misi TiToeuliwevri ki danaSaulebrivi xelyofisagan.Cven ar uarvyofT politikis gavlenas kanonSemoqmedebazec,radgan `saxelmwifo politikuri xelisuflebaa da sisxlissamarTlis kanonSemoqmedeba gansazRvruli politikurigezis gareSe SeuZlebelia, magram es imas ar niSnavs, romsisxlis samarTali TviTonaa politika, SefardebiT damoukideblobasmoklebulia da politikis ubralo gagrZelebaa~. 2mizanSewonilad ar migvaCnia, rom CaverToT `sisxlissamarTlis politikis~ cnebasTan dakavSirebul diskusiaSi,aramed gvinda garkveulwilad davasabuToT Cveni mosazrebakanonSemoqmedebis, rogorc damoukidebeli sferos Sesaxeb.politikis gavlena kanonSemoqmedebaze da kerZod, kriminalizaciazegamoixateba imaSic, rom garkveul qmedebaTakriminalizaciisas aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli`politikuri mizanSewonilobis~ principi, romelic iseverogorc `demokratizmis~ principi, politikuri principiada igi gulisxmobs sazogadoebriobis monawileobas sisxlissamarTlis kanonSemoqmedebaSi. politikuri principebisgamoyeneba ar niSnavs imas, rom kanonSemoqmedeba da ker-Zod, kriminalizacia, warmoadgens sisxlis samarTlis poсоциологийправа. Вып. 1, Вильнюсь, 1970, gv. 67.1 g. naWyebia. sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis sagani. Tb., 1998, gv. 97.2 g. naWyebia. sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis sagani, gv. 121.600

litikis sagans. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu kriminalizacia araris sisxlis samarTlis politikis sagani, Sesabamisad saeWvodgveCveneba `sisxlis samarTlis politikosis~ im amocanisarseboba, romelSiac m. Cubinski danaSaulebriv daaradanaSaulebrivs Soris sazRvris gavlebas moaizrebda,vinaidan arsebobs mxolod kanonSemoqmedeba, rogorc damoukidebelisfero, romlis prerogativasac warmoadgensswored qmedebis danaSaulad gamocxadeba. amiT, imis Tqmagvinda, rom sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba Tu kanonSemoqmedebaSemoqmedebis damoukidebeli saxea.am mosazrebis dasasabuTeblad, oriode sityviT SevexoTkanonSemoqmedebis cnebas. xSirad, igi iuridiul literaturaSiaRiniSneba, rogorc `samarTalSemoqmedeba~. ufrometic, igi ganixileba am sityvis viwro da farTo gagebiT.viwro gagebiT, igi gulisxmobs saxelmwifo saqmianobisformas, romelic gamoixateba qcevis savaldebulo wesebisdadgenasa da sanqcionirebaSi kompetenturi organoebis mier,xolo farTo gagebiT, igi moicavs, rogorc TviT samar-TalSemoqmedebiT saqmianobas, aseve im faqtorTa kompleqss,romlebic mas udevs safuZvlad. 1Cveni azriT, sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma marTebuliar undda iyos, vinaidan, jer erTi, TviT termini `samar-TalSemoqmedeba~ ar aris zusti, radgan sakanonmdeblo saqmianobisSedegi ara samarTalia, aramed normatiuli aqti,kanoni da Sesabamisad, marTebuli iqneboda, rom igi iwodebodesrogorc `kanonSemoqmedeba~.meore mxriv, calke im faqtorTa kompleqsis gamoyofa,romelic mas udevs safuZvlad (avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvskriminalizaciis safuZvlebi) ar unda gulisxmobdes kanon-Semoqmedebas farTo gagebiT, vinaidan sisxlis samarTliskanonSemoqmedeba am faqtorTa gaTvaliswinebis gareSe SeuZlebelia,mas gulisxmobs da aqedan gamomdinare, misi or-1 Т. И. Минаева. Создание и развитие УК. До принятия первого УК РСФСР(1917-1922 гг.) – wgn.: П. С. Дагель, Г. А. Злобин, С. Г. Келина, Г. Л. Кригер, В.Н. Кудрявцев, Т. И. Минаева, А. М. Яковлев. Основания уголовно-правовогозапрета, gv. 63.601

gvari gageba arc SeiZleba arsebobdes.amasTan dakavSirebiT, mokled mimovixiloT `Semoqmedebis~cneba. `Semoqmedeba aris saqmianoba, romelic qmnis ra-Rac arsebiTad axals, aqamde `ararsebuls~. 1 Gg. naWyebia miuTiTebsSemoqmedebis ramdenime arsebiT niSanze: ,,a) subieqti,e. i. Semoqmedi, romelic aqtiurad zemoqmedebs obieqtze,magram obieqtic zemoqmedebs subieqtze da scvlis mas;b) Semoqmedeba mizanmimarTuli saqmianobaa, romelic scvlisgaremomcvel samyaros; g) Semoqmedebis produqti socialuradRirebulia, romelic akmayofilebs sazogadoebis gansazRvrulmoTxovnilebebs; d) Semoqmedeba TviTneburi aqtiki araa, aramed obieqtur viTarebas gamoxatavs da gansaz-Rvrul kanonzomierebaTa Sesabamisad xorcieldeba~. 2rogorc vxedavT, sisxlis samarTlis kanonSemoqmedebaakmayofilebs Semoqmedebis zogad cnebas. sisxlis samar-Tlis kanonSemoqmedebis Sedegi aris raRac axlis Seqmna,magram es is ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos sakanonmdeblo saqmianobayovelTvis gulisxmobs axali kanonis Seqmnas.`samarTlis memkvidreobiTobis kanoni avaldebulebs kanonmdebelsgaiTvaliswinos adre moqmedi kanonmdebloba, dasabuTebuladukuagdos an, piriqiT, SemoinarCunos Zveli samarTlebrivinormebi, romlebic Seesabamebian axal socialur-ekonomikurpirobebs. es, ra Tqma unda, exeba calkeulsamarTlebriv normebs, vinaidan Tanamedrove kanonmdebeli kanonSemoqmedebasTavidan ver daiwyebs, raki igi dawyebuliasaukuneebis winaT~. 3 maSasadame, sakanonmdeblo saqmianobisSedegi SeiZleba iyos axali norma an normebi, romelic sazogadoebismoTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes. `sazogadoebiscxovrebaSi samarTlebrivi sawyisebis rolis zrdis kanonzomierebaganpirobebulia upirveles yovlisa imiT, rom rTuldebianTviT regulirebadi sazogadoebrivi urTierTobani.igi dakavSirebulia agreTve iseT movlenasTan, rogoricaasazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa gafarToeba, romlebic1 Большая советская энциклопедия. Третье издание. Т. IV. М., 1976, gv. 201.2 g. naWyebia. sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis sagani, gv. 96.3 g. naWyebia. sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis sagani, gv. 101.602

saWiroeben efeqtur samarTlebriv regulirebas. bunebrivia,es iwvevs samarTlebriv normaTa raodenobis zrdas, romlebicmimarTuli arian am urTierTobaTa regulirebisaken~. 1meore mxriv, kanonSemoqmedebam adekvaturad unda asaxossazogadoebaSi arsebuli realuri viTareba, razedacdamokidebulia swored sisxlis samarTlis kanonis efeqturoba.`kanonis SemoqmedebiTi roli da amave dros misi socialuriRirebuleba da regulaciuri mniSvneloba ar gamoixatebacxovrebis axali, jer kidev ararsebuli formebisSeqmnaSi, aramed igi gamoixateba ukve arsebul sazogadoebrivurTierTobaTa formebis sakanonmdeblo normebi saxiTadekvatur, naTel da gansazRvrul formulirebaSi~. 2 Tumca,isic unda aRiniSnos, rom sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobasar ainteresebs obieqturi sinamdvilis yvela movlena daprocesi, aramed mxolod isini, romlebis samarTlebriv regulirebasmoiTxoven. `samarTlebrivi normebi, aRniSnavs v.kudriavcevi, – warmoiSobian arsebul faqtobriv urTierTobaTabazaze, isini gamoxataven maT gansakuTrebuli saxiT, e.i. kanonmdeblis nebas, sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis, sazogadoebismoTxovnebisa da amocanebis Sesabamisad~. 3amrigad, sisxlis samarTlis kanonSemoqmedeba praqtikuliSemoqmedebis saxesxvaobaa, xolo kanonmdebeli ki sazogadoebrivipraqtikis subieqti. `Tumca mecnieruli SemoqmedebisaganmowyvetiTac kanonSemoqmedeba SeuZlebelia,TviT warmatebuli sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba xelsuwyobs sisxlis samarTlis Teoriul kvlevas, miuxedavadimisa, rom sisxlis samarTlis mecniereba sisxlis samar-Tlis kanonmdeblobaze sruliadac araa damokidebuli~. 4kanonSemoqmedebis problema ase martivi ar aris, magramamjerad am mokle analiziT, gvindoda gveCvenebina, kanonSemoqmedebis,rogorc Semoqmedebis damoukidebeli saxe,1 g. naWyebia. sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis sagani, gv. 101.2 g. naWyebia. sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis sagani, gv. 102.3 В. Н. Кудрявцев. Право и социальная действительность, gv. 78.4 g. naWyebia. sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis sagani, gv. 112.603

om mxolod misi sferoa kriminalizaciis urTulesi problemebisSeswavla da gadawyveta. aqedan gamomdinare, kriminalizaciaar SeiZleba iyos sisxlis samarTlis politikisSeswavlis sagani, rogorc miRebulia Tanamedrove iuridiulliteraturaSi.ufro metic, aucilebelia kriminalizaciis, rogorckvlevis calke sagnad gamoyofa, rac xazs usvams am problematikismniSvnelobas, rac samwuxarod, dRemde Seufasebelia.samarTalmcodneobaSi kriminalizaciis urTulesproblemas naklebi yuradReba eqceva. arada, sisxlis samar-Tlis arsis gageba, imis axsnisa da dasabuTebis gareSe, Turatom xdeba garkveul qmedebaTa kriminalizacia an, piriqiTdekriminalizacia, SeuZlebelia.am problemis sirTuleze metyvelebs is garemoebac,rom ganmartebani, romelic kriminalizacias exeba, araer-Tgvarovania. yvela maTgani, SeiZleba or damoukidebel koncefciasmivakuTvnoT. erT-erTis momxreebi amtkiceben, romkriminalizacia gulisxmobs ara mxolod axal danaSaulTaSemadgenlobebis Seqmnasa da kanonSi ganmtkicebas, aramed ukvearsebul SemadgenlobaTa CarCoebSi sanqciebis gazrdas,sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebis saxeebis gamoyenebisas calkeulSezRudvebs, zogadi xasiaTis normebis Seqmnas, romlebiciwveven arasasurvel samarTlebriv SedegTa farTo speqtrs. 1ufro metic, literaturaSi SeiZleba SvxvdeT kriminalizaciisiseT ganmartebasac, romlis Tanaxmad, kriminalizacia arissaxelmwifo organoebis saqmianoba, rac gamoixateba garkveulipirebisadmi danaSaulis SeracxvaSi da maT mimarT sisxlissamarTlis sasjelis gamoyenebaSi. am gagebiT kriminalizaciisobieqts warmoadgens ara qmedebaTa garkveuli saxeebi,aramed calkeuli pirovnebebi an socialuri jgufebi. 2Cven ver daveTanxmebiT am mosazrebebs, vinaidan Tukrimanilzacia gulisxmobs sanqciebis gazrdasa da gamoyene-1 Р. Р. Галиакбаров. Проблемы криминализаций многосубьектных общественноопасных деяний. – Актуальные проблемы криминализаций и декриминализацийобщественно опасных деяний. Омск, 1980. gv. 40-41.2 K. Luderssen. Kriminologie, einfuhrung in die probleme. Baden-Baden,1984, gv. 161.604

as. maSin ismis kiTxva: ra aris penalizacia? penalizaciaes aris konkretuli danaSaulisaTvis sanqciis dadgena. imdenad,ramdenadac qmedebis danaSaulad gamocxadeba ukvegulisxmobs sisxlis samarTlis sanqciis dadgenis aucileblobas,penalizaciis problema, arsebiTad gamoixateba, misisaxis, zomis gansazRvraSi. aqedan gamomdinare, penalizaciissfero gulisxmobs, rogorc sanqciebis gazrdas, aseve TavisTavadmis gamoyenebasac.ase rom, Tu kriminalizacia moicavs qmedebis danaSauladgamocxadebas da plus amas sanqciis gazrdasa da gamoyenebasac,maSin raRa saWiroa penalizaciis cneba? Znelimisaxvedri ar aris, rom kriminalizaciis amgvari gageba winaaRmdegobaSiapenalizaciis cnebasTan. marTalia, ar arsebobskriminalizacia penalizaciis gareSe da piriqiT, magrampenalizacia kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis damoukidebeliprocesia da igi calke kvlevis obieqtia.meore, ufro tradiciuli koncefciis momxreni, kriminalizaciasganixilaven, rogorc danaSaulis saxiT ama Tuim qmedebis (moqmedebis an umoqmedobis) legalur dadgenas, 1an rogorc garkveul sazogadoebrivad saSiS qmedebaTa dana-Saulad gamocxadebas, 2 kanonmdeblis mier sisxlissamarTlebrivipasuxismgeblobis dadgenas sazogadoebrivad saSiSiqmedebisaTvis, sisxlissamarTlebrivi normis formis saxiT, 3sisxlis samarTlis kanonSi qmedebis dadgenas sazogadoebrivadsaSiSis, braleulisa da dasjadis saxiT. 4Cveni azriT, kriminalizaciaSi ar unda vigulisxmoTmxolod Sedegi, e. i. romeliRac qmedebis danaSaulad ga-1 Г. А. Злобин, С. Т. Келина. Некоторые теоретические вопросы криминализацийобщественно опасных деяний. – Проблемы правосудия и уголовного права. М.,1978, gv. 108.2 Н. И. Загородников. Советская уголовная политика и деятельность органов внутренныхдел. М, 1979, gv. 48.3 Б. П. Терентьев. НТР и вопросы криминализаций технической неосторожности.– Проблемы борьбы с преступной неосторожностью. Владивосток, 1978, gv. 25.4 А. М. Яковлев. Методология и цели иследования процесса криминализаций. –Конституция СССР и дальнейшее укрепление законности и правопорядка. М.,1979, gv. 69.605

mocxadeba, vinaidan igi ufro farTo cnebaa. rogorc v.kudriavcevi miuTiTebs, kriminalizacia farTo cnebaa damoicavs qmedebaTa garkveuli saxeebis danaSaulad da dasjadadaRiarebis rogorc process, aseve rezultats. 1 am gansazRvrebasSeiZleba garkveulwilad daveTanxmoT, magramwinaaRmdegoba TviT kriminalizaciis procesis araswor gagebaSigvxvdeba. misi daskvniT, kriminalizaciis procesi gulisxmobsama Tu im qmedebisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivipasuxismgeblobis dadgenis miznebis, safuZvlebisa da SesaZleblobebisgamovlenasa da sisxlis samarTlis kanonebisgamocemas, romlebic ganamtkiceben am gadawyvetilebas. kriminalizaciisSedegi ki aris sisxlis samarTlis normaTaerToblioba, romlebic, Seicaven danaSaulTa CamonaTvalsda maTTvis gaTvaliswinebul sasjelebs, agreTve sisxlissamarTlebrivipasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisa da misgan gaTavisuflebissafuZvlebsa da pirobebs. 2am mosazrebas ver daveTanxmebiT da dasasabuTeblad kijer movitanT sityva `procesis~ ganmartebas: `procesi esaris Tanmimdevrul moqmedebaTa erToblioba, raRac SedegismisaRwevad~. 3 unda avRniSnoT, rom ama Tu im qmedebisaTvissisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dadgenis safuZvlebis,miznebisa Tu SesaZleblobebis gamovleniT ver miiRwevaqmedebis danaSaulad gamocxadeba. ra Tqma unda, imisgaTvaliswineba, Tu ramdenad efeqturi da mizanSewoniliiqneba sasjelis gamoyeneba ama Tu im qmedebisaTvis, aucilebelia,magram igi qmedebis danaSulad gamocxadebis erTaderTisafuZveli ar aris. meore SeniSvna mdgomareobs ima-Si, rom kriminalizacia sisxlis samarTlis kanonSemoqmedebisdamoukidebeli procesia da misi Sedegi mxolod qmedebisdanaSaulad gamocxadebaa. rac Seexeba, misTvis sanqciebisgansazRvras, igi penalizaciis sferoa.aqedan gamomdinare, kriminalizaciis Sedegi ar SeiZle-1 В. Н. Кудрявцев. Понятие уголовной политики и формы её реализаций, gv. 17.2 В. Н. Кудрявцев. Понятие уголовной политики и формы её реализаций, gv. 17.3 Большая советская энциклопедия. Третье издание. М.,Т. III.1975, gv. 161.606

a iyos sisxlis samarTlis norma, vinaidan igi kanonSemoqmedebisproduqtia. rac Seexeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisdakisrebis safuZvlebs (asaki, Seracxadoba,brali), maTi miCneva kriminalizaciis Sedegad ar iqnebodamarTebuli, radgan sisxlis samarTali qmedebis samarTaliada ara pirovnebis samarTali. kriminalizaciis obieqti mxolodgansazRvruli saxis sazogadoebrivad saSiSi qmedebaada ara pirovneba (subieqti), Tumca marTalia qmedebaSi garkveulwiladsubieqticaa gamoxatuli da igi kriminalizaciisobieqtis elementia, magram qmedeba da misi subieqtierTmaneTze ar dayvaneba da amitomac, kriminalizaciis Sedegimxolod danaSauli SieZleba iyos. ar SeiZleba avtorsimaSic daveTanxmoT, rom kriminalizaciis Sedegi sisxlissamarTlebrivipasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis safuZvlebisada pirobebis gansazRvraa. magram am sakiTxze qvemoTvisaubrebT.maSasadame, kriminalizacia aris procesi, romelic Tanmimdevrulimoqmedebebisagan Sedgeba da romelTa Sedegiaqmedebis danaSaulad gamocxadeba. ismeba kiTxva, raSi gamoixatebaes moqmedebebi? daviwyoT iqidan, rom kanonmdebeliroca qmedebas danaSaulad acxadebs (ra Tqma unda garkveulisafuZvlebis gaTvaliswinebiT), magaliTad, `Zarcvas~, amiTigi ayalibebs `Zarcvis~ cnebas zogadad, rac garesinamdvilisadmiTeoriuli damokidebulebis logikur formaswarmoadgens, e. i. Teoriulad ukve arsebobs danaSaulis,kerZod, `zogadi Zarcvis~ cneba, magram Teoria Teoriaa dapraqtika – praqtika. amiT imis Tqma gvinda, rom kanonmdebelimarto danaSaulis zogadi cnebis dadgeniT ar unda Semoifarglos,iqidan gamomdinare, rom `zogadi danaSaulis~,`zogadi Zarcvis~ praqtikulad ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia,iseve rogorc `zogadi qurdobis~, `zogadi mkvlelobis~ daase Semdeg. e. i. kanonmdebelma unda izrunos imazec, romama Ti im konkretuli danaSaulis praqtikulad CadenisyvelaSesaZlo varianti gaTvalos. magaliTad, Zarcva CadenilibinaSi, sacavSi, Tu sadgomSi SeRweviT, romlebic, Tavismxriv danaSaulTa konkretul Semadgenlobebs warmoadgenen.607

magram, isic unda avRniSnoT, rom kanonmdebels danaSaulisSesabamisi Semadgenlobebis Seqmna, praqtikuli analizis anuqmedebis danaSaulad kvalifikaciis sasamarTlo gamocdilebisgareSe, ar SeuZlia, vinaidan danaSaulis SemadgenlobadanaSaulis Cadenis praqtikis ZiriTadi maCvenebelia, ramdenadacdanaSaulis Cadena mxolod danaSaulis SemadgenlobisganxorcielebiT aris SesaZlebeli. amiT imis Tqma gvinda,rom `danaSaulis~ an `danaSaulis~ Cadena ki ar xdeba, aramedxorcieldeba konkretuli danaSaulis konkretuli Semadgenloba,rac SemdgomSi kvalificirdeba danaSaulad.rogorc, g naWyebia aRniSnavs: `kanonmdebeli, rogorc sazogadoebrivipraqtikis subieqti, Tavdapirvelad wyvets imsakiTxs, Tu romeli sazogadoebrivad saSiSi qmedeba CaiTvalosdanaSaulad da mxolod amis Semdeg qmnis calkeuldanaSaulTa Semadgen.lobebs, romelTa Sesabamisad esa Tuis danaSaulebrivi qmedeba xorcieldeba~. 1am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sawinaaRmdego mosazreba gaaCniaa. korobeevs. igi wers: `magaliTad, Zarcvis dispoziciaSi,iseTi makvalificirebeli niSnis CarTva, rogoricaa,`SenobaSi an sxva sacavSi SeRweva~, ar SeiZleba SevafasoTrogorc Zarcvis mocemuli nairsaxeobis kriminalizacia,aramed rogorc misi intensiurobis gaZliereba. Sesabamisad,`teqnikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT~ Zarcvis gamoricxvadanaSaulTa ricxvidan, dekriminalizaciad ki ar unda CaiTvalos,aramed rogorc kriminalizaciis intensiurobis Sesusteba~.2am mosazrebas ver daveTanxmebiT, radgan fraza `kriminalizaciisintensiuroba~ aramarTebulad aris gamoyenebuli.sityva `intensiuroba~ aixsneba sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT:gaZlierebuli, mwarmoebluri. 3 pirveli mniSvnelobiTes fraza ase SeiZleba ganimartos: kriminalizaciis anu qmedebisdanaSaulad gamocxadebis gaZliereba. Tu avtori am1 g. naWyebia. qmedebis danaSaulad kavalifikaciis zogadi TeoriisSesavali. Tb., 2000, gv. 60.2 А. И. Коробеев. Советская уголовно-правовая политика. Владивосток, 1987, gv. 2.3 Большая советская энциклопедия. Третье издание, Т. VI. М., 1972, gv. 316.608

frazaSi gulisxmobs danaSaulad gamocxadebuli qmedebisnairsaxeobaTa raodenobriv zrdas, maSin es SeiZleba mar-Tlac gaZlierebul kriminalizaciad CaiTvalos, magram arakriminalizaciis etapze, aramed sakanonmdeblo saqmianobisanalizisas. sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis analizs ki win uswrebsgasaanalizebeli moqmedebebi. am SemTxvevaSi ki, qmedebaTakriminalizacia. Zarcva `SenobaSi an sxva sacavSi SeRweviT~,xom Zarcvis praqtikulad ganxorcielebis erT-erTixerxia, romelic danaSaulis Semadgenlobis saxiT unda dafiqsirdesZarcvis dispoziciaSi. ase rom, Tu qmedeba jerdanaSaulad ar gamovacxadeT, e. i. ar movaxdineT misi kriminalizacia,romel analizze da romel gaZlierebul kriminalizaciazeSeiZleba visaubroT? rac Seexeba sityva `intensiurobis~meore mniSvnelobas – mwarmoebluroba – igiufro Seesatyviseba kriminalizaciis cnebas, vinaidan kriminalizaciamarTlac aris danaSaulTa axali SemadgenlobebisSeqmna. ase rom, avtori winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba, rocaambobs, rom danaSaulTa axali Semadgenlobebis Seqmna kriminalizaciadki ar unda CaiTvalos, aramed kriminilizaciisintensiurobis gaZlierebad.kidev erTxel vimeorebT, rom fraza `kriminalizaciisintensiuroba~ SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas mxolod sakanonmdeblosaqmianobis analizisas da ara im mniSvnelobiT, rogorcigi avtors aqvs warmodgenili.a. korobeevis azriT, ,,kriminalizacia – es aris, individualuriqcevis sazogadoebrivad saSiSi formebis gamovlenis,maTTan sisxlissamarTlebrivi brZolis daSvebis, SesaZleblobisada mizanSewonilobis aRiarebisa da danaSaulebrivisada dasjadis saxiT, maTi kanonSi fiqsaciisprocesi~. 1unda avRniSnoT, rom qmedebis winaaRmdeg sisxlissamarTlebrivibrZolis SesaZlebloba da mizanSewonilobakriminalizaciis safuZvlebs ganekuTvnebian, romlebzedacsxvaTa Soris, dasaxelebuli avtoric miuTiTebs. misi dak-1 А. И. Коробеев. Советская уголовно-правовая политика, gv. 59.39. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi609

virvebiT, im faqtorebs, 1 romlebic ganapirobeben kriminalizaciasganekuTvnebian: naklebad represiuli RonisZiebebiTmaTTan warmatebuli brZolis SeuZlebloba da maTze sisxlissamarTlebrivisaSualebebiT zemoqmedebis SesaZlebloba.2 cxadia, marto am safuZvlebis gaTvaliswineba ar kmaraimisaTvis, rom qmedebis danaSaulad gamocxadebis sakiTxigadawydes, rasac avtoric iTvaliswinebs, iqidan gamomdinare,rom am ori safuZvlis garda, mas kidev ocdasami safuZveliaqvs CamoTvlili. 3 ase rom, Cveni azriT, safuZvelTaam saxeebs araviTari upiratesoba ar gaaCniaT sxveb-Tan SedarebiT da maTi gamoyofa da Sesabamisad cnebaSi mo-Tavseba ar aris mizanSewonili.meore mxriv, danaSaulebrivisa da dasjadis saxiT kanonSiqmedebis fiqsacia, anu normis Seqmna kriminalizaciisSedegi ar aris, aqedan gamomdinare, arc kriminalizaciaa,vinaidan igi mxolod kanonSemoqmedebis produqtia. `sisxlissamarTlis kanoni danaSaulis Semadgenlobis SeqmniTda masTan sasjelis dakavSirebiT qmnis normas, romelic savaldebuloaSesasruleblad yvela moqalaqisaTvis~. 4davubrundeT Cvens mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom kanonmdebelmaromeliRac qmedebis danaSaulad gamocxadebis Semdeg,unda izrunos am qmedebis praqtikulad Cadenis yvelaSesaZlo variantis gaTvlazec (anu danaSaulTa SemadgenlobebisSeqmnaze, rac ufro rTulia, vidre danaSaulis zogadicnebis Camoyalibeba), winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, adgili eqnebaxarvezs sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi.Cveni azriT, kriminalizacia aris individualuri qmedebissazogadoebrivad saSiSi formis gamovlenis, misipraqtikulad Cadenis yvela SesaZlo variantis gaTvlisa da1 dasaxelebul monografiaSi a. korobeevi safuZvlebs ratomRaczogjer faqtorebsac uwodebs, rac CvenTvis gaugebaria, magram esfaqti calke ganxilvis sagania da amitomac masze yuradRebas arSevaCerebT.2 А. И. Коробеев. Советская уголовно-правовая политика, gv. 66.3 А. И. Коробеев. Советская уголовно-правовая политика, gv. 66.4 T. wereTeli, g, tyeSeliaZe. moZRvreba danaSaulze. Tb., 1969, gv. 51.610

danaSaulis saxiT maTi sisxlis samarTlis kanonSi fiqsaciisprocesi. Sesabamisad, dekriminalizacia – es aris danaSaulTaricxvidan qmedebis gamoricxva.arasworad aqvs gagebuli a. korobeevs dekriminalizaciisarsic, iqidan gamomdinare, rom qmedebis gamoricxvadanaSaulTa ricxvidan. misi azriT, dekriminalizacia ki araris, aramed kriminalizaciis intensivobis Sesustebaa. dekriminalizaciaSeiZleba gaisazRvros, rogorc qmedebaTa sazogadoebrivisaSiSroebis dakargvis safuZvlebis dadgenis,maTTan sisxlissamarTlebrivi brZolis mizanSeuwonlobisaRiarebisa da maTi dasjadobis gauqmebis procesi. 1 Tu amganmartebiT vimsjelebT, qmedebis danaSaulTa ricxvidan gamoricxvamarTlac ar aris dekriminalizacia. misi warmodgeniT,qmedebis dasjadobis gauqmebas Seicavs, raSic ar SeiZlebamas daveTanxmoT. saqme isaa, rom qmedebis dasjadobisgauqmeba depenalizaciaa da ara – dekriminalizacia. magramam daskvnamde avtori ver miva, radgan misi azriT, depenalizacia– es ukve kriminalizebul qmedebaTa CadenisaTvissasjelis gamouyeneblobaa, agreTve sisxlissamarTlebrivipasuxismgeblobisagan da sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebis sxvadasxvasaxeebis kanonSi dadgena da praqtikaSi gamoyeneba. 2v. kudriavcevi ki fiqrobs, rom sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagangaTavisufleba kriminalizaciis Sedegia,razedac ukve zemoT mogaxseneT.es mosazrebani CvenTvis misaRebi ar aris. jer erTi,gaugebaria fraza `ukve kriminalizebul qmedebaTa CadenisaTvissasjelis gamouyenebloba~. igi ufro sisxlissamar-Tlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan da sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebasSeesabameba, vinaidan swored aRniSnul SemTxvevbSidgeba sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad mizanSewonili iqneba sisxlissamarTlis subieqtis mimarT sasjelis gamoyeneba an gamouyenebloba.rac Seexeba, TviT sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisaganda sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebis saxeebis1 А. И. Коробеев. Советская уголовно-правовая политика, gv. 59.2 А. И. Коробеев. Советская уголовно-правовая политика, gv. 139.611

praqtikaSi gamoyenebas, maT depenalizacid miviCnevT, im mosazrebiT,rom rogorc cnobilia sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebissaxeebia: sasjelis mouxdeli nawilis Secvla ufromsubuqi saxis sasjeliT da sasjelis moxdis gadavadebaorsuli qalisaTvis, an qalisaTvis, romelsac hyavs xuTwlamde asakis Svili. am SemTxvevebSi romel depenalizaciazeSieZleba saubari, Tu sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebis essaxeebi sasjelis faqtobriv moxdas gulisxmoben?rac Seexeba, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisada sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebis sxva saxeebis praqtikaSigamoyenebas, gana SeiZleba isini depenalizaciad CaiTvalos,maSin roca, piri Tavisufldeba ara imitom, rom mis mierCadenili qmedeba ar aris danaSauli, aramed imitom, rommarTlmsajulebis organo, konkretul garemoebebSi mizanSewoniladmiiCnevs, rom aRar gamoiyenos sasjeli. aqedan gamomdinare,depenalizacia SeiZleba mxolod qmedebis danaSauladgauqmebas anu dekriminalizacias davukavSiroT. xolozemoT dasaxelebul sxva wamaxalisebel institutebs, kanonmdebelixelmZRvanelobs ra humanizmisa da samarTlianobisprincipebiT, uSvebs am RonisZiebebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas,im TvalsazrisiT, rom konkretul SemTxvevebSi,mizanSeuwonelia piris micema sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSian mis mimarT sasjelis gamoyeneba, rac SeiZlebamiCneul iqnes depenalizaciad, rac Seexeba v. kudriavcevismosazrebas, kidev erTxel avRniSnavT imas, rom kriminalizaciisSedegi mxolod danaSauli SeiZleba iyos da arasisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisufleba.rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, depenalizacia es aris garkveulidanaSaulebrivi qmedebis dasjadoobis Semsubuqebaan gauqmeba. depenalizacia Tavis mxriv, safexurebrivia, imdenad,ramdenadac qmedebis dasjadobis gauqmeba warmoadgensmxolod sruli depenalizaciis Sedegs. Nnawilobrivi depenalizacianiSnavs sasjelis Semsubuqebas, magram igi ar undagavaigivoT danaSaulta darRvevebad gadakvalificirebas-Tan. amasTan nawilobrivi depenalizacia ar unda davikavSi-612

oT dekriminalizacis, vinaidan igi gamoixateba mxolod imqmedebisaTvis sasjelis SemsubuqebaSi, romelic danaSauladaRiarebulia.dekriminalizacia, Tavis mxriv, safexurebrivi ar aris,vinaidan ar SeiZleba metnaklebi xarisxis danaSauls warmoadgendnen(marTlwinaaRmdegobas xarisxi ar gaaCnia). CveniazriT, mcdaria mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom dekriminalizaciaamsubuqebs an auqmebs qmedebis danaSaulebriv xasiaTs. 1Tu zemoT xsenebul avtorebs mxedvelobaSi hqondaT is situacia,roca, mag., qmedeba ukve aRar iTvleba danaSauladda kvalificirdeba rogorc samarTaldarRveva, maSin dasafiqrebelia,aris Tu ara aseTi gansazRvreba zusti, e. i.namdvilad aris Tu ara danaSauli `ufro danaSaulebrivi~,vidre – darRveva. da Tu es ukanaskneli `naklenad danaSaulebrivia~,gamodis, rom darRvevac danaSauli yofila, ma-Sin ra gansxvavebaa darRvevasa da danaSauls Soris?samecniero literaturaSi gvxvdeba zemoT xsenebulcnebaTa sxvanairi gagebac, romlis Tanaxmad, dekriminalizacianiSnavs saxelmwifos uflebis gauqmebas, daados sanqciasasjelis saxiT garkveul qmedebas, depenalizacia ki, gulisxmobsdanaSaulis gadakvalificirebas samarTaldarRvevad,agreTve mkacri sasjelis Secvlas ufro msubuqi saxissasjeliT. 2 am mosazrebas ver daveTanxmebiT, radgan, rogorciTqva, depenalizacia efuZneba sasjelis Semsubuqebas an gauqmebasan moicavs qmedebis gatanas tradiciuli sisxlissamarTlis CarCoebidan sanqciis ideis gamoricxvis gareSe:qmedeba aRar aris danaSaulebrivi, magram isjeba administraciulian sxva wesiT. dekriminalizacia ki ufro radikaluria,vinaidan aRniSnul qmedebas marTlzomierad miiCnevs angadaaqvs sxva saxis samarTaldarRvevaTa kategoriaSi.miuxedavad imisa, rom zemoT dasaxelebuli procesebiSinaarsobrivad erTmaneTisagan gansaxvavdebian da damoukid-1 The Decriminalization Transactins of colloquium of Bellagio 1973. Milano, 1975, gv.156- 405.2 Rapport sur la decriminalisation, Strasbourg, 1980, gv. 13-17.613

ebelni arian, kanonmdeblobis ganviTareba maT gareSe warmoudgenelia,vianidan ar SeiZleba kriminalizacia penalizaciisgareS arsebobdes, xolo dekriminalizacia – depenalizaciisgareSe.ver daveTanxmebiT v. kudriavcevs, romelic fiqrobs,rom kriminalizacia da penalizacia, iseve rogorc maTi sawinaaRmdegoprocesebi – dekriminalizacia da depenalizacia,SeiZleba movicvaT cnebiT `kriminalizacia~, romelic,am SemTxvevaSi, farTo gagebiT gamoiyeneba. 1Cveni azriT, kriminalizaciis cnebis viwro da farTogageba ar arsebobs. misi erTaderTi gageba is aris, rom igiqmedebis danaSaulad gamocxadebaa da misi cnebis ukan sakanonmdeblosaqmianobis sxva procesebis amofareba, niSnavsam procesebis damoukideblobis uaryofas. marTalia, kriminalizacia,umTavresia sisxlis samarTlis kanonSemoqmedeba-Si da mis gareSe ver iarsebebs sxva procesebi, magram maTsul sxva funqciebi akisriaT, sxva sfero ainteresebT daSinaarsobrivad gansxvavdebian misgan, amitom maTi kriminalizaciiscnebiT Semofargvla ar iqneba mizanSewonili.gvinda isic avRniSnoT, rom termins `kriminalizacia~hyavs mowinaaRmdegeebic, romlebic miiCneven, rom mis gareSeSeiZleba iolad gavideT da gamoviyenoT ufro Cveuli cneba,mag., `sisxlissamarTlebrivi akrZalva~. am gagebas verdaveTanxmebiT. terminebs `kriminalizacia~ da `dekriminalizacia~aqvT udavo upiratesoba da arsebobis ufleba sulcota ori safuZvliT mainc. jer erTi, isini ekonomiurniarian, radgan TiToeuli gamoixateba erTi sityviT, meoremxriv, rac yvelaze mTavaria – es terminebi ufro gansaz-Rvrulia, vidre maTi Semcvleli.sinamdvileSi, sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad marTebuliacneba `sisxlissamarTlebrivi akrZalva~, sakamaToa.SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom sisxlis samarTali, umravlesSemTxvevebSi, ar qmnis sakuTar akrZalvebs, aramed adgens1 В. Н. Кудрявцев. Понятие уголовной политики и формы её реализаций, gv. 18.614

imis dasjadobas, rac ukve akrZaluli iyo moralis mierda rom realuri socialuri normis akrZalvaze orientaciasisxlis samarTlis kanonis socialuri ganpirobebulobiserT-erT aucilebel moments warmoadgens. 1 am mosazrebasZiriTadSi veTanxmebiT, magram ver gaviziarebT imas, romsisxlis samarTali ar qmnis sakuTar akrZalvebs. marTalia,sxvisi qonebis mitaceba, religiiT akrZalulia, rac gamoxatuliakidevac erT-erTi mcnebiT `ara iparo~ da SeiZlebaSemogvedavon imaSi, rom akrZalvis meoradi akrZalva SeuZlebelia.es pozicia gasagebicaa, magram, am SemTxvevebSi,yvelaze ioli gamosavali is iqneba, Tu akrZalvebs davtovebTreligiaSi, moralSi Tu zneobaSi da aRar SeviwuxebTTavs danaSaulisa Tu danaSaulis Semadgenlobebis SeqmniT.magram imTaviTve Cndeba kiTxvebi: ra funqcia akisriasisxlis samarTals da saerTod ramdenad marTebulia, misirogorc samarTlis damoukidebeli dargis arseboba. sruliadveTanxmebiT prof. T. wereTlis mosazrebas, rom `sisxlissamarTlis kanoni danaSaulis Semadgenlobis SeqmniTda masTan sasjelis dakavSirebiT qmnis normas, romelic savaldebuloayvela moqalaqisaTvis. marTlia, sisxlis samarTliskanoni redaqciulad is ar aris agebuli: qurdobayvelasaTvis akrZalulia da Tu vinmem moipara, – ase da asedaisjebao, magram igi amas sakanonmdeblo teqnikis mosazrebiTar akeTebs, vinaidan yvelasaTvis gasagebia, rom Tu kanoniraime moqmedebas dasjadad acxadebs, igi am moqmedebaskrZalavs~. 2am mosazrebas verafers davumatebT, mxolod avRniSnavTimas, rom `sisxlissamarTlebrivi akrZalvis~, rogorccnebis marTebuloba, udavoa. magram igi ufro farTo cnebaa,vidre kriminalizacia, vinaidan masSi sisxlis samar-Tlis normaa gamoxatuli, xolo kriminalizaciaSi ki –qmedebis danaSaulad gamocxadeba.1 Г. А. Злобин, С. Т. Келина. Некоторые теоретические вопросы криминализацийобщественно опасных деяний. М., 1978, gv. 104-105.2 T. wereTeli, g, tyeSeliaZe. moZRvreba danaSaulze, gv. 51.615

kriminalizaciis cnebis da zogadad, kanonSemoqmedebis-Tan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gadawyveta sakmaod rTulisda Semdgom kvlevas moiTxovs.IRMA GABELIAFOR UNDERSTANDING THE IDEA AND THE ESSENCEOF CRIMINAL LAWMAKINGIn legal literature there is a popularized consensus of opinion thatcriminal legislation and associated with it criminalization should be consideredwithin the criminal policy. In our opinion, criminalization is a subjectnot of the criminal policy but criminal lawmaking which serves asan independent field. In spite of the fact that the legislative process includessuch political principles as a principle of “democraty” and “politicalexpediency” as well, it does not mean that the policiy is a unique basisof lawmaking. Criminal lawmaking is a variation of a constructiveprocess and a lawmaker is a subject of public practice. The outcome ofcriminal lawmaking is the development of new regulations or modificationof the existing procedures. Criminal lawmaking is an only independentcategory of creative ability where very difficult problems of criminalizationsshould be studied and solved.616

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa serialali gabisoniaontologia aqsiologia da gnoseologiasamarTlis filosofiaSisamarTlebrivi ontologiis, aqsiologiis da gnoseologiisproblemebis ganxilvas viwyebT mocemuli terminebisetimologiuri Sinaarsis garkveviT. TiToeul maTgans ganvixilavTjer zogadi filosofiis konteqstSi, xolo SemdgomsamarTlis filosofiis konteqstSi.ontologia (berZn. on – naT. ontos – arsebul da...…logia), filosofiis nawilia romelic ganixilavs yofierebissayovelTao safuZvlebs, struqturasa da kanonzomierebebs.ontologiis mier samyaros suraTis gamoxatva Seesatyvisebarealobis Semecnebis garkveul dones da fiqsirebuliamocemuli epoqis filosofiis tradiciebsa da kategoriebSi.1 ontologia berZnuli warmoSobis terminia ontos –niSnavs yofierebas, logos-niSnavs moZRvrebas. ontologiaaris mecniereba arsisi, arsebobis, yofierebis, struqturisada kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb. ontologiuri problemebiZiriTadad Seexeba yofierebas, mis nairsaxeobebsa da damaxasiaTebelTvisebebs.ontologia samarTalSi. ontologia samarTalSi Ziri-Tadad Seiswavlis samarTlis yofierebas, es aris moZRvrebasamarTlis yofierebis Sesaxeb. samarTalgagebis TiTeulitipis CarCoSi samarTlis ontologiuri sakiTxis ganxilvae.i. garkveva imisa, Tu ra aris samarTali? mWidrod ukav-Sirdeba samarTlebrivi gnoseologiis da samarTlebrivi aqsiologiisproblemas.ontologias ainteresebs ra aris samarTali? ontologiaSiganasxvaveben: legistur ontologias, bunebiT –1 g. asaTiani. ontologia. Tb., 1984, gv. 538.617

samarTlebriv ontologias da libertarul – iuridiulontologias.legisturi ontologiis Tanaxmad samarTali, rogorcmovlena moklebulia samarTlebriv arss. aq samarTlis yofiTiarseboba ar aris damokidebuli raRac obieqtur safuZvlebze,igi mTlianad da yovelmxriv ganisazRvreba xelisuflebisavtoritetiT. xelisuflebis sakuTari subieqturiTvalTaxedviTa da gadawyvetiT.bunebiT-samarTlebrivi ontologiis Tanaxmad samar-Tlis yofiereba warmodgenilia ori urTierTsawinaaRmdegoformiT: samarTlis namdvili (WeSmariti) yofierebis formiT(bunebiTi samarTlis yofiereba); samarTlis aranamdvili yofierebis formiT (es arispozitiuri samarTlis arseboba).bunebiT samarTlebrivi ontologiis Sesabamisad arsebobserTmaneTisagan damoukideblad ori tipis samarTali: WeSmariti bunebiTi samarTali; araWeSmariti – pozitiuri samarTali.marTalia bunebiT-samarTlebrivi ontologia akritikebslegisturi midgomis naklovanebebs, rac mdgomareobssamarTlis obieqturi arsis uaryofaSi, magram meore ukiduresobaSivardeba da uaryofs samarTlis e.w. ucxoyofierebas.mas ar miaCnia rom samarTali SesaZloa arsebobdes samarTlebrivikanonis formiT da miaCnia, arsebobs mxolodbunebiTi samarTali.libertarul-iuridiuli ontologiis Tanaxmad samar-Tlis yofiereba aris realuri, pozitiuri samarTlebrivimovlena, romelic gamoxatavs samarTlis obieqtur arss.samarTlis yofiereba, misi arseboba da moqmedeba varaudobsaucilebel kavSirs samarTlis arssa da samarTlebriv movlenasSoris.samarTlis libertarul-iuridiuli doqtrina aviTarebssamarTlis normatiulobis iuridiul gagebas. libertarul-iuridiuliontologiis amocana mdgomareobs ara sa-618

marTlis denormatizaciaSi, aramed kanonis normis, rogorcsamarTlebrivi movlenisa da samarTlis arsebobisa da moqmedebisformis iuridizaciaSi. mxolod samarTlebrivi kanonisnormas SeuZlia sxva samarTlebriv formebTan urTierTqmedebiTdaikavos Tavisi kuTvnili adgili samarTlisyofierebi zogad sivrceSi; vinaidan samarTlebrivi kanonisnorma aris formaluri Tanasworobis gamoxatvisa da ganxorcielebisforma. eseigi samarTlis ontologia arkvevsTu ra aris samarTali.aqsiologiis problemebi samarTalSi. sityva aqsiologiaberZnuli warmoSobisaa da niSnavs moZRvrebas Rirebulebaze.sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT aqsiologia aris filosofiurimoZRvreba Rirebulebebze. Rirebulebebis qveS igulisxmebaadamianTa cxovrebis wesis safuZvelSi Cadebuli ideebi,idealebi, Sexedulebebi. es ideebi, idealebi da principebiaris zneobrivi, samarTlebrivi, politikuri, religiuri,mecnieruli, mxatvruli; maT mniSvnelovani RirebulebiTidatvirTva aqvT rogorc pirovnebisTvis aseve sazogadoebisTvis.ZvelberZnuli warmoSobis termini aqsiologiaori nawilisagan Sedgeba: axia – Rirebuleba... logos, moZ-Rvreba faseulobis Sesaxeb, anu “garemo samyaros obieqtebisdadebiT an uaryofiT faseulobaze adamianTaTvis, sazogadoebrivijgufis an sazogadoebis zogadad”. 1aqsiologia realurad filosofiis dargia, romelicSeiswavlis Rirebulebis raobas. aqsiologiis mTavari mizaniRirebulebis ontologiuri statusis dadgenaSi mdgomareobs.sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT aqsiologiis mizania gaarkviosrogoria Rirebuleba (faseuloba) Tavisi bunebiT:obieqturi Tu subieqturi, fardobiTi Tu absoluturi,cvalebadi Tu ucvleli (maradiuli). aqsiologia adgens daafiqsirebs kavSirs Rirebulebasa da Rirebul obieqts Soris,Rirebulebasa da subieqts Soris, Rirebulebasa dajerarss Soris.Rirebulebis problema filosofiuri xasiaTisaa, misi1 s. TezeliSvili. ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni. Tb., 2005, gv. 122.619

aqtiuri kvleva daiwyo XIX saukunidan. aqsiologia, rogorcdamoukidebeli disciplina XIXs. miwurulidan yalibdeba.imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aqsiologia aris moZ-Rvreba Rirebulebaze, man pirvel rigSi unda dagvidginosRirebulebis cneba da raoba (anu misi ontologiuri statusi).rodesac vikvlevT saqmis, movlenis faqtobriv viTarebas,maSin am movlenis RirebulebiTi nawili saerTod arCans, magram Tu vaxdenT ara mxolod faqtebis konstatacias,aramed vafasebT kidec garkveuli kriteriumebiT movlenasanu mogvwons an ar mogvwons igi, maSin “Sefasebis amaqtiur poziciaSi sagani warmodgeba rogorc raRac mniSvnelobismqone: kargi an cudi, boroti an keTili. Rirebulebaaris is, ris safuZvelzec ganixileba raime, rogorc mowonebis,pativiscemis, mowiwebis an piruku, dawunebis, gakicxvisRirsi”. 1Rirebulebis bunebaSi idealuri gagebiT SeimCneva oriZiriTadi mimarTuleba:a) obieqturi;b) subieqturi.obieqturi mimarTulebis TvalTaxedvas aviTarebs platoni.saerTod filosofiaSi miiCneven, rom obieqturi idealuriaqsiologia platonis filosofiuri xazis gagrZelebaa.2 mogvianebiT neokantianelTa skolis warmomadgenlebmaRirebulebebi filosofiis specifikur obieqtebad miiCnies.3 filosofias, kerZod ki aqsiologias daekisra ararsebuli,ararealuri magram absoluturi mniSvnelobis mqoneidealuri Rirebulebis kvleva. igive obieqtivisturiplatoniseuli xazi SeimCneva maqs Seleris aqsiologiaSi.Seleris azriT “Rirebulebebi, rogorc garkveuli Tvisobriobebi,qmnis gansakuTrebuli wesrigis, mimarTebisa da kav-Sirebis mqone saganTa sferos”. 4 obieqtivisturi aqsiologiisSesabamisad gamarTlebulia Rirebulebis obieqturoba,1 T. buaCiZe. legisturi aqsiologia. Tb., 1977, gv. 39.2 T. buaCiZe. legisturi aqsiologia, gv. 44.3 Проблема ценности в философий. М., 1966, gv. 67.4 T. buaCiZe. legisturi aqsiologia, gv. 39.620

absoluturoba da maradiuloba. idealur filosofiaSi obieqtivisturiTvalsazrisis momxreebi arian neoTomizmi,fenomenologiuri skola, n. hartmani. 1subieqtivisturi TvalsazrisiT ki Rirebuleba gamodisadamianis fsiqo-fizikuri Taviseburebidan. subieqtivistebisazriT Rirebulebad iTvleba is, rac emsaxureba sicocxlisdamkvidrebas. am Sexedulebam gadamwyveti zegavlena moaxdinaTanamedrove filosofiaze igi ganxorcielda: sicocxlisfilosofiaSi, logikur pozitivizmsa da pragmatizmSi.aqsiologia samarTlis filosofiaSic mniSvnelovan adgilsikavebs, vinaidan samarTlis da saxelmwifos, rogorcmovlenis, RirebulebiT-SefasebiTi analizi yvelaze mniSvnelovaniaiurisprudenciaSi. moZRvreba samarTlis Rirebulebisfaseulobis Sesaxeb gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba da iSifrebasamarTalgagebis gansxvavebuli tipebis warmomadgenelTamier. samarTlebriv aqsiologiaSi sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebaikveTeba: legisturi aqsiologia. bunebiT-samarTlebrivi aqsiologia. libertaruli-iuridiuli aqsiologia.samarTlebrivi aqsiologiis kvlevis obieqti aris samarTlis,rogorc faseulobis (Rirebulebis) gagebisa daaxsna-ganmartebis problemebi, Sesabamisi RirebulebiTimsjelobebi faqtobrivad mocemuli kanonis samarTlebrivmniSvnelobasa da saxelmwifoze.legisturi aqsiologia – legizmis CarCoSi, sadac gaigivebuliasamarTali da kanoni, uaryofilia samarTlisobieqturi arsi, uaryofilia samarTlisa da TviTnebobisgamijvna erTmaneTisgan, albaT SeuZlebelia arsebiTad imsjelokanonis samarTlebriv Sefasebasa da samarTlebrivRirebulebaze. legisturi gagebiT kanonis (nagulisxmeviapozitiuri samarTali) Rirebuleba mdgomareobs mis oficialurzogadsavaldebulobasa da xelisuflebriv-imperatiulobaSi.am gagebiT yuradReba ar eqceva romelime obieq-1 Проблема ценности в философий, gv. 80.621

turi samarTlebrivi safuZvliT samarTlis zogad mniSvnelobas(mis sayovelTao mniSvnelobas). garda xelisuflebrivbrZanebiTisa. am midgomas aviTarebs neopozitivistihans kelzeni, romelic miiCnevs, rom samarTali faseuliamxolod rogorc brZaneba, rogorc norma.bunebiT-samarTlebrivi aqsiologiis Tanaxmad samarTaliTavis TavSi moicavs “namdvili” samarTlis obieqturTvisebebsa da Rirebulebebs da amitom gvevlineba saTanadowesis (nimuSis), miznis da kriteriumis saxiT. raTa movaxdinoTRirebulebiTi Sefaseba rogorc pozitiuri samar-Tlis, aseve Sesabamisi samarTaldamdgeni xelisuflebisa.imavdroulad bunebiTi samarTali gagebulia, rogorc TavisibunebiT zneobrivi movlena da apriorulad aris Sesabamisiabsoluturi faseulobis matarebeli. bunebiT-samar-Tlebrivi aqsiologia aris moralur-zneobrivi moZRvrebasamarTalze, mis warmomadgenlebad SeiZleba davasaxeloT e.kanti da f. hegeli. samarTali am gagebiT aris zneobriviminimumi, romelic moraluri wesrigis nawilSi rogorczneobrivi mTlianoba gamoxatavs (moralur, religiur) samarTlianobas.am mimarTulebis damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalosiseTi problemebis dayeneba da SemuSaveba, rogoricaa:samarTlis Rirebulebis problemebi, Tavisuflebis da adamianTaTanasworobis ideebi, bunebiT – samarTlebrivi samar-Tlianobis, adamianis Tandayolili da ganuyofeli uflebebisaRiareba, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideebi, xelisuflebissamarTliT SezRudvis ideebi.libertarul-iuridiuli aqsiologiis Tanaxmad samar-Tlis Rirebuleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom samarTali arissayovelTao, zogadsavaldebulo forma iseTi fundamentaluriadamianuri faseulobebis gamoxatvisa, rogoricaa Tanasworoba,Tavisufleba da samarTlianoba. am samarTalgagebiTTanasworoba, Tavisufleba da samarTlianoba aris samarTlebriviformalobebi da ara faqtiurobebi. es arisformalur-moculobiTi komponentebi samarTlisa da samar-Tlebrivi formisa. aqsiologiuri gagebiT samarTlis amgva-622

i iuridiul-formalizebuli koncefcia safuZvels gvaZlevsvamtkicoT, rom saubaria mxolod samarTlebriv faseulobebzeda ara moralur, zneobriv, religiur da a.S. faseulobebze.libertarul – iuridiuli aqsiologiis Tanaxmadkanoni (pozitiuri samarTali), saxelmwifo, samarTlissubieqtebis qceva unda iyos samarTlebrivi da SesabamisadSefasdes mxolod samarTlebrivi TvalTaxedviT.gnoseologia – termini Zvel-berZnuli warmoSobisaagnosis – niSnavs codnas, logos – moZRvreba. gnoseologia filosofiisdamoukidebeli da imavdroulad Semadgeneli nawilia,romelic Seiswavlis Semecnebas, Semecnebis kanonzomierebebs,subieqtisa da obieqtis urTierTdamokidebulebasSemecnebis procesSi, codnis mimarTebas sinamdvilesTan daadamianis mier samyaros Semecnebis SesaZleblobas. 1gnoseologia epistumologia aris Semecnebis bunebisSemswavleli filosofiis dargi. misi daniSnulebaa SeiswavlosSemecnebis buneba, misi warmoSoba, Camoyalibeba,struqtura da sinamdvilesTan mimarTeba.“Semecneba – obieqturi realobis adekvaturi asaxvaadamianis cnobierebaSi; umaRlesad organizebuli materiis?Tviseba Semecneba gvevlineba grZnobadi da racionaluri SemecnebissaxiT”. 2Semecnebis Teoriis Sinaarssa da xasiaTs ganapirobebsSemdegi sakiTxi: ras niSnavs codnis obieqturoba da ra pirobebSiaigi SesaZlebeli. Semecnebis Teoria ikvlevs filosofiisZiriTad sakiTxs gnoseologiur mxares, rac SemdegSimdgomareobs: SeuZlia Tu ara adamianis cnobierebasSeimecnos garemomcveli samyaro Tavisi bunebiTa da kanonzomierebebiT.rogorc miuTiTebs v. erqomaiSvili SemecnebisTeoria unda ganvasxvavoT: ontologiisagan – romelic ikvlevs yofierebis, arsebobiszogad bunebas. Semecnebis fsiqologiisagan – ikvlevs Semecnebis1 v. erqomaiSvili. Semecnebis Teoria. Tb., 1978, gv. 194.2 v. erqomaiSvili. Semecnebis Teoria, gv. 709.623

procesisa da SemecnebiTi aqtebis mimdinareobas individiscnobierebaSi da ar exeba am aqtebis Sinaarsis sinamdviles-Tan mimarTebis e.i. misi WeSmaritoba – mcdarobis sakiTxs. formaluri logikisagan – ikvlevs dasabuTebisstruqturas, damokidebulebas winamZRvrebsa da danaskvsSoris, magram ar ainteresebs TviT winamZRvrebisa da danaskvisWeSmaritoba-mcdarobis sakiTxi. mecnierebis meTodologiisagan – aanalizebs mecnierebaSigamoyenebul filosofiuri kategoriebis mecnierebiszogadi struqturis, masSi gamoyenebuli dasabuTebis tipebis,meTodebis, cnebebisa da debulebebis logikur Sinaarss. Semecnebis istoriisagan – aRwers calkeuli individebismier realurad ganxorcielebuli Semecnebis procesisqronologiur mimdinareobas konkretul epoqaSi. SemecnebisTeoria mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli yvela am dargTan,magram misi gaigiveba romelime maTganTan Secdomaa. 1Semecnebis Teoriis specifika is aris, rom igi SemecnebisSinaarss ikvlevs WeSmaritoba-mcdarobis, anu obieqtTanmimarTebis, TvalsazrisiT. rogor, ra saSualebiT SeuZliasubieqts Seimecnos obieqti ise, rom mis Sesaxeb SeimuSvosWeSmariti, obieqturi codna? ra aris subieqti?ra aris obieqti? codnas obieqturobis obieqti gansaz-Rvravs Tu subieqti? es aris Semecnebis Teoriis problemebi,filosofiis istoria icnobs Semecnebis Teoriis ramdenimetips: Semecnebis empiristur-fsiqologisturi Teoria. Semecnebis transcendentalur-subieqturi Teoria. Semecnebis konvencionaluri Teoria. Semecnebis obieqtur-idealisturi Teoria. Semecnebis materialisturi Teoria.samarTlebrivi gnoseologia gnoseologiis Semadgeneli1 v. erqomaiSvili. Semecnebis Teoria, gv. 194; Т. И. Хилл. Современныетеорий познания. Пер. с анг. М., 1964, gv. 102; В. А. Лекторский. Субьект, обьект,познание. М., 1980, gv. 134.624

nawilia, da ikvlevs samarTlis, rogorc specifikuri socialuriobieqtis Semecnebis problemebs. samarTlebrivi gnoseologiisZiriTadi amocana mdgomareobs im pirobebisa dawinapirobebis SeswavlaSi, romelic ganapirobebs samarTlissarwmuno (WeSmarits, swor) Semecnebas samarTlis da samarTlebrivimovlenebis Sesaxeb WeSmariti codnis mopovebas.samarTlebriv gnoseologiaSi sam mimdinareobas gamoyofen,esenia: legisturi gnoseologia. bunebiT-samarTlebrivi gnoseologia. liberatul-iuridiuli gnoseologia.legisturi gnoseologiis Tanaxmad samarTlad aRiarebulia(da Seswavlilia) mxolod is rac oficialuri xelisuflebismier gamocxadebulia savaldebulod, atarebs imperatiulxasiaTs da aris iZulebiT-savaldebulod dadgenili.amgvari pozitivistur- pragmatuli midgomis safuZvelzelegisturi gnoseologia dakavebulia:a) oficialuri xelisuflebis mier gamocemuli imperatiulixasiaTis normebis (formebis) saxeebissistematizaciiT. igi axdens moqmedi samarTlisformaluri wyaroebis (pozitiuri samarTali, kanoni)sistemetizacias.b) arkvevs kanonmdeblis azrs, romelic gamoxatuliaoficialuri aqtis teqstSi.legisturi gnoseologiis Tanaxmad WeSmariteba samar-Talze mocemulia kanonSi, romelic gamoxatavs saxelmwifos(kanonmdeblis) nebas, azrs, pozicias. legisturi gnoseologiisTanaxmad samarTalmcodneoba daiyvaneba kanonmcodneobamde.bunebiT – samarTlebrivi gnoseologia istoriuladpirveli cdaa Teoriul, filosofiur, mecnierul samar-Tlebrivad samarTlis bunebis garkvevisa, misi WeSmaritebiswvdomisa. Semecnebis gzas mivyavarT bunebiTi da pozitiurisamarTlis gamijvnamde. bunebiTi samarTlis universaluroba40. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi625

unebiTi samarTlis sayovelTao principia. bunebiTi samar-Tlis Sesaxeb yvela warmodgenis saerTo Teoriul-SemecnebiTsafuZvels warmoadgens bunebiTis da “xelovnuris”(pozitiuris) gamijvna samarTalSi, maTi gansxvavebuli Sefasebada bunebiTi samarTlis upirobo prioritetis aRiareba.am principis CarCoSi “xelovnuri” ukve mocemuli pozitiurisamarTlis saxiT, amitom bunebiTi winare mocemulia(anu boZebulia gonebis, RmerTis, saganTa bunebis, adamianTabunebis mier) da winarepozitiuria. bunebiTis winaremocemulobassamyaros Seqmnis sivrcesa da droSi erTdrouladaqvs ontologiuri, gnoseologiuri da aqsiologiurimniSvneloba.bunebiTi (samarTali) upirvelesia, yovelTvis marTebulia,sworia, WeSmaritia da zneobrivi. xelovnuri (pozitiuri)warmoebulia, cudia, arasworia, mcdaria da rogorcbunebiTisagan gadaxrili unda gaZevdes an ukeTes SemTxveva-Si gamoswordes, movides SesabamisobaSi bunebiTTan.libertarul-iuridiul gnoseologias safuZvlad udevszogadi Teoria kanonisa da samarTlis gamijvnisa (maTSoris Tanxvedrisa da gansxvavebebis kanonzomierebebisa).libertarul-iuridiuli gnoseologiuri midgoma saSualebasgvaZlevs gamovavlinoT gansxvaveba da Tanafardoba samar-Tlis obieqtur arssa da kanonis formulirebis subieqturprocess Soris.libertarul-iuridiul gnoseologiis mniSvnelovan mimarTulebaswarmoadgens saxelmwifos, rogorc formaluriTanasworobis principis institucionalur – xelisuflebriviformis gamoxatvisa da moqmedebis samarTlebrivi gageba.samarTalgagebis TiToeuli tipis CarCoSi samarTlisontologiuri sakiTxis ganxilva mWidrod ukavSirdeba samarTlebrivignoseologiis da samarTlebrivi aqsiologiisproblemas. ontologias ainteresebs ra aris samarTali?amisaTvis gnoseologiam unda gaarkvios: rogor SeimcnebasamarTali? xolo aqsiologias ainteresebs Tu raSi mdgomareobssamarTlis Rirebuleba – faseuloba?626

LALI GABISONIAAXIOLOGY, ONTOLOGY AND GNOSIOLOGYIN THE PHILOSOPHY OF LAWDiscussing the ontological question (What is law?) in each type offramework of legal understanding is closely connected with the problemsof legal gnosiology and legal axiology. Ontology is interested in whatlaw is. To get the answer to this question, gnosiology must find out howlaw is perceived and studied. And axiology is interested in what constitutesthe value of law.627

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriavefxvia gvaramiasaerTaSoriso sapolicio TanamSromlobismeqanizmebis roli gatacebuliavtosatransporto saSualebebis ZebnaSigatacebuli avtosatransporto saSualebebis Semowmebisda Zebnis ganxorcielebis efeqtur saSualebas iZlevainterpolis da evropolis Tanamedrove meqanizmebi.UukanasknelperiodSi mTel rig qveynebSi gansakuTrebiT moimataavtomanqanebis qurdobam da arakanonierma brunvam. `1996wels gatacebuli iqna: germaniaSi – 110 aTasi, safrangeTSi279 aTasi, did britaneTSi – 509 aTasi, italiSi – 305aTasi avtomanqana~. 1STambeWdavia avtomanqanis gatacebiT da misi arakanonieribrunviT saxelmwifoebSi gamowveuli ziani. `aSS-Si avtomanqanebisgatacebiT miRebuli ziani aWarbebs 7 miliard dolars.did britaneTSi avtosatransporto saSulebebis gatacebisSedegad miRebuli ziani ganisazRvreba 1,2 miliardifunti sterlingiT, yovelwliurad sadazRvevo kompaniebigatacebuli avtosatransporto saSulebebis mflobelebsuxdian 700 milionze met funt sterlings, israelis gaer-Tianebuli sadazRvevo kompaniebis monacemebis mixedviT, yovel100 avtomobils Soris 3 gatacebulia, aRniSnuli saxisdanaSaulidan miyenebuli ziani 500 milions aWarbebs~. 2gatacebuli avtosatransporto saSulebebis didi nawilisrealizacia xdeba dsT-s wevr qveynebSi, `1998 wlidandRemde arsebuli monacemebiT ruseTis teritoriaze aRmo-1 Характеристика международного нелегального автобизнеса. – http://akamed.narod.ru/zabugrom2.html.2 Характеристика международного нелегального автобизнеса. – http://akamed-.narod.ru/zabugrom2.html.628

Cenilia sxva saxelmwifoebSi gatacebuli 7 aTasi avtomanqana~.1 interpolis monacemebis mixedviT 1995 wlis meorenaxevarSi da 1996 wlis pirel naxevarSi evropaSi gatacebuli110 aTasi avtomanqanidan dsT-s qveynebSi realizebuliiqna 40%. Uukanasknel periodSi msoflios sxvadasxvaqveyanaSi registrirdeba firmebi, romlebic xSirad axorcielebengatacebuli avtosatransporto saSulebebis transportirebas.2001 wlis interpolis monacemebiT yovelwliurad msoflioSiqreba 3 milionze meti msubuqi avtomanqana. 1996 wlidaninterpolis sistemaSi viTardeba gatacebuli avtomanqanebissaerTaSoriso baza. am bazaSi dReisaTvis iricxeba 3.8milioni gatacebuli satransporto saSualebis monacemi, racinterpolis wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomia. 22001 wlis 19 noembers lionSi gamarTuli transkontinenturisimpoziumi daeTmo avtosatransporto saSualebebisorganizebuli gatacebisa da misi kontrabandis winaaRmdegbrZolis strategiis gamomuSavebas, am mxriv interpolissainformacio sistemis gafarToebis sakiTxebs. 3interpolis mier wevri saxelmwifoebis kompetenturiorganoebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis SeTavazebuli iqna specializirebulisaswavlo kursebi, romelic moicavs satransportosaSualebebis identifikaciisaTvis seminarebs, informaciasinterpolis axali teqnologiebis Sesaxeb. 4dasavleT evropis qveynebidan gatacebuli avtosatransportosaSulebebis gadasayvanad an gadasagzavnad sxvadas-1 Характеристика международного нелегального автобизнеса. – http://akamed-.narod.ru/zabugrom2.html.2 ix. Over three million motor cars disappear each year in the world TranscontinentalVehicle Crime Symposium to address future strategies. – http://www.interpol.int/Public-/ICPO/PressReleases/PR2001/PR200135.asp.3 ix. Over three million motor cars disappear each year in the world TranscontinentalVehicle Crime Symposium to address future strategies. – http://www.interpol.int/Public-/ICPO/PressReleases/PR2001/PR200135.asp.4 ix. Over three million motor cars disappear each year in the world TranscontinentalVehicle Crime Symposium to address future strategies. – http://www.interpol.int/Public-/ICPO/PressReleases/PR2001/PR200135.asp.629

xva marSruti gamoiyeneba, maT Soris gamokveTilia balkane-Tis mimarTuleba. am gziT avtosatransporto saSulebebidasavleT evropidan xvdeba balkaneTis qveynebSi, aqedan ki– axlo aRmosavleTSi.cnobilia italiis marSruti, saidanac avtosatransportosaSulebebi gadahyavT aRmosavleT evropis, albane-Tis an saberZneTis mimarTulebiT. centraluri evropismarSrutiT, poloneTis, ungreTis da CexeTis respublikisgavliT avtosatransporto saSulebebi gadahyavT dsT-sqveynebSi. aranakleb cnobilia espaneTis marSruti, saidanacavtosatransporto saSualebebi xvdeba samxreT afrikaSi.samxreTis marSrutis meSveobiT, kerZod, skandinaviis qveynebidan,germaniidan, fineTidan, saxmeleTo da sazRvao gzebismeSveobiT gatacebuli avtosatransporto saSualebebixvdeba baltiispireTis qveynebSi da ruseTis federaciaSi.SeiZleba gamovyoT gatacebuli avtosatransporto sa-Sualebebis gadayvanis specifikuroba sazRvao marSrutiT,romelic damnaSaveebs sxvadasxva kontinentze da qveyanaSigatacebuli avtosatransporto saSualebebis gadatanis sa-Sualebas aZlevs.mimdinare monacemebiT interpolis Zebnis monacemTa bazaSi2005 wels iricxeboda erTi milion Svidasi aTasi gatacebuliavtomobili, romelTa ricxvi 2008 wlis monacemebiTori milion samasiaTasamde gaizarda. amasTan erTad,izrdeba dazRveul avtomanqanebTan dakavSirebuli TaRli-Tobis ricxvic. 1 TandaTanobiT ixveweba saerTaSoriso aralegaluriavtobiznesi, romelsac seriozuli finansuriziani moaqvs saxelmwifoebisaTvis.gatacebuli, sazRvargareT gayvanili avtosatransportosaSualebis dabruneba problematuria imdenad, ramdenadacsaxelmwifo sazRvris gadakviTis Semdeg saqme gvaqvssxva qveynis iurisdiqciasTan, rTul erovnul sakanonmdebloprocedurebTan da am sferoSi arasaTanado informire-1 Sdr.: За три года база угнанных автомобилей Интерпола выросла более, чемна четверть, – http://www.rosinvest.com/news/452697/12.01.2009.630

asTan, saxelmwifoTa mxridan saerTaSoriso Zebnis procedurisgamouyenoblobasTan.ukanasknel wlebSi ganviTarebul qveynebSi gavrceldaavtosatransporto saSualebis qurdobis imitacia. AavtomanqanismesakuTre mas azRvevs maqsimaluri TanxiT. amasTanerTad, mesakuTre TanamonawilesTan axorcielebs molaparakebasavtomanqanis qurdobis imitaciaze, an xSirad TviTonaxdens mis gadayvanas sxva saxelmwifoSi, garkveuli droisSemdeg ki akeTebs gancxadebas avtomanqanis qurdobis SesaxebsamarTaldamcav organoebSi, raTa sadazRvevo kompaniisganmiiRos maqsimaluri Tanxa.avtosatransporto saSualebebis gataceba da vaWrobazogierT SemTxvevaSi emsaxureba sxva danaSaulis dafinansebas,rogoricaa terorizmi, trefikingi da sxva. interpolisgeneraluri samdivno dRiTi-dRe anviTarebs gatacebuliavtomanqanebis avtomaturi Zebnis bazas (ASF-SMV). aRniSnulbazaSi 2007 wlis monacemebiT registrirebuli iyo4,8 milioni moTxovna gatacebuli avtransporto saSualebebisZebnaze. amave monacemTa bazis daxmarebiT napovni iqna37.000 avtomanqana. 1sazRvargareT gayvanili avtosatransporto saSualebisZebnas arTulebs maTi registraciis gansxvavebuli wesebi.saxelmwifoTa erT nawilSi avtomanqanis aRricxvis drosmowmdeba monacemebi, rogorc Zvel, ise axal mflobelze.zogierT saxelmwifoSi aseTi Semowmeba xorcieldeba avtosatransportosaSualebaze an mis mflobelze saeWvo informaciisarsebobis SemTxvevaSi an mowmdeba mxolod axalimflobelis piradi monacemebi.erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia avtosatransportosaSualebebis dokumentebis damcavi niSnebi, radgan maTi saerTaSorisomasStabiT unifikacia dRemde ar ganxorcielebula.saberZneTSi, israelSi, kviprosSi da islandiaSi zemaRniSnuldokuments damcavi niSnebi ar gaaCnia. TumcamTel rig saxelmwifoebSi, maT Soris, saqarTveloSi tran-1 Sdr.: http://www.interpol.int/Public/Vehicle/default.asp.631

sportis saregistracio mowmobas saTanado damcavi meqanizmebiaqvs.saxelmwifoebSi Seqmnilia avtosatransporto saSualebebismonacemTa registraciis avtomatizirebuli baza, asevexSirad vxvdebiT msgavs regionalur bazebs, rac amartivebssaerTaSoriso samarTlebriv urTierTdaxmarebas interpolisada evropolis meqanizmebis meSveobiT. saqarTvelos Sss-sministris #150-e brZanebiT regulirdeba meqanikuri satransportosaSualebebis savaldebulo registraciis wesi. 1aseTi baza ar arsebobs kviprossa da daniaSi.avtosatransporto saSualebebis gataceba, sazRvargareTmisi gadadazidva an gadayvana xorcieldeba kargad organizebuldamnaSaveTa dajgufebis mier, romelTa wevrebs Sorisganawilebulia rolebi. aseTi dajgufebebi kargad swavlobensaavtomobilo bazris moTxovnebs. gavrcelebulia avtomanqanisgataceba misi Semdgomi daSlisa da SemkveTisaTvis makompleqtebelinawilebis sazRvargareT miwodebis mizniT.msoflioSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli yalbi saqonliT,maT Soris, avtonawilebiT vaWroba, am problemas interpolismier mniSvnelovani yuradReba eTmoba. 2 mocemuli garemoebebisgaTvaliswinebiT msgavsi danaSaulebis winaaRmdegbrZolis saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis kvleva da gaziarebamarTebulia imdenad, ramdenadac saqarTvelodan ucxoeTSigaqceuli da emigraciaSi myofi danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebiTandaTanobiT integracias axdenen sazRvargareT arsebuldanaSaulebriv gaerTianebebTan, aqedan gamomdinare, danaSauliRebulobs transnacionalur xasiaTs, aseTi danaSaulisSesamcireblad mizanSewinilia Tanamedrove saerTaSorisosapolicio efeqturi meqanizmebis gamoyeneba.1 ix. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministris brZaneba #150 meqanikurisatransporto saSualebebis savaldebulo registraciis wesisSesaxeb. instruqcia meqanikuri satransporto saSualebebis savaldebuloregistraciis wesis Sesaxeb, 2007 wlis 31 ianvari.2 Sdr.: Growing evidence of links between counterfeit goods and terrorist financing.INTERPOL highlights potential risk to public safety. – http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/PressReleases/PR2004/PR200412.asp.632

gatacebuli avtosatransporto saSualebebis Zebnis sakiTxisaqarTveloSi interpolis ecb-s meSveobiT, regulirdebasaqarTvelos prezidentis 2007 wlis 12 Tebervlis#99 brZanebulebiT. 1saqarTvelodan gatacebuli da sazRvargareT gayvaniliavtomanqanis Sesaxeb eWvis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelosuflebamosili samarTaldamcavi organoebi an kompetenturiTanamdebobis pirebi Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosstruqturaSi Semaval ecb-s mimarTaven SuamdgomlobiT satransportosaSualebis Semowmebis Taobaze.avtosatransporto saSualebebis Semowmebisa da Zebnisganxorcielebis Taobaze samarTlebrivi TanamSromloba saqarTvelosecb-s meqanizmebis meSveobiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes:1. interpolis sainformacio arxebiT Zebnili avtosatransportosaSualebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi;2. sisxlis samarTlis masalebis Sesabamisad;3. operatiuli informaciis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,romliTac dasturdeba saqarTvelos teritoriazedanaSaulis Cadena ucxo qveynis saxelmwifo-saregistracioniSnebis mqone avtosatransporto sa-Sualebebis gamoyenebiT;4. ucxo saxelmwifoSi warmoebuli avtosatransportosaSualebis saxelmwifo saregistracio an saidentifikacioniSnebis gayalbebis dadgenisas;5. saqarTvelos moqalaqis mier sazrvargareT SeZeniliavtotransportis dokumentaciaSi, sabaJo dokumentebSiarsebul CanawerebSi aRniSnuli saidentifikacioniSnebis avtosatransporto saSualebissaidentifikacio niSnebTan gansxvavebis aRmoCenisas.avtosatransporto saSualebebis Semowmebisa da Zebnisganxorcieleba ecb-s meqanizmebis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia1 `saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros saqarTveloSi interpoliserovnuli centraluri biuros saqmianobisa da masTanTanamSromlobis wesis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~.633

kanoniT daSvebul SemTxvevebSi, saxelmwifo interesebidangamomdinarec. ecb-s winaSe avtosatransporto saSualebisSemowmebis SuamdgomlobaSi aucileblad unda mieTiTos Semowmebismotivi da safuZveli.zemoaRniSnuli garemoebebis arsebobisas, dadgeniliwesis Sesabamisad, uflebamosili organo an Tanamdebobispiri sami dRis vadaSi mimarTavs saqarTvelos interpolisecb-s, raTa saWiro informacia gadamowmebuli iqnas interpolisgeneraluri samdivnos an interpolis wevri qveynebissamarTaldamcavi organoebis monacemTa bazaSi.Zebnili avtosatransporto saSualebis aRmoCenisas saqarTveloSisaqmis mwarmoebeli dainteresebuli organo saqarTvelosinterpolis ecb-s sami dRis vadaSi awvdis iminformacias, romelic aucilebelia interpolis wevri saxelmwifosdamatebiTi informirebisaTvis. Tu saqarTvelosinterpolis ecb-saTvis miwodebuli informacia arasrulia,rogorc saqarTvelos, ise ucxo qveynis ecb saqmis mwarmoebeliorganosagan damatebiT moiTxovs informacias, romelicmiwodebuli unda iqnas dadgenili wesebis dacviT.informaciis miRebidan 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi saqar-Tvelis interpolis ecb awvdis monacemebs Zebnis inciatoriqveynis ecb-s da sTxovs Zebnis dadasturebas, amasTan er-Tad, avtosatransporto saSualebis dakargvis viTarebisdetalur aRweras, monacemebs avtosatransporto saSualebismflobelis Sesaxeb da aseve avtosatransporto saSualebismflobelis mier misi dabrunebis survils.avtosatransporto saSualebis dasabruneblad samar-Tlebrivi TanamSromloba xorcieldeba saqarTvelos generaluriprokuraturisa da Zebnis inciatori saxelmwifoskompetenturi organoebis monawileobiT, am sakiTxTan dakav-Sirebuli dokumentebis operatiulad miwodeba SeiZlebaganxorcieldes saqarTvelos interpolis ecb-s meSveobiT.saqarTvelos kompetenturi organoebi satransportosaSualebebis gatacebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebobs varaudimaTi sazRvargareT gayvanis Sesaxeb, mimarTaven interpolis634

ecb-s satransporto saSualebebis saerTaSoriso Zebnis gamocxadebismoTxovniT. aseT SemTxvevaSi kompetenturma saqmismwarmoebelma organom saqarTvelos interpolis ecb-sunda acnobos sisxlis samarTlis saqmis mokle Sinaarsi,satransporto saSualebebis saidentifikacio monacemebi daim qveynebis sia, sadac savaraudoa avtosatransporto saSualebebisgadayvana. am moTxovnis miRebidan 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSisaqarTvelos interpolis ecb uzrunvelyofs interpolissainformacio qselis meSveobiT avtosatransportosaSualebebis gadayvanis savaraudo qveynisaTvis an interpoliswevr saxelmwifoTa ecb-saTvis saTanado monacemebisgadagzavnas.saqarTvelos interpolis ecb-s meSveobiT saerTaSorisoZebnaSi gadacemuli avtosatransporto saSualebebis Sesaxebucxo qveynis ecb-eebidan informaciis Semosvlis Sem-TxvevaSi, saqarTvelos interpolis ecb araugvianes samidRisa acnobebs Zebnis inciator organos. Zebnili satransportosaSualebis sazRvargareT aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi misidabrunebis informaciuli da dokumenturi uzrunvelyofisprocedura SesaZlebelia interpolis sainformacioqselis meSveobiT.saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros saqarTvelo-Si interpolis erovnuli centraluri biuros saqmianobisada masTan TanamSromlobis wesSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmobaavtosatransporto saSualebebis Zebnis ganxorcielebasinterpolis wevri romelime qveynis moTxovnis safuZvelze.interpolis wevri qveynebidan avtosatransportosaSualebebis Zebnaze moTxovnis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelosinterpolis ecb dadgenili wesis dacviT informaciasawvdis saqarTvelos kompetentur uwyebebs. mocemulidebulebebi miuTiTebs interpolis meqanizmebis gamoyenebisefeqturobaze.sirTules warmoadgens sazrvargareT gayvanili avtosatransportosaSualebis dabruneba, radgan saxelmwifoeb-Si arsebuli kanonmdebloba gansxvavebulad wyvets am prob-635

lemasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. am problemis gadawyveta-Si mniSvnelovani adgilis dakaveba SeuZlia ormxriv xel-Sekrulebebs, romelic saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobispraqtikaSi mwiria.avtosatransporto saSualebis gatacebisa da sazRvargareTukanono gayvanis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi TanamSromlobis gaumjobesebisaTvis da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivikanonmdeblobis unifikaciis mizniT gamar-Tuli iqna forumebi saerTaSoriso da regionalur doneze.varSavaSi 1996 welis 2 da 3 dekembers gaimarTa avtomotosatransportosaSualebebis gatacebisa da arakanonieribrunvis winaaRmdeg brZolis saerTaSoriso konferencia,sadac gamomuSavebuli iqna rekomendaciebi, romelic aisaxagatacebuli da arakanonierad miTvisebuli satransportosaSualebebis winaaRmdeg brZolis tipiur xelSekrulebaSi.varSavis konferenciaze gamomuSavebuli rekomendaciebimowonebuli da ganmtkicebuli iqna 1997w. 28 Tebervlidan 2martamde moskovSi mimdinare saerTaSoriso konferenciaze,romelic eTmoboda `avtomotosatransporto saSualebebisgatacebisa da arakanonieri brunvis winaaRmdeg brZolas~.aRniSnuli forumebis Semdeg SeimCneva mocemul sferoSi saxelmwifoTaTanamSromlobis tendencia. konferenciebze mi-Rebuli rekomendaciebi gaTvaliswinebuli iqna 1999w. april-Si ruseTis federaciasa da Sveicariis mTavrobas Sorisxelmoweril xelSekrulebaSi `gatacebuli an miTvisebuliavtotransportis dabrunebis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb~.avtosatransporto saSualebebis gatacebis winaaRmdegbrZolisa da maTi dabrunebis uzrunvelyofis ormxrivi Se-Tanxmeba saqarTvelos mier dReisTvis xelmowerilia mxolodsomxeTis respublikis mTavrobasTan. 1 aRniSnuli xel-Sekrulebis preambulaSi aRniSnulia, rom avtosatransportosaSualebebis gataceba mniSvnelovan zians ayenebs avto-1 ix. SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da somxeTis respublikismTavrobas Soris avtosatransporto saSualebebis gatacebis winaaRmdegbrZolisa da maTi dabrunebis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, 27.06.2006.636

satransporto saSualebebis mesakuTreebsa da winamdebareSeTanxmebis mxareTa saxelmwifoebs~. aqve xazgasmulia avtosatransportosaSualebebis gatacebis transnacionalurixasiaTi da masTan efeqturi brZolis saSualebad aRiarebuliamxolod mxareTa yvela dainteresebuli saministrosada uwyebis urTierTqmedeba.saqarTvelosa da somxeTis respublikis SeTanxmebis me-4 muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom `avtosatransporto saSualebebisgatacebis Tavidan acilebis, maTi Zebnis da dabrunebismizniT gamoyenebul iqnas kriminaluri policiis saeTaSorisoorganizacia – interpolis saSualebebi, maT Soris generalurisamdivnos centraluri monacemTa baza~. me-5 muxlieTmoba gatacebuli avtosatransporto saSualebebis erTerTimxaris teritoriaze aRmoCenis, dakavebis, amoRebis andayadaRebis SemTxvevaSi kompetenturi organoebis mierSetyobiniebis standartul monacemebs.avtosatransporto saSualebebis damkavebeli da aRmom-Ceni mxaris organoebi Rebuloben zomebs Senaxvis uzrunvelsayofad,aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi avtosatransporto saSualebebisgankargva ikrZaleba.SeTanxmebis mxareTa kompetentur organoebs uflebaaqvT dadgenili standartuli wesis mixedviT erTmaneTs gaugzavnonavtosatransporto saSualebis dabrunebis moTxovna.gadawyvetileba ecnobeba moTxovnis warmdgeni mxariskompetentur organos. avtosatransporto saSualeba moTxovniswarmdgeni mxaris warmomadgenels gadaecema mas Semdeg,roca warmodgenili iqneba moTxovnis warmdgeni mxariskompetenturi organos mier gacemuli uflebamosilebis damadasturebelisabuTi.garkveuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT avtosatransportosaSualebis dabrunebis moTxovnis Sesruleba SesaZlebeliagadadebuli iqnas. aseTi garemoebebia: Tu aRniSnulsakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mimdinareobs administraciuliwarmoeba, sisxlissamarTlebrivi gamoZieba an sasamarTloganxilva; avtosatransporto saSualebis iuridiuli sta-637

tusis gasarkvevad sasamarTloSi Setanilia sarCeli; aseveSida kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul sxva SemTxvevebic.avtosatransporto saSualebaTa Zebna wydeba im mxaris kompetenturiorganos gadawyvetilebiT, romlis iniciativi-Tac daiwyo Zebna.msoflioSi avtosatransporto saSualebebis kanonierbrunvasTan brZolis praqtikze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba iTqvas,rom yoveldRiurad izrdeba avtomanqanebis gatacebisa damaTi sazRvargareT aralegalurad gayvanis tendencia. maTwinaaRmdeg brZolis efeqturoba damokidebulia mTel riggaremoebebze. evropuli saxelmwifoebis samarTaldamcaviorganoebis Tanamedrove praqtikis mecnieruli analizi sa-Sualebas gvaZlevs gamovyoT saerTaSoriso samarTlebriviTanamSromlobis gaumjobesebisaTvis Semdegi rekomendaciebi:1. saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivibazis gafarToeba;2. aRniSnuli danaSaulebrivi saqmianobiT dakavebulifizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis ZebnisaTvis, avtomanqanebisarakanonierad Semoyvanisa da satranzitoarxebis operatiulad dadgenisaTvis interpolisda evropolis bazis intensiuri gamoyeneba;3. saerTaSoriso ZebnaSi myofi avtosatransportoaSualebebisaTvis erTiani saerTaSoriso bazisSeqmna, evropisa da dsT-s qveynebSi interpolisda evropolis avtomatizirebuli Zebnis (ASF)sistemis danergva;4. avtosatransporto saSualebebis erTiani saerTa-Soriso saregistracio dokumentebis danergva;5. avtosatransporto saSualebebis ukanono brunvas-Tan dakavSirebiT ormxrivi da saerTaSoriso xel-Sekrulebebis SemuSaveba;6. erovnuli kanonmdeblobis unifikacia sxvadasxvaqveynis samarTaldamcav organoebs Soris gatacebuliavtosatransporto saSualebebis dabrunebisproceduris gamartivebis mizniT.638

VEPKHVIA GVARAMIATHE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL POLICE COLLABORATIONMECHANISMS IN THE SEARCH OF THE APPROPRIATEDMOTOR VEHICLESEffective mechanisms of international police collaboration in searchof the appropriated motor vehicles are: a) extension of the internationaland internal state legal basis; b) intensive use of the Interpol and Europolbasis to final the juridical and physical persons detained for theabove-mentioned criminal act and to ascertain the illegal import of motorvehicles and the transit channels operatively; c) foundation of the generalinternational basis for the motor vehicles in international search, implantationof an Interpol and Europol automated search system in the Europeanand post-socialist countries; d) implantation of unified internationalregistration documents of motor vehicles; e) working out bilateral and internationalcontracts with regard to illegal rotation of motor vehicles; f)unification of the national legislation between the law-enforcing organsof different countries with the aim of simplifying the return procedure ofthe appropriated motor vehicles.639

640soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriasofio gvaramialiteraturuli agentis, rogorc saavtorosamarTlis subieqtis saqarTveloskanonmdeblobiT damkvidrebissakiTxisaTvisaRniSnuli sakiTxis saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT regulirebarogorc Teoriuli, ise – praqtikuli TvalsazrisiTganapirobebs Temis aqtualobas. literaturuli agentisinstitutis damkvidreba marTebulia ucxo qveynebis samarTlisTaviseburebebis SedarebiTi samarTlebrivi kvlevismeTodis gamoyenebis safuZvelze.sagamomcemlo saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis subieqturiSemadgenloba sakamod farToa. saxelSekrulebo urTier-TobebSi SeiZleba monawileoba miiRon pirebma, romlebic arwarmoadgenen xelSekrulebis mxares, magram sagamomcemloxelSekrulebis dadebisa da Sesrulebis dros saxelSekrulebouflebebisa da valdebulebebis ganxorcielebis mizniTmaTi monawileoba gamowveulia aucileblobiT, e. i. pirebi,romlebic ar warmoadgenen xelSekrulebis mxares,magram gavlenas axdenen saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi,SeiZleba vuwodoT `mesame pirebi‘‘. mesame piri aris is,vinc ar aris xelSekrulebis monawile. 1 m. braginskis da v.vitrianskis azriT, `mesame piri – aris is, vinc ar Sedismxareebis ricxvSi, magram samarTlebriv kavSirSia erT-erTan orive mxaresTan~. 2 zemoTaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SesaZlebeliasagamomcemlo xelSekrulebis klasifikacia mona-1 l. Wanturia, b. zoiZe, T. niniZe, r. Sengelia, j. xecuriani. saqar-Tvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari. wigni III: valdebulebiTisamarTali. zogadi nawili. Tb., 2001, gv. 214.2 М. И. Брагинский, В. В. Витрянский. Договорное право. Книга первая: Общиеположения. М., 2000, gv. 621.

wile pirTa mixedviT. erT mxriv sagamomcemlo xelSekrulebebi,romelTa monawileebs ar aaqvT kavSiri mesame pirebTanda meore mxriv sagamomcemlo xelSekrulebebi, romelTamonawileebs kavSiri aqvT mesame pirebTan.1. pirvel SemTxvevaSi saxeze gvaqvs sagamomcemloxelSekruleba, romlis monawilea erT mxriv mxolodavtori, Tanaavtori, avtoris uflebamonacvleda meore mxriv gamomcemlebi da gamomcemlobebi e.i.erTis mxriv sagamomcemlo xelSekrulebis mxarearis fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, romelic uSualodmonawileobs xelSekrulebis dadebasa da SesrulebaSi,romelsac warmoeSoba uflebebi da movaleobebi;2. meore mxriv saxeze gvaqvs sagamomcemlo xelSekruleba,romlis monawilea mesame pirebi, romelicmxarem dauSva misi uflebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis.mesame pirebi, romlebsac kavSiri aqvT sagamomcemloxelSekrulebis mxareebTan SeiZleba iyvnen tipografiebi,gamavrceleblebi, literaturuli agentebi da avtorTa qonebriviuflebebis mmarTveli organizaciebi. aRniSnulisSesabamisad sagamomcemlo xelSekrulebebi mesame pirTa monawileobiTSeiZleba davyoT or saxed:1. mesame pirTa monawiloba avtoris mxares, kerZodliteraturuli agenti da avtorTa qonebrivi uflebebismmarTveli organizacia;2. mesame pirTa monawiloba gamomcemlis, gamomcemlobismxares, kerZod tipografiebi da gamavrceleblebi.literaturuli agenti, rogorc mesame piri asrulebsrwmunebulis funqcias. saxelmwifoTa nawilSi aSS-i, germaniaSi,safrangeTSi, italiaSi, saberZneTSi, slovakeTSi, holandiaSi,espaneTSi, portugaliaSi, iaponiaSi, koreaSi daa. S. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobaregulirdeba rwmunebulis meSveobiT. saqarTveloSiinteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sferoSi rwmunebuli gvxvdebasapatento kanonmdeblobaSi, kerZod saqarTvelos sapatento41. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi641

kanonis X Tavi eTmoba patentrwmunebulis instituts, magramaRniSnuli institutis moqmedeba ar vrceldeba saqar-Tvelos saavtoro kanonmdeblobaze, romelic aregulirebsavtorTa ufleba-movaleobebs. marTebuli iqneba literaturuliagentis saxiT `profesionali warmomadgenlis‘‘ 1 institutisdanergva saqarTvelos saavtoro kanonmdebloba-Si, rac saSvalebas miscems saavtoro samarTlis subieqtebs`profesionali warmomadgenlis‘‘ meSveobiT marTon TavianTiuflebebi maT Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze.literaturuli agentis instituti sakmaod ganviTarebuliada warmatebiT moqmedebs msoflios mraval qveyana-Si aSS-Si, germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, italiaSi, espaneTSi, holandiaSi,skandinaviur qveynebSi. `dasavleTis mecnierTa daxasiaTebiTliteraturuli agenti Suamavlobs avtoris mxaresTanyvela im sakiTxze, rac exeba avtoris mier Seqmnilnawarmoebs. magaliTad, wignis gamocema, filmis gadaReba,nawarmoebis gayidva, nebarTvis micema nawarmoebis nawyvetebisanTologiasa da JurnalebSi ganTavsebaze. literaturuliagentebi samuSaos SesrulebisaTvis iReben sakomisioTanxas 10-15% odenobiT saagentoSi dadgenili reglamentismixedviT~. 2 umravles SemTxvevaSi literaturuli agentiadgens kotraqtebs, sadac gansazRvrulia avtoris uflebebida valdebulebebi. elen marksoni gamoyofs ramdenimesaxis agents:1. `agent-iuristebi (ar arian dakavebuli avtorTa piradisaqmeebiT);2. agentebi, romlebic dakavSirebulni arian did firmebTan;3. saSualo sididis saagento jgufebi;4. damoukidebeli agentebi ramdenime damxmaresTan er-Tad~. 3u. maisuraZe, a. milCini da a. gavrilovi aRniSnaven,1 specialuri codna saavtoro uflebebisa da sagamomcemlo saqmianobisdacvis sferoSi.2 Э. Марксон. Литературный агент. М., 1993, gv. 114.3 Э. Марксон. Литературный агент, gv. 114.642

om zemoTaRniSnuli ~literaturuli agenti rusul literaturaSiukve gamoCnda. es pirebi ara marto warmoadgenenavtorTa da maTi memkvidreebis interesebs, aramed asrulebenra qmedebebs maTi saxeliT. miuxedavad literaturuliagentis arsebobisa Tavad avtors ufleba aqvs damoukidebladdados xelSekruleba gamomcemlobasTan~. 1literaturuli agentebis monawileoba ganpirobebuliaSemdegi garemoebebiT:a) informacias floben bazarze am Tu im wignze moTxovnisSesaxeb;b) aqvT piradi kavSirebi redaqtorebTan, rac ganapirobebsnawarmoebis gamocemasTan dakavSirebiT molaparakebiswarmoebis xelSewyobas;g) SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon saavtoro originalebisredaqciamdeli damuSaveba;d) isini yovelTvis cdiloben avtorisaTvis yvelazexelsayreli sagamomcemlo xelSekrulebis pirobebismiRwevas;e) Caataron auqcionebi, romelTa ganxorcieleba avtorisaTvissakmaod rTulia;v) SeuZliaT gamovidnen rogorc Suamavli avtorsa dagamomcemlobebs Soris molaparakebis warmoebisas sadavosakiTxebis warmoqmnis SemTxvevaSi.amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi avtorebi zogjer mimar-Taven advokatTa momsaxurebas. Tumca literaturul agentsada advokatis momsaxurebas Soris arsebobs arsebiTi gansxvaveba,kerZod, advokati ar anxorcielebs originalis redeqciamdeldamuSavebas, ar aqvT piradi kavSirebi gamomcemlobasTan,isini avtors warmoadgenen mxolod mas Semdeg, rodesacavtorma ukve ipova gamomcemloba da da masTan awarmoamolaparkebis mniSvnelovani nawili. avtorebi advokatebsqiraoben sagamomcemlo xelSekrulebis dadebis dros an masSemdeg.1 Ю. Ф. Майсурадзе, А. Э. Мильчин, Э. П. Гаврилов. Энциклопедия книжногодела. 1998, gv. 42.643

`aSS-Si literaturuli agentebisa da advokatebisgarda wignis gamocemis saqmianobaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebenpekejerebi (paskagers) anu wignis prodiuserebi.pekejerebi avtorebTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelzeamzadeben avtorTa wignebis originalebs gamomcemlobisaTvismiyidvis mizniT, romlebic Semdgom axdenen wignebis,rogorc sakuTaris an saerTo gamocemis realizebas~. 1amrigad literaturuli agenti warmoadgens avtorisinteresebs, monawileobas iRebs sagamomcemlo xelSekrulebisdadebaSi, momsaxureobisaTvis sazRaurs iRebs avtorisaganda a. S. saqarTveloSi literaturuli agentis institutisdamkvidrebis SemTxvevaSi mizanSewonili iqneba:1. `saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb~ saqar-Tvelos kanonSi literaturuli agenti dafiqsirdes,rogorc saavtoro samarTlis subieqti.2. avtorsa da literaturul agents Soris samar-Tlebrivi urTierToba ganxorcieldes xelSekrulebissafuZvelze. xelSekrulebas eqneba saerTo maxasiaTeblebisaqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuldavalebis xelSekrulebasTan.saqarTveloSi literaturuli agentis institutisdamkvidrebis SemTxvevaSi agreTve SesaZlebeli iqneba sagamomcemlourTierTobis ganviTareba da ufro maRal donezeavtorTa uflebebis dacva, literaturuli agentis profesionalizmiTganisazRvreba mxareTa uflebebi da valdebullebebi,ufro srulyofili gaxdeba sagamomcemlo xelSekrulebebi,rasac adasturebs samarTlis gansxvavebuli sistemebissaxelmwifoebis sakanonmdeblo da praqtikuli gamocdileba.1 О. Бершов. Типичный издательский договор США. – Вестник книжной палаты.№ 9, 1997, gv. 27-31.644

SOPHIO GVARAMIATO THE PROBLEM OF ESTABLISHING THE LITERARYAGENT AS A SUBJECT OF THE COPYRIGHT LAWBY THE GEORGIAN LEGISLATIONThe Institute of the Literary Agent is well developed and functionssuccessfully in many countries of the world. The Literary Agent representsthe author’s interests, takes part in concluding a publishing contract,takes compensations for the service from the author, etc. The giveninstitute has not been established in Georgia yet. The establishment of theInstitute of the Literary Agent in Georgia will enable to develop the publishingbonds and to protect the author’s rights at a higher level. Therights and obligations of the sides will be determined by the proficiencyof the Literary Agent, the publishing contracts will become more perfect,which is confirmed by the legislative and practical experience of the statesof different law systems.645

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaaleqsandre giorgiZeSezRuduli Seracxadoba dabraleulobabralis ZiriTadi Teoriebis mokle mimoxilva. SezRuduliSeracxadobis da braleulobis sakiTxis ganxilvisasunda aRiniSnos, rom bralis problema sisxlis samarTalSiurTules problemas warmoadgens, romlis Taobaze erTianiCamoyalibebuli azri ar aris. sisxlis samarTalSi bralisramdenime ZiriTadi Teoriaa: bralis fsiqologiuri Teoria;bralis normatiul-fsiqologiuri Teoria; saSiSi mdgomareobisTeoria; bralis normatiuli Teoria; brali, rogorcmovaleobisadmi upasuxismgeblo damokidebuleba.fsiqologiuri Teoria, brals Tvlis piris fsiqikurdamokidebulebad mis mier Cadenili qmedebisadmi da am qmedebiTgamowveuli Sedegisadmi, ganzraxvis an gaufrTxileblobisformiT. es Teoria gabatonebuli iyo sabWoTa periodSida ruseTSi dRemde aseTad rCeba. p. dageli da d. kotoviaRniSnaven, rom brali warmoadgens danaSaulis subieqturmxares, mis fsiqologiur Sinaarss. brali da danaSaulissubieqturi mxaris cnebebi igiveobrivia. 1a. rarogi Tavis monografiaSi ayalibebs bralis sakmaodekleqtikur cnebas. is askvnis, rom brali aris mravalmxrivicneba da mas aqvs sxvadasxva mxareebi: fsiqologiuri,iuridiuli, socialur-politikuri. mkvlevari bralsganmartavs, rogorc subieqtis fsiqikur damokidebulebasmis mier Cadenili sazogadoebrivad saSiSi qmedebisadmi,rac gamoixateba ganzraxvis an gaufrTxileblobis formiTda ganpirobebulia mocemuli piris RirebulebiTi orienta-1 П. С. Дагель, Д. П. Котов. Субъективная сторона преступления и ее установление.Воронеж, 1974, gv. 38-43.646

ciis damaxinjebiT, romelSic obieqtivirebulia piris antisocialuri,arasocialuri da arasakmarisad gamoxatulisocialuri ganwyoba sabWoTa sazogadoebis umniSvnelovanesRirebulebebTan mimarTebaSi. 1bolo periodis rusul literaturaSic brali ganimartebarogorc piris fsiqikuri damokidebuleba mis mierCadenili sazogadoebrivad saSiSi da marTlsawinaaRmdegoqmedebisadmi da am qmedebis Sedegisadmi. 2 analogiuri Sexedulebebiagatarebuli sisxlis samarTlis rusul saxelmZRvaneloebSic.avtorTa koleqtivis mier gamocemul erTerTsaxelmZRvaneloSi vkiTxulobT: `brali – es aris pirisfsiqikuri damokidebuleba mis mier Cadenili sazogadoebrivadsaSiSi qmedebisadmi da am qmedebis Sedegisadmi~. 3bralis fsiqologiuri Teoria ruseTSi sakanonmdeblodonezea ayvanili. ruseTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 24-e muxliT `danaSaulSi braleulad miiCneva piri, romelmacqmedeba Caidina ganzrax an gaufrTxileblad~. rogorc vxedavT,brali dayvanilia fsiqikur damokidebulebaze ganzraxvisan gaufrTxileblobis formiT. es ki, uamrav sir-Tuleebs iwvevs. marTebulad miuTiTebs prof. g. naWyebia,rom am logikiT brali fsiqologiuri cnebaa. 4 ra Tqma unda,adamianis moqmedeba fsiqikuri damokidebulebis gareSear arsebobs, magram es srulebiT araa sakmarisi bralisaTvis,is bralze arafris mTqmelia.am Teoriis krizisi ukavSirdeba imas, rom is ver asabuTebsbraleulobas daudevrobis dros, roca pirs araaqvs fsiqikuri damokidebuleba mis mier Cadenili qmedebisadmida am qmedebiT gamowveuli Sedegisadmi, an im Sem-TxvevebSi, roca aseTi fsiqikuri damokidebuleba arsebobs,magram brali ar aris. magaliTad, tragikuli koliziisSemTxvevaSi, aucilebeli mogeriebis dros da sxv. bralis1 А. И. Рарог. Вина в советском уголовном праве. Саратов, 1987, gv. 107.2 В. В. Лунеев. Субъективное вменение. М., 2000, gv. 12.3 Уголовное право России. Общая часть. Под ред. А. И. Рарога. М., 1998, gv. 100.4 g. naWyebia. brali, rogorc socialuri filosofiis kategoria.Tb., 2001, gv. 201.647

fsiqologiuri Teoria gakritikebuli iqna germaneli mecnierisr. frankis mier, romelmac pirvelTaganma daasabuTa,rom brals fsiqologiuris garda normatiuli elementicunda mivakuTvnoT. 1907 wels mis mier gamoica cnobiligermaneli mecnieris rainhard frankis gamokvleva 1 romel-Sic mkacrad aris gakritikebuli bralis fsiqologiuriTeoria da bralis cnebaSi gakicxvis elementi Seitana, ri-Tac daiwyo bralis fsiqologiur-normatiuli Teoriis gavrceleba.am Teoriam farTo gavrceleba hpova. mas hyavdamomxreebi sabWour sisxlis samarTalSic, 2 maT Soris qar-Tvel kriminalistebSic. 3fsiqologiur-normatiuli Teoria brals ganmartavs,rogorc piris gasakicx fsiqikur damokidebulebas qmedebisada misi Sedegisadmi. bralis, rogorc mxolod qmedebisadmida am qmedebiT gamowveuli Sedegisadmi fsiqikuri damokidebulebiswinaaRmdegi iyo T. wereTeli, romelic brals ganixilavdafsiqologiur da normatiul cnebaTa erTobliobiT.mecnieris azriT, brali iseTi fsiqikuri damokidebulebaaqmedebasTan da SedegTan, romelic imsaxurebs zneobrivgakicxvas sazogadoebis mxriv. 4 igi aRniSnavs, rom zneobrivigasakicxaobis sinonimad SeiZleba vixmaroT zneobriv-politikurigasakicxaoba, radgan yoveli zneobrivi gasakicxiqmedeba, amave dros samarTlebriv-politikur gakicxvasacimsaxurebs.Cveni azriT, aseTi Sexeduleba ar SeiZleba marTebuladCaiTvalos. magaliTad, ucenzuro sityvebis xmareba ansxva usaqcieloba zneobriv gakicxvas imsaxurebs, magram samarTlebrivadgasakicxi SeiZleba sulac ar iyos. am mxriv,marTebulad migvaCnia l.-g. kutalias Sexeduleba, rom miuxedavadimisa, Tu ra principebze dayrdnobiT Camoyalibda1 R. Frank. Uber den Aufbau des Schuldbegriffs. 1907. amis Sesaxeb ix.: m.turava. sisxlis samarTali. zogadi nawilis mimoxilva. Tb., 2008,gv. 231.2 Б. Утевский. Вина в советском уголовном праве. М., 1950, gv. 743 Т. В. Церетели. К вопросу о понятии вины. – saqarTvelos mecnierebaTaakademiis moambe #1, 1960, gv. 128-141; m. turava. sisxlis.., gv. 233.4 T. wereTeli, g. tyeSeliaZe. moZRvreba danaSaulze. Tb., 1969, gv. 60.648

es debuleba da Tu romeli komponentia masSi upiratesadgamoyofili, fsiqikuri damokidebulebis zneobriv-politikurigasakicxoba niSnavs, rom bralis fsiqologiur cneba-Si Setanili iqna normatiuloba, Sefasebis aucilebloba.swored amitom, SeiZleba ewodos mas bralis normatiulifsiqologiuriTeoria. 1 es Teoria bralis wminda fsiqologiurTeoriasTan SedarebiT win gadadgmuli nabijia,magram bralis fsiqologiuri arsi amiT ar icvleba. gardaamisa, rogorc marTebuladaa aRniSnuli, SeuZlebelia organulerTianobaSi moviazroT raime movlena da misi Sefaseba.2 aqedan Cans, rom fsiqikuri damokidebuleba da misi gasakicxaobaar SeiZleba erT cnebaSi iyos gaerTianebuli.saSiSi mdgomareobis Teoria gamoixateba imaSi, rom pirisbraleulobis sakiTxs mis mier Cadenili qmedebisaTvisenacvleba pirovnebis saSiSroeba, xolo qmedeba aRiqmeba rogorcsaSiSi mdgomareobis gamovlenis simptomi. es Teoriagavrcelebulia saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi. am moZRvrebis mixedviT,brali ivaraudeba im piris mxares, romelic garkveulisocialuri saSiSroebiT xasiaTdeba. Cveni azriT, am TeoriasSeiZleba garkveuli mniSvneloba hqondes kriminologiisaTvisdanaSaulis prevenciis, profilaqtikis TvalsazrisiT,Tumca sisxlis samarTalSi is absoluturad miuRebelia.normativistuli Teoria brals ganmartavs, rogorcpiris individualur-samarTlebriv gasakicxaobas. normativistebiTvlian, rom brali mxolod maSin arsebobs, rocapiri Cadenili qmedebisaTvis SeiZleba gaikicxos. normativizmisSigniTac arsebobs sxvadasxva mimdinareobebi (kauzaluri,simptomaturi, finaluri, socialuri, personaluri), romlebicgansxvavebulad xsnian brals Sinaarss da mis cnebas. 3normativistul TeoriaSi bralis cneba raime erTianiformiT Camoyalibebuli ar aris. am TeoriebisTvis saerTo1 l.-g. kutalia. brali sisxlis samarTalSi. bralis genezisi. t. I,Tb., 2000, gv. 314-315.2 z. pataSuri. brali da misi xarisxis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebisisxlis samarTalSi. – cxovreba da samarTali, #3, 1998, gv. 52.3 l.-g. kutalia. bralis normativistuli modeli. Tb., 1999, gv. 71.649

isaa, rom isini brals subieqtis individualur gasakucxaobadTvlian. germanul sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSiarsebobs gansxvavebuli midgomebi bralis normatiuli gagebisadmi.k. roqsini Tvlis, rom arsebobs xuTi pozicia,romlebic gansazRvraven bralis cnebas: 1) brali, rogorcsxvagvarad qcevis SesaZlebloba, romelsac iziarebs germaniisuzenaesi sasamarTlo; 2) brali, rogorc samarTlebrivadgasakicxi azrTa wyoba, ganwyobebi; 3) brali, rogorcpasuxisgeba sakuTari xasiaTisaTvis; 4) brali, rogorc zogadprevenciaze orientacia – bralis funqcionaluri cneba;5) bralis, rogorc umarTlobis ganxorcieleba mar-Tlzomieri moqmedebas SesaZleblobis miuxedavad. 1amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom normativizmi braliscnebas Camoyalibebuli formiT ar gvTavazobs, miuxedavadimisa, rom moZRvrebis TiToeul mimdinareobas aqvs bralisTaviseburi ganmarteba, romelTaTvisac saerToa gasakicxaoba.m. turava aRniSnavs, rom axali sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiTbrali aris SefasebiTi, normatiuli kategoria, is aris mosamarTlismier piris individualur-samarTlebrivi gakicxva,mis mier Cadenili marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisaTvis. 2Cven viziarebT im azrs, rom brali ar aris piris fsiqikuridamokidebuleba mis mier Cadenili qmedebisadmi daam qmedebiT gamowveuli Sedegisadmi, magram ver daveTanxmebiTm. turavas imaSi, rom axalma sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsmabrali normatiul, SefasebiT kategoriad gamoacxada.Cemi azriT, es SeiZleba iTqvas qarTul sisxlis samarTlisTeoriaze da iuridiul azrovnebaze, sadac sul ufro metadikidebs fexs bralis SefasebiTi Teoria, Tumca kanonmdeblobaSies jerjerobiT ar Cans.bralis sruliad axleburi da sagulisxmo cneba Camoayalibaprofesorma g. naWyebiam. igi aRniSnavs, rom brali1 C. Roxin. Strafrecht. Allgemeiner Teil. 24 Aufl. Munchen, 1995. citirebulia a.Jalinskis naSromidan: А. Э. Жалинский. Современное немецкое уголовноеправо. М., 2004, gv. 218.2 m. turava. sisxlis samarTali. zogadi nawilis mimoxilva. Tb.,2002, gv. 85.650

pasuxismgeblobis pozitiuri aspeqtisgan gawyvetiT SeuZlebelia,radgan brali sxva araferia, Tu ara pasuxismgeblobispozitiuri aspeqtis uaryofa e. i. upasuxismgeblobisaqti. maSasadame, brali aris pasuxismgeblobis aspeqtebiskavSiris forma da maTi erTianobis safuZveli. 1 marTebuladaRniSnavs prof. g. naWyebia, rom pasuxismgebloba aris subieqtismier Tavisi qmedebis gamo instanciis winaSe angariSgebisada misadmi damokidebulebis Sedegebis Tavis TavzeaRebis gardauvaloba.rogorc avtori aRniSnavs, pasuxismgeblobis es cnebamis orive aspeqts aerTianebs, radgan xsenebuli cnebis yvelaZiriTadi niSani orive maTganisaTvis saerToa. aqedan, igimidis daskvnamde, rom brali aris pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobisuaryofa, rodesac movaleobisadmi subieqtis pasuxismgebluridamokidebuleba, movaleobisadmi upasuxismgeblodamokidebulebiT icvleba. aqedan gamomdinare, upasuxismgeblobaaris bralis sinonimi. brali movaleobisadmi subieqtisupasuxismgeblo damokidebulebaa, romelic antisazogadoebrivqmedebaSi gamoixateba, askvnis prof. g. naWyebia. esgansazRvreba mas bralis uzogades gansazRvrebad miaCnia. 2Cveni azriT, prof. g. naWyebias mier Camoyalibebulibralis cneba uTuod mniSvnelovani wingadadgmuli nabijiaam urTulesi problemis kidev ufro Rrmad da seriozuladgaanalizebisaTvis. braleuloba upasuxismgeblobis gareSewarmoudgenelia, upasuxismgebloba aris braleulobis aucilebeliwinapiroba. marTebulia misi mosazreba, rom movaleobisadmisubieqtis upasuxismgeblo damokidebuleba, im-TaviTve uaryofiTobis beWdiTaa daRdasmuli da maSasadame,gasakicxaoba bralis imanenturi Tvisebaa. 3mas Semdeg, rac mokled mimovixileT bralze arsebuliZiriTadi Teoriebi, mokled CamovayalibebT Cvens mosazrebasam TeoriebTan mimarTebaSi. bralis fsiqologiuri Teoria1 g. naWyebia. brali, rogorc socialuri.., gv. 306.2 g. naWyebia. brali, rogorc socialuri.., gv. 182, 306-309.3 g. naWyebia. brali, rogorc socialuri.., gv. 310.651

als ver asabuTebs, imdenad, ramdenadac brali SeiZlebagvqondes maSinac, roca pirs ara aqvs fsiqikuri damokidebulebaqmedebisadmi da am qmedebiT gamowveuli Sedegisadmi(daudevroba), da piriqiT, ar gvqondes maSin, roca es fsiqikuridamokidebuleba arsebobs (tragikuli kolizia).normatiul-fsiqologiuri Teoriis nakli isaa, rom ar SeiZlebafsiqikuri damokidebuleba da misi gasakicxaoba erTcnebaSi moviazroT. saSiSi mdgomareobis Teoria sisxlissamarTalSi miuRebelia, radganac sisxlis samarTali pasuxismgeblobasawesebs qmedebisaTvis da ara piris piradi sa-SiSroebisTvis.bralis normativistuli Teoria bralis cnebas saer-Tod ar iZleva. am Teoriis mixedviT, brali aris mosamar-Tles mier piris individualur-samarTlebrivi gakicxva mismier Cadenili marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisaTvis. miuxedavadimisa, rom bralis mkafiod Camoyalibebul cnebas normativizmSiver vxvdebiT, es Teoria, zemoTmoxseniebul TeoriebTanSedarebiT, ufro safuZvlianad migvaCnia, radganacgasakicxaoba aris is ZiriTadi Tviseba, romlis gareSe braleulobaSeuZlebelia. rac Seexeba movaleobisadmi upasuxismgeblodamokidebulebas, is Cveni azriT, SeiZleba yovelTvisarc iyos gasakicxi. movaleobisadmi upasuxismgeblodamokidebuleba bralisTvis aucilebelia, magram, vfiqrobT,arasakmarisia. magaliTad, sabrZolo Setakebis drosmZimed daWril mebrZols megobari misive TxovniT mouspobssicocxles, raTa is gaaTavisuflos autaneli tkivilisgan.miuxedavad imisa, rom pirma sisxlis samarTlis kanoniTgaTvaliswinebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba Caidina, anuimoqmeda upasuxismgeblod, es qmedeba SeiZleba sasamar-Tlom, am faqtis Sefasebisas, bralad ar Seracxos. an kidev:arasrulwlovani, romelsac aqvs fsiqikis anomalia, CaidensmarTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas, avlens upasuxismgeblodamokidebulebas movaleobisadmi, magram sasamarTlom, konkretulifaqtis Sefasebisas, SeiZleba ar gakicxos igi ma-Sin, roca igive qmedebis CadenisaTvis fsiqikurad janmrTel652

pirs pasuxismgebloba daekisreba. am SemTxvevaSi, fsiqikurianomaliis mqone piris upasuxismgeblobis xarisxi naklebia,vidre janmrTeli pirisa, rac SeiZleba misi pasuxismgeblobisagangaTavisuflebis safuZveli gaxdes, magram esec xomSefasebiT dgindeba, SefasebiT wydeba CaiTvleba konkretuliqmedeba braleulad Tu ara.aqedan gamomdinare, Cven vfiqrobT, rom bralisaTvisgadamwyvetia swored SefasebiToba, gasakicxaoba. Cemi azriT,umarTloba braleulad mxolod maSin SeiZleba moviazroT,Tu is ikicxeba, anu sasamarTlo (mosamarTle) afasebs mas,rogorc gasakicxs. migvaCnia, rom swored esaa bralis uzogadesigansazvreba, swored Sefaseba, gakicxvaa is saerTo ni-Sani, rac gadamwyvetia qmedebis braleulad miCnevis Tu armiCnevisaTvis.amitom, vfiqrobT, mxolod SefasebiT, gakicxviTSeiZleba gadawydes ama Tu im umarTlobis braleuloba.SezRuduli Seracxadobis da bralis urTierTkavSirissakiTxi. sainteresoa im sakiTxis ganxilva Tu ra damokidebulebaabralsa da SezRudul Seracxadobas Soris. ratomiTvleba SezRuduli Seracxadoba bralis Semamsubuqebelgaremoebad?sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra damokidebulebaa Seracxadobasada brals Soris, sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSiazrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. a. JiJilenko aRniSnavs,rom SezRudul Seracxadobas aqvs pirdapiri kavSiri bral-Tan, radgan is warmoadgens bralis Semamsubuqebel garemoebas.1 b. oSeroviCi wers, rom SezRuduli Seracxadobisproblema unda gadawydes Semsubuqebuli braleulobisWrilSi. 2 brali ganapirobebs pasuxismgeblobas da pasuxismgeblobadamokidebulia bralis xarisxze. am institutismeSveobiT, sasamarTlos eZleva SesaZlebloba daadginos1 А. Жижиленко. Эволюция понятия уменньшенной вменяемости. Право ижизнь, 1924, №7-8. с. 42. motanilia n. ivanovis naSromidan Н. Г.Иванов. Аномальный субьект преступления. М., 1998, gv. 177.2 Б. Ошерович. К вопросу о степенях виновности. – Ученые записки Всесоюзногоинститута юридических наук Наркомата юстиции СССР. Вып 1. М., 1940, gv.62-63.653

alis xarisxi da amis Sesabamisad gansazRvros sasjelissaxe da zoma.bralis xarisxian dakavSirebiT literaturaSi gamoTqmulasxvadasxva mosazrebebi. b. oSeroviCi aRniSnavs, rombralis xarisxi ganisazRvreba bralis formiT da SeracxadobisxarisxiT. 1 b. utevski Tvlis, rom brals xarisxisgansazRvrisas mxeedvelobaSi miiReba saqmis yvela garemoeba,rogorc obieqturi ise subieqturi. 2p. dageli da d. kotovi Tvlian, rom bralis xarisxzegavlenas axdens Cadenili qmedebis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroeba.bralis xarisxi aseve ganisazRvreba piris fsiqikur damokidebulebisTaviseburebebiT, bralis formiT, ganzraxvisan gaufrTxileblobis xasiaTiT. bralis xarisxze gavlenasaxdens danaSaulis motivi da mizani, braldebulis pirovnebisdamaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. agreTve bralis xarisxze gavlenasaxdens danaSaulis Cadenis mizezebi da pirobebi, magaliTadmZime ojaxuri pirobebi, iZuleba an muqara, dazaralebulisaramarTlzomieri moqmedeba, materialuri, Tanamdebobrivian sxvagvari damokidebuleba da a. S. 3a. rarogi aRniSnavs, rom bralis xarisxze bralisformebis da saxeebis garda, gavlenas axdenen inteleqtualurida nebelobiTi procesebis Sinaarsis Taviseburebebi.agreTve, danaSaulis motivi da mizani, obieqtis da obieqturimaris Taviseburebani, agreTve xelyofis sagnis Taviseburebagavlenas axdens bralis xarisxze ganzraxvis angaufrTxileblobis Sinaarsis meSveobiT. 4rogorc vxedavT, bralis xarisxis gansazRvrisTvismxedvelobaSi miiReba sxvadasxva garemoebebi. bralis xarisxigansxvavdeba imis mixedviT, Tu rogoraa Cadenili qmedeba,ganzrax Tu gaufrTxileblad, rogori Sedegi mohyvaqmedebas, ra motiviT iyo Cadenili, ramdenad SeeZlo pirsgaecnobierebia Tavisi qmedeba, umarTlobis xarisxi da mra-1 Б. Ошерович. К вопросу о степенях виновности, gv. 62-63.2 Б. Утевский. Вина в советском уголовном праве. М., 1950, gv. 74, 94-102.3 П. С. Дагель, Д. П. Котов. Субъективная сторона.., gv. 72-74.4 А. И. Рарог. Вина в советском уголовном праве, gv. 102.654

vali sxva faqtori. bralis xarisxs pirdapiri kavSiri aqvsSeracxadobis xarisxTan, radganac Seracxadobas, iseve rogorcbrals aqvs xarisxebi. amitom, Tu mcirdeba Seracxadobisxarisxi Sesabamisad mcirdeba bralis xarisxic.gansxvavebuli pozicia aqvT i. antonians da s. borodins.isini miuTiTeben, rom Seracxadoba ar exeba bralissakiTxebs, iseve rogorc brali Seracxadobis sakiTxebs.asevea bralis xarisxisa da SezRuduli Seracxadobis sakiTxi,SezRudul Seracxadobas ara aqvs kavSiri bralisxarisxTan. isini weren, rom bralis xarisxi ganisazRvrebasubieqturi mxaris elementebiT da damokidebulia bralisformebze, ganzraxvasa da gaufrTxileblobaze, ganzraxvissaxeebze, gaufrTxileblobis saxeebze, maT Sinaarsze. aqveunda iTqvas, rom brali maT esmiT ganzraxvad an gaufrTxileblobad,romelic gamoxatulia danaSaulis CadenaSi.SezRuduli Seracxadoba ar ukavSirdeba brals, is ukav-Sirdeba sisxlis samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas. 1es mcdari pozicia ganpirobebulia imiT, rom i. antoniansda s. borodins brali subieqturi mxaris niSnad miaCniaT,Seracxadoba ki _ subieqtis. isini Tvlian, rom maTSoris uSualo kavSiri ar arsebobs. Cven ver gaviziarebTim azrs, rom Seracxadoba ar ukavSirdeba brals, iseve rogorcimas, rom SezRuduli Seracxadoba ar ukavSirdebaSemcirebul brals. Seracxadoba warmoadgens piris mdgomareobas,roca mis mier Cadenili qmedeba mas SeiZleba Seeracxosbralad, anu mxolod Seracxadi piri aris bralisunariani.amdenad, Seracxadoba pirdapir ukavSirdebabrals da misi aucilebeli winapirobaa. aseve, SezRuduliSeracxadoba pirdapir kavSirSia Semcirebul bralTan. igibralis Semamsubuqebeli garemoebaa, rasac saqarTvelos sisxlissamarTlis kanonmdeblobac aRiarebs.SezRuduli Seracxadobis da sisxlissamarTlebriviumarTlobis damokidebulebis sakiTxi. vfiqrobT, interes-1 Ю. М. Антонян, С. В. Бородин. Преступное поведение и психические аномалии.М., 1998, gv. 154-155.655

moklebuli ar unda iyos is sakiTxi, Tu rogori urTier-Tdamokidebulebaa SezRudul Seracxadobasa da sisxlissamarTlebrivumarTlobas Soris. kerZod, SezRuduli Seracxadobamarto bralis xarisxs amcirebs, Tu umarTlobisxarisxsac, SezRuduli Seracxadobis mdogmareobaSi CadeniliumarTloba Tu gansxvavdeba simZimis xarisxiT sruliSeracxadobis mdgomareobaSi Cadenili umarTlobisagan?rogorc viciT, bralis xarisxis gansazRvra mniSvnelovnadaadamokidebuli umarTlobis xarisxze da pasuxismgeblobisSemamsubuqebel da damamZimebel sxva garemoebebze.profesori o. gamyreliZe aRniSnavs, rom sisxlissamar-Tlebrivi umarTloba aris iseTi marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba,romelic aRwerilia sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT. umar-Tlobis cneba unda ganvasxvavoT marTlwinaaRmdegobis cnebisagan.marTlwinaaRmdegoba niSnavs winaaRmdegobas qmedebasada samarTals Soris. es aris urTierToba am ar movlenasSoris, romelic maTi dapirispirebiT, maTi urTierTwinaaRmdegobiTgamoixateba. umarTloba TviTon aris mar-TlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba. 1umarTloba obieqturi kategoriaa imitom, rom mas yvelaadamianisaTvis erTnairi mniSvneloba aqvs, samarTaliyvelasaTvis qcevis erTnair sazoms awesebs, miuxedavad imisa,Tu rogoria individis personaluri SesaZleblobani.sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTloba moicavs or niSans, esaa:danaSaulis Semadgenloba da marTlwinaaRmdegoba (sazogadoebrivisaSiSroeba 2 ). umarTlobas iseve, rogorc brals aqvsxarisxebi. mag., ori an sami adamianis mkvleloba ufro maRalixarisxis umarTlobaa, vidre erTi adamianis mkvleloba.Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi bralis xarisxic ufro meti iqneba,razedac umarTlobis xarisxi axdens gavlenas.ver vityviT, rom igive mdgomareobaa SezRuduli SeracxadobismdgomareobaSi Cadenil umarTlobasa da sruli1 o. gamyreliZe. umarTlobis problema da Tanamonawileobis dasjadobissafuZvlebi. Tb., 1989, gv. 124.2 o. gamyreliZe. umarTlobis problema da.., gv. 137.656

Seracxadobis mdgomareobaSi Cadenil umarTlobas Soris.magaliTad, afeqtSi Cadenili mkvleloba da SurisZiebiT, anangarebiT Cadenili mkvlelobebi erTi da igive xarisxisumarTlobaa, magram sul sxvadasxva sanqciebia maTTvis gaTvaliswinebulikanonSi. es ganpirobebulia bralis xarisxiT,radganac afeqtSi Cadenili mkvlelobis bralis xarisxisxvaa, xolo SurisZiebiT Cadenili mkvlelobis ki sxva.amdenad, Cvens mier zemoT dasmul SekiTxvebs uaryofiTi pasuxiunda gaeces, radgan Cveni azriT, SezRuduli Seracxadobabralis xarisxze axdens gavlenas da ara umarTlobisxarisxze. erTi da igive xarisxis umarTlobaSi SeiZlebagansxvavebuli iyos bralis xarisxi, rac zemoT motanilimagaliTebiTac dasturdeba. rogorc marTebulad aRniSnavsprof. o. gamyreliZe, umarTloba obieqturi kategoriaa, xolobrali personalur kategorias warmoadgens. bralisdros unda gairkves samarTaldamrRvevs Tavisi personaluriSesaZleblobis mixedviT SeuZlia Tu ara, an ra zomiTSeuZlia pasuxi agos. 1aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SezRuduliSeracxadoba gavlenas axdens bralis xarisxze da amitomwarmoadgens bralis Semamsubuqebel garemoebas. rogorccnobilia, SezRuduli Seracxadoba aris mdgomareoba, rocapirs ar SeuZlia srulad gaacnobieros Tavisi qmedebisfaqtobrivi xasiaTi an marTlwinaaRmdegoba an sruladuxelmZRvanelos mas. aq xazi gaesmeva or moments cnobierebasda nebelobas. SezRuduli Seracxadobis SemTxvevaSi kigacnobierebis unari daqveiTebulia, Sesustebulia, aseve Sesustebuliamoqmedebis xelmZRvanelobis unari, rac Tavismxriv dabla swevs bralis xarisxs da ganapirobebs moqmedebisufro msubuq gakicxvas. amasve aRniSnaven germanelikriminalistebi r. mauraxi da h. cipfi. 2 isini miuTiTeben,rom SezRuduli Seracxadoba gulisxmobs Semcirebulbrals. umarTlobis Camdenis sasargeblod iTvleba is gare-1 o. gamyreliZe. umarTlobis problema.., gv. 137.2 Н. Г. Иванов. Аномальный субьект преступления, gv. 184.42. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi657

moeba, rom is Tavisi inteleqtualur-zneobrivi Zalebis da-ZabviT cdilobda kompensireba gaekeTebina Tavisi cnobierebisdaqveiTebuli unarisaTvis. Tu is daemorCila danaSaulebrivimpulss, es niSnavs, rom misi unari win aRudgesfatalur moTxovnilebas daqveiTebula normalur adamianTanSedarebiT. unaris aseTi daqveiTeba asabuTebs mis ufromsubuqad gakicxvas da amis Sesabamisad bralis xarisxisSemcirebas. 1avstrieli mecnierebi solidarulni arian germanelmecnierebTan bralis sakiTxebSi. isini asxvaveben danaSaulisbrals da damnaSavis brals. danaSaulis brali gamoixatebaobieqturad ganxorcielebul qmedebaSi, romelic ewinaaRmdegebasazogadoebriv wesrigs. is ar iTvaliswinebs delikventisfsiqofizikur Taviseburebebs, damnaSavis bralisagangansxvavebiT, roca mxedvelobaSi miiReba yvela is impulsebi,romlebmac aiZules piri daervia dawesebuli akrZalvebi.damnaSavis bralis farglebSi brals aqvs xarisxebi, roelicdamokidebulia piris unarze daimorCilos danaSaulebrivizraxvebi. 2rogorc aRvniSneT, bralis xarisxis gansazRvrisasmxedvelobaSi miiReba mravali garemoeba (danaSaulis obieqturi,subieqturi Semadgenloba, TviT damnaSavis pirovneba,danaSaulis gamomwvevi mizezebi da mravali sxva).am mxriv sainteresoa Semdegi magaliTebi: a-m SeiswroTavisi coli sayvarelTan, ra drosac man colis sayvarelsmiayena najaxiT sxeulis mravlobiTi dazianebebi, ris Sedegadacigi gardaicvala. Tu CavTvliT, rom a-m Caidinamkvleloba gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT, maSin misi bralisxarisxi sakmaod maRali iqneba, magram amave dros Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,rom is imyofeboda afeqtis mdgomareobaSi, ma-Sin misi bralis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad iklebs. afeqti, rogorcviciT, iwyvevs aRgznebisa da Sekavebis procesTa dis-1 Н. Г. Иванов. Аномальный субьект преступления, gv. 184.2 И. А. Семенцова. Уголовная ответственность лиц с психическим расcтройствомне исключающим вменяемости. Дисс. канд. юр. наук. М., 1999, gv. 109.658

alanss da adamiani eqvemdebareba impulss, Tumca bolomdear kargavs TavSekavebis unars, magram es SesaZlebloba Semcirebulia,Sesustebulia.an kidev: fsiqopaTiiT daavadebulma pirma Caidinamkvleloba sayovelTaod saSiSi saSualebiT, rac am danaSaulissaSiSroebis maRal xarisxze miuTiTebs da mkacr gakicxvasiwvevs, magram rodesac mxedvelobaSi miviRebT imas,rom es qmedeba Cadenilia fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone pirismier, igi gacilebiT ufro msubuqad unda gaikicxos, racbralis xarisxis xarjze xdeba.am magaliTebidan dasturdeba, rom SezRuduli Seracxadobismdgomareoba gavlenas axdens bralis xarisxze, amcirebsmas da iwvevs ufro msubuq gakicxvas. rogorc vxedavT,fsiqofiziologiuri Taviseburebani gavlenas axdeneninteleqtualur-nebelobiT procesebze da asusteben maTanalitikur funqcias, rac konkretuli qmedebis Cadenazecaisaxeba. amdenad, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, romSezRuduli Seracxadobis mdgomareoba warmoadgens bralisSemamsubuqebel garemoebas, is gavlenas axdens bralis xarisxze,dabla swevs mas da iwvevs ufro msubuq gakicxvas,rac Tavis mxriv gansazRvravs sasjelis saxes da zomas.659

ALEXANDER GIORGIDZERESTRICTED AMENABILITY AND CULPABILITYThe article is devoted to the study of interrelation between restrictedamenability and culpability. To begin with, the author analyses themain theories of culpability and gives his critical view on them. In hisopinion the normative theory is exceptionally acceptable since it involvesassessment which is most decisive for guilt. An action may be consideredamenable only if it is reprehensible, i.e. the magistrate estimates it as reprehensible.The article gives a survey of the Soviet period literature andthe author does not comply with the view of the scientists that there is noimmediate link between restricted amenability and guilt. In his opinionthere is an immediate link between limited (restricted) amenability andguilt, as restricted amenability affects and lowers the degree if guilt. Theauthor shares the German and Austrian scientists’ point of view on thegiven problems who point out that limited amenability implies decreasedguilt. Thus, limited amenability is a mitigated condition for guilt and isdirectly connected with guilt and its degree. It is concluded that limitedamenability does not affect injustice and its degree because injustice is anobjective category whereas guilt is a personal one.660

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaTemur darsaniadamnaSavis fsiqologiadanaSaulis fsiqologia rogorc mecnierebis dargiwarmoiSva XIXs. dasasruls kriminalur problematikasTanempiriuli socialur-filosofiuri meTodebis SepirispirebissafuZvelze. danaSaulebriobis socialur-fsiqologiurikvlevebis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes k.f. germanis (ruseTi), 1 e. diurkgeimis (belgia) 2 naSromebma.iseTi mecnierebis naSromebis wyalobiT rogoric arian f.listi, 3 a. prinsi, 4 e. feri, 5 g. tardi. 6danaSaulebriobis fsiqologia yalibdeboda, rogorcdamoukidebeli mimarTuleba. maTi ZalisxmebiT SemuSavda danaSaulebriobisfaqtobriobis koncefcia, romelic danaSaulebriobasganixilavs, rogorc 3 saxis faqtoris urTier-Tqmedebis saukeTeso Sedegs. esenia: individualuri faqtorebi(adamianis fsiqofizikuri niSnebi – asaki, sqesi, dasxva) Cveulebriv-fizikuri faqtorebi (geografiuli daklimaturi pirobis, drois da sxvaTa gavlena) socialurifaqtorebi (socialuri statusi, sasicocxlo pirobebi,damnaSavis profesia, misi monawileoba iseT negatiur movlenebTan,rogoricaa: alkoholizmi, narkomania, aseve sazogadoebaSiekonomiuri da politikuri urTierToba).danaSaulebrivi faqtoris determinaciaSi wamyvani roliekisreba socialuri faqtorebis moqmedebas. am mimarTulebis1 А. И. Алексеев. Криминология. Курс лекций. М.,1999, gv. 22.2 Э. Дюркгейм. О разделении общественного труда. Метод социологии. М., 1991;Э. Дюркгейм. Социология, М., 1995.3 А. И. Алексеев. Криминология. Курс лекций, gv. 340.4 А. И. Алексеев. Криминология. Курс лекций, gv. 16.5 Э. Ферри. Теория невминяемости и отрицание свободной волию СПб., 1996.6 Г. Тард. Социальная логика, СПб., 1996; Г. Тард. Социальные законы. СПб.,1906.661

warmomadgenlebma aseve SeimuSaves saxifaTo mdgomareobiskoncefcia, rac gulisxmobs imgvari situaciebis arsebobas,romelSiac adamianTa garkveuli kategoriis warmomadgenlebi(avara, qurdi, recidivistebi) xvdebian da mometebul xifaTswarmoadgenen garemosTvis. aseTi wyobis pirovnebebi unda gamomJRavdnenda maTTan saWiroa prevenciuli zomebis gatarebasocialuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad.a. gerim gamoaqveyna statistikuri monacemebi xuTwlianidanaSaulebriobis Sesaxeb da gamoyo kanonzomierebaTaSemdegi rigi.1. danaSaulTa garkveuli saxeebi ukavSirdeba damna-SaveTa garkveul asakobriv kategorias.2. siRaribe ar aris pirvelxarisxovani determinanti,romelic adamianebs danaSaulisken ubiZgebs.3. moralur moTxovnilebaTa Semcireba sazogadoeba-Si zrdis danaSaulebriobas. 1e. ferim Camoayaliba danaSaulebriobis sistemuri determinaciiskoncefcia, romelSic Sevida gansazRvruli mizezobrivikompleqsebi. igi Cezare lombrazes moswavle damimdevari iyo. e. ferim naSromSi ,,danaSauli, rogorc socialurimovlena~ danaSaulis warmomqmneli faqtorebis samijgufi gamoyo (anTropologiuri, fizikuri da socialurixasiaTis) da pirvel adgilze daayena anTropologiurifaqtorebi. 2 maT SemadgenlobaSi man Cado organul-fiziologiuriTaviseburebebi tanisa da Tavis qalas agebulebisa,rasobrivi kuTvnileba, fsiqologiuri sferos specifika,emociuri grZnobiTi reaqciebis Tavisebureba da aseve socialurigaremos faqtorebi – ganaTleba, profesia, moqalaqeobrivimdgomareoba, materialur-ekonomikuri da yofacxovrebiTipirobebi.danaSaulebriobis fsiqosociologiaSi diurgveimis animiiskoncefciam Semoitana damatebiTi mizezobrivi faqto-1 Ю. М. Антонян, М. И. Еникеев, В. Е. Эминов. Психология преступления и наказания.М., 2000, gv. 308-373.2 Э. Ферри. Уголовная социология. М., 1972. gv. 151.662

ebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba pirovnebaze istoriulad gardamavalisazogadoebrivi sistemis krizisul mdgomareobas. 1danaSauli gvevlineba, rogorc individebisa da jgufebismetad destruqciuli aqtivoba, romelic mimarTuliakonkretuli pirebis, maTi janmrTelobis, sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg,rac Zirs uTxris socialuri wesrigis ekonomiur,sazogadoebriv, Tu moralur simyares. damnaSave aris adamiani,romlis motivebi, orientaciebi da qceva iZens kanonismier devnil destruqciul komponentebs. kanonis dasaSvebzRvarze gadasvla pirovnebaSi negatiur fsiqologiur gamovlinebebsaRvivebs, rac xSirad ergeba mis Sinagan `me~-sda SeuZlia pirovnebas ubiZgos ufro mZime samarTaldar-Rvevisaken vidre pirveli iyo.danaSaulebrivi qmedebis fsiqologia danaSaulebi fsiqologiurimeqanizmis mixedviT iyofa 2 klasad: martivi darTuli nebelobiTi qmedebis formiT Cadenili. martivi nebelobiTiqmedebis formiT Cadenili danaSaulebrivi qmedebisanalizis dros, wina planze gamodis damnaSavis operacionaluriganwyoba, misi qceviTi stereotipebi. rTuli nebelobiTiqmedebis formiT e. i. gacnobierebuli danaSaulebriviqmedebis analizis dros gaTvaliswinebulia obieqtur-subieqturiurTierTkavSirebis kompleqsi qmedebis calkeulkomponentebs Soris, danaSaulebrivi subieqtis danaSaulamdeli,danaSaulebrivi da danaSaulis Semdgomi qcevis Taviseburebebi.iurisprudenciaSi tradiciulad Camoyalibebulia adamianisqcevis mimarTulebiani sqema: motivi, mizani, xerxi daunari. Sedegi sinamdvileSi ufro rTulia. am dros aucilebladunda gadailaxos danaSaulebrivi motivis martivigageba. rogorc izolirebuli, erTaqtiani, fsiqikuri aqti.qcevis motivacia – qcevis meqanizmis sistemaTwarmomqmneli,azrTwarmomqmneli da azrTmakontrolebeli faqtoria.danaSaulis Cadenis meqanizmSi individis survilebi ko-1 А. И. Алексеев. Криминология. Курс лекций, gv. 41.663

elireben qcevis pirovnulad miRebul xerxebTan. sistemiselementebs Soris ,,motivi, mizani, xerxi~ arsebobs aracalmxrivi, aramed ormxrivi ukukavSiri. 1 misi sistemaTwarmomqmnelelementebs warmoadgens ara mxolod motivi, aramedqcevis Cveuli xerxic. pirovnebis Cveuli generalizebulimoqmedebebi iseve, rogorc motivi, gansazRvravs adamianisqcevis mimarTulebas. Tu individs ar gaaCnia qcevisxerxi, is arasdros dasaxavs Sesabamis mizans da ar moaxdensmis sanqcionirebas motivaciurad. qcevis centralurkomponents warmoadgens ara calkeuli motivi, aramed damnaSavepirovnebis motivaciis sfero, romelSic mniSvnelovanrols TamaSobs individis qcevis ganzogadoebuli xerxebi.Tumca, individis qcevis xerxebis aqtualizacia ganisazRvrebagaremos pirobebze, maTi ganxorcielebis realuriSesaZleblobebiT. rogorc ki garemo iZleva SesaZleblobaspirovnuli zraxvebis realizaciiisaTvis – motivaciissfero iZleva saWiro sanqcias.damnaSavis gageba niSnavs misi qceviTi stereotipebisda qcevis mtkice motivebis gagebas. qcevis ganmamtkicebelixerxebis formirebis mixedviT, romlebic mudmivad iwvevensasurvel Sedegamde miyvanas, adamianSi Cndeba misi qceviTiaqtiurobis aTeroetipizirebuli pirovnuli operacionalurimeqanizmi garkveuli amoqmedebis situaciebSi. amasTan,cnobierebis mxridan kontroli xSirad SezRudulia.subieqtis mier momzadebuli danaSaulis Sefaseba dadebiTaddanaSaulis Cadenis erT-erTi winapirobaa. zogjeres pirobebi Cndebian moulodnelad da warmoadgenen danaSaulisCadenis motivacias. 2 ukve danaSaulis momzadebisetapze, damnaSave aanalizebs danaSaulis Cadenis SesaZleblobebs.danaSaulis miznebi yalibdeba misi miRwevis SesaZleblobismixedviT. momzadebis warmatebuloba amtkicebsdamnaSavis ganwyobas danaSaulis Cadenaze. masSi xdeba mniSvnelovaniZvrebi fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis mxriv – sus-1 В. В. Романов. Юридическая психология, М., 1998, gv. 154.2 i. animovi. iuridiuli fsiqologia. Tb., 2008, gv. 144-147.664

tdeba SiSis grZnoba, mtkicdeba warmatebaSi darwmunebulobisgrZnoba. xedavs ra danaSaulis xelSemwyob pirobebsdamnaSave kidev ufro uaxlovdeba danaSaulis Cadenis Sesaxebgadawyvetilebis miRebas.danaSaulis mizezi garegani garemoebaa, romelsac moqmedebaSimohyavs damnaSavis pirovnebis sazogadoebrivad sa-SiSi mimarTuleba. mizezs ar gaaCnia damoukidebeli zianismomtani mniSvneloba. is mxolod muxtavs adre Camoyalibebulmizezs. Tumca, mizezi mniSvnelovanwilad axasiaTebsdamnaSavis pirovnebas, mis midrekilebebs, socialur poziciebs,danaSaulis motivs da miznebs. arc erTi viTarebaTavisTavad ar ubiZgebs adamians danaSaulis gzaze. Tu ragziT moxdeba danaSaulisken svla, is damokidebulia misisocializirebulobis doneze. adamianis qceva pirovnuladganpirobebulia da damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor asaxavsis situacias da ra qmedebebs axorcielebs. situaciaTakriminigenuli mniSvnelovis gadaWarbeba obieqturad iwvevspirovnebis apriorul Semcirebas sakuTari qcevis gamo.yvelaze mZime kritikul mdgomareobaSi maRali zneobismqone adamianebi pouloben Rirseul gamosavals. Tu arsebobsarCevanis Tavisufleba, Tavad pirovnebaa pasuxismgebeliqcevis im variantze, romelsac is irCevs. situaciamxolod ,,lakmusis qaRaldia~, 1 romelic avlens pirovnebisarss. danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis warmoqmnis situacia –mxolod imis maCvenebelia, Tu ra pirobebSi SeuZlia mocemulpirovnebas danaSaulis Cadena.ar SeiZleba daveTanxmoT mtkicebas, rom im SemTxveva-Si, roca garemoebebi gavlenas axdenen piris gadawyvetilebazeCaidinon danaSauli, es garemoebebi CarTulia antisazogadoebriviqcevis mizezobriv meqanizmSi. danaSaulebrivianebismieri gadasvla kanonis mier dacul faseulobaTazRvarze. danaSaulis Cadenis situacia – individis socialuriadaptirebulobis pirovnuli zRvaris maCvenebelia.gadawyvetilebebi konkretuli danaSaulis Cadenis Se-1 i. animovi. iuridiuli fsiqologia. Tb., 2008, gv. 144-147.665

saxeb SeiZleba iyos safuZvliani – tranzituli da naklebadsafuZvliani– aratranzituli. Tumca, Tavis safuZvel-Si, nebismieri gadawyvetileba ama Tu im danaSaulis CadenisSesaxeb – aratranzitulia. 1 is ar iTvaliswinebs moqmedebisbis socialur mavneblobas da masze dasjis garduvalobas.samarTaldamrRvevTa mniSvnelovani nawili araSormsWvretelixalxia arsebiTi defeqtebiT motivaciur-regulaciissferoSi. dasjis safrTxe maT mier aqtualurad araa gacnobierebulian bolomde Sefasebuli. damnaSavis azrovnebamijaWvuli xdeba qcevis asocialur Cveul xerxebTan. dana-Saulebrivi qmedebis Cadenis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisxelSemwyob garemoebebs ganekuTvneba: dazaralebulTamaprovocirebeli qceva, mxilebis saSiSroebis Semcireba,danaSaulis dafarvis subieqturad axsnadi SesaZleblobisarseboba, alkoholuri da narkotikuli Troba.gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg individi mijaWvulixdeba sakuTar gadawyvetilebasTan. gadawyvetilebis miRebaayalibebs ganzraxvas – mtkice swrafvas moqmedebaTa programisrealizaciisaken, ganwyobis garkveuli moqmedebis Cadenisaken.es ganwyoba zRudavs individis arCeviT SesaZleblobebs.individSi yalibdeba miznis miRwevis motivacia. damnaSaveSiCndeba moCvenebiTi tranzitulobis fenomeni. moqmedebisoptimalurobis zogierTi kriteriumebis gaTvaliswineba, xolozogis – gauTvaliswinebloba. es TavisTavad warmoadgensdanaSaulis Rrmad individualizebul kvals, romelic xelsuwyobs damnaSave pirovnebis identifikacias. ar arsebobs arcerTidanaSauli, romelic mTlianad Seesabameba moqmedebisoptimalurobis yvela kriteriums. danaSaulebis klasifikacia– gamoZiebis Teoriis srulyofis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa.danaSaulisCadenis moulodnelad Secvlili pirobebixSirad iwveven Tanmxlebi gadawyvetilebebis miRebas,romlebic gamoirCevian maRali kategoriulobiTa da dabalitranzitulobiT. 21 Ю. М. Антонян, М. И. Еникеев, В. Е. Эминов. Психология.., gv. 308-373.2 Ю. М. Антонян, М. И. Еникеев, В. Е. Эминов. Психология.., gv. 308-373.666

ig SemTxvevebSi, saboloo gadawyvetileba optimaluradmiiReba mxolod garkveuli damnaSavis TvalsazrisiT,mniSvnelovani poziciis warmoqmnasTan dakavSirebiT, rac aucilebeliadanaSaulis warmatebuli realizaciisaTvis. espirobebi, rogorc wesi, gamodian mizezis saxiT danaSaulisCadenisaTvis. subieqtis reagireba garkveul mizezebze garkveulikriminaluri qmedebebiT – damnaSavis pirovnuli TaviseburebebiserT-erTi gamovlinebaa. Seudgeba ra danaSaulebrivimoqmedebis Sesrulebas, damnaSave aanalizebs misiCadenis garemoebas. zogjer danaSaulebrivi qmedebis dasawyisSivlindeba miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Secdoma drosa daadgilSi, danaSaulis iaraRis SerCevaSi. am SemTxvevaSi pirmaSeiZleba uari Tqvas danaSaulis Cadenaze an gadadosmiznis ganxorcieleba. danaSaulis Cadenis msvlelobisas kiSeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gafarTovdes danaSaulebrivi motivaciisrealizaciis SesaZleblobebi, Camoyalibdes danaSaulisdamaTebiTi an axali miznebi. danaSaulis Sesrulebismeqanizmi gamoixateba danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze pirovnebismyari qceviTi TvisebebiT, rac damnaSave pirovnebis kriminalisturadmniSvnelovani saidentifikacio Tvisebaa.mraval SemTxvevaSi, emzadeba ra danaSaulisaTvis, pirisaTanadod fiqrobs misi dafarvis xerxebzec – igonebs crualibs, anadgurebs danaSaulis kvals, magram, aseve iZlevamniSvnelovan informacias misi individualuri fsiqikuriTaviseburebebis Sesaxeb da warmoadgens danaSaulis gaxsniserT-erTi sainformacio wyaros. individualuri qmedebebisxerxebis ganumeorebloba, TiToeuli danaSaulis qceviTiunikaluroba, damnaSavis pirovnuli ,,anabeWdia~. romelicrCeba danaSaulis Cadenis adgilas.danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Sedegi – danaSaulebrivi qcevisfsiqologiurad da iuridiulad umniSvnelovanesi komponentia.gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania individis damokidebulebamiRweuli danaSaulebrivi Sedegis mimarT. miRweuliSedegebiT kmayofileba an ukmayofileba mis mier iwvevs,axali danaSaulebrivi miznebis warmoqmnas an danaSaulebri-667

vi saqmianobis Sewyvetas. 1miRweuli Sedegis negatiurma saxem SeiZleba gamoiwviossindisis qenjna, danaSaulis grZnoba da gulwrfeli monanieba.SesaZlebelia nebayoflobiTi uaris Tqma danaSaulisbolomde miyvanaze. amis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes TanagrZnoba,SiSi, Sebraleba da ase Semdeg. es motivebi aseve arsebiTiadamnaSave pirovnebis SefasebisaTvis.danaSaulis Cadenis xerxis sainformacio Sinaarsi adamianisqcevis safuZvelSi devs – Cvevebi, unarebi da Cveulebebi,romelTa neirofsiqologiur safuZvelsac warmoadgensdinamikuri neirotipi. qcevis es individualizirebulistereotipuloba iZleva SesaZleblobas, moxdes damnaSavispirovnebis identifikacia, moxdes misi qcevis SesaZlo variantisganWvreta.rac ufro rTulia moqmedebis xarisxi, miT ufro martiviamoqmedebaTa subieqtis identifikacia. danaSaulis CadenisxerxSi fsiqometrikis Taviseburebebi erwymis individisazrovnebis, mexsierebis Taviseburebebis, Semecnebasa dacxovrebiseul gamocdilebas. kriminalistikis principia,rogoricaa danaSaulis Cadenis xerxi, iseTia misi gaxsnisxerxic. subieqtis qceviTi niSnebis sistema obieqturad aisaxebadanaSaulis Cadenis viTarebis sagnebSi, maTi cvlilebebisdinamikaSi. danaSaulis Cadenis iaraRebsa da saSualebebSimaT Tvisobriv TaviseburebebSi, maTi gamoyenebis sa-Sualebebsa da dinamikaSi. danaSaulis winamorbed viTareba-Si. viTarebaSi romelic warmoiqmna danaSaulis Cadenis Semdegmisi dafarvis tipiur saSualebebSi. braldebulsa dadazaralebuls Soris urTierTobebis TaviseburebebSi.adamianis qceva garduvali saxiT aisaxeba garemomcvelgaremoSi kompleqsuri pirovnul-regulaciuri ,,kvalis~ saxiT.es kvali aranakleb gamosadegia damnaSavis pirovnebisidentifikaciisaTvis, vidre misi TiTis anabeWdi. Tumca, Ti-Tis kvalisagan, gansxvavebiT qcevis kvali yovelTvisaa dana-Saulis adgilze da is moicavs damnaSavis pirovnebis Sesa-1 В. В. Романов. Юридическая психология, М., 1998, gv. 266;668

xeb kriminalistikurad mniSvnelovani informaciis usazRvroddid moculobas.damnaSavis pirovnebis rogorc danaSaulebrivi qmedebissistemaTwarmomqmneli faqtoris ganxilva moiTxovs gamovleniliqnes: mocemuli danaSaulebrivi qmedebis pirovnulideterminacia mocemuli pirovnebis asaxviT – SemecnebiTiTaviseburebebi, misi zogad-saregulacio, emociur-nebelobi-Ti Taviseburebebi. danaSaulebis gamoZiebis praqtikaSi orientaciadamnaSavis qcevis ganzogadoebul saSualebebze warmoadgensdamnaSavis nebis erT-erT ZiriTad gzas sainformacio-deficitursituaciaSi. informacia danaSaulebriviqcevis Sesaxeb – informacia damnaSavis qcevis mimarTulebis,ama Tu im obieqtebis mniSvnelobis, damnaSavis saqmianobisstruqturaSi maTi adgilis, da imis Sesaxeb, ra Sedisda ra ar Sedis misi aqtualuri cnobierebis zonaSi. 1dasasruls avRniSnavT, rom danaSaulis gamoZiebis masistematizirebelfaqtorebs warmoadgens sistemuri kavSirebi,romlebic ganpirobebulni arian gamoZiebuli obieqtebiT.ase magaliTad, mkvlelobaTa gamoZiebisas gamovlenaseqvemdebareba sakiTxebis Semdegi sistema: mkvlelobis droda adgili; vin aris mkvlelobis maxverpli; mkvlelobismotivebi; im pirTa wre, romlebTanac urTierTqmedebda dazaralebuli;vis awyobs misi sikvdili; visTan naxes dazaralebulisikvdilis win; damnaSavis qmedebebis saxis Taviseburebebi– danaSaulis momzadebis, ganxorcielebisa dadafarvis dros vin Caidina mkvleloba analogiuri saxiT;visze da vis sacxovrebelSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes mocemulidanaSaulis kvali. Zarcvisa da yaCaRuri Tavdasxmebis gamo-Ziebis dros, gamomZiebeli adgens Semdeg sakvanZo garemoebebs:rodis da sad moxda danaSauli; ramdeni adamiani monawileobdadanaSaulSi; danaSaulis Cadenis xerxi; Zaladobriviqmedebis saxe; moparuli qoneba da misi Rirebuleba;niSnebi; danaSaulis Cadenis garemo; cnobebi danaSaulSiCarTuli pirebis Sesaxeb; garegnobis, qcevis Taviseburebe-1 i. animovi. iuridiuli fsiqologia, gv. 144-147.669

is, metyvelebiTi Taviseburebebis, gansakuTrebuli niSnebisaRwera da sxva; vin SeiZleboda informirebuli yofiliyodazaralebulis mniSvnelovani faseulobebis qonebis Sesaxeb;vis SeiZlo daenaxa danaSauli da sxva.TEMUR DARSANIATHE PSYCHOLOGY OF AN OFFENDERThe uniqueness of an individual conduct, the behavioural peculiarityof each crime is a personal imprint of a criminal which is left at theplace of crime – commitment. The result of the criminal act is psychologicallyand juridically a most significant component of an unlawfulbehaviour. Particularly significant is the attitude of an individual towardsthe accomplished culpable sequel. The contentment or discontent withthe achieved outcome on his part arouses new indictable aspirations or,vice versa, the cessation of the deplorable activity. The positive personalassessment of the criminal act is a sign of a serious criminal deformationof an individual and is the main precondition of a new criminalbehaviour. The negative assessment of the achieved outcome may evokeremorse, guilt and sincere regret and the individual may abandon thecompletion of the crime of his own free will. It may be caused by compassion,fear, pity, etc. These motives are also essential for the assessmentof the offender.670

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriamixeil mamniaSviliTanamedrove samarTlis sistemis qveynebissisxlis samarTlis procesisTaviseburebebiTiToeuli saxelmwifos sisxlis samarTlis saprocesokanonmdebloba‚ garkveuli specifikurobiTa da TaviseburebebiTgamoirCeva. es, upirveles yovlisa‚ ganpirobebuliaama Tu im saxelmwifos istoriuli ganviTarebiT‚ sazogadoebriv-politikuriwes-wyobilebiT‚ tradiciebiT‚ sisxlissamarTlis politikiT da a.S. magram isic udavoa‚ rom kacobriobisganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze saxelmwifoebsSoris mimdinareobs uaRresad mniSvnelovani faseulobebiserTmaneTTan daaxloeba‚ romelTa Soris, eWvgareSea, warmoadgenssaproceso forma‚ rogorc moqalaqeTa uflebebisdacvis uTvalsaCinoesi garanti da romelic ganmtkicdasisxlis samarTalwarmoebis aRmocenebisTanave.saxelmwifoebTaSoriso da samecniero urTierTobaTamoqmedebis done aucileblad aisaxეba calkeuli saxelmwifospraqtikul saqmianobaSi‚ ramdenadac es ukanaskneli pirdapiraadamokidebuli ara mxolod erovnul zogadsaxelmwifoda socialur moTxovnilebebTan‚ ama Tu im dargis mecnierebisganviTarebis donesTan‚ aramed saxelmwifo xelisuflebisinstitutebis politikur orientaciasTan‚ Tu msoflioSiaprobirebuli ra modeliT unda gadawyvitos man esaTu is sakiTxi. amasTan dakavSirebiT calkeul sazRvargare-Tis qveynebs Soris sisxlis samarTlis saproceso institutebiserTmaneTisagan sesxeba gardauval aucileblobaswarmoadgens‚ da ramdenadac sisxlissamarTalwarmoeba warmoadgensyvelaze ufro politizirebuli saqmianobis saxes‚sisxlis samarTlis saproceso samarTlis ufro meti xarisxismidrekileba gaaCnia aseTi sesxebisaken. SeiZleba zo-671

gadad aRiniSnos‚ rom aRniSnuli tendencia dadebiTi movlenaa.Tumca isic unda iTqvas‚ rom aucilebelia gaanalizdesucxoeTis qveynebis saproceso kanonmdeblobis dadebiTi TuuaryofiTi mxareebi‚ Semdgom dialeqtikuri meTodis gamoyenebiTSerCeuli iqnes yvelaze progresuli debulebebi. amas-Tanave mxedvelobis aredan ar unda iqnes gamotovebuli mocemuliqveynis istoriuli ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi‚ samarTlebrivitradiciebi‚ samarTalSegnebis specifika da moufiqreblad‚naCqarevad ar unda moxdes saxelmwifoSi sxvaqveynis ama Tu im saproceso institutis SemoReba.ukanasknel wlebSi, saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebul sisxlissamarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebebTandakavSirebiT, zogierTi mecnieri calkeul axal institutisSemoRebas uaryofiTad afaseben da fiqroben‚ rom saqarTvelossaproceso kanonmdeblobas swored es „avadmyofoba”sWirs. gansakuTrebiT xazs usvaven saproceso SeTanxmebaze‚romelic saerTo samarTlis sistemas ganekuTvneba.maTi azriT‚ aRniSnuli instituti ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelosmoqmed sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqss da misprincipebs‚ romelic romanul-germanuli samarTlis ojaxisnawilia 1 ‚ ufro metic‚ prof. g. mefariSvils miaCnia‚ romaraidentificirebuli piris sisxlissamarTalwarmoebis SemoRebiTkanonmdebels gaazrebuli ar hqonda‚ Tu ra saWiroebaswarmoadgenda es instituti 2 da a. S.aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT‚ Cveni azriT, sworiSexeduleba aqvs gamoTqmuli prof. n. gabriCiZes‚ romelicfiqrobs‚ rom axlad amoqmedebuli saproceso kanonmdeblo-1 g. mefariSvili. samarTaldamcavi organoebis institutebi da sisxlissamarTalwarmoebis zogierTi konceptualuri sakiTxi. _ Jurn.:„marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~. #3, 2006‚ gv. 87-106; c. ratiani. saprocesoSeTanxmeba sisxlis samarTlis procesSi. _ Jurn. „marTlmsajulebada kanoni~. #3‚ 2006‚ gv. 117-153; saqarTveloSi mdidris samar-Tali damkvidrda. _ gaz.: „axali Taoba~. #50, 2007‚ 21 Tebervali;„respublikelebi~ saproceso SeTanxmebis institutis gauqmebas iTxoven._ gaz.: „rezonansi~. #644, 2007‚ 21 Tebervali.2 g. mefariSvili. saqarTveloSi adamianis vinaobis dasadgenad fsevdonimiTgasamarTleba daakanones. _ gaz.: „asaval-dasavali~. #32(674), 2007‚ 6-12 agvisto.672

is sazomi‚ pirvel rigSi‚ mainc maTi praqtikaSi realizaciaa‚swored aq vlindeba kanonmdeblobis Suq-Crdili damomavalSi am Temaze sagamoZiebo-sasamarTlo praqtikis gaanalizeba‚mecnieruli gamokvlevebi imis srul garantiasiZleva‚ rom ufro srulyofili da daxvewili gaxdes misicalkeuli debulebebi. 1unda aRiniSnos isic‚ rom sazRvargareTis qveynebissisxlissamarTalwarmoebis modelebi erTmaneTisagan mkveTrimravalferovnebiT gansxvavdebian‚ romlebSic, upirvelesyovlisa, aisaxeba TiToeuli saxelmwifos istoriuli ganviTarebisTaviseburebebi. amasTan erTad‚ aSkarad zemoqmedebserTmaneTTan politikuri‚ ekonomikuri da saomari pirobebi.istoriuli progresis foni SesaZleblobas iZlevaama Tu im zomiT‚ pirobiTad‚ saproceso kanonmdeblobis ammravalferovnebaSi davinaxoT calkeuli saerTo konceptualurimniSvnelovani farglebi‚ rac eWvgareSea SeiZleba aRmoCndesmaTi tიpologiis safuZveli.sisxlissamarTalwarmoebaSi klasifikaciis tipebs SorisumniSvnelovanesia Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis iseTiprincipi‚ rogoricaa SejibreobiToba. 2 SejibreobiToba‚ rogorcsisxlis samarTlis procesis forma niSnavs mxareTaTanasworobas‚ upirveles yovlisa mtkicebulebiTi procesiselementebis realizacias (Sekreba‚ Semowmeba da mtkicebulebaTaSefaseba)‚ amasTanave mxareTa Soris warmoebuldavas wyvets saqmis msvlelobiT dauinteresebeli organo –sasamarTlo‚ romelic ar warmoadgens sisxlissamarTlebrividevnis organos‚ aseve ar warmoadgens arc dacvis mxaresda mxolod piruTvnelad axorcielebs sasamarTlo xelisuflebas.pirobiTad SeiZleba gamovyoT sisxlis samarTlis pro-1 n. gabriCiZe. saproceso SeTanxmeba. _ adamiani da konstitucia.#2‚ 2004‚ gv. 57; n. gabriCiZe. skeptikosebs imedi gaucruvdaT (saprocesoSeTanxmeba korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis saimedo berketia)._ gaz.: „saqarTvelos respublika~. #238-239, 13-14 oqt., 2004.2 А. В. Смирнов. Модели уголовного процесса. СПб, 2000, gv. 13-17.43. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi673

cesis Semdegi tipebi: SejibrebiTobis (kerZo-sasamarTlo‚sabraldebo‚ Tanamedrove SejibrebiToba)‚ inkviziciuri daSereuli. amasTan erTad, wminda saxiT sisxlis samarTlisprocesis arc erTi dasaxelebuli tipi ar arsebula da arcarsebobs. klasifikaciis jgufSi‚ romelime tipis mikuTvnebaganisazRvreba umetesad ama Tu im farglebiT. Sereuli, SejibrebiTobisda samZebro sawyisebi SeiZleba arsebobdes(arsebobs kidec) aramarto procesualuri funqciis, aramedsisxlis samarTlis procesis principebis donezec. SejibrebiTobisada samZebro (inkviziciuri) procesi idealuri tipebia‚romlebic realur sinamdvileSi aRar gvxvdeba. 1rusi mecnieri prof. a. smirnovi gamoyofs sisxlis samarTlisprocesis oTx istoriul tips: inglisurs‚ franguls‚germanuls da SariaTs (islamurs). amasTanave‚ isTvlis‚ rom zogierTi qveynis regionSi SeimCneva iseTi samarTalwarmoeba‚romelic saTaves iRebs arqauli droidanda mis legislaciurs (Legis – kanoni da Latus – dadgenili‚laTinuri) uwodebs. misi azriT legislaciuri formamTlianad ver akmayofilebs istoriul tips‚ radganac isganicdis konkretuli istoriuli pirobebis gavlenas (socialuri‚politikuri‚ eTikuri da sxv.)‚ romlebic isiniwarmoiSvnen da arseboben. 2sabraldebo procesi‚ romelic praqtikulad ganvloarsebulma saxelmwifoebma‚ mTeli misi mtkicebulebaTa sistemiT‚maT Soris fici‚ sxvadasxva saxis ordalebi da a.S.‚ ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi dReisaTvis aRar gvxvdeba.samZebro (inkviziciuri) procesi, yvela misi gamovlinebiTda xasiaTiT, SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc warsulsisxlis samarTalwarmoebad. amasTan erTad‚ samZebro sawyisebi(Tumca, negatiuri Seferilobis gamoklebiT‚ romelicgaigivebulia samZebro procesis inkviziciur SuasaukuneobrivwamebasTan) arsebobs praqtikulad yvela evropul sa-1 В. Н. Григорьев, А. В. Победкин, В. Н. Яшкин. Уголовный процесс. Учебник.М., 2006, gv. 799.2 А. В. Смирнов. Модели уголовного процесса, gv. 13-17.674

xelmwifoSi‚ sadac SejibrebiTobis sawyisi sWarbobs mxolodsasamarTlo ganxilvis stadiaze‚ xolo winaswari gamoZiebaxasiaTdeba mxareTa uTanasworobiT‚ gansakuTrebiTmtkicebulebaTa mopovebis mimarTebiT‚ ris gamoc aRniSnulisaxelmwifoebSi ramdenadme SezRudulia braldebulis dadamcvelis uflebebi‚ im saxelmwifo organoebTan SedarebiT‚romlebic sisxlis samarTalwarmoebas anxorcieleben.inkviziciuri procesis elementebi‚ gansakuTrebiTmtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis mimarTulebiT‚ SeiniSneba zogier-Ti qveynis saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi (bralis aRiarebisgadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba – aSS-Si‚ inglisSi; romelimemtkicebulebis winaswari dadgenili upiratesobis miniWeba‚magaliTad eqspertis daskvna da a. S.).Tanamedrove qveynebis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobaSiarsebobs zogierTi iseTi saxis elementebi‚romlebic damaxasiaTebelia kerZo-sasarCelo procesisaTvis:zogierTi kategoriis danaSaulebebze sisxlis samarTlebrividevna xorcieldeba Tu ki iniciatori dazaralebuli gamovlindeba‚romelsac awevs aseve mtkicebis tvirTi.SejibrebiTobis principis niSnebi yvelaze ufro metadgavrcelebulia angloamerikuli samarTalwarmoebis proces-Si. istoriulad procesis am formis ganviTareba daiwyoSuasaukuneebis inglisSi. Semdgom es forma damkvidrda inglisisyofil koloniebSi. dReisaTvis SejibrebiTobisprocesi gadaWarbebuli formiT SeiniSneba (inglisis garda)aSS-Si‚ kanadasa da avstraliaSi. 1 anglo-amerikuli samar-Talwarmoebis gagebiT SejibrebiTobis principi – mecnieruligamokvleva ki ar aris‚ aramed WeSmaritebis dadgenisSesaZleblobaa. sasamarTlo procesi ganixileba rogorc banaluridava braldebasa da dacvas Soris‚ saqmis gadawyvetisfunqcia ki akisria sasamarTlos. erT-erTi mxaris mierdavis Sewyveta iwvevs sisxlis samarTlis saqmis Sewyvetas‚Tu ki prokurori uars ganacxadebs braldebaze‚ sasamar-1 К. Ф. Гуценко, Л. В. Головко, Б. А. Филимонов. Уголовный процесс западныхгосударств. Издание 2-е, дополненное и исправленное. М., 2002, gv. 7-8.675

Tlo valdebulia Sewyvitos sisxlis samarTlis saqme 1 .Tu ki braldebuli aRiarebs braldebas umetes SemTxvevaSiise dgindeba ganaCeni‚ rom saqmeSi arsebul mtkicebulebebsaRar ikvleven. amasTanave‚ mxareebi samarTalwarmoebis procesSisargebloben Tanabari uflebebiT‚ xolo sasamarTlomniSvnelovan wilad pasiuria mtkicebis procesSi da Sebo-Wilia sakuTari iniciativiT Sekribos mtkicebuleba.rogorc davinaxeT‚ xsenebuli qveynebis saproceso kanonmdeblobaSibralis aRiarebas sxva mtkicebulebebTan SedarebiTupiratesi mniSvneloba eniWeba‚ rac bunebrivia ewinaaRmdegebaudanaSaulobis prezumfciis princips‚ magramxazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom aRniSnuli procesualuriwesi damaxasiaTebelia angloamerikuli samarTlis sistemissaproceso kanonmdeblobisaTvis‚ romlis arsebobac saukuneebsiTvlis da romlis mizania marTlmsajulebis daCqareba.frangi mecnieris Jan pradelis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: „misimizania ganaCenis gamotanis dRe maqsimalurad dauaxlovdesdanaSaulis Cadenis TariRs”. 2amasTanave‚ „amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi bralis aRiarebisprioritetis miniWeba‚ – wers i. petruxini‚ – gonivruladgamoiyureba da Seesabameba maT erovnul tradiciebs‚ramdenadac is amartivebs process‚ amsubuqebs sasamar-Tlo sistemas da efuZneba fsiqikurad janmrTeli adamianispativiscemas Tavs Tvlides damnaSaved‚ mTlianad an nawilobriv”.3angloamerikuli sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobisaSkara tendencia aRiniSneba iqiTken‚ rom sisx-1 saqarTvelos sss kodeqsis XXV muxliT gaTvaliswinebulia subsidiurisisxlissamarTlebrivi devna‚ rac gulisxmobs imas‚ rom,Tu ki prokurori uars ityvis braldebaze da amis winaaRmdegi dazaralebulia‚maSin sasamarTlo procesi ar wydeba da braldebismxars uWers dazaralebuli. Tumca, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlissaproceso kodeqsis proeqtSi subsidiuri braldeba aRargvxvdeba.2 J. pradeli. SedarebiTi sisxlis samarTali. Tb.‚ 1999, gv. 393.3 И. Л. Петрухин. Сделки о признании вины чужды российскому менталитету. _«Российская юстиция», №5, 2001, gv. 190.676

lissamarTalwarmoebis procesSi gafarTovdes sasamarTlosuflebamosileba. kerZod: sasamarTlo sxdomis xelmZRvaneloba‚misi Sedegebis Sejameba‚ mtkiceba‚ kanonierebis uzrunvelyofa‚ganaCenis dasabuTebuleba da samarTlianoba. 1rogorc samarTlianadaa miTiTebuli iuridiul literaturaSi,klasikuri SejibrebiTobis process enacvleba postSejibrebiTobis(sajaro-SejibrebiToba) sisxlis samarTlisprocesi‚ romlis mizani is ki ar aris‚ rom aqtiuri moqmedebiTSeicvalos braldebis funqcia‚ aramed imisaTvis‚ romsasamarTlo iqces aramarto procesSi monawile moqalaqis‚aramed eWvmitanilis‚ braldebulis‚ dazaralebulis‚ kerZobraldebis‚ samoqalaqo mosarCelis‚ samoqalaqo mopasuxisada sxvaTa uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis damcvelad. 2evropul saxelmwifoebSi (germania‚ safrangeTi‚ italiada a. S.) damkvidrebulia e. w. Sereuli sisxlis samarTlisprocesi‚ romlisTvisac isaa damaxasiaTebeli‚ rom winaswarigamoZiebis stadiaze mtkicebulebaTa Sekreba‚ saqveynoobaxorcieldeba araTanabar mdgomareobaSi‚ xolo saqmis ganxilvasasamarTlo gamoZiebis procesSi savsebiT SeesabamebaSejibrebiTobis process.ucxoeTis qveynebSi didi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCevasisxlis samarTlis procesSi samarTlis wyaroebi. TumcaRaarsebobs principuli gansxvaveba angloamerikul da romanul-germanul(kontinenturi) samarTlebriv sistemebs Soris.pirveli maTganisTvis (inglisi‚ Sotlandia‚ uelsi‚ aSSda sxv.) damaxasiaTebelia arakodificirebuli normatiulisisxlis samarTlis aqtebi‚ mTavari roli eniWeba precendentebs‚rogorc sisxlis samarTlis procesis wyaroebs.aRniSnuli samarTlis sistemis samSoblod iTvleba inglisi‚romelic, SemdgomSi, gavrcelda mis koloniebSi. inglisSiar yofila iseTi feodaluri daqucmacebuloba‚ rogoriciyo sxva evropul saxelmwifoebSi. mefis xelisuf-1 К. Ф. Гуценко, Л. В. Головко, Б. А. Филимонов. Уголовный процесс западныхгосударств, gv. 7.2 А. В. Смирнов. Модели уголовного процесса, gv. 55-56.677

leba cdilobda mTels saxelmwifoSi ganemtkicebina Tavisiiurisprudencia centraluri samefo sasamarTloebis (samefosasamarTlos skami‚ saxazino sasamarTlo‚ saerTo davissasamarTloebi) da specialuri sasamarTloebis saxiT. XIIsaukunidan Camoyalibda da ganviTarda „saero samarTali”.TandaTanobiT saerTo samarTali damokidebuli gaxdaprocesualur formalobebTan. amave dros gamoCnda kideverTi centraluri gvirgvinis sasamarTlo‚ romelic marTlmsajulebasaxorcielebda ara saerTo samarTliT‚ aramed –„samarTliani samarTliT”. am sasamarTlom TandaTanobiTXIV saukunidan funqcionireba daiwyo sasamarTlos kancelariissaxelwodebiT.kapitalisturi wes-wyobilebis damyarebis Semdeg aRmocendaiseTi samarTalurTierTobebi‚ romlebsac saerTo samarTaliar cnobda‚ magram maTi gamoyenebis Tanxmoba miRebuliiqna sasamarTlos kancelariisgan. TandaTanobiT dafuZndasamarTlis normis ori myari sistema: saerTo sasamarTlosada samarTliani samarTlis saxiT. orive es sistemaxelmZRvanelobda erTi meTodiT – precendentiT‚ TumcaTviT precendentis doqtrina Tanamedrove saxiT CamoyalibdaXIX saukuneSi. 1sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba sasamarTlo precendentissaxes iRebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi‚ Tu ki es gadawyvetilebadaibeWda werilobiTi formiT da gamoqveynda raime sasamarTloangariSebSi‚ romlebsac ufro xSirad kerZo beWdvi-Ti firmebi gamoscemen. 2aseTi publikaciis gamoqveyneba, arc Tu iSviaT SemTxvevaSi,damokidebulia ara sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis xarisxsada sisxlis samarTlis procesis praqtikis mniSvnelobaze‚aramed Tu rogori urTierToba da kavSiri aqvs sasamar-1 Т. В. Апарова. Суды и судебный процесс Великобритании. М., 1996, gv. 8-15.2 inglisis samarTalwarmoebis wesiT‚ sasamarTlo ar aris valdebuliTavisi gadawyvetileba dawvrilebiT gaaformos procesualurdokumentebSi. saboloo gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb ufro xSiradaRiniSneba sasamarTlo sxdomis oqmSi mokle CanawerebiT ansasamarTlo sxdomis stenogramaSi.678

Tlos wignebis gamomcemel firmasTan. 1ukanasknel wlebSi anglosaqsuri samarTlis sistemisqveynebSi aRiniSneba sakanonmdeblo aqtebis mniSvnelovanizrda‚ maT Soris sisxlis samarTalwamoebis mimarTulebTac.amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna‚ rom aRniSnulisaxelmwifoebis samarTlebrivi sistema uaxlovdebakontinenturs ara marto calkeuli sisxlis samarTlisprocesis institutebis unifikaciasTan‚ aramed mTlianadsamarTlebriv sistemasTan. TumcaRa gasaTvaliswinebelianormatiuli aqtebis realizaciis Tavisebureba‚ radganacdReisaTvis danergialia dauwereli sasamarTlo praqtika‚rac imaSi gamoixateba‚ rom sakanonmdeblo norma da kanonqvemdebareaqti gamoiyeneba sasamarTlos ganmartebis saxiT.arsebiTi Tavisebureba ki imaSi mdgomareobs‚ rom sasamar-Tlos ganmartebas‚ rogorc samarTlis wyaros‚ arc Tu iSviaTadufro meti iuridiuli Zala gaaCnia‚ vidre kanons.kontinenturi samarTlis sistemis qveynebSi sisxlissamarTlis procesis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgenen sisxlissamarTlis saproceso kodeqsebi. sasamarTlo precendentisroli misi gamoyenebis dros SezRudulia da mxolod konkretulisisxlis samarTlis saproceso normis ganmartebiTSemoifargleba. evropuli saxelmwifoebi‚ romlebicromanul-germanul (kontinentur) samarTlis sistemebs miekuTvnebian‚ruseTisa da saqarTvelos saproceso kodeqsebisagangansxvavebiT‚ stabiluria. magaliTad‚ germaniis sisxlissamarTlis saproceso kodeqsi moqmedebs 1877 wlidan(bunebrivia‚ ganicada cvlilebebi da damatebebi); safrange-Tis – 1808 wlidan 1959 wlamde moqmedebda napoleonisdros miRebuli saproceso kodeqsi‚ romelmac ganicadamniSvnelovani koreqcia; luqsemburgsa da belgiaSi dRevandlamdemoqmedebs 1808 wels miRebuli saproceso kodeqsi‚romlebic warmoadgenen safrangeTis 1808 wlis napoleonissaproceso kodeqsis analogs; TurqeTis saproceso kodeqsi‚1 К. Ф. Гуценко, Л. В. Головко, Б. А. Филимонов. Уголовный процесс западныхгосударств, gv. 13.679

omelic bevrad hgavs germaniis sisxlis samarTlis saprocesokodeqss, moqmedebs 1929 wlidan; espaneTis sisxlis samarTlissaproceso kodeqsi miRebulia 1882 wels da dResacgamoiyeneba; rogorc sworadaa miTiTebuli iuridiulliteraturaSi‚ saproceso kanonmdeblobis stabiluroba gamoricxavsSeuTanxmeblobas‚ normebis qaoturobas da racmTavaria – misi gansxvavebuli interpretaciiT gamoyenebas. 1praqtikulad yvela qveynis saproceso kanonmdeblobaSiaRiniSneba aSkara tendencia da miswrafeba imisken‚ rom uzrunvelyofiliqnas procesualuri formebis diferenciaciaimisaTvis‚ raTa, braldebulis poziciebidan da saqmis sicxadidangamomdinare, gamartivdes da daCqardes marTlmsajuleba‚miuxedavad danaSaulis simZimisa da a. S.maSasadame‚ procesualuri formebis diferenciacia sisxlissamarTlis saproceso samarTalsa da sisxlis samar-Tlis procesis mecnierebaSi warmoadgens erT-erT mniSvnelovaniproblemis qvakuTxeds.amasTanave unda aRiniSnos‚ rom marTlmsajulebis daCqarebismimarTebiT ar arsebobs erTiani mosazreba‚ magramerTi cxadia – samarTalwarmoebis gamartivebis‚ daCqarebisproceduras (sxvadasxva qveynebSi sxvadasxvanairad xdebadasaTaureba: gamartiveba‚ daCqareba‚ Semajamebeli warmoebada a.S.) safuZvlad udevs ekonomikuri midgoma‚ gansakuTrebulipragmatuli interesi.samarTalwarmoebis gamartivebis procedura ucxo araris arc angloamerikuli da arc kontinenturi samarTlissistemebisaTvis‚ Tumca ruseTSi da evropis sxva qveynebSi‚aSS-sa da inglisasgan gansxvavebiT, sasjelis daniSvna mtkicebulebaTaSekrebis‚ Semowmebisa da Sefasebis gareSe –aratradiciulia. saqme imaSia‚ rom kontinenturi evropissisxlis samarTlis procesis mizans warmoadgens saqmezeobieqturi WeSmatirebis dadgena‚ razedac upirveles yovlisapasuxismgebelia sasamarTlo‚ romelsac ufleba aqvs1 К. Ф. Гуценко, Л. В. Головко, Б. А. Филимонов. Уголовный процесс западныхзападных государств, gv. 128.680

da valdebulicaa sakuTari iniciativiT gaataros masze kanoniTminiWebuli RonisZiebebi. am amocanis gamo, anglo-saqsurisamarTlis sistemis proceduruli wesebi – „garigebabralis aRiarebaze” – maTTvis miuRebelia.miuxedavad amisa‚ rogorc zemoT aRiniSna‚ aseTi procedurebikontinenturi evropis sisxlissamarTalwarmoebisaTvisucxo ar aris. magaliTad‚ espaneTSi „bralis aRiarebis”CarCoebSi braldeba Suamdgomlobas warmarTavs sasamarTloSibraldebulisaTvis 6 wlamde sasjelis SefardebisSesaxeb. Tu ki samarTalSi micemis an sasamarTlosxdomis sawyis etapze braldebuli daeTanxmeba qmedebiskvalifikacias da sasjelis zomas‚ sasamarTlo aRar atarebssasamarTlo sxdomis da mxareTa SeTanxmebiT amtkicebssasjels. italiaSi braldebulis iniciativiTa da prokurorisTanxmobiT sisxlis samarTlis saqme SeiZleba ganxiluliiqnes ara tradiciuli sasamarTlo ganxilviT‚ aramedsaqmis winaswari mosmeniT. am SemTxvevaSi gamamtyunebel angamamarTlebel ganaCens safuZvlad udevs is mtkicebulebebi‚romlebic saqmis masalebSia moTavsebuli. gamamtyunebeliganaCenis dadgenisas sasamarTlo mxedvelobaSi iRebsbraldebulis miswrafebas procesis dasaCqareblad. 1amave saxelmwifoebis saproceso kanonmdeblobiT SesaZlebelia„sasjelis daniSvna mxareTa SuamdgomlobiT” sisxlissamarTlis gadacdomis saqmeebsa da samarTaldarRvevebze.aseT SemTxvevaSi Tu ki arsebobs mxareebs Soris winaswariSeTanxmeba‚ sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs braldebuls Seufardossasjeli jarimis saxiT an 2 wlamde TavisuflebisaRkveTa. germaniis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSicki‚ romelic yovelTvis gamoirCeoda yvelaze aSkara kontinentalurisamarTlis sistemis mimdenareobad‚ gamoCnda „saprocesoSeTanxmeba”‚ romelic mtkicdeba sasamarTlos mier‚TumcaRa unda aRiniSnos, rom dReisaTvis jer kidev ar arsebobsam mimarTebiT raime sakanonmdeblo baza. amasTanave sa-1 Ст. Темисен. Сделки о признании вины или сокращение формы судопроизводсства:по какому пути пойдет Россия? – «Российская юстиция», №10, 1997, gv. 37.681

samarTlo valdebulia daadginos‚ rom SeTanxmeba ar ewinaaRmdegebamxareTa mier miRebul WeSmarit gadawyvetilebas. 1safrangeTSi Tavdapirvelad uaryofiTad iyvnen ganwyobilnida Tavs ikavebdnen saproceso SeTanxmebis institutisSemoRebaze‚ miaCndaT‚ rom es xels SeuSlida dazaralebulismonawileobas sasamarTlos procesSi‚ romelsacsisxlis samarTlis sarCelis Setana SeeZlo. amave dros‚franguli saproceso kanonmdeblobis mentalitetic naklebaddadebiTad iyo ganwyobili aSS-Si damkvidrebuli saprocesoSeTanxmebis formaze. frangi mecnierebi Tvlidnen‚ rombraleulobis aRiarebis praqtikis SemoReba drois dakargvasgamoiwvevda‚ gansakuTrebiT naklebad mZime kategoriissaqmeebze‚ romlebic or wlamde patimrobas iTvaliswinebs.SesaZleblad miaCndaT bralis aRiarebis plea bargaining-ispraqtikis gamoyeneba pirobebis dafiqsirebiT sasjelis kvalifikaciisgansazRvris sferoSi. 2 miuxedavad amisa‚ safrangeTSigadalaxuli iqna es problema da 2004 wlis TebervalSimiRebuli iqna kanoni „herben ori”, 3 romelic uSvebssaproceso SeTanxmebas‚ Seexeba da aregulirebs uSualodorganizebul danaSaulTan brZolis sakiTxebs. am kanonis mizaniaorganizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi braldebulisgamoZiebasTan TanamSromlobis waxaliseba. 4 niSandobliviaisic, rom dReisaTvis saproceso SeTanxmebis dadebisprocesSi monawileobas Rebulobs aseve mosamarTlec,rac erTgvar controls warmoadgens imisaTvis, rom realuradganxorcieldes saproceso SeTanxmebis moTxovnebi.ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlis saprocesokodeqsis me-40 Tavi iTvaliswinebs gansakuTrebul warmoebas‚romelic samarTalwarmoebis daCqarebas emsaxureba.ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso1 А. В. Головко. Альтернативы уголовному преследованию в современном праве.ве. СПб, 2002, gv. 195-199.2 J. pradeli. SedarebiTi sisxlis samarTali, gv. 398.3 safrangeTis iusticiis ministris dominik herbenis saxelis mixedviT.4 g. WanturiZe. saproceso SeTanxmeba sisxlis samarTlis procesisprincipebTan mimarTebaSi. Tb., 2007, gv. 26-27.682

kodeqsis 314-316-e muxlebis Tanaxmad‚ Tu ki braldebulsCadenilia aqvs iseTi danaSauli‚ romlis sanqcia ar aRemateba10 wlis vadiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas da wardgenilibraldebas sadaos ar xdis‚ gancxadebiT Suamdgomlobs mismimarT gamoyenebuli iqnes gansakuTrebuli wesis sasamar-Tlo ganxilva. mosamarTles‚ saxelmwifo (kerZo) bralmdeblisda dazaralebulis TanxmobiT ufleba aqvs‚ Tu ki arsebobssss kodeqsis me-40 TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi‚sasamarTlo sxdomis gareSe daadginos ganaCeni da braldebulsdauniSnos sasjeli‚ romelic ar aRemateba sisxlissamarTlis kodeqsis Sesabamisi muxlebiT dadgenili maqsimalurida ufro mkacri sasjelis 2/3-s‚ magaliTad Tu kisanqcia iTvaliswinebs erTidan sam wlamde vadiT TavisuflebisaRkveTas‚ ar SeiZleba mas or welze meti vadiT TavisuflebaaRekveTos 1braldebulis poziciidan gamomdinare, samarTalwarmoebisdaCqareba pirdapir kavSirSia sisxlis samarTlis procesismtkicebasTan da kvlav amZafrebs „gauTavebel davas”sisxlis samarTlis procesSi braldebulis Cvenebis‚ rogorcgadametebuli mtkicebulebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.magaliTad‚ aSS-Si farTodaa gavrcelebuli sistema „garigebabralze”‚ romelic warmoebs braldebasa da dacvas Soris.aSS-Si braldebuli brals aRiarebs sisxlis samar-Tlis saqmeTa araumetes 90%-isa. prokurori Tanxmobas iZleva,braldebulis bralis aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi, Seumsubuqdessasjeli. arc Tu iSviaTad, prokurors, faqtiurad‚Tu ki braldebis warsadgenad ar arsebobs sakmao mtkicebulebebida arsebobs braldebulis aRiareba‚ ecvleba eWvipiris braleulobis Taobaze da Tanaxmaa braldebuls Seefardosnaklebad mkacri sasjeli. aSS-s mosamarTleebi Riadratificirebas ukeTeben aseT SeTanxmebebs. 2istoriulad „garigeba bralze” aSS-Si oficialurad1 К. Рыбалков. Разумный компромисс в уголовном процессе. – http://www.bestlawyers.ru/php/news/newsnew.phtml?id=368&idnew=15159&start=0.2 CCCP – Англия: юстиция и сравнительное правоведение. Под редакцией С. В.Боботова, С. Г. Колиной, И. Друлис. М., 1986. gv. 74-75.683

Tanxmoba miRebuli iqna XIX saukunis dasawyisSi. TumcaRaTavdapirvelad aseTi garigebebi ganixileboda rogorc samarTalgamoyenebiTisaqmianoba. TandaTanobiT is oficialuradaRiarebuli iqna qveynis iusticiis umaRlesi organosmier. aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom Tavis 1968-1970ww. konkretulsaqmeTa mTel rig gadawyvetilebebSi konstituciuradmiiCnia „bralze garigebis” praqtika‚ ris Sedegad aminstituts gaexsna oficialuri legaluri statusi. 1 inglisSiaseTi garigeba arc Tu xSiri da Riaa. 2 aSS-sgangansxvavebiT‚ inglisSi ukiduresad negatiurad ekidebianaseTi saxis SeTanxmebebs‚ magram mainc braldebisa da damcvelisSeTanxmebebiT sasamarTlos mier mainc gamoiyeneba‚radganac mniSvnelovnad aadvilebs maT muSaobas. bralisaRiarebis sanacvlod braldebulebs 30%-iT nakleb sasjelsakisreben‚ vidre maT unda SefardebodaT. 3inglisel da amerikel iuristebs miaCniaT‚ rom sisxlissamarTalwarmoebisprocesi ar aris damyarebuli WeSmaritebisdadgenaze. sasamarTlos‚ maTi azriT‚ gadawyvetilebagamoaqvs saqmeze Sekrebili masalebis mixedviT. mTavariais‚ rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba dasabuTdes saqmezeSekrebili mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT‚ xolo braldebuliTu ki aRiarebs danaSauls – es srulfasovani mtkicebulebaa.anglo-saqsuri iuridiuli mecierebis wamyvanispecialistebis SefasebiT sisxlissamarTalwarmoeba – esaris dava da ara samecniero gamokvleva da Tu braldebuliTavs scnobs damnaSaved‚ davis gagrZeleba azrs kargavs. 4iseT SemTxvevaSi‚ rodesac braldebulis mier bralisaRiareba warmoadgens braldebis mTavar elements (mtkicebulebas)‚angloamerikuli sistemis mixedviT, gamoiyeneba mxolodbralis aRiarebis nebayofilobiToba. aSS-Si‚ Tu ki sasamarTlodaadgens‚ rom policiam (romelic ar aris valde-1 К. Ф. Гуценко, Л. В. Головко, Б. А. Филимонов. Уголовный.., gv. 135.2 К. Ф. Гуценко, Л. В. Головко, Б. А. Филимонов. Уголовный.., gv. 135.3 А. В. Головко. Альтернативы уголовному преследованию в современном праве.СПб, 2002, gv. 181-183.4 К. Ф. Гуценко. Основы уголовного процесса США. М., 1993. gv. 32-33.684

uli dakargos dro gamamarTlebeli mtkicebulebaTa Sesakrebad)eWvmitanilisagan‚ romelic ar sargeblobda damcvelismomsaxurebiT‚ miiRo gamamtyunebeli gancxadeba‚ maSinbraldebam sasamarTlos unda misces damajerebeli pasuxiimis Sesaxeb‚ rom eWvmitanilma nebayofilobiT Tqva uari TavisiTavis braldebis winaaRmdeg‚ esmoda mas am uaris samar-Tlebrivi mniSvneloba‚ aRiareba unda moxdes nebayofilobiT.„nebayofilobiToba” – amerikuli gagebiT niSnavs imas‚rom braldebuli sargeblobda damcvelis momsaxurebiT‚brali aRiara Ria sasamarTlo sxdomaze‚ amasTanave sasamar-Tlom daadgina sxva faqtobrivi monacemebi piris braleulobisSesaxeb. gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes aseve droisis monakveTi‚ romelic gavida dapatimrebidan da mosamar-TlesTan braldebis wardgenamde. Tu ki bralis aRiarebamoxda am drois monakveTSi‚ mosamarTle aucileblad undadarwmundes‚ rom arsebobs sakmarisi faqtiuri garemoebebipiris braleulad cnobis Sesaxeb. am safuZvlebs ufro xSiradadasturebs bralmdebeli faqtebis nusxis saxiT‚ romlebicSeiZleba dadasturdes sasamarTlo sxdomis proces-Si dokumentebisa da Cvenebebis daxmarebiT.sasamarTlo daadgens ra‚ rom bralis aRiareba nebayofilobiTia‚gadadis ganaCenis dasadgenad. aSS-s samarTawarmoebisprocesSi arsebobs kidev erTi problematuri sakiTxi:romel mtkicebulebebs ufro unda endos sasamar-Tlo? braldebulis aRiarebas Tu policielis Cvenebas‚rodesac orive maTgani ficis qveS iZleva Cvenebas. zogierTavtors miaCnia‚ rom nebayofilobiTi aRiareba warmoadgensutyuarobis fundaments. 1 sakiTxis amgvari dayeneba bunebriviasadaoa‚ radganac aseT SemTxvevaSi mizanSewonili iqnebagauqmdes mowmis da dazaralebulis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobaCvenebis micemisaTvis uaris Tqmis an Segnebuladcru Cvenebis micemis Sesaxeb. amasTanave‚ ra Tqma unda‚braldebulis mier bralis nebayofilobiT aRiareba maRali1 Ю. И. Стецовский. О допустимости доказательств в Советском уголовном судопроизводстве.– «Вопросы борьбы с преступностью». Вып. 27. М., 1977, gv. 117.685

albaTobis doneze zrdis mis braleulobas.angloamerikuli samarTlis sistemis calkeuli iuristebisSexedulebiT sasamarTlo saerTod ar unda Seexos imsakiTxs – eWvmitanili iZulebuli iyo Tu ara mieca CvenebapoliciisaTvis im dros‚ rodesac is Tvlida‚ rom gamoeyenebinadumilis ufleba. mosamarTlem, am SemTxvevaSi, undagadawyvitos mxolod da mxolod ramdenad maRalia bralisaRiarebis WeSmaritebis albaToba (e. i. utyuaroba). cxadia‚rom aseTi Sexeduleba gaumarTlebelia‚ aSkarad policiisTviTnebobaze metyvelebs‚ riTac uxeSad irRveva braldebulisuflebebi da iwvevs dacvis uflebis SezRudvas.aseTi Sexeduleba WeSmaritebaze‚ rogorc mtkicebismizanze‚ ukiduresad gadaWarbebulia. da bolos‚ nebismierisasamarTlo sistemis samarTalwarmoeba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalosnormalur movlenad‚ sadac SesaZlebelia udanaSaulopiris msjavrdeba. ese igi nebismier saxelmwifoSi sisxlissamarTlis procesis amocanaa dadgindes danaSaulis Camdenipiri‚ gairkves saqmis garemoeba‚ rasac sinamdvileSi hqondaadgili. zogierT amerikel mecniers miaCnia‚ rom Sejibrebi-Tobis procesi miznad ar isaxavs dadgindes WeSmariteba‚magram am miznis misaRwevad sisxlis samarTlis procesises formaa ufro efeqturi‚ vidre sisxlissamarTalwarmoebissxva formebi. 1 zemoxsenebuli mtkicebis zogierTi formalurielementebis garda‚ mtkicebulebaTa Sefaseba dRevandelganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi Tavisufalia da iswarmoebs mosamarTleTa niSagani rwmeniT.mtkicebis procedura umravles saxelmwifoebSi kargadaaganviTarebuli da sakmaod rTulia. magaliTad‚ inglis-Si mtkicebulebaTa amomwuravi CamonaTvali ar arsebobs.yvelaze gavrcelebuli mtkicebulebebs warmoadgenen: mowmisCveneba‚ eqspertis daskvna‚ nivTierdamamtkicebeli sabuTebi‚dokumentebi da zogierTi sxva.inglisis samarTalwarmoebis Tanaxmad, mowmed SeiZleba1 У. Бергман. Суд присяжных заседателей. М., 1995, gv. 115-118.686

daikiTxos ara marto is piri‚ vinc saqmis bediT araa dainteresebuli‚aramed braldebuli (Tu gamoTqva surviliCvenebis micemisa)‚ dazaralebuli‚ eqsperti da a.S. sworedamaSia arsebiTi gansxvaveba inglisisa da kontinenturi evropissaproceso kanonmdeblobebs Soris. TviTdabralebisprivilegiis wesebi (aravin ar aris valdebuli Cveneba miscesTavisi Tavis sawinaaRmdegod) da mowmis privilegia(ufleba ar misces Cveneba Tavisi axloblis winaaRmdeg)‚ amwesebidan arsebobs gamonaklisebi‚ romelic garkveuli saxisdanaSaulebebs Seexeba.inglisis mtkicebulebaTa samarTlis fundamentalurdebulebad iTvleba sxvisi sityvebis damowmebis akrZalva‚sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT‚ mtkicebulebad daiSveba ara nawarmoebimowmis Cveneba‚ aramed mxolod pirvelwyaro. sasamarTloprocesze Cvenebis micemis dros, mowmes ara aqvsufleba sxva mowmis sityvebis damowmebisa da, amdenad, mowmesar SeuZlia daeyrdnos im informacias‚ romelic miiRosxva mowmisagan. Tumca, unda iTqvas isic‚ rom mowmis miersxva mowmis informaciis damowmebis akrZalvebSi aris zogigamonaklisic.braldebuli yvela SemTxvevaSi Cvenebas iZleva ficisqveS. ar SeiZleba misi iZuleba Cvenebis micemaze, magram, Tuki man gadawyvita Cvenebis micema‚ mTlianad eqvemdebarebamowmis dakiTxvis procesualur wesebs. amasTan erTad‚ Tuki braldebulma sasamarTloSi mcire safuZvelzedac kiuars acxadebs mtkicebulebaTa wardgenasa da SekiTxvebismicemaze (es ufro xdeba maSin‚ rodesac mowmem gadawyvitaCvenebis micema da dado fici). aseT dros mosamarTleebs annafic msajulebs‚ romlebic wyveten am piris braleulobissakiTxs‚ SeuZliaT gamoitanon saTanado daskvnebi. 11 К. Ф. Гуценко, Л. В. Головко, Б. А. Филимонов. Уголовный процесс западныхгосударств, gv. 93.687

MIKHEIL MAMNIASHVILIGENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CRIMINAL LAWPROCESS OF PARTICULAR COUNTRIESThe present work gives a general survey of the criminal procedurallegislation of the present Romanic-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon legalsystems. By applying the historical and comparative methodology the attentionis concentrated in the development and the specifities of the legalprocedure of separate countries (USA, England, Germany, Italy, etc.) andthe similarities between them. At the present stage of mankind developmentand the progress of society in the procedural legislation of the bothsystems there is observed a tendency to simplification and acceleration oflegislation. The present article deals with the above-mentioned specifitiesof the Anglo-Saxon and the Continental European countries, both the positiveand the negative aspects are highlighted and expounded. The work alsoenlarges on the sources of the procedural legislation of both legalsystems and elucidates the peculiarities of some evidence accessions andthe criteria of evaluation of particular evidences. The distinctive features oflegislation execution are considered broadly.688

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriahelmut kuri, mixail viurgeri,ediSer futkaraZesisxlissamarTlebrivi sanqciebi qarTvelstudentTa SefasebiTSesavali. danaSaulis, sisxlis samarTlis kanonis, sisxlissamarTlebrividevnis RonisZiebaTa da sanqciebis Seswavla-Sefasebadamokidebulia sazogadoebaSi socialuradgansxvavebuli, sisxlissamarTlebrivad dasjadi qmedebis irgvlivmsjelobaze da mis praqtikul gadawyvetaze. tradiciulsazogadoebaSi religiuri Sexedulebebi meorexarisxovanrols TamaSobs. aSS-s umetes StatebSi da CineTSi sanqciaTagamoyenebis praqtika, sikvdiliT dasjis Seswavla gviCvenebs,rom sanqciebi adekvaturi, zogjer `aucilebeli~ saSualebaasisxlissamarTlebrivad dasjadi qmedebis Sesamcireblad. aseTsazogadoebaSi naklebad sakamaToa sikvdiliT dasjis alternativisproblematika.damnaSaveobasTan mkacri sanqciebiT brZola sazogadoebiswevrTa mier Sefasebulia `normalurad~. amave dros aseTsasjelTa dadebiTi gavlena da nakli sazogadoebis didinawilis mier aris gansjili. asea im sazogadoebaSi, sadacsikvdiliT dasja mZime danaSaulisaTvis praqtikaSi jer kidevgamoiyeneba da didia am sasjelis momxreTa ricxvi. isiniimedovneben sikvdiliT dasjis sisxlissamarTlebriv,prevenciul zemoqmedebas maSin, roca es ukve didi xania ararsebobs im sazogadoebaSi, sadac es sasjeli gauqmebulia.gavrcelebul praqtikas umeteswilad aqvs didi inercia. amitommis gauqmebas SeuZlia SiSisa da daurwmuneblobis gaqarwyleba.germaniaSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg, 1949 wels gauqmdasikvdiliT dasja. igi manamade, gansakuTrebiT ki, meo-44. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi689

e msoflio omis dros, intensiurad gamoiyeneboda mZimedanaSaulebisaTvis. sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmeba aRiarebuliiqna ZiriTadi kanoniT. aRsaniSnavia, rom am gadawyvetilebamdecota xniT adre, dasavleT germaniis mosaxleobis samimeoTxedi (74%), alensbaxis demoskopiis institutisSerCeviTi gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT, momxre iyo sikvdiliTdasjis SenarCunebis. gamokiTxulTagan, upirvelesyovlisa, axalgazrdebi (30 wlamde – 81%; 65 wels zemoT– 64%) emxrobodnen am sanqciis SenarCunebas. 1 SemdgomwlebSi dasavleT germanelebi SeeCvivnen TavianT qveyanaSisikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebas. msjelobis sagani gaxda alternatiulisanqciebi da maTi upiratesoba. sikvdiliT dasjismomxreTa ricxvi Semcirda daaxloebiT 40-dan 30%-mde.aseve safrangeTSi sakmaod sagrZnoblad Semcirda am sanqciismomxreTa raodenoba 1981 wels misi gauqmebis Semdeg. 2ori germanuli saxelmwifos gaerTianebis Semdeg, axalifederaciis miwebSi Catarebulma gamokiTxvam aCvena, romyofili germaniis demokratiuli respublikis teritoriazesanqciebis Sefaseba sakmaod mkacria, vidre dasavleTSi. esgansxvaveba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda mxolod momdevno wleb-Si, dasavleT germaniaSi gabatonebuli liberaluli msjelobiszegavleniT. yofili sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebisqveynebSi, ruseTis sisxlis samarTlis zegavleniT,romelic danaSaulisaTvis mkacr sanqciebs (sikvdiliT dasjisCaTvliT) da cota alternativas iTvaliswinebda, gamoxatuliiyo mkacri sanqciis politika da praqtika. aman ganapirobais, rom sisxlis samarTlis politikis oficialuridasabuTebis miuxedavad, mosaxleobis mier aseTi qmedebaganxiluli iqna `normalurad~. yofil germaniis demokrati-1 H. Kury. Zu Punitivität und der Validität der Erfassung von Sanktionseinstellungen.– In: T. Görgen, K. Hoffmann-Holland, H. Schneider, J. Stock (Hrsg.). InterdisziplinäreKriminologie. Festschrift für Arthur Kreuzer zum 70. Geburtstag. Frankfurt/M:Verlag für Polizeiwissenschaft, 2008, Band 1, S. 395-415.2 H. J. Schneider. Kriminologie für das 21. Jahrhundert. Schwerpunkte und Fortschritteder internationalen Kriminologie. Überblick und Diskussion. Münster u.a.: LIT-Verlag, 2001.690

ul respublikasa da sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval imJamindelrespublikebSi mkacr sanqciebTan erTad miiRes naklebadcnobili alternatiuli sanqciebi. esenia: fuladi jarima,damnaSavis dazaralebulTan Serigeba da miyenebuli zianisanazRaureba. aman gaaZliera saxalxo msjeloba am axladdamkvidrebuliliberaluri sanqciebis gamoyenebis praqtikaze.saerTaSoriso gamokvlevebiT dadginda, rom gamokiTxulTamier sanqciebis Sefaseba Seesabameba qveyanaSi sanqciaTagamoyenebis praqtikas. m. kiliasma daadgina garkveulidamokidebuleba sanqciebis Sefasebasa, qurdobasa da maTiTavisuflebis aRkveTiT msjavrdebis wils Soris evropis16 qveyanaSi: rac ufro didi iyo qveyanaSi TavisuflebisaRkveTiT msjavrdebulTa wili, miT ufro meti iyo gamokiTxulTaSoris is nawili, romelic damnaSavisaTvis 6Tveze meti vadiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas moiTxovda. 1h. ludvigma da g. kroiflma ganaxorcieles gamokiTxva-gamokvlevagermaniis axal miwebSi (iena), yofil gdr-isteritoriaze. es gamokvleva moicavda aseve sanqciaTa Sefasebas.2 kiTxvari SemuSavda erTidaigive meTodiT sauniversitetoqalaq ienaSi 1991/92, 1995/96 da 2001/2002 wlebSi.sanqciaTa praqtikis gafarToeba da mosaxleobis `gamocdileba~am sakiTxSi eyrdnoboda imas, rom sanqciaTa SefasebasazogadoebaSi diferencirebuli iqna. pirveli gamokiTxvisas,yofili sabWoTa sistemisa da gdr-is mosaxleobis32,2% miiCnevda praqtikaSi naklebad gamoyenebul damnaSavisdazaralebulTan Serigebas misaRebad zogierTi sisxlissamarTlebrivaddasjadi qmedebisaTvis (sisxlissamarTlebrivaddasjad qmedebaze reaqciis forma `ufro mniSvnelovani~an `mniSvnelovani~). meore gamokiTxvisas es wili iyo32,9% da mesame gamokiTxvisas ki 38,4%-ze meti. 31 M. Killias. La criminalisation de la vie quotidienne et la politistion du droit pénal. –Zeitschrift für schweizerisches Recht. 129, 1995, S. 365-458.2 G. Kräupl, H. Ludwig. Wahrnehmung von Kriminalität und Sanktionen im Kontextgesellschaftlicher Transformationen. Freiburg i. Brsg.: iuscrim, 2000; S. H. Kury. J.Obergfell-Fuchs, M. Würger. Strafeinstellungen. Ein Vergleich zwischen Ost- undWestdeutschland. Freiburg i. Brsg.: edition iuscrim, 2002.3 aq mocemulia germaniaSi Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebi.691

sanqciaTa Sefaseba didad damokidebulia saSiSroebisgancdasTan, danaSauliT gamowveul SiSTan da damnaSaveobisarsebiT Tu savaraudo gaZlierebasTan. amas gviCvenebs sanqciaTaSefasebis Sedareba, romelic eyrdnoba 21 deliqtismomcvel gamokiTxvas drois sam sxvadasxva monakveTSi. Sesafasebelidrois pirvelidan meore monakveTSi sanqciaTasimkacre 15 deliqtTan mimarTebaSi statistikurad mniSvnelovnadSemcirda. meore da mesame drois monakveTs SorisviTareba sxvagvarad gamoiyureba. h. ludvigisa da Gg. kroiflismixedviT, 1990-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi sanqciaTaSefasebis Semcireba ganpirobebuli iyo sami urTier-TdakavSirebuli cvlilebebiT: qmedebaTa kriminalizaciis tendenciis gaZliereba, Sesabamisi reaqciis moTxovnis gaZliereba, pirobiTi msjavrisa da fuladi jarimis gamoyenebisSemcireba sasjelis aRsrulebis dros. 1gansaxilveli drois meore da mesame Sesafasebel monakveTsSoris mocemulia sanqciis gamoyenebis molodinismniSvnelovnad Semcireba erT-erTi danaSaulis – bavSviswvalebis mimarT, amasTan 21-dan 17 danaSaulTan mimarTebaSimniSvnelovani mateba. 2 sanqciaTa gamkacrebis zrda damokidebuliaam drois monakveTSi gadatanili problemebis simZimezeda sazogadoebaSi sakmaod sadiskusio problemebis arsebobaze.ludvigi da kroifli aRniSnavdnen, rom `boloor Sesafasebel drois monakveTs Soris sanqciaTa simkacrismateba ar unda iyos moulodneli. sasjelTa Sefasebisliberalizaciis procesSi, romelic 90-iani wlebis naxevramdefaqtobrivad ar arsebobda, 1995/96 wlebis gamokiTxvisSedegebis mixedviT, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba iqonia sazogadoebaSidamnaSaveobis safrTxis intensiurma Tematizirebam(gansakuTrebiT mediiTa da politikiT). mediis saSualebebiTmoxsenebebma gavlena moaxdina damnaSaveobisa da1 G. Kräupl, H. Ludwig. Wahrnehmung von Kriminalität und Sanktionen.., S. 80;P. Robert, M.-L. Pottier. Le sentiment d’insécurité. Questions Pénales 1998, 11, 3.2 P. Robert, M.-L. Pottier. Le sentiment d’insécurité, S. 58.692

sasjelis Sefasebaze, Tumca es faqti sxvadasxvagvarad mtkicdeboda.1 sanqciaTa Semdgomi gamkacreba moisazreba moqalaqeebismier momavlis rwmenis SemcirebasTan, ufro sworedki momavlis SiSTan konteqstSi.`danaSaulis SiSTan~ erTad, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSisxva safrTxeebTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda,gamoikveTa sxva saSiSroebanic, romlebmac male gauswrodanaSaulis SiSs – danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Sedegadmsxverplad yofnis SiSs. saSiSroebaSi igulisxmeba sazogadoebaSisakmaod gazrdili umuSevroba da, Sesabamisad, samuSaoadgilis dakargvis safrTxe, avadmyofobis mkurnalobisxarjebis anda pensiis gadauxdelobis safrTxe, iseverogorc omis dawyebis SiSi saqarTveloSi. am garemoebebisgamo danaSaulis SiSi iwevs ukana planze da mniSvnelovanixdeba sxva safrTxeebi. amasve aRniSnavs Snaideri. misi azriT,aRmosavleT evropaSi gamoxatuli danaSauli – saSiSroeba– SegrZneba... unda aixsnas msoflios am nawilze komunizmisdacemiT gamowveuli politikuri da ekonomikuriarastabilurobiT. 2 Tuki adamiani qveyanaSi Tavs grZnobs daucveladda sazogadoebriv urTierTobaSi safrTxis qveS,maSin mas midrekileba aqvs imisken, rom damnaSaveebis mimarTgamoyenebuli iqnas mkacri sasjelebi. gansakuTrebulia adamianebismidgoma maSin, roca kargia maTi mdgomareoba daqveyanaSi Tavs daculad da usafrTxod grZnoben.2002 wels CavatareT anonimuri gamokiTxva 84 mamakacmsjavrdebuls, 73 sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebis Tanam-Sromelsa da 195 mosamarTles, prokurors, iusticiis TanamSromels,advokatsa da policiels Soris. am gamokiTxvamgviCvena sakmaod saintereso Sedegi. yovelTvis iuristebisada policielebis daaxloebiT 60% aRiarebda TavisuflebisaRkveTis sisxlissamarTlebriv-prevenciul efeqts. TavisuflebisaRkveTis alternativas rac Seexeba, gamokiTxulTa1 G. Kräupl, H. Ludwig. Wahrnehmung von Kriminalität und Sanktionen im Kontextgesellschaftlicher Transformationen. Freiburg i. Brsg.: iuscrim, 2000, S. 190.2 H. J. Schneider. Kriminologie für das 21. Jahrhundert.., S. 128.693

37,9% maSin fiqrobda, rom isini saqarTveloSi sakmarisadaris gamoyenebuli, mxolod 27,4%, e.i. meoTxedze meti, miiCnevdamis gamoyenebas ufro sasurvelad. 17,9% emxrobamis xSir gamoyenebas. 48,7%, e.i. gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiTnaxevari, miiCnevs, rom saqarTveloSi unda Semcirdes TavisuflebisaRkveTis gamoyenebis wili. 47,7%, e.i. gamokiTxulTasakmaod didi nawili, rasakvirvelia, ase ar fiqrobs.amiT gamokiTxulTa naxevari ar miiCnevda saWirodTavisuflebis aRkveTis Semcirebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom imdroisaTvis cixeebi katastrofulad gadatvirTuli iyomsjavrdebulebiT. 1qarTvel studentTa gamokiTxvis Sedegebi. sxvadasxvaqveyanaSi saerTaSoriso SedarebiTi gamokiTxvis farglebSisaqarTveloSic Catarda SerCeviTi gamokiTxva. gamokiTxvaCatarda SerCeuli qveynebis universitetebis studentebTan.amitom Sedegebi ar aris warmodgenili romelime qveynismTeli mosaxleobis mixedviT, aramed axalgazrda, sakmaodkargad ganaTlebuli macxovreblebis mixedviT, romlebic,rogorc wesi, sxvadasxva qalaqSi cxovroben. saerTaSorisomonacemebis Sedarebisas es unda gaviTvaliswinoT. am gamokiTxvaSiCarTuli aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis, somxeTis,ruseTisa da saqarTvelos, monacemebi, Sesabamisad, srulyofiliver iqneba, magram miRebul Sedegebs SeuZlia mogvceskriminologiisaTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze Sefasebis gake-Tebis safuZveli.TiToeul qveyanaSi gamokiTxva Catarda standartulikiTxvaris meSveobiT, romelic Tavis TematikaSi moicavdasanqciaTa Sefasebas, danaSaulis SiSs da msxverplis gamovlenasdanaSaulebrivi qmedebis dros. gamokiTxva Catardaanonimurad saswavlo jgufebSi sxvadasxva umaRlesi saswavleblissxvadasxva specialobis studentebTan. gamokiTxvebi1 H. Kury, K. Kapanadze. Strafvollzug in Georgien. Ergebnisse einer Umfrage bei Inhaftiertenund Angehörigen der Strafverfolgung. – In: H. Kury (Hrsg.). Strafrecht undKriminalität. Entwicklungen in Mittel- und Osteuropa. Bochum: UniversitätsverlagBrockmeyer, 2004, S. 165-188.694

mimdinareobda 2005-dan 2008 wlamde. saqarTveloSi gamokiTxvaCatarda 2007 da 2008 wlebSi.gamokiTxva Catarda 523 studentTan saqarTvelos Semdeg11 umaRles saswavlebelSi: ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobisTbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, ilia WavWavaZissaxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tbilisis ekonomikururTierTobaTa saxelmwifo universiteti, saqarTvelos saxelmwifosasoflo-sameurneo universiteti, SoTa rusTavelissaxelobis baTumis saxelmwifo universiteti, baTumissazRvao akademia, baTumis damoukidebeli universiteti, bagrationisinstituti q. baTumSi, baTumis konservatoria daxelovnebis instituti, baTumis samedicino-pedagogiuri koleji,Sps Tbilisis universiteti. gamokiTxuli iqna 29specialobis studenti. garda samarTalmcodneobisa gamokiTxuliiqna Semdegi specialobis studentebi: politologia,istoria, samedicino, ucxo ena, ekonomikuri, musika,msaxioboba, xelovnebaTmcodneoba, pedagogika, geografia, safinansosaqme, maTematika, biologia, arqeologia, gamoTvli-Ti teqnika, qimia, turizmi da a.S. qarTvelebTan erTad gamokiTxuliiyvnen rusi da somexi erovnebis studentebi.studentTa umravlesoba iyo marTlmadidebeli qristiani.maT gverdiT iyvnen mahmadianebi da grigorianelebi, aseveramodenime aTeisti.SemdgomSi ganxiluli iqneba sanqciaTa Sefasebis Temisirgvliv gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli mniSvnelovani monacemebi.upirveles yovlisa, warmodgenili iqneba, gamokiTxulTaTvalsazrisiT, naklebi mniSvnelobis danaSaulTa Sedegebi(ramdenadac aseT danaSaulebSi nawilobriv bralimsxverplsac miuZRvis). mniSvnelovania danaSaulebriv qmedebazereaqciis ganxilva, Sesabamisad, sanqciaTa SemoTavazebissaerTaSoriso Sedareba, sanqciaTa srulyofis winadadebebisxvadasxva mZime qmedebisaTvis. sayuradReboa gamokiTxulTaSefasebebi sikvdiliT dasjasTan dakavSirebiT, sikvdiliTdasjis Sefaseba turistonis klasikuri skalis mixedviT(Death Penalty Attitude Scale).danaSaulis Cadenis pirobebi. sayuradReboa is sakiTxi,695

Tu ra pirobebi unda iqnes mxedvelobaSi miRebuli danaSaulisCadenisas, miuZRvis Tu ara msxverpls nawilobrivibrali, aseve Sefaseba kriminaluri qmedebisaTvis gamarTlebulreaqciaze. kiTxvari moicavs im aspeqts, Tu gamokiTxulTaTvalsazrisiT msxverpli ramdenad Tanabraleuliiyo da danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Cadena ramdenad damokidebuliamoulodneli viTarebiT Seqmnil pirobebze. pirvelinaxazidan naTlad Cans msxverplis SesaZlo Tanabraleulobis(danaSaulis Cadenisas brali msxverplsac miuZRvis, radganman gamoiwvia danaSaulis Cadenis winapirobebi) sakiTxisSedegebi (ix. naxazi 1).Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom gamokiTxul studentTa daaxloebiT50% im azrisaa, rom danaSaulis Cadenisasmsxverpls brali ar miuZRvis. mamakacebTan es Seadgens46,3%-s, qalebTan tendenciurad mets – 50,2%-s. Semdegi40% im Tvalsazrisisaa, rom msxverpls `ufro~ ar miuZ-Rvis brali. mxolod 3,5% (kacebi 2,1%, qalebi 3,7%) iziarebsim Tvalsazriss, rom msxverpls miuZRvis brali qmedebisCadenaSi, Semdegi 9,2% mas aniWebsnaxazi 1. `ZiriTadad im azrisa xarT, rom danaSaulebriviqmedebis Cadenisas, dazaralebuls sul cota, nawilobrivmainc miuZRvis brali?~ (saqarTvelo: mTliani gamokiTxvagamijnulia mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris; mniSvneloba:mamakacebi – Savi kvadrati, qalebi – SaviT Semoxazulikvadrati).naxazi 1.696

ufro met Tanabraleulobas. gamokiTxul studentTamxolod 12,7% fiqrobs, rom danaSaulis CadenaSi msxverplsacmiuZRvis brali (Tanabraleulia). amis Sevsebas warmoadgens48,9%-is azri imis Taobaze, rom danaSaulebrivqmedebas ganapirobeben viTarebiT Seqmnili winapirobebi (SeadareTnaxazi 2).naxazi 2. ZiriTadad im azrisa xarT, rom danaSaulebriviqmedebisas viTarebiT Seqmnilma pirobebma ganapirobesqmedebis Cadena?~ (saqarTvelo: mTliani gamokiTxva gamijnuliamamakacebsa da qalebs Soris; mniSvneloba: mamakacebi -Savi kvadrati, qalebi - SaviT Semoxazuli kvadrati).naxazi 2.mamakacebSi es aris gamokiTxulTa 44,2% da qalebSi ki50,9%. Semdegi 33,6% (kacebi 36,9%; qalebi 30,2%) aris immosazrebis, rom viTarebiT Seqmnili winapirobebi `ufrodiax~ mniSvnelobis mqonea danaSaulis CadenisaTvis. amazeuars acxadebs 8,3% (kacebi 7,2%; qalebi 10,0%) gamokiTxulTagan,`ufro aras~ ki fiqrobs danarCeni 9,2% (kacebi11,7%; qalebi 8,9%).msxverplis mosazrebis mixedviT gakeTebuli daskvnebi.damnaSavisaTvis sanqciaTa Sefasebisas mniSvnelovania Tu radaskvnebis ganxorcieleba surs mosaxleobas romelime dana-Saulze. es Seexeba sanqciebs anda zaralis anazRaurebas dasazogadoebrivi wesrigis aRdgenas damnaSavesa da msxverpls697

Soris Sualeduri RonisZiebebis gamoyenebiT. gamokiTxvisdros mocemuli iyo danaSaulisaTvis 8 saxis reagirebisalternativa, romlebic oTxsafexuriani skalis mixedviTunda Sefasebuliyo. Sefaseba iwyeboda `umniSvneloTi~ (Sefaseba= 1), moicavda `ufro umniSvnelos~, `ufro mniSvnelovans~da mTavrdeboda `mniSvnelovaniT~ (Sefaseba = 4).cxrili 1 gviCvenebs miRebul Sedegebs. Sualeduri Sefasebaicvleba 1,0-dan 4,0-mde, amasTan 1,0 niSnavs, rom Sesabamisialternativa Sefasebulia rogorc umniSvnelo da 4,0 aRniSnavsZalian mniSvnelovnad Sefasebas.am cxrilidan naTlad Cans, rom gamokiTxuli studentebi,Tuki isini iqnebodnen danaSaulebrivi qmedebis msxverpli,mocemuli 8 alternatividan yvelaze mniSvnelovnadmiiCneven imas, rom damnaSaves brali daedos da gasamar-Tldes (3,73). Tavisi mniSvnelobiT meore adgils mcireodenigansxvavebiT 3,70 ikavebs damnaSavis mkacrad dasjis moTxovna.mesame adgilze studentebi asaxeleben saerTod damnaSavisgamovlenas (3,61). damnaSavis sisxlissamarTlebrividevnisa da gasamarTlebis es sami alternativa 8 SesaZlebelTaganmniSvnelovani upiratesobiT iqna arCeuli, rac miuTiTebsgamokiTxulTa Sexedulebaze am sakiTxis irgvliv.cxrili 1. `warmoidgineT, rom Tqven momavalSi iqnebiT danaSaulebriviqmedebis msxverpli. ramdenad mniSvnelovani iqneboda TqvenTvis SemdegiSedegi?~ (mTliani gamokiTxva mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris; mniSvneloba:t – testi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris gansxvavebisaTvis).n sul k q k/qdamnaSave gamovlindes 523 3.61 3.51 3.75 n.s.damnaSaves brali daedos da517 3.73 3.54 3.77 n.s.gasamarTldesdamnaSave mkacrad daisajos 521 3.70 3.66 3.75 n.s.damnaSavem aanazRauros materialurizarali528 3.25 3.20 3.28 n.s.damnaSavem bodiSi mogixadoT 528 2.61 2.49 2.78 p

axalgazrda gamokiTxulni mxolod meoTxe adgilze asaxelebenim alternativas, rom daxmarebis adgilebi undazrunavdnen damnaSaveze da misi cxovrebis pirobebze (3,47).mas mosdevs damnaSavis mier materialuri zaralis anazRaurebisalternativa (3,25), Semdeg modis saxelmwifoszrunva msxverplze, materialuri zaralis anazRaureba, rocadamnaSaves amis SesaZlebloba ar aqvs (3,12). naklebi intensivobiTganixileba damnaSavis mier bodiSis moxda (2,61)anda misi iZuleba gamosworebisaTvis (2,21). isini naklebadarian miTiTebuli da Sesabamisad, umniSvnelo rols TamaSobensanqciaTa alternativaSi. es miuTiTebs gamokiTxulTamkafio damokidebulebaze damnaSaveTa mimarT. amave dros gasaTvaliswinebeliais garemoeba, rom damnaSavis braldebada gasamarTleba mniSvnelovani punqtia SefasebaSi, romelic37,3-s aRwevs. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom gamokiTxulebma espunqti yvelaze mniSvnelovnad miiCnies da daasaxeles. gasaocariaisic, rom gamokiTxulTagan mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebi,romlebic tendenciurad mkacr sanqciebzeorientirebulad iTvlebian, imavdroulad miuTiTebdnen damnaSavisaTvisdaxmarebaze. ase gamoxatavdnen isini mamakackolegebTan SedarebiT xSirad damnaSavis mier bodiSis moxdisada damnaSaveze daxmarebis adgilebis zrunvis mniSvnelobas.mkacr reaqciasTan erTad, gamokiTxuli qalebi gamosaxelmwifozrunavsmsxverplze, magaliTad, materialurzarals aanazRaurebs,roca damnaSaves amis SesaZleblobaar aqvsSemiZlia damnaSavesTan Tavisiqmedebis Sefaseba da misiiZuleba gamosworebisaTvisdaxmarebis adgilebi zrunavendamnaSaveze da misi cxovrebispirobebze* p

xataven aseve did mzadyofnas alternatiuli sanqciebisTvisupiratesobis misaniWeblad da damnaSavisaTvis daxmarebisSemosaRebad.sanqciaTa Sesafaseblad gamokiTxulebs miecaT gansxvavebulisaxisa da simZimis danaSaulTa 18 gamogonili Sem-Txveva (aseTia, magaliTad, bileTis gareSe sazogadoebrivitransportis gamoyeneba, e.i. ubileTod mgzavroba, haSiSismoxmareba, pirovnebisaTvis ZaliT xelCanTis gamogleja,qurdoba binaSi SeRweviT anda pirovnebis iZuleba sqesobrivikavSirisaTvis). yvela SemTxvevisaTvis SemoTavazebuliiyo 8 pasuxis alternativa (varianti), romlebic TavianTireaqciis mixedviT dayofili iyvnen 1-dan 8-mde. 1-s Seesabameboda- amaze saxelmwifos reagireba ar sWirdeba da 8-sTavisuflebis aRkveTa. pasuxebis es variantebi dayofiliiyo 3 jgufad: 1-li jgufi iyo araformaluri, arasaxelmwifoebrivireaqcia (amaze saxelmwifos reagireba ar sWirdeba,gafrTxileba sasjelis muqariT), me-2 iyo alternatiulisaxelmwifo reaqcia (damnaSavem mxolod zarali undaaanazRauros, damnaSavem unda imsjelos dazaralebulTanqmedebaze da mis gamosworebaze, saWiro aRar aris sasamar-Tlo ganxilva, damnaSave – msxverpli – kompensacia, sazogadoebrivadsasargeblo samuSao (magaliTad, gasamrjelosgareSe qalaqis dasufTaveba), me-3 iyo formalurad saxelmwifosasjelebi (fuladi jarima, pirobiTi msjavri, TavisuflebisaRkveTa). am dajgufebidan gamomdinareobs SualeduriSefaseba 1-sa da 3-s Soris, rac ufro maRalia Sefaseba,miT ufro mZafria reaqcia.me-2 cxrilSi naCvenebia Sualeduri Sefasebis Sedegebisxvadasxva jgufisaTvis. Tuki yuradRebas mivaqcevT gamokiTxulistudentebis mier yvela jgufisaTvis miniWebulsaSualo mniSvnelobas, vnaxavT sanqciaTa mniSvnelovan Sefasebas.2,0-is qvemoT araviTari Sualeduri Sefaseba ar igulisxmeba,es niSnavs imas, rom arc erT SemTxvevaSi umravlesobamxars ar uWers arasaxelmwifoebriv reaqcias. 18-dan 11 alternativis SemTxvevaSi, e.i. umetesad, SemoTavaze-700

ulia saSualod mkacr sanqciaTa jgufi, e.i. sul cotafuladi jarima mainc. mkacri sanqciebis Taobaze winadadebebiSemoTavazebulia iseTi danaSaulisaTvis, rogoricaa iZulebasqesobrivi kavSirisaTvis (M = Sesabamisad 2,92). masmosdevs, Sedarebis Sesabamisad, winadadeba mkacri sanqciebisSemoRebis Taobaze iseTi danaSaulebisaTvis, rogoricaa pirovnebisdazianeba daniT an cecxlsasroli iaraRiT (M =2,89), ojaxSi bavSvis ise cema, rom mas eqimis mkurnalobasWirdeba (M = 2,81), binaSi SeWra (M = 2,80), avtomanqanisqurdoba (M = 2,79), meorejer binis SemtvreviT qurdobada amasTan televizoris moparva (M = 2,74), ZaliT xel-CanTis gamogleja (M = 2,71), iZuleba sqesobrivi qmedebisaTvis(M = 2,61), cema (M = 2,59) da heroinis moxmareba(M = 2,52). am danaSaulebisaTvis gamokiTxulTa umravlesobagvTavazobs oficialur sanqciebs ara nakleb fuladijarimisa. danarCeni danaSaulebisaTvis studentTa umravlesobagvTavazobs alternatiul sanqciebs, ase, magaliTad,mniSvnelovani alkoholuri zemoqmedebis qveS transportiTmgzavroba (M = 2,39), haSiSis moxmareba (M = 2,29), 250evroze meti Rirebulebis nivTis qurdoba (M = 2,27), policiisaTviswinaaRmdegobis gaweva (M = 2,21), bileTis gareSesazogadoebrivi transportis gamoyeneba (M = 2,20),carieli saxlis dakaveba (M = 2,19) anda daaxloebiT 45evros Rirebulebis nivTis qurdoba (M = 2,13). amiT axalgazrdagamokiTxulebs surT, rom yoveli danaSaulebriviqmedebisaTvis, maT Soris bileTis gareSe sazogadoebrivitransportis gamoyenebisaTvis, oficialuri reaqcia saxelmwifoebrivaddawesdes.meore etapze Cven erTmaneTs SevadareT kacebisa da qalebismier sanqciebis Taobaze SemoTavazebuli winadadebebida SevamowmeT statistikuri gansxvavebis mniSvneloba. aqmocemulia tendenciurad maRali Sefaseba qalebis mier.mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulia Sefasebebi sanqciebis Taobazesxvadasxva sqesis warmomadgenlebs Soris, rasakvirvelia,iseT qmedebebze, rogoricaa vinmes iZuleba sqesobrivi kav-701

SirisaTvis. aseT dro qalebi mkacri sanqciebis SemoRebasemxrobian, vidre mamakacebi. rac Seexeba ZaliT xelCanTisgamoglejasa da avtomanqanis qurdobas, orive SemTxvevaSimamakacebi ufro mkacri sanqciebis SemoRebas emxrobian.Tuki erTmaneTs SevadarebT winadadebebs sanqciebis Taobaze18 SemTxvevisaTvis sikvdiliT dasjis mowinaaRmdegeebsada momxreebs Soris, vnaxavT, rom, rogorc mosalodneliiyo, gamonaklisis garda, rac daniT an cecxlsasroliiaraRiT pirovnebis dazianebas Seexeba, sikvdiliT dasjismomxreebi tendenciurad mkacr sanqciebs amarTleben, vidremowinaaRmdegeni, rac bunebrivia. statistikurad mniSvnelovaniagansxvaveba sami qmedebis dros, esenia: policiisaTviswinaaRmdegobis gaweva, heroinis moxmareba da carieli saxlisdakaveba. am qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi sikvdiliT dasjismomxreebi mniSvnelobas aniWeben mkacr sasjelebs. sikvdiliTdasjis momxreebi mkacri sanqciebis aRiarebiT gviCveneben,rom isini upiratesobas aniWeben damnaSaveTa mkacrad dasjas,amasTan erTad gamoTqvamen TavianT mosazrebas mkacri sanqciebisgaTvaliswinebaze calkeuli danaSaulebisaTvis.cxrili 2. winadadebebi sanqciebis Taobaze winaswar mocemuli sxvadasxvasaxisa da simZimis danaSaulisavis (gamijnulia saerTo jgufi,mamrobiTi, mdedrobiTi, mniSvnelobis gaangariSeba sqesobrivi gansxvavebismixedviT, jgufebis Sedareba sikvdiliT dasjis momxreTa da mowinaaRmdegeTaSoris da orive jgufs Soris gansxvavebis mniSvnelobisgaangariSeba).simTvraleSitransportismarTvabileTis gareSesazogadoebriviX √ k √ qmniSvnelovaniufromniSvneovaniufroumniSneloSedegebi2.39 2.47 2.35 n.s. 2.45 2.32 n.s2.20 2.21 2.19 n.s. 2.27 2.18 n.s.702

transportisgamoyeneba250 evrozemeti RirebulebisnivTisqurdobapoliciisaTviswinaaRmdegobahaSiSis moxmarebabinis SemtvrevaqurdobismizniTvinmes ise cema,rom maseqimi das-Wirdes45 evroze metiRirebulebisnivTisqurdobaheroinis moxmarebaTavisufalisaxlis dakaveba2.27 2.25 2.31 n.s. 2.32 2.15 n.s.2.21 2.15 2.31 n.s. 2.41 2.08 p

levizorisqurdobiTsqesobriviiZuleba ojax-Si2.92 2.87 2.94 n.s. 2.93 2.92 n.s.winadadebebi sanqciebis Taobaze saerTaSoriso SedarebismixedviT. gamokvleva Catarda erTi da imave meTodiT damosaxleobis erTi da imave jgufTan (sxvadasxva specialobisstudentebTan) sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, amitom saqarTveloSimiRebuli Sedegebi Sedarebulia ruseTSi, ukrainasa da germaniaSimiRebul msgavs SedegebTan. TiToeul zemoT dasaxelebulqveyanaSi ar momxdara gamokiTxulTa warmomadgenlobiTiSerCeva. gamokiTxuli iyvnen mxolod studentebi daTanac sxvadasxva qalaqSi gansxvavebuli masStabiT. amiT ganpirobebuliaSedegebis Sedarebis garkveulwilad SezRuduloba.amis Tqmis safuZvels gvaZlevs is garemoeba, rom Ti-Toeul qveyanaSi universitetebis studentTa umravlesobasaxalgazrda adamianebi warmoadgenen da amave dros isini ararian mxolod im qalaqis macxovreblebi, sadac swavloben.me-3 cxrili da me-3 naxazi gviCveneben miRebul SedegebserTi da igive Temis Taobaze, romelic 18 sxvadasxvaSemTxvevas moicavs. SerCeviTi gamokvleva miRebulia saqar-Tvelodan (umeteswilad Tbilisisa da baTumis regionebi),ruseTidan (umeteswilad vladivostokis regioni), ukrainidan(umeteswilad luganskis regioni) da germaniidan (umeteswiladfraiburgis regioni).rogorc me-3 cxrilidan da me-3 naxazidan Cans, ruse-Ti da yofili sabWoTa qveynebi – ukraina da saqarTvelo –germaniasTan (fraiburgi) SedarebiT mkacr Sefasebebs akeTebensanqciebTan dakavSirebiT. Tavis mxriv, sanqciebis TaobazegamoTqmuli winadadebebis mixedviT naTlad Cans, rom18 SemTxvevidan aranakleb 8 SemTxvevaSi fraiburgeli studentebisxva danarCeni sami qveynis studentebTan SedarebiT,tendenciurad msubuq Sefasebebs akeTeben. gamokiTxulifraiburgeli studentebi, sxva sami qveynis gamokiTxul704

studentebTan SedarebiT, mkveTrad emxrobian msubuq sanqciebsiseTi danaSaulebrivi qmedebis CadenisaTvis, rogoricaa:45 evroze meti Rirebulebis nivTis qurdoba, bileTis gareSesazogadoebrivi transportiT mgzavroba, carieli saxlisdakaveba, policiisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva, haSiSismoxmareba, heroinis moxmareba, ZaliT xelCanTis gamogleja.cxrili 3. sanqciebis Taobaze mosazrebebis Sualeduri Sefaseba 18SemTxvevis mixedviT gamokiTxvis adgilTan damokidebulebaSi (SerCeuliaukrainis Sedegebis mixedviT: t – testi saqarTvelosa da germaniasSoris gansxvavebisaTvis).ruseTi ukraina fraiburgi saqarTvelon.s.45 evroze metiRirebulebis niv- 2.15 2.14 1.98 2.13Tis qurdoban.s.250 evroze metiRirebulebis niv- 2.30 2.19 2.30 2.27Tis qurdoba***bileTis gareSesazogadoebrivitransportis gamoyeneba2.21 2.20 1.89 2.17***Tavisufalisaxlis dakaveba2.32 2.29 1.76 2.19n.s.satransportosaSualebiT mTvrali2.58 2.30 2.43 2.39mgzavroban.s.sqesobrivi iZulebaojaxSi2.26 2.33 2.41 2.36n.s.policiisaTviswinaaRmdegoba2.04 2.38 2.04 2.21***haSiSis moxmareba2.36 2.38 1.76 2.29***heroinis moxmareba2.58 2.65 2.14 2.52n.s.sqesobrivi kav-Siris iZuleba2.57 2.65 2.78 2.61n.s.vinmes ise cema, 2.73 2.68 2.64 2.5945. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi705

om mas eqimi das-Wirdesn.s. bavSvis cema 2.79 2.68 2.76 2.81n.s. meorejer binisSemtvreva televizoris2.74 2.72 2.79 2.74qurdobiTn.s. ZaliT xelCan-Tis gamogleja2.67 2.75 2.59 2.71n.s. binis Semtvrevaqurdobis mizniT2.85 2.82 2.71 2.80n.s. avtomanqanisqurdoba2.80 2.82 2.75 2.79n.s. Zaladoba 2.88 2.83 2.91 2.92n.s. janmrTelobisdazianeba cecxlsasroli2.88 2.87 2.91 2.90iaraRiT* p

iT mZime danaSaulebisaTvis, romlebic nebismier msxverplsmniSvnelovnad azianebs. aq igulisxmeba sqesobrivi danaSaulebi,rogoricaa vinmes iZuleba sqesobrivi kavSirisaTvisda colis iZuleba sqesobrivi kavSirisaTvis. aRsaniSnaviais garemoeba, rom germaniaSi bolo wlebSi aqtualuriamsjeloba sqesobrivi danaSaulis irgvliv, upirveles yovlisa,colis sqesobrivi kavSirisaTvis iZulebis Semadgenlobaze,romlis dasjadoba (sanqcia) ufro gamkacrda.msjelobis sagani iyo da kvlav rCeba sqesobrivi danaSauliarasrulwlovanTa winaaRmdeg. am danaSaulTan dakavSirebiTgakeTebul moxsenebebSi yovelTvis iyo moTxovna mkacrisanqciebis gamoyenebaze. aqve mxedvelobaSi iyo miRebuli amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis magaliTi. 1naxazi 3: sanqciebis Taobaze mosazrebebis Sualeduri Sefaseba 18 Sem-Txvevis mixedviT gamokiTxvis adgilTan damokidebulebaSi (SerCeuliaukrainis Sedegebis mixedviT; t – testi saqarTvelosa da germaniasSoris gansxvavebisaTvis).sikvdiliT dasjis Sefaseba. Sefasebis gasagebad da gasaanalizebladgamoviyeneT klasikuri gziT dasmuli kiTxvasikvdiliT dasjis gamosakvlevad. sikvdiliT dasjis sakiTximeTodurad sakmaod problematuria iseT qveynebSi, sadacigi ukve gauqmebulia. aseTia, magaliTad, germania, sadac1949 wlidan sikvdiliT dasja aRar gamoiyeneba. aSS-SidReisaTvis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti sikvdiliT dasjis1 K. Beckett, T. Sasson. The Politics of Injustice. Crime and Punishment in America. ThousandOaks: Sage. 2004.707

momxrea, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi sisxlissamarTlebrivprevenciuliefeqti sadaoa. rogorc istoria gviCvenebs, amumkacresi sanqciis momxreebi SeiZleba SerCeuli iqnes saprezidentoarCevnebisas. aSS-s axali prezidenti winasaar-Cevno kampaniis periodSi Tavis amomrCevlebTan erTad saswrafodmiemxro sikvdiliT dasjas da gaakritika sasamar-Tlo gadawyvetileba. es Seexeboda aSS-s umaRlesi sasamar-Tlos 2008 wlis 25 ivlisis ganaCens, roca sasamarTlomSexeduleba Secvala da arasrulwlovanTan uxeSi formiTsqesobrivi ZaladobisaTvis sikvdiliT dasja gamarTlebuladar miiCnia. aSS-Si iSviaTad gamoiyeneba sikvdiliT dasjaarasrulwlovanis gaupatiurebisaTvis, umeteswiladmkvlelobisaTvis. Temis sakmaod maRali emociurobis, aqtualobisgamo, reagirebdnen prezidentobis orive kandidativaSingtonis sasamarTlos am gadawyvetilebaze. obama gamoTqvamdaTavis damokidebulebas am gadawyvetilebaze. 1988wels mixeil dukakisi iyo sikvdiliT dasjis bolo mowinaaRmdege,romelmac demokratebidan prezidentobisaTvis brZolawamoiwyo. igi damarcxda. miuxedavad imisa, rom obamaaSS-s axal istoriul dasawyiss hpirdeboda, igi sikvdiliTdasjis gauqmebas SeewinaaRmdega. 1romelime qveynis mosaxleobis mier umkacresi sanqciis– sikvdiliT dasjis mxardaWera didad aris damokidebuliimaze, rom es sasjeli praqtikaSi jer kidev gamoiyeneba,Tu ukve didi xania gauqmebulia. mniSvnelovania aseve presismeSveobiT gakeTebul moxsenebebSi mis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulimosazrebebi. rogorc aRvniSneT, germaniaSi sikvdiliTdasja gauqmda meore msoflio omis Semdeg 1949 wels. parlamentissabWos gadawyvetilebamde cota xniT adre germanelimosaxleobis gamokiTxvam gviCvena, rom maSin germanel-Ta sami meoTxedi emxroboda sikvdiliT dasjis SenarCunebas.miuxedavad amisa, sikvdiliT dasja gauqmda gabeduli1 M. Günther. Ein Urteil mit Folgen für den Wahlkampf. Die Bewerber um das US-Präsidentenamt wollen die Todesstrafe für Kinderschänder. – Badische Zeitung vom 27.Juni 2008, S. 5.708

politikuri gadawyvetilebiT, ra drosac mxedvelobaSi miiResnacisturi danaSaulebi meore msoflio omamde da omisganmavlobaSi. Semdgom wlebSi mosaxleoba ufro da ufroemxroboda da iwonebda am gadawyvetilebas. bolos mosaxleobisdaaxloebiT erTi mesamedi uWerda mxars sikvdiliTdasjas.moqalaqeebi TandaTan swavlobdnen, rom damnaSaveobas-Tan brZola SeiZleba klasikuri sasjelisgan gansxvavebulialternatiuli sanqciebiTac. zogierT SemTxvevaSi es ukeTesia,radgan ziani gacilebiT mcirea, vidre mkacri sanqciebisdros. sikvdiliT dasjisa da zogadad sanqciebis Sefasebadamokidebulia, upirveles yovlisa, qveyanaSi sanqciebisSesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebisa da misi gamoyenebis gamocdilebismdgomareobaze. radgan yofil sabWoTa qveynebSisakmaod mkacri sanqciebi gamoiyeneboda, amitom ar unda iyosgasakviri is garemoeba, rom dResac aq batonobs sanqciebisTaobaze sakmaod mkacri Sefasebebi. 1kiTxvaze - `emxrobiT Tu ara sikvdiliT dasjis arsebobasgarkveuli danaSaulebisaTvis?~ - saqarTveloSi yvelagamokiTxul studentTagan 76,1% pasuxobda `diax~-s (ix.naxazi 4). am sanqciisadmi mxardaWera TiTqmis erTnairadmaRalia kacebsa (77,2%) da qalebSi (75,4%). gansxvaveba kiTiTqmis umniSvneloa. gamokiTxul studentTa sam meoTxedzemeti emxroba sikvdiliT dasjas, rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebsSefardebiT maRal Sefasebaze.naxazi 4: `emxrobiT zogierTi danaSaulisaTvis sikvdiliT dasjis arsebobas?~(saqarTvelo: saerTo raodenoba, N = 532; %-Si gaangariSebuliasqesis mixedviT mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris).1 H. Kury, K. Kapanadze. Strafvollzug in Georgien.., S. 165-188; H. Kury, N. Keller,U. Mitter, N. Rahmati, (). Verbrechensfurcht, Punitivität und Einstellung zur Polizei.Ergebnisse einer Umfrage in Aserbaidschan. – In: H. Kury, E. Karimov (Hrsg.).Kriminalität und Kriminalprävention in Ländern des Umbruchs. Beiträge einer InternationalenKonferenz in Baku/Aserbaidschan. Bochum: Universitätsverlag Brockmeyer,2006, S. 415-486; P. Robert, M.-L. Pottier. Le sentiment d’insécurité. Questions Pénales1998, 11, 3.709

naxazi 4kiTxvaze – romeli danaSaulis CadenisaTvis emxrobiansikvdiliT dasjis sasjelad gaTvaliswinebas? – 66,7%-madaasaxela mkvleloba (kacebi 68,4%; qalebi 65,2%). 64,9%aseT danaSaulad Tvlis terorizms (63,2%; 68,1%); adamianismotaceba gamoZalvis mizniT, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba daasaxela35,2%-ma; narkotikebiT organizebuli vaWroba –37,1% (Sesabamisad k – 38,8%; q – 36,2%); SeiaraRebuliyaCaRoba 29,1% (k – 26,6%; q – 32,2%), saxelmwifos Ralati– 16,3% (k – 20,1%; q – 11,2%) da 1,8% xanZris ga-Cena (k – 1,9%; q – 1,6%) (SeadareT naxazi 5). sakvirveliar unda iyos is garemoeba, rom sikvdiliT dasja gamar-Tlebulad aris miCneuli iseTi danaSaulebisTvis, rogoricaamkvleloba da terorizmi. isini gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulebia.gamokiTxul studentTa 37,1%-ze meti sikvdiliTdasjas gamarTlebul sasjelad Tvlis aseve narkotikebiTorganizebuli vaWrobisaTvis, rac dakavSirebuliaqveyanaSi aralegalurad narkotikebis arsebobis mcire gamocdilebasTanda problemis siaxlesTan.naxazi 5: zogierTi danaSaulisaTvis sikvdiliT dasjis gaTvaliswinebismxardaWera (saqarTvelo: %-Si gaangariSebulia sqesis mixedviT mamakacebsada qalebs Soris).710

naxazi 5.sikvdiliT dasjis diferencirebuli SefasebisaTvismocemulia 1932 wels aSS-Si turstonis mier ganviTarebuligamokiTxvis furceli 24 TemiT (sakiTxiT). es gvaZlevsgamokiTxulTa sikvdiliT dasjis Taobaze Sexedulebis diferencirebulsuraTs. kiTxvarSi sikvdiliT dasjis Senar-Cunebisa Tu gauqmebis sakiTxis kvleva mocemulia `standartuliTematikiT~, romelic ar moicavs Sesabamisi pasuxisdetalurad gaSuqebas.cxrili 4: `qvemoT moyvanilia zogierTi gamoTqma sikvdiliT dasjas-Tan dakavSirebiT. gTxovT, gadawyvitoT TqvenTvis, eTanxmebiT Tu araam gamoTqmebs da aRniSnoT Sesabamisi pasuxi~ (turstonis 1932 wliskiTxvari).SesaZlebelia, sikvdiliTdasjis gamoyenebaarasworia,magram igi damnaSaveobissaukeTesoveTanxmebik/ veTanxmebiq/ veTanxmebitesti56.8 54.3 58.9 n.s.711

prevenciaasikvdiliT dasjaabsoluturad gaumarTlebeliame vfiqrob, sikvdiliTdasja saWiroa,magram visurvebdi,rom is ar yofiliyonebismierma adamianma– qalma Tu kacma,axalgazrdam Tumoxucma, romelicmkvlelobas Caidens,pasuxi unda agossakuTari sicocxlisfasadsikvdiliT dasjaarasworia, magramaucilebelia Cveniarasakmarisad ganvi-Tarebuli civilizaciisaTvisyvela damnaSavesikvdiliT undadaisajossikvdiliT dasjaarasdros ar yofilaefeqturi saSualebadamnaSaveobis aRsakveTadme ar vamarTlebsikvdiliT dasjas,magram ar var darwmunebuli,rom issaWiro ar arisCven gvWirdeba sikvdiliTdasja zogierTidanaSaulisaTvisme vfiqrob, samarcxvinoboZze gak-26.9 28.1 23.2 n.s.37.2 42.5 35.1 p

vris kvlav SemoRebaufro efeqturi iqneboda,vidre sikvdiliTdasjame vamarTleb sikvdiliTdasjas yovelgvaripirobebisgareSesikvdiliT dasja araris saWiro Tanamedrovecivilizacia-Siar SeiZleba CvenviTvlebodeT civilizebuladmanam,sanam gvaqvs sikvdiliTdasjauvado TavisuflebisaRkveTa ufro efeqturia,vidre sikvdiliTdasjadamnaSaveTa sikvdiliTdasjasircxvilia civilizebulisazogadoebisaTvissikvdiliT dasjagamarTlebuli dasaWiroame ar vamarTlebsikvdiliT dasjas,magram praqtikuladSeuZlebelia misigauqmebasikvdiliT dasjadamnaSaves aZlevsimas, rac man daimsaxurasikvdiliT dasjaaris Cveni saukunissaSineli praqtika18.1 16.9 18.9 n.s.28.7 25.1 31.2 p< .0131.5 35.3 29.3 p

ukidures SemTxvevaSi yvela gamokiTxulTa 83,0% (kacebi86,2%; qalebi 81,2%) gamoTqvams im mosazrebas, romsikvdiliT dasja unda gamoiyenebodes zogierTi danaSaulisaTvis.59,2% (kacebi 58,1%; qalebi 61,3%) im azrisaa,rom sikvdiliT dasja `gamarTlebuli da aucilebelia~. asevebevri (kacebi 59,1%; qalebi 58,2%) fiqrobs, rom sikvdiliTdasja damnaSaves `miscems imas, rac man daimsaxura~.maqsimum 38,2% (kacebi 37,1%; qalebi 40,2%) fiqrobs, rom`sikvdiliT dasja ufro xSirad unda gamoiyenebodes, vidreamJamad aris~. 25,7% (kacebi 27,0%; qalebi 24,4%), gamokiTxulstudentTagan yoveli meoTxe, gamoTqvams mosazrebas,rom yoveli damnaSave sikvdiliT unda daisajos.am mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, sakmaod Zlieria mkacrisanqciebiT daSinebis politikis mxardaWera, e.i. warmodgenaimisa, rom sikvdiliT dasjis msgavsi mkacri sanqciebiT SesaZlebeliamZime da gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulTa Semcireba.ase fiqrobs 56,8% (kacebi 54,3%; qalebi 58,9%), e.i.gamokiTxulTa naxevarze sakmaod meti, rom `SesaZlebeliasikvdiliT dasjis gamoyeneba arasworia, magram igi danaSasaxelmwifomamiTxeli ar unda SeuwyosadamianTa cxovrebisRirsebis(siwmindeebis) ganadgurebasCemTvis araviTarigansxvaveba ar arisimaSi, gvaqvs Tu arasikvdiliT dasjasikvdiliT dasjagamarTlebuliamxolod ganzraxmkvlelobisaTvissikvdiliT dasjaufro xSirad undagamoiyenebodes, vidreamJamad aris43.9 38.6 44.7 p

ulebriobis saukeTeso prevenciaa~. garda amisa, saubariadamnaSavisaTvis SurisZiebaze, samagieros mizRvaze, roca gamokiTxulTadaaxloebiT 59,1% fiqrobs, rom `sikvdiliTdasja damnaSaves aZlevs imas, rac man daimsaxura~. 37,4%(kacebi 39,2%; qalebi 34,9%) im azrisaa, rom `nebismiermapirovnebam – qalma Tu kacma, axalgazrdam Tu moxucma, romelicmkvlelobas Caidens, pasuxi unda agos sakuTari sicocxlisfasad~.gamokiTxul studentTa umciresoba TematikaTa meorejgufSi gamoTqvams eWvs sikvdiliT dasjis gamarTlebis andadadebiTi zemoqmedebis mniSvnelobaze. 37,2% (kacebi42,5%; qalebi 35,1%) aRniSnavs, rom `sikvdiliT dasja sa-Wiroa, magram visurvebdi, rom is ar yofiliyo~. 52,1% (kacebi53,2%; qalebi 51,3%) fiqrobs, rom `sikvdiliT dasjaaris araswori, magram aucilebeli Cveni arasakmarisad ganviTarebulicivilizaciisaTvis~. 30,8% (kacebi 31,7%; qalebi29,4%) ar amarTlebs sikvdiliT dasjas, `magram araris darwmunebuli, rom is saWiro ar aris~. 62,4% (kacebi63,2%; qalebi 62,1%) aRniSnavs, rom sikvdiliT dasja gamarTlebuliamxolod ganzrax mkvlelobisaTvis. 27,0% (kacebi27,1%; qalebi 26,9%) fiqrobs, rom `samarcxvino boZzegakvris kvlav SemoReba ufro efeqturi iqneboda, vidresikvdiliT dasja~. 35,1% (kacebi 31,3%; qalebi 38,3%) adasturebsim mosazrebas, rom `uvado Tavisuflebis aRkveTaufro efeqturia, vidre sikvdiliT dasja~. 29,3% (kacebi31,7%; qalebi 26,9%) ar amarTlebs sikvdiliT dasjis arsebobas,magram praqtikulad SeuZleblad miaCnia misi gauqmeba.aq mocemulia savaraudo politikuri winaaRmdegobasikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. qveyanaSi,sadac aseTi sanqcia umravlesobis mier amJamadacmxardaWeriT sargeblobs da Sefasebulia rogorc saWiro,sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmeba yovelTvis winaaRmdegobasTan iqnebadakavSirebuli. amis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens aSS,sadac sikvdiliT dasja jer kidev gamoiyeneba. dRemde vermoxerxda, rom gauqmebuliyo es arahumanuri da moralurad715

gaumarTlebeli saxelmwifo sanqcia. 1gamokiTxul studentTa mcire jgufi gamoTqvams Tavisnegatiur damokidebulebas sikvdiliT dasjasTan dakavSirebiT,uaryofs mas nawilobriv an mTlianad da miiCnevs arahumanurad.gamokiTxulTa 26,9% (kacebi 28,1%; qalebi23,2%) aRniSnavs, rom `sikvdiliT dasja absoluturad gaumarTlebelia~.18,1% (kacebi 16,9%; qalebi 18,9%) aRniSnavs,rom araviTar garemoebebSi ar emxroba sikvdiliT dasjas,e.i. sikvdiliT dasja arc erTi garemoebis gamo ar miaCniagamarTlebulad da saWirod. 38,9% (kacebi 42,0%; qalebi37,3%) fiqrobs, rom `sikvdiliT dasja ar SeiZlebaCaiTvalos normalur, gonivrul meTodad damnaSaveobasTandamokidebulebaSi~. 36,9% (kacebi 34,7%; qalebi 37,1%) gamoTqvamenmosazrebas, rom sikvdiliT dasja arasdros aryofila efeqturi instrumenti damnaSaveobis aRsakveTad.gamokiTxulTa mesamedi, zogjer ki metic, miuTiTebssikvdiliT dasjasTan dakavSirebul moralur mosazrebebzeda Sesabamisad mis Seusabamobaze Tanamedrove civilizacias-Tan. 28,7% (kacebi 25,1%; qalebi 31,2%) aRniSnavs, romsikvdiliT dasja `ar aris saWiro Tanamedrove civilizaciaSi~.31,5%, e.i. gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT mesamedze cotameti (kacebi 35,3%; qalebi 29,3%) im mosazrebisaa, rom`ar SeiZleba Cven civilizebulad viTvlebodeT manam, sanamgvaqvs sikvdiliT dasja~. araumetes 30,7% (kacebi 29,9%;qalebi 31,1%) gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom damnaSaveTa sikvdiliTdasja sircxvilia civilizebuli sazogadoebisaTvis.aseve sakmaod bevri 34,4% (kacebi 32,5%; qalebi 35,7%) aRniSnavs,rom sikvdiliT dasja aris `Cveni saukunis saSinelipraqtika~. araumetes 43,9% (kacebi 38,6%; qalebi44,7%) miuTiTebs imis Taobaze, rom `saxelmwifom amiT xeliar unda Seuwyos adamianTa cxovrebis Rirsebis (siwmindeebis)ganadgurebas~.es TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs, rom saqarTveloSi gamokiTxulistudentebi umeteswilad mxars uWeren sikvdiliT1 www.deathpenaltyinfo.org716

dasjis arsebobas, rac nawilobriv ganpirobebulia `samar-Tlianobis~ SegrZnebiT da nawilobriv ki imis rwmeniT, romes aucilebelia damnaSaveobis gasakontroleblad. meoremxriv, gamokiTxulTa mesamedze meti uaryofs sikvdiliTdasjas moralur safuZvelze dayrdnobiT da im garemoebisgaTvaliswinebiT, rom igi ar warmoadgens damnaSaveobis Sesustebisefeqtur saSualebas. Tuki yuradRebas gavamaxvilebTdiferencirebul TiToeul Temaze sqesobrivi niSnismixedviT, vnaxavT, rom 24-dan 7 sakiTxSi mniSvnelovaniamamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi sqesis studentebis mier gakeTebuliSefasebebis gansxvaveba. gamokiTxuli mamakacebi qaleb-Tan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad emxrobian Semdeg gamoTqmebs:`me vfiqrob, sikvdiliT dasja saWiroa, magram visurvebdi,rom is ar yofiliyo~ (42,5% 35,1%-Tan SedarebiT; p

wilad mkacr sanqciebs, maT Soris sikvdiliT dasjasac, ma-Ti Tanatoli dasavleTis qveynebis studentebTan SedarebiT.SeiZleba gamonaklisad miviCnioT aSS, sadac aseve batonobssanqciaTa mkacri Sefaseba, ufro zustad ki – mkacri sanqciebis(sasjelebis) mxardaWera. roca axalgazrda da sakmaodkargad ganaTlebuli adamianebi sanqciaTa mkacr SefasebebsakeTeben, unda vivaraudoT, rom mkacr sanqciaTa politikismomxreTa ricxvi naklebad ganaTlebuli da asakovanimosaxleobis jgufebSi kidev ufro maRali iqneba.mkacr sanqciaTa politikis mxardaWera ganpirobebuliatradiciiTac. is, rac sazogadoebaSi `ukve mudmivad~ gamoiyeneboda,ar SeiZleba iyos cudi da SesaZloa kvlavac undadarCes. vin icis, iqneb damnaSaveoba mkveTrad ar gaizardosda Semcirdes mkacri sanqciebis gamo. dasavleTis qveynebisgamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom damnaSaveobis intensivoba, upirvelesyovlisa, ki gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulTa intensiuroba,damokidebulia bevr sazogadoebriv faqtorze da naklebad,wesisamebr, qveyanaSi damkvidrebuli da gamoyenebulisanqciebis simkacreze. amaze miuTiTebs aSS-s sanqciaTa politikisdiferencirebuli analizi da damnaSaveobis ganviTareba.aseve fineTis magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom damnaSaveobis intensiurobaar izrdeba naklebad mkacr sanqciaTa politikisgamo. mkacri sanqciebiT daSinebis efeqti aSkarad amcirebsmZime danaSaulTa Cadenas, magram maT mimarT umkacresi sanqciebismeSveobiT sasurvelia damnaSaveobis Semcireba. 1mkacr sanqciaTa politikis mxardaWera, rogorc zemoTaRvniSneT, upirveles yovlisa, eyrdnoba mcdar warmodgenasimaze, rom SeZlebisdagvarad mkacri sanqciebis saSualebiTSesaZlebelia damnaSaveobis Semcireba. amave dros, uaxloesperiodSi Catarebuli farTomasStabiani gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs,rom mZime danaSaulTa raodenoba naklebad da SeiZleba1 H. Kury, H. Kania, J. Obergfell-Fuchs. Worüber sprechen wir, wenn wir über Punitivitätsprechen? Versuch einer konzeptionellen und empirischen Begriffsbestimmung.– Kriminologisches Journal, 8. Beiheft, 2004: Punitivität, hrsg. von R. Lautmann,D. Klinke, F. Sack. S. 51-88.718

iTqvas, rom saerTod ar mcirdeba mkacr sanqciaTa gamoyenebismuqariT. dilingim da sxvebma, sanqciaTa damaSinebeli zemoqmedebisTaobaze farTomasStabiani meta-analizuri gamokvlevissafuZvelze daadgines, rom sikvdiliT dasjas danaSaulisCadenisgan Tavis SekavebisaTvis mcire efeqti aqvs. 1saqarTveloSi Catarebuli gamokvlevis Sedegebma gviCvena,rom gamokiTxul studentTa mniSvnelovani nawilimkacr sanqciaTa, maT Soris sikvdiliT dasjis Sefasebisasgansxvavebul azrs gamoxatavs. zogierTi icavs im mosazrebas,rom sikvdiliT dasjis gamoyeneba ar iqneboda moraluradgamarTlebuli, magram igi unda gamoiyenebodes gansakuTrebiTmZime danaSaulis Sesamcireblad. aq saubaria sazogadoebisgaTviTcnobierebaze mkacri sanqciebis araefeqturizemoqmedebis Taobaze gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSauleb-Tan mimarTebaSi da damnaSaveobasTan alternatiuli damokidebulebisSesaZleblobaze.sabWoTa periodSi daculi iyo devizi, rom damnaSaveobazemkacri reagireba unda momxdariyo da roca igi gavlenasver axdenda, maSin sanqciebi kidev ufro unda gamkacrebuliyo.am devizis alogikurobas naTlad gviCvenebsCvens mier Catarebuli gamokvleva. gasaTvaliswinebelia isgaremoebac, rom sanqciaTa Sefasebis Sedegi damokidebuliagamokiTxvis Sesabamis meTodze. imisda mixedviT, Tu romelimeTodi iqneba gamoyenebuli sazogadoebrivi azris gasagebad,miviRebT gansxvavebul Sedegebs. 2 momavali wlebis kriminologiurigamokvlevis amocana unda iyos saqarTveloSimniSvnelovani Sedegebis miReba da damnaSaveobasTan brZolisaTvisSeZlebisdagvarad racionaluri da monacemebze dafuZnebulibazisis Seqmna. sisxlissamarTlebrivi sanqciebisaRsruleba TanxebTan aris dakavSirebuli da vis mimarTacxorcieldeba, xSirad maT ojaxebs sakmao zians ayenebs. am-1 D. Dölling, H.Entorf, D. Hermann, T. Rupp. (2009). Is deterrence effective? Resultsof a meta-analysis of punishment. – In: H. Kury (Hrsg.). Punitivity around theworld. – European Journal of Criminology and Criminal Policy, Special issue. In Print.2 H. Kury. Zu Punitivität und der Validität der Erfassung.., S. 395-415.719

itom, isini, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba gaxdnen axali danaSauliswarmoSobis xelSemwyobi faqtorebi. 1 msgavs sakiTxebzemogviTxrobs diteri Tavis moxsenebaSi, romelic qveyanaSisikvdiliT dasjis gazrdil xarjebs Seexeba. 2Tanamedrove qveyanaSi damnaSaveobasTan brZola undamimdinareobdes SeZlebisdagvarad racionaluri, qmediTi me-TodiT da ara Zveli `miTiT~ mkacri sanqciebis qmediTobisTaobaze. Cvens mier am sakiTxis Seswavla aris sanqciaTa SefasebisTaobaze gamokvlevis dasawyisi. sazogadoebis Sefasebaarsebuli informaciebis Taobaze SeiZleba Seicvalos.momavlisaTvis unda gaviTvaliswinoT mosaxleobis informirebaara mxolod imis Taobaze, Tu ras fiqroben isini, aramedimazec, Tu ra aris damnaSaveobasTan efeqturi brZolisaTvisqmediTi da racionaluri.1 H. Kury, J. Kern. Frauen und Kinder von Inhaftierten. Eine vergessene Gruppe. –Kriminologisches Journal 35, 2003a, S. 97-110; H. Kury, J. Kern. Angehörige von Inhaftierten– zu den Nebeneffekten des Strafvollzugs. – Zeitschrift für Strafvollzug undStraffälligenhilfe 52, 2003b, S. 269-278.2 R. C. Dieter. Testimony before the Maryland Commission on Capital Punishment.2008. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/MDTestinomy08.pdf.720

HELMUT KURY, MICHEIL WUERGER,EDISHER PHUTKARADZECRIMINAL SANCTIONS IN THE ESTIMATIONOF THE GEORGIAN STUDENTSThe work deals with the analysis of the criminal sanctions in the estimationof the Georgian students. The research of the criminal sanctionsin the light of comparative analysis is quite indisputable. The similar studyhave been carried in Georgia and other countries, such as Germany,Russia, the Ukraine, etc. In various higher-educational institutes of Georgia,mainly in Tbilisi and Batumi, the students of about 29 specialitieshave been questioned with regard to criminal sanctions. The present articlerepresents the outcome of such an inquiry. The article also deals withthe detailed analysis of the circumstances in which crimes are committed,the conclusions made by the victims of the crimes, the deductions and therecommendations concerning the sanctions from the standpoint of internationaljuxtaposition. As for the capital punishment the inquiry hasshown that part of the students are in favour of such penalty, others areagainst it considering that death penalty for any kind of crime is absolutelyunwarranted. The present research will promote development of thecomparative criminal law and criminology. It offers interesting sequels ofcooperation of the Georgian and German scientists.46. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi721

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriap e d a g o g i k aguranda gabuniavaleologiuri aRzrda skolamdeliasakis bavSvebSiTanamedrove etapze bavSvTa janmrTelobis prevenciaerT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuri problemaa. sazogadoebriviSekveTis Sesrulebisas skolamdeli dawesebulebebi sruladpasuxismgebelia XXI saukunis adamianis aRzrdaze – adamianiunda iyos fizikurad, moralurad da sulierad janmrTeli,yovelmxriv da harmoniulad ganviTarebuli. sworedamitom mozardi Taobis cxovrebis jansaRi wesiT aRzrdaunda ganixilebodes ukve sabavSvo baRidan, rogorcganaTlebis humanizaciis prioritetuli mimarTuleba, radganrealur cxovrebaSi adamianis janmrTeloba mTlianadaris damokidebuli ramdenad warmatebiT moxerxdeba CamoyalibdesjanmrTeli cxovrebis unarebi adreuli asakSi. 1cxovrebis jansaRi wesi aris, upirveles yovlisa,cxovrebis aqtiuri, kulturuli wesi, humanuri da civilizebuli,romelic uSualo kavSirSia adamianis janmrTelobasada dRegrZelobasTan, keTildReobasa da bednierebasTan.es aris ubralod cxovrebis pozicia, adamianis qceva daSemoqmedeba, mimarTuli sakuTari janmrTelobis ganmtkicebisken.cxovrebis jansaRi wesis gansakuTrebuli aqtualobagamowveulia adamianis organizmze sxvadasxva saxis datvir-Tvis gazrda-cvlilebiT, rac, Tavis mxriv, ganpirobebuliasazogadoebrivi cxovrebis garTulebiT, teqnogenuri, eko-1 Э. Н. Вайнер. Валеология. Учебник для вузов. М., 2001, gv. 4-15.722

logiuri, fsiqologiuri, politikuri Tu saomari xasiaTisriskTa matebiT, adamianis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis negatiuriZvrebis maprovocirebel faqtorTa gamravlebiT. 1skolamdel asakSi mizanmimarTuli pedagogiuri zemoqmedebisSedegad xdeba janmrTelobis, sicocxlisa da sxvasaWiro Tvisebebis formireba, rac aucilebelia pirovnebissruli da harmoniuli ganviTarebisaTvis. sworad organizebulisaganmanaTleblo da pedagogiur moRvaweoba, ufro metadvidre samedicino-higienuri RonisZiebebi, sabavSvo ba-RebSi uzrunvelyofs srulyofil janmrTelobas, xels uSlisbavSvis daavadebebis ganviTarebas adreul etapebze.janmrTeli bavSvebis aRzrda uzrunvelyofili unda iyosSemdegi aucilebeli pirobebiT:1. maswavleblebis mzadyofna ganaxorcielon bavSvTavaleologiuri ganaTleba;2. pirovnul-orientirebuli urTierTqmedeba ufrossada bavSvs Soris saswavlo programebis aTvisebisprocesSi;3. mSoblebis aqtiuri monawileoba saswavlo procesSi;4. pedagogis mier mWidro kavSiris damyareba skol-Tan, sazogadoebriv organizaciebTan, damatebiTiganaTlebis dawesebulebebTan.am problemis kargad gaazrebis Semdeg, aucileblad mimaCniaTanamedrove skolamdeli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebisaxali strategiis formireba, romelSic janmrTelobaiqneba ganaTlebis mniSvnelovani komponenti. mniSvnelovanisaganmanaTleblo amocana unda iyos aRvzardoT valeologiuradganaTlebuli adamiani. aucilebelia romelimesabavSvo baRSi Catardes eqsperimenti da mTlianad valeologiissafuZvlebze aigos pedagogiuri procesi, e.i. mivusadagoTigi bavSvis janmrTelobis dacvis, fizikuri da yo-1 T. gocaZe. cxovrebis jansaRi wesi, arsi da principebi, _ ix. el.versia: http://mkurnali.ambebi.ge/index.php/component/content/article/36-2008-10-1-3-11-46-08/2432-ckhovrebis-jansaghi-tsesi-arsi-da-principebi.html.723

velmxrivi ganviTarebis erTian moTxovnebs. skolamdeli dawesebulebispersonalis mier Setanil iqnes saswavlo procesSijanmrTelobis damcveli da janmrTelobis SemcveliTanamedrove teqnologiebi. unda Seiqmnas baga-baRebSi bav-SvTa sruli ganviTarebisa da srulyofis yvela piroba:zamTris baRi, musikaluri darbazi, sportuli darbazi, sacuraoauzi, fito-bari, ultraiisferi WaRebi, romlebicwmenden da amdidreben haers ionebiT, eqimis kabineti, fizioTerapiis,masaJis oTaxi, saproceduro oTaxi, izolatoriavadmyofi bavSvebisaTvis, koreqciuli centri (logopedi,pedagogi-valeologi, fsiqologi), bavSvTa pediatri. 1skolamdel dawesebulebebSi bavSvTa reabilitaciismizniT saWiroa medikamentozuri profilaqtika, kompleqsurisamedicino gamokvlevebi specialisti eqimebis monawileobiT,Catardes recidivis sawinaaRmdego Terapiis kursebixSirad avadmyofi bavSvebisaTvis, medikamentozuri mkurnaloba,saerTo da wertilovani masaJi, inhalaciebi, sunTqvi-Ti varjiSebi, centralizebuli uzrunvelyofa odiT da vitaminiC. aucilebelia Catardes gasakaJebeli procedurebida kvarcis procedurebi zamTarSi bavSvebis imunitetis gaumjobesebismizniT.tubinficirebulebisaTvis Catardes qimioprofilaqtikada mkurnaloba tubpreparatebiT eqimi ftzitris receptiT.Catardes samjeradi laboratoriuli gamokvlevebi, araspecifikurizogadi profilaqtika, gamakaJebeli procedurebi(haeris abazana, sveli dazelva, fexebis kontrastuli dasveleba),fizioTerapiuli RonisZiebebi, eqimis daniSnulebiTyel-yuris damuSaveba, alergologis konsultacia da fitosanitariulida nivris Terapia, aseve damatebiTi zomebi,raTa aRikveTos daavadebebi.bavSvebi iReben racionalur dabalansebul dietas. dididaxmareba bavSvebis dietur mravalferovnebaSi asrulebsbaRi da saTburebi, sadac izrdeba stafilo, Warxali, kit-1 М. Пышненко. Особенности валеологического воспитания детей. _ ix. el.versia: http://festival.1september.ru/articles/310231.724

i, pomidori, mwvanili, kartofili.janmrTeli bavSvisaTvis xelsayreli garemos SeqmnasaTvis,aucilebelia Seiqmnas valeologiis mcodne bavSvebis`fena~. rac daexmareba Cvens Svilebs gaizardon Zlieri dajanmrTeli, Cvenma Svilebma icodnen rom janmrTeloba _mTavari faseulobaa adamianis sicocxlisaTvis.valeologiuri centris gamajansaRebeli samuSaoebimoicavs Semdeg novaciebs:bavSvebis SevaswavloT maTi fizikuri mdgomareobis sa-Sualebebi da meTodebi, organizmis funqcionaluri Taviseburebebisgamoyeneba da bunebrivi saSualebebiT maTi janmrTelobisaRdgena (wertilovani masaJi, hidromasaJi, saxismeqanikuri masaJi, xelebi, yuris, ukontaqto masaJi; modunebulikunTebis masaJi, fsiqogimnastika, TviTerapia, tanvarjiSida Tvalis vajiSi da a.S.). qcevis TviTregulirebisunarebis ganviTareba (socialur - qceviTi swavleba, emociebistreningebi, autotreningebi), bavSvTa janmrTelobis valeologiuriSefasebisa da dinamiuri kontrolis donisgaumjobesebis gziT gakveTilebi valeologiaSi (ferwerakbilebis, xelebis, fexebis saSualebiT da Semdgomi damam-Svidebeli masaJiT, gakveTilebSi valeologiuri simRerebisCarTviT, gamajansaRebeli TamaSebi, multfilmis Cveneba).mSoblebTan muSaoba ojaxSi jansaRi pirobebis SeqmnismizniT (mSoblebSi valeologiuri kulturis aRzrda, bav-SvebTan gamajansaRebl samuSaoebze SeTanxmebaze xelis mowera,janmrTelobis kodeqsis miReba, saqmiani TamaSebi, testireba,anketireba da a.S.). skolamdelebis valeologiuriaRzrda eyrdnoba Semdeg principebs: 1sistemuri midgoma. aRzrda xorcieldeba araizolirebulad,aramed, bavSvis ganviTarebis donis Camoyalibebaxdeba zneobrivi, esTetikuri, fsiqofizikuri formirebasTanerTad. sxeuli ar iqneba janmrTeli, Tu ar moxdeba emociebisada simtkicis srulyofa, sulisa da moralis ganmtki-1 М. Пышненко. Особенности валеологического воспитания детей, _ ix. el.versia: http://festival.1september.ru/articles/310231725

ceba. valeologiuri aRzrdis amocanebis warmatebuli mogvarebisSesaZlebelia mxolod da mxolod sabavSvo baRisada mSoblebis kombinirebuli ZalisxmeviT.SemoqmedebiTi midgoma. bavSvebSi valeologiuri kulturisdaeufleba xdeba ufrosebTan erToblivi saqmianobisas.principi `ar avno~ gulisxmobs valeologiur muSaobaSimxolod usafrTxo meTodebis gamoyenebas.humanizmis principi. valeologiur aRzdaSi aRiarebenbavSvis pirovnebis TviTSefasebas. moraluri ganaTlebisasxelmZRvaneloben zogadsakacobrio faseulobebiT. 1altruizmis principi. iTvaliswinebs, rom saWiroa gaviziaroTvaleologiuli kulturis Rirebulebebi: "me viswavle,vaswavloT erTmaneTs.~zomierebis principi. janmrTelobisaTvis kargi is, raczomieria.valeologiuri ganaTleba unda eyrdnobodes qarTulfolklorsa da literaturas. mecadineobebi unda gaimar-Tos yvela asakobrivi jgufSi da qvejgufebSi (8-10 adamiani).muSaobis formebi, meTodebi da saSualebebi sxvadasxvaa.es aris eqskursiebi, dakvirvebebi, suraTebis daTvaliereba,SemecnebiTi xasiaTis gakveTili, interviuebi, mravalferovaniswavlebisa da ganviTarebis TamaSebi, TamaSebis swavleba,eqsperimentebi, valeologiuri testebi da amocanebi, videoda audio Canawerebi.gamajansaRebeli tanvarjiSi unda ganxorcieldes aRmosavlurirefleqsoTerapiis safuZvelze, fitoTerapia, samkurnalomasaJi. sabavSvo baRebSi gamajansaRebeli tanvajiSitardeba bavSvebTan naSuadRevis Zilis Semdeg, minimum 15 wu-Tis ganmavlobaSi. es imitom rom bavSvi organoebisa da sistemebisnormalur funqcionirebas sWirdeba garkveuli raodenobismoZraobebi. mxolod oci wuTis normaluri aqtiurimoZraobebis Semdeg gamoCndeba dadebiTi Zvrebi sisxlZar-1 Валеология. Материалы к изучению курса. Составители М. Г. Романцов, Н. Г.Терехова. Калининград, 1997. _ ix. eleqtronuli versia:http://window.edu.ru/window_catalog/files/r22475/terehova.pdf726

RvTa, sasunTqi da endokrinuli sistemebis organoebis muSaobaSi.aRmosavluri refleqsoTerapiis gamoyenebam SeuZliadaaCqaros es procesi. aseTi tanvarjiSiT 10 wuTiani mecadineobebisakmarisia imisaTvis, rom bavSvma skolamdel asak-Si gaaumjobesos fizikuri mdgomareoba. tanvarjiSi Sesrulebulimusikis TanxlebiT tardeba Wamidan erTi saaTisSemdeg. tanvarjiSis kompleqsi Sedgeba rva varjiSisagan.moZraoba gluvi, momrgvalo, sunTqva – mSvidi, bunebrivia.sunTqviTi varjiSebis ZiriTadi amocanaa – vaswavloTbavSvebs saTanado sruli Rrma sunTqva, amas rogorc uZvelesmedicinaSi, aseve TanamedroveSi udidesi mniSvnelobaaqvs. aseTi sunTqvis dros izrdeba gazis moZraoba, gulmkerdisada diafragmis moZraoba, xdeba RviZlis, kuWisa dasxva Sinagani organoebis masaJi. uZvelesi aRmosavluri sun-TqviTi tanvarjiSi aseve Seicavs meditaciis elementebs,rac dadebiTad moqmedebs nervul sistemaze. bavSvebis dainteresebada yuradRebis mipyroba sunTqviTi varjiSebisadmiunda xdebodes TamaSiT.fizikuri kulturis gakveTilebTan erTad aranaklebmniSvnelovan rols asrulebs integrirebuli sareabilitaciofitoTerapia da samedicino kveba.sabavSvo baRis pirobebSi samedicino personals aqvsyvela SesaZleblobebi farTod gamoiyenos Tavisi aRsazrdelebisprofilaqtikis fitoTerapiuli meTodebi, reabilitaciada mkurnaloba. umniSvnelo gverdiTi efeqtebi, samkurnalomcenareuli resursebis maRali Terapiuli efeqturobaaZlierebs bavSvis organizms. Tumca, fitoTerapiisdaniSvnis unda gaviTvaliswinoT:1. samkurnalo mcenareebi bavSvisTvis daniSvnuli undaiyos individualurad Terapiuli moqmedebisgaTvaliswinebiT.2. fitoTerapiis daniSvnisas aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoTaramarto ZiriTadi, aramed Tanamdevidaavadebebic.3. mkurnalobis dasawyisSi mizanSewonilia calkeulibalaxebis an 2-3 balaxis nakrebis gamoyeneba, Sem-727

dgom (gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, roca daavadebaqronikulia) – mcenareuli nakrebis rTulikompozicia.4. balaxebiT mkurnaloba saWiroebs xangrZliv periodSimaT gamoyenebas, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxveveb-Si, rodesac daavadeba qronikulia.5. qronikuli daavadebisas aucilebelia fitoTerapiisprofilaqtikuri kursebi, romlebic iniSnebadaavadebis sezonuri gamwvavebis dros.6. fitoTerapiuli mkurnalobis daniSvnisas, eqimiaucileblad darwmunebuli unda iyos, bavSvis Se-TavsebadobaSi konkretuli mcenareebis mimarT analergiuli reaqciebis Sesaxeb.7. pediatriul praqtikaSi ar SeiZleba gamoiyenebuliqnas Zliermoqmedi samkurnalo mcenareebi, romelTadidma dozebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios toqsikuriefeqtebi (magaliTad, maRali koncentraciisxangrZlivi gamoyenebis mcenareebi: gareuli rozmari,asfurcela, krazana). 1sabavSvo baRSi bavSvTa avadmyofobebSi pirveli adgiliuWiravs respiratoruli daavadebebs. qronikuli da recidiulidaavadebebis Semcirebis mizniT da bavSvTa imunobiologiuridacvis gaumjobesebis mizniT, gadatanili daavadebebisgadatanis Semdeg swrafi reabilitacia mizniT aucilebeliaCatardes fitoterapiuli RonisZiebebi.anTebis sawinaaRmdego: aryi (foTlebi, kvirtebi); krazana (balaxi); gulyviTela (yvavilebi); cacxvi (yvavilebi); viristerfa (foToli); salbi (balaxi); kulmuxo (fesvebi); Svita (balaxi); gvirila; orkbila (balaxi); Zirtkbila (fesvebi); didgula (yvavilebi); viru-1 М. Пышненко. Особенности валеологического воспитания детей, _ ix. el.versia: http://festival.1september.ru/articles/310231.728

sis sawinaaRmdego: xaxvi; niori;vitaminis kompleqsebi: jinWari (balaxi. foToli); wiTeli mocvi (foTlebi,nayofi); askili (nayofi); circeli wiTeli (nayofi); Savi mocxari(foToli, nayofi); tyis marwyvi (fo-Toli, nayofi); mayvali (foToli, nayofi); mocvi (nayofi); babuawvera (gazafxulis foToli).organizmis imunobiologiuri dacva: adaptogenebi (gazafxulisa da Semodgomis sezonzeaZleven 1 wveTs bavSvis erT welze 2-3 jer dre-Si 1-2 Tvis ganmavlobaSi);racionaluri kveba aris erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtoribavSvis normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis, rac damokidebuliagaremoze da pirdapir gavlenas axdens misi sicocxlis unarianobaze,zrdaze, janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze. swori, balansebulikveba, aucilebelia bavSvis mzardi organizmisfiziologiuri CamoyalibebisaTvis.miuxedavad garkveuli sirTuleebisa skolamdeli dawesebulebebispirobebSic ki SeiZleba moewyos susti janmrTelobismqone bavSvTa individualuri kveba. bavSvTa kvebaaris arsebiTad dieta. icvleba mxolod ramdenime kerZismomzadebis teqnologia (magaliTad, kotletebi mzaddebaorTqlze) an gamoricxeba garkveuli produqtebi alergiulibavSvebisTvis. susti da dabalwoniani bavSvebisaTvis damatebiTikveba (emateba cota zeTi, xorci, kvercxi, rZe),xolo Warbi wonis mqone bavSvebisaTvis, `amoRebuli undaiyos damatebiTi kaloriebis Semcveli produqtebi~. 1 zam-Tris dawyebis erTad unda gaizrdos xorcisa da naxSirwylebismoxmareba da gazafxulze – xorcidan mwvanilze.1 М. Пышненко. Особенности валеологического воспитания детей, _ ix. el.versia: http://festival.1september.ru/articles/310231.729

amrigad, naTelia, rom valeologiuri muSaoba ar CaivlisdadebiTi kvalis gareSe. skolamdeli bavSvebis janmrTelobisgaumjobesebaze aratradiciul midgomas gaaCniadidi saganmanaTleblo potenciali. es Zalian mniSvnelovaniajanmrTeli Taobis aRzrdisaTvis.GURANDA GABUNIAPECULIARITIES OF VALUEOLOGICAL EDUCATIONOF PRESCHOOL AGE CHILDRENNowadays preventive health maintenance for children is one of themost important problems. Preschool centers, carrying out the public order,bear full responsibility for bringing up a XXI century person - healthyphysically, morally and spiritually, developed comprehensively andharmoniously. For this reason a healthy way of bringing up young generations– as a top priority direction of humanization of education - shouldbe considered from kindergartens, since human health fully depends onsuccessful skills of a healthy way of life, acquired at early age. As a resultof purposeful pedagogical influence during the preschool age health,ability to live and other qualities necessary for all-round, harmonious developmentof a person are formed. Correctly organized pedagogical andeducational work guarantees health-maintenance at early age much betterthan medical-hygienic actions. It is apparent that valueological approachwill not pass without leaving a positive trace, as the improvingly-preventivework with children of preschool age has huge educational potential,important for raising healthy generation.730

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa serialela rexviaSviliklasgareSe muSaobis adgili skolismuSaobis struqturaSi da misi rolimoswavlis socializaciaSiTanamedrove skolam dakarga aRzrdis formulirebulimizani da racionaluri sistema, klasis damrigebloba iqcaformalobad, mcdeloba aRzrda daviyvanoT ganaTlebamde –ewinaaRmdegeba msoflio pedagogikis gamocdilebas, magramgasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom Cven vimyofebiT gardamavalperiodSi, varT Ziebis procesSi, rodesac moxda uaryofaZveli sistemis, rogorc komunisturis da sazRvargareTidanxelaRebiT yvelafris gadmotana da danergva erovnuliniadagis gauTvaliswineblad, rogorc axlisa. am eqsperimentebmaganaTlebis mesveurebi miiyvanes im daskvnamde, romsaWiroa moxdes zomieri dabalanseba, warsulidan faseulisgadmotana da progresuli siaxlis danergva skolaSi.skola yovelTvis sazogadoebis nawilia, skolaSi ibadebaqveynis xvalindeli dRe, amitomac skolis bedi mxolodpedagogikis viwro wris specialistebis saqme rodia.ojaxi ayalibebs pirovnebis fundaments, skolaze ki misimSeneblobis mTavari samuSao modis, Tanac arcTu iSviaTadsaWiro xdeba fundamentis gamagreba an gadakeTeba.saqarTveloSi saganmanaTleblo da aRmzrdelobiTi sistemebisganviTarebis dabali done ganpirobebulia aRmzrdelobiTsferoSi arsebuli problemebiT. saqme gvaqvs gansakuTrebulaRmzrdelobiT disonansTan. pedagogiuri disonansigaigeba rogorc harmoniisa da SeTanxmebulobis ararseboba,rogorc savaraudo da arsebuli aRzrdis SedegebisdaSoriSoreba. aRzrdis ganzraxuli miznebi rCebian disonansSirealurad gamovlenil SedegebTan – axalgazrdobisSexedulebebTan da qcevasTan. magaliTad sazogadoebrivi fa-731

seulobebis sistemaSi, romelTac axalgazrdoba iRebs, Warbobsis, rac exeba maT pirad individualur saqmeebs, iseTiki, rogoricaa kulturuli da sazogadoebrivi aqtivoba,pirvel planze namdvilad ar aris.riT aixsneba pedagogiuri disonansi? upirvelesad, albaT,sazogadoebrivi movlenebis disonansiT, romelic vlindebaaRzrdis farTo gagebas (socializaciasa) da aRzrdisviwro mniSvnelobas Soris.farTo gagebiT aRzrda moicavs yvela movlenas daprocess, romelic dakavSirebulia sazogadoebriv-kulturulida bunebrivi garemos zemoqmedebasTan adamianze, romlebicaRzrdian mis pirovnebas.viwro gagebiT – es mxolod im pirovnebebisa da dawesebulebebisgaazrebuli da gamiznuli qmedebebia, romlebicam saqmianobiT arian dakavebulni da cdiloben pirovnebisformirebas miRebuli nimuSis da aRmzrdelobiTi idealisSesabamisad.aseTi diferenciaciis gaTvaliswinebas da mizanmimarTuladorganizebul aRzrdaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas manemdeaqvs azri, sanam am farTo sazogadoebriv garemoSi sufevsSedarebiTi wesrigi da harmonia, xolo negatiuri movlenebi,romlebic adamianze stiqiurad moqmedeben, ar aRematebiangansazRvrul sagangaSo niSnuls. am kritikuli niSnulisgadametebisas aRmzrdelobiTi dawesebulebebis saqmianobairRveva da SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos negatiuri movlenebisgaZlierebas. swored aseTi procesi SeiniSneba axlaaRzrdaSi, radgan Cven vcxovrobT didi cvlilebebis da sazogadoebrividaZabulobis epoqaSi. sazogadoebaSi gardaqmniTiprocesebis wnexi da tempebi, maTi urTierTqmedeba danegatiuri movlenebis gaZliereba iwvevs dagegmili miznebis,Sinaarsis, faseulobebis da humanuri idealebis aRmzrdelobiTiprocesebis Sesustebas an saerTod gaqrobas. imarjvebencalkeuli erTeulebis da sazogadoebrivi jgufebisojaxSi, SromiT garemosa Tu sacxovrebel adgilSi realuricxovrebis wesTan Seguebis spontanuri procesebi.732

aseT viTarebaSi socializaciis gavlena ara mxolodufro intensiuri xdeba, aramed winaaRmdegobrivic, rasacSeuZlia Seasustos an gaanadguros aRzrdis dagegmili pirobebi.ra pozicia unda daiWiron pedagogebma aseT viTarebaSi?albaT, yvelaze marTebuli iqneba fsiqologiur-pedagogiurimecnierebebis ukve arsebuli Teoriuli miRwevebisda calkeuli individualuri koncefciebis gamoyeneba saganmanaTleblocvlilebebis regulirebisaTvis. es direqtivapirvel rigSi exeba Tanamedrove skolis aRmzrdelobiTisaqmianobis modernizacias.skola unda gaxdes adgili, sadac kultivirebuli iqnebazogadadamianuri faseulobebi, upirvelesad ki humanuri,sadac aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebiT miiRweva “mqondes”orientaciis Secvla orientaciaze “viyo”.saskolo aRzrdaSi unda daiwyos yuradRebis koncentraciaamocanebze da konkretul RonisZiebebze da ara mxolodaRsazrdelis saxeze. aRzrdaSi yuradRebis koncentraciaunda moxdes perspeqtivaze, momavalze da ara mxolodwarsulsa da awmyoze. aRmzrdelobiT saqmianobaSi upiratesobaunda mieniWos mimarTulebas alternatiuli gadawyvetilebebismiRebis ganviTarebaze. es niSnavs iseTi adamianebisaRzrdas, romlebic ara mxolod inarCuneben arsebul sinamdviles,aramed midrekilni iqnebian dagegmon cvlilebebi garemoSida sakuTar TavSi, rac mniSvnelovania azrovnebis daaxalgazrdobis sazogadoebrivi qcevis gardaqmnisaTvis.aseTi Tvisebebis miRwevis wyalobiT SesaZlebeli xdebaxalxis mzaoba TanamSromlobisaTvis da sxva adamianebis Tudawesebulebebis sakeTildReod mimarTuli saqmianobisaTvis.bavSvebis socialuri aRzrda warmoadgens sazogadoebisstabilizaciis mniSvnelovan faqtors. is unda aRwevdes 2mizans:1. Tanamedrove pirobebSi mozardi Taobis warmatebulsocializacias;2. adamianis, rogorc rogorc moqmedebis subieqtis733

da pirovnebis TviTganviTarebas.sworad organizebuli klasgareSe muSaoba skolaSi ammiznebis ganxorcielebis sawindaria. 1xSir SemTxvevaSi skolebs ar SeuZliaT airCion klasgareSeda Sidasaskolo muSaobis saWiro mimarTuleba. amasmohyveba drois da moswavleTa interesis dakargva am saqmianobisadmi,maswavleblebsa da moswavleTa Soris urTier-Tobis garTuleba.klasgareSe muSaoba axdens bavSvis pirovnebis ganviTarebasda formirebas. aRmzrdelobiTi procesis warmarTvaniSnavs ara mxolod am Tvisebebis ganviTarebas da srulyofas,rac adamians bunebiT aqvs boZebuli, an mis qcevaSi dagonebaSi arasasurveli savaraudo socialuri gadaxris koreqtireba,aramed, masSi mudmivi TviTganviTarebis, fizikurida sulieri Zalebis TviTrealizaciis moTxovnilebisgamomuSaveba, radgan TiToeuli adamiani upirveles yovlisaTviTonaa sakuTari Tavis aRmzrdeli da aq mopovebuli –samudamo monapovaria.klasgareSe muSaobaSi did rols asruleben SidasaskoloRonisZiebebi (saRamoebi, diskoTekebi, mejlisebi dasxva). klasgareSe muSaobis organizaciis zogadi principebidangaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas formebis arCevisa damecadineobebis nebayoflobiToba.mTavaria, rom mecadineobis nebismier saxes, romelSicCarTulni iqnebian bavSvebi, hqondes sazogadoebrivi mimar-Tuleba, raTa bavSvma dainaxos, rom saqme, romelsac is ake-Tebs, Rirebulia da esaWiroeba sazogadoebas. aq ZalianmniSvnelovania iniciativaze da TviTmoqmedebaze dayrdnoba,gansakuTrebiT im skolebSi, sadac yvelafers maswavleblebiakeTeben bavSvebis magier.Tu es principi marTebulad ganxorcieldeba, maSinmoswavlis mier is aRiqmeba ise, TiTqos swored maTi inici-1 Ю. А. Циганова. Внеклассная работа и степень ее влияния на развитие социальныхкачеств личности. Челябинск, 2005, gv. 8-16.734

ativiTaa warmoqmnili.metad mniSvnelovania, rom yoveli RonisZieba wyvetdesaRmzrdelobiTi amocanebis maqsimums. Sinaarsisa da formisarCevisas aucilebelia moswavleTa asakobrivi da individualuriTaviseburebebis gaTvaliswineba. aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobisyvela saxeobis mniSvnelovan winapirobad unda CaiTvalosmaTi erTianobis, Tanamimdevrobis da urTierTzegavlenisuzrunvelyofa. klasgareSe muSaobis gavrcelebul formebswarmoadgens: individualuri, wreobrivi da masobrivi.individualuri – es calkeul moswavleTa damoukidebelisaqmianobaa, romelic mimarTulia TviTaRzrdaze (magaliTad,moxsenebis, mxatvruli TviTmoqmedebis nomrebis,ilustrirebuli albomebis momzadeba da a. S.). es formasaSualebas aZlevs yvelas naxos Tavisi adgili saerTo saqmeSi,maswavleblebisagan ki es saqmianoba moiTxovs moswavleTaindividualuri Taviseburebebis codnas anketirebis,saubrebis, maTi interesebis Seswavlis gziT.wreobrivi klasgareSe muSaoba – xels uwyobs interesebisgamovlena-ganviTarebas xelovnebis, sportis, mecnierebisromelime sferoSi. gavrcelebuli formebia wreebi daseqciebi (teqnikuri, sportuli, musikaluri, Teatralurida sxva). wreebSi sxvadasxva saxis mecadineobebi tardeba:moxsenebebi, eqskursiebi, Sexvedrebi saintereso adamianeb-Tan, literaturuli nawarmoebebis ganxilva da sxva. wriswliuri angariSi tardeba konferenciis, gamofenis, saRamos,koncertis saxiT.skolaSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia masobrivi muSaobisformebi. isini gaTvlilia erTdroulad moswavleTa didiraodenobiT mocvaze, maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia sazeimo vi-Tareba, mravalferovneba, didi emociuri zemoqmedeba bavSvebze.masobrivi muSaoba Tavis TavSi moicavs moswavleTaaqtivobis did SesaZleblobebs. magaliTad konkursi, olimpiada,Sejibri, TamaSi uSualod TiToeulisagan moiTxovsaqtivobas. saubrebis, saRamoebis Catarebisas moswavleTa nawiliwarmogvidgeba organizatoris Tu Semsruleblis735

olSi. iseTi RonisZiebis Catarebisas ki rogoricaa speqtaklzedaswreba, Sexvedra saintereso adamianebTan – yvelamonawile mayureblis rolSia. saerTo saqmeSi monawileobiTgamowveuli gancda warmoadgens koleqtivis Sekvris mZlavrsaSualebas. masobrivi muSaobis tradiciul formas warmoadgenssaskolo zeimebi. isini eZRvneba kalendarul dReebs,kulturis moRvaweebs da a.S. wlis ganmavlobaSi 4-5 zeimismowyobaa SesaZlebeli, romlebic afarToveben msoflmxedvelobasda qveynis cxovrebaSi monawileobis SegrZnebas iwveven.masobrivi muSaobis formas miekuTvneba klasis saaTic,romelic warmoadgens aRmzrdelobiTi saqmianobis Semadgenelnawils da tardeba misTvis gansazRvruli drois monakveTSi.klasgareSe muSaobis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebaswarmoadgens is, rom masSi realizebulia urTierTswavlebisprincipi, rodesac ufrosebi gadascemen Tavis gamocdilebasumcrosebs. swored amaSi mdgomareobs koleqtivisaRmzrdelobiTi funqciis realizaciis efeqturi xerxi. 1pedagogikis TeoriaSi klasgareSe muSaobis sakiTxi sakmaoddamuSavebul Tematikas miekuTvneba. am problemis sxvadasxvaaspeqti warmodgenilia m. gigineiSvilis, e. cibaZisada d. darCias, i. ciganovas, a. xripkovasa da sxva mkvlevarTaSromebSi, 2 magram sayovelTaod moSlilma aRmzrdelobiTmasistemam, RirebulebiTi orientaciebis dakargvam gadagvawyvetilebamigvaRebina, Segvemowmebina klasgareSe muSaobis adgilisaskolo praqtikaSi Tanamedrove etapze.q. Tbilisis #141, #10, #175 skolebSi Cven CavatareTkvleva, romlis mizani iyo maswavlebelTa da moswav-1 i. axobaZe. musikaluri aRzrda klasgareSe muSaobisas (1-4 klasebi).Tb., 1995, gv. 9.2 m. gigineiSvili. zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis IV-VI klasebismoswavleebSi mxatvrulo gemovnebis ganviTarebs musikaluri xelovnebissaSualebaTa gamoyenebiT. sakand. disert. avtoreferati.Tb.,B1986; d. darCia, n. cibaZe. moswavleTa Tavisufali drois gonivruladgamoyenebis zogierTi sakiTxi. Tb., 1989; Ю. А. Циганова. Внекласснаяработа и степень ее влияния, gv. 8-16; А. Хрипкова. Свободное времяшкольников. М., 1999 da a.S.736

leTa dainteresesebis xarisxis gamovlena klasgareSe muSaobisCatarebaSi. anketirebam moicva 92 VII-VIII klaseli da22 maswavlebeli. maswavleblebs daurigdaT 50 anketa, magramyvelam ar isurva epasuxaT SekiTxvebze.SekiTxvaze: “gaqvs Tu ara hobi?” yvela moswavlem dadebiTadupasuxa. kiTxvaze: kerZod romeli?literatura daasaxela respodentTa 7,6%, musika –18,5%, cekva – 33, 7%, kompiuteri – 23,9%, sporti –35,9%, sxva – 4,3%. grafaSi “sxva” vTxoveT CaeweraT miu-TiTebeli gataceba. aRmoCnda rom maTi interesis sferoswarmoadgens Teatri, fotografia, xatva da mogzauroba.moswavleTa garkveulma nawilma miuTiTa interesis 2 saxeobazemag. `musika-cekva” da “musika-sporti” ainteresebs3,3%, “cekva-kompiuteri” ki – 2,2%.kiTxvaze gaqvs Tu ara SesaZlebloba skolaSi dakavdeSeni hobiT? miviReT aseTi pasuxebi:yovelTvis – 17,4%; iSviaTad – 32,6%; arasodes –20,7%. danarCenebma ar upasuxes.axerxeb Tu ara, harmoniulad SeaTavso swavla sportTan,xelovnebasTan?diax 44,6%ufro ki, vidre ara 20,7%ufro ara, vidre ki 9,8%ara 14,1%miWirs pasuxis gacema 6,5%skola mudmivad afarTovebs Tqveni urTierTobebissferos? iwvevs saintereso adamianebs, awyobs eqskursiebs,konferenciebs da a. S.diax60,9%ufro ki, vidre ara 20,7%ufro ara, vidre ki 6,5%47. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi737

ara 2,2%miWirs pasuxis gacema 4,3%gakmayofilebT klasis xelmZRvanelis mier CatarebuliklasgareSe muSaoba?diax8,5%ufro ki, vidre ara6%diax, magram ufro metiasasurveli 4,1%araSeni azriT vin unda Caataros klasgareSe muSaoba,uSualod klasis damrigebelma Tu sxva pirma?moswavleTa 58,7% es prerogativa mianiWa damrigebels,indiferentuli aRmoCnda 21,7%, am rangSi sxva piris muSaobaisurva 12%, pasuxis gacema gauWirda 4,3%.rogor atarebT Tavisufal dros klasTan erTad?6%davdivarT kinoSi, koncertze 23,9%davdivarT speqtaklze 3,3%vatarebT TamaSebs, Sejibrebebs 17,4%sxva ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––20,7%arafers ar vakeTebT erTad 16,3%grafaSi “sxva” moswavleebma Caweres: “vseirnobT”,“davdivarT erTmaneTTan”, “vmaimunobT”, vxvdebiT erTmaneTsda verTobiT” da sxva. 7,7%-ma dakonkretebis gareSe aRniSnagrafa `sxva”.kiTxvaze: “akmayofilebs Tu ara skola Sens interesebs?”pasuxebi Semdegnairad gadanawilda:akmayofilebs – 54,3% ;cdilobs daakmayofilos 30,4%738

ver akmayofilebs – 6,5%mcdelobac ki ara aqvs – 4,3%.maswavlebelTa anketaSi SevitaneT sakiTxebi pedagogikisTeoriidan da aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis praqtikidan,raTa Segvemowmebina Teoriisa da praqtikis erTianoba, pedagogebismxridan maT Soris arsebuli obieqturi kavSirisdanaxva da praqtikaSi gaTvaliswineba.ra problemebs awydebiT saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT procesSisaerTod da kerZod Tqveni sagnis swavlebisas?miRebuli pasuxebidan vaskvniT, rom problemas maswavlebelTaumravlesoba xedavs:1. moswavleTa udisciplinobaSi da sizarmaceSi – 80%;2. swavlis motivaciis uqonlobaSi – moswavleebs araqvT swavlis motivacia da survili. sxvadasxvaproeqtebSi monawileoba – iZulebiTia;3. wignebis uqonlobaSi – wignebi Zviria, maTi SeZenisSesaZlebloba yvela mSobels ara aqvs da Tan gaugebarieniTaa dawerili;4. maTematikis maswavleblebma aRniSnes, rom maTematikisSeswavla moiTxovs yoveldRiur mecadineobas,arasistematuroba ki iwvevs Cavardnas, racwarmoqmnis problemas;5. sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis pedagogebma ukmayofilebagamoTqves trimestruli swavlebis SemoRebisgamo, radgan saaTebi arasakmarisia sagnis safuZvlianadSeswavlisaTvis;6. gamoiTqva ukmayofileba Sefasebis axali meTodisSemoRebis gamo;7. surT skolaSi damkvidrdes kabineturi sistema.ramdenime pasuxma Cveni gancvifreba gamoiwvia. saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTprocesSi erTaderTi gadauWreli problemamavanisTvis `kabinetis klasiT dakaveba~ yofila. meoresTviski `saswavlo procesSi naklebaTaa (stili daculia)problema, radgan “inglisuri prestiJulad iTvlebada aucilebel saganTa problemaa is, rom mSobelma da mos-739

wavlem kargad ician TavianTi uflebebi da ara movaleobebi”.vfiqrobT, aq komentari zedmetia.ra pedagogiuri kanonebiT, principebiT da meTodebiTcdilobT problemis mogvarebas?miRebuli pasuxebis analizi cxadyofs, rom maswavleblebipedagogiur kanonebs da principebs naklebad icnoben. dasaxelebuliqna mxolod Segnebulobis da dainteresebis principi,meTodebidan ki respodentTa umravlesoba waxalisebis,darigebis, saubris meTodebs iyenebs. cota gaugebari iyoCvenTvis zogierTi pedagogisagan miRebuli pasuxi: “fsiqologiurad,cota mkacradac”; “mivmarTav fsiqologs”; “teqnikurisaSualebebis gaumjobesebiT vcdilob yvela gakveTilidavukavSiro cxovrebiseuli magaliTebis ganxilvas”; “TiToeuligansakuTrebuli unaris bavSvTan garkveuli gegmiT vmu-Saob da vamecadineb gakveTilis Semdeg. (vawev programas)~.SekiTxvaze ra Sedegebs aRwevT? miviReT Zalian abstraqtulipasuxebi: `damakmayofilebeli”, “dadebiTi”, “minimaluri”,“arc Tu cudi”. movitanT SedarebiT konkretulimsjelobis magaliTebsac: “rac gamocxadda atestatis misa-Rebi gamocdebis nusxa, gaizarda bavSvebis daintereseba sagnismimarT da Sedegic gaumjobesda”; “dabal klasebSi Sedegimetia, maRal klasebSi ki xdeba polarizacia, visac ainteresebsswavla da Camoyalibebuli aqvs urTierTobebi,ufro aviTarebs Tavis unarebs, visac ara – piriqiT”.gansazRvreT Tqveni azriT yvelaze mniSvnelovani xuTisocialuri Tviseba, romelzec unda iyos mimarTuli klasgareSemuSaoba (mianiWeT xuTi rigiTi nomeri mniSvnelobismixedviT. moqalaqis aRzrda; sindisiereba; damoukidebloba; patriotizmi; komunikabeluroba; aqtiuroba; zneoba;740

kacTmoyvareoba; pasuxismgebloba; koleqtivizmi; suliereba; sxvamiTiTebuli Tvisebebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovania maswavlebelTaTvispasuxismgeblobis grZnobis aRzrda – 81,8%.sxva Tvisebebis procentuli maCveneblebi Semdegnairad dalagda:`zneoba” – 54,5%; “suliereba” da “komunikabeluroba”– 45,5%; “patriotizmi” da “moqalaqeobrivi aRzrda” –40,9%; “sindisiereba’’– 36,4%; “kacTmoyvareoba” da “aqtiuroba”– 31, 8%; “damoukidebloba” – 27,3%; “koleqtivizmi”– 1,1%. aqedan pedagogebis – 31,8%-ma pirveli rigiTinomeri miakuTvna sulierebis aRzrdas, moqalaqeobrivs–27,3%; sindisierebis – 13,6%. “patriotuls – 9,1%.Tqveni azriT, moswavleTa da maswavlebelTa interesebiunda emTxveodes Tu ara erTmaneTs? ratom? Yyvela maswavlebelmaupasuxa rom aucilebelia interesTa Tanxvedra,rac “...uzrunvelxyofs xarisxian swavlas”; `sxva SemTxveva-Si veranairi kontaqti ver Sedgeba”; “maswavlebeli iqnebawarumatebeli”; `maSin urTierTobis problema ar warmoiqmneba”da sxva.Cvens SekiTxvaze axerxebT Tu ara Tqveni moswavleebisinteresebis gaTvaliswinebas? mxolod erTma pedagogma gvipasuxa“xandaxan”. 27,3% – ar gvipasuxa, danarCenebis pasuxiiyo dadebiTi.qvekiTxvaze Tu axerxebT, rogor? Tu ver axerxebT,ratom? pasuxi kiTxvaze an Zalian bundovani iyo an er-TmniSvnelovani, mag. “vaxerxeb”, “vaxerxeb met-naklebad”,“vcdilob saubriT mivaRwio Sedegs”, “sxvadasxva midgomiT”,“viTvaliswineb”, “aRmzrdelma unda moaxdinos pirobebisada interesebis gaiTvaliswineba, sxvanairad ar SeiZleba”.iyo ramdenime konkretuli pasuxic: “ra interesic gauCndebaTTemasTan dakavSirebiT, vcdilob amovwuro maTi interesi.(vuTiTeb saitebs, vutareb mini-leqciebs); piradi saub-741

ebiT bavSvebTan da mSoblebTan, erTad gatarebuli arasagakveTilodrois ganmavlobaSi miRebuli informaciiT”.Cveni dainteresebis Sedegad, Tu “ramdenad kargad iciTTqveni moswavleebis interesebis Sesaxeb? SeafaseT aTbalianiSkaliT ~ – miviReT Semdegi rezultati:ar upasuxa maswavlebelTa 4,5%; moswavleTa interesebiscodna 10 baliT aravin ar Seafasa, 9 baliT – 40%, 8-iT – 27,3%, 7-iT – 4,5%, 6-iT – 9,1%, 5-iT – 4,5% danar-Cenebma ki – 1 quliT.Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT:1. moswavleTa interesebis sfero sakmaod mravalmxrivia,magram isini ganicdian damrigebelTan maT-Tvis saintereso Temebze saubris deficits;2. TiTqmis yvela maswavlebelma aRniSna, rom bavSvTada maswavlebelTa interesebis Tanxvedra saskolopraqtikaSi aucilebelia, magram kvlevidan Cans,rom maTi interesebi ara Tu ar emTxveva, aramedmaswavleblebma arc ician maT Sesaxeb da ra Tqmaunda verc daakmayofileben moswavleTa survils;3. samwuxarod unda aRvniSnoT, msjelobis unari dakarguliaqvT ara mxolod bavSvebs, aramed maswavleblebsac.ukidegano testirebebma daRi daasvametyvelebas da azris Camoyalibebis unars. amisdamamtkicebeli amonaridebi Cven zeviT movitaneTda es namdvilad pedagogiuri problemaa.daskvnis safuZvelze gamovimuSveT Semdegi rekomendaciebi:1. moswavleTa interesebis gamorkvevis mizniT, sasurveliaskolaSi Catardes anketireba imis Sesaxeb,Tu gakveTilebis Semdeg riTi surs moswavlesdakavdes;2. moswavlis socialuri garemos harmonizacia, amgaremos pedagogiuri aTviseba skolis moqmedebisradiusSi;742

3. skolaSi sxvadasxva saxis RonisZiebebis Catareba,samoyvarulo da saklubo saqmianobis gaSla,axalgazrduli sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis Seqmna,romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba mmarTvelobisdemokratiul sawyisebze, maT Soris bavSvTa TviTmmarTvelobaze;4. vinaidan maswavleblebi ver asruleben saTanadodoneze aRmzrdel-damrigeblis movaleobebs, klasgareSemuSaobis efeqtianobis amaRlebis mizniT,upriania aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis sakiTxebi daekisrosspecialurad gamoyofil adamians – socialurpedagogs.klasgareSe muSaobis organizaciisas aucilebelia pedagogiurikoleqtivisa da xelmZRvanelobis ZalisxmevismimarTva:1. misi Sinaarsis mravalferovnebaze, anu man undamoicvas zneobrivi, esTetikuri, fizikuri da SromiTiaRzrda;2. am muSaobis mniSvnelovan mxares warmoadgens masobriviformebis gamoyeneba, rogorc moswavleTaaRzrdisaTvis, ise maTi Tavisufali drois gonivruliorganizaciisaTvis.3. pedagogiurma koleqtivma unda izrunos, romklasgareSe muSaobam moicvas yvela moswavle.4. klasgareSe muSaobam unda ganaviTaros moswavleTasazogadoebrivi interesebi, aqtivobebi da damoukidebloba.swored am debulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT pedagogiurmakoleqtivma unda daamuSavos klasgareSe da skolisgareSemuSaobis sistema, xolo skolis xelmZRvanelobam unda gauwiosmeToduri daxmareba da ganaxorcielos kontroli CatarebulimuSaobis xarisxze.743

LELA REKHVIASHVILIPLACE OF EXTRACURRICULAR SCOOL ACTIVITIES IN THESTRUCTURE OF SCOOL WORK AND ITS ROLE IN THESOCIALIZATION OF A STUDENTBased on modern standards, developing skills for alternative decision-makingshould be advantaged during school-related educational process.To solve this problem, correctly planned and directed after-schoollearning process has a priority because it affects personal development,self-conscience, self-realization of physical and spiritual forces of a child.After analyzing the results of research at schools, the author of the articlemakes conclusion about deficiencies, and in order to improve after-schoollearning process gives decent recommendations to pedagogues to uprootthose deficiencies.744

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriabrolisa wulaiapedagogiuri praqtika dabunebismetyvelebis maswavlebelTamomzadebis procesiganaTlebis sistemaSi mimdinare masStaburi reformebisada cvlilebebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizania, profesionalikadrebis, maRali moqalaqeobrivi Segnebis mqone axalgazrdebisaRzrdisa da aqtiuri profesiuli saqmianobisaTvismaTi momzadebis sauniversiteto strategiis Camoyalibeba.1 dRes gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens saqarTvelosganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier bolo period-Si maswavlebelTa momzadebisa da profesiuli ganviTarebisRonisZiebaTa dagegmva, ganxorcieleba da erT sistemaSi gaazreba.maswavlebelTa ganaTlebis xarisxis amaRleba droisgadaudebel amocanadaa gamocxadebuli. maswavleblis profesiuliganviTarebis sqema, romelic sul male CarCo dokumentadiqceva maswavlebels xels Seuwyobs kvalifikaciisamaRlebasa da profesiul ganviTarebaSi, igi metad konkurentunariansgaxdis saswavlo garemos. maswavlebels eZlevarealuri Sansi imisa, rom man ara marto SeinarCunosserTificirebuli pedagogis statusi, aramed izrunos karierulwinsvlaze, cxadia am sqemis saboloo mizani swavlebisxarisxis gaumjobesebaa. 2pedagogiuri ganaTlebis praqtikaSi didi mniSvnelobaeniWeba momavali maswavleblis skolis sinamdvilesTan ziarebaspirveli kursidanve. es problema im RonisZiebaTaTanmimdevruli ganxorcielebiT wydeba, romelTa safuZveli1 e. gigaSvili. Uuwyveti pedagogiuri praqtika rogorc momaval maswavlebelTaprofesiuli momzadebis forma. Telavi, 2008. gv. 5.2 maswavleblis profesiuli ganviTarebis sqema. – maswavlebeli, maswavleblisprofesiuli ganviTarebis erovnuli centri, #4, 2010.745

pedagogiuri kadris momamzadebel dawesebulebaTa da skoliskavSiria. students Tavidanve unda Seeqmnas sruliwarmodgena, Tu ra da rogor xdeba im skolaSi, romelicTavad axla daamTavra da sul ramdenime weliwadSi masveunda daubrundes, ukve rogorc specialisti. iSviaTobas arwarmoadgens isic, rom skolis saqmeebSi aseTi CaxedviT,zogi studenti icvlis profesias, zogi ki gansakuTrebulipasuxismgeblobiT emzadeba Tavisi momavali profesiuli movaleobisaTvis.1skolis cxovrebasTan studentTa dakavSirebas da maTiprofesiuli Tvisebebis winaswari aprobaciisaTvis mniSvnelovaniapedagogiuri praqtika. Ggamocdileba adasturebs,rom momavali pedagogis profesiuli momzadebis procesSiSecdomaa fiqri imaze, rom TiTqosda safexurebad unda ganxorcieldesmomavali maswavleblis momzadeba, anu jerstudents Teoriuli codna unda mivawodoT, mere ki, igiprofesiuli mzadebis axali etapi – praqtikuli gamocdilebisdagroveba xdeba. Cveni azriT, momavali maswavleblismomzadeba uwyveti pedagogiuri procesia, da igi erT mTlianobadunda iqnes ganxiluli, radgan praqtika ar aris Teoriiszusti gameoreba, an misi gaTvalsaCinoeba.cnobili mkvlevris, akad. b. kedrovis azriT, `praqtikaaris yovelgvari Semecnebis safuZveli, misi wyaro da kriteriumi.amasTan, saTanado pirobebSi praqtikam SeiZlebaSeiZinos mTeli winare gavlili gzis damagvirgvinebeliSemmowmeblis gansakuTrebuli saxe. aqedan ki gamomdinareobs,rom rodesac praqtika gamodis Semecnebis roliT, manTavis droSic ki unda gauswros Semecnebis process”. 2pedagogis profesiuli momzadebis cneba, rTulistruqturuli Sedgenilobis mqone movlenaa. rogorc ukveaRiniSna, masSi Teoriuli codnis gverdiT udidesi mniSvnelobaaqvs praqtikuli gamocdilebis xarisxsa da sidides.1 n. vasaZe. pedagogika. Tb., 2004, gv. 20.2 Б. С. Кедров. Проблема научного метода. М., 1964,Ggv. 12; e. gigaSvili.Uuwyveti pedagogiuri praqtika.., gv. 19.746

gamocdilebis dagroveba ki studenturi wlebidanve iwyeba.swored, umaRles saswavlebelSi unda SeiZinos axalgazrdamis unar-Cvevebi da gamocdileba, romlebic SemdgomskolebSi gaRrmavdeba da ganmtkicdeba. 1 anu, studenti universitetSiveiwyebs akademiuri ganaTlebisa da Teoriis dakavSirebasrealur samyarosTan-skoloasTan. saswavlo procesSiganviTarebuli zogadi da dargobrivi kompetenciebispraqtikaSi gavarjiSeba da axali kompetenciis gamomuSavebastudents daexmareba praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis ukeT CamoyalibebaSi.Ggarda amisa, pedagogiuri praqtika exmareba umaRlessaswavlebels Sromis bazarTan kontaqtis SenarCunebasada kursdamTavrebulTa dasaqmebis amaRlebaSi.aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, friad aqtualuri da gazrdiliapedagogiuri praqtikis roli, radgan igi momavalipedagogis profesiuli swavlebis formaa. masSi Tavs iyrisyvela is sakiTxi, romlebic dakavSirebulia momavali pedagogisTeoriul da praqtikul momzadebasTan. 2Cven viciT, rom student Teoriul-pedagogiur codnassaswavlo saxelmZRvaneloebidan iRebs, Tanac am saxelmZRvaneloebiserT nawili ukve veRar pasuxobs drois axalmoTxovnebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi pedagogiuri praqtika, rogorcprofesiuli swavleba, swavlis aqtiuri forma, studentsunda daexmaros pedagogiuri xelovnebis dauflebaSi,rac Semdgom Tavs iCens skolaSi gakveTilebis Catarebisdros. pedagogiuri praqtikis gavlaSi erT-erT umniSvnelovanessakiTxs warmoadgens studentis mier individualurisamuSaos Sesrulebis procesi. misi ZiriTadi miznebia: momavali maswavleblis mier proofesiuli unar-Cvevebis daufleba. studenti praqtikantis mier ganaTlebisa da didaqtikuriTeoriebis praqtikulad realizebis1 erovnuli saswavlo gegma. sagnobrivi programa bunebismetyvelebaSi.Tb., 2004.2 n. vasaZe. ganaTlebis axali teqnologiebi. – pedagogiur mec-nierebaTaakademiss moambe, #2-3, Tb., 2000, gv. 35.747

unaris Camoyalibeba. praqtikis msvlelobis pricesSi informaciis mopovebis,analizisa da SemoqmedebiTi unar-CvevebisSeZena da ganviTarebis xelSewyoba. saskolo cxovrebaSi arsebuli problemebis danaxvisada misi urTierTTanamSromlobiT gadaWrisunaris gamomuSaveba. 1pedagogiur praqtikis dros studentebs eZlevaT saSualebakargad gaacnobieron maswavleblis sazogadoebriviroli da mniSvneloba. Teoriuli codnis praqtikuli realizaciissafuZvelze miiRon saWiro pedagogiuri gamocdileba,daisaxon momavali sakariero miznebi arCeuli profesiismixedviT da a. S.maswavleblis funqciis damoukideblad Sesrulebisasstudenti mTeli seriozulobiT Seicnobs pedagogiuriSromisa da codnis Rirebulebas. praqtikis procesSi xdebastudentis TviTgamorkveva da maswavleblis profesiisadmidamokidebulebis Camoyalibeba.pedagogiuri praqtika aqtiurad unda iyos CarTulibunebismetyvelebis maswavlebelTa momzadebis programebSi.Bbunebismetyvelebis momavali maswavleblis student praqtikantispedagogiuri saqmianobis kulminaciuri wertiliagakveTilis Catareba. aq warmatebis Seucvleli sawindariawina da axali masalis Rrmad, yovelmxriv da mtkiced codna,rac gulisxmobs mocemuli Temebis saganmanaTleblo,ganmaviTarebeli, aRmzrdelobiTi da SromiTi funqciebis,meTodebisa da TvalsaCinoebis optimalur gansazRvras damis praqtikul ganxorcielebas. praqtika daexmareba studentsgamoimuSavos moswavleTa motivaciis amaRlebisstrategiebi, moswavleebTan efeqtiani komunikaciis unari,konsultaciis gamarTvis unari da a. S.bunebismetyvelebis momavalma maswavlebelma unda gamoimuSaoskvlevis, samyarosa da garemos Seswavlis, misi1 e. gigaSvili. uwyveti pedagogiuri praqtika.., gv. 34.748

dacvisa da SenarCunebis unar-Cvevebi. moswavles unda gaacnossamecniero meTodebi da Seaswavlos maTi gamoyenebisxerxebi. samyaros aRqmisa da gaazrebisaTvis, unda gaecnosmecnierul miRwevebs da maT kavSirs yoveldRiur cxovrebasTan.klasSi Caataros interaqtiuri gakveTilebi. 1l. koCetkovi pedagogiuri praqtikis Sesaxeb wers: `pedagogiuripraqtika es aris moedani, sadac garkveviT Canssustic da Zlieric, student-praqtikanti sacdel gakve-Tilze SeigrZnobs codnis deficits, rac SeiZleba gaxdesan aqtivobis, an xelis Caqnevis mizezi”. 2 a. andreevi Tavismxriv amatebs: “axalbeda maswavleebli moswavleTa koleqtiviswin SeigrZnobs Tavisi kvalifikaciis dones da rocanaxavs, rom ki dgas auditoriis winaSe, magram aq misi adgiliar aris, mTeli arsebiTiT moundeba iqidan gaqceva”. 3bunebismetyvelebis maswavlebelTa ganaTlebis TanamedrovesistemaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi imaSi mdgomareobs,eqnebaT Tu ara momaval maswavleblebs sakmarisicodna bunebismetyvelebis dargSi, unar-Cvevebi da pozicia,romlebic saWiroa swavleba-swavlis mecadineobis procesisada ganaTlebis sferoSi dagegmili inovaciebis realizebisaTvis.rogor SeiZleba davexmaroT maT im codnis, unar-Cvevebisa da Sexedulebebis SeZenaSi, rac aucilebelia maTiprofesiuli ganviTarebisaTvis da skolebSi swavlis procesisgasaumjobeseblad. am sakiTxis gaazreba da gadaWra SeuZlebeliaevroamerikuli gamocdilebis gaziarebis gareSe.aucilebelia sworad movaxdinoT pedagogiuri praqtikisorganizacia da Sinaarsi, rac daexmareba students (momavalmaswavlebels) Camouyalibdes maswavleblisaTvis aucilebeliprofesiuli kompetenturoba, kreaciuli azrovneba, TanamSromloba,jgufuri muSaobis elementebis codna, pasuxismgebloba,avtonomiuroba, siaxleebis SeTvisebaze orien-1 erovnuli saswavlo gegma. sagnobrivi programa bunebismetyvelebaSi.Tb., 2002. gv. 54.2 Л. Кочетков. Педагогическая иновация теории и педагогики. М., 1994, gv. 47.3 А. Андреев. Научные исследования в педагогической практике, М. 1985, gv. 17.749

tirebis unari da a. S. mogexsenebaT bunebismetyveleba siaxleebsada mecnierul miRwevebze orientirebuli dargobrivispeqtria, Sesabamisad momaval maswavlebel-bunebismetyvelsaucileblad unda hqondes siaxleebis aTvisebisa daSemdeg gakveTilze misi danergvis unari.pedagogiur praqtikas aucileblad unda gaaCndes TavisigansazRvruli swavlis Sedegebi, romelic unda SeesabamebodessaganmanaTleblo programis (am SemTxvevaSi bunebismetyvelebismaswavlebelTa momzadebis) swavlis Sedegebs.mas universitetis mxridan aucileblad unda hyavdes xelmZRvaneli,romelic icnobs dargobriv kompetenciebs, xoloskolis mxridan mentori, romelic daexmareba studentebsSesabamisi unar-Cvevebis dauflebaSi.aRniSnuli sakiTxebi maswavlebelTa ganaTlebis erTerTimTavari problemaa. igi exeba maswavlebelTa profesionalizmsada maTi profesiuli ganviTarebis saerTo tendeciebs.Tanamedrove pedagogikaSi profesionalizmis koncefciagamoiyeneba Rirebulebebis, unar-Cvevebisa da SexedulebebisrTuli mTlianobis gamosaxatavad, rac xelmisawvdomiunda iyos momavali da ukve moqmedi maswavleblebisaTvisda romlebsac isini iyeneben TavianTi yoveldRiuri saqmianobismaRal doneze Sesasruleblad. Pprofesionals aqvsimgvari kompententuroba, romelic mas ganasxvavebs yvelasgan.Cven gvaqvs swavlebis, swavlisa da mecadineobis gamocdileba,magram yvelas rodi SeuZlia swavleba -swavla, mecadineobisrTuli procesis marTva da yvela rodia naziarebipedagogiur xelovnebas. 1bunebismetyvelebis maswavlebelTa profesiuli maswavleblisdaxasiaTeba mravalgvarad aris SesaZlebeli. amdargis momaval maswavlebels gaazrebuli unda qondes: ZiriTadi dargobrivi kompetenciebi da siaxleebi; maswavleblis profesiuli standartiT gaTvaliswinebulicodna;1 g. kvantaliani. maswavleblis wigni. Tb., 2006, gv. 24750

TviTkontroli sakuTar samuSao situaciisa da imsocialuri amocanebis gadawyvetaze, romlebicTavad unda ganaxorcielos. mobiluroba da moqniloba swrafad cvalebad samyaroSi. ramdenad SeuZliaT maT kavSiris damyareba saklasogaremos, skolasa da sazogadoebas Soris, anuekveodes klasis marTvis rTul “xelovnebaSi”. TavianTi profesiuli funqcionirebis legitimaciisunari. 1praqtikis warmoebis procesSi aucilebeli komponentiapraqtikis dRiuri, romelic studentma unda awarmoos yoveldRiuradda gaakeTos komentarebi mis mier CatarebulisamuSaoebis Sesaxeb. aseve aucilebel pirobas warmoadgenspraqtikis angariSi dawera, romelSic aRwerili iqnebapraqtikis procesSi ganxorcielebuli saqmianobis analizida daskvnebi. angariSSi aRwerili unda iyos skolis muSaobisprocesi, dadebiTi da naklovani mxareebi, romelic SeamCniastudentma (momavalma maswavlebelma), argumentirebulidaskvnebi da rekomendaciebi, anu sakuTari xedva klasisada skolis marTvis sakiTxSi. yovelive es daexmareba momavalmaswavlebels ganuviTardes kreatiuloba, logikuriazrovneba, argumentaciis unari, sakomunikacio unarebi, Tanmimdevrulobada a. S.migvaCnia, rom pedagogiuri praqtikis ukeT warmarTvisada adeqvaturi Sedegebis misaRwevad aucilebelia da droaSemoviRoT portfolios warmoeba, romelsac TaviseburiTeoriuli da praqtikuli aspeqtebi gaaCnia. portfolioniSnavs erTi adamianis muSaobis da swavlebis Sefasebas,studentis mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos nakrebs, anu yvelaferiis, rac saSualebas miscems students praqtikis angariSisprezentaciis dros ukeT warmoaCinos gavlili praq-1 a. gegeWkori. meToduri miTiTebani da savarjiSoebi bunebismetyvevelebaSi.Tb., 2002, gv. 54.751

tikis Sedegebi.BROLISA TSULAIAPEDAGOGICAL PRACTICE AND PREPARATION PROCESSOF TEACHERS OF NATURAL HISTORYThe central question of a reform taking place in the educationalsystem is the process of preparation of future teachers. The obligatorycomponent of teachers’ preparation in the Bachelor’s programs is pedagogicalpractice in schools. In the article are discussed the questions ofpedagogical practice on the example of teachers of Natural History.There is given an idea that in the process of practice an important componentis a practice dairy, which a student has to keep daily and make commentsabout the work done by him/her. Also a necessary condition is writinga practice account and keeping a portfolio. The portfolio means evaluationof a person’s work and teaching, a collection of work fulfilled bya student, or everything that will give a possibility to a student to revealthe results of passed practice better during the account presentation.752

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaramaz WanturiaskolaSi istoriis swavlebis saswavlomeTodurisafuZvlebiistoriis swavlebas, mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia warsulida Tanamedrove civilizaciebis SecnobaSi. bolo aTwleulebisganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi garkveuli nabijebigadaidga msofliosa da saqarTvelos istoriis axali saxelmZRvaneloebisSeqmnaSi, romelic Tavisufalia sabWouriideologiuri dogmebisagan. axal saxelmZRvaneloebSi aqcentigadatanilia zogadsakacobrio RirebulebaTa Seswavlisaucileblobaze. msoflio da saqarTvelos istoria damoukidebelisaqarTvelos axalgazrdobisaTvis unda iyos warsulTan,awmyosa da momavalTan mWidro kavSiris saSualeba.Tanamedrove etapze istoriis swavleba skolaSi ufrometad aqtualuri xdeba, imdenad, ramdenadac is xels uwyobsCveni qveynis axali, demokratiuli moqalaqis aRzrdasada formirebas. istoriis swavlebis meTodika warmoadgensspecialuri mecnierebis sagans, romelsac aRzrdisa da ganviTarebissakuTari amocanebi, kvlevis meTodebi da kanonzomierebebigaaCnia. meTodika – es aris skolaSi istoriulimecnierebis safuZvlebis swavlebis Teoria da praqtika.istoriis swavlebis meTodika, rogorc mecniereba Teoriuladazogadebs muSaobis praqtikul gamocdilebas, gvTavazobsswavlebis iseT meTodebs, romlebmac ukve hpova gamarTlebada mogvca saukeTeso Sedegi. 1moswavleebis mxridan istoriuli codnis sistemis aTviseba,yovelmxrivi aqtiurobiT da xSir SemTxvevaSi SemoqmedebiTisaqmianobiT xorcieldeba. skolaSi istoriis swav-1 s. vardosaniZe, z. CimakaZe, e. cqitiSvili. istoriis swavlebis me-Todika. Tb., 1999, gv. 7.48. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi753

leba da misi Semecneba unda xdebodes mecnieruli gamokvlevebis,moswavleTaTvis gaiolebulad da gamartivebuladmiwodebis gziT. im zRva istoriuli masalidan, romelicSegrovilia da gaanalizebulia istoriul mecnierebaSi, undaSeirCes is minimumi, romelic pedagogiurad da meToduradaucilebelia saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi amocanebis gadaWraSi.istoriis swavlebisas xSir SemTxvevaSi codna,adabtirebulad, sistematizirebulad miewodeba. 1istoriuli codnis Semecnebas safuZvlad udevs, SegrZnebada aRqma, upiratesad mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi. codnaistoriuli movlenebis Sesaxeb ivseba sxvadasxva informaciuliwyaroebiT. miRebuli informacia warmoadgens aramxolod aucilebels, aramed sawyis safexurs saganmanaTlebloprocesSi. istoriuli codnis safuZvlebi sxvadasxvagvaria,did rols TamaSobs da mniSvnelovani adgiliukavia TvalsaCinoebaas, rukas, dokumentebs, zepirsityviergadmocemas da werilobiT aRweras. 2 codnis aTviseba ar SeiZlebaiyos izolirebuli misi gaanalizebisgan, radgan TavisTavadis ar warmoadgens mxolod codnis gadacemas, radrosac TiTqos aqtiurobs maswavlebeli da moswavle pasiuradiRebs miwodebul masalas. maswavleblis mier faqtebisgasagebad gadmocemis SemTxvevaSi moswavleebisgan saWiroanebisyofis daZabva, survili, yuradReba, damaxsovreba,fantaziis unari, raTa warmosaxvaSi aRiqvan aRwerili movlena,faqti. aseve saWiroa istoriuli mecnierebis mierdadgenili moswavleebis mier damoukideblad moZieba. amisaTvismoswavlem unda icodes sxvadasxva istoriuli wyaroda flobdes masze muSaobis meTods. 3istoriuli faqtebis arsi, genezisi da istoriulimovlenebis ganviTareba, istoriuli procesebis kanonzomie-1 М. М. Лисенко. Методика викладання історії Української РСР. Радянська школа.К., 1985, gv. 14.2 М. М. Лисенко. Методика викладання.., gv. 14.3 Активизация учащихся на уроках истории. Из опыта работы учителей Львова.Львов, 1998, gv. 82.754

ebani da sxva analogiuri codna, romelic Seswavliliaistoriuli mecnierebis mier, moswavleebma SeiZleba gaaTviTcnobieronmxolod Segnebulad gaazrebis safuZvelze.Tvisobrivad sxva da sxva gvari codna misi formirebisprocesSi urTierTzemoqmedebas iwvevs. mcnebebis formirebaeyrdnoba faqtebis codnas, konkretul cocxal saxeebs.moswavleTa codnis gamyareba da misi gaTviTcnobierebaemyareba codnis ganzogadebas mis konkretizebas. rac ufroswrafad da Rrmad gaiazrebs is axal masalas. masalis aRqma,aris ara mxolod Sedegi, aramed azrovnebis formac.moswavleTa mier istoriuli masalis Seswavlis da gaazrebisprocesi, am dros zogadidan konkretulisaken miemarTeba,magram moswavles masalis aRqmis ufro myari safuZveliaqvs. 1 Sedegad, moswavleebi iTviseben axal faqtebs da axleburadaanalizeben maTTvis manamde cnobil masalas. gadasvlakonkretulidan zogadisaken da piriqiT, es uwyvetiprocesia istoriuli codnis gaRrmavebisa da moswavleTagonebrivi ganviTarebisaTvis. 2swavlebis procesSi mimdinareobs moswavleTa ganswavla.ganswavlaSi, pedagogika da fsiqologia moswavleTa mxridanmasalis aTvisebis unars gulisxmobs. ganswavla damokidebuliaadamianis zogad ganaTlebaze, misi codnis maragze dasistematizaciaze, aseve imaze, Tu aRqmis unari aqvs.istoriis aTvisebis Sedegianoba damokidebulia saswavloprocesis organizebulobaze, romelic istoriuli wyaroebissaSualebiT, moswavleTa SemecnebiTi saqmianobis uzrunvelyofaSimdgomareobs. maT Soris erT-erT umTaavresswarmoadgens maswavleblis mier masalis gadmocema, sadacSesaferisi wyaroebis SerCeva aucilebeli pirobaa. es aucilebelia,ara mxolod, moswavleTa mier istoriuli masalisaTvisebisTvis, aramed maTSi istoriuli wyaroebis damoukidebladaRqmis unaris formirebisTvisac. 31 Активизация учащихся на уроках истории.., gv. 24.2 Активизация учащихся на уроках истории.., gv. 25.3 Активизация учащихся на уроках истории.., gv. 25-26.755

istoriis swavlebis procesSi, aucilebelia moswavleebSifsiqologiuri ganwyobis Seqmna, interesis gaRviZeba,SemecnebiTi aqtiuroba da yuradRebis organizeba. am amocanebisgadasaWrelad sxvadasxva gzebi arsebobs., romelic gadasacemmasalaze da moswavleTa codnazea damokidebuli. problemisdasma, siuJetis sainteresod Txroba, sxva wyarosgamoyeneba argumentad, romelic sakiTxis damoukidebladgadawyvetas moiTxovs da sxva. agreTve gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovaniamoswavleTaTvis konkretuli miznis gaTviTcnobiereba,romelsac unda miaRwion maT muSaobis procesSi.moswavleTa mier, istoriis Semecnebis yvela etapzeaucilebelia, maTi azrovnebis srulyofis xelSewyoba axalimasalis miwodebisas, masalis pirveladi ganmtkiceba, saSinaodavalebis Sesruleba da ganmeoreba. istoriis Seswavlisasaxali masalis gaazreba da uSualod faqtebis ganmtkiceba,ritorikuli SekiTxvebis xSirad dasmiT, moswavleTa miersakiTxis damoukideblad gadawyvetiT, diskusiis organizebiTda sxva saSualebebiT xorcieldeba. mniSvnelovan rols istoriisgaazrebisas, TvalsaCinoeba asrulebs. 1moswavleTa mxridan codnis ganmtkiceba gakveTilze dasaSinao davalebis Sesrulebisas, maT mier masalis damaxsovrebissaSualebiT xorcieldeba. mTavar faqtors codnisganmtkicebisas sxvadasxva elementebs Soris yovelmxrivikavSirebis damyareba warmoadgens. ( faqtebi, TariRebi dasxva.) moswavleTa codnis Sedegebis Semowmeba da Sesworeba,xels uwyobs ara mxolod codnis miRebas, aramed istoriuliazrovnebis ganvitarebas,istoriuli masalis dauflebisSesaZleblobas da sworad gamoiyenos codna saswavloda sazogadoebriv praqtikaSi.saswavlo saxelmZRvaneloebi, mxolod informaciis wyarosar warmadgenen da programasTan erTad ZiriTad SinaarsgansazRvraven istoriis swavlebaSi. amasTan saxelmZRvaneloebimimarTulebas aZleven maswavlebels saswavlo1 А. И. Александров. Самостоятельная работа учащихся при изучении истории.М., 1989, gv. 35.756

programis organizebaSi da xels uwyoben moswavleebs damoukidebladimuSaon istoriul wyaroebze. 1moswavleTa saswavlo procesis organizebaSi ZiriTadrols maswavlebeli asrulebs. mxolod maswavlebels aqvssaSualeba awarmoos, istoriis swavleba moswavleTa ganswavlisaTvisebis tempebis mixedviT, Seamowmos da koreqtirebagaukeTos saswavlo process, daubrundes cudad aTvisebulmasalas, ganmartos gaugebari sakiTxi da sxva.amasTan didi mniSvneloba eniWeba moswavleebze maswavleblispirovnebis zemoqmedebas, mis avtoritets.istoriis swavlebaSi garkveuli adgili ukavia saxviTTvalsaCinoebas da pirobiT niSnebs, istoriis codnis pormirebamiRebuli informaciis da arsebuli codnis aqtualizaciissinTezis Sedegad xdeba. es aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebeliazepiri gadmocemis,saxviTi TvalsaCinoebis dapirobiTi niSnebis rolisa da SeTavsebis gansazRvrisaTvis,rogorc istoriis swavlebis procesSi istoriuli faqtebisSesaxeb informaciis gadacemis saSualeba.istoriis codnis formirebaSi, TvalsaCinoebas gansakuTrebiTdidi roli dabal kasebSi eniWeba. pirvel rigSigasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom am klasebSi iswavleba epoqa,sadac sazogadoebis materialuri da sulieri cxovreba, mkveTradgansxvavdeba Tanamedrove cxovrebisagan. meore, am asakismoswavleebSi Raribia warmosaxvis da cnobierebis maragibunebasa da sazogadoebaze, xolo arsebuli warmodgenamkveTr Sinaarss moklebulia. mesame, dabali klasebis moswavleebiaqtiurad da didi interesiT ekidebian TvalsaCinoebasTxrobiT da miwodebul masalas, mas advilad ukavSireben.miuxedavad imisa, rom saxviT TvalsaCinoebas didi rolieniWeba, rogorc informaciis miwodebis erT-erTi saSualeba,istoriis swavlebisaTvis srulyofili mainc ar aris. 2zepirsityvieri da werilobiTi gadmocema ara, mxolodinformaciis miwodebas uwyobs xels, aramed analizis saSu-1 А. И. Александров. Самостоятельная работа учащихся.., gv. 25.2 s. vardosaniZe, z. CimakaZe, e. cqitiSvili. istoriis.., gv. 185-191.757

alebasac warmoadgens. faqtebis mniSvnelobis aRqma da ur-TierT kavSiris gacnobiereba, rogorc kanonzomieri procesi,mxolod metyvelebis saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli.istoriis swavlebaSi metyvelebisa da saxviTi Tvalsa-Cinoebis paralelurad, informaciis miwodebis karg saSualebas,pirobiTiniSnebi warmoadgens. pirobiTi niSnebi, ganavrcobsda warmoaCens, bunebasa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb zepiradgadmocemul codnas. gansakuTrebiT farTod iyenebenpirobiT niSnebs kartografiuli rukebis Sedgenisas, pedagogiurnaxatebSi, diagramebsa dasqemebSi. pirobiT niSnebsaseve warmoadgens wrfe, marTkuTxedi, da sxva figurebi. 1pirobiTi niSnebis saSualebiT, moswavleebisaTvis SeiZlebaadvilad, misaxvedrad da ekonomiurad iqnes miwodebuliinformacia istoriuli faqtebis da maTi urTierT kav-Siris Sesaxeb, radgan pirobiTi niSnebis meSveobiT miwodebuliinformacia Tavisufalia yvela konkretuli wvrilmanisagan.pirobiTi niSnebi moswavleTa gonebrivi Semoqmedebissayrdens warmoadgens.aseTi TvalsaCinoebis roli istoriis swavlebis procesSi,moswavleTa warmodgenebis da cnebebis maragiszrdasTan erTad izrdeba, magram yvela klasSi TvalsaCinoebisgamoyenebasTan erTad, sityvas mainc ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelobaeniWeba, ara mxolod istoriuli faqtebis ganmartebaSi,aramed istoriuli codnis ganvrcobasa da informaciismiwodebaSi. 2miuxedavad imisa, rom istoriaSi saswavlo saxelmZRvaneloarsebobs, Txrobas istoriis swavlebaSi gansakuTrebuliadgili ukavia. maswavleblis mier masalis TxrobiTgadmocema, moswavleebisaTvis metyvelebis ZiriTad nimuSswarmoadgens sazogadoebriv sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi da erTerTiseriozuli faqtoria, maTi metyvelebis kulturis1 Р. Б. Вендровская. Межпредметные связи истории и обществоведения. – Преподаваниеистории в школе, №4, 1990, gv. 6-8.2 И. Я. Ленер. Опыт применения познавательных задач в 5 классе. – Преподованиеистории в школе, №1, 1997, gv. 11-16.758

ganviTarebaSi. miuxedavad amisa, zepirsityvier gadmocemas,dabeWdili teqstisagan gansxvavebiT Tavisi susti mxareebicgaaCnia da misi araswori gamoyeneba garkveul safrTxes Seicavs.dabeWdil teqsts moswavleebi sxvadasxva siswrafiTkiTxuloben, xolo zepiri metyvelebis aRqmas yvela moswavlisTvissaerTo tempi aqvs. swrafi tempi zogierTi sustimoswavlisTvis SeiZleba Znelad aRsaqmeli iyos, xoloneli tempiT Txrobisas moswavleTa yuradReba gaifantos.kiTxvisas moswavlem Tu ver gaigo fraza, isevdaubrundebaigive winadadebas, zepiri gadmocemis mosmenisas, moswavlemTu dakarga azrobrivi kavSiri monaTxrobSi, SeiZleba saer-Tod miatovos smena. amas garda smenisa, Tu Txroba arismonotonuri, yuradReba qveiTdeba, vidre kiTxvis dros. 1zepiri gadmocemisas, maswavleblis mier dadebiTi mxarisrealizeba da susti mxareebis gamosworeba, misi metyvelebissrulyofis Sedegad aris SesaZlebeli.gansakuTrebuli mravalferovneba swavla-aRmzrdelobi-Ti sakiTxebisa, romlis gadaWrac istoriis swavlebis procesSixorcieldeba, maswavlebels seriozul moTxovnebsuyenebs mis metyvelebasTan dakavSirebiT. Tu maswavlebelsunda, rom istoriisadmi interesi gaaRviZos moswavleebSi,misces maT safuZvliani codna, gavlena moaxdinos maTi pirovnebisformirebaze, is valdebulia sistemurad da bevriimuSaos metyvelebis kulturis ganviTarebaze. mas undaqondes daxvewili metyveleba da moswavleTa asakobriv ganviTarebasTanerTad, gadasacemi masalis Sinaarsis mixedviT,moqnilad lavireba unda SeeZlos. 2amrigad, swavlebis arcerTi wesi da arcerTi meTodi,ar aris universaluri. maTi mravalferovnebis daniSnulebaasaswavlo procesi, moswavleTa mier codnis maqsimaluriaTvisebisaken mimarTos. wesebisa da meTodebis SerCevamTlianad damokidebulia maswavleblis kvalifikaciaze, daostatebaze,codnaze da piradul Tvisebebze. agreTve mos-1 И. Я. Ленер. Опыт применения познавательных задач в 5 классе, gv. 11-16.2 И. Я. Ленер. Опыт применения познавательных задач в 5 классе, gv. 11-16.759

wavleTa aqtiurobaze, maT nakiTxobaze da dainteresebaze.RAMAZ CHANTURIAEDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICALFOUNDATION OF TEACHING HISTORY AT SCHOOLTeaching History is of great significance in the comprehension ofthe past and modern civilization. In the last decades certain steps havebeen made in Georgia in regard to composing new textbooks the worldand Georgian history which are devoid of the Soviet ideological dogmata.In the new textbooks the accent is transferred to the importance of acquiringthe values common to all-mankind. The world and the Georgianhistory should be the means of setting up close links between the past,the present and the future for the youth of the independent Georgia. As itis indicated in the present article no teaching guides or methods can beuniversal. The aim of diversity is to direct the teaching process towardsthe utmost acquisition of knowledge. The choice of guides and methodsentirely depends on the teacher’s qualification, skills, knowledge and personaltraits of character, as well as on the pupils’ activeness, eruditionand interests.760

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010-2011humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriajemal jinjixaZeerTi Secdomis Sesaxeb saskolo maTematikasada misi swavlebis meTodikaSigeometriul cnebaTa gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT ganvixiloTmeTodikuri TvalsazrisiT erTi friad mniSvnelovanisakiTxi. gvaqvs kvadratis Semdegi ori gansazRvra: kvadrati ewodeba iseT marTkuTxeds, romlisgverdebi tolia (1). kvadrati ewodeba iseT rombs, romlis kuTxeebimarTia (2).es ori gansazRvra miRebulia samecniero gamocemebSi, 1maTematikis yvela saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi 2 da meTodikurliteraturaSi, 3 ZvelSic da axalSic, saqarTveloSicda sxvaganac.rac Seexeba pirvel gansazRvras, igi savsebiT sworia,radganac kvadrati TavisTavad marTkuTxedia, kerZod, kvadratimarTkuTxedis saxea. magram aris Tu ara swori meoregansazRvra? – gadaWriT unda iTqvas, rom es gansazRvrasrulebiT araa swori da igi uxeSad arRvevs oTxkuTxedebisklasifikaciis princips.ganvixiloT Semdegi diqotomiur-klasifikaciuri sqema(nax. 1):1 magaliTad: Математика. Школьная энциклопедия. М., 2003, gv. 94; Энциклопедическийсловарь юного математика. М., 1985, gv. 127 da sxv.2 magaliTad: g. gogiSvili, T. vefxvaZe, i. mebonia, l. qurCiSvili.gavimeoroT maTematika, naw. II. Tb., 2009, gv. 49 da sxv.3 e. imerliSvili. maTematikis swavlebis zogadi meTodika. Tb., 2001,gv. 127; А. А. Темербекова. Методика преподавания математики. М., 2003, gv.49 da sxv.761

paralelogramebimarTkuTxaparalelogramebiaramarTkuTxaparalelogramebitolgverdamarTkuTxaparalelogramebitolgverdaaramarTkuTxaparalelogramebiaratolgverdamarTkuTxaparalelogramebiaratolgverdaaramarTkuTxaparalelogramebinax. 1paralelogramebis simravleSi Cven SevitaneT maxasia-Tebeli niSani: ~hqondes marTi kuTxe~ (ix. nax. 1). amiT paralelogramebissimravles CamovacileT marTi kuTxis mqoneyvela paralelogrami da miviReT ori qvesimravle – paralelogramebisori saxe: marTkuTxa paralelogramebi (anumarTkuTxedebi) da aramarTkuTxa paralelogramebi. radganackvadrati marTkuTxedis saxea, xolo rombi – aramar-TkuTxa paralelogramis saxe, amitom kvadrati da rombi arSeiZleba erTmaneTTan iyon gvarobiT-saxeobiT mimarTebaSi;amasTan, rombs ar SeiZleba gaaCndes marTi kuTxe. maSasadame,swori asea: kvadrati ewodeba tolgverda marTkuTxeds, anu,rac igivea: kvadrati ewodeba tolgverda mar-TkuTxa paralelograms. rombi ewodeba tolgverda aramarTkuTxa paralelograms.da uxeSi Secdomaa: `kvadrati ewodeba iseT rombs, romelsacmarTi kuTxe gaaCnia~. aseTi rombi ar arsebobs.762

kargi iqneba, Tu moswavleebTan CavatarebT kvleviTpraqtikul-laboratoriul samuSaos aseTi gegmiT:kvadratis gansazRvra (kvleviTi samuSao):kvadrati ewodeba iseT rombs, romelsac marTi kuTxe gaaCnia.termini – `kvadrati~, cneba – `kvadrati~, gvari – `rombi~,saxeobiTi gansxvaveba – `aqvs marTi kuTxeebi~.analizi:1. imisaTvis, rom kvadrati ganvsazRvroT, unda vicodeTrombis gansazRvra da misi Tvisebebi,2. imisaTvis, rom rombi ganvsazRvroT, unda vicodeTparalelogramis gansazRvra da misi Tvisebebi.sinTezi:1. paralelogramebis simravleSi SevitanoT erTi Tviseba:`hqondes marTi kuTxe~.2. paralelogramebis simravle daiyo or qvesimravled: marTkuTxa paralelogramebis simravle (mar-TkuTxedebi), aramarTkuTxa paralelogramebis simravle.3. aramarTkuTxa paralelogramebis simravleSi SevitanoTerTi Tviseba: `hqondes toli gverdebi~.4. aramarTkuTxa paralelogramebis simravle daiyo orqvesimravled: tolgverda aramarTkuTxa paralelogramebissimravle (rombebi), aratolgverda aramarTkuTxa paralelogramebissimravle.daskvna: marTkuTxa rombi ar arsebobs. maSasadame, kvadratisgansazRvra, romelic sayovelTaodaa miRebuli : ~kvadratiewodeba iseT rombs, romelsac marTi kuTxe gaaCnia~, araris swori. e. i. ar aris swori, agreTve, yvela saxelmZRvane-763

loSi miRebuli Semdegi gansazRvrac 1 : `rombi ewodeba iseT paralelograms,romelsac gverdebi toli aqvs~. es gansazRvraar gamoricxavs rombisaTvis marTi kuTxeebis qonas. amitomsworia: `rombi ewodeba iseT aramarTkuTxa paralelograms,romelsac gverdebi toli aqvs~.miRebuli gansazRvra imitom araa swori, rom aq rombigansazRvrulia arauaxloesi gvaris mixedviT da gaTvaliswinebuliar aris uaxloesi gvaris ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSani.rombis uaxloesi gvaria aramarTkuTxa paralelogrami da misiZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli isaa, rom marTi kuTxe ar gaaCnia.aqve mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, ganvixiloT sakiTxebis erTipatara garkveuli wre; masSi gaurkvevlobas mxolod Secdomebisgamowveva SeuZlia saskolo maTematikur Tu meTodikurmsjelobebSi.1. ganvixiloT oTxkuTxedi ABFD (nax. 2), sadac BF ||AD;BF sxivze sadac ar unda mdebareobdes F wvero, oTxkuTxediABFD yovelTvis trapecia iqneba, garda erTad-erTi wertilisa,sadac B = AD. am SemTxvevaSi trapecia iqceva paralelogramadda TviTon ukve aRar arsebobs. igi gadagvardeba paralelogramSi.amitom vRebulobT gansazRvras: `trapecia ewodebaiseT oTxkuTxeds, romlis ori mopirdapire gverdi paraleluria,danarCeni ori ki – araparaleluri~. es asecaa miRebuli,aq axali araferia.1 magaliTad, Математика. Школьная энциклопедия. М., 2003, gv. 94; Энциклопедическийсловарь юного математика. М., 1985, gv. 127; g. gogiSvili, T.vefxvaZe, i. mebonia, l. qurCiSvili. gavimeoroT maTematika, gv. 49da sxv.764

B C A3. ganvixiloT tolferda samkuTxedi ABF (nax. 4). AFsxivze sadac ar unda mdebareobdes F wertili, Tu B wertiliimoZravebs wrewirze, romlis centria A da radiusia AB, samnax.2D2. ganvixiloT rombi ABFD (nax. 3). wrewirze, romliscentria A wertili da radiusia AB, sadac ar unda mdebareobdesB wvero, oTxkuTxedi ABFD yovelTvis iqneba rombi,garda erTad-erTi wertilisa , sadac kuTxe AD aris 90 -is toli. am SemTxvevaSi rombi iqceva kvadratad da TviTonukve aRar arsebobs. igi gadagvardeba kvadratSi. amitom vRebulobTgansazRvras: `rombi ewodeba tolgverda aramarTkuTxaparalelograms~. es ase araa miRebuli, magram ase unda mivi-RoT! BCAnax. 3D765

kuTxedi yovelTvis iqneba tolferda, garda erTad-erTi wertilisa , sadac A =A . am SemTxvevaSi tolferdasamkuTxedi iqceva tolgverda samkuTxedad da TviTon ukveaRar arsebobs. igi gadagvardeba tolgverda samkuTxedSi. amitomvRebulobT gansazRvras: `tolferda samkuTxedi ewodebaiseT samkuTxeds, romlis ori gverdi tolia, mesame ki – maTgangansxvavebuli~. es sxvanairadaa miRebuli, magram sakiTxisdalagebulobisaTvis ase ajobebs.B AC nax. 4samive ganxiluli SemTxveva erT princips eqvemdebareba daam principis dacva geometriis swavlebaSi sistemurobas aumjobesebs.aRvniSnoT isic, rom paralelogramebis klasifikaciisdros maT simravleSi SegveZlo pirvelad Segvetana niSani`hqondes toli gverdebi~ da mere Segvetana niSani `hqondesmarTi kuTxeebi~. aseT SemTxvevaSi sqema miiRebda saxes (nax. 5):766

paralelogramebitolgverdaparalelogramebi(rombebi)aratolgverdaparalelogramebitolgverdamarTkuTxaparalelogramebi(kvadratebi)aratolgverdamarTkuTxaparalelogramebi(marTkuTxedebi)tolgverdaaramarTkuTxaparalelogramebiaratolgverdaaramarTkuTxaparalelogramebinax. 5aq ukve, rogorc sqemidan aSkarad Cans, kvadrati arganisazRvreboda marTkuTxedis saSualebiT. amis Sedegadswori iqneboda gansazRvra: `kvadrati ewodeba iseT rombs,romelsac marTi kuTxeebi gaaCnia~, magram ar iqnebodaswori Semdegi gansazRvra: kvadrati ewodeba iseT marTkuTxeds,romelsac gverdebi toli aqvs~. aseTi marTkuTxediar iarsebebda.maSasadame, Tu miviRebT (1) gansazRvras, maSin (2) gansaz-RvraSi mocemuli cneba carielia; Tuki miviRebT (2) gansaz-Rvras, maSin (1) gansazRvraSi mocemuli cnebaa carieli. amor gansazRvraSi mocemuli cnebebi erTdroulad ar arsebobs,radganac isini sxvadasxva klasifikaciiTaa miRebuli.767

JEMAL JINJIKHADZEON ONE MISTAKE IN SCHOOL MATHEMATICSAND IN THE METHODS OF TEACHING ITIn the methods of teaching mathematics (and not only in the methods)two definitions of a square are accepted: 1) a square is a rectanglewith equal sides; 2) a square is a parallelogram with right angles. However,these two definitions are incongruous simultaneously. If the first definitionis accepted, then the concept defined by the second definition becomesmeaningless and is the second one is accepted, then the concept ofthe first definition loses its meaning. It is so because the basis of thehypothesis (concept) definition is classification, whereas the basis ofclassification is subdivision of the set into nonintersecting subsets. Thearticle substantiates the given point of view. The mistake is elucidated.768

avtorebimanana bukia – filologiis doqtori, arnold Ciqobavas saxelobisenaTmecnierebis instituti.Tamila zviadaZe – filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori.marine kakaCia – filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasocirebuli profesori.qeTevan margiani – filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori.marina jRarkava –soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti.merab naWyebia – filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetissruli profesori.levan faCulia – filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori.Tamar giTolendia –soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti.maia daraselia – filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversiteti.ema kilanava – filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetissruli profesori.Tamar jojua – filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasocirebuli profesori.nana ediSeraSvili – filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversiteti.Tamar kiRuraZe – filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori.Tea jRarkava – filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasistent-profesori.diana alania – filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetissruli profesori. nino eTeria – filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversiteti. nana araxamia – filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasistent-profesori. indira gadilia – filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversiteti.49. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi769

770salome kapanaZe – filologiis doqtori.nana kucia – filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasocirebuli profesori.Sorena lomiZe – filologiis magistri.lela mircxulava – filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversiteti. ciala mesxia – filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti. mariam miresaSvili – filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori. tite mosia – filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori. TamTa rogava – filologiis doqtori.luara sordia – filologiis mecinerebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori.Tamar yaliCava – soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti.olRa petriaSvili – filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori.jambul anCabaZe – istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasocirebuli profesori.irakli gelenava – istoriis doqtori.oTar gogoliSvili – istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, SoTa rus-Tavelis saxelobis baTumis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuliprofesori.kaxa kvaSilava – istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti. zurab papasqiri – istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori. beJan xorava – istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasocirebuli profesori. givi rogava – istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori. manana kuprava – istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasistent-profesori. vaxtang jafariZe – istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis sruli profesori.revaz xvistani – istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis asocirebuli profesori.salome baxia-oqruaSvili – istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivanejavaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutisufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli.giorgi anTelava – istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori.guram abesaZe – politikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis sruli profesori.kaxi kopaliani – fsiqologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori.nestan lomaia – filosofiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti.kaxa qecbaia – filosofiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetissruli profesori.Tamar SinjiaSvili – ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori.meri Wanturia – filosofiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasistent-profesori.leonide jaxaia – filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversiteti.dazmir jojua – istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasocirebuli profesori.irma gabelia – ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversitetis doqtoranti.lali gabisonia – samarTlis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasocirebuli profesori.vefxvia gvaramia – samarTlis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasocirebuli profesori.sofio gvaramia – ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversitetis doqtoranti.aleqsandre giorgiZe – samarTlis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori.Temur darsania – saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti.mixeil mamniaSvili – samarTlis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis sruli profesori.helmut kuri – samarTlis doqtori, fraiburgis universitetis profesori(germania).771

mixail viurgeri – samarTlis doqtori, fraiburgi (germania).ediSer futkaraZe – samarTlis doqtori.guranda gabunia – qarTuli universitetis doqtoranti.lela rexviaSvili – pedagogikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversiteti.brolisa wulaia – pedagogikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori.ramaz Wanturia – istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti.jemal jinjixaZe – pedagogikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori.772

AUTHORSManana Bukia – PhD in Philology, Arnold Chikobava Institute ofLinguistic.Tamila Zviadadze – PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University.Marine Kakachia – PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University.Ketevan Margiani – PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University.Marina Jgarkava – Post-Graduate Student of Sokhumi State UniversityMerab Nachkebia – PhD in Philology, Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity.Levan Pachulia – PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity.Tamar Gitolendia – Post-Graduate Student of Sokhumi State University.Maia Daraselia – PhD in Philology, Sokhumi State University.Emma Kilanava – PhD in Philology, Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity.Tamar Jojua – PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity.Nana Edisherashvili – PhD in Philology, Sokhumi State University.Tamar Kiguradze – PhD in Philology, Assistant Professor of SokhumiState University.Tea Jgarkava – PhD in Philology, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity.Diana Alania – PhD in Philology, Professor of Sokhumi State University.Nino Eteria – PhD in Philology, Sokhumi State University.Nana Arakhamia – PhD in Philology, Assistant Professor of SokhumiState University.Indira Gadilia – PhD in Philology, Sokhumi State University.Salome Kapanadze – PhD in Philology.Nana Kutsia – PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity.Shorena Lomidze – Master of Philology.Lela Mirtskhulava – PhD in Philology, Sokhumi State University.Tsiala Meskhia – PhD in Philology, Sokhumi State University.Mariam Miresashvili – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor ofSokhumi State University.773

Tite Mosia – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor ofSokhumi State University.Tamta Rogava – PhD in Philology.Luara Sordia – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of SokhumiState University.Tamar Kalichava – Post-Graduate Student of Sokhumi State University.Olga Petriashvili – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of SokhumiState University.Jambul Anchabadze – PhD in History, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University.Irakli Gelenava – PhD in History.Otar Gogolishvili – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor ofShota Rustaveli Batumi State University.Kakha Kvashilava – PhD in History, Sokhumi State University.Zurab Papaskiri – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of SokhumiState University.Bezhan Khorava – PhD in History, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity.Givi Rogava – Doctor in Historical Sciences, Associate Professor ofSokhumi State University.Manana Kuprava – PhD in History, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity.Vakhtang Japaridze – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor ofSokhumi State University.Revaz Khvistani – PhD in History, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity.Salome Bakhia-Okruashvili – Doctor of Historical Sciences, SeniorResearcher of Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology.Giorgi Antelava – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor ofSokhumi State University.Guram Abesadze – Doctor in Political Sciences, Professor of SokhumiState University.Kakhi Kopaliani – PhD in Psychology, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University.Nestan Lomaia – PhD in Philosophy, Sokhumi State University.Kakha Ketsbaia – PhD in Philosophy, Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity.Tamar Sinjiashvili – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University.774

Meri Chanturia – PhD in Philosophy, Assistant Professor of SokhumiState University.Leonid Jakhaia – Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Sokhumi StateUniversity.Dazmir Jojua – PhD in History, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity.Irma Gabelia – Post-Graduate Student of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi StateUniversity.Lali Gabisonia – PhD in Law, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity.Vepkhvia Gvaramia – PhD in Law, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity.Sophio Gvaramia – Post-Graduate Student of Ivane Javakhishvili TbilisiState University.Aleksander Giorgidze – PhD in Law, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University.Temur Darsania – Post-Graduate Student of Georgian TechnicalUniversity.Mikheil Mamniashvili – PhD in Law, Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity.Helmut Kury – PhD in Law, Professor of Freiburg University (Germany).Micheil Wuerger – PhD in Law, Freiburg (Germany).Edisher Putkaradze – PhD in Law.Guranda Gabunia – Post-Graduate Student of Georgian University.Lela Rekhviashvili – PhD in Pedagogics, Sokhumi State University.Brolisa Tsulaia – PhD in Pedagogics, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University.Ramaz Chanturia – PhD in History, Sokhumi State University.Jemal Jinjikhadzee – Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor SokhumiState University.775

avtorebisaTvissoxumis saxelmwifo universitetis SromebSi(humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecniereba-Ta seria) gamosaqveyneblad motanili an gamogzavnili masalaunda iyos akrefili fontiT AcadNusx (zoma – 12, intervali– 1,5). sqolio unda iyos aseve AcadNusx-Si (zoma– 10, intervali – 1,5). ucxo enebze akrefili teqstiunda iyos akrefili Times New Roman-Si, ZiriTadi teqstisan sqolios Sesabamisi zomebiT. statias Tan unda axldesreziume (1000 aso-niSani, naxevari gverdidan erT gverdamde)qarTul da inglisur enebze. sqolios dakabadonebiswesebis Sesaxeb ix. `Sromebi~ (humanitarul da socialur-politikurmecnierebaTa seria), t. I. Tb., 2007, vebgverdze:http://sou.edu.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=170gamoyenebuli literaturis siis darTva saWiro ar aris.redaqciis misamarTi: soxumissaxelmwifo universiteti,q. Tbilisi, 0186, jiqias q.9, tel.: 254-14-12E-mail: zpapaskiri@gmail.comWeb-site: http://www.sou.edu.ge

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisSromebi. VIIIhumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriaPROCEEDINGS OF SOKHUMI STATEUNIVERSITY. VIIIHumanities, Social and Political Sciences SeriestiraJi: 150 egzemplari.

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