ganaTleba

UDC (uak) 37g-20mTavari redaqtori:lia axalaZeredaqtorebi:Tamar zarandia,Tamar SinjiaSvili,rusudan fifia,kaxa kvaSilavaEditor-in-chief:LIA AKHALADZEEditors:TAMAR ZARANDIATAMAR SHINJIASHVILIRUSUDAN PIPIA,KAKHA KVASHILAVAsarecenzio sabWo:joni afaqiZe (soxumi/Tbilisi, saqarTvelo), SoTa axalaia (soxumi/TbilisisaqarTvelo), omar ardaSelia (soxumi/Tbilisi, saqarTvelo), inga belousa(daugava, latvia), romeo galdava (soxumi/Tbilisi, saqarTvelo), nana gudsmiTi(niu-iorki, aSS), stiven gudsmiTi (niu-iorki, aSS), eka dadiani (quTaisi,saqarTvelo), daviT zurabaSvili (Tbilisi, saqarTvelo), evgenia kurSinskizingeri(hamburgi, germania), alberto de oliveira (rio de-Janeiro, brazilia),daviT malazonia (Tbilisi, saqarTvelo), Teimuraz papasqiri (Tbilisi,saqarTvelo), vlada stankuniene (vilniusi, litva), tariel futkaraZe(quTaisi, saqarTvelo), hans ioakim Srami (bremeni, germania), beJan xorava(soxumi/Tbilisi, saqarTvelo), marine xubua (soxumi/ Tbilisi saqarTvelo);REFEREE BOARD:JONI APAKIDZE (Sokhumi/Tbilisi, Georgia), SHOTA AKHALAIA (Sokhumi/Tbilisi, Georgia), INGABELOUSA (Daugavpils, Latvia) STIVEN GOUDSMITT (New York, USA), OMAR ARDASHELIA(Sokhumi/Tbilisi, Georgia), ROMEO GALDAVA (Sokhumi/Tbilisi Georgia), EKA DADIANi (Kutaisi,Georgia), DAVID ZURABASHVILI (Tbilisi, Georgia), ALBERTO DE OLIVEIRA (Rio-de Janeiro,Brazil), DAVID MALAZONIA (Tbilisi, Georgia), TEIMURAZ PAPASKIRI (Tbilisi, Georgia),VLADA STANKUNIENE (Vilnius, Lithuania), NANA GOUDSMITT (New York, USA), TARIELPUTKARADZE (Kutaisi, Georgia), HANS_JOACHIM SHRAMM (Bremen, Germany), BEJANKHORAVA(Sokhumi state University, Georgia), MARINE KHUBUA (Sokhumi state University,Georgia);menejeri:brolisa wulaiaJurnali `ganaTleba~ (ISSN 1987-782X) gamodis weliwadSi orjer soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis ganaTlebis fakultetis iniciativiT, saqarTveloJournal “Education” (ISSN 1987-782X) is published biannually by Sokhumi State University,Faculty of Education, GeorgiaJurnali `ganaTleba~Journal “EDUCATION”2

CONTENTS = Sinaarsiiakob gogebaSvili - 170Iakob Gogebashvili - 170 Teimuraz gvancelaZe ......................................................................................... 7iakob gogebaSvili da afxazuri enaTeimuraz Gvantseladze - Iakob Gogebashvili and the Abkhazian Language boris kvaracxelia .............................................................................................. 11iakob gogebaSvili muhajirobis Semdgomi periodis afxazeTissazogadoebriv-politikuri viTarebis SesaxebBoris Kvarackhelia - Iakob Gogebashvili About the Social-Political Situation of Abkhaziaof the Post Muhajir Period oleg alaviZe ......................................................................................................... 29iakob gogebaSvili esTetikuri aRzrdis SesaxebOleg Alavidze - Iakob Gogebashvili About the Aesthetic Education neli WampuriZe ..................................................................................................... 35iakob gogebaSvilis msoflmxedvelobaNeli Champuridze - World Outlook of Iakob Gogebashvilipedagogika, meTodika, ganaTlebis sociologiaPEDAGOGICS, METHODICS, SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION jemal jinjixaZe .................................................................................................. 40diferencirebis realizacia maTematikuri teqsturi amocanebisamoxsnisas swavlebisas dawyebiT skolaSiJemal Jinjikhadze - Realization of Differentiation at Teaching Mathematical TextualTasks Solution in Elementary School maia firCxaZe ........................................................................................................ 49iakob gogebaSvili da swavlebis Tanamedrove teqnologiebiMaia Pirchkhadze - Iakob Gogebashvili and Modern Teaching Technologies rusudan fifia ...................................................................................................... 54iakob gogebaSvilis weris swavlebis meTodebi da TanamedrovemdgomareobaRusudan Pipia - Iakob Gogebashvili’s Teaching Methods of Writing and ContemporarySituation brolisa wulaia ................................................................................................... 60iakob gogebaSvili da dawyebiT klasebSi bunebismetyvelebis swavlebisTanamedrove teqnologiebiBrolisa Tsulaia - Iakob Gogebashvili and Modern Technologies of Natural ScienceTeaching in Primary Classes3

nana maisuraZe ....................................................................................................... 67fizikis kursis swavlebis didaqtikuri da meTodikuri aspeqtebiNana Maisuradze - The didactic and Methodical Aspects of physics Course Temur ormocaZe .................................................................................................. 72kiTxvaze -rogor vswavlobT? pasuxi -rogorc gvaswavlian, albaT sworia.Temur Ormocadze - The Answer to the Question How Do We Learn? Is - We Learn SoAs We Are Taught - Is Correct. levan jinjixaZe ................................................................................................... 76metyvelebiTi kompetenturobis formirebis sakiTxi qarTuli enisa daliteraturis gakveTilebzeLevan Jinjikhadze -Issue of Speech Competency Formation at the Lessons of GeorgianLanguage and Literature oTar vaxania ........................................................................................................... 80fizikuri aRzrdisa da sportis qarTuli xalxuri pedagogikaOtar Vakhania - Georgian Folk Pedagogy of Physical Education and Sport Tamar SinjiaSvili .............................................................................................. 86umaRlesi evropuli ganaTleba, evropuli samecniero programebi dastipendiebiTamar Shinjiashvili - Higher European Education, European Research Programs andScholarships lela rexviaSvili ................................................................................................ 95iakob gogebaSvili qarTuli musikis qomagiLela Rekhviashvili - Iakob Gogebashvili – Dfender r of Georgian musicistoria, eTnologia, politikuri mecnierebaniHISTORY, ETHNOLOGY, POLITICAL SCIENCES daviT malazonia .................................................................................................... 99iakob gogebaSvili rogorc istorikosiDavid Malazonia - Iakob Gogebashvili as a Historian mariam CxartiSvili, qeTevan mania ..................................................................... 108qarTuli identobis wrToba `iveriis~ 1879 wlis publikaciebis mixedviTMari Chkartishvili, Ketevan Mania - Strengthening of Georgian Identity According to thePublications of the year 1879 rozeta gujejiani ................................................................................................ 130qristianobisa da tradiciuli qarTuli kulturis korelaciissakiTxisaTvisRozeta Gujejiani - For the Correlation Issue of Christianity and Traditional GeorgianCulture4

ganaTlebis fsiqologia, fiziologiaPSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION, PHYSIOLOGY Tamar javaxiSvili ............................................................................................... 207iakob gogebaSvilis Semoqmedebis zogierTi aspeqtiTamar Javakhishvili - Some Aspects of IakobGogebashvili’s Creative Work lali axalaZe, mixeil xananaSvili ............................................................... 213fsiqologiuri stresis eqsperimentuli modelis TviTregulaciuri qcevaLali Akhaladze, Mikheil Khananashvili - Self-regulatory Behavior of ExperimentalModel of Psychological Stress izo buxuleiSvili, zurab cucqiriZe ......................................................... 221iakob gogebaSvilis pedagogiuri fenomeniIzo Bukhuleishvili, Zurab Tsutskiridze - Pedagogical Phenomenon of Iakob Gogebashvili Zvirfaso avtorebo ........................................................................................... 231Dear Authors6

iakob gogebaSvili - 170 = Iakob Gogebashvili – 170iakob gogebaSvili da afxazuri ena7Teimuraz gvancelaZesoxumis saxelmwifo universitetiiakob gogebaSvilis moRvaweobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravsmis brZolas saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebisada qarTveli eris eTnikuri TavisTavadobis gadarCenis mizniT. es udidesiqarTveli moRvawe yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvals mis dros qveyanaSi mimdinareprocesebs da umalve exmaureboda maT.iakobi da misi Tanamedrove mowinave qarTuli sazogadoeba TvalnaTlivxedavdnen TavianTi samSoblos ganuyofel nawilSi, afxazeTSiSeqmnil urTules viTarebas, ganicdidnen afxazi xalxis tkivils, wuxdnenafxazeTis, rogorc maTi samSoblos ganuyofeli nawilis momavlisgamo, eZebdnen gzebs afxazTa da regionSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa garusebagadajiSebisagandasacavad.i. gogebaSvils araerTi sayuradRebo Tvalsazrisi aqvs gamutqmuliafxazeTis bed-iRbalTan, afxazi xalxis tragediasTan, afxazuri identobis,kulturisa da enis gadarCenasTan dakavSirebiT. igi kargad xedavda,rom afxazeTidan 1867 da 1877-1878 wlebSi afxazTa didi nawilis osmaleTisimperiaSi gaZevebis (muhajirobis) Semdeg es mxare garusebis realurisafrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda. aq Camosaxlebuli rusi, somexi, berZeni,germaneli, estoneli da sxva erovnebis kolonistebi imperias sWirdebodaadgilze darCenili afxazi da qarTveli mosaxleobis garusebis dasa-Cqareblad (amas arc malavdnen ruseTis xelisufalni, generlebi da didmoxeleebi).samwuxarod, manamdec mcirericxovan da axla kidev ufro dacotavebulafxaz xalxs, Tu samurzayanoSi Tavis istoriul miwaze mcxovrebqarTvelobas ar hyofnida sakuTari demografiuli resursebi, raTawin aRdgomoda moZalebul kolonistur zRvas, daecva da gadaerCina erovnuliTavisTavadoba, dedaena da erovnuli kultura. Seqmnili viTarebaqarTvel sazogado moRvaweebs da maT Soris i. gogebaSvilsac avaldebulebda,efiqraT gamosavalze, moeZebnaT am problemaTa gadaWris gzebi.iakob gogebaSvilma, rogorc Tavisi drois gamorCeulma pedagogmada erovnulma moRvawem, sxvaze ukeT icoda, rom dedaena nebismieri eTnosisfasdaudebeli saganZuricaa da TavisTavadobis SenarCunebis gamor-Ceuli saSualebac. swored amis codnam ganapiroba mis mier mtkice mecnierulsafuZvlebze damyarebuli ukvdavi `dedaenis~ Seqmna, ramac ara martoqarTvelebs misca mZlavri iaraRi identobis gadasarCenad, aramedsxva kavkasiel xalxebsac Seuwyo xeli, evloT imave gziT da ebrZolaT sa-

kuTari TviTmyofadobis SesanarCuneblad. am TvalsazrisiT iakobis`dedaenas~ zogadkavkasiuri mniSvneloba hqonda. cnobilia, rom sworediakobiseuli `dedaenis” principebi daedo safuZvlad ramdenime kavkasielixalxis enaze pirveldawyebiTi saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmnas. gamonaklisiam mxriv arc afxazuri ena yofila:1907 wels TbilisSi gamomaval gazeT `zakavkazie~-s 236-e nomerSigamoqveynda i. gogebaSvilis werili `afxazeTis Sesaxeb~. statiaSi avtoriexeba afxazur enaze saRvTismsaxuro wignebis Targmnis, saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebisSedgena-gamocemisa da amave enaze wirva-locvisa da swavlebisSemoRebis aucileblobis sakiTxebsac. rogorc teqstidan Cans,statiis dawera ganupirobebia zogi qarTveli korespondentis uaryofiTdamokidebulebas afxazur enaze religiuri literaturis Targmnisa daRvTismsaxurebis Sesrulebis mimarT. Zneli misaxvedri ar aris, rom amavtorTa sifrTxile afxazur enaze RvTismsaxurebis dawesebisa daSesabamisi literaturis Targmnis mimarT ganpirobebuli iyo imis SiSiT,rom es gamoiwvevda afxazi xalxis saboloo gaucxoebas qarTuli kulturuligaremosagan da, SesaZloa, moZme xalxTa Soris mtrobis gaCenasac ki.nu dagvaviwydeba, rom im dros afxazTa Soris ukve fexs ikidebda separatistuliganwyoba, rasac xels rusuli ideologiuri manqanac uwyobdada, ra Tqma unda, amis gamo qarTvel avtorTa nawilis amgvar SiSs realurisafuZvelic hqonda. magram sul sxvagvarad xedavda aRniSnul sakiTxsiakob gogebaSvili. mas ufro metad imisi SiSi hqonda, rom imperia ukan ardaixevda, gamoiyenebda qarTvelTa nawilis uaryofiT damokidebulebasam sakiTxis mimarT, uars ar ityoda wamowyebul provokaciaze da SeecdebodaafxazTa Soris im azris gavrcelebas, rom afxazi xalxis kulturulwinsvlas xels qarTvelebi uSliano. vfiqrobT, swored amitom mividaiakobi im daskvnamde, rom CaTrevas moCvenebiTi Cayola sjobda. rogorcCans, igi fiqrobda, rom Tu qarTvelebi xelis SeSlis magier daexmarebodnenmoZme xalxs sakuTari dedaenis patronobaSi, es am xalxebs SorisurTierTobas daaTbobda, Tanac imperias CaeSleboda afxazTa garusebisgegma - dedaenis gamoyenebis sferos gafarToeba gauZlierebda afxazebserovnul TviTSegnebas da maTi garuseba gaZneldeboda. garusebulafxazs erovnuli identobis myar poziciaze mdgomi afxazi ajobebda.iyo sxva sayuradRebo motivebic. magaliTad, iakobi werda:`Cven, qarTvelebs, mxurvaled gvsurs rogorc Cveni saRvTismsaxuroenis, ise Cveni mSobliuri literaturis ganviTareba da gamdidreba, movalenivarT igive visurvoT sxva erovnebebisaTvisac, maT Soris afxazebisTvisac.arc erTi qarTveli ar unda mogvagonebdes im velurs, romelmackiTxvaze - ra aris sikeTe da ra - boroteba? upasuxa: sikeTea, rocacols varTmev mezobels, xolo borotebaa, roca mezobeli marTmevs colso.ar unda mogvagonebdes imitom, rom es ewinaaRmdegeba qarTul isto-8

iul tradiciebs. qarTvelebi yvela saukuneSi zeimobdnen yvela erovnebebisTanasworuflebianobas, romlebic maTs samefoSi Sedioda, da ani-Webdnen maT yvela uflebas, riTac TviTon sargeblobdnen” (gogebaSvili,1990: gv. 134-135).vfiqrobT, aq komentari zedmetia.imave statiaSi avtori gvawvdis erT friad sayuradRebo cnobasac:`usamRvdeloesi kirioni didad TanaugrZnobda afxazuri damwerlobisada literaturis Seqmnas. man moiTxova kidec monawileoba mimeRo afxazurienis nacionaluri saxelmZRvanelos SedgenaSi. am mimarTulebiT undaimoqmedon soxumelma qarTvelebma da yovelnairad daexmaron afxazebs amkulturul wamowyebaSi~ (gogebaSvili, 1990: gv. 135) 1 . iqve avtori sTavazobsafxazuri enis mcodne afxazeTel qarTvelebs, Tu saxelmZRvaneloSedgeba da gaWirdeba misi dabeWdva soxumSi, wigni gadmougzavneT TbilisSiqarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas da isuzrunvelyofs Tavisi xarjiT mis gamocemaso (gamaxaria, 2005: gv. 473-474), TviT iakobi ki am sazogadoebis gamgeobis wevri iyo.iakobis am winadadebis ganxorcielebad unda miviCnioT Semdegi faqtebi:1. 1908 wels TbilisSi gamoica avtorTa jgufis mier iakobis pedagogiurprincipebze dafuZnebuli saxelmZRvanelo `afxazuri wigni afxazuriskolebisaTvis~, romlis saxelwodeba da Sinaarsi pirdapir mianiSnebsimaze, rom avtorebi mowadinebulni yofilan, Seqmniliyo ara rusuliskolebi afxazuri enis swavlebis elementebiTurT, rogorc es manamdeiyo da, samwuxarod, dResac aris, aramed sakuTriv afxazuri erovnuliskolebi, romlebic bavSvebs ki ar gadaajiSebdnen, aramed sakuTari eniswiaRidan daanaxebdnen samyaros da gauRvivebdnen TavianTi enis, kulturisada identobis siyvaruls.2. 1909 wels afxazma ganmanaTlebelma andrei WoWuam TbilisSi gamoscai. gogebaSvilis mier SemuSavebuli pedagogiuri principebis safuZvelzeSeqmnili pirveldawyebiTi saxelmZRvanelo “afxazuri anbani”, romelSicmis mierve Sedgenili originaluri afxazuri teqstebis gverdiT Setaniliaiakobis `russkoe slovo~-dan aRebuli sabavSvo moTxrobebis afxazuriTargmanebic.orive saxelmZRvanelos Rirseba is iyo, rom isini icavdnen iakobiseulprincips, romlis mixedviTac, dedaenis Seswavla meorexarisxovani saqmeki ar aris, aramed codnis miRebis safuZvelTa safuZvelia da igi undaexmarebodes moswavles samyaros sworad aRqmaSi, uviTarebdes codniswyurvils, SemoqmedebiT unars, umaRlebdes kulturis dones, xolo sxva1 aq xsenebuli kirioni soxumis eparqiis mwyemsmTavari, episkoposi kirion saZagliSvilia,romelmac didi roli iTamaSa afxazeTSi qristianobis ganmtkicebis, qarTul-afxazururTierTobaTa ganmtkicebisa da regionis mosaxleobis garusebisagan dacvis saqmeSi.9

ena unda iswavlebodes mxolod mas Semdeg, rac moswavles eqneba safuZvlianicodna dedaenisa da ucxo enis zegavlena veRar gadaajiSebs mas.iakobis es principi realurad uwyobs xels eTnosis enobrivi daeTnikuri identobis gadarCenas.ase rom, iakob gogebaSvils sakmaod mniSvnelovani roli aqvs Sesrulebuliafxazuri enis funqcionirebis gafarToebisa da garusebisaganafxazi xalxis gadarCenis saqmeSi. samwuxarod, zogi umaduri afxaziavtori iviwyebs am damsaxurebas da i. gogebaSvils udides afxazTmoZuledacxadebs (bRaJba, lakoba, 2006: 260-264), rac aranairad ar Seesabamebasinamdviles.literatura bRaJba, lakoba, 2006 - О.Х. Бгажба, С.З. Лакоба. История Абхазии. С древнейшихвремен до наших дней. 10-11 классы. Учебник для общеобразовательныхучебных учреждений. Сухум[и]. gamaxaria, 2005 - j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba (I s. -1921 w.). Tbilisi. gogebaSvili, 1990 - i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani xuT tomad.t. III. Tbilisi.Teimuraz GvantseladzeSokhumi State UniversityIakob Gogebashvili and the Abkhazian LanguageThe struggle for preserving the territorial integrity of Georgia and keeping the ethnicoriginality of the Georgian nation occupies a special place in the work of IakobGogebashvili. This greatest Georgian figure was astutely following the processes takingplace in the country at that time and immediately responding to them. In the article there isrationally studied Iakob Gogebashvili’s attitude towards the development of the Abkhazianlanguage and formation of a literary Abkhazian language. According to the author, theconsiderations spread among Abkhazian separatist circles about the great Georgian writer,teacher and enlightener, as if he hated the Abkhazians, were wrong. All archival materialsand sources confirm that Iakob Gogebashvili fought steadily for the formation anddevelopment of a literary language in Abkhazia.10

iakob gogebaSvili - 170 = Iakob Gogebashvili – 170boris kvaracxeliasoxumis saxelmwifo universitetiiakob gogebaSvili muhajirobis Semdgomi periodis afxazeTissazogadoebriv-politikuri viTarebis SesaxebXIX saukunis II naxevarSi ruseTis xelisuflebam gaugonari danaSauliCaidina. afxazebi, rogorc `arakeTilsaimedo~, `damnaSave~ xalxi mSobliuriadgilebidan ayara da osmaleTSi gadaasaxla. am danaSaulebriviqmedebis mizani saqarTvelodan afxazeTis Camocileba da misi sabolookolonizacia iyo. qarTvelma inteligenciam i. WavWavaZis, i. gogebaSvilis,a. wereTlis, g. wereTlis, s. mesxis, n. nikolaZis da sxvaTa saxiT dagmoafxazi xalxis mimarT carizmis mier Cadenili danaSauli. isini win aRudgnencarizmis Sovinistur politikas afxazeTis dacarielebul adgileb-Si ucxotomelTa Casaxlebas.mefis ruseTis velikoderJavuli miznebi daufaravad gaaxmovana cnobilmarusma Savrazmelma a. v. vereSCaginma ruseTis saimperatoro ekonomikurisazogadoebis krebaze wardgenil moxsenebaSi: `Никто, пологаю, такжене будет отрицать, что на черноморском прибрежье Кавказа, как на окраине государства,стоящей так много русской крови и денег, по праву долженгосподствовать: церковь русская, язык русский, грамота русская... Низкий уровеньобразования поселян, равно как их разноплеменность вызывают необходимость основанияшкол, так как только школою это разноплеменное население в будущемможем сделаться русским. Будем же, трудится для этого края в интересах нашегодорогого отечества, чтобы воочию было видно всей Европе, что мы — русские умеемне только приобретать богатый природою край, но и разумно пользоватьсябогатствами приобретенного края~ (Верещагин, 1878, gv. 22-24).a. v. vereSCaginis es mzakvruli Canafiqri carizmma maSin realobadaqcia, XXs. miwuruls ki ruseTis federaciis mier inspirirebuli qar-Tul-afxazuri konfliqtis Semdeg asiaaTasobiT qarTveli iZulebiT gamodevniliaam kuTxidan. saerTaSoriso samarTlis uxeSi darRveviT ganxorcieldaqarTvelTa eTnikuri wmenda da dRemde is sakuTar samSobloSidevnilobaSi imyofeba.qarTveli inteligenciis damokidebuleba carizmis mier afxazeTSiganxorcielebul politikasTan dakavSirebiT Riad, uSiSrad gamoxataerovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma,didma qarTvelma pedagogma iakob gogebaSilma. is didi interesiT11

ekideboda afxazi xalxis istorias. gulwrfelad TanaugrZnobda maT imtragediis gamo, romelic daatyda muhajirobis Sedegad.unda aRiniSnos, rom i. gogebaSvilis damokidebuleba muhajirebisSemdgom periodSi afxazeTSi mimdinare movlenebTan dakavSirebiTsaerTod ar aris Seswavlili. am TvalsazrisiT gamonakliss warmoadgensk. totoCavas naSromi (totoCava, 2000). Tumca, Cvens mier sakvlevad aRebulisakiTxebi masSi mxolod fragmentulad, zogadad aris mimoxiluli,radgan es Tema avtoris specialuri Seswavlis sagani ar yofila.rogorc cnobilia, afxazuri separatistuli istoriografiis zogierTiwarmomadgeneli faqtebis aSkara, uxeSi gayalbebiT cdilobs daasabuTos,Tumca uSedegod, rom TiTqos i. gogebaSvili iyo erT-erTi pirvelTagani,vinc wamoayena qarTvelebis mier afxazeTis kolonizaciisprograma (Лакоба, 1993). konkretul faqtebze dayrdnobiT Cven SevecadeTgveCvenebia i. gogebaSvilisadmi wayenebuli am braldebis sruli usafuZvloba.sakvlevad aRebul sakiTxze muSaobisas Cven SeviswavleT i. gogeba-Svilis yvela publikacia, romelic exeba muhajirobis Semdgom periodSiafxazeTSi mimdinare sazogadoebriv politikur movlenebs. garda amisagamoyenebuli gvaqvs saqarTvelos xelnawerTa centris dokumentebi, periodulipresis masalebi, Temis garSemo arsebuli literatura.winamdebare statiis mizania vuCvenoT i. gogebaSvilis moRvaweoba afxazixalxis erovnuli uflebebis dasacavad, misi kulturuli dawinaurebisada sarwmunoebrivi sakiTxebis samarTlianad gadawyvetisTvis.rogorc CemoT aRvniSneT, afxazTa TurqeTSi iZulebiT gadasaxlebisSemdeg mefis mTavrobam daiwyo Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroebiskolonizacia, afxazeT-samurzayanoSi rusebis masobrivi Casaxleba. carizmisam cbier Canafiqrs, CamoecilebinaT saqarTvelodan es ZirZveli kuTxe,daupirispirda XIXs. II naxevaris mowinave qarTveli inteligencia.1877w. gazeT `tifliski vestnik~-is meTaur werilebad gamoqveynda i.gogebaSvilis statia `vin unda iqnes dasaxlebuli afxazeTSi~, romelSicis exeba im droisaTvis didi erovnuli politikuri mniSvnelobis Temas,kerZod, saqarTvelos am erT-erT kuTxeSi qarTveli tomebis gadasaxlebissakiTxs. `axlandelma omma, — sinanuliT aRniSnavda avtori, — sxvamraval SedegebTan erTad, gamoiwvia isic, rom Cveni qveynis saukeTesokuTxe moulodnelad gaudaburda, vinaidan is miatova TiTqmis yvelamisma mkvidrma mcxovrebma. Cven vlaparakobT afxazeTisa da misi mcxovreblebisSesaxeb, romlebmac datoves TavianTi samSoblo da gadasaxldnenTurqeTSi. eWvs gareSea, rom es gadasaxleba droebiTi araris, aramed samudamoa: afxazeTi verasodes veRar ixilavs Tavis Svilebs.es garemoeba rigSi ayenebs sakiTxs: vin unda dasaxldes am mxareSi,romelic samudamod datova misma mkvidrma mosaxleobam?~ (gogebaSvili,12

1989: gv. 366).imave werilSi i. gogebaSvili konkretuli, sarwmuno argumentebismotaniT asabuTebs, rom afxazeTis Tavisufali teritoria yvelaze umtkivneulodSeiZleba dasaxlebuli iqnes mxolod da mxolod qarTveli,isic afxazeTTan axlo mosaxle da mis bunebriv pirobebTan SeguebuliqarTuli mosaxleobiT — megrelebiT, radgan mxolod maT SeuZliaT gauZlonafxazeTis Waobian adgilebs, misi havis Sxamianobas. imisTvis, romTavidan iqnes acilebuli samxreT ruseTis mosaxleobis mier afxazeTisteritoriis dasaxleba, i. gogebaSvili cdilobs daarwmunos mTavroba,rom afxazeTis teritoriaze rusebis Casaxleba gamoiwvevs maT fizikur ganadgurebasamis dasamtkiceblad mas moaqvs ara erTi faqti. `gamocdilebamukve daamtkica, — aRniSnavs is, — rom afxazeTSi dasaxlebuli rusi ojaxebigaxdnen misi havis msxverplni im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca isinisaxldebodnen soxumsa da havis mxriv SedarebiT ukeTes sxva adgilebSi.Cven TviTon viyaviT mowme soxumidan ramdenime rusi ojaxis ruseTSidabrunebisa, romelTa ricxvi mokle xanSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda damaterialurad ganadgurda afxazeTSi yofnis dros, mudmiviavadmyofobisa da ukan gadasaxlebis gamo xolo is ojaxebi, romlebicmaTgan damoukidebeli mizezebisa da garemoebebis gamo moklebuli iyvnenruseTSi dabrunebis saSualebas, wyevlidnen TavianT beds, romelmac isinigadmoagdo am kuTxeSi~ (gogebaSvili, 1989: gv. 389).aRniSnul statiaSi i. gogebaSvili miuTiTebs, rom megrelebs ucxotomebTanSedarebiT afxazeTSi dasaxlebisTvis sxva saWiro TvisebebicgaaCniaT. kerZod, did unars iCenen nayofieri Sromisadmi, SeuZliaTgamoiyenon afxazeTis mdidari buneba da isargeblon misi iSviaTibunebrivi simdidriT. `afxazeTis nayofier miwaze, — aRniSnavs i. gogeba-Svili, — maT SeuZliaT farTod ganaviTaron miwaTmoqmedeba, xeli mohkidonsatyeo mrewvelobas tyis siuxvis gamo, gaafarToon meRvineoba... meoreTviseba, romelic xdis megrelebs afxazeTis Cinebul kolonizatorebad,is aris, rom megrelebi did niWs iCenen savaWro saqmesa da komerciulwamowyebebSi da am mxriv gamonakliss Seadgenen sxva qarTvel tomTaSoris... da bolos, rac Seexeba politikur keTilsaimedobas,... megrelebi,rogorc yvela tomis qarTvelebi, am mxriv imdenad saimedoni arian, rommetis survilic ki ar SeiZleba. erTi sityviT, yvela Cven tomTa da xalxTagan,mxolod megrelebs aqvT yvela saWiro Tviseba dacarielebuliafxazeTis kolonizaciisaTvis rac xelsayreli da sasargeblo iqnebasaxelmwifosaTvis~ (gogebaSvili, 1989: gv. 371-372).i. gogebaSvili xazs usvams im garemoebasac, rom megrelebi istoriuliuflebis TvalsazrisiTac ufro kanonieri memkvidreni arian gasaxlebuliafxazebisa. `cnobilia, — aRniSnavs avtori, — winaT, arc ise SoreulwarsulSi, afxazeTis aRmosavleTis nawili megrelebs eWiraT da sa-13

sazRvro mdinare ara enguri, aramed kodori iyo... magram osmaleTis SavzRaze gaZlierebis Semdeg, afxazebma Turqebis mxardaWeriT gandevnesmegrelebi engurs gadaRma da daikaves maSindeli samegrelos teritoriisnawili. Tu TurqeTis gaZlierebas mohyva adgil—mamulis xelSi Cagdebada megreli xalxis Seviwroeba, samagierod TurqeTis darbevasa daSesustebas unda mohyves warTmeulis dabruneba da ruseTis erTmorwmuneda erTgul xalxze misi gadacema. amgvarad, afxazeTis dasaxlebamegrelebiT agreTve warmoadgens istoriuli samarTlianobis aqts~(gogebaSvili, 1989: gv. 398-399).afxazeTis dacarielebul adgilebSi qarTvelebis, pirvel rigSi,megrelebis dasaxlebis mizanSewonilobaze msjelobisas i. gogebaSviliexeba maT niWsa da gonebriv Tvisebebs, romlebic gansazRvravenTiToeuli eris kulturul ganviTrebas. `megrelebs gaaCniaT es imzomamde, — miuTiTebda is, — rom gancvifrebaSi mohyavT miudgomelimeTvalyure Tavisi swrafi sazrianobiT, iSviaTi mixvedrilobiT da aTvisebisgansacvifrebeli niWiT. ase, magaliTad, borozdinma, romelicdawvrilebiT da yovelmxriv gaecno samegrelos da megrelebs, metad moswrebuladdaaxasiaTa isini, roca maT amierkavkasiis frangebi uwoda~((gogebaSvili, 1989: gv. 375-376). marTlac, k. borozdini, 1 romelicdawvrilebiT da yovelmxriv gaecno samegrelos da megrelebs, werda, rom`Zneli sapovnelia aseTi niWieri, swavlis moyvaruli da mixvedrili xalxi— megrelebi Tavisis sazogadoebrivi TvisebebiT da yvelafris SemferebelxasiaTiT, kavkasiis frangebi arian, magram erTi kili WirT: jerkargad ara aqvT SemuSavebuli iuridiuli wesebi imisa, Tu rogor undaisargeblon bunebisagan boZebulis simdidriT~. (borozdini da sxvebi..,1927: gv.28).i. gogebaSvilis gamoTqmul mosazrebas afxazeTSi megrelTa CasaxlebisTaobaze rus SovinistTa Soris maSinaTve bevri mowinaaRmdege gamouCnda.erT-erTi pirveli maT Soris iyo soxumis olqis ufrosi, polkovnikin. vedenski, romelic aRniSnavda: `Абхазия нуждается в поселенцах развитиях,могущих быть образцами для оставшегося туземного населения. Мингрельцыещё сами нуждаются в развитии и кроме свойственных им пороков ничегонеспособны привить мало развитому населению, каковы абхазцы Абхазии нужны поселенцытрудолюбивые и предприимчивые. Но предприимчивые не в смысле уничтоженияестественных богатств, и в смысле разумного их эксплуатирования-мингрельцыположительно неспособным на это... поэтому, по нашему мнению, самыйлучший контингент поселенцев могут дать русские губернии южной и среднейполости. Наглядным подтверждением этому могут казаки Кубанской Терксойобластей~ (Введенский, 1877).1k. a. borozdini 1854 wlidan iyo samegrelos mmarTvelis ekaterine dadianis mdivani, misiSvilebis aRmzrdeli, 1857-1867 wlebSi ki _ senakisa da Telavis mazrebis ufrosi.14

n. vedenskis am srulad usafuZvlo mosazrebis Taobaze i. gogebaSviliaRniSnavda: `Cven metad moufiqreblad migvaCnia avtoris mosazrebaafxazeTis dasaxlebis Sesaxeb ara megrelebiT aramed ruseTis samxreT daSua guberniebis mcxovreblebiT. am guberniebs, romelSic yovelmxrivmkveTrad gansxvavdebian afxazeTisagan, gansakuTrebiT ki klimaturad,ar SeuZliaT mogvcen vargisi kolonizatorebi SavizRvispira arajansaRiadgilebisaTvis... ramdenime aTasi megrelis gadmosaxleba ixsnida ammxares aranormaluri mdgomareobidan... roca ilaSqrebs am erTaderTigonivruli gadaWris winaaRmdeg da gvTavazobs sxva mosazrebas, Cems mowinaaRmdegesunda esmodes misi sruli ganuxorcielebloba... maS, risTvisgvTavazobs igi iseT RonisZiebas, romlis ganuxorcielebloba misTviscxadia? risTvis utexs igi saxels erTaderT toms, romelsac SeuZliaafxazeTis warmatebiT Casaxleba~. (gogebaSvili, 1989: gv. 395-397).kargad esmoda ra carizmis Sovinisturi politikisagan momdinaresaSiSroeba, romelic safrTxes uqmnida afxazTa da qarTvelTa istoriulerTianobas da miznad isaxavda saqarTvelodan afxazeTis CamoSorebas, i.gogebaSvili erT-erT Tavis werilSi `politikanoba afxazeTSi~ werda:`amJamad afxazebs ori motrfiale hyavs. erTni cdiloben sruliaddaaSoron isini saqarTvelos, gaimartovon da gadaibiron Tavisken.meoreni monatrulni arian daicvan istoriuli kavSiri afxazebisaqarTvelebTan. Tu Segnebuli afxazebi daaxloebiT gaicnoben TavisisamSoblos warsuls, cxadad darwmundebian, rom afxazeTi mxolod imsaukuneebSi tkbeboda keTildReobiT da kai saxeliT, roca SekavSirebuliiyo saqarTvelosTan politikurad, sarwmunoebiT da RvTismsaxurebiT.metsac Seityoben. maSin afxazeTi saTaveSi udga mTeldasavleT saqarTvelosa, romelsac afxazebis saxelmwifo erqva. magramroca istoriis ukuRmarTma trialma igi moswyvita saqarTvelos dagaamartova, afxazebi ukan-ukan wavidnen, daecnen, gavelurdnen, ricxviTmetad Semcirdnen da axla, winandelis mozrdilis eris nacvlad, warmoadgenenerT muWa Tems, romelsac gaqroba emuqreba, Tu politikanebmagaacalkaves, gaimartoves da moswyvites saqarTvelosa. mtkice kavSiri kimegrelebTan da sxva qarTvelebTan welSi gamarTavs afxazebs, zurgsgaumagrebs, Zalas da Rones miscems da kargis momavlis imediT aRavsebs~(gogebaSvili, 1955: 173-175).rogorc Cans, i. gogebaSvils kargad scodnia afxazeTis ara martoistoriuli warsuli, aramed, rac mTavaria, Tu rogori mniSvnelobahqonda afxazTa da qarTvelTa erTian kulturul-istoriul sivrceSimravalsaukunovan Tanacxovrebas, rac samwuxarod, XXs. 90-iani wlebisdasawyisSi ruseTis mier saqarTvelos mimarT ganxorcielebuli agresiisSedegad dairRva.1902w. gaz. `cnobis furcelSi~ gamoqveynda werili `mcire SeniSvna~.15

avtoris mier XIXs. II naxevris qarTveli moRvaweebis mimarT gamoTqmuliiyo sayveduri imis Taobaze, rom maT araferi ar iRones afxazeTSiqarTvelebis dasasaxleblad: `afxazeTSi mTavrobis mospobis Semdeg(saubaria carizmis mier 1864w. afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebis Sesaxeb —b.k.), ufro ki ukanaskneli rus-osmalTa omis Semdeg, Savi zRvis napirebsmTavrobam didi yuradReba miaqcia da undoda dausrulebelis omebiswyalobiT veranad qceuli mxare daesaxlebina. am dros glexkacobas gul-Sematkivari vinme rom hyoloda mTeli es mSvenieri mxare qarTvelebiT iqnebodadasaxlebuli. magram, Cvenda samwuxarod, maSin im saSviliSvilosaqmisaTvis TiTqmis aravis mcire yuradRebac ar miuqcevia... amitomacaa,rom is adgilebi, romlis yoveli mtkaveli qarTvelis sisxliTaamorwyuli, iqmna dasaxlebuli estebiT, berZnebiT, moldavelebiT... Semdegki, roca umiwawylo glexobam kargad gaicno es mxare, aTasobiT moawydnenam mxares, magram gvianRa iyo. Savi zRvis napirebis kolonizaciis saqmeSeicvala da akrZalul iqmna saxelmwifo mamulebze dasaxlebac...sasurvelia, visac ki SeuZlian, Cveni glexobis yuradReba miaqcios am saucxovomxares da SeZleba misces maT es saqme moagvaron~ (hamuT-bei, 1902).n. janaSias am publikacias gamoexmaura i. gogebaSvili weriliT `usamarTlobraldeba (mesamoce wlebis moRvaweebze)~, romelic warmoadgenspasuxs gaz. `cnobis furcelSi~ n. janaSias mier gamoqveynebul statiaze.`es sityvebi rom samarTliani iyos, — werda i. gogebaSvili, — mesamocewlebis qarTveli inteligencia Tavidan ver aicilebda am friad mZimebraldebasa, magram es braldeba nayofia sruli ucodinarobisa... maSindelsqarTvels inteligencias kargad hqonda Segnebuli am sakiTxis didimniSvneloba da cdilobda daecva Tavisi eris ufleba dacarielebulisteritoriaze. piradad mec wminda movaleobad mimaCnda Cemi kalmiTgamewia jerovani samsaxuri Cvenis gaWirvebulis glexebisTvis. erTi garemoebacxels miwyobda. saqme is aris, rom me iZulebuli viyavi rva Tve mecxovrasoxumSi 2 filtvebisa da nervebis avadmyofobis gamo, da am SemTxve-2 1875 wels gaz. `droebaSi~ (№3, 4) xelmouwerlad daibeWda i. gogebaSvilis werili`soxumi, 10 dekemberi. werili pirveli~. gagrZeleba Semdeg ar dabeWdila. masSi avtorsaRwerili aqvs soxumis mdebareoba, hava, bunebrivi pirobebi. erTi wliT adre gaz. `droebaSi~(1874w. 29 noemberi, №451) gamoqveynda i. gogebaSvilis werili sergi mesxisadmi,romelSic dawvrilebiT aRwers soxumis havis mavne zegavlenas adamianis janmrTelobaze.masSi naTqvamia: `gigzavni werils soxumis Sesaxeb. am werilebs me bevrs dros ver movaxmareb,amitom msubuqi xasiaTi eqnebaT, magram soxumzed ki da afxazeTzed mTelwarmodgenas miscemen mkiTxvelebsa... soxumSi jer kidev vardebi yvavian.... ase rom imTveSic ar gamoileva aq gadaSlili vardebi. amazed cxadi damtkiceba aqauri haerissiTbosi ZnelaTRa iqneba. magram arc es siTbo, arc zRvis siaxlove ar ifaravs aqaurmcxovrebelebsa mavne Waobis zegavlenisagan... yvelas yviTeli gamowuruli limonis feriaqvs. lamazi colebi aq Turme qmrebs rodi misdeven. roca maT qmrebs aqeTken niSnavencolebi amgvar Sesxmas eubnebian Turme: — sanatrelo gvrito, me Sen Zalian miyvarxar,magram ufro mometebulad miyvars is siamovneba, romelsac Cemi TuraSauli vaSliTdabrawuli loyebi da tuCebi gaqven! me ar minda es siamovneba mogakloT TviT Rrmasiberemdis. da amitom ver gamogyvebi soxumSi, romlis ciebac TuraSaul vaSls Turme16

vam momca SeZleba adgilobriv Semeswavla saqmis garemoeba. radganac amdidi sakiTxis gadawyveta mTavrobaze iyo damokidebuli, amitom statiadavwere rusulad da davbeWde 1878 wels `Тифлисский вестник”-Si... am werilSime is azri gamyvanda, rom saukeTeso mosaxleTa kontingents dacarielebulisafxazeTisaTvis Seadgendnen megrelebi, baris imerlebi dabarisave gurulebi meTqi. am werilis winaaRmdeg `kavkazSi~ dabeWda werilimaSindelma soxumis okrugis ufrosma b-nma vedenskim. maSin me mis pasuxadufro farTod davayene, sagani gamovikvlie yoveli mxriv da davwerevrceli werili... me movelodebodi meored gamolaSqrebas vedenskis mxriv;magram sasiamovnod movtyuvdi. es avtori piradad gamocxadda gazeTisredaqciaSi da Cven gansacvifreblad, uTxra redaqtors Tavads bebuTovs:`vsdeb kalams da aramc Tu erTs sityvasac aRar vityvi winaaRmdeg, aramedam dRidgan mosarCle Seviqmnebi im azrisa, romelic sruli safuZvlianiTaris ganmartebuli Tqvens gazeTSio~ (gogebaSvili, 1989 /II: 354-356.).Semdeg, rogorc i. gogebaSvili aRniSnavs, mis mosazrebas gamouCndaufro Zlieri mosarCele dimitri staroselskis 3 saxiT, romelmacSeadgina proeqti afxazeTis dasaxelebisa. proeqti gaigzavna peterburgSi,magram rusuli velikoderJavuli ideologiis erT-erTma flagmanma,gazeT `Московские ведомости~-s redaqtorma mixeil katkovma, d. staroselskisazri, mavneblad miiCnia da moiTxova afxazeTSi gadaesaxlebinaT glexebiruseTis Sida guberniebidan. man Tavisi gaiyvana da waRma warmarTulisaqme ukuRma daatriala.`cnobis furceli~ ki, — wers i. gogebaSvili, — katkovis codos abralebsmaSindelis qarTvel moRvaweebis daudevrobas. aseTi usamarTlobaaucilebelia yovelis ymawvili literatorisaTvis, romelic saWirod arasTvlis Seityos da gaicnos, ra ukeTebiaT da risTvis ubrZolniaT imaT,romelnic masze adre gamosulan sazogado asparezze~ (gogebaSvili, 1989/II: 354-356.).amgvarad, i. gogebaSvili rigi argumentebis motaniT asabuTebs n. janaSiasmier qarTveli inteligenciis mimarT gamoTqmuli braldebis usafuZlobasda ar SeiZleba mas ar daveTanxmoT. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom n.janaSia, rogorc afxazeTis ZirZveli mkvidri, ufro mtkivneulad ganicdidaafxazi xalxis tragedias da guli Sestkioda iq mimdinare movlegawurullimons amsgavsebs... soxumi ramdeni xani gadis, imdeni ufro ukan-ukan midis...vaWroba erTi xuTad daeca, raki Savi zRvis floti gaqra da afxazeTi gaRaribdamcxovreblebis ricxviT da qonebiT! afxazebi axla yvelaferSi pouloben ukiduress naklovanebasa.maTi tanisamosi-glaxis branZebsa hgavs. uwin ki Turme sruliad sxva gvaradicvamdnen da sxva SeZleba hqondaT. amitomac iyo Turme soxumSi vaWroba gaCaRebuli —amboben, mxvnel-mTesvelebs miwebi aRar aqvTo~. am werilidan naTlad Cans, rom i. gogeba-Svili kargad icnobda ara marto soxumis bunebas, aramed adgilobriv mcxovrebTa mZimesocialur pirobebs.3dimitri staroselski _ kavkasiis mefisnacvlis erT-erTi moadile, ilia WavWavaZisqvisli.17

nebze. garda amisa, is xedavda, rom qarTveli inteligenciis erTi nawiliar iCenda saWiro Zalisxmevas afxazeTis dacarielebuli adgilebis qar-TvelebiT dasasaxleblad, rac, misi azriT, saSviliSvilo saqme iyo.XIXs. II naxevridan carizmi Riad Seudga rusifikatoruli politikisganxorcielebas. am mizniT daiwyo afxazuri damwerlobis rusul grafikazegadayvana, rasac politikuri misia ufro gaaCnda, vidre kulturulsaganmanaTleblo.`Абхазский язык, не имеющий письменности и литературы, —cinikurad acxadebda mefisnacvlis sabWos wevri e. veidenbaumi, — обречен,конечно, но изчезнование в более или менее близком будущем. Вопрос в том: кокойязык заменит его?... Очевидно, что роль проводника в население культурных идей ипонятий должен был бы играть не грузинский, а русский язык. Мне кажетсяпоэтому, что упреждение абхазской письменности должно быть не цельно самогопо себе, а только средством к ослаблению, путём церкви и школы, потребности вгрузинском языке и постепенной замене его языком государственным. Упустив этоиз виду, мы рискуем создать, сверх грузинской и прочих автономии, ещё и автономиюабхазскую~ (Инал-ипа, 1965: 163-164). rogorc vxedavT, mefis xelisuflebassaerTod ar ainteresebda afxazTa kulturuli dawinaureba. misi mizaniiyo maTi asimilacia da, rac mTavaria, afxazeTis saqarTvelodan Camocileba.afxazeTSi carizmis diskriminaciul enobriv politikas win aRudgai. gogebaSvili. misTvis naTeli iyo, rom mSobliuri enis gandevna, afxazurisnacvlad rusul enaze swavleba gamoiwvevda afxazTa deeTnizacias. amsafrTxis Tavidan asacileblad mas saWirod miaCnda afxazur enaze wignebisgamocema, maTi mSobliuri mwerlobis ganviTareba. `soxumSimoipovebian, — werda is, — rogorc qarTveli, ise afxazi pedagogebi. maTadvilad SeuZliaT ramdenisame Tvis ganmavlobaSi Seadginon SeerTebuliZaliT afxazuri `deda ena~ da dabeWdon igi. Tu adgilobriv verSesZleben am wignebis dabeWdvas, gamougzavnon TbilisSi `wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebas~da igi didi siamovnebiT gamoscems Tavisi xarjiT... piradadCven mzad varT yoveli daxmareba aRmouCinoT, SeZlebisdagvarad, tradiciulisZmobis da erTobis mociqulebs, metadre axalis mwignobrobisSeqmnasa da gamocemaSi~ (gogebaSvili, 1955: gv. 174-175).i. gogebaSvili ara marto qarTul enas icavda, aramed esarClebodaafxazur enasac, pativs miagebda mas. igi qarTvelTa movaleobad Tvlidamonawileoba mieRoT afxazuri anbanis SedgenaSi. gazeT `Закавказье~-Si gamoqveynebulwerilSi `afxazeTis Sesaxeb~ man daufaravad gilaSqra imaTwinaaRmdeg, vinc mtrulad ekideboda afxazur enaze saRvTismsaxurebowignebis Targmnas da am enaze RvTismsaxurebis Sesrulebas: `Cven, qarTvelebsmsurvelad gvsurs rogorc Cveni saRvTismsaxuro enis, ise Cveni mSobliuriliteraturis ganviTareba da gamdidreba, movaleni varT igive visurvoTsxva erovnebisaTvisac, maT Soris afxazebisaTvisac. ... usamRvde-18

loesi kirioni didad TanaugrZnobda afxazuri damwerlobisa da literatrisSeqmnas man moiTxova kidec monawileoba mimeRo afxazuri enis nacionalurisaxelmZRvanelos SedgenaSi. am mimarTulebiT unda imoqmedonsoxumelma qarTvelebma da yovelnairad daexmaron afxazebs am kulturulwamowyebaSi... afxazTa gamofxizlebisa da kulturulobis gzaze ma-Ti dadgomis wyalobiT uwindeli garegnuli erTianoba qarTvelebTanSeicvleba Sinagani solidarobiT da intensiuri ZmobiT, rasac Zlier Seuwyobsxels is garemoeba, rom mxolod qarTvelTa Soris aris afxazurienis savsebiT dauflebul pirTa mniSvnelovani kontingenti~ (gogebaSvili, 1989/III: gv. 134-135).ra Tqma unda, afxazuri enis mcodneTa am kontingentSi i. gogebaSvilimegrelebs gulisxmobda, romlebic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi afxazeb-Tan mezoblur-naTesaur urTierTobaSi cxovrobdnen da afxazur metyvelebasacsakmaod flobdnen. es garemoeba mkvidr niadags qmnida am mcxovrebTaSoris kavSirisaTvis da `garegnuli megobrobis~ nacvlad maT Soris`Sinagani solidarobis~ ganmtkicebisaTvis.i. gogebaSvili ebrZoda erovnul skolebSi rusuli enis ZaliT danergvas,rac adgilobrivi mosaxleobis garusebas iwvevda da moiTxovdadawyebiT klasebSi mSobliur enaze swavlebis SemoRebas. exeba ra samurzayano-afxazeTSiafxazuri enis swavlebaSi arsebul savalalo mdgomareobasis werda: `mosaxleobaSi skolis gavlenaze laparaki zedmetia. Seugneblad,meqanikurad dazepirebul kanti-kuntad cnobebs bavSvebi naTesavTnacnobTver uziareben maTTvis gasagebi eniT, radgan dedaena maTTvis aruswavlebiaT da arc ician misi moxmareba. ...Cven viciT, Tu ra cudi TvaliT,rogori undoblobiT uyureben bavSvebi skolas... gasuli wlis Semodgomaze,erT mSvenier dilas pansionidan gaipara erT-erTi saukeTesoafxazuri skolis yvela moswavle. yovelive amis Semdeg raRa gasakviria,rom skolebi uaRresad aradamakmayofilebel Sedegebs iZlevian? gasakviri,piriqiT, is iqneboda, rom afxazuri skolis moswavleebi, magaliTad,oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlebis aseTi veluri sistemiT ganawamebni dadamaxinjebulni, — yvelani uklebliv ar gamosuliyvnen am oTxklasiani saswavleblidanim zomamde gonebadaClungebulni da gamoTayvanebulni...kidev ufro gasakviri is iqneboda, rom aseTi Sedegebis momswre mosaxleobasar aeTvaliswunebia es skolebi da mtrulad ganwyobilic ki ar yofiliyomaT mimarT~ (gogebaSvili, 1955: gv. 143-147).1896 wels ruseTSi gamovida vinme popovis mier Sedgenili rusulienis saxelmZRvanelo wigni, romelic rusi bavSvebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili.am wingis Taobaze cnobili sazogado moRvawe Tedo saxokia werda:`es wigni soxumis saeparqio mTavrobam afxazeTisa da samurzayanos afxazurda megrul skolebSi saxelmZRvanelod SemoiRo, riTac darRveuliiyo saRi pedagogikis yovelgvari elementaruli moTxovnileba, — codnis19

SeTviseba bavSvebisaTvis gasagebi enis saSualebiT. xolo es wigni aiZulebdamegrel da afxaz bavSvebs maTTvis gaugebari rusuli enis saSualebiTeswavlaT rusuli enaca da saganic. amgvarad, maxinjdeboda maTi gonebada enas, romelic TuTiyuSiviT unda ezepirebinaT, samudamod SeiZulebdnen~(saxokia, 1984: 40).es wigni T. saxokiam gaugzavna i. gogebaSvils, sTxova rusul presaSigamoeqveynebinaT recenzia da xma aemaRlebina masSi gamoTqmuli mavne,miuRebeli mosazrebis Sesaxeb. i. gogebaSvilma soxumSi gamoagzavna werili,romelSic rCeva-darigebas iZleoda Tu rogor unda ebrZolaT xelisuflebisrusifikatoruli politikis winaaRmdeg. `cxadze ucxadesia, —werda is, — rom es wigni ar gamodgeba afxazebisa da megrelebisaTvis. me imazrisa var, rom saqmiT unda ebrZolo mand ukuRmarTobas da ara martoweriTa. erTi didi da udidesi saqme kerZo skolis gaxsnaa mand, imisTanaskolisa, rogoric aris baTumSi. wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebas ar miscemennebas mand qarTuli skolis gaxsnis, sxvaganac ki gzebi Seukres — kerZopirs ki uars ver etyvian, radganac kerZo skolis ganxsnis ufleba aqvsyvelas, visac ki ganaTlebis cenzi moepovebia... wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebaSeeweva wignebiTac da fuliTac. anTimoz juRelma es saqme kargad undaicodes da mas moelaparakeT... moifiqreT kargad amazed, SeadgineTproeqti da gamogvigzavneT gasasinjad... imedi maqvs, rom mand ZlierdaexmarebiT gaZlierebas im waRmarTi mimarTulebisas soxumis sazogadoebaSi.romelsac iseTi mtruli TvaliT uyureben ukuRmarTni daadamianis moZule pirni~ (saxokia, 1984: 40-41).afxazeTis qarTveloba xSirad mimarTavda i. gogebaSvils daxmarebisaTvis.1897 wels cnobilma pedagogma da sazogado moRvawem petre WaraiamTxovniT mimarTa mas aRmoeCina Tanadgoma samrevlo skolebis gaxsnisada iq misi `Русское слово~-s SemoRebis Taobaze: `mowyaleo xelmwifev, mogexsenebaT,rom afxazeT-samurzayanos skolebidan qarTuli ena gandevniligaxlavs... momaval saswavlo wlisaTvis mRvd. qavJaraZes gamouweriaTqveni saxelmZRvanelo `Русское слово~. igive qavJaraZe urCevs soxumis eparqiissaeklesio-samrevlo skolaTa zedamxedvels vasil iasrtebovs, popovisada sxva wignebis magivrad umjobesia TviT rusuli enis interesebisaTvis`Русское слово~. SemoviRoTo — gTxovT Tqvenc, Tqvenis mxriT, rac SesZloT,ecadoT, raTa Tqveni saxelmZRvanelo gavides soxumis eparqiaSi...Tu es sagani sasurvelia gadawyda, qarTuli enis xsenebac mTlad dakarguliar iqneba. ase Tu ise, qarTulis alagas afxazuris xmarebac rom urCion(sakuTriv afxazeTSi) mainc sasargeblo iqneba Tqveni saxelmZRanelo darusuli enac moigebs~ (xelnawerTa centri 210/ 329: 1-3).rogorc cnobilia, 1907 wels afxazeTSi moRvawe qarTveli inteligenciisiniciativiT dafuZnda `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelisazogadoebis soxumis ganyofileba~, magram misi damtkiceba gaWi-20

anurda. qalaqis Tavi, cnobili sazogado moRvawe niko TavdgiriZe amisTaobaze i. gogebaSvils werda: `didad pativcemulo batono iakob! vicidarwmunebiT, rom Tqven gulwrfeli erTguli xarT yovelive qarTulisaqmisa... Tqven yvela Cveneburze ufro kargad iciT, Tu ra gansacdelSiaqarTveluri saqme da qarTveloba ganapira adgilebSi, gansakuTrebiTsoxumSi da soxumis olqSi... q.S.w.k.g. sazogadoebas iseTi mniSvneloba areqneba, rogorc soxumSi aq es dawesebuleba sulzed mosaswrebisaSualebaa. miuxedavad amisa Cvens Txovnas yuradRebas ar aqceven.darwmunebuli var Tqven yvelazed ufro TanagrZnobiT moekidebiT Cvenssaqmes. gTxovT xma amoiRoT aseTi daudevrobisa da namdvili qarTvelurisaqmis ase miviwyeba-uyuradRebobis gamo. Tqvens azrs da sityvas ufrometi mniSvneloba aqvs, radganac Cveni skolebis da deda enis bed-iRblisgadawyvetaSi Tqven yvelazed meti damsaxureba da mniSvneloba gaqvT...gTxovT Tqveneburi gatacebiTa da gulwrfelobiT mohkidoT xeli am Cvenmiviwyebuli kuTxis patronobis da mzrunvelobis saqmes” (xelnawerTacentri 210/ 458: 7-8).carizmi ara marto zRudavda, aramed uxeSad arRvevda afxazeTis mosaxleobisuflebebs. rusi moxeleebi xels uSlidnen, sxvadasxva xrikebiTaWianurebdnen q. soxumis TviTmmarTvelobis Seqmnas. didi xnis lodinisSemdeg kavkasiis umaRlesma mTavrobam soxumSi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebidaniSna.i. WavWavaZis, i. gogebaSvilis, n. nikolaZis, gr. volskis, al. xaxanaSviliswinadadebiT soxumis Tavad wamoyenebul iqna cnobili sazogadomoRvawis al. sarajiSvilis kandidatura. amis Taobaze T. saxokiam weriligaugzavna i. gogebaSvils. masSi naTqvamia: `Tu naxoT ilia, auxsniT dawvrilebiTsaqmis viTarebas da sTxovT werilis mowera ar daagvianos,Tanac etyviT, rom es aris ukanaskneli qarTveli kandidati. Tu es ar iqna,SesaZlebelia, aq erTi rusia, zogni asaxeleben, da is gavides, raica metadsamwuxaro iqneba. xolo Tqven werils gamogzavniT erTis aqauris mcxovrebisda Tan gavlenianis kacis saxelze. es kacia Teimuraz gabunia. imasacesiamovneba Tqvengan werilis miReba da saqmec gakeTdeba. 98% Sansigvaqvs, rom sarajiSvili gava. imedi maqvs mowinaaRmdege kandidats aravineyolos~ (xelnawerTa centri 210/ 458: 7-8).q. soxumis Tavad al. sarajiSvilis arCevasTan dakavSirebiT, i.gogebaSvili anTimoz juRels werda: `batono anTimoz! soxumelebi,sxvaTa Soris, mec mekiTxebiT Sesaxeb al. sarajiSvilis kandidaturisa daTqvenis qalaqis mouravis adgilze. ukeTes kandidats ver iSovniT vercqarTvelebi da verc rusebi... swored rom ganaTlebuli qarTvelia... misigadawyvetileba aixsneba ori garemoebiT: mas unda, erTi mxriv, sazogadoebasemsaxuros da meore mxriv, upatronos Tavis mamuls soxumis mazraSi...amasTan Zlier patiosani da mSromeli kacia... rasac me gwerT saraji-21

Svilze, marto Cemi azri ar aris. WavWavaZe ilia, RoRoberiZe niko,cxvedaZe, umikaSvili da mTeli Tbilisis inteligencia swored amaveazrisa arian~ (gogebaSvili, 1962: gv. 367-368).rogorc cnobilia, kavkasiis administraciam al. sarajiSvili qalaqisTavad ar daamtkica (mamiT qarTvelobis gamo. dedamisi da meuRle rusebiiyvnen - b.k.) da es maSin, roca mas didi gamocdileba hqonda da soxumisTavad mas muSaoba ar gauWirdeboda. mTeli es aurzauri ruseTidanspecialurad mowveuli dawyebiTi ganaTlebis mqone pirovnebis daniSvniTdamTavrda.Cvens mier motanili masala metyvelebs imaze, rom i. gogebaSvilifxizlad adevnebda Tvalyurs afxazeTSi mimdinare sazogadoebrivpolitikurmovlenebs, mtkivneulad ganicdida afxazi xalxis tragedias,icavda maT erovnul uflebebs XIXs. II naxevarSi afxazeTSi mimdinare sazogadoebriv-politikurimovlenebi dRes isev aqtualuria, rameTuTanamedrove afxazuri separatistuli istoriografia cdilobs mrudesarkeSi warmoaCinos afxazi xalxis erovnuli tragedia da mowinave qarTveliinteligencia warmogvidginos rogorc am kuTxis kolonizaciis iniciatori.1993 wels gamoqveynda st. lakobas statia — `Столетняя война Грузиипротив Абхазии~, romelic exeba i. gogebaSvilis werils `vin unda iqnes dasaxelebuliafxazeTSi~. avtoris azriT i. gogebaSvili erT-erTi pirveliiyo, vinc wamoayena qarTvelTa mier afxazTagan dacarielebuli teritoriiskolonizaciis programa. st. lakoba ar eTanxmeba i. gogebaSvilis mosazrebas,rom gadmosaxlebul megrelebs SeeZloT afxazeTSi miwaTmoqmedebisganviTareba. `Тысячи мингрельцев, – aRniSnavs st. lakoba, – переселивщихсявследствие недостатка земли на родине в Сухумский отдел, занимая лучшие вовсех отношениях земли на родине в продолжении почти пятнадцати лет, и его главноезанимая их бесплатно, не в состоянии были устроить свои хозяйства, и настоящаявойна застали последние ничуть не отличающимися от хозяйства абхазов.Единственно, что внесли мингрельцы в Абхазии – это страсть к бесцельномууничтожению лесов, страсть, благодаря которой лучшие леса Абхазии – Коджелский,Гудавский, Рекский и Драндский почти уничтожены~ (Лакоба, 1993: gv. 11-12).ver daveTanxmebiT st. lakobas yovlad usafuZlo mosazrebas, rame-Tu faqtebi sul sxva rameze metyveleben. mravalTagan Tundac aseT magaliTsmovitanT. 1898 wels Jurnal `moambeSi~ gamoqveynda niko janaSiaswerili — `afxazeTis axalSenebi~, sadac saubaria megrelTa mier sofelabJayvas gaSenebaze. `aq, — aRniSnavda n. janaSia, — dasaxldnen ZalianRaribi da Rataki glexebi senakis mazridan araviTari Semweoba, gardamiwisa, aravisagan ar miuRiaT... megrelebis muyaiTobam, yairaTobam, damxneobam Tavisi gaitana. — yvelas, TiTqmis yvelas, lamazi `didkacuri~oda udgas. odebis ukan ki TiTqmis yvelas aqvs Zvirfasi baRi, Tu baRCa, Tu22

venaxi... Sinauri cxovelic yvelas sakmaod hyavs... aqve ar SemiZlian armovitano, ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos wevris, senatori n. s. abazas 4naTqvami abJayvelTa Sesaxeb... megrelebma Zalian kargi STabeWdilebaiqonies masze. sxvaTa Soris b-nma senatorma, romelmac umaRlesimTavrobis davalebiT 1894 wels daaTvaliera afxazeTis axalSenebi,mimarTa sayveduriT estonelT da uTxra: `Tqven aq mTavrobis mierkulturis gasavrceleblad xarT gamogzavnili kavkasielTa Soriso. esmegrelebi — abJayvalebi Tqven gacilebiT gjobniano: rac maT Tqven argaswavles, Tqven araferi maTTvis ar giswavlebiaTo~ (janaSia, 1989: 100-103).megrelTa mier soxumis olqis udaburi da gaveranebuli adgilebisganaSenianebaze, baR-venaxebiT Semkobil soflad gadaqcevazea saubariagreTve n. janaSias werilSi — `Wreli SeniSvnebi afxazTa da afxazeTisSesaxeb~.st. lakobas mixedviT, afxazTa muhajirobis Semdeg mxolod megrelebsda qarTvelebs micaT Turme ufleba dasaxlebuliyvnen SuaafxazeTSi. `После русско-турецкой войны 1877-1878гг, — wers st. lakoba, —было распоряжение, чтобы на местах, расположенных между реками Кодор иПсырцха, не селились Абхазы. Селиться здесь разрещался всем кроме них... Одним изтех кто призывал заселить менгрельскими крестьянами обезлюдевшие абхазскиеземли, был известный общественный деятель и педагог Якоб Гогебашвили” (Лакоба,1990: 39-41).st. lakobam mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom afxazebs ar hqondaT uflebadasaxlebuliyvnen Sua afxazeTSi, SeiZleba daveTanxmoT, magram verdaveTanxmebiT imaSi, rom TiTqos megrelebs da qarTvelebs ar ekrZalebaTafxazeTSi Casaxleba. `Грузино-мегрельцы, — wers is, — оказались, тогда впривилегированном положении благодаря своему участию на стороне царской России ввойне против народов Кавказа (1817-1864гг), в том числе и абхазов. Видныепредставители тифлисской интеллигенции получившие образование в российских университетахне переставая убеждали правительство России в выгодности и успешностипроведения в Абхазии лишь грузино-мегрельской колонизации. Ради достиженияэтой главной цели они высказывали свои верноподданнические чувства Российскойимперии, стремясь получить от неё право на исключительное владение Абхазией и еёземлями~ (Лакоба, 1990: 16-17).rogorc cnobilia, carizmis administracia yovel Rones xmarobdaafxazeTidan qarTvelTa gamosaZeveblad. afxazeTidan maTi gasaxlebisSesaxeb kanonis arsebobas adasturebs quTaisis samxedro general-gubernatorisgraf a. levaSevis miweriloba mazrebis ufrosebisadmi: `soxumis4 n. s. abaza — senatori, saxelmwifo sabWos wevri, romelmac ruseTisadministraciis davalebiT 1894 wels daaTvaliera afxazeTis axalSenebi.23

samxedro ganyofilebis naCalnikma macnoba me, rom wels seqtemberSi isiZulebuli iyo daebrunebina ukan oTxi megreli, romelnic Tavisi nebiTgardasaxlebuliyvnen oCamCiris mazraSi. amis gamo vumeoreb uf. uezdisnaCalnikebs, rom jerovani yuradReba miaqcion am saqmes da aras gziT armiscen maT uezdebidan soxumis samxedro ganyofilebaSi gadasaxlebisufleba~ (hamuT-bei, 1910/IX: №77, 1910, 7 aprili).mefis xelisuflebis mier afxazeTSi qarTvelTa dasaxlebis winaaRmdegmimarTul RonisZiebaze metyvelebs Semdegi faqtic. `sxvaTa Soris, —werda n. janaSia — afxazs ufleba waarTves megreli CaesiZebina da TavisisaTemo ufleba am gziT megrelisaTvis gadaeca sazogadoebis TanxmobiT,rasakvirvelia! am gziT didZali megreloba CaiTesla afxazTa Soris,radgan, afxazis azriT megrelis xelSi qali bednieria. es erTaderTi sa-Sualebac mouspo biurokratiam megrelT~ (hamuT-bei, 1910/IV: №24, 1910,31 ianvari). movitanT st. lakobas qarTvelT inteligenciisadmi wayenebulkidev erT yovlad usafuZvlo braldebas. rogorc is aRniSnavs, afxazeTSimegrel-qarTvelTa kompaqturi Casaxlebis Semdeg am kuTxis saqar-TvelosTan Serwymis ideologebi (igulisxmeba XIX saukunis qarTveliinteligencia-b.k.), Seecaden teritoriuli pretenziebis dasabuTebas,afxazeTSi qarTvelebis aborigenebad gamocxadebas. `После того, как вАбхазии появились первые массовые компактные поселения грузино-мингрелов (1879-1883гг), идеологи освоения Абхазии и её слияния с Грузией, — aRniSnavs afxazimkvlevari, — попытались сделать первый шаг в направлении обоснованиятерриториальных притязаний. На этом фоне усиленной Грузинской колонизацииАбхазии и появляется в 80-х годах XIX века `теория~ грузинского историка Д. Бакрадзе,в которой первые говорится о пришлости абхазов, в то время как грузиныпровозглашаются коренным народом Абхазии. В этот же период грузинскоедуховенство развернуло в церковных абхазских приходах бурную деятельность, гдеместному абхазскому населению навязывались непонятные грузинское богослужениеи грузинский язык, а абхазские фамилии мингрельскими священниками записывалисьна грузинский лад~ (Лакоба, 1990: 21).ver daveTanxmebiT st. lakobas am sicrues. utyuari faqtia, Tu rogoruWerda mxars qarTveli inteligencia afxazur enaze RvTismsaxurebisSemoRebas. i. gogebaSvili ver urigdeboda rusifikaciis politikas,romlis ZaliTac afxazeTis eklesiebsa da skolebSi idevneboda afxazuriwirva-locva, afxazuri da qarTuli wera-kiTxvis swavleba. utyuari faqtia(da es zemoTac aRiniSna), Tu rogor miesalmeboda is afxazur enazeRvTismsaxurebis SemoRebas. cnobilia, rom i. gogebaSvilma gailaSqraimaT winaaRmdeg, vinc mtrulad ekideboda afxazur enaze RvTismsaxurebas.`gazeTebis zogi korespondenti, — werda i. gogebaSvili, — mtruladepyroba afxazur enaze saRvTismsaxuro wignebis Targmnas da am enazeRvTismsaxurebis Sesrulebas. es me metismetad maocebs marTalia,24

afxazeTi mravali saukunis manZilze Seadgenda saqarTvelos politikurisxeulis nawils, iq RvTismsaxureba sruldeboda qarTul enaze da damwerlobacqarTuli iyo TviT afxazTa survilisamebr; magram xom ueWvelifaqtia, rom afxazuri ena qarTuli enis kilo ar aris, arameddamoukidebeli enaa, Tumca qarTuli enis monaTesave, rogorcdamoukidebel enas, mas udavod aqvs ufleba Tavis RvTismsaxurebaze,Tavis damwerlobaze, Tavis xalxur literaturaze~ gogebaSvili , 1989/III:134).st. lakoba kidev erT siyalbes Cadis. is aSkarad amaxinjebs muhajirobisSemdgomi periodis afxazeTis mosaxleobis demografiul maCveneblebs.`Происходившая здесь с конца 70-х гг. в. `этническая революция~ резкоизменила облик традиционной Абхазии... К первой Всероссийской переписи 1897г.численность грузинского населения составило 24,4% а абхазцев – 55,3%~ (Лакоба,1990: 42). ver daveTanxmebiT am monacemebs, radgan afxazebis raodenobaaSkarad gazviadebulia, Tundac imitomac, rom samurzayanoelebi calkear aRuricxavT, isini afxazebs miaTvales. 1926 wlis mosaxleobis aRweriT,afxazebi Seadgendnen 26,4%-s, qarTvelebi ki _ 31,8%-s. Tu afxaze-Tis mosaxleobis zrdis dinamikas gaviTvaliswinebT, kanonzomiereba arirRveva, radganac TurqeTSi gadasaxlda 30 000 afxazi.aqve ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT st. lakobas kidev erT ucnaurobas, ker-Zod, mis yovlad alogikur, urTierT-gamomricxav mosazrebas. 1990w. gamocemulnaSromSi is werda: `Свидетели тех трагических событий, передовая демократическаяинтеллигентная Россия и Грузии близко восприняли тяжелую учестьабхазского народа, который оказался на грани этнической катастрофы. О такой политикесамодержавия в Абхазии с негодоваимем писали И. Чавчавадзе, А. Церетели, Г. Месхи(unda iyos С. Месхи – b.k.), Я. Гогебашвили и другие~ (Лакоба, 1990: gv. 39).rodis ambobs st. lakoba simarTles da rodis styuis? Tu XIXs. qarTveliinteligenciis gulistkivilze muhajirebiT gamowveul afxazTatragediaze avtori wers afxazeTSi 1992 wels saomari moqmedebebis dawyebamde,Tumca, manamdec, separatistuli ganwyobilebiT gamorCeuli afxazimecnierebi adanaSaulebdnen saqarTvelos am kuTxis aTvisebaSi, afxazTadevna-SeviwroebaSi.sami wlis Semdeg, st. lakoba daufaravad, cinikurad acxadebs, romswored qarTvelma inteligenciam moamzada ideologiuri niadagi afxaze-Tis kolonizaciisaTvis, ramac TiTqos Secvala am kuTxis demografiulisituacia qarTvelTa sasargeblod.ratom mimarTavs st. lakoba am insinuaciebs. utyuari faqtia, rom isasrulebs politikur dakveTas, cdilobs myari safuZveli Seuqmnas afxazeTissaqarTvelosagan Camocilebas, kidev ufro gaaRvivos erovnuliSuRli afxazebsa da qarTvelebs Soris da daarwmunos gauTviTcnobierebelimkiTxveli imaSi, rom mxolod afxazebi arian am kuTxis mkvidri mosa-25

xleoba, xolo qarTvelTa istoriuli samSoblo engurs gaRmaa.aseTia mokled i. gogebaSvilis damokidebuleba XIXs. meore naxevar-Si afxazeTSi mimdinare politikuri procesebisadmi. rogorc vnaxeT, ismtkivneulad ganicdida afxazi xalxis erovnul tragedias, kargad xedavda,rom es mravaltanjuli xalxi fizikuri ganadgurebis winaSe idga. i.gogebaSvils mizanSewonilad miaCnia afxazeTis gaveranebul, ukacrieladgilebSi qarTvelebis dasaxeleba, rac misi TvalsazrisiT xels SeuwyobdaqarTul—afxazur istoriuli erTobis SenarCunebas, xolo iq rusulielementebis damkvidreba sfuZvels gamoaclida afxazTa da qarTvelTaistoriul Tanacxovrebas.i. gogebaSvilis gardacvalebam didi erovnuli glova gamoiwvia saqarTvelosyvela kuTxeSi. afxazeTSi didi gulistkiviliT aRiniSna misimoamagis gardacvaleba. `wera—kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis soxumisganyofilebam, — naTqvamia am ganyofilebis mier TbilisSi gamogzavnildepeSaSi, — moismina samwuxaro ambavi samSoblo qveynis sasargeblodmoRvawe samagaliTo pedagogis iakob gogebaSvilis gardacvalebisa,romelmac samagaliTo saZirkveli Cauyara deda-enis arsebobas da ganvi-Tarebas da dauRalavad moRvaweobda samSoblo qveynis sazogadoebriv saqmianobisyovel dargSi. gamgeobam daadgina: misi sulis mosaxseneblad panaSvidigadaixados soxumis qarTul skolaSi. misi saxelobis erTi stipendiadaaarsos da gansvenebulis nawarmoebni daurigos soxumis saqalaqoskolebis yvela Rarib moswavleebs~.q. soxumis Tavis, cnobili sazogado moRvawis, niko TavdgiriZis mieri. gogebaSvilis gardacvalebis gamo gamogzavnil depeSaSi vkiTxulobT:`soxumis qarTveloba uaRresad daamwuxra samSoblo qveynis aRfrTovanebulimoTayvanis, gavleniani sazogado moRvawis, samagaliTo pedagogisada samSoblos keTildReobisaTvis Tavgamodebul mosarClis dakargvas~. 5(saxalxo ganaTleba, 1912: #617, 6 ivnisi).literatura: borozdini da sxvebi.., 1927 - k. borozdini, raf. erisTavi, murie.batonymoba saqarTveloSi (masalebi). Targmani da winasityvaoba T.saxokiasi. tf., 1927; gogebaSvili, 1989/I - i. gogebaSvili. vin unda iqnes dasaxlebuliafxazeTSi. _ wgn.: i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani xuT tomad. t. I. Tb.,1989; gogebaSvili, 1955 - i. gogebaSvili. mSobliur enaze swavlebis sakiTxebi._ wgn.: i. gogebaSvili. Txzulebani. t. IV, Tb., 1955; gogebaSvili, 1989 /II- i. gogebaSvili. usamarTlo braldeba mesamocewlebis moRvaweebze. _ wgn.: i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani xuTtomad. t. II, Tb., 1989;5 gaz. `saxalxo ganTleba~. 617, 1912, 6 ivnisi.26

gogebaSvili, 1955 - i. gogebaSvili. politikanoba afxazeTSi, Txz. t. Iv,Tb. 1955; gogebaSvili, 1989/II I - i. gogebaSvili. afxazeTis Sesaxeb. _ wgn.: i.gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani xuT tomad. t. III, Tb., 1989; gogebaSvili, 1962 - i. gogebaSvili. piradi werilebi anTimoz JuRelTan._ wgn.: i. gogebaSvili. Txzulebani. t. IX. Tb., 1962; saxokia, 1984 - T. saxokia. Cemi saukunis adamianebi. Tb., 1984; saxalxo ganaTleba, 1912 - gaz. `saxalxo ganTleba~. 617, 1912, 6 ivnisi. totoCava, 2000 - k. totoCava. i. gogebaSvilis politikuri Sexedulebani.Tb., 2000. xelnawerTa centri, 2010/329 - saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.fondi 210, s. 329, f. 1-3. xelnawerTa centri, 2010/458 - saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.fondi 210, s. 458, f. 7-8. xelnawerTa centri, 2010/458 - saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.fondi 210, s. 458, f. 7-8. xelnawerTa centri 210/329 - saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.fondi 210, s. 329, f. 1-3. xelnawerTa centri 210/458 saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.fondi 210, s. 458, f. 7-8. xelnawerTa centri 210/458 - saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.fondi 210, s. 458, f. 7-8. janaSia, 1989 - n. janaSia. afxazeTis axalSenebi. _ Jurn. `moambe~. 1. 1898; hamuT-bei, 1902 - hamuT-bei. mcire SeniSvna. _ gaz.: `cnobis furceli~.№1817, 1902w. 23 maisi.; hamuT-bei, 1910/IX - hamuT-bei. Wreli SeniSvnebi afxazTa da afxazeTisSesaxeb. werili IX. _ droeba. №77, 1910, 7 aprili; hamuT-bei, 1910/IV - hamuT-bei. Wreli SeniSvnebi afxazTa da afxazeTisSesaxeb. werili IV. _ `droeba~. №24, 1910, 31 ianvari; Анчабадзе, 1976 - З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк этнической истории абхазского народа. Сухуми,1976; Верещагин, 1878 - Черноморское прибрежье Кавказа и его колонизация. Доклад А.В.Верещагина на общем собрании Императорского Вольного экономического общества9 января 1878; Введенский., 1877 - Н. А. Введенский. К вопросу о будущей колонизации Абхазии._ gaz.: „Кавказ“. 207, 1877w., 15 oqtomberi. Инал-ипа, 1965 - Ш. Д. Инал-ипа. Абхазы. Сухуми, 1965; Лакоба, 1993 - С. З. Лакоба. Столетняя война Грузии против Абхазии. Гагра, 1993. Лакоба, 1990 - С. З. Лакоба. Очерки Политической истории Абхазии. Сухуми, 1990;27

Boris KvaratskheliaSokhumi State UniversityIakob Gogebashvili About the Social-Political Situation of Abkhazia in thePost Muhajir PeriodThis article, based on the study of archival documents and press materials, most ofwhich are introduced in a scientific space for the first time, covers a severe social-politicalsituation of Abkhazia of the Post Muhajir period created as a result of a tsarist policy of theRussian empire. In the article there is highlighted a fight of a great teacher and a publicfigure I. Gogebashvili to protect the rights of the Abkhaz people, their cultural developmentand a fair settlement of religious issues.28

= iakob gogebaSvili - 170 = Iakob Gogebashvili - 170oleg alaviZe,pedagogikis akademiuridoqtori, profesoriiakob gogebaSvili esTetikuri aRzrdis SesaxebqarTveli eris mravalsaukunovan istoriaze dakvirveba naTlad adasturebs,rom Cvens xalxs, mis yofa-cxovrebas arasodes hqonia bunebrivadTavisufali ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro da aucilebeli garemo. aziisada evropis gadakveTaze saukuneebis manZilze mimdinare urTulesi procesebiTavis daRs asvamda da dResac asvams xalxis yofas, saxelmwifoebrivaRmSeneblobas, aq Camoyalibebul azrovnebis wessa da tradiciebs.saqarTvelosaTvis xsna da Sveba gamodga istoriuli procesebisa-Tvis damaxasiaTebeli, erTis SexedviT ucnauri da auxsneli tendencia,rac imaSi gamoixata, rom yvelaze didi SeWirvebis Jams, rodesac TiTqosdasaSveli aRar Cans, irgvliv yvelaferi fuWdeba da ufskrulisaken mieqaneba,gangebis nebiT, samoRvaweo asparezze gamodian adamianebi, romlebicuflisagan boZebuli gamWriaxobis meoxebiT pouloben xsnis gzebs.isini sakuTari mowameobrivi cxovrebiT axerxeben zneobriv magaliTadiqcnen sxvebisaTvis, mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis da amiT gezs ucvliangabatonebul tendenciebs.XIX saukunis qarTul realobaSi, rodesac yvela niSani arsebobdasaimisod, rom ers Tavisi winsvla faqtobrivad unda SeeCerebina, qveyanas,mSvelelad da Semwed gamouCnda ilia WavWavaZe mTeli Tavisi `medasavleTe~dasiT, romelTa rigebSi erT-erTi manaTobeli Suquras roli iTamaSadidma iakob gogebaSvilma.iakobis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis farTo speqtrze dakvirveba sruliadaSkarad aCvenebs, rom igi sazogadoebrivi yofis nebismier sferoSiSeZlebda eTqva Tavisi wonadi sityva. eWvgareSea, rom didi iakobi TavisufladSeiZleboda gamxdariyo kargi mwerali, SesaniSnavi saeklesio mo-Rvawe, mkvlevar—istorikosi, publicisti... bedma ineba, rom iakob gogeba-Svilma eris didi maswavleblis, misi ganmanaTleblis funqciaSi dainaxasakuTari adamianuri misia. qarTveli ganmanaTleblebi, upirveles yovlisaki iakob gogebaSvili naTlad xedavda, rom xalxisa da qveynis winaSeurTulesi epoqaluri amocanebi idga. asaRebi iyo uamravi barieri, gadasawyvetiiyo axlo da Soreuli problemebi. sabednierod, genialurma pedagogomaTavis TanamoazreebTan erTad, utyuari alRoTi igrZno, romgasaRebi yvela am problemisa Tavs iyrida saganmanaTleblo asparezze.60-ianelTaTvis ZneladSesaguebeli iyo is garemoeba, rom iakob cu-29

tavelis, ioane sabanisZis, rusTavelis, guramiSvilis da sxva saxelovankalmosanTa qveyanaSi sanTliT saZebari gamxdariyo wera-kiTxvis mcodneadamianebi, aRar funqcionirebda saganmanaTleblo kerebi, ikargebodaena, adgil-mamuli da zne-Cveulebani.iakobisa da misi TanamoazreebisaTvis sruliad aSkarad Canda, romgamosavali da xsna aseT situaciaSi mxolod da mxolod `axali saqarTvelos~Seneba iyo `axali saqarTvelo, romelic aris sagani Cvenis patriotebismoqmedebisa da natvrisa, miqceul unda iqnas ara ukan, aziisaken,aramed win evropisaken. dasavleTidgan unda Svas man ganaTleba, mecnierebada gadmoitanos saukeTeso sazogadoebrivi wyobilebani. amisaTvisman unda moipovos mravali erovnuli pirobani, romelnic uwin Cvens qveyanaSiarseboben da romelTa meoxebiT qarTvelebs pirveli adgili eWiraTkavkasiis erTa Soris~ (gogebaSvili, 1989: gv. 237).iakob gogebaSvili darwmunebulia, rom yoveli eris warmateba pirdapirkavSirSia axalgazrdobis swavla-ganaTlebasTan, mis sulieraRzrda-CamoyalibebasTan. mas swams, rom qveynis xsna mxolod `axali tipisqarTvelebis~ Taobis gamozrdiT aris SesaZlebeli. maTi momzadeba kiaxali yaidis skolam da ganaTlebis sistemam unda uzrunvelyos. aseTiskolebi iakobs evropis maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi eguleba da sworedmaTi gamocdilebis Seswavla-gaziarebaSi xedavs umTavres gamosavals.cocxali codna, bunebis ZalTa saidumloebebis gageba da moxmareba, maRaliadamianuri grZnobebi, mtkice xasiaTi, Tavazianoba da darbaisloba,Seupovari buneba — ai, ra Tvisebebis dasanergad unda ibrZodes axaliskola da ra unda iyos iq moRvawe adamianebis zrunvis sagani. iakobi darwmunebulia,rom `mamuliSvilobas aRzrda esaWiroeba~, es ki `advili rodia~.iakob gogebaSvilis pedagogiur SexedulebebSi aRzrdis mravalmxrivobis,misi harmoniulobis aucilebel pirobad sxva umniSvnelovanesfaqtorebTan erTad wamyvani mniSvneloba eniWeba esTetikur aRzrdas. xelovneba,rogorc cnobierebis erT-erTi forma, iakobis azriT, mowodebuliaxalxis gasanaTleblad, momavali Taobebis gonebis gasaxsnelad dazneobrivi winsvlis uzrunvelsayofad. `yoveli poeti da literatori, —aRniSnavs iakobi, — unda swerdes mas, rac qarTvels gonebas unaTlebs daumdidrebs cxovelT codniT, suls umagrebs, uspetakebs, umxnevebs da uvsebssasoebiT momavalzed. znes da xasiaTs uCvenebs saxelmZRvaneloprincipebs da hxdis kargad SeiaraRebul da marjve meomrad saarsebobrZolaSi. arc erTi sityva saxelisaTvis, yoveli striqoni qveynis sikeTisada qarTvelTa gaukeTesoebisaTvis. ai principi, romelic undaTvalwin edges, CvenSi yvelas, vinc ki sazogadoebas emsaxureba Tavisi kalmiT~.qarTvelis klasikosis azriT xelovnebas adamianebze, mozard Taobazezemoqmedebis gansakuTrebuli unari gaaCnia. igi Tavisi emociuri30

unebis wyalobiT advilad aRwevs adamianis gonebaSi, gasagebi xdeba mis-Tvis da didi xnis manZilze rCeba xsovnaSi. ai, swored am Tvisebis gamo xelovnebaiqceva udides Zalad bavSvis `sulis harmoniulad ganviTarebisaTvis~(gogebaSvili, t. 1954/3: gv. 122-123).iakob gogebaSvili, dRevandeli pedagogiuri azrovnebis gadasaxedidansworad da siRrmiseulad esmis esTetikur—aRmzrdelobiTi saqmianobismizani. igi miiCnevs, rom esTetikurma aRzrdam bavSvs gare samyarosadmiemociuri damokidebuleba unda Camouyalibos. iakobis samarTlianimosazrebiT, bavSvi samyaros marto gonebiT ar aRiqvams, ar Seimecnebs.am procesSi Tavis sityvas ambobs sagan-movlenebis esTetikurad SegrZnoba.aqedan gamomdinare, saskolo swavlebis procesSi pedagogi, ara martogonebis gaxsnisaTvis unda zrunavdes, aramed grZnobebsac aRviZebdes daafaqizebdes. sagulisxmoa, rom swored aRniSnuli midgoma udevs safuZvladdidi iakobis mier Sedgenil saxelmZRvaneloebsa da sxva sakiTxavwignebs.iakob gogebaSvilis esTetikur-saaRmzrdelo koncefciis safuZvelswarmoadgens Sexeduleba aRniSnul procesSi mSobliuri enis sagangebomniSvnelobis Taobaze. igi Rrmadaa darwmunebuli, rom swored dedaenis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli Rrmad CavwvdeT da davewafoT Cvensaveerovnul samyaros, xalxurobis masazrdoebel ankara wyaros. `deda ena -es ZiriTadi erovnuli Zala, mTavari burji erovnebisa~ - yvelaze Rrmadda srulyofilad gamoxatavs xalxis erovnul energias, radgan mas `aqvsRrmad gamdgari fesvebi adamianis tvinSi, nervebSi, xmis organoebSi, Zvalsada rbilSi, mTels mis bunebaSi... amasTan deda - ena aris Zvirfasi salaro,dausrulebeli rveuli, romelSiac daculia mTeli simdidre xalxisgonebisa, fantaziisa da gulisa, nafiqrisa, nagrZnobisa da namoqmedarisada romlis Seswavla bavSvs akavSirebs mTelis erisa sulTan da gul-Tan, mis xangrZliv istoriul cxovrebasTan da avsebs mas sulieris RoniTda mxneobiT~(gogebaSvili, 1954/2: gv. 208).mSobliuri enis esTetikur-saaRmzrdelo SesaZleblobaTa realizebissaukeTeso gzad iakob gogebaSvils xalxuri zepirmetyvelebis, folklorulimargalitebis gacnoba-Seswavla miaCnia. aq eguleba mas sibrZnisis salaro, romlis gareSec bavSvis guli da goneba erovnuli energiiTver daitvirTeba. swored am garemoebam da masze aRmocenebulma poziciamukarnaxa iakobs daewyo udidesi samuSao xalxuri zepirmetyvelebis, folklorulimargalitebis, moTxrobebis, igav-arakebis mosagroveblad,Tavis saxelmZRvaneloebSi maTi Setanis mizniT, igi sagangebod zrunavda,rom bavSvebisaTvis gankuTvnil folklorul nimuSebs hqonda mkveTradgamokveTili didaqtikur-aRmzrdelobiTi saxe da xasiaTi. amasTanave Ti-Toeuli nawarmoebis ena unda yofiliyo xalxuri intonaciebiT gajerebuli,mJReradi, suraTovani da musikaluri. iakobis azriT aseTive TvisebebiTgamorCeuli unda yofiliyo mwerlebis mier bavSvisaTvis Seqmnili31

axali nawarmoebebi. sanimuSod mas mohyavda akakis cnobili `ymawvili dapepela~, romelic `yoveli RirsebiT Semkulad~ miaCnda, radgan mas bavSvebiadvilad iTviseben `rogorc SinaarsiT, ise formiT~.iakobis azriT, sabavSvo nawarmoebebis SeqmnisaTvis yvelaze misaRebia`moTxrobiTi forma, an, Cveulebrivi Txroba~. misi azriT, bavSvi didxansver Cerdeba gaWianurebul plastikur suraTebze, amitom `sabavSvomoTxrobaSi pirveli adgili unda eWiros moqmedebis daxatvas, dramatizmsda plastikuri aRwera unda iyos mokle da Seexebodes mxolod um-Tavres sagnis nawilebsa~(gogebaSvili, 1940: gv. 176).iakob gogebaSvili saxelmZRvaneloebis Sedgenisas upiratesad immoTxrobebs iyenebs, romelic moraluri codniTaa datvirTuli, Seicavssabunebismetyvelo cnobebs da eris istoriasTan dakavSirebul patriotuliSinaarsis informacias. igi darwmunebulia, rom bavSvi mxolod imcodnaze unda izrdebodes, romelic, erTis mxriv, gonebis gaxsnas uzrunvelyofs,meores mxriv, zneobrivad wvrTnis mas da rac mTavaria, exmarebamamuliSviluri grZnobebis gamomuSavebas.iakob gogebaSvili sabavSvo mxatvruli literaturis SemoqmedebisgverdiT axalgazrdobis esTetikuri aRzrdis saqmeSi didi yuradRebasuTmobs simRera-musikasa da xatvas. iakobi darwmunebulia, rom bavSvmasafexurobrivad, sul mcire asakidanve unda SeiTvisos grZnobebiT savsemusikis samyaro. es procesi ki, usaTuod, erovnuli hangebidan, masTanziarebidan unda daiwyos. musikis saaRmzrdelo Zalmosilebis Sesaxeb iakobgogebaSvilis mosazrebebi, rogorc cnobilia, mTeli sisavsiT aisaxamoTxrobaSi `iavnanam ra hqmna?~ iakobi darwmunebulia, rom musikiT, iavnanaTimiRebuli upirvelesi STabeWdielebi ukvalod ar qreba bavSvSi,miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra cxovrebiseuli winaaRmdegobebi SeiZleba aRmocendesadamianis saval gzebze. amitom dedisa da ojaxis, mere ki skolisvalia Tavidanve aziaros mozardi erovnuli hangebis macocxelebel Zalas,raTa ar gadaiWras is fesvebi, romelic yovel adamians dabadebiTveasazrdoebs. swored aRniSnuli mosazrebiT iyo ganpirobebuli iakob gogebaSviliszrunva saymawvilo simRerebis mosagroveblad, maT gamosacemadTu saxelmZRvanelo wignebSi Sesatanad.iakob gogebaSvili progresuli pedagogiuri azris kvaldakval miiCnevs,rom skolis kedlebSi xatvis swavlebis mizani mxatvris aRzrda araris. umTavresi amocana am sagnis swavlebisa aris `bavSvis SemoqmedebiTiZalebis gaSlisaTvis xelisSewyoba. xatva, misi azriT, bavSvs aaxloebs bunebasTan,aswavlis sagnebisa da ferebis aRqmas, uRviZebs, silamazis danaxvisunars. saamisod marto xatvac ar kmara. saWiroa suraTebis, gamoCenilostatTa mier Seqmnili namuSevrebis daTvaliereba, maTze msjeloba.amgvar Sexedulebidan gamomdinare iakob gogebaSvilma `deda-enis~sxvadasxva gamocema gaamdidra bavSvis TvalisaTvis saamo realisturiilustraciebiTa da suraTebiT. ufro metic, suraTebTan urTierTobis32

procesi man pedagogiuri sistemis safuZvlad aqcia. `wera-kiTxvis swavla,- wers didi pedagogi, - Cven wignSi dakavSirebulia suraTebTana. amsuraTebis SemweobiT jer sagani unda gaicnon bavSvebma, mere misi saxeli,romelic mis gamoxatulebis qveS aris dabeWdili~(gogebaSvili, 1954:gv.106).vajamebT ra iakob gogebaSvilis esTetikur-saaRmzrdelo Sexedulebebsada mis mier praqtikul sagamomcemlo saqmianobaSi gansaxorcielebelRonisZiebebs, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos Semdegi: gamoCenil pedagogsada sazogado moRvawes, Sinagani mowodebiT pedagogs sworad aqvs gaazrebuliimdroindeli pedagogikis yvela umTavresi konceftualuri mignebada Teoriuli postulati. amasTan sagulisxmoa, rom am mignebebs igibrmad ki ar misdevs, aramed sistemurad iazrebs erovnul saarsebo sivrcesTan,tradiciebTan da cxovrebis wesTan mimarTulebaSi. swored amisgamoa, rom iakob gogebaSvilis esTitikur aRmzrdelobiTi Tvalsazrisebi,mTels mis pedagogiur SexedulebebTan erTad, ar gadavida kosmopolitizmSi,ucxo enisadmi mimbaZvelobasa da monur qedmoxraSi. iakob gogebaSvils,rogorc pedagogis genialoba swored isaa, rom aRniSnulimidgomiT, man saxe SeunarCuna didaqtikuri azrovnebis qarTul nakads damyar gzaze daayena skolis ganviTarebis tendenciebi mTeli momdevnosaukunis manZilze.daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom iakob gogebaSvilis pedagogiuri ideebi,axalgazrdobis swavlebisa da aRzris Sesaxeb misi mosazrebebi gansakuTrebiTsainteresoa dRes, rodesac uaRresad principuli mniSvnelobaSeiZina saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis erovnul tradiciebTan damokidebulebisproblemam. globalizaciam seriozuli gamocda moumzada erovnulRirebulebaTa SenarCuneba-damkvidrebis saqmes. aseTi da msgavsiproblemebi, rogorc gamocdileba aCvenebs arsebobda sxva drosac. iakobgogebaSvilma da misma Tanamoazreebma moaxerxes epovaT drois gamowvevebisadekvaturi samoqmedo gzebi. es imas niSnavs, rom gadauWreli problemebiar arsebobs, Tu ki saqmes swored is adamianebi akeTeben, visTvisacwarsulisagan Sobilo awmyo namdvilad ganicdeba momavlis WeSmaritmSoblad.literatura gogebaSvili, 1989 - i. gogebaSvili, rCeuli Txzulebani, t. 1. Tb.,1989. gogebaSvili, 1940 - i. gogebaSvili, rCeuli Txzulebani, t. 2. Tb.,1940. gogebaSvili, 1954/2 - i. gogebaSvili, rCeuli Txzulebani, t. 2. Tb.,1954. gogebaSvili, 1954/3 - i. gogebaSvili, rCeuli Txzulebani, t. 3. Tb.,1954.33

gogebaSvili, 1954/5 - i. gogebaSvili, rCeuli Txzulebani, t. 5. Tb.,1954.Oleg AlavidzeAcademic Doctor of Pedagogy, ProfessorIakob Gogebashvili About the Aesthetic EducationAccording to Iakob Gogebashvili’s pedagogical views, the aesthetic educationtogether with other factors has a leading role in an essential condition of multilateralism ofeducation and its harmony. In Iakob’s opinion, art as one of the forms of consciousness -appeals to give the people the knowledge, to open the minds of future generations, and topromote moral progress. Realization of these tasks will only be available, if from childhoodwe teach children to love native language, folklore pearls, teach music tunes, drawingelements, and develop skills to perceive beauty of mother nature.34

iakob gogebaSvili - 170 = Iakob Gogebashvili – 170neli WampuriZegoris saswavlo universitetiiakob gogebaSvilis msoflmxedvelobaiakob gogebaSvils, rogorc qarTvel 60- ianelTa gzis mimdevars,Tavisi cxovrebis miznad `mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba~ gauxdia. enisa da mamulisadmimisi WeSmariti grZnoba mweralma gamoxata Tavisi fasdaudebeliSemoqmedebiTa da mecnieruli moRvaweobiT. mas ena da sarwmunoeba`erovnebis burjad~ miaCnia. amasTan, SeimuSava enis swavlebis meTodebi,gansakuTrebuli simZafriT icavda qarTul enaze swavlebas da qarTulenaze wirva- locvebis warmarTvas. igi erovnulobis dasayrdenadrwmenis SenarCunebas miiCnevs. mamulisadmi siyvaruli gmirul brZoleb-Tan erTad religiisa da enis dacvasac moicavs.iakob gogebaSvilis mixedviT, humanizmis, moralisa da eTikis aRzrdareligiis gareSe SuZlebelia. religiuri aRmsareblobisadmi didiyuradReba naTlad Cans mis mecnierul- popularul naSromebSi da gansakuTrebiT,religiuri moraliT damoZRvril TxzulebebSi. avtori gasagebi,martivi eniT gvawvdis bibliur epizodebs da calkeuli movlenebisaxsna-ganmartebiT safuZvels uqmnis bibliur swavlebaTa Semecnebas. didiiakobis religiuri mrwamsi marTlmadidebluri qristianobaa da ammsoflmxedvelobazea damyarebuli misi Semoqmedebis moralur-zneobrivimxare.iakob gogebaSvilis msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze garkveuli roliiTamaSa misma piradma biografiam. igi daibada soflis Raribi mRvdlisojaxSi. bavSvobidan eziara saxarebiseul sibrZnes, locvis siwmindesa daWeSmaritebas. rva wlis iakobi sasuliero saswavlebelSi miabares, SemdegTbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi. seminariis damTavrebis Semdeg swavlagaagrZela kievis sasuliero akademiaSi. leqciebs ismenda agreTve kievisuniversitetSi bunebismetyvelebisa da filosofiis dargSi. mamamisi,simoni kargad icnobda sasuliero- saeklesio mwerlobas da Tavis vaJsacgulmodgined aswavlida Zvel Zeglebs. sxvaTa Soris, iakobs ise kargadSeuswavlia saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxebi da iseTi interesi gamouCeniaeklesiisadmi, rom mamamiss misi berad aRkveca ganuzraxavs da samoRvaweodadgilic ki SurCevia misTvis (SiomRvime).mTeli misi cxovreba iyo Widili naTelisa bnel ZalebTan. wmindaguli, sikeTe, saTnoeba, mWevrmetyveleba, sxvisTvis Tavis gawirva, momavaliaxalgazrdobis naTeli ideebiT aRzrda, brZola ukeTesi momavlisTvis-aseTia mis mier ganvlili qristianuli moraliT ganaTebuli gza35

WeSmaritebisa.progresuli ideebiT STagonebuli mwerali sarwmunoebas Semdegnairadmoiazrebs: ` sarwmunoeba, moklebuli ganaTlebas, xSirad iqcevaviwro fanatikosobad, an aRmerTebs garegans, droebiTs formebs eklesiisasda iviwyebs Sinagan mxares, cxovelmyofels zneobriv principebs,deda-azrs saxarebisas. meore mxriv, mecniereba, moklebuli WeSmaritssarwmunoebas, rodi uSlis Taviss meqons, mesakuTres, iyos igi imdenadvedidi aramzada, ramdenadac igi didi mecnieria~ (gogebaSvili, 1990:gv.144).aRsaniSnavia, rom iakob gogebaSvili Tavis istoriuli xasiaTis na-SromSi `rani viyaviT guSin~ garkveul adgils uTmobs saeklesio cxovrebismimoxilvas. igi udides Sefasebas aZlevs sasuliero pirTa RvawlsqarTveli eris winaSe, romelTa meoxeobiT:~. . .maRali swavla saxarebisaxSirad gaismoda xalxSi, unaTebda mas gonebas, umtkicebda zneobas daumaRlebda patiosnebas. amisTana mwyemsni Rirsni iyvnen siyvarulisa daersac uyvarda isini (gogebaSvili,1989: gv. 214). iakob gogebaSvilis SemoqmedebaSizneobas mtkice sarwmunoebrivi safuZveli aqvs. igi qristianulsarwmunoebas miiCnevs `zneobrivi cxovrebis safuZvlad~, xolo eklesia-monastrebs`qveynis farTo warmatebis erT-erT mTavar faqtorad,zneobis saTaved~. iakob gogebaSvili gamodioda eklesiisa da sasulieroswavlebis nacionalizaciis ideiT, raTa `saxarebis SuqiT~ ganaTebuliyomTeli saqarTvelo. igi mTeli simZafriT acxadebda, rom qarTul eklesiaSiwirva-locva mSobliur enaze Sesrulebuliyo, daubrundeboda qar-Tul eklesias avtokefalia. gamanadgurebeli Sedegi moutana qarTuleklesias aramSobliur enaze wirva-locvis Catarebam. did iakobs kargadesmoda mSobliuri enis madli: `rom RviZli sityva frTaa locvisa, RviZlissityviT ufro advilad, ufro msubuqad, ufro metis aRtacebiTa damxurvalebiT aRimarTeba xolme kacis guli RmerTamde da TviTon RvTismadliT ufro metis Zlieris, metis sasoebiT miaRwevs xolme kacis gulissiRrmemde~ (gogebaSvili, 1989: gv. 151) -ganmartavs didi pedagogi.eris aRmavlobis, adamianTa harmoniuli aRzrdisa da ganviTarebiserT-erT saSualebad iakob gogebaSvils miaCnia eklesia, romelmac CvenserSi danerga Zlieri sarwmunoebrivi da mamaSviluri grZnoba, Seqmna mravalferovanisasuliero literatura, saqarTvelo daamSvena mdidaritaZrebiTa da monastrebiT, qarTvelebSi erTad SeaerTa macxovrisa da mamulismxurvale siyvaruli da wrfelad emsaxura eris zneobis saqmes.meoTxe burji eris warmatebis aris eklesia~- ambobs didi iakobi da aqvedasZens, rom `eklesia da skola aris saTave xalxis zneobisa, eTikisa,xolo TviTon eTika, spetaki zne saZirkvelia xalxis arsebobisa, simtkicisa,keTildReobisa, warmatebisa. znedacemuli xalxi maSinac ki waagebsbrZolas arsebobisaTvis, rodesac igi codnas ar aris moklebuli~.(gogebaSvili, 1954/III : gv. 249]36

misi azriT, eri, romelic `spetaki zniT~ brwyinavs, mas gaTelva daSemusvra ar uweria. ers zneobrivi gaxrwniloba maSin moelis, Tu `skolada eklesia ar Cavardnen Tavis kalapotSi, ar gaxdnen savsebiT Rirsni TavismaRalis daniSnulebisa~(gogebaSvili,1954/ III: gv.249).iakob gogebaSvilis Rrma rwmeniT, `maRali wminda zneobis Stanergvamowafis gulSi~ - aris aRzrdis umTavresi mizani, romelsac unda emsaxurebodesZiriTadad skola, eklesia, sazogadoeba, aRzrdis wmidaTawmindamovaleobaa axali Taobis, eris momavlis aRzrda `keTili guliT damoyvaris mxurvale siyvaruliT~. saRvTo rjulze aRzrdili Taobis aucilebelmoTxovnilebad did pedagogs miaCnia mozardebSi swavlisa daSromis siyvarulis gaRrmaveba. mwerlis Teoriuli debulebebi swavlisada Sromis aucileblobis Sesaxeb gamomdinareobs misi sakuTari mrwamsidan,romelic gaJRenTilia Zveli da axali aRqmis qadagebebiTa da igavebiT.erovnuli principebisaTvis mebrZili mwerali sasuliero saswavleblisgardaqmnis proeqtSi, romelsac miuZRvna naSromi- `sasulierosaswavleblTa gardaqmnis proeqti~- iakob gogebaSvilis mier SedgeniliSedgenili 1871 wlis 31 dekembers - naTlad wramogvidgens mSobliur enazeswavlebisa da aRmsareblobis mizezebs. amave dros, aRniSnuli proeqtigarkveulwilad iTvaliswinebs saswavlo gegmis moswavleTa asakobrivi daerovnuli Taviseburebebis mixedviT agebis princips. iakob gogebaSvilseklesiisaTvis erovnuli sulis SenarCuneba erovnul- ganmaTavisuflebelimoZraobis ZiriTad nawilad miaCnda.mwerlis Semoqmedebis saTanadod gacnobisa da gaanalizebis Sedegadirkveva, rom igi dauRalavad zrunavda moswavleTa TeologiuriganaTlebisTvis. werilSi - ,`megruli dawyebiTi skolis sakiTxisaTvis~,TvalnaTlivaa warmodgenili mwerlis msoflmxedvelobiTi Segneba. igiwers:`samegrelos skolebidan qarTuli enis gandevna religiis swavlebazeuaris Tqmas gamoiwvevs da am skolebs marTlac gadaaqcevsmaterialistebisaTvis mosawon aTeistur skolebad” (gogebaSvili, 1990/II:gv.468). iakob gogebaSvili Tavad ganmartavs mis damokidebulebas materialistebisadmi.`qarTvelebSi, - werda iakobi, - bolo wlebSi iCina Tavisamwuxaro mimarTulebam, gaisma sityviT da beWdviT qadageba materializmisa,arwmunebdnen xalxs, rom ar arsebobs arc RmerTi, arc suli,arc saiqio unda gamogitydeT, rom es qadageba saukeTeso RonisZiebaa,raTa Cveni xalxi pirutyvul naxirad gadaiqcies, gaixrwnas, moakldes yovelsadamianurs zneobas da aRigaos pirisagan qveynisa~(gogebaSvili,1990/II: gv.468]iakobma Tavis ukvdav `deda enaSi~ moaTavsa ramdenime mokle da martivilocva: `ufalo Segviwyale~, `mogvmadle ufalo~, ,`mamao Cveno~ dasxv., romelTa daswavlas yvela qristiani bavSvisTvis is savaldebulodmiiCnevda.37

iakob gogebaSvili SemwynareblobiTa da pativiT epyroboda sxvareligiebsa da sxva rjulis adamianebs. swored amitom iyo, rom aWarelimuslimani bavSvebis xaTriT man amoiRo qristianulireligiis zogierTielementi `deda enidan~, xolo qristiani bavSvebisTvis saxelmZRvanelosboloSi moaqcia `sasuliero-zneobrivi ganyofileba~, romlis gacnobasacdidi sikeTe unda moetana bavSvebisTvis. didi pedagogi sasulieroliteraturas gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWenda. igi gvaswavlis, romsaRvTismetyvelo literatura `imdenad ufro mdidaria, ramdenadac sam-Rvdeloeba metad aris ganviTarebuli, meti codniTaa Semkuli. amitom Turomelime eris samRvdeloebas sruliad ara aqvs literatura Tavis saku-Tar enad, es imis niSania, rom igi moklebulia gonebis sicocxles damkvdarTaTana unda imarxebodes~. misi Rrma rwmeniT, saxarebiseul sibrZnesdauflebuli adamiani sikeTiTa da madliT gamoirCeva. `saxarebisswavliT Rrmad ganmWvaluli morwmune yovelTvis warmoadgens umwikvloadamianis metad simpatiurs tipsa, romelic Taviss garSemo dauRalavadhfens sikeTesa da madls~. mis sabavSvo moTxrobebSi sikeTis apologiaRvTis mimsgavsebulobisaken, adamianis RvTiurobisaken swrafvas emsaxureba.mwerali bavSvTa zneobrivi moTxrobebiT, romlebSic naTlad ikiTxebaqristes mcnebaTa dedaarsi, safuZvels uyris sulierad amaRlebuli,WeSmariti marTlmadidebeli qristianis Camoyalibebas - `me var gza,WeSmariteba da sicocxle~ (ioane 14:16) - didi iakobi, viTarca `mwyemsikeTili~, eZebs da poulobs , efereba da ealerseba , arigebs da awrTobsbavSvebis sulebs-`mamao, nu ganarisxebT SvilTa TqvenTa, aramed aRzardeTigini swavlebiTa da moZRvrebiTa uflisaTa~ (efes. 6,4).aRsaniSnavia, rom iakob gogebaSvils 60-ian wlebSi dauwyia `saRvTomoTxrobebis~ wera, Semdeg miutovebia da 80-ian wlebSi isev mibrunebia.masSi moTavsebulia Zveli da axali aRTqmidan TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovaniepizodi. isini mwerals calkeuli moTxrobebis saxiT warmoudgenia,dawyebuli mamazecieris mier qveynis gaCenidan qristes aRdgomamde. amitommas meorenairad `bibliur istoriasac~ uwodeben. sul cota, es yvelaferiori mizniT iyo nakarnaxevi. jer erTi, imdroindel saswavleblebSiyvelgan iswavleboda `saRvTo rjuli~ da es moTxrobebi gauadvilebdabavSvebs `bibliis~ gagebasa da aTvisebas. meorec, es iyo saSualebaaxalgazrdobaSi humanizmis, sikeTis rwmenisa da Segnebis dasanergad.amitom iakobi im epizodebs arCevs, riTac mozardebs zneobrivad aamaRlebsda gaakeTilSobilebs. sayuradReboa, rom mwerali sabavSvo literaturissawyisebs Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebSi xedavs.iakob gogebaSvilis mier specialurad bavSvebisaTvis Sedgenilibibliuri moTxrobebi, romlebic `bibliuri istoriis~ saxelwodebiTi1989 wels gamosca gamomcemloba `meranma~-pedagogiur naSroms warmoadgens.aRniSnul moTxeobebSi mwerali bibliuri Sinaarsis gadmocemisaszogjer ambis sakuTar interpretacias iZleva. didi pedagogis mizania38

axalgazrdebSi zneobrivi grZnobebis Camoyalibeba, gansakuTrebiT kimaTi samSoblos siyvarulis suliskveTebiT damuxtva. iakob gogebaSvilissabavSvo moTxrobebSi qristianul-zneobrivi motivebis kvlevamcxadyo, rom misi Semoqmedeba qarTuli mwerlobis `TxuTmetsaukunovanimTlianobis~ organuli nawilia, romlis safuZvelica da pirvelwyarocbiblia iyo odiTganve. qristianul swavlebaTa fonze iakob gogebaSviliCven win warmodga, rogorc religiuri msoflmxedvelobis mwerali, romlisinteresebi bibliisadmi mxolod SemoqmedebiTi mizniT ki ar aixsneba,aramed-aRmsareblobiTi mrwamsiT. mTeli misi Semoqmedeba eZRvnebarwmenis da codnis erTianobis sakiTxebs. iakobis yvela saxelmZRvaneloTu sakiTxavi wigni, mis mier dawerili moTxroba Tu statia gonebrivi dazneobrivi aRzrdis erT procesad SeerTebis, erTmaneTTan mWidro kav-SirSi ganxorcielebis mizans emsaxureba.literatura: gogebaSvili, 1989/I - gogebaSvili iakob,Txzulebani, t. I.Tbilisi, 1989. gogebaSvili, 1990/II - gogebaSvili iakob,Txzulebani, t. II.Tbilisi,1990. gogebaSvili, 1954/III - gogebaSvili iakob, Txzulebani, t. III.Tbilisi,1954.Neli ChampuridzeGori State Teaching UniversityWorld Outlook of Iakob GogebashviliIn this article, the author studied some aspects of Iakob Gogebashvili’s viewpoint. Inparticular, in the author's opinion, Iakob Gogebashvili, like the majority of the 60-ies statedthe cornerstone of his worldview – “Language, Homeland, and Religion”.Iakob’s every manual or reading book, short story or an article serves the main purposeof carrying out the accession process of mental and moral upbringing, to realization of closerelationship with each other; and most importantly, these books serve to the country’s loveand upbringing of civic responsibility towards his/her own country.39

pedagogika, meTodika, ganaTlebis sociologiaPEDAGOGICS, METHODICS, SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATIONjemal jinjixaZesoxumis saxelmwifo universitetidiferencirebis realizacia maTematikuri teqsturiamocanebis amoxsnisas swavlebisas dawyebiT skolaSiswavlebis diferenciaciis problema erT-erTi tradiciulTaganiaCvens qveyanaSi. saerTod, misi fesvebi me-19 saukunidan modis. mTeli istoriismanZilze diferencirebuli swavlebisadmi pedagogiuri midgomebiicvleboda epoqis socialur-politikuri xasiaTis mixedviT. dRes igiemyareba principulad axal motivaciur safuZvels.maTematikis diferencirebuli swavlebis procesSi gamoiyenebaswavlebisa da saswavlo saqmianobis sxvadasxva formebi da meTodebi, - moswavleTasaswavlo SesaZleblobebis, midrekilebebis, unarebis fsiqologiur-pedagogikuridiagnostikis safuZvelze. am formebisa da meTodebisgamoyeneba qmnis xelsayrel da maqsimalurad optimalur pirobebsmoswavlis pirovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis pirovnul-orientirebul saganmanaTlebloprocesSi. aseTi swavleba gamoricxavs SemTxvevas: `yvelasvaswavloT erTnairad” da maqsimalurad iTvaliswinebs bavSvebis Taviseburebebs,SesaZleblobebs, interesebs. igi swavlebis yvela formazeukeT uwyobs xels moswavlis individualobisa da pirovnuli TaviseburebebisganviTarebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom diferencirebuli swavlebis agebaSeuZlebelia yoveli moswavlis, rogorc pirovnebisa da individis, TiToeulimoswavlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli pirovnuli da individualuri TaviseburebebisgaTvaliswinebis gareSe. diferencirebul swavlebas ganixilavensami poziciidan:1. mizandasaxulobis aspeqtSi igi warmoadgens axali saswavlogegmebis damuSavebas ganaTlebis erovnul-regionuli komponentis ga-TvaliswinebiT. am komponentma unda uzrunvelyos ganaTlebis diferenciaciada individualizacia.2. Sinaarsobriv aspeqtSi igi warmoadgens saswavlo procesisiseT realizacias, roca xdeba moswavleTa mier codnis SeTviseba sabazoda masze maRal doneze, rac miiRweva saswavlo saganTa agebis specifikiTswavlebis maRal doneze.3. organizaciul aspeqtSi igi warmoadgens iseT swavlebas,romelic emyareba moswavlis ganswavlulobisa da ganswavladobis, pirovnulda individualur TaviseburebaTa fsiqologiur-pedagogiurdiagnostikas.40

amasTan, saswavlo saqmianobis diferencirebuli organizacia,erTis mxriv, iTvaliswinebs moswavleTa gonebrivi ganviTarebis donesada fsiqologiur Taviseburebebs, maTi azrovnebis rogorc Tvalsa-Cino-xatovan, ise abstraqtul-logikur tips, magram, meores mxriv,iTvaliswinebs moswavleTa pirovnebis individualur moTxovnilebebs,mis SesaZleblobebsa da interesebs konkretul saganmanaTleblo TundacmikrosivrceSi. es ori mxare TanakveTadia da warmoadgens matematikur-meTodikurisistemis erT mTlian didaqtikur erTeuls.yovelive zemoTqmulidan naTelia, rom maswavlebels akisriauaRresad didi pasuxismgebloba, iyos momzadebuli diferencirebuliswavlebisaTvis, romlis ganxorcieleba pirovnul-orientirebuli midgomispirobebSi maswavleblisagan mkacrad moiTxovs: SeeZlos moswavleTa individualuri Taviseburebebisa da saswavloSesaZleblobaTa Seswavla, SeeZlos moswavleTa jgufebad dayofis kriteriumebis gansazRvra, SeeZlos moswavleTa individualuri xelmZRvaneloba da amxelmZRvanelobis procesSi - maTi saswavlo SesaZleblobebisada unar-Cvevebis srulyofa, SeeZlos moswavleTa namuSevrebis analizeba da mis safuZvelze- moswavleTa warmatebebisa da siZneleebis SemCneva. SeeZlos moswavleTa moqmedianobis perspeqtiuli dagegmareba(individualuri da jgufuri), rac ganaviTarebs saswavloprocess, SeeZlos diferenciaciis mcireefeqturi xerxebis Secvla ufroefeqturi da racionaluri xerxebiT.rogorc viciT, TiToeuli moswavle movlenas warmoadgens. igisamyaroa, calke samyaro. masSi SesaRwevi gzebia sapovni. es ki mxolodmaSin moxdeba, Tu imTaviTve misTvis Seiqmneba mravalmxrivi saskologaremo, romelSic moswavles miecema saSualeba, gamoavlinos TavisiTavi. aseT SemTxvevaSi maswavleblisaTvis advili iqneba, gaicnobieros:raSi mdgomareobs moswavlis pirovnebis ganviTareba diferencirebuliswavlebisas, romeli mamoZravebeli Zalebi gansazRvraven moswavlispirovnebis struqturis komponentebis xarisxobriv cvlilebebs, escvlilebebi rodis da ra pirobebSia ufro intensiuri, ra Zalebizemoqmedebs masze garedan. am sakiTxebis codna maswavlebels miscemssaSualebas: gamoavlinos pirovnebis formirebis rogorc zogadi, iseindividualuri tendenciebi, asakobriv Sinagan winaaRmdegobaTa ganvi-Tarebis dinamika da amis safuZvelze - SearCios moswavlis daxmarebisefeqturi xerxebi.41

swavlebis diferenciacia warmoadgens moswavleebisadmi individualurimidgomis realizaciis erT-erT SesaniSnav saSualebas. saswavloaRmzrdelobiTi procesi iTvleba diferencirebulad, Tu misTvisdamaxasiaTebelia moswavleTa tipur individualur gansxvvebaTa gaTvaliswineba.swavlebaSi diferenciacia gulisxmobs moswavleTa dayofasjgufebad ama Tu im niSnis mixedviT. e. i. adgili aqvs moswavleTatipologiur klasifikacias. maSasadame, klasis diferencirebas Tan axlavsintegrireba jgufSi. am process axlavs erTi aucilebeli komponentic:jgufebSi saswavlo procesis agebis nairgvaroba.amgvarad, diferencirebuli swavlebis organizebas ori aspeqtigaaCnia: klasis diferencireba tipur individualur gansxvavebaTa mixedviTda amave niSniT moswavleTa integracia jgufebSi, saswavlo procesis nairgvari ageba gamoyofil jgufebSi.mizanSewonilia, rom diferencirebis safuZvlad iqnes aRebulimoswavleTa ganswavluloba, ganswavladoba, individualuri Taviseburebani,unarebi, interesebi.moswavlis ganswavluloba aris swavlebis Sedegi. es arismoswavlis ganviTarebis maxasiaTebelTa erToblioba, romelic ukveSeqmnilia. ganswavlulobis maCveneblebi SeiZleba iyos codnisSefasebis miRweuli done, codnisa da unar-Cvevebis xarisxi.ganswavladoba gulisxmobs moswavlis mier codnis amTviseblobisxarisxs, mis mzaobas axali codnisa da moqmedebaTa xerxebis SeZena-SeTvisebisaTvis. ganswavladobis maCveneblebi SeiZleba iyos: rogoriganswavladia igi, rogori unari aqvs axali codnis aTvisebis, rogoreqvemdebareba praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis formirebis process da sxv.ganvixiloT maTematikis gakveTilze klasis diferncirebis erTerTiSesaZlo variant - jgufuri forma, sadac diferencirebis safuZveliiqneba moswavleTa ganswavluloba, ganswavladoba, individualuriTaviseburebani, unarebi, interesebi.pirvel jgufSi gaerTiandeba moswavleebi saswavlo SesaZleblobaTamaRali doniT da moswrebaSi maRali maCvenebliT. aqve SeiZlebagaerTiandes is moswavleebi, romelTac saSualo saswavlo SesaZleblobebigaaCniaT, magram aqvT SemecnebiTi interesis ganviTarebis maRalidone. am jgufisaTvis arsebiTia orientacia damoukideblobaze. ufroniWieri bavSvebisaTvis maswavlebels unda hqondes damatebiTi individualuridavalebebi.meore jgufSi gaerTiandeba moswavleebi maTematikaSi saSualomoswrebiT. am jgufSi maswavlebeli orientacias iRebs moswavleTa nebismieriSinagani motivaciis formirebaze, inteleqtualuri SromismeSveobiT pirovnuli Tvisebebis Camoyalibebaze.42

mesame jgufSi gaerTiandeba moswavleebi dabali SemecnebiTiunarebiT, moswrebaSi dabali maCveneblebiT.yvelaze rTulia, ra Tqma unda, mesame jgufSi muSaoba. aq jgufisSigniT iqneba saWiro individualuri midgoma, radganac am jgufSi, sxvajgufebisagan gansxvavebiT, araeTgvarovan SemecnebiT SesaZleblobasada interesebs vxvdebiT.saswavlo davalebaTa diferenciaciis xerxebi SeiZleba aseTiiyos: diferenciacia SemoqmedebiTi doneebis mixedviT, diferenciacia siZnelis doneebis mixedviT, diferenciacia saswavlo masalis moculobis mixedviT, diferenciacia moswavleTa damoukideblobis mixedviT, diferenciacia maswavleblis daxmarebis xasiaTis mixedviT.xSirad mesame jgufs eZleva reproduqciuli xasiaTis davalebebi,pirvel da meore jgufebs ki _ SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTis. moviyvanoTpirveli da meore diferenciaciebis erT-erTi SesaZlo variantis SinaarsobrivinimuSi:1. Semoqmedebis doneebis mixedviT. maTematikuri obieqtebis klasifikacia (gamosaxulebebi, amocanebi,...), maTematikuri obieqtebis gardaqmna (gamosaxulebebi, amocanebi,...), davalebebi, romlebsac monacemebi aklia (an zedmetia), amoxsnis racionaluri gzebis Zieba, amocanebis, gantolebebis, ... damoukidebeli Sedgena.2. siZnele doneebis mixedviTam SemTxvevaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba saswavlo masalis garTuleba(magaliTad, pirvel-meore jgufebSi mocemulia orniSna ricxvebi,mesameSi-erTniSna), moqmedebaTa raodenobis momateba, davalebis Sebruneba(magaliTad, meore da mesame jgufebs eZleva davaleba - msxvilisazomi erTeulebidan ufro wvrilze gadasvla, xolo pirvel jgufs eZlevaufro rTuli davaleba - wvrili erTeulebidan msxvilze gadasvla).maTematikis diferencirebuli swavlebis pirobebSi xdeba aramarto moswavleTa diferencireba wina paragrafSi aRniSnuli niSnebismixedviT, aramed adgili aqvs, rac mTavaria, saswavlo masalis diferencirebas.es ukanaskneli warmogvidgeba ori saxiT: savarjiSoTa varireba. variaciuloba exeba saswavlo masalas.jgufebs eZleva sxvadasxva sirTulis sxvadasxva savarjiSo.43

doneobiTi (doneobrivi) diferenciacia. jgufebs eZlevaerTi da igive savarjiSo sirTulis sxvadasxva doniT.maTematikis swavlebis prqatikaSi, diferencirebuli swavlebispirobebSi, xSirad gamoiyeneba variaciuloba. bavSvebs eZlevaT sxvadasxvasirTulis sxvadasxva amocanebi, e. i. sakiTxi wydeba swavlebis SinaarsobrivaspeqtSi. magram, unda aRiniSnos, rom dawyebiT skolaSi moswavleTaindividualuri Taviseburebani jer kidev ar aris myarad dakavSirebulicodnis sistemasTan; swored es faqti zRudavs diferencirebuliswavlebisas amocanis Sinaarsobriv mxareze dayrdnobas. amitomaq umjobesia erTi amocanis doneobrivi siZneleebis Seqmna da misi gamoyeneba.Tu teqsturi maTematikuri amocanebis amoxsnis swavlebis procesSiganvaxorcielebT doneobiT diferenciacias, maSin es xels SeuwyobsmoswavleTa unaris srulyofas amocanebis amoxsnaSi yvela doneze.saswavlo procesis aseTi organizacia uzrunvelyofs moswavleTaCarTvas aqtiur saswavlo saqmianobaSi maTi individualuri SesaZleblobebisSesabamisad.sanam teqsturi amocanis doneobiT diferencirebaze da misi gamoyenebisSesaxeb saubarze gadavidodeT, unda ganvsazRvroT moswavlismomzadebis dasayrdeni done, romelic ganpirobebulia matematikuriganaTlebis standartiT da romelic CvenTvisac iqneba dasayrdeni,rom masze avagoT ufro maRali doneebi.dasayrdeni done SeiZleba ase davaxasiaToT:moswavleebs SeuZliaT: gamoyon piroba, kiTxva, mocemulobebi,saZieblebi; daamyaron kavSiri mocemulobasa da saZiebels Soris; Seqmnanamocanis sxvadasxva modeli _ sityvieri, sagnobrivi, sqematuri,maTematikuri; Seadginon amocanis amoxsnis gegma, amoxsnan da Seamowmonamocana.amgvarad, Cven saubari gvaqvs sxvdasxva Sinaarsisa da logikuriorganizaciis or doneze: 1. moswavlis momzadebis done da 2. amocanissirTulis done. moswavlis momzadebis done sruliad sxvadasxvanairia,amitom unda damuSavdes teqsturi maTematikuri amocanebis amoxsnisswavlebis zogierTi meTodikuri aspeqti dawyebiTi klasebisaTvis doniTidiferenciaciis konteqstSi.moswavleTa Taviseburebebis gamovlenis tipologiuri analizigvaZlevs saSualebas, gamovyoT amocanebis amoxsnis unaris doneebi. amdoneebis dadgenis safuZvelia analizis sami saxe: elementuri, kompleqsurida ganWvretiTi. fsiqologiaSi cnobilia amocanaTa amoxsnisunarebis doneebi, romlebic emyareba umcrosklaselTa gonebrivi moqmedianobisTaviseburebebs:dabali done. moswavlis mier amocanis aRqma xdeba zedapirulad,arasrulad. xSirad erTmaneTSi ereva amocanis arsebiTi da araarsebiTi44

elementebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi moswavles metwilad amocana jer kidevara aqvs kargad gagebuli da iwyebs mis amoxsnas. cxadia, rom am pirobebSiwarmateba naklebi iqneba. aq muSaobs elementuri analizi.saSualo done. moswavle miiswrafvis amocanis gagebisaken. gamoyofsmocemulobasa da saZiebels, magram maT Soris mxolod calkeulikavSiris damyareba SeuZlia. amocanaSi arsebuli kavSirebis erTian sistemaSigaurkvevlobis gamo eZneleba amocanis amoxsnis gzis Zieba. moswavlisaTvismisawvdomia amocanis amoxsnis nabij-nabij miwodeba. masgaaCnia unari, ganazogados amocanis amoxsnis xerxi, magram amisaTvissWirdeba didi varjiSi erTtipuri amocanebis amoxsnaSi da maswavleblisdaxmareba. arasakmarisada aqvs ganviTarebuli azrovnebis moqniloba.amitom eZneleba ukukavSirebis damyreba sidideebs Soris. mis-Tvis misawvdomia amocanis amoxsnis sxvadasxva xerxis moZebna im Sem-TxvevaSi, Tu aqvs analogiuri amocanebis amoxsnis gamocdileba. aq mu-Saobs kompleqsuri analizi.maRali done. amocanis sruli da mravalmxrivi analizis safuZvelzemoswavle gamoyofs sidideebs Soris urTierTkavSirebis erTiansistemas, xedavs amocanis `ConCxs”. es aZlevs mas saSualebas, sworad dagegmosamocanis amoxsna, ipovos sxvadasxva gza am amoxsnisa. saamocanosituaciis analizebisas Tavisuflad arkvevs amocanis arsebiT da araarsebiTelementebs. advilad SeuZlia amocanis amoxsnis ganzogadeba.azrovnebis moqniloba aZlevs saSualebas, Tavisuflad gadaerTosamoxsnis erTi xerxidan meoreze, sworad daadginos sidideebs Sorisrogorc pirdapiri, ise ukukavSiri. aq muSaobs ganWvretiTi analizi.moswavleTa zemoT mocemuli doniTi maxasiaTeblebis codna aucilebeliamaswavleblisaTvis, rom sworad gansazRvros ZiriTadi moTxovnebimoswavleTa unarebis mimarT sxvadasxva doneze.diferencirebuli swavlebis pirobebSi moswavleTa jgufebaddayofisas (n. wina paragrafi) pirvel jgufs Seesabameba maRali done,meore jgufs Seesabameba saSualo done, xolo mesame jgufs - dabalidone. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sirTulis mixedviT amocanis diferencirebissakiTxi ganvixiloT erT kerZo magaliTze.ganvixiloT Semdegi amocana:ori velosipedisti erTmaneTis Sesaxvedrad gamovida ori sxvadasxvasoflidan. pirvelma Sexvedramde gzaSi dahyo 2 sT da iara 13km/sT siCqariT, meorem gzaSi 3 sT dahyo da iara 12 km/sT siCqariT. ramanZilia soflebs Soris?es erTi amocana eZleva samive jgufs davalebis sxvadasxva modifikaciiT.aRsaniSnavia, rom mesame (dabali) jgufis davaleba unda Seesabamebodesdasayrdeni donis moTxovnebs.mogvyavs am amocanis doneobrivi diferenciaciis erT-erTi SesaZlovarianti moswavleTa samive jgufisaTvis.45

pirveli jgufi.mocemulia amocana: ori velosipedisti erTmaneTis Sesaxvedradgamovida ori sxvadasxva soflidan. pirvelma Sexvedramde gzaSi dahyo 2sT da iara 13 km/sT siCqariT, meorem gzaSi 3 sT dahyo da iara 12 km/sTsiCqariT. ra manZilia soflebs Soris?1. Seasrule naxazi amocanis teqstis mixedviT (grafikulimodeli).2. Seasrule amocanis sqemuri modeli.3. Caatare analizi da Seadgine `msjelobis xe”.4. Seadgine amocanis amoxsnis algoriTmi.5. amoxseni amocana.6. Secvale (gardaqmeni) amocana ise, rom SeiZlebodes misiamoxsna sxvadasxva xerxiT, asaxe es cvlileba amocanismodelze.7. amoxseni amocana.meore jgufi (saSualo done).mocemulia amocana: ori velosipedisti erTmaneTis Sesaxvedradgamovida ori sxvadasxva soflidan. pirvelma Sexvedramde gzaSi dahyo 2sT da iara 13 km/sT siCqariT, meorem gzaSi 3 sT dahyo da iara 12 km/sTsiCqariT. ra manZilia soflebs Soris?1. daasrule naxazi:13 km/sT2. Seavse 2sT amocanis sqemuri modeli:13 33. Caatare analizi, gamoiyene amocanissqemuri modeli.4. sqemuri modelis mixedviT Seadgineamoxsnis gegma5. amoxseni amocana.mesame jgufi (dabali done)mocemulia amocana: ori velosipedisti erTmaneTis Sesaxvedradgamovida ori sxvadasxva soflidan. pirvelma Sexvedramde gzaSi dahyo 246

sT da iara 13 km saaTSi siCqariT, meorem gzaSi 3 sT dahyo da iara 12 kmsaaTSi siCqariT. ra manZilia soflebs Soris?1. daasrule naxazi13 km/sT2. Seavse2sTamocanis sqemuri modeli13 2 3xx?+X3. sqemuri modelis mixedviT Seadgine amoxsnis gegma.4. amoxseni amocana.pirveli jgufis moswavleebs SeiZleba, agreTve, SevTavazoT damatebiTaseTi davaleba: ~SeiZleba Tu ara amocana amoixsnas ricxviTiformuliT:Χ= (13 +12) • 2 + 12 ? axseni _ rogor da ratom!”amgvarad, msgavsi davalebebi yovel moswavles Seuqmnis optimalurpirobebs, imuSaos maqsimaluri warmatebiT Tavisi ganviTarebis doneze.ise rom, davalebaTa doneobiTi diferenciacia mZlavri saSualebaa imisa,rom uzrunvelyofili iyos moswavleTa uwyveti ganviTareba, dabalidonidan maRali donisken swrafva. am ganviTarebis dinamikas TvalnaTlivxedavs maswavlebeli, Tvalyurs adevnebs mas da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,yovelTvis SeuZlia aucilebeli koreqtivebis Setana.literatura Васильева, 1994 - Новая педагогическая технология и обучение по способностям.Под ред. Ю. Е. Васильева. Красноярск, 1994. Денищева и др., 1993 - Л. О. Денищева, А. В. Кузнецова, И. А. Лурье и др.Зачёты в системе дифференцированного обучения математике. М., 1993.47

Фридман, 2005 - Л. Н. Фридман. Теоретические основы методики обученияматематике. М., 2005. Зубков, 1998 - Л. И. Зубков. Обучение решению математических задач вусловиях уревневой дифференциации. М., 1998. Хуторский, 1998 - А. В. Хуторский. Эвристическое обучение. М., 1998.Jemal JinjikhadzeSokhumi State UniversityRealization of Differentiation at Teaching Mathematical TextualTasks Solution in Elementary SchoolDifferentiate teaching is considered from three positions: 1. purposeful aspect; 2.Contextual aspect; 3. organizational aspect. Differentiated organization of educationalactivity, from one hand considers the level of pupils’ mental development and theirpsychological features, visual, abstract and logic type of their mind. But from anotherpoint of view, it considers individual demands of pupils’ personality, their capabilityand interests even in concrete educational micro-space. These two parts are equallyobserved and is represented as one whole didactic unit of mathematical-methodicalsystem.In this article one of the variation of level approach is also investigated.48

pedagogika, meTodika, ganaTlebis sociologiaPEDAGOGICS, METHODICS, SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATIONiakob gogebaSvilida swavlebis Tanamedrove teqnologiebimaia firCxaZeitaliuri skola `ciskari~iakob gogebaSvilis Rvawli qarTuli pedagogikis ganviTarebaSi ganuzomelia.cnobilia, rom jer kidev akademiaSi swavlis wlebSi iakob gogebaSvilmaseriozulad mokida xeli pedagogiuri literaturis Seswavlas,daamuSava pedagogikis klasikosebi (komenski, ruso, pestaloci, distervegi,pirogovi) da pedagogikis istoriis calke kursebi. amave drosigi gaitaca belinskis, CerniSevskis, dobroliubovis, gercenis, SCedrinisada sxvaTa mowinave ideebma da uSinskis pedagogiurma moZRvrebebma. swavlisdamTavrebis Semdegac, pedagogad muSaobisas, igi gamoirCeoda araCveulebrivigulmodginebiT, sanimuSo iyo mTel seminariaSi. cnobilia,rom iakob gogebaSvili yovelTvis seriozulad emzadeboda gakveTilisa-Tvis. yoveli gakveTilis win savsebiT hqonda gaTvalsiwinebuli gakve-Tilis mizani da Sinaarsi, gadasacemi masala, gasameorebeli sakiTxebi;disciplinis uzrunvelyofis saSualebani, aRmzrdelobiTi momentebisgamoyeneba. igi gamoirCeoda pedagogiuri ostatobiT da saswavlo meTodebismravalmxrivobiTa da, rac mTavaria, maTi sworad gamoyenebiT, romeliproblemac dRes dgas skolis winaSe, miuxedavad saswavlo meTodebissaocari mravalferovnebisa.Cvens SemTxvevaSi gvinda yuradReba gavamaxviloT swavlebis Tanamedroveteqnologiebis, kerZod - blumis taqsonomiis gamoyenebaze naratiuli(TxrobiTi) masalebis Seswavlisas da es sakiTxi ganvixiloT i. gogebaSvilisistoriuli moTxrobis - `cotne dadianis~ - mixedviT, romelmoTxrobsac aqtiurad iyenebdnen saswavlo praqtikaSi konkretuli saswavloamocanis gadawyvetisas.sanam moTxrobas warmogidgendeT, gvinda oriode sityviTSegaxsenoT blumis taqsonomiis ZiriTadi principebi. blumis taqsonomiaaris saSualeba, romelic maswavlebels exmareba sawavlo miznebSimocemuli operaciebi daalagos azrovnebis doneebis Sesabamisad,ierarqiulad - dabali donidan maRali donisaken.qveda donezeda donecodnagagebagamoyeneba49analizisinTeziSefaseba

yvela es operacia aviTarebs saazrovno unar-Cvevas, romlis mizania maRalidonis azrovnebis formebis Camoyalibeba.amis Sesabamisad blumi adamianis aqtivobis sam sferos gamoyofs:kogniturs(SemecnebiTs)ineleqtualuriSesaZleblobebi,codna, azrovnebaafeqturs(emociurs)grZnobebi, emociebi,ganwyobebifsoqomotorulsfizikuri unarebi,Cvevebiblumi TiToeul am sferos Semdegnairad axasiaTebs:kognituri afeqturi fsoqomotorulicodna ganwyoba Cvevebifaqtebis gaxsenebamiRebaimitacia(gacnobiereba)gageba reagireba manipulacia(miTeTebis mixedviT)gamoyeneba Rirebulebis gaazreba zusti Sesruleba(miRweva)analizisinTeziSefasebaprovnebisRirebulebaTa sistemisorganizebaRirebulebaTagaTaviseba50Cvevebis integrireba,kombinirebanaturalizacia(avtomatizacia)gagacnobT i. gogebaSvilis moTxrobis `cotne dadianis~ teqsts da blumisdoneebis mixedviT Sedgenil kiTxvebs, romelic, Cemi saswavlo praqtikidangamomdinare, warmatebiT gamoiyeneba saswavlo procesSi, gansakuTrebiTswavlebis pirvel safexurze, rodesac moswavleebs drosa dasivrceSi orientireba jer kidev uWirT.cotne dadiani`erT dros saqarTveloSi mongolebi batonobdnen dafarfaSobdnen. maT mospes mefoba saqarTveloSi da TviTon miiTvisesmefis uflebani. metad aviwroebdnen xalxsa, dids xarjs arTmevdnen,monurs morCilebas Txoulobdnen. qveyanas Svela undoda, magram SvelaZalian Zneli iyo, radganac mters metis-metad didi Zala hqonda.saukeTeso mamuliSvilni aqeTa da iqiTa saqarTvelosi Seikribnenaxalcixis axlo da Seudgnen bWobas, Tu ra gziT eSvelaT qveynisaTvis.daadgines, aejanyebinaT xalxi, SeekribaT didi jari da gaelaSqraT mon-

golebze. daadgnen Tu ara am gadawyvetilobas, cotne dadiani im wamsvewavida samegreloSi xalxis asajanyeblad. sxvani ki erTi dRiT darCneniqve. swored am dros movida Cumad monRolTa razmi, Seipyro yvela iqmyofni qarTvelebi da tyved waiyvana.roca tyveebi miiyvanes monRolTa mbrZanebelTan, man ubrZana: „gaakaveTes qarTvelebi, daatitvleT yvelani, TokebiT SeukariT yvelasmklavebi, wausviT tanze Tafli da dasxiT papanaqeba mzezeda; dee, ixrakebodnenda itanjebodnen buzebisaganao“.gaigo Tu ara es ubedureba cotne dadianma, maSinve gaswiamonRolTa mbrZaneblis binisaken. man gaiara mesxeTi, anu axlandeli axalcixismxare, Semdeg javaxeTi, Cavida somxeTsa da Sevida somexTa dedaqalaqanisSi. erTs did moedanze dainaxa qarTveli tyveebi, romelnic gatitvlebulnida mklavebSekrulebi isxdnen mzis gulze, ixrakebodnen daiwamebodnen mravali buzisagan. saSinelma wuxilma Seipyro cotnes gmiruliguli, roca amisTana damamcirebels mdgomareobaSi naxa warCinebulnisaqarTvelosani. magram amasTan nugeSic igrZno, radganac dainaxa, Tu raRirseuli vaJkacobiT itandnen am saTakilo sasjels misi megobarni, T-iTqo yvela fiqrobso: Tu macxovari jvars ecva avazakTagan qveynis gamoxsnisaTvis,Cven ratom ar unda avitanoT es sasjeli samSoblo qveynisgaTavisuflebisaTviso. cotne gadmoxta cxenidan, mivida Tavis megobrebTanda mxurvaled miesalma; im wamsve gaixada Tavisi tanisamosi,gatitvlda, TviTonve Seikra TokiT mklavebi da am saxiT Cajda Taviss megobrebsSoris daRonebuli. didad anugeSa wamebulni amxanagis aseTmaerTgulobam da sulgrZelobam.roca es ambavi moaxsenes monRolTa mbrZanebels, igi metad gaocda,daibara TavisTan cotne da hkiTxa mizezi aseTi saocari saqcielisa.cotnem upasuxa: „me movedi Tqven winaSe, raTa gamoiZioT, da ukeTu Rirsirame sikvdilisa gviqmnia, mec imaTTan movkvde, da ukeTu ubraloni arian,mec ubralod Seviracxo, radgan uCemod araferi uqniaT.“am samagaliTo Tavdadebulebam ise Zlier imoqmeda monRolTa winamZolze,rom man brZana: „radganac qarTvelni imdenad saTnoni da keTilniyofilan, imdenad erTgulni erTmaneTisa, rom Soreuli samegrelodanmovida kaci ese didebuli, raTa dasdos suli Tvisi moyvasisaTvis, da gaswirasuli Tvisi sasikvdilod, amitom vendobi mec maTa da ganmitevebiayvelani.“ da gauSves yvelani ese warCinebulni da wavidnen Tavis-Tavad“.gadavideT moTxrobis ganxilvaze:codna1. ra iciT moTxrobis Sesaxeb da vis saxels ukavSirebT mas?2. romeli istoriuli moTxroba gagaxsendaT axla da ratom?3. vis ekuTvnis es moTxroba da vinaa mTxrobeli?4. ramdeni piri monawileobs moTxrobaSi?5. vin gadaarCina qarTveli mamuliSvilebi?51

gageba1. gadmoeciT Tqveni sityvebiT rogori iyo monRolebis mierdapyrobili qveynis mdgomareoba?2. ra gaakeTes mamuliSvilebma qveynis gadasarCenad?3. ra SedegiT damTavrda SeTqmuleba?4. ra bedi ewiaT SeTqmulebs?5. ra gadawyvetileba miiRo cotne dadianma?6. daaxasiaTeT Tqveni sityvebiT cotne dadiani.gamoyeneba1. rogor fiqrobT, ratom daarqva avtorma moTxrobas ”cotne dadiani”?2. CamoTvaleT cotne dadianis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi3. daakavSireT moTxroba nanaxTan, gagonilTan, gancdilTan, wakiTxulTan4. CamoTvaleT safrTxeebi, romelic elodeba qveyanas gareSe mtrisagandapyrobis SemTxvevaSianalizi1. rogor fiqrobT, ra ufro imoqmedebda, romeli faqti ufro mni-Svnelovan kvals datovebda sazogadoebis erovnul cnobierebaze— cotne dadianis Tavganwirva Tu saerTo-saxalxo ajanyebis Sedegebi?2. ra mniSvneloba aqvs qveynis bedisaTvis samagaliTo Tavdadebas?3. rogor imoqmeda monRolTa winamZRolze am konkretulma faqtma?4. ra mniSvneloba eqneboda qveynisaTvis warCinebuli qarTvelebisgadarCenas?sinTezi1. rogor fiqrobT, ra moxdeboda, Tu cotne dadiani ar moiqceodaise, rogorc moiqca?2. ra moxdeboda, monRolTa mbrZanebls rom ar Seewyalebina cotneda sxva qarTveli tyveebi?3. CamoayalibeT dapyrobili qveynis politikuri mdgomareobis damaxasiaTebeliniSnebiSefaseba1. Tqveni azriT, ra aris moTxrobis mTavari saTqmeli? ratom fiqrobTase? daasabuTeT, moiyvaneT magaliTebi teqstidan2. ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa Tqvensa da moqmed pirebs Soris?3. raze CagafiqraT moTxrobam?4. ras SecvliT Tqvens qcevaSi amis Semdeg?rogorc vxedavT, iakob gogebaSvilis moTxrobaSi ar aris gamoyenebulitradiciuli istoriis gakveTilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli terminologiada frazebi, magram avtorma Tavisi Txrobis stiliT saSualeba mogvcawarmatebiT gamogveyenebina naratiuli masala istoriis gakveTilze.52

Cven ganvixileT moTxroba blumis kognituri unarebis mixedviT, magrammoTxrobam mogvca saSualeba gakveTilze aseve gamogveyenebina blumismeore da mesame aqtivobis formebic - afeqturi (emociuri) da fsiqomotoruliaqtivobebi anu swavlebisas gamoikveTa grZnobebi, emociebi,ganwyobebi da moswavleebs ganuviTardaT Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebi (gansacdelidanTavisdaRwevis, amtanobis da a. S.).rogorc vxedavT, blumis mixedviT swavlebisas naratiuli masalebiaqtiurad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, ris saukeTeso magaliTsac iakob gogebaSvilisistoriuli moTxrobebi gvaZlevs.literatura janaSia, imedaZe, gorgoZe, 2009 — n. janaSia, n. imedaZe, s. gorgoZe,ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi, damxmare saxelmZRvanelo, Tb.,2009. tyemalaZe das xv., 2009- r. tyemalaZe, n. dalaqiSvili, q. TofaZe, T.paWkoria, T. buwaSvili, swavleba da Sefaseba, damxmare saxelmZRvanelo,Tb., 2009.Maia PirckhadzeItalian School `Tsiskari~Iakob Gogebashvili and Modern Teaching TechnologiesIn the article there is studied the attitude of Iakob Gogebashvili towards teaching /learning issues and methods. The author has discussed Iakob Gogebashvili’s storiesaccording to the cognitive skills of Bloom. Historical novels of Iakob Gogebashvili make itpossible to use the forms of Bloom's second and third activities at the lesson – affective andpsychomotor activities, on the basis of which are identified the students' feelings, emotions,attitudes, and the relevant skills developed by them.If we take historical novels of Iakob Gogebashvili as an example, we canundoubtedly see that according to Bloom, teaching narrative materials can be actively used.53

pedagogika, meTodika, ganaTlebis sociologiaPEDAGOGICS, METHODICS, SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATIONrusudan fifiasoxumis saxelmwifo universitetiiakob gogebaSvilis weris swavlebis meTodebida Tanamedrove mdgomareobaiakob gogebaSvili Tanamedrove qarTuli skolisa da ganaTlebisfilosofiis fuZemdebelia. man daamkvidra mecnieruli pedagogiurikultura. am moRvawis ideali iyo evropuli saqarTvelo da axali qarTveli.man Seqmna qarTuli cnobierebis modeli axali droisaTvis da skolasswored amgvari cnobierebis Camoyalibebisa da ganmtkicebis misia ganusazRvrada daakisra.iakob gogebaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba dRemde gvaocebsTavisi nairgvarobiTa da sakvlevi obieqtebis simravliT. misi madlianikalami im drois qarTul pedagogikur problematikas sxvadasxva kuTxiTSeexo: `anbani da pirveli sakiTxavi wigni~, ,,dedaena~, ,,bunebis kari~, `kona~,`ruskoe slovo~, `xomli~ da `dedani qarTuli werisa~... dRemde Seucvlelida yvela wignieri qarTvelis samagido wignebia.Tavis ukvdav `dedaena~-sTan erTad iakob gogebaSvilma Seqmna werisswavlebis mwyobri sistema. klasikosma weris dedani udidesi rudunebiTada madliT Semosa da qarTvel pedagogiur sazogadoebas dautovakaligrafiuli sistema, romelic Tavisi esTetikuri RirebulebiT gansazRvravdapirovnebis fsiqo-fiziologiuri sinamdvilis, individualuribunebis amsaxvel unars. qarTuli weris `kalapotad~ iakob gogebaSvilssamarTlianad miaCnia qarTuli kaligrafiisaTvis misadagebuli werisbade, romlis Sesaqmnelad, rogorc TviTon iuwyeba, bevri dabrkolebagadaulaxavs~ (gogebaSvili 1990: 40). iakob gogebaSvilis ,,dedani qarTuliwerisa~ da misi weris swavlebis progresuli sistema daedo safuZvladSemdgom weris dednebsa da kaligrafiis swavlebis meTodikas.qarTuli kaligrafiis swavlebis problema ukanasknel ocwleulSipedagogTa da meTodistTa mudmivi yuradRebis sagani iyo. XXI saukunisdasawyisSi termini ,,sufTa wera~ Seicvala terminiT `kaligrafia~. SemcirdaasoTa gadabmis raodenoba 241-dan 63 gadabmamade. gadabmebis Semcirebamisi gamoyenebis arapraqtikulobiT iyo axsnili. Zalian Cqara varlamTofurias weris dedani Secvala Tamar wamalaiZis kaligrafiis rveulebma,xolo bolo periodSi Semovida sxvadasxva tipis e.w. samuSao rveulebi,sadac Cveni azriT, xelis gasamarTavad Zalian mcire raodenobis samuSaoabavSvebisaTvis. saerTod, sazogado xelis, anu dadgenili kali-54

grafiisadmi drodadro Tavs iCenda nihilisturi damokidebuleba. esprocesi ama Tu im saxiT amJamadac grZeldeba. argumentad SeiZleba moviyvanoTgadabmis saxeobaTa or-sam nimuSamde dayvana, nawerebis Seufasebloba,sawyis periodSi bevri maswavlebeli ar asworebs nawers. amgvaridamokidebulebiT ziandeba qarTuli kaligrafiis done. mTeli qveynismasStabiT SeiZleba uprecendento iyos qarTul xelnawerTa institutismier mowyobili kaligrafiis konkursebi, magram es saerTo mdgomareobasver cvlis.qarTveli meTodistebi cdiloben weris swavlebis xerxebis gaumjobesebas,zogjer gaiolebasac, magram SeiZleba iTqvas rom isini amasdidi sifrTxiliT unda moekidon. saanalizod movitanT bakur sulakaurisgamomcemlobis mier Sedgenili deda enis weris rveulis mokle anotacias,sadac SeiZleba iTqvas, iakob gogebaSvilis memkvidreobis axleburadgadaazrebasTan gvaqvs saqme. avtorebi imowmeben iakob gogebaSvils,romelmac Tqva, rom , `bavSvebisagan kaligrafebis momzadeba srulebiTar Sedis skolis amocanaSi~ da migviTiTeben, rom kiTxva da wera droSiunda dascildnen erTmaneTs.sulakauris jgufis mier Sedgenili weris rveuli iwyeba`saxatavebiT~, xolo bade nel-nela, etapobrivad Semodis, rasac avtorebibavSvis obieqtivaciis ganviTarebis saWiroebiT xsnian. amave motiviTrveulSi bade TandaTan Semodis.badis zomebi da proporciebi: dRes gavrcelebul rveulebSi badisujrebis zomebi aseTia: centris simaRlea 4 mm, sigane 3mm, zeda da qvedanawilebis simaRlea 6 mm (an cota meti).Cvens rveulSi Sua ujra darCa imave zomisa, xolo zeda da qvedaujrebi dapataravda da gautolda centralurs.aseTi zomebi, garda zemoxsenebuli principebis daculobisa,imiTacaa kargi, rom: bavSvebi ufro lamazad weren, vinaidan magaliTad m-sgrZeli xazis gavlebisas 10 mm-iani xazis nacvlad 8 mm-iani xazis gavlebauxdebaT da xeli naklebad ukankalebT, ufro advilad mihyvebian bades.striqonis simaRle nacvlad 16 mm-isa gaxlavT 12 mm, rac weris processufro advilsa da swrafs xdis. bavSvebi naklebad iRlebian, maTi samuSaoTiTqmis 20% -iT mcirdebarveuli ufro ekonomiuria - erT gverdze meti striqoni eteva. gacilebiTumjobesdeba asoebis moxazuloba da uaxlovdeba beWdurs (sulakauri,bedoSvili, kuxianiZe 2006 : 20).bakur sulakauris gamomcemlobis mier Sedgenili saxelmZRvaneloebidRes moqmedia mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT, Tumca saweri badisaseTi formiT Secvla da aRsazrdelTa weris unarebis gamomuSavebisadmiaseTi damokidebuleba jerjerobiT gaziarebuli ar aris.gamocdili meTodistebi migviTiTeben, rom weris swavlebis sawyisetapze rekomendebuli ar aris swavleba. igi daiyvaneba asoebisa Tu sit-55

yvebis `gadmoxatvaze~. am saxis weriTma savajiSoebma xeli unda SeuwyoskiTxvis unaris gaumjobesebas, asoebis damaxsovrebas.imisaTvis, rom weris swavlis sakmaod rTuli da Sromatevadi procesigaxalisdes, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT Semdegi aqtivobebi:asoebis gamosaxva xelebis plastikuri moZraobiT an mTelisxeuliT;asoebis gamosaxva ZafiT, zonriT, plasteliniT, mavTuliTan sxva masaliT;asoebis daxatva furcelze, qviSaze, Tovlze, patara dafebze;asoebis trafaratebis moxazva, gamoWra da gaferadeba;qarTuli anbanis asoebis gaferadeba da calkeuli asosaTvisasociaciurad romelime sagnis formis micema;avtoris xelmowera - naxatze sakuTari saxelis gamoxatva;naxatis dasaTaureba - saxatav rveulSi calkeuli sityvebisgadmoxatva.Semdgom etapze iwyeba weris sistematuri swavleba. am etapze werismTavari didaqtikuri funqciaa weris saSualebiT kiTxvis unaris gaumjobeseba(inasariZe,naWyebia 2006 : 32-33).maswavleblis profesiuli standarti gulisxmobs werasTan dakav-Sirebuli ramdenime meTodis codnas, rac pedagogebs daexmareba werisswavlebisas sainteresod dagegmon da warmarTon gakveTili. ganuviTaronpatarebs werisa da kiTxvis unarebi. rogorc dawyebiTi safexurismaswavleblis meToduri gzamkvlevi gvaswavlis `dawyebiTi safexuris sawyisetapze weris procesSi sami ZiriTadi operaciaa CarTuli. esenia: 1.aso-bgeriTi mimarTebebis damyareba; 2. sityvis bgeriTi struqturis modelirebagrafikuli simboloebis meSveobiT (sityvis bgeriTi struqturisgadatana nawerSi asoebis meSveobiT); 3. grafo - motoruli operaciebi(dawyebiTi safexuris maswavleblis meToduri gzamkvlevi 2010:50).samive operacia moswavlis xelis gamarTvasa da motoruli unarebisganviTarebazea orientiebuli. es ZiriTadad sityvis bgeriTi srtuqturisgrafikuli simboloebis modelirebiT xdeba, xolo grafo-motorulioperaciis warmatebuloba damokidebulia mxedvelobisa da motorikiskoordinaciis xarisxze.Cvenis azriT, Tanamedrove meTodikuri literatura weris aTvisebisassawyis etapebs nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs, vidre weriTi metyvelebisSemdgomi etapis ganviTarebas. vinaidan weriTi metyveleba komunikaciissaSualebaa da mas aRiqvamen ara rogorc ubralod TiTebis motoruliCvevis ganviTarebas, aramed rogorc sruliad axal unars - saTqmeliswerilobiT gadmocemas. weris Tanamedrove meTodebic am unaris Camoyalibebasuwyobs xels.56

erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT weris mimarTulebiT pirveliklasis bolos misaRwevi Sedgebi da maTi indikatorebi ase gamoiyureba:moswavle wers karnaxiT da nabeWdi teqstidan/ dafidan gadawers martivwinadadebebs.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:xelis swori moZraobiT wers (gamosaxavs) anbanis yvela asos SesabamisimimarTulebiT, icavs proporciebs;icavs manZils asoebs Soris;adekvaturad iyenebs bgeris grafikul gamoxatulebas - asos;mocemuli bgerebiTa da asoebiT adgens sityvebs zepirad da Semdegwers;SeuZlia nabeWdi / dafaze naweri teqstis sworad gadawera;cdilobs daweros sityvebi asoebis gamorCenisa da zedmeti CanarTebisgareSe.moswavle adgens martiv winadadebebs nacnob Temebze.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle: weris procesSi saTanadod iyenebs sagnebis, maTi Tvisebebisa damoqmedebis gamomxatvel sityvebs; maswavleblis mier mocemuli sityvebis mixedviT agebs martiv winadadebas; sityvebis dasakavSireblad marTebulad iyenebs kavSirebs (da,magram..); werilobiT pasuxobs martiv kiTxvebs. saTanadod iyenebs sasven niSnebs winadadebis bolos.moswavle icnobs da marTebulad iyenebs werilobiTi teqstis grafikulstruqturas.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle: modelis mixedviT qmnis da aformebs sxvadasxva saxis yofitteqstebs (misaloc baraTs, sayvaeli kerZebis menius,gamafrTxilebel abras da sxv.); avsebs teqstSi naklul informacias; warweras ukeTebs ilustracias(erovnuli saswavlo gegma. 2011-2016: 60-61).rogorc vxedavT, pirveli klasis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi da indikatorebisakmaod garTulebulia da scildeba am asakis moswavlisaTvisadre gansazRvrul dones.meTodistebi, romlebic wera- kiTxvis swavlebaSi holisturi midgomismomxreebi arian, imowmeben iakob gogebaSvils da kiTxvaze Tu ramdenadmniSvnelovania kaligrafiuli weris swavleba pasuxoben: `bavSvebisagankaligrafebis momzadeba srulebiT ar Sedis skolis amocanaSi~ (`nor-57

maluri wera~).rac Seexeba pirveli klasis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebis garTulebas,albaT ,meTodistebisa da specialistebis wignierebasTan axleburi damokidebulebiTunda aixsnas: ,,wera wignierebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesimimarTulebaa. igi adamians saSualebas aZlevs sakuTari nafiqri,saTqmeli, gzavnili werilobiT gadmosces. weris unaris ganviTarebamniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels moswavleebs, gaxdnen ufro dakvirvebulebi,CauRrmavdnen, erTi mxriv, sakuTar Tavs, meore mxriv ki - garesamyaros.weris procesSi CarTuli moswavleebi gacilebiT meti yuradRebiTkiTxuloben sxvaTa nawerebs, meti pasuxismgeblobiT ekidebian TiToeulisityvisa Tu frazis gamoyenebas werisas, cdiloben TavianTi leqsikurimaragis Sevsebas, ismenen da iziareben erTmaneTis rCevebs, eCveviankritikul azrovnebas~(p. papava, T. Wanturia 2010:22). Tumca arc is undadagvaviwydes, rom saganmanaTleblo miznebidan gamomdinare konkretulamocanebSi kaligrafiuli kulturis gamomuSavebas erT-erTi mTavariadgili uWiravs.Cven SevecadeT, weris swavlebis iakob gogebaSviliseuli meTodikisgaTvaliswinebiT, mimdinare saswavlo - meTodikuri mdgomareobis warmo-Cena. suraTi naTelia: Tu erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebulipirveli klasis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebs da indikatorebs yuradRebiTgavecnobiT, vnaxavT, rom aq kaligrafiuli kulturis gamomuSaveba araris prioritetuli da Sesabamisad mas ufro naklebi dro eTmoba, vidreadre eTmoboda.literatura gogebaSvili 1990: i. gogebaSvili, Txzulebani, t. IV. Tb., 1990. sulakauri, bedoSvili, kuxianiZe 2006: b. sulakauri, m. bedoSvili,T. kuxianiZe, maswavleblis wigni, pirveli klasi. Tb., 2006. inasariZe, naWyebia 2006: m. inasariZe, m. naWyebia, qarTuli enisada literaturis swavlebis Tanamedrove meTodebi, Tb., 2006. dawyebiTi safexuris maswavleblis meToduri gzamkvlevi2010: dawyebiTi safexuris maswavleblis meToduri gzamkvlevi,maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis erovnuli centri,Tb.,2010. erovnuli saswavlo gegma. 2011-2016: erovnuli saswavlo gegma.2011-2016. papava, Wanturia 2011: p. papava, T. Wanturia, wignierebis, maTematikuriwignierebisa da sasicocxlo unarebis gzamkvlevi dawyebiTisafexuris maswavleblebisTvis, Tb., 2011.58

Rusudan PipiaSokhumi State UniversityIakob Gogebashvili’s Teaching Methods ofWriting and Contemporary SituationIakob Gogebashvili’s “Book of Georgian writing” and his progressive system ofteaching of writing were used as a basis to books used for teaching of writing and methodsof teaching of calligraphy.Works reflect existing educational-methodical condition considering IakobGogebashvili’s teaching method of writing. Situation is clear: If we study results andindicators to be achieved at the end of the first grade considered by national curriculum, wewill see that development of calligraphy culture isn’t a priority here and less time isallocated for it than it was in the past.59

pedagogika, meTodika, ganaTlebis sociologiaPEDAGOGICS, METHODICS, SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION60brolisa wulaiasoxumis saxelmwifo universitetiiakob gogebaSvili da dawyebiT klasebSi bunebismetyvelebisswavlebis Tanamedrove teqnologiebiTanamedrove saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi swavlebis sakiTxebi metadmniSvnelovania, radgan ganaTlebis reformam seriozuli cvlilebebi ganaxorcielasaswavlo procesis gaaqtiurebisa da inovaciuri meTodebisdanergvis TvalsazrisiT.Tanamedrove cxovrebis moTxovnebi, ritmi, teqnikuri da teqnologiuriganviTareba axleburad aqtiurobis winaSe ayenebs adamians. zogadi ganaTlebiserovnul miznebSi (punkti-e) vkiTxulobT: `iyos Semoqmedi, TavadSeqmnas Rirebulebebi da ar icxovros arsebulis xarjze; saskolo ganaTlebamunda uzrunvelyos mozardis im unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba,romelic miscems mas saSualebas, ukve arsebuli gamocdileba damiRwevebi gamoiyenos axali materialuri, inteleqtualuri, Tu sulieriRirebulebebis Sesaqmnelad~( Jurnali `skola~, 2010: 16).bunebismetyvelebis swavlebisas yuradRebis gamaxvileba moswavlisganwyoba-damokidebulebebisa da unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaze, kvleva-Ziebisa da codnis gamoyenebaze aris rogorc Tanamedrove dasavluripedagogiuri meTodikis, ise qarTuli klasikuri didaqtikis moTxovnac.bunebismetyvelebis integrirebuli kursi, aucilebel da savaldebulosagans warmoadgens ganaTlebis fakultetis dawyebiTi ganaTlebissabakalavro programis, saswavlo gegmaSi.integrirebuli kursi momavali skolis maswavlebels aZlevs codnasara marto bunebismetyvelebis safuZvlebsa da swavlebis meTodikaSi,aramed did STabeWdilebas axdens, studentis eTikur Sexedulebebsa dapatriotul suliskveTebaze (erovnuli saswavlo gegma, 2006:8).axal moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, ganaTlebis sistemis strategiulmimarTuleblad gamoikveTa pirovnebaze orientirebuli ganaTleba,romlis centrSic dgeba moswavlis pirovneba da misi SemecnebiTisaqmianoba. Sesabamisad, swavlebis meTodikac, cxadia, moswavlezeorientirebuli anu interaqtiuri unda iyos. swavlebis meTodikamoswavlis saazrovno unarebis ganviTarebisTvis mudmivad undaixvewebodes. amis saukeTeso magaliTia blumis saazrovno unarebistaqsonomia.blumis saazrovno unarebis ganviTarebis taqsonomia Seiqmna specialu-

ad ganaTlebis miznebisaTvis. zogadad, taqsonomia aris klasifikaciisprincipebis nakrebi an struqtura. blumis mixedviT, azrovnebis an Semecnebisunari eqvs doned SeiZleba daiyos. es doneebia: codna, gageba,gamoyeneba, analizi, sinTezi da Sefaseba. azrovnebis es doneebi safexuradaris ganlagebuli, sadac yoveli momdevno done ufro rTuldeba damoicavs erT an ramdenime wina dones. codna, gageba da gamoyeneba qvedadoneSi moiazreba, xolo analizi, sinTezi da Sefaseba ki - zeda doneSi(janaSia, imedaZe, gorgoZe, 2009: gv. 151-169; Sdr. Jurnali `skola~, 2010:21). blumis taqsonomia aris saSualeba, romelic maswavlebels exmareba,saswavlo miznebSi mocemuli operaciebi daalagos azrovnebis doneebisSesabamisad - ierarqiulad dablidan maRali donisaken. yvela es operaciaaniTarebs saazrovno unar- Cvevebs.yvela saganSi SeiZleba erTi Temis farglebSi azrovnebis sxvadasxvadoneebis aqtivizacia. magaliTad bunebismetyvelebis gakveTilzemaswavlebels miznad aqvs dasaxuli, moswavleebs auxsnas cxovelebis dafrinvelebis samoZrao saSualebebi da maTi Taviseburebebi. am Temisganxilva SesaZlebelia moxdes sxvadasxva doneze. qvemoT dasaxelebulia,Tu ras akeTebs moswavle codnis, gagebis, gamoyenebis, analizis, sinTezisda Sefasebis doneze. codna - amoicnobs TaTs da frTas; gageba - TaTs da frTas miakuTvnebs samoZrao organoebs; gamoyeneba - amoklebs Sinauri frinvelis frTebs, raTa dedaliar gadafrindes mezoblis ezoSi; analizi - adarebs frTisa da TaTis anatomiur agebulebas. gamoyofsanalogiur nawilebs ; sinTezi - qmnis frTisa da TaTis models; Sefaseba - gamoxatavs mosazrebas, Tu ra sferoSi gamoviyenoTfrTisa da TaTis agebulebis analogiebi.xSiria SemTxveva saswavlo procesSi, rodesac kompleqsuri xasiaTisdavalebasTan dakavSirebiT gvaqvs ormagi mizani: erTi, aRqma-gagebazeamimarTuli da meore, Seqmna-warmoebaze. magaliTad, bunebismetyvelebaSies SeiZleba iyos , erTi mxriv, rukis mixedviT raRac sakiTxze msjelobada, meore mxriv, ama Tu im tipis rukis Sesruleba- Sedgena.azrovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis udidesi praqtikuli mniSvnelobaaqvs aRqmiTi xasiaTis savarjiSoebidan moswavle gadaviyvanoT SeqmnawarmoebazemimarTul- savarjiSoebze ise, rom gaviTvaliswinoT blumistaqsonomia. aseTi midgoma zrdis moswavleebSi kompetenturobis SegrZnebas,rac maTi motivaciis seriozuli safuZveli xdeba.blumis saazrovno unarebis taqsonomiis Seqmnamde bevrad adre moswavleebisazrovnebis ganviTarebas emsaxureboda iakob gogebaSvilismoRvaweoba. qarTuli mecnieruli pedagogikisa da meTodikis fuZemde-61

elma iakob gogebaSvilma icoda, rom skola Camoyalibebis pirvelivedReebidan or sakacobrio mizans emsaxureba. esaa bavSvTa mozardTa codniTSeiaraReba da maTi aRzrda jansaRi adamianuri TvisebebiT. didma pedagogmaisic kargad icoda, rom am miznebis misaRwevad maswavlebelTanerTad didi movaleoba akisria saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebs romlebSicwarmodgenilia saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo muSaobis Sinaarsi.bunebis Seswavlisas iakob gogebaSvilis saxelmZRvaneloebsa da TxzulebebSididi adgili uWiravs. misi principuli damokidebuleba amsakiTxisadmi gamoTqmulia `bunebis karis~ SesavalSi.aq aRniSnulia: `dawinaurebuls, ganaTlebuls qveynebSi kargad aqvTSegnebuli, rom bunebis codna da mis ZalTa damorCileba Seadgens erTumTavres burjs erisa da kacobriobis bednierebisas. amis gamo iq bunebisSeswavlas did adgils uTmoben bavSvebis ganviTarebaSi rogorc ojaxebiise skolebi. swored amisTana aRzrdis meoxeobiT moxda ise, romevropelma kacobriobam TandaTan gaixada umorCiles mosamsaxuredmoZRvarni Zalni bunebisani da dRiTidRe zrdis Tavis keTildReobasmaTi SemweobiT~ (kobaxiZe, 1992: gv. 83).didi iakobis es fuZemdebluri mosazreba Cven gvixsnis, Tu ratomaaase farTod warmodgenili bunebismetyveleba ganTqmul `bunebiskarSi”. TviT is garemoeba, rom yrmaTTvis gankuTvnili dawyebiTi ganaTlebisam daufasebel saunjes `bunebis kari” uwoda, naTlad gviCvenebs,Tu ra did mniSvnelobas aniWebs igi bunebis codnas eris sulier danivTier cxovrebaSi.iakob gogebaSvilis Tanaxmad, umTavresi mizani bunebis Seswavlisa aris- `gauxsnas ymawvils TanagrZnoba bunebisa, Seayvaros misi gamoZieba damisi ganxilva”. codnis praqtikuli gamoyeneba ara marto materialuri simdidriswyaroa, aramed igi mecnieruli azrovnebis swori aRzrdisa daganmkicebis erT-erTi udidesi saSualebaa. i. gogebaSvilis azriT, adamianipataraobidanve unda mieCvios `bunebis kvlevas mis elementTa da ZalTagacnobas, `bunebismetyvelebis siyvaruls” (gogebaSvili 1896; 111),raTa momavalSi misgan Seqmna `Cinebuli mecnieri, friad sasargeblobunebismeyveli” (i. gogebaSvili 1912. gv. 35). ramdenadac bunebismetyvelebisganviTareba, iakobis TqmiT, `swori pirdapiri” gziT miemarTeba, imdenadmisi kanonebisa da mis ZalTa Seswavla ueWvelad swor mecnierulmsoflmxedvelobas uqmnis Semswavlels (gogebaSvili, 1896: gv. 111)..iakobma SesaniSnavad, STagonebiT Seasxa xorci bunebisadmi adamianis ma-Ralgonivruli damokidebulebebis ideas, da es idea Cveulebrivi didaqtikuririgis movlenebidan, moralur-pedagogiuri sibrZnis Sesanatrdonemde aamaRla.iakob gogebaSvili energiul saqmianobas eweoda saamisod, raTa moswavleebSiCaenerga bunebis siyvaruli, gaeRviZebina maTSi misi dacvis Segneba.`bunebis karis~ winasityvaobaSi igi werda: `saqarTvelos buneba ise-62

Ti mdidaria da mravalferovani, rom evropis buneba masTan axlosac armiva. magram Cven am mdidari bunebis araferi gagvegeba, ukuRmarTi aRzrdiswyalobiT. mis gamo Cvens bunebas epatronebian ucxoelebi, SeiaraRebulnirealuri codniT iZenen auarebel qonebas da Cven ki xaxamSralivrCebiT~.iakob gogebaSvili kargad xedavs, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ekonomikuriCamorCenilobis erT-erTi mizezi bunebis Zalebis ucodinarobaiyo. amitom didi pedagogi moiTxovda qarTveli axalgazrdobis idealuriganTlebis safuZvelze aRzrdas, bunebis kanonebis Seswavlas,`buneba emorCileba - ambobs i. gogebaSvili, - mxolod imas vinc misi kanonebiscodniT aRWurvilia, misTvis azris simdidris wyaroa, visac misiZalTa gamoyeneba SeuZlia~ (gogebaSvili 1895).TiTqmis erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi izrdeboda Cveni axalgazrdebii. gogebaSviis saxelmZRvaneloebsa da moTxrobebze, marto `dedaena~ da `bunebis kari~ kmara iakobis samaradiso Zeglad qarTveli xalxisistoriaSi (gogebaSvili, 1895: 96).i. gogebaSvili iyo adamiani, romelmac Tavisi magaliTiT cxadyoTu ra SeuZlia gaakeTos erTma pirovnebam rodesac is maRali ideebiTaris gatacebuli, gonivrulad moqmedebs, wesierad cxovrobs da Seusabamosiyvarulis gzas mihyveba.da bolos Tavis saxelmZRvaneloebSi Setanili sabunebismetyvelomasalebis aseT Zlier emociur JReradobas i. gogebaSvili pirvelyovlisaimis Sedegad aRwevs, rom igi saukeTesod icnobda bavSvis bunebas daTviTonac daxvewili esTetikuri gemovnebiT gamoirCeoda, rac mkafiodCans mis mier ymawvilebisaTvis Sedgenil moTxrobebSi sabunebismtyveloTemebze.xazgasmiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom eris aRzrdis didma moZRvarma daganmanaTlebelma, pedagogikis klasikosma iakob gogebaSvilma Tavissaswavlo saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi uaRresad didi adgili dauTmobunebis Seswavlis saqmes da rom am dargSi misi Sexedulebani yovelimniSvnelovania dawyebiT safexurze bunebismetyvelobis swavlebisas.dawyebiT safexurze sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis maswavlebelssapatio da sapasuxismgebelo misia akisria, radgan swored amdros dgams bavSvi pirvel nabijebs garemomcvel samyaros Secnobisaken,xdeba moswavlis Tvalsawieris gafarToeba, kvlevis, siaxleTa aRmoCenisada Secnobis mimarT interesis gaRviveba. moswavlem dawyebiT safexurzeunda gaacnobieros, rom samyaro, romelSic is cxovrobs, mravalferovania,Sedgeba cocxali da aracocxali komponentebisagan, romlebicerTmaneTTan mWidro da dinamiur kavSirSia. mas swori warmodgena undaSeeqmnas adamianisa da garemos urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb. moswavlemunda gaiTavisos, ra sasargeblo Tu saziano cvlilebebis motanaSeuZlia adamians garemomcveli samyarosaTvis. igi unda gaecnos garemos63

dacvis umTavres principebs.mniSvnelovania, bavSvis msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebis sawyisetapzeve prioritetuli gaxdes jansaRi, usafrTxo cxovrebis wesisdacva. maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis erovnuli centri amJamadmuSaobs dawyebiTi safexuris maswavleblis meTodur gzamkvlevze.gzamkvlevSi Tavmoyrili iqneba qarTulis, maTematikis, bunebismetyvelebissagnebisswavlebis sxvadasxva meTodi. `gzamkvlevis~ dani-Snulebaa, daexmaros maswavlebels gakveTilis sainteresod da mravalferovnaddagegmvasada efeqtian ganxorcielebaSi (meToduri gzamkvlevi,2010: 20).gTavazobT ori meTodis aRweras meToduri gzamkvlevidan bunebismetyvelebismaswavleblebisaTvis. is meTodebi (cda da eqsperimenti, eqskursiada eqspedicia) yvelaze gavrcelebuli da efeqturi meTodebia bunebismetyvelebisswavlebisas rogorc dawyebiT, aseve momdevno safexurebze.cdebs, eqsperimentebsa da sxva saxis praqtikul samuSaoebs gansakuTrebiTdidi mniSvneloba aqvs bunebis obieqtebis Tvisebebisa dabunebis movlenaTa arsis gacnobisas. cdebi da eqsperimentebi saSualebasiZleva, saklaso oTaxis pirobebSi xelovnurad warmovadginoT zogierTibunebrivi movlena, SevamowmoT moswavleTa mier gamoTqmuli varaudi,hipoTeza. moswavleTa mier Catarebuli cdebi da eqsperimentebi imissawindaria, rom isini momavalSi, praqtikul saqmianobaSi warmatebiTgamoiyeneben miRebul codnas. cdebi da eqsperimentebi xels uwyobencocxali da aracocxali bunebis obieqtebisa da movlenebis Sesaxebswori warmodgenebis Seqmnas. am meTodebis gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiTaucilebelia iseTi sakiTxebis Seswavlisas, rogoricaa sxvadasxvamasalis, nivTierebisa Tu sxeulis, sasargeblo wiaRiseulis Tvisebebi,gafiltvris gziT wylis gawmenda, niadagis Semadgenloba da Taviseburebebi.aRniSnuli meTodis gamoyenebis mizania, mowavles ganuviTarosiseTi unar-Cvevebi, rogoricaa: bunebis obieqtebisa da movlenaTa Sesaxebrealuri cnebebis Camoyalibeba, informaciis Segrovebis, ganzogadoebis,Sedarebis, analizisa da daskvnebis gakeTebis unari CamoyalibebaganviTareba,yuradRebis koncentracia, interesi, pasuxismgebloba, ma-Ziebloba, damoukidebloba, aRmoCena. meTodi im sirTuleebis daZlevissaSualebas iZleva, romlebic Teoriuli codnis aTvisebasTanaa dakavSirebuli,azustebs da ganavrcobs moswavlis codnas.meTodis gamoyeneba: cda da eqsperimenti tardeba demonstraciuladan frontalurad. sademonstracio cda-eqsperiments maswavlebeliTviTonve atarebs, Tu maT Casatareblad saWiro cecxli an iseTi masalebi,rac bavSvebisaTvis saxifaToa. saWiro mowyobilobebi lagdeba magidaze,specialur sadgamze, ise, rom TiToeuli moswavle cdis —eqsperimentismimdinareobas. maswavlebeli aCvenebs moswavleebs laborato-64

iul mowyobilobas( xelsawyo, aparati, masala da sxva.) (profesiuligzamkvlevi, 2011:25). atarebs cdas an eqsperiments da exmareba moswavleebsmovlenis axsnaSi.frontaluri cdis —eqsperimentis Catarebis dros moswavleTa mcirericxovanjgufebs urigdebaT saWiro mowyobilobebi da masalebi.maswavlebeli acnobs maT samuSao instruqcias (mag. uTiTebs wignSi imgverds, sadac aRwerilia cda-eqsperimenti, dafaze winaswar wers anakravs ukve SemuSavebul instruqcias) da arkvevs, ramdenad gasagebia ismoswavleebisaTvis. instruqciis gacnobis Semdeg moswavleebi, maswavleblismeTvalyureobis qveS, atareben cdas an eqsperiments, msvlelobisasiniSnaven Sedegebs, xolo damTavrebisas aanalizeben miRebulSedegebs da akeTeben Sesabamis daskvnebs.dawyebiT klasebSi bunebismetyvelebis Seswavlisas didi mniSvnelobaaqvs eqskursiebsa da Tematikur eqspediciebs, romlebic moswavleebsexmareba imaSi, rom maT gacilebiT Rrmad da safuZvlianad Seiswavlonbunebis obieqtebisa da movlenebis mravalferovneba, daadginonorganizmebsa da garemo pirobebs Soris arsebuli kavSirebi. metad mni-Svnelovania is faqtic, rom swored eqskursiebisa da eqspediciebis drosuviTardebaT moswavleebs pozitiuri damokidebuleba garemos mimarTda SesaZlebloba eZlevaT, gakveTilze naswavli uSualod daakavSironrealobasTan. qskursiis dros Segrovili masala, miRebuli warmodgenebida dakvirvebis Sedegebi aucileblad unda iqnas gamoyenebuli saswavloprocesSi.bunebis Seswavlisas kvleviTi da mzrunvelobiTi midgoma SesaZleblobasiZleva, eqskursiebisa da eqspediciebis dros bavSvebs adgilzeSevaswavloT sivrcesa da droSi orientireba, bunebis obieqtebsa da movlenebzedakvirveba, Sedareba da maT Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSirebisdadgena da rac mTavaria, gavuRviZoT garemoze zrunvisa da pasuxismgeblobisgrZnoba.literatura Jurnali `skola~, 2010: rogor vaswavloT moswavleebs azrovneba/meTodologiurisaxelmZRvanelo. yovelTviuri Jurnali maswavleblebisaTvisJurnali `skola~ 3, Tbilisi, 2010. erovnuli saswavlo gegma, 2006 - erovnuli saswavlo gegmabunebismetyvelebaSi, Tbilisi, 2006. rogor vaswavloT moswavleebs azrovneba, meTodologiuri saxelmZRvanelo,Tbilisi, 2007. kobaxiZe, 1992 - v. kobaxiZe, bunebismetyveleba i. gogebaSvilis mo-Txrobebsa da saxelmZRvaneloebSi. iakob gogebaSvili, 150.Tbilisi,1992. gogebaSvili, 1896 - i. gogebaSvili, mosavlis mcvelni anu65

sasargeblo cxovelebi. tfilisi, 1896.gogebaSvili, 1895 - i. gogebaSvili, qarTuli anbani, tfilisi,1895.meToduri gzamkvlevi, 2010 - dawyebiTi safexuris maswavleblismeToduri gzamkvlevi/maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebiserovnuli centri, 2010.profesiuli gzamkvlevi, 2011 - maswavlebelTa profesiuliganviTarebis gzamkvlevi, Tbilisi, 2011.janaSia, imedaZe, gorgoZe, 2009 — n. janaSia, n. imedaZe, s. gorgoZe,ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi, damxmare saxelmZRvanelo,Tbilisi, 2009.Brolisa TsulaiaSokhumi State UniversityIakob Gogebashvili and Modern Technologies of Natural ScienceTeaching in Primary ClassesIn the article the author has studied usage of modern technologies of teaching ofnatural science in primary classes (I-VI classes) according to Iakob Gogebashvili’s storiesof “Bunebis Kari (the Door of the Nature).Teaching issues in modern education system is very important, because educationsystem has implemented serious changes from the point of view of activation ofeducational process and introduction of innovative methods.Moving the students from the exercises of perceptual character to the exercisesdirected to the creation and production, has a great practical importance for development ofthinking in such a manner that the Bloom Taxonomy is to be taken into account. Suchapproach increases a sense of competence among the students, which is a major reason fortheir motivation.Teaching of nature occupies an important place in Iakob Gogebashvili’s textbooksand works. His principled position on this issue is expressed in the introduction of„Nunebis Kari” (the door of the nature).The purpose of usage of Natural Science methods is developing the students’ skills, such as:forming the real terms about the nature objects, ability of information collection,generalization, comparison, analysis and conclusions, formation-development,concentration of attention, interest, responsibility, candidacy, independence, discovery. Themethod makes it possible to overcome these difficulties, which are related to overcometheoretical knowledge, clarifies and expands a student's knowledge. The author of thisarticle discusses the methods and techniques of effectively usage of modern teachingtechnologies based on Iakob Gogebashvili’s stories.66

pedagogika, meTodika, ganaTlebis sociologiaPEDAGOGICS, METHODICS, SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATIONfizikis kursis swavlebisdidaqtikuri da meTodikuri aspeqtebi67nana maisuraZesoxumis saxelmwifo universitetifizikis saskolo kursis SeswavlisTvis aucilebelia abstraqtulimecnieruli azrovnebis formireba. samwuxarod, swavlebis tradiciulimeTodika, romelic eyrdnoba induqciur meTods, ar ganapirobebsamas. Tanamedrove mecnierul-Teoriuli fizikuri azrovneba maTanalizuriazrovnebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. amitom unda davazustoT, rom skolaSisaWiroa SevaswavloT mxolod elementaruli Cvevebi, Tanamedrovemecnierul-Teoriuli azrovnebis safuZvlebi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, esniSnavs fizikuri codnis deduqciuri dasabuTebis SeZlebis formirebasalgebruli azrovnebis doneze.vaCvenoT gansxvaveba azrovnebis empiriul da Teoriul — abstraqtuldoneebs Soris. inerciis principis formulirebisaTvis saWiroagvqondes sxeulis cneba, romelzec sxva sxeulebi ar moqmedeben. saxelmZRvaneloebSi,rogorc wesi, aseTi sxeulis moZraobis asaxsnelad moyvaniliamagaliTebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan. iTvleba, rom aseTi magali-Tebi cnebas xdian misawvdoms, TvalsaCinos. es aris empiriuli azrovnebisdone. magram sinamdvileSi dedamiwaze ar arseboben iseTi sxeulebi,romlebzec sxva sxeulebi ar moqmedeben. ase rom, aseTi magaliTebi aramarto ar uwyoben xels, aramed xels uSlian inerciis principis arsSiwvdomas. faqtobrivad, gansazRvrebis gareSe rCeba aTvlis inerciulisistemis cneba. imisaTvis, rom SemovitanoT sxeulis cneba, romelzecsxva sxeulebi ar moqmedeben da ganvixiloT misi moZraoba, saWiroaabstraqcia, Teoriuli azrovneba-sxva gamosavali ar aris da es cnobiliajer kidev galileis droidan. Tu ar davamuSavebT swavlebis SesabamismeTodikas, mizans ver mivaRwevT. amrigad, swavlebis arsebuli meTodikaxels ar uwyobs niutonis I kanonis gaazrebas, rogorc inerciis principisa.rasakvirvelia, mecnierul-Teoriuli azrovneba, iTxovs analizisada sinTezis, Sedarebisa da gansxvavebis garda, azrovnebis iseTi operaciebisflobas, rogoricaa ganzogadeba da abstraqcia. moyvanili magaliTiaCvenebs, rom TvalsaCinoeba ar daiyvaneba naturaluri, uSualoaRqmis doneze. saWiroa misi ganxilva arsebiTis, zogadis, abstraqtulisdoneze.rogorc cnobilia, swavleba unda midiodes ara mxolod kerZodan

zogadisaken, aramed zogadidan kerZoskenac, radganac kerZo warmoadgensara marto sawyiss, aramed saboloo punqtsac (Давыдов, 1972: gv. 341).konkretulidan abstraqtulisaken svla iTxovs upiratesad induqciurimeTodis gamoyenebas. fizikis saskolo kursSi jer kidev ar arismiRweuli srulfasovani gaerTianeba saswavlo Semecnebis am ori etapisa.tradiciulad, gavrcelebulia induqciuri meTodi, magram bolo drosmecnierul-Teoriuli moTxovnebis zrdasTan erTad xdeba deduqciurisdafuZneba (arc ise iSviaTad induqciuris Semcirebis xarjze). saswavloSemecnebis uwyveti ciklis danawevrebas mivyavarT iqamde, rom aqcentigadadis reproduqciul azrovnebaze — mexsiereba dominirebs azrovnebaze.Cven vcdilobT optimalurad SevaTavsoT induqcia da deduqcia,movaxdinoT saswavlo Semecnebis ori etapis realizeba. es exeba rogorcfizikuri cnebebis formirebas, aseve sakiTxebisa da Temebis gadmocemas.aseTi midgoma ganapirobebs Rrma wvdomas, produqciuli, SemoqmedebiTiazrovnebis ganviTarebas.moviyvanoT magaliTi. cnobilia, rom moZraobis fardobiTobisgaazreba moswavleebisaTvis rTulia. saskolo kursSi siCqareTa Sekrebiskanoni, miuxedavad konkretul magaliTze dayrdnobisa, veqtoruliformiT aris mocemuli, pedagogikurma eqsperimentma aCvena, rommoswavleTa umravlesobas ar SeuZlia koreqtulad gamoiyenos siCqareTaSekrebis kanoni veqtoruli formiT kerZo SemTxvevebSi, maT xSiradeSlebaT niSnebi. rasakvirvelia, es ar niSnavs, rom uari vTqvaT siCqareTaSekrebis veqtorul formaze, saWiroa davamuSavoT Sesabamisi meTodika.viwyebT martivi magaliTiT, rodesac siCqareebi erT mxares aris mimarTuli.Semdeg gadavdivarT SemTxvevaze, rodesac Sesakrebi siCqareebisawinaaRmdego mxares aris mimarTuli, rasac gamovsaxavT Sesabamisi ni-SniT. am SemTxvevis ganzogadebiT mivdivarT veqtorul Caweramde da viyenebTmas SemTxvevisTvis, rodesac siCqareebi mimarTulia marTi ku-TxiT. amiT vaxorcielebT saswavlo Semecnebis pirvel etaps — induqciurisvla konkretulidan zogadisaken. magram, amaze SeCereba ar SeiZleba.vaxdenT meore etapis realizebasac — deduqciuri svla zogadidan konkretulisaken.viyenebT siCqareTa veqtoruli Sekrebis wess siCqareebsSoris kuTxis sxvadasxva konkretuli mniSvnelobebis ganxilviT (0; 180;nebismieri). skalarul Caweraze gadasvlisas gansakuTrebul yuradRebasvaqcevT modulsa da proeqcias Soris gansxvavebas (xazaraZe, 1995: gv. 6).am sakiTxis swavlebisas moswavleebi da maswavleblebi winaaRmdegobasawydebian imis gamo, rom is zedapirulad aris gaSuqebuli.fizikis saskolo kursi eyrdnoba eqsperiments, da Cvens codnaswarmoadgens rogorc dakvirvebaTa da cdebis Sedegebis ganzogadebas.magram es ar niSnavs induqciuri midgomis primats.deduqciis rolisgaZliereba, Sesabamisad, fizikuri Teoriisa da maTematikuri meTodebis,68

induqciisa da deduqciis gonieri Sexamebis aucilebloba, iTxovsTeoriisa da eqsperimentis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxis gaSuqebas swavlebaSi.Cveulebriv, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba gadamwyvetcdebs. gadamwyvetis qveS igulisxmeba cdebi, romlebSic istoriuladpirvelad iyo miRebuli safuZvliani Sedegebi (klasikuri cdebi). fizikiseqsperimentul safuZvels warmoadgens ara mxolod gadamwyveti eqsperimentebi,aramed Catarebuli da mimdinare eqsperimentebis erTobliobac.saWirod migvaCnia maikelsonis cdis ganxilva saxelmZRvaneloSi.rogorc wesi, es cda mocemulia rogorc gadamwyveti fardobiTobisspecialuri Teoriis dadgenisTvis.sainteresoa rom, Tavis pirvelstatiaSi (Эйнштейн, 1965), saidanac iRebs saTaves fardobiTobis Teoria,ainStaini saerTod ar axsenebs maikelsonis cdas, aramed iwyebs eleqtromagnituriinduqciis fardobiTobis ganxilviT. maikelsonis cda misiazriT, fardobiTobis specialuri Teoriis dabadebisaTvis, ar iyo gadamwyvetida es istoriuli simarTle dakargulia saxelmZRvaneloebSi. maikelsoniscdas eyrdnobodnen lorenci, puankare da sxvani, romlebic axlosmividnen fardobiTobis TeoriasTan, magram ar Seqmnes is. bunebrivia,mas Semdeg rac ainStainma yuradReba miaqcia maikelsonis cdas, SemdgompublikaciebSi is ukve eyrdnoba am cdas, rogorc fardobiTobisspecialuri Teoriis saukeTeso eqsperimentul mtkicebulebas.imisaTvis, rom fizika warmovadginoT rogorc eqsperimentulimecniereba, sruliad ar aris sakmarisi mecnierebis ganviTarebis gamartivebulisqemis warmodgena mxolod gadamwyvet cdebze dafuZnebiT.aucilebelia fizikis eqsperimentuli meTodi warmovadginoT, rogorccdisa da Teoriis urTierTkavSiris uwyvetad gagrZelebuli procesi,swavlebaSi CavrToT gadamwyveti cdebis garda sxva cdebic, gansakuTrebiTTanamedrove. es ganapirobebs cdebis Sedegebis aRqmas, rogorc aramxolod konkretuli kanonzomierebebis eqsperimentuli safuZvlisa,aramed mTeli Teoriis - bazisis da zednaSenis. xazgasasmelia, rom mxolodrealuri cdebiT Semofargvla SeuZlebelia. abstraqtuli azrovnebisformirebaSi, kerZod ki eleqtromagnituri velisa da fardobi-Tobis specialuri Teoriis Seswavlisas, gansakuTrebuli adgili ukaviawarmosaxviT cdebs, romlebic Teoriuli ganzogadebis eqsperimentulisafuZvlia.deduqciis rolis gazrda ara marto amcirebs fizikuri eqsperimentismniSvnelobas, aramed piriqiT, xazs usvams mis zogadfizikurrols saswavlo Semecnebis yvela etapze.cnobilia, rom mecnierul-Teoriuli azrovneba cnebiTi azrovnebaa,romlic warmoadgens azrovnebis rTul formas. cnebis mecnieruligansazRvrebis gareSe aseTi azrovnebis formirebaze saubaric zedmetia.saswavlo-meTodur literaturaSi fizikuri cnebis gansazRvrebisas69

gvaqvs seriozuli nakli, rac miuTiTebs am problemis arasakmarisgaazrebulobaze. ganvixiloT CvenTvis saintereso momentebi naSromzedayrdnobiT (xazaraZe, 1996).davukavSiroT Cveni msjeloba konkretul magaliTs. bunebrivia,=ma Tanafardoba saxelmZRvaneloebSi warmodgenilia, rogorc niutonisII kanoni. igive Tanafardoba gamoiyeneba Zalis raodenobrivi gansazRvrebisaTvisac.ismis kiTxva: ra aris mocemuli Tanafardoba - kanoni Tu gansazRvreba?Cvenma gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom moswavleTa, studentTa da maswavlebelTaumravlesoba urTierTsawinaaRmdegod ayenebs fizikuricnebis gansazRvrebasa da kanons, ver erkvevian maTi urTierTkavSirisarsSi. arc Tu iSviaTad amtkiceben, rom Tu mocemuli Tanafardoba warmoadgenskanons, maSin masSi Semavali yvela sidide unda ganvsazRvroTmisgan damoukideblad da aqedan gamomdinare, is ar SeiZleba iyos ZalisgansazRvreba. magaliTisaTvis moviyvanoT wigni (Джанколи, 1989: gv. 102). esaris formaluri maTematikuri logikis gamovlineba, romelic sakmarisiar aris fizikaSi CaRrmavebisaTvis.problemis arsi kargad aris gadmocemuli wignSi. visargebloTcitatiT: `yvela fizikur kanonsa da fizikur Teorias . . . siRrmiseulida daxvewili Tvisebebi gaaCnia, saxeldobr, isini erTdroulad gvaZlevenrogorc saWiro cnebebis gansazRvrebas, aseve Sedegebs, romlebic maTigamoyenebidan gamomdinareobs. . . . rogor uimedod moZvelda ZveliTeoriis lozungi :` nu daiwyeb gamokvlevas, Tu ar Camoayalibeb cnebebs!~adamianis SemecnebaSi nebismieri winsvlis WeSmariti SemoqmedebiTi arsiimaSi mdgomareobs, rom Teoria, cneba, kanoni da gazomvis meTodi, samudamoderTmaneTisagan ganuyofelni, warmoiSobian erTmaneTTan uwyvetkavSirSi~(Тейлор, 1975: gv. 140).gasagebi unda iyos, rom zemoT dasmul kiTxvaze swori pasuxi iqneba=ma Tanafardoba gamodis, rogorc Zalis gansazRvrebac da rogorckanoni.rasakvirvelia, saswavlo kursi unda Seicavdes SesabamisiSeTvisebis meTodikur aparats: sakontrolo kiTxvebs, savarjiSoebs, amocanebs.bunebrivia, axalma midgomam moiTxova sakontrolo kiTxvebisa daamocanebis axali sistema. axali kiTxvebisa da savarjiSoebis SedgenisasSevamowmeT misi efeqturoba pedagogikuri eqsperimentiT.literatura: xazaraZe, 1995 - xazaraZe T. fizikuri amocanebis amoxsnismeTodika. naw. I- Tb.,Tsu,1995, gv.6. xazaraZe, 1996 - xazaraZe T. zogadi fizikis swavlebismeTodikis sakiTxebi. naw.I- Tb., inteleqti, 1996;70

Бугаев, 1981 - Бугаев А.И. Методика преподавания физики в среднейшколе. — М., Просвещение, 1981, c. 94.Давыдов, 1972 - Давыдов В.В. Виды обобщения в обучении. — М.,Педагогика, 1972, c. 341.Джанколи, 1989 - Джанколи Д. Физика. Т. 1,2/ Перевод с англ.- М., Мир,1989, с.102. Волковский, 1976 - Волковский Р.Ю. Определение физических понятий ивеличин. М., Просвещение, 1976. Тейлор, 1975 - Тейлор Э., Уилер Дж. Физика пространства — времени. —М., Мир, 1975, c. 140.Эйнштейн, 1965 - 3. Эйнштеин А.К электродинамике движущихся тел.Собрание научных трудов, т. 1, с. 7,- М., Наука,1965.Nana MaisuradzeSokhumi State UniversityThe Didactic and Methodical Aspectsof Physics Course TeachingAll physical laws and physical theories ... at the same time give us the definition ofrequired concepts, and drawing conclusions following from their usage…How desperatelyis outdated the slogan of the old theory: `don't start study until don't have the conceptformulation!” The real creative essence of any progress in cognition lies in the fact that thetheory, the concept, the law and the method of measurement are forever inseparable fromeach other and are formed in continuous unity with each other.~71

pedagogika, meTodika, ganaTlebis sociologiaPEDAGOGICS, METHODICS, SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION72Teimuraz ormocaZesoxumis saxelmwifo universitetikiTxvaze -rogor vswavlobT?pasuxi -rogorc gvaswavlian, albaT sworia.maswavleblebi, yvela sxva profesiis warmomadgenlebze metad, valdebulniarian, ganaviTaron inovaciis, moqnilobisa da cvlilebebisadmimzadyofnis SesaZleblobebi, vinaidan, dRes ekonomikur keTildReobasswored es ganapirobebs. imavdroulad, maswavleblebs im farTomasStabianproblemebTan brZolac uwevT, romlebsac Tavad codna qmnis.yvela sxva biologiuri saxeobisagan gansxvavebiT, adamiani codnisa daunarebis aqtiur aTvisebas bavSvobis asakidan iwyebs. adamians SeuZliaSeTxzas, Caiweros, daagrovos da sxvebs gadasces Camoyalibebuli codna,romelic saWiroa garemos gaazrebisa da SecnobisaTvis. codnis didi nawili,romelsac adamiani flobs, araformalurad aris miRebuli. im codnisTanmimdevruli aTviseba ki, romelic Taobebis manZilze dagrovda,xSirad formalur saganmanaTleblo garemoSi miiRweva (statiebi, 2010).ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze mecnierebebisa da adamianis ganviTarebissferoebSi gaweulma muSaobam safuZveli Cauyara mecnierebas swavlisSesaxeb. swavlis mecniereba saSualebas aZlevs maswavleblebs, formaluriganaTlebis pirobebSi daexmaron moswavleebs codnis aTvisebaSi.Zalian mniSvnelovania, maswavleblebma kargad gaiazron Semdegi sami principida saswavlo procesSi misi gamoyeneba SeZlon:1. skolaSi Semosul moswavles garkveuli Sexedulebebi gaaCnia samyarosSesaxeb. Tu moswavleebis Sexedulebebs kritikulad ar mivudgebiT, maTSeiZleba saTanadod ver gaiazron axali cnebebi da informacia. an, SesaZloa,esa Tu is informacia mxolod gamocdis/testis Cabarebis mizniT miiRon;gamocdis CabarebisTanave ki imave Sexedulebebs daubrundebian,romelic skolSi Semosvlamde hqondaT.2. imisaTvis, rom moswavle kompetenturi gaxdes konkretul sferoSi, aucilebelia:‣ hqondes kargi safuZveli faqtobriv codnaSi,‣ esmodes faqtebi da ideebi konceptualuri CarCos konteqstSida‣ SeeZlos codnis organizeba imgvarad, rom ar gauWirdes arsebulicodnis gaxseneba da gamoyeneba.3. swavlebisadmi `metakognituri“ midgoma daexmareba moswavleebs, akontrolonTavianTi swavlis procesi. aseTi kontroli miRweulad miiCneva,

Tu moswavles SeuZlia, dasaxos saswavlo miznebi da Seafasos sakuTariprogresi am miznebisaken mimaval gzaze, hqondes TviTSefasebis unari(Barron, Schwartz, 1998).axali Sexedulebebi arsebuli Sexedulebebisa da gamocdilebis safuZvelzeyalibdeba. dRes saSualeba gveZleva, gamoviyenoT Tanamedrovekvlevis meTodebi, raTa SeviswavloT, rogor muSaobs adamianis tvini bav-SvobaSi da rogor swavlobs adamiani Tavisi cxovrebis adreul etapze. isSexedulebebi, romlebic moswavleebs skolaSi misvlis asakSi aqvT, mniSvnelovanzegavlenas axdens maTi msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze daimaze, Tu rogor gaiazreben isini skolaSi Seswavlil masalas.kvlevebiT dasturdeba, rom bavSvs 3-4 Tvis asakSi uviTardeba warmodgenebida molodinebi fizikuri samyaros Sesaxeb. magaliTad, mas esmis,rom sagans sWirdeba sayrdeni, raTa is miwaze ar daeces; rom uZravisagnebi pozicias icvlian, roca moZravi sagnebi maT exebian; rom uZravsaganze aucileblad unda movaxdinoT fizikuri zemoqmedeba, raTa isamoZravdes.Tanamedrove kvlevebma daadastures, rom bavSvebi SeuZlebel movlenebsufro xangrZlivad akvirdebian. sxva sityvebiT, maT garkveuli warmodgenaukve aqvT imaze, Tu ra aris fizikurad SesaZlebeli da ra - ara.moswavle iyenebs arsebul codnas imisaTvis, rom axlad miRebul informaciasCaswvdes. iTvleba, rom winare codna Semdgomi ganaTlebis safuZvelia.codnas, romelsac adamiani ukve flobs, SeuZlia gavlena moxdinosaxal Sexedulebebze da, garkveulwilad, barierebi Seqmnas axali informaciisaTvisebis kuTxiT (Aleven, Koedinger, 2002 - gv. 147-179).swavlis pasuxismgebloba, ra Tqma unda, mxolod maswavlebelze ar modis.swavlebis saukeTeso meTodebic ki mxolod maSinaa warmatebuli, rocamoswavle swavlis SesaZleblobas iyenebs. mesame principis safuZveliamoswavleTa daxmareba, raTa maT ukeT iswavlon. `metakognituri“ anuTviTmonitoringis midgoma daexmareba moswavleebs, ganiviTaron unarebi,riTac SeZleben sakuTari swavlis procesSi, sakuTari Tavis monitorings.isini SeZleben, Seafason, Tu ramdenad warmatebiT miaRwies swavlisTavdapirvel miznebs. zogi maswavlebeli Semdegnairad warmoudgensmoswavleebs TviTSefasebis cnebas: `Tqveni tvini Tqven gekuTvniT da gemorCilebaT,magram mas gamoyenebis saxelmZRvanelo ar mohyveba. Cvenunda viswavloT, Tu rogor unda viswavloT“. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT`viswavloT swavla~.swavleba unda iwyebodes moswavleTa ideebze, codnaze, unarebsa dadamokidebulebebze gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT. es yoveliveaxali codnis aTvisebis safuZvels qmnis.zogierTi maswavlebeli uZluria auxsnas moswavleebs ratom vswavlobTama Tu im sagans. xSirad, maswavleblebs ara aqvT srulyofili pasuxiSemdegi saxis kiTxvebze - raSi gamoviyenebT?, sad dagvWirdeba? da a.S.73

omelsac moswavleebi arcTu iSviaTad usvamen maswavleblebs.moswavlis azrTa wyobisa da swavlis procesis gamWvirvaloba, exmarebamaswavlebelsa da moswavles swavlebasa da swavlaSi.maswavlebels SeiZleba kargad esmodes moswavleebis winare SexedulebebzemuSaobis mniSvneloba; miuxedavad amisa, man unda icodes, romwinare Sexedulebebis gamovlenaze muSaobis dawyebamde, aucilebelia,Seiqmnas warmodgena moswavleTa tipur Sexedulebebze, mocemul konkretulTemasTan dakavSirebiT. roca sabunebismetyvelo sagnis maswavlebelmaicis, ra tipis problemur Sexedulebebs moismens moswavleebisagan,sinaTlis TeoriasTan dakavSirebiT, is am Sexedulebebis garSemo samuSaodukeT moemzadeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom maswavlebels esmis,ramdenad mniSvnelovania codnis organizeba ZiriTadi cnebebis garSemo,mas SeiZleba kargad ar hqondes gaazrebuli im cnebaTa mniSvneloba, romlisgamoyenebasac apirebs. ufro metic, istoriis maswavlebelma SeiZlebaicodes, rom konkretuli periodi unda aswavlos, magram uWirdes imcnebebis moZieba, romlebic moswavleebs am periodis ukeT gaanalizebaSidaexmareboda. ra Tqma unda, maswavleblebis dadanaSaulebas ar visaxavmiznad, rame Tu konkretul sferoebTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi cnebebismoZieba yovelTvis advili ar aris (Learning Sciences, 1998: gv. 271-312.da bolos, moswavlis damokidebuleba akademiuri moswrebisadmi dacnebis `Wkviani~ ganmartebisadmi, SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos; es gansxvavebebiki zegavlenas axdens moswavleebis CarTulobaze swavlis procesSi.da kidev, maswavlebeli yuradRebas unda aqcevdes moswavlis warsul gamocdilebasada kulturul Rirebulebebs iseve, rogorc mis SesaZleblobebs.imisaTvis, rom moswavlis progresi garantirebuli iyos, maswavlebelmaunda gaarkvios, Tu ra donis codnasa da gamocdilebas flobsTiToeuli moswavle saswavlo procesis dasawyisSi da Semdeg daakvirdes,Tu rogor viTardeba igi. maswavlebeli moswavles zustad im sirTulisdavalebebs unda aZlevdes, romelic moswavlis gamocdilebasa da codnasSeefereba. sirTulis gansazRvrisas, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom moswavlisaTvisdavaleba unda warmoadgendes gamowvevas, magram ar unda iwvevdesimedgacruebas. maswavlebeli unda poulobdes strategiebs, raTa daexmarosmoswavles, daakavSiros sakuTari gamocdileba im codnasTan, romelsacklasSi iRebs. Tu aseTi kavSiri ar damyarda, moswavle inertulixdeba da saswavlo procesSi aRar erTveba.zemoT moyvanili daskvnebi sasargebloa saswavlo praqtikis gasaumjobeseblad,magram gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi garemoeba: daskvnebi araris mocemuli mza, detalizebuli formiT, romelic klasSi momentaluraddanergvisTvis iqneboda gankuTvnili.74

literatura statiebi, 2010 - statiebi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. maswavlebelTaprofesiuli ganviTarebis centri, 2010. Aleven, Koedinger, 2002 - Aleven, V., and Koedinger, K., An effective metacognitivestrategy-Learning by doing and explaining with a computer-basedcognitive tutor. Cognitive Science, 26, 2002. 147-179. American Association for the Advancement of Science. (2004). Barron, Schwartz, 1998 - Barron, B.J., Schwartz, D.L., Vye, N.J., Moore, A.,Petrosino, A., Zech, L., Bransford, J.D., and Cognition and Technology Group atVanderbilt. (1998). Doing with understanding: Learning Sciences, 1998 - Lessons from research on problem and project-basedlearning. Journal of Learning Sciences, 7(3 and 4), 1998.Teimuraz OrmotsadzeSokhumi State UniversityThe Answer to the Question How Do We Learn?Is - We Learn So As We Are Taught - Is Correct.The teacher should pay attention to the student's past experiences and cultural valuesas well as its capabilities. In order to ensure the student's progress, the teacher has todetermine what level of knowledge and experience each student has in the beginning of theeducational process and then observe how it evolves. Daily growth of the demands forsecondary education causes teaching and educating problems that could not be solved bytraditional teaching methods and ways. It is almost impossible. A lesson form of teaching isinsufficient to accommodate that didactic function set, which modern teaching-educationalprocess contains. In the presented article the author asks the question – how do we learn andfinds the answer to it.75

pedagogika, meTodika, ganaTlebis sociologiaPEDAGOGICS, METHODICS, SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION76levan jinjixaZesoxumis saxelmwifo universitetimetyvelebiTi kompetenturobis formirebis sakiTxiqarTuli enisa da literaturis gakveTilebzesaganmanaTleblo kompetenciebis cneba moicavs moswavlis azrobriviorientaciebis, codnis, unar-Cvevebisa da gamocdilebis erTobliobas.praqtikaSi maTi danergva mogvcems saSualebas, gadavWraT skolis tipuriproblema, roca moswavles, Teoriuli codnis SeZenis Semdeg, uWirskonkretuli amocanebisa da problemuri situaciebis daZleva. kompetenturmidgomas saganmanaTleblo paradigmis Secvlamde mivyavarT da gvibiZgebsswavlebis iseTi midgomebisa da meTodebis Ziebisaken, roca moswavleiZens miRebuli codnis sxvadasxva cxovrebiseul situaciaSi gamoyenebisunars. kompetenturi swavleba imiTacaa perspeqtiuli, rom aseTimidgomisas saswavlo saqmianoba kvleviT da praqtikul-orientirebulxasiaTs atarebs.ganaTlebis Tanamedrove reformirebis strategia gansazRvravsqarTuli enisa da literaturis swavlebis sagnobriv kompetenciebs:enobrivs, lingvistikurs, komunikaciurs da kulturologiurs. specialistebismomzadebisadmi mzardi moTxovnebis pirobebSi es kompetenciebiarsebiT kvalificur maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgenen.Cveni azriT, wamyvani kompetenciaa komunikaciuri, upirveles yovlisaimitom, rom igi enis flobis dones gansazRvravs. normatiuli dokumentebisTanaxmad enobriv-komunikaciuri kompetenciis cneba xasiaTdebaSemdegi parametrebiT:lingvistikur TeoriaSi garkveva, gacnobiereba misi, rogorcsistemisa, romelic aregulirebs metyvelebaSi enobrivsaSualebaTa gamoyenebas,metyvelebis sxvadasxva Teoriis codna, metyvelebis saxeebisfloba,ZiriTadi enobrivi (amocnoba, klasificireba da sxv.) da metyvelebiTi(amorCeva-SerCeva, aqtualizireba da sxv.) unarebisfloba, metyvelebiTi situaciis analizebis unari da misi Sesabamisisametyvelo qcevis programis (verbaluri da araverbaluri)SerCeva.im maswavleblis winaSe, romelsac surs qarTuli enis swavlebaSidanergos kompetenciuri midgoma, dgas ZiriTadi pedagogiuri prob-

lema - es aris Ria enobrivi sivrcis Seqmnis problema. sityva exeba swavlebaSiprioritetebis Secvlas: xdeba swavlebis sagnobrivi donidanenis, rogorc urTierTobis saSualebis, swavlebaze gadasvla. aq moiTxovebabunebriv komunikaciasTan miaxloebuli pirobebis Seqmna.qarTuli enis gakveTilebi unda daemyaros praqtikul-orientirebulmidgomas, romelic Tavis mxriv, emyareba moswavleTa praqtikul saqmianobaSimiRebul gamocdilebas, da es midgoma gulisxmobs saganmanaTleblosituaciis Seqmnas, romelTa ZiriTadi mdgenelebia: saganmanaTleblo daZabuloba, saganmanaTleblo obieqtis dazusteba, davalebis konkretizacia, situaciis gadaWra, saganmanaTleblo produqciis demonstracia, miRebuli produqciis sistematizacia, muSaoba kulturul-istoriul analogebze, refleqsia;aseT mecadineobebze micemuli davaleba gulisxmobs saganmanaTlebloproduqciis Seqmnas: argumentirebuli eses daweras, an kidev,komunikaciebis miznebze da amocanebze orientirebuli SemoqmedebiTisamuSaos Sesrulebas. am samuSaoebisaTvis mosamzadebeli etapi eZRvnebateqstis kompleqsuri, ligvistikuri Tu SepirispirebiTi analizisdauflebas. amasTan, metyvelebis Temis, ideis, stilisa Tu tipis gansazRvraxdeba ara mizani, aramed miznis miRwevis saSualeba.Tanamedrove sazogadoebis cxovrebis stilis principuli cvlilebaTiToeuli adamianisagan moiTxovs aqtiur metyvelebiT unarebs,filologebisagan ki moiTxovs Tavis saganze SemoqmedebiT xedvas.pedagogiuri procesi igeba maswavleblisa da moswavleebis pirovnuliurTierTmoqmedebis safuZvelze. maswavleblis upirvelesi movaleobaa,am mravalferovani da mravalsaxovani urTierTobebis safu-Zvelze Camoayalibos moswavleTa komunikaciuri kultura. am mxrivumniSvnelovanesi rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia metyvelebis ganviTarebisgakveTilebs, romelTa ZiriTadi amocanaa efeqturi urTierTobis swavleba.Tanamedrve etapze qarTuli enisa da literaturis saboloo mizaniaformireba iseTi komunikaciuri pirovnebisa, romelic flobsmdidar SemecnebiT gamocdilebas, komunikaciuri kompetenturobis ma-Ral dones, mtkiced miiswrafvis mSobliur enaSi srulyofisaken.Janri SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc swavlebis didaqtikurierTeuli, radganac masSi Caqsovilia nebismieri didaqtikuri sistemissami sabazo kategoria - mizani, Sinaarsi da swavlebis mTavari meTodi.moswavleebi Rebuloben warmodgenebs Janris Sesaxeb, euflebianTeoriul masalas misi Seqmnis Taobaze (moqmedebebisa da niSan-Tvise-77

ebis aRwera), asruleben Sesabamis moqmedebebs - metyvelebis Sinaarsismogonebidan mis warmoTqmamde. es yovelive realizdeba qarTuli enissaswavlo masalis bazaze blokuri swavlebis teqnologiis gamoyenebiT,xolo qarTuli literaturis saswavlo masalis bazaze — informaciulkomunikaciuriteqnologiebis gamoyenebiT.blokuri swavlebis teqnologia saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevqmnaTpirobebi sistemuri azrovnebisa da yuradRebis aqtivizaciisaTvis.blokuri teqnologiis safuZvelia: analogiuri cnebebis erTdrouli Sewavla, informaciis didi raodenobis warmodgena TvalsaCino-xatovaniformiT, davalebaTa garTuleba gakveTilidan gakveTilisken.literaturis gakveTilebze nawarmoebebis swavlebisas gamoiyenebainformaciul-komunikaciuri teqnologiebi proeqtebis saxiT,romlebic Tavisi enobrivi, teqstobrivi, kompoziciuri parametrebiTaisaxebian informaciul-zemoqmed teqstebSi, xasiaTdebian logikurobiTada lakoniurobiT, zegavlenas axdenen mkiTxvelis mier wakiTxulisSeTvisebaze da mxatvruli nawarmoebis interpretaciaze. aq mniSvnelovaniisaa, rom moswavleebi Rebuloben SesaZleblobas, ganaxorcielonurTierToba, gadascen erTmaneTs cnobebi teqstis, bgerisa dagamosaxulebis saxiT da amiT uzrunvelyon SemecnebiTi saqmianobis myarimotivacia, miudgnen codnis dagrovebas SemoqmedebiTad, aRiqvan,gaicnobieron igi da SeTvisebuli codna Camoayalibon sakuTari azrebiT.gamoyofen pirovnebis komunikaciuri kompetenturobis formirebadobisoTx dones: nulovani done- gaucnobierebeli kompetenturoba, pirveli done - reproduqciuli kompetenturoba, meore done - saqmiani kompetenturoba, mesame done -SemoqmedebiTi kompetenturoba.nulovani donis kriteriumad SeiZleba CavTvaloT reproduqciuliaradamoukidebeli saqmianoba, romelic sruldeba `karnaxiT”.pirveli donis kriteriumad SeiZleba CavTvaloT lingvistikuricodnis qona, misi gamoyenebis arasakmarisi unariT; damoukidebelireproduqciuli saqmianoba, romelic sruldeba mexsierebis xarjze analgoriTmiT. meore donis kriteriumia - arseboba lingvistikuri unarebisa:analizi, sinTezi, Sedareba, ganzogadeba; lingvistikuricodnisa da unaris sinTezi, romelic gamoiyeneba rogorc Semecnebisinstrumenti. mesame donis kriteriumia zemoT daxasiaTebuli kompetenturipirovnebis TviTrealizacia, sadac es pirovneba SeZenili78

codnis, unar-Cvevebis, faseulobebisa da sakuTari azrebis bazazesaswavlo saqmianobaSi SemoqmedebiT damoukideblobas amJRavnebs.literatura erovnuli saswavlo gegma, 2009-2010 - erovnuli saswavlo gegma.sagnobrivi programa qarTul enasa da literaturaSi. 2009-2010. maswavleblis standarti, 2008 - maswavleblis profesiulistandarti. mSobliuri ena da literatura (dawyebiTi safexuri).2008. Загвязинский, Атаханов, 2008 - Загвязинский В. И., Атаханов Р., Методологияи методика психолого-педагогического исследования. Москва, 2008. Краевский, Бережнова, 2008 - Краевский В. В.,. Бережнова Е. В., Методологияпедагогики. Москва, 2008.Levan JinjikhadzeSokhumi State UniversityProblem of Speech Competency Formation at the lessons ofGeorgian Language and LiteratureStrategy of the modern reforms in education system defines the followingcompetences of teaching Georgian Language and Literature: linguistic, language,communicative and cultural competences. The leading one among them is communicative,as it defines the level of mastering the language.The primary duty of a teacher is to set up pupils’ communication culture on the basisof different kind of interrelation. The significant role in these relations may perform thelessons of speech development, the principle task of which is teaching effective relations.At the current stage of development the final aim of Georgian Language and Literaturelessons is to form such communicative person, who owns rich cognitive experience, highlevel of communicative competency and firmly goes ahead to achieve improvement inNative language.79

pedagogika, meTodika, ganaTlebis sociologiaPEDAGOGICS, METHODICS, SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATIONfizikuri aRzrdisa da sportisqarTuli xalxuri pedagogika80oTar vaxaniasoxumis saxelmwifo universitetisaqarTvelo im qveynebis ricxvs miekuTneba, romlebsac uZvelesidroidan Rirseuli wvlili SehqondaT da SeaqvT msoflio kulturisa da,kerZod, sportuli kulturis ganviTarebaSi.qarTuli sportis istoria uZvelesi droidan iRebs saTaves. qarTvelTaTviserT-erTi yvelaze popularuli da masobrivi sportis saxeoba —qarTuli Widaoba — aRwerilia sagmiro xalxur eposSi `amiraniani~.qarTvelTa tomebma, romlebsac ukve 2500 wlis winaT saxelmwifo gaaCndaT,sporti Tavidanve Caayenes qveynis Tavdacvis, adamianTasamxedro-fizikuri momzadebis samsaxurSi,. `es iyo umamacesi xalxi,visTanac ki elinebs saqme hqoniaT Tavisi laSqrobis dros~ — acnobebdacivilizebul samyaros berZeni mematiane qsenofonte 2400 wlis winaT.imave periodis berZeni moRvawe efore ki dasZens, rom qarTvelebigatacebulni arian TamaSobebiT da amas did bednierebad Tvliano.Zvel saqarTveloSi fizikuri aRzrdis arsebobaze da ganviTarebazemiuTiTebs is garemoeba, rom berZeni, romaeli Tu bizantieli moRvaweebifarTod aSuqebdnen qarTveluri tomebis cxovrebas da aqedangamomdinare, bunebrivia, rom antikuri samyaro kargad icnobda maTmsaxedro - fizikur momzadebas. isini acxadebdnen, rom am tomebs kargifizikuri momzadeba varjiSebis sakmaod mdidari arsenalis gegmazomierigamoyenebis saSualebiT xdeboda.`svanebi Tavisi simamaciTa da samxedro ZlierebiT TiTqmis yvelaxalxze ufro saxelovanni arian~ — werda straboni I saukuneSi. yovelisvanis wmidaTa wminda movaleobas warmoadgenda mtrisagan TemisRirsebis dacva, amitom TiToeuli svani unda yofiliyo fizikuradZlieri, mamaci da saTanadod momzadebuli. aseve iyo mTielTa da barSimcxovrebi qarTvelTa mtrebTan brZolisaTvis magari fizikurimomzadebis aucilebloba. mTielTa Soris sxvadasxva fizikurvarjiSebTan erTad upirvelesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda farikaobas,romelic 6-8 wlis asakidan iwyeboda. am periodSi gavrcelebuli iyofizikuri varjiSebis iseTi saxeobebi, roogric aris: sigrZeze,simaRleze da WokiT xtoma, qvis aweva da gadatana, qvis kvra, brtyeli qvistyorcna, burTaoba, Subis tyorcna, cxenosnoba, Widaoba, nadiroba,farikaoba, mokle Txilamurebze siaruli da sxva. radgan saqarTvelos

sistemurad uxdeboda omis warmoeba mtrebis mosagerieblad fizikuriaRzrdis sistemasac samxedro xasiaTi hqonda. qarTvel meomrebsumetesac mtris cxenosan jarTan uxdeboda brZolis warmarTva da arcaris gasakviri, rom varjiSTa cxenosnuri sportis saxeobebi ufro far-Tod iyo gavrcelebili, rogoricaa isindi, kobaxi, cxenburTi, mkerdaobada sxva.SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom saqarTveloSi SemoWrilma romaelmasardalma pompeusma specialurad inaxula xevsuri mofarikaveebisostatoba da `friad cno simxne da mamacobani maTni~. qarTvelTa fizikurvarjiSTa efeqturobiT aRfrTovanebuli iyo bevri ucxoeli moRvawe. IIsaukunis romaelma imperatorma antonius piusma romSi ixila qarTvelimefis farsman meoris, misi vaJisa da orasamde qarTvelis saocari ostatobiTSesrulebuli varjiSebi, aRfrTovanebulma romis imperatormamarsis moedanze farsmanis qandakeba dadga.Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda samxedrosaqmisaTvis fizikur momzadebas. qveynis miwa-wylis dacvis saqmeSigadamwyvet Zalas saxalxo laSqari warmoadgenda, romlis momzadebisaTvisgansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba samxedro xasiaTis fizikurvarjiSebs eniWeboda. didi yuradReba eqceoda farikaobas, cxenosnobissxvadasxva saxeobebs, Subisa da laxvris tyorcnas, Widaobas da sxvas.aRniSnul periodSi uxvad yofila sportuli bazebic. iSviaTi iyo sofeli,romelsac ar hqonda saWidao moedani, saburTalo da saWidaomoednebi mowyobili. agebuli iyo darbazebi, ipodromebi, ioane SavTelisgadmocemiT, Tamaris sasaxles amSvenebda `ipodromis ganxmulobani~. iyoaseve e.w. `saTamaSo saxlebi~. mravali sportuli baza eklesiamonastrebisezoebSic iyo gamarTuli. mTeli rigi eklesiebi Tavisebursportul centrad iqcnen. saeklesio pirebi xSirad msajisa da Sejibrebisorganizatoris rolsac ki asrulebdnen leloburTis TamaSis dros. esmagaliTi naTlad miuTiTebs, rom qarTulma qristianulma religiamgarkveuli wvlili Seitana sportuli moZraobis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom sxva saswavlo dawesebulebebTan erTda Suasaukuneebis saqarTveloSi fizikuri aRzrda danerguli iyo qalTazogierT saeklesio skolebSic. aRiSnul periodSi garkveuli adgiliqalTa fizikur aRzrdasac eTmoboda. cnobilia, rom Tamar mefeSesaniSnavi cxenosani da moisari iyo.XII-XIII saukuneebSi saqarTvelo sakmaod didi da Zlieri saxelmwifoiyo. am xanas saqarTvelos ayvavebis xanas uwodeben, romlis drosacganviTarebis maRal dones miaRwia fizikurma aRzrdam. sxva nawarmoebTanerTad, amaze migviTiTebs SoTa rusTavelis genialuri poema`vefxistyaosani~. burTaoba, mSvildosnoba, cxenosnoba, muSaiToba,nadiroba — es fizikuri varjiSebis is saxeobebia, romlebic farTod iyogavrcelebuli im periodisaTvis.81

Sua saukuneebis ufro gviani periodSi (XVI-XVIII ss.) fizikuriaRzrdis Sesaxeb sakmaod vrclad saubrobs Tavis nawarmoebebSi mefearCili. am periodSi saqarTvelo Tavisebur samxedro banaksmogvagonebda, radgan yvelasaTvis savaldebulo iyo samxedroxelovnebaSi da fizikur momzadebaSi daostateba. samxedro fizikurimomzadebis ZiriTadi saSualebebi, romlebic mefe arCil II-isnawarmoebebSi aris miTiTebuli, ZiriTadad, fizikuri aRzrdis xalxuriformebidan iyo aRebuli. arCilis SexedulebiT, adridanve undagawafuliyo ymawvili tanvarjiSSi, cxenosnobaSi, mSvildisris xmarebaSi,burTaobaSi, nadirobaSi da sxv.metad saintereso masalebs gvawvdis samegreloSi arsebuli fizikuraRzrdis sistemis Sesaxeb italieli misoneri arqanjelo lamberti TavisnawarmoebSi `samegrelos aRwera~, romelic XVII saukunis Sua xanebSi 20weli moRvaweobda samegreloSi. is dawvrilebiT aRwers, rogoraswavlidnen nebismier amindSi, yinvasa da TovlSi, zogjer fexSiSvelebs.ufrosi Taoba mkacrad icavda `kargi yrmis~ aRzrdis yvela pirobas.xSirad ewyoboda Sejibrebebi cxenosnobis sxvadasxva saxeobebSi,mSvildosnobaSi, WidaobaSi, burTaobaSi, isris srolaSi, simZimeebisawevaSi da sxva saxeebSi, sadac xdeboda simamacisa da vaJkacobisdemonstrireba.lamberti exeba aseve qalTa fizikuri aRzrdis sakiTxebs da gansakuTrebiTmaT momzadebas cxenosnobaSi.arqanjelo lambertis mier aRwerili fizikuri varjiSebi, aRzrdissistema da aRzrdis swavlebis meTodebi im periodSi arsebul qarTulixalxuri pedagogikis ganviTarebis sakmaod maRal doneze migviTiTebs.rogorc sxvadasxva wyaroebidan dasturdeba saxalxo da saeklesiodResaswaulebis programis udides nawils xalxuri varjiSebi daTamaSobani warmoadgendnen, amisTvis ki axalgazrdoba specialurademzadeboda gamocdili samoqalaqo da sasuliero pirebis xelmZRvanelobiT.Cveni winaprebi soflis SuagulSi, cacxvisa da akaciis xeebis qveSmraval saWirboroto sakiTxs arCevdnen. agreTve, ajibrebdnen erTmaneTspatarebs, sinjavdnen maT vargisianobas momavlisaTvis, aswavlidnen daa.S. aseTma Tavyrilobebma Semogvinaxa Zveli TamaSebi, fizikurivarjiSebi. swored aq eyrdnoboda safuZveli qarTul xalxur pedagogikas.aq aswavlidnen ymawvilebs fizikur varjiSebs, samxedroxelovnebas da ase gadaecemoda momaval STamamovlobas xalxuritradiciebi, romlis mTavari dedaarsi iyo axalgazrdobis patriotulisuliskveTebiT, Sromisa da TavdacvisaTvis momzadeba, `kargi yrmis~aRzrda.XIX saukunis dasawyisamde saqarTvelo, misi calkeuli samTavroebipermanentuli omebis mdgomareobaSi iyvnen CarTulni. qarTvel xalxs82

dReniadag uxdeboda gareul da Sinagan mtrebTan brZola, abjar asxmuli,xelSi xmliT yovel wuTs mzad unda yofiliyo omisaTvis, risTvisac massWirdeboda Zlieri samxedro da fizikuri momzadeba, xolo ammomzadebis ZiriTadi saSualeba iyo, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sxvadasxvasaxeobebis xalxuri fizikuri varjiSobani.organizmis gajansaRebisa da gawrTobisaTvis fizikuri varjiSebisaucilebel gamoyenebas udides mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen qarTveli erissasiqadulo Svilebi: SoTa rusTaveli, sulxan-saba orbeliani, daviTguramiSvili, ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, vaJa-fSavela (TviTonac iyokargi mokrive), aleqsandre yazbegi, iakob gogebaSvili, luarsab bocvaZeda sxvani.erT amonarids moviyvan ilia WavWavaZis gamonaTqvamidan `cdebianisini, vinc mxolod gonebis gaxsniT kmayofildebian da iviwyeben imas, romkacs jani da agebulebac aqvs, romelic wvrTniTa da varjiSiT unda gaRonierdes,gamagrdes, radganac janmrTeloba udidesi madlia.~fizikuri varjiSebis sxvadasxva saxeobani empiriulad gadaecemodamodgmidan-modgmas.fizikuri aRzrdasa da sportSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Seqmniladgilovbriv saSualebebis gamoyeneba xalxis mier, aris xalxuri sibrZniserTxel kidev Semowmeba da misi dazusteba am saunjidan saukeTesoTvisebaTa gamoyeneba. wesebsa da tradiciebSi jer kidev Semonaxuliafaqtobrvi masala aRzrdis progresuli xalxuri meTodebi, romelTaSemoqmedebiTad gamoyeneba did samsaxurs gauwevs aRzrdis Tanamedrovesistemas, pedagogiuri procesis yvela mxaris SerwymaSi. amasTan, saWiroaaRiniSnos, rom xalxuri pedagogikis mniSvnelovani nawili Seuswavlelia,bevri gamoyenebuli, zogic ki, samwuxarod daviwyebulic.erovnuli koloritis SenarCunebam da, saerTod, pativiscemiTmopyrobam progresuli memkvidreobisadmi unda uzrunvelyos fizikuriaRzris pedagogiuri arsenalis saukeTeso modelis Seqmna. xalxuripedagogikis Seswavla saSualebas mogvcems, raTa mozardi Taobis aRzrisxalxuri tradiciebidan gamovitanoT Sesabamisi daskvnebi da sxvadasxvapedagogiuri mimdinareobis Sedarebis safuZvelze gavaumjobesoTaRzrdis mTeli procesi.xalxuri pedagogika qarTvelTa yofaSi yovel fexis gadadgmazeigrZnoboda, yvela TamaSi Tu rituali, romelic dRemde Semonaxulia dasaanalizod xeli migviwvdeba, xalxuri pedagogikis dauwerel kanonebsemorCileba, magram, saqmeSi Caxedul kacs uadvildeba misi gardaqmna,gadakeTeba da Tanamedroveobis samsaxurSi Cayeneba.Cven epoqaSi, gansakuTrebiT XX saukunis ormociani wlebis Semdeg,SesaZlebeli gaxda tradiciuli xalxuri fizikuri varjiSebisa daTamaSebis aRwera, Seswavla, gadamuSaveba, Sejibrebis wesebis dadgenadazusrebada Tanamedrove moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad maTi praqtikaSi83

danergva, maTi Cayeneba axalgazrdobis aRzris samsaxurSi.aRdgenilma xalxurma fizikur varjiSTa umravlesobam didipopularoba moipova Cvens sazogadoebaSi. axalgazrdoba didi interesiTSexvda xalxuri fizikuri varjiSebis aRorZineba-danergvis saqmes.aRorZinebuli xalxuri TamaSebi da varjiSebi didi popularobiTsargebloben, gansakuTrebiT, soflis mosaxleobaSi, vinaidan, erTi, esvarjiSebi da TamaSobani qarTul suliskveTebas, wesebsa da adaTebTanaris Serwymuli da meore, xalxur saxeebSi varjiSsa da Sejibrebebs arsWirdeba Zvirad Rirebuli sportuli tansacmeli, sportuli inventarida rTuli sportuli nagebobani.damuSavebulia da gamocemulia 500-ze meti moZravi TamaSobani,romelTa didi nawili saswavlo dawesebulebebis fizikuri aRzrdisprogramaSia Setanili. cxenosnuri sportis saxeebi: isindi, cxenburTi,kobaxi, doRi Setanilia qveynis sportul kalendarSi da regularuladewyoba regionebisa da saqarTvelos Cempionatebi. aseve, popularulialelo burTi.gansauTrebuli adgili ukavia qarTul Widaobas. am unikaluriWidaobis ileTebi msoflioSi cnobili gaxda da Widaobis klasikurisaxeebi Ziudo, sambo, romaul-berZnuli Widaoba uxvad iyenebs qarTuliWidaobis ileTebs, riTac qarTulma Widaobam, misma unikalurma ileTebmagaamdidres Widaobis klasikuri saxeebis teqnikuri da taqtikuriarsenali. iaponelebi specialurad swavloben qarTuli Widaobisteqnikas. Cveni specialistebic ki hyavdaT miwveuli iaponiaSi. SemTxeviTiar aris, rom qarTveli moWidaveebi msoflioSi erT-erTi uZlieresniarian, qarTvel moWidaveebs olimpiuri TamaSebis, msoflio da evropisCemionatebis 500-ze meti oqros medali aqvT mopovebuli.xalxurma tradiciebma, qarTul genSi damkvidrebulma ltolvamfizikuri srulyofisaTvis da patriotizmma ganapiroba Cveni axalgazrdobis,sportsmenebis didi warmatebebi msoflio sportul arenazesportis umniSvnelovanis saxeebSi: Widaoba, fexburTi, kalaTburTi,ragbi, mZleosnoba, tanvarji, sawylosno sporti da sxva saxeebi,romlebSic gvyavs olimpiuri TamaSebis, msofliosa da evropisCempionebi, asobiT oqros, vercxlisa da brinjaos medalosnebi. metadsaamayoa, rom msoflios 204 qveynidan olimpiur TamaSebSi saqarTvelo30-e adgilzea. es udidesi warmatebaa iseTi patara qveynisaTvis, rogoricsaqarTveloa.samwuxarod, bolo periodSi igrZnoba yuradRebis moduneba erovnulisportuli saxeebisadmi, garda qarTuli Widaobisa. imedia, axladSeqmnili sportisa da axalgazrdobis saqmeTa saministro gaamaxvilebsyuradRebas tradiciuli xalxuri sportisadmi. saswavlo dawesebulebebijer kidev reformebis procesSia. jerjerobiT ar aris daxvewilifizikuri aRzrdis, sportis saswavlo programebi, romlebSic84

aucilebelia Setanil iqnas qarTuli xalxuri sportis saxeebi daTamaSobani.aseve, saWiroa gagrZeldes xalxuri fizikuri varjiSebisa daTamaSobebis Semdgomi mecnieruli Seswavla, damuSaveba TanamedrovemoTxovnaTa Sesabamisad da maTi danergva praqtikaSi.literatura Ciqovani, 1979 - v. Ciqovani, mavne tradiciebis winaaRmdeg brZola,XIX s-is meore naxevris qarTuli pedagogikis mixedviT,Tbilisi, 1979. ruxaZe, 1980 - j. ruxaZe, xalxuri dResaswaulebi da Tanamedroveoba,Tbilisi,1980. robaqiZe, 1981 - al. robaqiZe, tradicia da cxovrebis wesi,Tbilisi, 1981. kekelia, 1982 - m. kekelia, erovnuli Cveulebisa da tradiciebisaTvis,Tbilisi, 1982. yornanaSvili, 1982 - g. yoranaSvili, eTnikuri TviTSegneba datradiciebi, Tbilisi, 1982. kakabaZe, 1986 - n. kakabaZe, bavSvis aRzrdis qarTuli xalxuriwes-Cveulebebi Tbislisi,1986. wiqvaZe, 1988 - r. wiqvaZe, qarTveli xalxis socialur-kulturulitradiciebi, XV-XIII ss. ucxouri avtorebis cnobebSi, Tbilisi,1988. lamberti, 1938 - arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera. Tbilisi,1938. Zagania, 2004 - g. Zagania, fizikuri aRzrdisa da sportis istoria,Tb., 2004.Otar VakhaniaSokhumi State UniversityIn the work the author has studied physical education methods existing in old Georgia,and a Georgian folk pedagogy passed from generation to generation for centuries and stillpreserved in the memory of people.In Georgian folk pedagogy were spread such types of physical exercise as: length,height, and pole jumping, stone rise and moving, stone throwing, flat stone throwing, spearthrowing, horse-riding, wrestling, hunting, fencing, short ski-walking and other.85

pedagogika, meTodika, ganaTlebis sociologiaPEDAGOGICS, METHODICS, SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATIONTamar SinjiaSvilisoxumis saxelmwifo universitetiumaRlesi evropuli ganaTleba, evropuli samecnieroprogramebi da stipendiebiumaRlesi ganaTleba adamianTa cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs.is sazogadoebis socialur, kulturul da ekonomikur ganviTarebas,aseve moraluri faseulobebis gamyarebas uwyobs xels. ganaTlebaevropul doneze ar warmoadgens `saerTo evropuli~ politikis sagans.ganaTlebis Sinaarsi da struqtura erovnul doneze ganisazRvreba. Tumcaamsterdamis SeTanxmebis 149-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `evropulma sazogadoebamxeli unda Seuwyos xarisxiani ganaTlebis ganviTarebas evrokavSiriswevr-saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromlobis gamyarebis xarjze~,iseTi RonisZiebebis farTo speqtris saSualebiT, rogoricaa moqalaqeebismobilobis waxaliseba, Tanamedrove saswavlo meTodebis damuSaveba,satelekomunikacio qselebis Seqmna, informaciis gacvla da evrokavSirisenebis Seswavla [evropis kavSiri: politika da mmarTveli organoebi2003: 64]. SeTanxmebaSi aseve gaTvaliswinebulia evrokavSiris yvela moqalaqisaTvisuwyveti ganaTlebis sistemis erToblivi ganviTarebis valdebuleba.amrigad, evropuli sazogadoeba mowodebulia damxmaris roliiTamaSos ganaTlebis ganviTarebaSi, uzrunvelyofs ra evropuli StrixebisSetanas ganaTlebaSi, xels uwyobs xarisxiani ganaTlebis ganviTarebasda uwyveti ganaTlebis sistemis Seqmnas. evrokavSiris ganviTarebispolitikis ZiriTadi prioriteti aTaswleulis programis miznebis gansaxorcielebladuniversaluri sabaziso ganaTleba da ganaTlebaSi genderuliTanasworobis miRwevaa. ZiriTadi yuradReba xarisxis sakiTxebs,profesiul da umaRles ganaTlebas eTmoba.programebi ganaTlebis sferoSi pirvelad iZleva SesaZleblobasadamianebma miiRon ganaTleba bavSvobis wlebidan moxucebulobis asakamde.ganaTleba `mTeli cxovrebis manZilze” programebis Socrates da Leonardoda Vinci-is gagrZelebas warmoadgens. es programa SemuSavebulia da finansirdebaevrokavSiris mier mesame qveynebisaTvis, maT SorissaqarTvelosTvis (The Languages (Socrates) 2006: gv. 4-6).evropul organizaciebs, fondebs, asociaciebs, kvleviT da samecnierocentrebs, calkeul umaRles saswavleblebs studentebisTvis,umaRles damTavrebulTaTvis, axalgazrda mecnierebisTvis ganaTlebisada swavlebis sxvadasxva programebiT gagrZelebis da kvlevebis mizniTdawesebuli aqvT mravali saxis granti da stipendia, maT Soris: programa86

Erasmus Mundus — evropis universitetebSi diplomis Semdgomi ganaTlebismiRebis stipendiebis programebi studentebisaTvis da axalgazrda mecnierebisTvis;fordis fondis stipendiebis saerTaSoriso programa —msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi sauniversiteto ganaTlebis Semdgomi swavlebisgrantebi (stipendiebi) socialur da humanitarul mecnierebebSi;germaniis akademiuri gacvlebis samsaxuri (DAAD)-mravali saxisstipendiebi studentebisTvis, umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone da mecnieriaxalgazrdebisTvis; umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi saerTaSoriso Tanam-Sromlobis niderlanduri organizacia Nuffic- moklevadiani (6-24 Tviani)stipendiebis programa ufrosi kursebis studentebisaTvis da kursdam-TavrebulTaTvis (garda PhD programisa); eifelis saxelobis stipendiawarmatebuli studentebisTvis: sainJinro mecnierebebSi, ekonomikaSi,menejmentSi, samarTalSi, politikur mecnierebebsa da saxelmwifo mar-TvaSi; programa `koperniki” axalgazrda ekonomistebisaTvis, inJinrebisaTvisda iuristebisaTvis aRmosavleTi evropidan; evraziis studenturigacvliTi programa; evraziis maswavlebelTa daxelovnebis programa;internetSi daSvebisa da swavlebis programa; mcire grantebis programa.aseve cnobilia iunesko/keizo obuCis stipendia gankuTvnilia im pirebisaTvis,romlebic floben magistris xarisxs da survili aqvT ganaxorcielonkvleviTi samuSaoebi sazRvargareT 3-9 Tvis ganmavlobaSi(Europeanscholarships and grants. European Commission). es stipendiebi studentebsSesaZleblobas aZlevs gaagrZelon swavla evropaSi, gaecnonaxal adamianebs da Seiswavlon axali enebi.umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi evrokavSiris yvelaze mniSvnelovanprogramebs warmoadgens Tempus, Erasmus Mundus, evropis kolejebsa daevropul saswavlo institutebSi Seswavlis sastipendio programebi.tempusi evrokavSiris qveynebsa da partnior qveynebs Soris umaRlesiganaTlebis sferoSi TanamSromlobis programaa, romelic 1990 welsamoqmedda. amis Semdeg programa oTjer ganaxlda. tempusis programaxels uwyobs evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebsa da partnior qveynebSimoqmed dawesebulebebs Soris TanamSromlobis ganviTarebas „konsorciumebis~daarsebis gziT. es konsorciumebi axorcieleben „erTobliv evropulproeqtebs~, romlebic SesaZloa 2-3 weliwads grZeldebodes. tempusiaseve gascems individualur grantebs umaRlesi ganaTlebis dargSimomuSave pirebisTvis.tempusi exmareba aRmosavleT evropis, centraluri aziis, dasavleTbalkaneTis da xmelTaSuazRvis regionis partnior qveynebs TanamSromlobisproeqtebis saSualebiT sauniversiteto umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemismodernizebaSi. tempusi uzrunvelyofs partniori qveynebis akademiuriwreebis TanamSromlobas evropul universitetebTan, rac iTvaliswinebsgamocdilebis gaziarebas ganaTlebaSi evropuli standartebis87

sferoSi, sabazro ekonomikis Sesabamisi saganmanaTleblo dRis wesrigisda programebis SemuSavebas, Tanamedrove literaturis Seqmnas, maswavlebelTaunar-Cvevebis amaRlebaze gamiznuli treningebis Catarebas,studentTa swavlas ucxoeTSi, universitetebis marTvis gaumjobesebas,sauniversiteto reformas, axali sainformacio teqnologiebis gamoyenebasda ganviTarebas, universitetis araakademiuri TanamSromlebismomzadebas (National Tempus Office in Georgia).tempusis saSualebiT finansdeba ori tipis saqmianoba: erTobliviproeqtebi, romelTa mizania umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebismarTvis gaumjobeseba an akademiuri programebis daxvewa; aseve,struqturuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba, romelTa mizania umaRlesiganaTlebis sistemebis xarisxis da maTi saWiroebis gazrda da evrokav-SirSi mimdinare procesebTan maTi konvergencia (Европейские стипендии длявас 2007:10-11).tempusis proeqtma, romelic saqarTveloSi 1995 wlidan xorcieldeba,soliduri bazisi Seqmna boloniis principebis warmatebiT ganxorcielebisTviskurikulumis ganviTarebis mxardaWeriT, xarisxis uzrunvelyofismeqanizmebis, erovnuli kvalifikaciebis CarCos da swavla sicocxlismanZilze SemotaniT. rogorc ganacxadebis, aseve dafinansebuliproeqtebis raodenoba mudmivad izrdeba. 14 qarTuli umaRlesi saswavlebelimonawileobas Rebulobda tempusis sxvadasxva proeqtSi bolo17 wlis manZilze. tempusis 19 proeqtis ganxorcielebiT Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversiteti liderobs ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed mTelsamxreT kavkasiaSi. ilias saxelmwifi universiteti pirveli qarTuliumaRlesi saswavlebelia, romelic tempusis proeqts uwevs koordinacias(2010 wlidan).Tempus IV-is (2008-2013) pirveli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi ukve dafinansda12 proeqti (SedarebisaTvis 10 da 19 proeqti ganxorcielda SesabamisadTempus I da II (1995 - 1999) da Tempus III (2000 – 2006) farglebSi). dReisa-Tvis qarTuli umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis, iseve rogorcganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros da ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebiserovnuli centris monawileobiT tempusis 26 proeqti mimdinareobs,maT Soris soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis monawileobiT.saqarTvelos universitetebi 12 axal proeqtSi iReben monawileobas. oriproeqtis koordinatori qarTuli universitetebia (Tsu da ilias saxelmwifouniversiteti)(tempusi, 2012).[http://www.tempus.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56%3Acurrent-projects&catid=25%3Aprojects&Itemid=76&lang=ka].tempusis sagranto konkursis Sesaxeb monawile qveynebisa da regionebismixedviT, 70 wardgenili proeqtiT (maT Soris 10 - koordinatori)saqarTvelo 27 partnior qveyanas Soris meoTxe adgilzea [Number of88

applications submitted by country].soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti tempusis or sagranto konkursSiaris CarTuli. 2009 wels soxumis saxelmwifo universitetma gaimarjvaTempus-is me-4 sagranto konkursSi. sagranto proeqtis dasaxelebaa -`umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTareba socialuri partniorobismxardaWerisa da humanitarul mecnierebaTa konkurentunarianobisgazrdisaTvis". 2012 wlis Tempus-is me-5 sagranto konkursis gamarjvebuliproeqtia „kurikulumis reformis saerTaSoriso modelis SemuSavebamultikulturuli ganaTlebisa da kulturuli mravalferovnebis swavlebisaTvis",sadac soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti saqarTvelos, israelis,germaniis, didi britaneTis, avstriis, niderlandebis, estoneTisuniversitetebTan erTad monawileobs. aRniSnuli proeqtis samuSao gegmisTanaxmad, kurikulumis Sefasebisa da ganviTarebis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebuliamultikulturuli swavlebis danergva da ganviTareba„maswavleblis ganaTlebis (dawyebTi safexuri)", „inkluziuri ganaTlebis",„istoriis", „saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis" sabakalavro programebSida „ganaTlebis mecnierebebis/maswavleblis ganaTleba" samagistroprogramaSi.Jan mones programaJan mones programa stimuls aZlevs evropuli integraciis swavlebas,mis kvlevas umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi mTels msoflioSi.dawyebisTanave. Jan mones programa akademiuri avtonomiis dadamoukideblobis mtkice principis pativiscemaze dayrdnobiT xorcieldeba[The Jean Monnet Programme: understanding European integration].Jan mones programa sam ZiriTadi aqtivobas moicavs:• Jan mones aqtivoba (evropuli integraciis Sesaxeb universitetisdonis proeqtebis mxardaWera) moicavs Jan mones kaTedrebis, centrebis,modulebis Seqmnas da sainformacio da kvleviTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas,aseve, evropuli integraciis mcodne profesorTa da mkvlevar-Ta akademiuri asociaciebis Seqmnas. Jan mones proeqtebis SerCeva akademiuriRirsebebis gamo xdeba, maT Soris, xdeba mkacri SerCeva damoukidebeliprofesionalebis mier.• xorcieldeba eqvsi akademiuri institutis mxardaWera, romelTainteress evropuli kvleva Seadgens, esenia: evropis koleji, evropissainformacio instituti, saxelmwifo administrirebis evropuli instituti,evropuli samarTlis akademia, evropuli kvlevis saerTaSorisocentri, ganaTlebaSi specialuri saWiroebebis evropuli saagento. ameqvs dawesebulebas ar sWirdeba dafinansebis moTxovna, radgan isinievroparlamentis da evrokavSiris sabWos mier mTeli cxovrebis manZilzeswavlis programaSi arian CarTulni [The Jean Monnet Programme: understandingEuropean integration].89

• evropis masStabis mqone asociaciebis daxmareba, romlebic aqtiuradarian CarTulni ganaTlebasa da treiningSi evropis masStabiT. esevropuli asociaciebi sul cota erT wevr qveyanaSi unda moqmedebdnen.am asociaciebis SesarCevad specialuri yovelwliuri konkursebi cxaddeba.„axalgazrdoba moqmedebs“evrokavSiris programa ,,axalgazrdoba moqmedebs“ axalgazrdebisTvisaaSemuSavebuli. misi mizania aqtiuri evropeli moqalaqis CamoyalibebismxardaWera, axalgazrda evropelebs Soris solidarobis datolerantobis xelSewyoba da maTi CarTva evropis momavlis gansazRvra-Si. programa xels uwyobs mobilurobas evropis SigniT da mis sazRvrebsgareT, arasamTavrobo ganaTlebas da inteleqtualur dialogs; is xelsuwyobs yvela axalgazrdis, miuxedavad ganaTlebis, socialuri da kulturulicenzisa, monawileoba miiRon evrokavSiris momavlis gansazRvra-Si. programa yvelas monawileobas iTvaliswinebs. yovelwliurad, aTasobiTganacxadi Sedis programaSi finansuri daxmarebis misaRebad. sauke-Teso proeqtis gamosavlenad SerCevis procesi imarTeba [Eastern PartnershipYouth Window: New Opportunities for Cooperation in the Field of Youth].evrokavSiris stumris programaevrokavSiris stumris programa (EUVP) SesaZleblobas aZlevsevrokavSiris arawevri qveynebis axalgazrda liderebs, romlebsac evrokavSirisadmiprofesiuli interesi aqvT, ewvion evrokavSiris institutebsda rogorc individualuri stumrebi, gaecnon evropis parlamentisda evrokomisiis muSaobas. programa 25-dan 45 wlamde adamianebisTvisaagamiznuli (mag. axalgazrda politikosebi, sagareo urTierTobebis specializaciismqone Jurnalistebi, akademiuri wreebis warmomadgenlebi,romelTa specializacia evrokavSiri da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebia.programa mgzavrobis da cxovrebis xarjebs anazRaurebs) [European UnionVisitor Programme – EUVP].saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis mxardasaWerad evrokavSiri sxvadasxva me-Tods iyenebs. gamoiyofa konkretuli proeqtebi ganaTlebis seqtorismdgradobisTvis da saxelmwifo biujetis pirdapiri daxmarebisTvis.saqarTvelo erT-erTi qveyanaa, romelic monawileobas Rebulobsboloniis procesSi, romlis mizans warmoadgens erTiani evropuli saganmanaTleblosivrcis Seqmna. procesis monawileTa mizania — winaaRmdegobisaRmofxvra, romelic arTulebs da xels uSlis akademiur mobilobas.yovelwliurad sul ufro da ufro meti studenti midis sazRvargareTsaswavleblad. yovel wels erazmusis programis farglebSi daaxloebiT100 aTasi studenti midis 1 wliT, romlebic swavloben amprogramebSi monawile 30 qveynis 1800 umaRles saswavlebelSi(evrokavSiris 27 qveyana, aseve espaneTi, lixtenSteini da norvegia).90

erazmus mundusi umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi TanamSromlobis damobilurobis programaa. misi mizania adamianebs da kulturebs Soris ur-TierTgagebis xelSewyoba mesame qveynebTan, maT Soris saqarTvelosTanTanamSromlobis gziT. amasTan, mas wvlili Seaqvs adamianuri resursebisganviTarebaSi da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobaSi umaRlesi ganaTlebisdawesebulebebs Soris mesame qveynebSi evrokavSirsa da am qveynebs Sorismobilurobis gazrdis gziT (ra aris Erasmus Mundus?).am programis mizania evropis umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelSewyoba ise-Ti proeqtebis saSualebiT, romlebic evropis, rogorc saganmanaTlebloarealis mimzidvelobas uwyobs xels, anu ganviTarebis proeqtebs, romelTamizania evropis umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis mimzidvelobis,imijis amaRleba mTels msoflioSi. es moicavs ufro metSesaZleblobebs, romlebic stimuls aZleven partnior qveynebs (sadoqtorostipendiebs, meti aqcentis gadatana xarisxis uzrunvelyofaze,studentebis/doqtorebis dasaqmebis perspeqtivebi da a.S.) samagistrokursebi da erToblivi sadoqtoro programebi yovelwliurad cxaddeba(Европейские стипендии для вас 2007:18-19).evropis komisiam Erasmus Mundus-is realiazacia 2004 wels daiwyo. esaris msoflio masStabis programa, romlis mizania umaRles ganaTlebasmisces mkveTrad gamoxatuli „evropuli” mimarTuleba. misi mizania gaaZlierosevropuli TanamSromloba da saerTaSoriso kavSirebi umaRlesiganaTlebis sferoSi maRalxarisxiani evropuli programebis mxardaWeriT.am programebis wyalobiT studentebi da axalgazrda mkvlevarebisxvadasxva qveynidan SesaZleblobas iReben swavla gaagrZelon evropuluniversitetbSi.am etapze moqmedebs eramzus mundusis ori konsorciumi:1.konsorciumSi, romelsac koordinacias uwevs Tesalonikis universiteti(saberZneTi), CarTulia Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, ba-Tumis saxelmwifo universiteti, goris universiteti daTelavis iakobgogebaSvilis universiteti. mobilobis programis farglebSi 58 qarTvelmastudentma da profesor-maswavlebelma gaatara swavlisa da kvlevisgarkveuli periodi evropis sxvadasxva universitetSi.2.konsorciumSi, romelsac koordinacias uwevs gotingenis universiteti(germania),CarTulia ilias saxelmwifo universiteti, quTaisissaxelmwifo universiteti, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, Tbilisissaxelmwifo samedicino universiteti da baTumis saxelmwifo universiteti(sasoflo saxelmwifo universiteti aris asocirebuli partniori).studentTa da personalis mobiloba 2012 wels daiwyo.Erasmus Mundus Action 2-is cxra axali konsorciumis moqmedeba 2012wlis Semodgomaze daiwyo, romelSic 11 qarTuli universiteti monawileobs.soxumis saxelmwifo universitetma moipova granti evrokomisiis91

gacvliTi programis meore aqtivobaSi Erasmus Mundus Action 2 -Strand1/Strand. proeqtis saxelwodebaa ,,aRmosavleTis regionis qveynebis integraciaumaRlesi ganaTlebis xelSewyobiT''. 2013 wlidan soxumis saxelmwifouniversiteti ganaxorcielebs dafinansebul gacvliT programebssamive safexuris studentebisaTvis, axalgazrda mkvlevrebis, universitetisakademiuri da administraciuli personalisaTvis evropis umaRlessaswavlo dawesebulebebSi(Results of Erasmus Mundus 2012 selection: Call forProposalsEACEA/42/11).sul cota xnis win daiwyo axali programa Erasmus Mundus External CooparationWindow, romelic orientirebulia aqtiurad miizidos studentebiim qveynebidan, romlebic ar arian evrokavSiris wevrebi. 2007 wlis 12ivliss briuselSi gamoacxades Erasmus Mundus -is programis mesame faza(2009-2013 ww.), romelic aseve iTvaliswinebs evrokavSiris arawevri qveynebidanstudentebis gacvlaSi aqtiur monawileobas. mravali studentisaqarTvelodan dReisaTvis swavlobs an amTavrebs swavlas prestiJulimagistraturis kursis farglebSi am programis wyalobiT (Erasmus MundusExternal Cooperation Window for Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan).am programebis garda, arsebobs evrokavSiris mier dafinansebulisxvadasxva programebi, romelTac calkeuli wevri-qveynebi afinansebenda romlebic iTvaliswinebs studentebisaTvis grantebsa da stipendiebs.es stipendiebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan tipis, mimarTulebis davadebis mixedviT, Tumca isini yvela erT mizans emsaxurebian — daexmaronstudentebs ama Tu im qveynis monaxulebaSi, Seiswavlon ucxo enebi, ipovonaxali megobrebi da ganaxorcielon mniSvnelovani proeqtebi.darwmunebuli var, rom kontaqtebis Semdgomi ganviTareba mkvlevarebs,maswavleblebs da studentebs Soris aqtiurad Seuwyobs xels saqar-Tvelosa da evrokavSiris saerTo evropuli sivrcis formirebas mecnierebasada ganaTlebaSi, kulturuli aspeqtebis CaTvliT.literatura evropis kavSiri: politika da mmarTveli organoebi 2003-Semdg.: biZina javaxiSvili; red.: nana lolaZe - Tb., 2003. tempusi,2012- -http://www.tempus.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56%3Acurrent-projects&catid=25%3Aprojects&Itemid=76&lang=ka ra aris Erasmus Mundus?:http://www.tempus.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59%3Awhat-is-erasmus-mundus&catid=51%3Aerasmusmundus&Itemid=65&lang=ka92

European grants and scholarships: http://www.qrossroads.eu/grants-andscholarships-108. European scholarships and grants. European Commission:http://ec.europa.eu/education/study-in-europe/scholarships_grants_en.html. Eastern Partnership Youth Window: New Opportunities for Cooperation inthe Field of Youth:http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/georgia/documents/news/eapyouthwindow2012_01_en.pdf European Union Visitor Programme – EUVP:http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/georgia/eu_georgia/tech_financial_cooperation/instruments/education_and_training/euvp_en.htm. Erasmus Mundus External Cooperation Window for Georgia, Armenia andAzerbaijan:http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/extcoop/results/2007/documents/project_fact_sheet_lot_5.pdf National Tempus Office in Georgia:http://www.tempus.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54%3Awhat-is-tempus&catid=52%3Atempus&Itemid=34&lang=ka. Number of applications submitted by country:http://www.tempus.ge/images/txt/5th%20call%20statistics.pdf Results of Erasmus Mundus 2012 selection: Call for Proposals EACEA/42/11:http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/erasmus_mundus/funding/2012/selection/selection_call_42_11_en.php. http://www.tempus.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56%3Acurrent-projects&catid=25%3Aprojects&Itemid=76&lang=ka The Jean Monnet Programme: understanding European integration:http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-programme/doc88_en.htm. The Languages (Socrates):http://www.cmepius.si/files/cmepius/userfiles/publikacije/Jeziki%20ang.pdf Европейские стипендии для вас. European Communities. 2007.93

Tamar ShinjiashviliSokhumi State UniversityHigher European Education, European Researchprograms and ScholarshipsThe main priorities of the EU's development policy for implementation millenniumprogram goals are universal basic education and achievement of gender equality ineducation. The main attention is paid to the issues of quality, professional and highereducation.European organizations, foundations, associations, research and scientific centersfor a number of university students and higher education graduates, for young scientistsand researchers have different types of grants and scholarships with the purpose ofcontinuing education. These scholarships allow students to continue their studies in Europe,get to know new people and learn new languages.The most important programs of the European Union in the field of higher educationare Tempus, Erasmus Mundus, scholarship programs to study in European colleges andeducational institutions. Tempus considers the cooperation of the academies of the partnercountrieswith European universities, that is based on sharing of experience in the field ofEuropean standards for education, elaboration of educational agendas and programmes thatfits the market economy, provision of modern literature, trainings for the rising the level ofteaching skills, students` study abroad, improvement of the universities` management,university reform, application and development of new informational technologies, withpreparation of non-academic staff at the university basis. Erasmus Mundus is a cooperationand mobility programme in the field of higher education that aims to enhance the quality ofEuropean higher education and to promote dialogue and understanding between people andcultures through cooperation with third countries. The Erasmus Mundus programmes providesupport to: higher education institutions that wish to set-up inter-institutionalcooperation partnerships between universities from Europe and targeted Third-Countries;individual students, researchers and university staff who wish to spend a study / research /teaching period in the context of one of the joint programmes or cooperation partnerships;Besides these programs, there is a variety of programs funded by the EuropeanUnion, which provide grants and scholarships for students and faculty teachers, researchers.These scholarships differ from each other, according to the types, direction and timing, butthey all serve one purpose – help students and scholars to visit European countries, to learnforeign languages, to find new friends and to implement significant projects.Further development of contacts among the researchers, teachers and students willactively contribute to the formation of a common European space between Georgia and theEuropean Union in science and education, including cultural aspects.94

pedagogika, meTodika, ganaTlebis sociologiaPEDAGOGICS, METHODICS, SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION95lela rexviaSvilisoxumis saxelmwifo universitetiiakob gogebaSvili - qarTuli musikis qomagiaRzrdis arc erT nawilSi ar igrZnoba erovnuli safuZvlis aucileblobaiseTi siZlieriT, rogorc esTetikur aRzrdaSi. esTetikuriaRzrdis zogadsakacobrio miznebis, Sinaarsis, meTodebis, nacionaluriformebis Ziebis da aRzrdis problemebis gadawyvetis aucilebeli pirobaawarsulis memkvidreobis kritikuli Seswavla, misi mecnieruli analizida dadebiTi gamocdilebis danergva-gamoyeneba. kerZod, friad sainteresoadidi qarTveli pedagogisa da sazogado moRvawis i. gogebaSvilismravalmxrivi pedagogiuri memkvidreobis Seswavla.i. gogebaSvilis pedagogiuri moZRvrebis Seswavlas Tavisi SromebimiuZRvnes g. TavziSvilma, d. lorTqifaniZem, g. kiknaZem, u. obolaZem, z.xojavam, v. qajaiam, s. abulaZem, g. begiaSvilma da sxvebma. am calke gamocemebSiTu statiebSi i. gogebaSvilis pedagogiuri moRvaweobis mravalisferoa ganxiluli, maT Soris esTetikuric (v. qajaia, ა. sparsiaSvili,1990).simRera-musikis swavlebam i. gogebaSvilis pedagogiur sistemaSigansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani adgili daikava da igi mecnieruladCamoyalibda, gogebaSvili yovelmxriv harmoniulad ganviTarebuli `axalitipis qarTvelis~ CamoyalibebaSi sapatio adgils uTmobs musikaluraRzrdas. mas kargad esmis, rom musika adamianis grZnobebze zemoqmedebisZlieri saSualebaa.amis naTeli dadasturebaa moTxroba `iavnanam ra hqmna~, sadac i. gogeba-Svilma gviCvena musikaluri emociebis gansakuTrebulad didi Zala adamianisfsiqologiuri gardaqmnisaTvis. qeTos SemobrunabaSi, mSobliurigaremocvis, ojaxis, ded-mamis gaxsenebaSi da mis qarTvel qalad kvlavmoqcevaSi gadamwyveti roli mSobliurma hangma iTamaSa. `iavnanas~ saocarmamusikam, sulsa da gulSi myarad fesvgadgmulma mSobliurma melodiam,misma emociurma Zalam qeTos Tavisi Tavi apovnina. i. gogebaSvilisazriT, bavSvma safexurebrivad unda aiTvisos musikis samyaro da pirvelisafexuri am gzaze erovnuli simReris dauflebaa, radgan erovnuli hangiadamianisaTvis iolad SesaTvisebelia. i. gogebaSvilis zrunva saxalxoskolaSi xalxuri musikisadmi interesisa da siyvarulis gaRvivebisaTvisnakarnaxevi iyo im garemoebiT, rom TandaTan daiwyo gavrceleba da fexismokideba iafi esTetikuri Sinaarsis musikam. ucxo, `Semoparuli~, su-

lis damamZimebeli simRerebis uarmyofeli movaleoba unda dakisrebodaskolas, saidanac iwyeboda xvalindeli dRe. ratom moiTxovda i. gogebaSviliskolaSi Tu saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi xalxuri simReris Setanasada misi swavlebis gaZlierebas?kiTxvaze pasuxi gvaqvs missave werilSi_ `vin da rogor gadaiRopirvelad notebze qarTuli xalxuri simRerebi saxalxo skolebisaTvis~.didi iakobis marTebuli azriT, ` simRera samarTlianad iTvleba CvensdroSi skolis sulad da gulad. igi uviTarebs bavSvebs smenas, aCvevs harmoniasa,usustebs xepreobasa da zrdis mis sulSi sinazesa dasifaqizesa. erTi sityviT akeTilSobilebs mis bunebasa~ (gogebaSvili,1955: gv. 94).xalxuri da ara marto xalxuri musikisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba araTuwarsulSi, aramed dResac Cveni skolis amocanaa. simReras, i. gogebaSvilissruliad samarTliani mtkicebiT , `skolis SromaSi Seaqvs sixaruliselferi, aRviZebs da acocxlebs skolis cxovrebas da metad umsubuqebsbavSvebs im tvirTsac, romelsac maTTvis Seadgens sistematuri gonebrivimuSaoba~(gogebaSvili, 1955: gv. 94).i. gogebaSvili wers: `bavSvis sust, norC gonebas varjiSoba mal-maleRalavs da qancavs, malec modis igi Ronezed. ukanasknelis miznisaTvissaukeTeso RonisZiebad iTvleba simRera... (simRera) aSorebs gonebasyovels Semawuxebels azrsa da zrunvasa, Sehyavs adamiani raRac siamovnebissferoSi, Slis mis gulsa, gonebas da amxnevebs da uxalisebs~ gogebaSvili,1952/I: gv).didi pedagogisaTvis simReris codna da swavleba skolaSi qveynisganaTlebulobis erT-erTi etalonia. `axlandeli drois skola ganaTlebulqveynebSi yovlad SeuZlebelia usimRerod~ (gogebaSvili, 1910). skolaSixalxuri simReris Semotanisa da misi iq damkvidrebisaTvis brZolasdidma mamuliSvilma cota dro da mcdeloba rodi Sealia. i. gogebaSvili1881 wels werda: `ori wlis winad SevudeqiT cdasa, rom ufro martivi motivebi,xmebi Cveni xalxuri simRerebisa gadaRebuli yofiliyon notebzedda miuxedavad didi zrunvisa, ver vpovebdiT pirsa, romelsac notebikargad scodnoda da es Sroma ekarnaxa~ (gogebaSvili, 1955/IV: gv. 198199).gogebaSvils far-xmali ar dauyria. Sroma-mcdelobam, skolisadmisiyvarulma da saerovno mniSvnelobis saqmisadmi rwmenam Tavisi nayofigamoiRo. praqtikuli muSaoba xalxuri simRerebis notebze gadatanisaTvisdid iakobs elene yifianisa da m. maWavarianis TanadgomiT dauwyia. i.gogebaSvili aRwers im proceduras, Tu rogor xdeboda simReris notebzeCawera da fiqsirebulis koreqtura. `me vmRerodi,-wers igi,- maWavarianiswerda. bolos TviTon notebze galobda da me unda Secdomebi Semeni-Sna da Semesworebina. ramdenime Tvis Sromis Semdeg Sesdga koleqcia ociqarTuli saymawvilo simRerisa~ (gogebaSvili, 1955/IV: gv. 198199).bavSvis aRzrdaSi erovnuli hangis ganusazRvrel SesaZleblobebSi96

mtkiced darwmunebulma didma iakobma Tavis `deda enaSi~ Seitana Cveniqveynis sxavadasxva kuTxis simRerebi, raTa bavSvebi Tavidanve gacnobodnenqarTuli xalxuri simRerebis mravalferovnebas. esenia: `Tamar mefe~,`iavnana~, `ormoSi fetvi Cavyare~, `serzed midis sami mgeli~, `mumli muxasa~,`kurdReli Camocancarda~, `Carirama~, ` lekebma rom damiWira~, `miyvarsfacxa~ da sxva.i.gogebaSvili gansakuTrebuli zrunviT ekideboda xalxur sasim-Rero teqsts. igi saxelmZRvaneloebisa da calkeuli krebulebis SedgenisasiseT sasimRero masalas arCevda, sadac `keTilazrovneba da pedagogiuri~Sinaarsi aqtiurad Canda. iakobi Tavis TanamoazreebTan erTad didisifrTxiliT, yuradRebiT, `abuCadagdebisa~ da ` subuqad moqcevis~gareSe muSaobda am axali metad sapasuxismgeblo saqmis gansaxorcieleblad.didi pedagogi aRniSnavda: `xalxuri simRerebis notebzed gamocemaaris nayofi kai xnis da erTguli Sromisa da Cveni sazogadoeba Semcdariar iqneba, Tu mas CasTvlis namdvil Sematebad da sasargeblo movlenadCveni skolebis da ymawvilebisaTvis~ (gogebaSvili, 1955: 198-199).Sua qarTlSi dabadebuli da dabadebidanve xalxis kalTaSi gazrdiliiakobi mexsierebaSi aRadgens iseT simRerebs, romlebic bav-Svobis mogonebebTan erTad aqtiurad cocxloben rogorc imavebavSvobis ukvdaveba. `Cemi mexsierebis Rrma kunZulSi xeluxlebladCarCnen xalxuri motivebi ocobiT, is motivebi, romelnic ufro RrmaSTabeWdilebas axdenen Cemze da ufro mometebulad avseben aRtacebisCems ymawvilur gulsa.... ai es motivebi , es simRerebi unda gadagveRonotebzec~ (gogebaSvili, 1955: 198-199).xalxuri simRera did pedagogs miaCnda esTetikuri da zneobriviganviTarebis erT-erT impulsad. miuTiTebda ra amaze , i. gogebaSviliTavis statiaSi `qarTuli simReris xoros Sesaxeb~ dasZenda: `qarTvelxalxs aqvs sasiqadulo erovnuli hangebi, simRerebi, sagaloblebi. ra-Ta man imoqmedos... gaxdes intensiuri siamovnebis wyarod qarTvelTaTvisda ucxoelebis TvalSiac saxeli gagvikeTos, saWiroa, ukiduresadsaWiroa qarTuli didi nacionaluri xoro~.didi iakobi musikas, kerZod ki simReras miiCnevs da ganixilavsara mxolod rogorc aRzrdis erT-erT Zlier saSualebas, aramed rogorcmTliani saswavlo procesis ukeT warmarTvisa da maRali efeqtianobismiRwevis faqtors, gakeTilSobilebis, esTetikuri amaRlebis uZlieressaSualebas.97

literatura gogebaSvili, 1955/I — gogebaSvili iakob., , Txzulebani, t.1.,Tbilisi, 1955. gogebaSvili, 1952/I - i.gogebaSvili, Txzulebani 10 tomad. t.I,Tbilisi, 1952. gogebaSvili, 1910 — gogebaSvili iakob., rCeuli pedagogiuri dapublicisturi nawerebi. t. I, tfilisi. 1910. gogebaSvili, 1955/IV — gogebaSvili iakob., Txzulebani . t. IV,Tbilisi, 1955. asaTiani, 1951 — asaTiani v., didin iakobi, Tbilisi, 1951. sparsiaSvili, 1990 - sparsiaSvili a., i. gogebaSvili da xalxuriSemoqmedeba, Tb.ilisi. 1990.Lela RekhviashviliSokhumi State UniversityIakob Gogebashvili – admirer of Georgian musicCritical exploration of the heritage, its scientific analysis and introductionutilizationof positive experience is the most important in the process of upbringing a child.From that point of view, it’s very interesting to explore the multilateral pedagogical heritageof famous Georgian pedagogue and public figure I. Gogebashvili.I. Gogebashvili puts special emphasis on musical upbringing for formation of amultilateral, harmonically developed “new type of Georgian”. Teaching singing-music hadan important place in I. Gogebashvili’s pedagogical system and it was scientificallydeveloped. I. Gogebashvili considers and discusses a song, not only as a strong mean forupbringing but also as a factor to direct the whole educational process in a better way andachieve high effectiveness; the mean to become more noble and increase aesthetics.In his opinion, a child should get into the world of music step by step and the first step isto master the national songs, something close and easy to learn. With this purpose heincluded songs of different regions of our country in his book “Deda Ena”, so that thechildren in elementary school get to know the diversity of Georgian national songs. Thus,he did a great service for future generations.98

istoria, eTnologia, politikuri mecnierebaniHISTORY, ETHNOLOGY, POLITICAL SCIENCESiakob gogebaSvili rogorc istorikosidaviT malazoniailias saxelmwifo universitetiiakob gogebaSvili kargad xedavda saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavlisrogorc mecnierul, ise saganmanaTleblo da aRmzrdelobiT mniSvnelobas.mas miaCnda, rom mSobliuri qveynis istoriis safuZvliani codnisgareSe warmoudgenelia msoflio istoriuli procesebis gageba, sazogadoebrivicxovrebis ganviTarebis saerTo mimarTulebis gansazRvra. amitommouwodebda mozard Taobasa da mTel mosaxleobas, raTa upirvelesiyuradReba qarTveli eris mdidari warsulis Seswavlas daTmoboda(gogebaSvili, 1990/V: gv. 58).iakobs, iseve rogorc iliasa da sxva qarTvel samocianelebs, miaCnda,rom istoriis daviwyeba, sakuTari warsulisa da kulturis ugulvebelyofaeris gadagvarebasa da daRupvas moaswavebs: `istoriaSi ver mosZebniTiseT magaliTsa, rom ers eRalatnos Tavisi erovnebisaTvis,erovnuli kulturisaTvis, da ar gaxrwniloyos~,-werda iakobi (gogeba-Svili, 1990/III: gv. 215).istorias praqtikuli mniSvnelobac aqvs, im TvalsazrisiT, rom momavlisganWvretaSi gvSvelis. iakobi xazgasmiT miuTiTebda, rom warsulicxovrebis magaliTebiT, Cveni Zlieri da susti mxareebis, miRwevebisa dawarumateblobaTa CvenebiT istoria sagulisxmo, Wkuis saswavl gakveTilsgviZRvnis. `... samSoblo istoriis Seswavlas ubralo cnobismoyvareobaara aqvs miznad. didi xania naTqvamia, rom istoria moZRvaria erisao.xolo moZRvrobas istoriuli moTxrobani maSin gauweven moswavle-Ta, roca igini garkveviT da naTlad dauxataven maT Tvalwin, Tu ra uSlidada ra umarTavda xels Cven ersa warsulSi, risgan sustdeboda da ecemodaigi Zirsa da risgan Zlierdeboda da ZalRoniT ivseboda. mxolodamisTana moTxrobebs SeuZlian miscen nacionaluri gakveTilebi moswavleTada Caagonon maT, Tu ras unda eridos Cveni eri awmdgomSi, ras undaetrfodes, saiTken unda miiswrafodes, raTa awmdgomi Tavisi arsebobaman gaaZlieros da momavalic sanatreli moamzados~.amdenad, iakob gogebaSvili istoriuli codnis miRebas gadamwyvetmniSvnelobas aniWebda aRsazrdelebSi erovnuli cnobierebis, moqalaqeobriviSegnebis gansaviTareblad da, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, masmaTi gonebrivi Zalebis srulyofis saukeTeso saSualebadac Tvlida.99

sayuradReboa da dReisTvisac gasaTvaliswinebelia iakob gogebaSvilisazri, rom mSobliuri literaturis, istoriis, geografiis saTanadodoneze swavleba, garda Sesabamisi codnis dauflebisa, aRsazrdelTaswor msoflmxedvelobriv formirebasac uwyobs xels, raSic igi sazogadoebrivicxovrebis progresisadmi rwmenasa da misi ganxorcielebis reformistuligzis aRiarebas gulisxmobda: `... mSobliuri enis, mSobliuriliteraturis, samSoblos geografiisa da istoriis codna yrmaSi nergavsmxsnel realizms, romelic mas icavs uniadago, fantastikuri gatacebebisagan,da mtkiced ayalibebs masSi rwmenas, rom progresisa da sayovelTaokeTildReobis gziT svla SeiZleba mxolod TandaTanobiT, naxtomebis,Zaladobisa da ryevaTa gareSe mSvidobiani reformebis saSualebiT~(gogebaSvili, 1990/IV: gv. 313). am amonarididan naTlad Cans is didi damravalmxrivi mniSvneloba, rasac istorias aniWebda didi qarTvelimoazrovne.axalgazrdobasa da mTel sazogadoebaSi istoriuli codnis gavrcelebisTvisupirvelesi mniSvneloba kargi saxelmZRvaneloebis SedgenaseniWeboda, romlebic kanonieri erovnuli siamayis grZnobiT aRavsebdnenmkiTxvelebs gmiruli warsulis gamo da daafiqrebdnen im mankierebebze,romelTa daZlevazedac aris damokidebuli eris momavali. TviToniakobi swored am mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobda, roca Tavis mSvenier istoriulmoTxrobebs werda: `am mosazrebiT Cven istoriul moTxrobebSivxsniT, varkvevT Tu ra asustebda warsulSi Cvens ersa da ra ayenebda masayvavebis gzaze. magaliTad, gancalkeveba saqarTvelos kuTxeebisa namdviliSxami iyo Cveni erisaTvis, erToba ki - uebari wamali, am azrs, sxva-Ta Soris, Cven vixsenebT ramdenjerme, roca istoriuli momenti marjveSemTxvevas gvaZlevs da amiT ymawvils vunergavT gulSi, rom Cveni eriswarmateba da ayvaveba yovlad SeuZlebelia nacionaluri erTobisgareSe...~ (gogebaSvili, 1990/V: gv. 670).amasTan, aucilebeli sifxizlis modunebis SemTxvevaSi istoriulTxzulebebs sargeblobis nacvlad vnebis motana SeeZlo. magaliTad,sabavSvo Jurnal `nobaTis~ mimoxilvisas iakobi yuradRebas amaxvilebsistoriuli Sinaarsis erT saymawvilo werilze da savsebiT sworad akritikebsmas: `legenda paata TeburiSvilzed Seadgens swored maxinj nawils`nobaTisas~. warmoidgineT istoriuli Worebis nafleTebi, uniWodmogonilni, kidev ufro uniWod gameorebulni, uxeirod erTmaneTzedmibmulni, moklebulni yovels Rirsebas gonebiTis nawarmoebisas daTqven SeadgenT utyuar azrs am legendazed... istoriuli gmirebi aq isemoqmedeben, TiTqo ubralo moxetialeni iyvnen, gzasa da kvalsdabneulni...~ (gogebaSvili, 1989/I: gv. 338).iakobi TviTon miuTiTebda rig istoriul pirebsa da movlenebze,romelTa gacnoba bavSvebisaTvis sasargeblod da saWirod miaCnda.`aiReT, magaliTad amilaxvris winapris, aznauris zedgeniZis Tavdadeba...100

an ra sabavSvo sakiTxavi Seedreba moTxrobas Tevdore mRvdlis Tavdadebulobazed...~(gogebaSvili, 1989/I: gv. 341). iakobs miaCnda, rom bavSvebmaunda Seiyvaron istoriuli nawerebis kiTxva, raTa inteleqtualuri saqmianobamoTxovnilebad eqceT, ganaTlebul da moazrovne adamianebad Camoyalibdnen.iakobi, pirvel rigSi, TviTon xelmZRvanelobda mis mier Camoyalibebuliprincipuli debulebebiT, roca istoriuli xasiaTis moTxrobebswerda. saymawvilo moTxrobis `mefe erekle da ingilo qali~ - Seqmnismotivze saubrisas igi aRniSnavs, rom surda am TiTqmis uyuradRebod mitovebuliuZvelesi qarTuli mxaris mkvidrTaTvis Seexsenebina maTigmiruli warsuli, is, rom Cveni istoriis urTules monakveTebSi ingiloebiburjad edgnen saqarTvelos. `literaturul werils vamjobine beletristuliforma, - werda iakobi, - radgan es ukanaskneli bevrad ufroeadvileba xalxs, bevrad ufro gasagebia, ufro cocxlad da Zlierad moqmedebsmaszed da didxans rCeba mis gonebasa da saxsovarSi. me imedi maqvs,rom erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi bevri ar darCeba saingiloSi qali Tu kaci,romelsac Cemi moTxroba ar moesminos da ar daexsomos~ (gogebaSvili,1990/II:gv. 210).moTxrobis gamoqveynebas kritikuli weriliT gamoexmaura giorgiwereTeli. man nawarmoebis siuJetis ramdenime Strixi daiwuna da arabunebriv,xelovnurad SeTxzul ambad gamoacxada igi.giorgi wereTelTan polemikis dros iakobi ayalibebs CvenTvissayuradRebo ramdenime mosazrebas, romlebSic asaxulia misi Rrma erudiciada is didi erovnuli mniSvnelobac, istoriis aRorZinebas rom ekisreboda.kerZod, g. wereTlis braldebaze -`mefe erekle da ingilo qali~tendenciurad aris dawerilio - pasuxobda: `diax, Cemi moTxroba gansakuTrebulimizniT aris dawerili... Cvens axlandel mdgomareobaSi, rodesackavkasiis erTa Soris gacxarebuli brZola emuqreba qarTvelobissaboloo dacemas, miwasTan gasworebas, sruliad ugulo egoisti undaiyos qarTveli mwerali, rom misdevdes principsa: kacia da gunebao, xelovnebaxelovnebisaTviso. am princips SeiZleba adgili mieces mxolodmaSin, rodesac mSvidobiT gavaRwevT awindels, metad saSiSars xanas Cveniscxovrebisas. iqamdin ki yoveli poeti da literatori unda swerdesmas, rac qarTvels gonebas unaTlebs... da xdis kargad SeiaraRebul damarjve meomrad sastik saarsebo brZolaSi~ (gogebaSvili, 1940/II: gv. 117).istoriisadmi iakobis damokidebuleba, masSi, ZiriTadad, erovnuliideologiis gaZlerebis saSualebis xedva, agreTve, am tendenciiTiakobisagan niko maris kritika, gakicxa ivane javaxiSvilma 1904 welsgamoqveynebul naSromSi `mamuliSviloba da mecniereba~.iv. javaxiSvili iakobs akritikebda istoriisadmi `advokaturi gamosarClebisaTvis~.Tvlida, rom: `b-n gogebaSviliseburi istoria ufronacionaluri xotbaa, vidre mecniereba~ (javaxiSvili, 1904: gv. 8). aseTi101

paTosiT dawerili istoria, iv. javaxiSvilis TqmiT, raelurad ver asaxavswarsuls, da, Sesabamisad, yalbi debulebebis ganzogadebiT ki ar exmareba,aramed vnebs Tanamedroveobas, daTvur samsaxurs uwevs TviT erovnuligrZnobebis ganmtkicebasac. istorias kvlevis sakuTari sagani aqvsda momavali TaobebisaTvis gankuTvnil sasargeblo rCevaTa krebuls arwarmoadgenso, miuTiTebda iv. javaxiSvili.Cveni azriT, aseTi mkacri SeniSvnebis safuZvels naklebad iZleodai. gogebaSvilis midgoma istoriisadmi. iakobi ar amtkicebda sapirispiros,igi, ubralod, savsebiT sworad miuTiTebda, rom istorias, ra Tqmaunda, obieqturs, arsebuli viTarebis gamo, unda dakisreboda gansakuTrebulierovnul-aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia.istoriis mniSvneloba, iakobis azriT, imiTac gamoixateboda, romigi warmoadgens kavSirs Tanamedroveobasa da warsuls Soris, romlis gareSear iqmneboda TaobaTa SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobiToba. es uwyvetikavSiri mas didmniSvnelovan faqtorad esaxeboda erovnuli TavisTavadobisSenarCunebisa da eris Semdgomi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebis TvalsazrisiT(gogebaSvili, 1954/III: gv. 246).istoriis mniSvnelobis ganmartebasTan erTad, iakobi sayuradReboTvalsazrisebs gamoTqvamda istoriis Teoriuli sakiTxebis mimar-Tac. is istorias movlenaTa kanonzomier msvlelobad ganixilavda. sakacobrioprogresi ki Sinagani kanonebiT ganpirobebul dinamiur procesadhqonda warmodgenili.TergdaleulTa SexedulebaTa sistemaSi vxdebiT mecnierul poziciebssazogadoebriv-istoriuli ganviTarebis ganmapirobebeli rigiobieqturi faqtorebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, ilia WavWavaZe da iakob gogebaSviliaRiarebdnen geografiuli pirobebis gavlenas sazogadoebaze,Tumca, gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen adamianis Sesabamis aqtivobas(ganaTlebas, Sromas, unar-midrekilebebs, siaxlisadmi bunebriv ltolvas).iakobs isic sworad esmoda, rom istoria ar aris ganviTarebis uwyvetiprocesi. metic, calkeuli epoqebi, konkretuli istoriuli individuumebi- qveynebi, xalxebi, kulturebi ganviTarebis magier ukusvlas ganicdian.magram Tu kacobriobis warsuls vrceli droiTi distanciiT ganvWretT,davinaxavT, rom CamorCena axasiaTebT istoriis subieqtebs daara maT erTobliobas, ara kacobriobas, romlis ganviTarebac droSi usasruloa.saerTo jamSi, miuTiTebda iakob gogebaSvili, istoriis msvlelobisasxdeba sazogadoebrivi organizaciis dabali formebis ufro dawinaurebuliTSecvla, raSiac vlindeba kidec progresis ara sworxazovani,magram Seuqcevadi da logikuri xasiaTi.saerTod, TergdaleulTa mxridan kacobriobis progresis Sinaarszesaubrisas yuradReba maxvildeba misi Sedegebis mimarTebaze adamianiszneobriv samyarosTan. Tergdaleulebi optimizmis niadagze dganan,102

maTTvis sazogadoebis zneobrivi ganwyoba ganviTarebis zogadi dialeqtikisnawilia da amdenad, zneobis progresirebis Tezissac aRiareben.maTi azriT, istoriuli ganviTarebis kvaldakval icvleba sazogadoebisbunebac, Cndeba axali midrekilebebi, ufro humanuri da jansaRi tendenciebi,srulyofas ganicdis socialuri garemo, materialuri mdgomareobisgaumjobesebas Tan sdevs xalxis cnobierebis zrda, adamianTa SorisurTierTobebis gajansaReba da piriqiT: sazogadoebis ganwyobileba, misizneobrivi samyaro sagrZnob gavlenas axdens istoriis msvlelobaze.aseTia TergdaleulTa istoriul-filosofiuri mrwamsi da es mrwamsierTnairi simkveTriTaa gamoxatuli ilias, akakis, niko nikolaZisa daiakob gogebaSvilis publicistur memkvidreobaSi.Tergdaleulebs seriozuli wvlili miuZRviT saqarTvelos istoriiswyaroebis moZiebasa da maT popularizebaSi. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobasaniWebdnen isini zepirsityvieri masalebis Sekrebasa da Seswavlas.maT calkeul gamonaTqvamebSi, istoriulTan erTad, xalxur gadmocemaTazneobriv datvirTvazecaa yuradReba gamaxvilebuli. gasaTvaliswinebeliaiakob gogebaSvilis azric: `xalxis sityvierebis nawarmoebi arisdidi saunje sazogadod mwerlobisa da sakuTrad pedagogiisaTvis. yoveliganaTlebuli sazogadoeba cdilobs Sehkribos yovelgvari sityvierinawarmoebi xalxisa da sayovelTao sakuTrebad aqcios~ (fondi -1944/2”11).iakobis swori miTiTebiT Zveli gadmocemebi pirvandeli saxiT mestvireebis,mefandureebis, cnobil saxalxo mTqmelTa - moSaireTa maxsovrobasufro SemorCenodnen. `CamwerT~ xandazmul qalTa mogonebebisTvisacunda mieqciaT yuradReba _ radgan `isini ariangamoTxovilni sxvadasxva kuTxidan, ician sxvadasxva leqsebi da zRaprebida mdidars salaros xalxuri poeziisas warmoadgenen~ (gogebaSvili,1940/II: gv. 441-492).iakobi zepirsityvierebis SemkrebT im moTxovnasac uyenebda, rommaT ucvlelad, sityva-sityviT unda CaeweraT saxalxo Tqmulebani. `damwermaTavis Tavs neba ar unda misces mcireodenis cvlilebebis moxdenisaca.adgilobrivi gamoTqma, sityvebi, sityvebis dalageba frazebSi,frazebis erTmaneTTan damokidebuleba, -yvelaferi sastikad unda daicvas damwerma; is adgilic ki ar undaSescvalos, romelic uazrobad eCveneba~.saintereso mosazrebebi aqvs gamoTqmuli i. gogebaSvils saqarTvelosistoriis rig (maT Soris dRemde problematur) sakiTxebzec. igi urartuelTaistorias Cveni uZvelesi warsulis konteqstSi ganixilavda davanis tbis piras aRmoCenili Zeglebi adreuli qarTuli kulturis naSTebadwarmoedgina: `uaratuelTa winaproba metad did pativsa sdebs qarTvelersa... istoriul WeSmaritebad iTvleba warCinebul istorikosebisa-103

gan, rom urartelebi iyvnen qarTvelTa eris monaTesave winaprebi~(gogebaSvili, 1990/II: gv. 300).Cveni istoriis gariJraJze samagaliTo mefed iakob gogebaSvilifarnavazs miiCnevda da realobad iRebda qarTuli saistorio tradiciiscnobebs mis Sesaxeb, im gansxvavebiT, rom anbanis Seqmnas kategoriulad arukavSirebs farnavazis moRvaweobas.vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis Sefasebisas iakob gogebaSvili aRniSnavda:mefis brZolas iranel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg da mis aRmSeneblobiTRonisZiebebs, rac marTlac mniSvnelovani iyo qveynis Semdgomi mo-RonierebisaTvis. vaxtang gorgaslis rolis saTanado RirsebiT Sefasebisparalelurad samarTliania iakobis SeniSvna, rom Zveli qarTulimwerloba gazviadebul cnobebs gvawvdida mefis Sesaxeb (gogebaSvili,1958/VI : gv. 663).iakob gogebaSvili maRal Sefasebas aZlevs klasikuri xanis qar-Tul kulturas (gogebaSvili, 1958/VI: gv. 678). misi miTiTebiT, sazogadoebriviganviTarebis saerTo done logikurad aisaxa or yvelaze arsebiTfenomenSi - dawinaurebul mwignobrobasa da ganaTlebaSi. savsebiT sworadunda CaiTvalos iakob gogebaSvilis azri, rom sazRvargareT gaSlilisaganmanaTleblo samuSaoebis masStabebs mtkice saZirkvels ganaTlebisadmiTviT qarTveli xalxis Sinagani swrafva, misi miRebis dauokebeliwyurvili umzadebda (gogebaSvili, 1989/I: gv.166-167). ganaTlebisadmiaseTi damokidebulebiT, masze dReniadag zrunviT, saxelmwifo bolodromde imkida kidec sasurvel Sedegs: -`yvela amis Semdeg Tamamad Segvi-Zlia daverwmunoT im momswre pirT, - werda iakobi, - romelnic amboben,rom am saukunis damdegs glexkacebis kargma didma nawilmac ki icodawera-kiTxva; qalaqebSi ki, romelnic wignis codnis siyvaruliT mudam gamoCeniliiyvnen, wera-kiTxvis ucodinars Znelad Sexvdeboda kaci~(gogebaSvili, 1989/I: gv. 168).saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebad daSlis mizezebze saubrisas iakobigamoyofs ramdenime Zireul moments. is rentabelur meurneobas,saerTo ekonomikur mdgomareobas da saboloo jamSi, socialur samarTlianobasganmsazRvrel mniSvnelobas aniWebda qveynis ZlierebisaTvis.Sesabamisad, socialur-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis msxvrevaSi xedavdaiakobi saqarTvelos dauZlurebis erT-erT seriozul mizezs. aseve dau-Zlureba-daqsaqsvis mizezad asaxelebs gareSe mtrebis gamanadgurebelSemosevebs da am SemosevebiT Zalamicemuli centridanuli Zalebis aqtiurmoqmedebas. sayuradReboa, rom iakobi saqarTvelos daSlis mizezebsmimdinare globalur movlenaTa (bizantiis dacema, mahmadianuri samyarosagresiis zrda...) konteqstSic gaiazrebs, rac, TavisTavad, Sida politikurviTarebasac ukiduresad amwvavebda (gogebaSvili, 1989/I: gv.186).104

saqarTvelos CamorCenis mniSvnelovan winapirobad, imdroindelinegatiuri procesebidan gamomdinare, iakob gogebaSvili ganaTlebisa dakulturis daqveiTebasac asaxelebs: `qarTvelebis erToba moispo masukan, roca ganaTleba Caqra Cvens qveyanaSi velur mterTa xangrZlivimbrZaneblobis gamo~ (gogebaSvili, 1958/VI: gv. 693). miuxedavad CamorCenisa,miuTiTebs iakobi, saqarTveloSi kvlavac Zlierad iCenda Tavs warsulismdidari kulturuli tradiciebi, sulieri yofis maRali formebi,rac simtkices matebda qarTveli xalxis Tavdadebas moZalebuli mtrebiswinaaRmdeg. swored am saganmanaTleblo tradiciebis gagrZelebad esaxebodaiakobs XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi, mwignobari mefis vaxtang VI-is miergatarebuli RonisZiebebi, ramac garkveuli droiT marTlac gamoacocxlaqarTuli kultura da istoriuli azrovneba (gogebaSvili, 1958/VI: gv.693).iakob gogebaSvili sakmaod kritikulad ekideboda erekle meorissagareo politikas. is saqarTveloze iranis agresiis ukidures gamwvavebasda misiT gamowveul tragikul procesebs ruseTze orientirebulipolitikiT provocirebulad Tvlida. miuTiTebda, rom aseTi jiquri pozicia(romelic politikuri lavirebis saSualebasac gvikargavda) saer-To viTarebidan gamomdinare ar iyo gamarTlebuli: `ganaTlebis sxivebiwinandelze ufro efineboda saqarTvelos, - wers iakobi, - meTvrametesaukunis qariSxali niavis ZaliT mainc aRwevda Cvenamdis da Cveni qveyanamoZraobaSi mohyavda, afxizlebda. gareSe mtrebic gvisustdebodnen...dRes Tu xval, saqarTvelos eri erTobas litoni mWermetyvelebiT kiaRar moiTxovda, igi moiTxovda muqariT, Zalis moxmarebiT Semusravdayovelgvar ukuRmarTobas, romelic ki misi wadilis winaaRmdegobas gabedavda~(gogebaSvili, 1952/I: gv. 361-362).erekle mefis upatiebel Secdomad Tvlida iakobi imereTis samefosSemoerTebaze uaris Tqmas, aseve memkvidreobis wesis Secvlas, rasacSida politikuri viTarebis ukiduresad gamwvaveba mohyva (gogebaSvili,1989/I: gv.180).migvaCnia, rom zemoT moxmobili msjelobebi bevr saintereso, savsebiTobieqtur Sefasebebs Seicaven. amasTan, Cveni azriT, erekle meorismefobisadmi gamoTqmuli mkacri kritikuli toni ufro Tanamedrove vi-Tarebis simZimiT iyo ganpirobebuli da sinamdvileSi rusuli kolonializmisgakicxvas gulisxmobda, vidre uSualod mefisas. miT ufro, romiakobi sagangebod aRniSnavda erekle mefis mraval Rirsebasac.amrigad, iakob gogebaSvili istorias, mecnierulTan erTad, praqtikulmniSvnelobasac aniWebda: aRiarebda warsulisa da TanamedroveobismWidro kavSirs, warsulis codnis mniSvnelobas eris Semdgomi ganvi-Tarebis perspeqtivebis dasaxvisaTvis. iakobi Tvlida, rom calkeuli xalxebiseTno-fsiqologiuri niSan-Tvisebebi xangrZlivi istoriuli pro-105

cesebis Sedegad yalibdeba, da rom istoriis daviwyeba, sakuTari warsulisadmigulgrili damokidebuleba eris ganadgurebis niSania.literatura gogebaSvili, 1952/I - i. gogebaSvili. Txzulebani. t. I. Tbilisi,1952. gogebaSvili, 1954/III - i. gogebaSvili. Txzulebani. t. III. Tbilisi,1954. gogebaSvili, 1958/VI - i. gogebaSvili. Txzulebani. t. VI. Tbilisi,1958. gogebaSvili, 1989/I - i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani. t. I.Tbilisi, 1989. gogebaSvili, 1990/II - i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani. t. II.Tbilisi, 1990. gogebaSvili, 1990/III - i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani. t. III.Tbilisi, 1990. gogebaSvili, 1990/IV - i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani. t. IV.Tbilisi, 1990. gogebaSvili, 1990/V - i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani. t. V.Tbilisi, 1990. gogebaSvili, 1940/II - i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli nawerebi. t. II.Tbilisi, 1940. gogebaSvili, 1904 - iv. javaxiSvili. mamuliSviloba da mecniereba.Tbilisi, 1904. fondi, 1942/2 - xelnawerTa instituti. i. gogebaSvilis fondi.1944/2.Davit MalazoniaFull professor of the Ilia State UniversityIakob Gogebashvili as a HistorianIakob Gogebashvili had connected the extension of struggle for independence with thereviviscence of national consciousness, patriotic feeling. In this regard he assigned a highpriority to the drawing up of the objective, scientific course of the history of Georgia,which, even without embellishment, is full with the examples of heroic self-sacrifice for thenative land. Namely the true history could spread the real knowledge among the people andby means of this to educate young people with the hope of nation’s awakening and the spiritof corresponding activity.106

Keen interest of Iakob Gogebashvili in the history didn’t set a goal of reconstruction ofthe past. He had realized the great importance of past experience in the solution of problemsof modern age, he just wanted by the means of study of the history “not to revive thedeceased, but to lead out the alive from the bog” (Iakob). History and his knowledge is themost important precondition of further development of ethnic psychology, establishment ofnational character, monolithic status of its will. When burying the history, any people loosesnational features, future landmarks, basically caused by the history and enters the way ofdegradation – this is Iakob’s attitude in relation to history.Namely the deep knowledge of historical evidence allowed Iakob Gogebashvili, alongwith like-minded persons, to repel not so rare attacks of falsifiers of Georgian history.Iakob stood against nihilism in relation to Georgian nation and its past, which didn’trecognize the importance of historical heritage, didn’t see its educational power. Iakob alsocriticized Marxist nihilism against our past, that caused its cosmopolite aspirations.Groundless, unfounded attitude of historians who falsify our past (Senkovsky, Pogodin,Patkanov…) has been reasonably denied by Iakob and contemporary Georgian researchersbasing on serious scientific data, original surveys and foreign historians’ writings. Iakobimpeccably specified the hidden agenda of falsifiers – to seed among the people the feelingof despair, acceptation with the fate by diminution of our past, and declaring of itsnothingness.107

istoria, eTnologia, politikuri mecnierebaniHISTORY, ETHNOLOGY, POLITICAL SCIENCESmariam CxartiSvili,iv. javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetiqeTevan maniasoxumis saxelmwifo universitetiqarTuli identobis wrToba `iveriis~ 1879 wlispublikaciebis mixedviT‣ sakiTxis Seswavlis mdgomareoba da problemis dasmawinamdebare werili nawilia im vrceli gamokvlevisa, 1 romelic miznadisaxavs aRadginos qarTveli eris formirebis xangrZlivi procesi.naSromi efuZneba eqskluziurad `iveriis” monacemebs, romelic, rogorccnobilia, warmoadgenda erT-erT yvelaze ufro gavlenian periodul gamocemasmecxramete saukunis saqarTveloSi.amjerad analizis fokusSia 1879 wlis nomrebi.farTod gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad aRniSnuli saukunismeore naxevari aris xana, roca Camoyalibda qarTveli eri. miuxedavad imisa, romam daskvnas Cven arsebiTad sworad vTvliT, qarTul istoriografiaSiaRniSnuli procesis reprezentacia ar gveCveneba damakmayofileblad.saqme isaa, rom qarTveli eris warmoSobis Sesaxeb msjeloba arsebiTad arscildeba am faqtis ubralo aRniSvnas. problemis kvlevaSi arsebuli xarvezismizezi nawilobriv aris marqsistuli sociologia, romelsac, rogorcTeoriul baziss, efuZneba sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli naSromebis didinawili. 2saqme isaa, rom erovnuli konsolidaciis procesis reprezentaciisaTvis,upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa nacionaluri identobis Camoyalibebis procesisaTvisTvalis midevneba. ai, swored es ver xerxdeba marqsistuli sociologiisCarCoebSi, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom TavisTavad mZlavr1 gamokvleva ganxorcielda rusTavelis fondis mier dafinansebuli (granti 02-08) proeqtis farglebSi `beWduri media da qarTuli nacionaluri identobiswrTobis procesi: ilias `iveria~.2 am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ZiriTadi tendencia, romelsac, samwuxarod,jer kidev ver cvlis bolo xanebSi arsebuli monacemebis Tanamedrove dasavluriTeoriebis CarCoebSi gaazrebis cdebi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs rogorc Cveni:CxartiSvili, 2007: gv. 215-243; mania, 2010: gv. 84-98; CxartiSvili, 2010: gv. 318-319;CxartiSvili, mania, 2010: gv. . 472-483; aseve kolegaTa naSromebi: patariZe, 2005;CxaiZe, 2009; sonRulaSvili, 2010; sakiTxis Seswavlis mdgomareobis ufrodetaluri daxasiaTebisaTvis ix. m. CxartiSvili, q. mania, 2010: gv. 159-189.108

amxsnelobiT sistemas warmoadgens, nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs identobisSeswavlisaTvis mniSvnelovan iseT faqtorebs, rogorebicaa sazogadoebriviRirebulebebi, aRqmebi maxsovrobebi, simboloebi.Cven miznad visaxavT qarTul istoriografiaSi dReisaTvis jer kidevgabatonebuli amgvari damokidebulebis gadasinjvas da qarTvelTa nacionalurikonsolidaciis istoriis detaluri suraTis aRdgenas marqsizmisagangansxvavebuli Teoriuli midgomis fonze.naciisa da nacionalizmis cnebebis gagebisas Cven vefuZnebiT eTnosimbolisturparadigmas, kerZod, eTnosimbolizmis erT-erTi fuZemdeblise. smiTis naSromebs; Cven viziarebT aRniSnuli mecnieris Tvalsazrissimis Taobaze, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, miuxedavad istoriuli viTarebisnairgvarobisa, nacionalisturi ideologiebi emyarebian erTi da imave tipisrwmeniT sistemebs da kulturul resursebs, rac niSnavs imas, rom nacionalizmisZiriTad cnebebs da fundamentur idealebs aqvT universalurixasiaTi; marTebulad vTvliT eTno-nacionalizmis fenomenis e. smiTiseuldaxasiaTebas; veTanxmebiT mtkicebulebebs naciis, rogorc kulturis formis,Taobaze da nacionalizmis istoricizmis da nacionaluri identobisformirebis procesSi humanitaruli inteligenciis gansakuTrebul rolisSesaxeb. (vrclad ix. smiTi, 2004; smiTi, 2008).‣ wyaros reprezentatuloba.rogorc sayovelTaod aris gaziarebuli, media gadamwyvet rolsTamaSobs koleqtiuri kulturuli identobebis Camoyalibebasa da maTSemdgom ganviTarebaSi. post-modernuli epoqa xasiaTdeba Tvisebrivadaxal teqnologiebs dafuZnebuli media-saSualebebiT, romlebic arsebulimsoflio wesrigis afeTqebas uqadian iwveven ra globalur da nacionaluridentobebs Soris urTierTobis daZabvas rogorc politikur, ise kulturuldoneebze. Tavis droze amgvari mZlavri impulsi hqonda damwerlobisgamogonebas. werilobiTi enebi xels uwyobdnen eTnikuri erTobebiswarmoqmnas. rac Seexeba identobrivi evoluciis nacionalur etaps, igiukavSirdeba beWduri medias, romelic warmoadgenda winapirobas standartulibeWduri enebis warmoqmnisaTvis. beWduri media xels uwyobs saerToerovnuli masStabis mkiTxvelTa qselis `warmosaxviT sazogadoebis” (benediqtandersonis mier Semotanili terminia 3 ) Camoyalibebas.ase rom, beWduri media aris naciaTmSeneblobis procesis aramartoamsaxveli, aramed am procesis katalizatoric. es ormagi roli aqcevs massruliad Seucvlel wyarod aRniSnuli sakiTxis kvlevisaTvis.pirveli beWduri wigni qarTul enaze TariRdeba XVII saukuniT. ro-3 beWduri mediis da beWduri kapitalizmis gansakuTrebuli rolis Sesaxeb naciisformirebis procesSi (ix. Anderson, 1983); koleqtiur kulturul identobaze dafuZnebulierTobebis warmoqmnasa da ganviTarebaze mediis impulsis Sesaxeb (ix.Morley, & Robins, 1995);109

gorc cnobilia, es iyo romSi kaTolike misionerebis mier 1629 wels gamocemuli`qarTul-italiuri leqsikoni”. magram aRniSnuliwarmoadgendagankerZoebul faqts da mas ar SeeZlo qarTuli identobis ganviTarebazearsebiTi gavlenis moxdena. meTvramete saukuneSi situacia Seicvala, daiwyowignebis beWdva Tavad saqarTveloSi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs mefe vaxtangVI stambaSi dabeWdili wignebi. mecxramete saukunidan beWdvis procesiiRebs intensiur xasiaTs. 1819 wels gamodis pirveli qarTuli gazeTi. aqedanmoyolebuli perioduli presa iwyebs mniSnelovani rolis TamaSs qar-Tuli erTobis ganviTarebaSi. am gamocemebs Soris sruliad gansakuTrebulia`iveriis” mniSvneloba rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze xangrZlivad gamomavalibeWduri mediisa (1877 wlidan 1906 wlamde gamodioda uwyvetad Tu arCavTvliT im mcire drois monakveTs, roca is droebiT daxuruli iqna).rogorc cnobilia, `iveriis” damfuZnebeli, da redaqtoric mravali wlisganmavlobaSi iyo qarTuli nacionalizmis “mTavari arqiteqtori”, `qar-Tveli eris mama~ ilia WavWavaZe.`iveria~ dafuZnebul iqna 1877 wlis 3 marts. Tavidan iyo yovelkvireuligazeTi, 1879-1885 wlebSi gamodioda rogorc Jurnali, xolo 1886wlidan daxurvamde kvlav iyo gazeTi.‣ nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesis indikatorebi.koleqtiur kulturul identobaze aRmocenebuli eTnikuri erTobisnacionaluri erTobad gardaqmnis process axasiaTebs sazogadoebriviyuradRebis koncentrireba garkveuli Temebisadmi. es Temebi da maTadmisazogadoebrivi interesis intensivoba naciadqmnadobis procesis indikatorebadSeiZleba ganvixiloT.erT-erTi aseTi Tema es aris xalxi. xalxi, rogorc socialuri identobismqone jgufis aRmniSvneli sityva aRniSnul procesSi iqceva koleqtiurkulturul identobaze dafuZnebul erTobis anu naciis aRmniSvnelsityvad. 4xSirad, nacionalistur ideologiaSi xalxi igivdeba glexobasTan.am ukanasknelis idealizacia nacionalizmis universaliaa. 54 ,,moZraoba nacionaluri purifikaciisaken demotikuri eTno-nacionalizmsubiZgebs warmoaCinos xalxi rogorc WeSmaritebisa da keTilSobilebis saunjeda WeSmaritad erovnuli Rirebulebebis ganmasaxierebeli”. ix. Smith, 1999: gv.196.`xalxis” konceptis gansakuTrebulobas nacionalistur ideologiebSi xazsusvams nacianaluri kvlevebis aRiarebuli avtoriteti liah grinfeldi.kerZod, igi SeniSnavs: `nacionalizmis specifikuroba, is rac erovnebasganasxvavebs sxva tipis identobebisagan, momdinareobs im faqtidan, romnacionalizmi individualuri identobis wyaros xedavs `xalxSi”, romelicwarmoudgenia suverenobis matareblad, loialobis umTavres obieqtad da5`..meTvrametemasobrivi solidarobis safuZvlad”. ix. Greenfeld, 1993: gv. 3;saukunidan moyolebuli.. evropa pirdapir waileka romantikuliaRfrTovanebiT glexobisadmi, romelsac miiCnevdnen sufTad, ubralod da gauxrwnelad..”ix. Hobsbaum, 2008: gv. 103;110

nacionalizmis umTvares cnebas avTenturoba warmoadgens. TviTidentifikaciaaris misi mTavari sazrunavi. amitom iZens gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobassakuTari xasiaTis gamokveTa da yvelaferSi unikalobis Zieba: `nacionaluriidentobis ideali koleqtiuri xasiaTisadmi interesiT damisi istoriul-kulturuli konteqstiT gamoirCeva” (smiTi, 2004: gv. 53),miuTiTebs e. smiTi. mas iqve mohyavs citatebi J. rusos da i. herderis na-Sromebidan, rogorc ilustracia imisa, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebs nacionalizmiTviTobas (smiTi, 2004: gv. 53-54.).e. smiTis miTiTebiT, naciebs sakraluri safuZvlebi aqvT. sakralurobiserT-erT wyaros warmoadgens samSoblo miwis, rogorc wminda miwis,gancda, romelic ukavSirdeba saerTo bedisweras, qveynisaTvis TavSewirulgmirebs, romelTa xsovnis ritualuri gaaqtiureba erTobis wevrTacnobierebaSi nacionalist liderTa mudmiv sazrunav Seadgens. rogorc esmiTiTebulia specialur literaturaSi, erTobis nacionalizaciis proces-Si xdeba wminda maxsovrobaTa teritorializeba da gmiruli istoriulieTnolandSaftebis Camoyalibeba (Smith, 2003: gv. 161-165).nacionalizmis ideologiebis saerTo adgili warmoadgens warsulisidealizacias. yuradRebis gamaxvilebas erTobis warsulis `oqros xanaze~aqvs didi socialuri mniSvneloba. amiT xazi esmeba erTobis gangrZobadobas,agreTve, isaxeba sasurveli saerTo momavlis perspeqtivac. rogorcmarTebulad miuTiTeben, nacionalizmis ideologia, erTdrouladmoiazrebs samive dros: awmyos, romelic mosawoni ar aris (`ar gvwyalobs~),warsuls, romelic didebuli iyo da momavals, romelic imedia, rom kargiiqneba, raxan erTobis cxovrebaSi iyo periodi, romlis drosac man gamoavlinaTavisi didebuleba da sicocxlisunarianoba. arsebiTad momavlisdasafuZvlebas emsaxureba koncepti `oqros xana~ da amdenad igi nacionalurikonsolidaciis umTavres indikators warmoadgens (Smith , 2003: gv. 161-165).nacionaluri identoba yovelTvis ikveTeba `mniSvnelovan sxvasTan~mimarTebaSi. arseboben `gareSe sxvebi~, anu sxva qveynebi, agreTve, `Sinaurisxvebi~, anu qveyanaSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebi Tu eTnikuri jgufebi,romlebic gamowvevas warmoadgenen nacionaluri erTobisaTvis. nacionalizaciisepoqa nakleb tolerantulia ucxoTa mimarT, gansakuTrebiTSinaur ucxoTa mimarT (Smith , 2003: gv. 192). sxvisadmi amgvari damokidebulebada `avTenturobis kulti~, rac nacionalizmis ideologiis umTavress maxasiaTebelswarmoadgens, urTierTdakavSirebuli procesebia: sworedavTenturi TviTis Zieba da sakuTar unikalobaze koncentrireba iwvevs Seurigeblobasucxosadmi. amitom Cven/sxva opozicia naciis mSeneblobisprocesSi iZens gansakuTrebul Sinaarssa da simZafres.gansakuTrebuli xdeba erTianobis gancdac, ikveTeba koleqtiuri`Cven~-is cneba. nacionalizmis zogierT proeqtSi es `Cven” efuZnebasisxliT naTesaobas.komunikaciis saSualebebi aseve sagangebo zrunvis sagani xdeba, ra-111

dgan naciis warmoSoba swored am komunikaciaze aris damokidebuli. ena daganaTleba 6 aris aseTi saSualebani, romlebic erTad iZleva erTobis homogenizaciissafuZvels.gansakuTrebul sazriss iZens qalis socialuri poziciis Temac. saqmeisaa, rom nacionalizms aqvs saxalxo xasiaTi da amitom cdilobs moSalosyovelgvari uTanasworoba 7 , maT Soris, genderuli uTansworobac, raTa socialuradsruliad erTgvarovani gaxados erToba. amitomac qalTa saki-Txi, sazogadoebis wevrebad am `damunjebuli jgufis~ gardaqnis problemaaseve nacionalizmis universaluri repertuaris nawilia.yvelaferi, rac iTqva, mravali qveynis gamocdilebis safuZvelzeSedgenili da ganzogadebuli suraTia. nacionalizmis ideologiasTan aRniSnulisakiTxebis kavSiris Sesaxeb arsebobs didZali specialuri literaturadasavleTSi. amjerad, Cven vimowmebT mxolod ramdenimes, konkretuladmaT, romlebic saqarTveloSi xelmisawvdomia. mkiTxvelisaTvis maincyvelaze didi samsaxuris gaweva SeuZliaT saTanado literaturis qarTulenovanTargmanebs, maT Soris, e. d. smiTis im or monografiasac, romlebicwinamdebare naSromis dasawyisSive davasaxeleT.amgvarad, nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesis umTavres indikatorebadSeiZleba miviCnioT sazogadoebrivi interesis gaCena iseTi Temebisadmirogoricaa xalxi, ganaTleba, mSobliuri ena, samSoblo miwa, sxvebi,Cveni erToba, Cveni xasiaTi, Cveni kultura, Cveni bedi, Cveni qalebi daa.S. swored maTi gaTvaliswinebiT qvemoT aris ganxiluli `iveriis” publikaciebi.‣ masalis analizi.amjerad, rogorc iTqva, Cven davakvirdebiT qarTuli identobisformirebis process `iveriis~ 1879 wlis publikaciebis meSveobiT. am wels6 qarTuli enis, rogorc identuri markeris Sesaxeb ix. Cveni zemoT dasaxelebuli statiam. CxartiSvili, q. mania. qarTuli identobis enobrivi markeri premodernul xanaSi danacionaluri konsolidaciis epoqaSi; xolo ganmanaTleblobis proeqtisa da `didiidentobebis” anu nacionaluri identobebis urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb ix. g.TevzaZe. ra aris ganmanaTlebloba? Jurnali solidaroba (saintrneto versia).7 nacionalizmi warmoiSva rogorc demokratiis forma: `suverenobis dakavSirebaxalxTan da aRiareba sxvadasxva fenis fundamenturi Tanasworobis principisa, racmodernuli nacionaluri ideis arsebas warmoadgens, amave dros demokratiisbazisuri mtkicebulebaa. demokratia daibada erovnobis azriT.. es ori arsebiTadurTierTdakavSirebulia, da arcerTi maTganis gageba ar SeiZleba am kavSiris miRma..Tavidan nacionalizmi viTardeboda rogorc demokratia. da sadac TavdapirveliganviTarebis pirobebi ucvlelia, am oris igivurobac SenarCuneblia. magramnacionalizmi gavrcelda sxvadasxva garemoSi da naciis ideaSi aqcenti suverenobidangadavida xalxis unikalobaze. Sedegad nacionalizmisa da demokratiis Tavdapirveliigiveoba daikarga. am daskvnidan gamomdinareobs is azri, rom demokratiis eqsportiSeuZlebelia. zogierTi naciisaTvis is Tandayolili midrekilebaa, maSin, rocasruliad ucxoa sxvebisaTvis, romelTac ar SeuZliaT misi miReba an ganviTareba,radgan amis gakeTeba maTgan moiTxovs identobis Secvlas” (Greenfeld, 1993: gv.10).112

`iveria~ ukve yovelTviuri Jurnalia. Tumca meTerTmete-meTormete nomeriar gamosula, ris Sesaxebac JurnalSi Cakruli gancxadeba atyobinebs mkiTxvelebs.aRniSnulis mizezi, rogorc amas, momdevno wlis pirveli nomrisgancxadebidan vgebulobT, yofila redaqciis survili Jurnali `iveria~ufro krebuls damsgavseboda, vidre periodul gamocemas. Sesabamisad,Cveni kvlevis obieqtia 10 nomris masala.Jurnals aqvs ramdenime ZiriTadi ganyofileba - beletristuli, werilebisda qronikis ganyofilebebi. beletristikis ganyofilebaSi gamoqveynebuliaromanebi, moTxrobebi, poemebi, leqsebi, rogorc originaluri,ise Targmanebi; werilebSi mocemulia istoriuli, kritikuli, eTnografiulixasiaTis naSromebi; qronikaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva`Sinaur mimoxilvas~, sadac gaSuqebulia Cveni qveynis yovel kuTxeSi ganviTarebulimovlenebi. sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom redaqcias yvelakuTxeSi hyolia sando pirebi, romelTaganac iRebda informcias. garda Sinaurimimoxilvisa, gamoqveynebulia ruseTisa da sazRvargareTis qveynebisviTarebis mimoxilva. samecniero qronikaSi ganxilulia Cveni qveynisistoriisaTvis saintereso sakiTxebze Seqmnili qarTuli da ucxoenovanisamecniero werilebi. aseve saintereso masalebiaris gamoqveynebuli Teatris qronikaSi, sadac mocemulia qarTul scenaze warmodgenilipiesebis, Semsruleblebis xelovnebis kritikuli garCeva.aqve davZenT, rom `iveria~. iTvaliswinebs qveyanaSi arsebul mZimesocialur viTarebas da Tavis mkiTxvelebs aZlevs SesaZleblobas nawilnawilgadaixadon Jurnalis safasuri. aseve zrunavs Jurnalis mkiTxvelamdedroze misvlis Sesaxeb - Tu dagvianebas eqneba adgili, iTxovs aucilebladSeatyobinon redaqcias.gansaxilvel wyaroSi TvalsaCinod aris warmodgenili qarTulierTobis yoveldRiuri arsebobis amsaxveli suraTebi. korespondenciebiSeexeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferos _ iqneba es socialuri,ekonomikuri, politikuri Tu kulturuli sakiTxebi, qveynis SigniT dagareT mimdinare movlenebi.Jurnalis 1879 wlis pirveli nomeri ixsneba dimitri Tavdadebulisistoriis gadmocemiT. naciis erTobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan faqtors,rogorc iTqva, warmoadgens qveynisTvis Tavdadebul gmirTa xsovnisgaZliereba. swored nacionaluri ideebis gavrcelebas eweoda xalxSibeWduri media `iveriis~ saxiT, riTac xels uwyobda eris TviTcnobierebis ama-Rlebasa da ganviTarebas. am mxriv gamorCeulia dimitri mefis Tavdadebaqveynisa da sarwmunoebisaTvis. dimitri mefis moRvaweobaze, erisaTvisTavdadebaze, misi rogorc mefis movaleobaze, Cven 1878 wlis nomrebis (sadacpoemis 12 muxli iyo gamoqveynebuli) ganxilvisas gvaqvs mocemuli(CxartiSvili, mania, 2010: gv. 174-176). Cveni dakvirvebis obieqtia xalxisdamokidebuleba am sakiTxisadmi. rogor Sexvda xalxi dimitris gadawyvetilebas.saTaTbirod Sekrebili darbazi Txovs mefes ar gaemgzavros saya-113

enoSi da ar daaoblos eri. eri jaris Segrovebas da mterTan SebrZolebasurCevs mefes. qudze kaci gamovalTo qveynis dasacavad - evedreboda xalxidimitris. erTma moxucebulma Tavisi orive vaJiSvili Caayena qveynis samsaxurSida uTxra mefes:... Cems qveyanas mtlad daude!omSi, mefev, giCvenebenra lomebs zrdis qarTvlis bude.xalxi ubrZolvelad damorCilebas saxelovan sikvdils amjobinebda:Tu vera vZlevT, davixocneTsaxeliTa da didebiT...poemaSi umefod darCena oblobasTan, umamobasTan aris gaigivebuli. amavedros xalxs gacnobierebuli aqvs mefisadmi erTguleba, rom qveynisaTviserTgulebis tolfasia. dimitris eama xalxis erTguleba. igi aseT pasuxsaZlevs berikacs:SabaS qarTvels!... guli Turmesikvdilamde gulad rCeba.magram mefes mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili sayaenoSi gamgzavreba. igifiqrobda, rom misi qveyana mis msxverpls iTxovda:me erTi var, Tqven mravali,gvijobs erTiT bevris rCena,Tu Tqven me ar gemetebiT,me rad gagimetoT Tqvena?....aseT SemTxvevaSi mefe qveynis WirTa mZled unda iqces da saWiroebisSemTxvevaSi sicocxlec unda gaiRos. es misi rogorc mefis, umTavreisi movaleobaaqveynis winaSe.maS rad aris mefe mefedTu ar qveynis WirTa mZlea?Tundac mohkvdes qveynisaTviseg sikvdili sicocxlea...ambobs dimitri da midis. ukan mTeli krebuli mistiris- eri, beri,glexoba da didkacoba cremlebiT acilebs qveynisTvis Tavdadebul mefes.urTierTdandoba, erTguleba, mamulis siyvaruli, ai, ra akldailias saqarTvelos. swored, am uzenaesi Rirebulebebis gaZlierebas daganmtkicebas emsaxureboda istoriuli poemebis publikacia (1).qarTuli erTobis warsulis idealizaciasTan erTad gansakuTrebuliyuradReba eqceoda Tanadrouli mwignobrobis ganviTarebaze zrunvas. yovelimwerloba xalxis cxovrebis gamomxatvelia da, Sesabamisad, aucilebeliiyo zrunva mwignobrobis saqmis winmsvlelobaze, wignebis gamocemis momravlebaze,maT xarisxze, radgan sazogadoeba mwerlobaSi da xelovnebaSieZebs Tavis gulis da gonebis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas. werilSi, avtorip. umikaSvili, kritikulad afasebs mis Tanamedrove dawinaurebulsazogadoebas. aRniSnavs, rom maTi didi nawili, romelTaganac mwerlebi114

gamodian, amaoebas miscemia da qarafSuta cxovrebas eweva. am samwuxarosuraTma ganapiroba is garemoeba, rom TiTo-orolas garda, Cvens mwerlebssamoqmedo asparezad Jurnal-gazeToba aurCevia. mwerlebis mcire nawilsacki, romlebsac mwerloba aurCeviaT, qarTuli mwerlobisaTviszurgi SeuqceviaT da ucxouri mwerlobis samsaxurSi Camdgaran. amiT,saboloo jamSi, savalalo mdgomareobaSi Cavarda qarTuli kulturissaganZuri -qarTuli mwerloba gaRaribebis safrTxis winaSe dadga. aseT vi-TarebaSi ganuzomelia publikaciis mniSvneloba. igi upirvelesadSeaxsenebs sazogadoebas valdebulebas- gaufrTxildes saukuneebiT SemonaxulZvirfas saunjes da izrunos qarTuli mwerlobis warmatebisaTvis.aqve, avtoris SeniSvniT, gamomcemlebi qarTuli saunjis salaros miadgnenda mihyves xeli deda literaturis naSromTa gamocemas. amiT xalxs miawodesZvirfasi saxalxo kuTvnileba. gamomcemlebma saqmianoba patar-patarawignebis beWdviT daiwyes, arsebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT,radgan finansuri TvalsazrisiT nakleb xarjTan iyo dakavSirebuli.es sakmaod gabeduli da marTebuli nabiji iyo da xalxis moTxovnilebisgarkveulwilad dakmayofilebas isaxavda miznad. avtori urCevs qarTvelmwerlebs kritikis nacvlad saTanado monawileoba miiRon am saSviliSvilosaqmeSi. xazgasmiT miuTiTebs, rom amaTma Sromam yvela mwerals da xalxiskeTilismyofels unda moagonos TavianTi valdebuleba xalxisadmi, xalxisganaTlebisa da warmatebisadmi -`ra gvaqvs exla saerTod yvelasaTvisTvalsaCeni Zvirfasi SemaerTebeli, amamaRlebeli, gamakeTilSobilebeliTu ar samSoblo literatura da ena? ganaTlebisa da xalxis warmatebisa-Tvis erTi saCeni rama gvaqvs, romelSiac mWidrod aerTebs ganaTlebul sazogadoebasada uswavlel, ucodinar xalxsa. im wamSi, rodesac Cveni literaturadaiSriteba, maSinve Sewydeba erToba da kavSiri ganaTlebulsa da gaunaTlebelskacSi~. amitomac qarTuli mwerlobis nimuSebis gamocema sayuradReboiqneboda, erTi mxriv, qarTuli kulturis popularizaciisaTvis, meoremxriv, erovnuli erTobis konsolidaciisaTvis (1).erovnuli literaturis mniSvnelobaze msjeloba grZeldeban. daviTaSvilis werilSi `fiqri da SeniSvna~. literaturas gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba aqvs mZime cxovrebis gamo gulgatexili da dabeCavebulixalxis mimarTulebis gansazRvrasa da warmatebis gzaze dayenebaSi. magramXIX s-is II naxevris mwerloba, avtoris SeniSvniT, daSorebulia mis umTavresdaniSnulebas, qarTulma mwerlobam SeiZina Seuwynarebeli xasiaTi`sxvisi anabroba, sxvisi WkuiT fiqri~. amiT, avtori miuTiTebs, ara sxvisiWkuis monagaris ukugdebaze, aramed imaze, rom yovel xalxs da qveyanasaqvs Tavisi sakuTari xasiaTi, romliTac igi ganirCeva sxva xalxisa da qveynisagan.literaturis TviTmyofoba aucilebeli pirobaa warmatebis gzaze.Tu kacis Wkua-goneba ymawvilobidanve gamozrdilia ucxo enaze, swavla-gana-Tleba ucxo-enaze miuRia, igi sanaxevrod amoglejilia Tavis samSoblodan,sanaxevrod dakargulia Tavisi qveynis Wkua-gonebiT moRvaweobisaTvis -115

`TviT-myofoba, TviTmoRvaweoba Wkua-gonebisa aris amis Tamasuqi literaturiswarmatebisaTvis da ganviTarebisaTvis; gansakuTrebuli Tviseba, Taviseburiferovneba aris is niadagi, is sfera sadac frTas isxams sagvar-tomo,saxalxo literatura~ (1).qarTuli erTobis konsolidaciisaTvis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgendamyari ekonomikuri erTobis Seqmna. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoawerilebis seria `cxovreba da kanoni~, romlis avtoria i. WavWavaZe. werilebSiasaxulia sazogado cxovrebaSi momxdari cvlilebebi. ganxilulia1864 wlidan glexTa ymobisagan ganTavisuflebis sakiTxi, ruseTis mTavrobismier gatarebuli reformebis sargeblianobis Tu adgilobriv CveulebasTanSeTanadebis problema. CvenTvis gansaxilvel periodSi qveyndebaTviTmmarTvelobis reformis sakiTxis analizi. avtori mkiTxvelebs warmoudgensTviTmmarTvelobis Sinaarss, gansxvavebas centralizaciasa dadecentralizacias, saxelmwifo gamgeobisa da TviTmmarTvelobis formasSoris. Semdgom gadadis 1861 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis sakiTxSi wesdebisnaklis gaanalizebaze. rogorc werilidan vgebulobT, wesdebam TviTruseTis Sida guberniebSic ver gaamarTla. Tumca Sida imperiis wesdebaSigarkveuli sikeTec gamokveTila - kanonmdebels yuradReba miueqca iqaurisoflis viTarebis, ekonomikur, ojaxobriv da sazogadoebriv wyobisaTvis.Cveni wesdeba pirdapir iqna gadmoRebuli ruseTidan, rac umTavresi mizezigaxda Cveneburi mmarTvelobis uvargisobisa _ igi ar iyo aRmocenebuliCveni soflis Sinaur mowyobilobaze, mis ekonomikur, ojaxobriv da sazogadoebrivviTarebaze.i. WavWavaZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs TviTmmarTvelobis wesdebaSiarsebul meore umniSvnelovanes naklzec, rac mdgomareobda xmis da arCevanisTavisuflebis SezRudvaSi. wesdebis mixedviT xmis da arCevanisufleba hqondaT mxolod kameralur aRweraSi calke komlad dasaxelebulsaxlis ufros glexebs. igi miuTiTebda, rom TviTmmarTvelobidan visimegamokleba dauZlurebaa warmatebisaTvis mimarTuli Ronisa. warmatebisaTvis,saWiroa, rom yovelni Zalni erTobisani erTad, erTgvarad iyvnen midrekilnida miwveulni, TviT warmatebac, ganviTarebac maSin aris WeSmariti da nayofieri,roca yvelani erTgvarad hswvdebian saerTo sikeTes, erTgvarad daerT-saxiT gaWirebis uRels ewevian da Tanasworad inawileben uflebas damovaleobas (1).gansaxilveli Jurnalis `Sinaur mimoxilvaSi~, rogorc zemoTaRvniSneT, cxovelmyofeli suraTebiT aris warmodgenili qarTuli erTobisyoveldRiuri cxovrebis amsaxveli movlenebi. rubrika iwyeba saqar-Tvelos istoriaSi momxdari umniSvnelovanesi movlenis berlinis xelSekrulebisSedegebis ganxilviT. ruseT-TurqeTis berlinis SeTanxmebiT osmalossaqarTvelo deda-samSoblos SemouerTda. saqarTvelos Camocilebuliteritoriis SemoerTeba ucilobel WeSmaritebas warmoadgenda -Cveni Zmebi, Cveni sisxl-xorci, CvenTan erTad `mebrZoli Savi bedisa, Cveni116

gmirebis bude, Cveni uwindeli ganaTlebis da swavlis akvani, Cveni Zveli saqarTvelodRes Cven SemogvierTda~. rogorc zemoT mocemuli epizodidanCans, naciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela arsebiTi niSani - sisxliT Camomavloba,saziaro mnemonikuri tradiacia, saxelovan gmirTa kulti, sulierisimdidre, ganapirobebda ucilobel WeSmaritebad teritoriul mijaWvulobas.berlinis xelSekrulebam didi sikeTe moutana saqarTvelos. `amdenixnis daSorebuli Zmani isev erTmaneTs Segvyarao~ - ambobs i. WavWavaZe damouwodebs qarTvel sazogadoebas, rogorc Zmebs Seefereba `ise davxvdeT,Cveni daurRveveli kavSiris gabma ueWveliao~. umTavres problemas axalSemoerTebul saqarTvelos nawilSi warmoadgenda swavla-ganaTlebis unificirebissakiTxi. saamisod xalxis TviTmoqmedebis gamofxizleba iyo sa-Wiro, raTa saerTo sazrunavad qceuliyo sasoflo skolebis gamarTva,aramarto aWara-qobuleTSi, aramed mTlianad saqarTveloSi. aqve rubrikaSeexeba qarTuli enis swavlebis sakiTxs qarTul skolebSi, radgan enas gansakuTrebulifunqcia aqvs identobis formirebis procesSi. amitomacJurnali uyuradRebod ar tovebs am TvalsazrisiT ganviTarebul arc erTmovlenas. avtori aRSfoTebuli gviyveba imis Sesaxeb, rom qarTuli ena gamodevniliqna qarTuli skolebidan konkretuli pirebis (zaxarovis, kuv-Sinskis) mier. rogorc statiidan vgebulobT, es ar yofila mTavrobisakrZalva. imperatoris reskripti, piriqiT, aucileblad acxadebda pirveldawyebiTiganaTlebis mSobliur enaze miRebas. zaxarovis da kuvSinskisqmedebebs daupirispirda maswavlebelTa sasoflo kreba, romelmacSeaferxa skolis mniSvnelobis wabilwvis SiSi da aRiara, rom qarTuli enaunda daedvas qvakuTxedad Cvens ganaTlebas. aseve saprotesto werilebigamuqveynebiaT media-saSualebebs (`droeba~, `Тифлисский Вестникь~) aRniSnulsakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. sazogado protests Sedegad am misiis mesveurebisazris cvlileba mohyolia, rasac ase afasebs avtori `ugvan azrs isearaferi sWris fesvebs, rogorc uaryofa im pirTa mxriT, romelic sxvazeufro niWieri da sxvaze ufro gulmodgined moRvawe iyo im ugvani azris-Tvis~.garda amisa, aRniSnuli rubrika Seexeba qalaqis saswavleblebSi Seqmnilsamwuxaro viTarebas - mowafeTa siaSi ormocidan mxolod ori-samiyofila qarTveli. amis mizezad dasaxelebulia pirveldawyebiTi ganaTlebisaramSobliur (rusul enaze) miReba. werilSi miTiTebulia, rom aucilebeliadroulad miaqcios qarTulma sazogadoebam am sakiTxs jerovaniyuradReba, rom swavla-ganaTlebis SeZenisaTvis safuZveli miRebul iqnasmSobliuri enis SemweobiT. avtori aqve sTavazobs mkiTxvelebs qarTulienis funqciisa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb vrcel ganmartebas: `ena saganZeaxalxis Wkuisa, zneobisa, grZnobisa, ena sulia xalxisa, enis warTmeva sulTaxdis da modi da mere ikiTxe xalxs ratom ar vuyvarvaro. vin? sulTamxdeli?eg bunebis winaaRmdegia da am SemTxvevaSi bunebis Zali uZlevelia...117

sulTa mxdels kaci ver Seiyvarebs, vera, vera!... amis garda sazogadoebaimiTia wagebaSi, naswavli nawili sazogadoebisa hkargavs aRmzrdels da ganmanaTlebelsgavlenas xalxzed da Tavis mxridan moklebulia xalxis cxovrebisgamacocxlebel gavlenasa. radgan ena, eg urTierTSoris miqcevmoqcevisukeTesi iaraRi, xelT ara aqvs, marTeblobac zaralSia, radganacmas mxolod maSin SeuZlia kargad, wesierad marTos xalxi, rodesac mismamoxeleebma kargad ician xalxis ena, Tvisebani, xasiaTi da zne-Cveulebani.winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi xalxsa da moxeleT Soris yru-munjobaa da amasimisTana saqmeebic mosdevs, rogorc siRnaRisa, samegrelosa da svaneTisa~.avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs sasuliero wodebaSi arsebul urTulesviTarebazec da momxdar sanugeSo cvlilebebze axdens aqcentirebas.saubaria Cveni sasuliero wodebis meuRleebis (`fofodiebis”) gaunaTleblobaze.`fofodiebSi~ Znelad moiZebneboda wera-kiTxvis mcodneni`ojaxi unda dRemudam sazrdos awvdides mis sulsa da gulsa, raTa gonebi-Tis da zneobiTis axali ZaliT Seimosos borotTan, macTurebasTan, usamarTlobasTansabrZolvelad. amis momqmedi ojaxSi colia mRvdelisa, romelicmarTlada meuRledaa mowveuli im did RvawlisaTvis, romlis mZimeuRelic mRvdels awevs kisrad. gonebadaxSuli qali ver gauwevs mRvdelsam mZime uRels da dRes Cveni samRvdeloeba dacemulia~. amis umTavres mizezaddasaxelebulia samRvdeloebaTa wodebis qalTa gaunaTlebloba.aRniSnuli garemoebisaTvis saTanado yuradReba miuqcevia axal egzarqossyovlad samRvdelo ioannikes da gadauwyvetia eqvsklasiani saswavleblisdaarseba. saamisod eklesiis xazinaSi saWiro Tanxis ararsebobisgamo, egzarqoss sakuTari jibidan gauRia Tanxa. `etyoba sruliad arhgavs im uangaro gvamTa, romelTac oci wlis samsaxuris Semdeg orasi aTasimaneTiT datvirTulni wavidnen Cveni qveynidan da madlobis magier cudadacgvixsenieben~ (1).mZime socialuri viTarebaa asaxuli i. WavWavaZis moTxrobaSi `saxrCobelazed~.sainteresod aris warmodgenili patiosani, mSromeli kacispetres saxe, romelic qalaqSi mimavali orma yaCaRma gaZarcva. qalaqSi Casulpetres verafriT daujerebia, rom mkvlelobisTvis adamiani SeiZlebaCamoaxrCon. friad sainteresoa moTxrobis finali. CamoxrCobili avazakisZma (maT gaZarcves petrec gzaSi) petres adanaSaulebs misi Zmis saxrCobelamdemisvlaSi. gaognebuli kiTxulobs petre `me ra SuaSi varo~ (2)... marTlacdara SuaSi iyo petre. magram vin iyo SuaSi esec xom sakiTxavia.moTxrobis mizania sazogadoebis Seqmna, swored sazogadoebas koleqtivsmoeTxoveba pasuxi arsebul mZime viTarebaze.amave nomris werilebis seriaSi `cxovreba da kanoni~ warmodgeniliasoflis TviTmmarTvelobis wesdebaSi kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis saki-Txis ganxilva. rogorc ganxilvidan Cans, kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principidarRveuli yofila. wesdeba soflis mSvidobianobis damyarebas mamasaxlissavaldebulebda, magram igi mxolod maSin moqmedebda Tavisuflad,118

odesac danaSauls glexkaci Cadioda. `danaSauloba gana glexkacis aucilebeliTvisebaa? sxva ara-glexi, soflis wreSi mcxovrebi ar aris miTamsaSiSari wesisa da rigisaTvis~- svams kiTxvas avtori. aseve soflis sasamarTlosacxeli mxolod glexkacze miuwvdeboda, mxolod maSin iyo TavisufaliTavis uflebebSi, rodesac danaSauls glexkaci Cadioda. `ra pativiTunda uyurebdes glexi im mmarTvelobas, romelic xmas ar iRebs uRonobiTroca glexs upatiurad xdis ara-glexi da roca ki ara-glexs upatiurebamiadgeba glexisagan maSin ki Zalasa da Rones iCens~. aSkaraa, rom avtorisTanagrZnoba glexis mxarezea da ara marto am SemTxvevaSi, es motivimTlianad gansazRvravs mis Semoqmedebas, rac ganpirobebuli iyo im garemoebiT,rom glexi ZiriTad masas warmoadgenda qarTuli erTobisaTvis,amitomac misdami yuradReba didia.avtorma Camoayaliba umTavresi naklovanebani TviT-mmarTvelobisa,riTac xazi gausva am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT kanonmdeblobis gadaxedvisaucileblobas (2).meore nomris `Sinauri mimoxilva~ Seexeba am droisaTvis isevdaisevaqtualur ruseT-TurqeTis omis Sedegebs da axladSemoerTebul teritoriazearsebul mZime mdgomareobas. werili saxelmwifos uwmindes movaleobadacxadebs xalxis daxmarebas, maT keTildReobaze zrunvas. daxmarebaxalxisTvisac sasargebloa da saxelmwifosTvisac `xalxi fexze wamomdgariufro Ronea saxelmwifosTvis, vidre davrdomili da suliT daxorciT gaTaxsirebuli; marto gulmogebuli da fexmomagrebuli xalxiauSreti wyaro saxelmwifos simdidrisa da Zalisa~. amitomac aucilebel sa-Wiroebad aris dasaxelebuli mTlianad qarTvelobis CarTva am saqmeSi `qarTvelobav,Cveni uwmidesi valia, unda miveSvelneT!... Raribni varTo viZaxiT,magram qveyanazed marto Raribma icis, ra aris Svela, ra aris Zmoba ga-WirebaSi... axla Sen ici rogor daumtkiceb qveyanas mama-papaT anderZs: Zma Zmis-Tvisa da Sav dRisTvisao!...~ (2)Jurnalis yovel nomerSi mocemulia axali wignebis kritikuli ganxilvarogorc qarTul enaze, aseve ucxo enaze dabeWdili naSromebze, romlebicCvens qveyanas da xalxs Seexebian. gamoqveynebulia recenzia mogzauris pietrodela vales papi urbanus mervisadmi moxsenebaze saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.rogorc irkveva, mravali aramarTebuli azri gvxvdeba ucxour naSromeb-Si, romelTa Sesworeba recenzents sqolioebSi aqvs mocemuli.pietro della vale mogviTxrobs saqarTvelos daSlis epoqas. Rirseuladixseniebs qarTveli xalxis adrindel didebas, gviyveba saukuneebismanZilze ganviTarebul movlenebze da gvixatavs SemaZrwunebel suraTssaqarTvelos dacemisas, mefeebsa da mTavrebs Soris atexil SfoTs, CvenimZvinvare da dauRalavi mtrebisagan - monRolebisa da sparselebisagan,osmalebisa da lekebisagan xalxis aoxrebis suraTebs. warmodgenili ganxilvidanvgebulobT, rom avtors moxsenebaSi mravali Secdoma aqvs daSvebuli,magram sazogadod ar ewinaaRmdegeba matianur ambebs. Cveni yurad-119

Reba miiqcia Tavad-aznaurobis da mdabio xalxis damokidebulebis gadmocemam.misi monaTxrobis mixedviT, Tavad-aznauroba da mdabio xalxi erTmaneTsar emoyvrebian. Tavad-aznauroba ar cxovrobs qalaqSi. maTi azriT,qalaqebSi unda icxovron mdabal xalxma da xelosnebma, romelTac SeuZliaTiq miecnen vaWrobas an aReb-micemobas. es azri ise gavrcelebulia qarTvelebSi,rom imisTanebsac, romelnic ar arian aznaurebi, eZagebaT qalaqSicxovreba da xeloba da vaWroba; rogorc vaWrobas, ise xelosnobas uTmobenucxo qveynelebs - somxebs, uriebs, TviTon ki TavianT cxovrebas atarebensaWiroebis SemTxvevaSi omianobaSi an eklesiis samsaxurSi.es CanarTi erTgvari miniSnebaa imisa Tu rogor aRmoCnda ucxo identobisxelSi mTavari saqalaqo centrebi - Tbilisi, Telavi, gori, surami,rogor Caigdes xelSi vaWroba-xelosnoba, romlis wyalobiTac moaxerxesqonebis dagroveba da samoxeleo Tanamdebobebsac moergnen. am pasaJiT`sxva~ identoba qarTul identobas rogorc dovlaTis mwarmoebels raRacamanqanebiT arTmevs aramarto mis mier Seqmnil dovlaTs, aramed marTvis sadaveebsacCamoacilebs. swored amiT aris ganpirobebuli `iveriis~ uaryofiTidamokidebuleba somxebisa da ebraelebisadmi (3).korespondencia kaxeTidan yvarelSi arsebul mZime viTarebas asaxavs.korespondenciis mixedviT, sofelSi wamomarTuli Senobebi Tavisi marniT,sasimindeTi, saToneTi, beReliT, baRCaTi da gaSenebuli sxvadasxva xexiliTerT dros SeZlebuli macxovreblebis arsebobaze migvaniSnebda. magramviTareba Secvlila, xalxi uilajobiT welSi moxrila, did siRaribeSiCavardnila da zneobiTac dacemula. rogorc werilidan Cans, aseT gasa-WirSi mosaxleoba vaWrebis wyalobiT Cacvivnula.erT weliwads venaxi nacars gaunadgurebia da glexebs aRebuli valebisgastumreba ver mouxerxebiaT. am mdgomareobiT usargebliaT vaWrebs daglexebisTvis valis sanacvlod mamulebis warTmeva dauwyiaT Rirebulebisnaxevar fasad. mosaxleoba siRaribemde misula yovelive amis wyalobiT.garda siRaribisa, yvarelSi gavrcelebuli yofila SurisZieba, Ralati,qurdoba. werilSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia Telavel advokatebze.identobis istoriis TvalsazrisiT aq warmodgenili ambavi yuradRebasiqcevs erTi mxriv, Cven-sxva identobis mimarTebis, meore mxriv, zneobisda pasuxismgeblobis dacemis TvalsazrisiT. gakicxvis sagans warmoadgenssomexi cru-advokatebi, konkretulad stefan stefanovi, romelic simdidrisdagrovebis survils ise daubrmavebia, rom sindisze xeli auRiada Telavis bulvarze sajarod ganucxadebia `movigeb Tu wavageb saqmesaCemTvis sulerTia. me ra mekargeba? - fuls winadve varTmev da videb jibe-Si!...~ amgvari advokatebi mravlad yofila TelavSi. korespondentis SeniSvniT,iseTnairad hyvlefavdnen xalxs, ase aRa-mahmad-xansac ar gauZarcvavsTbilisi. rogorc zemoT aRniSnuli magaliTidan Cans, somxebisadmiuaryofiTi damokidebulebis mizezi yofila aramarto eTnikuri warmomavloba,aramed is samoxeleo Tanamdebobebi, romlebic arakeTilsindisieri120

gziT moupovebiaT (am azrs gvidasturebs qvemoT warmodgenili komedia`advokatebis~ ganxilva) da romlis wyalobiTac sisxlis mwovelebad moevlinenqarTvelobas (3).i. WavWavaZis avtorobiT gamoqveynebuli werilebis seria `cxovreba dakanoni~ amjerad axali wesdebiT momrigebeli mosamarTlobis SemoRebissakiTxs Seexeba. sasamarTlo reformas qveyana sikeTis da WeSmaritebisgzaze unda daeyenebina. magram adgilobriv viTarebas morgebuli araRmoCnda. Cveuli sarkazmiT aris es faqti gadmocemuli `adgilobriviviTareba~ xmaamouRebeli saxedaria: visac ra unda imas ahkideben da gadahkidebenxolme: es ubeduri, yvelasgan dabriyvebuli, utyvi `adgilobriviviTareba~ sasacilo yofaSia CvenSi~. garda amisa, Cvens wesdebaSi amoRebuliqna momrigebeli mosamarTlis adgilobrivi warmomavlobis aucilebloba,mosamarTlis arCevanis ufleba. avtoris guliswyromas iwvevs xalxis indiferentuloba,im xalxisa, romelic ambobs simarTliT moWrili xeli armetkinebao (3).`Sinauri mimoxilva~ sazogadoebrivi msjavris amoqmedebis magaliTebsSeexeba. sazogadoebam gaacnobiera, rom samarTlianobis damkvidrebas xeliTviT, sazogadoebamac unda Seuwyos. am mxriv, TvalsaCino magaliTiaquTaisis advokatebis mier uzneo saqcielis gamo kolegis mxilebis faqti.quTaisis sazogadoebas Tavi gamouCenia siavis da borotebis gakicxviT dazneobis kanonebs TviTon daudga Tavdebad. quTaisis advokatebma amxileskolega, romelsac sazRauri ukve aRebuli hqonda, pasuxismgeblobis damovaleobis SeusruleblobisaTvis. es SesaniSnavi nimuSi iyo sazogadoebrivimsjavris amoqmedebisaTvis (3).momdevno nomris samecniero qronikaSi warmodgenilia recenzia doqtori. rainegsis naSromze `saqarTvelos politikuri da ekonomikurimdgomareoba~ (germanul enaze). avtori xazgasmiT aRniSnavs werilis mizans- vinaidan naklebad iyo cnobili Cveulebrivi xalxis yofa-cxovreba,iqneb am naSromSi Seetyo rame. amitom gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevsinformacias xalxis Sesaxeb. rainegss Svidjer mouvlia saqarTvelo, magram,recenzentis aRniSvniT, aqaur cxovrebas rigianad ver dahkvirvebia.igi kritikulad afasebs qarTvel xalxs glexidan dawyebuli umaRlesi xelisuflebiTdamTavrebuli. gvimtkicebs, rom qarTvelebi mxolod qonebisSeZenisaTvis omobdneno, rac recenzentis gansakuTrebul aRSfoTebasiwvevs. Tumca iqve dasZens `bevr naklulevanebas gvwamebs, romelTac acilebulnivarT qarTvelebi, magram bevr mosasmenad mware simarTlesac gveubnebao~(4).Jurnalis `Sinauri mimoxilva~ sazogadoebis yuradRebas miapyrobsisev da isev swavla-ganaTlebis sakiTxs saqarTvelos axladSemoerTebul teritoriaze.am TvalsazrisiT aWara-qobuleTSi aucilebel saWiroebas warmoadgendaskolebis gamarTva. wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebasruliad qarTvelobas mouwodebda am saqmeSi CarTvisaken: `sazogado saq-121

mes yvelam erTad unda vemsaxuroT _ sazogado saqmisTvis `me~ uRonoaTu `Cven~ gacudebulia~ (4).osmalTa batonobis Sedegebia gaanalizebuli momdevno werilSi `xmabaTomidan~. werili qarTuli erTobis istoriis TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanesniSnulze _ enobriv sakiTxebze axdens aqcentirebas, sadacdeda-ena warmoCenilia rogorc qarTvelobis SenarCunebis umTavresimarkeri. avtori xazgasmiT miuTiTebs, osmalTagan enis Secvlis uSedegomcdelobis Sesaxeb da aRfrTovanebuli gviyveba baTumsa da mis olqSiqarTuli enis daculobis Taobaze `mxolod rjuli aqvT Secvlili da escvlileba gviCvenebs qarTvelis erT karg Tvisebas kidev, e.i. imas, romqarTveli sarwmunoebas uyurebs safuZvlianis gonebis Tanaxmad, rogorcmeore mniSvnelobians sagans, da xalxosnobas ufro afasebs, vidresarwmunoebas...~ (4).Zalian saintereso terminia `xalxosnoba~. Cans, igi aq gamoiyenebaeTnikurobis azriT.aqve qveyndeba i. WavWavaZis poema `ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi kakoyaCaRis cxovrebidan~. poemaSi TvalsaCinod aris warmodgenili arsebulimZime socialuri viTareba. usamarTlobas gamoqceul poemis gmir kakobRaWiaSvils gasigrZeganebuli hqonda yaCaRis mZime xvedri,magram iq yvela gviadvildeba,sadac Cvenve varT Cveni batoni-eubneba masaviT usamarTlobas gamoqceul zaqros (5-6).amave nomris `Sinauri mimoxilva~ qarTvelTa umTavres problemasda sazrunavs - qarTvel ymawvilTa ganaTlebis savalalo mdgomareobasexeba. klasikuri gimnaziis ocdaerTi kursdamTavrebulidan arcerTi yofilaqarTveli. amis mizezad rogorc wina nomerSi aRvniSneT, isevdaisevmaterialuri mdgomareoba da ucxo enaze swavlebaa dasaxelebuli-`Cvenma qarTvelebma Tavisi sruli TanagrZnoba da gulSematkivroba amazedunda miaqcios, Tu ar surs rom misi saxeli da gvari mtversaviT aRigavosdedamiwis zurgidan: saca codna ar aris, iq kaci ar aris, saca kaciar aris, iq sazogadoebac ar aris da saca sazogadoeba ar aris, iq arc xalxia.es unda TiTze daviWdioT, es unda dRedaRam gunebaSi viqonioT. amasunda mivecneT yvelani erTad da TviTeulad calke yovlis Cvenis SeZlebiTada RoniTa~.am citataSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs sazogadoebis arsebobisdakavSireba xalxis arsebobasTan.qarTuli sazogadoebis gamTlianebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobahqonda Tavisuflebis idealisa da erovnuli grZnobis gaZlierebasxalxSi. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa i. WavWavaZis leqsi `deda-Svili~,romelic avtorma miuZRvna daviT aRmaSeneblis mier saqarTvelosTurqTagan ganTavisuflebas. deda Tavis eraTaderT imeds, mamulis dacvissadarajoze agzavnis:122

eha am dRisTvis gagizarde, mamulo, Svili.sicocxle mivec rom SeiZlos SenTvis sikvdili,Tavisuflebav, Sen xar kacTa navT-sayudari,Sen xar, Cagrulis, wvalebulis wminda safari (7).TvalsaCinoa leqsis deda-azri _ SeaRwios adamianis sulsa da gulSi,aRZras mamuliSviluri grZnobebi qarTul erTobaSi da mtkiced aRibeWdosTiToeuli qarTvelis gulSi Tavisuflebis grZnoba da mamulissiyvaruli, ise, rom am siyvaruliT gulanTebulni mtkice nacionalurerTobad Camoyalibdnen.rogorc zemoT aRvniSnavdiT, aucilebeli iyo qarTvel sazogadomoRvaweebs yuradReba mieqcia evropeli mogzaurebis aRwerilobisaTvis.radgan saqarTvelos istorias gamouCndnen iseTi pirebi, romlebic saqveynodacxadebdnen, rom Cveni istoria ar aris Seswavlis Rirsi. rogorciTqva, erovnuli erTobis arsebobisaTvis mniSvneloba eniWeba sazogadoebrivpercefciebs, maT Soris, istoriul maxsovrobas aqedan gamomdinare,sasicocxlo funqcia aqvs erovnuli istoriis dacvas. meSvide nomerSim. de peisonelis Txrobis (`sparseTis da saqarTvelos areulobisTaobaze~) Sesaxeb gamoqveynebul recenziaSi xazgasmiT aRniSnulia istoriisroli erovnuli TviTmyobadobis SenarCunebisaTvis `istoria, rogorcamboben mecnierni, kacis Wkuis gamzrdelia, misi damrigebeli dagamviTarebeliao da istoriis ucodinari kaci niadag pirutyvs emsgavsebao~.werilSi aRSfoTebaa gamoTqmuli Cveni istoriis mimarT peisonelisumecruli damokidebulebis Taobaze, sadac aRniSnuli yofila, rom saqarTvelosistoria mxolod piradobis, SurisZiebis da dinastiis dacvisinteresis amsaxvel faqtebs Seicavda, rom ar hyolia didi xasiaTebis mqonepirebi da sxva. igi urCevs Cveni qveynis istoriiT dainteresebul pirebs`Tu am batonebs marTla ise uyvarT xalxi, rogorc aRiareben, unda dawvrilebiTSeityon Cveni xalxis warsuli cxovreba, misi istoria~ (7).kaxeTidan korespondencia amjerad Telavur droistarebas, `veCerebis~aRwerilobas, administraciis ufunqciobas, sasamarTloSi usamar-Tlobas, qarTul enaze metyvelebisadami damokidebulebas, samoqalaqoda saqalebo skolebis mdgomareobas asaxavs. korespondencia mecxre-mea-Te nomerSia gamoqveynebuli da avtoria r. ZamsaSvili. korespondentisgakvirvebas iwvevs is faqti, rom mousavlianobis da danacruli venaxebisfonze qeifisa da droistarebisTvis miuyviaT xeli Telavelebs. amasTangakicxulia administraciis warmomadgeneli-pristavi, romelic `veCerebis~moyvaruli yofila `es Cveni pristavi swored luarsabi gaxlavT, qar-Tveli luarsabi ki ara - `ruseTume luarsabi!~ mTeli dRe da Rame Sin ganisvenebs,mxolod SuadRis dros gamobrZandeba bulvarzed da daiwyebstrabaxobas...~ pristavi ruseTume arafers akeTebda, rogorc werilidanvgebulobT. aRniSnulia, rom TelavSi saSineli usufTaoba yofila, `Cveniglexobis Wirnaxuli isev vaWrebis xelSi gadadis. nuTu am sazarelis123

usindisobis mospoba administracias ar SeuZlian?! vaWrebidaubrkolebliv ukanonod hRarclaven glexsa maSin, rodesac amave glexssaxelmwifo xarji jer ar gadauxdia, nuTu saxelmwifo vali ufro didida Seuwynarebeli vali ar aris, vidre kerZo, viRac poRos-mikirtumasi?!~werilSi gadmocemul faqtebs Soris yvelaze dasamaxsovrebelia qarTvelTaSoris momsaxureTagan qarTulad metyvelebis uaryofis Sesaxeb informacia.korespondencia iuwyeba, rom sastumroSi mdgomi axirebulikaci daxlidars emuqreboda `Tu qarTuli laparaki gamagoneT ar vici rasdagmarTebTo! am drosve aq olqis sasamarTlos wevrebic iyvnen. amaTSeuTvala axirebulma: radganac me qarTuli laparaki saSinlad mZuls dacud gunebazedac gavxdebi xolme gagonebazed-gTxovT erTi oTaxi damicaloT- me mand amovide da Tqven aq CamobrZandeT.~korespondenti Seexeba ganaTlebis sakiTxsac kaxeTSi. Telavis saqalebosaswavlebelSi pirvel-dawyebiTi swavla qarTulis magivrad rusuladmidis. aseve Seexeba kaxeTis erT-erTi saxalxo saswavleblis ganaxlebisaTvis,kerZod, sacxenisis skolisaTvis, gamoyofili Tanxis (12 000maneTis) miTvisebis Sesaxeb. asea aRwerili skolis mdgomareoba `SevedioTaxebSi megona sul varayiT iqneba Semkobili meTqi, magram sams-oTxoTaxSi varayis magivrad iseTi tbebi idga, rom naviT Tu gaxvidodiT, Toremkai mcuravic SeSindeboda Sig Sesvlas~ (9-10).mecxre-meaTe nomerSi iwyeba p. ioselianis Txzulebis `giorgi XIIIcxovrebis~ publikacia. Txzuleba sainteresoa im TvalsazrisiT, rom gansxvavebulversias gvTavazobs aspinZis omSi ufliswul giorgis monawileoba-armonawileobisSesaxeb. TxzulebaSi aSkarad Cans, rom avtori p.ioseliani giorgi XIII-is mexotbea da cdilobs gafantos sazogadoebaSili uaryofiTi azri mis Sesaxeb 8 . istorikosi aRniSnavs, rom giorgi adana-Saulebda totlebens RalatSi da eubneboda `RmerTi Cvenken iqneba, CvenSevebmiT, gavimajvebT da movaxsenebT imperatricasa Sensa simxdalesa~.p. ioseliani wers: mamasa iraklis moaxsenes ese saubari mefis ZisaRenerlisadmi; ar moiwona zrdilobiTa ese, da umetes gamocdili saqmeTaSina saomarTa erideboda ruseTisa wyenasa, kvaladca saimedosa qristianobisagamo ityvian mterni mefis Zisa giorgisa, ar miaSvela jari 900 kacisamamasao. razed afuZneben Tqmulobasa amas? ar vici. drosa amas aspin-Zis omisa, jereT ar iyo SfoTi mefisa iraklisa saxlSi da arca Zmani misni,dedinacvlisagan, Sobilni iyvnen srulsa hasaksa mosulni. erToba mefisasaxlsa iyo mtkiced damyarebuli siyvarulisa erTisa meorisadmi erTobiT~.aseve mocemulia saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi movlena-gaerTianebisaTvis arsebuli xelsayreli pirobebis amsaxveli epi-8 giorgi XIII-is Sesaxeb uaryofiTi azri aramarto sazogado moRvaweebis naazrev-Si aRiniSna, aramed mosaxleobaSic yofila daculi. amgvar magaliTs mivakvlieT`iveriis~ 1877 wlis nomrebis ganxilvisas.124

zodebi. imereTis mefis solomonis gardacvalebis Semdeg, imereTis TavadebiSeikribnen da gadawyvites, rom erTmTavrobis dro iyo damdgari,rom imereTis samefo SeeerTebinaT qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis. despaniimereTisani arwmunebdnen mefes `romeli yovladia samefo imereTisa moelissiqaduliT mTavarTa guriisa da odiSisas hsurT da hswyurianT ese.mcxovrebTa glexTaca ician ese da uxarisT batonoba Tqveni imereTsa...~sagangebod Seikribnen kaTalikosi, mRvdelmTavarni, Tavadni, sardalni,mdivanbegni, qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis erTobis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad.gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda Tavadi Wabua orbeliani. mefes mimarTa:`nu hyovni mefeo! mefe erisaTvis da ara eri mefisaTvis. eri imerTa iTxovdaerTobas da kavSirs... bednieroba erisa iTxovs erTobasa. mRereba mefobisaaris erTa dakavSireba batono mefev, moaxsena wereTelma, ukueTuver damtkicdeba erToba da Seudgeba uwesoba, savno qarTlisaTvis da mefobisaTqvenisaTvis,-maSin dateveT imereTisa mefoba, maSin Tqvenc uboZeT imerTaneba iyolion Tvisad mefe Tvisi. hscadeT ra Seudgeba, miiReT gvirgviniCvenica, ganZlierdiT CveniT da gangvaZliereT TqveniT,- irwmuneT,mefev batono, xom hscnobs amas mteri da miecema SiSsa da moridebasa~.erekle mefe Tavis Svils, giorgis ekiTxeba azrs. giorgi pasuxobs:`SeerTeba imereTisa qarTlisadmi aris simtkice mefobisa; Tu gnebavT uZlevelobaqveynisa Cvenisa mterTagan, unda iqmnas erToba. ra ars ukeTiles,ra ars mSvenier viTar erToba ZmaTa, ityvis winaswarmetyveli daviT.samefo israilTa daeca, maSin rodesac gansqda orad da samad. mefoba ganyofiliar dadgres, brZanebs macxovari~. magram erToba ar Sedga. iraklimuari ganacxada imereTis SemoerTebaze da taxtze Svili daamtkica.`da esreTa kavSiriTa TaviT-TvisiT iqmneba erToba imereTisa qarTlsa Sina~.es sakiTxi imiT dasrulda, rom 1790 wels daido traqtati qarTlkaxeT-imereTismefeebsa da samegrelo-guriis mTavrebs Soris urTierTdaxmarebisTaobaze `vinaidgan yovelTave iverielTa msaxlobelTa samefosa Sina qarTlisa,kaxeTisa, odiSisa da guriisaTa aqvsT erT-morwmuneba, arian ZenierTisa kaTolike eklesiisagan Sobilni da erTisa enisa mqonebelni, aqvsTmavasxelobiTisa siyvaruli viTarca sisxliT naTesavTa da moyvrobiTSekrulTa urTierTTa Soris~. Cvens adrindel naSromSi aRniSnuli gvaqvs,rom Cvens winaSea politikuri dokumenti, romlis safuZvlad mi-TiTebulia koleqtiuri kulturuli identoba, kerZod, CamoTvlilia konkretuleTnikuri markerebi. am siaSi ena dasaxelebulia meore adgilzereligiis Semdeg da sisxliT naTesaobis win (CxariSvili, amina, 2010: gv.472-483). `giorgi XIII cxovrebaSi~ kidev erTi didebuli qarTvelis, solomonleoniZis- saxe ikveTeba. solomoni `misuli imereTis samefoSi da guriisa da samegrelossamTavroSi mravlad daSvra raTa moeyvana erTobasa mtkicesa erT na-Tesaoba qarTvelTa, mecadinebda Sina kavSiriTa, gaeuqmebina gare kavSiri. eridaculi gareTiTa ucxo naTesavTagan mfarvelobiTa, aris maradis dambadebeli.125

eri sxvaTa mflobelobasa Sina qveSe Sesuli aris mona da mona mzakvari, dacinebuli,masxrad agdebuli. viTarca damkargveli TviT mefobisa, hkargavs sulisaTvisisa sakuTarsa Zalsa; ena da metyveleba misi, mwignoba da mwignobroba moeRebaersa damonebulsa ucxoisa naTesavisa eniTa da Cveulebisa~.Jurnalis mecxre-meaTe nomerSi r. erisTavis sammoqmedebian komediaSi`advokatebi~ mocemulia advokatebis mxileba. komediaSi warmodgenilia`myvlefaviancTa~ fenas Sematebuli axali sisxlis mwovelebi - advokatebi,romlebic ar eridebodnen aranair veragobas, sargeblobdnen xalxis umecrebiTda siveragis da sicruis wyalobiT Zarcvavdnen maT. am saSinelmovlenas r, erisTavma daupirispira sindisi, patiosneba, keTilSobilebaadvokat s. varskvlavaZis saxiT. gakicxulia advokati s. milovi, romelicsanam sazogadoebas advokatad moevlineboda mkeravad muSaobda da gvaradsaponaSvili iyo. misive piriT gadmogvcems aRsarebas r. erisTavi`advokatobaSi saponaSvili rom gamemxilebina, aravin momekareboda da milovaTrom gadavTargmne Cemi gvari, axla ki, mlocaviviT modis CemTanxalxi~. mkeravi solomoni advokati ormociode kanonis muxlebis gazepirebiTgaxda da xalxs uzneo, usindiso, xarb, gaiZvera advokatad movelina,romelic modave mxareebisagan orivesgan iRebs fuls da `simarTle~meti gasamjelos mxares swonis. solomonis sixarbis msxverpli gaxda s.amayaZe, romlis qaliSvilze daqorwineba surda. misi wyalobiT waagebs s.amayaZe sasamarTlo process. misi qaliSvili mxned Sexvda am ambavs da samarTlianobisTvisagrZelebs brZolas. aq erTi saintereso faqtia kidevTvalsaCino - sazogadoebivi percefcia qalisa da mamakacis TanasworobisSesaxeb. s. amayaZes eWvi aqvs, rom `sustma da ymawvilma qalma moaxerxosyvela, rac exla Cemma Tamrom ilaparaka~. magram komediaSi Tamro sworeds. varskvlavaZis daxmarebiT da TanadgomiT ibrunebs Tavis kuTvnil nebas.xolo s. milovs cru arzebis da yalbi qaRaldebis SedgenisaTvis, momCivanisada mopasuxisaTvis fulis gamorTmevisa da vinc mets gadauxdida imis mxarezesaqmis SemobrunebisaTvis daapatimreben.komediis publikacias didi mniSvneloba hqonda. sazogadoebis kicxvisda qilikis sagnad iqca uzneo da xarbi advokatebi, romlebmac kanoniTTamaSi gamdidrebis wyarod aqcies. komediis popularobaze metyvelebsis faqtic, rom is xSirad idgmeboda qarTul scenaze, ris Sesaxebinformacias vgebulobT Tavad Jurnalis furclebidan.daskvnaamgvarad, Cven mier ganxilul iqna 1979 wlis `iveriis~ publikaciebi.masalis analizs vaxdendiT winaswar SerCeuli indikatorebis mixedviT.indikatorebis SerCevisas CvenTvis amosavali iyo Tanamedrove specialurliteraturaSi nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesis Sesaxeb arsebulidiskursi. Cven SevecadeT qarTuli magaliTiT Segvemowmebina Tvalsazrisiimis Taobaze, rom nacionalizmis ideologias, romelic warmarTavs nacio-126

naluri konsolidaciis process, axasiaTebs saerTo niSnebi yvela qveyana-Si. amitomac `iveriis” masalis Seswavlas SevecadeT Teoriul literaturaSigamokveTili indikatorebis mixedviT. gairkva, rom drois im mciremonakveTSi, romelic amJamad Cveni interesis sagans Seadgenda, qarTvelTanacionaluri konsolidaciis procesi mimdinareobda mravali TvalsazrisiTiseve, rogorc sxvagan, rom nacionalizmis qarTuli proeqti Seesatyvisebazogad paradigmas da specialur literaturaSi sakmaod detaluraddaxasiaTebuli nacionalizmis idealebis konkretul istoriul sinamdvileSiganxorcielebas warmoadgens. amasTan ikveTeba qarTuli SemTxvevisaTvisgansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime aspeqti:I. samagaliTo warsulisa da samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebul gmirTa xsovna,rogorc aucilebeli piroba qarTuli erTobis konsolidaciisaTvis.II. zrunva erTobis qonebrivi da socialuri mdgomareobis gamosworebisaTvis,rogorc aucilebeli piroba erTobis arsebobisaTvis;III. qarTuli kulturuli erTobis formirebisaTvis mimarTuli aqtivoba:enis rolis Sesaxeb diskursi; qarTuli mwerlobis nimuSebisgamocema da xalxisaTvis miwodeba; qarTuli sazogadoebis zneobriviamaRlebisaTvis zrunva.aRniSnuli sakiTxebis gadaWrisaken mimarTuli aqtivoba, romlis umTavresasparezad beWduri media `iveriis~ saxiT gvevlineba, qarTuli erTobisSidajgufuri sentimentebis gaZliereba-ganmtkicebis funqcias asrulebda.literatura CxartiSvili, 2007 - m. CxartiSvili. nacionalizmis ideologiisuniversaliebi ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebasa da sazogadoebrivmoRvaweobaSi. ilia WavWavaZe 170 saiubileo krebuli, Tbilisi,2007. mania, 2010 - q. mania. qarTuli nacionaluri identobis wrTobisprocesi `iveriis~ 1887 wlis nomrebis mixedviT. axali da uaxlesiistoriis sakiTxebi. I. Tbilisi, 2010. CxartiSvili, 2010 - m. CxartiSvili, q. mania. qarTvelTa erovnulikonsolidaciis procesis asaxva qarTul beWdur mediaSi.saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia `didaWaroba~. moxsenebaTaTezisebi, 2010. CxartiSvili, mania, 2010 - m. CxartiSvili, q. mania. qarTuliidentobis enobrivi markeri premodernul xanaSi da nacionalurikonsolidaciis epoqaSi. saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia`ena da kultura~. Sromebi. I. quTaisi, 2010. patariZe, 2005 - l. patariZe. qarTuli identoba. saqarTveloaTaswleulTa gasayarze. Tbilisi, 2005.127

CxaiZe, 2009 - i. CxaiZe. nacionalizmis modernistuli Teoria daqarTuli nacionaluri proeqti `Tergdaleulebi”. Tbilisi. 2009. sonRulaSvili, 2010 - n. sonRulaSvili. qarTuli erToba da misiidentoba XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi. Tbilisi, 2010. CxartiSvili, mania, 2010 - m. CxartiSvili, q. mania. qarTulierTobis socialuri `sicocxlis” ori Tve anu dakvirvebaqarTvelTa nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesze 1878 wlis`iveriis” 10 nomris mixedviT. qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba. XII.Tbilisi, 2010. smiTi, 2004: e. d. smiTi. nacionalizmi: Teoria, ideologia, istoria(Targmani inglisuridan mariam CxartiSvilisa. qarTuli teqstis red.r. amirejibi-maleni). Tbilisi, 2004. smiTi, 2008: e. d. smiTi. nacionaluri identoba. Targmna l. patariZem.Tbilisi, 2008. Anderson, 1983 - B. Anderson. Imagined Communities. London. 1983. Morley, & Robins, 1995 - D. Morley, & K.. Robins. Electronic Landscapes andCultural Boundaries. London. 1995 (sainterneto versia). Smith, 1999 - A. D. Smith. Myth and Memories of the Modern Nations. OxfordUniversity Press, 1999. Smith , 2003 - A. D. Smith.Chosen peoples. Sacred sources of national identity.Oxford University Press, 2003. Greenfeld, 1993 - Liah Greenfeld. Nationalism. Five Roads to Modernity. HarwardUniversity Press, Cambridge, Massachsets, London, 1993 (paperback edtion). Hobsbaum, 2008 - E. Hobsbaum. Nations and Nationalism since 1780.Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge University Press. 1990. Second Edition.Reprint 2008.Mariam ChkhartishviliIvane Javakhishvili State UniversityKetevan maniaSokhumi State UniversityStrengthening Georgian Identity According to thePublications of the Year 1879A present paper discusses the publications of “Iveria” of the year 1979. We analyzedthe material according to the pre-selected indicators. While selecting the indicators, it wasimportant for us to find an existing discourse of national consolidation process in modernspecial literature. Through Georgian example, we tried to examine a thought that theideology of nationalism, which conducts national consolidation process, is characterizedwith common signs for all countries. Therefore, we tried to study the materials of “Iveria”according to indicators emerging in theoretical literature.128

It became clear, that in that short period, which we focused on, the process ofGeorgian national consolidation was developing in many respects as well as elsewhere.Georgian project of nationalism was in line with general paradigms, while implementingnationalistic ideals quite thoroughly characterized in special literature in a concretehistorical reality. There are several aspects typical for the Georgian case:I. The memory of the past and heroes devoted to the country as a necessary conditionfor the consolidation of Georgian unity.II. Care for improvement of the unity’s property and social condition as a necessarycondition for the existence of the unity;III. Activity directed to the formation of the Georgian cultural unity: the discourseabout the language role; publication of samples of Georgian writing and delivery tothe people; care for moral rising of Georgian society.Activity aimed at solving these indicated issues, which was implemented mainlythrough printed media “Iveria”, was performing the function of amplification-strengtheningof inner group sentiments of the Georgian unity.129

istoria, eTnologia, politikuri mecnierebaniHISTORY, ETHNOLOGY, POLITICAL SCIENCESrozeta gujejianiiv. javaxiSvilis saxelobisTbilisis saxelmwifo universitetiqristianobisa da tradiciuli qarTuli kulturiskorelaciis sakiTxisaTviscnobilia, gaqristianebis xanidan moyolebuli saqarTveloSi iqmnebaqarTuli qristianuli kultura. qarTuli kultura dasabamidanveTviTmyofadi niSnebiTa da mobilobiT gamorCeuli kulturaa. man mravalsaukunovanistoriul peripetiebs gauZlo da dRemde gvevlineba Tanamedrovemsoflios eTnikur kulturaTa Soris erT-erT Zlier da sicocxlisunariankulturad.saubari qarTul eTnikur kulturaze uZvelesi droidanvea SesaZlebeli.tradiciuli kulturis esa Tu is elementi (materialuri, sulierida socialuri yofis mTavari niSnebi da lokaluri Taviseburebebi) aRweriliaucxour werilobiT wyaroebSi, Semonaxulia ucxour miTologiurgadmocemebSi (saberZneTi), TvalsaCinodaa gamovlenili adgilobriv arqeologiurmasalaSi, xolo IV saukunidan ukve qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSic.qarTveli eri xangrZlivi istoriisa da ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapismqone eTnosia. qarTveli eTnosi misi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela monakveTSiarsebobda mSvidi, stabiuluri ganviTarebisaTvis ukiduresadaraxelsayrel geopolitikur garemoSi.eTnikuri niSnebiT aRWurvili uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifoebicnobilia Zveli welTaRricxviT XIII saukunidan (kolxeTis samefo), XIIsaukunidan (muSqebis/mesxebis samefo, diaoxis samefo) (beraZe, sanaZe,2003: gv. 46-44); xolo ukve mkveTrad Camoqmnili eTnikuri erTobis ganvi-Tarebis umaRles safexurze — eTnikur qarTul kulturaze — saubari SesaZlebeliafarnavaz mefis xanaSi. gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefe —farnavazis mier gatarebuli saxelmwifo reformebi (qveynis administraciulidayofisa da saxelmwifo aparatis reforma, religiuri reformada adgilobrivi qarTuli sarwmunoebrivi sistemis formireba, qarTulienisaTvis saxelmwifo enis statusis miniWeba...). anu, saistorio tradiciiTada arqeologiuri masaliT cnobilia, rom, qarTuli eTnosi arsebobdajer kidev Zveli welTaRricxvis IV_III saukuneTa mijnaze. saqarTvelosteritoriaze uZveles xanaSive dafiqsirda xangrZlivi cxovrebismanZilze istoriulad Camoyalibebuli erToba - qarTveli eri — erTianiteritoriiT, eniT, kulturiTa da TviTSegnebiT, erTiani yofisa da kul-130

turis yvela ZiriTadi maxasiaTebliT (eTnosis sakuTari saxeli — eTnonimi(qarTveli), eTnikuri teritoria (saqarTvelo: qarTli, egrisi), eTnikuriena (qarTuli) da eTnikuri kulturis mravali myari elementi).mravalferovania uZveles xanaSive qarTuli kulturis gamovlinebaTasaxeobebi: arqeologiuri masala, eTnomusika, religia- winareqristianulicada qristianulic, ritualebi, qcevis normebi, samarTali, na-Tesauri sistemebi, sacxovrebeli, TavdacviTi da sameurneo nagebobebi,xalxuri transporti, sameurneo da brZolis iaraRebi, tansacmeli, sakvebi,xalxuri medicina da sxva.bunebrivia, obieqtur istoriul safuZvlebs moklebulia eTnogenezissabWouri Teoriis safuZvelze damyarebuli Sexeduleba, romliTacqarTvelTa eTnogenezisa da eTnikuri istoriis sakvanZo sakiTxebi tendenciuradaawarmodgenili da qarTvelebis erad Camoyalibebis xanad XI,an XIX saukunea miTiTebuli (alasania, 2003, TofCiSvili, 2008, beraZe,2008).qarTuli eTnikuri kultura mdidari masaliTaa warmodgenili, TundacmSeneblobis uwyvetad ganviTarebadi tradiciebiT, maT Soris, qristianobamdelisakulto nagebobebiT da materialuri ZeglebiT, romelTaanalizis Sedegad aRdgenilia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis socialuri dasulieri yofis erTiani maxasiaTeblebi, magaliTad, qristianobamdelireligiis sxvadasxva elementi Tu pasaJi. am masaliT dadasturebuliaistoriul saqarTveloSi erTiani religiuri (qristianobamdeli) sistemis(RvTaebaTa ierarqia da panTeoni) arseboba (iv. javaxiSvili, v.bardaveliZe...). tradiciul yofaSi fragmentuli saxiT Semonaxuli, arqaulixanidan momdinare, wes-Cveulebebis rekonstruirebiT gamovleniliasulieri yofis, simboloebisa da saritualo praqtikis mravali uZvelesipasaJi, rac, aseve, erTiania yvela qarTuli istoriul-eTnografiuli TemisaTvis(i. javaxiSvili, g. lomTaTiZe, g. Citaia, v. bardaveliZe, m.gegeSiZe, o. lorTqifaniZe, m. xidaSeli, s. WanturiSvili, r. TofCiSvili,n. mindaZe, n. abakelia da sxv.). magaliTad, giorgi Citaias naSromiT -`sicocxlis xis motivi lazur ornamentSi~ (Citaia, 1941) dasabuTebuliaerTiani qarTuli msoflmxedvelobis arseboba mTel qarTvel erSi dasabamidanveda qarTvelTa rwmena-warmodgenebisa da simboloebis sicocxlisunarianobisuTvalsaCinoes nimuSad lazuri da svanuri masalaawarmodgenili (Citaia, 1941).cxadia, erTiani qristianobamdeli sarwmunoebisa da eTnikuri kulturisarsebobam didwilad ganapiroba axali monoTeisturi religiis SedarebiTadvilad gavrceleba istoriul saqarTveloSi. cnobilia, qar-Tuli kultura, rogorc cocxali da ganviTarebadi organizmi, didimdgradobiT da amavdroulad, mobilobiTac gamorCeuli fenomenia. sxvadasxvaistoriul epoqaSi igi qmnida mxolod am epoqisaTvis damaxasia-Tebel kulturul faseulobebs, romelTa umravlesi nawilic im drois131

mravali xalxis kulturasac ekuTvnoda da, agreTve, lokalur-eTnikurZeglebsac, romlebic mxolod qarTuli eTnikuri kulturis monapovariada msoflio saganZurSia Setanili, xolo qristianobis oficialurreligiad gamocxadebidan moyolebuli iwyeba axali qarTuli kulturis— qristianuli kulturis Seqmna da ganviTareba (jafariZe, 2009; alasania,2003).axal religias da qristianobasTan dakavSirebul kulturas, adgilobrivididi qarTuli eTnikuri kulturis tradiciebi xvdeba da jerkidev uZveles qarTul (kolxur) kulturaze damyarebuli elinisturixanis tradiciebi bunebrivad erwymis axali- qristianuli romaul-bizantiuri,siriuli-kulturis elementebs. ris Sedegadac iqmneba originaluriqarTuli qristianuli kultura, romelic bunebrivia, gansxvavebuliawinareqristianuli qarTuli kulturisagan, misi ganviTarebis axalda droSi metad gamZle da myar saxeobas warmoadgens. am droidan Tvisobrivadicvleba yofisa da kulturis yoveli elementi da maTi gadaazrebada ganviTareba xdeba axali religiis Sesabamisad (biWvinTis IV-Vsaukuneebis qristianuli taZris mozaika, qristianuli dakrZalvis wesi —magaliTad, samTavros samarovani, samarxTa umravlesoba webeldidan dasxv. IV-VI saukuneebSi Cndeba politikuri da samxedro-startegiuli mni-Svnelobis axali qalaqebi: artanuji, ujarma, Tbilisi, Weremi... sagulisxmoa,rom Tuki V-VI saukuneebSi gvxvdeba eklesiis mxolod bazilikuritipi, VI saukunidan ukve imarjvebs qarTuli - gvirgvinian-darbazuli —mSeneblobis tradiciidan momdinare centrul-gumbaTovani saeklesiomSenebloba da sxv,). IV saukunidan ki mogvepoveba qarTuli damwerlobisZeglebi, rac ufro mravalferovans xdis qarTuli kulturisa da qristianulireligiis urTierTganmapirobebulobis elementebis aRdgenisada gamovlenis SesaZleblobas.istoriuli masaliT dasturdeba adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTulikulturis kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli - qarTvel ers, cxadia, ZvelTaganvegaaCnda eTnikuri/erovnuli erTianobis da sxva eTnosTagan kulturuligansxvavebulobisa da Taviseburebebis SegrZneba, magram mxolod biologiurerTian warmomavlobaze saqarTveloSi arasodes maxvildeboda yuradReba- qarTvelad da qarTuli kulturis Semqmnelad moiazrebodayvela, vinc Tavs am kulturis wevrad da qarTuli saxelmwifos SviladTvlida, miuxedavad misi eTnikuri warmomavlobisa (alasania, 2001; Tof-CiSvili, 2008; beraZe 2008). amave dros, qarTvel ers yovelTvis axasiaTebdatolerantoba. misTvis ucxo iyo sxva eTnosebisa Tu konfesiebisadmiSeuwynarebeli damokidebuleba (alasania, 2001: gv. 18-27) da amgvari mentalurieTnikuri maxasiaTeblis mudmivad arseboba qarTvel erSi,uTuod, marTlmadidebeli qristinuli swavlebis Sedegad da amvdrouladeris erovnul markerad warmogvidgeba.qarTuli yofis mravali elementi, romelic TviT adreul ganaTxar132

artefaqtebsa Tu werilobiT wyaroebSia dafiqsirebuli, ukve eTnikuritradiciaa da religiuri swavlebidan Semecnebul eTnikur maxasiaTebelswarmoadgens. zogierTi maTgani cocxalia TviT dRevandel yofaSic ki,magaliTad, aseTia „SuSanikis wamebaSi“ gamomkrTali erTi pasaJi („puroba“da „puris Wama“). cnobilia, saqarTveloSi amJamadac tradiciul samgloviaroda saqorwino sufrasTan dedakacebi da mamakacebi cal-calkesxdebian. ufro adre ki tradiciul qarTul sacxovrebel nagebobebSierTmaneTisagan gamoyofili iyo sakacebo da saqalebo mxareebi da a. S.agiografiuli literaturidan ikiTxeba tradiciuli qarTuli saojaxoyofis, naTesauri kavSirebis, stumar-maspinZlobis wesebis, musikisa dagarToba-sanaxaobebis, sacxovrebeli nagebobebisa da maTi interieris,tansacmlis saxeobebis, sameurneo saqmianobis da sxva niSnebi, romlebictradiciulad axasiaTebs qarTul yofas da kulturas adreuli Suasaukuneebidan dRemde (lomTaTiZe, 1955; WanturiSvili, 1984). yofisyoveli niuansi religiuri msoflaRqmidan momdinarea da sruliadnaTelia, rom gaqristianebis Semdgomi qarTuli kulturis masazrdoebelimTavari wyaro qristianuli swavlebaa.qarTuli tradiciuli cxovrebis wesi, tradiciuli sazogadoebismorali, zneoba da Rirebulebebi qristianuli msoflmxedvelobiT iyogajerebuli. qarTuli eTnikuri kulturis Semadgeneli tradiciuliRirebulebebis (cxovrebis wesi, religiuri, zneobrivi da socialurinormebi, naTesaobis sistema, samarTali, xalxuri dResaswaulebi,qorwinebisa da dakrZalvis wesebi...) kvlevis Sedegad dasturdebaqristianuli religiis udidesi da warmmarTveli roli qarTulikulturis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.amave konteqstSi warmogvidgeba tradiciuli qarTuli msoflaRqmiskidev erTi elementi - mniSvnelovani mentaluri Rirebulebebis mTavarisimbolo -`mefe~. cnobilia, xsovna mironcxebuli, anu RvTiT movlenilida qveynisaTvis Tavdadebuli mefeebisa, mTavar markerad mohyveba qarTvelTatradiciul mentalobas saukuneTa manZilze. folkloruli masaliT,yvelaze arqauli vaxtang gorgasalTan dakavSirebuli leqsia (`vaxtangmefe RmerTs uyvarda cidan Camoesma reka, ialbuzze fexi Sedga,didma mTebma iwyes dreka~) da, rogorc Cans, mentalobis am elements safuZveliadreuli Sua saukuneebidanve eyreba (an SesaZloa, igi TviT farnavazmefis droidan momdinarea), radgan vaxtang gorgasals udidesiwvlili miuZRvis saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da kulturuli aRmSeneblobissaqmeSi. ukve am pirvelive folklorul siuJetur qargaSi TavmoyriliaqarTuli tradiciuli kulturis mniSvnelovani mentaluri faseulobebi:mefe RvTisgan nakurTxia, mironcxebulia, Sesabamisad, kisaswaulebrivi Zalis mqonea da, rac mTavaria, mefe erisaTvis, qveynisaTvisTavdadebulia. cxadia, amgvari mentaluri pasaJebi odindelia,bibliuri motivebidan momdinare da saistorio//saeklesio tradiciiT133

ganmtkicebulia.adreuli Sua saukuneebidanve eklesia-monastrebi warmoadgendnenganaTlebisa da kulturis mZlavr kerebs, sadac iqmneboda qarTulikulturis umniSvnelovanesi Sedevrebi mTeli istoriuli saqarTvelosmasStabiT (iwereboda originaluri agiografiuli da himnografiuliTxzulebebi, viTardeboda mTargmnelobiTi skolebi, iqmneboda sagaloblebi,iwereboda xatebi...), saeklesio ierarqTa RvawliT Sendeboda daixateboda eklesiebi, monastrebi (axalaZe, 2009); saeklesio kanonmdeblobisZiriTadi postulatebiT regulirdeboda qarTuli saero samarTlisnormebi, qarTvelTa saojaxo yofa, yalibdeboda tradiciuliqarTuli mentaliteti da sxv.marTlmadidebeli saqarTvelos geopolitikuri istoria, umravlesSemTxvevaSi, qristianobisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil, saqarTvelos dapyrobismosurne qveynebTan urTierTobis amsaxvelia. mazdeanur, xoloSemdgom muslimur samefo-samTavroTa garemocvaSi da mudmivi eTnikurida religiuri asimilaciis safrTxis qveS myofi qarTvelebisaTvis marTlmadidebeliqristianobis SenarCuneba saxelmwifoebriobisa da erovnuliTviTmyofadobis - qarTvelobis SenarCunebis adekvaturi iyo.tradiciulad, qristianuli religiiT regulirdeboda yofiTiyoveldRiurobac. saeklesio kalendari gansazRvravda saojaxo cxovrebisada sameurneo yofis dagegmarebas. cnobilia, rom, tradiciul sazogadoebaSidro konkretulad mxolod ricxvebiT ki ar gamoixateboda,aramed am ricxvebis ganmmartavi qristianuli kalendriT, romelime wmindanissaxelis xsenebiTa da dResaswauliT. `analebis~ skolis istorikos-Ta dakvirvebiT, qristianobam kulturisa da ideologiis yvela sferozemoaxdina gavlena da eklesiis upiratesoba drozec gaavrcela. anu droisdagegmareba socialuri kontrolis erTgvar meqanizmad iqca. Sua saukuneebSiki drois kontroli eklesiis prerogativa iyo (Гофф, 2005).xalxuri kalendari saqarTveloSic kanonikuri kalendris variacias warmoadgendada dro aqac saeklesio kalendris mixedviT nawildeboda.kulturul-sameurneo yofis yoveli niuansi saeklesio kalendars Seesabameboda.qarTvelTa yofiTi yoveldRiuroba saeklesio marxvisa da xsnilis,saeklesio uqmeebis gaTvaliswinebiT imarTeboda.mravalsaukunovan qarTul kulturas mTavar RerZad religiurimsoflxedva mohyveba da igi TvalnaTliv vlindeba tradiciul qarTuldResaswaulebSi 1 . qarTul xalxur dReobaTa nawili, samwuxarod, ukve1 XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi v. bardaveliZem svaneTis mxolod erT nawilSi(zemo svaneTi) religiuri wes-CveulebebiT `aRWurvili~ 160 dRe daafiqsira, racmkvlevaris dkvirvebiT, `TavisTavad aaSkaravebs, Tu raoden didi adgili eWiraZvelad svanis cxovrebaSi sarwmunoebriv wes-Cveulebebs~ (bardaveliZe 1939: X).Tanamedrove eTnografiuli masaliT, am mxareSi daaxloebiT 70-mde religiuri134

gamqralia da es didi danaklisia eTnikuri kulturisaTvis. tradiciulqarTul dReobaTa kalendarSi asaxulia oficialuri saeklesio kalendriscvalebadobis kvali. gasabWoebis Semdeg marTlmadideblebs aiZulebdnen,Seguebodnen aTeisturi kalendris mdinarebas da xelovnuradSeqmnil - sabWour dResaswaulebs, magram TviT dRemdec ki axal welsqarTul soflebSi ufro masStaburad ZveliT axal wels - 14 ianvars zeimoben.sagulisxmoa, rom istoriuli saqarTvelos zogierT mxareSi — parxliswylisxeoba, zeda maWaxeli, imerxevi (Tanamedrove TurqeTi) - eTnikuradqarTul, Suaxnis mosaxleobas dRemde axsovs axali wlis 14 ianvarsaRniSvnis wesi: `dilas kargi mlocavi kac moviyvanT, ar daiZaxebda, marjvenafex Semoadgamda, RmerTma lamazad gamyofaT-o ityoda. is kai fexisgamogvidgeboda, imaq Seqers mivcemdiT, Tafl, kakals mivarTmevdiT.axors Semouvlida, dalocvida~ . axali wlis aRniSvnis yvela mTavari elementiaam masalaSi asaxuli da es elementebi sxvadasxva variaciiT gvxvdebasaqarTvelos mxareebSi. tradiciul xalxur kalendarSi mniSvnelovaniadgili ekava barbarobis aRniSvnis wess. barbaroba mTel saqarTveloSiuqme iyo. dasavlur qarTuli tradiciiT, barbaroba `dResaswaulTaTavad~ iTvleboda. dReoba marxvaSi modioda da sadResaswaulo Sesawiravicsamarxvo iyo. barbarobis aRniSvnis tradiciaSi sinkretizmis niSnebisparalelurad gamovlenilia am dReobis qristianuli arsic (mindaZe,2008). tradiciul qarTul dReobaTa Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaawmida giorgisadmi miZRvnili dReobebi. wmida giorgis xatebas gamor-Ceuli adgili ukavia tradiciul qarTul kulturaSi. mTavarmowame wmidagiorgis saxeli qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis IV-V saukuneebSive xdebacnobili. gadmocemiT, wmida giorgis saxelze pirveli eklesia saqarTveloSijer kidev IV saukuneSi augiaT, Semdeg ki wmida giorgis imdeni taZariaSenebula, ramdeni dRecaa weliwadSi. vaxuStis cnobiT, `ar arisborcvi, anu maRalni gorani, romelsa zeda ar iyos Senni eklesianiwmindisa giorgisanni~ (qarTlis cxovreba, 1973: 40), rom “arc erTi wmidanissaxelobaze ar moipoveba imdeni taZari saqarTveloSi, ramdenic wmidagiorgis saxelobazea aSenebuli~ (javaxiSvili, 1979: 88). wmida giorgikabadokielis wamebis amsaxveli Txzulebis qarTuli Targmani SemogvrCaX saukunidan, mogvepoveba giorgi mTawmindelis (XI s.) mier SesrulebuliTargmanic da a. S. wmida giorgis freskuli gamosaxulebebi gvaqvs adreqristianulixanidan (webeli, martvili...). wmida giorgisadmi TayvaniscemamgansakuTrebuli masStabebi saqarTveloSi IX saukunidan SeiZina. qar-Tuli eklesia mTavarmowame wmida giorgisadmi miZRvnil or did dResaswaulsicnobs, amaTgan noembris giorgobas, wmida giorgis borbalzedReoba moqmedia da met-naklebi sisruliT kvlavac aRiniSneba.135

dakvris dRes, mTel marTlmadidebel msoflioSi mxolod saqarTveloSiaRniSnaven da, sagulisxmoa, rom Tvesac qarTvelebma giorgobisTveSearqves. wmida giorgis wmida nawilebi da saswaulTmoqmedi reliqviebi(mSvildi, isrebi, jaWvi...) inaxeboda saqarTvelos eklesia-monastrebSic.mTavarmowame wmida giorgis qarTvelebma saqarTvelo da qarTuli mxedrobaSeavedres da Cveni qveynis mfarvelad Seracxes. wmida giorgisadmimiZRvnili ritualebi da saerTod, tradiciuli mentaluri maxasiaTeblebi,erTiania saqarTvelos yvela mxareSi da wmida giorgisTandakavSirebuli uZvelesi qarTuli saeklesio Tu saistorio Txzulebebidanmomdinare plastebis saxiT aris Semonaxuli. sayovelTaod cnobilisaistorio gadmocemiT, saqarTvelosaTvis umniSvnelovanes didgorisbrZolaSi wmida giorgi gancxadebulad da yovelTa saxilvelad winmiuZRoda daviT aRmaSenebels da qarTul mxedrobas: `rameTu pirvelsaveomsa iota banaki maTi da ivltoda, rameTu £eli maRlisa Seeweoda, da Zalizegardmo farvida mas, da wmida mowame giorgi gancxadebulad dayovelTa saxilvelad winauZRoda mas da mklaviTa TÂsiTa mosrvidazedamowevnulTa usjuloTa maT warmarTTa, romel TÂT igi usjuloni daumecarni moRmarT aRiarebdes da mogÂTxrobdes saswaulsa amas mTavarmowamisagiorgissa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955: gv. 341). am didi saswaulismravali xalxuri variantia xalxur yofaSi Semonaxuli. swored wmidagiorgi moCans qarTvelTa Semwed da mfarvelad saqarTvelos yvelamxareSi da uamravi aseTi gadmocemaa daculi. Semonaxulia is eklesiebic,romelTa maxlobladac saswaulebi momxdara.specifikuri da urTulesi istoriul-geografiuli pirobebidan gamomdinare,qarTveli mTieli xSirad moklebuli iyo saxelmwifo da religiuriinstitutebis yuradRebas. qveynis erTianobis daSlis Semdeg saqarTvelosmTianeTis socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli regresiiwyeba da TandaTanobiT, kanonikur RvTismasaxurebas, sasuliero pirTaararsebobis gamo e. w. xalxuri RvTismsaxureba enacvleba. Sesabamisad kiam mxareebis religiur rwmena-warmodegenebs sinkretizmis niSnebi axlavs,magram aqac vlindeba qristianobis didi gavlena da TviT iseT xalxurdResaswaulTa (aTengenoba, laSaroba...) Tu e. w. RvTaebaTa (kviria,laSaris jvari...) genezisis kvlevis drosac ki, romelTac TiTqosda warmarTulixasiaTi aqvT, siRrmiseuli analizis Sedegi sruliad sapirispirosavlens da maTSi konkretuli qristianuli msoflaRqmis Sreebivlindeba: `xevsurul kurTxevaTa teqstebs aSkarad atyvia qristianulireligiis beWedi. isini unda warmoadgendnen droTa viTarebis gamo xevsureTSizepirgadmocemiT Seryvnil qristianul teqstebs~ (bardaveliZe,1938: 5).obieqturi pirobebis gamo qarTveli eTnologebi xangrZlivi droismanZilze (sabWoTa reJimi) moklebulni iyvnen kvlevis Tavisuflebasa daqarTveli eris istoriaSi qristianobis umniSvnelovanesi rolis136

dafiqsirebis uflebas. mecnierebis es dargi, iseve rogorc yvela sxvamomijnave disciplina sabWouri, aTeisturi ideologiis gavlenis qveSiyo iZulebiT moqceuli da cxadia, izRudeboda ama Tu im dResaswaulisada rwmena-warmodgenis genezisis kvlevis dros qristianuli msoflxedviswina planze wamoweva. Sedegad ki TviT absoluturad kanonikurimsaxurebisa da sauflo dResaswaulebis aRweris drosac qristianulimotivebi oden zedapirul `dafenebad~ miiCneoda, magram qarTvel eTnologTadidi nawili sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSic axerxebda artefaqtebisobieqturi analizis miwodebas mkiTxveli sazogadoebisaTvis.cnobilia, xati sakralurTan urTierTobis gzad da saSualebadaamoazrebuli. saqarTveloSi mtkiced icavdnen xatis Tayvaniscemis tradicias,qarTuli eklesia mudam wminda saxeTa Sesaxeb arsebuli marTlmadidebeliswavlebis erTguli iyo. es mentaluri pasaJi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuriasaqarTvelos mTian mxareebSi dResac, sadac eklesias, jvarsada xats udidesi sulieri da amave dros, socialuri funqciac akisria daqarTuli CveulebiTi samarTalwarmoeba aqtiuradaa dakavSirebuli religiurmsoflaRqmasTan.qarTuli eTnikuri kulturis mniSvnelovani monapovaria zedaSiskultura. igi gadajaWvulia xalxur dReobaTa kalendarTan da rwmenawarmodgenebTan.zedaSe anu Sesawiravi Rvino (sulxan-saba, 1991: gv. 278)cnobilia saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela mxareSi. saqarTvelos tradiciulyofaSi Semonaxulia zedaSis, rogorc begaris, gaRebisa da Sewirvis wesi,rac TvalnaTliv moCans sadReobo ritualebSi. konkretuli magaliTebiTdasturdeba samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom `xalxursarwmunoebaSi damowmebul sazedaSe Rvinos saerTo saxelTan erTad,Soreuli msgavseba uCans feodalur saqarTvelos eklesia-monastrebisada aRapebisaTvis daxarjuli Rvinis zedaSesTan~ (Tofuria, 1963: gv. 113).zedaSis kulturisa da masTan dakavSirebuli religiuri Tu yofiTi wes-Cveulebebis kanonikuri swavlebidan da feodaluri saqarTvelossamarTlebrivi normebidan momdinareobas adasturebs v. bardaveliZismier latalSi aRwerili e. w. TanRi Targlezeris sadReobo ritualic(bardaveliZe, 1939: gv. 65-67). am masaliT gamovlenilia wmida ziarebis gaxalxurebulivariacia da zedaSis, rogorc begaris Sewirvis wesi. bunebriviazedaSis Sewirvis tradicia arqauli xanidan momdinarea, magram isicfaqtia, rom axali religiis - qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdgom, adamianTacnobierebaSi xdeba yoveli Temis, simbolos da saritualoatributikis gadaazreba qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis Sesabamisad damaT, bunebrivia, axali-qristianuli moZRvrebidan momdinare mniSvneloba,azrobrivi da ritualuri datvirTva eZlevaT. gaqristianebisSemdgom Sesawirav Rvinos uaRresad mniSvnelovani azrobrivi datvirTvamieniWa: macxovarma saidumlo serobaze wirvis (Zv. Jamiswirvis) dawesebiTsisxliani msxverpli usisxlo msxverpliT sefiskveriT da Savi (wiTeli)137

RviniT Secvala, ris Sedegadac Rvino liturgikuli praqtikisganuyofel nawilad iqca. saqarTveloSi Semonaxuli da cocxalia saTemo,sasoflo, sagvareulo Tu kerZo individualuri zedaSis Sewirvis wesebi.qarTuli tradiciuli mentalobis umTavresi elementebi, maT Sorisqristianuli motivebic, xSirad SeniRbuli, magram mainc arsebuli daTundac gaucnobierebel doneze Semonaxuli, - laitmotivad mohyvebagvian Suasaukuneebidan gamuslimebuli samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelosyofas. muslim qarTvelTa mentalobaSi Semonaxulia qristianuli kulturisaraerTi elementi - qristianuli simbolika sacxovreblebel dasameurneo nagebobebze, avejsa da TviT araqristianul sakulto nagebobaTainterierSic; zogierTi qristianuli dReobisa da wes-Cveulebis anareklisarseboba sinkretuli saxiT (aRdgoma, bzoba/`gzoba~ lazaroba/`nazarioba~,marioba, fericvaleba, `ziareToba~) (beriZe, 2010); xalxurmedicinaSi Semonaxuli gadmocema-samkurnalo mcenareulobisbaRCis saxeli -`mariamis baRCa~; dafiqsirdebulia eTnografiuli faqtebi,rodesac ukve gamuslimebuli qarTveli qalebi mamakacebis maluladjvars atarebdnen, kecebze jvrebs amoRaravdnen da saaRdgomod wi-Teli kvercxebiT gadiodnen sasaflaoebze (kaxiZe, 1975: gv.153). qarTulikulturis mniSvnelovani monapovris, dampyroblisagan devnili - vazisada misi produqtis - Rvinis monatrebis- tradiciul religiasTan da meurneobisdargTan iZulebiT gawyvetili kavSiris tkiviliani motivebimoCans mTel aWaraSi gavrcelebul leqs-simReraSi: `CaRma Cayrilovenaxo, sad wadi da romel mxares, mama-papuro venaxo, sad wadi da sadmognaxo? mognaxe da agayvave, Sens Zir-fesvebs venacvale~. amave konteqstSiagaazrebuli xeze kveTilobisa da moxatulobebis nimuSebSi, musikalurfolklorSi, agreTve, sxva yofiT pasaJebSi gamovlenili fsiqologiurida esTetikuri motivebi, romlebic Zveli qarTuli qristianulisarwmunoebisadmi pativiscemis gamoZaxilia da igi am masalis fiqsirebisdroisaTvis (XIX_XX saukuneTa mijna) ukve mimqrali religiuri SexedulebebiserTgvari rekonstruqciis SesaZleblobasac iZleva.marTlmadidebelma qristianobam Tavisi kvali daatyo naTesaururTierTobebsac. saqarTveloSi naTesaobis oTxi ZiriTadi saxea cnobili:mamis xaziT naTesaoba (agnatikuri), dedis xaziT naTesaoba (kognatikuri),sulieri naTesaoba (naTel-mironi) da xelovnuri naTesaobis tipebi.tradiciulad, naTesauri organizaciebi egzogamiuria. naTesaur jgufebsSigniT qorwinebis akrZalva axasiaTebs TiTqmis yvela qarTul istoriul-eTnografiulTems/jgufs. genealogiur jgufebs SigniT qorwinebisakrZalva, ZiriTadad, Svid-Tormet Taobas moicavda, radgan minimalurda medialur linijTa genealogia da, Sesabamisad, `sisxliT~ naTesauriurTierTobebi daaxloebiT amden Taobas moicavda. zogadadmogvareTa daqorwineba ki iSviaT gamonaklisTa garda, saerTod miuRebelida akrZaluli iyo. gvarsSida egzogamia irRveoda, rodesac gvari im-138

denad izrdeboda da viTardeboda, rom `sisxliT~ naTesaobis niSnebs kargavda,agreTve im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gvarSi SemoerTebuli iyo sxva,ara sisxliT naTesavi gvari. tradiciuli qarTuli naTesauri urTierTobissistema erTgvarad Secvlilia aramarTlmadidebel qarTvelTa Soris.kaTolike da muslim qarTvelTa Soris daSvebulia naTesavTa SigniTqorwineba.qarTuli qristianuli Zeglebi teritoriulad bevrad ufro vrcelarealSia ganfenili, vidre dRevandeli saqarTveloa. garda im vrceliqarTuli istoriul-eTnografiuli erTeulebisa, romlebicsaqarTvelos waarTves ruseTisa da osmaleTis imperiebma (mesxeTis didinawili, tao, klarjeTi, lazeTi, hereTi, dvaleTi. lore-taSiri...), ZlieriqarTuli monarqiis arsebobis periodebSi qarTuli qristianuli kulturavrceldeboda mTel kavkasiaSi. saistorio gadmocemiT cnobilia,rom ZirZveli kavkasielebi erTmaneTis monaTesaveni arian (qarTliscxovreba, 1955). Sesabamisad, erTianobis grZnoba kavkasiel xalxTa SorisxSirad iCenda Tavs da aseT dros kulturul-politikur mfarvelobasmezobel xalxebs swored saqarTvelo uwevda. magaliTad, cnobilia, isdidi wvlili, rac qarTvelebma Seitanes somexi eris gadarCenis saqmeSi.aseve, saerTod, Crdilo kavkasiaSi, magaliTad, daRestanSi, inguSeTsa daoseTSi qarTuli kulturis araerTi Zeglia dafiqsirebuli (TofCiSvili2007), balyareTis, yaraCaisa da yabardos mTianeTSi ki maTi raodenobagansakuTrebiT mravalricxovania, vinaidan qarTvelebi (svanebi) XIXsaukunis 30-40-ian wlebamde cxovrobdnen am mxareebSi da saqarTveloserT-erTi regioni (svaneTis samTavro da svaneTis calkeuli e. w. balszemoTemebi) 1834-1835 wlebamde inarCunebda garkveul gavlenas yubanisada Tergis saTaveebSi mdebare qarTvelTa istoriul miwebze. am mxareebSiqarTuli qristianuli kulturis kvali XX saukunis Suaxanebamdejer kidev fiqsirdeboda. magaliTad, 1849 wels bezingSi (bezingi — xulamisazau) qarTuli qristianuli eklesia aRiwera. taZari qviT nagebi (kedlebiszoma 5,25X3,25 arSini, simaRle - 4,25 arSini) da moxatuli yofila.freskebiT Semkul taZarze qarTuli warwerebic arsebula, romlebic l.lavrovis azriT, qarTveli mSeneblebis Sesrulebuli unda yofiliyo(Лавров, 1950).Tanamderove yofis amsaxveli masalis analizis Sedegad, aSkaraa,rom qristianuli religiiT nasazrdoebi tradiciuli qarTuli Rirebulebebissistema, istoriul WrilSi ganxilvisas avlens simyaresa da sicocxlisunarianobasCveni droisTvisac. tradiciul RirebulebaTa sistema,Tavis mxriv, asaxulia qarTuli cxovrebis wessa da mentalobaSi. TanamedroveeTnografiuli masala warmoaCens sulieri da socialuri kulturistradiciuli elementebis SedarebiT stabilur da droSi gamZlexasiaTs. inovaciebi da cvlilebebi tradiciul cxovrebis wesze mxoloddrois didi monakveTis gavlis Semdeg vlindeba. aSkaraa, tradiciuli139

qarTuli kulturis erT-erT umTavares elementad dRemde marTlmadidebelireligia gvevlineba.cxadia, cxovrebis tradiciul wessa da mentalobas mravali momentida drois xangrZlivi periodi ayalibebs. cxovrebis wesi da mentalobakulturis mudmivad cvladi (oRond neli tempiT) elementebia, romlebicgansakuTrebuli mdgradobiT gamoirCeva. aseTi mTavari Rirebuleba dResac,dRevandel qarTvelTa udidesi nawilisaTvisac kvlav religiurobaa.kulturis am umTavresi elementis (religiurobis) mdgradobas dasicocxlisunarianobas kvebavs da apirobebs moTxovna sazogadoebismxridan. amasTanave, qarTuli eTnikuri kulturis mobiloba da didi potencialisrul SesabamisobaSia Tanamedrove msoflios kulturul procesebTan.msoflio faseulia sworedac misi mravalferovnebiT, romel-Sic qarTul eTnikur kulturas specifiurad TviTmyofadi- qarTulitonalobebi Seaqvs. qarTul kulturas ki Cveni mcirericxovnebidan gamomdinare,gansakuTrebiT saTuTi mopyroba da gafrTxileba sWirdeba.polieTnikur garemoSi da dRevandeli globalizaciis fonze tradiciuladmoazrovne adamiani Tavs erTgvarad `dakargulad~ aRiqvams. am drosaqtualizirdeba religiis roli da es TvalnaTelia, Tundac saqarTvelosmagaliTiT, sadac marTlmadidebeli qristianuli eklesia kvlavacumZlavrs sulier da socialur instituciad gvevlineba daumniSvnelovanes rols asrulebs axali qarTuli saxelmwifos Senebis saqmeSi.literatura alasania, 2003 - alasania g., TviTidentifikacia Sua saukuneebissaqarTveloSi, kr., qarTveluri memkvidreoba, VII, quTaisi, 2003. alasania, 2001 - alasania g., religiuri `Seuwynarebloba~ da eTnikuritolerantoba Sua saukuneebSi (saqarTvelos magaliTze),kr. qarTveluri memkvidreoba, V, quTaisi, 2001. axalaZe, 2009 — axalaZe l., epigrafika- afxazeTisa da Sida qarTliseTnokulturuli istoriis wyaro, kr.: saqarTveloSi arsebulikonfliqtebi da mSvidobis perspeqtivebi, Tbilisi, 2009. bardaveliZe, 1938 - bardaveliZe v., aRmosavleT saqarTvelosqarTveli mTielebis sasuliero teqstebi, - mse, nakv. I, tfilisi,1938. bardaveliZe, 1939 _ bardaveliZe v. qarTul (svanur) xalxurdReobaTa kalendari, I, axalwlis cikli, tfilisi,1939. bardaveliZe, 1968 - bardaveliZe v., sicocxlisa da siuxvis xeqarTvelTa sarwmunoebaSi, mse, 14, Tbilisi, 1968. beraZe, 2008 - beraZe T., qarTuli identobis ZiriTadi etapebi,eTnologiuri krebuli, I, Tbilisi, 2008.140

eraZe, sanaZe, 2003 — beraZe T., sanaZe m. saqarTvelos istoria,wigni I, Tbilisi, 2003.Tofuria, 1963 - Tofuria n., Rvinis zedaSeebi, mse, XII-XIII,Tbilisi, 1963.TofCiSvili, 2007 - TofCiSvili r., kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia,Tbilisi, 2007.TofCiSvili, 2008 -TofCiSvili r., saqarTvelos eTnologia,Tbilisi, 2008.kaxiZe, 1975 - kaxiZe n., xelosnoba maWaxlis xeobaSi, - samxreTdasavleTsaqarTvelos yofa da kultura, III, Tbilisi, 1975.lomTaTiZe, 1955 - lomTaTiZe g., saqarTvelos mosaxleobissocialuri da kulturuli daxasiatebisaTvis axaliwelTaRricxvis I-III saukuneebSi, _ iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriisinstitutes Sromebi, t. I, Tbilisi, 1955.mindaZe, 2008 - mindaZe n., wminda barbare svaneTis tradiciulkulturaSi, - kr., svaneTi qarTuli kulturis savane, Tbilisi,2008.sulxan-saba, 1991/I- orbeliani sulxan-saba. leqsikoni qarTuli,I, Tbilisi,1991.qarTlis cxovreba, 1955 - qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, teqsti, yvelaZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT daadgina s. yauxCiSvilma, Tbilisi,1955.qarTlis cxovreba, 1973 - qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, teqsti, yvelaZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT daadgina s. yauxCiSvilma, Tbilisi,1973.WanturiSvili, 1984 - WanturiSvili s., yofa da kultura V-Xsaukuneebis saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1984.jafariZe, 2009 - mitropoliti anania jafariZe, saqarTvelossamociqulo eklesiis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009.Гофф , 2005 - Жак Ле Гофф, Цивилизация средневекового запада, Екатеринбург,2005.Лавров, 1950 - Лавров, Л. Расселение сванов на северном Кавказе до XIXв., Краткое сообщения ИЭАНССР, X, М-Л., 1950.141

Rozeta GujejianiJavakhishvili State UniversityFor the Correlation Issue of Christianity andTraditional Georgian CultureAny elements of the Georgian ethnic culture (main signs and local peculiarities ofmaterial, spiritual or social life) have been preserved in the ancient foreign written sourcesand mythological legends as well as in local archaeological material, and from the IVcentury already in the Georgian written monuments.By the historical tradition, the Georgian ethnic group existed still at the turn of the IV-III ccA.D. Historically established union has been fixed on the territory of Georgia through longlife since the ancient era – the Georgian nation – with single territory, language, culture andself-consciousness, with all main characteristics of the single mode of life and culture. Thismaterial proves existence of single pagan system in Georgia (hierarchy of deities andpantheon). As soon as Christianity was declared the state religion, formation anddevelopment of the new Georgian – Christian – culture starts. Since that time, each elementof mode of life and culture has essentially changed and their apprehension and developmentgoes on according to the new religion.The historical material proves different markers of the early medieval Georgianculture: in Georgia from the time immemorial all, who considered they were members ofthis culture and sons of the Georgian state, despite their ethnic origin, were apprehended asGeorgians and creators of the Georgian culture. The Georgian nation has always beenconsidered tolerant. Not to be tolerant towards other ethnic groups or confessions was alienfor Georgians and permanent existence of such mental ethnic traits among the Georgiannation, was represented as the result of Orthodox Christian teaching and, at the same time,national characteristic features of the nation.Since early Middle Ages churches and monasteries have been powerful centers ofculture and education; through hard work of church hierarchs churches, monasteries werebuilt and painted; main postulates of the church legislation regulated the norms of theGeorgian law, Georgian family life, relations between relatives, annual economic calendar;traditional Georgian mentality was being formed, etc. In general, the traditional mode oflife, traditional moral of the society, ethics, and values were full of just Christian worldoutlook, which is proved most clearly by the ethnographic material. In result of research ofcomponent traditional values of the Georgian ethnic culture (mode of life, religious, moral,and social norms, system of relation, law, folk celebrations, rules of marriage and burial…), the strongest and leading role of Christian religion is proved from the viewpoint of theGeorgian culture development. At the same time, for Georgians, encircled by Muslimkingdoms and principalities, to preserve Orthodox Christianity was adequate to maintainingstatehood and national peculiarities – being Georgians.The analysis of the material on contemporary mode of life clearly shows that the142

system of traditional Georgian values, nourished by the Christian religion, while discussedfrom the historical viewpoint, displays flexibility and vitality for our time as well. Thesystem of traditional values, in its turn, is represented in the Georgian mode of life andmentality. The modern ethnographic material reveals comparatively stable and timeresistantcharacter of traditional elements of the spiritual and social culture, and Orthodoxreligion has been one of the main elements of the traditional Georgian culture up to thepresent day. Flexibility and vitality of this major element (religiousness) are nourished andconditioned by the demand on the part of the society. Also, mobility and great potential ofthe Georgian ethnic culture are in full compliance with the cultural processes ongoingworldwide. The world is valuable just with its diversity, into which the Georgian ethnicculture brings specific peculiar – Georgian – tonalities. And the Georgian culture,proceeding from our small amount, deserves delicate approach and care.143

istoria, eTnologia, politikuri mecnierebaniHISTORY, ETHNOLOGY, POLITICAL SCIENCESomar ardaSelia,soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisaerTaSoriso urTierTobebis swavlebis sakiTxiqarTul saganmanaTleblo sivrceSirealoba da samomavlo perspeqtivebisaerTaSoriso urTierTobebis principebis Camoyalibebas Tavisiistoriuli saTaveebi aqvs. moyolebuli antikuri periodidan mraval filosofoss,istorikoss Tu saxelmwifo moRvawes gamouTqvams mosazrebapolitikis da politikuri urTierTobebis bunebaze da saganze. evropulcivilizaciaSi politikis ideuri saTaveebi antikuri saberZneTis da misisaxelmwifoebrivi formis - polisidan momdinareobs. berZnuli polisebisurTierTobebi danarCen samyarosTan xSirad iyo antikuri sabrZneTisfilosofosTa da istorikosTa gansjis sagani. swored Zvel saberZneTSiCaisaxa politikuri azrovnebis is mimdinareoba, romelic gansazRvravdapolitikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi urTierTobebis qcevis wesebs sxvasaxelmwifoebTan mimarTebaSi, rogoricaa omisa da mSvidobis, Zalisa dasamarTlis, nacionaluri egoizmis da universalur organizaciebTan ur-TierTobebisa.am mimarTulebiT safuZveli pirvel tradicias Zvelma berZenma istorikosmaTukididem Cauyara, romelic saerTSoriso urTierTobebismkvlevarTa azriT `politikuri realizmis” ideaTa pirveli avtori iyo.miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobebis gaanalizebasada am urTierTobebSi garkveuli principebis Camoyalibebas safuZveliantikur periodSi Caeyara da Tanamedrove msoflio politikurisistemis Camoyalibeba1648 wels evropis qveynebs Soris dadebuli vestfaliiszaviT iwyeba, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, rogorc mecnierebisCamoyalibeba SedarebiT gvian, XX saukunis damdegs daiwyo. winare saukuneebSimas sxvadasxva disciplinebi Seiswavlidnen da warmoaCendnen.1919 wels pirvelad am mecnierebis istoriaSi, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebiskaTedra daarsda uelsis universitetSi. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebisdasawyisSi londonis ekonomikur skolaSi nobelis premiis laureatisfilip noel-beikeris iniciativiT Camoyalibda saerTaSoriso urTier-Tobebis departamenti. 1927 wels JenevaSi daarsda universiteti, romelicmTlianad saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevisa da swavlebis sakiTxebiTiyo dakavebuli. am universitetis ZiriTadi mizani iyo erTa ligisaTvismoemzadebina specialistebi (ardaSelia, 2008: gv. 3-4). amis Sem-144

deg saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, rogorc mecniereba ganviTarda da gaizarda,romlis safuZvelze msoflios bevr qveyanaSi am dargis kvlevisumsxvilesi centrebic ki Camoyalibda. miuxedavad amisa, sabWoTa kavSir-Si aRniSnuli specialobiT ganaTlebis miReba SeuZlebeli iyo. erTader-Ti umaRlesi saswavlebeli, romelic saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mimarTulebiTspecialistebs amzadebda moskovis saerTaSoriso urTier-Tobebis instituti (e. w. `mimo~) iyo, romlis kari Cveulebriv mokvdavebisTvisdaketili iyo da aq mxolod sabWoTa xelisuflebis mxridan gansakuTrebulindobiT aRWurvili pirebi swavlobdnen. bunebrivia, sabWoTasaqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sistema mibmuli iyo sakavSiro sistemasTanda mis erTian organizms warmoadgenda. swored am garemoebam ganapirobais, rom saqarTveloSi saerTaSorisio urTierTobebis CamoyalibebadakavSirebulia saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenasTan 1991wels. sagulisxmoa, rom msgavsi istoria aqvs politologiis, politikurimecnierebebis specialobebis swavlebasac.dRes Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi,iseve rogorc politikuri mecnierebani axalgazrda qarTuli saxelmwifossaganmanaTleblo sivrcis pirmSoa da qveyanaSi am profesiebs diditradicia ar gaaCniaT. Tumca politikuri mecnierebani, politologiisspecialobis saxiT, jer kidev qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisprocesSi XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Camoyalibda. rasac vervityviT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialobaze, romelic saqarTvelosTvisgacilebiT ufro axalgazrda mecnierebaa, vidre politologia.XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi e. w. kerZo intitutebis(fasiani umaRlesisaswavleblebi) Camoyalibebam xeli Seuwyo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisspecialobis Camoyalibebas da swavlebis process. saxelmwifo uma-Rlesi saswavleblebidan es idea pirvelad, Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobissaxelmwifo universitetSi ganxorcielda, sadac Tavdapirveladdaarsda diplomatiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialoba,Semdeg saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi.oficialurad saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, rogorc calke specialobasaqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris 2005 wlis 18noembris #633 -e brZanebiT ganisazRvra, romelSic pirvelad dazustdasaqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis bakalavriatis specialobaTa CamonaTvali.amis safuZvelze saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi Camoyalibda,rogorc axali sabakalavro programa da misi adgili ganisazRvra socialurmecnierebaTa mimarTulebiT.miuxedavad amisa, am dargSi kvalifikaciis miniWeba ganaTlebis samivesafexurze (bakalavriati, magistratura, doqtorantura) pirveladCveni saxelmwifos ganaTlebis sistemaSi mxolod 2010 wlis dekemberSi,saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris 120/n brZanebis145

safuZvelze ganisazRvra.rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi kvalifikaciisararseboba dakavSirebulia sabWoTa kavSiris dros arsebul saganmanaTleblosistemasTan, romelic zRudavda am dargis specialistebismomzadebis process da misi ganxorcieleba mxolod moskovs SeeZlo.bunebrivia, es ar niSnavs, rom ar arsebobda interesi saerTaSoriso ur-TierTobebis kvlevisa da Seswavlisadmi. swored am interesma ganapiroba,rom iSviaTad, magram mainc iwereboda naSromebi aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT,Tumca oficialurad, aseT mkvlevarTa kvalifikacia istoriis, aniSviaTad geografiis profesiiT unda Semofargluliyo. anu, am mimarTulebiTmkvlevarTa mcire, magram garkveuli nawili muSaobda, romlebmacSemdegSi, savsebiT kanonzomierad, safuZveli Cauyares saqarTveloSi saerTaSorisourTierTobebis swavlebisa da kvalifikaciis miRebis Sesa-Zleblobebs. Cvens qveyanaSi, dRes arsebuli saganmanaTleblo sakanonmdeblobaza xelsayrel perspeqtivebs qmnis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisswavlebis sakiTxSi arsebuli problemebis daZlevisaTvis.rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, XX saukunis 90-ian wlebsa da XXI saukunisdamdegs saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis bakalavriatis specialobaTaSoris iyo diplomatiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis istoriisspecialoba, romelsac arcTu ise didi xnis istoria gaaCnda. specialistTadid nawils miaCnda da dResac miaCnia, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebissabakalavro programa am specialobis monacvle unda yofiliyo,Sesabamisad am programebis ZiriTadi nawili Tavidan emyareboda diplomatiisada saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialobis saswavlo gegmas.specialistTa meore nawilis azriT, es aris sufTa socialuri mecniereba,romelsac araferi ara aqvs saerTo diplomatiasa da saerTaSorisourTierTobebTan da saerTod, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis saswavlogegma unda emyarebodes mxolod politologiuri xasiaTis sagnebis swavlebas.aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT azrTa aseTi polarizacia gamowveuliiyo im faqtiT, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, SedarebiT axalispecialoba iyo Cveni qveynisaTvis da manamde ar arsebobda. TviT politologiacki, rogorc aRvniSneT, Zveli sabWouri sistemisaTvis ucxoda miuRebeli sagani iyo da mxolod 90-ian wlebSi Semovida CvenSi, rogorcmecniereba da rogorc calke specialoba (sagulisxmoa, rom sabWo-Ta sistemaSi am specialobis monacvled iTvleboda mecnieruli komunizmisada partiis istoriis specialobebi).rogorc boloniis procesis dokumentaciis gacnobam da evropulida amerikuli universitetebis gamocdilebis Seswavlam cxadyo, zemoTxsenebuliarcerTii mosazreba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis swavlebisprocesSi ar aRmoCnda marTali - es arc mxolod diplomatiis istoriaiyo da arc mxolod politikuri mecniereba (Tiuningi, 2005), an ra-Rac calke mdgomi specialoba, romlis daufleba diplomatiisa da mso-146

flio politikuri istoriuli procesebis codnis gareSe SeiZleboda.boloniis procesebis dokumentaciis safuZvelze (Tiuningi, 2005:Tiuningi, 2008), erTmniSvnelovnad aris gansazRvruli politologiurida istoriuli disciplinebis iseTi erTobliobis swavleba, rogoricapolitikis ZiriTadi mcnebebis, Tanamedrove politikuri institutebis,politikuri ideologiebis, sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebis, axal dauaxles droSi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis istoriis, evropisa da aSSspolitikis axali da uaxlesi istoriis da diplomatiis istoriis swavleba,magram saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sabakalavro programaSi gansakuTrebiTmniSvnelovani adgili daikava uaRresad specifikurma disciplinamsaerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriam, romelic SeiZleba iTqvas,sakvanZo mniSvnelobis codnas aZlevs momaval specialistebs. sagulisxmoa,rom yvela sakiTxi, romelsac Cven ganvixilavT da vaswavliTsaerTaSoriso urTierTobebis axali da uaxlesi drois istoriidan aucilebladunda iyos ganxiluli da misadagebuli Tanamedrove saerTa-Soriso urTierTobebis TeoriebTan.saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialobis specifikuroba gansaz-Rvrulia sxva mimarTebiTac. momavali specialisti aucileblad undadaeuflos im xerxebisa da saSualebebis erTobliobas, romlis gamoyenebiTacSeZlebs igi axali codnis miRebasa da praqtikaSi gamoyenebas. faqtobrivad,es aris is axali unarebi da SesaZleblobebi, romelic momavalspecialists unda Camouyalibdes miRebuli codnis safuZvelze.roca evropis universitetebis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sabakalavroprogramis swavlis Sedegebs Cavxede, mivxvdi, rom politikuriistoriis gaazrebisa da misi Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisTeoriebTan misadagebis gareSe aRniSnul Sedegebs Cven ver mivaRwevdiT.sagulisxmoa, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevisa da axalicodnis miRebis meTodebi or ZiriTad jgufad aris dayofili: tradiciuli,istoriul-aRwerilobiTi da meore axali, analitikur-prognozuli,romelSic farTod gamoiyeneba zusti da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli raodenobrivi da kompiuteruli meTodebi(daviTaSvili, 1999).miuxedavad imisa, rom ukanasknel xans Tanamedrove meTodebis gamoyenebamfarTo xasiaTi miiRo mas ar gamouwvevia tradiciuli meTodebisgamodevna an maTi SezRudva. raodenobriv meTodebs ar SeuZliaThqondeT amomwuravi, universaluri meTodis pretenzia, radgan faqtobrivimasalis codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia am meTodis gamoyeneba, mxolodfaqtobrivi masala iZleva saSualebas masze gamoyenebuli iqnas raodenobrivimeTodic da istoriul SedarebiTi meTodic.amerikuli `politikuri realizmis~ Teoriuli skolis warmomadgenlebishans morgentaus, jozef qenanis, henri kisinjeris mecnierulimemkvidreobis gacnobis safuZvelze cxadi gaxda, rom es Teoriuli s-147

kola istoriuli meTodis bazaze Camoyalibda. am meTodis arsi isaa, romxdeba faqtebis analogia istoriul movlenebTan da zogadi, drois gare-Se arsebuli saerTo WeSmaritebis dadgena.saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis amerikul samecniero skolebSitradiciul meTodebs Soris istoriuli meTodis upiratesoba aSkaraa,politologiur, iuridiul, ekonomikur da sociologiur meTodebTanSedarebiT. daaxloebiT igive mdgomareobaa britanul samecniero skola-Si. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis franguli skola ki upiratesobas sociologiurmeTodebs aniWebs.saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis dargSi dasavluri saganmanaTleblosistemis gamocdilebis safuZvelze migvaCnia, rom ar SeiZleba apelirebaerT romelime konkretul meTodze da gamoyenebuli unda iyos kompleqsurimeTodebi, roca arazust sociologiur meTodebs daexmarebaSedarebiT ufro zusti, istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodi da a. S. rogorcvxedavT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis swavlebis procesSi codnisdagrovebisa da kvlevis meTodis swavlebasac ki gadamwyveti mniSvnelobaaqvs efeqturi swavlebis Sedegebis miRebisaTvis.saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis swavlebis procesSi studentebs aucilebladunda CamouyalibdeT mimdinare movlenebis sistematuri analizisada ganxilvis unari. movlenaTa rTul ierarqiaSi unda gamoikve-Tos calkeuli elementebis prioritetebi da struqtura, xolo TviTonmovlenaTa Seswavla aucilebelia warsulSic, awmyoSic da momavalSic.saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis swavlebis procesisaTvis aucilebelimoTxovna unda iyos politikuri procesebis mudmivi ganxilva,rogorc warsulis, aseve Tanamedrove politikis magaliTebze da misiprezentacia referatis saxiT: aRniSnuli kvleviT students Camouyalibdebapolitikur procesebze dakvirvebisa da analizis unari, gardaamisa igi moemzadeba sabakalavro naSromis Camoyalibebisa da wardgenisaTvis.aq aucileblad unda aRiniSnos axali disciplinis `akademiuriweris~ mniSvneloba referatisa da sabakalavro naSromis momzadebisprocesSi. ratomRac yvelas miaCnia, rom akademiuri wera aris qarTulienis swavleba, an gancxadebebisa da msgavsi dokumentaciis weris meTodikada a. S. sinamdvileSi, es disciplina students unda uyalibebdesakademiuri teqtebis weris unars, samecniero kvlevis Sedegad sqoliosmiTiTebis, plagiatis Tavidan acilebisa da moZiebuli literaturisavtorTa miTiTebisa da gamoyenebis wesebs. sxvisi azrebis gamoyenebisasavtoris miTiTebis aucilebloba da plagiatisagan Tavis daRweva erTerTiumniSvnelovanesi problemaa samecniero naSromis Seqmnisa dazogadad kvlevis procesSi.Cvens mier SemuSavebul saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sabakalavroprogramas Tan davurTeT sabakalavro naSromis Seqmnis aucilebeliwesi, romelSic wamovayeneT samecniero naSromis Seqmnis tradi-148

ciuli meTodisagan SedarebiT gansxvavebuli meTodebi, romelic daexmarebastudents plagiatis Tavidan acilebaSi. naSromi unda SedgebodesSesavlis, sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli literaturis (rogorc samecniero,ise arasamecniero) mimoxilvis, kvlevis meTodologiis (anu kvlevisromeli meTodi iqneba gamoyenebuli studentis mier naSromis ganxilvisprocesSi da ratom), gansaxilveli politikuri procesis saerTaSorisourTierTobebis TeoriebTan misadageba da a. S. erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesisakiTxi unda iyos naSromis hipoTeza, anu ratom iqmneba naSromi,ra idea aris Cadebuli Temis damuSavebaSi da ra Sedegs SeiZleba velodoTmisgan. mniSvnelovani adgili unda ekavos debulebaTa argumentacias,anu dasabuTebas.da bolos, minda aRvniSno, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi mzardimecnierebaa da misi swavlebis sakiTxi araerTxel iqneba kidev davisada kvlevis sagani. Cvenis mxriv, aucileblad unda vcadoT da dros fexiavuwyoT, raTa SevZloT studentis codnis Sedegze orientirebuli programebiSevqmnaT da mudmivad mzard konkurentul garemoSi, saerTaSorisourTierTobebis specialobis kursdamTavrebulebma iolad daZliondasaqmebis problema.literatura• ardaSelia, 2008 – ardaSelia o., XX saukunis II naxevrissaerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 2008.• daviTaSvili, 1999 – meTodis problema saerTaSorisourTierTobebis kvlevisas, weliwdeuli `qarTuli diplomatia~. t.6. Tbilisi,1999.• Tiuningi, 2005 - saganmanaTleblo struqturebis urTierTobaevropaSi, II. universitetebis wvlili boloniis procesSi,redaqtorebi, xulia gonzalesi da robert vagenaari, Tbilisi,2005.• Tiuningi, 2008 - saganmanaTleblo struqturebis urTierTobaevropaSi, universitetebis wvlili boloniis procesSi, Sesavali,Tb., 2008.Omar ArdasheliaSokhumi State UniversityTeaching Issue of International Relations inGeorgian Educational SpaceReality and Future PerspectivesIn presented paper teaching issues of international relations in Georgian educationalspace are analyzed. International relations, as well as political sciences is a firstborn of149

educational space of the young Georgian state and these professions in the country has notlong traditions. However, political sciences, in the form of politology, was formed in theprocess of restoring Georgian statehood at the beginning of 90-ies of the XX century. Wecannot say the same in the speciality of international relations, which is younger science forGeorgia, rather than political science (politology). Awarding of qualification in this fieldfor the first time in our state's education system was only defined in December 2010 byorder of the Minister of Education and Science of Georgia. The lack of indicatedqualification is related to the educational system existing in the Soviet Union, whichrestrained the process of preparation of specialists in this field, and only Moscow wascapable for its implementation. Of course, this does not mean that there was no interest inthe research and study of International Relations. Such interest conditioned that the worksseldom but was still written in this direction, however, qualification of such researchers,should be limited in the profession of history and geography. So, a certain part of theresearchers was working in this direction, who laid foundation of possibilities of teachingof international relations and mastering of qualification in Georgia. In our country, thecurrent education legislation base creates favorable prospects for overcoming the problemsexisting in the issue of teaching of international relations.In a presented paper, there are analyzed teaching issues of international relations inGeorgian educational space. International relations subject, as well as political sciences is afirstborn of educational space of the young Georgian state and these professions in thecountry don’t have very long traditions. However, political sciences subject, in the form ofpolitology, was formed in the process of restoration of the Georgian statehood at thebeginning of the 90-ies of the XX century. We cannot say the same about the specialty ofinternational relations, which is younger science for Georgia, than political science(politology). Qualification in this field for the first time in our state's education system wasonly defined by the order of the Minister of Education and Science of Georgia in December2010. The lack of indicated qualification is related to the educational system existing in theSoviet Union, which restrained the process of preparation of specialists in this field, andonly Moscow was capable for its implementation. Of course, this does not mean that therewas no interest in the research and study of International Relations. Such interestconditioned that the works although seldom were written in this direction. However, thequalification of such researchers was limited to the profession of history and geography. So,a certain part of researchers was working in this direction, who laid a foundation ofpossibilities of teaching international relations and mastering qualification in Georgia. Inour country, the current education legislation base creates favorable prospects forovercoming the problems existing in the issue of teaching international relations.150

istoria, eTnologia, politikuri mecnierebaniHISTORY, ETHNOLOGY, POLITICAL SCIENCESkaxa kvaSilava,soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisamurzayanos `eTnikuri vinaobis~ problemarusul istoriografiaSi da iakob gogebaSvilis SexedulebebiXIXs. II naxevris didi qarTveli pedagogis, ganmanaTleblisa da sazogadomoRvawisa da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis misi erTerTilideri - iakob gogebaSvilis memkvidreobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgiliuWiravs afxazeTTan da, maT Soris, samurzayanosTan dakavSirebuliproblemebis Taobaze arsebul mis Sexedulebebsa da mosazrebebs. i.gogebaSvilis publicistur Tu epistolarul `bunebis karis~ arcerTigamocema ar darCenila Cveni samSoblos am kuTxeebis gamowvlilviTi gacnobisgareSe. qarTuli pedagogikis mamamTavari am mamuliSvilur saqmianobasswored im dros eweoda, roca carizmma saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebskategoriulad aukrZala qoronimis `saqarTvelo~ xmareba. aseTpirobebSi i. gogebaSvili sakuTari saxelmZRvaneloebis gamocemas axerxebdada didi gulistkiviliT werda werils «Кем заселить Абхазию»,(Гогебашвили, 1877), sadac mocemuli iyo gzebi afxazeTis gadarCenisa da amkuTxis saqarTvelosaTvis SesanarCuneblad. modernizebuli rusuliimperiis samsaxurSi Camdgari afxazi separatistebi am naSroms qarTvel-Ta mier afxazeTis kolonizaciis programad `afaseben~. 1XVIIs. ukanasknel meoTxedSi datrialebuli tragediis Sedegad, Tanamedrovesamurzayanos teritoriaze afxazuri eTnikuri elementi gaCnda.marTalia, permanentulma saomarma moqmedebebma, tyveTa tacebam, adgilobriviqarTuli mosaxleobis nawilis migraciam samegrelos Sida raionebisken,RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTis eTnikuri suraTis cvlilebagamoiwvia, magram arc Tu mniSvnelovnad, vinaidan afxazuri eTnosis moZalebaam mimarTulebiT SedarebiT susti iyo da aq adgilobrivi qarTuli(megruli) mosaxleobac ZiriTadad, adgilze darCa (beraZe, 2005: gv. 242).SedarebiTi mSvidobiani periodis dadgomis Semdeg gaxiznuli mosaxleobisnawili ukan mobrunda (cxadaia, 148-149). ukandabrunebis procesi murzayaniszeobis dros unda dawyebuliyo anu es aris XVIII saukunis I naxevari.swored aman ganapiroba rogorc am mxaris qoronimis megrulobis,aseve zogierTi adgilobrivi socialuri fenis megruli saxelwodebis1 С. Лакоба. Столетняя война Грузии против Абхазии, –http://www.circassianworld.com/Abkhazia_Lakoba.html.http://www.circassianworld.com/Abkhazia_Lakoba.html.151

SenarCuneba.XIX saukunis I naxevridan dRemde moyolebuli rusuli istoriografiada masTan erTad e.w. `afxazuri istoriografiis~ warmomadgenlebijiutad cdiloben samurzayanos, rogorc mxolod afxazuri eTnosis Zir-Zveli sacxovrisis warmoCenas. am mxriv sayuradReboa T. aCugbas mier ukanasknelperiodSi gamoqveynebuli naSromi 2 Tumca, misi mosazreba am mimarTulebiTgansakuTrebuli `siaxliT~ namdvilad ar gamoirCeva.samurzayanoelTa eTnikuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxi jer kidev caristulmareJimma wamoswia XIXs. I naxevarSi. mis mizanic iyo samurzayanoelTaafxazuri warmomavlobis damtkiceba. gansakuTrebiT es problema aqtualuriSeiqmna odiSisaTvis samurzayanos CamorTmevis Semdeg. rusebi Zalianmondomebuli iyvnen, rom am kuTxis mosaxleoba erTmniSvnelovnadafxazebad gamoecxadebinaT da swored aqedan momdinareobda es `dakve-Tac~. s. baxia-oqruaSvilis samarTliani SefasebiT, es iyo absoluturadxelovnurad Seqmnili problema (baxia- oqruaSvili, 2008: gv. 56). am politikisgagrZeleba iyo carizmis CinovnikTa mier afxazeTSi miznobrivi migraciisaTvisxelSewyoba, romelic am mxareSi dasaxlebis uflebas sxvadasxvaerebis warmomadgenlebs aZlevda, garda qarTvelebisa(baxiaoqruaSvili,2008: gv. 64).am sakiTxis `gamokvlevaSi~ pirveloba m. seleznevs ekuTvnis, romelmacukve 1847 wels gamocemul Tavis naSromSi samurzayanoelebi erTmniSvnelovnadafxazur eTnoss miakuTvna (Селезнев, 1847: gv.135-136) am kursmagagrZeleba hpova a. berJes, s. duxovskis, general g. filipsonis naSromebsada Tu memuarebSi (Берже, 1857: gv. 6-7; Духовский, 1864: gv. 44. Филиппсон,1885: gv. 208). a. berJes mosazreba maleve gaakritika d. furcelaZem,romelmac Tavis argumentebSi xazi gausva samurzayanos warsuls, istoriulZeglebs qarTuli warwerebiTa da mis Tanamedrove samurzayanoel-Ta sasaubro enas, romelic, avtoris TqmiT, megruli iyo (Гамахария, Гогия,1997: gv. 328-329). n. albovma ki samurzayanoelTa eTnologiis kvlevaSi arsebiTi`siaxle~ Semoitana. misi mtkicebiT, samurzayanoelebi igive afxazebiarian, radgan, iseve rogorc afxazebi, vaWrobisadmi zizRiT gansxvavdebianmegrelebisagano (Альбов, 1983:gv. 306).`ruseTis imperiis geografiul-statistikuri leqsikonis~ IV tomisavtorebi aRiareben samurzayanoelTa `qarTuli warmomavlobas~, TumcaaRniSnaven, isini ufro afxazebs hgvanan, gansakuTrebiT samurzayanos dasavleTinawilis mosaxleni (Семенов, 1873: gv. 423). rac Seexeba mosaxleobissarwmunoebriv mdgomareobas, `leqsikonSi~ naTqvamia, rom adre isiniqristianebi yofilan, Tumca amJamad, ZiriTadad, warmarTebi arian (Семе-2 Т. А. Ачугба. О проблемах национального самосознания населения юго-восточной Абхазии,– http://www.abkhaziya.org/books/samurzaqan/samurz1.html.152

нов, 1873: gv. 423).carizmis zemoxsenebul politikuri kursisa da am mimarTulebiT Catarebuli`samecniero kvlevebis~ Sedegi aisaxa XIXs. 60-ian wlebSi afxazeTSisaglexo reformis gasatareblad sagangebod Seqmnili `wodebrivsamiwaTmoqmedokomisiis~ aqtebSi, sadac samurzayanoelebi uapelaciodafxazebs miaweres, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini Tavs megrelebad miiCnevdnen(Эсадзе, 1907: gv. 514). am gadawyvetilebis sapasuxod p. Waraia werda:`samurzayanoelebi ki igive megrelebi arian, Tumc bevrs ara hjera. ena, esumTavresi niSani erovnobisa, amtkicebs amas. mTel samurzayanoSi megrulaTlaparakoben. imis dasavleT nawilSi, ufro mTagorian adgilebze,afxazuric ician~ (Waraia, 1897: gv. 218). 1869 da 1899 wlebSi gamoqveynebul`kavkasiaSi qristianobis aRmdgeni sazogadoebis~ angariSebSi naTladaadafiqsirebuli, rom `iloridan dawyebuli mTel samurzayanoSi batonobsmegruli ena~ da `araviTari eWvi ar SeiZleba SevitanoT imaSi,rom samurzayanoelebi ekuTvnian qarTul toms. samurzayanoelebi laparakobenmegrul enaze da ara afxazur enaze~ (ToTaZe, 1995: gv. 85-86) samurzayanosmosaxleoba megrelebad miaCnda iakob gogebaSvilsac (gogeba-Svili, 1881: gv. 316).aRsaniSnavia, rom k. maWavarianma mxari dauWira `wodebriv-samiwaTmoqmedokomisiis~ Sefasebas (Мачавариани, 1913: gv.311). misi mtkicebiT, samurzayanoelebiumTavresad afxazebi iyvnen, xolo am miwa-wyalze mobinadremegreli ki iyo «выходец из Мингрелии» (Мачавариани, 1913: gv.311). k.maWavarianma Tavisi `mosazrebebis~ gamoqveyneba XIXs. miwurulidan daiwyoda gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad am ideebis propagandisTvis mas Tavisgverdebs uTmobda baTumSi gamomavali Savrazmuli gazeTi «Черноморскийвестник», sadac is amtkicebda, rom samurzayanoelebi, adaT-wesebiT, eniTda sarwmunoebiT, afxazebi iyvnen. 3 es gamocema, romelzedac T. saxokiamdawera `ukacravad pasuxia, gazeTi~, `nomeri ise ar gamova am gazeTisa,rom raime uSveri Treva-lanZRva da ugvano Worikanuli ciliswameba ariyos saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~, samurzayanoSic aqtiurad vrceldeboda (saxokia,1985: gv. 323-324). Tumca, misi `naSromebi~ qarTuli sazogadoebiswarmomadgenlebisgan upasuxod ar rCeboda (iveria, 1899; samuzayanoeli.1899). samurzayanoelebi mxolod afxazebi iyvnen s. basariasTvisac(Басария, : gv.99) .dekanoz daviT maWavariansa (k. maWavarianis mama) da i. bartolomeisam sakiTxSi, sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT, kategoriuli mtkicebis toni ar3 К. Д. Мачавариани. Имеют ли право самурзаканцы называть себя мингрельцами, – «ЧВ», 1899,№№72-75; К. Д. Мачавариани. Ответ Самурзаканцу, – «ЧВ», 1899, №№101, 102; К. Д. Мачавариани.Очерки Абхазии, – «ЧВ», 1899, №№224, 229, 233, 254, 279; К. Д. Мачавариани. Очерки Абхазии, –«ЧВ», 1900, №№31, 34; ix., agreTve, misive: К. Д. Мачавариани. Сухум и Абхазия, – «ТВ», 1879, №250,252; К. Д. Мачавариани. Религиозное состояние Абхазии, – «КВ», 1889, №22, 24.153

hqondaT, Tumca aRniSnavdnen, rom samurzayanoelTa Cveulebebi ufroafxazurTan poulobda msgavsebas, vidre — megrelTan (Мачавариани, Бартоломей1864: gv. 77-78).zemoxsenebulebisagan gansxvavebuli mosazreba samurzayanoelTawarmoSobis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia 1868w. gazeTSi «Кавказ» gamoqvenebulivrceli masala amierkavkasiis mosaxleobaze, sadac, marTalia, samurzayanoelebicalke tomad arian moxseniebuli, Tumca avtori aRniSnavs, romisini megrelebisgan momdinareoben (Кавказ, 1868: gv. 2-3). Tavis mosazrebasavtori mTeli rigi argumentebiT amyarebs: igi aRniSnavs, rom samurzayanoelebi,miuxedavad imisa, rom adgilobrivi Tavad-aznauroba, ZiriTadadmainc, afxazuri warmoSobisaa, umTavresad, megrulad metyveleben(Кавказ, 1868: gv. 2). megruli ki, misi azriT, qarTuli enis erT-erTi kiloa.(Кавказ, 1868: gv. 3). aqedan gamomdinare, igi kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba g.berJesa da germaneli mecnieris Snicleris mosazrebebs, rom samurzayanoelebiafxazebi arian (Кавказ, 1868: gv. 2). amitom, samurzayanoelebs, avtorisTqmiT, sakuTari saRvTismetyvelo enis Seqmnac ar ucdiaT, radganamisaTvis, tradiciulad, qarTuls iyeneben. iqve, mas erTi friad sayuradRebocnobac mohyavs: «Нам известно, что за последнее время духовное начальствопоручало одному из самурзаканских священо-служителей перевести намингрельский язык литургию св. Иоанна Златоуста, но все сословия мингрельскаго исамурзаканскаго населения возстали против этой меры,... а потому почтенный трудпереводчика остался без практическаго применения * » (Кавказ, 1868: gv. 3). 4anonim avtors samurzayanoelTa qarTvelobis damadastureblad istoriulifaqtebic mohyavs. igi aRniSnavs, rom es Tanamedrove samurzayanoteritoria jer istoriuli kolxidis, mogvianebiT ki lazikis SemadgenlobaSiSedioda(Кавказ, 1868: gv. 2). am mxaris qarTuli samyarosadmikuTvnilebas, misi azriT, adastureben istoriuli Zgelebi, romelTa SorisumTavresad gamoyofili aqvs ilorisa da bediis taZrebi, sadac dakrZaluliasaqarTvelos mefe bagrat III da iq arsebul xatebze Semonaxuliawarwerebi, rom es mxare megreli mTavrebis — dadianebis — kuTvnilebayofila(Кавказ, 1868: gv. 2).1892w. Tavisi `kvlevis~ Sedegebi warmoadgina rusma mecnierma i. pantiuxovmac,romelic jer sagazeTo statiis, Semdeg ki, imave welsve, cenzurisanu xelisuflebis nebarTviT, calke broSuris saxiTac gamoica* `CvenTvis cnobilia, rom sasuliero xelisuflebam erT samurzayanoel RvTismsaxursdaavala wm. ioane oqropiris liturgiis gadaTargmna, magram samegrelosada samurzayanos mosaxleobis yvela wodeba win aRudga am saqmes,.. amitom mTargmnelises sapatio Sroma praqtikuli gamoyenebis gareSe darCa~ (TargmaniCvenia — k.k.).4 Cans, rom avtori cdilobda cenzurisTvis Tvalis axvevas, roca liturgiismegrulad Targmnas `gonivrul~ ganzraxvad asaxelebda.154

(Пантюхов, 1892/ Кавказ; Пантюхов, 1892). mkvlevars Tavis miznad dausaxavs,samurzayanoelTa da afxazTa identurobis damtkiceba da, ZiriTadad,megrelebsa da samurzayanoelebis ganmasxvavebel niSan-Tvisebebs eZebda.Tumca, amgvari kvleva afxazebis mimarT rom waremarTa, albaT, gacilebiT,obieqtur daskvnebs gaakeTebda.i. pantiuxovi Tavis naSroms iwyebs imis gancxadebiT, rom «Самурзаканьюиздревле 5 называется страна, лежашая между Абхазиею и Мингрелиею»(Пантюхов, 1892: gv. 1). amis Semdeg is mkiTxvels acnobebs, rom istoriulicnobebiT (Tumca, ar akonkretebs am `cnobebs~) samurzayanos teritoriaze`romeliRac gansakuTrebul xalxs ucxovria~, xolo adgilobriviqristianuli taZrebi bizantielebis mier yofila agebuli iustinianeskeisrobis dros (ax.w. Vs.) (Пантюхов, 1892: gv. 1). saeWvoa, rom avtors bediistaZari TvalmokvriT ar enaxa da an rame ar gaego 6 qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisam Sedevris qtitoris — mefe bagratis — Sesaxeb. i. pantiuxovisSemdegi gancxadebiT, samurzayanoelebi Tavdapirvelad afxazuradsaubrobdnen, Tumca, megrelTa mowolis Semdeg, maT mSobliuri ena daiviwyesda amJamad Tavs megrelebad miiCneveno (Пантюхов, 1892: gv. 2).i. pantiuxovs sagangebod anTropologiuri ~kvlevebic~ Cautarebia,romlis Sedegac `daaskvna~, rom am mxaris mosaxleoba gansxvavdebodazugdidisa da senakis megrelebisgan. rusi avtoris `daskvnebs~ raime samecnieroRirebuleba rom hqonoda da samurzayanoelebic afxazebad migveCnia,rogorc mas surda, misi daskvnebi mainc advilad gabaTildeboda,vinaidan am `mkvlevaramde~ saukunenaxevriT adre vaxuSi batoniSvili SeniSnavda,rom afxazebi arian `mgvaneni megrelTa~(vaxuSti, 1973: 785). Cvenimematianis es SeniSvna ki, mogvianebiT, ukve XX saukuneSi, anTropologiurikvlevebiTac dadasturda (abduSeliSvili, da sxv., 2004: gv. 7-8;kvaSilava, 2004: gv. 50-51). i. pantiuxovisgan gansxvavebiT, sxva rusmamkvlevarma, kerZod ki, a. diaCkov-tarasovma afxazur zne-Cveulebebze,maTSi dacul gadmocemebisa da istoriuli monacemebis analiziT savsebiTsamarTlianad daaskvna, rom afxazebi enguri-RaliZgis SuamdinareT-Si mosuli mosaxleoba iyo (Дьячков-Тарасов,1905: gv. 65; beraZe, afaqiZe, 1991:gv. 14, 78).n. dubrovinisTvisac samurzayanoelebi afxazebi arian, Tumca manisic kargad icis, rom samurzayanosa da afxazeTs Soris sazRvari md. RaliZgazegadioda (Дубровин, 1871: gv. 2).aRsaniSnavia, rom samurzayanos eTnografiaSi garkveuli gamokvlevebiCautarebia Tanamedrove rus mecniers l. soloviovasac. miuxedavad5 xazgasma Cvenia — k.k.6 miT ufro, rom zemoT moyvanili cnobebi samurzayanos Sesaxeb («Главнейшиясведения о горских племенах..»), rogorc aRvniSneT 1868 welsaa gamoqveynebuli.155

imisa, rom is samarTlianad aRiarebda Tanamedrove samurzayanos teritoriazeafxazebis gviandel Sua saukuneebSi gamoCenas, miiCnevda, romafxaz-megrelTa Serevis Sedegad am mxareSi Camoyalibda axali eTnikurisubieqti, `samurzayanoeli~, sakuTari TviTSegnebiT da mosaubre afxazurienis samurzayanul dialeqtze, Tumca, mkvlevris TqmiT, XIXs. miwurulsam `samurzayanoelTa~ `eTnikuri TviTSegnebis~ cvla momxdara samegrelodanmowolili mniSvnelovani masis migraciis gamo (Соловьев: gv.5-16; Соловьев: gv. 45-53; baxia-oqruaSvili, 2008: gv.57-58). magram, s. janaSiasafxazuri enis samurzayanuli dialeqtis arseboba saeWvod miaCnda(janaSia,1959: gv. 223) maSin, roca sayovelTaod aRiarebulia megruliena-kavis samurzayanul-zugdiduri dialeqtis arseboba.l. soloviovas mosazrebas, erTgvarad, eTanxmeba p. cxadaia, romelicmiiCnevs, rom sami saukunis manZilze Tanacxovrebam, yoveldRiurmakontaqtebma, rac cxovrebisa da saqmianobis yvela sferos moicavda, bunebrivadgamoiwvia orenovneba, ori enis Tanabrad floba da gamoyenebayoveldRiur cxovrebaSi (cxadaia, 2001: gv. 211-214). Tumca, vfiqrobT, samarTlianias. baxia-oqruaSvilis SeniSvna, rom rusi mecnieris mier warmodgenilisuraTi veranairad ver miesadageba samurzayanoSi arsebul vi-Tarebas da igi ufro abJuas mxarisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli baxia-oqruaSvili,2008: gv. 72-73).samurzayanos anTroponimikisa da toponimikis `Seswavlis~ mcdelobahqonda abazuri warmoSobis rus eTnografs, istoriis mecnierebaTadoqtors m. Txaicuxovs. am mimarTulebiT gaweuli misi kvlevebi regionSiarsebuli Sesabamisi masalis qarTveluri warmomavlobis gayalbebis aSkaramcdelobas warmoadgens. m. Txaicuxovi, saerTod, samurzayanoSi dafiqsirebuliaSkarad qarTveluri anTroponimikisa da toponimikis ara-Tu afxazuri, saerTod abazuri warmoSobis `damtkicebas~ Seecada Тхайцухов,2006: gv.142-159).caristuli istoriografiis `daskvnebs~ samurzayanoelTa `afxazobis~Taobaze win aRudgnen qarTveli mecnierebi da sazogado moRvaweebi.maT Soris, bunebrivia, i. gogebaSvilic idga, romelic am kuTxis mosaxleobascalsaxad qarTvelebad aRiarebda. samurzayanoze misi Sexedulebebisgacnoba SesaZlebelia cnobili saxelmZRvanelos `bunebis karis~ meSveobiT.am mxriv sainteresoa dasaxelebuli naSromis pirveli gamocemebi,sadac cnobebi am istoriul-eTnografiuli kuTxis Sesaxeb SedarebiTvrclad aris mocemuli. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos parlamentis iliaWavWavaZis saxelobis erovnul biblioTekaSi yvelaze uZvelesia mxolodIV gamocema (1882w.) (gogebaSvili, 1882).i. gogebaSvili mimoixilavs samurzayanos geografiul mdgomareobas,saubrobs samurzayanoelTa wes-Cveulebebze, warsulze. istoriismonaxazi, ZiriTadad, sworia, vinaidan am mxaris warmoqmnas i. gogebaSvili156

samarTlianad ukavSirebs erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlas da, osmaleTisada mTiel kavkasielTa mxardaWeriT, afxazTa gaZlierebas, romlebmacSeZles odiSis Crdilo-dasavleTi nawilis mitaceba. samurzayanosSeqmnas avtori 1671 wliT aTariRebs(gogebaSvili, 1882: gv. 317). Tumca,Semdgomi kvlevebiT es TariRi gaziarebuli ar iqna, radgan afxazTaSemoWra samegrelos samTavros Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi da misi aneqsiaXVIIs. 80-90-iani wlebiT TariRdeba( Анчабадзе, 1959: gv. 270).samurzayanoelTa sarwmunoebrivi viTarebis mimoxilvisas, i. gogebaSviliaRniSnavs, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba Tavidanve qristiani yofila,magram, Tavsgadamtydari istoriuli qartexilebis gamo, es religiaSesustebula (gogebaSvili, 1882: gv. 318). Tumca, momxdurs islamisdamkvidreba mainc ver mouxerxebia, vinaidan samurzayanoSi arsad moipovebameCeTi. avtori iqve SeniSnavs, rom samurzayanoelTa sarwmunoebaSi,warmarTobis garkveuli elementebic gaCenila, rac samWedlos kultsukavSirdeba (gogebaSvili, 1882: gv. 318-319). zogadad, SeiZleba iTqvas,rom i. gogebaSvils, am sakiTxze muSaobisas, unda esargebla imereTismRvdelmTavris wmida gabrielis (qiqoZe) angariSebiT, romelic sainteresocnobebs Seicavs samurzayanos Sesaxeb (Кавказ, 1869) da `ruseTis imperiisgeografiul-statistikuri leqsikonis~ IV tomiT (Семенов, 1873: gv.422-423).amrigad, rusuli istoriografia XIXs. I naxevridan moyolebulividre dRemde daJinebiT cdilobs samurzayanos `afxazuri~ warmoSobadaamtkicos da Seqmnas ideologiuri safuZveli am qarTuli istoriuleTnografiuliprovinciis deda-samSoblosagan mowyvetisa da samurzayanoelqarTvelTa denacionalizaciisaTvis. am imperialistur-SovinisturmimarTulebas imTaviTve win aRudga qarTuli inteligencia, romelic,obieqtur kvleva-Ziebebze dayrdnobiT, argumentirebulad abaTilebdaam rus mecnierTa `daskvnebs~. am mxriv mniSvnelovania i. gogebaSvilismoRvaweoba. im wlebSi, roca akrZaluli sityvis `saqarTvelo~ xmarebacki, is daufaravad qadagebda saqarTvelos miwa-wylebisa da qarTvelixalxis, romelSic samurzayanolebic moiazrebodnen, erTianobis ideas.literatura: abduSeliSvili, da sxv., 2004 - m. abduSeliSvili, e. javaxiSvili,l. SaraSeniZe. kavkasiis anTropologiis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1968. baxia, oqruaSvili, 2008 - s. baxia-oqruaSvili. samurzayanoelTavinaoba da masTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi istoriuleTnologiuriproblema, — kreb.: nodar Sengelia 75. Tb., 2008. beraZe, afaqiZe, 1991 - qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis damaxinjebisgamo (pasuxi `afxazuri werilis~ avtorebs). g. beraZisa da g. afaqiZisredaqciiT. Tb., 1991. beraZe, 2005 - T. beraZe. Tanamedrove afxazeTi. mokle istoriul-157

geografiuli mimoxilva, — kreb.: `saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebisistoriis sakiTxebi~. t. VIII. Tb., 2005. gogebaSvili, 1882 - bunebis kari anu yrmaTaTvis sakiTxavi wigni.umcros klasebSi saxmarebeli. Sedgenili iakob gogebaSvilisaganmier. meoTxe Secvlili gamocema. Tf., 1882. vaxuSti, 1973 - batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosasaqarTvelosa, — qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvelaZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. IV. Tb., 1973. iveria, 1899 - JuJuna. gakvriT, — gaz.: `iveria~, 140, 4 ivlisi, 1899. kvaSilava, 2004 - i. kvaSilava. samurzayano XIX-XX saukuneebSi.istoriul-eTnologiuri gamokvleva. istoriis mecnierebaTakandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenilidisertacia (xelnaweris uflebiT). Tb., 2004. samurzayanoeli, 1899 - Голос самурзаканца, — gaz.: «ЧВ». 6 maisi, 1899. saxokia, 1985 - T. saxokia. mogzaurobani (guria, aWara,samurzayano, afxazeTi). baTumi, 1985. cxadaia, 2001 - p. cxadaia. sakuTari saxeli kolxur (zanur) enaSi(megruli toponimiis, anTroponimiisa da zoonimiis masalebismixedviT). disertacia filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtorisxarisxis mosapoveblad. xelnaweris uflebiT. Tb., 2001. Waraia, 1897 - p. W-a. miwaTmflobeloba afxazeTSi, — Jurn.: `kvali~,11, 1897. kvali, 1877 - p. W-a. miwaTmflobeloba afxazeTSi, — Jurn.: `kvali~,11, 1897. ToTaZe, 1995 - a. ToTaZe. afxazeTis mosaxleoba XIX-XX saukuneeb-Si: siyalbe da realoba. — wgn.: a. ToTaZe. afxazeTis mosaxleoba:istoria da Tanamedroveoba. Tb., 1995. janaSia, 1959- s. janaSia. afxazuri ena, — Sromebi. t. III, Tbilisi,1959. Анчабадзе, 1959 - З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии,Сухуми, 1959. Альбов, 1893 - Н. М. Альбов. Этнографические наблюдения в Абхазии, –«Живая старина». Вып. III, 1893, gv. 306. Басария, 1923 - С. Басария. Абхазия в географическом, этнографическом иэтно-культурном отношении. Сухум-Кале, 1923. Берже, 1857 - А. Берже. Краткий обзор горских племен на Кавказе. Абхазскоеплемя (азега), – «Кавказский календарь за 1858». Тфл., 1857, gv. 6-7; Гамахария, Гогия, 1997 - Дмитрий Пурцеладзе о самурзаканцах (dok. #166).— wgn.: Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. Абхазия – историческая область Грузии (историография,документы и материалы, комментарии). С древнейших времендо 30-х годов XX века. Тб., 1997, gv. 328-329 Гогебашвили, 1877 - Я. Гогебашвили. Кем заселить Абхазию, – gaz.:«Тифлисский вестник». 1877, #209, 210, 243, 245, 246, 248, 249. Дубровин, 1871 - Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества на Кавказе. Т. I:158

Очерк Кавказа и народов его населяющих. Книга II: Закавказье. СПб., 1871,gv. 2. Духовский, 1864 - С. Духовский. Материалы для описания войны наЗападном Кавказе. СПб., 1864, gv. 44; Филиппсон, 1885 - Воспоминания Г. И.Филиппсона, – «Русский архив». Кн. 2. М., 1885. Дьячков-Тарасов , 1905: А. Н. Дьячков-Тарасов. Бзыбская Абхазия, – ИзвестияКавказскаго Отдела Императорскаго Русскаго Географическаго Общества. Т. 18.Тфл., 1905. Эсадзе, 1907 - С. Эсадзе. Историческая записка об управлении Кавказом. Т. I.Тфл., 1907. Кавказ, 1869 - Из путешествия епископа Имеретинскаго Гавриила, дляобозрения абхазских и самурзаканских приходов, – gaz.: «Кавказ». #13-15,1869. Кавказ, 1868 - Главнейшия сведения о горских племенах, на которыяраспространяется деятельность Общества возстановления ПравославнагоХристианства на Кавказе, – gaz. «Кавказ», #44, 1868. С. Лакоба. Столетняя война Грузии против Абхазии, Мачавариани, 1913 - К. Мачавариани. Описательный путеводитель погороду Сухуму и Сухумскому округу с историко-этнографическим очеркомАбхазии. С историко-этнографическим очерком Абхазии. Сухум, 1913. Мачавариани, 1899/72-75 - К. Д. Мачавариани. Имеют ли правосамурзаканцы называть себя мингрельцами, – «ЧВ», 1899, №№72-75; Мачавариани, 1899/101-102 - К. Д. Мачавариани. Ответ Самурзаканцу, –«ЧВ», 1899, №№101, 102; Мачавариани, 1899, - К. Д. Мачавариани. Очерки Абхазии, – «ЧВ», 1899,№№224, 229, 233, 254, 279; Мачавариани, Бартоломей. 1864 - Д. Мачавариани, И. Бартоломей. Нечто оСамурзакани, – ЗКОРГО. Кн. 6, 1864. Пантюхов, 1892/ Кавказ - И. И. Пантюхов. Самурзаканцы, – gaz. «Кавказ»,№77, 1892; Пантюхов, 1892 - И. И. Пантюхов. Самурзаканцы. Тфл., 1892. Селезнев, 1847 - М. Селезнев. Руководство познанию Кавказа. Кн. 2. СПб,1847. Семенов, 1873 - Географическо-статистический словарь РоссийскойИмперий. Составил по поручению Императорскаго русскаго географическагообщества П. Семенов. Т. IV. СПб., 1873. Семенов, 1873 - Географическо-статистический словарь РоссийскойИмперий. Составил по поручению Императорскаго русскаго географическагообщества П. Семенов. Т. IV. СПб., 1873. Тхайцухов, 2006 - М. Тхайцухов. Абазины. Страницы древней исредневековой истории. Черкесск – Карачаевск, 2006.159

Kakha KvashilavaSokhumi State UniveristyTHE PROBLEM OF SAMURZAKANIANS “ETHINC BELONGING” IN RUSSIANHISTORIOGRAPHY AND IAKOB GOGEBASHVILI’S SIGHTSSince 1 st half of 19 th Century Russian historiography has been trying to prove of“Abkhazian” origination of Samurzakano and to create an ideological basis for alienationthis Georgian historical and ethnological province from Georgia and for denationalizationof Samurzakanian Georgians. This imperialistic and chauvinistic direction was immediatelyopposed by the Georgian intellingetsia which based on an object research reasonabledisproved these “conclusions” of Russian scientists. In the years when using of word“Georgia” was prohibited by the Tsarism, Iakob Gogebashvili, the founder of Georgianpedagogics and one of the leaders of the Georgian national liberation struggle, propagatedthe idea of the unity of Georgian lands and the Georgians in which he also meantSamurzakanians.160

filologia = literatura, enaTmecnierebaPHILOLOGY = LITERATURE, LINGUISTICSsabavSvo literaturis tendenciebi`daTbobisa~ da `uZraobis~ periodSi161nana gafrindaSviliiv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisissaxelmwifo universitetimariam miresaSvilisoxumis saxelmwifo universiteticnobilia, rom sabWoTa periodSi sabavSvo literatura saxelmwifosmxridan uxeS ideologiur zewolas ganicdida da cenzuris mier totaluradkontroldeboda. sabWoTa ideologia winaswar gansazRvravda sabavSvonawarmoebebis Tematikas, mxatvrul meTods, stils, ideur mimar-Tulebas. imTaviTve, jer kidev 1918 wels gazeT `pravdaSi~ l. kormCisfsevdonimiT daibeWda l. piragisis statia `daviwyebuli iaraRi~ (`daviwyebuliaraRSi~ sabavSvo literatura igulisxmeba), romelSic avtori moiTxovdasabavSvo literaturisadmi klasobrivi poziciebidan midgomasda qadagebda sabavSvo literaturis utilitarul daniSnulebaze momavalisabWoTa moqalaqeebis aRzrdis sistemaSi. ukve 1933 wels skp(b) ck-isdadgenilebiT Seiqmna specialuri gamomcemloba `detskaia literatura~.am dadgenilebam saxelmwifos mianiWa ufleba, erTdroulad yofiliyosabWoTa sabavSvo literaturis damkveTic, mwarmoebelic da cenzoric(Блюм, 2000: gv. 26).stalinis gardacvalebisa da xelisuflebaSi nikita xruSCovis mosvlisSemdeg, 50-iani wlebis Sua periodidan sabWoTa literaturaSi dgebae.w. `daTbobis” periodi, rodesac Semoqmedebs SedarebiT Tavisufal re-JimSi muSaobis SesaZlebloba miecaT. Tumca, ukve 60-ian wlebSi `pasternakisa~da `mxatvari-abstraqcionistebis~ saqmeebma naTelyo rom sabWo-Ta literatura ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo Tavisufali ideologiuri wnexisagan.cxadia, igive politika xorcieldeboda sabavSvo literaturismimarTac. am SemTxvevaSi saubari SeiZleba gvqondes mxolod da mxolodSedarebiT Tavisuflebaze da esopes enis gamoyenebis met SesaZleblobebze(Эггелинг, 1999: gv.102).rac Seexeba esopes enas: `daTbobis“ periodSi mwerlebma (romlebsacmogvianebiT 60-ianelebi uwodes) mTeli sistema Seqmnes, romelicSemdeg princips emyareba: simarTlis Tqma pirdapir ar SeiZleba, igiSefarviT unda iTqvas. literaturaTmcodneni erTxmad aRniSnaven,rom `daTbobisa~ da misi momdevno `uZraobis~ periodis literaturaSi

damkvidrebuli erT-erTi mniSvnelovani tendencia simarTlis SefarviTTqmas, anu esopes enas, ukavSirdeba. sainteresoa literaturiscnobili Teoretikosis, londonis universitetis slavistikisa da aRmosavleTevropis skolis profesoris, lev losevis, mosazreba. monografiaSi`cenzuris sargeblianobis kvaldakval: esopes ena Tanamedroverusul literaturaSi~, igi esopes enas gansazRvravs, rogorcgansakuTrebul literaturul sistemas, `romlis struqtura saSualebasiZleva, rom damyardes kavSiri avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris, daimavdroulad, cenzorisgan iqnes dafaruli nawarmoebis nebadaurTveliSinaarsi~ (Loseff,1984: gv. 31). losevis azriT, aRniSnul triadaSiavtori,mkiTxveli, cenzori- mTavari moqmedi piri cenzoria, radganmisi miTiTebiT (ufro sworad, antimiTiTebiT) iqmneba teqsti. magramamasTan erTad, cenzoris figura absoluturad amorfulia, radgan,TamaSis wesebis Tanaxmad, mas ar SeuZlia, zustad Camoaalibos, Tu raigulisxmeba `nawarmoebis nebadaurTav SinaarsSi~; am ukanasknels (anu,nebadaurTav Sinaarss, Temas, romelic aqtualuria) Tavad avtormaunda miagnos empiriuli gziT.zemoaRniSnul monografiaSi l. losevi aRniSnavs, rom imisTvis, romrealuri obieqti gaxdes xelovnebis sagani, igi unda iyos martivi,erTmniSvnelovani, erTgvar saburvelSi unda gaexvios da ganzogaddes,sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, unda gaCndes distancia realur cxovrebasada mxatvrul gamonagons, SemoqmedebiT fantazias Soris. aseT Sem-TxvevaSi teqsti iZens damatebiT mniSvnelobas; igi, erTi mxriv, invariantuliwakiTxvis saSualebas iZleva da, meore mxriv, mkiTxvelsac literaturulTanapersonaJad aqcevs. rogorc l. losevi SeniSnavs, esopurinawarmoebis kiTxvisas recipienti ganicdis kaTarsiss represiulZalauflebaze gamarjvebis niSnad.sanam esopes eniT Seqmnil sabavSvo literaturis nimuSs SevexebiT,TvalsaCinoebisTvis warmogidgenT tipur sabWoTa sabavSvo literaturisnimuSebs. sabavSvo literaturam aitaca da mxatvrulad Seasxa xorcimiTs brZeni mamisa da didi sabWoTa ojaxis Sesaxeb. sabavSvo baRis aRmzrdelebiTu skolis maswavleblebi gulmodgined ameorebinebdnen bavSvebssagangebod SerCeul leqsebs, romlebSic komunisturi paTetika sWarbobdada nefsiT Tu uneblieT momaval TaobaSi komunisturi cnobierebisCamoyalibebas uwyobdnen xels:`lenins uyvarda bavSvebi,lenini gviyvars patarebs.mis darigebas, mis rCevasgulSi saTuTad vatarebT~ (noneSvili, 1982: gv. 339).giorgi kaWaxiZe aseTi sityvebiT amkobs `aprilSi dabadebul~ `saqmiTukvdav~ lenins:`bavSvebis xSiri stumari,162

imaTi fiqris gamgebi;yovelTvis axlo hyoliabejiTebi da kargebi~ (kaWaxiZe, 1989: gv. 300).socrealizmis qarTuli saymawvilo literatura mondomebiT atarebdapartiis ideologiur politikas da Zaladobda mozardis fsiqikaze, raTakomunizmis mSenebeli adamianis cnobierebaSi Tavidanve Caenerga komunisturiideebi, beladis monuri rwmena da erTguleba:`...mavzoleumSi isvenebslenini — xalxTa genia,magram leninis naTelimsoflios gadahfenia....man mze mohfina qveyanas,mze marad Cauqrobeli. . .ai, rad gviyvars lenini,Cveni Zvirfasi mSobeli.” (noneSvili, 1982: gv. 341)lenini ki ar asvenia an ki ar ganisvenebs mavzoleumSi, aramed mxolodisvenebs. mwerlisagan obieqturi sinamdvilis aseT deformirebasa da damaxinjebassocrealisturi kanoni moiTxovda, romelic `realobis mar-Tal asaxvas~ ki avaldebulebda mwerals, magram ara obieqturi realobisas,aramed, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `socrealisturi realobisas~. am ukanasknelismixedviT, lenini ara marto cocxalia, aramed - ukvdavic.sabWoTa sabavSvo literatura da, kerZod, qarTuli sabavSvo literatura,erTi mxriv, garkveulwilad emorCileboda am moTxovnebs, magram,rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, `daTbobisa~ da `uZraobis~ periodSi aqtiuradmimarTa esopes enasa da, misgan gamomdinare, ormagi adresatis princips,rac imas niSnavs, rom sabavSvo literaturis erTi nawili, misi metaforul-alegoriuliteqstebi, SeniRbuli saTqmeli da esopes ena gankuTvniliiyo rogorc bavSvebisaTvis, aseve ufrosebisaTvisac. nimuSad SeiZlebadavasaxeloT cnobili qarTveli sabavSvo mwerlis, ioram qemerteliZis,leqsi `dialogi eqvsi wlis SvilTan~. miuxedavad imisa, rom leqsisakmaod vrcelia, mTlianad mogvyavs igi.- mgeli xo batkans iparavs?- ki.- mela?- mela - qaTams.- Tevzsa da karaqs,yvelsa da rZesvin gvparavs xolme?- kata.- katac, mgelic da meliacsamive saZagelia.163

cxvari Tu mgelma mogvtaca,qaTami kidev - meliam,katamac - rZe da karaqi,_xo yvela gamogvelia?!- ki, Svilo, marTlac asea,magram qveyana Wrelia:cotaa am qveyanazedaTvi, mgeli da melia?- bevria!- bevri rom ari,unda fiqrobde amasac:daTvsac,melasac,turasac, _suyvelas unda Wama-sma.xom ar ggonia, CvensaviTSeWamen, rasac miutan!am mglis da daTvis SvilebsacWama xom undaT?- ki undaT!- hoda, es Cveni turebi,es melebi da daTvebiggonia xelebs isvrian?Cangals xmaroben TaTebiT.ra gecineba?- ar mjera!- gind daijere, gind ara!Wa xom Rrma ari,wyals svamen,warmoidgine, Widanac.rogor svamen da,ubralod,moxerxebulni gaxlavan;Tu moaxelTes,erTmaneTsZvalsac staceben saxravad.icine,midi, icine...yveli xo gemrielia?164

qaTamic giyvars?- ki miyvars!- ras erCi, aba, melias?savsea mTeli qveyanamglebiT, melebiT, turebiT,rom ar mogvparon saWmeli,amowydebodnen srulebiT.bunebas Tavis wesi aqvs,daudgenia gangebas:melamac unda icxovros,daTvmac,turamac da mgelmac.maS, ra ggonia!ager, a,uaRricxvod da urigodsaxlebic CamovurigeTam Sens mgelsa da turikos.- saxlebi?!- diax, saxlebi!modi da, avwon-davwonoT:zooparkSi xom dadixar?yvela saxlebSi ar cxovrobs?gaxsovs, daTvi rom gagveqca?zed gadavyeviT kinaRam.marto saxlebi ra ari,vaWmevT, vasmevT da vinaxavT,arc gastronomSi darbian,arc zurzuteben bazarTan.erTi, eg mgeli genaxa,gareT rom iyo, ras gavda.axla ra uWirs, binac aqvs,saWmel-sasmelic miudis,eqimica hyavs ufaso, _Tavisi konsiliumiT.mnaxvelic bevri daudis,cxovrobs gangebis imediT;ise ver naxav, karebSiTu ar aCvene bileTi.- Robidan Seval!- ah, Svilo,raze viybede amdeni!165

egre Tu gaZver-gamoZver,maSin ra Sen da ra mgeli.eg zooparki ar ari, _TiTo orola mgel-daTvi!ai, nakrZali rom naxo,imden mgels naxav, ver daTvli.daSligineben nebivraddaRamebidan dilamde,buzsac veravin aufrensam nakrZalebis binadrebs.Siga aqvT soro-bunagic,saWmel-sasmelic, rac undaT...daweqi, ginda adeqi,cxovroben batonkacurad.- nakrZali raa?- adgili,tye, veli SemoRobili.verc fexiT Sexval,verc _cxeniT,verc Seni avtomobiliT.ar miTxra axla,adgebida aqac Sexval Robidan!mxeci nakrZalSic mxecia,Sedi, Tu SeWma moginda!jer erTi, yaraulic hyavs,daraji nair-nairi,Sexval ki ara, Tu undaT,verc axlomaxlo gaivli.- ratom?- ratom da... ver miTqvams,mitom rom ar Tqva raime!yvelafers xom ver giambob,rom gaizrdebi, gaigeb.jer patara xar... manamdedae, giyvardes yoveli _Seni tyisa da velebisyvelanairi cxoveli. (qemerteliZe, 1979: gv. 8)rogorc vxedavT, avtori leqsSi Tavis Svils esaubreba cxovelTa Sesaxebda uxsnis, rom qveyanaze bevri kata, mgeli da meliaa (alegoriulplanSi igulisxmeba sabWoTa nomenklatura). isini Zalian moxerxebulniarian da xalxis xarjze cxovroben, iparaven cxvars, rZes, karaqs, arc er-166

TmaneTs indoben da, Tu SeZles, `Zvalsac staceben saxravad”. qveyanazebevri aseTi cxovelia. maT ase Tu ar icxovres, sruliad amowydebian;isini binebsac urigod da aRricxvis gareSe iReben (ssrk-Si sacxovrebelibina rom mieRo, adamiani wlobiT unda mdgariyo rigSi. amas `sabWouriterminologiiT” `binis rigSi~ an `binis aRricxvaze~ dgoma erqva), arc gastronomSidarbian rigiTi adamianebiviT, saukeTeso sasmel-saWmeli aqvT(ssrk-Si kvebis produqtebis deficiti iyo), cxovroben xalxisagan izolirebulad(leqsis mixedviT, nakrZalSi) da maT ise var naxav, Tu karebSiar aCvene bileTi, anu saSvi.es leqsi daibeWda saymawvilo Jurnal `dilaSi~ (1979, 8). Jurnalis mTavarredaqtors, muxran maWavarians, SeuZlebelia, ver SeeniSna, rom leqsialegoriuli xasiaTis iyo da masSi avtori SefarviT ambobda mware simar-Tles, gmobda partiul elitas, mis mtaceblur bunebas, wregadasul gaumaZRrobasada konformizms; rom avtori dascinoda da saqveynod amaTraxebdapartiul nomenklaturas. am leqsis alegoriuli plani imdenad gam-Wvirvalea, rom nebismieri adamiani, romelsac elementaruli warmodgenamainc aqvs sabWoTa sistemaze, advilad Caswvdeba da amoikiTxavs mis farulazrs. redaqtorma, cxadia, Tvali daxuWa leqsis mZafr antisabWoTamizanmimarTulebaze. es sakiTxi sagangebod gairCa komkavSiris ck-Si. Jurnalispasuxismgebeli mdivani anzor abulaSvili amtkicebda, rom am nawarmoebSiantisabWoTa veraferi SeniSna da amitom dabeWda. avtorma, Tavismxriv, ganmarta, rom zooparkTan axlos cxovrobda, cxovelebis bunebasxSirad akvirdeboda da aman STaagona, Seeqmna `dialogi eqvsi wlis SvilTan~,romelSic arafers antisabWoTas ar gulisxmobda.komkavSiris ck-s biurom daadanaSaula Jurnalis pasuxismgebeli mdivania. abulaSvili, romelmac, misi azriT, Tavi ver gaarTva dakisrebul movaleobas,zereled moekida norCi Taobis komunisturi aRzrdis sakiTxebsda gaaTavisufla dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan.ioram qemerteliZis leqsi `dialogi eqvsi wlis SvilTan~ ormagi adresatisprincipiT dawerili nawarmoebia, romelic bavSvisaTvisac sainteresoada zrdasruli adamianisaTvisac. norCi mkiTxveli dainteresdeba leqsispoeturi SinaarsiT, araalegoriuli planiT, xolo zrdasruli mki-Txvelis gonebas miipyrobs sabWoTa wyobilebis mZafri kritika.`daTbobisa~ da `uZraobis“ periodSi, anu 60-80-iani wlebis literaturaSi,simarTlis SefarviT Tqmis tendencia ufro daixvewa; gaCnda e. w.`nawarmoebi-koncefcia~, romelSic warmodgenilia ara adamianebis, aramedideebis drama. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli tipis nawarmoebSi personaJebiganasaxiereben avtoris ama Tu im ideas da warmoadgenen misi mxatvrulikoncefciis gansxvavebul mxareebs. aRniSnuli tipis nawarmoebebTandakavSirebiT literaturaTmcodneTa wreebSi damkvidrda parabolurobiscneba, romelSic igulisxmeboda realisturi prozis iseTi xarisxi,rodesac sulieri da filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT nawarmoebi moi-167

cavda gacilebiT ufro mets, vidre masSi gadmocemuli movlenebiT fiqsirdeboda(Вайль, 2003: gv. 96).sainteresoa, rom es xerxi nayofieri aRmoCnda dramaturgiaSic.sainteresoa cnobili reJisoris, giorgi tovstonogovis, dakvirveba:XXs-is 70-ian wlebSi man gaacnobiera parabolurobis efeqti da `scenurimetafora~ uwoda mas. reJisoris SeniSvniT, `metaforaa, rodesac scenazegaTamaSebuls Tan axlavs `sxva azri~. es `sxva azri~ miemarTeba mayureblisfsiqikas, racionalur sawyiss, misi aRqmis logikur sferos. erTi sityviT,`sxva azri~ (romelic reJisoris Canafiqrs warmoadgens), mayureblismier ki ar aRiqmeba scenaze warmodgenilis kvaldakval, aramed amoicnoba~(Товстоногов, 1972: gv. 63).`scenuri metaforis~ tipur nimuSad ganvixilavT e. Svarcis erT-erTcnobil piesas `drakoni~, romelic 70-ian wlebSi ssrk-s yvela wamyvaniTeatris scenaze daidga. sakmaod warmatebuli aRmoCnda aRniSnulipiesis robert sturuaseuli dadgma, romelic rusTavelis akademiurTeatrSi ganxorcielda. aRsaniSnavia, rom speqtakli 1976 wels daidgada mTavari rolis Semsrulebeli (msaxiobi guram saRaraZe) garegnuladpartiis genmdivans, l. i. breJnevs Camohgavda damaxasiaTebeli varcxnilobiT,warbebiT da a.S. `drakonSi~ warmoCenili zRaprul-pirobiTisamyaro warmoadgens totalitaruli sistemis models. piesis mixedviT,raindi lanceloti miadgeba qalaqs, romelsac ukve 400 welia marTavsdrakoni. lancelots Seebraleba drakonis morigi msxverpli - mSvenierielza- da gadawyvets mis orTabrZolaSi gamowvevas. drakonze metadlancelots aSinebs moqalaqeebSi sulieri da zneobrivi faseulobebisarqona, rac udavod oTxaswliani totalitaruli diqtaturis Sedegswarmoadgens. elzas mamac cdilobs drakonuli wesebis gamarTlebas dalancelots arwmunebs, rom sxva drakonebis Tavidan acilebis erT-erTsaukeTeso saSualebas sakuTari drakonis yola warmoadgens.drakonis mier marTul saxelmwifoSi yvela kanoni kacTmoZuleobiTgamoirCeva. qalaqSi usamarTloba sufevs: dawesebulia mZevlebis ayvanisada koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis kanoni maT winaaRmdeg, vinc drakonsdaupirispirdeba. magaliTad, elzas saqmro, hainrixi gadascems sacolesdrakonis brZanebas, rom moklas lanceloti; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,sikvdiliT daisjebian elzas saukeTeso megobrebi. moqalaqeebiimdenad SeSinebulebi arian, rom arc undaT orTabrZolis gamarTva lancelotsada drakons Soris; isini fulsac sTavazoben rainds, oRonddatovos maTi qalaqi. sainteresoa dialogi drakonsa da lancelotsSoris. drakoni arwmunebs rainds, rom misi cda amaoa, qalaqis mcxovreblebiadamianebi veRar gaxdebian, radgan TiToeuli maTganis sulSi ukvepatara drakonia Casaxlebuli: `me piradad gadavkere isini, davumaxinjesulebi. aseTebi mxolod Cems qalaqSi arian: uxelfexo, usulgulo, yru-168

munji, gamyidveli, mkvdari sulebi~. Tumca, lanceloti jiutad amtkicebs,rom isini mainc adamianebi arian.orTabrZolaSi lanceloti gaimarjvebs da moklavs drakons. magramrCebian drakonis saqmis gamgrZeleblebi: burgomistri da misi Svili. e.Svarci daundoblad gviCvenebs, rom totalitarizmis Sedegebi aseiolad ar aRmoifxvreba sazogadoebaSi. samwuxarod, drakoni agrZelebssicocxles moqalaqeTa monur sulebSi.amgvarad, paraboluri xerxis gamoyenebiT qarTveli mwerlebic da e.Svarcic iZlevian totalitarul sazogadoebaSi socialuri procesebisRrma da ukompromiso analizs. savaraudoa, rom problemis aqtualobam(da, ra Tqma unda, mweralTa ostatobamac) gansazRvra aRniSnulinawarmoebebisadmi didi interesi da maTi warmateba.`daTbobisa~ da `uZraobis~ periodSi ganviTarda literaturuli zRaprisJanruli saxesxvaoba. gamogonilma, zRaprulma qveynebma, gmirebmada situaciebma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZines totalitarizmispirobebSi, rac simarTlis SefarviT Tqmis met SesaZleblobas iZleoda.mwerlebi am zRaprebSi cdilobdnen, realoba naTel zRaprad eqciaT,daxmarebodnen TavianT norC mkiTxvelebs samyaros SemecnebaSi (a.sulakauri, o. ioseliani da sxv.). bavSvi yvela mwerlisaTvis ar iyomxolod is `nedleuli~, romlisganac momavalSi sabWoTa adamiani unda`mieRoT~. komunisturi moralis mqadagebel nawarmoebebs Caenacvla sabavSvoTxzulebebi, romlebSic avtorebi amuSaveben megobrobis, erTgulebis,sikeTis, urTierTdaxmarebisa da urTierTgatanis Temebs. bevri ni-Wieri mwerali (otia ioseliani, nodar dumbaZe, arCil sulakauri da sxv.)zrunavda bavSvebze da cdilobda, maRali idealebisa da WeSmariti faseulobebisaTviseziarebina isini, gaefarToebina maTi Tvalsawieri, daxmarebodasamyaros SecnobaSi. sabWoTa periodis qarTul sabavSvo literaturaSiSeiqmna araerTi iseTi nawarmoebi, romlebsac dResac ar daukargavsmxatvruli, SemecnebiTi da aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvneloba.literatura: noneSvili, 1982 - noneSvili i. Txzulebani or tomad, tomi II.Tbilisi,1982. kaWaxiZe, 1989 - kaWaxiZe g. lenins vadidebT bavSvebi .// qarTulisabavSvo poeziis anTologia. Tbilisi, 1989. qemerteliZe, 1979 - qemerteliZe i. dialogi eqvsi wlis SvilTan.//dila. Tbilisi,1979. Loseff, 1984 - Loseff Lev. On the Beneficence of Censorship: AesopianLanguagein Modern Russian Literature.Munich. 1984. Блюм, 2000 - Блюм А. Советская цензура в эпоху тотального террора 1929-1953. Москва. 2000.169

Вайль, 2003 - Вайль П., Генис А. Собрание сочинений, В 2 т. Том 1. 60-е.Мир советского человека, Екатеринбург. 2003. Эггелинг, 1999 - Эггелинг . В. Политика и культура при Хрущеве и Брежневе.1953-1970. Москва. 1999. Товстоногов, 1972: Товстоногов Г. Круг мыслей. Ленинград. 1972.Nana GaprindashviliIvane Javakhishvili State UniversityMariam MiresashviliSokhumi State UniversityTendencies of Children’s Literature in the Period of“Warming” and “Motionless”Children's literature in the Soviet era was under a harsh ideological pressure from thestate and was totally controlled by a censorship. The Soviet ideology pre-determined topicsof children's works, artistic methods, styles, ideological direction.In the article the authors have studied the major trends of children's literature, whichtook place in so called "warming" and "motionless" period.Children literary genre developed in "Warming" and "motionless" period gave birthto the fairy tale genre variety. Invented, fabulous countries, characters and situationsacquired special importance in the conditions of totalitarianism, which allowed telling thetruth covertly. In these tales writers tried to bring reality into a bright tale, to help theiryoung readers in perception of the world.A number of works were created in children's literature of the Soviet era, which stillhave not lost their artistic, scientific and educational value.170

filologia = literatura, enaTmecnierebaPHILOLOGY = LITERATURE, LINGUISTICSsaba-firuz metreveliSoTa rusTavelisqarTuli literaturis instituti,hagiografiuli mwerlobis specifikisaTvisagiografia sasuliero-saeklesio mwerlobis dargia da es gansaz-Rvravs mis upirveles funqcias, umTavres daniSnulebas - religiur — mistikurs.yvela danarCeni (istoriuli, mxatvrul-esTetikuri Tu socialuri)meorexarisxovania am mwerlobisaTvis. agiografiuli literaturamonoTematikuria, es erTaderTi Tema siyvarulia, saRvTo mijnuroba, anusazeo siyvaruli (farulava, 2003: gv. 654). aqve isic davazustoT, romagiografiis Tema sazeo siyvarulia, idea ki-Teozisi, ganRmrToba.umTavresia is, rom agiografia efuZneba liturgiul—eortalogiurprincips, rac gansazRvravs mis specifikas, rom:a) unda moxdes kanonizacia, anu wmindanad Seracxva, rac eklesiissaWeTmpyroblisa (kaTolikos-patriarqis) da wmida sinodis (umaRlesisaeklesio krebulis) prerogativaa. agiografi RvTis nebis aRmasrulebeliada suliwmidis STagonebiT qmnis. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT,rom agiografiaSi kanonikuri, normatiuli emTxveva sasurvels.b) kanonizacia gulisxmobs, saeklesio—sadResaswaulo kalendarSiSevides, dawesdes wmindanis mosaxsenebeli dRe, roca eklesia saRvTo liturgiazesagangebod moixseniebs mis Rvawlsa da meoxebas sTxovs ufliswinaSe. wmindanad Seracxvis samzadisi, TavisTavad, gulisxmobs imas, romunda daiweros xati, tropar—kondaki, sasurvelia, Seiqmnas sagalobelida agiografiuli nawarmoebi, anu moTxroba wmindanis cxovrebaze.sainteresod gveCveneba `wm. kostanti kaxis martvilobis~ dasawyisi,romelSic agiografi Segvaxsenebs, rom `aravin yo aRweraá igi wignTaá garnamadliTa sulisa wmidisaáTa, rameTu didman man mose pirvelad iwyoaRwerad Sesaqmisa cisa da queyanisa... merme aRiwernes Tqmulni igi winaswarmetyuelTani...xolo Semdgomad aRiwernes oTxni ese evangeleni,amisaSemdgomad saqmeni mociqulTani... da meca araRirsman vinebe mibaZvad pirvelTamaT da aRvwere cxorebaá da wamebaá wmidisa da netarisa mowamisakostantisi~(Zeglebi, 1964: gv.164-165).aseT konteqstSi gaiazreboda agiografiuli mwerloba. igi iTvlebodasaRvTo werilis gagrZelebad, amitom agiografiaSi, upiratesad,mxatvrul-esTetikuri ki ar moiazreba, aramed - religiur-zneobrivi.171

adgan agiografia liturgiul-eortalogiur princips emyareba, aqmTavari eikonuri gansaxovneba, ikonografiuli saxismetyvelebaa, romelicamaRlebulis esTetikas emyareba (metreveli, 2008: gv. 1-22).roca vsaubrobT agiografiis ikonografiul saxismetyvelebaze, miseikonur gansaxovnebaze, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos msgavsebaTa Sesaxeb:a) gavrcelebulia monostruqturis xatebi, romlebzec mxolod erTiwmindania gamosaxuli (mxolod ieso qriste, yovladwmida RvTismSobeli,an romelime wmindani), aseve gvaqvs iseTi agiografiuli nawarmoebebi, romlebicmxolod erTi wmindanis Rvawlis Sesaxeb mogviTxroben (`wm. SuSanikiswameba~, `wm. abos wameba~ da misTan.);b) cnobilia orkaredebi, anu e.w. diptiqonebi, mag.: ieso qriste da yovladwmidaRvTismSobeli; agiografiaSi xSiria saTaurSive ori wmindanisgamotana, mag.; `cxovreba wm. ioanesa da efTvimesi~, `martviloba ჲ davi-Tisi da tiriWanisi~ da misTan;g) gavrcelebulia samkaredebi, anu triptiqonebi. mag.: cnobili xaxulissamkaredi an mRvimevis (me-13 saukunis) samkaredi deisusi. sxvaTa Soris,deisuss trimorfioni, anu samxateuli uwoda spiridon lambriosma(me-18 s.). samkareduli, triptiquli struqturaa warmodgenili `wm. aboswamebaSi~. I TavSi (I karedSi -am gaazrebiT) homiliaa , II - III TavebSi — agiografiuliTxroba, IV TavSi - qeba);d) cnobilia centralur-cikluri struqturis xatebi, roca SuaSi wmindaniagamosaxuli, xolo irgvliv, medalionebis msgavsad, - calkeuliepizodebi misi cxovrebidan. mag. wmida giorgis, wmida nikolozis... am tipisxatebi. amis msgavsia `wm. grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~ -TxzulebiscentrSi wm. grigolia, xolo mis irgvliv sxvadasxva epizodi, araqronologiuriTanmimdevrobiT. SedarebiT mogviano xanaSi gaCnda wm. xatebisaSiebze (marginalur areebze) wmindanTa cxovrebis epizodebis gamosaxva,rac emsaxureba xatis `gaxsnas~, centrSi myofis gandidebas, Tumca mTavarimainc wmindanis xatia da ara aSiebze mocemuli wmindanis cxovreba;e) cnobilia iseTi xatebi, romlebic mTel istorias gadmogvcemen,vrcel ambavs gviyvebian wmindanebis cxovrebidan. xatebis aseTi tipi gansakuTrebiTgavrcelebulia ruseTSi, CvenSi - xati saqarTvelos eklesiisdideba. Sesabamisad, gvaqvs iseTi agiografiuli Txzulebebi, romleb-Sic erTdroulad ramdenime wmindanzea saubari. magaliTad, `moqcevaÁqarTlisaÁs~ agiografiuli nawili.araagiografiuli nawarmoebi miiswrafvis imisken, rom gadmogvces adamianisSinagani samyaro. agiografiuli qmnileba ki, ise rogorc xati (gansxvavebiTportretisagan), sulier arss gadmogvcems. suraTs aqvs sazRvrebi,siuJeturi CarCoebi, xati ki maradisobasTan gaziarebs. suraTs, SesaZloa,analitikurad miudge, imsjelo mis calkeul fragmentebze, mianiSno,ra mogwons da ra ara masze. xats ver `daSli~, is locvisTvis ux-172

mobs adamians. xatzec da agiografiaSic xazgasmulia Sinagani cxovreba,sulis `dinamika~, aq yovel detals, Jestsa da sxeulis mimoxvras Tavisisimboluri mniSvneloba aqvs.xati TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs sulieri feriscvalebis process, suraTiindividualobis gamomxatvelia. igi ixedeba warsulidan Tanamedroveobisaken,xati ki - momavlidan Tanamedroveobisaken. marTlmadidebluri xatixels gviwyobs, gardavqmnaT Cveni yofiereba, ganviwmindoT (Sdr. ЧупринаИ. В.,»Трилогия Л. Толстого», саратов,1961,с.16 ), gavxdeT sulier faseulobaTaerTgulni!xati aris saidumlo, romelic Seicnoba locvasa da sulierWvretaSi (arqimandriti rafaeli, 1997: gv. 1), aseTsave moTxovnas gviyenebsCven agiografiuli mwerlobac. xati aris xelovnebis gansakuTrebulidargi, misi ganumeorebeli idioma, romelic iqmneba mTeli marTlmadidebelieklesiis locviTi - mistikuri gamocdilebis safuZvelze.agiografiuli mwerloba Ria dialogia mkiTxvelTan, romelsac aziarebsRvTaebriv naTels. rogorc xatwera aris gansakuTrebul niSanTa sistema,aseve agiografiac aris eklesiis `ena~. xatis mxatvari sulis samyarosunda Caswvdes da masze sulis eniT ilaparakos. agiografiac sulis SesaxebmogviTxrobs. rogorc xati ar aris sulieri samyaros portretuliasaxva, aseve agiografiac ar warmoadgens wmindanis sulieri cxovrebisfotografirebas. agiografia wmindanis yofaa simbolursa da, amavedros, realur gamosaxulebaSi da kidev erTi, agiografiuli mwerloba araris ganwyobis fiqsacia, ganwyobis asaxva. igi, iseve rogorc xati, pirovnebis,wmindanis mdgomareobas gadmoscems da, aqedan gamomdinare, agiografiulmamwerlobam mkiTxvels ganwyoba ki ar unda Seuqmnas, aramedlocviT mdgomareobaSi unda moiyvanos igi.agiografiul saxeebs ori mxare aqvT:a) religiuri, sulieri, amaRlebuli, mistikuri;b) mxatvrul-esTetikuri (Sdr. sulava, 2002: gv. 9-10; siraZe 2005: gv. 15).mistikuri simbolika reglamentirebulia, mas gansazRvruli kanonikaaxlavs da iq Tavisufali gaazrebis Semotana mkrexelobadac ki iTvleba.mxatvrul-esTetikuri yovelTvis Seicavs Tavisufali gaazrebispotencials da amaSic vlindeba misi maradiuloba.`hagiografiul mwerlobaSi mravali esTetikuri da fsiqologiuri, gnebavT,egzistencialuri sakiTxia dasmuli da ganxiluli. hagiografiisTvismniSvnelovania RmerTis mier Seqmnili samyaros mSvenierebis, adamianisRirsebisa da xorcielebis damcirebis, kosmosis wesrigisa da istoriiswesrigis Cveneba, xazgasma sasuliero literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebelidumilis, sulis, drois, saTnoebis, WeSmaritebis, siyvarulis,saxismetyvelebis, azris silamazis, naTlis, sibrZnis, esTetikurikategoriebisa da ~ (alibegaSvili das xv., 2008: gv. 41-42).173

amis garda, agiografiul mwerlobaSi SegviZlia veZeboT istoriuli,beletristul-romanuli, socialur-sazogadoebrivi da sxva, visacra surs da rogorc surs! magram, mTavaria, ar gamogvrCes umTavresi,prioriteti am dargisa. agiografiuli nawarmoebi ise gansxvavdeba araagiografiulisagan,rogorc xati-portretisagan, sagalobeli- simRerisaganda xuroTmoZRvreba-arqiteqturisagan!amasTanave, agiografiuli mwerloba aris pasuxi imaze, Tu rogorswamdaT da uyvardaT saqarTveloSi!literatura: alibegaSvili da sxv., 2008: alibegaSvili g., maRlaferiZe v.,hagiografiuli Txroba, Jurnali `qarTuli sityva~, 2, Tbilisi,2008. arqimandriti rafaeli, 1997: arqimandriti rafaeli, saubrebimarTlmadideblobaze, II, Tbilisi, 1997. metreveli 2008: metreveli s-f., qarTuli agiografiisikonografiuli saxismetyveleba, Tbilisi, 2008. siraZe, 2005: siraZe r., Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria,Tbilisi, 2005. sulava, 2002: sulava n., grigol xanZTelisa da aSot kurapalatissaxismetyvelebisaTvis, krebuli _ xanZTa sulierad mSobeliqarTvelTa, Tbilisi, 2002. farulav, 2003: qarTuli agiografia, wignSi naTeli qristesi, I,Tbilisi, 2003. Zeglebi, 1964: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturisZeglebi, ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT, I,Tbilisi. 1964.Saba-Piruz MetreveliShota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian LiteratureFor Specificity of Hagiographic LiteratureHagiographic works, as well as an icon (unlike the portrait), express a spiritualessence. A picture has borders, plot frames, but an icon will share you with eternity.You can analytically approach a picture, discuss its various fragments, show what youlike and don’t like. An icon could not be “divided”, it calls people to pray. Inner life, thedynamic of soul is stressed in both an icon and a picture, where every detail, gesture,body move has its symbolic meaning:174

An icon is a mystery, cognized in pray and spiritual vision (ArchimandriteRaphael), hagiographic literature requires the same. An icon is a special field of art, itsunique idiom, which is formed with pray of the entire Orthodox Church, on the basis ofmystical experience. Hagiographic literature is in an open dialogue with its readers byintroducing a divine light. As a painting of icons is a system of unique symbols, ashagiography is the “language” of the church. An icon painter must penetrate the worldof a soul and speak about it in the language of a soul. Hagiography also tells us about asoul. As an icon is not a portrait reflection of a spiritual world, as hagiography does notrepresent photography of a saint’s spiritual life. Hagiography is a saint’s life in a realand symbol image. And at the same time, hagiographic literature is not a fixation of thespirit of faxing, reflecting the mood. It, as well as an icon, tells us the saint’s conditionand, therefore, hagiographic writing does not need to create a mood of readers, but tobring him/her in praying condition.175

filologia = literatura, enaTmecnierebaPHILOLOGY = LITERATURE, LINGUISTICSlevan jinjixaZe,soxumis saxelmwifo universitetiqarTuli da Sumeruli sityvierebiserTi paralelisaTvisqarTuli xalxuri zepirsityviereba, romelic uxsovari droidaniRebs saTaves, metad mdidari da originaluria. qarTuli xalxuri zepirsityvierebidan,pirvel rigSi, unda gamoiyos iseTi nimuSebi, romlebicadamianTa uZveles rwmenasa da yofas asaxaven. aseTi ki miTologiurisawyisis mqone leqsebi da simRerebia. miTologiuri poezia sawyisisafexuri Tu ara, erTi uZvelesTagani maincaa xalxur SemoqmedebaSi.qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis Sesaxeb cnobebs ZiriTadad leontimrovelis `cxovreba mefeTa~ da `moqcevai qarTlisai~ iZleva, am informaciasagreTve, gvawvdis juanSeris `vaxtang gorgaslis istoria~, `qarTliscxovrebis~ sxvadasxva redaqciebi, hagiografiuli xasiaTis nawarmoebebida sxv. saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle sxvadasxva tomebiswarmarTuli tradiciebis Sesaxeb cnobebs iZlevian berZeni da romaeliistorikosebic: herodote, qsenofonte, straboni, plinius ufrosi,gelasi kesarieli da sxv.qarTvel mecnierebs, romlebic qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonissakiTxebs ikvlevdnen da ikvleven, RvTaebaTa warmomavlobis Sesaxebsxvadasxva mosazrebebi gaaCniaT. mecnierTa garkveuli nawili RvTaebebsxeTur-luviur samyarosTan akavSirebda, nawili-zoroastrul panTeon-Tan, iyo agreTve mcdelobebi maTi dakavSirebisa berZnul-romaulRvTaebebTan. qarTvelTa warmarTul panTeonSi Semaval RvTaebebs bevriaqvT saerTo rogorc SuamdinareTisa da mcire aziis xalxTa rwmenawarmodgenebTan,ise mazdeanobasTanac, nawili RvTaebebisa ki adgilobriviqarTveluri tomebis RmerTebia.sagulisxmoa, rom qarTul xalxur leqs-simRerebSi gvxvdeba mTelirigi mniSvnelobis sityvebi, romlebic winaaziis RmerTebis saxelebi iyoda cnobilia asurul-babilonuri an xeTuri panTeonidan. esenia: arali(aralu, arale), lile, nana, iriria, aia da sxv.arali (arale, aralu) - qvesknelis, mkvdarTa sauflos erT-erTisaxelwodebaa, romlis etimologia bolomde jerjerobiT gaurkvevelia.aqadur teqstebSi dadasturebulia aralis mTa, sadac TiTqos oqrossabadoebia. `gilgameSianSi~ arali `wyvdiadis saxli~ da `mtvris saxlia~,sadac saWmel-sasmelad mxolod Tixa da mtveria. arale (alale) qarTulxalxur simRerebSi gvxvdeba or sxva sityvasTan SeerTebiT: ivri-arale176

(ivri-alale), Tari-arale (Tari-alale). homelis mixedviT, ivribabilonurad ufals-batons niSnavs. rogorc mecnierebi (mag. a. svaniZe)varaudoben, Seesabameba xaldur evris, rac imave uflis aRmniSvnelia.amdenad, aqedan gamomdinare, ivri-arale (ivri-alale) gulisxmobs:ufalo arale (ufalo alale). Tari qarTvelur enebSi rogorc zanurSi(megrulSi), aseve svanurSic, niSnavs mTavars: Tari-arale (Tari-alale)_ mTavari arale (mTavari alale). z. gamsaxurdia miuTiTebs mismcireaziur warmomavlobazec. unda iTqvas, rom erTgvari Sexeba aqvserTmaneTTan Sumerul enlils da svanur liles. enlili Sumerulad`haeris ufalia~ da Sumeruli panTeonis samebis meore wevria an-Tan daenqi-sTan erTad. himnebSi igi mzisa da sinaTlis asociacebsac iwvevs. amTvalsazrisiTac da enobrivi gagebiTac igi emsgavseba qarTuli warmar-Tuli mzis sagalobels - svanur liles.`lileo-da dideba Senda!sinaTlis dedav, nu waxval darCi..~(gelovani, 1983:gv. 282).am sagalobelSi lile warmodgenilia, rogorc sinaTlis deda. igiveunda iTqvas, magaliTad, Sumerul-aqduri SamaSisa (mze) da svanuri mzissagalobel `SamaS reras~ Sesaxebac.leonti mroveli `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ mogviTxrobs ori RvTaebisaininasa da dananas Sesaxeb, romlebic mis mier gamocxadebulia qarTulwarmarTul RvTaebebad. aininas kerpi da misi Tayvaniscemis SemoRebasaistorio wyaroebis mixedviT miwereba mefe saurmags. rac Seexebadananas (danina), leonti mroveli misi kerpis aRmarTvas da TayvaniscemisSemoRebas qarTlis meore mefe saurmags miawers, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ ki- mirian pirvels.s. janaSias mixedviT: `ainina” da `danana” winaaziuri saxelebis mqoneRvTaebebi Canan. `aininas~ saxelSi uZvelesi RvTaebis winaaziuri saxeliadaculi. `ainina~ Semdeg unda qceuliyo qarTul erovnul saxelad `nino~,`nana~ ( janaSia, 1959: gv. 193); (afaqiZe, 1970: gv. 176).nayofierebis qalRmerTs Sumerebi ninas, nanas (ninni, innina)uwodebdnen. igi iTvleboda yvela gareuli cxovelis, nadirobisa damonadireebis mfarvelad. xSirad, gansakuTrebiT, xeTebis xelovnebaSi,igi warmodgenilia lomebze mdgomared (amiranaSvili, 1961: gv. 38-39).am mxriv yuradRebas iqcevs nanas kultisadmi Tayvaniscemistradicia saqarTveloSi. amis Sesaxeb specialur literaturaSi metadsaintereso da sagulisxmo mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli. mkvlevarTavaraudiT (m. janaSvili, iv. javaxiSvili da sxv.) saxeli nana aininasa dadananas unda ukavSirdebodes. am mxriv sainteresoa sakmaod vrceliRvTis karze saTqmeli xalxuri leqsebi `iavnana~, `nanebi~, xalxur simReraTamisamRerebi: `nana~, `nanina~, `nanaia~, `anina~ da sxv. aqedan Cans, romam kultebs Tavisi asaxva upovia uZvelesi droidan qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi.yvela es leqs-simRerebi warmoSobiT qalRvTaeba nanasadmi177

miZRvnili uZvelesi qarTuli sakulto sagaloblebia (axvlediani, 1990:gv. 75).qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebaTa kerpebi armazi da zadeni,boCi da badagoni, gaci da ga (gaim), ainina da danana, romlebic idgaqarTlis sataxto qalaq mcxeTaSi, zogi met-naklebad, zogi ki saerTod arSemorCenila qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi.saerTod, rodesac vexebiT qarTvelTa urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxsmcire aziis Tu SuamdinareTSi mcxovreb eTnosebTan, unda iTqvas Semdegi,rom es sakiTxi gamokvleulia da damtkicebulia rogorc ucxoeli, aseveqarTveli mecnierebis mier. arqeologi b. kuftini aRniSnavda, romkavkasia warmoadgens wina aziuri kulturis samyaros da rom Zv. w. IIIaTaswleulSi axlo urTierToba hqondaT SumerebTan da elamelebTan.qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopediis me-10 tomSi miTiTebulia, rom`qarTvelebi anTropologiurad didi anu pirveladi evraziuli rasiswarmomadgenlebi arian. es rasa, Tavis mxriv, or meorad anu mcire rasadiyofa: Crd.-evr. anu baltikur da samxr.-evr. anu indoxmelTaSuazRvispirulrasebad. es ukanaskneli rasa aerTianebs sam arakontaqtur(`sufTa”) rasobriv tips: xmelTaSua-balkanurs, indopamirulsa dawinaaziurs. qarTvelebi wina aziuri anTropologiuri tipis warmomadgenlebiarian. am tipis jgufebi sakmaod farTod arian gavrcelebuliwina aziis, kavkasiis da mis zogierT momijnave teritoriaze...” (enciklopedia,1986: gv. 459).gr. giorgaZe qarTvelur da mTel rig uZveles aRmosavlur enaTaSoris arsebuli enobrivi kontaqtebis safuZvelze cdilobs gviCvenos iskulturul-istoriuli teritoria, sadac yalibdeboda qarTvelurieTnikur-enobrivi erToba. avtoris gansazRvrebiT, es miwa-wyali, sadacadgili hqonda qarTveluri eTnosis warmoSobasa da Camoyalibebas,mdebareobda anatoliis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT da kidev ufro CrdiloaRmosavleTiTada aRmosavleTiT da agreTve, CrdiloeT SuamdinareTisufro CrdiloeTiT mdebare gacilebiT ufro vrcel teritoriebze,kerZod samxreT da samxreT-dasavleT amierkavkasiaSi. saidanac xdebodamaTi Semdgomi gansaxleba Crdilo-aRmosavleTisa da Crdilo-dasavle-Tis mimarTulebiT (giorgaZe, 2002: gv. 49-93). am sakiTxTn dakavSirebiTkidev araerTi cnobili mecnieris Sexedulebebi SegviZlia moviyvanoT,rom mcire aziaSi mcxovrebi xalxebi qarTveluri eTnosis matareblebiiyvnen.aseve cnobilia, rom Sumerul-qarTuli civilizaciis SesaZlo identurobazeTavis droze miuTiTebdnen cnobili mecnierebi: m. wereTeli, n.mari, iv. javaxiSvili, a. afaqiZe, g. ciciSvili, r. patariZe, z. gamsaxurdia,r. dumbaZe, j. SaraSeniZe da sxv. ucxoelTagan: f. lenormani, i. karsti, v.qristiani, h. fenrixi da sxv. mkvlevarebi Sumeruli enis dakavSirebascdilobdnen indoevropul, semitur, uralo-alTaur, malaiziur-178

polineziur, ungrul, Turqul-mongolur da sxva enebTan. zemoTdasaxelebul enebTan SedarebiTi analizis Semdeg mecnierebiaRniSnavdnen, rom Sumerul enas araviTari saerTo ar hqonda arc erT dasaxelebulenebTan da Sesabamisad, igi ar miekuTvneboda arc erT enaTajgufs. mecnierTa is nawili, romelnic xedavdnen garkveul kavSirsSumerulsa da qarTvelurs (qarTuli, megrul-lazuri, svanuri) Soris,midiodnen im daskvnamde, rom maT Soris Zalian bevria tipologiurimsgavseba, SeniSneba bevri ram saerTo rogorc leqsikis, morfologiis dasintaqsis mxriv. Tumca, rogorc mecnierebi miuTiTeben, maT Soris maincver iqna gamovlenili myari genetikuri kavSiri.z. gamsaxurdia eyrdnoboda ra n. marisa da h. jonstonis mosazrebebs,werda: `preistoriul xanaSi arsebobda pirveladi baskur-kavkasiurdraviduliena, sumerulisa da elamuris paralelurad da rom sumeruli,SesaZloa, yofiliyo SemaerTebeli rgoli pirvelad baskur-kavkasiursada pirvelad mongolur jgufebs Soris, vinaidan arsebobda pirveladi dauZvelesi baskur-kavkasiur-dravidul-sumerul-mongoluri uadresiwinapari fuZe-ena, qamitur Zireulze Zveli, anu `eoliTuri kulturis~ena, xolo sumerebi, tubalebi da tibarenebi ekuTvnodnen Zvel iberTatomebs~ (gamsaxurdia, 1991: gv. 30).aRniSnul mecnierTa mixedviT qarTul-Sumeruli leqsikuriparalelebi sakmao siuxviT gamoirCevian. maTi varaudiT, Sumerulisa daqarTvelur enaTa Soris arsebuli sakontaqto xana winare-qarTvelurisarsebobis periodiT unda ganisazRvros. xolo yovelive es mimaTiTebeliaimaze, rom warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebaTa umetesoba ZiriTadadqarTveluri warmoSobisaa.Sumeruli literatura zepirsityvierebidan iRebs dasabams. lursmnulidamwerlobiT Cawerili pirvelive mxatvruli teqstebi xasiaTdebaxalxuri Semoqmedebis niSnebiT. isini gacilebiT adrea Seqmnili,vidre Tixis firfitebze aRibeWdeboda. mkvlevarTa varaudiT pirvelilitraturuli Canaweri Zv. w. aR.-iT III aTaswleulis I naxevarSi undaSeqmniliyo. Sumeruli literaturis nimuSebi umeteswilad leqsad arisSeqmnili da warmodgenilia TiTqmis yvela ZiriTad JanrSi: miTSi, eposSi,religiur himnebSi, satrfialo lirikaSi, igav-arakebSi, zRaprebSi,elegiebSi, gabaasebebSi, SegonebebSi. gansakuTrebuli popularobiTsargeblobda ori Janri miTi da eposi, romelTa ZiriTadi siuJetebiasamyaros, RmerTebisa da adamianebis Seqmna, RvTaebaTa calkeuligamogonebani, warRvna, da, bolos, sxvadasxva gmirTa sagmiro saqmeebi.cnobilia, rom uZvelesi Sumeruli RvTaebebi nayofierebis funqciebsiTavsebdnen. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa dedaRvTaebiskulti Zvel SumerSi- es iyo qali bavSviT xelSi, romelsac sxvadasxvadros sxvadasxva saxeliT moixseniebdnen: damgalnuna, ninxursanga,ninmaxi, ninTu (igive ninTuri), mami. dedaRvTaebis aqaduri varianti iyo179

eliteli, mami (epiTetiT `mSobiareTa Semwevi~), aruru (adamianTaSemqmneli) da sxv., romelTa umetesobas axsna isev Sumerul enazemoeZebneba.am RvTaebaTagan Cveni yuradReba miiqcia RvTaeba arurum, romelmac,Cveni azriT, Taviseburi asaxva hpova qarTul xalxur zepirsityvierebaSic,Tumca, amis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi jer aranairiazri ar gamoTqmula.Sumerul-aqadur miTologiaSi aruru qalRmerTia, romelicadamianis SeqmnaSi iRebs monawileobas. es igive qalRmerTi arurua,romelic gilgameSis eposSi qmnis enqidus. arurus saxeli naxsenebia imnawarmoebSic, romelsac `bedukuRmarTi da brZenkacis dialogi~ ewodeba.rogorc z. kiknaZe miuTiTebs, `erT teqstSi cocxali arsebebi amgvaradarian daxasiaTebulni: `arsni, romelnic arurum mozila~... am nawyvetidanCans, rom a. ara mxolod adamianis, aramed saerTod, yoveli suldgmulisSemqnelad iTvleba; ufro zustad, a-s mier mozelili maTi `masala~ dagaformebuli maTi fizikuri sxeuli. erTi babilonuri miTosis mixedviTa. marduqTan erTad qmnis kacTa modgmas; igi iwodeba agreTve `RmerTebisdedad~ (an `RvTaebriv dedad~). misi Seqmnilia pirveli kaci daSemdgomSic uwyobs xels kacTa modgmis gamravlebas.gilgameSis eposSi igi imave xerxiT qmnis enqidus, rogorc Seqmnapirveli kaci: `arurum xelni ganibana, Tixa mozila, velze daagdo, velzeiSva gmiri enqidu~. a. anus mier winaswar STagonebuli xatis mixedviT(`modelze~) Zerwavs pirvel adamians. misi saqmianobis xasiaTi gamoxatuliaepiTetSi `meTuneobis dedofali”. safiqrebelia, rom igi iTvlebodaam xelobis mfarvel RvTaebadac~ (kiknaZe, 1984: gv. 16).ak. gelovani RvTaeba arurus saxels Semdegnairad ganmartavs:`aruru (Sumerulad `Teslis mommadlebeli~)- adamianTa deda, Tixisaganadamianis gamomZerwavi, enqidus gamCeni (gilgameSianSi) (gelovani, 1983:gv. 77).z. kiknaZiseuli ganmarteba ki amgvaria: `misi saxeli a-ruruSumerulad niSnavs `Teslis Semwirvels~, Tumca misTvis upriani iqnebodarqmeoda `Teslis mimRebeli”. magram mTavari is aris, rom es qalRmerTiarc erT miTosSi an miTosur fragmentSi, sadac ki ixsenieba misi saxelikacis gaCenasTan dakavSirebiT, ar avlens mSobieris bunebas. igi arasodesar Sobs, aramed qmnis~ (kiknaZe, 1979: gv. 138-139).sainteresoa is faqti, rom Sumerologi j. SaraSeniZe, ganixilavs ragilgameSis eposs, amave RvTaebas meore saxeliTac moixseniebs: `RmerTebmadedamiwaze gamogzavnes qalRmerTi aruru (igive ninTu), romelicTixisagan gamoZerwavs Zlier enqidus~(SaraSeniZe, 1988: gv. 105).xolo ninTu, igive ninTi, ninTuri Sumerul miTologiaSi miCneulia,rogorc `Sobis dedofali~, kacTa modgmis gamCeni didi deda, romelicTavisi arsiT ukavSirdeba SumereTis uZveles qalRmerTs, did deda180

ninxursangas, romelic Tavis mxriv Sumerul miTologiaSi moixseniebarogorc `RmerTebis deda~, `yvela bavSvis deda~. mas Sumeri mefeebiTavianT dedasac uwodebdnen. amaze miuTiTebda Tavis droze s. n. krameri:`SumerelTa meoTxe Semoqmedi RmerTi iyo deda-qalRmerTi ninxursanga,romelic ninmaxis `didi qalbatonis~ saxeliTacaa cnobili...ninxursangas `nintusac~ (`sicocxlis momcem qalbatonsac~) uwodebdnenda Sumeris yvela adrindel mmarTvels uyvarda Tqma, rom isini`ninxursangas umanko rZiT arian gamokvebilni~.ninxursanga iTvlebodayvela cocxali arsebis mSobelad~ (krameri, 1988: gv. 127-128).z. kiknaZe RvTaeba ninxursangas saxels ase ganmartavs: `ninxursanga(Sum. `mTis dedofali”), uZvelesi Sum. qalRmerTi, didi deda,uqorwinebeli qalRvTaeba, romlis gverdiT ar Cans mamri. n. Sum.miTologiur teqstebSi gvxvdeba sxva saxelebiTac, romelTagan yvelazegavrcelebulia ninTuri -`Sobis dedofali~ da ninmaxi _ `didiqalbatoni~... qalRmerTis saxeli dakavSirebuli unda iyos pirvelwarmoSobilkosmogoniur mTasTan, romelic amoizida pirvelarsebuliokeanidan~ (kiknaZe, 1984: gv. 45-46). marTalia, mecnieri saxel ninTursganmartavs, rogorc `Sobis dedofals”, magram mas sxva ganmartebasacuZebnis `qalbatoni boseli~ da moxseniebulia rogorc didi deda, kacobriobismSobeli qalRmerTi, romelic aseve mfarvelobs sayovelTaoSobas da RvTiuri bebiaqalis rolsac asrulebs (kiknaZe, 1984: gv., 43).boseli ki is adgilia, sadac ibadeba da gamodis rogorc adamiani,aseve yoveli sulieri arseba. sagulisxmo faqtia, rom analogiurigvxvdeba saqarTveloSic, romelsac ra Tqma unda warmarTuli fesvebigaaCnia. igi dResac SemorCenilia gansakuTrebiT, dasavleT saqarTvelosmTian regionebSi - svaneTSi, samegreloSi, raWaSi boslobis saxelwodebiT.boseli nayofierebisa da gamravlebis warmarTuli RvTaeba iyo.s. n. krameri RvTaeba arurusTan dakavSirebiT werda: `enqidusSemqmneli qalRmerTi aruru SumerelTa yovlisSemZle dedaqalRmerTininmaxia, romelsac ninxursanga anda ninTuc erqva~(krameri, 1988: gv. 234).sainteresoa is faqtic, rom ak. gelovani Tavis miTologiurleqsikonSi RvTaeba ninTus aigivebs Sumeruli warmoSobis babilonelTadid qalRmerTTan, gilgameSis dedasTan ninsunasTan, romelsac TavianTwinaprad aRiqvamdnen uris III dinastiis mefeebi (gelovani, 1983: gv. 353).yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, warmogvidgeba erTi da igivefunqciis (nayofierebis) RvTaebis saxelebi Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT:ninxursanga → ninmaxi → ninTu (igive ninTuri) → aruru, imgansxvavebiT, rom RvTaeba aruru ar avlens mSobiares funqcias dagvevlineba rogorc pirveli adamianis da saerTod, kacobriobisSemqmneli Tixisagan. Tumca, yovelive amis fonze umjobesi iqnebaqalRmerT arurus nawilobriv mainc mieniWos mSobiares funqcia, miuxedavadimisa, rom jerjerobiT arc erT miTosur fragmentSi ar ixsenieba181

misi saxeli kacis gaCenasTan dakavSirebiT.rac Seexeba qarTul xalxur sityvierebas, aq aruru gvxvdebasxvadasxva Janris saakvno, satrfialo, Sromis, salxino da sxv. leqssimRerebSi.imTaviTve unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom zepirsityvierebisam nimuSebSi araa garkveuli da warmoCenili sityva aruruswarmomavloba, misi Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba. swored amitom mizan-Sewonilad migvaCnia qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebis am nimuSebis ganxilva-gaanalizeba.qarTuli xalxuri poeziis me-8 tomSi moTavsebuliasaakvno simRera `aruru darejanasa”:`aruru darejanasa, gare gamosdgams jarasa,Sin rom ymawvili tirodes, garedan etyvis nanasa” [qarTuli, xalxuripoezia, 1979: gv, 115].m. janaSvili werilSi `ra dros da saiTgan SemoiRes qarTuli anbani~mocemul teqsts ganixilavs saakvno leqsad. igi aRniSnavs, rom forma`aruru~ niSandoblivia saqarTvelos yvela kuTxisaTvis. am mxrivsayuradReboa mesxuri: `aruruebi modian Tan moaqonan nanao~ [qarTuli,xalxuri poezia, 1979: gv. 342]. Tumca araa ganmartebuli sakuTriv arururas niSnavs. cnobilia sxva variantebic, romlebic mogvepoveba saqarTvelossxvadasxva kuTxeSi, kerZod, qarTlSi da mesxeTSi. qarTlSi gavrcelebulivarianti bevrad ar gansxvavdeba zemoT naCvenebi leqsisagan:`aruru darejanao, gareT gamodgi jarao!Sin rom itiros ymawvilma, garedam uTxar `nanao~.analogiuradaa mesxeTSic, oRond warmodgenilia mxolod pirvelitaepi:`aruru darejanao, gareT gamodgi jarao!~amave tomSi mocemulia am leqs-simRerasTan dakavSirebiT umisamar-Toebic. warmodgenilia Sesabamisad gansxvavebanic: pirvel striqonSiarurus nacvlad weria aru aru; meore striqonSi -karze gamodgam; mesamestriqonSi - ro; meoTxe striqonSi -karidan vetyvi.am leqsis da misi variantebis Sinaarsi advili gasagebia, mTavaria garkvevaimisa, ras niSnavs sityva aruru da ra mniSvnelobis adgils ikavebdaigi qarTveli xalxis cnobierebaSi. `aruru darejanasa~ an `arurudarejanao~, romelic mimarTvis formiT aris warmodgenili leqssimReraSi,Cveni azriT, igi aq aucileblad dedis, dedobis ganmsaz-Rvreli forma unda iyos. mravlobiT formaSi warmodgenili `aruruebimodian, Tan moaqonan nanao~ - aruruebi aq unda ganimartos rogorcdedebi, dedani, xolo, sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom bavSvis loginsxevsureTSi nano ewodeba.sainteresoa `xalxuri poeziis anTologiaSi~ mocemuli leqsi`aralo darejanasa~, romelic Cawerilia tr. maxauris mier fSavSi, sof.gomewarSi:`aralo darejanasa, gareT gamasdgams jarasa,182

CasTuls dasZaxavs erT wamsa, sxvas yurs ar ugdebs arasa.Sin rom ymawvili tirodes, garedan etyvis nanasa.or dRes saCoГes gamasWris, mesames _ baWiW-Sarvalsa,Tan exveweba ufalsa, yelze Caidebs Sanasa~ (anTologia, 2010: 116).aRniSnuli leqsi Sromis leqsebis cikls ganekuTvneba. magram, Cveni azriT,igi saakvno simReris daniSnulebasac Seicavs, radgan Zalian axlosdgas Tavisi arsiT zemoT ganxilul leqsTan. rac Seexeba sityva aruru aqSecvlilia aralo-Ti. magram vfiqrobT, maT Soris didi gansxvaveba arunda iyos, radgan qarTul warmarTul simRerebSi aralo (arali, arale,aralu) RvTaebis Sesatyvisi epiTetia. garda amisa, niSandoblivia isfaqtic, rom Suamdinarul miTologiaSi erTi Sumeruli miTis Tanaxmadarali aris adgili, sadac iSvnen SumereTis didi RmerTebi. amitom aqedangamomdinare, migvaCnia, rom aruru da aralo erTi da igive mniSvnelobisaunda iyos.interess iwvevs erTi satrfialo leqsi `arurus CamomReroda~, romelicSetanilia rogorc `xalxuri poeziis anTologiaSi”, aseve g.alibegaSvilis `qarTuli xalxuri poeziis nimuSebSi~:`arurus CamomReroda diasamiZis qalio,ekeTa yurze sayure, ufrialebda qario,ar vici varskvlavs Camohyva, ar vici, mTvare ario,e magis kalTaze mamkla da ar damarqvan mkvdario~[ anTologia,2010: gv. 96]; (alibegaSvili, 1992: gv. 126).arsebobs am leqsis kidev oriode varianti, magram maT Soris arsebiTigansxvaveba ar moipoveba. am satrfialo leqsSi gansakuTrebuli yurad-Reba unda mieqces pirvel striqons. z. kiknaZis ganmartebiT arurusimReris erTgvari saxea. vinaidan ar mogvepoveba am simReris aranairivarianti, SeiZleba mxolod varaudis doneze davuSvaT, rom es arissimReris erTgvari saxe, romelic mimarTulia bunebis didi deda arurusadmi.esaa gasaTxovari qalis survili dedobisa, gaxdes aruru.aseve yuradRebas iqcevs arsebuli qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis`RmerTo, RmerTo~, `Tamar-qalo~, `SevkraT wiTel-wiTeli~, `RiRini~ dasxv. misamReri arunano, romelic sxvadasxva variaciebiT ariswarmodgenili: arni arunano an arni aru, ari aru dalale, harnunanu,haru-ar-nano, harunano, romelic aSkarad warmarTuli xasiaTisaa.sainteresoa kaxuri `RmerTo, RmerTo~:`RmerTo, RmerTo, mowyaleo, arunano daSengniT veli Sewevnasa, arunano...~ [CxikvaZe, 1960: gv. 323].aRniSnul leqs-simRerebSi aSkarad Cans, Tu rogor gamoxatavda qarTvelixalxi udides pativiscemas, mowiwebasa da siyvaruls simReris saxiTbunebis did dedis aru-ru nanas (aru nanos, haru nanos) anu igivededaRvTaeba nanasadmi.amdenad, qarTul xalxur leqsebSi da simRerebSi dasaxelebuli183

aruru romelic Tavisi arsiT ukavSirdeba Suamdinaruli miTologiisdedaRvTaeba arurus (harurus), Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, miuTiTebs imaze,rom igi SumerulTan erTad qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis sakuTrebasacwarmoadgenda da masac igive funqciebi unda hqonoda dakisrebuliuZvelesi periodis saqarTveloSi.literatura gelovani, 1983 - ak. gelovani. miTologiuri leqsikoni. Tbilisi,1983. janaSia, 1959 - s. janaSia. Tubal-Tabali, tabareni, iberi. Sromebi,III. Tbilisi, 1959. afaqiZe, 1970 - a. afaqiZe. antikuri xanis qarTuli warmarTulipanTeoni. wign. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. Tbilisi, 1970. amiranaSvili, 1961 - S. amiranaSvili. qarTuli xelovnebisistoria. Tbilisi, 1961. axvlediani, 1990 - g. axvlediani. XIX saukunis qarTveliistorikosebi da folklori. Tbilisi, 1990. enciklopedia, 1986 - qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. 10.Tbilisi, 1986. giorgaZe, 2002 - gr. giorgaZe. uZvelesi axloaRmosavlurieTnosebi da qarTvelTa warmomavloba. Tbilisi, 2002. gamsaxurdia, 1991 - z. gamsaxurdia. qebaÁ da didebaÁ qarTulisenisaÁ. wign. werilebi essebi. Tbilisi, 1991. kiknaZe, 1984 - z. kiknaZe. Suamdinaruli miTologiis leqsikoni.Tbilisi, 1984. kiknaZe, 1979 - z. kiknaZe. Suamdinaruli miTologia. Tbilisi,1979. SaraSeniZe, 1988 - j. SaraSeniZe. Zveli SuamdinareTis kultura.wign. Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria. Tbilisi, 1988. krameri, 1988: s. n. krameri. istoria iwyeba Sumeridan. Tbilisi,1988. qarTuli, xalxuri poezia, 1979 - qarTuli xalxuri poezia. t.VIII. Tbilisi, 1979. anTologia, 2010 - xalxuri poeziis anTologia. Semd. z. kiknaZe,tr. maxauri. Tbilisi, 2010. alibegaSvili, 1992 - g. alibegaSvili. qarTuli xalxuri poeziisnimuSebi. Tbilisi, 1992.184

CxikvaZe, 1960 - qarTuli xalxuri simRera. red.-Semdg. gr. CxikvaZe.t. I, Tbilisi, 1960.Levan JinjikhadzeSokhumi State UniversityFor one parallel of Georgian and Sumerian SpeechFor probable similarity (identity) of Georgian and Sumerian civilization is indicated byGeorgian and foreign scientists as well: F. Lenorman, V. Kristian, H. Fenrikh, M. Tsereteli,N. Mari, I. Javakhishvili, A. Apakidze, R. Pataridze, J. Sharashenidze and others. Theycompared Sumerian language with Indo-Europian, Semit, Ural-Altau, Malaisian-Polineasean, Hungarian, Turkey-Mongolian and other languages. Step by step they come tothe conclusion, that Sumerian language has nothing in common to any of above mentionedlanguage and accordingly, it does not belong to any from above mentioned group. Theabove mentioned scientists saw definite connections to Sumerian and Georgian (Kartvelian,megrelian, lazic and svan ) languages, they came to the conclusion that there are a lot oftypological similarities between them, also there are many points in common from thepoint of view of lexicology, morphology and Syntaxes.On the background of all these, in this article Sumerian pagan pantheon Main Mother-Deity Aruru’s significance and function is considered, which founded a kind of reflection inGeorgian folk speech and songs, and in our opinion it takes principal place in Georgianpagan pantheon as the mankind generation Mother- the Lord, a Great Mother of Nature.185

filologia = literatura, enaTmecnierebaPHILOLOGY = LITERATURE, LINGUISTICS186qeTevan galoberisoxumis saxelmwifo universitetisagnis niSan-Tvisebis aRniSvnis produqtiuli xerxebifrangul enaSifrangul enaSi sagnis niSan-Tviseba SeiZleba gamoixatos sxvadasxvaxerxebiT:‣ nawarmoebi zedsarTavi saxelebiT;‣ windebuliT gaformebuli arsebiTi saxelis (artiklis gareSe)saSualebiT da‣ zedsarTavi saxelebis kategoriaSi sxva metyvelebis nawilebisgadasvlis gziT.Tanamedrove frangul enaSi, produqtiuloba ganawilebulia ara-Tanabrad, rogorc am tipebs (xerxebs) Soris sagnis niSan- Tvisebis aRsaniSnad,aseve TviT tipebSic.nawarmoebi zedsarTavi saxelebis arseboba mniSvnelovani raodenobiT,saSualebas iZleva vivaraudoT, rom derivacia warmoadgens aqtiursaSualebas franguli enis leqsikuri Semadgenlobis Sesavsebad sityvebiT,romlebic gamoxataven sagnis niSan Tvi-sebas. mecnierTa mier gamokvleulimasalebis mixedviT dasturdeba, rom ufro metad gavrcelebuliasufiqsaluri warmonaqmnebi. maT adgils uTmobs prefiqsaluri warmonaqmnebi,xolo prefiqsalur —sufiqsaluri warmonaqmnebi naklebadgamoyenebadia.sityvawarmoebiTi tipebi ganviTardnen araTanabrad. nawili sityva-warmoebiTielemen-tebisa inarCunebs Tavis produqtiulobas enisganviTarebis mTel gzaze dawyebuli xalxuri laTinuris periodidan, rogoricaamagaliTad, sufiqsebi - al, -able, -if, -eux. sxvebi ki piriqiT, mTlianadkargaven mas zedsarTavi saxelebis kategoriaSi, magaliTad, sufiqsi —age, romelmac SeinarCuna Tavisi produqtiuloba mxolod arsebiTi saxelebiswarmoebisas.sustdeba aqtiuroba sufiqsebisa –et, -ette, -ot,- otte kninobiTi mniSvnelobiTTanamedrove frangul enaSi, romelic dasturdeba cnobilimecnierebis mTel rig naSromebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom –et, -ette, -ot, -otte rCebaTanamedrove frangul enaSi (yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi) cocxal SefasebiTsufiqsebad.prefiqsebidan ufro gavrcelebulia prefiqsi in- mogvianebiTprefiqsebi anti-, inter-, gaxdnen Sedgenili zedsarTavebis mawarmoeblebi,magaliTad, antidémocratique, interrégional da a.S. prefiqsacia, iseve rogorc

sufiqsacia, warmoadgens uZveless, magram Zalian produqtiul xerxsleqsikuri Semadgenlobis Sesavsebad Tanamedrove frangul enaSic.TiTqmis yvela produqtiuli prefiqsi ,,wignuri~ warmoSobisaa. prefiqsebiTavianTi mniSvnelobiT ufro konkretulebi arian, vidre sufiqsebi:amiT aixsneba is, rom frangul gramatikaSi prefiqsaluri warmonaqmnebimiekuTvneba ara nawarmoeb, aramed rTul sityvebs (composé par particules).prefiqsi in-, laTinur enaSi asrulebda nawarmoebi zedsarTavebismwarmoeblis funqcias da es tradicia gaagrZela frangul enaSic me-XVIIdan.xolo, mniSvnelovani nawili warmonaqmnebisa prefiqsiT antimiekuTvnebame-XIX saukunis pirvel naxevars. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic,rom yvela sityva, Seqmnili prefiqsiT anti-, ar aris daregistrirebulileqsikonebSi, vinaidan is flobs udides damoukideblobas, vidre sxvaprefiqsebi, magaliTad, sityvebi prefiqsebiT in- da anti- SesaZlebeliaSeiqmnas saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi. prefiqsi anti- farTodaa gavrcelebulisamedicino terminologiis dargSi. is agreTve gamoiyeneba politikuriterminologiis mniSvnelovani nawilis Sesaqmnelad.SeimCneva agreTve sityvawarmoebiTi elementis kavSiri gamoyenebisgansazRvrul nawilTan.. ase magaliTad, sufiqsebi –aire, - el, -al, -iquegamoiyeneba terminologiuri xasiaTis nawarmoebi zedsarTavisSesaqmnelad, romelic miekuTvneba samecniero stils. ,,wignuri~ sufiqsi– al da misi etimologiuri dubleti – el warmoiSva laTinuri sufiqsisgan-alis. laTinuri enisagan nasesxebi nawarmoebi zedsarTavebi, romlebicSeiqmna -al sufiqsis meSveobiT, teqstebSi gvxvdeba me-12 saukunidan.me- 13 -14 saukuneebSi izrdeba TargmanTa raodenoba, rogorc religiuriSinaarsis, aseve samecniero da mxatvruli literaturis teqstebisa la-Tinuri enidan. sufiqsi –al nawarmoebi zedsarTavebis sawarmoeblad gansakuTrebiTaqtiuria saSualo frangulis periodSi, magaliTad, musical(XIV s.), philosophal (XV s.) da a.S.sufiqsi –iste gamoiyeneba umTavresad im nawarmoebi zedsarTavebisSesadgenad, romlebic miekuTvnebian politikur terminologias. sufiqsi–iste (-ista) nasesxebia berZnuli enisagan da farTod iyo gavrcelebulisqolastikur laTinurSi, saidanac gadavida xalxur laTinurSi.laTinuri da berZnuli enidan -iste sufiqsiT nasesxeb sityvebTan erTadiqmneba igive sufiqsiT nawarmoebi ukve franguli warmoSobis sityvaTamniSvnelovani raodenoba, rogoricaa: artiste (XIV s.), anatomiste, droguiste (XVIs.), anarchiste, académiste (XVII s.), bouquiniste, capitaliste, fataliste, journaliste,séminariste (XVIII s.) da a. S.-able, -aux, - ique sufiqsebi warmoadgenen sayovelTaod gamoyenebadimniSvnelovani nawarmoebi zedsarTavebis mawarmoeblebs.. VI-VIIIsaukuneebSi —able sufiqsiT nawarmoebi zedsarTavebi Zalian187

gavrcelebuli iyo. misi SeTavseba zmnis fuZesTan warmoadgens produqtiultips da inarCunebs Tavis aqtiurobas Tanamed-rove frangul-Sic. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom Zvelfrangul periodSi nawarmoeb zedsar-Tavebs —able sufiqsiT hqondaT aqtiuri da pasiuri mniSvneloba. enisSemdgomi ganviTarebis procesSi -able sufiqsma SeinarCuna SesaZ-leblobaSeuTavsdes mxolod gardamavali zmnebis fuZes. xolo zedsarTavebs—able sufiqsiT pasiuri mniSvneloba aqvT Tanamedrove frangul ena-Si. aRiniSneba agreTve nawarmoebi zedsarTavebis gamoyenebis meryeoba daormagi formebi —able da —ible sufiqsiT, romlebic nawarmoebia erTida igive fuZisgan da daregistrirebulia sxvadasxva droSi, magaliTad:censable - 1292 w censible - 1322 wlisable - 1464 w lisible - 1474 wnuisable - XII s. nuisible - XIV sresponsable — 1284 w. responsible - 1502 w.toponimuri xasiaTis zedsarTavebis Sesaqmnelad farTodaa gavrcelebulisufiqsebi –ais, - ois, -ien. laTinur enaSi sufiqsebi - anus, -inus, -ensis miuTiTebdnen kavSirze mawarmoebel fuZesa da warmoebul sityvasSoris. mogvianebiT isini gaxdnen zedsarTa-vebis mawarmoeblebi, romlebicgamoxatavda sakuTrebas, warmomavlobas. nawarmoebi sityvebi –ais, -ois, -ien daboloebiT gamoxatavda ama Tu im qveynisa da adgilis mcxov-rebTadasaxelebebs. sufiqsebi —ais,-ois warmoadgens sxvadasxva fonetikurvariants laTi-nuri sufiqsisa –ensis. zedsarTavebi sufiqsebiT –ais, - oisgvxvdeba poemaSi `simRera rolandze~: espies valentineis; Geignet espees del’acier vianeis da a.S. maT didi mniSvneloba aqvT Tanamedrove frangul ena-Sic.mniSvnelovnadaa gavrcelebuli windebuliani arsebiTi saxeli(artiklisgareSe) gansazRvrebis mniSvnelobiT rogorc mxatvrul literaturulenaSi, aseve presis enaSic. arsebiT saxelTan gamoyenebuliwindebulebis sintaqsuri Sinaarsi araerTgvaria. Sagnis niSan-TvisebisaRniSvnis xerxi windebuliT de nasesxebia me- XII saukuneSi laTinuri enidanreligiuri nawarmoebebis gavleniT. me-XVI saukuneSi es xerxi gavrceldamxatvrul literaturaSic.Tanamedrove frangul enaSi sagnis niSan-Tvisebis aRniSvna arsebiTisaxelis meSveobiT windebuliT de farTod gamoiyeneba sazogadoebriv-politikur dargSi da mxatvrul literaturaSi.frangul enaSi nawarmoebi zedsarTavebi warmoadgens yvelazemravalricxovan jgufs sityvaTa sxva jgufebTan SedarebiT, romlebicgamoxatavs sagnis niSan-Tvisebas. nawarmoebi zedsarTavebis mniSvnelovaniraodenoba farTod gavrcelda rogorc saliteraturo enaSi, asevepresaSic. maTi didi nawili Sevida Tanamedrove franguli enis myar sityvaTaSemadgenlobaSi. bolo xanebSi gansakuTrebiT ganviTarda mimar-188

TebiTi da terminologiuri xasiaTis zedsarTavi saxelebi, romlebic warmoiSvaaxal cnebebTan erTad.franguli ena iyenebs agreTve zedsarTavebs, romlebic gamowveuliacxovrebiseuli droebiTi mizezebiT, aseve iseTebsac, romlebic miekuTvnebaavtorTa individualur Semoqmedebas. msgavsi zedsarTavebisricxvi Tanamedrove frangul enaSi Zalian didia, Tumca, arcerTi maTganiar Sedis myari sityvebis SemadgenlobaSi da ar aris daregistrirebulileqsikonebSi.Tanamedrove frangul literaturul enaSi nawarmoebi zedsarTavebigamoiyeneba rogorc mimarTebiTi, aseve TvisebiTi mniSvnelobiT. mimarTebiTizedsarTavebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuliqnas agreTve gadataniTimniSvnelobiT da aseT SemTxvevaSi maT SeuZliaT ganaviTaron TvisebiTimniSvnelobac. TvisebiTi zedsarTavebi, romlebic aRniSnaven sagnis ni-San-Tvisebas cvalebadia, da gamoirCevian gansakuTrebuli gramatikuliniSniT:‣ maT SeuZliaT Secvla Sedarebis xarisxebis mixedviT, magaliTad:plus sportif‣ TvisebiTi zedsarTavebisgan SesaZlebelia moferebiTi da kninobiTiformebis warmoeba, magaliTad, pâlot, vieillot, jeunet, maigrelet,da a.S.daskvnisTvis vityodiT, rom enis simdidre da misi ganviTarebis doneganisazRvreba ara mxolod leqsikis xarisxobrivi SemadgenlobiT, aramedmisi ganviTarebis mravalferovnebiTac, xolo enaSi ramdenime sufiqsisarseboba, romelic gamoiyeneba Tundac erTi klasis sityvaTasawarmoeblad, iZleva realur SesaZleblobebs leqsikis mravalmxrivigamdidrebisaTvis enis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze.literatura Dauzat,1970-Dauzat A. Précis d’histoire de la langue et du vocabulairefrançais P,. 1970 , ed,. II Dubois, 1980 -Dubois J.,Etude sur la dérivation suffixale en français moderne et contemporain. P., 1980 Le petit Larousse compact . Le premier du siècle, P., 2001189

Keti GaloberiSokhumi State UniversityProductive Means of Expression of Object Signs in theFrench LanguageAs is known the vocabulary of language is enriched by word-formation. It is thesystem of derivative types of words and the process of creating structural and semanticformulas and patterns on which language builds new words. It also inquires development,modern condition, different types and productivity of linguistic units. Word-formationprocesses are numerous.Word-formation system of Modern French Language has passed a long way of itsdevelopment. In the system of French word-formation there are adjective-forming suffixes,creating significant derived adjectives. The circulation sphere of other suffixes is limitedand they form derived adjectives of terminological character. The revival of the wholenumber of “bookish’’ suffixes is explained by requirement of words denoting an object signand expressing changes that take place in a field of science and technique, in a socialpoliticallife.In modern French Literary language derived adjectives are used both with relativeand qualitative meanings. Relative adjectives can be also used with figurative meaning andin this case they can develop a qualitative meaning too. Qualitative adjectives which denotean object sign are changeable. They are distinguished with a particular grammar sign:1) They can be changed according to comparative degree: e.g. plus sport if2) From qualitative adjectives it is possible to create affectionate and diminutiveforms: e.g. pâlot, vieillot, jeunet, maigrelet and etc.190

filologia = literatura, enaTmecnierebaPHILOLOGY = LITERATURE, LINGUISTICS191manana Seliasoxumis saxelmwifo universitetiinglisur - qarTul leqsikurerTeulTa struqturul- semantikur-SepirispirebiTi analizienis samyaro faqtebisa da procesebis samyaroa. ama Tu im masalisSeswavlisas studenti aqtiur saazrovno moqmedebas eweva. studentTaSemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis ganviTareba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtiacodnis xarisxis asamaRleblad. sityvebze praqtikuli muSaoba, maTistruqturis dadgena yovelTvis iwvevs interess. enis SemswavlelebidamatebiT informacias iReben maTi warmoSobisa da agebulebis Sesaxeb.lingvisturi masalis gacnobisa da Seswavlis Semdeg, sityvebisgarkveuli maragis safuZvelze, studentebs eZlevaT saSualeba CaataronmSobliuri da ucxouri enebis leqsikur erTeulebs Soris struqturul-tipologiurikvleva-Sepirispireba.gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs is problemebi, romelic dakav-Sirebulia ucxouri enis swavlebis procesSi enobrivi masalis meToduriorganizaciis SerCevasTan. enobrivi masalis mizanmimarTuli SerCeva damisi organizacia moiTxovs swor midgomas mocemuli sakiTxis mimarT.ucxouri enis leqsikis Seswavla da SeTviseba dakavSirebulia mTel rigobieqtur sirTuleebTan. ucxouri enis leqsikis swavlebisas viTvaliswinebTmSobliuri enis elementebs, garkveuli leqsikis farglebSi vadgenTmSobliuri da ucxouri enebis azrobriv struqturaTa Soris Sesabamisobasda sxvaobas. yovel enaSi sityvas Tavisi specifikuri Taviseburebebiaqvs, xolo tipologiurad msgavs enebSi mas saerTo Tvisebebi gaaCnia.rogorc cnobilia, enebs Soris Sepirispirebis sakiTxi, rogorclingvisturi, aseve meToduri miznebisaTvis, Sepirispireba-Sedareba,rogorc kvlevis meTodi, enaTmecnierebaSi ar aris axali. mocemulsakiTxze moipoveba uZvelesi periodis naSromebi. enaTa tipologias,rogorc mecnierebis erT-erT ganxras, safuZveli Caeyara XVIII saukunisbolosa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi. miuxedavad maTi naTesaobisa, sityvisstruqturis niSan-Tvisebis mixedviT Camoyalibda msoflios enaTaklasifikacia. msoflioSi arsebuli yvela ena dayofil iqna morfologiurtipebad, sityvis morfologiuri wyobis safuZvelze. Tavis drozecnobili rusi lingvisti i.a.boduen de kurtene werda: `Cven SegviZliaSevadaroT enebi damoukideblad naTesaobisa maT Soris istoriulikavSirebisa. Cven mudam vpoulobT erTnair Tvisebebs, erTnair istoriul

procesebsa da gardaqmnebs enebSi, romlebic ucxoa erTmaneTis mimarTistoriuli da geografiuli TvalsazrisiT~(Куртене, 1963: gv.371).cnobili qarTveli enaTmecnieri arnold Ciqobava aRniSnavda Semdegs:`rac ufro Rrmad viWrebiT enaTa ganviTarebis istoriaSi, miTufro meti siaxlove aRmoCndeba Sesadarebel enebs Soris, Tu es enebimonaTesavea; da piriqiT: gansxvaveba miT ufro gaizrdeba, rac ufroRrmad gamovavlenT istorias, rodesac enebi ar arian monaTesave, da maTSoris arsebuli msgavseba gamowveulia am enaTa daaxloebiT, - da,maSasadame, msgavseba unda iqnes ganxiluli rogorc meoreulimovlena.’’(Ciqobava, 2008: gv. 270). struqturul -tipologiuri SedarebaSesadarebel enaTa sistemis aRweriT analizs emyareba da miznad isaxavszogadi kanonzomierebani - universaliebi daadginos.Sepirispirebis meTodis miznebi da amocanebi iTvaliswinebs imas,rom gamovavlinoT Sedarebis gziT sakvlevi enebis specifikuri Taviseburebebirogorc struqturulad, aseve funqcionaluri wesiT, SeZlebisdagvaradaRmovaCinoT maT Soris arsebuli Taviseburebebi. rac ufroRrmavdeba enobrivi faqtebis tipologiuri SepirispirebiTi analizi darac meti yuradRReba eqceva TiToeuli faqtis mimarTebas sxva enisfaqtebTan, miT ufro meti SesaZlebloba iqmneba am enebSi axlis, adreucnobis, SeumCneveli movlenis danaxvisa, rac erTi enis SigniTCatarebuli analizis dros ver xerxdeba. `enaTa ufro Rrma kvlevamaCvena saocari msgavsebebi enebs Soris. gairkva, rom Cvens planetazearsebuli enobrivi struqturebi izomorfuli (berZ: isos `erTnairi~,morphe `forma~) struqturebia da rom isini erTi universaluri enobrivistruqturis variantebs warmoadgenen, Tanac es variantebi tipologiuriTvalsazrisiT dasaSvebia, radganac enebSi ar SeiZleba realizdebodesiseTi struqturebi, romlebic tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT dauSvebelia~(nebieriZe,1991:gv.310). Sedarebisas saerTo niSan-Tvisebebi vlindebapraqtikulad msoflios yvela enaSi, magaliTad, xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa,saxelisa da zmnis, polisemiis movlenis, sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebis,nacvalsaxelTa elementebis, damoukidebeli da damxmare elementebisda ase Semdeg. zemoaRniSnuli movlenebi, egreTwodebuli lingvisturiuniversaliebi, romelTa dadgena xdeba msoflios enaTa SedarebisgziT, warmoadgenen kvlevis obieqts Sepirispirebis dros. tipologiaaris orientirebuli enobrivi tipis dadgenaze, Sedareba ki- ori (an meti)enis msgavsebasa da gansxvavebaze (Кутателадзе, 1994: gv. 9).didi qarTveli ganmanaTlebeli, mwerali da sazogado moRvawe iakobgogebaSvili qarTuli enis safuZvliani mcodne iyo. is Rrmad swavlobdamis saidumloebas, Taviseburebebs, aRiarebda mis TavisTavadobas,simdidresa da simSvenes da aRniSnavda Semdegs: `qarTuli ena... Seadgensfriad Tavisebur lingvistur movlenas da araviTari kavSiri da msgavseba192

ara aqvs Zvel klasikur enebTan...~.`qarTuli ena iseT gansakuTrebul movlenas warmoadgens enaTa Sorisda lingvistikaSi, ise naklebad hgavs evropul enebs, rom zogni mecnierniiZulebulni arian aRiaron igi gancalkevebul Tavisebur enad da armiscen adgili arc Turanul da arc indo-evropul enaTa Soris~(gogebaSvili, 1991: gv. 56).iakob gogebaSvils swamda, rom mSobliuri enis dauxmareblad arSeiZleba aramSobliuri enis warmatebiT Seswavla. igi did mniSvnelobasaniWebda mSobliuri enisa da ucxouri enis SedarebiTi formebisgarkvevas.cnobilia, rom qarTuli ena genealogiuri klasifikaciis mixedviTSedis iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis qarTvelur StoSi da iTvlebaaglutinaciur enad, inglisuri ena ki-indoevropul enaTa ojaxis germanikulenaTa Stos ekuTvnis. miuxedavad maTi aseTi didi gansxvavebisa,qarTuli da inglisuri enis leqsikuri Semadgenlobis ganviTarebis sferoSiarsebobs rigi Sexebis wertilebisa. ZiriTads warmoadgens berZnullaTinurinasesxobani, romelic Sesulia saerTaSoriso sityvaTa fondSi.saenaTmecniero literaturaSi moipoveba mravali naSromi, romeliceZRvneba sityvis struqturis problemas da mis dayofas morfemebad.lingvistTa Soris ar arsebobs erTiani azri sityvebis morfemebaddanawevrebis sakiTxSi. rogorc Tanamedrove inglisur, aseve mraval sxvaenaSi moipoveba iseTi sityvebi, romlebic Seicaven iseT segmentebs, romlebsacar gaaCniaT srulfasovani morfemuli statusi da ar asrulebenraime asociaciur an markerul funqcias. enaTmecnierebi aseT segmentebsTavianT naSromebSi aZleven sxvadasxva saxelwodebas. maT Soris yvelazegavrcelebulia unikaluri morfemebi (unique morphemes), romelTa raodenobaTanamedrove inglisurSi iTvlis 1500 -ze met erTeuls. Cvens na-SromSi mocemul segments vuwodebT naSTian segments, romelic aRiniSnebaasoTi R (Remainder). aseTi saxis segmentebi SeiZleba iyos sityvis TavSibutterfly, SuaSi demolish an boloSi namesake. amjerad moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTsrogorc Tanamedrove inglisuris, aseve sxva enaTa sityvebidan.SeiZleba CamovTvaloT aseTi tipis segmentebi, magaliTad, segmenti aardsityvaSiaard –wolf (inglisur enaSi), segmenti -ован sityvaSi котлован (rusulenaSi), segmenti chauff- sityvaSi chauffer (frangul enaSi), segmenti -igallsityvaSi nachtigall (germanul enaSi), qarTul segmenti -riqif- qarTulsityvaSi meriqife da mravali sxva.mocemuli naSromi eZRvneba inglisur-qarTul leqsikur erTeulTastruqturul-semantikur-SepirispirebiT analizs. amjerad warmovadgenTleqsikur erTeulTa analizs sityvaTa asociaciuri struqturisdadgenis mizniT, meTodad ki viyenebT definiciur-asociaciur analizs(Шубин,1971: gv. 32-75). mocemuli sakiTxis kvlevisas ganvixileT ro-193

gorc inglisuri, aseve qarTuli sityvebi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi SeiniSnebodanaSTiani segmentebis arseboba. kvlevis procesSi gamoiyenebodarogorc inglisuri, aseve qarTuli ganmartebiTi leqsikonebi. SeirCasityvaTa korpusi inglisuri-qarTuli leqsikonebidan, romlebSic Seini-Sneboda naSTebis arseboba, Semdeg ki xdeboda SerCeuli sityvebis dadgena-dazustebadefiniciuri analizis saSualebiT, romlis drosac gamoyenebuliiyo inglisuri enis rogorc ganmartebiTi, aseve etimologiurileqsikonebi. magaliTad, sityvas boravaSli aqvs Semdegi definicia: va-Slis erT-erTi jiSis xe. [is] boravaSlis qveS .... magidasTan idga.(o. Cxei-Ze). mocemuli definiciidan sityvis meore segmenti -vaSli azrobrivikomponentia (NC – Notional Component), radganac is asocirdeba definiciiswevrTan vaSli, xolo pirveli komponenti bora- kvalificirdeba rogorcnaSTiani segmenti, radganac is ar asrulebs asociaciur funqcias dadefiniciaSi ar gaaCnia asocianti. am sityvis struqtura aRiniSneba SemdegiformuliT [R + NC]. igive struqturis matarebelia sityva barberry –n - A shrub with spiny shoots and pendulous racemes of small yellow flowers succeeded byoblong, red, sharply acid berries. mocemul sityvaSi bar- naSTiani segmentia,radganac is ar asocirdeba definiciis romelime wevrTan, xolo sityvismeore segmenti -berry azrobrivi komponentia, radganac definiciaSimoipoveba msgavsi sityva. maSasadame, aRniSnuli sityvis struqturagamoxateba igive formuliT [R + NC]. aRiniSnos is, rom Tanamedroveinglisur enaSi kenkrovan mcenareTa aRmniSvneli sityvebis raodenoba,romelTa struqtura Sedgeba meore komponentiT -berry, aRemateba 100erTeuls, Cvens mier adre warmoebuli kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda,rom arsebobs ramdenime sityva aRniSnuli komponentiT -berry, romlebSicSeiniSneba naSTiani segmentebis arseboba, magaliTisaTvis davasaxelebTzogierT maTgans: bilberry, cloudberry, cow-berry, cranberry, deerberry, dogberry,gooseberry, hackberry, hagberry, huckleberry, hurtleberry, mulberry, pigeon-berry,raspberry da a.S. [7.133]inglisuris kviris dReebis aRmniSvnel sityvebSi Tuesday, Wednesday,Thursday, Friday, pirveli komponentebi Tues-, Wednes-, Thurs-, Fri- udavodiTvleba naSTebad, radganac formalurad asocirdebian warmarTiRmerTebis saxelebTan.sityvaSi moipoveba idealuri (gonebrivi, azrobrivi) mxare, romelsacenaTmecnierebaSi uwodeben sityvis semantikas. TviT semantikaSi ganasxvavebensityvis azrsa da mis mniSvnelobas. am SemTxvevaSi ganvixilavTsemantikur msgavsebas inglisur da qarTul kviris dReebs Soris. cnobilia,romSvid dRiani kviris sistema dasabams iRebs Zveli babilonidan(daaxloebiT 2 aTas wels Cvens welTa aRricxvamde), SemdgomSi es tradiciebigavrcelda ebraelebSi, berZnebSi, romaelebSi, arabebSi da indoelebSi.sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi gvxvdeba Svideulis dReTa194

saxelebi, romlebic daculi yofila Zvel samwerlobo qarTulSi. es saxelebiSesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gavigoT, Tu romeli dRe romel mnaTobTanda RvTaebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli qarTul warmarTul kalendarSi. rogorccnobilia, qarTulSi kvira - mzis dRea, igive mniSvnelobis matarebeliainglisuri kvira dRis aRmniSvneli sityva Sunday = the day of the Sun.orSabaTi - mTovrisa= aRniSnavs mTvaris dRes. inglisur sityvaSi onday =the day of the Moon, warmoiSva sityvidan the Moon. inglisuri kvira dReebissaxelwodebaTa Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday pirveli komponentebiTue-, Wednes-, Thurs- da Fri- asocirdebian warmarTi RmerTebis saxelebTan(germanuli miTologiis RmerTebTan). inglisur sityvaSi Tuesday pirvelikomponenti Tue- atarebs omis RmerTis saxels -Tiw(Tue). samSabaTiariasi(marsisa),marsi, rogorc cnobilia, romaul miTologiaSi omisRmerTia. msgavsi semantikuri damTxveva SeiniSneba zogierT megrul dasvanur kviris dReebSi. megrulSi kvira dRea JaSxa, rac niSnavs mzis dRes.TuTaSxa - samSabaTi, ki niSnavs mTvaris dRes. am saxelebSi `xa~ arisfonetikuri saxecvlili megruli `dRa~ (Selia, 2004).(dRe). svanurad - miJlandel kvira dRe `miJ~ -mze.maSasadame, ucxo enis Seswavlisas, sxvadasxva enis leqsikur er-TeulTa Sepirispireba momaval lingvistebs saSualebas aZlevs ucxouricivilizaciisa da kulturis ukeT gacnobaSi, saintereso informaciismopovebaSi, romelic Zalze mniSvnelovania ara marto ucxo enis mtkiceddasaufleblad, aramed mSobliuri enis Tasviseburebebis ukeT gasagebad.literatura gogebaSvili, 1991 - gogebaSvili i. rCeuli Txzulebani. t. 2,Tb., gamomc. ,,ganaTleba’’, Tbilisi, 1991. leqsikoni, 2007 - qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni-axaliredaqcia. arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis instituti.gamomc.,,universali’’,Tbilisi, 2007. nebieriZe, 1991 - nebieriZe g. enaTmecnierebis Sesavali.gamomc.,,ganaTleba’’, Tbilisi,1991. Ciqobava, 2008 - arn. Ciqobava enaTmecnierebis Sesavali,. arn.Ciqobavas sax. enaTmecnierebis instituti. Tsu gamomcemloba,Tbilisi, 2008. Selia, 2004 - Selia v. kenkrovan mcenareTa aRmniSvneli sityvebinaSTiani segmentebiT. Jurnali `kavkasiis macne~, Tbilisi, №10,Tbilisi, 2004. Куртене, 1963 - Бодуен де Куртене И. А. О смешанном характере всехязыков. Избранные труды т. 1 по общему языкознанию М ., 1963.195

Кутателадзе, 1994 - Кутателадзе Г. М. Сопоставительная лексикологиягрузинского и русского языков. Дисс. на соискание уч. Степ. Докт. Фил.Наук. Тб., 1994.Шубин, 1971 - Шубин Э. П. Тройцкая Н. Б. Дефиниционноассоциативнаятеория внутренней структуры слова. Калин. Гос. пед. инст.1971.Dictionary, 1990 - The Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principlesfounded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society. AtClarendon Press. 1990 .Manana SheliaSokhumi State UniversityStructural - Semantic Comparative Analysis of English andGeorgian Lexical UnitsLanguage learning is a natural creative process. Sometimes the involvement ofcognitive materials makes language learning more interesting for students which must itselfbe a positive factor contributing to improved attitudes and better results.The comparative method is a way of systematically comparing a series of languagesin order to prove a certain relationship between them. There is a set of formal similaritiesand differences between the languages.In methods of teaching foreign languages a great attention is paid to structural –semantic comparative analysis of lexical units. Using this method it is more precisely toexpress the researched phenomenon and emphasize specific of its use in differentlanguages. Our work is devoted to a problem of structural-semantic comparative analysis ofEnglish and Georgian words. Despite of their difference (they belong to different families oflanguages) there is a number of things in common that allows to solve wide linguisticproblems.196

filologia = literatura, enaTmecnierebaPHILOLOGY = LITERATURE, LINGUISTICSnino sanaiasoxumis saxelmwifo universitetienaTmecniereba ucxo enis swavlebissamsaxurSiucxo enebis swavlebis istoriis manZilze sxvadasxva meTodebi gamoiyeneboda.es meTodebi TandaTan ixveweboda, xolo Semdgom mecnierebiskvlevis sagnadac gadaiqca. enaTmecnierebas am sferoSi yovelTvis wamyvanida Seucvleli adgili ekava.Tavdapirvelad am meTodebSi gramatikuli aRwerebi dominirebda. me-Todebi saxes icvlida lingvisturi Teoriebis cvlilebis kvaldakval.magaliTad, tradiciuli gramatikis pirobebSi enis swavlebaSi mTeliyuradReba am disciplinis praqtikul Seswavlaze iyo gadatanili. Semswavlelebsazepirebinebdnen wesebs metyvelebis nawilebis, maTi formacvlilebisada winadadebaSi Sesrulebuli funqciebis Sesaxeb. naklebiyuradReba eTmoboda ama Tu im formis gamoyenebas zepirmetyvelebaSi.franguli enis swavlebis tradiciuli meTodis yvelaze did nakls gramatikissaxelmZRvaneloebSi laTinurisa da berZnuli gramatikuli sqemebismibaZva warmoadgenda. magaliTad, Tanamedrove frangul enas ar axasiaTebsbruneba (declinaison), rogorc gramatikuli kategoria (es kategoriaZvel franguls axasiaTebda), Tumca dRes aqvs ori windebuli à dade, romelTaganac pirveli micemiT brunvas gamoxatavs, xolo meore na-TesaobiTs. saxelobiT brunvad ki uwindebulo arsebiTi saxeli ganixileba.me-20 saukunis dasawyisis franguli enis Semswavlel saxelmZRvaneloebSiki arsebiTi saxelis brunebis Semdegi nimuSia warmodgenili(PASQUIER : gv. 25):père (vocatif, wodebiTi)le père (nominatif, saxelobiTi)le père (accusatif, akuzativi, braldebiTi)du père (genitif, naTesaobiTi)au père (datif, micemiTi)me-20 saukunis 20-ian da Semdgom 30-40 ian w.w. safuZveli eyreba struqturulenaTmecnierebasa da struqturul gramatikebs, icvleba ucxoenebis swavlebis meTodebic (PASQUIER: gv. 33 ). meti yuradReba eqcevaenis leqsikuri erTeulebisa da gramatikuli formebis xmarebas. Cndebaspecialuri termini `using~, frangulad - `usage~. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniS-197

navia iseTi naSromebis gaCena, rogoricaa: Damourette, J et Pichon, E., Des motsa la pensee, Essai de grammaire de la langue francaise, Paris, d’Artrey, 1911, 1930,Guiaume, G, Le probleme de l’article et sa solution dans la langue francaise, Paris,Hachette, 1919. xolo Semdgom 60-70 ww-Si Comskis naSromebis franguliTargmanebis gamoCena: Chomsky, N. Le langage et la pensee, Paris, Payot, 1970(Chomski, 1970), Chomsky, NStructures syntaxiques, Paris, Le Seuil, 1969 (Chomski,1969).icvleba gakvTilis struqturac. moswavleebs jer miewodebaT gramatikuliformebis nusxa, Semdgom maTi gamoyenebis wesebi, magaliTebi damxolod amis Semdeg savarjiSoebi. Comskim am nabijs `win gadadgmuli nabiji~uwoda tradiciul swavlebasTan SedarebiT. Tumca ki mainc arasrulimiaCnda (Chomski, 1970).amrigad, XX saukunis gadatrialebas enaTmecnierebaSi, generaciulitransformaciuli gramatikis saxiT, aseTive gadatrialeba moaqvs enisswavlebis sferoSic.enaTmecniereba Semdgom evolucias ganicdis da enis aRweriTietapidan misi meqanizmebis kanonzomierebaTa aRmoCenis epoqaSi gadadis.`siRrmiseuli~ da `zedapiruli~ struqturebis (Chomski, 1969) cnebebis SemotaniTufro naTeli xdeba enaSi sinonimiis, antonimiisa da perifrazirebismovlenebis arsi. mTlianobaSi moiazreba enis fonetikuri, leqsikuri,gramatikuli da semantikuri sitemebi. zemoCamoTvlili disciplinebiaRar iswavleba cal-calke, erTmaneTisagan mowyvetiT, aramed paralelurad,rogorc erTi organizmis Semadgeneli nawilebi.kidev ramdenime aTeuli weli da enaTmecnierbaSi safuZveli eyrebakvlevis iseT mimarTulebebs, rogoricaa komunikaciuri lingvistika dateqstis lingvistika. pirvels `freimis~ cnebis SemotaniT sakomunikaciosituaciis bazisuri gamoyeneba Semoaqvs enis swavlebis meTodologiaSi,xolo meore, teqstis `koxerentulobis~ cnebis SemotaniT enis sintagmururTierTmimarTebes wamowevs wina planze paradigmulTan SedarebiT(Lebanize, 2004).amas Tan erTvis lingvo-kulturologiuri (Lebanize, 2004 (2)) kvlevebi.jer kidev humbolti werda, rom `enebi ara mxolod formiTa da bgeriTiSemadgenlobiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, aramed samyarosgansxvavebuli xedviTac~(Гумбольдт, 1984). lingvo-kulturologiis ganvi-Tarebas Tan sdevs ucxo enis SeswavlasTan erTad im qveynis kulturuliCvevebisa da adaT-wesebis gacnobisa Tu kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlisaucilebloba, romlis enasac Seiswavlian. erTi sityviT am qveyniscivilizaciis gacnoba enis Semswavleli nebismieri saxelmZRvanelos Semadgenelinawili xdeba da aRar iswavleba calke sagnad.zemoCamoTvlili Teoriebis safuZvelze yalibdeba cneba `gamoyenebi-Ti lingvistika~ (Pasquier: gv. 89) anu `gamoyenebiTi enaTmecniereba~, rome-198

lic gulisxmobs lingvisturi Teoriebis gamoyenebas enis swavlebis procesSi,Tumca ki ara mxolod am sferoSi, aramed leqsikografiaSi, kompiuterulTargmansa da enis kompiuterul analizSic. aqve unda aRvniSnoT,rom ori danarCenis aRwera Cveni kvlevis mizans ar emsaxureba.momdevno etapze enis swavlebis meTodikaSi fexs ikidebs fsiqologiisiseTi ganStoeba, romelsac swavlebis Teoria ewodeba. es Teoria ramdenimekomponentisagan Sedgeba: es aris aRqma, damaxsovreba da motivacia.me-20 saukunis miwuruls kogniturma mecnierbam yvela sfero moicva damaT Soris enaTmecniereba da fsiqologiac. enis swavlebis teqnologiebisgamomuSavebis axali era iwyeba. dRes enis swavlebis meTodologiamravaldisciplinarul kvlevas gulisxmobs. TiToeuli maTgani sakuTariTvalTaxedvidan ganixilavs enasa da mis swavlebas. 1987 wels parizis universitetSi(parizi3) enis didaqtikis mkvlevarma, jovani iakintam (GiovanniIaquinta) Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi Seajama da Semdeg tipebad warmoadginasxvadasxva meTodologiuri miRwevevbi:tradiciuli midgoma, romelic gulisxmobs enis aRweriT codnas;funqciur - cnebiTi midgoma;komunikaciur-pragmatuli meTodologia, romelic komunikaciisfsiqologiasac moicavs;teqstis lingvistikaze damyarebuli meTodologia, romelicmoicavs teqstis leqsikur-gramatikul da semiotikur analizs; calkea warmodgenili kompiuteruli swavleba, anu, rogorcTviTon eZaxis, swavleba xelovnuri inteleqtis saSualebiT(Enseignement Intelligemment Assisté par Ordinateur (EIAO) (Iaquinta, 1987:gv. 72)am mniSvnelovan mimoxilviTi xasiaTis naSroms mohyva kvlevebi,romlebSic wamyvani adgili azrovnebiT, mentalur xatebs ukavia (anielGaonac'h, 1987 (Gaonac’h, 1987 ), Jean-François Le Ny , 1989 (Leny, 1989), UmbertoEco,1989 (Eco, 1989), Brigitte Chapelain, 1996, (. Chapelain, 1996). xatis semiologiaiseT terminebs iyenebs, rogoricaa: interteqsti da interteqstualuriscenari, naratiuli da ritorikuli sqemebi, rac kidev erT naxtoms warmoadgensenis swavlebis sferoSi.sociologiuri filosofiasac , Tavis mxriv, sakuTari wvlili Seaqvsenis swavlebis meTodologiaSi. antuan de la garanderis (La Garanderie,1982: gv.121) mixedviT arsebobs sami safexuri, romelTa gareSec warmoudgeneliazogadad swavla. es aris: Setyobinebis aRqma, gamoyeneba da damaxsovreba.yovelive zemoTqmulis erTgvar Sejamebas gvawvdis julia kristeva(Kriteva,1981: gv. 14), gvTavazobs ra im disciplinebis CamonaTvals, romle-199

ic enis fenomens misi swavlebis mizniT Seiswavlian. esenia: filosofia,anTropologia, fsiqologia, sociologia da lingvisturi Teoriebi.marTalia, enis swavlebis meTodika, anu enis swavlebis didaqtika,rogorc mas dRes sazRvargareT eZaxian, multidisciplinarul sferoswarmoadgens, enaTmecnierebas aq mainc wamyvani adgili ukavia. lingvistikasada enis swavlebis meTodologias xom erTi kvlevis sagani aerTianebT(Kriteva,1981:gv. 14).dRes saqarTveloSi, umaRles sawavleblebSi, im fakultetebze,romelTac ucxo enis maswavleblis aRzrda evalebaT, mTeli yuradRebaswavlebis meTodebis fsiqologiur aspeqtebzea gadatanili. samecnierokvlevebic, ZiriTadad, am mimarTulebiT warimarTeba. marTalia sazRvargareTgamocemuli saxelmZRvaneloebi yvela zemoT CamoTvlil TeoriasiTvaliswinebs, maswavleblebi praqtikuli mecadineobebis dros maTs SesaZleblobebssrulyofilad ver iyeneben. enaTmecniereba TiTqos mitovebulrolSi gvevlineba, ara da vin icis, kidev ra siurprizebs da gadatrialebebsgvimzadeben lingvistebi.literatura Pasquier - Pasquier, Florent. Comprendre “L’apprendre” d’une Langue: laLinguistique a l’aide des Technologies Educative, LA REVUE DE L'EPI,www.epi.asso.fr Iaquinta, 1987 - Iaquinta, Giovanni. « L’approche communicative en vidéointeractive : application du système VAO-CLIP à l’enseignement de l’italien». Doctorat. Paris 3. 1987. Chapelain, 1996 - Chapelain, Brigitte. Les vidéothèques d’établissements.INRP. 1996. Chomski, 1970 - Chomski, N. Le langage et la pensee, Paris, Payot, 1970, Chomski, 1969 - Chomski, 1969 N. Structures syntaxiques, Paris, LeSeuil, 1969. Eco, 1989- Umberto. Lector in fabula. Le Ciné de Poche. Paris. 1989. Gaonac’h, 1987 - Gaonac’h, Daniel. Théories d’apprentissage etacquisition d’une langue étrangère. Collection LAL. Hatier-Crédif. Paris.1987. Leny, 1989 - Leny, Jean-François. Science cognitive et compréhension dulangage. PUF. Paris.1989. La Garanderie, 1982 - La Garanderie, de, Antoine. Pédagogie des moyensd’apprendre. Les enseignants face aux profils pédagogiques. Le centurionformation.Paidoguides. 1982 Kriteva,1981 - Kriteva, Julia. Le langage, cet inconnu. Points. 1981200

Berthoud, 1993 - Berthoud, Anne-Claude et PY, Bernard. Des linguistes etdes enseignants. Collection Exploration. Recherches en sciences del’éducation. Peter LANG. 1993Lebanize, 2004 - Lebanize, Guram. komunikaciuri lingvistika, Tb., `enada kultura~, 2004Lebanize, 2004 (2)- Lebanize, Guram. kulturologiis safuZvlebi, Tb., `enada kultura~, 2004Гумбольдт, 1984 - Гумбольдт, В. Фон различии строения человеческихязыков и его влияние на духовное развитие человечества // В.фон Гумбольдт, Избр. тр. по языкознанию, М. “Наука”, 1984.Nino SanaiaSokhumi State UniversityLinguistics for Teaching Foreign LanguagesMany different methods have been used during history of teaching foreign languages.The methods gradually improved and afterwards became the subject of the scientificstudies. According to Julia Kristeva, Linguistics had always had the leading position in thefield, uniting subject of study of all language teaching methodologies. Different linguisticstheories substituted one another but all of them fed the methodologies of teaching foreignlanguages. Unfortunately nowadays psychological methods dominate both in scientificstudies and teaching methodologies, whereas linguistics stands isolated though no oneexactly knows what surprises linguists have still ahead.201

filologia = literatura, enaTmecnierebaPHILOLOGY = LITERATURE, LINGUISTICSАнтиутопия в литературе постмодернизма202Лилиана ДжанашияСухумский государственный университетСовременная антиутопия постмодернизма как иерархическая полижанроваяструктура синтезирует не только элементы канонических и свободных жанровыхформ, но и жанрово-стилистических клише массовой литературы. В художественнойсемантике антиутопии постмодернизма утопическая жанровая доминанта объединяетобщую для утопического и экзистенциального сознания идею вечной тоски понедостижимому идеалу. Классический тезис экзистенциализма о сокрытости сущего(М. Хайдеггер) в литературной утопической традиции представлен художественнойсемантикой сокрытого землёй (водой) града, представленного в мифоутопическихобразах Атлантиды, Града Небесного. Жанровая доминанта экзистенциальнойантиутопии связана с установками религиозно-утопического сознания милленаристскоготипа и преимущественно представлена утопиями времени и вневременногопорядка. Этиология утопического художественного видения в данной жанровой разновидностиоснована не только на рациональной условности вымысла илидопущения, а и на «поэтике грёзы».В художественном мире произведений Вик. Ерофеева «Карманный апокалипсис»,«Болдинская осень», «Русская красавица», «Пять рек жизни», В. Пелевина«Жёлтая стрела», А. Зиновьева «Живи», В. Маканина «Лаз», Л. Улицкой «Путешествиев седьмую сторону света», Л. Петрушевской «Номер один, или В садахдругих возможностей» осуществлена деконструкция мифоутопических концептов иидеологем: о спасении мира красотой, христианском очищении через страдание,мессианизме, единении в Абсолюте. В современной русской экзистенциальнойантиутопии отражена как этнонациональная специфика в понимании экзистенциальныхпроблем, выраженная в онтологическом отрицании Ничто и признаниивсемогущества Бога и Абсолюта (традиции Л. Шестова, С. Франка), так и европейскаятрадиция, рассматривающая Ничто как начало, равноправное Абсолютномубытию (Ж.-П. Сартр, А. Камю, М. Хайдеггер). Поэтому эсхатологизм бытия и трагизминдивидуальной человеческой судьбы проявляются как в невозможности соединитьсяс Абсолютом (В. Пелевин, В. Маканин), так и в бессмысленности человеческогобунта против первооснов жизни, увеличивающего абсурдность мира (Вик. Ерофеев,Л. Петрушевская). Традиционные экзистенциальные метафоры-концепты «Чумы»,«Абсурда», «Тошноты», «Тоски», «Страха и трепета» дополнены в них метафорами«Утраты», «Обречённости», «Страдания», «Жертвенности».Современная экзистенциальная антиутопия имеет эскапистский характер. Еёгерои спасаются бегством из мира, живущего по законам Распада и Хаоса в утопичес-

кое пространство. «Локус спасения» в произведениях Вик. Ерофеева, А. Зиновьева,Л. Улицкой, В. Маканина, Л. Петрушевской выражен через условно-метафорическиеобразы Седьмой стороны света, Пятой реки жизни, Подземного града, Планеты,где живут души, Садов других возможностей, они коррелируют с традиционнымиутопическими сюжетами об Атлантиде, Китеже, Граде Небесном. Критическоеосмысление утопической идеи в произведениях данной разновидности антиутопическогожанра основано на деконструкции, рассеивании «твёрдых смыслов» логоцентрическихструктур средствами «эстетизированной чувственности» («поэтики грёзы»,переосмысления мифологической условной образности, использования постмодернисткойигры). Децентрация субъекта в художественном мире экзистенциальнойантиутопии эксплицирована через феномен психологической индетерминированности,которая выражается в отказе от реалистического письма. Вследствие этого возникаетстилевой полиморфизм, представленный «сентиментальным реализмом» Улицкой,постмодернисткой поэтикой Ерофеева и Петрушевской, включениями «романтическогореализма» в индивидуально-авторской манере Зиновьева. Герои изображеныэскизно, они слабо индивидуализированы, не имеют портретов и биографий, их внутренниймир раскрывается не через психологические характеристики, а в непосредственныхонтологических состояниях условно-метафорического или условносимволическогосюжета. В отличие от героев западноевропейской экзистенциальнойантиутопии (У. Голдинг, Р. Мёрль, М. Турнье), они нацелены на аскетическое служениевозвышенным идеалам, их жертвенность свидетельствует об утопизме русскойдуховной жизни, религиозности русского экзистенциального сознания.На примере судеб героев современной русской экзистенциальной антиутопииможно рассмотреть комплекс интенций религиозного утопизма, связанных с чаяниямитысячелетнего царства. Это, прежде всего, раскрывающее специфически христианскуюпарадигму внутренней жизни художественное осмысление идеи внутреннегоапокалипсиса, которое вызвано осознанием невозможности создания праведногомира в связи с несовершенством и греховностью самого человека. Во-вторых, это напряженноепереживание царящих на земле зла и страдания, вырастающих до неприятиявсего мира, «погрязшего во тьме». В-третьих, особенно актуальная для русскогокультурного контекста мысль об обретении утопического рая тысячелетнего царствачерез страдания и муки Христовы. В рассматриваемых произведениях трагедияотчуждения личности от враждебного ей мира выражена в характерной для русскойлитературы форме исповеди. Интерпретация данной проблематики в современнойрусской экзистенциальной антиутопии во многом коррелирует с неосократическойветвью экзистенциальной философии (учение Г. Марселя), представители которойвидели возможность существования идеальных форм вне земной жизни.Утопический дискурс в художественном целом экзистенциальной антиутопиираскрывается на уровне мифоутопического сюжетного кода, традиционных утопическихмотивов и образов, которые реактуализируют память жанра. Мифологическиесюжетные архетипы Творения, Вечного возвращения, Земли обетованной, Апо-203

калипсиса и о Герое-избавителе погружаются в мир эстетики аномалий и выполняютфункцию не гармонизации действительности, а усугубления разлада с ней, внутреннеотделяя героя от враждебного ему мира, что приводит к доминированию трагикомическогомодуса изображения. На уровне архитекстуальных отношений русскаяэкзистенциальная антиутопия обнаруживает связь с утопической традициейплатонизма и неоплатонизма, что проявляется в аллюзиях, реминисценциях наплатоновские сюжеты и образы, стилизации прототекстов утопических произведенийПлатона. Утопический жанровый канон обогащается стратегиями постмодернистскогописьма, что отражает влияние на жанровую структуру экзистенциальной антиутопиидемифологизации, символико-игровых форм, ризоматического письма. Децентрациядискурса осуществляется через использование трагической иронии икарнавализации повествовательного пространства на уровне словесно-речевой организации,использования фольклорных мотивов и образов, а также жанрово-стилистическихканонов массовой литературы.В развитии антиутопического жанрового мышления 1980-1990х гг. ХХ –начала ХХI вв. намечена динамика от изображения апокалипсической проблематикик профетическим идеям. На основе деконструкции прежних аксиологических матрицпредпринимаются попытки создать новое откровение (Вик. Ерофеев), провозглашаютсямаксимы о необходимости веры человечества в новые идеалы (А. Зиновьев, Л.Улицкая), реактуализации общечеловеческих ценностей (В. Маканин, Л. Петрушевская).Современная экзистенциальная антиутопия раскрывает наметившуюся в русскойлитературе второй половины ХХ века тенденцию, указывающую на изменениеотношения общественного сознания к утопизму. Известное изречение Н. Бердяева,ставшее эпиграфом к антиутопии О. Хаксли «О дивный новый мир», «…утопии оказалисьгораздо более осуществимыми, чем казалось раньше. И теперь стоит другоймучительный вопрос, как избежать окончательного их осуществления…»( Хаксли,1990. с. 306), – сменяется в начале нового века апологией утопизма. Герои Вик. Ерофеева,А. Зиновьева, Л. Улицкой, В. Маканина, Л. Петрушевской акцентируют вниманиена другом аспекте данной проблемы, формулируя вопрос «Как научиться жить силлюзиями?» Истины, приходящие во внутривидениях – видениях – снах – грёзахформируют семантику утопического кода, который разрушается в антиутопическомжизненном пространстве героев. Художественный мир экзистенциальной антиутопиибегства создаёт трагический образ среды, в которой обесцениваются нравственныеценности. Однако эта выраженная в жанровом содержании идея вступает впротиворечие с продуцируемым тем же жанровым содержанием жизнеутверждающимпафосом, осознанием вечности и неизменности неограниченных мечтаний,устремлений и запросов человека, который не способен прожить в мире без идеалов.Финальные сцены об охваченном радостным чувством сне героини Улицкой, опротянувшем руку спасения герою Маканина добром человеке перекликаются сословами ерофеевского героя «без мечты не проживешь» и призывом «живи» из одноимённогоромана А. Зиновьева. Этот вывод возвращает нас к проблеме дефиниции204

антиутопии, которая в таком контексте может быть выражена через конфликт в еёхудожественном мире двух утопий. Её поэтика всегда тяготеет к вторичной художественнойусловности, расширяющей границы возможного с помощью авторскойфантазии. В ситуации смены одних утопических представлений другими возникаетвопрос о роли и значении антиутопии. Критический пафос утопии имплицитнореволюционен, но он всегда оказывается перед трагическим столкновением «междуясным утопическим видением того, что есть благо, и их же реформаторскимвынужденным бременем реальных компромиссов и отступлений»(Ласки, 1991: с.178). Художественно-эстетический потенциал антиутопии в этой ситуации играетроль трансгрессивного перехода, поэтики возможного, открытого и незавершённого.Её условный мир характеризуется максимальным обобщением изображаемого, масштабностьюи парадигматичностью подходов к осмыслению общественно-политическихи культурных процессов современности, уникальной возможностью осознатьзначение индивидуального в контексте общечеловеческого.Конфликт экзистенциальной антиутопии направлен на исследование механизмавзаимоотношений человека и власти, его драматизм выражается в господственад личностью государства, религии, смерти, обязанностей, обстоятельств, которыечерез страх ограничивают человеческую свободу и угнетают человеческую индивидуальность.В её художественном мире доминирует мифологическая условность.Экзистенциальная антиутопия не только изображает деконструкцию моделейиндивидуальной и коллективной идентичности, неспособность отдельного индивиданайти гармонию в отношениях с другими людьми и окружающим миром, но и раскрываетпричины этой неосуществимости, потенции, связанные с противоречиямичеловеческого существования, «экзистенции», достигающей глубин самого «бытия».Экзистенциальное сознание, «выработавшее оригинальные принципы поэтики» (В.Заманская), обогатило жанр антиутопии изображением психологических экспериментов,нестандартными сюжетными ситуациями, познанием глубин человеческойдуши, что умножило эстетический потенциал антиутопического жанра.Роль постмодернистской стилевой доминанты для развития жанра антиутопиирубежа ХХ-ХХI вв. состоит в акцентировании таких генетических черт антиутопическогохудожественного целого, как полижанризм, карнавальность и мифологизмв аспектах демифологизации и ремифологизации. Художественное своеобразие современнойрусской антиутопии, в сравнении с европейской, состоит в ярко выраженнойрелигиозности, исповедальности, бинарной этнокультурной природе.ЛитератураХаксли, 1990 - Хаксли О. О дивный новый мир // Английская антиутопия.Романы: Сборник. – М: 1990.Ласки, 1991 - Ласки М. Утопия и революция // Утопия и утопическоемышление. - М.: 1991.205

Гройс, 2003 - Гройс Б. Искусство утопии. – М.: Художественный журнал,2003.Эпштейн, 2005 - Эпштейн М. Постмодерн в русской литературе: Учеб.пособие для вузов. – М.: Высш. шк., 2005.Николенко, 2006 - Николенко О. Н., Копач Е. Современная русскаяантиутопия: традиции и новаторство. – Полтава: ООО «Фирма Техсервис»,2006Liliana JanashiaSokhumi State UniversityAnti-Utopia in Postmodernism LiteratureThe fact that writers of the late 20 th century often apply anti-Utopia and expose itsgenre and artistic potential makes it clear that the genre is flexible and able to develop andbe transformed. In modern anti-Utopias, the subjectivity of narration becomes the notionalnucleus of the works. The authors place accents in the relations between the heroes and thesurrounding world in a new way, different from traditional anti-Utopias. In the anti-Utopiasof the late 20 th century, the existence of the heroes is all-sufficient. Their universes areopposed to the State not as contrary to it, but different in quality. The heroes’ spaces areisolated from the surrounding world and the isolation of the spaces is of the aesthetic nature.On the basis of folklore and literary utopian tradition analysis the author revealsliterary topics that is closely related to utopian genre contents, semantic and structuralelements to express utopian artistic consciousness on various levels (motives, symbols,archetypical complexes, traditional plots and images) and their role in “genre memory” ofmodern literature anti-Utopia being stored. Genre matrix, genre canon, artistic peculiaritiesof the category “utopian” have been described. Intersection mechanism has been disclosedas the framework to fulfill utopia “genre contents overcoming” as the object of criticalreflection in the structure of anti-Utopian artistic integrity. The author develops the conceptof anti-Utopian genre contents in postmodern literature, where aesthetic andpsychoanalytical aspects of the phenomenon above being focused both on the level ofartistic consciousness of the epoch and on the author’s individual outlook.Types of utopian consciousness being actualized in modern Russian culture make itpossible to suggest genre typology of modern Russian literary anti-Utopia. The structures ofits politicized, millenary and technicized types to form genre diversities of social, existentialand science fiction anti-Utopia have been described. Transformations of genre canon havebeen considered on the basis of genre stipulating and genre forming factors, framed fromintegral learning experience of analogous genre functions in up-to-date hermeneuticresearch. The dynamics of modern Russian anti-Utopia genres of XX-XXI centuries reflectsthe development of transition period: from distopia at the end of XX century up to thegrowing number of utopia and anti-Utopia diversities in the first decades of the XXIcentury.206

ganaTlebis fsiqologia, fiziologiaPSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION, PHYSIOLOGYiakob gogebaSvilis SemoqmedebiszogierTi aspeqti207Tamar javaxiSvilisoxumis saxelmwifo universiteticnobilia, rom mxatvruli literatura did gavlenas axdens adamianisfsiqikaze, pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze. amas gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobasaniWebs v. dilTais mier dafuZnebuli kulturul-gagebiTi fsiqologia,romelic uaryofs eqsperimentis efeqturobas pirovnebis kvleva-Si da miiCnevs, rom adamianis rTuli sulieri samyaros Seswavlis ZiriTadiwyaro aris genios mweralTa nawarmoebebi.pirovnebis bunebis gagebisaTvis did xelovanTa Semoqmedebis gansakuTrebulmniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs agreTve individual fsiqologiisfuZemdebeli a. adleri. roca am sferoSi xangrZlivi muSaobis SemdeghkiTxes: ra moipove axali adamianis sulieri samyaros Sesaxebo, manupasuxa; `adamianis sulieri mTlianobis Sesaxeb araferi viciT imaze meti,rac ukve mopovebulia Rrma intuiciiT adamianis Sesaxeb esqilesTan,sofoklesTan, evripidesTan, molierTan, SeqspirTan, SilerTan, goeTes-Tan, tolstoisTan da dostoevskisTan~. a. adlers miaCnda, rom is rac mxatvrulisityvis didostatebma warmoadgines dasrulebuli enobrivixelovnebiT, man mxolod mecnierulad daasabuTa, martivi da gasagebi gaxada,ufro zustad Tqva mecnierul enaze (kakabaZe,1979 : gv.175).XX s. dasawyisSi d. uznaZe werda: `arsebobs adamianis gagebis da maszezegavlenis moxdenis gansakuTrebuli fsiqologiuri niWi, romelicjer kargad ar aris Seswavlili” da amis mizezsac miuTiTebs: `Cven ukvelogikuri kategoriebiT ganvmarteT yvela is niWi, romelic Cvens gareSemovlenaTa, msoflios gamokvleva-Semecnebas Seexeba, xolo TviT CveniwmindaTa-wminda, Cveni suli da misi cxovreba mxolod am ukanasknel JamsSeiqmna energiuli kvleva-Ziebis Rirsi. amitom, bunebrivad unda CaiTvalosis sakvirveli movlena, rom Cveni sulieri cxovrebis Semecnebis niWijer kidev ver gvaqvs logikur formebSi Camosxmul-Camoyalibebuli dssavsebiT ganmartebuli. gansakuTrebiT ki iseTis, romelic sxvaze gavlenispiroba aris. .~. es niWi saSualebas aZlevs adamians `sxvisi sulieri dispoziciissaidumloebas farda axados; gaugos, Cawvdes sxvisi sulis siRrmeebsda garkveuli zemoqmedeba moaxdinos masze~ (uznaZe, 1912: gv.18).qarTvel fsiqologebs SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT, rom `am gansaku-Trebuli fsiqologiuri niWiT~ uxvad iyo dajildoebuli iakob gogebaS-

vili, rogorc pedagogi da rogorc mwerali, rac adamianze udidesi zemoqmedebisZalas aniWebs mis moTxrobebs, pedagogiur ideebsa da praqtikulpedagogiur rekomendaciebs. cnobili fsiqologi z. xojava statia-Si `fsiqologiuri siswore i. gogebaSvilis moTxrobaSi `iavnanam rahqmna~, wers: `Cvens sabavSvo literaturaSi moTxrobas `iavnanam ra hqmna~sruliad gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia es gansakuTrebuloba mis wmindafsiqologizmSia, e. i. imaSi, rac iavnanas mosmenam SesZlo Cvenis azriT, esmoTxroba imdenad Rrma gagebaa adamianis sulieri cxovrebisa, rom misiavtoric, Tamamad, dilTais mier nagulisxmev avtorTa rigs ganekuTvneba,magram erTis damatebiT: `iavnanaSi~ mocemul gagebas zurgs umagrebs Tanamedrovemecnieruli fsiqologiis miRwevebic”( gogebaSvili, 1990: gv.204, Николенко, 2006).zemoT aRniSnul statiaSi z. xojava dawvrilebiT aRwers rogorvlindeba moTxrobis yvela detalsa da sakvanZo nawilSi avtorismonaTxrobis fsiqologiuri siswore: ganxilulia, ra kargadaa SerCeulimoTxrobis ZiriTadi miznisaTvis, fsiqologiuri terminologiiT romvTqvaT, `figurisaTvis~ saTanado `foni~- anu miznis ganxorcielebis pirobebi;ra sworadaa SerCeuli asaki, romelmac xeli Seuwyo pirveli mwuxaredReebis gavlis Semdeg warsulis mogonebaTa srul amnezias, mSoblebis,axloblebis, karmidamos daviwyebas. iakob gogebaSvilis am moTxrobaSidamajerebladaa naCvenebi isic, rom lekTagan gatacebam mZime kvaliar daamCnia patara qeTos fsiqikas, radgan usazRvro siyvarulsa damzrunvelobas, romelsac bavSvi namdvili ded-mamisagan grZnobda, maleCaenacvla aseTive didi siyvaruli da mzrunveloba axali `dedmamisagan~;fsiqologiurad sworia qeTos adreuli bavSvobis mogonebebidan gansaku-TrebiT sanukvaris da Zlieri emociuri gavlenis mqone - dedisgan mravaljernamReri iavnanas yvelaZe didxans da cocxlad SemonarCuneba mexsierebaSi,xolo Semdgom, miuxedavad daviwyebisa, swored am simReris gamoyenebawarsulis ucbad da mTlianad aRdgenisa da qeTos isev qarTvelqalad gadaqcevisaTvis.z. xojava moTxrobaSi `iavnanam ra hqmna~ mocemul bunebriv fsiqologiurkoncefcias ganixilavs sxvadasxva fsiqologiur TeoriasTan mimarTebaSida aRniSnavs, rom `imas, rac avtorma qeTos `mobrunebis~mizezad, anu misi sulieri gardatexis mizezad gagviTvaliswina, TanamedrovefsiqologiaSi yvelaze metad g a n w y o b i s cneba asaxavs. . .iavnanasSorsmwvdomi gavlenis daxasiaTebiT, i. gogebaSvilma intuiturad miagnoganwyobis did rols adamianis moqmedebaSi. . .`bevriT adre d. uznaZis ganwyobisTeoriis Seqmnamde. dabolos, z. xojava aRniSnavs, rom `yvelaarsebul fsiqologiur mimarTulebas Soris, es koncefcia arcerT maTgansise ar uaxlovdeba, rogorc ganwyobis fsiqologiur Teorias da Tuukanaskneli maRali etapia fsiqologiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi,maSin Cveni avtoric ( i. gogebaSvili) gacilebiT maRla dgas Tavisi208

koncefciiT misi drois pedagogebze~ (gogebaSvili, 1990: gv. 221,223).iakob gogebaSvilis TiTqmis yvela moTxroba Rrma fsiqologizmiTaaaRbeWdili. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa patara moTxroba `xatismizezi~, romelSic namdvili ambavi gadmocemulia iakob gogebaSvilisa-Tvis Cveuli, mecnieruli azrovnebis winmswrebi, bunebrivi fsiqologiurialRoianobiT. avtori mogviTxrobs 7-8 wlis biWis kakos ambavs, romelicsoflidan qalaqSi gamogzavnes saswavleblad da migvaniSnebs misiseT Taviseburebebze, romlebic Tanamedrove gamokvlevebis mixedviT,damaxasiaTebelia niWieri bavSvebis umetesobisaTvis da aucilebladaamiCneuli maTi gaTvaliswineba saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi garemos mier,rom bavSvs ar Seeqmnas fsiqikuri janmrTelobis darRvevis safrTxe daproblemebi swavla-aRzrdaSi. (6,19).moTxrobis dasawyisSive avtori gvamcnobs, rom patara kakosTvisdamaxasiaTebelia faqizi mgrZnobiaroba da mwvave emociuri reagireba miscxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebebze. specialur gamokvlevebSi aRniSnulia,rom niWierebTan faqiz mgrZnobiarobas xSirad ukavSirdeba advili mowyvladoba,TanatolebTan SedarebiT advilad ganawyenebisadmi midrekileba,naRvlianoba, dardianoba, gulCaxveuloba. es kavSiri aqac Cans: qalaqSimimaval, urmis kofoze wamoskupebul biWs saxeze dardi gadahkravda,Tanac xarebs ise uxalisod mierekeboda TiTqos ezareboda winsvla;saxidan naRveli mxolod maSin gadaeyreboda da sixarulis sxivi moefineboda,roca ukan moixedavda da Tavisi sayvareli soflis mTebsdainaxavda. meurmis sityvebze: `netavi Sen, rom ganaTlebuls qalaqSiicxovreb, skolaSi ivli da kaci gamoxvalo~, kakom Tavi gaiqnia da saxemoeRuSa, etyoboda, rom ar eTanxmeboda mis naTqvams.im dros soflidan qalaqSi saswavleblad bavSvs ar gamogzavnidnenTu is saamisod gansakuTrebul niWsa da mondomebas ar gamoamJRavnebda.amitom mkiTxveli moelis, rom kakos male gauvlis axloblebTan, sayvarelsofelTan ganSorebiT gamowveuli naRvlianoba, magram es molodiniar marTldeba. erTi Tvis Semdeg mkiTxveli bavSvs umZimes mdgomareobaSiCavardnils xedavs. TbilisSi saswavleblad Camosul patara kakos arcsasmel-saWmeli aklda, arc movla-patronoba da mofereba, skolaSic mfarvelobasuwevda erTi ufrosklaseli kargi moswavle, magram sevda danaRveli, romelic soflidan gamomgzavrebisas ukve etyoboda, ganelebisnacvlad ise momZlavrda, rom: `uwindeli mxiaruleba TandaTan gaqra, madadaekarga, sicqvitis natamalic ki aRar etyobod, wiTeli loyebi dauyviTlda,Camoxma. . . “ da bolos misma mdgomareobam mwvave fsiqo-somaturidepresiis saxe miiRo: erTi Tvis Semdeg `naxavdiT loginSi mwolare pataravaJsa, TiTqmis Zvlebad qceuls da imdenad misustebulsa, rommkvdari gegonebodaT”.( gogebaSvili, 1982: gv.19)kakos am mdgomareobaSi Cavardnis mizezs varavin xvdeboda. mom-209

vlel naTesav qals erTxel ki gauelva TavSi azrma ojaxsa da sofelzexom ar dardobso da SeekiTxa kidec amis Sesaxeb, magram raki kakom araferiupasuxa, maSinve ukuagdo es azri, radgan maT irgvliv bevri bavSvi iyogamogzavnili soflebidan qalaqSi saswavleblad da yvela Tavs kargadgrZnobda. kakos dumili Tavisi mdgomareobis mizezebze migvaniSnebs, romis gaurkvevlobaSia, Sinagani konfliqtis tyveobaSia, arc swavla eTmoba,da amitom sofelSi dabrunebas ver iTxovs da ojaxTan da mSoblebTan gan-Sorebasac ver egueba, arc is unda, rom qalaqSi cxovrebaze uaris TqmiT,rac faqtiurad swavlaze uaris Tqmas niSnavda, mSoblebs imedi gaucruos.am mwvave, urTierTsapirispiro gancdebma gamoiwvia bavsvis fsiqikuri dafizikuri Zalebis sruli paralizeba.cnobilia, rom niWieri bavSvebis gonebrivi ganviTareba win uswrebsasakobriv normebs, Tumca yovelmxrivi, harmoniuli asakis winmswrebi ganviTarebaiSviaTia. ufro xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca bavSvi gonebrivi ganvi-TarebiT bevrad uswrebs win Tavis asaks, emociuri ganviTarebiT ki normisfarglebsia, an zogierTTan SeiZleba kidec CamorCeba mas. amitom ni-Wieri bavSvebis erTi nawilisaTvis mZlavri SemecnebiTi interesebis,inteleqtualuri aqtivobisa da swavlaSi warmatebebis paralelurad damaxasiaTebeliamtkivneuli, nevrotuli reagireba sasurveli emociurikavSirebis gawyvetaze, mijaWvulobis obieqtebTan ganSorebaze, Cveuli,sasiamovno yofiTi pirobebis Secvlaze sruliad axali pirobebiT. amasadasturebs kakos depresiaSi Cavardnac da Semdeg uecari gamojanmrTelebismizezic. rogorc ki man gaigona, rom isev sofelSi unda daebrunebinaTsoflis eklesiaSi RvTismSoblis xatTan salocavad, saxe gaubrwyinda,gamococxlda, Wama moiTxova da mTeli dRe Tavis sofelze ocnebeb-Si, xolo Rame soflis cxovrebis amsaxvel sizmrebSi gaatara, rasac Tanaxlda bednierebis gamometyveleba mZinare bavSvis saxeze da aRtacebisgamomxatveli bgerebi.moTxrobis bolos avtori gvamcnobs, rom aRwerili ambavi TiTonmas gadaxda Tavs da roca SemdegSi TbilisSi kvlav dabrunda da swavlisgemo gautkba, es qalaqi varianze metad Seuyvarda. aq yuradRebas iqcevsda moTxrobil ambavs met fsiqologiur damajereblobas matebs sityvebi:`ras movifiqrebdi maSin, Tu SemdegSi roca swavla g a m i t k b e b d a~ udavoa,rom niWierma bavSvma skolaSi pirvel gakveTilebze ver hpova Tavisiasakis winmswrebi SemecnebiTi interesebis dakmayofileba, soflis cxovrebisagangansxvavebul pirobebSi aRzrdil qalaqel bavSvebTanac gau-Znelda dasawyisSi socialuri kontaqtebi, Tavi sruliad umweod da martosuladigrZno; amitom sofelTan da axloblebTan ganSorebiT gamowveuliemociuri danaklisis gancda araTu ver iqna daZleuli, aramed kidevufro gamZafrda, ramac bavSvi bolosdabolos sasowarkveTilebasada depresiaSi Caagdo. garda zemoTaRniSnulisa, metad mniSvnelovaniamoTxrobis bolo fraza: `patara kako viyavi me da es ambavi mogonebaa siy-210

mawvilis drois SemTxvevisa da sxva araferi (gogebaSvili, 1982: gv. 28). TumoTxrobis- `xatis mizezi~ am bolo frazas ganvixilavT iakob gogebaSviliscxovrebisa da moRvaweobis saerTo konteqstSi ufleba gvaqvsvTqvaT, rom marTalia siymawvilis mogonebis amsaxveli moTxroba damTavrda,magram iq moTxrobili namdvili ambis gagrZelebaa iakob gogebaSviliscxovrebis is mZime periodi, roca mowifulobis asakSi, mefis moxele-Tagan ciliswamebaze, misi reaqcia iseTive mwvave iyo, rogoric patara kakosiarasasurvel situaciaSi moxvedrisas, magram zrdasrulis SesaZleblobebisSesatyvisad ufro mZafri da maStaburi: iakobi jer loginad Cavarda,Semdeg mtkvars misca Tavi, Tumca qveynis sabednierod niko cxvedaZisZmam gadaarCina, romelmac Tavidan arc ki icoda, rom es iakobi iyo.amis Semdeg iakobi erTi Tve mkurnalobda mixeilis saavadmyofos nervulganyofilebaSi, xolo iqedan gamosulma dawva ganaTlebis damadasturebelimowmobebi, raTa travmis momyenebel mefis ruseTis saxelmwifo samsaxursveRarasodes dabruneboda(gogebaSvili, 1990: 26,28). fsiqikurijanmrTelobis Sesaxeb arsebuli gamokvlevebis mixedviT, udavoa, romdidi iakobis zrdasrulobis am samwuxaro epizodSi mniSvnelovani roliiTamaSa bavSvobis droindeli travmis kvalma.moTxroba `xatis mizezi~ mis logikur, biografiul gagrZelebas-Tan erTad mogviwodebs, rom gavufrTxildeT bavSvebsac da zrdasrulebsac,gansakuTrebiT ki nebismieri asakis keTilsindisier, niWier, adviladmowyvlad adamianebs, raTa maT ar uxdebodeT sulieri da fizikuri energiisfuWad flangva nevrotul reagirebebze da mTlianad daixarjon mSobliuriqveynis, eris da kacobriobis samsaxurSi.literatura imedaZe, 2008 - imedaZe i., fsiqologiis istoria, “mwignobari”,Tbilisi, 2008 kakabaZe, 1979 - kakabaZe b., siRrmis fsiqologiis filosofiurisafuZvlebi,, 1979 uznaZe, 1912 - uznaZe d., eqzperimentuli pedagogikis Sesavali,1912 gogebaSvili, 1990 - .iakobis samreklo, “ganaTleba”, Tbilisi,1990 gogebaSvili, 1982 —gogebaSvili i., saganZuri, “ganaTleba”,Tbilisi, 1982211

Tamar JavakhishwiliSokhumi State UniversitySome Aspects of Iakob `Gogebashvili’s Creative WorkIn the presented paper there are considered stories after I. Gogebashvili “WhatLullaby Has Done” and “Cause of Icon” in the view of psychological truthfulness(assurance) and is grounded that I. Gogebashvili belongs to those authors, whose creativework is supposed by W. Disney’s cultural-comprehending psychological trend to be themain source of study of a person.212

ganaTlebis fsiqologia, fiziologiaPSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION, PHYSIOLOGYlali axalaZebiologiis doqtori, fiziologimixeil xananaSvilimedicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesorifsiqogenuri stresis eqsperimentuli modeli daTviTregulaciuri qcevaklinikuri da eqsperimentuli monacemebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuliakoncefcia umaRlesi nervuli moqmedebis (unm) paTologiisSesaxeb, romelTa ricxvs miekuTvneba fsiqogenuri stresi. stresis saki-TxiT mravali mkvlevaria dainteresebuli da dReisaTvis igi kvlav aqtualuria.xSir SemTxvevaSi termini `stresi~ sayovelTaod ixmareba, rogorcbiologiurad uaryofiTi, saxifaTo, arasasurveli mdgomareobis gamomxatveli,rac cxadia moiTxovs mis mkurnalobas, maSin rodesac stresisumniSvelovanesi funqciaa organizmis dacva zeZlieri gamRizianeblismoqmedebisgan, aucilebelia yuradRebis gamaxvileba stresis dros,gamovlenil im meqanizmebis CarTvaze, romelic ganapirobebs organizmismdgradobis donis awevas - janmrTelobisTvis - saxifaTo stresogenurifaqtorebisadmi (xananaSvili, 2008). fsiqogenuri stresis CamoyalibebisasgansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa qceviTi da emociuri maCveneblebis Seswavla,romlebic xels uwyoben organizmis adaptacias garTulebul garemopirobebTan. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Cvens mier cxovelebze SemuSavebuliafsiqogenuri stresis iseTi modeli, romelic stresis ganviTarebissxvadasxva safexurze (etapebi) qceviTi da emociuri maCveneblebisgamovlenisa da registraciis saSualebas iZleva.fsiqogenuri stresis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze qceviTida emociuri maCveneblebis cvlilebebi SeviswavleT Semdegi meTodiT:1. cxovelebis emociuri mdgomareobis Sefasebis mizniT gamoviyeneT`Ria velis~ (Hall, 1934: gv. 385-403) da `prokonfliqturi~(Korda, 1986: gv.121) testis meTodebi.2. fsiqogenuri stresis modelirebisTvis gamoviyeneT aqtiuri ganridebisreaqciis modificirebuli modeli (Хананашвили, 1989: gv. 13:16).aRniSnuli modeli iZleva cxovelebze xangrZlivi fsiqogenuri stresismodelirebis saSualebas, ris fonzec SesaZlebelia cxovelebis sxvadasxvaqceviTi maCveneblis gansazRvra. Cveni kvlevis mizani iyo Tavis tvinisTviTregulaciuri moqmedebis qceviTi komponentebis identifikacia,213

qceviTi aqtebis gamovlinebis kanonzomierebis dadgena `informaciulitriadis~ araxelsayreli SerwymiT gamowveuli fsiqogenuri stresis pirobebSisxvadasxva safexurze.eqsperimentuli kvleva Catarebulia 200-250 gr. wonis mamrobiTi sqesis60 TeTr laboratoriul virTagvebze, romlebic dayofili iyo orjgufad:I jgufis cxovelebze (sacdeli virTagvebi) cdebi mimdinareobda aqtiuriganridebis reaqciis modificirebuli modelis gamoyenebiT, eqsperimentiiwyeboda:- pirvel pirobiT signalze (metronomi 2 hc) aqtiuri ganridebis reaqciisgamomuSavebiT da ganmtkicebiT.- meore pirobiT signalze (toni — 500hc) aqtiuri ganridebis reaqciisgamomuSavebiT da ganmtkicebiT.- ori aqtiuri ganridebis reaqciis `gaerTianeba~ 14 dRis ganmavloba-Si, maTi erTdrouli testireba SemTxveviT TanmimdevrobaSi (gelermanisstoqasturi programis Sesabamisad). (Gellerman,1933:207-208).II jgufis cxovelebze (intaqturi virTagvebi) SeviswavleT qceviTi daemociuri maCveneblebi `Ria velis~ da `prokonfliqturi~ testiT.fsiqogenuri testis modelirebisas cxovelebs Tavdapirveladcal-calke TiToeul gamRizianebelze (metronomi — 2hc; toni-500hc) gamovumuSavebdiTaqtiuri ganridebis reaqcias. am dros pirobiTi signalisCarTvisas mtkivneuli gaRizianebisgan Tavdacvis mizniT, virTagvaxteboda im ganyofilebaSi, romelSic gadaxtomis saSualebac mas hqonda(meore ganyofileba Caketili iyo). ukve gamomuSavebuli TavdacviTireaqciebis `gaerTianebis~ dros cxovelis winaSe vayenebdiT axal amocanas,igi mtkivneul gaRizianebas im SemTxvevaSi daaRwevda Tavs, Tu signalisCarTvisas ganaxorcielebda sivrciT orientaciul qcevas, e.i. aramxolod gadaxteboda Zgideze, rogorc es adre TiToeul gamRizianeblebzecal-calke xdeboda, aramed gadavidoda signalizirebul ganyofilebaSi.virTagva am amocanas Tavs ver arTmevda da amitom, miuxedavadimisa, rom igi signalze axorcielebda ganridebis reaqcias, mainc isjebodaeleqtruli deniT. is garemoeba, rom cxoveli erTi cdis ganmavlobaSior sxvadasxva pirobiTi gamRizianeblis SemTxveviTi sqemiT wardginebisasver axerxebs gamoimuSaos adeqvaturi qceva SeiZleba Semdegnairadaixsnas: eqsperimentis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, aRniSnul vi-TarebaSi virTagva ver iRebs informacias, romlis mixedviTac igi ganaxorcielebdasivrciT orientaciul qcevas anu cxovelis Tavis tvinifunqcionirebs `informaciuli triadis~ faqtorebis — informaciis, motivaciisada drois faqtoris araxelsayreli Serwymis pirobebSi(Хананашвили М. 1998: gv. 13-16).xangrZlivi fsiqogenuri stresis modelirebisas cxovelis winaSe214

mdgari amocanis xasiaTidan gamomdinare virTagvebi sirTulis mixedviTgansxvavebul samgvar stresogenur viTarebaSi xvdebodnen.pirvel bgeriT gamRizianebelze (metronomi 2hc)-aqtiuri ganridebisreaqciis gamomuSavebisa da ganmtkicebis (daswavlis) kriteriumis misaRwevadcxovels dasWirda 120-160 SeuRleba (6-8 dRe) (sur.1).virTagvisTvis ucnob garemoSi, misTvis uCveulo gamRizianeblis pirobebSicxovelis winaSe dgeboda Tavdacvis amocana, mas Tavidan unda aecilebinaeleqtruli denis mtkivneuli zemoqmedeba; yovelive es dakavSirebuliiyo gadawyvetilebis miRebasTan, emociuri daZabulobis zrdasTan,rac qceviT maCveneblebze aisaxeba: vertikaluri dgomebis (4,7±2,3)xangrZlivoba da signalTSoriis gadasvlebis raodenoba (3,4±1,2) sagrZnobladmaRali iyo `grumingisa~ (0,6±0,5) da horizontaluri dgomebis(2,6±1,1) xangrZlivobis maCveneblebTan SedarebiT; xolo Tavis awevisraodenoba (22,2±7,8) aRemateboda fekaluri bolurebis (5,6±1,7) raodenobas.gamokvlevis Semdgom etapze-meore bgeriT gamnRizianebelze (toni —500hc) vamowmebdiT 3-4 dRis ganmavlobaSi (60-80 SeuRleba) ukve gamomu-Savebuli aqtiuri ganridebis reaqciis simtkices. (sur.1).swori reaqciebis maCvenebl ebi (% )12010080604020metronomi toni 1+1401 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14eqsperimentis dReebisur. 1. aqtiuri ganridebis reaqciis gamomuSavebis dinamikasacdel virTagvebSi.horizontalur RerZze — eqsperimentuli dReebivertikalur RerZze — swori reaqciebis procentuli maCvenebeli.215

am viTarebaSi virTagvebma gmoavlines gaavtomatebuli adeqvaturi TavdacviTqceva, radgan, isini ukve saeqsperimento garemosTan adaptirebulicxovelebi arian; cnobilia, rom amgvari viTareba naklebi emociuridaZabulobiT xasiaTdeba (mtkivneuli gaRizianebis Semcirebis gamo), racqceviT aqtebs Soris urTierTTanafardobiTi cvlilebebiT vlindeba:kerZod, pirvel safexurTan Sedarebisas sarwmunod gaizarda„grumingisa“ (2,1+1,1; =0,005) da horizontaluri dgomebis (3,9+0,7; =0,009)xangrZlivoba da Semcirda vertikaluri dgomebis (1,9+0,8; =0,009) xangr-Zlivoba, signalTaSoris gadasvlebisa (1,7+0,5; =0,009) da fekaluri bolurebis(2,7+0,5; =0,001) raodenobis maCveneblbi (cxrili 1). mravalricxovanieqsperimentuli kvlevebidan cnobilia, rom aRniSnuli qceviTireaqciebi asaxavs cxovelis emociur mdgomareobas. vertikaluri dgomebivirTagvis Zlieri emociuri daZabulobis gamomxatvelia, „grumingi“ kisaSualo siZlieris konfliqtur situaciaSi aRmocendeba da emociuridaZabulobis dros is ar gamovlindeba. cxovelebis mier gamovleniliamgvari qceva — gansxvavebuli sirTulis eqsperimentis pirobebSi, rTuliamocanis gadaWris dros emsaxureba emociuri daZabulobis ganmuxtvas daganixileba, rogorc TviTregulaciuri qceva (Хананашвили, 1981: gv. 123-129; 1998: gv. 13-16).cxrili 1qceviTi maCveneblebis statistikuri Sefaseba aqtiuri ganridebis reaqciisgamomuSaveba-ganmtkicebisa da erTi cdis ganmavlobaSiori aqtiuri ganridebis reaqciis erTdroulitestirebis periodSi sacdel virTagvebSiqceviTi formebi I etapi (1) IIetapi (2) III etapi (3) 1-2 2-3saS S saS S saS Svertikaluridgomebi4,7 2,3 1,9 0,8 4 0,9 0,009 0,0001horizontaluridgomebi26 1,1 3,9 0,7 0,3 0,2 0,009 0,02Tavis aweva 22,2 7,8 25,3 6,2 13,6 4 0,04 0,05fekaluri5,6 1,7 2,7 0,5 5,2 1,1 0,001 0,000bolusebi1signalTSorisi 3,4 1,2 1,7 0,5 3,8 1,4 0,009 0,003gadasvlebigrumingi 0,6 0,5 2,1 1,1 0,1 0,1 0,005 0,02ori aqtiuri ganridebis reaqciis erTdrouli 14—dRiani testirebisasswori pasuxebis procentuli maCveneblebi 30—45%—s ar aRematebo-216

da (sur.1), rac SenarCunebuli iyo 14 dRis ganmavlobaSi. eqsperimentis ametapze aqtiuri ganridebis reaqciis formireba ver moxerxda, radgan Tavistvini funqcionirebs „informaciuli triadis“ faqtorebis araxelsayreliSerwymis piroobebSi. kerZod, virTagvebi xangrZlivi drois man-Zilze aRmoCndnen maRali motivaciis, droisa da pragmatuli informaciisdeficitis pirobebSi, rac maTTvis rTul amocanas da Zlier stresogenurfaqtors warmoadgens cxovelis umaRlesi nervuli moqmedebisfunqciebze (Хананашвили, 1998: gv. 13-16). e.i. ori aqtiuri ganridebisreaqciis erTdrouli 14—dRiani testirebisas virTagvebi qronikulifsiqogenuri stresis pirobebSi imyofebian. ganmtkicebuli TavdacviTireaqciebis periodTan Sedarebisas, testirebis am etapze statistikuradsarwmunod izrdeba vertikaluri dgomebis (4+0,9; =0,0001) xagrZlivoba,signalTSoris gadasvlebisa (3,8+1,4; =0,003) da fekaluri bolusebis(5,2+1,1; =0,0001) raodenobis maCveneblebi; swored, aRniSnuli qceva arisTviTregulaciuri qcevis gamoxatauleba, romelic ar aris dakavSirebulipirobiT signalTan. rac Seexeba „grumingi“, horizontaluri dgomebida Tavis awevaTa raodenoba - maTi maCveneblebi mniSvnelovnad CamorCebagaavtomatebuli TavdacviTi reaqciebis analogiur maCveneblebs.literaturidan cnobilia, rom Tavis tvinis neironuli regulaciissaerTo sistema (Schulz, Lehnert, 1996: gv.454-458; Blum, et.al. 2000: gv. 1-112) uzrunvelyofs stresogenur situaciaSi organizmis adaptacias dawarmoadgens organizmis mdgradobis centraluri maregulirebeli meqanizmiserT-erT mniSvnelovan komponents. aRniSnuli meqanizmi SeiZlebaganvixiloT, rogorc TviTregulaciuri meqanizmi, romelic mimarTuliaorganizmis mdgradobis asamaRleblad - aversiuli zemoqmedebis sapasuxod(axalaZe, 2006). mas gaaCnia garkveuli struqturul-funqcionaluriorganizacia, romelic vlindeba specifikuri fsiqosomaturi reaqciebissaxiT (Цинцадзе, 1980: gv. 98; Чикадзе, 1990; Хананашвили, 1981: gv. 123-129).fsiqogenuri stresis ganviTarebis samive safexurze cxovelebismier gamovlenili qceva ganimarteba, rogorc biologiurad dadebiTistresis gamovlineba da asaxavs Tavis tvinis TviTregulaciur moqmedebas.tvinis TviTregulaciuri moqmedebis gaZliereba unda iwyebodes daavadebiswina stadiaze, rodesac es meqanizmebi erTveba da kargad aris gamoxatuli.maTma mizandasaxulma gaZlierebam SeiZleba gadamwyveti roliiTamaSos tvinis da stresogenuri faqtorebisadmi organizmis rezistentobisamaRlebaSi (xananaSvili, 2008: gv. 36).fsiqogenuri stresis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze stresirebamdeda stresirebis Semdeg SeviswavleT cxovelebis emociuri mdgomareoba„Ria velis“ da „prokonfliqturi“ testis saSualebiT. intaqturvirTagvebTan SedarebiT TavdacviTi reaqciebis gamomuSaveba — ganmtkicebisSemdeg „Ria velSi“ testirebisas aRiniSneboda kvleviTi aqtiuro-217

is Semcirebis tendencia, xolo gaizarda moZraobis aqtiurobis latenturiperiodi (=0,001) da „grumingis“ xangrZlivoba (=0,003). „Ria velSi“kvleviTi aqtiurobis Semcireba emociuri daZabulobis gaZlierebazemiuTiTebs (Hall, 19 34: gv.385-403). am mosazrebis marTebulobaze miuTi-Tebs agreTve „prokonfliqtur“ situaciaSi virTagvebis testirebis Sedegebic.intaqtur virTagvebTan SedarebiT, sacdel virTagvebSi aqtiurigaridebis reaqciis gamomuSavebasa (=0,001) d amaTi erTdrouli 14—dRiani testirebis (=0,002) Semdeg sarwmunod Semcirda denic dasjiliwylis smis aqtebis raodenoba; am testis mixedviT denTan SeuRlebuliwylis smis aqtebis raodenobis simcire cxovelebSi SiSisa da SfoTvis reaqciebisgaZlierebis maCveneblia (Devidze, 1997: gv.17-20).maSasadame, Cven mier Catarebul stresirebul virTagvebze mirebuliqceviTi da emociuri maCveneblebi da samedicino literaturul monacemebzedayrdnobiT SegviZlia gavakeToT Semdegi daskvna: fsiqogenuristresis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze, gansxvavebuli sirTulis TavdacviTireaqciebis testirebisas, cxovelebSi dominirebs SiSisa daSfoTvis reaqciebi. virTagvebis mier gamovlenili qceva uzrunvelyofsstresogenul situaciaSi organizmis adaptacias, tvinis TviTregulaciurimoqmedebis gamovlinebas, rac qceviT aqtebs Soris garkveul TanafardobaSiaisaxeba. aRwerili qceva ganimarteba , rogorc biologiuraddadebiTi stresis gamovlineba, romelic adaptaciur rols TamaSobs, ama-Rlebs, aZlierebs mdgradobas stresogenuri gamRizianeblisadmi da uzrunvelyofsfsiqikis homeostazs.literaturaaxalaZe 2006: axalaZe l., domianiZe T., WikaZe a., xananaSvilim., labaZe i. emociuri maCveneblebis cvlilebebi gansxvavebulisirTulis TavdacviTi reaqciebis testirebisasTeTr virTagvebSi. saq. mec. akademiis „macne“ biologiaseria . t.32. 2, Tbilisi. 2006w. xananaSvili 2008. xananaSvili m. informaciuli stresi.saqarTvelos mecn. erovnuli akad. gamomcemloba.Tbilisi, 2008. Hall 1934: Hall C.S. Hall Comp. Psychol. 1934. Korda 1986: Korda M. Biggio G. Stress and gabeargic transmissionbiochemical and behavior studies. Advances in biochemicalpsychopharmacology. 1986, V.41,218

Хананашвили М. 1989: Хананашвили М. М. Психогенный стресс:теория, эксперимент, практика. Вестник, Российской АкадемииМедицинских Наук. Москва. Медицина. 1998. Gellerman S. 1933: Gellerman S.W.Change orders of alternatingstimuli in visual discrimination experiments. J.Cenet. Psychol, 1933.V.42. Хананашвили М.1998: Хананашвили М. Психогенный стресс:теория, эксперимент, практика. Вестник, Российской АкадемииМедицинских Наук. Москва. Медицина. 1998. Хананашвили М. 1981: Хананашвили М. М. Реберг Г.Саморегуляция поведения в условях возрастаюших нагрузок нааналитико-синтетическую деятельность мозга у кошек. Журн.В.Н.Д. 1981. т. 31. №4. Цинцадзе Д. 1980: Цинцадзе Д., Чикадзе А. Саморегуляционнаядеятельность мозга в условиях информационних перегрузок.Матер. Республ. Конф. по проб. В.Н.Д. Тбилиси 1980. Чикадзе А.1990: Чикадзе А. Особенности саморегуляции ВНД вусловиях патологии поведения у кошек. Автореф.канд. диссерт.Тб. 1990. Schulz C. 1996: Schulz C., Lehnert H. – Activation of noradrenerginneurons in the locus coeruleus by corticotropin – releasing factor, amicrodialysis study. Neuroendocrinology, 1996, v.63. Blum K. 2000: Blum K. Braverman E. Holder J. Lubar J. et al. –Reward deficiency syndrome: a biogenetic model for the diagnosisend treatment of impulsive, addictive and compulsive behaviors.Jour. Psychoactive Drugs. 2000. v. 32. Devidze N.1997: Devidze N., Gogoberidze M., Orjonikidze Ts.Behavior of rats in the conditions of psychogenic stress. Proc. GeorgianAcad. Sci. Biol. Ser. 1997, v.23, №1-6;219

Lali Akhaladze,Doctor of Biology, PhysiologistMikheil KhananashviliDoctor of Medical Sciences, ProfessorThe experimental model of psychogenic stressand self-regulatory behaviorFor modeling of the psychogenic stress we used the modified model of activeavoiding reaction. On different steps of the stress development, in testing differentcomplexity defense reaction development, reactions of fear and anxiety prevail in animals.Manifested by rats behavior provides the body adaptation, brain self-regulatory actionmanifestation in stressing situation, which is reflected as a certain ratio between thebehavior actions. The described action is explained as biologically positive stressmanifestation, which plays adapting role, increases, strengthens stability to stressingirritator and provides the homeostasis of mentality.220

ganaTlebis fsiqologia, fiziologiaPSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION, PHYSIOLOGYiakob gogebaSvilis pedagogiuri fenomeni221izolda buxuleiSvilisoxumis saxelmwifo universitetizurab cucqiriZeilias saxelmwifo universitetididi qarTveli ganmanaTlebis iakob gogebaSvilis pedagogiurimrwamsi ZiriTadad e.w. xalxurobis princips efuZneba. xalxurobis ideisiakobiseuli gageba im strategiuli amocanebis gadawyvetas gulisxmobs,rac ganaTlebis sicialur da kulturul Sinaarss ganapirobebs.ra Rirebulebebis dacvas gulisxmobs xalxurobis principi? es ariserovnuli saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianoba, mSobliuri ena, xalxiserovnul-socialuri Taviseburebis Sesabamisad mowyobili ganaTlebissistema da eklesia. `xalxis ganviTareba da gaZliereba, - wers iakobgogebaSvili, - yovlad SeuZlebalia erovnuli principebis gaereSe. TviTkerZo adamianimxolod maSin imoseba Sesabamisi Zal-RoniT, rodesac igiaRizrdeba ise, rogorc moiTxovs misi Taviseburi agebuleba- fizikurida fsiqikuri, miT umetes es unda iTqvas mTel erze. eri Taviseburi koleqtiuriagebulebaa, Taviseburi koleqtiuri pirovnebaa. amitom misi aRorZinebaSeiZleba Taviseburi, erovnuli gziT. istoriaSi ver mosZebniTiseTs magaliTs, rom ers eRalatnos Tavisi erovnevbisTvis, erovnulikulturisaTvis da ar gaxrwniliyos, ar aRmofxvriliyos~(gogebaSvili,1982/IV : gv. 327).iakob gogebaSvils mtkiced swamda, rom eris simtkice aris misi mTlianobis,Zlierebisa da damoukideblobis myari saZirkveli. sanam xalxSiZlieria erovnuli cnobiereba, erovnuli suliskveTeba, is ar gadagvardebada ar aiTqvifeba masze mravalricxovan Tu ufro civilizebulxalxebSi~. eri, romelic uRalatebs Tavis erovnebas, xels aiRebs RvTisaganminiWebuls Taviseburebaze, igi aucileblad pirs iqmns ufskrulisaken,Seuyovnebliv dabla daeSveba, gaRatakdeba suliTac da xorciTac,gauferuldeba, moakldeba yovels Tavis niWs, sxvis niWsac ver eRirseba,yvelasgan abuCad agdebuli Seiqmneba, samarcxvino saxels daimsaxurebs,gamoiricxeba kacobriobis krebulidan da bolos gaqreba~ ( gogebaSvili,1982/IV : gv. 516-517).mecxramete saukunis erovnul moRvaweTa, maT Soris iakob gogebaSvilisrwmeniT, aucilebelia, rom yvela xalxs hqondes Tavisi miwa-wyali,mkvidri samSoblo da teritoriuli mTlianoba. ra Tqma unda, qveynis su-

vereniteti erT-erTi aucilebeli pirobaTagania eris winsvla ganvi-Tarebisa. `saZirkvels nacionaluris Zalisas Seadgens teritoria, miwawyali,mamuli, samSoblo, - wers iakobi, - mSobliuri miwa-wyali, mamulimarto nivTieri faqtori ar gaxlavT. igi amasTan sulieria, cocxaliarsebaaa. waarTviT ers miwa-wyali, misi teritoria da igi dahkargavs aramarto niadags arsebobisas, aramed moswydeba im didebuls istoriulsulsac, ropmelic samSobloSi trialebs... mamulis dakargva saSinelsubedurebas Seagdens. samSoblos damkargveli eri ver daicavs Tavisarsebobas, ver gaagrZelebs sicocxles~ (gogebaSvili, 1982/III : gv.245).teritoriis mTlianobas iakobi ukavSirebs ganaTlebis sistemisorganizaciasa da Sinaarss. misi rwmeniT, ganaTleba is Zalaa, romelic yovelgvariaragze ukeT icavs qveynis teritorias xelyofisagan da, metic,saSvalebas aZlevs ers daibrunossamSoblos dakarguli nawilebi~. bediteritiriisa da xalxis ganaTlebisa, - wers iakobi,- mWidrod aris erTmaneTTadSekavSirebuli. miwa-wylis simciriT Seviwroebuli xalxi adviladgaafarToebs Tavis uZrav sakuTrebas, daibrunebs dakarguls saxnavsaTess,teritoriasa, Tu mis Soris mzrunveli xelni gaamraleben kerebsnamdvili ganaTlebisasa. winaaRmdeg amisa, xalxs, moklebuls swavlasa dacodnasa, sibneleSi myofsa, advilad gamoaclian miwa-wyalsa gareSeelementebi. mezoblad dasaxlebulni, Tu eseni SeiaraRebulni ariancodniT, TandaTan miisakuTreben miss uZrav qonebasa, saxnav-satessa dacarielze dasvamen didi xnis mkvidrTa~ (gogebaSvili, 1982/III : gv.310-311).mSobliuri enis ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobaa misi ganviTarebisaTviszrunva, rac pirvel rigSi, yvela tipis saswavlebelSi dedaenazeswavlebiT miiRweva. amitom, iakob gogebaSvili, mecxramete saukunis diderovnul moRvaweeebTaan erTad, mtkiced da Seupovrad ibrZoda mSobliurenaze swavlebis uflebis dasacavad. misi pedagogiuri moRvaweobaswored am suliskveTebiTaa gansWvaluli. dedaenas didma iakobma erovnebisburji uwoda(ix.misi cnobili naSromi `burji erovnebisa~).`qaruli ena iseTive mdidaria da mravalferovani, rogoric arisbuneba kavkasionisa...qartuli ena iseTi mravalferovania, rogoricaaCveni eris istoria, warsuli cxovreba, savse mravalgvaris moqmedebiTa,TvisebTa, azrovnebiTa, grZnobiTa, didi sixaruliTa, Zlieri mwuxarebi-Ta da romelic warmoadgensim gvars Rrmad da dausrulebel dramas, romase Seqspiric ver amoiwuravda mas Ziramdis~ (gogebaSvili, 1982/II : gv.205)mas mravalmxrivi mniSvneloba aqvs sulieri da inteleqtualuri ganviTarebisaTvis.`deda-ena aris Zvirfasi salaro, dausrulebeli rveuli, romelSicdaculia mTeli simdidre xalxis gonebisa, fantaziisa da gulisa,nafiqrisa, nagrZnobisa da namoqmedarisa (da romlis Seswavla bavSvsakavSirebs eris sulTan da gulTan~( xazi Cvenia- avtorebi)( gogebaSvili,1982/II: gv.205).didi pedagogi saukuneze meti xnis win gvafrTxilebda, rom `saxa-222

lxo skola maSin xdeba saSiSi, roca sagnebi iswavleba ara dedaenaze ... amSemTxvevaSi deda-ena sustdeba, hkargavs niadagsa, iCagreba da gadaSenebisgzaze sdgeba~( gogebaSvili, 1982/VIII: gv,419),dedaena organulad aris dakavSirebuli mozard Taobis swavlaganaTlebasTan,aRzrdasTan. didi iakobis azriT, dedaenis meSveobiTSeiZleba srulyofili ganaTlebis miReba, sulieri Zalebis harmoniuladganviTareba.mSobliuri enis Seswavlas mravalmxrivi mniSvleloba aqvs. is aramxolod TavisTavad aris erovnuli sikeTe, aramed is uviTarebs ers cxovrebissocialuri movlenisadmi relisturi damokidebulebis grZnobas.~`mSobliuri enis, mSobliuri literaturis, samSoblos biografiisada istoriis codna yrmaSi nergavs realizms, romelic mas icavs uniadago,fantastikuri gatacebisagan da mtkiced ayalibebs masSi rwmenas, romprogresisa da sayovelTao keTildReobis gziT svla SeiZleba mxolodTandaTanobiT, naxtomebis, Zaladobisa da ryevaTa gareSe mSvidobianiorganuli reformebis saSualebiT~ (gogebaSvili, 1982/IV : gv.313).didi iakobis rwmeniT, mesame burji eris warmatebisa aris skola.`romel qveyanaSic umravlebiaT skolebi - wers iakobi, - yvelgan maT mouxdeniaTsaocari ZiriTadi cvlileba: eri gamdidrebula codniT, amaRlebulazneobiT, avsila dovlaTiT~ (gogebaSvili, 1982/III: gv.247)mTavaria, rom skola, ganaTlebis sistema sworad iyos agebuli. ganaTlebisorganizaciaSi zustad unda aisaxos is specifika, rac ama Tu imerisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, igi unda Seesabamebodes bavSvis bunebasada cxovrebis moTxovnebs. skola valdebulia, rom sworad ganaviTarosbavSvi, moamzados igi cxovrebisaTvis aqtiuri moRvaweobisaTvis, miscesmas `keTebis codna~. `Tu bavSvs skolam gauxsna gemo swavlisa, saqme mogebuladunda CaiTvalos. ymawvili romelmac codna igema, skolis SemdegaceZebs am codnasa... sul axal axali azrebi swyurian, cdilobs aavsosazrebi Tavisi gonebisa axali SinaarsiT~(gogebaSvili, 1982/IV: gv.16)sruliad aSkaraa, rom aq iakob gogebaSvili bavSvis gonebrivi unarebisganviTarebaze laparakobs da ara garkveuli codnis dagrovebaze.`gaexsna gemo swavlaSi~ SemecnebiTi unarebis ganviTarebas niSnavs, romelicsaSualebas aZlevs mis mflobels, yovel saWiro momentSi moZebnosSesabamisi informacia anu codna.ganaTlebis organizaciasa da Sinaarss udides mniSvnelobas aniWebdaiakob gogebaSvili bavSvis gonebriv-zneobriv ganviTarebaSi. sasargebloaara saerTod skola da ganaTleba, aramed garkveul principebze agebulida garkveuli socialur-kultululi mimarTulebis skola da gana-Tlebis Sinaarsi. amitom, misi azriT, skolam SeiZleba ymawvils didi sike-Tec SesZinos da didi borotebac. `kargad rom daukvirdes kaci, - wersdidi iakobi, - soflis mozardebs, aRmoCnda, rom visac sul ar uswavliaTskolaSi, isini ufro mets da saR gonierebas, met unars mosazrebisas iCe-223

nen, ufro cocxali da Sromis moyvareni arian, vidre isini romelTacskolaSi uswavliaT~ (gogebaSvili, 1982/III: gv.241) .iakob gogebaSvils sayuradRebo mosazrebani aqvs gamoTqmuli skolebisada maTSi saswavlo-aRmzdelobiTi muSaobis swori mowyoba-organizaciisSesaxeb. saskolo qselis gafarToebisa da saswavlebelSimoswavleTa meti raodenobis Cabmis mizniT, igi saWirod Tvlidaramdenime soflis Zalisxmevis gaerTianebas erTi saerTo skolis daarsebas.`ramdenime qarTuli sofeli Suaguls adgils aarsebs SeerTebulisxarjiT saxalxo qarTul skolas oTxi wlis kursiT, sadac swavleba yovelisagnisa unda mimdinareobdes deda-enaze, rusuli ki iswavlebodes rogorccalke sagani” (gogebaSvili, 1982/IV: gv 62).iakob gogebaSvili eris warmatebis erT-erTi ZiriTad sayrdenad eklesiasmiiCnevda. `meoTxe burji eris warmatebisa aris eklesia. winad Cveneklesias sasiqadulod asrulebda Tavis maRal daniSnulebasa.... Tu saqarTvelommTeli TxuTmeti saukunis ganmavlobaSi gauZlo auarebel damZlavr mtrebsa da kavkasiaSi didi adgili daaWerina marTlmadidebelsqristianobas, amisaTvis uaRresad unda vmadlobdeT qarTul eklesias~-(gogebaSvili, 1982/III : gv 249).i. gogebaSvili moiTxovda eklesiis mWidro kavSirs axalgazrobis aRzrdasTan,swavla-ganaTlebasTan, radgan ”sarwmunoeba moklebuli gana-Tlebas, xSirad iqceva viwro fanatikosobad, is aRmerTebs garegans, droebiTsformebs eklesiisas da iviwyebs Sinagan mxares, yovel myofel zneobrivprincipebs (gogebaSvili, 1982/IV:gv.3). iakobis azriT, axalgazrdobisganaTlebisa da zneobrivi ganwmendisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs sasulierodisciplinebis swavlebas. `saRvTo rjulis swavlebas saxalxoSkolaSi upirvelesi niSvneloba aqvs. igi unergavs gulSi moswavleT sarwmunoebas,ganumtkicebs da ganuwmends zneobasa da amasTan, uxsnis xelovnebiTsgemosa da niWsa, radganac saRvTo werili xelovnuri elementebiTaasavse (gogebaSvili, 1982/VIII: gv.396).iakob gogebaSvilma sayuradRebo misazrebani gamoTqva sasuliero kadrebismomzadebis sakiTxebze. man ramdenime werili gamoaqveyvna samrevloskolebis, sasuliero saswavleblebisa da sasuliero seminariebisSesaxeb. igi moiTxovda ganaTlebuli mRvdlebis momzadebas `xalxis cxovrebazeyovalmxriv sasikeTo gavlenas mRvdlebi mxolod maSin moaxdenen,roca isini mizanSewonili aRzrdiT momzadebulni arian TavianTi maRalimowodebis, TavianTi saganmanaTleblo misiis Sesasruleblad, rodesacisini saeklesio wesebisa da wirva-locvis meqanikuri da usafuZvlo aRmsrulebelniki ar iqnebian, aramed TavianT samwysoSi imoqmedeben rogorcmaRali zneobis maswavlebelni, patiosani cxovrebis magaliTis mimcemnida qristianobis damamyareblis maRali moZRvrebis dauRalavimqadagebelni~(gogebaSvili, 1982/I: gv280).iakob gogebaSvilis pedagogiur moZRvrebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili224

ukavia mis didaqtikur Sexedulebebs.swavlebis ZiriTadad, amosaval debulebaTa gansazRvrisas iakobi gamodiodaaRzrdis ZiriTadi miznidan. aRzrdis miznad mas miaCnda `axalitipis qarTvelis~ aRzrda, iseTi adamianis aRzrda, romelic gonebrivadda zneobrivad srulyofili, aqtiuri, Semoqmedi da iniciativiani iqneboda.`axali tipis qarTveli~ dajildoebuli iqneboda organizatoruliTvisebebiT, ukeTesi momavlisaTvis brZolis unariT. erTi sityviT, iakobikonkurentunariani qarTvelis Camoyalibebis koncepcias qmnida, misiTanamedrove qarTveloba sruliad moklebuli iyo konkurent unarianobas,rac aSkarad aisaxeboda imdroindel saqarTvelos politikur da ekonomikurcxovrebaze.iakobis didaqtikuri koncefciis Tanaxmad, swavleba unda aigosSegnebulobisa da aqtiuri Semecnebis saqmianobaze. iakobis drioindelskolaSi Segnebulobisa da aqtiurobis principi ugulebelyofili iyo,metic, swavleba swored sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT iyo mowyobili daamis gamo kursdamTavrebulebs arsebiTad gamosadeg codnas ver aZlevdnen.Segnebulobisa da aqtiurobis didaqtikuri principis swavlebidangandevnis mizezad iakobs miaCnda bavSvebisaTis gaugebar aramSobliurenaze swavlebis gabatoneba saqarTvelos skolebSi. amitom am umniSvnelovanesididaqtikuri principis ganxorcielebis ZiriTad gzad igi mSobliurenaze swavlebis damkvidrebasa da am safuZvelze swavlebisa da aRzrdissistemis demokratiul sawyisebze mowyobas miiCnevda. `TviT Ratakiskola mZlavria, roca mas xalxSi fesvebi aqvs gadgmuli deda-enis SuamavlobiT.TviT umdidresi, yoveli mxriT Semkuli skola uZluria, rocaam niadags moklebullia~, - wers iakob gogebaSvili (gogebaSvili, 1982/III:gv.217).iakobi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda Tanamimdevrobisa da sistematurobisprincips. swored am didaqtikur principzea Sedgenili `deda-ena~,`bunebis kari~ `ruskoe slovo~. igi xSirad imeorebda Tanamimdevrobisprincipis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebul didaqtikur wesebs-nacnobidanucnobisaken, konkretulidan abstraqtulisaken, axlobelidan Soreulisaken.am principiT daalaga man anbanuri saswavlo masala `dedaenaSi~.aRniSnavda kidec ganmartebiT werilSi (statiaSi), romelic mis`deda-enas~ axlda: `wera-kiTxvis swavlebis gasaadvileblad Cven anbanSiasoebi im rigze misdeven erTi erTmaneTsa, rom wineT arian moqceulniufro advili asoebi gamoTqmiTa da gamoxatulebiTa da maT misdevenufro Zneli asoebi~.igive principi aqvs gaTvaliswinebuli sabunebismetyvelo codnis,geografiuli masalis, istoriisa da sxva sagnebis Seswavlis dros. misiazriT, bavSvis goneba winaswar unda momzaddes rTuli sagnebis SesaTvi-225

seblad martivi sagnebis gacnobiT. winasaanbano periodSi igi moiTxovdabavSvebTan saubris Tema yofiliyo bavSvebis naTesaoba, maTi karmidamo,skolis rigi, misi kuTvnilebani~ da sxva.iakob gogebaSvilis azriT, swavlebis warmatebisaTvis didi mni-Svneloba aqvs Sesaswavli masalis realur Sinaarss, masalis misawvdomobasmoswavlis gonebisaTvis, mis emociur mxares. Sesaswavli masalis mimzidvelobada sargeblianoba zrdis bavSvis ara marto interess da yuradRebas,aramed, pirvel yovlisa, motivacias.gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia gogebaSvilis didaqtikur moZRvrebaSiTvalsaCinoebis princips. swavlebis Sinaarsis relur xasiaTTan dakavSirebiT,iakobi protests ucxadebda `yalb codnas, formulebis zepirobas~da moiTxovda WeSmariti codnis SeZenas. WeSmarit codnad ki mas miaCndaSegnebuli, gaazrebuli da, mtkiced aTvisebuli codna, romlis praqtikulirealizacia SeeZleboda mis mflobels. aseTi codnis SeZenis uryevpirobad Tvlida swavlebis agebas TvalsaCinoebis principze. am principsigi mtkiced icavda saxelmZRvaneloebis Sedgenisas. `deda-enis~ winasityvaobaSiigi miuTiTebs: `wera-kiTxvis swavla Cvens wignSi dakavSirebuliasuraTebTana. am suraTebis meSveobiT jer sagani unda gaicnon bav-Svebma, mere misi saxeli...saubris dros uTuod Tvalwin unda hqondeT moswavleebsan sagnebi, romlebzec aris laparaki da an maTi suraTebi. uimisod,sasaubroebi meaTed sargeblobasac ar moutanen bavSvs~.iakob gogoebaSvilis saxelmZRvaneloebi swavlebis TvalsaCinoebisprincipze agebis klasikuri nimuSia, isini savsea sailustaraciomasalebiT.TvalsaCinoebis gamoyenebaSi igi moiTxovda zomierebis dacvas. mankargad icoda, rom TvalsaCinoebis gamoyenebisas saWiroa gaTvaliswinebuliiqnas moswavleTa asaki: rac ufro matulobs asaki, imdenad naklebiadgili unda daeTmos TvalsaCinoebas, raTa ar Seferxdes abstraqtuliazrovnebis ganviTarebis procesi.iakobis didaqtikur naazrevSi garkveuli adgili ukavia pedagogiurifsiqologiis problemebs-interess, yuradRebas, aRqmas, mexsierebas, azrovnebasda sxva. misi zariT, interesi upirvelesi pirobaa imisaTvis, romgaaaqtiuros bavSvis SemecnebiTi Zalebi. mas codnis SeZenis erT-erTi aucilebelfsiqologiur faqtorad miaCnia mexsierebis ganviTareba. mexsierebisrols igi gansakuTrebul rols aniWebs agreTve enebis SeswavlaSi.mexsierebis ganviTarebaze zrunva, iakobis azriT, - ar unda xorcieldebodescalmxrivad, saWiroa bavSvis `harmoniuli, mravalmxrovanigaxsna~, anu misi yovelmxrivi, yvela fsiqikuri funqciis urTierTTankavSirSi ganviTareba.iakob gogebaSvilis didaqtikur naazrevSi yuradRebas iqcevs swavlebisSinaarsis gansazRvris sakiTxi. saxelmZRvaneloebis Sesaxeb 1885 wels226

gazeT `droebaSi~ igi werda:`saxelmZRvanelo wignebs didi mniSvnelobaaqvs xalxis ganaTlebis msvlelobaSi...saxelmZRvanelo orpiri basrixanjalia, romelsac SeuZlian didi sikeTec daTesos da didi siborotecCanergos skolisa da xalxis cxovrebaSi. Tu masSi ixateba saRi, gonierimimarTuleba, damkvidrebuli pedagogiurs da erovnuls principebzed,saxelmZRvanelo ayenebs swavlas swor da mtkice gzazed, awarmoebsnayofierad da uwevs did samsaxurs skolasac da sazogadoebasac. magramTu igi acdenilia pedagogiur dedaazrsa, mowyvetilia erovnul niadagsda emasaxureba romelsame ukuRmarT mimarTulebas, xalxis ganaTlebismagier, maSin saxelmZRvanelo Seadgens skolisaTvis da xalxisaTvisnamdvils sawamlavsa~ (gogebaSvili, 1982/I: gv.397).XIX saukunis samocianelTa problematikis rTuli kompleqsidanistoriam iakob gogebaSvils daakisra qarTveli axalgazrdobis dedaenazeswavla-aRzrdis axali sistemis Seqmna, eris ganaTlebis, gaTviTcnobierebisada erovnuli sabavSvo mwerlobis ganviTareba.iakob gogebaSvili globalurad ikvlevda dedaenis fenomens. misiazriT dedaenaze metyvelebis unari dabadebidanve kodirebulia adamianSi.`mas aqvs Rrmad gamdgari fesvebi adamianis tvinSi, nervebSi, xmisorganoebSi, Zvalsa da rbilSi, mTels mis bunebaSi. igi aris ZvirfasiiaraRi, romelic bunebas zed gamouWra adamianis sulsa da xorczed, misfsiqologiur da fiziologiur agebulebazed da yovels adamiansdabadebiTganve Tan dahyveba midrekileba da niWi deda-enis advilad daRrmad Seswavlisa, swored imgvarad, rogorc bulbuls hyvebadabadebiTganve galobis niWi, iadons-iadonuris galobis niWi da sxva.bavSvis yovel azrs, warmodgenas, grZnobas da sulis moZraobas mxoloddeda-ena hxatavs sinamdviliT da sisruliT. amasTan, deda-ena Zvirfasisalaroa, dausrulebeli rveuli, romelSiac daculia mTeli simdidrexalxis gonebisa, fantaziisa da gulisa, nafiqrisa, nagrZnobisa danamoqmedarisa da romlis Seswavla bavSvs akavSirebs mTeli eris sulTanda gulTan, mis xangrZliv istoriuls cxovrebasTan da avsebs massulieris RoniT da mxneobiT. amitom rodesac romelime mSobeli TavisSvils deda-enas aSorebs da ucxo enas aswavlis, ras Sveba amiT? igixelovnurad arTmevs Tavis Svils erTaderT RonisZiebas gonebis sworegaxsnisaTvis sipataravis drosa, misi bunebis Sesabamis iaraRsa, romlisxmareba da gamoyeneba bavSvs Zlier eadvileba, da Zalad aCeCebs xelSiimisTana Seusabamo iaraRsa, romlis xmarebis SeTviseba Zlier Znelia daromelic arasodes ar gauwevs bunebiTis iaraRis samsaxursa. amgvariukuRmarToba badebs uTanxmoebas, winaaRmdegobasa bavSvis metyvelebisada misi sulisa da xorcis Sua da, rom am winaaRmdegobas damRupveligavlena unda hqondes bavSvzed, advilad misaxvedria. bavSvi,dabadebiTganve moklebuli deda-enis ganmacxovelebels gavlenas, iseZnelad iswavlis jerovan azrovnebas da iseTive uxeiro Wkuis patroni227

gamova, rogorc uxeirod memusiked Seiqmneba adamiani, meskripkeddabadebuli da mefortepianed Zalad gazrdili, anu ufro ukeT: amgvaribavSvi emgvaneba sacodavs mercxals, romelsac ZaldatanebiT mercxlisWikWiks ukrZalaven da SoSias stvenas aswavlian. am ukuRmarTi gziTaRzrdili bavSvi ver da ver ava im gonebis simaRlemdis, romelicSeefereba mis bunebriv niWsa ver mieweva, ver eRirseba jerovans siRrmesda grZnobisas, met-naklebobiT gamova nekernekera, qarafSuta piri,uxasiaTo adamiani da imis naxevarsac ver gaakeTebs Tavis sicocxleSi,ris gakeTebis niWic bunebas miucia. ase aSkarad sjis buneba yvelas vinc kimas hRalatobs, arRvevs mis kanonebsa da ukuRmarTad iqceva(gogebaSvili, 1982/II: gv.209-208).iakob gogebaSvilis Sexeduleba deda-enaze uprecendento rodiapedagogikis istoriaSi. aseTive Sexeduleba aqvT gamoTqmuli pedagogikisdid klasikosebs - ian amos komenskis, h.pestalocis, Jan-Jak rusos,k.uSinskis da sxvebs.iakob gogebaSvilis fenomeni qarTveli xalxis novatoruli bunebidanmomdinareobs da eris warsulis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo tradiciebseyrdnoba.didi iakobi me-19 saukunis pedagogiuri azrovnebis novatoria. novatoruliamisi pedagogiuri koncefcia, mis mier Seqmnili saxelmZRvaneloebi,misi damokidebuleba sabavSvo (Tu arasabavSvo) mwerlobasTan dafolklorTan.iakob gogebaSvilis pedagogiuri koncefcia, mTlianad bavSvis ganvi-Tarebis ideazea agebuli. mas ar uTqvsms, magram Tamamad SeeZlo gaemeorebinakarga xnis win, ian amos komenskis mier naTqvami sibrZne - `bavSvisgoneba WurWeli ar aris, romelic unda aavso, aramed CiraRdania,romelic unda aanTo~.specialur literaturaSi miCneulia, rom i. gogebaSvili dawyebiTiganaTlebis safexurze farTo zagadi ganaTlebis momxrea, rac codnisfarTo moculobis gadacemas gulisxmobs, rac safuZvelad unda daedosspecialur ganaTlebas. `axla yvelasaTvis cxadi WeSmaritebaa, rom specialuriswavla uZluria met-naklebobiT, Tu mas win ar uZRvis sazogadoganviTareba, romelic ufurCqnis moswales yovelgvar niWsa da hyofs massrul adamianad~. `sazogado ganviTareba~, Cveni azriT, ar gulisxmobszogad ganaTlebas, an mexsierebis gamdidrebas codniT. igi zogad ganvi-Tarebas e.i inteleqtualuri unarebis ganviTarebaze orientaciasgulisxmobs, rac dRes Zalian aqtualuria.rac Seexeba komenskis, uSinskis, diuisa da maT mimdevrebs, romel-Ta rigs savsebiT samarTlianad miekuTvneba iakob gogebaSvili, dawyebiTiskolis umTavres amocanad miaCndaT ara codnis garkveuli raodenobisaTviseba, aramed gonebrivi da pirovnuli ganviTrebis ideis realizacia,anu specialuri swavlisaTvis bavSvis pirovnuli mzaobis miRweva.228

`specialisti, moklebuli sazogado ganviTarebasa, wers iakobi, - mogvagonebsmaSinasa, romelic erT rames akeTebs meqanikurad da sxva risamerigianad gakeTeba misTvis SeuZlebelia. amisTana viwro specialistiyovels gansxvavebuls garemoebaSi ifanteba, verafers axerxebs TavisTavadda gakeTebis magivrad saqmes advilad afuWebs~.iakob gogebaSvils moswavleTa ganviTareba da codnis micema sxvadasxvaamocanad aqvs gagebuli. misi azriT, SeiZleba mexsiereba varji-Sobdes (zepirobisas!), goneba ki daCagruli iyos. swavlisadmi aseTi midgomasaukunis win, novatoruli iyo ara marto CvenSi, aramed mTels imdroindelpedagogiur azrovnebaSi.iakob gogebaSvilma `deda-ena~ mTlianad ganviTarebis principze aago.am wignSi TiTqmis ar aris iseTi informacia (sagani,movlena), rac kargadar iyo cnobili imdroindeli pirvelklaselTaTvis. magram kiTxvebi (dasavarjiSoebi!) imgvarad aris Camoyalibebuli, rom mimarTulia ara mexsierebis,aramed gonebrivi unarebis ganviTarebaze.pirvel saanbano wigns iakobma analizuri meTodi daudo safuZvlad,rac, agreTve, ganmaviTarebeli swavlebis ideis relizacia iyo. `swavlisdawyeba asoebiT ymawvilTaTvis mavnebelia:, - wers i.gogebaSvili. ratomaris mavnebeli? imitom, rom aso raimes azrs ar gamoxatavs da bavSvs Tavidanveuazro saqmianobad eCveneba. aseT pirobebSi ar yalibdeba codnisRirebuli motivi, radgan TavisTavad codnis Rirebulebis gacnobierebadawyebiTi klasis moswavlis pirovnul Zalebs aRemateba,imis miuxedavd, rom analizuri meTodiT anbanis Seswavla progresulida novatoruli iyo, man im dros dadebiTi Sedegi ver moitana, radganmaswavleblebs saamisod specialuri momzadeba ar hqondaT. amitom, 1876wels iakob gogebaSvilma gamosca sruliad axal meTodur principze agebulisaanbano saxelmZRvanelo `deda ena~. igi Sedgenilia analizur-sin-Tezuri meTodiT, rac ori meTodis kompromisul erTianobas ki ar warmoadgens,aramed zustad gansazRvrul pedagogiur koncefcas efuZvneba.igi savsebiT Seesabameboda da axlac Seesabameba Cveni skolis saganmanaTlebofunqciasa da pedagogiuri kadrebis kulturul- profesiur potencials.mecnierebis nebismier dargSi meTodis erT-erTi umTavresi Rirsebamisi racionalizmia. `deda enis~ Sedgenis principi swored umaRlesi racionalizmisgamoxatulebaa.literatura gogebaSvili, 1982/I - iakob gogebaSvilis Txzulebani. t. I.Tbilisi, 1982. gogebaSvili, 1982/II -iakob gogebaSvilis Txzulebani. t. II.Tbilisi, 1982.229

gogebaSvili, 1982/III -iakob gogebaSvilis Txzulebani. t. 3.Tbilisi, 1982. gogebaSvili, 1982/IV - iakob gogebaSvilis Txzulebani. t. 4.Tbilisi, 1982. gogebaSvili, 1982/V - iakob gogebaSvilis Txzulebani. t. 5Tbilisi,1982. gogebaSvili, 1982/VIII - iakob gogebaSvilis Txzulebani. t. 8.Tbilisi,1982.Izolda BukhuleishviliSokhumi State UniversityZurab TsutskiridzeIlia State UniversityPedagogical Phenomenon of Iakob GogebashviliThe article discusses about the school importance. School is one of the mostimportant pier of the development and in the paper there is stressed that school andeducation system should to be built correctly.The phenomenon of Iakob Gogebashvili is not fully studied in Georgianeducational culture from the point of view of social-cultural purpose of universal, nonclassicalpedagogy sciences and Georgian national school. There is no doubt that much inhis doctrine should be read and understood in a new manner.230

Zvirfaso avtorebo,Jurnalis winamdebare nomeri warmoadgens specialur gamocemas da gamodisSecvlili formatiT, igi eZRvneba gamoCenili qarTveli sazogado moRvawis,saqarTveloSi Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo sistemis fuZemdeblis iakobgogebaSvilis dabadebidan 170-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil samecniero konferenciismasalebs. momdevno nomrebis gamocema gagrZeldeba qvemoT miTiTebuliwesiT.Jurnali „ganaTleba“ aris recenzirebadi da referirebadi samecniero perioduligamocema, romelic warmoadgens samecniero azrovnebis forums mecnierebissxvadasxva dargSi: ganaTlebis reformis, pedagogikis, meToduri kvlevebisada fsiqologiis, samarTlis, ekonomikisa da sociologiis, istoriis, politikurimecnierebebisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, aseve filologiurdisciplinebSi. gansakuTrebuli adgili daeTmoba saganmanaTleblo reformebs,rogorc Cvens qveyanaSi, aseve qveynis farglebs gareT, mniSvnelovaniaevropisa da boloniis procesSi CarTuli qveynebis gamocdileba zemoTaRniSnulidargebis swavlebisa da mecnieruli kvlevebis ganviTarebis procesSi.recenzirebayvela statia ganixileba recenzentis mier, romelic warmoadgens eqsperts aRniSnuldargSi. sarecenzio sabWoSi Sedis, rogorc qarTveli, aseve ucxoelieqspertebi. recenzireba anonimuria, magram recenzentis survilis SemTxveva-Si SeuZlia gamoamJRavnos vinaoba. redaqtorebs ufleba aqvT uari Tqvan statiisdabeWdvaze Tu meore recenzirebac aradamakmayofilebelad Sefasda.statiebis SerCeva Jurnal „ganaTlebaSi“ mxolod recenzirebas efuZneba.teqnikuri mxare statiis avtorebisTvisstilistatia (naSromi) dawerili unda iyos saerTaSoriso mkiTxvelisaTvis gasagebi,mokle stiliT. nacnobi teqnikuri terminologiis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia axsna-ganmartebisgareSe. akronimebisa da abreviaturebis ganmarteba aucilebelia.SinaarsimiiReba samecniero kvleva an proeqtis Sedegebi, angariSi, Tematuri kvleva ankvleviTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb moxsenebebi Semdeg mimarTulebebSi: saganmanaTlebloreformebi: mimdinareoba, perspeqtivebi, gamowvevebi; ganaTlebis filosofia,pedagogika, kerZo meTodikebi da fsiqologia; kvlevebi samarTlis,ekonomikisa da sociologiis, istoriis, politologiisa da saerTaSoriso ur-TierTobebis, aseve filologiuri disciplinebis mimarTulebebiT. yvela masalasTan unda axldes wyaro.naSromis specifikastatia Jurnal „ganaTlebisTvis“ warmodgenili unda iyos qarTul da inglisurenebze. avtorebma unda daicvan naSromis momzadebis eTika (Tavidan aicilonpublikaciis dublireba, citatebSi uzustoba, plagiatizmi da TviTplagiatizmi).avtorebi pasuxismgeblebi arian TavianTi statiis faqtiur sizusteze.saTauri zustad, magram mokled unda asaxavdes statiis Sinaarss. statiissigrZe ar unda aRematebodes 1500 sityvas. cxrilebi, naxazebi, diagramebi231

da grafikebi gasagebi saTauriT unda iyos warmodgenili A4 formatis calkefurcelze da danomrili iyos arabuli cifrebiT. sqolio (footnote)miTiTebuli unda iyos teqstSi kvadratul frCxilebSi, romelic sruli saxiTwarmodgenili iqneba naSromis teqstis bolos. anu sqolios miTiTeba moxdeba e.w. turabianis meTodiT. gamoyenebuli literatura anbanuri TanmimdevrobiTunda dalagdes statiis bolos.statiis (naSromis) warmodgenaavtorebs SeuZliaT statiebi (naSromebi) warmoadginon eleqtronuli saxiTWord-is tipis standartuli dokumentis saxiT: qarTuli versia Acadnusx Sriftis,xolo inglisur enaze Times New Roman SriftiT. Sriftis zoma 12, intervali_ 1. naSroms calke furcelze unda daerTos avtoris sakontaqto rekvizitebi:misamarTi, saxlis an samsaxuris, samecniero xarisxi, wodeba, telefonisnomeri, faqsi, el-fosta; eleqtronuli werili unda moicavdes srul sakontaqtoinformacias (el. fostis CaTvliT), Jurnalis saxels, visac ugzavniTstatias da statiis saTaurs. TiToeul naSroms Tan unda axldes gancxadeba,rom es naSromi arsad ar gamoqveynebula da amave dros ar aris wardgenili sxvaJurnalSi dasabeWdad. avtorebi miiReben gamocemuli Jurnalis im egzemplars,romelSic maTi statia (naSromi) aris dabeWdili. yvela statia da korespondenciaSemdeg misamarTze unda gaigzavnos:Jurnal „ganaTlebis“ mTavari redaqtori: lia axalaZeredaqtorebi:Tamar zarandia, Tamar SinjiaSvili, rusudan fifia, kaxa kvaSi- lavasoxumis saxelmwifo universiteti,Tbilisi, 0186, a. politkovskaias q., 9telefoni: 2 54 14 23; 593-36-11-86;el. fosta: liaahaladze@yahoo.com ; tamuna205@gmail.com232

DEAR AUTHORS,Journal “Education” is a peer-reviewed and referred scientic periodical edition, which represents ascientic thinking forum in different branches of science: in education reform, pedagogics, methodicalresearches and psychology, law, economics and sociology, history, political sciences and internationalrelations, philological disciplines. Special attention will be paid to the education reformsboth in Georgia and abroad. In the process of teaching of the above-mentioned branches and thedevelopment of scientic researches, the experience of the European countries and the countriesparticipating in Bologna process, is quite important.RefereeingAll articles are reviewed by the referee who is an expert in the indicated field. The referee boardconsists of Georgian and foreign experts. Refereeing is anonymous unless a referee chooses otherwise.The editors have the right to reject the manuscript if after the first review it is submitted repeatedlywith unsatisfactory corrections. The selection of the articles for inclusion in the journal“Education” is based only on these reviews.SPECIFICATIONS FOR AUTHORSStylePapers should be written in a clear, concise style appropriate to an international readership. Familiartechnical terms may be used without explanation. Acronyms and abbreviations are likely to needfull presentation.ContentResearch or project results, reports, case studies or action research reports will be accepted. Scienticresearch works should include a description of theoretical and practical applications of ideastested in the following directions: educational reforms: tendency, perspectives, challenges; pedagogics,private methodologies and psychology; researches in law, economics and sociology, history,political sciences and international relations, philological disciplines. All material should beclearly referenced to its sources.Manuscript specicationArticles for the journal “Education” must be submitted in Georgian and English languages. Authorsshould observe the ethics of manuscript preparation (avoiding duplicate publication, inaccuracyof citations, plagiarism and self-plagiarism). Authors are responsible for the factual accuracyof their papers. The title should indicate exactly but briey the subject of the article. Manuscriptmay be up to 3500 words in length. An abstract is to be provided on a separate sheet, no longerthan 150 words. At the end of the abstract a minimum of five key words for referencing of papersshould be supplied. Tables, drawings, diagrams and charts with a clear title should be presented onseparate sheets of A4 paper and numbered by Arabic numerals. Scholium (footnote) should be indicatedin the text in squares, which will be presented in complete version at the end of the text.Indication of the scholium should be done according to the Turabian method. The references in alphabeticalorder should be listed at the end of the paper.Submission of manuscriptsThe authors are encouraged to submit papers electronically in a standard document format type233

Word: Georgian version in the Acadnusx font, and in English in the font of the Times New Roman.Font size – 12, interval – 1 (single). On a separate sheet, the paper should include the author’scontact details: home or work address, scientic degree, position, telephone, fax, e-mail; the e-mail letter must include full contact details (including e-mail), the title of the journal to which youare submitting, and the title of the article. Each manuscript must be accompanied by a statementthat it has not been published elsewhere and is not submitted simultaneously for publication inanother journal. Authors will receive a copy of the journal issue in which their paper is published.All papers and correspondence should be addressed to:Editor-in-chief of the journal “Education”: Lia AkhaladzeEditors: Tamar Zarandia, Tamar Shinjiashvili, Rusudan Pipia, Kakha KvashilavaSokhumi State University, 9, A. Politkovskaya Str., 0186, Tbilisi, GeorgiaTelephone: (+995-32)-54-14-23; (+995)-93-36-11-86;E-mail: liaahaladze@yahoo.com; tamuna205@gmail.comdaibeWda: gamomcemloba `meridiani~,al. yazbegis gamz. #47E – mail: info@meridianpub.com t. 239-15-22234