saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #4 (41)
saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #4 (41)
saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #4 (41)
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saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa<br />
da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
Georgian Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film<br />
State University<br />
<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> <strong>Ziebani</strong><br />
<strong>#4</strong> (<strong>41</strong>), 2009<br />
ART SCIENCE STUDIES<br />
<strong>#4</strong> (<strong>41</strong>), 2009<br />
gamomcemloba `kentavri~<br />
Tbilisi _ 2009<br />
1
UDC(uak) 7(051.2)<br />
s-364<br />
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo<br />
universiteti<br />
<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> <strong>Ziebani</strong> <strong>#4</strong> (<strong>41</strong>), 2009<br />
saredaqcio sabWo<br />
levan xeTaguri<br />
iuri mRebriSvili<br />
anano samsonaZe<br />
literaturuli<br />
redaqtori<br />
mariam iaSvili<br />
krebulisaTvis mowodebuli masala<br />
uzrunvelyofili unda iyos<br />
Sesabamisi samecniero aparatiT. Tan<br />
unda axldes monacemebi avtoris<br />
samecniero kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb<br />
qarTul da inglisur enebze,<br />
agreTve naSromis inglisurenovani<br />
reziume.<br />
winamdebare krebuli srulad efuZneba<br />
2009 wlis 15-16 ivniss<br />
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teastrisa<br />
da kinos saxelmwifo<br />
universitetSi Catarebul<br />
magistrantTa da doqtorantTa<br />
pirvel samecniero konferenciis masalebs<br />
garekanis dizaini<br />
levan dadiani<br />
dakabadoneba<br />
ekaterine<br />
oqropiriZe<br />
koreqtura<br />
manana goSaZe<br />
gamomcemlobis<br />
xelmZRvaneli<br />
maka vasaZe<br />
krebulis stamburi gamocema<br />
egzavneba sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso<br />
kvleviT centrebs.<br />
naSromebi mogvawodeT da<br />
cnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:<br />
0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis<br />
gamziri <strong>#4</strong>0, SoTa rusTavelis<br />
Teatrisa da kinos universiteti,<br />
II korpusi.<br />
tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 936 408<br />
mob: +995 (95) 305 060<br />
+995 (55) 218 292<br />
E-mail: kentavri@tafu.edu.ge<br />
Web: www.tafu.edu.ge<br />
2 3
Sinaarsi<br />
Sesavali ...................................................................................................................9<br />
Teatrmcodneoba<br />
irakli gogia<br />
ritmis swavlebis mniSvneloba msaxiobis<br />
aRzrdis procesSi .......................................................................................................15<br />
mixeil mestviriSvili<br />
Teatri kiber-samyaroSi .............................................................................................23<br />
laSa CxartiSvili<br />
Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II<br />
naxevris dasawyisSi ............................................................................................38<br />
Tamar cagareli<br />
Sua saukuneebis evropuli da qarTuli saeklesio<br />
saxilveli .................................................................................................................62<br />
kinomcodneoba<br />
olRa eliaSvili<br />
gangsteruli kino .............................................................................................77<br />
sofio wulaia<br />
kinofantastikis evoluciis procesi ................................................................83<br />
rusudan papunaSvili<br />
qalis reprezentacia frankistuli espaneTis periodis<br />
kinematografSi ...........................................................................................................89<br />
kulturis menejmenti<br />
kulturis politika<br />
elene babakiSvili<br />
sponsorobis roli kulturuli organizaciis politikaSi............ 102<br />
ia gabunia<br />
sareklamo politika da reklamis arsi ......................................................112<br />
sofio komlaZe<br />
sagamomcemlo bazris kvlevis zogierTi sakiTxi .........................................119<br />
natalia murjikneli<br />
stresi organizaciaSi da misi marTvis strategiebi ................................127<br />
caca jorjiaSvili<br />
PR -is (sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis) roli kulturuli<br />
4 5
turizmis ganviTarebaSi ...........................................................................................137<br />
Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />
art-bazari saqarTvelos galereebSi .....................................................................146<br />
nino yuraSvili<br />
reklamis efeqtianobis kvleva .................................................................................154<br />
lika yufaraZe<br />
PR-rekomendaciebi kinofestival `sesilisTvis~ ...........................................162<br />
nino SarmiaSvili<br />
mayureblis problema akademiur TeatrebSi ........................................................173<br />
mariam WumburiZe<br />
menejmentis zogierTi problemaKTanamedrove xelovnebaSi ...........................181<br />
nino xuciSvili<br />
internet teqnologiebi marketingSi ..............................................................................193<br />
nino azmaifaraSvili<br />
menejmentis roliMkulturis globalizaciis procesebSi .....................200<br />
tradiciuli xelovneba<br />
aleko gelaSvili<br />
samejliso cekvebis mesveurebi saqarTveloSi ...........................................217<br />
eka geliaSvili<br />
`sarTulebiani~ ferxulebis simbolika ..........................................................228<br />
Tamar munjiSvili<br />
qoreografiaSi sabavSvo repertuaris sakiTxisaTvis .....................................242<br />
saSemsruleblo xelovneba<br />
Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />
qoreografiis roli TeatrSi 251<br />
musikismcodneoba<br />
Tamar miqaZe<br />
jazisa da klasikis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis .............................261<br />
maia sigua<br />
antikuri tragedia XX saukunis musikalur-scenur<br />
nawarmoebebSi _ Janris interpretaciis sakiTxebi ......................................271<br />
qeTevan WitaZe<br />
axali Janruli modelebis Zieba XX saukunis musikaSi ...............285<br />
eka WabaSvili<br />
atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika ...............................................298<br />
CONTENTS<br />
THEATRE STUDIES<br />
IRAKLI GOGIA<br />
Shota Rustaveli Theatre And Film University’s<br />
Faculty Of Arts And Social Sciences .....................................................................325<br />
MIKHEIL MESTVIRISHVILI<br />
Theatre In Cyber-Universe..................................................................................... 325<br />
LASHA CHKHARTISHVILI<br />
New Interpretation Of Shakespeare In The Second Half Of The<br />
XX Century .................................................................................................... 326<br />
TAMAR TSAGARELI<br />
Church Show In Medieval Europe And In Georgia .............................................327<br />
FILM STUDIES<br />
OLGA ELIASHVILI<br />
The Gangster Film ..................................................................................................328<br />
RUSUDAN PAPUNASHVILI<br />
Representation Of Women In The Spanish Film Of The Franco Period .............329<br />
CULTURE MANAGEMENT<br />
CULTURAL POLICY<br />
ELENE BABAKISHVILI<br />
The Role Of Sponsorship In The Policy Of Cultural Organization ....................330<br />
IA GABUNIA<br />
The Advertising Policy And Main Point Of The Advertisement .....................331<br />
SOFIO KOMLADZE<br />
“Several Issues On Publishing Market Research” ..............................................332<br />
NATALIA MURJIKNELI<br />
Stress In Organization And Strategies Of Its Management........................... 334<br />
TSATSA JORJIASHVILI<br />
Pr (Public Relations) Role In Cultural Tourism Development ............................335<br />
TAMAR PIROSMANASHVILI<br />
Art Market In Georgian Galleries..................................................................... 337<br />
NINO KURASHVILI<br />
Research Of The Effectiveness Of Advertisment ................................................338<br />
LIKA KUPARADZE<br />
Pr- Recommendations For Cinema Festival ,,Sesily”.................................... 339<br />
6 7
NINO SHARMIASHVILI<br />
Audience At Tendance Problem In Academic Theatres............................... 340<br />
MARIAM TSCHUMBURIDZE<br />
Several Problems Of Management In Modern Art ............................................3<strong>41</strong><br />
NINO KHUTSISHVILI<br />
Internet-Technologies In Marketing ..................................................................343<br />
NINO AZMAIPARASHVILI<br />
The Management Of Cultural Globalization .....................................................344<br />
TRADITIONAL ARTS<br />
ALEKO GELASHVILI<br />
Entrepreneurs Of Ball Dances In Georgia .............................................................346<br />
EKA GELIASHVILI<br />
Symbolism Of “Multi Story” Perkhuli Dance .......................................................347<br />
TAMAR MUNJISHVILI<br />
On Children’s Programs In Choreography ..........................................................348<br />
TAMAR PIROSMANASHVILI<br />
Importance Of Choreography In Theatre ..............................................................349<br />
MUSIC STUDIES<br />
TAMAR MIKADZE<br />
Issues Of Interrelationship<br />
Between Jazz And Classical Music ........................................................................350<br />
KETEVAN CHITADZE<br />
Search For New Genre Models In The 20th Century Music .............................351<br />
EKA TCHABASHVILI<br />
Atomic-Nuclear Composition Technique ......................................................352<br />
Sesavali<br />
periodulad reformebi ganaTlebis sistemaSi mimdinareobs<br />
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da iSviaTia procesi, rodesac igi moicavs<br />
qveynebs, regionebs erTdroulad.<br />
msgavsi situacia gvaqvs boloniis procesTan, rodesac evro<br />
kavSirma wamoiwyo ganaTlebis sistemebis harmonizaciis procesi<br />
_ reforma, romelic gacda evro kavSiris iuridiul sazRvrebs<br />
da moicva ara mxolod evro kavSiris 27 wevri qveyana, aramed<br />
gacilebiT ufro meti da didi geografiuli areali, imisaTvis,<br />
rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gacemuli di plomebi, sxvadasxva<br />
qveynebSi momuSave profesor-maswavleblebi da studentebi<br />
erTmaneTTan erTi saerTo princi pebiT yofliyvnen<br />
dakavSirebuli da qonodaT ara mxolod ufleba mobilurobaze,<br />
aramed misi realizaciis finansuri saSualebebic.<br />
saqarTvelo am reformebs 2004 wlidan SeuerTda da Cvenma<br />
universitetmac araerTi nabiji gadadga imisaTvis, rom<br />
miaxloeboda evropul saganmanaTleblo sivrces.<br />
swored am mizniT dainerga Cvens universitetSi swavlebis<br />
meore _ samagistro da mesame _ sadoqtoro safexurebi,<br />
Seicvala swavlebis principebi da dainerga axali formebi,<br />
maT Soris samecniero midgomebi akademiuri da samecniero<br />
moRvaweobis daaxloebisaTvis7<br />
swored am amocanebis gadawyvetilebaTa fonze Cvens<br />
universitetSi pirvelad daiwyo funqcionireba 2008 wels<br />
samagistro da sadoqtoro programebma, rogorc <strong>saxelovnebo</strong><br />
mecnierbaTa, aseve _ saSemsruleblo specialobebis<br />
mimarTulebebiT7 Seiqmna axali saswavlo badeebi da gegmebi<br />
meore da mesame saswavlo safexurebisaTvis, didi yuradReba<br />
daeTmo studentTa samecniero unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebas da<br />
Semdgom ganviTarebas, gansakuTrebiT, _ <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong><br />
da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis farglebSi.<br />
8 9
gadawyda, rom samecniero konferenciebi, studentTa mier<br />
damuSavebuli Temebis sajaro aprobaciebi saswavlo procesis<br />
Semadgeneli nawili gaxdeboda7 samecniero konfrenciebis<br />
sistemuri Catareba universitetis saqmianobis prioritetia,<br />
misi momzadeba da Catareba sauniversiteto da saerTaSoriso<br />
doneebze, saboloo jamSi, udidesi mniSvnelobis mqonea<br />
saqarTveloSi <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> da saSemsruleblo<br />
xelovnebaTa ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
winamdebare krebuli warmoadgens Cveni universitetis msoflio<br />
Teatris mimarTulebis sadoqtoro, msoflio kinos samagistro,<br />
kreatiuli pedagogikis da cekvis samgistro, kulturis<br />
politikisa da kulturis menejmentis samagistro da<br />
sadoqtoro programebis studentebis da aseve saxelmwifo<br />
konservatoriis magistrantTa semecniero moxsenebaTa krebuls,<br />
masalebs konferenciisa, romelic 2009 wlis 15-16 ivniss<br />
Catarda.<br />
es pirveli mcdelobaa damkvidrdes studentTa samecniero<br />
moRvaweobis sajar aprobacia, rasac didi mniSvneloba eqneba,<br />
rogorc studentTa profesiuli ganviTarebisaTvis da, romelic,<br />
aseve, samomavlod daexmareba saswavlo processac imisaTvis,<br />
rom aRmovaCinoT SesaZlebeli naklovanebani, anda piriqiT, _<br />
ganvaviTaroT arsebuli miRwevebi.<br />
Cemi programebis mizania Tanamedrove msoflio Teatris Seswavla,<br />
misi adgilis gansazRvra civilizaciis mravalsaukunovan<br />
istoriaSi; Tanamedrove kvlevis warmoeba, aseve Tanamedrove<br />
da Tanadrouli teqnikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. saswavlo<br />
programis dros didi adgili eTmoba studentTa samecniero<br />
kvlevasTan erTad maT pedagogiur praqtikas, maT daostatebas,<br />
rogorc momavali pedagogebisa, profesionalebisa, romelnic<br />
Tanabrd unda flobdnen, rogorc samecniero kvlevas, aseve _<br />
saswavlo meTodologias.<br />
Rrmad mjera, rom msoflio kulturis procesebis codna<br />
ukeT warmoaCens qarTuli kulturis adgils msoflioSi da<br />
daexmarebaT momaval mecnierebs ufro zusti analizisa da<br />
kvlevis sawarmoeblad.<br />
Cvens programaSi erTi eqsperimentic tardeba _ sadoqtoro<br />
safexurze ori praqtikosi-reJisoric swavlobs, romelnic<br />
praqtikas Teoriuli kuTxiT Seiswavlian, imis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rom jerjerobiT saqarTveloSi ar aris danergili artistuli<br />
(SemoqmedebiTi) kvleva (artistic research), msgavsi eqsperimenti<br />
kargi saSualebaa praqtikosi doqtorantebis aRzrdisa da<br />
maTTan samecniero unarCvevebis ganviTarebisa.<br />
me minda mivuloco am pirveli krebulis yvela monawileavtors<br />
samecniero moRvaweobis dawyeba, zogs gagrZeleba da<br />
Semdgomi ganviTareba. imeds vitoveb, rom es pirveli krebuli<br />
gaxdeba yovelwliuri gamocema, rogorc angariSi yovelwliuri<br />
konferenciebisa.<br />
qarTul <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> mecnierebas mravali axalgazrda mecnieri<br />
Wirdeba, romelic Tavis wvlils Seitans Teoriis, istoriisa<br />
da kritikis ganviTarebaSi, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis<br />
gaRrmavebaSi da saqarTvelos warmoCenaSi, rogorc Tanamedrove<br />
mzardi potencialis mqone qveynisa.<br />
profesori levan xeTaguri,<br />
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,<br />
universitetis reqtoris moadgile,<br />
msoflio Teatris mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli<br />
10 11
Teatrmcodneoba<br />
humanitarul, socialur<br />
menierebaTa, biznesisa da<br />
marTvis fakulteti<br />
12 13
sadoqtoro programa<br />
irakli gogia<br />
doqturanturis I kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli _ prof. levan xeTaguri<br />
ritmis swavlebis mniSvneloba msaxiobis<br />
aRzrdis procesSi<br />
`nebismier ritmSi aris moZraoba~<br />
emil Jak-dalkrozi<br />
Tanamedrove evropuli Teatris<br />
mkvlevari<br />
XX saukunis dasawyisSi araerT saTeatro eqsperiments<br />
Caeyara safuZveli. im droisTvis saritualo Teatris<br />
kvlevisaken midrekilebam bevr saintereso kiTxvas gasca pasuxi<br />
da evropuli Tanamedrove cekvis sawyisad iqca.<br />
gasuli saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, germaniaSi, eqsperimentatorma<br />
msaxiobma, mxatvarma da qoreografma rudolf labanma klasikuri<br />
baletis `sawinaaRmdegod~ sxeulsa da moZraobas sruliad<br />
gansxvavebuli mimarTuleba misca. labanma e. w. klasikur,<br />
mkacri cekvis kanonebs sxeulis sruli Tavisufleba<br />
daupirispira. amis safuZveli saritualo cekvebi gaxldaT.<br />
swored am dros Seqmna labanma misi `Tanamedrove cekvis<br />
manifesti~. aRsaniSnavia, rom imave wlebSi originaluri<br />
eqsperimentebi aisidora dunkanmac ganaxorciela _ is<br />
aRmosavlur cekvebze iyo orientirebuli. im periodis yvela<br />
mcdeloba ki ritmis, rogorc saTeatro struqturis<br />
Camoyalibebisken iyo mimarTuli.<br />
ritmisa da plastikis yvelaze masStaburi kvleva franguli<br />
warmoSobis Sveicariel kompozitorsa da pedagogs, emil Jakdalkrozs,<br />
ukavSirdeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis SemoqmedebaSi<br />
Tavs iyris TiTqmis yvela is tendencia, romelic im periodis<br />
cekvis samyaroSi gvxvdeba. dalkrozi qmnis ritmo-plastikur<br />
meTodologias da gvTavazobs konkretul sistemas, struqturas,<br />
romelic aseve saritualo Teatris elementebs eyrdnoba.<br />
alJirSi yofnisas dalkrozma Seiswavla adgilobrivTa<br />
ritmuli moZraobebi, Sesrulebis manerulobis iseTi magaliTebi<br />
da ritmi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT afrikuli saritualo<br />
cekvisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
14 15
irakli gogia<br />
ritmis swavlebis<br />
mniSvneloba msaxiobis aRzrdis procesSi<br />
am SemTxvevaSi ritmi ganixileba, rogorc konkretuli<br />
erisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebis mamoZravebeli da<br />
gamomxatveli Zala. aRsaniSnavia, rom dalkrozisTvis swored<br />
es faqtori gaxda stimuli imisa, rom konkretuli sistemis,<br />
anu `ritmuli varjiSebis~, Camoyalibebamde misuliyo.<br />
1910 wlidan, drezdenTan axlos, helerauSi, dalkrozis<br />
iniciativiT, ritmis instituti yalibdeba da faqtobrivad<br />
safuZveli eyreba mis sistemur swavlebas. imdroindel evropul<br />
Teatrs Tu gadavxedavT, heleraus eqsperimentebis gavlenaSi<br />
naTlad davrwmundebiT. es 20-iani wlebidan ukve evropuli<br />
Teatrisa da Teatraluri swavlebebis erT-erTi mTavari<br />
mamoZravebeli gaxda. swored am droidan iwyeba evropul<br />
scenaze verbaluri Teatris transformirebis mcdelobebi.<br />
Tu gavixsenebT, rom TviT labanic revius mocekvave iyo da<br />
SemdgomSi iseTi manifestis avtorad gvevlineba, rogoric<br />
`cekvis manifesti~, romelic dRes ukve mxolod cekvis manifesti<br />
ki ar aris, aramed Tanamedrove Teatris ideologiis<br />
ganmsazRvrelic, maSin martivia davadginoT dRevandeli Teatris<br />
ZiriTadi moTxovnileba.<br />
Teatraluri xelovnebis ganviTarebis istoriis nebismier<br />
etapze krizisidan gamosavlis Zieba yovelTvis iyo saritualo<br />
TeatrTan miaxloveba. gasuli saukunis 50-70-iani wlebis<br />
mniSvnelovani Teatraluri gardaqmnebic swored ritualebis<br />
kvlevis Sedegia, magaliTisTvis poloneli eJi grotovskis<br />
Ziebebis dasaxelebac kmara _ isini mxolod saTeatro<br />
ritualebze ki ar aris agebuli, aramed procesis<br />
ritualurobaze. grotovskis `wminda Teatris~ elementebi da<br />
odinis laboratoria _ es aris heleraus ritmis institutis<br />
Teatraluri transformireba.<br />
`me gadavwyvite, raki swored pirvelyofilma adaT-wesebma<br />
Cahberes suli Teatrs – maSin dabruneba ritualisken~, 1 –<br />
eJi grotovskis es sityvebi im periodSi Ziebis procesi gaxldaT,<br />
fiqri imaze, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo Tanamedrove msaxiobi<br />
da misi aRzrdis sistema.<br />
ra ganapirobebs Teatris `moZvelebas~? erTi mTavari faqtori<br />
_ rodesac samsaxiobo aRzrda konkretuli epoqis ritms ver<br />
pasuxobs.<br />
rig SemTxvevebSi Cven Teatris pedagogikas zust mecnierebad<br />
miviCnevT da Sesabamisad, konkretuli epoqis TeatrisTvis saWiro<br />
msaxiobebs veRar viRebT. rodesac Tanamedrove cekvam e. w.<br />
klasikuri baletis `mkacri klasikuroba~ daarRvia da<br />
prioritetuli Tavisufali moZraobebi gaxda, roca evropul<br />
tradiciul-verbalur Teatrs nel-nela Caenacvla moqmedebasa<br />
da ritmze agebuli Teatri, saWiro gaxda Sesabamisi fizikuri<br />
monacemebis mqone msaxiobebis momzadeba. maT mosamzadeblad<br />
SemuSavebuli CvenTvis cnobili sistemebidan aprobirebuli<br />
da qarTul Teatralur swavlebaSi dadgenilia `stanislavskis<br />
sistema~. Cven gvinda aRvzardoT Tanamedrove msaxiobi, magram<br />
`ar~ an `ver~ vawodebT maT Tanamedrove swavlebas.<br />
zemoT xsenebul sistemaSi mobilizebulia samsaxiobo<br />
ostatobisTvis saWiro yvela elementi. is, TiTqos, klasikur<br />
meTodaTac iqca, magram bunebrivia isic, rom lamis saukunis<br />
winandeli swavleba Tanamedrove sasceno xelovnebis<br />
moTxovnilebebs ukve veRar pasuxobs. msoflio xelovnebis<br />
ganviTareba TavisTavad gvibiZgebs ganvaaxloT swavlebis<br />
meTodologia da is qarTul ritms, ufro zogadad ki _<br />
Tanamedrove `qarTul ritms~, SevusabamoT.<br />
20-iani wlebis qarTul TeatrSi araerTi eqsperimenti<br />
ganxorcielda. maSinac ki zustad imave problemebis gadaWris<br />
gzebs eZebdnen, razec axla gviwevs fiqri da kamaTi.<br />
magaliTisTvis mxolod grigol robaqiZis da misi erT-erTi<br />
moxsenebis `Teatri, rogorc ritmi~ dasaxelebac kmara.<br />
`SeuZlebelia axla wera im ritmiT, rogoriTac werda homerosi,<br />
amitomac yovel epoqas aqvs Tavisi ritmic. erTia ritmi<br />
qaravnis neli svlis da ritmi Tanamedrove avtomobilis<br />
gaqanebis. amitomac Teatrs unda axasiaTebdes ritmi rkinis,<br />
javSnis, siZliere, zomiereba, sisadave, siswore, ekonomia da<br />
fataloba. Tanamedrove TeatrSi unda ismodes ritmi aeroplanis<br />
da manqanis. aqedan momdinareobs aucilebloba sxva Teatraluri<br />
formebisa da pirvel yovlisa: siZunwe sityvebis, daSla<br />
saxeebis~, 2 _ wers gr. robaqiZe.<br />
misi es sityvebi maniSnebelia imisa, rom imdroindeli<br />
qarTuli Teatri ufro axlos iyo evropul TeatrTan, vidre<br />
dRes...<br />
16 17
irakli gogia<br />
ra aris saritualo Teatri? `adaT-wesebis Zieba TeatrSi~,<br />
_ ai, ase primitiulad ganmartavs mas eJi grotovski, anu,<br />
qarTuli Teatris miTologiis kvleva, im sakulto sanaxaobebis<br />
Seswavla da meTodologia, rac Tundac qarTul cekvebSia<br />
Cadebuli. zogadad qarTuli cekvebi xom sakulto moZraobebzea<br />
agebuli, im ritualebze, saidanac TviTon qarTul Teatrs<br />
aqvs dasabami. Cven SesaZloa Seswavlili gvaqvs erTi konkretuli<br />
dResaswauli, magram ganxorcielebis teqnologiebis kvlevis<br />
mcdeloba ar gvqonia. vfiqrob, aucilebelia meTodologiurad<br />
gadamuSavdes is, raTa gamovikvlioT konkretuli ritualisTvis<br />
rogor emzadebodnen an ra xerxebs iyenebdnen Cveni winamorbedni.<br />
qarTul Teatralur xelovnebaSi ratomRac ise moxda, rom<br />
logikurad ganviTarebuli procesi (pirveli safexurebidan<br />
meoce saukunis 20-iani wlebis CaTvliT) ucbad gadavida<br />
CvenTvis sruliad ucxo swavlebis meTodikaze. maSin yvela<br />
evropuli forma rusuliT Seicvala da Tanac ise, rom TiTqos<br />
is erTaderTia da masze saintereso msoflios TeatrSi sxva<br />
araferi xdeba...<br />
TiToeul rasas aqvs sakuTari Jesti. ra aris qarTuli<br />
Jesti? ritmi, rokva, is sakulto elementebi, romlebic mTian<br />
saqarTveloSi da metnaklebad qarTul tradiciul cekvaSi<br />
dRemde Semonaxulia. qarTuli Sinagani ritmis dadgena qarTuli<br />
sakravebis xmovanebisa da tembris mixedviTac SegviZlia, anu,<br />
im gansakuTrebuli musikis struqturiT, rogoric Zvel svaneTsa<br />
da mTian samegreloSi gvxvdeba. ram dakarga iseTi `adaTwesebi<br />
TeatrSi~, romelic erT dros msoflio xelovnebis<br />
Tanadroul ganviTarebasTan gvaaxloebda? iqneb swavlebis<br />
araswori meTodika, romelmac evropul Teatrs dagvaSora?<br />
vfiqrob, araqarTul sistemaze awyobilma swavlebam Cven<br />
TviTmyofadoba dagvakargvina. arsebobs qarTvel avtorTa<br />
sistemebic, magram ZiriTadad isini mainc tradiciuli meTodis<br />
ganviTarebaa da ara namdvilis kvleva...<br />
rodesac stanislavskis samSoblos farglebs gareT<br />
TviTdajerebuli momzadebiT warvsdeqiT, aRmoCnda, rom msoflio<br />
Teatrsa da Teatralur swavlebaSi bevr saintereso movlenas<br />
Cven gareSe Cauvlia.<br />
ritmis swavlebis<br />
mniSvneloba msaxiobis aRzrdis procesSi<br />
kidev erTxel xazgasmiT aRvniSnav, rom, rodesac dalkrozi<br />
ritmis struqturaze muSaobda, es im epoqis moTxovnileba<br />
iyo, ramac Tanamedrove evropuli Teatri moamzada. roca<br />
qarTul dramaturgiaSi mcire teqstiani piesebis weris<br />
tendencia daiwyo (magaliTad moviyvan k. gamsaxurdias<br />
simbolisturi piesas `garsi maradi~ 3 ), didi romanistis es<br />
nabiji, praqtikulad, dRemde Seuswavlelia. iqneb es piesa<br />
verbaluri Teatris etapobrivi transformirebis Canasaxicaa,<br />
romelic, samwuxarod, ver ganviTarda.<br />
grigol robaqiZe Teatris aseT ganmartebasac gvTavazobs:<br />
`Teatri, misterias ziarebuli cremlia~ da missave mowodebas<br />
Tu gavixsenebT _ `siZunwe sityvebis~, Tu kidev imasac<br />
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom orive mwerali 20-ian wlebSi,<br />
garkveulwilad, qarTuli Teatris politikis ganmsazRvrelic<br />
iyo, maSin Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qarTuli Teatri<br />
`adaT-wesebis~ Ziebas swored im etapze gaeqca, arada, es `adaTwesebi~<br />
eris moTxovna iyo. es im periodis dramaturgiazec<br />
migvaniSnebs, ramdenime magaliTs moviyvan: gr. robaqiZis `lamara~,<br />
S. dadianis `TeTnuldi~, s. SanSiaSvilis `anzori~ da kidev, am<br />
piesebis damdgmelis, sandro axmetelis werilebi Tu piradi<br />
Canawerebi qarTuli ritmis Sesaxeb.<br />
saqarTveloSi msaxiobis aRzrdis procesi, erTi SexedviT,<br />
kompleqsuria, Teoriulad Cven unda miviRoT universali, magram<br />
praqtikul doneze, rig SemTxvevaSi, Sedegad viRebT msaxiobebs,<br />
romlebsac sxeulis marTvis elementaruli teqnika arc ki<br />
gauvliaT _ aq iswavleba cekva, magram ar viciT, rogor<br />
vicekvoT, iswavleba `vokali~, magram is, Tu rogor unda vmarToT<br />
xma _ ara. yvelaferi gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom Cven skolas<br />
ar gaaCnia ritmis, rogorc msaxiobis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli<br />
saSualebis meTodika.<br />
magaliTisTvis moviyvanT hileraus dalkroziseuli<br />
gakveTilebis mxolod CamonaTvals, anu, ras unda flobdes<br />
msaxiobi: ritmuli tanvarjiSi, solfejio, msaxiobis ostatoba<br />
(improvizacia), sunTqva, anatomia, gundi, plastika... Tu msaxiobs<br />
gamomuSavebuli ara aqvs Sinagani ritmi, is ver axerxebs<br />
sworad sunTqvas, araswori sunTqviT ki _ metyvelebas. CvenTan<br />
18 19
irakli gogia<br />
xom, umeteswilad, metyvelebis gakveTilebi yovelgvari fizikuri<br />
momzadebis gareSe tardeba da emsgavseba logopedis muSaobas<br />
yba-saxis defeqtis mqone adamianTan... aq, rogorc wesi, aswavlian<br />
cekvis ileTebs da ara imas, Tu rogor unda mivaRwioT ileTis<br />
Sesrulebamde...<br />
mdgomareoba gamouvali xdeba, rodesac ar viciT,<br />
elementarulad, kunTebis agebuleba da sxeulis is detalebi,<br />
romelTac konkretul davalebebs vaZlevT. ritmis Seswavlisas,<br />
vfiqrob, aucilebelia adamianis agebulebis Seswavla, anu,<br />
sxeulis im nawilTa struqturis gacnoba, romlis saSualebiTac<br />
scenaze saswauli unda moxdes. harmoniuloba gamoricxulia<br />
Tu ar viciT ra xdeba terfSi an xelis mtevanSi im dros,<br />
roca mas konkretuli davalebiT vtvirTavT...<br />
ritmis gareSe msaxiobi emsgavseba im adamians, romelsac<br />
romelime kiduri an organo xelovnuri aqvs da misi marTva<br />
ar SeuZlia. Tu Cveni amocanaa adamianis msaxiobad aRzrda,<br />
upirvelesad mas unda gamovumuSavoT survilis, inteleqtisa<br />
da qmedebis, anu moZraobis, marTvis SesaZlebloba. isev magaliTs<br />
moviyvan da gagacnobT dalkrozis ganmartebas: `Tavis tvinSi<br />
mobilizebulia survilebis, inteleqtisa da qmedebis<br />
centraluri wertilebi. Tavis tvinidan sxeulis yvela<br />
nawilisaken mimarTulia nervuli qsovilebi, romlebic asruleben<br />
iseTive rols, rogorsac sakomunikacio gadamcemebi, centraluri<br />
organodan nervebi TavianT survils gadascemen kunTebs, xolo<br />
isini sruliad emorCilebian maT brZanebas da asruleben<br />
signalis Sesabamis moZraobebs, rasac avtomaturad kunTebTan<br />
erTad imeoreben Zvlebi, saxsrebi da sxeulis rbili nawilebi.<br />
am gziT kunTebi iqceva survilis moqmed Zalad~. 4 aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, cxadia, rom ritmi, ZiriTadad, sxeulis marTvaa,<br />
anu, pirveli safexuri msaxiobis momzadebisa, raTa SemdgomSi<br />
man SeZlos yvela im tradiciuli gakveTilis aTviseba,<br />
rogoricaa `vokali~, `cekva, ostatoba~, `metyveleba~, `mxatvruli<br />
kiTxva~ da Tundac humanitaruli mecnierebebi. msaxiobis<br />
aRzrdaSi, garda sxeulisa, upirveles funqcias tvini da misi<br />
gonebrivi ganviTareba asrulebs, raTa man mis winaSe dasmuli<br />
amocanebi gaigos da Seasrulos. msaxiobisTvis aucilebelia,<br />
ritmis swavlebis<br />
mniSvneloba msaxiobis aRzrdis procesSi<br />
rogorc kidurebisa da organoebis, aseve tvinis funqciebis<br />
codna, radganac tvini umTavresi ritmuli organoa. dalkrozis<br />
azriT: `Tavisufali nebasurvilebi, nervuli kvanZebi da kunTebi<br />
arian ganuyofelni. maTi erToblivi muSaobis wyalobiT<br />
xorcieldeba Cvenive survilebi moqmedebiT realobaSi, rac<br />
SemdgomSi aisaxeba Cvens SemoqmedebaSi~. 5<br />
tvini ritmul gonebad unda vaqcioT _ rogorc tvinidan<br />
gaSvebuli impulsebi amoZraveben sxvadasxva kunTebs, aseve<br />
nervuli qsovilebis daboloebebic xom tvinSia... es cda<br />
mimarTulia sxeulisa da sulis erTianobis misaRwevad da am<br />
SemTxvevaSi msaxiobi ukve SeZlebs srulad gamoxatos da<br />
Seasrulos nebismieri davaleba, imuSaos Teatraluri xelovnebis<br />
nebismier dargSi.<br />
`Tu misaRwevi xdeba sxeulisa da sulis erToblioba,<br />
xorcieldeba sicocxlis ZiriTadi principi _ azrovnebisa<br />
da moqmedebis erTdrouloba da Tanmimdevruloba~. 6 es<br />
aris Teatraluri xelovnebis mTavari azri, swored am<br />
princi pebis dacviT miiRweva namdvil Teatramde da Tanamedrove<br />
moTxovnilebebis pasuxebamdec.<br />
vfiqrob, rom swored `adaT-wesebis Ziebaa TeatrSi~ msaxiobis<br />
ritmuli aRzrda da im Tvisebebis gamomuSavebis procesi, rac<br />
qarTul Teatrs metad sainteresos gaxdis. es mogvcems<br />
saSualebas, rom scenaze srulyofili gansaxiereba vixiloT<br />
da ara erTmaneTis msgavsi nacrisferi erTferovneba. mimaCnia,<br />
rom saWiroa, Tundac, dalkrozis qarTulad transformireba<br />
da qarTuli ritmis swavlebis meTodebis Camoyalibeba (amis<br />
safuZveli qarTul miTologiaSi da cekvaSi devs) da miT<br />
ufro maSin, rodesac vrwmundebiT, rom swavlebis teqnologiebi<br />
Tu ar Seicvala, SesaZloa qarTuli Teatri Tanamedrove<br />
msaxiobis gareSe darCes.<br />
sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia msaxiobma is moTxovnebi Seasrulos,<br />
rasac mas msoflio masStabis TeatrebSi uyeneben da, Sesabamisad,<br />
moqmedebaze agebuli speqtaklebis ganxorcielebac gamoricxuli<br />
xdeba.<br />
20 21
irakli gogia<br />
dabolos, kidev erTxel aRvniSnav, rom tradiciuli<br />
verbaluri Teatri da tradiciuli aRzrdis sistema<br />
saqarTveloSi CixSia Sesuli da saWiroa iseTi evropuli<br />
Teatraluri swavlebebis danergva, romlebic Cvenamde rig<br />
SemTxvevebSi mxolod maTi avtorebis saxelebiTa da gvarebis<br />
saxeliT aris cnobili.<br />
1. eJi grotovski. `saTeatro memkvidreoba~, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba<br />
`kentavri~, 2008, gv. 63.<br />
2. ix.: grigol robaqiZe. werilebi Teatris Sesaxeb, Tbilisi, 2003.<br />
3. Jurnali `sabWoTa xelovneba~,<br />
4. ix.: Эмиль Жак Далькроз. Ритм, Моссква, 2008.<br />
5. Эмиль Жак Далькроз. ix.: iqve;<br />
6. Эмиль Жак Далькроз. ix.: iqve.<br />
mixeil mestviriSvili<br />
doqturanturis I kursi,<br />
xelmZRvaneli levan xeTaguri<br />
Teatri kiber-samyaroSi<br />
saukuneebis mijnaze myofma Teatrma Tavis warsulad<br />
sakuTari gamocdileba da iseTi momavali daadastura, romelmac<br />
mTlianad Secvala an uaryo mTeli kulturuli monapovari.<br />
fiqrobdnen, rom saintereso Ziebebs winaaRmdebobebiT savse<br />
gzac Tan daerTveboda da asec moxda. qvis nagebobidan taZris,<br />
Semdeg _ ubralo xis ficarnagamde, WraqiT ganaTebul<br />
panoramebamde, urmiT moxetiale adamianebis saerTo ideamde,<br />
Tu zeTis ganaTebidan axal eleqtrofikaciamde. dRevandeli,<br />
Tanamedrove Teatris saxe mayureblisa Tu mkvlevrisaTvis<br />
warmoadgens ukve, rogorc mxatvrul mTlianobas, aseve sakvlev<br />
obieqts; Tavad Seqmnili nawarmoebi ganapirobebs aRmqmelisa<br />
da aRsaqmelis rolTa ganawilebas, rogorc rolebis aseve<br />
poziciebisa da subieqt-obieqtis urTierTmimarTebas. Tuki<br />
manamade Teatris standartuli saxe iyo dakanonebuli:<br />
mayurebeli parterSi da msaxiobi scenaze, _ am ukanasknelma<br />
kuTvnili adgili datova: xan mayurebelTa darbazSi gadainacvla,<br />
xanac Seqmnili sazRvrebis gareT scada gasvla. mokled, Zalian<br />
bevri eqsperimenti Catarda imisaTvis, Tu sad ufro<br />
`komfortuli~ iqneboda orive maTganisTvis gankuTvnili drois<br />
mimdinareobisas dabinaveba da a. S. xelovanTa mTeli Taoba<br />
Caeba rigi sakiTxebis saeqsperimento obieqtad gadasaqcevad,<br />
ramac uamravi `izmi~, uamravi `post...~ warmoSva. adgilTa<br />
geografiul gadanacvlebas sivrceSi dRes veRaravin mohyavs<br />
gaocebaSi, radgan Tanamedrove adamiani sul ufro meti<br />
eqstremisaken, meti `xifaTisadmi~, meti moulodelobebisadmi<br />
iswrafvis, rac erT-erT ZiriTad koncepts warmoadgens<br />
Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi kaTarzisis gansacdelad. reJisorebisa<br />
Tu dramaturgebis sakvlevi obieqti ukve adaminis cnobierebis<br />
dafaruli Sreebia da maT gamosaxatavad axali rakursiT<br />
gansacdeli Tu aRsaqmeli saSualebebi ikaveben mniSvnelovan<br />
adgils. `sagnebi~, aq ukve ubralod ki ar arseboben, aramed<br />
22 23
mixeil mestviriSvili<br />
Teatri kiber-samyaroSi<br />
gansazRvrul konstruqcias amuSaveben da awarmoeben iseve,<br />
rogorc warmodgenis, verbaluri da vizualur nawili.<br />
Tanemedrove Teatris axlad aRmoCenil Tvisebebs ukve mecniereba<br />
CauRrmavda iseve, rogorc mecnierebas CauRrmavda Teatri.<br />
erTi SexedviT, sruliad gansxvavebuli saxe miiRo xelovnebis<br />
am dargma da sruliad sxva poziciebi ganalaga Tanamedrove<br />
samyaros yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. `axali mediis~ dabadebam<br />
mTlianad Secvala adamianis azrovneba.<br />
Tanamedrove samyaros swraf ganviTarebas Tan sdevs<br />
xelovnebis yvela dargis swrafi winsvlac, romelic mudmiv<br />
Ziebasa da Tvalyuris devnas, dakvirvebas moiTxovs.Amis gareSe<br />
warmoudgenelia mkvlevrisa Tu xelovnis adekvaturi reaqcia<br />
msoflios Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi mimdinare procesebze, sruli<br />
warmodgena iqonios Zireul mizezebze, romlebic gamoZaxilia<br />
ama Tu im faqtebisa. gasuli saukunis 20-iani wlebidan dRemde<br />
bevri ram Seicvala Teatralur xelovnebaSi. SiSobdnen, rom<br />
kinos, televiziis dabadeba Teatrs gaanadgurebda, magram ase<br />
ar moxda. yovelma maTganma Tavisi adgili daikava kulturul<br />
sivrceSi da Tavisi TviTmyofadobac aCvena. Tanamedrove media<br />
saSualebebma gansakuTrebuladDimoqmeda, rogorc xelovnebis<br />
yvela dargze, aseve adaminebis cxovrebazec. faseulobaTa<br />
gadafasebam sruliad axali formebi da sivrceebi Seqmna.<br />
Teatri ukve aRar aris mxolod erTxel da samudamod<br />
dadgenili, dakanonebuli sivrce, sadac scenaze msaxiobebi<br />
TamaSoben da mayurebeli ki parteridan adevnebs Tvals.<br />
Tanamedrove samyarom moaxerxa am dakanonebuli sivrceebidan<br />
gasvla da Semdeg isev ukan dabruneba Zalian bevri saSualebiT.<br />
XX saukunis 20-iani wlebSi ervin piskatorma da `bauhauzis~<br />
im droisaTvis reaqtiulma ideebma mTlianad Secvales msgavsi<br />
midgoma Teatrisadmi, rogorc konceptualur aseve praqtikul<br />
doneze. amaSi ki udidesi damsaxureba kinosa da Tanamedrove<br />
`kiber~ saSualebebs miuZRviT.<br />
termini `kiber~ da mTlianad `kiberanTropologia~ modis<br />
`kibersfeisis~ gamogonebis Semdeg, romelic pirvelad naxsenebi<br />
iyo samecniero gamocemaSi _ novela `neuromanser~, _ viliam<br />
gibsonis avtorobiT, 1984 wels. 40-ini wlebis bolos<br />
maTematikosma norbert veinerma prefiqsi `kiber~ gamoigona<br />
`kibernetikaze~ dayrdnobiT, romelic adamiansa da manqanas<br />
Soris urTierTobebs aRniSnavs. veiners TavSi utrilebda<br />
berZnuli sityva „kibernetes~ (igive „mesaWe~, „piloti~),<br />
romelic aRniSnavs manqanis mmarTvels an makontrolebels.<br />
dRes prefiqsi „kiber~ ZiriTadad kompiuterebis da<br />
informaciuli teqnologiebis mimarTulebiT gamoiyeneba, anu<br />
rogor zemoqmedeben adamianebi manqanebiT da manqanebze. 50-<br />
iani wlebidan anTropologebma meti yuradRebiT daiwyes<br />
teqnologiebis da maTi zegavlenis Seswavla. xelovnebaSi ki<br />
sul ufro mZlavrad Semodis Tanamedrove gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
saSualebebi da amis niadagze ara erTi eqsperimenti Catarda.<br />
1965 wels jon keiji mersi kaninkhamis cekvis dasisTvis qmnis<br />
`variaciebi VII-s. man devid tiudorTan erTad arCevani SeaCera<br />
xmis gadamcemis or sistemaze. pirveli sistemisaTvis<br />
gamogonebul iqna mowyobiloba, romlis muSaoba efuZneboda<br />
scenis ganaTebaze orientirebul fotoelementebs. am saxiT,<br />
urTierTzemoqmedi sxivebis mixedviT mocekvaveebi gamoscemdnen<br />
xmas. meore sistemis SemTxvevaSi sivrcis mTliani sistema<br />
antenebis serias warmoadgenda. xma gaismoda yovel jerze,<br />
roca mocekvave antenas 4 futis da ufro nakleb manZilze<br />
miuaxlovdeboda. xmis aqtivacia xdeboda aTi fotoelementiT,<br />
romlebic CarTulni iyvnen magnitofonsa da mokletalRovvan<br />
radiomimRebze. mocekvaveebis moqmedeba mimdinareobda ukana<br />
xedis fonze, romelzec sten vanderbikis filmebi da nam jun<br />
paikis video namuSevrebi proecirdeboda. `variaciebi V~, romelic<br />
m om z ad d a h am burgi s t e le v iz i is T vi s, moiTx o vd a<br />
fotoelementebisa da xuTfutiani antenebis ganlagebis iseT<br />
rigs, rom miRebuli yofiliyo saWiro gaxmovaneba.<br />
dRemde bevri Tvlis, rom Teatri kargavs Tavis namdvil<br />
saxes, magram me mimaCnia, rom es zedapiruli midgoma Sorsaa<br />
WeSmaritebisgan, radgan jer kidev Sileri ambobda, rom “Der<br />
Mensch ist nur da ganz Mensch, wo er spielt” (`srulyofilia<br />
adamiani iq, sadac is TamaSobs~). Tuki Sileris am mosazrebas<br />
Zireulad mivudgebiT, maSin imaSic davrwmundebiT, rom dRes<br />
Tanamedrove multimediuri warmodgenisaTvis saguldagulod<br />
Seqmnil sivrces xangrZlivi tradicia gaaCnia.<br />
24 25
mixeil mestviriSvili<br />
Teatri kiber-samyaroSi<br />
dasavluri Teatris koncefciis arsebobis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
istoriis koleqtoris erT-erTi parametri xelSeuxebeli darCa,<br />
miuxedavad Catarebuli mravali radikaluri eqperimentebisa.<br />
arsebuli parametri fizikur Tanaarsebobas warmoadgenda<br />
`Semqmnelsa da mayurebel/damkvirvebels~ Soris. telematikuri<br />
da gansakuTrebiT internetis, rogorc gansxvavebul media<br />
teqnologiaTa saSualebebis, ganviTarebasTan erTad, axali tipis<br />
Teatri warmoiSva, romelsac saxelad `telematikuri~ anu<br />
distribucirebuli warmodgenebi~ daerqva. `telematikuri~<br />
warmodgenebi sivrceSi warmogvidgens `Semqmnelisa~ da<br />
`damkvirveblis~ erTianobas da `produqtis~ (scenuri sivrcis)<br />
realizacias sxvadasxva manZilze arsebul adgilebze, romlebic<br />
damokidebulni arian audienciis mravalferovnebasa Tu<br />
raodenobaze, proeqtis koncefciasa da ti pze. adgilebi<br />
sxvdasxva distanciazea linkirebuli internetis saSualebiT,<br />
magal i Tad “Internet relay chat” 1 , (internet estafeta) romelic<br />
teqstualur garemos warmoadgens dramis wamodgenebisaTvis<br />
an kidev “world wide web” 2 (msoflio masStabis qseli). msgavsi<br />
warmodgenebisaTvis scenuri sivrcis Seqmnis ZiriTad<br />
saSualebebad videokonferenciis sistema an veb-kamerebi<br />
gvevlineba. am dros ki samganzomilebiani warmodgena<br />
organzomilebianad gardaisaxeba monitoris ekransa Tu<br />
saproqcio aparatis gaSuqebaSi. arsebul mdomareobas im<br />
Tezisamde mivyavarT, rom internet performansebi da mTlinad<br />
multimediuri tipis warmodgenebi `konkretuli adgilisaTvis<br />
gansazRvrul xelovnebas~ da missave Teorias efuZneba.<br />
pirveli aseTi midgoma `internet performansebi~ XX<br />
saukuneSi Camoyalibda, erTi mxriv saSemsruleblo xelovnebasa<br />
da meore mxriv, media teqnologiebs Soris eqsperimentebis<br />
Catarebis safuZvelze. meore midgoma `konkretuli adgilisaTvis<br />
gankuTvnili~ xelovneba, telematikuri warmodgenebisadmi<br />
gancdis, SegrZnebebis transformaciis arsebobas aZlierebs.<br />
transformaciis meTodze didi gavlena internetis dispoziciur<br />
zemoqmedebasac aqvs. zogadad, konkretuli adgilisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli xelovneba ganisazRvreba ise, rogorc<br />
gansazRvruli garemosaTvis gankuTvnili specialuri forma.<br />
misi istoriuli fesvebi ki 1960 wlebis minimalistur<br />
qandakebaSi SeiZleba moviZioT. mkvlevrebi midian daskvnamde,<br />
rom minimalizmi sul ufro da ufro iWreba Teatralur da<br />
warmosaxviT samyaroSi efemerul da droebiTi moqmedebis<br />
arsebobisas.Bbritaneli mkvlevari nik kai aRniSnavs, rom<br />
`warmodgenaa is, rac dagvanaxebs da gansazRvravs adgils<br />
Tavis damaxasiaTebel TvisebebTan erTad. igi warmosadegia<br />
ara marto sakuTriv im droisaTvis, romlisTvisac aris<br />
gamoyenebuli arsebuli modifikaciebiT da konkretuli<br />
saqmianobisaTvis, aramed zogadad adgilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
mrvalferovnebiT.~ 3 am Teoriuli aspeqtidan gamodinare,<br />
interneti wamodgenisaTvis ukve aucilebel da mTavar<br />
komponentsac warmoadgens. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi<br />
ti pis warmodgenebis arseboba aZlierebs sicoclxisunarian<br />
elementebs, rogorc warmodgenisaTvis, aseve maTTvis, vinc unda<br />
miiRos Seqmnili produqti. arsebuli mosazrebebis safuZvelze,<br />
fokusirebas internetze vaxdenT, rogorc specifiur, konkretul<br />
adgilze, romelic biZgs aZlevs moxdes erTianobis SegrZneba<br />
da Semdeg, egreT wodebuli, `kiber~-kaTarzisi `Semqmnelmwarmoebelsa~<br />
da `mayurebel-mimReb-damkvirvebels Soris~,<br />
ganisazRvros rogori struqturaa da rogor xdeba komunikacia<br />
sxvadasxva distanciaze arsebul `gadamcemebs~ da `mimRebebs~<br />
Soris.<br />
miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, internet performansebi media<br />
specifikiT ar unda ganixilebodes, rogorc marTvadi xelovnebis<br />
sfero, noel karolis argumentis mixedviT: `media specifika<br />
aris mxolod mniSvnelovani strategia axlad Camoyalibebuli<br />
xelovnebis formebis daarsebis legitimaciisaTvis~. 4 noel<br />
karolis am mosazrebaze mkvlevari julia glenseri aRniSnavs,<br />
rom `saSualebebis specifikis argumentebi mimzidvelia<br />
saSualebaTa transformaciisaTvis xelovnebis axal sferoSi,<br />
radgan igi gvTavazobs gzas, romlis saSualebiTac, xelovnebis<br />
am mimarTulebas miecema damoukidebloba da gamoeyo sxva<br />
mimdinareobebs. karoli ar uaryofs, rom `momavlis perspeqtivis<br />
arsebobas SeuZlia iqonios dasabuTebuli Sedegi, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom igi cdilobs Tavi aaridos saSulebaTa<br />
aucileblobas~. 5 es ki gulisxmobs Semdegs:<br />
26 27
mixeil mestviriSvili<br />
Teatri kiber-samyaroSi<br />
“saSualebebs, rogorc saWiroebas SegrZnebebisaTvis,<br />
saSualebebis mizanmimarTuli gamovlinebebi gaaCnia. es aris<br />
saSualebaTa moculoba, rac imas gvkarnaxobs, ra aris saWiro<br />
da ra unda gakeTdes am saSualebebiT~. 6<br />
kiber samyaro, paralelurad arsebobs materialur<br />
samyarosTan.Ees ori samyaro warmoadgens wyvils, zemoqmedebs<br />
erTmaneTze da amiT erTmaneTis identifikacias axdens. `samyaro<br />
aris bipolaruli yvela mniSvnelobiT~ 7 . am procesis Sedegs<br />
warmoadgens TviTgamoxatva, romelic simbolurad daiwyo XX<br />
saukuneSi `franguli revoluciidan~ da ganviTareba<br />
filosofiaSi hpova fsiqoanalizze dayrdnobiT. TviTgamoxatvis<br />
meore etapi ukve TviTasaxvas warmoadgens, romelic efuZneba<br />
urTierTobebs sakuTar TavTan da garemosTan. xelovnebis sxva<br />
mimarTulebebisagan gansxvavebiT `net-artma~ `kibersfeisze~<br />
dayrdnobiT Camoayaliba axali kanonebi da urTierTobebi. es<br />
axali kanonebi da urTierTobebi emxroba memarcxene flangs, 8<br />
sadac xazgasmulia TviTgarkvevis SegrZneba posthegelianur,<br />
postfroidul, postlakanur da ukve male postkiber<br />
mimarTulebiT.Eeleqtronul landSaftSi poziciebi aRebulia<br />
materilur samyaroSi mimdinare procesebis mixedviT da piriqiT.<br />
fsiqoanalizis filosofia miuTiTebs, rom erTi mxriv, Cven<br />
vcxovrobT warmosaxviT samyaroSi, sadac aramaterialuri<br />
gamoTvlebis mixedviT sagnebi realuria, is bunebSi ar arsebobs<br />
da yovelive materialurs marTavs, meore mxriv ki, _<br />
virtualurSi, romelic materialuri samyaros simulakrums<br />
warmoadgens. erTaderTi, rac Cven gagvaCnia aris, SegrZnebebi<br />
da dro, romelic warmosaxviT samyaroSic realuria. garda<br />
amisa, es kiTxvebi struqturuli analizis Sesaxeb,<br />
kompleqsurobis arsebobis Sesabamis potencials gvaZlevs, rac<br />
mniSvnelovan koncefcias warmoadgens axali mediis<br />
mimarTulebiT.<br />
Cems yuradRebas gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove cekva ipyrobs,<br />
romelmac gasuli saukunidan moyolebuli cekvisa da<br />
Tanamedrove teqnologiebis mniSvnelovani sinTezi Seqmna. Teatri,<br />
cekva da mTlianad performansis xelovneba yovelTvis<br />
warmoadgenda interdisciplinur, anu multimediur formebs.<br />
saukuneebis manZilze cekva mWidro kavSirSi iyo musikasTan<br />
da moicavda rekvizitis vizualur elementebs, kostiums da<br />
ganaTebas sivrceSi sxeulis gamomsaxevelobis gasaZliereblad.<br />
Teatrma, misi ritualuri Zirebidan klasikuri gamomsaxvelobis<br />
gavliT, Tanamedrove eqsperimentul formebamde, tradiciulad<br />
win wamowia adamianis xma da teqsti, yvela zemoT naxseneb<br />
komponentebTan erTad. saukuneebis manZilze, Teatrma swrafad<br />
aRmoaCina da gamoiyena axali teqnologiebis dramatuli da<br />
esTeTikuri potenciali.<br />
cifruli performansis istoriaSi teqnologiebis adaptacia<br />
mudmivad mimdinareobda esTetikuri da sanaxaobrivi efeqtis,<br />
agreTve emociuri da mgrZnobelobiTi zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad.<br />
jer kidev 1889 wels, eleqtroobis miRebiT eqstraordinaluri<br />
eqsperimentebis saintereso magaliTs gviCvenebs mocekvave loi<br />
fuleri. aisedora dunkanis Tanamedrove fuleri scenaze farTo<br />
gamWvirvale kostiumiT, naxevrad ganaTebuli airiani tansacmliT<br />
gamodioda, xelSi kverTxebi ekava xelebis sigrZis kidev ufro<br />
gasadideblad. msgavsi magaliTi Tanamedrove qoreografiis<br />
gamovlinebas warmoadgenda da axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT<br />
igi Tavis eqperimentebs 1923 wlamde atarebda. kinoproeqciebis<br />
da ganaTebis efeqtebis SerwymiT axdenda sakuTari sxeulis<br />
gardaqmnas mTlian performansad. aRsaniSnavia performansi,<br />
sadac misi kostumebi radiumiviT anaTebda. fuleris namuSevrebi<br />
SegviZlia CavTvaloT uein makgregoris namuSevris `kiborgi~<br />
(1995 weli) fuZed, sadac ganaTebuli dekoraciebi mocekvave<br />
sxeulis fragmentebs warmoadgenda, dekoraciis ganaTebis<br />
monacvleobiT, erTi nawilis gaSuqebiT maSin, roca sxeulis<br />
meore nawili Cabnelebuli iyo, advildeboda sxvadasxva formis<br />
sxeulebis miReba.Aam speqtaklSi, makgregorma, rogorc britanuli<br />
cifruli cekvis liderma, axali efeqtebis misaRebad gamoiyena<br />
Zveli teqnikuri saSualebebi, ramac mayurebels cekvis is<br />
teqnologiebi gaaxsena, am dargis `pionerebi~ rom iyenebdnen.<br />
multimediuri Teatris erT-erT ZiriTad saxeobad `veb-cekvebi~<br />
gvesaxeba, romelic gansxvavebuli specifikiT gamoirCeva, rogorc<br />
mxatvruli koncefciiT, aseve teqnologiebis gamoyenebis<br />
TvalsazrisiTac.<br />
28 29
mixeil mestviriSvili<br />
Teatri kiber-samyaroSi<br />
`veb cekvebis~ saukeTeso nimuSebs sara morrisonis “Leaping<br />
into the net!” (naxtomi qselSi), niu-iorkis “Cassandra project”<br />
(proeqti `kasandra~) da laura notis “World wide simultaneous<br />
dance” (msoflio masStabis sinqronuli cekva) warmoadgens.<br />
vfiqrob, rom am sam proeqts SeuZlia sami gansxvavebuli<br />
struqturis demonstrireba, raTa dagvanaxos sxvadasxva<br />
internet warmodgenebis scenografiuli Taviseburebebi.<br />
sara morisonis “Leaping into the net!” (naxtomi qselSi)<br />
pirveli internetis da cekvis gamocdilebas wamoadgens, romlis<br />
Sedegic am ori komponentis erTobliobiT iqna miRebuli.<br />
“Live physical performance” (cocxlad Sesrulebuli<br />
warmodgena) gaimarTa 1997 wlis 4 seqtembers, klivlendis<br />
saxalxo TeatrSi. imave dResPparalelurad xdeboda gadacema<br />
“Live internet broadcast” (pirdapiri eTeri internetiT).<br />
mTavari ideis mixedviT “look what happens when art and<br />
technology come together” (`ra moxdeba, roca xelovneba da<br />
teqnologiebi erTiandeba~) oTxma qoreografma Seasrula: within<br />
the order of chaos, (qaosis mwyobrSi), “Sketches of Rodin and<br />
metamorphosis”, (`metamorfozebi da rodenis eskizebi~,<br />
romelic momzadda suzan edvardis mier). sami klasikuri<br />
scenografiuli forma, scenuri sivrce, rogorc mas patris<br />
pavi uwodebs _ dramis da saTamaSo sivrce (anu espace<br />
ludique- frang.) erTdroulad iqna gamoyenebuli tradiciuli<br />
scenis prosceniumze damswre mayureblisaTvis. klivlendis<br />
mayurebelTa garda, warmodgena iwereboda da mTeli msoflios<br />
masStabiT xdeboda gadacema realuri drois msvlelobaSi.<br />
(am miznisaTvis gamoyenebul iqna axlad Seqmnili Real Player.<br />
klivlendis audienciasTan erTad, romelic warmodgenas<br />
tradiciul formaSi uyurebda, onlain audiencia warmodgenas<br />
drois sxvaobiT morisonis veb gverdze iRebda. ZiriTadad<br />
realoba, romelsac internet warmodgenebi qmnis, xasiaTdeba<br />
kompiuteris internet qselSi CarTviT da tradiciuli Teatris<br />
saSualebebiT, rogoric aris sivrce da sxeuli. ZiriTadad<br />
kompiuteris da internetis an ufro zustad: kompiuteruli<br />
qseli, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, rogorc gadacemis aRqmis, miRebis<br />
instrumentad. instrumentul an mediis saSualebiT realobis<br />
aRqmis funqciebis procentuli maCvenebeli, SeiZleba<br />
damokidebuli iyos saSualebaTa gamoyenebis specifikaze, rogorc<br />
Semqmnelze, aseve mayurebel-damkvirvebelze. saSualebaTa<br />
gamoyenebaze didi zegavlena aqvs performansis scenografiul<br />
struqturas da interaqtiulobas. interaqtiulobis idea<br />
ganixileba performansis da axal media saSualebaTa<br />
mimarTulebiT. endi lipmani interaqtiulobas Semdegnairad<br />
gansazvravs: `zogadi mudmivi moqmedebebi or mxares Soris<br />
raime obieqturis misaRwevad da ara mxolod, gvaZlevs uamrav<br />
saSualebas, gadaixedos interaqtiulobis done Semqmnelebsa<br />
da audiencias Soris, an meore mxriv, mudmivi cvalebadoba<br />
ganicados (daxvewis mizniT) performansebis struqturam~. 9<br />
morisonis Leaping into the net!-Si (naxtomi qselSi),<br />
Semqmnelebi da onlain audiencia erTmaneTisagan gayofili<br />
iyo personaluri kompiuteris ekraniT, romlis drosac<br />
warmosaxviTi asaxvis funqcias kisrulobda veb-brouzeri. es<br />
erTganzomilebiani sakomunikacio arxi ar gvaZlevs<br />
interaqtiulobis saSualebas arc lipmanis gagebiT da arc<br />
rameze reagirebis SesaZleblobiT. internetis, rogorc<br />
qoreografiuli namuSevris moZravi suraTebis gadacemis<br />
transmisiul saSualebad gamoyenebisas, Leaping into the net!-<br />
is (naxtomi qselSi) scenografiuli struqtura Seqmnili<br />
iyo tradiciuli avanscenuri koncefciiT, romelic<br />
performerebisa da audienciis gamoyofas gulisxmobs. am<br />
pirveli veb cekvis warmodgenis dros, rodesac Real Player<br />
(namdvili sakravi) da msgavsi Tanamedrove teqnologia<br />
pirvelad gamoiyenes evro-amerikuli Teatris istoriaSi,<br />
performansi Leaping into the net!-is (naxtomi qselSi)<br />
scenografiuli struqtura Tavidan iqna gamogonebuli.<br />
rogorc mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, mocekvaveebs skeptikuri<br />
ganwyoba hqondaT, radgan isini sakuTar sxeuls, rogorc<br />
`instruments~ ise aRiqvamdnen (gaekeTebinaT naxtomi adaminuri<br />
sxeulidan internet qselis sxeulSi), TavianTi cirkulaciuri<br />
da interaqtiuli sistemiT. qselSi gadacemis gamocdileba<br />
ufro xSirad aRiqmeboda, rogorc ubralod gadacemis (media<br />
gadacemis) arseboba, vidre media saSualebebiT axali xelovnebis<br />
Camoyalibebis kvleva.<br />
30 31
mixeil mestviriSvili<br />
Teatri kiber-samyaroSi<br />
scenuri sivrcis likvidacia<br />
“The Cassandra Project”<br />
(proeqti `kasandra~)<br />
meore, aseve gaxmaurebuli veb cekvis warmodgena “The<br />
Cassandra Project” (proeqti `kasandra~) Seiqmna niu-iorkis<br />
universitetSi da warmoadgens globaluri kulturis<br />
gadaadgilebis saerTaSoriso swavlebis mcdelobas (Navigation<br />
Global Culture - globaluri kulturis gadaadgileba). am<br />
proeqts profesori jon jilberti, musikaluri kompoziciebis<br />
programebis reJisori xelmZRvanelobda. niu-iorkis<br />
universiteti, 1996). “The Cassandra Project”-Si (proeqti<br />
`kasandra~) CarTulebi iyvnen aseve musikosebi da poetebi,<br />
romelTa moqmedeba xdeboda internetis saSualebiT. “The<br />
Cassandra Project”-is (proeqti `kasandra~) mravali versia<br />
iqna warmodenili, im partniorebis CaTvliT, romlebic sxvadasxva<br />
adgilebze moRvaweobdnen.P”The Cassandra Project”-is (proeqti<br />
`kasandra~) pirveli warmodgena 1996 wels gaimarTa<br />
konferenciuli sistemis CU-SeeMe-is gamoyenebiT. es gaxlavT<br />
kompiuteruli qseli, romelic akavSirebs performerebs realur<br />
droSi sxva performerebTan sxvadasxva manZilze da<br />
warmodgenis dros, teqstis, cekvis, musikis improvizaciis<br />
materialurobis gancdis saSualebas gvaZlevs. fizikuri garemo,<br />
sadac performerebi arian ganlagebulni, specialurad aris<br />
aRWurvili minimum erTi saproeqcio ekraniT, kontrolirebadi<br />
ganaTebiT da carieli adgiliT, daaxloebiT 3-5 mocekvavisTvis<br />
da saWiro SemTxvevaSi musikosebisaTvis. video kamerebi TiTqmis<br />
yovel kuTxeSi aris ganlagebuli rameTu yvela rakursiT<br />
moxerxdes gadaReba da miRebuli masalis programa CU-SeeMe<br />
-iT gadacema. aseve monitoris ekranze mocekvaveebs saSualeba<br />
aqvT dainaxon sxva performerebi sxvdasxva adgilze. “The<br />
Cassandra Project”-is (proeqti `kasandra~) scenografiam<br />
daaknina scenis sivrce da distanciur adgilebze ganavrco.<br />
mayurebeli warmodgenili iyo, rogorc onlain aseve oflain<br />
reJimSi. performansis dros, mayurebel/damkvirvebels SeeZlo<br />
mudmivi kontaqti hqonoda performerebTan CeT rumis meSveobiT,<br />
maT SeeZloT TavianTi ideebi gamoexataT warmodgenasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. msgavsi interaqtiuloba, koncefcia gvaZlevs<br />
saSualebas saWiro cvlilebebi ganicados performansma Tavad<br />
warmodgenis procesSi. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom performansi<br />
“Leaping into the net!” (naxtomi qselSi) ar exeba Teatraluri<br />
produqciis tradiciul rols, “The Cassandra Project”<br />
(proeqti `kasandra~) cdilobs ar gawyvitos kavSiri<br />
performerebsa da mayurebels Soris, raTa daafuZnos koncefcia<br />
“Distributive choreography” (distribuciuli qoreografia),<br />
rogorc mas mkvlevari: lisa naugli uwodebda. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
qoreografiuli namuSevris distribuciuli SesaZleblobebi<br />
gulisxmobs imas, rom yvela monawiles SeuZlia wamoayenos<br />
Tavisi idea, qoreografiuli improvizacia performansis<br />
mimdinareobis dros. idea, `distribuciuli qoreografia~ axdens<br />
Teatraluri produqtis tradiciuli rolis konfiguraciis<br />
Secvlas: cekvis dagegmil moZraobebTan erTad, yvela monawiles<br />
SeuZlia wvlili Seitanos performansis SeqmnaSi. mayurebeli<br />
mTlianadaa CarTuli sxvadasxva distanciidan da erTgvarad<br />
akontrolebs performansis ganzomilebaTa Seqmnis process.<br />
orive zemoqmedeba: qoreografebis tradiciuli rolis<br />
konfiguraciis Secvla da damkvirveblebis qoreografiis<br />
p roce s Si Ca rT u lo b a dam ok id e bulia i n te r ne ti s<br />
SesaZleblobebsa da monawileTa arsebobaze sxvadasxva<br />
distanciaze mowyobili adgilebidan.<br />
’’World Wide Simultaneous Dance’’ –<br />
msoflio masStabis sinqronuli cekva<br />
’’World Wide Simultaneous Dance’’ (msoflio masStabis<br />
sinqronuli cekva) proeqti, ganxorcielebuli laura notis<br />
mier 1998 wels. warmodgena moicavda or komponents: cocxlad<br />
Sesrulebuli cekvis performansebs, romelic erTi da imave<br />
dros msoflios 12 qveyanaSi mimdinareobda da internet video<br />
konferencia, romelic aseve monawile auditorias saSualebas<br />
aZlevda CarTuliyo am RonisZiebaSi.<br />
Llaura notma 60 sxvadasxva monawiles daavala ecekvaT<br />
im adgilebze, romelTac Tavisi adgilobrivi, kulturuli<br />
datvirTva eqneboda cekvis moZraobebiT. nots kargad hqonda<br />
32 33
mixeil mestviriSvili<br />
gacnobierebuli, konkretuli adgilisaTvis gankuTvnili<br />
tradiciuli xelovnebis roli, e. i., TviT xelovanTa<br />
damokidebuleba mSobliuri kulturuli adgilebis mimarT.<br />
scenuri sivrceebis gafantuloba da maTi individualurad<br />
kontrolireba, zrdis produqtis konfiguraciis cvlilebis<br />
rols, rac “The Cassandra Project”-Si (proeqti `kasandra~)<br />
iyo ganxiluli, is scenuri sivrceebi, romlebic mimofenili<br />
aris msoflios sxvadasxva adgilas, Tavs erTi monitoris<br />
ekranze iyris.<br />
“World Wide Simultaneous Dance” (msoflio masStabis<br />
sinqronuli cekva) internets iyenebs, cdilobs globalur<br />
samyaroSi gafantuli mocekvaveebisa da audienciis Tavmoyras<br />
erT internet performansSi. jer erTi noti imasTan erTad,<br />
rom iwvevs performer-monawileebs, romelTaTvisac<br />
Sesasrulebeli cekvis moZraobebi dakavSirebulia im adgilis<br />
kulturul mniSvnelobasTan, agreTve warmogvidgens internet<br />
performansis sxvadsxva kriteriumsac. magaliTad, laura noti<br />
da pam rafi cekvas “Do While Studio”-Si bostonSi asrulebdnen,<br />
prakriti kaSiapi nacionalur cekvas “Sarakella Chau dance”<br />
(sarakela Caus cekva) mumbaiSi da andrea baker domeniCi<br />
improvizacias romSi, sakuTar samzareuloSi. internetis,<br />
(rogorc globaluri movlena) mixedviT, jefri Sou<br />
gansazRvravs `qselis-mdgomareobas~, rogorc `Cveni drois<br />
SemTxvevas, SemTxveviTobasa da garTulebul mdgomareobas~ .10<br />
veb-msaxiobi, rogoric laura notia, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs<br />
net-garemoebis dapirispirebas da mis gamoyenebas esTetikur<br />
konteqstSi. amasTan, ’’World Wide Simultaneous Dance’’<br />
(msoflio masStabis sinqronuli cekva) saSualebas aZlevs<br />
kulturasa da cekvaze adgilobriv warmodgenebs, Sevides<br />
internetSi da aqedan gamomdinare, warmoadginos misi lokaluri<br />
mniSvnelobebi internetis specifikaSi.<br />
saTeatro mecniereba stimulirebas internet performansebis,<br />
perfromerebisa da mayurebelTa saSualebiT ganicdis. es<br />
ZiriTadad zegavlenas axdens da gviCvenebs, rom TiToeuli<br />
proeqti individualuri scenografiuli struqturiT unda<br />
iqnas Sesrulebuli. sxva net-art proeqtebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
Teatri kiber-samyaroSi<br />
rogoric aris interaqtiuli veb instalaciebi, misi SezRuduli<br />
gamoyenebis rangiT, internet performansi net-artSi axal,<br />
efemerul ideas warmoadgens. internet performansi<br />
damTavrebasTan erTad qreba da igive proeqtis kvlav warmoeba<br />
SeuZlebeli xdeba.<br />
telematikuri performansebi, performansis garemos<br />
daniSnulebis gansazRvras axdenen fizikuri samuSao modelisa<br />
da temporaluri struqturis mxriv. gamoyenebuli teqnikuri<br />
saSualebebi (rogorc gamosaxvis specifikuri teqnologiebi)<br />
cvlis realuri siaxlovis aucileblobas performerebsa da<br />
mayurebels Soris da agreTve axdens Semsruleblis rolis<br />
transformacias saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi. dRemde<br />
performerebsa da mayurebels Soris fizikuri kavSiri erTerT<br />
ZiriTad kriteriums warmoadgens TeatrisTvis, rogorc<br />
istoriulad aseve kulturulad. internet performansebi,<br />
romelebic aadvileben mayurebelTa/monawileTa kompetencias<br />
axali media saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, kiTxvis qveS ayeneben<br />
zemoTxsenebul aucilebel kriteriums. telematikuri<br />
performansebi cvlian `cocxali~ mayureblis Tanaarsebobis<br />
koncefcias, internets scenis rols aniWeben, misi esTetikuri<br />
Tu teqnologiuri komponentebis gaTvaliswinebiT. telematikuri<br />
sivrce internet performansebSi SeiZleba danaxul iqnas<br />
metaforulad, rodesac aqcentireba sazogadoebis ZiriTad<br />
damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebze xdeba. internet performansebi<br />
xelovanebs saSualebas aZleven kritikulad aRiqvan dRevandeli<br />
kulturuli ganlageba.MerTi mxriv, Teatri sazogadoebis<br />
produqts warmoadgens, meore mxriv ki, sazogadoebis<br />
aRmSeneblobaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. internet<br />
performansi ar aris mxolod Teatralur procesebSi axali<br />
ganzomilebebis damateba, igi aris universaluri rolis mqone<br />
teqnologia. M<br />
yovelTvis, multimediuri Teatris Taviseburebaze fiqrisas<br />
Cuan Zis ambavi maxsendeba, pepela rom esizmra. mdgomareoba,<br />
roca gaurkveveli gaxda pepelas esizmreboda Cuan-Zi, Tu<br />
Cuan-Zis pepela. iseve, rogorc mravalganzomilebian sivrceSi<br />
34 35
mixeil mestviriSvili<br />
xdeba, roca subieqt-obietqis urierTmimarTebaSi yovelgvari<br />
sazRvari moSlilia. roca zRvari `aq~ da `iq~, `me~ da `Sen~<br />
aRar arsebobs, roca realuri ararealur mdgomareobas ganicdis<br />
da Cveni cnobierebis fskerze rCeba mxolod erTad-erTi, dro.<br />
dro, romelic `iyo da ara iyo ras~ sazRvarze meryeobs<br />
yovelTvis da Cveni gonebis sazRvrebs mijnavs; dro, romelic<br />
mxolod miedineba da mis nakvalevze ikveTeba STabeWdilebebi.<br />
1. www.internetrelaychat.com<br />
2. www.worldwideweb.com<br />
3.Nick Kaye: Site-specific art. Performance, place and<br />
documentation. London: Routledge, 2000 .<br />
4. Noël Carroll: Theorizing the Moving Image. Cambridge:<br />
University of Cambridge Press, 1996.<br />
5. Julia Glesner : Internet Performances as Site-Specific Art.<br />
6. Noël Carroll: Theorizing the Moving Image. Cambridge:<br />
University of Cambridge Press, 1996.<br />
7. Das Hamburg-project: abschied von der disziplinaren ordung,<br />
MOSCOW-BERLIN. 1950-2000. CHRONIK, Nicolai, Martin-Gropius-Bau,<br />
Berlin, 2000, S. 155-158<br />
8. Borut Savski : “Aesthetic Machines“ (essay.- 2001) http://www.3via.org/<br />
html.php?htm=borut<br />
9.Quoted in Brand, Stewart: The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at MIT. New<br />
York: Viking 1987.<br />
10. Jeffrey Shaw : `Radical Software’, in: Weibelm, Peter & Timothy<br />
Druckrey (ed.):net_condition. Art and Global Media. Boston: MIT, 2001.<br />
Teatri kiber-samyaroSi<br />
• Hans-Thies Lehmann : Postdramatisches Theater. Frankfurt am<br />
Main: Verlag der Autoren, 1999<br />
• Julia Glesner : Internet Performances as Site-Specific Art.<br />
• Jeffrey Shaw : `Radical Software’, in: Weibelm, Peter & Timothy<br />
Druckrey (ed.):net_condition. Art and Global Media. Boston:<br />
MIT, 2001<br />
• Вернер Гейзенберг: Физика и философия<br />
• vernerHhaizenbergi: nawili da mTeli. Tbilisi:<br />
ganaTleba, 1983.<br />
• Leaping into the Net!, Sarah Morrison:<br />
http://www.MorrisonDance.com<br />
• Cassandra Project, NYU:<br />
http://pages.nyu.edu/~jg12/cass.htmlhttp://www.nyu.edu/pages/ngc<br />
• World Wide Simultaneous Dance, Laura Knott:<br />
http://www.wwsd.org<br />
• ZKM: http://on1.zkm.de/netCondition.root/netcondition/start/<br />
language/default_e<br />
• http://www.zkm.de<br />
• Nick Kaye: Site-specific art. Performance, place and<br />
documentation. London: Routledge, 2000.<br />
• Noël Carroll: Theorizing the Moving Image. Cambridge:<br />
University of Cambridge Press, 1996.<br />
36 37
laSa CxartiSvili<br />
doqturanturis I kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli - prof. levan xeTaguri<br />
Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX<br />
saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />
(mixeil TumaniSvilis `mefe liris~ magaliTze)<br />
XX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan mniSvnelovani politikuri<br />
da ekonomikuri cvlilebebi xdeboda sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
cxovrebaSi, gamoikveTa sruliad axali tendenciebi. marTalia,<br />
qveynis saTaveSi kvlav komunisturi partia idga, magram igi<br />
seriozul transformacias ganicdida. literaturasa da<br />
xelovnebaSi daiwyo lirikuli nakadis warmoCena. qarTul<br />
xelovnebaSi Cndeba axali saxelebi. es procesi skkp ck-is<br />
pirveli mdivnis xruSCovis mier ufro gaaqtiurda 50-ian<br />
wlebSi antistalinuri propagandis xarjze, romelmac<br />
garkveulwilad dadebiTi tendenciebi dabada. disident<br />
mwerlebs miecaT saSualeba SeeswavlaT `daxurulad~<br />
wodebuli saarqivo masala. yvela es procesi mimdinareobda<br />
fsiqologiurad Sinagani daZabulobis xarjze. rogorc ki<br />
stalinis reJimi Seirya, warmoiSva axali problema, –<br />
antisabWouri literatura, romelic daupirispirda rogorc<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris, aseve TviTon xruSCovis politikasac.<br />
sabWoTa xelisuflebam daiwyo imaTi devna, vinc Tavad<br />
gaadisidenta. disidenturi moZraobis liderebi, Tavad<br />
sabWoTa xelisuflebam Casva cixeSi. miuxedavad amisa, `rkinis<br />
farda~ `axdili~ iyo da iZleoda saSualebas Semosuliyo<br />
iseTi kultura, romelic ucxo iyo sabWoTa partiuli<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis. aman zegavlena moaxdina mxatvrul<br />
azrovnebaze. sabWoTa xelovnebaSi Cndeba axali mimarTulebebi<br />
da stiluri Taviseburebani. am ganaxlebuli mxatvruli<br />
azrovnebis Sedegad ikveTeba axali reJisoruli poziciebic.<br />
TeatrSi modis reJisorTa da msaxiobTa axali Taoba,<br />
romelsac Tavisi individualuri msoflmxedveloba aqvs. am<br />
periodSi dasavluri Teatrebi iwyeben Camosvlas sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris sxvadasxva qalaqebSi. sabWoTa TeatrisTvis es iyo<br />
namdvili gakveTili, axlis aRqmis, masTan Seguebisa da misi<br />
gaazrebis mtkivneuli procesis dasawyisi. `60-iani wlebis<br />
sazogadoeba Sinaganad mzad iyo am uSvelebeli informaciis<br />
misaRebad. ufro metic, 60-iani wlebis SemoqmedebiTi<br />
inteligencia axali azrovnebisa da mxatvruli gamosaxvis<br />
sistemebTan ziarebis daucxromel moTxovnilebas ganicdidnen<br />
da ukve 60-ian wlebs sabWoTa Teatri garkveulad axali<br />
gamocdilebiT Seegeba. SemTxveviTi ar aris swored am<br />
aTwleulis mijnaze `sovremenikis~ Teatris dabadeba, lubimovis<br />
`seCuaneli keTili adamianis~ dadgma da mis safuZvelze<br />
`tagankis Teatris~ Camoyalibeba~ 1 . qarTul TeatrSi daiwyo<br />
axali saTeatro esTetikis Semodineba, romelsac saTaveSi<br />
rusTavelis Teatri edga mixeil TumaniSvilisa da misi<br />
TanamebrZolebis xelmZRvanelobiT.<br />
XX saukunis II naxevridan dRis wesrigSi dadga tragediis<br />
Taviseburad gadafasebis aucilebloba. Ziebebi, romelic<br />
20-ian wlebSi daiwyo da romelic sabWoTa xelisuflebis<br />
diqtatis, ideuri da fizikuri wnexis saSualebiT Caikla,<br />
60-iani wlebidan kvlav ganaxlda. `60-70-ian wlebSi<br />
stabiluri uwyveti procesis Sedegad qarTul TeatrSi<br />
mimdinare Ziebebi mas TiTqmis evropuli da msoflio<br />
Teatraluri procesebis gverdiT ayenebs,– aRniSnavs<br />
Teatrmcodne levan xeTaguri,_ Ziebis prioriteti ZiriTadad<br />
nawarmoebis gadamuSavebaze, anu, literaturul-dramaturgiul<br />
pirvelwyaros seriozul saavtoro interpretaciaze modis.<br />
interpretaciasTan erTad sul ufro ixveweba wina periodSi<br />
gamoyenebuli da amoqmedebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi~ 2 .<br />
XX saukunis 50-60-iani wlebidan evropul TeatrSi<br />
axleburad kiTxuloben klasikuri dramaturgiis ama Tu im<br />
nimuSs, miT umetes, Seqspirs, romelic veriko anjafariZis<br />
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT axlebur `interpretacias ara Tu<br />
itans, aramed Txoulobs. dadga dro axlis Ziebisa.<br />
SeuZlebelia dRes ise imuSavo da Seqmna, rogorc guSin~ 3 .<br />
evropuli Teatri etapobrivad eTxoveboda Zvel, tradiciul<br />
gaazrebas, formebs da ideebs. qarTuli sabWoTa Teatri am<br />
38 39
laSa CxartiSvili<br />
Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />
procesebis avangardSi aRmoCnda, rac savsebiT logikuri<br />
movlena iyo.<br />
XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, vidre robert sturua, Temur<br />
CxeiZe da sxva am Taobis reJisorebi (g. Jordania, n. xatiskaci)<br />
`moZlierdebodnen~ qarTuli sabWoTa Teatris avangardSi,<br />
upirveles yovlisa, mixeil TumaniSvili gvevlineba. swored<br />
mis saxelTan da SemoqmedebasTan aris dakavSirebuli ara<br />
erTi siaxle da progresuli, mxatvruli meTodebis danergva<br />
qarTul sabWoTa TeatrSi, romelic dRemde iwvevs Teatris<br />
mkvlevarTa yuradRebas da inarCunebs aqtualobas.<br />
`srulyofili ar iqneboda m. TumaniSvilis novatoruli misia<br />
adre Tu gvian, rom ar ecada mas Tavisi Teatraluri principebis<br />
damkvidreba Seqspiris dramaturgiaze dayrdnobiT. Seqspiri<br />
kidev erTi, magram aucilebeli barieri iyo TumaniSvilisa da<br />
misi TanamoazreebisaTvis~ 4 .<br />
mixeil TumaniSvili rusTavelis TeatrSi reJisoruli<br />
moRvaweobis meCvidmete wels dgams Seqspiris `mefe lirs~.<br />
es iyo misi meore Sexeba Seqspiris samyarosTan (manamde<br />
iyo `zafxulis Ramis sizmari~, 1964 w.), romlis Cavardnamac<br />
sabolood wertili dausva Seqspiris tradiciul gaazrebas.<br />
`mefe liris~ premiera rusTavelis TeatrSi 1966 wlis<br />
12 aprils Sedga. am droisTvis igi ukve saxelganTqmuli<br />
da aRiarebuli reJisoria, ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed<br />
sabWoTa kavSirSi. mas ukve dadgmuli aqvs i. fuCikis<br />
`adamianebo iyaviT fxizlad~ (1951 w.), j. fletCeris<br />
`espaneli mRvdeli~ (1954 w.), kohoutis `roca aseTi<br />
siyvarulia~ (1958 w.), g. naxucriSvilis `WinWraqa~ (1963<br />
w., mcire scenis gaxsna), mixeil TumaniSvils icnoben moskovSi<br />
da sTxoven b. brextis piesis `gind es jariskaci, gind is~<br />
dadgmas, romelic reJisorma ganaxorciela 1965 wels.<br />
Seqspiris dramaturgiasTan Sexvedramde m. TumaniSvils<br />
klasikuri dramaturgiis arc erTi nimuSi ar daudgams.<br />
`WinWraqas~ irgvliv atexilma skandalma da `zafxulis<br />
Ramis sizmris~ erTgvarma marcxma kidev ufro daTrguna<br />
reJisori. kritika TumaniSviliseul `zafxulis Ramis<br />
sizmarze~ werda: `reJisoris poziciebi erovnuli Teatris<br />
tradiciul TaviseburebaTa, ideur mizandasaxulobaTa da<br />
realisturi princi pebisgan gandgomas efuZneba, yovelive<br />
amis nacvlad ki, mixeil TumaniSvili gvTavazobs speqtaklebs,<br />
sadac mefobs xelovnuroba, siWrele, stilizacia, erotika<br />
da marionetebad qceul msaxiobTa Semoqmedeba~ 5 . faqtia,<br />
rom Teatraluri kritika, maSin ver Caswvda TumaniSvilis<br />
axlebur midgomebs Seqspiris dramaturgiisadmi.<br />
Seqspiris modernizacias qarTul sabWoTa sinamdvileSi,<br />
pirvelad swored mixeil TumaniSvili Seecada, man uari<br />
Tqva Seqspiris piesebis tradiciul wakiTxvaze da mravalgzis<br />
aprobirebul dadgmebis meTodologiaze. Sesabamisad,<br />
SemTxveviTi ar iyo `m. TumaniSvilis mier Seqspiris komediis<br />
amgvari saxiT daintereseba, speqtakli ki gaakritikes (v.<br />
qarTveliSvili, d. mumlaZe), magram is, rac TumaniSvilma<br />
m ay ur e bels Se s Tavaz a, uc xo da mi uR e beli iy o<br />
sazogadoebisTvisac maSin. amgvari interpretacia dagmobili<br />
iqna. es Ziebebi TumaniSvilma daiwyo `zafxulis Ramis sizmarSi~<br />
da mere `mefe lirSi~ gaagrZela, magram gviani iyo~. 6 sul sxva<br />
sakiTxia, ramdenad miaRwia am Ziebebma erTobliobaSi<br />
maRalmxatvrul xarisxs, magram Teatris istoriisaTvis mis<br />
Seqspiriseul dadgmebs umniSvnelovanesi roli eniWeba<br />
qarTul sasceno Seqspirianis tradiciebis ganaxlebaSi da<br />
modernizaciaSi. rTuli fsiqologiuri mdgomareobisa da<br />
daundobeli kritikis miuxedavad, m. TumaniSvili agrZelebs<br />
brZolas da dgams `mefe lirs~. am droisTvis rusTavelis<br />
Teatris repertuarSia robert sturuas, gizo Jordanias<br />
da nana xatiskacis saukeTeso speqtaklebi: a. mileris<br />
`seilemis procesi~, T. WilaZis `akvariumi~, sulxan-saba<br />
orbelianis `sibrZne-sicruisa~ (e. maRalaSvilTan erTad).<br />
`WinWraqas~ da `zafxulis Ramis sizmris~ irgvliv presaSi<br />
atexili polemikisa da aJiotaJis Semdeg, bevri ram iyo<br />
damokidebuli `mefe liris~ warmatebaze, Tumca `lirma~<br />
TumaniSvils sayovelTao gamarjveba ver moutana.<br />
Seqspiris `liris~ dadgmas XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis<br />
rusTavelis Teatris cxovrebaSi princi puli mniSvneloba<br />
hqonda. `tradiciisa~ da `novatorTa~ momxreebs Soris vnebebi<br />
kidev boboqrobda. kamaTi ukidures formebs iZenda da xSirad<br />
yuradRebis miRma rCeboda is Zvirfasi aRmoCenebi da WeSmariti<br />
40 <strong>41</strong>
laSa CxartiSvili<br />
Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />
novatoruli mignebebi, romelTac axali Teatraluri esTetika<br />
axlda~ 7 . TumaniSvilis pirveli Seqspiriseuli dadgmebi qarTul<br />
scenaze misi gaTanamedroveobis pirveli cdebi iyo.<br />
ratom gadawyvita mainc da mainc `liris~ dadgma m.<br />
TumaniSvilma? am kiTxvaze calsaxa pasuxi ar arsebobs,<br />
Tumca sxvadasxva masalebidan da wyaroebidan irkveva, rom<br />
`liris~ dadgmis idea sergo zaqariaZes ekuTvnoda.<br />
TumaniSvilma mas uari ver uTxra, ris gamoc ganawyendnen<br />
kidec `Svidkacas~ wevrebi, Tumca eWvgareSea, rom TumaniSvili<br />
mxolod zaqariaZis survilis axdenis, an Tundac msaxioburi<br />
kaprizisTvis ar SeeWideboda monumentur dramaturgiul<br />
tilos. TumaniSvils gacilebiT didi ambiciebi hqonda da<br />
es iyo kritikis kidev erTi, axali gamowveva. am sakiTxTan<br />
dakavSirebiT n. uruSaZe wers: `vinc gaecnoba im periodis<br />
rusTavelis Teatris sareJisoro kolegiis sxdomebis oqmebs,<br />
Seityobs, rom m. TumaniSvils am tragediis dadgma ar<br />
undoda, es iyo sergo zaqariaZis survili~ 8 . Teatris<br />
moRvaweTaTvis da mkvlevarTaTvis kargad aris cnobili<br />
mixeil TumaniSvilis Tvisebis erTi maxasiaTebeli: is Tavisi<br />
miznebisa da gegmebis Sesaxeb Tavad iSviaTad saubrobda.<br />
misi gegmebic erTi SexedviT TiTqos misgan damoukideblad<br />
xorcieldeboda, yovelTvis kulisebSi idga da iqedan marTavda<br />
garkveul situaciebs. amitomac, sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom<br />
man SesTavaza sergo zaqariaZes liris roli, romelic<br />
sareJisoro kolegiaze ara reJisorma, aramed msaxiobma<br />
gaaxmaura. Jurnal `Teatris~ korespondentis kiTxvaze, Tu<br />
ratom airCia `liri~ dasadgmelad, reJisori pasuxobs: `mizezi<br />
bevria: jer erTi, bolo dros rusTavelis Teatris mimarT<br />
bevri pretenzia gaCnda did tiloebTan misi ganSorebis<br />
gamo. Cven movindomeT polemikis gagrZeleba `didi tilos~<br />
moSveliebiT, anu, visurveT klasikuri tragedia davdgaT<br />
ise, rogorc Cven es dRes warmogvidgenia. bevri ram imiTac<br />
iyo ganpirobebuli, rom Teatris dasSi aris iseTi msaxiobi,<br />
rogorc sergo zaqariaZea...~ 9 rusTavelis TeatrSi `mefe<br />
liris~ 1966 wlis dadgmis masalebidan irkveva, rom<br />
TumaniSvilma `liris~ dadgmis gadawyvetileba `SvidkacasTan~<br />
SeTanxmebis gareSe miiRo. man daarRvia tradicia, roca is<br />
Tavisi gegmebis Sesaxeb megobar msaxiobebTan saubrobda. m.<br />
TumaniSvilis wignidan: `reJisori Teatridan wavida~ (Tb.,<br />
1989) avtori igonebs, rom `Svidkacas~ orma wevrma werili<br />
miswera mas, romelSic ewera: `ar gvinda, rom Seni energia<br />
axla `lirze~ daixarjos. Sen yovelTvis imas dgamdi, rac<br />
gindoda da SemdgomSic ase unda iyos. Cven is gvwyins, rom<br />
Sen `liris~ dadgma ise gadawyvite, rom CvenTvis ar gikiTxavs<br />
rCeva, rogorc amas sxva dadgmebis win akeTebdi...~ 10<br />
Teatrmcodne dali mumlaZis azriT, ki `TumaniSvilis<br />
SemoqmedebaSi dadga dro, roca mas Tavisi Zala, Tavisi<br />
SemoqmedebiTi unari klasikuri nawarmoebis axal wakiTxvaSi<br />
unda eCvenebina. TumaniSvilma Seqspiri airCia. jer `zafxulis<br />
Ramis sizmari~ dadga, Semdeg `mefe liri~. 11 erT-erT interviuSi,<br />
Tu ratom airCia reJisorma `mefe liri~ dasadgmelad, m.<br />
TumaniSvili acxadebs: `CemTvis mefe liri da Tavad problema,<br />
romelic am piesaSi dasva Seqspirma, Zalian axlobelia,<br />
mniSvnelovania da Tanamedrove. es umaRlesi tragediaa –<br />
liris samyaros Secnobis tragedia saintereso da savse<br />
cxovrebiseuli nakadiT~. 12 ase rom, `liris~ dadgma<br />
TumaniSvilma da zaqariaZem erTad gadawyvites, SesaZloa<br />
TumaniSvilis mxridan es erTgvari kompromisi da madlobis<br />
Jesti iyo zaqariaZisadmi (cnobili konfliqtis dros s.<br />
zaqariaZem axalgazrdebs, TumaniSvilis `Svidkacas~ dauWira<br />
mxari), Tumca es sakiTxebi Cveni kvlevis mizans amjerad<br />
scildeba. TeatrmcodneTa umravlesobis azriT, es speqtakli<br />
TumaniSvilis Semoqmedebis gamarjvebaTa siaSi ar Sedis,<br />
magram mas hqonda didi mniSvneloba ara mxolod Seqspiris<br />
axleburi wakiTxvis tradiciis SeqmnaSi, aramed zogadad<br />
Zveli formebis ngrevis da axleburi azrovnebis<br />
damkvidrebaSi.<br />
polemika TumaniSvilis Semoqmedebis da Sesabamisad<br />
rusTavelis Teatris irgvliv, presaSi `liris~ premieris<br />
Semdeg axal fazaSi gadavida. polemika gascilda regionis<br />
farglebs da man mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris centraluri<br />
<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> gamocemebi moicva. zogi adanaSaulebda reJisors<br />
rusTavelis Teatris tradiciuli gzidan gadaxvevaSi (`es<br />
ar aris mefe!~ werdnen erTni), zogierTi kritikosi<br />
42 43
laSa CxartiSvili<br />
Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />
aRfrTovanebuli iyo imiT, rom Teatrma TumaniSvilis<br />
xelmZRvanelobiT uari Tqva liris `tradiciul mefur<br />
didebulebaze~<br />
speqtaklis mxatvari iyo koka ignatovi, kompozitori _<br />
oTar TaqTaqiSvili, rolebi ki ase iyo ganawilebuli:<br />
liri – sergo zaqariaZe,<br />
kenti – erosi manjgalaZe,<br />
gonerila – salome yanCeli,<br />
regana – medea Caxava,<br />
glosteri – giorgi gegeWkori,<br />
edmundi – ramaz CxikvaZe,<br />
edgari – ediSer maRalaSvili,<br />
kordelia _ bela mirianaSvili,<br />
masxara _ guram saRaraZe,<br />
mTavari kornoulisa _ jemal RaRaniZe,<br />
mTavari albanisa _ badri kobaxiZe.<br />
TumaniSvili Seqspiris tragedias axleburad miudga, es<br />
kargad Cans ara erTi im konkretuli faqtidan, rac `liris~<br />
dadgmas ukavSirdeba, reJisorma uari Tqva i. maCablis genialur<br />
Targmanze da Seqspiris Rrma mcodnes vaxtang WeliZes SeukveTa<br />
piesis axali Targmani, radgan misi azriT, speqtakli ufro<br />
Tanamedrove gamovidoda. reJisoris mxridan Seqspiris<br />
tragediis axali Targmanis Seqmna progresuli movlena iyo,<br />
piesa xelaxali Targmnis Sedegad kidev ufro dauaxlovda<br />
prozaul teqsts. m. TumaniSvili am speqtakliT Seecada `mWidro<br />
kontaqti daemyarebina Teatrsa da Tanamedrove mayureblis<br />
sulier samyarosTan. moetana azri da cocxali adamianuri<br />
grZnobebi~. 13 reJisorma paTeTikuri da diadi liris nacvlad,<br />
warmoadgina gaadamianebuli liri, cxovrebis realobasTan<br />
moaxloebuli piri, `masSi meti iyo lirizmi, vidre<br />
monumenturoba, meti sirbile, vidre mrisxaneba, meti siyvaruli,<br />
vidre siZulvili~. 14 werilobiT wyaroebze dayrdnobiT irkveva,<br />
rom `mefe liri~ reJisors Teoriulad sul sxvagvarad hqonda<br />
Cafiqrebuli, vidre igi saboloo versiiT gamovida. werilobiTi<br />
dokumentis saxiT arsebobs TumaniSvilis narkvevi `mefe lirze~,<br />
romelic sagrZnoblad daSorebulia sareJisoro eqsplikacias,<br />
eqsplikacia ki speqtaklis im redaqcias, romelic farTo<br />
mayurebelma ixila.<br />
vidre m. TumaniSvili uSualod daiwyebda speqtaklze<br />
praqtikul muSaobas, mas Teoriulad `liri~ Cafiqrebuli hqonda,<br />
rogorc politikuri farsi. igi speqtaklis movlenebs eqvs<br />
nawilad yofs da TiToeuls pirobiT saxelsac arqmevs. esenia:<br />
1. SeSliloba, pirovnebis kulti,<br />
2. pensioneri-katastrofa,<br />
3. liris akademia,<br />
4. `kaciWamioba!~, TviTmyrobelobis mZvinvareba,<br />
5. aRdgoma!<br />
6. akviatebuli ideebisgan gaTavisufleba.<br />
eqsplikaciaSi, romelic pirvelad TumaniSvilis wignSi: `sanam<br />
repeticia daiwyeba~ daibeWda, reJisori Txzavs erTi SexedviT<br />
liris lirikul samyaros, Tumca politikuri situaciebis<br />
analogiebi maSindel sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan konteqstSi<br />
mainc SeimCneva. reJisori wers: `pirquSi, mkacri mmarTvelobis<br />
wesi... liri mTel xalxs, saxelmwifos marTavs. magram aRmavlobis<br />
xanam gaiara. mefe daberda (unda vivaraudoT, rom TumaniSvili<br />
Seecada liris mxatvruli saxis identifikacias sabWoTa<br />
kavSirTan _ rogorc despotur saxelmwifosTan _ l. C.). is<br />
axla Zalis meSveobiT ki ara, aramed warsuli Zlierebis<br />
gaxsenebiT marTavs saxelmwifos. gadawyvita, saxelmwifo<br />
qaliSvilebs daunawilos... sarkiani cixe-darbazis miRma ki am<br />
dros gamefebulia siZulvili, SeTqmuleba, mkvleloba, intriga...<br />
qveynis gzebze jaSuSebi, yaCaRTa bandebi, mawanwalebi daZrwian...<br />
(daaxloebiT iseTebi, rogoric reJisoris speqtaklSi `antigone~<br />
Cafrebi iyvnen _ l. C.). jurRmulebSi jerjerobiT mefisgan<br />
malulad adamianebs awameben. mosyidva, daSineba, iaraRis<br />
dagroveba, dapirebebi... saxelmwifo moRvaweebi TavianT cixedarbazebSi<br />
miyuJulan da garyvnilebis morevSi ixrCobian.<br />
qveyana, arsebiTad, sisxlisgan icleba, magram garegnulad<br />
yvelaferi Zveleburadaa. yvelas mSvenivrad esmis, rom liris<br />
saxelmwifos dReebi daTvlilia, amitom yvelani grZnoben<br />
aucileblobas, Semzadebulni iyvnen saimisod, rom gayofaganawilebis<br />
dros motyuebulni ar darCnen... centri aRar<br />
arsebobs. aRarc sistemaa... liri gamudmebiT cdilobs, samefo<br />
44 45
laSa CxartiSvili<br />
Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />
Zalauflebis iluzia SeinarCunos... 15 Tu TumaniSvilis `liris~<br />
dadgmis gegmas kargad CavuRrmavdebiT, aucileblad SevniSnavT<br />
aRwerili situaciis paralels istoriul realobasTan.<br />
stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg iwyeba misi kultis gmoba da<br />
saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis princi pebSi Sedis garkveuli<br />
cvlilebebi, ramac xeli Seuwyo sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc<br />
saxelmwifos rRvevis dawyebas, Tumca TumaniSvilis mier<br />
Cafiqrebuli mefe liris msgavsad, arc sabWoTa saxelmwifo<br />
imCnevs mis SigniT momxdar cvlilebebs. warsuli Zliereba,<br />
mxolod inerciaa da yvela iluziaSi cxovrobs. politikurad<br />
motivirebuli tragediis eqspoziciis Semdeg, TumaniSvils<br />
lirikul-dramatuli nakadi Semoaqvs. TumaniSvilis xedviT<br />
liris istoria ambiciuri adamianis istoriaa. `roca gmirs<br />
sakuTari Tavi gaigivebuli hyavs bunebasTan, RmerTTan, anu, is<br />
zeadamiania, zekacia. swored es Tviseba _ sakuTar TavSi<br />
Caketva, xels uSlis dainaxos mis garSemo mimdinare procesebi~. 16<br />
liri iluziiT cxovrobs, is sarkeSi mxolod sakuTari didebis<br />
anarekls xedavs, mis gamocdilebas da Zalas morCilebs<br />
saxelmwifo, swored es Rupavs lirs da ubiZgebs mas gadadgas<br />
araswori sabediswero nabiji, romelic ara mxolod mis<br />
ubedurebas, aramed saxelmwifos rRvevasac iwvevs.<br />
`sasowarkveTili liri mis mier agebuli sarkiani cixe-darbazis<br />
sazRvrebs tovebs. qariSxalma da Weqa-quxilma aiZula jiuti<br />
moxuci, damorCileboda Tavis beds, daaCoqa, agrZnobina, rom<br />
masze didi Zala arsebobs. lirma irgvliv mimoixeda da pirvelad<br />
dainaxa samyaro iseTi, rogoric is sinamdvileSia...~ 17<br />
TumaniSvilis azriT, liri erTgvar akademias gadis, es aris<br />
misi samyaros axleburad Semecnebis procesi. liris irgvliv<br />
ki, ukve sisxlis mdinareebi dgas. glosters awameben. edmundma<br />
orive dedoflis saxlSi SeaRwia. kornuelic moklulia, misi<br />
msaxuric. adamianebi gamxecdnen da fsiqozisgan, isterikisgan<br />
Zlivs ikaveben Tavs. amis damnaxavi liri jer gaognebulia,<br />
Semdeg ki mSvidad grZnobs Tavs, radgan masTan kordeliaa.<br />
`liri, rogorc mefe, dabrZenda, magram axla misi sibrZne<br />
movarayebas aRar saWiroebs. liri WeSmaritad didi gaxda, is<br />
Caswvda cxovrebis arss. liris garSemo megobrebi iyrian<br />
Tavs. iwyeba ukanaskneli samkvdro-sasicocxlo, ideuri Setakeba<br />
(kulminacia-orTabrZola) da uceb, moulodnelad _ yvelaferi<br />
wydeba da siCume isadgurebs~; 18 _ ai, swored es aris<br />
TumaniSviliseuli liris tragediis arsi. manamde qarTul<br />
scenaze Seqspiris es tragedia amgvarad aravis gauazrebia.<br />
mixeil TumaniSvili Tavis Teoriul Canafiqrs `lirze~<br />
ase amTavrebs: `ai, movlenaTa rigi. magram ramdeni epizodisgan,<br />
movlenisgan da qmediTi fenisagan Sedgeba igi, ramdeni<br />
orTabrZola, Tu konfliqti, ramdeni kvanZi, Tu gadaxra imaleba<br />
moqmed pirTa saubrebs miRma. aq zRva masalaa improvizaciisTvis,<br />
magram axla es aRar gvaSinebs, radganac ukve arsebobs momavali<br />
speqtaklis ConCxi, gza, yovel SemTxvevaSi, biliki mainc. da<br />
Tu reJisor de sikas naTqvamis mcire perifrazs gavakeTebT,<br />
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom: `speqtakli, faqtobrivad, SeTxzulia,<br />
axla mxolod misi dadgmaa saWiro!~ 19<br />
m. TumaniSvilma `liris~ repeticiebi 1966 wels daiwyo<br />
da premiera oTx TveSi Sedga. aq unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi<br />
garemoeba: qarTul scenaze `mefe liris~ dadgmebis istorias<br />
Tu gadavavlebT Tvals (kote yifiani _ asi repeticia, 1879<br />
weli, valerian gunia _ ocdaoTxi Tve, 1904 weli al.<br />
imedaSvili _ 15 weli, speqtaklis premiera Sedga 19<strong>41</strong> wels,<br />
akaki xoravam lirze muSaoba 1926 wels daiwyo, speqtakli<br />
akaki vasaZis reJisuriT mxolod 1948 wels ganxorcielda)<br />
TumaniSvilis speqtakli rekordulad mokle droSi daidga.<br />
reJisorsa da msaxiobs ar hqondaT didi dro fiqrisTvis,<br />
eqsperimentebisTvis, rac aisaxa kidec speqtaklis ideur<br />
gadawyvetaze da mxatvrul xarisxze. SeimCneoda garkveuli<br />
gavlenebis kvalic, rogorc qarTul, ise evropul `lirebTan~.<br />
reJisori ki Tavis dRiurebSi ase imarTlebda Tavs: `reJisori<br />
piesas kiTxulobs da mis cnobierebaSi umal aRmocendeba<br />
nacnobi warmodgenebi cnobili Teatraluri dadgmebidan.<br />
warsulSi aRmoCena, dResdReobiT ki banaluri, xavsmokidebuli<br />
esa Tu is xerxi, romelic araviTar axal informacias aRar<br />
atarebs, aferxebs speqtaklis gadawyvetis axal ideaTa<br />
warmoSobas. reJisoris warmosaxvisTvis Zalze rTulia, daZlios<br />
aseTi Sablonuri sqema da gaarRvios nacnob, zedapirze mdebare<br />
gacveTil gadawyvetaTa junglebi. amgvari akviatebuli idea<br />
Tu xerxi aTasobiTaa da isini mudam Cven gverdiTaa Casafrebuli,<br />
46 47
laSa CxartiSvili<br />
Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />
maTze ar unda vifiqroT, isini abezari mezoblebiviT mudam<br />
mzad arian daxmarebis xeli gamogviwodon, rodesac maT aravin<br />
sTxovs amas... piter brukma gadawyvita, erT-erT Tavis speqtaklSi<br />
(`mefe liri~) tragediis gmirebi tyavis tansacmliT Seemosa,<br />
da mohyvnen mis kvaldakval tyavSi gamowyobili yvela drois<br />
da xalxis gmirebi msoflios scenebze siaruls. es aris<br />
swored fsiqologiuri inercia.<br />
es srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom saerTod ar SeiZleba,<br />
gamoviyenoT did winamorbedTa mier mignebuli esa Tu is<br />
Teatraluri xerxi. piriqiT, Zalian kargad unda vicnobdeT<br />
mignebebisa da xerxebis am arsenals, unda SeviswavloT isini,<br />
amosaval wertilad vaqcioT, ukidures SemTxvevaSi gamoviyenoT<br />
kidec, magram es ar unda xdebodes meqanikurad, garkveuli<br />
sezonisTvis gankuTvnili `modis mixedviT~. 20 TumaniSvilis<br />
`lirze~, misi premieridan ramdenime wlis Semdeg gamoqveynebuli<br />
recenziebidan, Tu kvlevebidan Cans, rom rusTavelis Teatris<br />
1966 wlis `lirSi~ SeimCneoda bruki-skofildis `liris~ gavlena,<br />
rac im periodis qarTul sabWoTa TeatrSi siaxles<br />
warmoadgenda da siaxles yovelTvis martivad ar iRebda (an<br />
ver amCnevda) sabWoTa kritika, miT umetes, qarTuli. aseTi<br />
SemTxvevebis ara erTi magaliTi arsebobs qarTuli Teatris<br />
istoriaSi. msaxiobTa mogonebebidan irkveva isic, rom<br />
TumaniSvilma farTod gamoiyena rusTavelis Teatris muzeumSi<br />
daculi kote marjaniSviliseuli `liris~ eqsplikacia. rac<br />
imaze miuTiTebs, rom TumaniSvilis speqtakli ar Seqmnila<br />
mxolod Tanamedrove Teatraluri tendenciebis gavleniT. mis<br />
amgvar dabadebas myari safuZveli gaaCnda TviT qarTul<br />
TeatrSic. `TumaniSvilis `mefe liris~ siaxle gamoixateboda<br />
TiTqmis yvelaferSi. aq iyo brukis mier moxveuli asociacia<br />
_ adrefeodalur, Tavis formebsa da urTierTobebSi<br />
maqsimalurad sada, mouqnel, dauxvewel samyaroze. siaxle<br />
iyo TviT liris xasiaTis gaxsnaSic _ zaqariaZis liri Sors<br />
iyo uZluri moxucisgan da, amdenad, wamyvani speqtaklSi gaxda<br />
ara siberis tragedia, aramed tragedia tiranisa, romelmac<br />
sakuTar TavSi adamiani mokla da mxolod udidesi danakargebis<br />
fasad aRmoaCina es. WeSmaritad axleburad iyo danaxuli<br />
lirisa da masxaras (g. saRaraZe) urTierToba, erTguli msaxuri,<br />
TiTqos igivdeboda mefesTan. garda amisa, reJisoris<br />
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miipyro ucnaurma kanonzomierebam,<br />
romlis mixedviT masxara da kordelia erTdroulad ar<br />
Cndebian piesaSi. iq, sadac aris kordelia, ar aris masxara,<br />
sadac vxvdebiT masxaras, iq ar aris kordelia. es SemTxveviToba,<br />
Tu faruli logika iqca liris saxis amoxsnis erT-erT<br />
saSualebad~. 21 TumaniSvili ar moerida Seqspiris teqstTan<br />
axlebur midgomas da es mxolod piesis axali Targmanis<br />
SeqmnaSi rodi gamoixateboda. speqtakli iwyeboda Seqspirisave<br />
sonetiT (#66), romelsac xumara (g. saRaraZe) ambobda da<br />
romlis pirveli da bolo taepebi aseTia:<br />
`yvelafriT daRlils sanatrelad sikvdili damrCa,<br />
radgan maTxovrad gadaiqca axla Rirseba...<br />
radgan uwmindes xelovnebas asoben laxvars,<br />
radgan uvici da regveni brZenobs advilad...<br />
ase daRlili am qveynidan garCevas varCev...~<br />
`xumaras mier warmoTqmuli es brZnuli soneti niadags<br />
amzadebda speqtaklisTvis da fiqrisken xrida mayureblis<br />
gonebas~. 22 rogorc Cans, xumaras mTxroblis, erTgvari<br />
protogonistis funqciac ekisreboda. ai, kidev erTi kavSiri<br />
qarTul Teatralur tradiciebTan. cnobilia, rom axmetelic<br />
Tavis ganuxorcielebel speqtakl `mefe lirs~ xumaras<br />
monologiT iwyebda.<br />
TumaniSvilis speqtakl `mefe liris~ saeqspozicio nawilis<br />
kavSirze orman bel gedelis `mefe lirTan~ saubrobs<br />
Teatrmcodne dali mumlaZe. igi werda: `TumaniSvili<br />
speqtakls masxaras monologiT iwyebs. kacisa da xalxis<br />
bedze Cafiqrebuli adamiani, romelsac xelSi Tavisi saxe –<br />
masxaras CaCi uWiravs, saocari gulistkiviliT ambobs: `rom<br />
SemeZlos siyvarulo Seni daTmoba~. Sua saukuneTa cixis<br />
kedeli gabmuli jaWvis xmauriT eSveba. sasaxlis karis<br />
Tavyrilobaa. dgas qvis taxti. goliaTi qvebi speqtaklis<br />
umTavres aqsesuarebs warmoadgenen. simZimisa da Seuvalobis<br />
ganwyobas qmnian, magram es xomNorman bel gederis `mefe<br />
lirisaTvis~ Seqmnili dekoraciebis zusti analogiaa. qvis<br />
48 49
laSa CxartiSvili<br />
Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />
forma mxatvar k. ignatovs ufro stilizebuli aqvs. arc<br />
patara kubikebi Cans rampasTan, magram dekoraciuli<br />
komponentebis mTeli kompleqsi ucxadesad aRadgens londonSi<br />
1919 wels dadgmul pirvel Tanamedrove Seqspirul speqtakls~. 23<br />
rkinis jaWvze Camobmuli qvis Zeli, romelic monumentur<br />
asketuri dekoraciis faqturas warmoadgenda mZimed eSveboda<br />
da scenaze Cndeboda liris samefo darbazi, ismoda sayviris<br />
xma, xolo glosteri amcnobda mayurebels liris SemobrZanebas.<br />
`scenaze yvela da yvelaferi SeSdeba xelmwifis molodinSi,<br />
imdenad morCilad da mTrTolvared, rom grZnobdi ramdenad<br />
didia misi Zlevamosileba da sidiade, amave dros momlodine<br />
sxeulebi imdenad daZabulia, rom grZnob, rom raRac unda<br />
moxdes. am scenis mTavari azric swored amaSia, rom dasawyisSi<br />
dgas Zlieri, diadi adamiani, romelsac yvela emorCileba~. 24<br />
aseTi unda yofiliyo speqtaklis saeqspozicio nawili<br />
TumaniSvilis Canafiqris mixedviT. dasawyisis msgavsi gadawyveta<br />
hqonda Tavis speqtaklSi robert sturuas, magram mis<br />
speqtaklSi yvelaferi gacilebiT mwvaved da dramatizebulad<br />
iyo ganxorcielebuli. TiTqos dausrulebeli lodinis Semdeg,<br />
mayurebeli gakvirvebuli iyo, liris gamoCeniT, romelsac<br />
araviTari mefuri sidiade aRar SerCenia. Semodioda liri,<br />
romelic mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda im pirovnebisagan, romelsac<br />
mayurebeli moeloda (msgavsad robert sturuas da ramaz<br />
CxikvaZis lirisa). `mis faqturaSi ar igrZnoba arc<br />
Zlevamosileba da arc sidiade. es ar iyo TviTmpyrobeli.<br />
kontrasti, Tu rogor mivida TiToeul maTganTan mis winaSe<br />
damsaxurebis mixedviT, rogor Seafasa yoveli maTgani, erTi<br />
RimiliT, meore gamomcdeli mzeriT, mesame daufaravi antipaTiiT,<br />
aman maSinve gansazRvra distancia lirsa da lirs, rogorc<br />
adamians Soris. speqtaklSi liri ar aris gadawyvetili, rogorc<br />
tragedia motyuebuli ndobisa, es aris tragedia adamianisa,<br />
romelmac Zalian gvian Seicno WeSmariteba~. 25 Tavad sergo<br />
zaqariaZe liris mxatvruli saxis miseuli gaazrebis Taobaze<br />
erT-erT interviuSi ambobs: `me ar mindoda Cemi liri moxuci<br />
yofiliyo, dasasruls qveynis marTva kidev unda SesZleboda.<br />
mis SecdomaTa fesvebs misi diqtatoruli tvinis wyobaSi<br />
vxedav. saxelmwifos marTvis miseuli struqtura ver uZlebs<br />
veranair gamocdas adamianurobaze. liris zedmiwevniT<br />
gaadamianureba mindoda, imisaTvis, rom mayurebels axloblad<br />
egrZno igi, gaego misTvis, rogorc adamianisTvis. Cven jer<br />
kidev dakavSirebuli varT polemikiT, brZoliT, roca xelovnebiT<br />
viqnebiT dakavSirebuli ukeTesi iqneba~. 26 faqtia, rom reJisori<br />
da mTavari rolis Semsrulebeli ar gamoricxavda liris<br />
diqtatorul, ampartavnul bunebas, magram Sedegad miviReT<br />
gaadamianurebuli liri, rac gamowveuli unda yofiliyo<br />
tradiciisgan gaqceviT, tradiciis gavlenis SiSiT. am mxriv<br />
damdgmelebi meore ukiduresobamde mividnen, imdenad<br />
`gaadamianurda~ liris mxatvruli saxe, rom igi zogierT<br />
epizodSi yofiT personaJamde davida. es irkveva m. levilis<br />
wignidan `sergo zaqariaZe~, sadac avtori wers: `am<br />
mxarbeWganierma, Zvalmagarma, jan-Ronianma moxucma lurji xabis<br />
tilos xalaTiTa da bewvis paWiWebSi Catanebuli SarvliT<br />
mxrebze Txis bewvmogdebulma, am moxucma svanma Tu xevsurma,<br />
qarTul simReras rom wamoiwyebs sufrasTan me-4 suraTSi, ar<br />
warmoaCina kontrasti dasawyisSi medidur, SemdgomSi<br />
dabeCavebul da finalSi ki didebul lirs Soris, magram<br />
samagierod misi gancdebi uaRresad gasagebi da gulTan axlos<br />
misatani gaxada mayurebelTa farTo wreebisaTvis~. 27 koka<br />
ignatovas kostiumebma erTgvari kontrasti Seitana speqtaklis<br />
ideur gadawyvetaSi. misi kostiumebi, erTi mxriv, mowyda<br />
heroikulobas da monumenturobas, meore mxriv, gaxda yofiTi<br />
da ara sada. es kargad Cans Tavad liris Cacmulobidanac.<br />
sergo zaqariaZes ecva tilos xalaTi, bewvis paWiWebSi<br />
Catanebuli Sarvali da Txis bewvis wamosasxami. mxatvarma<br />
Tu erTi mxriv moSala dro, samagierod gansazRvra geografiuli<br />
sazRvrebi da liris tragedia erT viwro sivrceSi Caketa.<br />
liris tragedia TiTqos erTi pensioneris tragediamde<br />
davida. pirovnebis tragediaSi SeimCneoda yofiTi elementebis<br />
siWarbe. `mefe aRar aris tirani, diqtatori, igi iqca Cveulebriv<br />
adamianad Tavisi SecdomebiT~. 28<br />
XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis meore naxevramde Seqspiris<br />
personaJebi TeatrSi moiazreboda rogorc ara adamianebi, aramed<br />
xelSeuxebeli, arabunebrivi, amaRlebuli da metaforuli gmirebi.<br />
swored maTi sidiadis dakargvas Seewira speqtaklis saerTo<br />
50 51
laSa CxartiSvili<br />
Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />
ideuri gadawyveta. aki ixsenebs kidec mixeil TumaniSvili<br />
Tavis wignSi _ `reJisori Teatridan wavida~, im faqts, rom<br />
igi sikvdilamde ramdenime dRiT adre Sexvda sergo zaqariaZes,<br />
romelmac uTxra mas: `ar gindoda, erTxelac gvemuSava `lirze~?<br />
iqneb rogorme auCqareblad mivbrunebodiT mas? yvelaferi<br />
Tavidan daviwyoT, Cven xom maSin is ar gamogvivida, rac<br />
CavifiqreT?~ 29 , amitomac ambobs mixeil TumaniSvili, rom `liris~<br />
dadgmis dros rusTavelis Teatri misi xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
dakavebuli iyo polemikiT, axali formebis ZiebiT, axali xedvis<br />
damkvidrebiT, `speqtaklSi bevri ram swored polemikiTaa<br />
ganpirobebuli, mTavarSic da detalebSic CvenTvis sul ufro<br />
naTelia aseTi gzis saSiSroebac da SesaZleblobac. axla me<br />
speqtaklSi bevri ram kompromisulad meCveneba. Tu kamaTob,<br />
bolomde unda ikamaTo, daTmobaze ar unda waxvide da rac<br />
mTavaria Sedegi unda iyos WeSmariti xelovnebis doneze~. 30<br />
Teatrmcodne paola uruSaZe Tavis naSromSi `mefe liri<br />
qarTul scenaze~ TumaniSvilis speqtaklze wers, rom `Znelia<br />
meore iseTi speqtaklis dasaxeleba qarTul scenaze, romlis<br />
Taobazec aseTi urTierTsawinaaRmdego azri iyos gamoTqmuli.<br />
mTeli rigi RonisZiebebis gamo, es speqtakli iyo pirveli<br />
`liri~ qarTul scenaze, romelic aqtioruli da reJisoruli<br />
azris erTianobas gamoxatavda~. 31 liris rolis Semsruleblebis<br />
sxva winamorbedebisgan gansxvavebiT sergo zaqariaZes ar hqonia<br />
SemoqmedebiTi konfliqti reJisorTan, is mihyveboda reJisoris<br />
ideas, ufro metic am SemTxvevaSi moxda maTi azrebis Tanxvedra.<br />
Tumca gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvs Teatrmcodne dali<br />
mumlaZes: `mefe liris Temas TumaniSvili kiTxulobs Cveni<br />
droisaTvis aqtualur aspeqtSi. es igrZnoba speqtaklSi, magram<br />
reJisori ver aRwevs speqtaklis im ideuri datvirTvis Seqmnas,<br />
romelic erTi gmiris problemis sakiTxs daaSorebda mis<br />
warmodgenas. TviT mefe liris CaTvliT, dadgmaSi arc erTi<br />
saxe ar aris sisruliT gaxsnili~. 32 gansxvavebuli mosazreba<br />
aqvs sxva Teatrmcodneebs. ase magaliTad, e. pluCeki Tavis<br />
statiaSi sergo zaqariaZes uwodebs `Tanamedrove msoflio<br />
scenis erT-erT Zalze saintereso liris Semsrulebels~. 33<br />
Teatrmcodne a. solodonikovi werda: `liri Sesrulebulia<br />
zedmetad Serbilebulad, lirikulad, iersaxis masStabebi<br />
Seviwrovda, piesis tragikuli monumenturobis JReradobac~. 34<br />
TiTqmis imave azrs aviTarebs qarTveli Teatrmcodne S.<br />
maWavariani. igi miiCnevda: `msaxiobi, mixeil TumaniSvilis<br />
Canafiqris Sesabamisad, iZleoda ramdenime calmxriv gaazrebas.<br />
igi TamaSobda liris, rogorc mamis tragedias, damarcxebuls<br />
Svilebis cbierebiTa da umadurobiT. gverdze darCa tragediis<br />
socialur-sazogadoebrivi mxareebi, liri Camogdebuli iyo<br />
tragikulis kvarcxlbekidan~. 35 Teatrmcodne manana gegeWkori<br />
Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi mTlianad uaryofs speqtakls<br />
da wers: `sergo zaqariaZis liri, ise rogorc akaki vasaZis, ar<br />
warmoadgens am SemoqmedTa mwvervalebs. maTSi arc<br />
interpretaciis TvalsazrisiT iyo raime axali da originaluri,<br />
Torem yovelive es aisaxeboda am speqtaklis kritikosTa<br />
SefasebebSi~. 36 Teatrmcodnis mxridan speqtaklis sruli<br />
uaryofa recenziebis simwiris gamo, sakiTxisadmi araseriozuli<br />
da araprofesiuli midgomaa. recenziebis simravrle-simcire<br />
rodi gansazRvraven speqtaklis adgils Teatris istoriaSi.<br />
miT umetes, disertacia Sesrulebulia mas Semdeg, rac<br />
sxvagvarad gadafasebul iqna esa Tu is Teatraluri movlena,<br />
romelmac aCvena, rom bevri ram ar iyo ise speqtaklSi, rogorc<br />
es sabWoTa Teatrmcodneobas egona. TumaniSvilis `lirma~<br />
udidesi roli Seasrula Semdgomi Taobis reJisorebisaTvis<br />
Seqspiris axlebur interpretaciebSi. am citatebidan kargad<br />
Cans, Tu rogori brZola gamoucxades mixeil TumaniSvils<br />
Teatrmcodneebma. ra Tqma unda, liri `Camogdebuli iyo<br />
tragikulobis kvarcxlbekidan,~ oRond es garegnulad, erTi<br />
SexedviT. liris xasiaTis gaxsnas aratradiciuli formiT da<br />
sxva mwiri gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiT kritika ver Seegua.<br />
Tanac sergo zaqariaZis liri `ar iyo britaneTis despoti<br />
mbrZanebeli, aramed is iyo saqarTvelos patriarqaluri mefe~. 37<br />
TumaniSvilis lirSi didi metamorfozebi xdeboda, oRond es<br />
gamovlenili iyo fsiqologizmis xarjze da ara tradiciuli<br />
gmirul-romantikuli, heroikuli Teatris princi pebiT. am<br />
mosazrebas amyarebs sergo zaqariaZis interviuc, romelic<br />
man Jurnal `sabWoTa xelovnebis~ imdroindel redaqtors<br />
oTar egaZes misca, sadac msaxiobi garkveviT ambobs Tavisi<br />
Canafiqris Sesaxeb: `me mindoda damerRvia `mefis tragediis~<br />
52 53
laSa CxartiSvili<br />
Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />
gadmocemis tradiciuli forma. saerTod, laparaki tragikul<br />
paTosze, amaRlebulobaze, imaze, rom SeqspirisTvis saWiroa<br />
`xma, xma, temperamenti: _ es laparaki me ar mitacebs. SesaZloa,<br />
rom yvela Cven jer kidev gatacebulni varT polemikiT, brZoliT.<br />
albaT, roca me xels movkideb marto xelovnebas, ukeTesi<br />
iqneba (gulisxmobs mis dakavebulobas kinoSi da administraciul<br />
saqmianobas _ l. C.)~. mixeil TumaniSvili ki msaxiobis naTqvams<br />
dasZens: `mefe liri~ rusTavelis Teatris tradiciebisadmi<br />
erTgulebas ki ar acxadebs, aramed survils Seqspirsac moekido<br />
dRevandeli poziciebiT~. 38 naTlad Cans msaxiobisa da reJisoris<br />
mizani. tragedia rusTavelis Teatris scenaze rom axleburad<br />
da Tanamedroved aJRerda, aRniSnavdnen yvelaze radikali<br />
kritikosebic. speqtaklSi ar iyo tragizmis araviTari<br />
demonstrireba. `sergo zaqariaZis liri ar iyo sastiki,<br />
aRviraSvebuli tirani. igi ufro axirebuli TviTmpyrobeli,<br />
sakuTar ZalauflebaSi uzomod darwmunebuli mmarTveli<br />
gaxldaT da amgvar TviTkmayofilebaSi gamosWvioda raRac<br />
masxaraseuli. qaliSvilebis „dakiTxvac~ ufro farsul<br />
warmodgenas hgavda, romelic gasarTobad moawyo oinbazobis<br />
xasiaTze misulma mefem~. 39 liri-zaqariZe TamaSobda da<br />
kordelias sityvebsac _ „miyvarxar imdenad, ramdenadac amas<br />
guli mibrZanebs~ – Tavidan saubrad aRiqvamda, Semdeg uecrad<br />
Crdili gadaurbenda saxeze _ es lawiraki gogo araCveulebrivad<br />
momzadebul warmodgenas uSlis, Semdeg ki Cawvdeboda kordelias<br />
sityvebis WeSmarit arss _ qaliSvilis aSkara protests misi<br />
egocentrizmis winaaRmdeg da am momentidan liri Smagobda.<br />
TumaniSvilis am polemikur speqtaklSi miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom bevri ram axleburad iyo gaazrebuli, mxatvruli saxeebi<br />
ar iyo bolomde dasrulebuli da speqtaklSi ar igrZnoboda<br />
erTiani ansambli. rusi kritikosi markovi werda, misi<br />
TvalsazrisiT speqtakli daqucmacebulia, liris saxec<br />
moklebulia erTianobas da aseTi azris safuZvlad igi imas<br />
miiCnevs, rom zaqariaZe, romelic `Semdgom gviCvenebs WeSmarit<br />
gulisxmierebas, siRrmesa da adamianurobas, rols TiTqosda<br />
gvian iwyebs, radganac mas ar axlavs liris Tavmoyvareobis,<br />
liris Tavnebobis, mbrZaneblurobis Saravandedi, TiTqosda am<br />
scenis dawyebamde man ukve ganvlo, romelic mniSvnelovani<br />
etapi iyo gaadamianurebis gzaze~. 40 Tavad msaxiobi werilSi<br />
`Cemi Seqspiruli rolebi~ werda: `Seqspiri sagangebod xlarTavs,<br />
ukiduresad arTulebs im gzas, romelsac liri gadis. swored<br />
am golgoTas mihyavs igi daZabulobamde. lirs gonebis Tvali<br />
swored maSin exileba, roca mis garSemo myofT igi SeSlilad<br />
miaCniaT. amitomac aris, rom liris xasiaTis Cemebur<br />
interpretaciaSi e. w. `sigiJis scenebs~ gansakuTrebiT<br />
gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas vaniWeb, am gansacdelis wyalobiT, am<br />
tanjvis gavliT ganwmendili liri, wminda, sufTa sanTeliviT<br />
midis wuTisoflidan~. <strong>41</strong> manamde ki iyo misi Tayvaniscemis da<br />
ara siyvarulis periodi, is ar imsaxurebda pativiscemas<br />
sazogadoebaSi. swored amaze miuTiTebs m. levili: `irgvliv<br />
myofebTan urTierTobisas s. zaqariaZem Seqmna liris winaSe<br />
qedis moxris atmosfero, ara pativiscemis, aramed Tayvaniscemis<br />
atmosfero. gamoirkva, rom Turme umizezod rodi yvarebiaT<br />
igi keTil adamianebs da sZulebiaT borotT...~ 42 usazRvro<br />
Zalauflebis moyvarul da aRviraxsnili pirmoTneobiT<br />
gamorCeul mefes sabolood gaeRviZa WeSmaritad adamianuri<br />
sawyisi, ramac maSin ifeTqa, roca liri ubedurebaSi Cavarda<br />
da ubralo adamianad gaxdomis ufleba moipova. zaqariaZis<br />
CanafiqriT erTi adamianis tragedia saxelmwifo tragediad<br />
iqca, erT-erT interviuSi igi wers: `me mindoda Tavi dameRwia<br />
Teatris mier Seqspiris Cveuli gagebisagan. me minda liri<br />
meqcia dRevandeli mayureblisaTvis savsebiT misawvdomad,<br />
gasagebad... mindoda STamebera misTvis adamianuri tanjva, rac<br />
imiTaa gamowveuli, rom adamianebs erTmaneTis ar esmiT. me<br />
vTamaSobdi adamianis tragedias, romelic gadaizarda<br />
saxelmwifos tragediaSi~. 43 saxelmwifos tragediad aRiqmeboda<br />
swored ara erTi epizodi speqtaklidan. maT Soris, liris<br />
mier qaliSvilebis `gasamarTleba~ da Wkuaze SeSlilis yvela<br />
epizodi, `qariSxlis scena~, liris gamoRviZeba da cnobierebis<br />
dabruneba, edmundis da edgaris orTabrZola, liris Semosvla<br />
mklavebze gadmosvenebuli kordeliaTi. am zemoT CamoTvlil<br />
scenebs Teatrmcodne n. gurabaniZe `namdvil Sedevrebs~ uwodebs.<br />
speqtaklis finalSi liri martoa da es martooba mis sikvdils<br />
udris. Tumca igi ar kvdeba. scenis siRrmidan kordeliaTi<br />
xelSi modis liri, yvelani Tavdaxrilebi dganan, liri<br />
54 55
laSa CxartiSvili<br />
Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />
ganadgurebulia am ukanaskneli dartymiT, magram ufro<br />
didebulia Sinaganad, ufro Zlieri. safinalo scenis aseTi<br />
gadawyveta moulodneli iyo reJisorisagan. radgan qarTul<br />
scenaze manamde ganxorcielebul `lirTagan~ liri kvdeboda,<br />
Tu ar CavTvliT axmetelis ganuxorcielebel speqtakls, finalis<br />
aseTi gadawyveta gvxdeba momdevno periodis interpretaciebSic<br />
(streleri, sturua), magram fizikurad cocxali liris<br />
motivacia TumaniSvilTan sul sxvagvaria. igi amayia,<br />
gamarjvebuli da bednieri, radgan lirma Seicno WeSmariteba<br />
igi ganTavisuflda sicruisagan da midis cxovrebidan ara<br />
dabeCavebuli, aramed gamocdilebiT dabrZenebuli adamiani,<br />
romelmac icis sikeTis da borotebis fasi.<br />
kritikosebi speqtaklidan liris Semsruleblis garda<br />
gamoarCevdnen or personaJs: masxaras (guram saRaraZe) da<br />
edmunds (ramaz CxikvaZe). kritikosTa yuradRebis arealSi<br />
maTi moxvedra ganapiroba ara mxolod msaxiobTa Sesrulebam,<br />
aramed reJisoris mier am mxatvrul saxeTa gansakuTrebulma<br />
gaazrebam.<br />
reJisorma moaxdina lirisa da masxaras identifikacia.<br />
roca speqtaklis dasawyisSi TumaniSvilma masxaras aTqmevina<br />
66-e soneti, amiT xazi gausva mis mniSvnelobas da rols<br />
mTels speqtaklSi. is avsebs lirs da ara glosteri, rogorc<br />
es adrindel dadgmebSi. roca lirs uWirs igi maSinve moikiTxavs<br />
masxaras, romelic rogorc moraluri sayrdeni, ise sWirdeba.<br />
masxara ki yovelTvis pirSi axlis simarTles. `mas Tavisi<br />
mdgomareoba aZlevs amis uflebas. masxaras Tavi CaCSi aqvs.<br />
is xom sulelia. liri amCnevs, rom misi masxara briyvi araa,<br />
lirs tanjva auxels Tvalebs qveynis dasanaxad da ara<br />
masxara~. 44 is mxolod exmareba da erTgvari stimulatoria<br />
misi. masxara mefe lirisgan maSin qreba, rodesac edmundisa<br />
da kordelias jarebs Soris srola daiwyo. `rodesac srola<br />
iwyeba, iq masxarebisTvis adgili ar aris~ 45 , _ wers m.<br />
TumaniSvili.<br />
didi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba iyo edmundis mxatvrul saxesTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, romelic wlebis manZilze grZeldeboda.<br />
kritikosTa erTi nawili mkacrad akritikebda ramaz CxikvaZis<br />
edmunds, nawils ki igi s. zaqariaZis mier Seqmnili liris<br />
masStabis rangSi moiazrebdnen. `r. CxikvaZis mier warmodgenili<br />
edmundi ar SeiZleba aqtiorul gamarjvebad CaiTvalos. misi<br />
saxiT lirs ara hyavs Zlieri mowinaaRmdege da masSi ar Cans<br />
borotebis is mTavari bude, riTac upirispirdeba lirs. msaxiobi<br />
mxilebis nacvlad icavs Tavis gmirs. ramaz CxikvaZe SesaniSnavad<br />
atarebs scenebs debTan, romlis drosac xazs usvams mis<br />
momxibvlelobasac. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia ukanasknel<br />
moqmedebaSi, roca gamodis rogorc jaris meTauri da sikvdilis<br />
scenaSi, magram iq, sadac saWiroa gamoamJRavnos borotmoqmedis<br />
Tvisebebi, msaxiobs ar hyofnis Sinagani Zala da damajerebloba,<br />
rom srulyofilad warmoaCinos saxe~. 46 miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
Teatrmcodne d. mumlaZec akritikebs r. CxikvaZis edmunds da<br />
mas `siuJetis Seuferxebeli ganxorcielebis daniSnulebas~<br />
aniWebs mxolod, Tumca imasac aRniSnavs, rom `msaxiobi cdas<br />
ar aklebs rols, Cveni drois saqmiani kacis marifaTiT aRbeWdili<br />
ti pi Seqmnas~. 47 n. gurabaniZe ki ramaz CxikvaZis edmundze<br />
`liris~ premieridan 38 wlis Semdeg dawers: `saxis<br />
gaTanamedrovebis TvalsazrisiT edmundis rolis Semsrulebeli<br />
ramaz CxikvaZe yvelaze Sors wavida. es iyo XX saukunis 60-<br />
iani wlebis tipuri Tavxedi, momxiblavi aramzada, agresiuli,<br />
mudam Setevaze gadasuli, Tma Sublze hqonda Camovarcxnili,<br />
avad imzireboda, wina planze dgomas cdilobda, avanscenaze<br />
moZraobda, raRac xulignuri, gamaRizianebeli iyo mis saqcielSi,<br />
gamomwvevad ustvenda da aravin arafrad miaCnda. es iyo<br />
namdvili `bestardi~, autsaideri, romelic sul win aRudgeboda,<br />
ar daindobda, sasikvdilodac ki gawiravda. aseTi Tavxedebi<br />
qalTa gulismyrobelebic arian, amitomac, advilad xiblavda<br />
liris qaliSvilebs, reginas da gonerilas, romelTa monusxvas<br />
igi saerTod ar cdilobda, ubralod ajadoebda, ipyrobda,<br />
imonebda Tavisi Seukavebeli ZaliT~. 48 speqtaklSi fermkrTali<br />
da arasruli iyo sxva personaJebi, rac speqtaklis erTian<br />
msaxiobur ansambls arRvevda. glosteri m. TumaniSvilis<br />
interpretaciaSi ususur, uniaTo, magram keTili gulis<br />
qveSevrdomad iqca. susti iyo reganasa da gonerilas xazi,<br />
rac zedapiruls xdida borotisa da keTilis dapirispirebis<br />
Cvenebas.<br />
56 57
laSa CxartiSvili<br />
Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />
`liris~ premiera Sedga, magram speqtaklma didxans ver<br />
gauZlo scenas, ris gamoc igi maleve moixsna repertuaridan.<br />
saarqivo masalebisa da recenziebis gacnobam cxadyo, rom<br />
speqtakls aklda muSaoba da igi SeqspirisTvis uCveulod<br />
mokle droSi daidga. daukmayofileblobis grZnoba gauCnda<br />
reJisorsac da mTavari rolis Semsrulebelsac. ukmayofilo<br />
darCa Tavisi namuSevriT sergo zaqariaZe: `lirTan Sexvedra<br />
Cemi artistuli cxovrebis erT-erTi yvelaze naTeli, didi<br />
sulieri sazrdos momcemi momenti iyo, magram amave dros<br />
mivxvdi, rom es mainc sadRac qerqi iyo, zeda fena, romlis<br />
Sedegadac iwyeba is uZiro siRrme, romlis wvdomisaTvisac<br />
SesaZloa erTi xelovanis sicocxle sakmarisi ar aRmoCndes~. 49<br />
TumaniSvilis TqmiT `polemika bolomde unda gagrZelebuliyo<br />
da is araviTar kompromisze ar unda wasuliyo.~ rogorc<br />
TviTon reJisorma ganacxada „lirSi~ bevri ram mTavarSic da<br />
detalebSic – ganpirobebuli iyo tradiciul gagebasTan<br />
polemikiT da amgvari gza garkveul safrTxes uqmnida speqtakls,<br />
Taviseburi sqematurobisa da tendenciurobisaken ubiZgebda<br />
mas.~ 50 miuxedavad amisa, Tu „zaxulis Ramis sizmari~ gaebrZola<br />
klasikuri komediis dakanonebul reformebs, „mefe lirma~<br />
idealizaciisa da paTetikis gvirgvini Camoxsna Seqspiris<br />
tragediebis scenur ganxorcielebas rusTavelis TeatrSi.<br />
amis Semdeg ikveTeba swored is Tanamedrove tendencia, romelmac<br />
ganviTareba pova jer TumaniSvilisave „iulius keisarSi~, xolo<br />
Semdeg robert sturuas „riCard III~ da `mefe lirSi~.<br />
amrigad, TumaniSvilis polemika Teatralur sazogadoebasTan<br />
marcxiT dasrulda, Tumca es rodi iyo damarcxeba pirdapiri<br />
gagebiT. TumaniSvilis speqtaklma dasabami misca qarTul sasceno<br />
SeqspirianaSi Zireul cvlilebebs, man daarRvia araerTi<br />
stereoti pi dakavSirebuli Seqspiris interpretaciis<br />
sakiTxebTan. sabWoTa TeatrSi tradiciebidan gadaxveva did<br />
risks da brZolas moiTxovda. TumaniSvilma es brZola<br />
gaagrZela, oRond Tanamedrove dramaturgiis gamoyenebiT. igi<br />
warmatebiT dgams `liris~ premieridan ori wlisTavze Jan<br />
anuis `antigones~.<br />
TumaniSvilis speqtaklSi `mefe liri~ bevri ram iyo<br />
iseTi, romlebic Semdgomi Taobis reJisorebma gamoiyenes<br />
Seqspiris imave tragediis ganxorcielebisas. amitomac, am<br />
speqtakls misi warumateblobis miuxedavad, didi roli<br />
ekisreba ara mxolod qarTul sasceno SeqspirianaSi, aramed<br />
qarTuli Teatris istoriaSic.<br />
1. a. WavWaniZe, reJisoruli Ziebebi rusTavelis TeatrSi XX saukunis<br />
70-ian wlebSi (sadi plomo Sroma, daculia Teatrisa da kinos<br />
saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis sacavSi), Tb., 1986. gv.45.<br />
2. l. xeTaguri, eqsperimentidan barokomde qarTul TeatrSi, Jurnali<br />
`Teatri da cxovreba~, #1-2, 1996. gv.57.<br />
3. n. uruSaZe, mixeil TumaniSvili (mTavari mowmis naambobi), Tb.,<br />
1999. gv. 59.<br />
4. a. WavWaniZe, reJisoruli Ziebebi rusTavelis TeatrSi XX saukunis<br />
70-ian wlebSi (sadi plomo Sroma, daculia Teatrisa da kinos<br />
saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis sacavSi), Tb., 1986. gv. 45.<br />
5. gazeTi `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1964, 12 ivnisi.<br />
6. a. WavWaniZe, reJisoruli Ziebebi rusTavelis TeatrSi XX saukunis<br />
70-ian wlebSi (sadi plomo Sroma, daculia Teatrisa da kinos<br />
saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis sacavSi), Tb., 1986. gv. 45.<br />
7. n. gurabaniZe, fantastikuri ramaz CxikvaZe, Tb., 2004. gv. 75.<br />
8. n. uruSaZe, mixeil TumaniSvili (mTavari mowmis naambobi), Tb.,<br />
1999. gv. 66.<br />
9. Журнал “Театр”,@#8, 1966. gv. 23.<br />
10. m. TumaniSvili, reJisori Teatridan wavida, Tb., 1989. gv. 249.<br />
11. d. mumlaZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli reJisura, Tb., 1973. gv. 146.<br />
12. j. lomTaZe, reJisori mixeil TumaniSvili (sadi plomo Sroma,<br />
daculia Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis<br />
sacavSi), Tb., 1969. 23<br />
58 59
laSa CxartiSvili<br />
13. iqve: gv.24<br />
14. n. gurabaniZe, fantastikuri ramaz CxikvaZe, Tb., 2004. gv. 73.<br />
15. m. TumaniSvili, sanam repeticia daiwyeba, Tb., 2008. gv. 148-149.<br />
16. e. Jvania, `mefe liri~ rusTavelis TeatrSi (sadi plomo Sroma,<br />
daculia Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis<br />
sacavSi), Tb., 1998. gv.12.<br />
17. m. TumaniSvili, sanam repeticia daiwyeba, Tb., 2008. gv. 150.<br />
18. iqve: gv. 151.<br />
19. iqve: gv. 152.<br />
20. iqve: gv. 199.<br />
21. a. WavWaniZe, reJisoruli Ziebebi rusTavelis TeatrSi XX saukunis<br />
70-ian wlebSi (sadi plomo Sroma, daculia Teatrisa da kinos<br />
saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis sacavSi), Tb., 1986. gv. 51.<br />
22. j. lomTaZe, reJisori mixeil TumaniSvili (sadi plomo Sroma,<br />
daculia Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis<br />
sacavSi), Tb., 1969. gv. 24.<br />
23. d. mumlaZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli reJisura, Tb., 1973. gv. 150.<br />
24. j. lomTaZe, reJisori mixeil TumaniSvili (sadi plomo Sroma,<br />
daculia Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis<br />
sacavSi), Tb., 1969. gv. 24.<br />
25. iqve;<br />
26. n. uruSaZe, mixeil TumaniSvili (mTavari mowmis naambobi), Tb.,<br />
1999. gv. 67.<br />
27. m. levili, sergo zaqariaZe, Tb., 1975. gv. 386-387.<br />
28. e. Jvania, `mefe liri~ rusTavelis TeatrSi (sadi plomo Sroma,<br />
daculia Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis<br />
sacavSi), Tb., 1998. gv. 15.<br />
29. o. egaZe, TeatrSi da Teatrs miRma, Tb., 1969. gv. 284.<br />
30. n. uruSaZe, mixeil TumaniSvili (mTavari mowmis naambobi), Tb.,<br />
1999. gv. 67.<br />
31. d. mumlaZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli reJisura, Tb., 1973. gv. 60.<br />
32. iqve: gv. 150.<br />
33. ix.: e. puCeki, talantebis simdidre, `pravda~, 20. 12, 1966.<br />
34. o. egaZe, TeatrSi da Teatrs miRma, Tb., 1969. gv. 377.<br />
35. S. maWavariani, qarTuli Teatri, wignSi `sabWoTa dramatuli Teatris<br />
istoria~, t. 6., Tb., 1971. gv. 258.<br />
36. m. gegeWkori, interpretaciis problema XX saukunis 60-70-iani<br />
wlebis qarTul samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi (sadisertacio Sroma, daculia<br />
Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis sacavSi),<br />
Tb., 1993. gv. 61.<br />
Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />
37. m. levili, sergo zaqariaZe, Tb., 1975. gv. 385.<br />
38. o. egaZe, TeatrSi da Teatrs miRma, Tb., 1969. gv. 378.<br />
39. И. Мухранели, Чувствоа и мысл, М. 1966. gv. 51.<br />
40. m. levili, sergo zaqariaZe, Tb., 1975. gv. 398.<br />
<strong>41</strong>. s. zaqariaZe, Cemi Seqspiruli rolebi, wignSi `qarTuli Seqspiriana~,<br />
t. 3, Tb., 1973. gv. 220.<br />
42. m. levili, sergo zaqariaZe, Tb., 1975. gv. 388.<br />
43. Журнал “Огонёк”, №25, 1966. gv. 20.<br />
44. d. mumlaZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli reJisura, Tb., 1973. gv. 151.<br />
45. m. TumaniSvili, fiqrobs, wigni I, Tb., 2004. gv. 91.<br />
46. n. qiqoZe, ramaz CxikvaZe (sadi plomo Sroma, daculia Teatrisa<br />
da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis sacavSi), Tb.,<br />
1966. gv. 48.<br />
47. d. mumlaZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli reJisura, Tb., 1973. gv. 152.<br />
48. n. gurabaniZe, fantastikuri ramaz CxikvaZe, Tb., 2004. gv. 76.<br />
49. s. zaqariaZe, Cemi Seqspiruli rolebi, wignSi `qarTuli Seqspiriana~,<br />
t. 3, Tb., 1973. gv. 220.<br />
50. n. uruSaZe, mixeil TumaniSvili (mTavari mowmis naambobi), Tb.,<br />
1999. gv. 67.<br />
60 61
Tamar cagareli<br />
doqturanturis I kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli - prof. levan xeTaguri<br />
Sua saukuneebis evropuli da qarTuli<br />
saeklesio saxilveli<br />
(saTeatro anTropologiis meTodiT)<br />
cnobilia, rom adamians _ ZvelberZnulad `anTropos~ _<br />
mravali mecniereba swavlobs. TavisTavad anTropologia (berZ.<br />
antropos _ adamiani, logos _ moZRvreba) aris mecniereba<br />
adamianis warmoSobisa da evoluciis, adamianTa rasebis Sesaxeb.<br />
ikvlevs adamianis fizikuri tipis variaciebs drosa da sivrceSi,<br />
adamianisa da misi rasebis warmoSobis, Camoyalibebis da<br />
SemdgomSi ganviTarebis Seswavlis mizniT. anTropologia, rogorc<br />
damoukidebeli mecniereba Camoyalibda XIX saukunis Sua<br />
periodSi. misi damoukidebeli dargebia: adamianis morfologia,<br />
swavleba anTropogenezis Sesaxeb, rasaTmcodneoba. adamianis<br />
garSemo `trialeben~ iseTi mecnierebebi, rogoricaa fsiqologia,<br />
istoria, enaTmecniereba, sociologia, politologia.<br />
damoukidebel dargebad arsebobs samecniero anTropologia,<br />
sociologiuri anTropologia, eTnologiuri anTropologia,<br />
filosofiuri anTropologia, romelic Seiswavlis adamianis<br />
raobas. igi axasiaTebs adamianis yofierebis Taviseburebas.<br />
ikvlevs mis mimarTebas RmerTTan, istoriasTan, bunebasTan, sxva<br />
adamianTan. filosofiuri anTropologia aris moZRvreba<br />
adamianis raobis Sesaxeb. adamianis raoba esaa unikaluri<br />
unari, unari Semoqmedebisa, unari kulturis Seqmnisa da unari<br />
yvelaze mTavarisa _ cxovrebis Seqmnisa. adamiani sakuTar<br />
Tavs acnobierebda, rogorc Seqmnils da rogorc Semoqmeds<br />
kulturuli Rirebulebisa. XX saukunis II naxevridan viTardeba<br />
kompleqsi disci plinebisa, romelTac aerTianeben saerTo<br />
saTauriT `adamianis biologia~. igi Seiswavlis fiziologiur,<br />
bioqimiur da genetikur faqtorebs, romelic zegavlenas axdens<br />
adamianis organizmisa da sxeulis agebulebis variaciebsa da<br />
ganviTarebaze. amave dros es periodi bevri axali samecniero<br />
disci plinebis CamoyalibebiT aRiniSna. filosofiaSi aseTi<br />
axali disci plinebia: `filosofiuri anTropologia~,<br />
`aqsiologia~, `kulturologia~, `ganaTlebis filosofia~ da<br />
sxva.<br />
filosofiuri disciplinebis Camoyalibebis paralelurad<br />
yalibdeba axali, kerZo, specialuri mecnierebebi. erT-erTi<br />
aseTi specialuri mecnierebaa `Teatraluri anTropologia~,<br />
romlis Semqmnelia odinis Teatris erT-erTi fuZemdebeli<br />
eujenio barba.<br />
Teatralurma anTropologiam unda ganixilos Teatris<br />
istoria da ganviTareba, adamianis adgilis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
samyaroSi. aRiarebs ra gons, romelic marTavs sxeuls,<br />
specifikur adamianur fenomenad, Teatralurma anTropologiam<br />
adamiani, am SemTxvevaSi unda Seiswavlos, rogorc Teatris<br />
Semqmneli, rogorc adamianis formirebis specifikuri garemo.<br />
`scenuri arseboba, adamianis yoveldRiur qcevasTan SedarebiT<br />
energiis swrafi xarjviT, misi maqsimaluri gamoyenebiT<br />
xasiaTdeba. amitomaa, Teatraluri anTropologia swavlobs<br />
Teatris `biologiur~ dones, romelsac efuZneba gansxvavebuli<br />
samsaxiobo skolebi Tu msaxiobis `bio~.<br />
filosofiur, istoriul da kulturul anTropologiaze<br />
dayrdnobiT Teatralurma anTropologiam unda aCvenos, rom<br />
sxeuli kvlevis erT-erT umTavres obieqts warmoadgens. mas<br />
Seiswavlian ara rogorc garkveuli eTnokulturis<br />
warmomadgenels, aramed, rogorc msaxiobis Jests, mimikas, sadac<br />
unda gaviTvaliswinoT agreTve niRabic, romelic SesaZlebelia<br />
warmodgenili iyos sxvadasxva masalisagan: xisgan, Tixisgan,<br />
sxvadasxva feris grimiT (xSir SemTxvevaSi niRabi sxeulis<br />
`gagrZelebad~ gvevlineba. meierholdi werda: `niRabi, Jesti<br />
da moZraoba, ganuyofeli nawilia da dakavSirebulia balaganTan,<br />
sanaxaobasTan, sadac sxeulis dinamika regulirdeba niRbis<br />
tradiciasTan~), 1 zogadad plastikis TaviseburebaTa gamomxatvelad,<br />
agreTve Seiswavlian, rogorc universalur transkulturul<br />
moculobas, romelic erTnairia kulturaTa invariantul<br />
sistemaSi. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom sxvadasxva da zogjer<br />
paralelur kulturaSi, msgavsi viTarebani yovelTvis<br />
urTierTzegavlenis Sedegi ar aris, rom SevadaroT dasavleTisa<br />
da aRmosavleTis kultura, sagulisxmo paralelebs aRmovaCenT.<br />
62 63
Tamar cagareli<br />
Sua saukuneebis evropuli da qarTuli saeklesio saxilveli<br />
Teatris anTropologia iTvaliswinebs adamianis saqcielis<br />
Seswavlas maSin, rodesac warmodgenisas igi iyenebs sakuTar<br />
fizikur da gonebriv resurss da iqceva yoveldRiuri<br />
cxovrebidan gansxvavebuli princi pebis Sesabamisad, rasac<br />
Teatralur samyaroSi samsaxiobo teqnikas uwodeben, `msaxiobi,<br />
xom esaa adamiani, momuSave sakuTari sxeuliT~. 2<br />
Teatris anTropologia es aris adamianis socio-kulturuli<br />
da fiziologiuri qcevis Seswavla Sesrulebis dros. sxvadasxva<br />
adgilis, droisa da tradiciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
stilisturi formebis miuxedavad, sxvadasxva Semsrulebels<br />
gaaCnia saerTo principebi. Teatris anTropologiis pirveli<br />
amocanaa Tvali miadevnos am periodul principebs. isini ar<br />
adastureben `Teatris mecnierebis~ arsebobas da arc ramdenime<br />
universalur kanons. isini mxolod ramdenime karg `rCevas~<br />
warmoadgenen, scenuri praqtikisaTvis saWiro informacias.<br />
rodesac ramdenime `karg rCevazea~ saubari, iqmneba iluzia,<br />
rom saqme exeba raimes, rac naklebad Rirebulia termin `Teatris<br />
anTropologiasTan~ SedarebiT. magram Seswavlis rigi sferoebi<br />
– magaliTad ritorika da morali anda Tundac qcevis Seswavla<br />
aseve warmoadgenen ramdenime `kargi rCevis~ magaliTs.<br />
sxvadasxva adgilis, drois da tradiciis miuxedavad,<br />
sxvadasxva Semsrulebels gaaCnia saerTo princi pi _ rituali,<br />
romelic yvela eris istoriis safuZvelSive Zevs. ritualuri<br />
formebi, xom uZvelesi xelovnebis winare saxea. rituali ki,<br />
rogorc cnobilia, pirdapir ukavSirdeba Teatrs, saTeatro<br />
xelovnebas. ritualis Seqmnis meqanizmi xom `mimezisi~, `mibaZvaa~.<br />
aristotele iziarebda samarTlian Sexedulebas, rom TamaSi<br />
da miswrafeba mibaZvisken sulis yvelaze ufro adrindeli da<br />
elementarul aRgznebas miekuTvneba. ganviTarebis istoriiT,<br />
is ufro xnieria, vidre religia. mibaZva TamaSiT, romelmac<br />
Seqmna rituali, saidanac warmoiSva saTeatro xelovnebebi,<br />
ramac Cvenamde moaRwia freskis an kedlis mxatvrobis saxiT,<br />
qvaze gamoxatulma Tu gamoqandakebulma, sadac adamianis<br />
Jestikulacia da moZraobaa dafiqsirebuli, romlis sawyisi<br />
adamianis sxeulia.<br />
helmut plesneri naSromSi `anTropologia da qcevis<br />
Teoria~ 3 ganixilavs adamianSi arsebul or sxeuls, sxeuls<br />
bunebrivs, romelsac yovelwamier vxvdebiT da vxedavT yofaSi<br />
da sxeuls gankuTvnils xelovnebisaTvis, kulturisaTvis,<br />
romelsac igi esTetikurad organizebuls uwodebs da romelic<br />
mxolod da mxolod msaxiobisa da mocekvavis privilegiad<br />
rCeba. amgvarad, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, rituali TamaSis sawyis<br />
elementebs Seicavda da aqedan gamomdinare mWidrod ukavSirdeba<br />
Teatralur xelovnebas, romlis daxmarebiTac adamiani Tavisi<br />
sxeulis batoni xdeba. Jestikulaciisa da qmedebis/moZraobis<br />
xelovnebis wyalobiT adamiani sxva personis, gmirisa Tu<br />
personaJis Semqmneli xdeba. sxeulis floba, `magiuri saxis~<br />
Seqmna pre-istoriuli wyaroebidan ukve mogvepoveba, romelic<br />
Cvenamde Semonaxulia ZiriTadad, rogorc arqeologiuri<br />
nimuSebis saxiT, magram arsebuli istoriuli (anTropologiuri)<br />
wyaroebis kvlevis saSualebiT Cven SegviZlia SeviswavloT<br />
da qronologiuri saxiT davalagoT is sawyisi da ganviTareba,<br />
romelsac Teatraluri anTropologia ewodeba.<br />
`Teatraluri anTropologia eZebs saWiro mimarTulebebs<br />
universaluri princi pebis nacvlad,_ wers barba,_ mas ar<br />
gaaCnia mecnierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zomiereba. mas gaaCnia<br />
ambicia aRmoaCinos codna, romelic SesaZlebelia gamoadges<br />
Semsrulebels Tavis saqmianobaSi. misi mizani ar aris<br />
formulebis dadgena, igi ufro qcevis kanonebs Seiswavlis,<br />
rasac Sedegad moaqvs scenuri praqtikisaTvis saWiro<br />
informacia~. 4 aqedan gamomdinare preistoriuli magaliTebidan<br />
moyolebuli dRevandeli dRis CaTvliT mopovebuli da<br />
gaSifruli saSemsruleblo xelovneba ufro farTo diapazoniT<br />
gvaZlevs Sanss, SevinarCunoT da ganvaviTaroT saTeatro<br />
xelovnebis esa Tu is elementebi, tradiciebi, movaxdinoT<br />
Serwyma Cveni da sxva erebis kulturuli adaT-wesebisa,<br />
xelovnebis nimuSebisa.<br />
adamianis arsebis problemis gamokvlevas Cven vpoulobT<br />
qristianul filosofiaSi, romelic Sua saukuneebSi Camoyalibda<br />
da dResac farTodaa gavrcelebuli.<br />
wminda wignebis _ Zveli da axali aRTqmis _ Tanaxmad,<br />
samyaro _ buneba, mcenareuloba, cxovelebi, adamiani _ RmerTis<br />
64 65
Tamar cagareli<br />
Sua saukuneebis evropuli da qarTuli saeklesio saxilveli<br />
mieraa Seqmnili. xolo, adamianis codvebisagan gaTavisufleba<br />
ieso qristes daakisra ufalma, amitomac warmogzavna Tavisi<br />
Ze – qriste – kacobriobis gadasarCenad, adamianTa codvebisagan<br />
dasaxsnelad. qristes adamianad qceviT yovelgvari adamianuri<br />
misTvis axlobeli gaxda. misi xvedri gaxda adamianis cxovreba<br />
Tavisi tanjviTa da sikvdiliT. aqedan gamomdinare RmerTi<br />
pirovnebaa da samyaros warmoSoba RmerTis, rogorc pirovnebis,<br />
Tavisufali aqtia _ Semoqmedebaa, kreaciaa. Tavis mxriv amitomac<br />
misca adamianma Tavis Tavs ufleba ara marto daewera mis<br />
uzenaesze, aramed gamoesaxa igi xelovnebaSi.<br />
bibliis mixedviT adamianis adgili arsebulTa Soris<br />
sruliad garkveulia. pirveli adamiani ar aris RmerTis toli,<br />
magram yvela xorciel qmnilze maRla dgas, xorcielisa da<br />
RvTaebrivis, miwierisa da sulieris, grZnobadisa da zegrZnobadis<br />
nazavia. amitom batonobs is nivTebze, mcenareebsa da cxovelebze;<br />
amitom aqvs mas goneba, azrovneba, Rirseba, rac mTavaria<br />
Tavisufali neba. akrZalvis neba logikurad iTxovs Tavisufali<br />
nebis cnebas. amitomac, adamianis problemas qristianobaSi<br />
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo. Sua saukuneebSi gaCnda<br />
skolebi, romlebic gansakuTrebul adgils uTmobdnen RmerTisa<br />
da adamianis urTierTobis problemas. aseTi iyo patristika<br />
da sqolastika. XI-XII saukuneebis cnobili qarTveli<br />
filosofosi ioane petriwi Targmnis IV-V saukuneebis<br />
gamoCenili filosofosis nemesios emeselis Sromas `bunebisaTvis<br />
kacisa~. am SromaSi platonisa da aristoteles safuZvlebze<br />
ganxilulia adamianis raoba.<br />
qristianulma religiam mogvianebiT miiRo da gamoiyena<br />
kidec Zvel berZenTa filosofiuri warmodgenebi. qristianobam<br />
imqveyniuri warmodgena sulTa samyofelze samoTxed da<br />
jojoxeTad dasaxa. samoTxe ganurCevlad yvela adamianisa<br />
warmoudgeneli netarebaa, rasac mxolod netari sulebi<br />
miaRweven. bibliur edems, axal aRTqmiseul axal ierusalims,<br />
angelosTagan dasaxlebul ierarqiebs – Cveni religiuri<br />
warmosaxvisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda. qristianuli<br />
moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, suli iTvleba RvTaebriv sawyisad, romelic<br />
adamians RmerTTan anaTesavebs, gamovlindeba, Tavisuflebasa<br />
da ukvdavebaSi.<br />
Sua saukuneebis sanaxaobiTi kulturis mniSvnelovani nakadi<br />
aRmoCnda saeklesio saxilveli. Tavad rituali xom, religiiT<br />
an tradiciiT dawesebuli moqmedebaa da raki religiasTan<br />
marTlac mWidro kavSirSia, xSirad mxolod viwro wrisaTvis<br />
iyo misawvdomi misi namdvili arsi. igulisxmeba viwro wre<br />
ganswavluli da gandobili adamianebisa, xolo garegani mxare<br />
sayovelTaod iyo gamotanili da saxalxod samzeri.<br />
winamdebare naSromi swored am saxeobas mimoixilavs da<br />
warmoaCens Teatralur sanaxaobas samsaxiobo Teatraluri<br />
anTropologiis Seswavlis meTodiT.<br />
`sakraluri~ Teatraluri sanaxaoba, rogorc cnobilia,<br />
liturgiul dramas efuZneboda, romelic Tavis mxriv saTaves<br />
warmoadgenda iseTi Janrebisa, rogoricaa: naxevrad liturgiuli<br />
drama, mirakli, misteria, moralite da farsi.<br />
saeklesio sanaxaobaSi SeiniSneboda speqtaklisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebic: dialogi, antifoniuri galoba,<br />
moTamaSeTa replikebi da butaforia. sadac agreTve iyo scenari,<br />
gadacma, Semsrulebeli da mayurebeli _ mrevli. rogorc<br />
cnobilia, liturgiuli drama ori ciklisagan Sedgeboda: Sobisa<br />
da aRdgomis cikli.<br />
Cvenamde moRweuli liturgiuli dramis elementebi<br />
SesaZlebelia Teatraluri anTropologiis kvlevis nimuSad<br />
miviCnioT, sadac mocemulia saeklesio stilis mkacri<br />
kanonikuri moTxovnebis dacva, paralelebis gakeTeba Cveulebrivi<br />
cxovrebis asaxvasTan.<br />
amJamad, ganvixilav evropuli liturgiuli dramis or<br />
Zegls: `sami marias datireba~ 5 da `gonieri da ugunuri<br />
qalwulebi~. 6 orive drama daTariRebulia X-XI saukuneebiT.<br />
pirveli drama miekuTvneba vinCesteris episkoposs etevaldis,<br />
xolo meore drama ki wminda marcialas saZmos. religiis<br />
istoriidan cnobilia, rom eklesiis pirveli mosaxleni arian<br />
mociqulebi, romlebmac Camoayalibes qristes dobilTa da<br />
ZmobilTa sazogadoeba macxovris kurTxevis safuZvelze:<br />
`moimowafeniT yovelni warmarTni...~, xolo mociqulTa<br />
memkvidreni arian episkoposebi: `rogorc RmerTi Tavsakiduri<br />
zeciuri eklesiisa, mze qveynierebisa, aseve episkoposi sakuTari<br />
mrevlisaTvis. man unda gaasxivosnos da gaaTbos samwyso,<br />
66 67
Tamar cagareli<br />
Sua saukuneebis evropuli da qarTuli saeklesio saxilveli<br />
gardaqmnas igi taZrad RvTisa~. amgvarad, episkoposebis, rogorc<br />
mociqulTa memkvidreebis meSveobiT eklesia wuTisofelSi<br />
agrZelebs da aRrmavebs qristes moZRvrebas, amtkicebs religiis<br />
batonobas. Tavisi misiis Sesruleba mRvdelTmsaxureba bibliis<br />
gacnobiT da misi siuJetis gacocxlebiT daiwyo.<br />
sanam mimovixilav zemoT xsenebul or Zegls, gavixsenoT,<br />
aRvidginoT is garemo, sadac imarTeboda amgvari warmodgenebi.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, Sua saukuneebSi ganviTarda arqiteqturis<br />
stili _ goTika, romelic qalaqebis xuroTmoZRvrebis<br />
dominanturi forma iyo.<br />
`goTikuri xelovneba (gotico _ italiurad, warmoSobilia<br />
germanuli tomebis guTebis saxelwodebidan), pirobiTi<br />
saxelwodebaa stilisa, romelic evropul xuroTmoZRvrebisa<br />
da saxviT xelovnebaSi batonobda XV-XVI saukuneebamde.<br />
goTikaSi garkveuli nakadis saxiT Tavi iCina mxatvrulma<br />
kulturam. qandakebisa da mxatvrobis calkeul Temebsa da<br />
elementebSi Taviseburi interpretaciiT aris asaxuli realuri<br />
samyaro. magram, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mainc eklesias hqonda.<br />
swored saeklesio SenobaSi gamovlinda am mimdinareobis stilis<br />
niSnebi. maTi mdidari skulpturuli morTulobis Tematika<br />
ZiriTadad saRvTo werilebis siuJetebi da sxvadasxva<br />
sarwmunoebrivi alegoriebia. moqmedi pirebic umetesad saRvTo<br />
werilis personaJebi da wmindanebi arian.<br />
zogi goTikuri taZari aTiaTasamde mlocvels itevda.<br />
amgvarad, WeSmaritebas moklebuli ar unda iyos, Tu aRvniSnavT,<br />
rom saaRdgomo da saSobao sanaxaobas sakmaod mravalricxovani<br />
mayurebeli hyavda da sasuliero wodebis warmomadgenelTa<br />
propaganda farTo masebze vrceldeboda. sanaxaoba, SesaZlebelia<br />
dRis pirvel naxevarSi gamarTuliyo, radganac am periodSi<br />
ar arsebobda teqnikuri ganaTebis saSualeba. amasTanave, rogorc<br />
cnobilia, sinaTle da sibnele uZvelesi religiuri simboloebia,<br />
romlis dros sinaTle maradiul cxovrebas, xolo sibnele<br />
ubedurebas gamosaxavs. Sua saukuneebSi, Tomas fon aqvino<br />
sinaTles ganixilavda, rogorc gonis metaforas da `moqmed<br />
gonebas~ da amitomac sasuliero warmomadgenlebi ecdebodnen<br />
dRisiT, mzis Suqze eCvenebinaT warmodgena, miTumetes, rom<br />
sanaxaoba iyo erTgvari preludia, romelic amzadebda mrevls<br />
wirvisaTvis. swored misi damTavrebis Semdeg imarTeboda wirvalocva,<br />
rac gansazRvrul dros moicavda. yovelive es qmnida<br />
emociur suraTs, sakralur movlenad aRiqmeboda. amgvar<br />
atmosferoSi mimdinareobda saSobao Tu saaRdgomo ciklis<br />
Cveneba. Tavad liturgiuli dramis Seqmnilis niSania daamkvidros<br />
da ganavrcos eklesiis batonoba sazogadoebaSi saTeatro<br />
sanaxaobiT. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom bibliuri siuJetidan<br />
aRebulia umniSvnelovanesi saeklesio movlena _ aRdgoma,<br />
romelic, sxvaTa Soris, rogorc kaTolikur, aseve marTmadidebel<br />
eklesiaSi yovelTvis Teatralizebuli iyo.<br />
episkoposs etevaldis mier Seqmnili drama `sami marias<br />
datireba~, upirveles yovlisa imiTaa saintereso, rom aq ufro<br />
metad yuradReba gamaxvilebulia warmodgenis vizualur<br />
mxareze da zustadaa miTiTebuli monawileTa Jestikulaciac.<br />
Teatri ukve iyenebs sxeulis enas. igi Txzavs garemos,<br />
dawvrilebiT aRwers yovel detals. cnobilia, rom warmodgena<br />
imarTeboda sakurTxevelsa da mrevlis dasajdom adgils Soris,<br />
romelsac navi ewodeba da romelic yvelaze karg adgils<br />
warmoadgenda, rogorc bunebrivi ganaTebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
rogorc saxilvelad, aseve akustikuri.<br />
moqmedeba iwyeba maria magdalinelis vizualuri qmedebiT:<br />
xelis nazi moZraobiT igi mzeras apyrobs mamakacTa gunds,<br />
saxe danaRvlianebuli da Tvalcremliani kiTxulobs: o, Zmebo!<br />
da sxeulis nazi moZraobiT iCoqebs. Semdeg mudaris mzeras<br />
apyrobs qalebs da aRmoxdeba: `da debo...~<br />
eklesiaSi, kaTolikuri iqneba is Tu marTlmadideburi,<br />
mrevli dResac gayofilia. sakurTxevlidan marcxena mxares<br />
mamakacebi, xolo marjvena mxares qalebi arian.<br />
Semdeg epizodSi maria magdalineli gulze mjiRis cemiTa<br />
da tiriliT, romelsac Tan axlavs TiTqosda mSvelelis Zebna,<br />
rac misi neli Tavis moZraobiT ikveTeba, igi xan marjvniv da<br />
xan marcxniv ixedeba, vizualuri aqtis asaxsnelad Semdeg<br />
sityvebs ambobs:<br />
`.... sad aris Cemi imedi! (Semdeg kvlav gulze icems xels).<br />
sad aris Svela?... aq Tavdaxrili ecema iesos ferxTiT, anu<br />
sakurTxevelTan~.<br />
Canawerebidan ikveTeba, rom upiratesoba eniWeba Jestikulacias.<br />
68 69
Tamar cagareli<br />
Sua saukuneebis evropuli da qarTuli saeklesio saxilveli<br />
sxeulis moZraobiT gamoixateba qalis gulis tkivili da<br />
sevda, TiToeul verbalur aqts non-verbaluri aqti uswrebs<br />
win.<br />
moqmedeba grZeldeba ori mokvdavi qalis statikuri<br />
moZraobiT: maria ufrosi da mariam magdalineli sxeulis<br />
`eniT~, rac gamoixateba erTmaneTTan CaxutebiT, niSnad imisa,<br />
rom orives erTi tkivili aerTianebT, qristes xatTan orive<br />
personaJis daCoqebiTa da mis ferxTqveS gulSemzaravi tiriliT;<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi moZraoba SesaZlebelia aRviqvaT,<br />
rogorc statikuri moZraoba, vizualuri gamoxatvis am aqts<br />
aqvs is datvirTva, rom yoveli es gamosaxuleba asaxavs<br />
saritualo codnasa da saeklesio sibrZnes yovelgvari<br />
msjelobisa da kamaTis gareSe. Semdeg es moZraoba gancalkevdeba<br />
verbaluri aqtiT:<br />
`maria ufrosi: (aq igi uTiTebs maria magdalinels) o,<br />
maria magdalina (Semdeg uTiTebs qristesken), Cemo tkbilo<br />
maswavleblis vaJo (aq igi eamboreba magdalinels da exveva<br />
orive xeliT...), daitire CemTan erTad (uTiTebs isev qristesken)<br />
sikvdili utkbilesi vaJisa... visac ase uyvardi... (aq<br />
muxldaCoqili iwyebs qviTins)~.<br />
rogorc vxedav, es aqtic gamdidrebulia sxeulis eniT.<br />
monawileni `xataven~ gamosaxulebebs da dgamen TavianT taZrebSi,<br />
rogorc azrobriv Sinaarss TiToeuli sagnisa. `damdgmel<br />
jgufs~ kargad esmoda, rom mrevlze verbaluri aqtiT imdenad<br />
ver miaRwevda gavlenas, rogorc vizualuri warmosaxviT. aq<br />
gamovlenilia zemoqmedebis universaluri formis mcdeloba<br />
vizualur-verbaluri aqtis moxdena.<br />
warmodgenis dasasruls sanaxaobaSi monawile qalebi RmerTs<br />
evedrebian, muxldaCoqilni, Tavdaxrili da pirjvaris weriT<br />
isini mouwodeben mayurebels maTTan erTad locvisaken. orive<br />
xelis zecisken aRmarTviT madlobas eubnebian RvTismSobelsa<br />
da ufals, maria ufrosi: `mas, vinc gagvaTavisufla yovelgvari<br />
codvebisagan~. warmodgena mTavrdeba monawileTa tiriliT,<br />
raTa mayurebelSi gamoiwvion sakuTari Tavis Secodebisa da<br />
maTi codvebis monaniebis survili, rom kidev ufro metad<br />
miajaWvon eklesias. JestikulaciiT ixateba, rom warmodgena<br />
gaimarTa RmerTisTvis, mis sadideblad. Tvals Tu gadavavlebT<br />
antikuri Teatris istorias, davinaxavT, rom amgvari qmedeba<br />
analogiaa saritualo da uZvelesi saTeatro sanaxaobisa, sadac,<br />
rogorc cnobilia, warmodgenebi imarTeboda RmerTebis<br />
sadideblad.<br />
marcialas saZmos mier Seqmnili drama `brZeni da ugunuri<br />
qalwulebi~ maTes saxarebidan, aTi qalwulis igavisa da<br />
angelozi umJRavnebs mariams iesos aRdgomas, Tavebis<br />
inscenirebas warmoadgens. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom axali<br />
aRTqma _ saxareba, mTlianad agebulia igavur, anu alegoriul,<br />
princi pze. `siZisa~ da `qalwulis~, agreTve `qorwinebis~<br />
alegoriul mniSvnelobas centraluri adgili uWiravs<br />
macxovris qadagebaSi. `siZe~ Tavad macxovars aRniSnavs,<br />
`qalwuli~ _ qristianuli TvalsazrisiT simboloa bunebis<br />
sulisa, `qorwili~ _ marTalTa netarebas, RvTaebasTan ziarebas<br />
miuTiTebs qveynis dasasrulisa da saSineli samsjavros Semdeg.<br />
arc es princi pi daurRveviaT saZmos wevrebs da dramis<br />
personaJebad gamoiyvanes qalwulebi, siZe da angelozi.<br />
maxareblebi _ maTe, markozi, luka da ioane _ gvauwyeben, rom<br />
aRsrulda winaswarmetyveleba: qristes jvarcmis Semdeg, mesame<br />
dRes, kviris ciskarze, mkvdreTiT aRsdga ufali da macxovari.<br />
morwmuneTa angelozma es ambavi pirvelad qalwulebs auwya....<br />
morwmuneTa eklesias ki STaagona: `qriste aRsdga mkvdreTiT,<br />
sikvdiliTa sikvdilisa damTrgunveli da saflavebis SinaTa<br />
cxovrebis mimniWebeli~. swored am ambiT iwyeba marcialas<br />
saZmos drama-warmodgena. angelozi dastrialebs im gamoqvabuls,<br />
sadac qriste esvena. igi xan afrindeba da xan Camofrindeba,<br />
aq aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom saeklesio warmodgenebSi ukve<br />
gamoiyeneba `maSineria~. angelozis Semsrulebeli plastikiTa<br />
da JestikulaciiT gamoxatavs mis Sinagan emocias, rogorc<br />
dramaSia gamokveTili esaa simboloebiT datvirTuli cekva,<br />
romelsac Semdgom verbalurad xsnis, rom `is, visac Tqven<br />
eZebT gamoqvabulSi, o, qristianno, aq ar aris. igi aRsdga,<br />
rogorc Tavad winaswarmetyvelebda.~ am ambis gamgone ugunuri<br />
qalwulni cekva-TamaSiT cdiloben angelozis daWeras da mis<br />
gaCumebas. maT ar swamT misi sityvebisa. siuJetis gamZafrebis<br />
mizniT, avtorma, ugunurni eSmaks waayvanina. moulodnelobis<br />
efeqtiT eSmaki eklesiis iatakidan amodis, TiTqosda qvesknelidan<br />
70 71
Tamar cagareli<br />
da mas garda imisa, rom niRabi ukeTia, Semsrulebeli mis<br />
personaJs ganasaxierebs vizualuradac. igi cdilobs swored<br />
ise imoZraos, rom mxilvels TvalnaTliv warmoudgines eSmakis<br />
realuri saxe. rogorc cnobilia, saeklesio TeatrSi eSmakis<br />
gamoCena pirvelad am dramaSi moxda, rac SesaZleblad mimaCnia<br />
imiT avxsna, rom mayurebelze Seqmniliyo emociuri zegavlena,<br />
konfliqti gaxda saxilveli, raTa TvalnaTliv daenaxaT da<br />
gaeazrebinaT codvilTa cxovrebis saboloo gza _ jojoxeTi.<br />
warmodgenis dasasruls ki, qristes Tayvans scemen iudevelTa<br />
winaswarmetyvelni: sivila, virgiliusi da nobuqodosori.<br />
Tayvaniscemis es scena sakmaod pompezuradaa warmodgenili,<br />
mxolod non-verbalurad. aq sityva sruliad zedmeti aRmoCnda<br />
warmodgenis SemqmnelTaTvis. rogorc Cans, saZmos mTavari<br />
mizani ZalTa demostraciis moxdenas warmoadgenda. Tu `Zlieri<br />
ama qveynisani~ aRiareben macxovars, ubralo mokvdavni miT<br />
ufro unda Seudgnen qristes gzas da aRiaron igi.<br />
aRdgomis udides dResaswauls mTeli saqristiano<br />
gansakuTrebuli sixaruliTa da mowiwebiT aRniSnavs. RmerTis<br />
aRdgoma da misi maradiulobis rwmena uZvelesi azrobrivi<br />
danaSrevia kacobriobis istoriaSi da am istoriis nawili<br />
saqarTvelocaa. qarTuli samyaroc ar aris gamonaklisi Zveli<br />
Tu axali religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebisagan. aqac saintereso<br />
da mravalferovani suraTia gamokveTili.<br />
saqarTveloSi aRdgomis upirveles dResaswaulad miCnevas<br />
arqauli fena da myari Sexedulebebi daedo safuZvlad. qristes<br />
aRdgomas, mis gavrcelebas da sayovelTao aRiarebas, qristianobis<br />
gadaqcevas msoflio uZlieres religiad yovelmxriv hqonia<br />
safuZveli ganmtkicebuli.<br />
`mkvdreTiT aRdgomili qriste da misi moZRvreba daipyrobs<br />
sxvadasxva erebs da qveynebso~ (daviTni) Tavidanve safuZvliani iyo.<br />
saqarTveloSi saaRdgomo wiTeli kvercxebi, saferxulo<br />
cekvebi, winaparTa sulis mosaxseniebeli Cveuleba-ritualebi<br />
mniSvnelovani daskvnis saSualebas iZleva. kerZod, CvenSi<br />
dafiqsirebuli saaRdgomo ritualebi araeklesiuri sanaxaoba<br />
iyo, romelic mkveTrad gansxvavdeba Sua saukuneebis evropis<br />
saeklesio sanaxaobebisgan. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi<br />
Sua saukuneebis evropuli da qarTuli saeklesio saxilveli<br />
saaRdgomo sanaxaobas `qristes ferxuli~ ewodeboda, romelic<br />
Semdegi saxiT mimdinareobda:<br />
1. waRma, sacekvao xazis mimarTulebiT (saaTis isris brunvis<br />
sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba);<br />
2. piriqiT, sacekvao xazis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT<br />
(saaTis isris brunvis mimarTuleba).<br />
formis mxriv, es ferxuli erTwriulad da `sarTulis~<br />
gareSe sruldeba. saferxulo-kombinirebul svlaSi ZiriTadad<br />
gamoyenebuli iyo: Cveulebrivi svla, gverdze fexis midgmiT<br />
da ukan fexmidgmiTi moZraobebi. saferxulo svlis dros<br />
xelebi qvedaSvebuli iyo da mtevnebi Cabmuli.<br />
simReris bolo frazaze wre ixsneba da sawyis mdgomareobas<br />
ubrundebian. ferxulSi monawileobs Suaxnis asakis TxuTmeti<br />
mamakaci. maT mier am ferxulis sasimRero da qoreografiuli<br />
`teqstis~ Sesruleba folklorul variants ganekuTvneba.<br />
amave dros, aRdgoma dRes aucilebeli da upirvelesi<br />
movaleoba iyo da dResac aris micvalebulTa saflavis<br />
monaxuleba. qristianuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, suli iTvleba<br />
RvTaebriv sawyisad, romelic adamians RmerTTan anaTesavebs,<br />
gamovlindeba gonierebaSi, Tavisuflebasa da ukvdavebaSi.<br />
micvalebulTa moxseniebis es dRe aRsaniSnavi iyo musikiTa<br />
da garTobebiT. saTeatro sanaxaobebi saeklesio wirva-locvis<br />
Semdeg imarTeboda. qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia Sua<br />
saukuneebis evropis saeklesio sanaxaobebisagan gansxvavebiT<br />
krZalavda yovelgvar sanaxaobas. swored wirva-locvis Semdeg<br />
iSleboda sufra da mTeli mrevli marTavda ferxuls.<br />
amgvarad, zemoT moyvanili magaliTebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom medievistikis samyaroSi, evropasa da saqarTveloSi<br />
saTeatro sanaxaobebi Tavis wes-kanonebs emorCileba, Tumca<br />
amgvar warmodgenebs kaTolikur Tu marTlmadideblur mrevlSi<br />
sakmaod didi yuradReba da dro eTmoboda.<br />
1. Eugenio Barba and Nicolas Savarese. A Dictionary of Theatre Antropology.<br />
2 nd edition. Lomdon and New York, 2005, p. 175-176.<br />
2. eJi grotovski. gamomcemloba `kentavri~, Tbilisi, 2008. gv. 54.<br />
72 73
Tamar cagareli<br />
3. Ïëåñíåð X., Ñòóïåíè îðãàíè÷åñêîãî è ÷åëîâåê: Ââåäåíèå â<br />
ôèëîñîôñêóþ àíòðîïîëîãèþ. http://filosof.historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/<br />
z0000877/index.shtml<br />
4. Eugenio Barba and Nicolas Savarese. A Dictionary of Theatre Antropology.<br />
2 nd edition. Lomdon and New York, 2005, p. 128.<br />
5. Gloria K. Fiero. The Humanistic Tradition. Medieval Europe and the world<br />
beyond. 3 rd edition. New York, 1998, p. 150.<br />
6. iqve, gv. 162.<br />
kinomcodneoba<br />
74 75
samagistro programa<br />
msoflio kinos istoria<br />
olRa eliaSvili<br />
magistraturis II kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli - prof. zviad doliZe<br />
gangsteruli kino<br />
samagistro programa kinomcodneobaSi (MA in Film Studies)<br />
msoflio kinos istoriis ganxriT amzadebs kinomcodneebs,<br />
romlebic safuZvlianad iTviseben sazRvargareTis wamyvani<br />
kinematografiuli qveynebis kinos ganviTarebis periodebs,<br />
tendenciebs, mimarTulebebs, Taviseburebebsa da a. S.,<br />
gamoimuSaveben kritikuli azrovnebis unars, saTanado<br />
profesiulsa da eTikur unar-Cvevebs. programis aqtualoba<br />
ganisazRvreba xelovnebis am dargisadmi mzardi moTxovnilebiT,<br />
specifikuri codnis miRebis surviliT momavali kvleviTi (da<br />
SesaZloa, pedagogiuri) moRvaweobis maRal doneze<br />
warmarTvisaTvis.<br />
xelovnebaTmcodneobis (kinomcodneobis) magistrebs SeuZliaT<br />
kvlevis Catareba da analitikuri samuSaos Sesruleba msoflio<br />
kinos istoriis sakiTxebze. maTi specializaciis sferoebi<br />
moicavs rogorc amerikuli, ise evropuli da aziuri<br />
kinematografis istoriis codnas, mzad iqnebian imuSaon<br />
specialobis mixedviT sxvadasxva dawesebulebebSi, kvleviT<br />
centrebSi, miiReben saTanado kompetencias specialuri<br />
akademiuri literaturis kiTxvis, aRqmisa da misi kritikulad<br />
SefasebisaTvis, SeeZlebaT miRebuli ganaTlebis demonstrireba,<br />
sakvalifikacio naSromis werilobiTi da zepiri wardgena.<br />
samagistro programis xelmZRvaneli<br />
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,<br />
sruli profesori zviad doliZe<br />
gangsterulma kinom ganviTareba pova amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi 20-iani wlebis bolos, amerikuli sazogadoebis<br />
socialuri cvlilebebis safuZvelze, rac gamowveuli iyo<br />
1929-33 wlebSi ekonomikuri krizisiT. umuSevrobam,<br />
danaSaulebebis zrdam, policiis gamyidvelobam Sva filmebi,<br />
romelTa moqmedi gmirebi gangsterebi gaxdnen. am filmebis<br />
`gmirebi~ upirispirebdnen Tavis Tavs, sazogadoebas, aRiarebdnen<br />
ra mxolod Zaladobis kults. 1931 wels ekranze gamodis<br />
gangsteruli kinos erT-erTi pirveli klasikuri nimuSi, houard<br />
houqsis `naiarevi saxe~. filmSi asaxulia XX saukunis 30-<br />
ian wlebSi, amerikaSi Seqmnili situacia da gangsteruli<br />
dajgufebebis TareSi. am periodSi gangsterebma sazogadoebaSi<br />
poziciebi gaimyares da maTi dajgufebebi popularobiTac ki<br />
sargeblobdnen. 20-ian wlebSi amerikaSi miRebulma e. w.<br />
`mSralma kanonma~ da aralegaluri spirtiani sasmeliT vaWrobam,<br />
gangsterebs gamdidrebis saSualeba misca. istorikosebi<br />
SemTxveviT ar miiCneven am kanons yvelaze warumatebel<br />
socialur eqsperimentad. gangsterulma sazogadoebam es ambavi<br />
miiRo, rogorc Zvirfasi saCuqari. Seiqmna safuZveli<br />
damnaSaveebis saqmiani SekavSirebis, romelmac Sva gangsterizmi<br />
(“Gang” inglisurad niSnavs `bandas~). gangsterebi<br />
axorcielebdnen aralegalur bizness, romlisTvisac iyenebdnen<br />
yovelgvar saSualebebs, swored aseTi saSualeba iyo spirtiani<br />
sasmelebis gayidva `iatakqveS~. ramdenadac mTelma erma daiwyo<br />
maTi Sesyidva, saWiro gaxda viskis aralegalur damamzadebelTa<br />
mTeli armia. kinom 20-iani wlebis bolos Zirfesvianad da<br />
didi xniT SeiTvisa `mSrali kanonis~ Tema.<br />
kriminaluri kinos istoria daiwyo filmiT `matareblis<br />
didi gaZarcva~, romelic gadaiRo porterma `edisonis~<br />
kinofirmaSi. es iyo im cnobili parizuli seansis rva wlisTavze.<br />
porteris filmi gaxda erTdroulad kinos ori mimarTulebis<br />
76 77
olRa eliaSvili<br />
gangsteruli kino<br />
Canasaxi: gangsteruli filmisa da vesternisa. es iyo im arsebuli<br />
realobis winaaRmdeg amaRlebuli xma, romelic ase awuxebda<br />
amerikel xalxs.<br />
am Janris kinos yvelaze cnobili dueti iyo: reJisori<br />
Tomas insi da msaxiobi uiliam harti. am duetis erT-erTi<br />
saukeTeso namuSevaria 1918 wels gadaRebuli `rkinigzis<br />
mglebi~. matareblis gaZarcvis Semdeg, roca saqme namdvil<br />
`gayofaze~ midgeba banditebi erTmaneTs `daerevian~. es sufTa<br />
damnaSaveTa sazogadoebis zusti Cveneba iyo. ukve aSkarad<br />
Canda is, Tu rogor ixveweboda da viTardeboda gangsteruli<br />
kino, rogorc damoukidebeli sufTa amerikuli kinoJanri.<br />
1929 wels msoflioSi daiwyo ekonomikuri krizisi, romelic,<br />
ra Tqma unda, amerikasac Seexo. es krizisi amerikis istoriaSi<br />
`didi depresiis~ saxeliTaa Sesuli. giganturi qveyana, romelic<br />
ekonomikuri aRmavlobis zenitSi iyo, katastroful mdgomareobaSi<br />
Cavarda, bankebi gakotrdnen, daiwyo masobrivi umuSevroba, SimSili,<br />
xalxi panikam moicva, gaizarda danaSaulTa ricxvi. swored am<br />
yvelafris fonze gangsterulma cxovrebam arnaxuli aRmavloba<br />
ganicada da logikuria, rom kinomatografis mTavar Temad<br />
iqca. swored am periodSi ramdenime wliT popularulebi gaxdnen<br />
e. w. `soflis banditebi~: jon dilinjeri, `kid~ nelsoni, boni<br />
parkeri da sxv.<br />
1931 wels holivudSi gadaiRes 25 gangsteruli filmi:<br />
jorj hilis `saidumlo eqvseuli~, houard houqsis<br />
`kriminaluri kodeqsi~, alfred grinis `ioli fuli~ da sxv.<br />
es filmebi sakmaod didi popularobiT sargeblobdnen.<br />
`mSrali kanonis~ Tema gavrcelebuli iyo uamrav gangsterul<br />
kinoSi, Tumca mogvianebiT roca es kanoni gauqmda, 1939 wels<br />
Seiqmna erT-erTi saukeTeso filmi `qariSxliani ociani wlebi~,<br />
romlis reJisori iyo raul uolSi. es filmi gadaRebuli<br />
iyo metad mZime periodSi _ sanam hitleri poloneTs<br />
daesxmeboda Tavs, es mZime yofa filmzec aisaxa.<br />
amerikis istoriaSi erT-erTi popularuli e. w. `sofleli<br />
banditi~ iyo Carlz floidi, metsaxelad `lamazmani~. is iyo<br />
fermeris Svili. albaT, nawilobriv, amanac ganapiroba misi<br />
popularoba. banditi Zarcvavda bankebs, romlebic fermerebs<br />
miaCndaT mtrebad, radgan swored es bankebi arTmevdnen maT<br />
fermebs gadauxdeli arendis sanacvlod. es koncefcia<br />
moqmedebda TiTqmis ori aTwleuli. 1960 wels herbert lederma<br />
gadaiRo filmi `lamazmani floidi~. gangsterulma Janrma<br />
popularobiT vesterns, miuzikls da komediasac ki gauswro.<br />
banditobebisa da Zarcvebis gaxSirebam gamoZiebis<br />
federalur biuros (FBI) misca saSualeba xelisuflebisagan<br />
mmarTvelobis radikaluri gazrdis ufleba mieRoT. Tu adre<br />
calkeuli Statebis samarTaldamcvelebs uxdebodaT sxvadasxva<br />
Zarcvebisa da danaSaulebebis gamoZieba, axla am yovelives<br />
FBI Caudga saTaveSi. am ciklis erT-erTi bolo da<br />
mniSvnelovani filmi iyo jeims horanis 1940 wels gadaRebuli<br />
`bandis dedofali~, sadac `goueris jgufi~ uswordeba `dedilo~<br />
berkeris bandasa da mis vaJebs. cnobil msaxiobs blanS iurks<br />
misces saSualeba eCvenebina Tavisi gmiris xasiaTis gansxvavebuli<br />
mxareebi, sakuTar vaJebze uzomod Seyvarebuli qalis saxe da<br />
amis paralelurad sxvebis mimarT Seubralebeli qali.<br />
XX saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani filmi iyo<br />
artur penis `boni da klaidi~. reJisori films iwyebs<br />
fotogalereis CvenebiT. mTavari gmirebisa da maTi ojaxebis<br />
suraTebi ipyroben ekrans. marTalia, am suraTebis dawvrilebiTi<br />
naxva ar xerxdeba kadrebis swrafi monacvleobis gamo, Tumca<br />
mayurebelSi mainc sasurvel ganwyobas iwvevs. reJisorma Zalze<br />
saintereso gmirebis saxeebi Seqmna: klaidi _ simpaTiuri<br />
amerikeli, romelic cotas koWlobs da romelmac cixeSi<br />
yofnisas fexze ori TiTi moiWra, samuSaod rom ar gaeSvaT.<br />
boni ocdaaTiode wlis tipuri amerikeli gogoa. bonis da<br />
klaidis momxibvleloba da maTi garegnobis urTierTSeTanxmeba<br />
aucilebeli iyo reJisorisTvis da asec moxda, msaxiobebma<br />
araCveulebrivi ekranuli saxeebi Seqmnes. gmirebis mizani<br />
naTelia _ isini midian raTa dasajon mdidrebi da daexmaron<br />
Raribebs, gzadagza awyoben mravalferovan gegmebs. irkveva,<br />
rom bonis arasodes sWeria xelSi iaraRi da klaidi aswavlis<br />
mas srolas. es gakveTili gamoiyureba sruliad usafrTxod,<br />
cotaTi bavSvur TamaSsac ki hgavs da arafriT ar<br />
winaswarmetyvelebs yovelive im saSinelebas, rac mogvianebiT<br />
moxdeba. es ukve klasikuri kinos triukebia, mayurebeli naTlad<br />
xedavs, rogor ixveweba da viTardeba gangsteruli kino.<br />
78 79
olRa eliaSvili<br />
gangsteruli kino<br />
sakmaod saintereso istoria moyva lourens Silerma filmSi<br />
`jalaTis simRera~ (1982). reJisorma ekranze gadaitana is,<br />
rac gadaxda Tavs 1976 wels vinme geri dilmors. Tormetwliani<br />
sasjelis Semdeg gmiri gadis Tu ara cixidan, erTdroulad<br />
or mkvlelobas Caidens. is klavs patara maRaziis mflobels<br />
da sastumros administrators, Tumca fuls, romelsac is<br />
eZebs, ver miiRebs: orives salaroSi mxolod ramdenime dolari<br />
udevs. igi, ra Tqma unda, dauyovnebliv daakaves da samudamo<br />
patimroba miusajes. ai, aq iwyeba yvelaze mTavari _ gmirma<br />
moiTxova, rom is sikvdiliT daesajaT.<br />
gangsteruli kinos erT-erTi saukeTeso nimuSia `naTlimama~,<br />
raSic naTladaa naCvenebi problema, romelsac samarTaldamcavebi<br />
ver umklavdebodnen. vito korleone Zalauflebis xelSi<br />
Casagdebad Zarcvavda da klavda xalxs. axalgazrda<br />
gangsterebis SeCereba samarTaldamcvelebs ase Tu ise ZaluZT,<br />
radgan isini am qmedebas Tavad axorcieleben. sul sxva<br />
SemTxvevaa Tu saqme exeba `dons~, romelmac Seqmna Tavisi<br />
didebis piramidebi. igi Cacmulia mkacr saqmian kostumSi da<br />
arasodes uwevs xmas, warmoudgenelia iaraRiT xelSi<br />
emuqrebodes sxvas. marlon brando interviuSi ambobs, rom<br />
`don korleone aris Cveulebrivi saqmiani magnati, romelic<br />
iswrafvis miaRwios yvelafers Tavisi jgufisa da ojaxisaTvis~.<br />
am filmis warmatebis Semdeg, gangsterebis Tema Zalze<br />
popularuli gaxda: amas mohyva am Janris filmebis mTeli<br />
nakadi: sidni liumetis `qalaqis ufliswuli~ (1981) da `ganaCeni~<br />
(1982), serjo leones `erTxel amerikaSi~ (1984), braian de<br />
palmas `xelSeuxebelni~ (1987) da sxv.<br />
1983 wels braian de palmam SesTavaza al paCinos eTamaSa<br />
houqsis filmis `naiarevi saxis~ `rimeiqSi~. am axal filmSi<br />
SemorCenili iyo Zveli filmis motivebi, Tumca mas aranairi<br />
kavSiri ar hqonda al kaponesTan. sisxlismRvreli Cikagoeli<br />
gangsteri Secvlili iyo kubeli emigrantiT, romelsac igive<br />
saxeli erqva, rogorc houqsis filmis gmirs, xolo<br />
aralegaluri alkoholiT vaWroba ki Secvlili iyo<br />
narkobiznesiT. `naiarevi saxe~, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aris Janris<br />
klasikuri nimuSi, yvela im pirobasa da moTxovnas pasuxobs,<br />
rac am Janris Taviseburebas warmoadgens: gangsterebis<br />
Cacmuloba erTnairi, mkacri da eleganturia, narkotikebi, iaraRiT<br />
vaWroba, srola, bevri sisxli, gamdidrebisa da gandidebis<br />
surviliT Sepyrobili gmirebi, SiSi, Suri, undobloba, Ralati,<br />
cdiloben Tavad ar mietanon sawamlavs, romliTac sxvebs<br />
wamlaven, magram xSirad survili akrZalvaze Zlieri xdeba<br />
da Tavad xdebian msxverplni. amrigad, filmi mogviTxrobs<br />
organizebul danaSaulebriv samyaroze da kanondamrRvevTa<br />
jgufze, romelTa cxovrebis wesi, romelsac Tavadve adgenen,<br />
mkacri da daundobelia.<br />
Tanamedrove amerikuli kinos reJisori martin skorseze<br />
Tavisi Semoqmedebis ZiriTad Temas gangsterebis cxovrebas<br />
uZRvnis. misi erT-erTi pirveli gangsteruli filmia `bneli<br />
quCebi~. am filmiT reJisori iwyebs niu-iorkis gangsterebis<br />
cxovrebis aRweras. rodesac `bneli quCebi~ gamovida da<br />
reJisorma frensis ford kopolam naxa filmi, romelic im<br />
dros muSaobda Tavisi cnobili filmis `naTlimamas~<br />
gagrZelebaze da eZebda msaxiobs axalgazrda don korleones<br />
rolisTvis, dauyovnebliv aiyvana de niro am rolze. `naTlimamas~<br />
seriebi SeiZleba iTqvas aTwleulis saukeTeso gangsterul<br />
filmad iqca.<br />
rac Seexeba skorsezes Semoqmedebas, is SemdgomSic iRebs<br />
mTel rig gangsterul filmebs: `kargi biWebi~, `kazino~ da<br />
sxv.<br />
rogorc ar unda iyos, dResdReobiT organizebuli danaSauli<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze mtkivneuli, terorizmTan gaTanabrebuli<br />
msoflio problemaa. amerikaze saubrisas zedmetia imis mtkiceba,<br />
Tu vis ekuTvnis am problemis Seqmna italielebs Tu `iankebs~,<br />
miT umetes, rom am saqmeSi orives aqvs gamocdileba. 2002<br />
wels martin skorsezem gamouSva filmi epopea `niu-iorkis<br />
bandebi~, romelSic naTlad Cans, rom yvela dros hyavda Tavisi<br />
damnaSaveebi, magram namdvili profesionaluri gangsterizmis<br />
istoria mogvianebiT daiwyo – daaxloebiT pirveli msoflio<br />
omis Semdeg.<br />
SemoqmedebiTi kodeqsis Semqmneli uiliam heisi Tavis<br />
memuarebSi werda: `gangsteruli kinos cikli gaCnda imitom,<br />
rom gangsteris kulti JurnalistikaSi iyo mTavari didi<br />
xnis ganmavlobaSi, magram am filmebiT sazogadoebas ki ar<br />
80 81
olRa eliaSvili<br />
eubnebodnen, rom isinic ase unda moqceuliyvnen, aramed<br />
mayurebeli filmis pirvelive epizodidan grZnobda, rom rac<br />
ar unda enaxa mTeli filmis ganmavlobaSi, iyo ukanono, araswori<br />
da ubralod araadamianuri~.<br />
gangsteruli kinoJanri mayurebels, romelic yovelTvis<br />
maqsimalurad kategoriuli da momTxovnia, aZlevs saSualebas<br />
Tavad dainaxos is sisastike, Suri, SiSi da a. S., rac am<br />
dajgufebebis wevrebs Soris aris. es filmebi, umeteswilad,<br />
araTu propagandas uwevs gangsterul dajgufebebs, aramed<br />
piriqiT sakmaod anti propagandistulia, radgan aSiSvlebs<br />
mayureblis winaSe im mankier mxareebs, romelic aseT cxovrebas<br />
mosdevs, anu, mayurebels SeuZlia airCios da gaiTvaliswinos<br />
mosalodneli Sedegebi.<br />
sofio wulaia<br />
magistraturis II kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli - prof. zviad doliZe<br />
kinofantastikis evoluciis procesi<br />
sityva `fantazia~ ZvelberZnuli warmoSobisaa da<br />
`warmosaxvis xelovnebas~ niSnavs, igi fantastikur siuJetze<br />
aRzrdili mayureblis cnobierebaSi ararealurTan, gamonagonTan,<br />
fiqciasTan asocirdeba.<br />
xelovnebis ganviTarebis istoriaze Tvalis odnavi<br />
gadavlebac sakmarisia imis SesamCnevad, rom fantastikuri<br />
Janri erT-erTi wamyvania, romelic asazrdoebda miTologias,<br />
literaturas, Teatrs, ferweras. amitom, ar unda gagvikvirdes,<br />
rom misiT kinematografi dabadebis adreuli wlebidanve<br />
dainteresda.<br />
Tanamedrove gagebiT `kinofantastika~ Tavis dabadebas<br />
fantastikuri Janris literaturas unda umadlodes, Tumca,<br />
kinos mTavari upiratesoba _ gamosaxulebis vizualizaciac<br />
ar unda daviviwyoT, romelic kinos mesveurebma TavianT<br />
sasargeblod gamoiyenes. vizualuri xerxebiT manipulirebam<br />
ekrans milionobiT adamiani miajaWva. fantastikuri Janri<br />
niWieri da windaxeduli adamianebis xelSi erTgvar `oqros<br />
sabadodac~ ki iqca. igi Tamamad SegviZlia miviCnioT komerciuli<br />
kinematografis winamorbedadac.<br />
Tu aTwleulebis intervaliT kinofantastikis dinamikurad<br />
cvalebad processa da mis evolucias davakvirdebiT, aRmovaCenT,<br />
rom saxelwodeba `konofantastika~ metad pirobiTi cnebaa,<br />
igi xom Tavis TavSi uamrav eqsperiments, JanrTa Serwymas,<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis mudmiv cvalebadobasa da<br />
mravalferovnebas itevs. masze udidesi gavlena iqonia<br />
literaturaSi, antikur da Tanamedrove miTologiaSi,<br />
filosofias, sociologiasa da fsiqologiaSi mimdinare mTelma<br />
rigma procesebma da cvlilebebma, gamoeyo saTavgadasavlo<br />
Janrs, moaxdina sxvadasxva JanrTan met-naklebad organuli<br />
SekavSireba, droTa ganmavlobaSi ki damoukideblad arsebobis<br />
uflebac moipova, gaxda imdenad polistilisturi, rom ramdenime<br />
82 83
sofio wulaia<br />
kinofantastikis evoluciis procesi<br />
subJanric ki gamoeyo, romlebic TavianT formebSi imdenad<br />
arian stilizebulni, rom Zalauneburad, Janrebadac ki<br />
moiazrebian.<br />
yvelaferi ki lui lumieris banaluri, ramdenime wuTiani<br />
film `meqanikuri saxorciT~ daiwyo, romelsac mkvlevrebi<br />
pirvel fantastikur filmadac ki moiazreben (suraTis siuJeti<br />
Semdegnairia: ekranze naCvenebia eleqtronuli xorcsakepi manqana,<br />
romelSic cocxali goWebi xtebian da iqidan sosisebad<br />
qceulebi gamodian).<br />
kinofantastikis qveJanrebia: samecniero fantastika,<br />
saSinelebaTa filmi, e. w. “H o r r o r”, fentezi, fantasmagoria,<br />
kiber-panki, neo-goTika da sxv. ganvmartoT TiToeuli maTgani:<br />
s a m e c n i e r o f a n t a s t i k a _ mTavari<br />
maxasiaTebeli: moqmedebis mimdinareoba sxva ganzomilebaSi,<br />
sadac waSlilia Tanamedroveoba da istoriuli dro, Tumca,<br />
moklebulia yovelgvar mistikur _ magiur elements.<br />
f e n t e z i _ saTaves iRebs XX saukunis pirvel aTeulSi<br />
fantastikuri Janris literaturisgan.Aam ciklis filmebSi<br />
dominantia miTologiuri, zRapruli siuJeti, romelsac bevri<br />
aqvs saerTo istoriul-saTavgadasavlo romanTan. fentezis<br />
gmirebi arian drakonebi, gnomebi, urCxulebi... aq yvelaferi,<br />
miTis msgavsad, daSvebazea dafuZnebuli, rogorc ki warmovidgenT,<br />
rom is, rasac Tvals vadevnebT fiqciaa, nawarmoebi Tavis<br />
mxatvrul Rirebulebas kargavs. s a S i n e l e b a T a<br />
f i l m i _ mTavari maxasiaTebeli: mayurebelSi SiSis<br />
grZnobis gaRviveba, SiSis uSualo gancda, masTan Zalian axlos<br />
dgas t r i l e r i , `Trill” inglisuri sityvaa da<br />
`Jruantels~ niSnavs, magram gansxvaveba isaa, rom Tu saSinelebaTa<br />
filmSi mTavari SiSis uSualo gancdaa, trilerSi dominanti<br />
SiSis molodinia;<br />
f a n t a s m a g o r i a _ momdinareobs ZvelberZnuli<br />
sityvidan da `moCvenebas~ niSnavs. es aris filmi aramiwier,<br />
zeciur arsebebze da Zalian axlos dgas XX saukunis ferweraSi<br />
farTod gavrcelebul abstraqcionizmTan. zemoT CamoTvlili<br />
TiToeuli qveJanris saerTo maxasiaTebelia gamogonili<br />
realobis, fiqciis reprezentacia fantastikuri xerxebisa da<br />
specefeqtebis saSualebiT. specefeqtis `gamomgoneblad~ ki<br />
kinos erT-erTi pioneri, frangi JorJ meliesia miCneuli,<br />
romelmac Tavis moklemetraJian filmebSi gamokveTa is Temebi,<br />
romlebsac mogvianebiT ara erTxel Sexebia evropuli da<br />
amerikuli kinematografi. kinokritikosebi miiCneven, rom JorJ<br />
meliesis pirveli fantastikuri Janris filmia `eSmakis<br />
gasaRebi~ (1896), romlis qronometraJi ori wuTia, siuJeti<br />
ki Semdegi: ekranze adamiani qreba da Cndeba.<br />
fantastikuri Janris filmebiT mayureblis dainteresebam<br />
kidev erTxel cxadyo adamianis swrafva yovelgvari<br />
amoucnobisadmi. marTalia, kinofantastikis didi nawili<br />
gasarTobia da inteleqtualuri mayureblis interess ver<br />
akmayofilebs, magram arsebobs am Janris klasikac, romelic<br />
Seiqmna iseTi geniosebis mier, rogorebic arian: stenli kubriki<br />
(filmSi `kosmosuri odisea _ 2001 weli~, reJisorma samecniero<br />
fantastika erTgvar fasadad gamoiyena, romlis miRmac<br />
kacobriobis istoriaSi yvelaze didi sigiJe _ xelovnuri<br />
inteleqti da misi uaryofiTi mxareebi imaleba).<br />
vudi aleni genialuri filmiT `mZinare~, romelic,<br />
erTdroulad Janris satirac aris da erT-erTi aqtualuri<br />
problemis reprezentirebasac axdens: adamianis gaucxoeba<br />
Tanamedrove industrialur samyarosTan kinosuraTis mTavari<br />
Temaa; romanPpolanski, romelmac fantastikur JanrSi ori<br />
filmi Seqmna: `rozmaris Cvili~ da `vampirTa mejlisi~;<br />
fantastikuri Janris klasikosad, `kinos stiven kingad~<br />
aRiarebuli stiven spilbergi, romelmac saTavgadasavlomistikur-fantastikuri<br />
filmebiT kinoepoqa Seqmna; 70-iani<br />
wlebis sakulto reJisori jorj lukasi, gaxmaurebuli<br />
`varskvlavuri omebiT~, romelmac filosofiur-fsiqologiuri<br />
samecniero fantastikiT gaiTqva saxeli, reJisorma vizualuri<br />
xerxebis saSualebiT axali realoba Seqmna. amasTanve moxda<br />
pirveli rolTa gacvla sqesTa Soris: Tu 30-iani 50-iani<br />
wlebis kinofantastikis mTavari gmirebi mamakacebi iyvnen,<br />
`varskvlavur omebSi~ sigurni uiveris gmiri sapirispiro sqesis<br />
erTgvari risxva xdeba. aq qali Tavdamsxmelia, mamakaci ki<br />
msxverpli, rac, bunebrivia, 60-70-ian wlebSi feministuri<br />
organizaciebis udidesi popularobiTa da sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaSi qalis rolis zrdiTaa gamowveuli; 80-iani wlebis<br />
84 85
sofio wulaia<br />
kinofantastikis evoluciis procesi<br />
erT-erTi warmatebuli reJisori jeims kameroni, romelmac<br />
`terminatoris~ seriebiT sakmaod seriozuli metafora Seqmna:<br />
xelovnuri da bunebrivi inteleqtis dapirispireba, romelic<br />
Tanamedrove civilizaciis erTgvar simbolodac ki aRiqmeba;<br />
inteleqtualuri kinos mwvervaladaa miCneuli andrei<br />
tarkovskis ori filmi: `solarisi~ da `stalkeri~, romlebic<br />
fantastikur JanrSia gadawyvetili.<br />
am yvelafris paralelurad arsebobda filmidan filmSi<br />
meqanikurad gardamavali banaluri siuJetebi, romelTa talRa<br />
30-iani wlebis dasawyisidan agorda da dRemde aqtualuria,<br />
imdenad aqtualuri, rom zogjer sxvadasxva aTwleulSi erTi<br />
da imave filmis remeikebic ki iqmneboda, magaliTad: `drakula~<br />
_ brem stokeris amave saxelwodebis gaxmaurebuli romanis<br />
ekranizacia. romanis mTavar Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos is<br />
faqti, rom man Seuwyo xeli Seqmniliyo qrestomaTiuli saxe<br />
aristokrati vampirisa, romelic Sav labadasa da `SlapaSia~<br />
gamowyobili da RamRamobiT sisxls swovs adamianebs. meore<br />
popularuli siuJeti iyo meri Selis goTikuri roman<br />
`frankenStainis~ ekranizacia. aseve, `king kongi~, `uCinari adamiani~,<br />
`mumia~ da sxv. ...<br />
80-ian wlebamde evropuli da amerikuli kinofantastika<br />
mkveTrad imijneba erTmaneTisgan. evropuli fantastika ufro<br />
daxvewili, inteleqtualuri, mravalplasturi da mxatvruli<br />
TvalsazrisiT ufro metad Rirebulia, maSin, rodesac Tu<br />
mcire gamonaklisebs ar CavTvliT, amerikuli kinos mTavar<br />
sazrdos mozardi TaobisTvis gankuTvnili saJurnalo da<br />
sagazeTo komiqsebi warmoadgens, romlis mTavari gmirebi arian:<br />
supermeni, betmeni, naiTmeni da sxva aramiwieri arsebebi da<br />
miTologizirebuli gmirebi.<br />
germanuli kinoeqspresionizmisTvis fantastika politikuri<br />
metafora xdeba, franguli kinoavangardisTvis _ eqsperimentebis,<br />
SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebisa da axali kinoenis formirebis mcdeloba,<br />
Jan kokto filosofiur-fsiqologiuri motivebis reprezentacias<br />
axdens miTologiur trilogiaSi `urCxuli da mzeTunaxavi~<br />
(1948), `orfeosi~ (1950) da `orfeosis anderZi~ (1960).<br />
frangulma `axalma talRam~, kerZod, sakulto reJisorma Jan<br />
luk godarma filmiT `alfavili~ tirani mmarTvelisa da<br />
kompiuteruli teqnikis saSualebiT marTuli samyaros modeli<br />
SemogvTavaza, sadac yvelaferi adamianuri uaryofilia, aq<br />
danaSaulad aris miCneuli romantizmis yovelgvari gamovlineba,<br />
poezia, siyvaruli... mTavari gmiri ki yvelafris Secvlas<br />
diqtatoris qaliSvilis, nataSas daxmarebiT cdilobs; fransua<br />
triufom ki filmiT `4500 farenheitiT~ gviCvena, rogor<br />
anadgurebs televizia wignis kiTxvis survils. apaTiuri,<br />
gaucxoebuli samyaros Seqmna fantastikuri xerxebis<br />
saSualebiT orive reJisors brwyinvaled gamouvida.<br />
80-iani wlebidan evropuli kinos krizisi iwyeba, marTvis<br />
sadaveebs xelSi holivudi iRebs, evropeli kinoreJisorebis<br />
didi nawilic holivudSi gadadis da iq ganagrZobs moRvaweobas.<br />
90-iani wlebidan kinoSi aqtiurad iWreba kompiuteruli<br />
teqnika, romelic axali subJanris, kiber-pankis dabadebas<br />
ganapirobebs.Ees aris filmebi Soreul momavalze, sadac mTavari<br />
problema post-industriuli antiutopiaa, romelic momaval<br />
sazogadoebas aRwers, rogorc qariSxlian socialur-kulturul<br />
cvlilebebs Sewirul da sulierad dasaxiCrebul kastas, sadac<br />
xelovnuri arsebebi _ robotebi, manqanebi, monstrebi _ TavianTi<br />
Semqmnelis winaaRmdeg gamodian. kiber-pankSi mTavari<br />
kompiuteruli grafikis saSualebiT Seqmnili realobaa. amave<br />
periodSi Cndeba neogotikuri, apokalifsuri da postapokalifsuri<br />
siuJetebi.NneogoTika agebulia klasikuri<br />
goTikuri romanis stilSi, romelsac kompiuteruli grafika<br />
srulyofs. apokalifsuri da post-apokalifsuri siuJetebi<br />
ki saukunis bolosTvis, 2000 wlis misadgomebSia aqtualuri.<br />
sityva Janri franguli warmoSobisaa da `gvars~, `tips~<br />
niSnavs. kinofantastika erT-erTi mZlavri Janria xelovnebis<br />
yvelaze axalgazrda dargisa, romelmac Tavisi arsebobis manZilze<br />
urTulesi gza gaiara. iyo stereotipuli, eqsperimentuli (erTerT<br />
mTavar eqsperimentad unda CaiTvalos 30-ian wlebSi kinoSi<br />
xmis mosvlis Semdeg Seqmnili deivid batleris miuzikli<br />
`mxolod warmoidgineT~, romelic miuziklTan erTad fantastikis<br />
elementebsac Seicavs); novatoruli, gamaRizianebeli, agresiuli,<br />
zogjer iaffasiani da zogjer inteleqtualuri, magram Zalian<br />
saintereso da yovlismomcveli.<br />
86 87
samagistro programa<br />
rusudan papunaSvili<br />
magistraturis II kursi,<br />
xelmZRvaneli prof.: manana lekboraSvili<br />
Tanamedrove kinoTeoriebi da<br />
kriticizmi<br />
samagistro programa kinomcodneobaSi (MA in Film Studies)<br />
Tanamedrove kinoTeoriebi da kriticizmis ganxriT gamiznulia<br />
moamzados kinomcodne, romelic icnobs Tanamedrove tendenciebs<br />
msoflio kinematografSi, flobs Tanamedrove kinokvlevis<br />
meTodebs da SeuZlia maTi gamoyeneba konkretuli kinomovlenis<br />
analizisas. programis aqtualoba ganisazRvreba im viTarebiT,<br />
rom sabWoTa kinomcodneoba arsebuli politikuri viTarebis<br />
g am o w le b is ganm a vl o baSi mow yveti li iy o<br />
msofliokinomcodneobaSi da kulturologiaSi mimdnare<br />
procesebs. sabWoTa kinomcodneoba kinematografiul produqcias<br />
ZiriTadad ikvlevda Tematur-siuJeturi da ideologiuri<br />
kuTxiT, naklebad Seiswavlida kinematografiuli enis specifikas,<br />
struqturas, recepciis kanonebs da a.S.<br />
programis mizania students gaacnos kulturis sferoSi<br />
mimdinare gamotovebuli etapebi, ufro gaRrmavebulad<br />
Seaswavlos kinos Tanamedrove Teoriebi da masze dafuZnebuli<br />
filmis kvlevis meTodebi zogad kulturul konteqstSi.<br />
kursis gasrulebis Semdeg magistri gaecnoba kulturis<br />
sferoSi arsebul yvela ZiriTad Teorias, romelic Seiswavlis<br />
kinematografs; SeeZleba am Teoriebze dayrdnobiT zogad<br />
kulturul konteqstSi ganaTavsos esa Tu is kinonawarmoebi<br />
da miRebuli Teoriuli codna gamoiyenos konkretuli<br />
kinonawarmoebis analizisas; miRebuli codnis safuZvelze<br />
kursdamTavrebuls SeuZlia imuSaos televiziebSi,<br />
kinowarmoebaSi redaqtorad, Jurnal-gazeTebSi, internet<br />
gamocemebSi kinokritikosad, kinoJurnalistad, magram amave<br />
dros, kursis Teoriaze upiratesi orientaciis gamo gaagrZelos<br />
swavla doqtoranturaSi da Camoyalibdes kinos (da zogadad<br />
kulturis) mkvlevarad da umaRlesi skolis pedagogad<br />
samagistro programis xelmZRvaneli<br />
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,<br />
asocirebuli profesori manana lekboraSvili<br />
qalis reprezentacia frankistuli<br />
espaneTis periodis kinematografSi<br />
espaneTis kinematografiis istoriaSi metad mniSvnelovani<br />
periodia samoqalaqo omis (1936-1939) Semdgomi wlebi. pirvel<br />
etaps, romelsac me ganvixilav (1939-1943) axasiaTebs<br />
nacionalurisa da folkloruli Janrebis Serwyma, rac ukve<br />
arsebobda respublikis imdroindel musikalur da tradiciul<br />
(costimbrista) `espanizmebSi~.<br />
ar arsebobs kinoze ufro popularuli da pedagogiuri<br />
xerxi nacionaluri ideebis gasavrceleblad.Komis Semdgom<br />
kinoproduqcias, romelic CIFESA-s mier saxelmwifos<br />
patronaJiT imarTeba, mkveTrad gamoxatuli propagandistuli<br />
funqciebi aqvs. CIFESA 1932 wels valensiaSi fuZndeba da<br />
misi mizania `gaaespanuros~ 30-iani wlebis kino, ganamtkicos<br />
rasobrivi gamorCeulobis grZnoba da gaaRrmavos patriotizmi.<br />
es aris pirveli mcdeloba holivudis magaliTze dayrdnobiT<br />
mowesrigdes xmovani kinos industria. politikurad is<br />
konservatorTa da memarjveneTa frTis ideologiur interesebs<br />
eqvemdebareba.<br />
CIFESA-m musikaluri Janris `espanuri stili~ gadaaqcia<br />
avtonomiur damoukidebel Janrad da win wamoswia rasobrivi<br />
Rirebulebebi, erovnuli wes-Cveulebebi da folklori. espanuri<br />
respublikis wlebSi CIFESA-s kinematografiuli produqcia<br />
TiTqmis mTlianad Semoifargleboda komediiT da soflis dramiT,<br />
romelTac, gamonaklisis gareSe, aerTianebT Semdegi elementebi:<br />
religia, istoriuli idilia klasebs Soris da iseTi arqauli<br />
moraluri normebi, rogoricaa Rirseba _ tradiciulad, misi<br />
matarebeli qalia. espanuroba qalSi isxams xorcs, is<br />
tradiciebisa da eris erTobas, rasobriv siwmindes asaxierebs.<br />
im espaneTSi, romelic `diad erovnul moZraobaSi~ ikveTeba,<br />
politikuri ideebi aRmocendeba mxolod erTian da diad<br />
88 89
usudan papunaSvili<br />
samSoblos idealebze. evropuli faSisturi dogmebis msgavsad,<br />
espaneTSic ideologiuri SeTavazeba emyareba `espanizmis~ cnebis<br />
xelaxal gansazRvras, imperiuli warsulis falsifikaciasa<br />
da yovelive imis daTrgunvas, rac nacionaluri grZnobebis<br />
Seuracxyofad iTvleba.Nnacionalistur-sindikalisturi sqema<br />
sam ZiriTad kanons gamoyofs: ojaxi, municipaliteti _ sindikati<br />
da istoriuli wyoba, romlis mamoZravebeli Zalac aris<br />
samSoblo da eklesia.Ees sqema iqceva espaneli eris<br />
saxelmZRvanelod drosa da sivrceSi: `espaneTiTa da espanelobiT<br />
siamaye maSin dageuflebaT, rodesac srulad gaacnoebierebT<br />
Cveni xalxis meir ganxorcielebul misias warsulSi, da imas<br />
Tu ra aqvs mas gasakeTebeli momavalSi~ (cit. sanCes lopesis<br />
naSromidan: `espaneli qali, bedis aCrdili~).<br />
kinos `gaespanurebis~ proeqts miRwevebic aqvs am periodSi<br />
moRvawe ramdenime reJisoris wyalobiT. filmebma `aragoneli<br />
Tavadaznauroba~ (1935) da `Savgvremani klara~ (an `morena<br />
klara~, 1936), romlebic reJisorma florian reim gadaiRo,<br />
warmougenel popularobas miaRwia, rogorc omamde, aseve omis<br />
Semdeg. rasobrivi gamorCeuloba orive filmSi qalis figuraSia<br />
Cadebuli. aragoneli qalis da boSa qalis ubiwoeba da<br />
socialuri Rirseba koleqtiurad aris ganxiluli, Semdgom<br />
ki sajarod Sewynarebuli eklesiis mier.Aaseve mniSvnelovania<br />
florian reis folkloruli dramebi: `doloresi~ (1940),<br />
`dawyevlili sofeli~ (1942) da `orosia~ (1940).<br />
modiT vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba florian reis `doloresi~,<br />
`dawyevlili sofeli~ da `orisia~ ganvixiloT nacionalisturi<br />
modelis variantebad. `doloresSi~ aragonizmi, aRfrTovanebis<br />
gamomwvevi dekoracia da rasobrivi gamorCeuloba mTeli<br />
espaneTis Tavadaznaurobas niSnavs; qalis RirsebaSi mTeli<br />
eris Rirsebaa Cateuli. doloress arc mSoblebi hyavs, arc<br />
ojaxi da arc saxli aqvs; igi martod xetialobs, aris<br />
damoukidebeli da inarCunebs uflebas Tavad aarCios<br />
Tayvanismcemlebi da mTxovnelebi.<br />
filmis pirveli naxevari qalis damoukideblobis moTxovnis<br />
garkveuli interpretaciaa. erT-erTma misma ganawyenebulma<br />
Tayvanismcemelma kupletiT `Tu waxvalT kalataiudSi/<br />
qalis reprezentacia frankistuli espaneTis periodis kinematografSi<br />
doloresi ikiTxeT/ romelic Zalian kargi gogoa/da Zalian<br />
damTmobia~, eWvqveS daayena doloresis Rirseba. qali eSmakobiT,<br />
simtkiciTa da maxis dagebiT igebs, vin iyo Cirqis momcxeb<br />
kupletze pasuxismgebeli da sajarod iTxovs Rirsebis adgenas.<br />
Rirsebis aRdgena doloresis piradi iniciativiT, religiuri<br />
zewolis gareSe moxda. magram qalis Zalaufleba amiT mTavrdeba.<br />
filmis mamakaci personaJebis andazebsa da gamoTqmebSi<br />
ikveTeba frankos periodis patriarqaluri da qalTmoZule<br />
xasiaTi, romelic aqarwylebs mTavari gmiris moCvenebiT<br />
damoukideblobas da praqtikulad imave funqcias asrulebs,<br />
rasac religiuri samsjavro. aseTi maCisturi azrovnebis<br />
warmomadgenlebi Tavs uflebas aZleven gamoiyenon xalxuri<br />
gamoTqmebi da simRerebi qalis dasamcireblad Semdegi sityvebiT<br />
`qali da Rvino kacs Wkuas akargvineben~, `arsebobs qalis ori<br />
saxeoba: cudi da uaresi, ara aqvs mniSvneloba gaTxovilia Tu<br />
ara~, `sayvarel qalebs kacebi Cirqs scxeben~, da a. S. amitomac<br />
`doloresSi~ sityvebi: `aravin miyvars da arc ki vici ra<br />
aris siyvaruli~ da `Semiwyale Sen, hilaris RvTismSobelo~,<br />
_ ar aris sakmarisi xalxis winaSe Rirsebis dasacavad. es<br />
Rirseba sajarod unda iqnes aRdgenili isev mxolod mamakacis<br />
mier leqsebisa da sakarnavalo farsis meSveobiT.<br />
suraTSi vizualuri aspeqti da stereotipuli regionalizmi<br />
(kostiumebi, dialeqti, xota _ esp. cekva da simRera) soflis<br />
garemoSia CarCenili. masSi (rogorc es mogvianebiT xuan de<br />
ordunias `aragonel agustinaSi~ moxdeba) xota samSoblos<br />
arsis gamomxatvelia. filmSi erT-erTi xotis Sesrulebisas<br />
aseT sityvebs vismenT: `rodesac aragonSi xotas mRerian.<br />
xota ar aris xota/ aramed dedaa da samSoblo.~ doloresis<br />
reputaciac (gamoxatuli sxva xotis sityvebSi), aris mSobliuri<br />
aragonis reputacia, ufro zogadad ki, mTeli espaneTis reputacia:<br />
`aragonis upiratesobaa misi qalebis patiosneba da mTeli<br />
xalxis Rirseba~.<br />
xotaSi gaJRerebuli sityvebi aRadgenen doloresis Rirsebas,<br />
amkoben mis qalur patiosnebas da mxolod filmis bolos<br />
amxelen da kicxaven cilismwameblur xasiaTs. `doloresis~<br />
mimarT SeiZleba gamoiTqvas iseTive kritikuli SeniSnva, rac<br />
90 91
usudan papunaSvili<br />
qalis reprezentacia frankistuli espaneTis periodis kinematografSi<br />
espanelma mweralma da istorikosma, roman gubernma misi<br />
winamorbedis `aragoneli Tavadaznaurobis~ ganxilvisas Tqva:<br />
`...puritanizmi da sqesobrivi retrogradoba im qalTa<br />
realobadaa dasaxuli, romelTa Tanamoazrec Tavad filmia<br />
da yovelive es miCneulia normalur da samagaliTo movlenadac ki~.<br />
1943 wels florian reis `orosia~ imeorebs `doloresis~<br />
zogierT Sinaarsobriv da folklorul debulebebs.Mmoqmedeba<br />
viTardeba me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi, espaneTis erT-erT patara<br />
sofelSi.Oorosia da eloi axalgazrda Seyvarebuli wyvilia,<br />
romelic daqorwinebas apirebs, magram qorwineba ar Sedgeba<br />
datrialebuli tragediis gamo _ orosias saqmros misi<br />
Tayvanismcemeli uklavs.Qqali gadawyvets Suri iZios satrfos<br />
mkvlelze.<br />
suraTSi Txroba da qalis personaJi meryeobs patriarqaluri<br />
arsis darRvevasa da misTvis daqvemdebarebas Soris. orosia<br />
Tavisi problemebis gadasaWrelad, iseve rogorc `aragoneli<br />
Tavadaznaurobisa~ da `doloresis~ personaJebi, cdilobs iyos<br />
damoukidebeli, uryevi da patiosani. qalis xasiaTis am<br />
statistikuri elementebis (stereotipebad qceuli arqaizmi<br />
da regionalizmi) esTetika kidev erTxel warmoaCens orosias,<br />
rogorc gardamaval SemaerTebel rgols tragikul gmirsa da<br />
qristianul mowames Soris.<br />
`orosia~ xotbas asxams soflis adaT-wesebis siwmindes<br />
zemo aragonisa da pireneebis magaliTze: es regionebi<br />
warmoadgenen espanurobis geografiul da simbolur sazRvars,<br />
romelic gamoyofs da icavs mas ucxo elementebis SemoWrisagan.<br />
JurnalSi `premier plano~ Tavis statiaSi florian rei xsnis,<br />
Tu ratom airCia es geografiuli adgili: `zemo aragoni...<br />
gansakuTrebuli samyaroa, igi Seuvalia, misTvis ucxoa<br />
yovelgvari zegavlena. cxovreba aq TiTqos SeCerebulia da<br />
winaparTa saxeebi batonoben, cxovrebis wesi patriarqaluria,<br />
martivi, xalxi mecxoveleobas misdevs.~<br />
Jurnal `premier planos~ 1944 wlis monografiul nomerSi,<br />
romelic mTlianad daeTmo `orosias~ premieras, erT-erTi<br />
kritikosi xsnis peizaJis simbolur mniSvnelobas am filmSi:<br />
`orosia~ aris Zveli xalxuri SeZaxili: `pireneebi isev<br />
arseboben!~, romelmac espanur kinoSi Seisxa xorci. is<br />
upirveles yovlisa aris nacionaluri filmi, imitom rom es<br />
aris pireneiuli filmi. xolo espaneTi, vaRiaroT erTxel da<br />
samudamod, pireneebiT iwyeba... `orosia~ es aris espanuri<br />
kinos sazRvari... `pirineebi isev arseboben~,…`isev arsebobs<br />
rasis sakurTxeveli!~ (citata sanCes vidalis naSromidan<br />
`florian reis kino~).<br />
orosia pireneul garemosTan aris Serwymuli. is ansotanos<br />
regionalur kabaSi gamowyobili, zemo aragonis tradiciebsa<br />
da folkloris simboloa. is Tavisufalia mamakacis<br />
kontrolisagan, Tavs Tavad irCens, uyvars mwyemsebi da<br />
mojamagireebi, soflis boRmasa da Worebze maRla dgas.<br />
`orosias~ originaloba imaSia, rom aq siuJetis mamoZravebel<br />
Zalas qalis SurisZieba misi sabolood sikvdiliT mTavrdeba.<br />
filmis bolo kadrebSi Cven vxedavT orosias, romelmac ukve<br />
iZia Suri da romelic mieSureba sasaflaoze, sadac misi<br />
saqmroa dakrZaluli. orosia ecema Tavisi rCeulis, elios<br />
saflavze. igi kvlav qalwulia, razec sapatarZlo TeTri kaba<br />
da Tavsaburavi metyveleben.<br />
finalur scenaSi vxedavT elios saflavis qvis gverdiT<br />
axal qvas, romelzec amotvifrulia orosias saxeli.<br />
SeyvarebulTa gardacvalebis TariRebs Soris eqvsi wlis<br />
Sualedi migvaniSnebs imaze, rom swored es dro dasWirda<br />
qals SurisZiebis gansaxorcieleblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
suraTSi ar aris drois gasvlis vizualuri niSnebi, scenari<br />
damajereblad amarTlebs mTavari gmiris `Ralats~ Tavisi<br />
rCeulis xsovnisadmi. sikvdilis qvaze amotvifruli TariRi<br />
gamoricxavs TviTmkvlelobas an SemTxveviT sikvdils, rac<br />
gadaaqcevda mas tragikul gmirad. is aris msxverpli bedisa,<br />
romlis gakontrolebac ar SeiZleba. aseTi finaliT isRa<br />
dagvrCenia, miviRoT orosias sikvdili, rogorc msxverplSewirva,<br />
radganac is aris xalxis Rirsebis matarebeli da mas xvda<br />
wilad pasuxismgebloba _ epova samarTali. orosias<br />
msxverplSewirva reJimis warmomadgenelTa brtyel-brtyel<br />
sityvebs gvagonebs: `espaneli qali sufTa, qristiani da keTili,<br />
dajildoebulia msxverplSewirvis uzarmazari unariT, is aris<br />
Cveni samSoblos saukeTeso tradiciebis RvTaebrivi sacavi~<br />
92 93
usudan papunaSvili<br />
qalis reprezentacia frankistuli espaneTis periodis kinematografSi<br />
(adolfo mailio, cit. sopenia monsalve). misi SurisZieba<br />
samSoblos samsaxurs gautolda, xolo sikvdilma igi wamebulebs<br />
gautola da misi ukanaskneli daniSnulebaa SeuerTdes<br />
gardacvlil satrfos.<br />
frankistuli socialuri wyoba icavs imas, rasac sanCes<br />
lopesi `gaafTrebul ojaxurobas~ eZaxis da rac efuZneba<br />
`qalis kuTvnilebas saxelmwifosadmi (deda/ojaxi/eri)~; `qalTa<br />
sajaro erTobis wesdebis~ Seqmnas...~, romlis uaryofac ar<br />
SeiZleba, is unda miiRo da ganicado~. erovnuli mentalitetis<br />
gadamcemi deda aris is mTavari gmiri, romelsac zneobriobis<br />
mcvelis funqciebi akisria.<br />
es debuleba warmodgenilia `dawyevlili soflis~ (1942)<br />
xmovan versiaSic (florian reis `dawyevlil sofeli~ 1930<br />
welsac aqvs gadaRebuli). masSi koncentrirebulia da<br />
ukiduresobamdea miyvanili istoriuli anaqronizmi, personaJebis<br />
stereoti pizacia, xasiaTebi da sanaxaobrivobis ikonizacia,<br />
qalis simboluri da alegoriuli mniSvneloba, rac aqamde<br />
`doloresSi~ da `orosiaSic~ igrZnoboda, magram amjerad<br />
reJisori konkretuli politikuri da religiuri programiT<br />
xelmZRvanelobda: ar daeSvaT soflidan mosaxleobis masobrivi<br />
migracia da aRedginaT nacional-kaTolikuri espaneTis<br />
Rirebulebebi.<br />
`wyeul sofelSi~ win aris wamoweuli kastiliuri Rirsebis<br />
tradiciuli Tema, raTa warmoCenil iqnas `espaneTis istoriis<br />
parabola uaxlesi movlenebis WrilSi~ (sanCes vidali).<br />
soflidan qalaqSi gadasaxlebis gardauvalobis fonze deda<br />
valdebulia darCes sofelSi, rogorc geografiuli kuTvnilebis<br />
obieqti da rogorc soflisa da keris uwyveti simbolo.<br />
aseTi qalisaTvis akrZalulia zogierTi misi Tanamedrove<br />
kinematografiuli `kolegis~ aqtiuroba da mobiluroba.<br />
rodesac igi ganacxadebs: `mec maqvs ufleba viSromo<br />
CemianebisaTvis~ pasuxad patriarqisgan miiRebs mkvaxe `xma<br />
gaikminde~-s, rac masac da Cvenc Segvaxsenebs, rom is mxolod<br />
uxmo simboloa.Acacia aRarad agdebs qmris batonobas, gadauxvevs<br />
misTvis gankuTvnili gzidan da tovebs sofelsac, ojaxur kerasac,<br />
Svilsac (romelic patriarqaluri xazis gamgrZelebelia) da<br />
sabolood qalaqis erT-erT bordelSi aRmoCndeba. arsebuli<br />
wesrigis darRveva da samSoblosaTvis Rirsebis ayra patriarqis<br />
samagaliTo dasjas da religiur monaniebas iTxovs.<br />
akacia, ase hqvia mTavar gmirs, gzas acdenili qali da<br />
cudi deda, aris mizezi im wyevlisa, romelic sofels awevs<br />
da, simbolurad, mizezi samSoblos SesaZlo dacemisa. samagaliTo<br />
dasja mdgomareobs sagvareulo saxlSi (samSobloSi) Caketvasa<br />
da izolirebaSi. mas ekrZaleba xmis amoReba Svilis TandaswrebiT<br />
da soflidan gadasaxleba. religiuri monanieba iTvaliswinebs<br />
qristianul gvemas, ris Semdegac SesaZlebelia Sendoba.<br />
fexSiSveli moxetiale dedis saxebaze fleSbeqiT dadebulia<br />
warsulis movlenebi, romlebSic ikveTeba codvis gaazreba,<br />
sinanuli da monanieba.<br />
qristianulma ikonografiam daskvniT scenaSi sruliad<br />
Caanacvla regionaluri folklorika: qali brundeba sofelSi,<br />
raTa patriarqs Sewyaleba sTxovos. patriarqi mas wylulebian<br />
fexebs ganbans, rogorc es gaakeTa qristem magdalinelTan<br />
mimarTebaSi. amis Semdeg igi abrunebs akacias ojaxSi. es<br />
finaluri scena qvaSi amotvifruliviT rCeba mexsierebaSi.<br />
1942 wels gadaRebuli `dawyevlili sofeli~ aris zusti<br />
magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor gadawera da miusadaga florian<br />
reim respublikuri konservatiuloba nacionalur-kaTolikur<br />
debulebebs. is, rac 1930 wlis munji kinos versiaSi vixileT,<br />
iyo pirovnuli grZnobebi da vnebebi, xmovan versiaSi Cven<br />
vxedavT arqetipebs, frankistuli reJimisTvis misaReb sanimuSo<br />
Rirebulebebs. `dawyevlili soflis~ `erovnuli mniSvneloba~<br />
maSinve iqna aRiarebuli kritikosebis mier. igi Seracxes<br />
rogorc frankistuli epoqis yvelaze gamomsaxvelobiTi da<br />
mniSvnelovani filmi.<br />
soflis saswaulebrivi gaTavisufleba mxolod maSin gaxda<br />
SesaZlebeli, rac moRalate colma moinania codva. man gmirulad<br />
aitana qmris, Seuvali diqtatoris, samagaliTo sasjeli.<br />
moRalate coli – iseve rogorc dekadenturi epoqis<br />
gzasacdenili espaneTi, ganibana codvebisagan, Sewyda masiuri<br />
migraciis bneli talRa da soflis (kastiliis, espaneTis)<br />
Tavze mzis sxivebi gamoCnda.<br />
1942 wels gamosuli xose luis saens de eredias filmis<br />
`rasa~ scenari Tavad frankom dawera, fsevdonimiT xaime de<br />
94 95
usudan papunaSvili<br />
qalis reprezentacia frankistuli espaneTis periodis kinematografSi<br />
andrade. is warmoaCens ojaxs, rogorc frankistuli eris,<br />
naciis metaforas da dedobriv TviTganwirvas mamis sikvdilis<br />
Semdeg. ojaxuri wesrigis Seucvleli sayrdeni aris deda,<br />
gaigivebuli dedasamSoblosTan, romelic or Svils, xuansa da<br />
xoses Soris ixliCeba. orive Svili espanelia, magram samkvdrosasicocxlod<br />
ebrZvis erTmaneTs; deda gaigivebulia qalwul<br />
mariamTan, xolo misi xose, gaigivebuli iesosTan wiTel<br />
barbarosTa msxverpli xdeba. dedis sikvdilis Semdeg samSoblos<br />
aqtiuri damcvelebi xdebian samSoblosaTvis wamebulis qvrivi<br />
da misi rZali. isini SesaZlebels xdian xoses aRdgomas da<br />
Sesabamisad, misi Zmis xuanis politikur xsnas. am ori filmis<br />
hermetuli struqtura ar iZleva saSualebas gascdes qalis<br />
stereoti ps: deda-dedofali-wminda qalwuli. `rasa~ da<br />
`amerikis ganTiadi~, albaT, yvelaze TvalsaCino nimuSebia<br />
frankizmis mier istoriis gadawerisa.<br />
am periodis istoriul suraTebSi uxvadaa warmodgenili<br />
realuri Tu gamogonili protagonisti qalebi.Aam filmebis<br />
mizania aRadginos warmosaxviTi Sida imperializmi, rac iqneboda<br />
kompensacia gare, geografiuli imperiisa, romelic sabolood<br />
daiSala. aseTi filmebis Warbsityvianoba da gaxevebuli esTetika<br />
tols ar udebs reJimis ritorikas imperiis aRdgenis Sesaxeb<br />
an samSoblos dacvaze gareSe mtrisagan. isabel kaTolike,<br />
imperiuli orwevris (rwmenis siwmindisaTvis brZola da<br />
dapyroba) simbolo, ukvdavyofilia xuan de ordunias filmSi<br />
`amerikis ganTiadi~ (1951). igi xuravs xuan de ordunias<br />
istoriuli filmebis cikls da imavdroulad warmoadgens<br />
CIFESA-s krizisisa da dacemis dasawyiss.<br />
kastiliis dedofali aris xateba, romelic aerTianebs<br />
rasas, rwmenasa da imperiul momavals: `igi espaneli eris<br />
mfarvelia, keTilSobili erisa, romelic axal samyaroSi unda<br />
gadainergos da ganiwmindos mavrebisagan.~ aRsaniSnavia<br />
amerikidan dabrunebuli dedoflis sityva: `Cven iq Cagvaqvs<br />
keTilSobili sisxli, raTa ganvanaTloT espaneTis ori<br />
keTilSobiluri ojaxi. zRvis, manZilisa da drois miuxedavad<br />
Cven yovelTvis gagvaerTianebs erTi rwmena da erTi ena. es<br />
iqneba yvela saukunis yvelaze lamazi saswauli~.Kkolumbis<br />
gegmis wamowyebis xelSesawyobad saWiroa ara mxolod<br />
dedoflis institucionaluri da ekonomikuri daxmareba, aramed<br />
ubralo gogonas, beatrisis uangaro siyvarulic, romelic<br />
moTminebiT icdis, rom gaxdes `diadi adamianis fermkrTali<br />
aCrdili, romelic sul Tan dahyveba, magram ar gawuxebs.~<br />
qalebis keTilgonierebisa da Tavganwirvis wyalobiT gmirs<br />
bolomde mihyavs wamowyebuli saqme, rogorc SeniSna istorikosma<br />
frans fanonma, qali aris simboluri Suamavali im gmirobisa,<br />
romelsac sCadis mamakaci, qali xdis SesaZlebels patriarqatis<br />
Zalauflebas ojaxSi, rac reproduqcirdeba Zalauflebis<br />
militarizaciasa da centralizaciaSi mTeli eris masStabiT.<br />
xuan de ordunias istoriuli dramebi erTi sqemis mixedviTaa<br />
agebuli: espaneTis dacva ucxoelTa Semotevisgan, ierarqiulobis<br />
kanonieroba, melodramatuloba da rac mTavaria qalis xati<br />
romelic warmoCenilia rogorc saxe mTeli espaneli erisa.<br />
`siyvarulisgan gagiJebulSi~ kastilieli dedoflis, xuanas,<br />
romelic SeSlilis zedmetsaxeliT aris cnobili, kastiliuri<br />
xasiaTi da Seupovroba, romelic mas memkvidreobiT ergo<br />
dedisgan, kaTolike dedoflisgan da kastilieli raindebis<br />
igive Tvisebebi (isini icaven dedofals sigiJis braldebisagan)<br />
siuJeturadac da vizualuradac kontrastSi modis<br />
flandriuli karisa da misi meTauris avstriis erchercogis<br />
politikur korufciasTan. mas Semdeg rac erchercogi<br />
daqorwinda dedofal xuanaze igi gaxda filipe I kastilieli.<br />
filmis pirvelive kadrebidan mefe warmodgenilia rogorc<br />
avxorci, ambiciuri, meqalTane adamiani _ mizezi dedoflis<br />
`SeSlilobisa~. gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia is, rom igi aris<br />
saSiSi, radganac emsaxureba ucxoelTa interesebs da<br />
`saSiSroebas uqmnis kastilieli xalxis Rirsebas~. samSoblos<br />
mtrebi flandria da granada (gansaxierebulni flandriis<br />
mefesa da mavr qal aldaraSi) Sekraven mtrul alianss.<br />
aldara aris dedoflis sruli anti podi ara mxolod<br />
kastiliurobaSi, aramed patiosnebaSic. dedofal xuanas (msaxiobi<br />
aurora bautista) mkacri Cacmuloba da saqcieli dapirispirebulia<br />
mavr aldaras (msax. sara montieli) gamomwvevobasa da egzotikurobas.<br />
erTi mxriv, dgas dedoflis sikeTe da sulgrZeloba, xolo,<br />
meore mxriv, mavris silamaze da boroteba.Aaldara fili pe I-<br />
is sayvareli xdeba, es aris Seuracxyofa dedoflisa, romelic<br />
96 97
usudan papunaSvili<br />
qalis reprezentacia frankistuli espaneTis periodis kinematografSi<br />
kastiliis Rirsebis matarebelia. `mefem RmerTis mterTan<br />
miRalata, ar arsebobs meti Seuracxyofa espaneTis kaTolike<br />
dedoflisa~,_ ambobs xuana.Nmisi individualuroba, Seupovroba<br />
da isterika Sefasebulia rogorc `avadmyofoba~, gonebrivi<br />
aSliloba da sabolood ki _ sigiJe.<br />
misi sulieri mdgomareoba Cacmulobazec aisaxeba: dekolteebs,<br />
samkaulebsa da mxiarul flandriul kabebs is Caanacvlebs<br />
mkacri kastiliuri kabebiT, Savi TavsaburaviTa da erTi jvriT<br />
kiserze. dedofali monazvnis kabas icvams da de la motas<br />
cixe-koSkSi iketeba. magram garkveuli periodis Semdeg xuana<br />
tovebs cixe-koSks da cxenze amxedrebuli mieSureba<br />
fundukisaken, raTa Tavad darwmundes qmris RalatSi. amasTan<br />
is amJRavnebs Tavis mgznebare da dauokebel ltolvas mefis<br />
mimarT, es ki mis kaTolikur rwmenasa da mkacr aRzrdas<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba.<br />
kastiliis karze igi maSinve amyarebs sufTa qalur<br />
urTierTobebs sefeqalebTan, upirispirdeba Tavis ucxoel<br />
metoqes, saboloo jamSi ki, kastiliis kars, raTa daicvas<br />
sakuTari Tavi da aicilos datyveveba. SurisZieba mefis Ralatis<br />
gamo aris mamoZravebeli Zala, rac aiZulebs daTmos qristianuli<br />
morCileba da moiTxovos Tavisi ufleba gvirgvinze. es qmedeba<br />
Riad ewinaaRmdegeba TviTSewirvis, morCilebisa da qmrisadmi<br />
daqvemdebarebis religiur principebs, rasac frankistuli reJimi<br />
da kaTolikuri eklesia iTxovdnen qalebisagan. mefis sikvdilis<br />
Semdeg, raSic dedofali sakuTar Tavs adanaSaulebs, xuana<br />
kvlav gvevlineba qalad, romelic Rirsebas, samSoblos<br />
siyvarulsa da erTgulebas pirvel planze ayenebs.<br />
ganxiluli filmebi gvaZlevs Rirebul informacias qalis<br />
warmoCinebaze frankistul espaneTSi, sadac is eqskluziurad<br />
reproduqciuli funqciiT aris politizirebuli. Cven davinaxeT,<br />
rom dedasamSoblos simboluri yofna gadafaravs realuri<br />
qalis aryofnas (uCinarobas) eris socialur da politikur<br />
rekonstruqciaSi. am procesSi is praqtikulad ar monawileobs,<br />
radgan espaneli eris simboluri xati gamoisaxeba idealizebuli<br />
qalis saxeSi, romelic aris siwmindis, silamazisa da Rirsebis<br />
magaliTi, moralisa da tradiciebis mcveli is unda idges<br />
eris gagrZelebis sadarajoze da iyos erovnuli TviTSegnebis<br />
gadamcemi.A`aseT espaneTSi~ franko igivea samSoblosaTvis,<br />
rac mama ojaxisaTvis: upirobo avtoriteti, keTilismsurveli,<br />
mtkice xeli, romelic xandaxan gadamWrel zomebs iRebs Svilebis<br />
sakeTildReod. dedoba idealizebulia da miCneulia movaleobad<br />
samSoblos winaSe, radganac rasobrivi degeneraciis SeCerebis<br />
gasaRebi swored masSi devs.<br />
98 99
kulturis menejmenti<br />
kulturis politika<br />
samagistro programa<br />
Tanamedrove menejmenti kulturasa<br />
da xelovnebaSi<br />
samagistro programa `amzadebs specialistebs xelovnebisa<br />
da kulturis menejmentis sferoSi, romlebic SeZleben<br />
samecniero da gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis Catarebas; SeZleben<br />
aswavlon menejmentTan dakavSirebuli disci plinebi,<br />
ganaxorcielon analitikuri da sakonsultacio samsaxuri,<br />
Seqmnan da uxelmZRvanelon organizaciebs, rogorc saxelmwifo<br />
aseve kerZo seqtorSi; ganaxorcielon sxvadasxva ti pis<br />
proeqtebi xelovnebisa da kulturis sferoSi.<br />
winamdebare programa saSualebas aZlevs TiToeul<br />
magistrants SeiZinos da gamoumuSavos Teoriuli da<br />
praqtikuli Cvevebi kulturis menejmentis sferoSi. amisaTvis<br />
ki saWiroa, rom magistrantma aiTvisos menejmentis Tanamedrove<br />
meTodebi, ganaviTaros problemis identifikaciis Cvevebi da<br />
samecniero kvlevis unari, SeZlos gadawyvetilebis miReba da<br />
maTi realizacia.<br />
samecniero konfereciaSi studentTa monawileobis miReba<br />
am programis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia. studentTa mier<br />
Catarebuli kvlevis sajaro aprobacia mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs<br />
xels maT srulyofilad daeuflon werisa da zepiri<br />
metyvelebis Cvevebs, rac, TavisaTavad uzrunvelyofs momavalSi<br />
maTi samecniero-kvleviTi da pedagogiuri moRvaweobis maRal<br />
dones.<br />
krebulSi aseve warmodgenilia sadoqtoro programa<br />
kulturis politikasa da kulturis menejmentSi, romelic<br />
erT-erTi pirvelia saqarTveloSi da mTel amierkavkasiaSi.<br />
programis xelmZRvaneli<br />
doqtori, profesori iuri mRebriSvili<br />
100 101
elene babakiSvili<br />
magistraturis II kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli - prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />
sponsorobis roli kulturuli<br />
organizaciis politikaSi<br />
arakomerciuli kulturuli organizaciebi dafinansebis<br />
mxriv mTels msofliosa da maT Soris saqarTveloSic, sakmaod<br />
rTul viTarebaSi aRmoCndnen. saxelmwifo yovelwliurad<br />
amcirebs msgavsi dawesebulebis finansur Tanadgomas. zemoT<br />
naxsenebi organizaciebi sxva organizaciebisagan dafinansebis<br />
wyaroebis diversifikaciiT gansxvavdebian. es ar aris gasakviri,<br />
vinaidan rTulia konkurencia gauwio mosaxleobisaTvis<br />
socialurad aqtualur sferoebs, iseTs rogoricaa jandacva,<br />
ganaTleba, komunaluri momsaxureoba, transporti da sxva.<br />
Tanamedrove msoflioSi saxelmwifoebi TandaTanobiT ixsnian<br />
kulturisa da xelovnebis sferoebze zrunvis pasuxismgeblobas<br />
da amdenad, misi mxardaWera biznes seqtors ekisreba.<br />
dResdReobiT, kulturuli organizaciebis sicocxlisunarianoba<br />
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli sakuTar Semosavalsa da<br />
dafinansebis arasabiujeto wyaroebze. bevri maTgani<br />
sponsorebTan muSaobis gasaocari unar-Cvevebis demonstrirebas<br />
axdens. acnobiereben ra sakuTar aucileblobas, kulturis<br />
organizaciebi sxvadasxva strategiul da taqtikur moqmedebas<br />
mimarTaven, raTa gaxdnen konkurentunarianebi.<br />
kulturuli organizaciebis mTavari mizani publikis mozidva,<br />
misdami WeSmariti stumarTmoyvareobis da Tbili damokidebulebis<br />
gamomJRavneba gaxda. TiToeuli maTgani cdilobs sakuTari Tavi<br />
mayureblis ufro aqtiur momsaxureobas miuZRvnas. amitom,<br />
kulturis organizaciebi, xSirad, TavianT saqmianobas ekonomikur<br />
gaTvlebze afuZneben. kulturuli produqtis promocia xdeba<br />
zustad iseve, rogorc klasikuri marketinguli produqtisa.<br />
ZviradRirebuli sareklamo da PR kampaniebis gansaxorcieleblad<br />
isini amuSaveben aramarto sakuTari Semosavlebis strategias,<br />
aramed axdenen dafinansebis gare wyaroebis mozidvasac, iqneba<br />
es saxelmwifo Tu kerZo seqtori.<br />
dafinansebis wyaroebi iyofa sam jgufad: moziduli,<br />
saxelmwifo da sakuTari Tanxebi. mozidul finansur wyaroebad<br />
iTvleba: saqvelmoqmedo, sasponsoro saSualebebi, granti<br />
fondebidan, sawevroebi da a. S.<br />
saxelmwifo dafinanseba aerTianebs pirdapir da irib<br />
sufsidiebs.<br />
dafinansebis mesame jgufi moicavs Semosavlebs sakuTari<br />
ZiriTadi saqmianobidan. am ukanasknels miekuTvneba sagamofeno,<br />
saganmanaTleblo, sakoncerto Semosavlebi da a. S; aseve<br />
Semosavali damatebiTi, komerciuli saqmianobidan – sasuveniro<br />
produqcia, saxelosnoebis, ateliebis fasiani momsaxureoba,<br />
kafeebis, restornebis, videocentrebis amuSaveba. magaliTad,<br />
marjaniSvilis Teatris ZiriTadi saqmianoba aris bileTebis<br />
gayidva, xolo Marjanoff Express-is muSaobidan miRebuli Tanxa<br />
_ damatebiTi, komerciuli Semosavali.<br />
organizaciebis dafinanseba ganpirobebulia menejmentis<br />
erovnuli TaviseburebebiT. magaliTad, evropasa da saqarTveloSi<br />
kultura, ZiriTadad, finansdeba saxelmwifo sufsidiebidan,<br />
xolo amerikaSi gavrcelebulia dafinansebis rogorc moziduli,<br />
aseve sakuTari wyaroebi.<br />
dafinansebis mozidul wyaroebs Soris sakmaod gavrcelebuli<br />
da mizanSewonili formaa – sponsoroba. Tanamedrove bazris<br />
pirobebSi kompaniebi sakuTari marketinguli miznebis<br />
gansaxorcieleblad aqtiurad gadadian filantropiidan sasponsoro<br />
saqmianobaze.<br />
cota ram sponsorobis Sesaxeb. sponsoroba ewodeba<br />
nebismieri proeqtis, movlenis an saqmianobis dafinansebas erTi<br />
piris an organizaciis mier.<br />
Tavdapirvelad, sponsoroba ewodeboda proeqtebis<br />
dafinansebas radiosa da televiziaSi sareklamo drois<br />
sanacvlod (`sapnis operebi~, sportuli movlenebi da a. S.)<br />
da aseve kinofilmebis gadasaRebad saWiro Tanxebis nawilobriv<br />
anazRaurebas. TandaTanobiT, sponsoroba gamoiyo rogorc<br />
saqmianobis damoukidebeli sfero ori mizezis gamo:<br />
1. pirdapir reklamasTan SedarebiT Senatanis, ufro<br />
xangrZlivi xasiaTis da uwyveti procesis gamo.<br />
2. fiskaluri mizezebiT.<br />
102 103
elene babakiSvili<br />
sponsorobis roli kulturuli organizaciis politikaSi<br />
sponsoroba, pirvel rigSi, aris konkretuli damkveTis<br />
interesebidan gamomdinare informaciis gavrcelebis,<br />
sazogadoebasTan komunikaciis damyarebis efeqturi saSualeba.<br />
Sedegad, sponsoroba SeiZleba ewodos saqmianobis oTx<br />
gansxvavebul saxes, TiToeuli maTgani xasiaTdeba organizaciulad<br />
sxvadasxva formebiT:<br />
1. sponsoroba, rogorc sareklamo amocanebis gadaWris<br />
saSualeba.<br />
2. sponsoroba, rogorc sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis (PRis)<br />
forma an RonisZiebaTa marketingi (Event Marketing).<br />
3. sponsoroba, rogorc grZelvadiani da maRalxarisxiani<br />
dabandeba, romelsac miekuTvneba sxvadasxva samecniero kvlevis<br />
mxardaWera. am sferoSi daxarjuli fuli gamarTlebulia<br />
mxolod Sesabamisi obieqtis mizanmimarTul arCevaSi.<br />
4. sponsorobis forma, rogorc organizaciis umaRlesi<br />
menejerebis piradi ambiciebis dakmayofilebis forma.<br />
sasponsoro saqmianoba gulisxmobs grZelvadian TanamSromlobas<br />
sponsorsa da kulturul organizacias Soris, amitom sponsorobis<br />
sfero kompaniis fsiqologiur portrets da imijs unda emTxveodes.<br />
sponsorsa da kuturul organizacias Soris ideba<br />
Cveulebrivi saqmiani garigeba, romlisganac TiToeuli maTgani<br />
iRebs sargebels. am gacvliT urTierTobaSi arsebobs<br />
marketingul-komerciuli midgoma.<br />
sponsoroba warmoadgens ekonomikur SeTanxmebas, romlis<br />
mizania fuladi saSualebebis, produqciis, momsaxurebis,<br />
sareklamo saSualebebis, PR kampaniebis, RonisZiebebis gacvla.<br />
sponsori naRdi angariSiT an gadaxdis sxva formiT (Senatani<br />
naturiT _ iribi mxardaWera) axdens dabandebas, sanacvlod<br />
ki iRebs aRniSnul RonisZiebasTan, saagentosTan, an sakuTrebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli komerciuli potencialis eqspluataciis<br />
saSualebas. es aris yvelanair beWdviT masalaSi (JurnalgazeTebi,<br />
flaeri) sponsoris logos ganTavseba; sponsoris<br />
gaSuqeba sainformacio saSualebebSi; sponsors SeuZlia<br />
isargeblos dawesebulebis darbaziT, sadac moaxdens axali<br />
produqtis prezentacias; aseve xdeba saxelobiTi adgilebis<br />
gayidva (es ufro amerikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fenomenia),<br />
maT sasponsoro, donoris kedlebi ewodebaT. kulturulma<br />
organizaciam unda ganaTavsos sponsoris baneri RonisZiebis<br />
Catarebis adgilas da misi msvlelobis dros araerTxel<br />
moixsenios.<br />
zogadad, sponsoris sargebeli SeiZleba daiyos or nawilad:<br />
pirdapiri – reklama, informaciis Tanamedrove wyaroebi da<br />
iribi – xelisuflebis, cnobili politikuri moRvaweebis<br />
loialuri damokidebulebis mopoveba, konkretuli piris,<br />
organizaciis imijis Seqmna, sazogadoebaSi keTilganwyobis da<br />
aRiarebis mopoveba.<br />
1990 wels v. fiSerma da r. broem organizaciebis Seswavlis<br />
safuZvelze Camoayalibes im sargeblis sia, romelsac eZeben<br />
kompaniebi mTeli msoflios masStabiT. esenia:<br />
1. gaumjobesebuli adgilobrivi kavSiri – 59%.<br />
2. korporatiuli imijis dawinaureba – 57%.<br />
3. brendis cnobadobis gazrda – 54%.<br />
4. masobriv sainformacio saSualebebSi gamoCena – 39%.<br />
5. brendis imijis gaZliereba – 37%.<br />
6. PR-is gaumjobeseba – 37%.<br />
7. grZelvadiani gayidvebi – 30%.<br />
8. myidvelis siamovneba – 26%.<br />
9. momsaxure personalis moraluri mdgomareoba – 27%.<br />
10. da sxva – 6%.<br />
am CamonaTvalidan naTlad Cans, rom sponsoroba<br />
organizaciebisaTvis upirveles yovlisa aris marketinguli<br />
miznebis ganxorcielebis da winsvlis saSualeba. kulturuli<br />
organizaciis sargebeli ki aris yvelaferi is, rac mas exmareba<br />
misiis warmatebiT SesrulebaSi. sworad gaTvlili<br />
korporaciuli sponsoroba Zalian hgavs warmatebul qorwinebas.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba Sesaferisi<br />
partnioris SerCevas, romelsac eqneba msgavsi interesebi da<br />
mizani.<br />
ganvixiloT marjaniSvilis Teatris magaliTi:<br />
misi generaluri sponsoria banki `respublika~. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi sponsorisa da Teatris interesebi da mizani<br />
harmoniulad erwymis erTmaneTs. amas emateba bankis generaluri<br />
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elene babakiSvili<br />
sponsorobis roli kulturuli organizaciis politikaSi<br />
direqtoris piradi daintereseba da uzomo siyvaruli<br />
Teatrisadmi, amitom orive mxare maRal doneze TanamSromlobs.<br />
banki exmareba Teatrs finansurad, xolo sanacvlod iRebs<br />
sxvadasxva saxis sargebels. esenia:<br />
1. Teatris farTis gamoyeneba sareklamo miznebisaTvis da<br />
bankis axali momsaxurebebis wardgenisaTvis;<br />
2. Teatris kuTvnil teritoriaze baneris ganTavseba;<br />
3. sponsoris logos ganTavseba programaze, konkretuli<br />
speqtaklisa da kalendrul afiSaze, nabeWd Tu eleqtronul<br />
flaerze;<br />
4. sponsoris logos ganTavseba Teatris istoriasTan<br />
dakavSirebul beWdviT masalaSi;<br />
5. VIP mosawvevi generaluri direqtorisaTvis.<br />
6. speqtaklis msvlelobisas sponsoris saxelis gaJRereba.<br />
generaluri sponsoris garda marjaniSvilis Teatrs hyavs<br />
sxvadasxva Tanasponsorebic. maTTvis gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
sargebeli ganisazRvreba Setanili Tanxisa da momsaxureobis<br />
moculobis mixedviT.<br />
Teatri agreTve sakmaod xSirad mimarTavs barteruli<br />
gacvlis sistemas, Teatrisa da damsponsorebeli firmis mcire<br />
finansuri SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare.<br />
sponsorobis upiratesoba reklamasTan da PR-Tan<br />
SedarebiT: organizaciis winsvlis oTxi saSualeba arsebobs:<br />
reklama, sazogadoebasTan urTierToba _ PR, personali da<br />
promocia. aqedan romel saSualebas airCevs organizacia,<br />
ganisazRvreba misi biujetiT, msoflmxedvelobiTa da<br />
orientaciiT. Tumca yvela zemoT CamoTvlilTan SedarebiT<br />
sponsoroba fulis dabandebis yvelaze Wkvianuri da xelsayreli<br />
saSualebaa. imisaTvis, rom naTlad gamovxatoT sponsorobis<br />
upiratesoba, mokled ganvixiloT reklamisa da PR-is<br />
SesaZleblobebi.<br />
reklama – es aris saSualeba, romlisTvisac organizacia<br />
ixdis fuls, raTa urTierToba daamyaros mTlian bazarTan,<br />
sazogadoebasTan. sareklamo Setyobineba vrceldeba sxvadasxva<br />
sainformacio saSualebebiT: televizia, radio, Jurnal-gazeTebi,<br />
bilbordebi da broSurebi. reklamas axasiaTebs mokle<br />
sasicocxlo periodi da SezRudulia yidva-gayidvis<br />
konkretuli amocaniT. reklamas hyavs mxolod erTi fokus<br />
jgufi – myidveli.<br />
yoveldRiurad adamianze modis uamravi sareklamo<br />
Setyobineba, es cifri 1200-mde aRwevs. amitom adamiani cdilobs,<br />
Tavi aaridos am ukanasknels, e. w. `damcavi faqtorebi~ axdenen<br />
Setyobinebis Sesustebas da mis srul dablokvas. `undoblobis<br />
filtri~ exmareba adamians gamoyos reklama informaciis mTeli<br />
nakadidan. momxmarebeli mas aRiqvams rogorc sagadasaxado<br />
komunikacias da amdenad _ aragulwrfels.<br />
PR xels uwyobs urTierT sasargeblo, harmoniuli kavSiris<br />
damyarebas organizaciasa da sazogadoebas Soris, qmnis<br />
konkretuli piris an organizaciis dadebiT imijs. reklamisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT PR specialistis saqmianoba mimarTulia farTo<br />
sazogadoebisaken da ara potenciuri momxmareblis viwro<br />
wrisaken. PR xangrZlivi moqmedebis strategiebs SeimuSavebs,<br />
maSin roca, reklamis prioriteti mis lakonurobasa da swraf<br />
SedegSia. PR-is fokus jgufs warmoadgens yvela is iuridiuli<br />
Tu kerZo piri, visTanac organizacias aqvs, hqonia an eqneba<br />
urTierToba. esenia; klientebi, masmediis warmomadgenlebi,<br />
partniorebi da a. S.<br />
yvela zemoT CamoTvlil komponents sponsoroba moicavs.<br />
is aerTianebs reklamasac, PR-sac da promociasac. ufro metic,<br />
amerikaSi gamokiTxvis Sedegma aCvena, rom amerikelTa 83%-s<br />
aqvs dadebiTi damokidebuleba im kompaniebis mimarT, romlebic<br />
exmarebian sazogadoebriv saqmes. sazogadoebrivad da<br />
politikurad aqtiuri momxmarebeli gansakuTrebiT<br />
sazogadoebrivi iniciativebis mxardamWer kompaniebs miiRebs.<br />
amerikelTa 80% acxadebs, rom urCevniaT is kompaniebi, romlebic<br />
axorcieleben grZelvadian daxmarebas da SeTanxmebas, vidre<br />
is, vinc akeTebs uamrav keTil saqmes SenacvlebiT (xanmokle<br />
vadiT).<br />
sasponsoro saqmianobis liderebi ase axasiaTeben<br />
sponsorobis daniSnulebas: es ukanaskneli sWirdeba im brendebs,<br />
romlebic miiswrafvian momxmarebelTan da sazogadoebasTan<br />
myari kavSirebis dasamyareblad.<br />
sasponsoro ganacxadis Sedgenisas gasaTvaliswinebeli<br />
faqtorebi: sasponsoro ganacxadis Sedgena seriozul da<br />
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sponsorobis roli kulturuli organizaciis politikaSi<br />
xangrZliv muSaobas moiTxovs. mxardaWeris mosapoveblad saWiroa<br />
damajerebeli dasabuTeba da sponsoris miznebis gaTvaliswineba.<br />
es miznebi SeiZleba iyos sakmaod mravalferovani, iseTi rogoricaa:<br />
produqtTan da gayidvebis zrdasTan dakavSirebuli miznebi:<br />
srulyofili informacia produqtze, sabazro segmentis da<br />
produqtis igiveobis dadgena, misi imijis modifikacia.<br />
korporatiuli miznebi: firmis imijis gaZliereba, misi<br />
cnobadobis gazrda da grZelvadiani wardgena, sazogadoebrivi<br />
azris Seqmna kompaniis mimarT, kompaniis da sabazro segmentis<br />
igiveobis dadgena, axali saqmiani kontaqtebis damyareba,<br />
arasasurveli publikaciebis prevencia.<br />
am miznebis gansaxorcieleblad kulturulma organizaciam<br />
sponsors unda SesTavazos iseTi sargeblis momtani aliansis<br />
Camoyalibeba, rac sxva alternatiuli saSualebebiT<br />
miuRwevelia. Cadebuli Tanxis sanacvlod, am ukanasknelma,<br />
maqsimalurad maRali xarisxis momsaxureba unda miiRos, rac<br />
gaamarTlebs daxarjul resursebsa da energias.<br />
organizaciebisa da proeqtis dafinansebis dros kompania<br />
xelmZRvanelobs garkveuli kriteriumebiT. esenia:<br />
RonisZiebasTan dakavSirebuli kriteriumebi:<br />
1. dasaxuli miznis miRwevis albaToba;<br />
2. masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebiT gaSuqeba;<br />
3. RonisZiebis popularoba.<br />
sasponsoro jgufTan dakavSirebuli kriteriumebi:<br />
1. organizatorebis SesaZleblobebi;<br />
2. RonisZiebis potenciuri warmateba.<br />
sponsorobasTan dakavSirebuli kriteriumebi:<br />
1. eqskluziuri sponsorobis SesaZlebloba;<br />
2. proeqtis codna menejerTa mier;<br />
3. administraciis Tanxmoba proeqtze.<br />
bazarTan dakavSirebuli kriteriumebi:<br />
1. konkurencia;<br />
2. politikuri an komerciuli zewola.<br />
sponsori agreTve iTvaliswinebs auditoriasa da mis<br />
Taviseburebas, sakuTari saqmianobis sferos da Cadebuli Tanxis<br />
moculobas. sakuTari imijis da misiis Tanxvedras<br />
dasasponsorebel organizaciasTan, riskis albaTobas, stumarTa<br />
raodenobas, vaWrobas gverdiTi produqtiTa da sagadasaxado<br />
SeRavaTebs.<br />
sasponsoro ganacxadi maqsimalurad unda iZleodes am<br />
kriteriumebis dakmayofilebis saSualebas, rac ganacxadze<br />
dadebiTi pasuxis sawindari gaxdeba.<br />
sponsorebi sakuTari gamocdilebidan gamomdinare aRniSnaven,<br />
rom sasponsoro ganacxadebis xarisxi sul ufro klebulobs,<br />
es ukanaskneli ki maRal profesionalur doneze unda iyos<br />
Sedgenili da moicavdes uamrav punqts.<br />
ganacxadis punqtebze muSaobis dawyebamde kulturulma<br />
organizaciam unda moiZios rac SeiZleba meti informacia.<br />
Sesabamisad saWiroa presis, kompaniis wliuri angariSis,<br />
komerciuli da ufaso reklamis gacnoba da misi miznobrivi<br />
bazris dadgena.<br />
unda ganisazRvros kulturuli organizaciebis qonebrivi<br />
statusi. aq Sedis organizaciis dasaxeleba, misi sazogadoebrivi<br />
mniSvneloba, mosaxleobis informirebuloba da sakuTari<br />
samoqmedo programa. am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, gacilebiT<br />
advili iqneba im sargeblis nusxis Camoyalibeba, romelsac<br />
SesTavazebs kulturuli organizacia sponsors.<br />
srulyofili ganacxadisaTvis aucilebelia Semdegi<br />
faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba:<br />
1. zustad unda ganisazRvros is sargebeli, romelsac<br />
miiRebs sponsori kulturul organizaciasTan TanamSromlobis<br />
Sedegad.<br />
2. warmatebuli ganacxadi moicavs ara kulturuli<br />
organizaciis problemebs, aramed asaxavs mis rols<br />
dRevandelobaSi da masTan TanamSromlobis prioritetebs.<br />
3. sponsoris saqmiani kategoriebi dafinansebis raodenobis<br />
mixedviT unda ganisazRvros. es niSnavs, rom sxvadasxva sponsors<br />
esaWiroeba gansxvavebuli sargebeli.<br />
4. TanamSromlobis periodSi sponsoris saqmianobis<br />
ganviTareba.<br />
5. sponsoris riskis minimumamde dayvana. es SesaZlebelia<br />
garantirebuli Suamavlebisa da Rirseuli Tanasponsorebis<br />
siis wardgenis Sedegad.<br />
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6. kulturulma organizaciam sakuTar Tavze unda aiRos<br />
sponsoris misTvis aucilebeli informaciiT uzrunvelyofa,<br />
vinaidan sponsorma unda icodes ramdenad pasuxobs kulturul<br />
organizaciaSi mimdinare procesebi mis komunikaciur miznebs.<br />
sponsors esaWiroeba yvela saxis informacia, raTa gansazRvros<br />
ramdenad gaamarTla misma investiciam da samomavlo moqmedebis<br />
strategia dasaxos.<br />
zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sponsori<br />
mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs kulturuli organizaciis<br />
politikas. sworad warmarTuli sponsorobis SemTxvevaSi<br />
myardeba nayofieri kavSiri sponsorsa da kulturul<br />
organizacias Soris. Tumca, arsebobs garkveuli riski Tavad<br />
dasponsorebuli organizaciebisTvisac. es risk-faqtorebi<br />
aucileblad aris gasaTvaliswinebeli kulturis menejerTa<br />
mier. maT unda SeaTanxmon potenciuri sponsoroba sameurveo<br />
sabWosTan, personalTan da samxatvro xelmZRvanelobasTan,<br />
erToblivad ganixilon yvela mosalodneli uaryofiTi Sedegi.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi kulturuli organizaciisaTvis prioritetuli<br />
unda iyos misi misia.<br />
sponsoroba kulturuli organizaciisaTvis Semosavlis<br />
momtania, xolo korporatiuli partniori iRebs beWdviT masalas<br />
da gazrdil gayidvebs.<br />
kulturis menejerma yovelgvar fulsa da daxmarebaze<br />
ufro maRla unda daayenos misi organizaciis reputacia.<br />
amitom, romelime kompaniasTan TanamSromlobam ar unda<br />
daCrdilos da safrTxe Seuqmnas mis imijs.<br />
menejerebs aseve marTebT sifrTxile, raTa ar daukavSirdnen<br />
im kompaniebs, romlebic maTi Semowirulobis Semomtani piris<br />
konkurentebi iqnebian. unda gamoiricxos iseTi produqtis<br />
mqone kompania, romelic kulturuli organizaciis misiasTan<br />
konfliqtSi Seva. magaliTad, Tambaqos mwarmoebeli kompania<br />
ar unda asponsorebdes sportul – gamajansaRebel centrs.<br />
yovelive es migvaniSnebs kulturul organizaciaSi sponsoris<br />
mimarT garkveuli politikis Camoyalibebaze, rac mkveTrad<br />
gansazRvravs sponsorisa da kulturuli organizaciis<br />
ufleba-movaleobebs.<br />
sponsorobis roli kulturuli organizaciis politikaSi<br />
absoluturad yvela saxis SeTanxmeba unda gaformdes<br />
werilobiTi saxiT, rogorc nebismieri sxva iuridiuli dokumenti,<br />
raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli Semdgomi gaugebroba.<br />
kulturul organizaciasa da sponsors Soris dadebuli<br />
xelSekruleba unda moicavdes Semdeg punqtebs:<br />
1. sponsorobis bunebis gansazRvra;<br />
2. ganisazRvros sponsoroba, rogorc urTierTSeTanxmeba,<br />
gansxvavebuli qvelmoqmedebisagan;<br />
3. ganisazRvros kulturuli organizaciis prioritetebi;<br />
4. mkafiod Caidos sponsorisa da kulturuli organizaciis<br />
uflebebi;<br />
5. xelSekrulebaSi aucileblad unda arsebobdes punqti,<br />
romelic uflebas miscems kulturul organizacias daarRvios<br />
xelSekruleba, Tu ki sponsoris moRvaweoba da kulturuli<br />
organizaciis misia Seusabamo aRmoCndeba TanamSromlobis<br />
romelime etapze.<br />
saqmisadmi amgvari midgoma xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi<br />
sasponsoro saqmianobis daxvewas. sponsorebi kulturuli<br />
organizaciis saxiT dainaxaven Rirseul partniors da am<br />
sferoSi dabandebuli Tanxa iqneba maTi saqmianobis ganviTarebis<br />
saSualeba. am ori faqtoris Sesruleba uzrunvelyofs myari<br />
kavSirebis damyarebas kulturisa da biznesis sferoebs Soris.<br />
amgvarad, finansuri krizisis foni kulturul organizaciebSi<br />
SeZlebisdagvarad moixsneba, rac saSualebas miscems kulturul<br />
organizaciebs Seasrulon Tavisi pirdapiri daniSnuleba _<br />
gaanebivron sakuTari mayurebeli mravalferovani da xarisxiani<br />
produqciiT.<br />
1. ix.: fransua kolberi, `marketingi kulturaSi~, 2003.<br />
2. ix.: milena dragiCeviC-SeSiCi, `kultura, menejmenti, animacia, marketingi~,<br />
2007.<br />
3. ix.: jilian puli, `fulis menejmenti (xelovnebis organizaciebisaTvis)~,<br />
2005.<br />
4. www. pr-chance. kiev. ua<br />
110 111
ia gabunia<br />
magistraturis II kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli - prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />
sareklamo politika da reklamis arsi<br />
(festivali `sesili~)<br />
2001 wlis 26 marts klub `sardafSi~ Catarda saqarTveloSi<br />
axalgazrduli pirveli filmebis festivali `Cven movdivarT~,<br />
romlis organizebas xelmZRvanelobda reJisori daTo janeliZe.<br />
2004 wels aRniSnuli kinofestivali mixeil TumaniSvilis<br />
saxelobis kinomsaxiobTa TeatrSi Catarda.<br />
2005 wlidan axalgazrduli filmebis festivali `sesili~<br />
(Tavidan festivals erqva `Cven movdivarT~ da SemdgomSi mas<br />
daerqva `sesili~) saerTaSoriso gaxda. `sesili sardafidan<br />
amovida~ da didi kinoTeatrebis ekranebi daipyro.<br />
2005-2008 wlebSi festivals maspinZlobda kinoTeatrebi:<br />
`amirani~, `rusTaveli~, `qolga~ da kinos saxli.<br />
kinofestival `sesilis~ misiaa axali talantebis aRmoCena,<br />
maTi popularizacia, ucxouri kinosiaxleebis qarTveli<br />
mayureblisaTvis gacnoba, axali kinotradiciebisa da<br />
urTierTobebis ganviTareba.Kkinofestivalis organizatorebs<br />
imedi aqvT, rom yovelwliurad festivali ufro gafarTovdeba<br />
da daimkvidrebs sakuTar saxels saerTaSoriso asparezze,<br />
rac daexmareba qarTuli kinos Semdgom ganviTarebas.<br />
kinofestivalis mizania gamoavlinos niWieri axalgazrdoba da<br />
misces maT winsvlis SesaZlebloba profesiuli daostatebis gzaze.<br />
kinofestivalma SedarebiT maRali dafinanseba miiRo 2005<br />
wels, Semdgom wlebSi dafinanseba mcire iyo da Seadgenda<br />
2006 w. _ 6000 lars, 2007 w. _ 5000 lars, 2008 w. _<br />
5000 lars. organizatorebis enTuziazmi rom ara, aseTi mcire<br />
saxsrebiT kinofestivalis Catareba SeuZlebeli iqneboda.<br />
dafinansebis ararsebobis gamo festivalis menejmenti awydeba<br />
mTel rig problemebs. menejmentis qveS igulisxmeba<br />
mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis sistema, sxvadasxva socialuri<br />
institutebis warmatebuli funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa.<br />
kulturul sferoSi Sedis organizaciebi, romelTa momsaxureba<br />
da produqti aucilebelia sazogadoebis kulturuli<br />
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.Aam sferos menejmenti<br />
gansa kuTrebuli yuradReb iT sarge blobs. mT avari<br />
gansakuTrebuloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saxsrebis moZieba aq<br />
xdeba ara ubralo komerciiT, aramed sxvadasxva dainteresebuli<br />
donorebis mozidviT.<br />
iqidan gamomdinare, rom festivals gaaCnia sakmaod dabali<br />
dafinanseba, rac gamowveulia ZiriTadad sponsorTa ararsebobiT,<br />
festivali ver axerxebs sakuTari miznebis miRwevas. imisaTvis,<br />
rom moxdes saxsrebis moZieba, sponsorTa daintereseba<br />
festivalis saqmianobiT, saWiroa swori sareklamo kampaniis<br />
Catareba. reklama saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgens imisaTvis,<br />
rom festivali gaxdes cnobili da mas gaecnos farTo<br />
auditoria. reklamis meSveobiT dadebiTi imijis Seqmna gamoiwvevs<br />
festivaliT sponsorTa dainteresebas, rac gaaiolebs misi<br />
samomavlo gegmebis ganxorcielebas. swori sareklamo kampaniis<br />
dasagegmad saWiroa profesionalebis moZieba, isini ki cotani<br />
arian, Sesabamisad maTi daqiravebac Zviria. sareklamo kampania<br />
did xarjebs saWiroebs. saqarTveloSi arsebuli sareklamo<br />
situacia daaxloebiT aseTia: yvelaze maRalfasiani sareklamo<br />
momsaxureba, televiziaa. marTalia, qarTuli satelevizio badis<br />
dRis garkveuli monakveTiT SeZena sakmaod maRali tarifebi<br />
Rirs, magram, potenciuri momxmarebeli ama Tu im axali<br />
produqtis gamosvlis Sesaxeb, mainc televizoridan igebs.<br />
reklamis gavrcelebis es forma saqarTveloSi dResdReobiT<br />
yvelaze metad popularulia da yvelaze metad `momgebianad~<br />
iTvleba. qarTuli <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> organizaciebi ki, rogorc<br />
xSirad xdeba xolme, bazarze gamodian ise, rom maT ar aqvT<br />
aranairi finansuri SesaZlebloba, amitom isini ver axerxeben<br />
verc sareklamo kampaniis dakveTas da verc am dakveTili<br />
reklamebis media sivrceSi datrialebas. qarTul mediaSi<br />
reklamis ganTavseba did xarjebs moiTxovs. Cven SegviZlia<br />
warmodgenili masalis mixedviT naTlad davinaxoT, Tu ra<br />
Tanxaa saWiro reklamis ganTavsebisTvis sxvadasxva media<br />
saSualebebSi. magaliTisaTvis warmodgenilia kompania `rusTavi<br />
2~-is, Sps `print-jorjiasa~ da gazeT `asaval-dasavalis~<br />
sareklamo drois Rirebuleba:<br />
112 113
ia gabunia<br />
telekompania “rusTavi 2~-is eTerSi reklamis gaSvebis<br />
fasebi<br />
saeTero dro<br />
7.40 - 12.00<br />
12.00 - 18.00<br />
18.00 - 00.00<br />
00.00 - 3.15<br />
reklamis fasi (dolari)<br />
40 - 400<br />
140 - 400<br />
500 - 1300<br />
50 - 700<br />
Sps `print jorjias~ sareklamo momsaxurebis fasebi<br />
momsaxurebis saxe<br />
dizain-studiis momsaxureba<br />
sareklamo-poligrafiuli produqciis gaformeba<br />
etiketi, SefuTva<br />
gare reklamis gaformeba<br />
foto gadaRebebiT<br />
promout teqstebis da scenarebis Seqmna<br />
veb-gverdebis damzadeba<br />
bukletebis damzadeba<br />
sareklamo furceli<br />
plakati, afiSa<br />
TviTwebad qaRaldebze beWdva<br />
fasi (dolari)<br />
20 - 400<br />
40 - 300<br />
50 - 400<br />
10 - 200<br />
50 - 100<br />
50 - 300<br />
100 - 1000<br />
135 - 250<br />
115 - 200<br />
115 - 200<br />
100 - 110<br />
gazeT `asaval-dasavalSi~ reklamis ganTavsebis fasebi<br />
reklamis ganTavsebis adgili<br />
mTeli gverdi<br />
1 sareklamo kubiki<br />
reklama me-2,3 gverdze<br />
reklama bolo gverdze<br />
politikuri reklama<br />
pirvel gverdze minimaluri farTi<br />
1 sareklamo kubiki<br />
4 sareklamo kubiki<br />
reklama naxevar gverdze<br />
fasi (lari)<br />
1600<br />
100<br />
Rirebuleba + 100%<br />
Rirebuleba + 200%<br />
Rirebuleba + 100%<br />
800<br />
400<br />
800<br />
sareklamo politika da reklamis arsi<br />
warmodgenili masalidan Cans, rom reklama sakmaod Zviri<br />
jdeba gansakuTrebiT iseTi organizaciisaTvis, romlis<br />
dafinansebac maqsimum 6000 lars warmoadgens, magram imisaTvis,<br />
rom moxdes dafinansebis problemis daZleva, Cemi azriT,<br />
aucilebelia saxsrebis moZieba swori sareklamo kampaniis<br />
Casatareblad, rac pirvel rigSi SesaZlebelia sponsorTa<br />
dainteresebiT festivalis saqmianobis Sesaxeb. imisTvis, rom<br />
moxdes potenciur sponsorTa daintereseba, pirvel rigSi<br />
saWiroa maTTvis momgebiani winadadebis SeTavazeba, anu, amisaTvis<br />
kinofestivalis menejmentma unda SeimuSaos konkretuli<br />
strategia, raTa daanaxos potenciur sponsors proeqtis<br />
mniSvneloba, gansakuTrebuloba da sponsoris wvlili<br />
kinofestivalis ganxorcielebaSi. sp onsoroba aris<br />
strategiulad dagegmili Zalisxmeva marketingSi, rac<br />
emsaxureba gayidvebis zrdas kompaniaSi an mis ukeTes warmoCenas<br />
bazarze iseTi qmedebiT, rac moutans sargebels aseve festivals<br />
da unda iTqvas, rom amis saukeTeso saSualebas swored reklama<br />
warmoadgens, sadac aucileblad aRiniSneba arsebul sponsorTa<br />
an sponsoris saxeli. Sedegad, reklamis meSveobiT moxdeba,<br />
rogorc sponsoris, aseve festivalis Sesaxeb mosaxleobis<br />
informireba.<br />
reklama, romelic warmodgenilia sxvadasxva media<br />
saSualebiT, sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibebis erT-erTi<br />
saukeTeso saSualebaa. zemoT moyvanili masalebze dayrdnobiT<br />
darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aucilebelia swori sareklamo<br />
kampaniis Catareba, rac sakmaod rTul process warmoadgens:<br />
sareklamo kampaniis dagegmvisas Tavdapirvelad aucilebelia<br />
ganvsazRvroT reklamis daniSnuleba, anu, is, rom reklamam<br />
unda moaxdinos produqtis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis informireba,<br />
darwmuneba da Sexseneba.<br />
sareklamo ganyofilebis funqciebSi Sedis sareklamo<br />
biujetis, sareklamo RonisZiebaTa gegmebis SemuSaveba da misi<br />
cxovrebaSi gatareba.<br />
sareklamo programis pirvel etaps warmoadgens sareklamo<br />
miznis dadgena, anu, drois gansazRvrul periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
konkretuli, miznobrivi auditoriis informirebis amocana.<br />
114 115
ia gabunia<br />
sareklamo politika da reklamis arsi<br />
reklamis gasakeTeblad aucilebelia SeirCes sareklamo<br />
instrumentebi da saWiro auditoria drois gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
saukeTeso garemoSi da yvelaze logikur adgilas, rom<br />
sareklamo informaciam moicvas aramarto maqsimalurad farTo<br />
auditoria, aramed mii pyros kidec misi yuradReba. M<br />
masobrivi informaciis yvela saSualebas gaaCnia misTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli SesaZleblobebi da maxasiaTeblebi<br />
gansazRvruli sazogadoebrivi jgufebis mixedviT. unda<br />
ganisazRvros romeli masobrivi informaciis saSualebaa saWiro<br />
reklamis obieqtis mosazidad.Aamis Semdeg mizans warmoadgens<br />
iseTi teleprogramis, radiosadguris da a. S. SerCeva, romelic<br />
SeZlebs sasurveli Sedegis miRwevas yvelaze efeqturad.<br />
reklamis gasakeTeblad saukeTeso strategias warmoadgens<br />
sxvadasxva sainformacio saSualebis SerCeva.Aamis mizezebia:<br />
a). sakuTari reklamis sazogadoebis im jgufebamde dayvanis<br />
aucilebloba, romlebic ar warmoadgenen mxolod erTi<br />
sainformacio saSualebis miznobriv auditorias; b). reklamis<br />
gameorebis uzrunvelyofa naklebad Zviri saSualebebiT, mas<br />
Semdeg rac uzrunvelyofili iqneba pirveli sainformacio<br />
saSualebebis meSveobiT miznobrivi auditoriis optimaluri<br />
mocva.<br />
masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis dagegmva rTul sakiTxs<br />
warmoadgens. erT-erTi mizezi is aris, rom masobrivi<br />
sainformacio saSualebebis mravalferovneba da yoveli maTgani<br />
gvTavazobs zemoqmedebis instrumentebis sul ufro<br />
gamravalferovnebul variantebs. kampaniis sareklamo<br />
saSualebebi, romlebic unda iyos gansazRvruli sazogadoebaze,<br />
SeiZleba gavrceldes sxvadasxva formiT: eleqtronuli, anu,<br />
igive televizia da radio, beWdviTi, anu, gazeTebi, Jurnalebi,<br />
plakatebi, safosto gzavnilebi. amitom es yvelaferi (Tu sad<br />
ra saxis reklama gakeTdes gavrcobis mizniT) konkretuli<br />
kampaniis specialistma unda gansazRvros, man unda icodes,<br />
Tu romel ganvrcobis saSualebas flobs TiToeuli aRniSnuli<br />
ZiriTadi saSualeba, Tu ra konkretul SemTxvevaSi gaaCnia<br />
TiToeul ganvrcobis saSualebas upiratesoba da naklovanebebi.<br />
yvelaze ZviradRirebul sareklamo arxebs miekuTvneba masobrivi<br />
saSualebebi: televizia, radio, gazeTebi. aseve zustad da<br />
sworad unda iyos SerCeuli Tu ra dros gadaicema reklama,<br />
rac aseve, ra Tqma unda, faszec axdens zegavlenas. yvelaze<br />
dabalfasiani saSualebebia: fosta da telefoni.<br />
konkretuli reklama unda iyos martivi da gasagebi<br />
momxmareblisaTvis. sareklamo kampaniis ganmaxorcielebels<br />
mxedvelobaSi unda hqondes, rom Cveulebrivi momxmarebeli<br />
ar aris specialisti da is informacia, rac momsaxurebis<br />
organizatorebisTvis SeiZleba metad mniSvnelovani da bevris<br />
mTqmeli iyos, momxmarebels arafers eubnebodes. sareklamo<br />
informacia unda iyos advilad SesamCnevi da dasamaxsovrebeli.<br />
reklama unda gamoirCeodes safirmo stiliT da Seicavdes<br />
safirmo niSans. Tavis mxriv, safirmo stili aris konkretuli<br />
firmis Taviseburi sityva, romlis meSveobiTac igi<br />
popularizacias uwevs Tavis produqts da xels uwyobs<br />
rogorc mocemuli produqtis, ise TviT popularizacias, rac<br />
gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania.<br />
reklamis gakeTebis dros ZiriTad problemas warmoadgens<br />
sazogadoebis rac SeiZleba meti jgufebisaTvis informaciis<br />
miwodeba da amave dros, danaxarjebi iyos minimaluri an ar<br />
daixarjos bevrad meti. saWiroa informaciis moZieba<br />
konkretuli radiosadguris an sxva masobrivi sainformacio<br />
saSualebis miznobrivi auditoriis mocvis Sesaxeb, potenciurad<br />
efeqturi reklamis Sesaqmnelad. imavdroulad, unda vicodeT<br />
interesis done, romelic vlindeba auditoriis mier ama Tu<br />
im radiosadguris an sxvaTa mimarT. farTo auditoriaze<br />
gasasvlelad reklama bevrad ufro iafia, vidre gasvla erT<br />
potenciur klientze, individualuri realizaciis meTodis<br />
gamoyenebiT.<br />
sareklamo saSualebis arCevis Semdeg etaps warmoadgens<br />
yoveli arsebuli masobrivi sainformacio saSualebis<br />
rentabelobis analizi. unda gairkves ramdenad emTxveva<br />
sainformacio saSualebas arCeuli auditoria, SerCeuli<br />
saSualeba ramdenad Seesabameba organizaciis miznebsa da<br />
strategiebs. amis gansazRvris Semdeg SesaZlebelia<br />
gadawyvetilebis miReba Rirs Tu ara reklamis gakeTeba ama<br />
Tu im sainformacio saSualebis meSveobiT. aucilebelia<br />
gakeTdes analizi reklamis efeqturobis Sesaxeb. es reklamis<br />
116 117
ia gabunia<br />
mizanmimarTulobisa da Sedegianobis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebis<br />
saSualebas iZleva. efeqturobis srulyofilad gansazRvra<br />
SeuZlebelia, Tumca miaxloebiTi gaTvlac amarTlebs, iqidan<br />
gamomdinare, rom rom arsebobs reklamis mizanmimarTulebis<br />
gansazRvris SesaZlebloba.<br />
ganasxvaveben reklamis ekonomikuri efeqturobisa da<br />
sxvadasxva sareklamo saSualebis fsiqologiuri zegavlenis<br />
moxdenis efeqturobas adamianze.Eekonomikuri efeqturoba<br />
damokidebulia adamianze fsiqologiuri zegavlenis moxdenis<br />
doneze. fsiqologiuri efeqturoba ganisazRvreba momxmareblis<br />
raodenobis mocviT, simkveTriTa da STabeWdilebebis moxdenis<br />
siRrmiT, romlebic rCebian adamianis mexsierebaSi da ipyroben<br />
yuradRebas.<br />
sareklamo saqmianobis TiTqmis yvela funqciis realizacia<br />
mWidro kavSirSia reklamis biujetis dafinansebis, SemuSavebis<br />
da ganxorcielebis problemasTan. sareklamo biujetis<br />
gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa gadawyvetilebis miReba ori<br />
mimarTulebiT: 1). sareklamo biujetis sididis gansazRvra;<br />
2). sareklamo biujetis ganawileba.<br />
dabolos, reklama organizacias saxelis damkvidrebisa da<br />
sazogadoebrivi yuradRebis mopovebis saSualebas aZlevs, rac<br />
sxva SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. nebismieri kompania<br />
fuZndeba auditoriaze zegavlenis mosaxdenad, sazogadoebrivi<br />
azris Camosayalibeblad. mizanSewonilia sareklamo kampaniis<br />
warmoeba moxdes im telearxebis da a. S. meSveobiT, romlebsac<br />
sazogadoeba aniWebs upiratesobas. sareklamo kampaniis mizani<br />
unda iyos: komunikaciuri arxebis SerCeva optimaluri<br />
parametrebiT, komunikaciuri arxebis meSveobiT gadacemuli<br />
informaciis efeqturobis marTva, monitoringi da Sefaseba.<br />
sofio komlaZe<br />
magistratura II kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli - prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />
sagamomcemlo bazris kvlevis zogierTi<br />
sakiTxi<br />
`biznesis sasaflao savsea vaWrobaSi monawile im individebiT,<br />
romlebmac yuri ar daugdes TavianT klientebs!~<br />
p. loranJis mixedviT, menejmentSi strategiuli dagegmarebis<br />
procesi umaRlesi mmarTvelobiTi rgolisaTvis organizaciis<br />
marTvis gadawyvetilebis misaRebi erT-erTi mZlavri<br />
instrumentia. misi daniSnulebaa, uzrunvelyos organizaciaSi<br />
cvlilebebisa da novatorobis saWiro done. strategia<br />
detaluri, yovlismomcveli kompleqsuri gegmaa da<br />
pirvelyovlisa, organizaciis misiis ganxorcielebas uwyobs<br />
xels; strategiuli gegma unda emyarebodes yovelmxriv<br />
gamokvlevasa da faqtobriv monacemebs. imisaTvis, rom firmam<br />
Tanamedrove biznesgaremoSi efeqturad SeZlos konkurenciis<br />
gaweva, man aucileblad mudmivad unda imuSaos didZali<br />
informaciis Sekrebasa da analizze, romelic SesaZloa exebodes<br />
mis gazrdas, bazars, konkurenciis pirobebsa da a. S.<br />
rac Seexeba strategiis cnebas marketingSi, am SemTxvevaSic<br />
mas umniSvnelovanesi funqcia akisria. marketinguli strategia<br />
moicavs marketingis amocanebis gacnobierebas, marketingis<br />
garemos, arCevans alternatiul strategiebs Soris da maT<br />
ganxorcielebas. strategia gulisxmobs dasaxuli miznebis<br />
miRwevis saSualebas, am ukanasknelis ganxorcieleba ki makartis<br />
marketingul miqsTan erTad (produqti, fasi, adgili, dawinaureba)<br />
ramdenime sxva ZiriTad etapsac moicavs. Tavis mxriv, bazari,<br />
momxmarebeli, marketingisaTvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
rgolia. misi analizi ki strategiis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia.<br />
marketologebisaTvis momxmarebeli aris centraluri<br />
figura. maTi amocanaa, maqsimalurad daakmayofilon<br />
momxmarebelTa saWiroebebi da moTxovnilebebi. moTxovnileba<br />
marketingis amosavali wertilia. zogadad bazari da misi<br />
118 119
sofio komlaZe<br />
sagamomcemlo bazris kvlevis zogierTi sakiTxi<br />
gamokvleva ki monacemTa sistematiuri Segroveba, aRricxva<br />
da analizia, romelic aucilebelia firmis Sedegebis<br />
gansazRvrisaTvis.<br />
sagamomcemlo kompaniebis momxmarebeli, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
orientir produqtad mxolod wigns aviRebT, sxvadasxva<br />
maxasiaTebliT ganisazRvreba, gamomdinare Tavad wignis ti pisa<br />
(an Janrisa). es, Tavis mxriv, produqts mravalferovnebas<br />
sZens da, momxmareblis ricxvs zrdis da, imavdroulad,<br />
marketingis menejers aZlevs saSualebas, isev bazarze moaxdinos<br />
produqtis lavireba, misi sxvadasxvagvarad warmoCena da,<br />
Sesabamisad, bazris moculobis gazrda.<br />
TiToeul wigns, pirvel rigSi, avtori qmnis, magram amasTan<br />
erTad saWiroa damatebiTi `partniori~, romelic konsultacias<br />
gauwevs avtors, uzrunvelyofs teqstis redaqtirebas, dabeWdavs<br />
wigns, ganaxorcielebs yvela saWiro samarketingo Tu<br />
sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis RonisZiebas, radgan avtori da<br />
misi wigni momxmarebels gaacnos. faqtobrivad, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
wigni momxmareblisTvis iqmneba. xolo, sanam marketingis menejeri<br />
produqtis Seqmnas daiwyebs, pirvel etapze momxmareblis, bazris<br />
moTxovnilebebis analizi unda Caataros.<br />
xelovnebis marketinguli modeli tradiciulisgan imiT<br />
gansxvavdeba, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi mTavar, centralur figuras,<br />
saorientacio sagans Tavad produqti warmoadgens. marketingis<br />
tradiciuli modeli ki mTlianad bazarzea orientirebuli.<br />
sagamomcemlo biznesi Tanamedrove <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> sivrceSi<br />
sxva ramdenime sferosTan erTad, erT-erT komerciul saqmianobas<br />
warmoadgens. gamomcemlobebs, faqtobrivad ormagi marketinguli<br />
qmedebis ganxorcieleba uwevT: muSaoba or sakmaod seriozul<br />
cvladze _ produqtsa da bazarze. ase magaliTad, Tu Cveulebriv,<br />
ara<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> organizaciaSi bazris segmentebi iyofa<br />
produqciis mixedviT, kulturul organizaciaSi es dayofa<br />
xdeba specialuri klienturis mixedviT. sagamomcemlo saxlebi<br />
unda uzrunvelyofdnen produqtisa da momxmarebelze erTnair<br />
muSaobas. sagamomcemlo saqme, vfiqrob, rom damokidebulia ar<br />
mxolod produqtze, aramed, aseve momxmarebelzec. Tumca<br />
gamomcemels ar uwevs axali produqtis gamogoneba, Seqmna da<br />
a. S. produqti (wigni) gansazRvrulia da am produqts ukve<br />
ukavia bazris gansazRvruli segmenti. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />
dRes arsebul wignis myidvelobiT-mkiTxvelobiT dones<br />
saqarTveloSi, monacemebi sakmaod SemaSfoTebelia. yvelaze<br />
warmatebuli sagamomcemlo saxli erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
saSualod mxolod 1000 erTeul wigns yidis. es garkveulwilad,<br />
SesaZloa, Tavad produqtis `bralicaa~, an, SesaZloa, xdebodes<br />
araswori menejmentis, arasaTanado marketinguli strategiis,<br />
an sulac Sida organizaciuli problemebis SemTxvevebSi.<br />
marketingSi `bazris~ ramdenime gansxvavebuli ganmarteba<br />
arsebobs, magram yvela maTgani moicavs erT saerTo punqts:<br />
bazari Sedgeba momxmarebelTa erTeulebisagan, romelTac msgavsi<br />
moTxovnilebebi aqvT (aRsaniSnavia, rom es moTxovnilebebi<br />
erTmaneTis msgavsia da ara erTnairi). amis magaliTia is, rom,<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, wignis momxmarebeli ganixileba, rogorc<br />
bazari, romelic Sedgeba garkveuli `subieqtebisgan~, romelTac<br />
aqvT saerTo interesebi kiTxvis mimarT da am interesebs<br />
gamoxataven imiT, rom isini iZenen wignebs. interesi adamianis<br />
cnobierebaSi moTxovnilebis biZgs aCens da ai, swored es<br />
moTxovnilebebi unda gansazRvros marketingis menejerma.<br />
bazris kvleva, rogorc momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebis<br />
gansazRvra, sakmaod saintereso procesia. kvlevis mizani<br />
aseTnairad unda iyos gansazRvruli: _ vin aris momxmarebeli?<br />
ras Seisyidis igi da ra saxis momsaxureba sWirdeba mas?<br />
iseve rogorc nebismier organizacias, kvlevasac aucileblad<br />
unda gaaCndes dasaxuli mizani (an miznebi), rom Tanmimdevruli<br />
qmedebebiT miaRwion winaswar gansazRvrul mizans. sagamomcemlo<br />
saxlebs naTlad unda hqondeT gansazRvruli miznobrivi da<br />
potenciuri momxmareblis moTxovnebi, survilebi.<br />
bazris kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli qmedebebi did<br />
gamomcemlobaSi SesaZloa marketingis ganyofilebam Caataros<br />
an am ganyofilebasTan arsebulma kvlevis komitetma, saagentom<br />
an sulac departamentma. es saagento dakompleqtebuli unda<br />
iyos specialistebiT. maT unda SeeZloT teqnikuri eqspertizis<br />
Sesruleba da monacemTa damuSaveba. rac Seexeba pirvelad<br />
kvlevas, rac zemoT ukve vaxsene, igi xorcieldeba Tavad<br />
bazarze da gaTvlilia specifikuri informaciis mopovebaze<br />
specifikuri kiTxvebis sapasuxod. sagamomcemlo saxlebi ar<br />
120 121
sofio komlaZe<br />
sagamomcemlo bazris kvlevis zogierTi sakiTxi<br />
arian iseTi didi da masStaburi organizaciebi, rom<br />
marketinguli saqmis gansaxorcieleblad, ufro zustad ki,<br />
bazris kvlevis Casatareblad aucilebeli iyos calke<br />
ganyofilebis gamoyofa. am saqmianobas, vfiqrob, rom Tavisuflad<br />
Seasrulebs erTi menejeri da ori asistenti. maT SeuZliaT<br />
mimarTon TavianTi produqtis sarealizacio punqtebs: wignis<br />
maRaziebs, kioskebs, literaturul centrebs da a. S. mkvlevrebma<br />
saTiTaod unda gamoikvlion calobiT movaWreTa myidvelTa<br />
damokidebuleba, azri arsebul produqtTan mimarTebaSi. amis<br />
gakeTeba ki sakmaod advilia: nebismier gamomcemlobas SeuZlia<br />
wignis gavrcelebis punqtebSi (ra Tqma unda, damatebiTi<br />
anazRaurebis an raime garkveuli formis stimulirebis Semdeg),<br />
produqtis realizatorebs daurigos Sesabamisi formis<br />
kiTxvari, risi meSveobiTac gamomcemlobas ukve gauCndeba<br />
momxmareblis azris Sesaxeb informaciis minimumi. garda am<br />
tipis kvlevisa, marketingis TeoriaSi azris Sesaxeb informaciis<br />
mopovebis ramdenime xerxi arsebobs:<br />
1. piradi interviu;<br />
2. interviu telefonis meSveobiT:<br />
3. kvleva fostis meSveobiT;<br />
4. momxmarebelTa siebi.<br />
informaciis es oTxi wyaro (amas garda arsebobs kidev<br />
sxva xerxebic) xels uwyobs imis aRmoCenas, Tu vin arian<br />
wignis myidvelebi, ra moTxovnebi aqvT maT da ras Seisyidian<br />
isini. Tavisufladaa SesaZlebeli TiToeulis maTganis qarTul<br />
gamomcemlobebTan misadageba: pirvel or SemTxvevaSi<br />
aucilebelia interviuerisgan respondentis sworad SerCeva,<br />
Semdeg ki garkveuli, wanaswar Sedgenili kiTxvariT informaciis<br />
mopoveba. sagamomcemlo biznesSi informaciis am xerxiT mopoveba<br />
unda moxdes aucileblad wignis arsebuli an potenciuri<br />
mkiTxvelidan (myidvelidan). kvlevis es meTodi metad<br />
aprobirebulia msoflio wignis bazarze. kvlevis kidev erTi<br />
xerxia gamokiTxva fostis meSveobiT. Tanamedrove teqnologiebi<br />
iZlevian imis saSualebas, rom gamomcemlobam minimaluri<br />
raodenobis xarjebiT urTierToba daamyaros respondentebTan.<br />
werils aucileblad Tan unda axldes damatebiTi informaciis<br />
misaRebi Sesavsebi formatis kiTxvari. sasurvelia, werils<br />
aseve Tan axldes mcire `saCuqari~, misaloci baraTi an raime<br />
produqtis SesaTavazebeli paketi (fasdakleba, bonusi da a.<br />
S.), es yvelaferi, ra Tqma unda, damatebiTi mastimulirebeli<br />
saSualebis saxiT unda iyos warmodgenili. gamomcemlobebs<br />
es arxi drois faqtoris mxrivac Zalian waadgeba, minimalur<br />
droSi SesaZlebelia sakmao raodenobis momxmarebels gaecnos.<br />
arsebobs kidev erTi meTodi imisaTvis, rom gamoikvlio<br />
momxmarebelTa azri _ specialistTa jgufi. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
sagamomcemlo firmaSi unda gamoiyos garkveuli raodenobis<br />
adamianTa jgufi, romelic regularulad imuSavebs kvleviT<br />
saqmianobebze. maT mier gamokiTxvebi unda xdebodes periodulad.<br />
saerTo jamSi ki marketingSi bazris kvlevis procesis<br />
aprobirebuli strategiebi Semdegnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:<br />
marketingis amocana<br />
winaswari kvleva<br />
problemis zogadi aRqma<br />
problemis zogadi Camoyalibeba<br />
problemis zusti Camoyalibeba, amocanebi da damowmebis pirobebi<br />
samuSao adgilis kvleva<br />
kvleva adgilze gasvliT<br />
informaciis miReba, mokreba, klasificireba<br />
Bazris Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis gaanalizeba, daskvnebis<br />
gamotana da am daskvnebis safuZvelze mizezebis ganmarteba<br />
saboloo angariSis wardgena<br />
122 123
sofio komlaZe<br />
nebismier sagamomcemlo saxls xelewifeba am grafikis<br />
mixedviT dasaxos bazris kvlevis strategia an sulac<br />
moaxdinos am marketingulad mravalnacadi xerxis adaptireba<br />
Tavis organizaciasTan. naSromis dasasruls SemogTavazebT<br />
sagamomcemlo organizaciis bazris kvlevis mini strategias,<br />
anu, im aucilebel da saWiro etapebs, rac nebismierma<br />
organizaciam unda gaiaros, imisaTvis, rom miaRwios warmatebas<br />
bazarze, SeZlos jansaRi konkurenciis gaweva da, rac mTavaria,<br />
gazardos gayidvebis ricxvi.<br />
pirvel rigSi, rogorc, nebismieri marketinguli saqmianobis<br />
dawyebisas, aucilebelia organizaciam gansazRvros amocana.<br />
sagamomcemlo saqmianobis amocana, logikurad Tu vimsjelebT,<br />
unda iyos bazarze didi segmentis dakaveba, momxmareblis<br />
didi raodenoba da, Sesabamisad, aseve didi raodenobis gayiduli<br />
produqti. es im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamomcemloba axlad<br />
daarsebulia. ukve arsebul organizacias amocana ukve<br />
gansazRvruli aqvs. am ukanasknelma bazris kvleva unda daiwyos<br />
arsebuli problemebis aRqmiT. problema SesaZloa bevrnairi<br />
iyos, exebodes produqts, fass, marketinguli miqsis cvladebs,<br />
momxmarebels da a. S. bazris kvlevis strategiis dawyeba<br />
unda moxdes momxmarebelTan, myidvelebTan da isev bazarTan<br />
dakavSirebuli problemebis gansazRvriT. orive tipis (axali<br />
da Zveli) organizaciis strategiis meore safexuri unda<br />
iyos uSualod kvleva da aqve moxdes kvlevis xerxis SerCeva,<br />
anu, iqneba es gamokiTxva fostiT, telefoniT, momxmarebelTan<br />
piradi gasaubrebiT da a. S. uSualod kvleva unda moxdes<br />
zustad gawerili kiTxvaris meSveobiT. marketingSi bazris<br />
kvlevisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs kiTxvaris sworad Sedgenas.<br />
es kiTxvari respondents aZlevs saSualebas, gamoxatos Tavisi<br />
Sexeduleba organizaciis, wignis, mimarT, amitomac, pirvel<br />
rigSi saWiroa, kiTxvebis dasmisas menejeri iyos obieqturi.<br />
ukve arCeuli arxis an arxebis Semdeg menejerma unda moaxdinos<br />
informaciis Sejameba, Segroveba, daxarisxeba. `strategiis~ am<br />
etapze, radgan kvleva exeba gamomcemlobas da mis ZiriTad<br />
produqts, SesaZloa, informaciis daxarisxeba moxdes wignis<br />
momxmareblis asakis mixedviT, wignis Janridan an Tavad<br />
produqtze momxmareblis moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare.<br />
daxarisxeba SesaZloa moxdes grafikulad, skalurad da a. S.<br />
amis Semdegi safexuria miRebuli Sedegebis klasificireba da<br />
saboloo Sedegis (kvlevis Sedegis) gawera. Semdeg, es Sedegebi<br />
gadaecema maRali rgolis xelmZRvanel-menejers. swored am<br />
Sedegebis mixedviT unda moxdes axali samoqmedo strategiis<br />
Sedgena. meti TvalsaCinoebisTvis gTavazobT am `strategiis~<br />
grafikul variantsac:<br />
axali organizacia Zveli organizacia<br />
amocanis gansazRvra<br />
sagamomcemlo bazris kvlevis zogierTi sakiTxi<br />
bazris kvleva<br />
Sedegebis analizi<br />
problemis gansazRvra<br />
miRebuli informaciis Sejameba, daxarisxeba<br />
kvlevis arxis<br />
SerCeva<br />
maslous `motivaciis Teoriis~ piramidis wveris bolo<br />
sami moTxovnileba ufro maRali donis moTxovnaa da mxolod<br />
pirveli ori moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
SeiZleba gaCndes, isic ara yvela SemTxvevaSi. wignis SeZena<br />
inteleqtualuri survilia da, bunebrivia, yvelas ar uCndeba.<br />
wigniT vaWrobis SemTxvevaSi odnav rTulia adamianis motivireba.<br />
miT ufro, Tu saqarTveloSi dRes arsebul wignis yidvis<br />
mimarT damokidebulebas gavixsenebT da ramdenime kvlevis<br />
magaliTsac moviyvanT: wignis saagentos oficialuri monacemebis<br />
mixedviT, gayidvebisa da gamocemebis lideri gamomcemloba<br />
124 125
sofio komlaZe<br />
saqarTveloSi `bakur sulakauria~, romelmac erTi wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi wignis (`Cemi pirveli zRaprebi~) 1215 cali<br />
egzemplari gayida (!) am samarcxvino cifrs Tavi rom avaridoT,<br />
saWiroa, gamomcemlobebma ise warmarTon marketinguli saqmianoba,<br />
rom mkiTxvels SesTavazon is, rac maT surT, SesTavazon<br />
misaRebi Rirebulebis (Tumca es ukve fasis dadgenis problemaa)<br />
wignebi. mkiTxvelis azris dadgena ki mxolod da mxolod<br />
bazris monacemebis kvlevis Sedegad SeiZleba.<br />
natalia murjikneli<br />
magistratura II kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli – prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />
stresi organizaciaSi da misi marTvis<br />
strategiebi<br />
iaponuri menejmentis erT-erTi wesis mixedviT, organizaciis<br />
efeqtianoba damokidebulia imaze, SeZlebs Tu ara xelmZRvaneli<br />
daeuflos mis TanamSromlebSi arsebul stresis energias da<br />
is warmatebis energiad gardaqmnas.<br />
dRes organizaciul stresze visaubrebT. SevecdebiT<br />
gavarkvioT, Tu ra gavlena aqvs mas biznesis warmatebawarumateblobaze<br />
da rogor SeuZlia kompaniis xelmZRvanelobas,<br />
stresi ise marTos, rom misi manve Sedegebi an gamoricxos an<br />
minimumamde daiyvanos.<br />
uSualod stresis marTvaze odnav mogvianebiT gadaval,<br />
Tavidan ki vupasuxoT erT martiv kiTxvas: ra aris stresi?<br />
adamianebis umetesoba fiqrobs, rom stresi daZabulobis<br />
aRmniSvneli kidev erTi terminia. magram es sakmaod martivi<br />
ganmartebaa. sinamdvileSi stresi gacilebiT rTuli da<br />
saintereso fenomenia.<br />
stresis Sesaxeb mecnierebis fuZemdebelia cnobili kanadeli<br />
biologi hans selie. misi ganmartebiT, stresi organizmis<br />
araspecifikuri reaqciaa mis mimarT wayenebul nebismier<br />
moTxovnaze. imisTvis, rom es ganmarteba gasagebi gaxdes, saWiroa<br />
aixsnas, Tu ra igulisxmeba sityvaSi `araspecifikuri~.<br />
organizmis mimarT wayenebuli nebismieri moTxovna Taviseburi,<br />
anu specifikuria. magaliTad, yinvaSi adamiani kankalebs, raTa<br />
meti siTbo gamoyos, sisxlZarRvebi ki viwrovdeba, raTa sxeulis<br />
zedapiridan dakarguli siTbos raodenoba Semcirdes. es aris<br />
organizmis specifikuri reaqciebi, anu, specifikuri zemoqmedebiT<br />
gamowveuli specifikuri cvlilebebi.<br />
magram imis miuxedavad, Tu ra cvlilebebi xdeba organizmSi,<br />
yvela amgvar zemoqmedebas erTi saerTo ram axasiaTebs: isini<br />
organizmisgan iTxovs adaptacias da normaluri mdgomareobis<br />
aRdgenas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, specifikuri efeqtis<br />
126 127
natalia murjikneli<br />
garda, nebismieri zemoqmedeba organizmisgan iTxovs<br />
araspecifikuri adaptaciuri funqciebis amoqmedebas da<br />
normaluri mdgomareobis aRdgenas. zustad es aris stresis<br />
ganmarteba.<br />
stresuli reaqciis TvalsazrisiT, ar aqvs mniSvneloba<br />
sasiamovnoa Tu usiamovno situacia, romelic Cvenze zemoqmedebs.<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod adaptaciisadmi moTxovnis<br />
intensivobas.<br />
stresis ignorirebis safasuri<br />
dResdReobiT, adamianis sicocxles, SesaZloa, naklebi<br />
safrTxe emuqreba, magram amis miuxedavad, stresis done sul<br />
ufro da ufro matulobs. axali teqnologiebiT da axali<br />
informaciiT gamowveuli cvlilebebis tempi imdenad swrafia,<br />
rom adamiani amgvar datvirTvas veRar umklavdeba.<br />
stresi Tanamedrove biznesis ganuyreli nawilia da kompaniis<br />
nebismieri donis TanamSromelze moqmedebs. kompaniis rigiTi<br />
TanamSromeli ganicdis stress, radgan dabali anazRaurebiT,<br />
magram didi datvirTviT muSaobs, Zalian bevri movaleoba da<br />
gacilebiT cota ufleba aqvs. Sua rgolis menejerebic mudmivad<br />
stresis pirobebSi arian _ maT uwevT klientTan urTierToba,<br />
gayidvebis moculobaze zrunva, rac faqtobrivad niSnavs, rom<br />
maTi samuSao logikuri da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis (kreativis)<br />
garkveul monawileobas moiTxovs. garda amisa, isini<br />
xelmZRvanelebis pretenziebis mTavar samiznesac warmoadgenen.<br />
kidev ufro Zlier stresSia is, visac yvelaze meti<br />
pasuxismgebloba akisria _ kompaniis xelmZRvaneloba. rogorc<br />
wesi, kompaniis TanamSromlebs miaCniaT, rom `maRla~ myof<br />
direqtors an kompaniis prezidents problemebi ar awuxebs<br />
da arxeinad cxovrobs. sinamdvileSi ki, rac ufro maRla<br />
adixar karierul safexurze, miT ufro imatebs stresis<br />
intensivoba.<br />
stresis gamo uaresdeba urTierToba klientebTan, aseve<br />
uSualod kolegebs Soris, radgan adamianebi advilad<br />
gaRizianebadi da naklebad tolerantulebi xdebian.<br />
stresi organizaciaSi da misi marTvis strategiebi<br />
stresis zemoqmedebis qveS myofi adamianebi araefeqtian<br />
da xSirad mcdar gadawyvetilebebs iReben.<br />
stresiT gamowveuli kadrebis gadinebas mohyveba kompaniis<br />
saqmianobis Seferxeba, produqtiulobis kleba da xarjebis<br />
zrda (mag., axali TanamSromlis ayvanisa da maTi treningis<br />
xarjebi).<br />
zemoT Tqmuli sakmarisia imisTvis, rom gasagebi gaxdes:<br />
garkveuli daZabuloba samuSaoze sasargeblocaa da<br />
mamotivirebelic, magram rodesac organizaciaSi stresis<br />
intensivoba izrdeba, es ukve seriozuli problemaa, romelsac<br />
xelmZRvanelobam droulad unda mixedos.<br />
stresis simptomebi<br />
rac ufro male gamovavlenT stresis zRvargadacilebul<br />
intensivobas organizaciaSi, miT ufro swrafad SevZlebT<br />
situaciis mowesrigebas.<br />
moamzadeT Tqveni TanamSromlebi specialuri treningebis<br />
meSveobiT, raTa maT iswavlon da SeZlon seriozuli stresis<br />
simptomebis amocnoba sakuTar TavSi da kolegebSi. darwmundiT<br />
rom maT ician Tqveni mzaobis Sesaxeb da problemebis gaCenis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, maSinve Tqven mogmarTaven.<br />
ra simptomebi metyvelebs stresis momatebul doneze?<br />
pirvel rigSi, adamianebi grZnoben, rom veRar umklavdebian<br />
datvirTvas;<br />
isini mudmivad Cqaroben da drois deficits ganicdian;<br />
ver axerxeben koncentrirebas saqmeze;<br />
isini mudmivad daRlilobas uCivian;<br />
ver axerxeben samsaxurebrivi problemebidan gadarTvas<br />
da dasvenebas maSinac ki, rodesac saxlSi brundebian<br />
uares SemTxvevaSi maT SesaZloa samsaxurSi misvlis<br />
SiSi ganuviTardeT.<br />
xandaxan xdeba, rom TviTon adamianebi verafers xedaven,<br />
samagierod misi TanamSromlebi amCneven garkveul cvlilebebs<br />
mis qcevaSi:<br />
128 129
natalia murjikneli<br />
stresSi myofi adamianebi iumoris grZnobas kargaven,<br />
uxasiaTod arian da advilad Riziandebian.<br />
maTi samuSao dRis Cveulebrivi reJimi icvleba: magaliTad,<br />
gvian modian an uars amboben Sesvenebaze.<br />
maTi muSaobis xarisxi uecrad ecema.<br />
isini sul ufro da ufro xSirad acdenen samsaxurs<br />
avadmyofobis gamo.<br />
stresis gamomwvevi mizezebi da misi Semcirebis<br />
gzebi<br />
stresis gamomwvevi mizezebi, pirobiTad, ramdenime ZiriTad<br />
kategoriad erTiandeba.<br />
1 . s a m u S a o d a t v i r T v a s T a n d a k a v S i r e b u l i<br />
problemebi.<br />
TanamSromlebisTvis araelastikuri amocanebis dasaxva maT<br />
demotivacias da produqtiulobis dacemas iwvevs.<br />
2. damatebiTi samuSao saaTebi.<br />
zogjer, gadadebuli saqmis dasrulebis mizniT,<br />
TanamSromlebs uwevT samsaxurSi adre mosvla da gvianobamde<br />
darCena. magram gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom rac metad<br />
iRleba adamiani, miT ufro uWirs koncentracia da samuSaos<br />
xarisxianad Sesruleba. amitom, aseTi daZabuli muSaobis Semdeg<br />
TanamSromeli erTi dRiT gaaTavisufleT, mieciT mas saSualeba,<br />
sxva mimarTulebiT gadaerTos.<br />
3. marTvis stili.<br />
organizaciuli stresis yvelaze xSiri mizezia konfliqti<br />
ufrosTan an kolegasTan. Zalian xSirad adamianebi daSinebis<br />
da agresiuli qcevis msxverplni xdebian. ufrosi, romelic<br />
sajarod amcirebs TanamSromlebs an waaxalisebs amgvar qcevas<br />
mis xelqveiTebs Soris, riskis qveS ayenebs sakuTar reputacias<br />
da kargavs kompaniaSi momuSave adamianebis ndobas.<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve is, rom, rac erTi adamianisTvis<br />
sasacilo xumrobad gamoiyureba, meoresTvis, SesaZloa, mZime<br />
Seuracxyofad iqces.<br />
stresi organizaciaSi da misi marTvis strategiebi<br />
4. komunikaciis nakleboba.<br />
adamianebi sakuTar momavalze Relaven da efeqturad ver<br />
muSaoben, Tu ar arian informirebulebi organizaciaSi mimdinare<br />
cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. Tundac axali menejeris daniSvna.<br />
droulad miwodebuli informacia amSvidebs adamianebs, isini<br />
Tavs usafrTxod grZnoben da Cveul reJimSi agrZeleben<br />
muSaobas.AacnobeT maT ra gaxda cvlilebis mizezi da ra<br />
kuTxiT Seexeba maT es cvlileba. dausviT TanamSromlebs<br />
kiTxvebi, moismineT maTi mosazrebebi: isini Tavs kompaniis<br />
nawilad igrZnoben, rac mniSvnelovnad gazrdis maT motivacias.<br />
5. ojaxuri problemebi.<br />
rodesac adamianebs piradi piradi problemebi awuxebs, es<br />
aucileblad aisaxeba mis muSaobazec. aseT situaciaSi<br />
TanamSromlis mimarT gamoCenili TanagrZnoba exmareba maT,<br />
ufro swrafad gadalaxon stresi da cxovrebis Cveul ritms<br />
daubrundnen. SesTavazeT adamianebs moklevadiani Svebuleba<br />
an ufro moqnili samuSao grafiki.<br />
6. menejmentis stresi.<br />
kompaniis prezidenti an aRmasrulebeli direqtori,<br />
gamomdinare Tavisi Tanamdebobidan, yovelTvis erTgvar<br />
izolaciaSia da ukve amis gamo Zlieri stresis qveS imyofeba.<br />
amas emateba masze dakisrebuli pasuxismgeblobis maRali xarisxi<br />
da TanamSromlebis mxridan mxardaWeris nakleboba (rogorc<br />
wesi, isini darwmunebulni arian, rom ufrosma yvelaze ukeT<br />
icis, ra unda gaakeTos ama Tu im problemur situaciaSi).<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi naklebad stresulia,<br />
rodesac pasuxismgebloba ramdenime adamianzea gadanawilebuli.<br />
Tu gadawyvetileba mcdari aRmoCndeba, amis pasuxismgeblobac<br />
gadanawildeba da erT adamians aRar daawveba.<br />
`martoobiT~ gamowveuli stresis Semcirebis mizniT,<br />
SeecadeT, msgavs Tanamdebobebze momuSave adamianebs esaubroT,<br />
maTi gamocdileba gaiziaroT.<br />
imisaTvis, rom stress gaumklavdeT, Tavidan saWiroa<br />
dadgindes, Tu sad imaleba stresis SesaZlo mizezebi.<br />
problemuri `ubnis~ gamovlenis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT, uSualod<br />
imuSaoT am `ubanze~ da TanamSromlebs stresis SemcirebaSi<br />
daexmaroT.<br />
130 131
natalia murjikneli<br />
stresi organizaciaSi da misi marTvis strategiebi<br />
stresis marTvis ramdenime midgoma<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi, stresi kompleqsuri, mravalfaqtoriani<br />
warmoSobisaa, amitom misi daZleva Sesabamisi strategiis<br />
gamoyenebas saWiroebs. strategiebis arsenali sakmaod didia,<br />
Tumca, arsebobs ramdenime ZiriTadi midgoma, romelic adamians<br />
exmareba, marTos stresi, airidos an gadalaxos misi negatiuri<br />
Sedegebi da mudmivad moipovos axali rezervebi sakuTari<br />
janmrTelobisa Tu Sromisunarianobis gasaZliereblad.<br />
1 . TviTSemecneba.<br />
am principSi moiazreba sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da<br />
SezRudvebis, pirovnuli temperamentisa da stresul viTarebaSi<br />
tipiuri qcevis, agreTve, sakuTari faseulobebisa da miznebis<br />
codna.<br />
ra aris saWiro TviTSecnebisaTvis? sakuTar Tavze<br />
dakvirveba da gaanalizeba imisa, Tu romeli stresorebi<br />
moqmedebs Tqvenze ufro xSirad, da ra gemarTebaT stresis<br />
dros da ras akeTebT stresTan sabrZolvelad.<br />
2 . s a k u T a r T a v T a n T a n x m o b a d a s a k u T a r i<br />
SasaZleblobebis rwmena.<br />
es ori urTierTdakavSirebuli cnebaa: sakuTar TavTan<br />
Tanxmoba niSnavs, aRiaro sami ram: 1. me varsebob; 2. ar arsebobs<br />
raime mizezi imisa, rom viyo gansxvavebuli imisgan, rac amJamad<br />
var; 3. me arc `Rirseuli~ var da arc `uRirsi~. sakuTar<br />
SesaZleblobebis rwmena niSnavs: 1. icode risi gakeTeba SegiZlia<br />
da risi ara; 2. iyo mzad yvelaferi akeTo Seni SesaZleblobebis<br />
farglebSi; 3. mudmivad imuSao am farglebis gasafarToeblad.<br />
3. Wkvianuri egoizmi.<br />
Wkvianuri egoizmis formula martivia: pirvel adgilze<br />
ayeneb sakuTar interesebs, Tumca, ar iviwyeb, rom Seni interesi<br />
gacilebiT ukeT dakmayofildeba, Tu ki sxvaTa interesebsac<br />
gaiTvaliswineb.<br />
4. riski.<br />
adamianebi, TavianTi bunebidan gamomdinare, cdiloben miaRwion<br />
stabilurobas da ar hqondeT momavlis SiSi. Tumca, maT,<br />
garkveulwilad riskianobac axasiaTebT. Cven vsaubrobT im<br />
gonier riskze, romelic aucilebelia, raTa cxovrebisgan rac<br />
SeiZleba meti miiRo da Tavi aarido mowyenilobiT gamowveul<br />
uaryofiT stress. imisaTvis, rom daadgino Seni SesaZleblobebi,<br />
unda garisko da gamoscado sakuTari Tavi axal saqmeSi, axal<br />
urTierTobebSi.<br />
5. zomiereba.<br />
zomierebis princi pi dagexmarebaT, Tavidan airidoT<br />
eqstremaluroba azrovnebaSi, grZnobebsa da qcevaSi.<br />
eqstremaluri – Zalian dabali an Zalian maRali molodinebis<br />
an mudmivi uiRblobis gancdas aCens, an mosabezrebels xdis<br />
cxovrebas. zomierebis principis arsi aris is, rom daisaxoT<br />
realisturi da miRwevadi miznebi da amocanebi, romlebsac<br />
yoveldRiurad SeasrulebT.<br />
6. emociuri da qceviTi pasuxismgebloba.<br />
adamianebi, romlebic grZnoben, rom sakuTar emociebs da<br />
qcevas ver akontroleben, gacilebiT naklebad ganicdian stresis<br />
mavne zegavlenas. pasuxismgeblobis aRebis principi dagexmarebaT,<br />
Tavad agoT pasuxi sakuTar emociebze, moqmedebaze, da mTlianad<br />
Tqvens cxovrebaze. hqondes emociuri pasuxismgebloba niSnavs:<br />
a. gjerodes, rom Tavad qmni Sens sakuTar grZnobebs da b.<br />
arasodes adanaSaulebde SenSi gaCenili grZnobis gamo sxva<br />
adamianebs. qceviTi pasuxismgebloba niSnavs, aRiaro, rom Tavad<br />
xar Seni qmedebis da qcevis `avtori~ da aravin gaZalebs<br />
ganaxorcielo esa Tu is qceva. adamiani, romelic pasuxs<br />
agebs sakuTar grZnobebsa da qcevaze, arasodes aRmoCndeba<br />
msxverplis rolSi da arasodes gamoamJRavnebs gadametebul<br />
reaqcias sxva adamianebis sityvebis an qcevis mimarT. Tu ver<br />
Secvlis garemos, igi yovelTvis SeZlebs Secvalos sakuTari<br />
grZnoba da ganwyoba am garemos mimarT.<br />
7. moqniloba.<br />
amboben, rom moqnili xe Zlieri qariSxlis dros moixreba<br />
da gadarCeba, xolo xisti – gauZaliandeba da gadatydeba.<br />
iyo moqnili niSnavs:<br />
iyo Ria cvlilebebis mimarT rogorc Sens SigniT,<br />
aseve gareT.<br />
Secvlili garemoebebis Sasabamisad, SegeZlos Secvalo<br />
Seni gegmebi da qceva.<br />
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natalia murjikneli<br />
stresi organizaciaSi da misi marTvis strategiebi<br />
SegeZlos aiTviso azrovnebis axali wesi, romelic<br />
cvalebad samyarosTan SeguebaSi dagexmareba.<br />
Segwevdes unari, misce adamianebs saSualeba ifiqron<br />
da akeTon is, rac sworad miaCniaT, xolo Tavad Sen akeTe is<br />
rac SenTvisaa misaRebi.<br />
Mmoqniloba zrdis gadarCenis Sansebs cvalebad garemoSi.<br />
8. realobis miReba (aRiareba).<br />
realobis aRiareba niSnavs:<br />
daeTanxmo imas, rom realoba Tundac usiamovno, arsebobs<br />
mixvde, rom yvelaferi Sens gemoze da Sens mosawonad<br />
ver moxdeba.<br />
gaurkvevloba an gawbileba normaluri cxovrebis<br />
Cveulebriv aspeqtad ganixilo.<br />
Seeguo imas, rom pirovnuli cvlilebebi SezRudulia.<br />
Mmiuxedavad, imisa, rom namdvilad SesaZlebelia bevri raRacis<br />
Secvla, zogi ram ucvlelad darCeba, rogorc unda ecado.<br />
Seeguo im azrs, rom SeuZlebelia sxva adamianebis<br />
Secvla.Amis gacnobiereba zedmet tkivils agaridebT.<br />
stresis marTvis sistemuri midgomis gamocdileba<br />
dasavleTis zogierT qveyanaSi SemoRebulia stresis marTvis<br />
specialuri standartebi, romlebic samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli<br />
stresis donis Semcirebiskenaa mimarTuli. standartebis<br />
SemuSavebis umTavresi mizani iyo im adamianTa ricxvis Semcireba,<br />
romlebic xSirad avadmyofobdnen da acdendnen samsaxurs, an<br />
kargad ver asrulebdnen maTze dakisrebul movaleobebs imis<br />
gamo, rom maRali donis stresis zemoqmedebis qveS imyofebian.<br />
stresis menejmentis standartebis mixedviT, damqiravebeli<br />
valdebulia, Tavis TanamSromlebTan imuSaos da ganuwyvetliv<br />
izrunos samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli stresis donis<br />
Semcirebaze.Ees standartebi, rogorc wesi, arasavaldebuloa,<br />
magram Tu stresis efeqtiani marTva organizaciuli kulturis<br />
nawili gaizrdeba, is did sargebels moutans ara mxolod<br />
kompaniaSi momuSave personals, aramed mTlianad kompanias.<br />
stresis marTvis standartebi eqvs ZiriTad aspeqts moicavs:<br />
1. moTxovnebi. igulisxmeba iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa<br />
samuSao datvirTva, muSaobis reJimi da samuSao garemo.<br />
standarti: adamianebi aRniSnaven, rom maT ar uWirT samuSao<br />
moTxovnebis Sesruleba; kompaniaSi danergilia personalis<br />
individualur problemebze reagirebis sistema.<br />
2. kontroli. samuSao procesis dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebaSi<br />
ramdenad aris gaTvaliswinebuli kompaniis TanamSromlebis azri.<br />
standarti: adamianebi aRniSnaven, rom maT aqvT ufleba<br />
da saSualeba gamoTqvan mosazreba sakuTar samuSaosTan<br />
dakavSirebiT; kompaniaSi danergilia personalis individualur<br />
problemebze reagirebis sistema.<br />
3. mxardaWera. igulisxmeba kompaniis, Sua rgolis<br />
menejerebisa da kolegebis mier gaRebuli resursebi, waxaliseba<br />
da daxmareba.<br />
standartebi: adamianebi aRniSnaven, rom kolegebisa da<br />
xelmZRvanelobisgan sakmaris mxardaWeras da informacias<br />
Rebuloben; kompaniaSi danergilia personalis individualur<br />
problemebze reagirebis sistema.<br />
4. urTierTobebi. igulisxmeba pozitiuri samuSao<br />
ganwyobis Seqmna, konfliqtebis Tavidan arideba da miRebuli<br />
qcevis mimarT damokidebuleba.<br />
standartebi: adamianebi aRniSnaven, rom maT mimarT ar<br />
xorcieldeba maTTvis miRebuli qceva (mag., daSineba); kompaniaSi<br />
danergilia personalis individualur problemebze reagirebis<br />
sistema.<br />
5. roli. is, Tu ramdenad esmiT adamianebs sakuTari<br />
roli kompaniis SigniT da ramdenad uzrunvelyofs organizacia<br />
imas, rom adamians or konfliqtur rolSi erTdrouli yofna<br />
ar mouxdes.<br />
standarti: adamianebi aRniSnaven, rom maT esmiT TavianTi<br />
roli da maTze dakisrebuli movaleobebi; kompaniaSi danergilia<br />
personalis individualur problemebze reagirebis sistema.<br />
6. cvlileba. rogor imarTeba didi an mcire masStabis<br />
cvlileba organizaciaSi da rogor xdeba TanamSromlebis<br />
informireba cvlilebebis procesSi.<br />
standarti: adamianebi aRniSnaven, rom organizacia maT<br />
sistematurad ayenebs saqmis kursSi kompaniaSi mimdinare<br />
134 135
natalia murjikneli<br />
cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT; kompaniaSi danergilia personalis<br />
individualur problemebze reagirebis sistema.<br />
sasiamovno da sasargeblo<br />
saubris bolos minda, organizaciul stresTan brZolisa<br />
da misi prevenciis kidev ramdenime popularuli meTodi<br />
vaxseno.Aam meTodebis gamoyenebisTvis organizaciis winaswari<br />
diagnostika an auditireba ar dagWirdebaT, radgan isini<br />
universaluria da amave dros qmediTi.<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli da popularuli meTodia<br />
korporaciuli wveulebebis mowyoba.Ggundis Sekrebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, es mSvenieri RonisZiebaa, Tumca, misi organizebisas<br />
unda gaxsovdeT, rom iq, sadac alkoholia, SesaZloa, problemebi<br />
gaCndes.Aase rom, stresis moxsnis es Zveleburi recepti Zalian<br />
efeqtiania, magram mainc safrTxiloa.<br />
stress Zalian kargad xsnis sporti.Kkompania, romelic<br />
sakuTar TanamSromlebze izrunebs, maTTvis sportul darbazs<br />
Tu sacurao auzs moawyobs an Tundac tenisis magidebs daayenebs,<br />
Sedegad Sromis nayofierebis 15%-ian zrdas miiRebs.<br />
stresis prevenciisa da Semcirebis miznebs emsaxureba,<br />
agreTve, Sromis pirobebis gaumjobeseba. igulisxmeba kargi<br />
ganaTeba, oTaxebis ganiaveba da ventilacia, moxerxebuli samuSao<br />
adgili, kedlebis wynari Seferiloba, xmauris maqsimaluri<br />
Semcireba. im kompaniebSi, sadac ugulebelyofili ar aris<br />
ekonomikis wesebi, Sromis nayofiereba yovelTvis ufro maRalia.<br />
caca jorjiaSvili<br />
magistraturis II kursis studenti,<br />
xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />
PR -is (sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis)<br />
roli kulturuli turizmis<br />
ganviTarebaSi<br />
resursuli potencialis mniSvnelobis mxriv saqarTvelo<br />
erT-erTi gamorCeuli qveyanaa, romlis mimarTac interesi<br />
uZvelesi droidan arsebobda. amis naTeli magaliTia Tqmuleba<br />
argonavtebis Sesaxeb.<br />
saqarTvelo evropisa da aziis gzagasayarze mdebareobs,<br />
Sesabamisad, swored saqarTvelos gavliT xdeboda evropisa<br />
da aziis saxelmwifoebs Soris savaWro-ekonomikuri<br />
urTierTobebis ganviTareba. am gzas, romelic evropasa da<br />
azias akavSirebda, ZvelTaganve ewoda abreSumis gza, romelzec<br />
moZraobdnen savaWro qaravnebi, di plomatiuri misiebi da<br />
kaTolike misionerebi. imis gamo, rom mogzauroba iyo xangrZlivi<br />
da damqancveli, gaCnda aucilebloba sastumros ti pis<br />
nagebobebis mowyobisa.<br />
SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom swored aqedan iRebs saTaves<br />
CvenSi pirveli sastumro-saxlebis dafuZneba. ufro mogvianebiT<br />
aRmosavluri tradiciisamebr qalaqebSi da saqaravno gzebze<br />
aSendnen qarvaslebi, sasveniebi, xaniebi, samadloebi, iamebi,<br />
fundukebi da sxva amgvari tipis nagebobebi.<br />
evropeli vaWrebi da kaTolike misionerebi TavianT<br />
CanawerebSi aRniSnavdnen rom, TbilisSi ufro met ucxoels<br />
SexvdebiT vidre sxvagan sadme (ra Tqma unda, saubaria<br />
aRmosavleTis qveynebze).<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnis Semdeg saqarTvelo mokavSire<br />
respublikebisaTvis mniSvnelovan kurortul da turistul<br />
zonad gadaiqca, romelic ganTqmuli iyo samkurnalo mineraluri<br />
wylebiT, Savi zRvis sanapiroTi, mTis unikaluri haviT da<br />
kavkasionis alpinisturi marSrutebiT.<br />
amdenad, sabWoTa periodSi saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad<br />
turizmis ori saxe iyo cnobili: kulturuli turizmi da<br />
136 137
caca jorjiaSvili<br />
PR -is (sazogadoebasTan<br />
urTierTobis) roli kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebaSi<br />
samkurnalo turizmi. XX saukunis 80-iani wlebisTvis<br />
saqarTvelo oTx milionamde turists maspinZlobda,<br />
romelTaganac ZiriTadi raodenoba kulturul turizmze<br />
modioda.<br />
da mainc, ra aris kulturuli turizmi? – kulturuli<br />
turizmi farTo gagebiT iseT mogzaurobas gulisxmobs romelic<br />
xelovnebis, memkvidreobisa da RirsSesaniSnavi adgilebis<br />
gacnobisken aris mimarTuli. xelovnebaSi igulisxmeba –<br />
galereebi, studiebi, saSemsruleblo (performing) da TvalsaCino<br />
xelovneba; kulturul saqmianobaSi – festivalebi,<br />
dResaswaulebi, ritualebi, saRamoebi da a. S.; fizikur<br />
memkvidreobaSi ki _ Senobebi da buneba.<br />
ICOMOS -i (the UN’s International Council on Monuments and<br />
Sites) Tavis saerTaSoriso kulturuli turizmis qartiaSi<br />
acxadebs, rom: `farTo gagebiT, bunebrivi da kulturuli<br />
memkvidreoba ekuTvnis xalxs. TiToeul Cvengans ki gvaqvs<br />
ufleba da movaleoba imisa, rom gavigoT, davafasoT da<br />
SevinarCunoT misi universaluri faseulobebi~.<br />
saerTaSoriso da saSinao kulturuli vizitorebi<br />
ganisazRvrebian iseT vizitorebad, romlebic:<br />
- eswrebian sxvadasxva saxis kulturul RonisZiebebs.<br />
- stumroben galereebs, monawileobas iReben vorqSopebisa<br />
da studiebis muSaobaSi.<br />
- ecnobian maspinZeli qveynis xelovnebas, rewvas, samzareulos,<br />
bunebas, tradiciebs, istoriasa da eTnografias.<br />
kulturuli turizmi moicavs yvela im mimarTulebas, romelic<br />
dakavSirebulia eris istoriis, kulturis, eTnografiis, materialuri<br />
da sulieri kulturis memkvidreobis popularizaciasTan.<br />
- turizmis es mimarTuleba, saSualebas aZlevs turistebs<br />
gaecnon istoriul da kulturul memkvidreobas, riTac Cveni<br />
qveyana Zalian mdidaria.<br />
qarTveli xalxis mravalsaukunovani istoria aisaxa<br />
mravalricxovan istoriul ZeglebSi. cnobilia, rom<br />
saqarTveloSi 150-mde muzeumi da 35 aTasi istoriuli Zeglia.<br />
1994 wlidan oTxi maTgani iuneskos msoflio mniSvnelobis<br />
ZeglTa dacvis siaSi Sevida: 1. saqarTvelos uZvelesi dedaqalaqi<br />
mcxeTa, rogorc qalaqi-muzeumi; 2. gelaTis samonastro<br />
kompleqsi (XI s.); 3. bagratis taZari quTaisSi (XI s.) da 4.<br />
uSgulis arqiteqturuli ansambli.<br />
amdenad Zalian mniSvnelovania Tu rogor warmoaCens<br />
sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis specialisti qveynis istoriuli<br />
da kulturuli memkvidreobis Sesaxeb informacias<br />
sazogadoebisTvis.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom omis Semdgomi saqarTvelo jer<br />
ekonomikurad da politikurad stabiluri araa, dRes interesi<br />
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos mimarT rogorc misi kulturis,<br />
aseve istoriis mimarT, isev Zlierdeba ucxoel turistebSi.<br />
mag.: saqarTvelos turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis<br />
informaciiT 2008 wlis 10 dekembridan 15 dekembramde<br />
saqarTvelom umaspinZla italiuri televiziis RAI UNO-s<br />
warmomadgenelTa 3 kacian jgufs.<br />
aRniSnuli pres-turis mTavar mizans warmoadgenda<br />
saqarTvelos turistuli potencialis Seswavla da gaSuqeba<br />
italiis televiziiT.<br />
garda amisa Jurnalistebma moinaxules da gadaiRes is<br />
teritoriebi, romlebic rva agvistos movlenebis Sedegad iqna<br />
dazianebuli.<br />
maT saqarTveloSi vizitis dros, dazianebuli teritoriebis<br />
garda moinaxules mcxeTa, kaxeTi, Zveli Tbilisi da sxva<br />
turistuli atraqciebi.<br />
saqarTvelos turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis<br />
statistikuri monacemebiT 2008 wels (11 Tvis ganmavlobaSi)<br />
saqarTveloSi Camosul vizitorTa raodenobam 1 200 000<br />
miaRwia, rac daaxloebiT 25%-iT metia 2007 welTan SedarebiT.<br />
kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia<br />
saqarTveloSi arsebuli resursebis maqsimaluri amoqmedeba.<br />
agreTve mniSvnelovania C venma qveyanam w amoiwyos<br />
farTomasStabiani saerTaSoriso PR kampania, kulturuli<br />
turizmis mimarTulebis popularizaciis mizniT, romelic<br />
msoflios wamyvan telearxebze da beWdviT mediaSi,<br />
originaluri maRalxarisxiani sareklamo rgolebiT da<br />
masalebiT ganTavsdeba. swored aseTi PR aqciebiT Tu SevZlebT<br />
informaciuli vakuumis Sevsebas da saerTaSoriso sainformacio<br />
sivrceSi maRali reputaciis damkvidrebas. Sida turizmis<br />
138 139
caca jorjiaSvili<br />
PR -is (sazogadoebasTan<br />
urTierTobis) roli kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebaSi<br />
ganviTarebis mizniT ki aucileblad mimaCnia iseTi satelevizio<br />
Tu radio gadacemis Seqmna, romelic mudmivad saqarTvelos<br />
sxvadasxva turistul adgilebs `promouSens~ gauwevs.<br />
mniSvnelovania momzaddes sareklamo masalebi, kerZod ki _<br />
daibeWdos turistuli rukebi, saqarTvelos kurortebis<br />
CamonaTvali broSurebis saxiT da sastumroebisa da saxlebis<br />
guideline-ebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen rogorc turistuli<br />
potencialis popularizacias, aseve miawvdian sazogadoebas<br />
informacias turistuli RirsSesaniSnaobebis, marSrutebis,<br />
sastumroebis, kvebis obieqtebis da sxv. Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli<br />
ti pis masala aramarto turistebisTvis iqneba gamosadegi,<br />
aramed aqtualuri iqneba turizmis industriaSi CarTuli<br />
adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvisac. Sesabamisad, glexs an fermers,<br />
romelsac ara aqvs SesaZlebloba reklamireba gaukeTos mis<br />
mier SeTavazebul turistul produqts (Ramis saTevs, kvebiT<br />
an transportiT momsaxurebas da sxv.), saSualeba eqneba miawodos<br />
saTanado informacia dainteresebul pirebs, iqneba es turisti<br />
Tu turistuli kompania. agreTve saWiroebas warmoadgens<br />
sainformacio web-gverdis Seqmnac.<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili proeqtebis dafinanseba Tavdapirvelad<br />
unda ganxorcieldes saxelmwifo biujetidan da sponsoruli<br />
saqmianobidan. agreTve sasurvelia investiciebis mozidva<br />
sxvadasxva qveynidan, raSic PR – specialistis swori kuTxiT<br />
warmarTul muSaobas gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba.<br />
kulturuli turizmis ganviTareba saxelmwifos Tanadgomis<br />
gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba.<br />
saqarTveloSi kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebas xels<br />
Seuwyobs samTavrobo struqturebis ufro farTo masStaburi<br />
CarTva procesis menejmentSi.<br />
_ mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT unda ganxorcieldes<br />
iseTi proeqtebi, rogoric mag., turizmis departamentma Sida<br />
turizmis ganviTarebis mizniT svaneTSi ganaxorciela; es iyo<br />
`svaneTis popularizaciis proeqti~. aRniSnuli proeqti Sida<br />
turizmis ganviTarebis erT-erT pirvel proeqts warmoadgenda<br />
da miznad isaxavda svaneTis regionSi turistuli nakadis<br />
zrdasa da adgilobrivi infrastruqturis ganviTarebisaTvis<br />
potenciuri investorebis mozidvas. departamentis mier<br />
mestiasTan sofel kaxrSi, moewyo 150 kaciani turistuli<br />
banaki (Camp Town-i), sadac gaimarTa axalgazrduli musikaluri<br />
festivali `svanseti~; am proeqtis farglebSi svaneTi 5000-<br />
mde qarTvelma da ucxoelma turistma moinaxula. aRsaniSnavia<br />
is faqti, rom `svaneTis popularizaciis proeqtis~ mimdinareobis<br />
periodSi departamentis mier Catarda aqtiuri PR kampania:<br />
momzadda ramdenime sareklamo rgoli, momzadda da gavrcelda<br />
sareklamo beWdviTi masala lifletebisa da svaneTis rukis<br />
saxiT. specialurad turistebisaTvis damzadda maisurebi da<br />
gasaRebis sakidebi, romlebzec svaneTis logo iyo gamosaxuli.<br />
yovelive zemoT aRniSnulma aqtiurad Seuwyo xeli svaneTis<br />
regionSi turistuli nakadis zrdas.<br />
saqarTveloSi unda Seiqmnas turizmis iseTi politika,<br />
sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba iuneskosa (United Nations Scientific<br />
and Cultural Organization) da WTO-s (World Tourism Organization)<br />
programebi, rezoluciebi da rekomendaciebi, romelic<br />
savaldebuloa nacionaluri mTavrobisaTvis. Mmag., istoriis,<br />
kulturisa da bunebis Zeglebi warmoadgenen qveynis erovnul<br />
sakuTrebas.Aamdenad, maTi gamoyeneba moiTxovs Zalze saTuT<br />
mopyrobas _ devizi: `daicavi _ aRadgine _ nu daazianeb~,<br />
iseTi unikaluri teritoriebi, rogoricaa _ Zveli qalaqebi,<br />
sakarmidamo sasaxle _ parkis kompleqsi, sakulto arqiteqtura,<br />
istoriuli nagebobebi, istoriul _ kulturuli Zeglebi da<br />
a. S. kulturuli memkvidreobis dacva da misi SenarCuneba<br />
saqarTvelos kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebis mTavar<br />
prioritetad unda miviCnioT.<br />
udavoa is faqti, rom turizmi ekonomikis umsxvilesi sferoa.<br />
msoflio ekonomikaSi igi lideris poziciazea da konkurencias<br />
uwevs navTobis mopovebas. aqedan gamomdinare kulturuli<br />
turizmis da saerTod turizmis ganviTarebiT saqarTvelos<br />
turizmis sxvadasxva teritoriuli erTeulisaTvis gaizrdeba<br />
ara marto Semosavali, aramed mosaxleobas Camouyalibdeba<br />
garkveuli siamayis grZnoba, rom arsebobs raRac unikaluri,<br />
romelic damaxasiaTebelia mxolod misi kuTxisTvis da romlis<br />
SeTavazeba SeuZlia sxva kulturis warmomadgenlebisaTvis;<br />
_ amaRldeba mosaxleobis cxovrebis kulturuli done.<br />
_ bevr evropul qveyanaSi saqarTveloze mwiri warmodgena<br />
140 1<strong>41</strong>
caca jorjiaSvili<br />
PR -is (sazogadoebasTan<br />
urTierTobis) roli kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebaSi<br />
gaaCniaT. turistebis Semodineba ki garkveulwilad gamoiwvevs<br />
am naklovanebis aRmofxvras.<br />
_ stimuli miecema adgilobrivi kulturuli tradiciebis<br />
SenarCunebas da aRorZinebas. am stimulirebis wyarod ZiriTadad<br />
ucxoel turistTa maRali msyidvelobiTi unaris mqone bazari<br />
warmogvidgeba.<br />
_ Seiqmneba axali samuSao adgilebi.<br />
_ ganviTardeba yvela is dargi, romelic dakavSirebulia<br />
turistul momsaxurebasTan.<br />
_ ganviTardeba socialuri da adgilobrivi meurneoba<br />
(sastumroebi, restornebi, satransporto sistema, suvenirebis<br />
warmoeba, xalxuri rewva da sxva).<br />
_ qveynis biujetSi Semova ucxouri valuta da<br />
mravalferovani gaxdeba adgilobrivi ekonomika, gansakuTrebiT<br />
maRalmTian raionebSi, sadac soflis meurneoba arasakmarisad<br />
aris warmodgenili da ganviTarebuli.<br />
_ gaizrdeba moTxovna soflis meurneobis produqciaze.<br />
_ xeli Seewyoba im miwebis produqtiulad aTvisebas,<br />
romlebic nakleb vargisia soflis meurneobisaTvis.<br />
_ adgilobriv mosaxleobas Camouyalibdeba konkretuli<br />
damokidebuleba sakuTari qveynis mimarT, rac maT daexmareba<br />
qarTul _ erovnuli individualobis damkvidrebaSi. gauCndebaT<br />
survili mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanon istoriul _<br />
kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvaSi da SenarCunebaSi.<br />
yovelive zemoT CamoTvlili, saqarTvelos saSualebas<br />
miscems, ara marto iamayos sakuTari mravalsaukunovani<br />
kulturiT, aramed Cveni qveynis es Zlieri sfero aqcios<br />
Semosavlis da ekonomikuri winsvlis wyarod. Tavis mxriv,<br />
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba kulturasTan integrirebulad<br />
igrZnobs Tavs.<br />
amasTan erTad yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom PR-is<br />
(sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis) roli kulturuli turizmis<br />
ganviTarebaSi Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan sazogadoebis mZafri<br />
CarTulobis gareSe turizmis ganviTareba SeuZlebeli iqneba.<br />
sazogadoebis aqtiuri CarTuloba ki SesaZlebelia misi<br />
sxvadasxvanairi stimulirebiT. mag: `kaxeli glexis~ rewvis<br />
nimuSebi da igive mis mier Seqmnili suvenirebi, ara mxolod<br />
Semosavlis wyarod unda vaqcioT, aramed gavuCinoT mas, maTi<br />
lamazad (mimzidvelad) warmoCenis survili turistebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi. es stimulireba SeiZleba moxdes mxolod swori<br />
mesijebiT. es ki PR-is prerogativaa.<br />
PR – a). emsaxureba Cvens segmentur, daqsaqsul sazogadoebas<br />
komunikatorisa da Suamavlis funqciis SesrulebiT;<br />
xelmZRvanelobs adamianebis informirebulobis amaRlebis<br />
principiT da cdilobs maT Soris uTanxmoebis aRmofxvras.<br />
b). PR – asrulebs Tavis socialur valdebulebas,<br />
gaaumjobesos adamianebis keTildReoba.<br />
g). is emsaxureba sazogadoebriv interesebs, sazogadoebis<br />
sxvadasxva azris gaTvaliswinebiT. PR – uzrunvelyofs<br />
xelsayrel garemos, romelSic moqmedebs rogorc sazogadoeba<br />
aseve kompaniebi.<br />
praqtikulad kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis PR<br />
saqmianobas wamyvani roli akisria, radgan es saqmianoba<br />
turistuli produqtis gasaRebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
elementia.<br />
PR (sazogadoebasTan urTierToba) – turistul produqtsa<br />
da momxmarebels Soris arapirdapiri kavSiris formaa, misi<br />
mizania mii pyros sazogadoebis yuradReba, gaaRviZos misi<br />
interesi, gadasces dawvrilebiTi informacia momxmarebels<br />
da daainteresos igi.<br />
kulturuli turizmis da saerTod turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis<br />
PR – miznad isaxavs:<br />
1. sazogadoebis informirebas,<br />
- informaciis miwodebas turistuli produqtis Sesaxeb;<br />
- produqtis imijis formirebas;<br />
- turistuli firmis imijis formirebas;<br />
- firmis muSaobis Sesaxeb arsebuli Sexedulebebis<br />
koreqtirebas.<br />
2. darwmunebas,<br />
- survilis aRZvras tur. produqtis SesaZenad;<br />
- damokidebulebis Secvlas tur. produqtis mimarT;<br />
- gayidvaTa ricxvis gazrdas (tur. produqtis gayidvis<br />
xelSewyobas);<br />
- konkurenciisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevas (konkurent<br />
142 143
caca jorjiaSvili<br />
PR -is (sazogadoebasTan<br />
urTierTobis) roli kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebaSi<br />
produqtTan SedarebiT ukeTesi reputaciis damkvidrebas).<br />
3. zemoqmedebas mexsierebaze,<br />
- turistul bazarze firmisa da misi produqtis mudmivad<br />
arsebobas da rac mTavaria dadebiTi imijis SenarCunebas.<br />
sainteresoa Tu rogor axerxebs erT-erTi turistuli<br />
kompania KALASI TOUR-i momxmarebelTa mozidvasa da<br />
dakmayofilebas adgilobriv Tu saerTaSoriso turistul<br />
bazarze.<br />
kompania KALASI TOUR-i, romelic rogorc Semomyvan,<br />
aseve gamyvan turizmze aqtiurad muSaobs, sazogadoebis<br />
informirebas ama Tu im tur-produqtis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad<br />
Web-gverdis meSveobiT, anu, online PR-iT uzrunvelyofs<br />
(www.kalasitour.ge); momxmareblis darwmunebas da masSi survilis<br />
aRZvras tur-produqtis SesaZenad, turistTan uSualo<br />
kontaqtebiT axorcielebs; xolo rac Seexeba konkurent<br />
produqtTan SedarebiT maRali reputaciis damkvidrebas ki –<br />
momsaxureobis maRali xarisxiT cdilobs. marTalia kompania<br />
swored im amocanebis gansaxorcieleblad miiswrafvis, romelsac<br />
PR (sazogadoebasTan urTierToba) turizmis ganviTarebisTvis<br />
miznad isaxavs, Tumca arsebobs xarvezebi da SeniSvnebi rac<br />
samomavlod gasaTvaliswinebelia. mag: Cven mier warmodgenil<br />
kompanias ar gaaCnia sakmarisi informaciis momcveli iseTi<br />
beWdviTi masalebi, rogoricaa flaerebi, bukletebi, sainformacio<br />
furclebi, rukebi da a.S. rac erT-erT mniSvnelovan xarvezs<br />
warmoadgens, radgan aRniSnuli masala xom, nawilobriv garantiaa<br />
sazogadoebis interesis aRZvris tur-produqtis mimarT.<br />
saerTaSoriso doneze kompaniis cnobadobis amaRlebis mizniT<br />
urigo ar iqneboda iseT saerTaSoriso turistul gamofenabazrobebze<br />
monawileobis miReba, mag.: rogoricaa: ITB, romelic<br />
yovel wels germaniaSi, q. berlinSi, imarTeba; aseve WTM-i<br />
(World Tourism Market ) did britaneTSi da sxva.<br />
kompania KALASI TOUR-i Zalian iSviaTad atarebsP PR<br />
aqciebs, Tumca mis warmomadgenelTan gasaubrebisas man<br />
gangvicxada, rom ` PR, marTlac, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs<br />
turistuli biznesis ganviTarebaSi, Tumca mas mainc fufunebis<br />
sferod miiCnevs~. aseTi midgoma mcdari iqneboda maSin, roca<br />
PR-s yvela zemoT CamoTvlilTan erTad kidev bevri sxva<br />
mniSvnelovani roli akisria, mag., imijis formirebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT PR-is fasdaudebeli Tviseba is aris, rom mas<br />
SeuZlia damajerebeli, magram uxilavi Setyobinebebis gagzavna<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis.<br />
imiji – rogorc xelovnurad Seqmnili Sexeduleba masobriv<br />
cnobierebaSi garkveul keTilganwyobilebas ayalibebs tur.<br />
produqtisa Tu tur. firmis mimarT.<br />
imijis ugulebelyofa turizmis sferoSi yovlad<br />
dauSvebelia, radgan swored misi daxmarebiT SegviZlia adamianis<br />
fsiqikis emociur sferoze mizanmimarTulad zemoqmedeba.<br />
aseve mniSvnelovania maRali reputaciis mopoveba. misi<br />
Seqmna did drosa da seriozul kapitalur dabandebas moiTxovs.<br />
maRali reputaciisa da dadebiTi imijis arsebobis xelisSemwyob<br />
faqtors momsaxureobis iseTi xarisxi warmoadgens, romelic<br />
momxmarebelTa moTxovnebs Seesabameba.<br />
ase rom, yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom sazogadoebasTan<br />
urTierTobis specialists imijisa da reputaciis SeqmnaSi,<br />
SenarCunebaSi da gaZlierebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba.<br />
xolo, rac Seexeba PR kampaniis warmoebas, mis erT-erT<br />
aucilebel etaps am kampaniis efeqtis Sefaseba warmoadgens.<br />
amgvar Sefasebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs PR strategiis<br />
koreqtuli SedgenisaTvis, aRniSnul kampaniaze gaweuli xarjebis<br />
ukugebis dadgenisa da Semdgom muSaobis swori orientaciisaTvis.<br />
turizmSi Catarebuli PR kampaniis efeqturobaze SegviZlia<br />
tur produqtis realizaciis SedegebiT vimsjeloT. Sedegebis<br />
mixedviT Sefaseba, rasakvirvelia mxolod amgvari kampaniis<br />
Catarebis Semdeg SeiZleba.<br />
Sefasebis popularul meTods sociologiuri gamokiTxva<br />
warmoadgens; am samuSaoebis ganxorcielebis aucilebel pirobas<br />
ki – sistematiuri, statistikuri aRricxva.<br />
amrigad, saqarTvelos bunebis mravalferovneba da<br />
kulturul _ istoriuli memkvidreobis siuxve, gvaZlevs<br />
saSualebas davaskvnaT, rom saqarTvelos SeuZlia msoflioSi<br />
kulturuli turizmis mZlavri centri gaxdes, Tumca amis<br />
ganxorcieleba warmoudgeneli iqneba sazogadoebis interesebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, PR (sazogadoebasTan urTierToba) ki<br />
am sferoSi sul ufro da ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens da<br />
gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs kulturuli turizmis<br />
ganviTarebaSi.<br />
144 145
Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />
magistraturis II kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli – prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />
art-bazari saqarTvelos galereebSi<br />
buneba met-naklebad ajildovebs adamians SemoqmedebiTi<br />
niWiT. yoveli Cvengani ase Tu ise iRvwis iqiTken, rom metnaklebad<br />
gaamSvenieros da gaalamazos es samyaro, Sehmatos<br />
mas kidev ufro meti silamaze da Tavisi SemoqmedebiT datovos<br />
kvali xelovnebis ama Tu im sferoSi.<br />
maRal Sedegs SemoqmedebaSi mxolod muza-STagoneba ar<br />
ganapirobebs. is yoveldRiuri brZolisa da Sromis nayofia<br />
da rac iqmneba drosa da sivrceSi Tanabari mxatvruli<br />
RirebulebiT ar ganizomeba. yvela saukuneSi drois ZiriTadi<br />
esTetikuri mimarTulebisa da maRali stilis damkvidreba<br />
xelovnebaSi xdeboda calkeul SemoqmedTa xelweris<br />
ganzogadebis safuZvelze.<br />
saxviTi xelovneba es iseTi sferoa, romelic sagangebo da<br />
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas moiTxovs. igi im individualur<br />
urTierTobebsa da Semfaseblebs moiTxovs, visac xelovnebasTan<br />
urTierTobis marto survili da interesi ki ar aqvs, aramed<br />
kargi specialisticaa.<br />
Semoqmedis talantis warmosaCenad saWiroa misi namuSevrebis<br />
sajarod gamotana da gacnoba farTo masebisaTvis, rom miiRon<br />
realuri Sefaseba, raTa Tavi daimkvidron xelovnebaSi da<br />
gaxdes sazogadoebisTvis cnobili. yovelive amisTvis ki<br />
namuSevrebi unda gamoifinos sagamofeno galereebSi, Tundac<br />
samxatvro salonebSi, rom damTvalierebelTa farTo masebisTvis<br />
iyos TvalsaCino da sainteresod warmoCenili. es yovelive ki<br />
rogorc SemoqmedisTvis, aseve galereisTvis ver iqneba saarsebo<br />
wyaro Tu namuSevrebis realizeba SemdgomSi ar moxdeba.<br />
yovelive amisTvis unda moxdes galereebis gaazrebuli,<br />
Segnebuli marTva da xelSewyoba art-bazris CamoyalibebaganviTarebisTvis.<br />
art-bazari xelovnebis arsebobisaTvis Tanmdevi procesia<br />
da kerZo galereis arsebobisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani faqtori.<br />
xelovnebisTvis is imdenad momgebiania, ramdenadac maT SeuZliaT<br />
moaxdinon TavianTi Semoqmedebis realizeba. igi mTel<br />
msoflioSi Zalian prestiJul da Semosavlian biznesad iTvleba.<br />
produqtis art-bazarze gatanamde ki saWiroa garkveuli<br />
samuSaoebis Catareba.<br />
saqarTveloSi arsebobs iseTi kerZo galereebi, romlebic<br />
monawileobas Rebuloben art-bazarSi. Tanamedrove qarTuli<br />
xelovnebis infrastruqturaSi da xelovnebaSi mimdinare<br />
procesebSi arsebuli mravali winaaRmdegobis gamo, srulad<br />
ver xerxdeba galereis perspeqtivebis ganxorcieleba, rac<br />
dakavSirebulia qveynis dRevandel politikur-ekonomikur da<br />
sakanonmdeblo sakiTxebTan.<br />
me viyavi Tbilisis ramdenime kerZo galereaSi. – mag.:<br />
galerea `hobi~, `vernisaJi~, `baia~, `art-laini~, `Tevdore~, `kamea~<br />
da samxatvro salon `xelovnebaSi~, romlebic dakavebulni<br />
arian art-bazriT. gavesaubre iq momuSave xelovnebaTmcodneebs<br />
da aRmoCnda, rom dRes xelovnebis da galereebis muSaobaSi<br />
aris problemebi, maT miaCniaT, rom jer unda iyos qveyana<br />
stabiluri, ris Semdgomac galereas gauadvildeba Tavisi<br />
dasaxuli miznebis da amocanebis ganxorcieleba, agreTve<br />
moimatebs maTi damTvaliereblis da myidvelis procentuli<br />
raodenoba.<br />
galereis ZiriTadi saqmianobaa sagamofeno momsaxureba.<br />
maT sistematurad unda moawyon, rogorc personaluri, aseve<br />
jgufuri gamofenebi da agreTve iTanamSromlon mxatvrebTan,<br />
moqandakeebTan da sxva SemoqmedebTan. galeream unda aCvenos<br />
is procesi, romelic mimdinareobs mxatvrobasa da saerTod<br />
xelovnebaSi. anu, igi emsaxureba sxvadasxva xelovnebis an<br />
xelovanTa jgufis Semoqmedebis popularizacias, awyobs maT<br />
namuSevarTa eqspoziciebs da exmareba avtorebs namuSevarTa<br />
popularizacia – realizaciaSi.<br />
galerea unda iyos Tanamedrove, kargad mowyobil SenobaSi,<br />
saTanado ganaTebiT. gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos xedvis are<br />
da agreTve namuSevrebisTvis Sesabamisi pirobebi, rom ar<br />
daziandes isini.<br />
CvenTan ki zogierTi galerea moklebulia Tanamedrove<br />
standartebs. maT ar aqvT xelSewyoba. jerjerobiT xelovnebis<br />
146 147
Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />
art-bazari saqarTvelos galereebSi<br />
bazari ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom Cveni galereebi<br />
Seesabamebodes garkveul standartebs, vinaidan maTi Semosavali<br />
mxolod galereis arsebobas Tu hyofnis. saerTaSoriso<br />
standartebiT galereis mowyobisTvis, galeristma unda moiZios<br />
dafinansebis sxvadasxva wyaroebi. es iqneba moziduli<br />
(sponsorobiT, mecenatobiT da a. S.), saxelmwifos mxridan<br />
(nawilobriv) gamoyofili, Tu sakuTari saxsrebi. ZiriTadad<br />
kerZo galeriis mflobelebi unda ecaddnen, rom daaintereson<br />
da moizidon sponsorebi, mecenatebi. galereis dafinansebis es<br />
gza sakmaod gavrcelebuli da miRebulia. es yovelive ki<br />
xels Seuwyobs maTi miznebis da gegmebis ganxorcielebas,<br />
winsvlas. dResdReobiT, rogorc Cans, am sferoSi ar gamoCndnen<br />
iseTi sponsorebi, romlebic dainteresebulebi iqnebian sagalereo<br />
biznesis ganviTarebiT an galeristebma ver moaxerxes maTi<br />
saTanadod daintereseba da maTTan urTierTobis awyoba.<br />
Zalzed mniSvnelovania galereaSi is, Tu rogor muSaobs<br />
galeristi da agreTve misi kompetenciac.<br />
galeristoba, es aris saqmianoba, romelsac aqvs urTierToba<br />
rogorc SemoqmedebTan aseve sazogadoebasTan da es urTierToba<br />
aris mravalferovani. urTierToba, erTi mxriv, xelovanTan,<br />
meore mxriv, koleqcionerebTan, sakmaod did Sromas da codnas<br />
moiTxovs. yvela Semoqmeds sWirdeba xelSewyoba, amitom<br />
galeristma unda moaxerxos xeli Seuwyos SemoqmedTa<br />
warmoCenas sazogadoebaSi. misTvis yvelaze advili saqmea is,<br />
rom reklama gauwios im xelovans, romelic sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
ukve miRebulia da cnobili, vidre imas vinc naklebadaa cnobili.<br />
agreTve advilia galeristisaTvis imaTi reklamirebac vinc<br />
TviTon moswons da ara im xelovanebis, visi stili Tu<br />
koncefciac maTTvis miuRebelia, Tumca udaod ostaturad da<br />
maRal mxatvrulad Sesrulebuli. magram galeristis samuSao<br />
moiTxovs, rom yvela xelovnis namuSevari erTnairad warmatebiT<br />
gamofinos. maTTvis, albaT, ufro sarfiani iqneba ukve<br />
aprobirebul xelovanze rogorc muSaoba, agreTve misi<br />
promouSenic.<br />
galeristebma unda imuSaon rogorc xelovanTa<br />
popularizaciaze, agreTve xeli unda Seuwyon maT warmoCenas,<br />
imuSaon maTTan erTad da daexmaron maT rogorc namuSevrebis<br />
gamofenebis, agreTve maT gamofena-gayidvebis mowyobaSi. man<br />
unda itvirTos presasa da xelovans Soris Suamavlis funqcia,<br />
rom xeli Seuwyos axali, momavali xelovanis an xelovanTa<br />
jgufis aRiarebas, romliTac gakeTdeba fasdaudebeli saqme,<br />
rogorc TiToeuli xelovanisaTvis, agreTve Cveni<br />
sazogadoebisTvisac. udaod saWiro saqmea, rogorc xelovanis<br />
namuSevrebis aseve TviTon xelovanis dRis Suqze gamoyvana<br />
da gaSuqeba masmediaSi, romlis aucilebloba JurnalistebTan<br />
erTad galeristis uSualo da ganuyofeli saqmea. ar unda<br />
moxdes marto informaciis miwodeba sazogadoebisaTvis, aramed<br />
unda moxerxdes maTSi namuSevrebis SeZenis survilis aRZvrac.<br />
es yovelive Sromatevadi da xangrZlivi procesia da moiTxovs<br />
muSaobis swored dagegmvas da mis ganxorcielebas.<br />
yuradReba unda gamaxvildes imazec, rom galeristma da<br />
<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> komisiam ar dauSvas dabali mxatvruli donis<br />
gamofenis mowyoba.<br />
saqarTveloSi kvalificiuri Sefaseba ar xerxdeba. ar<br />
aris xelovnebaTmcodneTa saxelmwifo saeqsperto jgufi. Tumca<br />
axlaxan kerZo seqtorebma Camoayalibes sakmaod kompetenturi<br />
eqspertTa jgufi `saqarTvelos erovnuli akademia~, romelic<br />
Cveni saxelmwifosTvis saWiro saqmes gaakeTebs. xelovanebi<br />
unda akmayofilebdnen garkveul profesiul moTxovnilebas.<br />
samxatvro sabWom an eqspertma unda gansazRvros gamofenisTvis<br />
mxatvruli namuSevrebis xarisxi da SearCios maRalmxatvruli<br />
gemovnebiT Sesrulebuli namuSevrebi.<br />
saqarTveloSi art-biznesis ganviTarebas xels uSlis<br />
kulturis sferoSi Sesabamisi kanonebis ar arseboba. es ki<br />
erT-erTi xelisSemwyobi faqtoria Savi bazris gafarToebis<br />
da gaZlierebis. samwuxaroa is, rom xelovnebis namuSevrebi<br />
ibegreba, ise rogorc nebismieri sasoflo sameurneo nawarmi:<br />
qaTami, kvercxi da a. S., rac namdvilad xels uSlis xelovnebis<br />
ganviTarebas. dRes ki saqarTveloSi xelovnebis nawarmoebs<br />
potenciuri myidveli ar hyavs, vinaidan xelovneba es aris<br />
fufunebis sagani da dRes, rodesac arastabiluri mdgomareobaa<br />
saqarTveloSi, sazogadoebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobac ver<br />
swvdeba mas. biznesmenebi ki sxva saxis produqciaSi deben<br />
investiciebs. maT mosazidad kargi iqneboda, rom iyos<br />
148 149
Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />
art-bazari saqarTvelos galereebSi<br />
saqarTveloSic is sagadasaxado kanoni, romelic evropis TiTqmis<br />
yvela qveyanaSia da iTvaliswinebs biznesmenebisTvis SeRavaTebis<br />
gawevas Tu isini Cadeben investiciebs <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> biznesSi.<br />
galereebs unda hqondeT sagamofeno, komerciuli, sareklamo,<br />
saSuamavlo, saqvelmoqmedo saqmeebis xelSemwyobi statusi<br />
da isini, rogorc gamonaklisebi, rogorc sazogadoebisa da<br />
qveynis saxe unda iyvnen yovelgvari gadasaxadebisgan<br />
ganTavisuflebulebi, an saxelmwifos mxridan nawilobriv mainc<br />
unda xdebodes dafinanseba.<br />
SemoqmedisTvis da misi namuSevrebis popularizaciisTvis<br />
Zalzed mniSvnelovania da aucilebeli ucxoeTis qveynebTan<br />
kavSiri. amiT isini gaecnobian Cvens xelovnebas da gavlen<br />
saerTaSoriso bazarze. unda idebodes xelSekrulebebic,<br />
rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve kerZo turistul firmebTan<br />
saxelmwifos xelSewyobiT, romlebic CarTaven galereebs Tavian<br />
kulturul programaSi, risi saSualebiTac turistebi<br />
gaecnobian qarTul xelovnebas da warmoCindeba agreTve Cveni<br />
kulturac. ucxoeli rodesac Camodis es iqneba koncernis<br />
Tu galereis warmomadgeneli an sxva pirovneba, romelTac<br />
surT daaTvalieron qarTvel xelovanTa namuSevrebi da gaecnon<br />
maT Rirebulebas, amisTvis unda iyos saSualeba, rom isini<br />
mividnen pirdapir galereebSi da ar moxdes ise, rom maT<br />
mouxdeT namuSevrebisTvis aqeT-iqeT siaruli, Tan rodesac<br />
aris albaToba imisa, rom isini waawydnen mdare Rirebulebis<br />
namuSevrebs.<br />
saqarTveloSi Catarebuli saerTaSoriso bazroba _ artkavkasia,<br />
es iyo erT-erTi win gadadgmuli nabiji, radgan aq<br />
sakmaod farTo speqtri aris warmodgenili, romelsac ecnobian<br />
Camosuli ucxoelebi.<br />
am bazris mizani iyo, upirveles yovlisa, kulturuli<br />
TanamSromlobis gafarToeba, rogorc kavkasiis regionSi, aseve<br />
evropasa da mTels msoflioSi. am TanamSromlobas xeli unda<br />
Seewyo axali codnis Semotanasa da kulturuli dialogis<br />
warmoebaSi, aseve qseluri muSaobis, profesiuli kulturis<br />
menejmentis da kulturis politikaze debatebis danergvaSi.<br />
bazroba organizebas uwevs mecnierebis, kulturisa da<br />
xelovnebis dargis profesional muSakebs, programebisa da<br />
RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis sakiTxSi.<br />
bazroba aris maTTvis vinc dakavebulia warmoebiT,<br />
produqciiT, prezentaciiT, reklamiT, dafinansebiT an sxva<br />
raime saqmianobiT kulturis sferoSi.<br />
am sferos Tanamedrove doneze ganviTarebisTvis agreTve<br />
didi mniSvneloba aqvs saerTaSoriso festivalebze monawileobis<br />
miRebas, magram aq isev vawydebiT ekonomikur problemebs, radgan<br />
am yovelivesaTvis aucilebelia soliduri Tanxebis mobilizeba.<br />
saqarTvelos ki saerTaSoriso bazarze swored am kuTxiT<br />
SeuZlia Tavisi kulturis, xelovnebis gatana. biznesmenebi<br />
Tu gaiTvaliswineben kargi iqneba, rom xelovneba<br />
kapitaldabandebis saukeTeso sferoa da arsebobs e. w.<br />
sainvesticio suraTebi. ucxoeTSi xelovnebis nimuSebze fasebi<br />
ufro male izrdeba, vidre fasian qaRaldebze.<br />
aRsaniSnavia art-biznesis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani segmenti<br />
– auqcioni, romlis meSveobiTac mTels msoflioSi reitingi<br />
swored amis mixedviT dgindeba. Tu romel auqcionze ra<br />
fasad da ramdenjer gaiyida ama Tu im xelovnis namuSevari.<br />
fasebic ZiriTadad misi meSveobiT dgindeba. saqarTveloSi Tu<br />
gvinda, rom art-biznesi ganviTardes, unda moewyos auqcionebi,<br />
vinaidan am auqcionebis Catareba uwevs fass qarTul xelovnebas.<br />
saqarTveloSi ki jer-jerobiT mxolod ramdenime diletanturi<br />
auqcioni aris Catarebuli. es unda xdebodes mudmivad.<br />
galereebma rom ganaxorcielon TavianTi perspeqtivebi, maT<br />
unda moifiqron agreTve is, Tu rogor moiZion damatebiTi<br />
Tanxebi. finansebis mosaZieblad, Cemi azriT, saintereso iqneba<br />
saqarTveloSic ganxorcieldes da Seiqmnas `mikrogalereis~<br />
(londoni) msgavsi kompiuteruli galerea, romelic warmoadgens<br />
kompiuterul sainformacio darbazebs da gankuTvnilia<br />
nebismieri damTvaliereblisaTvis. misi programa Sedgeba oTxi<br />
maCveneblisagan, romelic iZleva saWiro informaciis miRebis<br />
saSualebas. mag., tradiciuli anbanuri maCvenebeli `mxatvrebi~<br />
xsnis biografiul cnobebs, romelsac axlavs koleqciaSi<br />
arsebuli mocemuli ostatis yvela namuSevris miniaturuli<br />
gamosaxuleba. aseTive informacias Seicavs danarCeni maCveneblebic.<br />
saqarTveloSi rom Seiqmnas aseTi programa, internetis saSualebiT,<br />
150 151
Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />
art-bazari saqarTvelos galereebSi<br />
rogorc qarTvelebs aseve ucxoelebs eqnebaT saSualeba gaecnon<br />
Cvens xelovnebas.<br />
kargi iqneba agreTve Tu gaixsneba galereebTan arsebuli<br />
kafe-barebi, sadac mimsvlelebs eqnebaT saSualeba gaecnon<br />
Tanamedrove xelovnebas. aqedan Semosavali ki moxmardeba<br />
galereas. agreTve gakeTdes masTan arsebuli gamomcemlobebi,<br />
sadac saSualeba iqneba imisa, rom gamouSvan bukletebi,<br />
katalogebi, Jurnalebi, wignebi da a. S., maTi realizaciis<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki mogeba iyos damatebiTi finansuri wyaro<br />
galereebisaTvis, romlis wyalobiTac galereebi SeZleben ase<br />
Tu ise TavianTi perspeqtivebis ganxorcielebas.<br />
dRes didi saSiSroebaa imisa, rom niWierma xelovanebma<br />
datovon saqarTvelo da emigraciaSi wavidnen – imisTvis, rom<br />
es ar moxdes, qarTvel xelovnebs unda SeeqmnaT saTanado<br />
pirobebi.<br />
unda mowesrigdes saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba kulturis<br />
Sesaxeb, rom qarTvel xelovnebsac gauadvildeT gasvla<br />
saerTaSoriso asparezze. swored Sesabamisi kanonebis ar<br />
arseboba saqarTveloSi uSlis xels biznesis marTvis<br />
damokidebulebas xelovnebasTan.<br />
kanonmdeblobis mouwesrigeblobis bralia isic, rom im<br />
galereebSi sadac xdeba suraTebis realizacia iq misul<br />
ucxoel stumrebs uZneldeboda namuSevris SeZena, radganac<br />
sabaJo samsaxuri kulturis saministrosgan gacemul saTanado<br />
cnobas iTxovs, romlis gareSec Camosul stumars nayidi<br />
namuSevris gatana ar SeuZlia, yovelive es ki aferxebs<br />
realizacias. xolo Tu Cveni patara Tu didi sagamofeno<br />
galerea – salonebi dakompleqtebuli iqnebian specialistebiT,<br />
maSin saministros Careva aRar iqneba saWiro, vinaidan isini<br />
gadawyveten am sakiTxs, romelic upirvelesi xelSemSlelia<br />
TiToeuli SemoqmedisaTvis, imitom rom aRniSnul operacias<br />
sul cota ori dRe sWirdeba, amden xans ki ver daelodeba<br />
Camosuli stumar-turisti.<br />
wlebis win qveynidan iafad gaedineboda Cven SemoqmedTa<br />
namuSevrebi, romelTa realuri fasi sakmaod maRali iyo, vidre<br />
maT uxdidnen, rac Zalian samwuxaroa. es biznesi faqtobrivad<br />
TviTdinebazea miSvebuli.<br />
imeds vitoveb, rom Cvens qveyanaSic gamoCndebian e. w.<br />
koleqcioner-investorebi, romlebic TavianT SenaZens uwinaresad<br />
jer rogorc xelovnebis namuSevars ise ganixilaven da Semdeg<br />
rogorc kapitaldabandebas. es yovelive ki art-bazris<br />
ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels, romelic galereebsac da<br />
xelovanebsac wamowevs win da daexmareba maTi ideebis, miznebis<br />
ganxorcielebaSi.<br />
152 153
nino yuraSvili<br />
magistraturis II kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli - prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />
reklamis efeqtianobis kvleva<br />
reklama warmoadgens momxmarebelTaTvis saqonlis Sesaxeb<br />
informaciis miwodebis formas, romlis mizania, popularizacia<br />
gauwios reklamirebul obieqts da stimuli misces misi<br />
gasaRebis process.<br />
f ir m eb i T u o rg a ni zacie b i rekla m as iy en e ben<br />
momxmarebelTaTvis informaciis miwodebis, darwmunebisa da<br />
Sexsenebis saSualebad. marketingul saqmianobaSi sareklamo<br />
saqmianoba gvevlineba gasaRebis erTiani meqanizmis ganuyofel<br />
nawilad. igi warmoadgens erT-erT umniSvnelovanes instruments<br />
myidvelTa orientaciis, moTxovnis aqtivizaciisa da mosaxleobis<br />
finansuri saSualebebis brunvaSi CarTvis saSualebas, rac<br />
gulisxmobs reklamisadmi momxmareblis kompleqsur da<br />
miznobriv midgomas.<br />
amasTanave reklama ara mxolod amzadebs pirobebs bazarze<br />
axali saqonlis Sesatanad da misi gayidvebis uzrunvelyofas,<br />
aramed igi xels uwyobs saqonlis gasaRebis TandaTanobiT<br />
gazrdas da `pikis~ periodSi realizaciis maRali donis<br />
SenarCunebas.<br />
ase rom, reklamis efeqtianobas ar gansazRvravs mxolod<br />
misi warmateba romelime festivalze, misi SemoqmedebiTi Sinaarsi,<br />
musikaluri gaformeba an kadrebis silamaze. reklamis muSaoba<br />
_ armuSaobis xarisxi bevrad ufro obieqturad da martivad<br />
unda ganisazRvros. karg reklamad iTvleba is, romelic miznobriv<br />
auditorias ukeTesad daamaxsovrebs produqts an momsaxureobas<br />
da gayidis mas. swored es aris mTavari midgoma, romliTac<br />
dRes xelmZRvaneloben rogorc wamyvani sareklamo saagentoebi,<br />
aseve reklamis damkveTebi.<br />
dRes saqarTveloSi sareklamo saqmianoba erT-erT yvelaze<br />
saintereso da prestiJul saqmianobad iTvleba, iseve rogorc<br />
es mTel msoflioSia miCneuli. sareklamo saqmianoba yvelaze<br />
swrafad ganviTarebadi dargia, aq yovel wuTs raRac icvleba,<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovania teqnikuri SasaZleblobebis zrda<br />
romelic pirdapir kavSirSia saerTo globalur ganviTarebasTan.<br />
efeqturi sareklamo saqmianoba gundur xelovnebas<br />
gulisxmobs, gundis gareSe, anu adamianuri resursis gareSe,<br />
reklama ubralod ar Sedgeba. yuradRebas iqcevs aseve is<br />
faqti, rom profesionalTa gundi da axali teqnologiebi<br />
Tvis TavSi moiazrebs did Tanxebs da Tu es sfero siaxleebzea<br />
dafuZnebuli, maSin am Tanxebis metobaSi zrdac gardauvali<br />
iqneba. amitomacaa, rom sareklamo saqmianoba Zvirad Rirebul<br />
sferod iTvleba. reklamis Sesaqmnelad didi Tanxebia saWiro,<br />
Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom am saqmianobas didi fulic<br />
moaqvs.<br />
efeqturma sareklamo jgufma saWiroa yuradReba<br />
miaqcios Semdeg faqtorebs, magaliTad rogoricaa: _ bazari,<br />
misi Seswavla da kvleva. es saSualebas iZleva gavigoT<br />
detaluri informacia momxmarebelze, movaxdinoT adresatis<br />
segmentacia socio _ kulturuli parametrebis mixedviT.<br />
raTa maqsimalurad dakmayofilebuli iyos misi moTxovnilebebi<br />
da interesebi.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare ismeba ori kiTxva:<br />
1. arsebobs Tu ara moTxovna konkretul produqtze an<br />
momsaxureobaze?<br />
2. Tu arsebobs aseTi moTxovna, maSin mosaxleobis ra<br />
kategoriaSi da ra SefuTviT iqneba masze moTxovna?<br />
efeqtur sareklamo kampanias, upirveles rigSi, rac<br />
unda axsovdes es, _ momxmarebelia, radgan reklama<br />
momxmareblisTvis keTdeba da bunebrivia, rom interesis mTavari<br />
obieqtic isaa. reklamis Seqmna da momxmareblis sxvadasxva<br />
fenebisTvis gaTvla Sromatevadi saqmea, radgan amisTvis bevri<br />
garemo faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro.<br />
adamiani yoveldRiurad sakmaod didi moculobis sareklamo<br />
informcias iRebs. reklamis ZiriTadi mizani ki rac SeiZleba<br />
moklevadian periodSi gayidvebisa da kompaniebis mogebis zrdaa,<br />
rac reklamis mxridan momxmareblis axlo samomavlo qcevaze<br />
zemoqmedebis pirdapiri Sedegi unda iyos.<br />
garda momxmarebelTan daaxloebisa, farTomasStabiani<br />
reklama gvamcnobs raRac dadebiTs, kompaniis SesaZleblobaze,<br />
154 155
nino yuraSvili<br />
reklamis efeqtianobis kvleva<br />
popularobasa da warmatebaze. reklamis sajaroobidan<br />
gamomdinare, momxmarebelSi Warbobs tendencia, reklamirebuli<br />
produqtebi ganixilon, rogorc ufro sando.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare vaskvniT, rom reklamis efeqtianobis<br />
Sefasebis Zireuli nawili momxmarebelTa qcevis srulyofilad<br />
aRqma da gacnobierebaa. risi mizanicaa momxmareblis cxovrebis<br />
arsisa da interesebis Seswavla. momxmareblis kulturuli<br />
moTxovnilebebisa da misi kulturuli donis SeswavlasTan<br />
erTad Seswavlil unda iqnas aseve maTi dainteresebis motivebi,<br />
xolo calkeuli pirovnebebis dainteresebis mizezebis amoxsnis<br />
Semdeg SeiZleba momavali sareklamo kampaniis Sinaarsis<br />
gansazRvrac.<br />
Tu ar flobT sakmaris informacias momxmarebelTa qcevis<br />
Sesaxeb, SeiZleba didi riskis winaSe aRmoCndeT. reklamis<br />
Seqmnamde danamdvilebiT unda icodeT, vin aris Tqveni<br />
momxmarebeli, informaciis misaRebad mediis ra wyaroebs iyenebs<br />
yvelaze xSirad, rogoria misi cxovrebis stili, riTi SeiZleba<br />
misi yuradRebis mipyroba da ra motivebi amoZravebs produqtis<br />
yidvisas.<br />
Tumca arsebobs imis riskic, rom reklama mii pyrobs<br />
yuradRebas, magram is ar asocirdeba miznobrivi auditoriis<br />
cxovrebis stilTan da faseulobebTan. aseTma reklamam<br />
adamianebSi SeiZleba gaRizianebac ki gamoiwvios. xSir<br />
SemTxvevaSi, aseTi safrTxe naTargmn an sxvagvarad adaptirebul<br />
reklamebs emuqreba. reklamis efeqtianobis kvleva Tavidanve,<br />
reklamis Seqmnamde unda SeZloT, raTa minimumamde daiyvanoT<br />
potenciurad araefeqtiani reklamebis gaSvebis riski.<br />
efeqturma sareklamo saagentoebma mudmivad unda<br />
ifiqron axal ideebze da proeqtebze, raTa mudmivad iyvnen<br />
mowodebis simaRleze. pauza am saqmeSi diskvalifikacias niSnavs.<br />
naTqvamia: _ didi xniT daketil onkans rom gaxsni, daJanguli<br />
wyali modis... ase rom, sareklamo kampania sul unda cdilobdes,<br />
ganuwyvetliv viTardebodes, daimkvidros Tavisi adgili bazarze.<br />
miT umetes, qarTuli sareklamo bazari arc ise aTvisebulia,<br />
rom nemsis Casagdebi adgili aRar iyos.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare vrwmundebiT, rom efeqtianobaze<br />
orientirebuli sareklamo jgufi mudmivad unda iyos<br />
siaxleebze agebuli. Tumca fxizlad unda iyos, mudmivad<br />
unda akontrolos TiToeuli moqmedeba, raTa aRebul gezs ar<br />
gadauxvios.<br />
grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, sareklamo kampaniebis umetesoba<br />
cdilobs, bazris ganviTarebasTan erTad, momxmarebelTan<br />
uzrunvelyos xangrZlivi da mdgradi urTierTobebi. aseve<br />
aramarto gavlena iqonios momxmareblis qcevaze, aramed aqcios<br />
es qceva Cvevad. Sedegad kompania iZens erTgul momxmarebels.<br />
momxmareblis dakmayofilebisaTvis mxolod produqtisa<br />
Tu momsaxureobis maRali done sakmarisi aRar aris _<br />
aucilebelia faseulobaTa iseTi sistemis damkvidreba, romelic<br />
axlos iqneba miznobrivi segmentis faseulobebTan. rig<br />
SemTxvevaSi, es moiTxovs zegavlenis moxdenas momxmarebelTa<br />
aRqmaze, rac reklamisa Tu sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis<br />
programebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba.<br />
saerTod efeqturi reklamis koncefcia gamomdinareobs<br />
iqidan, rom reklamam unda SesTavazos momxmarebels ara mxolod<br />
produqti, aramed cxovrebis wesi da azrovneba, is rac<br />
gansazRvravs yidvas. amiT myidveli garkveuli produqtis<br />
SeZeniT ganekuTvneba, an cdilobs ganekuTvnos, sazogadoebis<br />
garkveul fenas, iswrafvis iseTi cxovrebis wesisaken,<br />
romelzedac is ocnebobda.<br />
sareklamo kampaniebis avtorebi sTavazoben momxmarebels<br />
garkveul faseulobebs, Sexedulebebs, azrs da zemoqmedebas<br />
axdenen arCevanze. amrigad, isini monawileoben sazogadoebis<br />
qcevis SecvlaSi da, aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove kulturis<br />
formirebaSic. savaraudod Tu ki yvela sareklamo jgufi<br />
amas gaiTavisebs da mTavar miznad daisaxavs, ar daiSurebs<br />
gamocdilebasa da profesionalizms, maSin kulturuli cxovreba<br />
bevrad ufro mravalferovani, faseuli, dinamikuri da mdidari<br />
iqneba, amiT saintereso cxovrebis stilsac SemogvTavazeben.<br />
efeqturi sareklamo kampania SeiZleba ganxorcieldes<br />
reklamis gavrcelebis sxvadasxva saSualebebiT, romelsac<br />
kompania mizandasaxulad gamoiyenebs imisda mixedviT, Tu vis<br />
unda mimarTos, rogori saxis auditorias, viwro Tu farTo<br />
masebs. umetes SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneben informaciis masobriv<br />
saSualebebs, rogoricaa: televizia, radio, beWdviTi media _<br />
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nino yuraSvili<br />
reklamis efeqtianobis kvleva<br />
gazeTi, Jurnali, interneti _ eleqtronuli media, bilbordebiT<br />
da a. S.<br />
cxadia, rom kompanias kargad unda hqondes SemuSavebuli<br />
politika. Tu sad ganTavsdeba misi reklama? ra sixSiriT<br />
gava? erTmaneTs SeuTavsebs Tu ara erTdroulad ramdenime<br />
reklamis gavrcelebis saSualebas, Tu romelime erT<br />
konkretulze aiRebs orientirs.<br />
sareklamo strategiis dagegmvisas gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />
Semdegi oTxi ZiriTadi faqtori:<br />
1 Setyobineba mkafiod gansazRvrul mizans unda isaxavdes.<br />
2. Setyobineba mimarTuli unda iyos garkveuli<br />
auditoriisaken da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi, romelTa<br />
meSveobiTac moxdeba maTi gamoqveyneba, am auditoriaze yvelaze<br />
efeqturad unda axdendes zemoqmedebas.<br />
3. SetyobinebaSi SeTavazebuli unda iyos raRac upiratesoba:<br />
amgvari ram publikisTvis siaxles da mimzidvels unda<br />
warmoadgendes.<br />
4. Setyobineba Tavisi maneriTa da toniT savsebiT unda<br />
Seesabamebodes im konkretul auditorias, romlisTvisac igzavneba<br />
es Setyobineba.<br />
Tuki sareklamo jgufs gansazRvruli aqvs mainc da mainc<br />
adamianTa viwro wres mimarTos, maSin is irCevs reklamis sxva<br />
formebs, mag: prezentacias, preskomferenciebs, sareklamo<br />
furclebis gavrcelebas, katalogebs, plakatebs, sainformacio<br />
masalis fostiT gagzavnas da a. S.<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani etapia ganisazRvros,<br />
reklamis gaSvebis Semdgom, warmatebulobis Tu warumateblobis<br />
xarisxi. reklamis leqsikonSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sityvaa<br />
testireba. konkretul garemoSi warmatebis miRwevisTvis<br />
aucilebelia, produqtma momxmareblis testi gaiaros da<br />
reklamis efeqtianobis testirebac Catardes.<br />
Znelia is stimulebi amovicnoT, romelzec momxmarebeli<br />
reagirebs. reklamis Semdgomi testireba aramarto<br />
gamarTlebuli, aramed aucilebeli proceduraa.<br />
SesaZloa, Zalian moswons kompanias Tavisi reklama, magram<br />
amas gacilebiT naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre imas, Tu ramdenad<br />
moswons reklama momxmarebels. swored man, produqtis SeZenisas<br />
fulis gadaxdis gziT, yvelaze mkafiod unda gansazRvros<br />
reklamis warmatebulobis Tu warumateblobis xarisxi. am<br />
xmebis raodenoba reklamis yvelaze zusti sazomia da reklamac<br />
swored maTi maqsimaluri raodenobis mopovebisTvis aris<br />
gamiznuli.<br />
efeqturma sareklamo kampaniam warsulis gamocdilebisa<br />
da misi analizis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia realur suraTTan<br />
axlos proporciis gamoyvana SeZlos, rac Semdgomi<br />
moqmedebisTvis sakeTildReod gamoadgeba. Tu wina periodis<br />
informacia da warsulis gamocdileba ar arsebobs, maSin<br />
unda Catardes kvleva imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra aris saWiro<br />
efeqturi gayidvebis miznebis misaRwevad.<br />
reklamis efeqtianobis kvleva SeiZleba Caataros TviTon<br />
sareklamo kompaniaSi arsebulma saTanado danayofebma an garedan<br />
mowveulma kvleviTma kompaniam. magram aucilebelia, rom<br />
kvlevebis Sedegebis analizis procesSi aqtiurad CarTulni<br />
iyvnen reklamis damkveTni, damamzadebelni da sxva obieqturad<br />
dainteresebuli mxareebi. Tumca seriozuli kvlevebis garda<br />
saWiroa reklamis specialistebma saTiTaod moaxdinon sakuTari<br />
muSaobis Sefaseba, imis mkafio formulireba, Tu konkretulad<br />
ras moelodnen da ra miiRes, aseve saWiroa sareklamo jgufma<br />
iswavlos Secdomebisa da warumateblobis magaliTze problemis<br />
gamovlena da mis sawinaaRmdegod axali nabijebis dasaxva.<br />
dRes msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebSi reklama xelovnebisa<br />
da mecnierebis nazavadaa miCneuli, dReisTvis darwmunebiT<br />
SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom uaxloes momavalSi reklamis<br />
e f eq t i a n ob a iseTive standartuli cneba gaxdeba,<br />
saqarTvelosaTvisac, rogorc es sxva ganviTarebul qveynebSia<br />
miRebuli da misi gamoyenebis saWiroeba eWvs ar gamoiwvevs.<br />
qarTul telesivrceSi araefeqtiani reklamis aseTi<br />
magaliTebic arsebobs, rodesac kompania ver acnobierebs Tavisi<br />
reklamis warumateblobas da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ganagrZobs<br />
mis gaSvebaze xarjis gawevas. isec xdeba, rom sareklamo<br />
rgoli miznobrivi auditoriis gaRizianebas iwvevs, ris<br />
158 159
nino yuraSvili<br />
reklamis efeqtianobis kvleva<br />
Sedegadac warmatebis misaRwevad gaweuli xarji, sinamdvileSi,<br />
kompaniisTvis zaralis momtania.<br />
arsebobs martivi WeSmariteba: ragind kargi iyos reklama,<br />
ragind myari emociuri safuZveli Caidos produqtis SefuTvaze,<br />
pirvel adgilze yovelTvis Tavad produqti Tu momsaxureobaa.<br />
reklamis specialistis mizania iseTi molodinis Camoyalibeba,<br />
romelic realuri produqtis SeZenis Semdeg gamarTldeba.<br />
warmatebuli sareklamo kompania cud produqts ufro male<br />
CaZiravs. is ufro met adamians gaagebinebs, rom produqti<br />
cudia, _ sareklamo saqmis didostatis viliam bernbaxis es<br />
mosazreba dResac aqtualuri da zustia.<br />
Tu produqti uvargisia, momxmarebeli mas xelmeored ar<br />
iyidis. maSasadame, yvela sareklamo Cavardna ar SeiZleba<br />
mxolod araefeqtian reklamas dabraldes. warumateblobis<br />
mizezi, rig SemTxvevaSi, Tavad produqtidan momdinareobs, Tavad<br />
produqtia warumatebeli.<br />
warmatebuli produqti ar aris mxolod funqciurad<br />
gamarTlebuli da xarisxiani. es winapiroba ukve minimalur<br />
moTxovnadac ki iqca. mTavari sxvaa _ produqti aqtualuri<br />
unda iyos, is adamianis raime problemas unda wyvetdes, misi<br />
SeZena ramiT unda aiolebdes myidvelis cxovrebasa Tu<br />
mdgomareobas da masSi damatebiT fsiqologiuri an ekonomikuri<br />
sargebelic unda iyos Cadebuli. am pirobebis Sesruleba<br />
rTulia da produqtis potenciuri momxmareblis, misi<br />
fsiqologiis da moTxovnilebebis, misTvis gadasawyveti<br />
problemis srulyofil codnas moiTxovs. yovelive amas ki<br />
isev da isev winaswari kvlevebis Catarebis aucileblobamde<br />
mivyavarT.<br />
arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom Zvirad Rirebuli reklama<br />
yvela produqts ar sWirdeba. amgvari reklama Tqvens kompanias<br />
da mis produqts elitur iers uqmnis. Tu produqti am imijs<br />
ar Seefereba, misi yidvisas momxmarebels Seusabamobis gancda<br />
eqmneba _ mas Camouyalibdeba molodini, romelic ar gamarTlda.<br />
saerTod reklamis prioriteti misi lakonuroba da swrafi<br />
Sedegia. reklamis specialists ki Zalzed rTuli misia akisria,<br />
man reklamis patara CarCoebSi unda moaTavsos uamravi ram.<br />
mas am misiis profesionalur doneze SesrulebaSi exmareba<br />
kreatiuloba. kreatiuloba _ adamianis is niWia, is unari,<br />
romliTac igi axali an originaluri ideebis da TvalTaxedvebis<br />
generirebas axdens. damtkicebulia, rom auditoria ukeT aRiqvavs,<br />
igebs da imaxsovrebs im informacias, romelsac SemoqmedebiTad<br />
awodeben.<br />
1. f. kotleri, `marketingis safuZvlebi~, 2006.<br />
2. m. seTuri, `reklama marketingis sistemaSi~, 1997.<br />
3. i. kinwuraSvili, `marketingi~, 2007.<br />
4. Jurnali `biznesi~, #1, marti, 2007, gv. 60-65.<br />
160 161
lika yufaraZe<br />
magistraturis II kursi,<br />
xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />
PR-rekomendaciebi kinofestival<br />
`sesilisTvis~<br />
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebis umTavres<br />
gansakuTrebulobas warmoadgens kulturebis urTierTSeRwevis<br />
procesi, romelmac saerTaSoriso xasiaTi XX-XXI saukuneebSi<br />
miiRo. kulturebis SeRweva xdeba misi warmomadgenlebis<br />
urTierTobis, anu kontaqtebis Sedegad. kulturaTaSorisi<br />
komunikaciebi Cveulebriv ganixileba, rogorc sxvadasxva<br />
adamianuri kulturebis warmomadgenlebis urTierToba.<br />
namdvili kulturuli faseulobebis propagandisa da<br />
ganmtkicebis saqmeSi umniSvnelovanesia kinofestivalebis roli.<br />
festivalurma moZraobam, romelic Caisaxa XX saukunis pirvel<br />
naxevarSi, moipova farTo popularoba da axla warmoadgens<br />
rogorc specialistebis, aseve xelovnebis am saxeobis<br />
Tayvanismcemlebis didi yuradRebis sagans.<br />
TbilisSi arsebuli kinofestivali `sesili~ xels uwyobs<br />
kulturaTaSorisi urTierTobis ganviTarebas. misi meSveobiT<br />
xdeba saerTaSoriso kavSirebis damyareba, sxvadasxva qveynis<br />
reJisorebs eZlevaT saSualeba erTmaneTi gaicnon, gaecnon<br />
erTmaneTis kulturas, gauziaron TavianTi gamocdileba, rac<br />
upirveles yovlisa Cvennair ganviTarebad qveynebs winsvlaSi<br />
daexmarebaT da mogvcems saSualebas vaCvenoT saqarTvelo<br />
mTels msoflios da vixiloT mTeli msoflio CvenTan.<br />
informaciaze muSaoba nebismier organizaciaSi bevr aspeqts<br />
moicavs. PR adgens imas, Tu rogor miawodebs sakuTar Tavs<br />
Tqveni organizacia, tovebs ra Tavis kvals yvelaferze mis<br />
Sesaxeb rasac ar unda ambobdeT. PR Tavis asaxvas povebs<br />
Tqveni sainformacio muSaobis yvela aspeqtSi _ sareklamo,<br />
sapopularizacio moRvaweobaSi, masobrivi informaciis<br />
saSualebebTan da TanamSromlebs Soris urTierTobebSi.<br />
ecadeT sazogadoebas ise moekidoT, rogorc Zvirfas<br />
stumrebs da Tqveni mowveva gaakeToT mkafiod da damajereblad.<br />
ecadeT igi ise SeadginoT, rom stumrebi mixvdnen sad iwveven<br />
maT, ra dros elian da ra sababiT. magram jer darwmundiT,<br />
rom Tqven marTlac mzad xarT stumrebis misaRebad. es<br />
umTavresia PR-Si.<br />
ki nofe stiv al ` sesi lis~ id eebisa d a mi zneb is<br />
gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia PR kampaniis gatareba, rac<br />
upirvelesad Tavisi produqtis winwawevis saSualebas miscems,<br />
rogorc adgilobriv, ise saerTaSoriso bazarze. yvela PR<br />
kampania dakavSirebulia garkveul saxsrebTan, magram<br />
warmatebuli PR-kampania sruliad aanazRaurebs gaweul<br />
Zalisxmevasa da xarjebs.<br />
kinofestival `sesilis~ PR kampania.<br />
kinofestival `sesilis~ PR kampania unda Catardes Semdegi<br />
sqemis mixedviT:<br />
• situaciis gamokvleva. pirveladi da meoradi marketinguli<br />
gamokvleva.<br />
• situaciis analizi.<br />
• demografia. samizne jgufis SerCeva da misi ZiriTadi<br />
maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra.<br />
• fsiqografia. mniSvnelovani garemocvis analizi<br />
(potenciuri mokavSireebi da mowinaaRmdegeebi) da maTTan<br />
muSaobis taqtikis SemuSaveba.<br />
• miznis dasaxva (realurad risi miRweva SegviZlia situaciis<br />
analizis Sedegebis da xelmisawvdomi resursebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT).<br />
• codna. urTierToba. saqcieli. kampaniis saerTo strategiis<br />
SemuSaveba (ra saSualebebs gamoviyenebT).<br />
• gegmis dawera, maCveneblebis da mosalodneli Sedegebis<br />
gansazRvra. gadasacemi Setyobinebis formulireba<br />
1. rogor vTqvaT?<br />
2. ra saxiT gadavceT?<br />
3. romeli arxebiT gadavceT?<br />
• SemuSavebuli Setyobinebis testireba (fokus-jgufi,<br />
siRrmiseuli interviu).<br />
• kampaniis ganxorcieleba<br />
• kampaniis efeqturobis Sefaseba (saboloo gamokvlevis<br />
Catareba Sedegebis gazomvis mizniT).<br />
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kinofestival `sesilis~ PR kampaniis dagegmva.<br />
PR kampania iwyeba realuri problemis ganxilviT, romelic<br />
gamoikveTa situaciisa da festivalis interesebis Seswavlis<br />
Sedegad. Cven SemTxvevaSi realuri problema mdgomareobs<br />
sponsorebis mozidvasa da sazogadoebis informirebaSi.<br />
PR kampaniis gatarebisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs gare<br />
komunikaciis da organizaciis Sida urTierTobebis harmoniul<br />
da zust urTierTqmedebas. gare da Sida harmonia miiRweva<br />
organizaciuli konsultirebis meSveobiT. es aris situaciis<br />
kompleqsuri Seswavla da organizaciis saqmianobis Sedegebis<br />
gaumjobesebis saSualebebis SemuSaveba. saorganizacio<br />
konsultirebis mTavari elementia fsiqologiuri muSaoba<br />
festivalis xelmZRvanelTan. meore Semadgeneli _ moRvaweobis<br />
organizacia: teqnologiuri jaWvis koreqcia, valdebulebebis<br />
gadanawileba. mesame nawili _ muSaoba personalTan:<br />
kvalifikaciis amaRleba, koleqtivis atmosfero da miznobrivi<br />
miTiTebebi, TiToeulis individualuri gansakuTrebulobebi da<br />
maTi optimaluri Serwyma saqmeSi warmatebis misaRwevad.<br />
gare teqnologiebi gamiznulia mosaxleobasTan, xalxis<br />
did an patara jgufebTan muSaobaze, Sida _ organizaciis<br />
koleqtivebTan muSaobaze gare RonisZiebebis (reklama an PR<br />
kampania masmediaSi) daxmarebiT.<br />
Semdgom unda moxdes amocanis swori dasaxva. amocana<br />
karnaxobs teqnologiebis arCevas: iqneba es masmediasTan muSaoba,<br />
mewarmeebTan individualuri an korporatiuli muSaoba Tu<br />
sxva, magram ukve pirveli nabijebi iZleva Sedegs, romelmac<br />
SeiZleba gvaiZulos dasaxuli amocanis, teqnologiebis nakrebis<br />
da sxva instrumentebis gadaxedva. situaciis analizi da<br />
Sefaseba aucilebelia sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis samuSaos<br />
yvela etapsa da yovel momentSi.<br />
msjelobebis procesSi ibadeba PR kampaniis koncefcia, anu,<br />
problemis formulireba im saxiT, romliTac is ufro zustad<br />
da srulad iqneba aRqmuli yvelas mier, da misi gadawyvetis<br />
gzebi.<br />
aucilebelia organizaciis Zlieri da susti mxareebis,<br />
SesaZleblobebis da winaaRmdegobebis gansazRvra.<br />
PR-rekomendaciebi kinofestival `sesilisTvis~<br />
detaluri dagegmareba _ warmatebis sawindaria. qmedebebis<br />
etapobrivi dagegmva unda daiwyos kampaniis miznis winaswari<br />
formulirebiT da auditoriis gansazRvriT.<br />
kinofestivalis PR kampaniis safuZvels warmoadgens<br />
sakomunikacio programa mosaxleobis im jgufebTan,<br />
organizaciebTan da pirovnebebTan, romlebsac SeuZliaT<br />
realurad situaciaze gavlenis moxdena.<br />
sakomunikacio programis miznebia _ problemaze yuradRebis<br />
miqceva, gadawyvetis gzebis SeTavazeba, maqsimaluri raodenobis<br />
kompetenturi organizaciebisa da pirebis problemis ganxilvisa<br />
da gadawyvetisken mowodeba. amisaTvis festival `sesilim~<br />
SeiZleba gamoiyenos komunikaciis yvela misawvdomi saSualeba:<br />
• individualuri _ telefoni, faqsi, fosta, eleqtronuli<br />
fosta;<br />
• masobrivi _ beWdviTi (gazeTebi, Jurnalebi, plakatebi)<br />
da eleqtronuli (radio, televizia, sainformacio saagentoebi,<br />
internetis qseli);<br />
• Sereuli _ flaierebisa da gazeTebis pirdapiri dagzavna<br />
misamarTebze.<br />
Semdeg aucilebelia RonisZiebebis gegma SeTanxmebul iqnes<br />
PR kampaniis yvela monawilesTan da ganisazRvros yoveli<br />
etapis Sesrulebaze pasuxismgebeli pirebi:<br />
1. finansuri resursebis moZieba.<br />
2. mosaxleobasTan Sexvedrebi.<br />
3. publikaciebi beWdviT masmediaSi.<br />
4. gadacemebi eleqtronul masmediaSi.<br />
5. kampaniis msvlelobis Sesaxeb masmediisa da sxva<br />
organizaciebis, maT Soris sazRvargareTis da saerTaSoriso,<br />
informireba.<br />
da sxva.<br />
auditoriis mxridan gageba da saTanado reaqcia, rogorc<br />
wesi, ar miiRweva pirvelive jeridan. sazogadoebasTan<br />
urTierTobis samsaxuris umTavresi piroba _ programebisa an<br />
kampaniis uwyvetoba da xangrZlivobaa.<br />
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PR-rekomendaciebi kinofestival `sesilisTvis~<br />
festival `sesilis~ PR kampaniis SemuSaveba.<br />
PR kampaniis SemuSaveba unda moxdes Semdegi etapebis<br />
gavliT:<br />
1. situaciuri analizi PR kampaniis dawyebamde.<br />
• kampaniis amocanebis, problemebis aRwera: es aris pirveli<br />
nabiji kampaniis Temis, misi daniSnulebis da kidev imis gasagebad<br />
Tu risTvis tardeba igi.<br />
• mniSvnelovani garemocvis analizi: keTdeba sxvadasxva<br />
pirovnebebis da organizaciebis analizi, romlebsac ase Tu<br />
ise kavSiri aqvT kinofestivalis kampaniasTan;<br />
• samizne jgufebis gansazRvra: pirveladi (isini, viszec<br />
iqneba mimarTuli ZiriTadi zemoqmedeba) da meoradi (isini,<br />
visi meSveobiTac iqneba mimarTuli ZiriTadi zemoqmedeba).<br />
• saerTo miznis dadgena: analizis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT<br />
SesaZlebelia kampaniis saerTo miznis formulireba.<br />
2. winwasawevi imijis, saxis, ideis SemuSaveba. es aris<br />
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponenti kampaniis SemuSavebaSi.<br />
Zalzed mniSvnelovania winwasawevi azris mkafio formireba,<br />
romelic gamoxatavs situacias da Cvens midgomas mis<br />
Sesacvlelad.<br />
3. samizne jgufebis warmodgenebis, damokidebulebebis,<br />
saqcielebis analizi. is tardeba imisaTvis, rom mere samizne<br />
jgufebisTvis SemuSavdes adekvaturi Setyobinebebi.<br />
Tu ki gsurT, rom romeliRac adamianebma Tqvens kulturul<br />
RonisZiebaSi miiRon monawileoba, Wkvianuria Tu ki ecdebiT<br />
jer ufro axlos gaicnoT isini. Tqven im adamianebis interesebis<br />
ufro dawvrilebiTi codna gesaWiroebaT, romlebic ukve iReben<br />
monawileobas Tqvens programebSi. rodesac maT ukeT gagebas<br />
daiwyebT, maTTan damakavSirebeli optimaluri sainformacio<br />
arxebis povnas SeZlebT, ukeTesad SeigrZnobT, Tu ra izidavs<br />
maT da ra axdens maTze ganmzidav zemoqmedebas da, rac<br />
mTavaria, SeZlebT maTi msgavsi sxva adamianis povnas. es aris<br />
is, rasac biznesSi marketinguli gamokvleva ewodeba; swored<br />
amas akeTeben organizaciebi, gamoavlenen ra Tavis potenciur<br />
momxmarebels bazarze produqtis winwasawevad. es aucilebelia<br />
Tundac imisTvis, rom kinofestivalma `sesili~ SeZlos<br />
sponsorebis moZieba. mTeli Tqveni sainformacio moRvaweoba<br />
gamiznuli unda iyos rogorc amJamindel, ise momaval<br />
auditoriaze. aucilebelia Tqveni auditoria kargad icodeT,<br />
raTa daxvewoT TqvenTan arsebuli programebi da SeqmnaT<br />
axali.<br />
4. Setyobinebebis SemuSaveba. analizis safuZvelze unda<br />
Seiqmnas Setyobinebebi sxvadasxva samizne jgufisTvis. es<br />
Setyobinebebi erTi mxriv, unda gamoxatavdes winwasawev ideas,<br />
saxes da imijs, meore mxriv, _ unda eyrdnobodes mocemuli<br />
sakiTxis Sesaxeb samizne jgufebis warmodgenebis,<br />
damokidebulebebis da saqcielebis analizis Sedegebs, aseve am<br />
jgufSi misaReb `enas~. rekomendirebulia TiToeul samizne<br />
jgufze Tavisi Setyobinebebis SemuSaveba, romlebic pasuxoben<br />
garkveul amocanebs.<br />
5. Setyobinebebis winwawevis arxebisa da instrumentebis<br />
gansazRvra da SemuSaveba. am stadiaze ganisazRvreba<br />
Setyobinebebis winwawevis meTodebi, aseve informaciis gadacemis<br />
arxebi da instrumentebi. isini unda iyvnen samizne auditoriebis<br />
adekvaturi. winwasawevi imiji Setyobinebebsa, arxebsa da maTi<br />
winwawevis instrumentebTan erTad warmoadgens kampaniis<br />
strategias.<br />
6. PR kampaniis resursebis analizi. mocemuli stadia<br />
sasargebloa maSin roca resursebi SezRudulia, anu, swored<br />
kinofestival `sesilisTvis~, vinaidan mas ara aqvs saxsrebi<br />
masStaburi kampaniebis Casatareblad. aseTi analizi saSualebas<br />
iZleva gavigoT _ realuria Tu ara im kampaniis Catareba,<br />
romelic CavifiqreT. problemebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi<br />
rekomendirebulia nabijebis teqnologiis damuSaveba winamdebare<br />
nawilSi.<br />
7. PR kampaniis samuSao gegmis Sedgena. rodesac<br />
gansazRvrulia kampaniis strategia da resursebi, SesaZlebeli<br />
xdeba RonisZiebebis standartuli kalendaruli gegmis<br />
SemuSaveba misi realizebisTvis.<br />
Setyobinebebis winwawevisTvis sasargebloa kinofestival<br />
`sesilim~ gaiTvaliswinos Semdegi instruqciebi:<br />
1. amoiwereT, romel samizne jgufebze iqneba mimarTuli<br />
Tqveni PR kampania.<br />
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2. gansazRvreT TiToeuli samizne jgufis mixedviT<br />
amocanebi, romlebic unda SeasruloT kampaniis msvlelobis<br />
dros.<br />
3. SeimuSaveT TiToeuli samizne jgufisa da PR<br />
amocanisTvis Sesabamisi Setyobineba, romelsac miitanT samizne<br />
jgufamde PR amocanebis Sesrulebisas.<br />
4. aRwereT TiToeuli Setyobinebis winsvlis meTodebi<br />
(sainformacio arxebi da winwawevis instrumentebi).<br />
5. gaaanalizeT Setyobinebis winwawevis SemuSavebuli<br />
strategiis efeqturoba, SeitaneT aucilebeli koreqtivebi,<br />
Tqveni organizaciis realuri SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare.<br />
samizne jgufebis mosalodneli qmedebebi warmoadgens<br />
garkveuli informaciis _ Setyobinebis maTTan mitanis Sedegs.<br />
Setyobineba rogorc minimum moicavs:<br />
• Sinaarss (ra vTqvaT);<br />
• struqturas (rogor vTqvaT);<br />
• formas (rogor gamovxatoT idea).<br />
Setyobinebis Sinaarsi.<br />
vinaidan Setyobineba yovelTvis mimarTulia ara usaxo<br />
masaze, aramed konkretul adamianebze, sasurvelia davadginoT<br />
romelma wamqezebelma motivebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios sasurveli<br />
sapasuxo reaqcia.<br />
arsebobs aseTi motivebis sami tipi:<br />
1. racionaluri motivebi. am SemTxvevaSi Tqveni gzavnili<br />
unda Seesabamebodes kontaqturi auditoriis warmomadgenlebis<br />
pirad sargebels.<br />
2. emociuri motivebi. Setyobineba xalxSi unda iwvevdes<br />
garkveul grZnobebs: SiSs, sibraluls, sircxvils, siyvaruls,<br />
siamayes, sixaruls.<br />
3. zneobrivi motivebi. Setyobineba unda iyos mimarTuli<br />
samizne auditoriaSi samarTlianobis grZnobis, patiosnebis<br />
SegrZnebis gamoCenaze.<br />
Setyobinebis struqturis proeqtirebisas sasargebloa<br />
gadawydes Semdegi:<br />
1. gakeTdes Tu ara SetyobinebaSi mkafio daskvna Tu mivandoT<br />
es auditorias?<br />
PR-rekomendaciebi kinofestival `sesilisTvis~<br />
2. CamovayaliboT mxolod momxreobis argumentebi Tu<br />
SevTavazoT kontrargumentebi?<br />
3. rodis moviyvanoT yvelaze moqmedi argumentebi _<br />
Setyobinebis dasawyisSi Tu boloSi?<br />
4. CavrToT Tu ara cnobili adamianebis citatebi?<br />
5. moviyvanoT Tu ara statistikuri monacemebi?<br />
6. davamatoT Tu ara cxovrebiseuli magaliTebi?<br />
sakomunikacio arxebi aris kampaniis erT-erTi<br />
sapasuxismgeblo momenti. yvelaze saukeTeso Setyobinebac ki,<br />
romelic mimarTulia kargad Seswavlil samizne auditoriaze,<br />
SeiZleba ar iyos efeqturi imis Sedegad, rom ubralod ar<br />
iqna miRebuli an gagzavnili iyo im arxebis meSveobiT, romelsac<br />
ar endoba samizne auditoria, an gamoyenebuli iyo informaciis<br />
(komunikaciis) gavrcelebis iseTi arxebi, romlebic saerTod<br />
ver aRweven Tqveni samizne auditoriis warmomadgenlebamde.<br />
Setyobinebis gavrcelebis saSualebis arCevis dros<br />
kinofestival `sesilim~ unda gaiTvaliswinos auditoriis<br />
sasurveli momcvelobis, Setyobinebis gamoCenis sixSiris da<br />
misi auditoriaze zemoqmedebis done.<br />
piradi komunikaciis arxebi aris yvelaze efeqturi. masSi<br />
monawileobas iRebs ori (an meti) adamiani, romlebic uSualod<br />
urTierTqmedeben piradi saubris, auditoriasTan urTierTobis,<br />
telefonze saubris, pirdapiri eTeris dros.<br />
aRsaniSnavia is, rom, rogorc wesi, masaSi ideebi SeaqvT<br />
azris liderebs (amasTan sxvadasxva klasisa da jgufebisaTvis<br />
lideri sxvadasxvaa). amitom mimarTvis efeqturoba iqneba<br />
ufro maRali Tuki, is iqneba azris liderebze gamiznuli,<br />
xolo isini Tavad miawvdian Setyobinebas danarCenebs.<br />
arapiradi komunikaciis arxebi. es aris informaciis<br />
gavrceleba piradi kontaqtisa da uSualo ukukavSiris<br />
uqonlobis pirobebSi. xSirad qvemoT moyvanili meTodebis<br />
gamoyeneba aadvilebs pirad komunikacias.<br />
specifikuri atmosfero. es aris organizaciis mier<br />
specialurad Seqmnili garemo, romelic xels uwyobs<br />
organizaciis mimarT damokidebulebis warmoSobasa da<br />
ganmtkicebas.<br />
168 169
lika yufaraZe<br />
movlenuri xasiaTis RonisZiebebi. maT miekuTvneba<br />
prezentaciebi, preskonferenciebi, specialuri RonisZiebebi,<br />
organizaciis an raime axali programis, gamofenis da a. S.<br />
gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
masobrivi da arCeviTi (specializebul auditoriaze<br />
gaTvlili) zemoqmedebis saSualebebi. pirvel rigSi, es aris<br />
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi, plakatebi, safosto<br />
reklamebi da sxv.<br />
arsebobs mosazreba, rom PR menejersa da mediis<br />
warmomadgenels sxvadasxva interesebi gaaCniaT, xolo PR<br />
menejerisTvis aucilebelia swori midgoma gamoiyenos<br />
JurnalistebTan urTierTobaSi. yuradReba maxvildeba Semdeg<br />
sakiTxebze:<br />
• PR menejerisTvis prioritetulia mediis ndobis mopoveba<br />
da SenarCuneba, rac xSirad PR menejeris pirovnul Tvisebebzea<br />
damokidebuli. mediam unda dainaxos, rom PR menejeri aris<br />
profesionali da organizaciis saqmianobaSi kargad Caxeduli<br />
adamiani, romelic yovelTvis mzad aris maT daxmareba gauwios<br />
da informaciis mopovebaSi Seuwyos xeli.<br />
• Jurnalistis konkretul SekiTxvas konkretuli pasuxi<br />
unda gaeces, Tumca amave dros saWiroa sifrTxile, yvela<br />
sityvis awon-dawonva, raTa ar gaJRerdes is, rac ar gvawyobs.<br />
Jurnalistebi xSirad ar arian kompetenturni yvela sferoSi,<br />
amitom aucilebelia maTTan mWidro TanamSromloba, detaluri<br />
da zusti informaciis miwodeba, raTa maT kargad dainaxon<br />
sakiTxis arsi da Sesabamisad gaaSuqon esa Tu is movlena.<br />
• aucilebelia mudmivi kavSiri mediasTan, mudmivad unda<br />
adevno Tvalyuri mediis da konkretuli Jurnalistebis<br />
saqmianobas. Jurnalistma unda igrZnos, rom Sen gainteresebs<br />
misi saqmianoba da mis statiebs kiTxulob.<br />
• rogorc bevr sxva sferoSi aqac wamyvania piradi kavSirebi<br />
da axlobluri urTierTobebi. amitom rac ufro kargad icnob<br />
Jurnalistebs, maT yoveldRiur cxovrebas da interesebs, miT<br />
ufro iolad SegiZlia warmatebuli TanamSromloba daamyaro.<br />
• Jurnalistebs xSirad aRizianebT, roca PR menejeri maT<br />
ar exmareba pirvel pirTan kavSiris damyarebaSi, rac yovelTvis<br />
PR-rekomendaciebi kinofestival `sesilisTvis~<br />
sulac ar Sedis PR menejeris movaleobaSi. nebismieri<br />
gaugebrobis dros momgebiania Ria damokidebuleba da<br />
gulaxdiloba.<br />
• PR menejerma unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom Jurnalistebi<br />
SezRuduli drois pirobebSi muSaoben, amitom informacia<br />
yovelTvis droulad unda miawodos.<br />
• Jurnalists iseve sWirdeba PR specialistTan urTierToba,<br />
rogorc PR menejers JurnalistTan, anu, PR JurnalistisTvis<br />
mTavari dasayrdeni unda iyos!<br />
• PR menejerica da Jurnalistic cdilobs garkveuli<br />
informaciis sazogadoebisTvis miwodebas, magram Jurnalistebs<br />
xSirad damaluli informacia ainteresebT da sensacias eZeben,<br />
PR menejeri ki cdilobs informacia ufro rbil da misaReb<br />
formebSi miawodos sazogadoebas.<br />
presisTvis unda Seiqmnas prespaketi. is gamoiyeneba _<br />
preskonferenciebis, gamofenebis, da sxvadasxva specialuri<br />
RonisZiebebis dros. misi amocanaa _ masmedias miawodos<br />
detaluri informacia mimdinare RonisZiebis Sesaxeb.<br />
prespaketSi SesaZlebelia movaTavsoT:<br />
• presrelizi,<br />
• organizaciis broSura,<br />
• RonisZiebis programa,<br />
• sapatio stumrebis sia,<br />
• gancxadeba presisaTvis,<br />
• wliuri angariSi,<br />
• preskonferenciaze gamomsvlelTa avtobiografiebi.<br />
anu yvelanairi dokumenti, romelic xels Seuwyobs masmedias<br />
aRweros mimdinare RonisZieba.<br />
presrelizi unda Seiqmnas kinofestivalis Catarebamde<br />
ramdenime xniT adre. statiisgan gansxvavebiT pres-relizi<br />
aris mokle Setyobineba, romelic iTxovs sagrZnoblad mcire<br />
drosa da Zalas mis dasawerad.<br />
presrelizebis dagzavnis saboloo mizans warmoadgens<br />
kompaniis garkveuli imijis formireba da SenarCuneba farTo<br />
sazogadoebis TvalSi.<br />
axla mokled ganvsazRvroT is, Tu ra unda daiweros<br />
170 171
lika yufaraZe<br />
presrelizSi: informacia da ara reklama. zogjer maTi<br />
gansxvaveba rTulia, magram arsebobs miniSneba: informacia _<br />
aris `monayoli ara imis Sesaxeb Tu ras yidiT, aramed imis<br />
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor cxovrobT.~ presrelizi Cveulebriv iwereba<br />
ara salaparako, TxrobiT, aramed telegraful, usaxo maneraSi,<br />
raime siaxlis, movlenis sababiT, romelTac hqvia sainformacio<br />
sababi. aqedan gamomdinare presrelizis Sinaarsi, rogorc wesi,<br />
dakavSirebulia drois garkveul periodTan.<br />
ganvixiloT Tu rogor unda daiweros presrelizi. misi<br />
ZiriTadi Semadgenlebia:<br />
• saTauri,<br />
• reziume,<br />
• ZiriTadi nawili,<br />
• sakontaqto rekvizitebi,<br />
• monacemebi firmis Sesaxeb,<br />
• monacemebi produqtis, momsaxurebis Sesaxeb.<br />
arsebobs sxvadasxva kompaniebi, romelTac SegiZliaT<br />
miawodoT Tqveni presrelizebi an SeukveToT es momsaxureba.<br />
dRes arsebuli PR kompaniebi, PR sazogadoeba Tu calkeuli,<br />
individualuri `PR-Sikebi~ sakuTari, pirovnuli eTikis kodeqsis<br />
mixedviT moqmedeben. garkveulwilad, calkeul SemTxvevebSi,<br />
es amarTlebs kidec, magram aris situaciebi, rodesac Sinagani<br />
Rirebulebebi xSirad winaaRmdegobaSi modis saerTaSoriso<br />
praqtikaSi arsebul RirebulebebTan. amitom yvela PR kompaniam,<br />
PR saz ogadoeb am Tu c alkeulm a ` PR-Sik ma~ u nda<br />
gaiTvaliswinos sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis sferoSi<br />
profesiuli qcevis evropuli kodeqsi (lisabonis kodeqsi).<br />
nino SarmiaSvili<br />
magistraturis II kursi,<br />
xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />
mayureblis problema akademiur<br />
TeatrebSi<br />
Teatris daarsebis periodSi (XVIII_XIX saukuneebSi) iyo<br />
adgili, sadac qarTul sityvas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda;<br />
es im periodSi, rodesac rusifikaciis pirobebSi qarTuli<br />
dramaturgiis scenazeE gadmotana da qarTveli msaxiobebis<br />
mSobliur enaze metyveleba mayureblebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
movlena iyo. droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvala viTareba, istoriulsocialuri<br />
foni, Seicvala Teatris bedic.<br />
qarTul Teatrs sruliad unikaluri istoria aqvs. Cemi<br />
kvlevis obieqti Teatris istoriis kvleva ar aris. naSromSi<br />
Tanamedrove qarTul TeatrSi, konkretulad ki akademiur<br />
TeatrebSi, mayureblis daswrebis problemaze gavamaxvileb<br />
yuradRebas.<br />
gasuli saukunis 90-ianma wlebma bevri gaWirveba da qaosi<br />
moitana saqarTveloSi, samoqalaqo dapirispirebis Semdeg,<br />
marTalia TbilisSi SedarebiT simSvidem daisadgura. es is<br />
periodia, rodesac saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba<br />
dairRva, qveyanaSi mZime socialuri viTarebaa.<br />
am periodSi TbilisSi iqmneba pirveli sardafis ti pis<br />
Teatri (reJisorebi: levan wulaZeE da oTar egaZe).<br />
yvelafrisgan gadaRlilma, dabneulma da daTrgunulma<br />
mosaxleobam sardafis Teatri Seiyvara, ufro metic, sardafis<br />
TeatrSi gaCnda anSlagebi, am droisaTvis qarTul TeatrSi<br />
esoden daviwyebuli cneba.…speqtaklebis umravlesoba sardafis<br />
TeatrSi iyo Tanamedrove sinamdvilis amsaxveli, komediuri<br />
Janris. komediuri speqtaklis xilvisas mayurebeli<br />
Tavisufldeba mZlavrad datvirTuli uaryofiTi muxtisagan.<br />
2000 wlisaTvis, rodesac TbilisSi moqmed yvela did<br />
TeatrSi (rusTavelis, marjaniSvilis, Semdeg kinomsaxiobTa)<br />
saremonto samuSaoebis gamo repertuari Sewyda, mayurebeli<br />
ZiriTadad sardafis TeatrebiT sazrdoobda, amave periodSi<br />
172 173
nino SarmiaSvili<br />
mayureblis problema akademiur TeatrebSi<br />
eqsperimentebis moyvarulma avTo varsimaSvilma daaarsa axali<br />
Teatri: `Tavisufali Teatri~, romlis pirvelma warmodgenam<br />
`komediantebma~ mokle xanSi saocari popularoba moipova da<br />
dRemde ar kargavs mayurebels.<br />
Teatralur sardafSi mxolod speqtaklebi ar idgmeboda,<br />
aq ewyoboda piesebis kiTxvebi, literaturuli saRamoebi.<br />
dResdReobiT Teatraluri sardafi vakeSi daxurulia,<br />
rusTavelze ki iSviaTadaa premiera, arc piesebis kiTxvebia da<br />
arc literaturuli Sexvedrebi. SesaZloa es imis gamo moxda,<br />
rom sardafis mayurebeli daubrunda akademiur Teatrebs, an<br />
sulac imis gamo, repertuaria arasworad SerCeuli. mixeil<br />
TumaniSvili ambobda: `Teatris sicocxlisunarianoba maqsimum<br />
10 wliT ganisazRvreba, amis Semdeg Teatrma aucileblad<br />
unda daiwyos axali formebis, stilisa da tendenciebis Zieba,<br />
mas axali sisxli unda gadaesxas, Tu unda, rom Tavi<br />
gadairCinos.~ rogorc xedavT, mizezi TvalsaCinoa. sardafis<br />
Teatrma zustad 10 weliwadSi sakuTari SesaZleblobebi<br />
amowura da misma damaarseblebmac isev akademiur Teatrebs<br />
miaSures.<br />
sainteresoa, ra daxvda monatrebul TeatrebSi qarTvel<br />
mayurebels. SesaZloa, garemontebuli Senoba, reklama, lamazad<br />
gaformebuli afiSa an Teatris web-gverdi. magram Teatris<br />
mTavari produqti speqtaklia, yvelaze didi warmateba ki<br />
anSlagia. anSlagia rusTavelis TeatrSi `kavkasiur carcis<br />
wreze~, rodesac genialur msaxiobs, ramaz CxikvaZes varskvlavi<br />
gauxsnes. bileTebic warmodgenamde bevrad adre gaiyida, rigebic<br />
idga salarosTan, es maSin, roca misi Rirebuleba standartul<br />
fass bevrad aRemateboda. marTalia, `kavkasiuri carcis wre~<br />
genialuri speqtaklia, msofliom aRiara da ukve 30 welze<br />
metia scenidan ar Camosula. anSlagi, SesaZloa, ufro iman<br />
ganapiroba, rom varskvlavebis gaxsnaze siarulic modad iqca<br />
(!). es maSin, roca rusTavelis TeatrSi moixsna sruliad<br />
genialuri speqtakli `godos molodinSi~ Zalian martivi<br />
mizezis gamo, mas mayurebeli ar hyavda (!). rodesac gia<br />
yanCelis `stiqsze~ TiTze CamosaTvleli bileTebis raodenoba<br />
iyideba, amis mizezic aSkaraa, aseT speqtaklebs mayurebeli<br />
aRar hyavs. aSkaraa, rom aucileblad varskvlavis gaxsna, sazeimo<br />
saRamo an jeostari unda gadiodes rusTavelis TeatrSi<br />
imisaTvis, rom darbazi Seivsos.<br />
bolo dros sruli datvirTviT muSaobs rusTavelis Teatris<br />
eqsperimentuli scena, sadac, garda speqtaklebisa, saintereso<br />
Sexvedrebi da imave piesebis kiTxvebic imarTeba. es<br />
sasicocxlod aucilebeli movlenaa nebismieri TeatrisTvis,<br />
aq darbazi yovelTvis savsea Teatraluri sazogadoebiT, es<br />
Sexvedrebze gasagebia, magram speqtaklze bileTebis raodenobis<br />
gayidvis mixedviT aqac sagangaSo mdgomareobaa, arada ra<br />
sainteresoa, rom imave eqsperimentul scenaze daswrebis mxriv<br />
namdvili rekordi daamyara realiTi Sou `dasis~ warmodgenebma,<br />
gansakuTrebiT Sous satelevizio mimdinareobis procesSi, anu,<br />
televizia CvenTan isev saocrad popularulia, ufro metic<br />
televizias ar hyavs badali. Tu kargad daakvirdebiT, arcerT<br />
gadacemaSi, mcxunvare satelevizio dros, aravin laparakobs<br />
romelime konkretul speqtaklze, mis Rirebulebebze, imaze,<br />
rom es namdvili aRmoCenaa da Seudarebelia, rom am speqtaklis<br />
dadgmiT raRac axali daiwyo qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi...<br />
Zalin kargi sayurebelia rusTaveli TeatrSi TiTqmis erTi<br />
wlis win dadgmuli speqtakli `moxuci jambazebi~, sadac<br />
brwyinvale msaxiobebi: medea Caxava, guram saRaraZe, kaxi kavsaZe<br />
TamaSoben. premieramde iyo bevri siuJeti teleeTerSi,<br />
interviuebi presaSi, premieris SemdgomUuSualod speqtakls<br />
gadacemebic ki mieZRvna, yvela warmodgenamde ramdenime dRiT<br />
adre yvela bileTi gayidulia, ra Tqma unda, es ar aris<br />
rigiTi speqtakli, magram reklamam mainc imuSava, zogierT<br />
rigiT speqtakls amis naxevari PR rom hqondes, iqneb aRar<br />
iyos speqtaklis gadadebis saSiSroeba zogjer sami an oTxi<br />
gayiduli bileTis gamo.<br />
nebismier internet gamokiTxvaSi, forumebze, reitingis<br />
TvalsazrisiT avTo varsimaSvilis `Tavisufali Teatri~<br />
liderobs, misi siZliere albaT imaSia, rom es aris erTaderTi<br />
Teatri dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi, romlis reklamas yvelaze<br />
cnobili arxis eTerSiDdRis ganmavlobaSi ramdenimejer moismenT,<br />
iq aris speqtaklebi Tanamedrove Tematikaze, Tavisi axalgazrda<br />
msaxiobebiT, bunebrivi movlenebis (Tovli, wvima) scenaze uxvi<br />
CvenebiT, darbazSi atirebuli mayurebliT…<br />
174 175
nino SarmiaSvili<br />
`oTxi wlis win, 1997 wlis 31 marts, rodesac vxsnidi<br />
`Teatralur sardafs, pirvel speqtaklze mosul mayurebels<br />
vuTxari, rom vxsni Teatrs, romlis devizic iqneba `de, cudi,<br />
oRond bevri!~ im periodSi Teatrebi praqtikulad Caketili<br />
iyo axalgazrda reJisorebisaTvis, amitom mindoda, gamexsna<br />
iseTi Teatri, sadac bevri axali dadgma gaCndeboda. Cem mierve<br />
mogonilma devizma weliwad-naxevarSi CixSi momaqcia, me<br />
gadaviqeci Zalian bevri uniWo speqtaklisa da maTi damdgmelebis<br />
prodiuserad, ris gamoc davtove Cems mierve daarsebuli<br />
Teatri. dRes, 2001 wlis 31 marts, zustad oTxi wlis Tavze,<br />
me vxsni kidev erT Teatrs, romlis devizi iqneba `sjobs<br />
cota, oRond kargi!~ es iqneba `Tavisufali Teatri~ Tavisufali<br />
mayureblisaTvis, sadac gza mxolod niWier Semoqmedebs<br />
miecemaT,~ _ es avTo varsimaSvilis sityvebia, is yvelaze<br />
kargi menejeria Tavisi Teatrisa. man SeZlo, gaekeTebina Teatri,<br />
sadac sul anSlagebia, hyavs Tavisi msaxiobebi, romelTac<br />
yvelaze kargad icnobs da yvelaze kargad icis.<br />
bevrs davoben profesionalebi am bolo dros marjaniSvilis<br />
Teatris repertuarTan dakavSirebiT, arada faqtia, rom sworad<br />
warmarTulma menejmentma, kargma reklamam, kontaqtebma Teatrs<br />
mayurebeli daubruna, magram aq sxva ramea problema da es<br />
marTlac repertuaria, Teatrisa, romelsac Zalian didi istoria<br />
da warmatebebi aqvs.<br />
kote marjaniSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo akademiuri<br />
Teatri TiTqmis rva aTeuli welia moRvaweobs. am xnis<br />
ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda, TvalsaCinod gamoikveTa Teatris<br />
saxe, misi moqalaqeobrivi pozicia, xasiaTi, stili, tradicia<br />
da mTlianad Semoqmedeba. dRes marjaniSvilis TeatrSi did<br />
scenasTan erTad moqmedebs mcire scena e. w. `Teatri sxvenSi~,<br />
sadac ZiriTadad axalgazrda reJisorebi cdian Tavis<br />
SesaZleblobebs. didi popularobiT sargeblobs levan wulaZis<br />
(Teatris samxatvro xelmZRvaneli) bolo dros dadgmuli<br />
iseTi gaxmaurebuli speqtaklebi, rogorebicaa: `qaquca<br />
ColoyaSvili~ da `pigmalioni~. siuJetebi, statiebi,<br />
profesionalTa recenziebi arc erT maTgans ar dahklebia,<br />
magram arc Tu saimedo.<br />
mayureblis problema akademiur TeatrebSi<br />
TeatrmcodneebisaTvis damaimedebeli araa `qaquca<br />
ColoyaSvili~, miuxedavad Tavisi patriotuli paTosisa da<br />
marjaniSvilis Teatris salarosTan bileTis rigSi mdgari<br />
axalgazrdebisa. Tuki marTlac darbazi gaivseba da im<br />
darbazidan adamiani iseTive gamova, rogoric Sevida araferi<br />
masSi ar Seicvleba maSin ra daniSnuleba aqvs Teatrs?GvacinoT,<br />
vixarxaroT, Tu marto vitiroT? albaT, unda SevimecnoT.<br />
dRes seriozuli problemebis winaSe dgas qarTuli<br />
dramaturgia. axalgazrda dramaturgebs piesebi Taroebze<br />
uZveldebaT, Tanamedrove sazRvargareTul dramasTan xom<br />
saerTod Zalian mwyralad varT. sarepertuaro politika<br />
qarTul TeatrebSi udavod rTuli Temaa, arada yvela TeatrSi<br />
unda arsebobdes konkretuli Stati am mimarTulebiT, ufro<br />
sworad profesionalTa jgufi, romelic kiTxulobs axal<br />
piesebs, rogorc qarTuls, aseve ucxours, icis ra xdeba<br />
Tanamedrove evropul TeatrSi, da a. S.<br />
aucilebelia, TeatrebSi, Tavad Teatris interesebidan<br />
gamomdinare, tardebodes gamokiTxvebi mayureblebs Soris,<br />
gamokiTxvebis Sedegad, naTeli gaxdeba, Tu ra tipis mayurebeli<br />
dadis ama TuU im TeatrSi, ra sixSiriT, ra moswons, an, piriqiT,<br />
raze ar mova arasodes. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Teatris menejeri<br />
unda iyos profesionali kulturis menejeric. Teatris<br />
menejerma unda dasaxos strategiuli gegma, aseve kompaniis<br />
Sida monacemebs gadaxedos xSirad.<br />
menejers SeuZlia gamoiyenos bileTebis salaros an<br />
momxmareblis mier warmodgenili angariSebidan amoRebuli<br />
cnobebi. bileTebis salarodan miRebuli cnobebi SesaZleblobas<br />
aZleven Teatris menejers dasaxos gegma konkretuli<br />
RonisZiebebis gayidvebisa. Seadaros gasuli wlebis gegmas, da<br />
Tu moTxovnileba iqneba gadawyvitos ra RonisZiebebis gatarebaa<br />
saWiro erT an ramdenime cvladTan dakavSirebiT marketingul<br />
miqsSi. magaliTad, Tu gayidvebis done ramdenime kviris mere<br />
morigi RonisZiebebis Catarebis Semdeg mudmivad iklebs, maSin<br />
mizanmimarTulad swored am periodSi unda gaizardos biujeti<br />
dawinaurebisTvis, raTa SevinarCunoT an gavzardoT daswrebis<br />
maCvenebeli.<br />
176 177
nino SarmiaSvili<br />
klientebis sia, abonementebis mflobelebi, iqneba is<br />
komerciuli Tu arakomerciuli – aris saintereso informacia.<br />
aucilebelia aseve sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis menejeri<br />
iyos profesionali. misi meSveobiT unda xdebodes<br />
sazogadoebasTan urTierToba – informaciis gacvla –<br />
komunikacia. maszea damokidebuli warmateba an warumatebloba.<br />
masmediasTan urTierTobis CamoyalibebaSic didi wvlili unda<br />
miuZRvodes sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis menejers,<br />
mniSvnelovania speqtaklis premieris dro da TariRi gavrceldes<br />
sazogadoebaSi masmediis saSualebiT, unda daigegmos iseTi<br />
PR kampania, rom sazogadoebis didi nawili dainteresdes da<br />
ar iyos es sazogadoebis garkveul fenaze gaTvlili.<br />
marto varskvlavebis gaxsniT Sors ver wavalT. qarTul<br />
Teatrs sWirdeba bevri mayurebeli, mayurebels _ kargi<br />
speqtakli, karg speqtakls _ piesa, profesionali gundi da<br />
bevri Sroma, rac, Cemi azriT, iseT Sedegs moitans, rom akademiur<br />
TeatrebSi aRar iqneba mayureblis problema da didi imedi<br />
maqvs yvela speqtakli anSlagiT Caivlis.<br />
saTeatro menejmentSi aseve sakmaod mniSvnelovania Tavad<br />
Sida organizaciuli struqtura, romelic, erTi mxriv, sakmaod<br />
rTuli rgolia. aq, erTi mxriv, yuradReba gasamaxvilebelia<br />
SemoqmedebiT seqtorze, aseve didi yuradReba sWirdeba teqnikur<br />
seqtorsa da saerTo, administraciul seqtors. pirveli maTgani,<br />
faqtobrivad, Teatraluri moRvaweobis mTavari principia da<br />
moicavs yvelafers, rac dakavSirebulia Teatris samxatvro<br />
xelmZRvanelobasTan, repertuarTan, msaxiobebTan da a. S.<br />
teqnikuri seqtori esaa speqtaklebis teqnikuri momzadeba,<br />
ganaTeba, rekviziti, xmis redaqtireba. xolo, rac Seexeba<br />
administraciul seqtors, esaa sabuRaltro, komerciuli<br />
samsaxurebi.<br />
Teatri, imisaTvis, rom man warmoadginos erTi speqtakli,<br />
sakmaod rTul da saintereso gzas gadis, amas Teatraluri<br />
moRvaweobis sawarmoo cikli ewodeba da Sedgeba iseTi<br />
etapebisagan, rogorebicaa gansaxorcielebeli speqtaklis<br />
Tematikis SerCeva, dadgmisTvis momzadeba, speqtaklisaTvis<br />
momzadeba, `aspeqtebis Sekvra~, marketinguli gegma, premiera<br />
da analitikuri samuSao premieris Semdeg. rogorc xedavT,<br />
mayureblis problema akademiur TeatrebSi<br />
erTi speqtaklis dasadgmelad uamravi samuSaoa Casatarebeli,<br />
uamravi adamianis mier. pirveli ramdenime stadia SemoqmedebiTteqnikur<br />
e. w. `ganyofilebebs~ exebaT da misi marTvac mxolod<br />
Semoqmedebs da teqnikur specialistebs SeeZlebaT. rac Seexeba<br />
marketingul gegmasa da sainformacio-sareklamo masalis<br />
momzadebas, es ukve menejment-marketingis samsaxuris<br />
prerogativaa da am nawilsac iseTive sasicocxlo funqcia<br />
akisriaT, rogoric Tavad speqtaklis SemoqmedebiT mxares. ar<br />
aqvs mniSvneloba, ris gamo ar moxdeba mayureblis speqtaklze<br />
daswreba, ugemovno, araRirebuli warmodgenis gamo, Tu araswori<br />
marketinguli strategiis an arasaTanado menejmentis gamo.<br />
rezultati mainc erTi iqneba _ Teatrs ar hyavs mayurebeli<br />
da es sakmaod mniSvnelovani problemaa. Teatris momxmarebeli<br />
xom TavisTavad mayurebelia. momxmareblis gareSe darCenili<br />
<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> produqti ki sruli kraxia kulturis<br />
menejmentisaTvis.<br />
Tumca, optimistebi Tu viqnebiT, ar arsebobs gadauWreli<br />
problema. me Tu mkiTxavT, amisaTvis sulac araa saWiro did<br />
optimisturi ganwyoba. amisaTvis saWiroa elementaruli<br />
praqtikuli da Teoriuli codna marketingsa da menejmentSi.<br />
saTeatro menejmentis warmarTvisas, pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia,<br />
Sida organizaciuli problemebis mogvareba. nebismier<br />
organizaciaSi erTi nabiji warmatebisken ukve gadadgmulia,<br />
Tu mogvarebulia struqturis problema, Tu sworadaa funqciebi<br />
gadanawilebuli da Tu xelmZRvaneli rgoli axerxebs yvela<br />
ganyofilebaze mmarTvelobiT e. w. `Tvalyuris devnebas~. es<br />
imas niSnavs, rom organizaciaSi nebismieri qmedeba iqneba<br />
adekvaturi da Sesabamisi, aseve iqneba kontrolirebadi da<br />
mizanmimarTuli. struqturis sworad Camoyalibebis Semdeg<br />
Teatrs ukve SeeZleba SemoqmedebiT saqmianobasTan erTad<br />
marketingul gaTvlebsa da PR kampaniebzec ifiqros. pirvel<br />
rigSi, aucilebelia, zogadad masis, rogorc bazris Sesaxeb<br />
informaciis raime, Tundac nebismieri xerxiT miReba.<br />
aucilebelia konkurentunariani sxva Teatrebis programastrategiebis<br />
zedmiwevniTi Seswavla imisaTvis, rom mocemulma<br />
Teatrma SeinarCunos individualuroba, stili, statusi da<br />
mkacrad gansazRvruli adgili bazarze. garda amisa, saWiro<br />
178 179
nino SarmiaSvili<br />
da isev aucilebelia sareklamo kampaniebi, urTierToba masobrivi<br />
informaciis gamavrcelebel saSualebebTan da mWidro kontaqti<br />
momxmarebelTan. Teatrs SeuZlia, Seqmnas `mudmivi mayureblis~<br />
klubi, sadac gawevrianebulebs saSualeba eqnebaT fasdaklebiT<br />
an mosawvevebiT daeswros premierebs, speqtaklebs. merwmuneT,<br />
ufro mniSvnelovania, darbazi iyos mayurebliT savse da maT<br />
bileTebi hqondeT SeZenili naxevarfasad, vidre, premieraze<br />
iyos mxolod ramdenime aTeuli adamiani, ZviradRirebuli<br />
bileTebiT. yovelive zemoT CamoTvlili saSualebebis sworad<br />
gamoyenebisa da, plus amas, sxva specifikuri RonisZiebebis<br />
gatarebis Semdeg, merwmuneT, saqarTveloSi arsebul Teatrebs<br />
mayureblis problema namdvilad aRar SeeqmnebaT.<br />
mariam WumburiZe<br />
magistraturis II kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli - prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />
menejmentis zogierTi<br />
problemaKTanamedrove xelovnebaSi<br />
Tanamedrove epoqa socialur-politikuri, ekonomikuri,<br />
ekologiuri da kulturuli sferoebis Sokuri cvalebadobiT<br />
mimdinareobs. sazogadoebaSi icvleba prioritetebi, maTi<br />
warmatebuli ganxorcielebis saSualebebi. pragmatulma ideebma<br />
konkretuli mimarTulebebi da miznis miRwevis srulad<br />
gansazRvruli gzebi gamokveTa, romelTa Soris upirvelesi<br />
adamianis gavlenis sferoebSi SeRweva, Zalauflebis mopoveba,<br />
Semosavlisken swrafva, materialuri uzrunvelyofis miRweva iqca.<br />
am procesebis fonze SeumCnevlad daiwyo da mimdinareobs<br />
adamianis dehumanizacia, misi kulturuli identurobis<br />
aRmofxvra. uamrav problemaTa nakadSi moqceuli adamiani<br />
ver iazrebs, rom kulturis krizisi apirobebs sazogadoebaSi<br />
azrovnebisa da Sesabamisad yofierebis mraval problemas.<br />
kultura zogadi cnebaa da moicavs kacobriobis materialur<br />
da sulier sferos, miRwevebs orive mimarTulebiT, sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebisa da miRwevebis, memkvidreobiTi princi pis<br />
gamoyenebisa da evoluciis CaTvliT. am ori saxeobis gamijvna<br />
SeuZlebelia maTi organuli kavSiris gamo, radgan ideis<br />
materialuri xorcSesxma swored codnis, niWis materializebaa.<br />
sulieri kulturis obieqturi gansxeulebac materialuri<br />
saSualebebis daxmarebiT mimdinareobs, e. i., kulturis nebismieri<br />
sagani (movlena) materialurisa da sulieris an piriqiT<br />
sulierisa da materialuris xorcSesxmuli erTobliobaa.<br />
sulieri kultura moicavs Semecnebis sferos, sulier<br />
Semoqmedebas, religias, miTologias, filosofias, Semecnebas,<br />
zneobas, aRzrdas, ganaTlebas, samarTals, mecnierebas,<br />
literaturas, xelovnebas.<br />
kidev ufro davakonkretoT: xelovneba-literatura, Teatri,<br />
kino, saxviTi xelovneba, musika, qoreografia, sacirko xelovneba<br />
adamianis Sinagani samyarosa Tu garegnuli mSvenierebis<br />
180 181
mariam WumburiZe<br />
menejmentis zogierTi problema Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi<br />
srulyofilebis, cxovrebis idealur standartebamde miRwevis,<br />
rafinirebis saSualebad moiazreboda da moiazreba, magram<br />
dRes mxolod gonebis, racionaluri prioritetebiT dakavebul<br />
sazogadoebaSi mxolod nawilobriv, zedapirulad an zereled<br />
xdeba misi gamoyeneba, SemoqmedebiToba, emociuroba, intuiciisadmi<br />
yuradRebis mipyroba.<br />
cxovrebis dRevandeli stili, ritmi, adamians ar sZens<br />
qcevis, yofiTi kulturis ZiriTad mimarTulebas, komunikaciis<br />
anbanur codnas. xolo Tuki igi flobs am Tvisebebs, misi<br />
realizaciis saSualebas.<br />
yovel sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur formacias kulturis<br />
Tavisi tipi axasiaTebs, ama Tu im formaciis Secvla upirobod<br />
iwvevs kulturis tipis cvlilebasac. rogorc wesi es ar<br />
unda niSnavdes ganxeTqilebas, kavSiris gawyvetas, rRvevas, miT<br />
ufro Zvelis ganadgurebas. saukuneebiT dasturdeba, rom axali<br />
formacia aucileblobis gamo, gamorCeviT iRebs wina formaciis<br />
kulturul miRwevebs. Semoqmedeba xom ZiriTadad tradicias<br />
eyrdnoba, agrZelebs an emijneba mas.<br />
rogor aisaxeba Tanamedrove civilizaciasa da msoflio<br />
<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> kulturaSi yovelive zemoaRniSnuli. ra<br />
cvlilebebsa da problemaTa rigs moicavs zogadad dRevandeli<br />
xelovneba, ra sirTuleTa gadalaxva uxdeba mas da am<br />
konteqstSi qarTul xelovnebas, mis calkeul dargebs.<br />
upirvelesad Teatris problematikas SevexebiT. es arc<br />
Tu ise advilia im faqtis gamo, rom yovel qveyanaSi arsebuli<br />
ZiriTadi politikuri klimati gavlenas axdens yoveldRiuri<br />
cxovrebis yvela aspeqtze, maT Soris Teatrzec, romelic,<br />
rogorc zogadad xelovneba, sazogadoebis `sarkes~ warmoadgenda<br />
yovelTvis. im realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom msoflioSi<br />
ekonomikur-politikuri krizisi da daZabuloba TandaTan<br />
mZafrdeba, saqarTveloSi damatebiT omis Semdgomi da mudmivad<br />
axali konfliqtebis afeTqebis situacia kidev ufro arTulebs<br />
Teatrebis Cveul, aprobirebul, gasuli saukunis Zalze<br />
warmatebul cxovrebas.<br />
menejmenti kulturis dawesebulebaSi Tanamedroveobis<br />
moTxovnaa, romelic aucilebelia kulturuli produqciis<br />
warmoebis aqtiurobis ganviTarebisa da mayureblis kulturuli<br />
moTxovnilebebis Camosayalibeblad.<br />
kulturis nonprofituli nawili, romlis SemadgenlobaSic<br />
Teatri moiazreba (municipaluri Teatrebi), mTel msoflioSi<br />
finansdeba saxelmwifo biujetidan, sxvadasxva fondidan,<br />
sponsoruli saqmianobidan, mecenatobidan.Kkulturas<br />
xelmZRvanelobs kulturis saministro, romelic yvela civilur<br />
qveyanaSi makoordinirebel funqcias asrulebs da Tavis<br />
menejments mimarTavs kulturis strategiis dadgenisa da<br />
dagegmvisaken, konkretuli qveynis aramaterialuri da<br />
materialuri kulturuli memkvidreobisa da sazogadoebis<br />
mentalitetis gaTvaliswinebiT;Aaqedan gamomdinare, adgens<br />
prioritetTa sistemas da mizanmimarTulad axorcielebs Tavis<br />
menejments; magram yovelTvis ase rodi xdeba.<br />
Kkultura komerciul dargTa Soris ar ganixileba, iseve<br />
rogorc sporti, jandacva, ganaTleba. Tumca miuxedavad<br />
nonprofitulobisa mas gaaCnia mcire komerciuli seqtori.<br />
romlis menejmenti da marketingi iseve muSaobs, rogorc sxva<br />
komerciul seqtorSi. mas garkveuli wvlili Seaqvs ekonomikaSic,<br />
radgan qmnis samuSao adgilebs, gaaCnia Tavisi avtonomiuri<br />
bazari _ sagrZnobi sainvesticio potencialiT.Aaqve unda<br />
davZinoT, rom kultura da xelovneba socialurad momgebiania<br />
sazogadoebis mTavari Rerebulebebis akumulirebisa da<br />
translirebisTvis.<br />
biznesisa da menejmentis Tanamedrove teqnologiebi: reklama,<br />
PR, personalTan muSaoba, korporaciuli kulturis formireba<br />
SeuZlebelia socialur-kulturuli moRvaweobis tradiciuli<br />
formebis gamoyenebis gareSe.<br />
Yyvela zemoT aRniSnuli teqnologia saWiroa da aqtiurad<br />
gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove xelovnebis yvela dargSi.<br />
Sou-biznesi zogadad kulturuli momsaxurebis sferos<br />
erT-erTi mimarTulebaa. Tu mas ar axlavs biznesis cneba,<br />
maSin igi saqvelmoqmedo xasiaTisaa da misi dafinanseba xdeba<br />
an saxelmwifo biujetidan an municipalitetidan. im SemTxvevaSi<br />
rodesac Sous aqvs komerciuli Rirebuleba maSin is Soubiznesis<br />
kategoriaSi gadadis, romelsac aqvs komerciuli<br />
Rirebuleba da aucileblad mogeba unda moutanos mis<br />
182 183
mariam WumburiZe<br />
menejmentis zogierTi problema Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi<br />
mwarmoebels. mis Rirebulebas ixdis momxmarebeli (mayurebeli).<br />
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sanaxaoba igive produqtia da igi<br />
momgebianad unda gaiyidos bazarze. aseTi Sedegis misaRwevad<br />
saWiroa efeqturi menejmenti da marketingi, romlis formula<br />
ase gamoixateba _ moZebneT (an SeqmeniT) moTxovnileba da<br />
daakmayofileT igi. rac ufro maRalmxatvruli iqneba programa<br />
da misi gaformeba monawileTa CaTvliT, miT ufro meti iqneba<br />
Sous Rirebuleba-fasi.<br />
Tu gaTvlili iqneba Sous mowyobis yoveli niuansi da<br />
efeqturad iqneba warmodgenili menejmenti da marketingi, anu,<br />
Seswavlili iqneba sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufis<br />
moTxovnileba da interesebi, socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba<br />
/diferencirebuli midgoma sxvadasxva socialur jgufTan /<br />
miT ufro momgebiani da efeqturi iqneba Sou-biznesi, rasac<br />
adasturebs kidec misi popularoba da auditoriis yvelaze<br />
ufro mravalricxovani da mravalferovani warmomadgenloba<br />
msoflio varskvlavTa monawileobiT dagegmili da warmatebiT<br />
ganxorcielebuli proeqtebiT.<br />
rac Seexeba saTeatro xelovnebas, dRes rTulia isaubro<br />
Teatrebis marTvis raime sistemasa da organizebaze.<br />
prioritetTa gamokveTis Semdeg kulturis saministrom mWidro<br />
urTierTkavSiri unda daamyaros qveynis xelmZRvanelobasTan,<br />
vinaidan mTeli rigi sakiTxis mogvareba saxelmwifos<br />
mmarTvelobiTi organoebis Tanadgomis gareSe warmoudgeneli<br />
iqneba.<br />
saxelmwifo TeatrebSi, romlebic kulturis saministros<br />
mier finansdeba, finansebi nawildeba garkveul proeqtebze da<br />
iseT utilitarul saWiroebebze, rogoricaa Teatris Senobis<br />
Senaxva _ ganaTeba, mcire SekeTeba, komunikaciebisa da warmoebis<br />
sxvadasxva rgolebis resursebis SeZena da ZiriTadad saxelfaso<br />
fondis SenarCuneba. romelSic mainc xdeba garRveva (Seferxeba).<br />
radgan Teatris TanamSromelTa da msaxiobTa, anu dasis,<br />
Semadgenloba erTad (miuxedavad perioduli gadaxarisxebisa<br />
da Semcirebebisa, vgulisxmobT mudmivad dasaqmebul pirebs)<br />
mravalricxovania, amis gamo Zalian mcire Tanxa rCeba axali<br />
speqtaklebis ganxorcielebisTvis. am problemis gadawyveta<br />
damokidebulia ukve mxolod da mxolod Teatris<br />
administraciis moxerxebaze da isic yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi<br />
konkretuli damfinanseblis (sponsoris) moZiebaze, an garkveuli<br />
periodis ganmavlobaSi mudmivi mecenatis gamoCenaze. amis<br />
moxerxeba Tu mouxerxebloba TvalnaTliv aisaxeba speqtaklis<br />
dadgmis xarisxze.<br />
gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli svlac. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi<br />
SesaZlebelia, romelime reJisorma TviTon i povos Tavisi<br />
proeqtis damfinansebeli da winadadebiT mimarTos sasurvel,<br />
am SemTxvevaSi cnobil Teatrs, misTvis speqtaklis dadgmis<br />
uflebis nebarTvaze. Tuki proeqti daainteresebs Teatris<br />
samxatvro sabWos, am SemTxvevaSi iwyeba muSaoba SeTavazebul<br />
proeqtze, romlis mimdinareobis angariSs, periodulad<br />
repeticiebze daswrebiT amowmeben samxatvro sabWos wevrebi<br />
an upiratesad Teatris samxatvro xelmZRvaneli. mxolod<br />
dadebiTi Sefasebis, sainteresod ganxorcielebuli Sedegis<br />
aRmoCenisas eZleva muSaobis gagrZelebis saSualeba proeqtis<br />
warmomdgen reJisors speqtaklis dasasruleblad, romelic<br />
Semdgom ikavebs Sesabamis adgils Teatris mimdinare<br />
repertuarSi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saxelSekrulebo sistema<br />
ar iTvaliswinebs am SemTxvevaSi TanamSromlobis aucilebel<br />
gagrZelebas.<br />
samsaxiobo xelovnebis problemebi aranakleb aqtualuria<br />
ganxilul konteqstSi. msaxiobi yvelaze metadaa damokidebuli<br />
Seqmnil viTarebaze da yvelaze metad ganicdis uxilavi Tu<br />
xiluli peripetiebis Sedegebs sakuTar Tavze. sazRvargareT<br />
msaxiobTa umravlesoba mcire anazRaurebis gamo iZulebulia,<br />
sxva TeatrSic imuSaos ZiriTadis paralelurad, ufro maRali<br />
anazRaurebis misaRebad, rac Semdgom iwvevs ZiriTad TeatrebSi<br />
mis gaucxoebas, fragmentul dakavebas an mis nacvlad sxva<br />
msaxiobis mowvevas (TeatrisTvis iZulebiT) da damatebiTi<br />
anazRaurebis gamoyofas misTvis.<br />
saqarTveloSi es tendencia odnav saxecvlilia. periferiidan<br />
Tu dedaqalaqidan msaxiobebi Tavad eZeben asparezs popularobis<br />
miRwevisTvis. umravlesoba maqsimalurad cdilobs teleekranze<br />
romelime Sou-programaSi moxvedras wamyvanis, monawilis –<br />
sareklamo rgolSi dafiqsirebis saxiT. warmatebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
zogierTi maTgani saavtoro gadacemasac amzadebs da mihyavs<br />
184 185
mariam WumburiZe<br />
menejmentis zogierTi problema Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi<br />
kidec, Semdeg etapze SesaZlebelia igi prodiuseradac<br />
mogvevlinos. ZiriTad TeatrSi maTi monawileoba, ramdenime<br />
speqtaklSi mainc xerxdeba. aq sxva xasiaTis problema iCens<br />
Tavs, romelic niWier adamianTa Janrobriv Tu zogadad<br />
saSemsruleblo Stampebad iqceva.<br />
Teatrebis umravlesobas ar aqvs `cnobadi~ da Tanmimdevruli<br />
repertuari. erT dRes warmodgenil klasikur piesas SeiZleba<br />
mohyves sruliad gaugebari, arafris mTqmel piesaze Seqmnili<br />
umniSvnelo speqtakli, rac abnevs ara mxolod Teatris<br />
mayureblebs, aramed mis TanamSromlebsac. Sedegad, Zalian<br />
mcire Teatrebi axerxeben msoflioSi aRiarebuli Tanamedrove<br />
dramebis warmodgenis tendenciis ganxorcielebas. siaxlisadmi<br />
Tavis aridebis mizezadac finansuri, ekonomikuri krizisi<br />
saxeldeba, radgan Teatrs ar moepoveba Tanxa, romelic unda<br />
gamoeyos Tanamedrove avtorebs axal piesaze muSaobis<br />
anazRaurebisTvis an TanamSromlobis honorarisTvis. arsebobs<br />
iSviaTi gamonaklisic, zogierT qveyanaSi esa Tu is Teatri<br />
axerxebs dadgas msoflioSi ukve gaxmaurebuli, cnobili dramebi.<br />
Cven qveyanaSic analogiur problemaTa gamo igrZnoba<br />
sarep ertuaro p olitikis gaurkvevloba. SerCevisas<br />
araTanmimdevroba, proeqtis avtori, romelic Tavad afinansebs<br />
Teatrisadmi SemoTavazebul, misTvis saintereso piesas,<br />
uflebamosilia Tavad SesTavazos TeatrsMmisi gadawyvetis<br />
xerxebi da SerCeul msaxiobTa kandidatura.Aam SemTxvevaSi<br />
xelmZRvaneloba mkacrad ver miuTiTebs mas mTeli dasisTvis<br />
saintereso sxva piesaze. repertuaris mravalferovnebisTvis<br />
Tanxmdeba mis azrs, es an amarTlebs, an _ ara. xelovnebis am<br />
sferoSi winaswar ver ganWvret speqtaklis warmatebawarumateblobis<br />
sakiTxs, radgan saboloo pasuxs mxolod<br />
mayureblis daswreba xdis TvalsaCinos.<br />
Teatrisa da mayureblis problema udaod sainteresod<br />
asaxavs droisa da garemos zemoqmedebas xelovnebaze zogadad<br />
da konkretulad am dargze. mayurebeli, Tanamedrove<br />
sazogadoebis is warmomadgenlobaa, romelic `Seisyidis~ an<br />
ugulebelyofs Teatris produqcias. Tavis mxriv, Teatri<br />
yovelTvis rodi iTvaliswinebda an iTvaliswinebs mayureblis<br />
an, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, `bazris~ moTxovnas.Aam SemTxvevaSi<br />
Teatri ubralod carieldeboda TandaTan da speqtakli<br />
ixsneboda. uares SemTxvevaSi zogierTi Teatri ixureboda.<br />
ekonomikuri krizisi sazogadoebis mZime gamocdas<br />
warmoadgens. sxvadasxva asakis, anu TaobaTa, sxvadasxva<br />
Tvalsazrisisa da gemovnebis, gansxvavebuli inteleqtisa da<br />
miswrafebis mqone adamianTa es jgufebi, sxvadasxva moTxovniT<br />
erTiandebian an gamoirCevian erTimeorisgan. TviT xelovnebis<br />
sanaxaobriv dargebsac Tavisi jgufi (mayurebeli) aZlevs<br />
sasicocxlo Zalas.<br />
uaxloes periodSi Teatrma orjer ganicada mZime dartyma.<br />
gasuli saukunis mier televiziis aRmoCeniT, dRes ki sayovelTao<br />
kompiuterizaciiT, rom araferi vTqvaT kacobriobis sxva<br />
interesebze da mis periodul, etapobriv an moulodnel<br />
cvlilebebze.<br />
saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc msoflioSi, televiziam<br />
`moipara~ mayurebeli. Caketa isini sakuTar saxlebSi da miajaWva<br />
ekrans. urTierTobaSic Seitana koreqtivebi. dRes-dReobiT<br />
muSaobis, garTobis, urTierTobis, informaciis mopovebis yvelaze<br />
advili da moxerxebuli saSualeba kompiuteria. xolo adamianis<br />
urTierToba TeatrTan, misma mouclelobam an piriqiT usaqmod<br />
(umuSevrad da usaxsrod) darCenam ganapiroba. amas emateba<br />
konkretulad saqarTveloSi yvela sferoSi Catarebuli<br />
reforma. restruqturizaciis problema SeiWra TeatrSic da<br />
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi moRvawe msaxiobTa mTeli Taoba<br />
gaiyola, romlebic `axalgazrda nakadad~ cnobilma msaxiobebma<br />
Caanacvles.<br />
bunebrivia am Taobis gasvlam asparezidan gamoiwvia<br />
mayureblis kontingentis Secvla da ufrosi Taobis mayureblis<br />
interesis dakargvac sapasuxod. axalgazrda Taobis msaxiobTa<br />
gulSematkivrebi ZiriTadad premierebze avseben Teatrs. maT<br />
gverdiT warmodgenilni arian naTesav-megobrebi da axloblebi,<br />
Semdgom garkveuli procenti im mayureblisa, romelic bileTebis<br />
SeZenis msyidvelobiTi unariT gamoirCeva. mogvianebiT ki rTuli<br />
asaxsnelia anSlagebis princi pi, radgan erTi da imave<br />
speqtaklis sanaxavad erT dRes modis mayurebeli, rigiT meore<br />
speqtaklze ki igi ar Cans.<br />
186 187
mariam WumburiZe<br />
menejmentis zogierTi problema Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi<br />
sainteresoa morigi problemac, romelic Janrobriv<br />
moTxovnilebas Seexeba.AaSkarad dominirebs interesi<br />
komediisadmi. Semdeg istoriuli pirovnebebis, erovnuli gmirebis<br />
cxovrebis amsaxveli piesebisadmi _ es isev saqarTveloSi.<br />
zogadad ki festivalebisadmi, sadac Tavs iyrian cnobili<br />
dasebi da varskvlavebi.Mmagram maTi xilvis saSualeba<br />
upiratesad – sazogadoebis SeZlebul nawils aqvs.<br />
zemoT SevexeT msaxiobTa problemas, magram ar aRgviniSnavs<br />
is, rom televiziam Teatrs ara mxolod mayurebeli, aramed<br />
msaxiobebic waarTva. satelevizio serialebSi moxvedra an<br />
telefilmebSi TamaSi popularobis uzrunvelyofis garkveul<br />
garantad iqca. Semosavlis wyaro aRmoCnda sxva qveynebis<br />
filmebisa da serialebis gaxmovanebac da satelevizio<br />
musikalur Sou-programebSi monawileoba. zogierTma pragmatulad<br />
moazrovne msaxiobma politikur sarbielze gadainacvla da<br />
politikuri gadacemebis aqtiur monawiled iqca.<br />
aSkarad nel-nela daviwyebas mieca im msaxiobTa saxelebi,<br />
romlebic TeatrSi muSaobis miuxedavad naklebad dakavebulni<br />
aRmoCndnen mimdinare repertuarSi. isini garkveuli satelevizio<br />
tendenciis gamo iSviaTad an sul ar Cndebian teleekranze.Aam<br />
sakiTxTan mimarTebiT samagaliToa evropis qveynebis mier<br />
SenarCunebuli principi, xandazmul msaxiobTa Sesabamisi asakis<br />
rolebze miwveviT. rom aRaraferi vTqvaT aTwleulebiT<br />
gaCerebul qarTul kinematografze da amis gamo sruliad<br />
ignorirebul kinomsaxiobTa mTel kohortaze.<br />
problematurad gamoikveTa Semdegi tendenciac. telearxebis<br />
axalma gadacemebma, romelTa umravlesoba gasarTobi tipis<br />
Sous warmoadgens gza gauxsnes araprofesional axalgazrdebs<br />
da maT ugemovno gadacemebs.<br />
swored am iaffasiani Sous mayurebelTa gemovnebas<br />
daeqvemdebara quCis sakoncerto sanaxaobebis gamarTva. xolo<br />
teleekranze dabali xarisxis teleserialebma usaqmod<br />
darCenili sazogadoebis umravlesobis cnobierebaze miitana<br />
ieriSi da damatebiT waarTva mayurebeli qarTul Teatrs.<br />
dascems Tu ara es tendencia samsaxiobo xelovnebis<br />
miRwevebis dones? – nawilobriv, _ aucileblad. es gemovneba,<br />
mayurebelTa am tipis moTxovna, did TeatrebSic aRwevs da<br />
maTi mozidvis mizniT, rogorc sazRvargareT, aseve qarTul<br />
TeatrSic ara erTi kompromisuli speqtakli Cndeba.<br />
Seiqmna kerZo, mcire Teatrebi, romlebic sakmaod kargad<br />
arTmeven Tavs speqtaklisTvis gaweuli xarjebis amoRebas.<br />
uamravi patara Teatri alternatiuli Teatrebis cnebiT,<br />
romlebic xan droebiT funqcionireben da qrebian, an cnobil<br />
festivalebze axerxeben mxolod monawileobis miRebas Tavisi<br />
speqtaklis warmodgeniT.<br />
sazRvargareT maT kritikosebi did yuradRebas ar uTmoben,<br />
magram es sulac ar moqmedebs maT reitingze da popularobaze.<br />
msgavsi viTarebaa saqarTveloSi, konkretulad axalgazrdebSi<br />
uaRresad popularul sardafis TeatrSi, romlis speqtaklebs,<br />
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas ramdenimejer eswreba erTi da igive<br />
mayurebeli, romelmac misi samxatvro xelmZRvanelis akademiur<br />
TeatrSi paraleluri moRvaweobis gamo Seavso marjaniSvilis<br />
Teatric.<br />
SesavalSi aRniSnul problemaTa rigSi samwuxarod<br />
SesaniSnavad Tavsdeba Tanamedrove saxviTi xelovneba, qarTuli<br />
kinematografi da a.S. Tumca es ukanaskneli (vgulisxmobT<br />
kinematografs) TiTqos iwyebs ukve gamococxlebas da<br />
saerTaSoriso asparezze warmatebul gasvlas.<br />
rac Seexeba saxviT xelovnebas, mxatvarTa azriT, xalxi<br />
da mxatvroba aSkarad daSorda erTmaneTs. saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
midgoma am mimarTulebiTac iTxovs yuradRebis miqcevas. daixura<br />
saxelmwifo sagamofeno darbazebi, maT magivrad bevri kerZo<br />
galerea funqcioniebs. personaluri gamofenis mowyobaze, rasac<br />
adre mxatvarTa kavSiri aregulirebda, dRes Tavad mxatvari<br />
zrunavs. finansurad es Zalian did xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli.<br />
gamoiZebna alternatiuli gza, ramdenime mxatvris gaerTianebiT,<br />
Tundac erTi dRiT ama Tu im darbazis daqiravebis da maTTvis<br />
sasurveli, bolo dros Seqmnili suraTebis gamofenisaTvis,<br />
romelic, Tavis mxriv, sulac ar aris sakmarisi farTo<br />
sazogadoebisTvis sakuTari Semoqmedebis gasacnobad.<br />
gamofena-gayidvaze iSviaTad iyideba maTi namuSevrebi.<br />
WeSmarit mxatvrul produqcias masa modur tendenciebs<br />
amjobinebs, ara da igi arc ki flobs zust informacias<br />
saxviTi xelovnebis kanonebis ganviTarebasa da zogadad<br />
188 189
mariam WumburiZe<br />
menejmentis zogierTi problema Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi<br />
profesionalizmze. aRiarebul da cnobil mxatvarTa nawarmoebebs<br />
konkurencias uwevs salonuri tipis popularuli mxatvroba.<br />
produqciis sazRvargareT gatanac am niSniT mimdinareobs<br />
ZiriTadad. materialurad SeWirvebul ostatebs jabnian<br />
moxerxebuli da moqnili axalbedebi. amdenad, isinic iZulebulni<br />
xdebian sabazro ekonomikis, masis gemovnebis dakveTiT Segnebuli<br />
kompromisi dauSvan an datovon samSoblo da sazRvargareT<br />
eZebon damkvidrebisa da gadarCenis saSualebani.<br />
problema ase gamoixateba, xdeba popularulis da ara<br />
profesionaluris Zieba.<br />
udides atributs,Ffinansur safuZvelTan erTad, romelsac<br />
mxatvari saWiroebs, warmoadgens Tavdajerebuloba, sakuTari<br />
saqmianobisadmi rwmena da imis codna, rom saukeTeso fromouSeni<br />
eyrdnoba kargad, sifrTxiliT dagegmil, xangrZliv programas,<br />
romelic keTilsindisier koleqcionerebTan perspeqtiul<br />
TanamSromlobas daeyrdnoba.<br />
dResdReobiT arsebobs axali teqnologiebi, romlebic<br />
exmarebian mxatvrebs maTi Semoqmedebis fromouSenSi. DVD<br />
diskebi efeqturad warmoadgens mxatvris naSroms da SesaZloa<br />
gamoyenebuli iqnas gamofenis Casawerad, sxva namuSevrebTan<br />
SedarebisTvis an sxva miznebisTvis.Ees xarjT-efeqturi<br />
saSualebaa mxatvrisa da misi SemoqmedebiTi studiis<br />
(saxelosnos) warsadgenad, mxatvris muSaobis procesis<br />
Casawerad da gansakuTrebul namuSevrebze misi uflebamosilebis<br />
dasamtkiceblad. DVD mSvenivrad exmareba fromouSens, vinaidan<br />
mayureblis interessa da yuradRebas ipyrobs.Aaseve ar unda<br />
dagvaviwydes, rom did manZilze komunikaciis dasamyareblad<br />
faqsi da interneti sakmaod mosaxerxebelia. sabednierod, es<br />
axali teqnologiebi, saSualebas aZlevs erTnairad moazrovne<br />
mxatvrebs moawyon mniSvnelovani gamofenebi, katalogebSi<br />
Seitanon TavianTi namuSevrebi da daamyaron individualuri<br />
kontaqtebi. im SemTxvevaSi Tu mxatvari ikisrebs sakuTari<br />
bazris Seqmnis pasuxismgeblobas da sakuTari namuSevrebis<br />
gayidvas, is SeinarCunebs sacalo fasis dileris wils.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom samxatvro bazari uxvadaa Sevsebuli<br />
da konkurencia sakmaod maRalia, namuSevrebis gayidva dauRalavi<br />
mcdelobis Sedegad mainc SesaZlebelia.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmuli ar gamoricxavs imis aucileblobas,<br />
rom gairRves saqarTveloSi arsebuli vakuumi da civilizebuli<br />
qveynebis Sesabamisad, Seiqmnas samxatvro galereebis sistemuri<br />
qseli, romelTa meSveobiTac mudmivi kontaqti damyardeba<br />
msoflio bazarze cnobil galereebTan.Ees SesaZleblobas<br />
miscems qarTvel mxatvrebs, rom maTi Semoqmedeba mudmivi<br />
yuradRebis sagnad iqces cnobili ucxoeli kuratorebisa da<br />
dilerebisTvis.Aamis gareSe evropisa da amerikis seriozul<br />
samxatvro galereaSi moxvedra (mcire gamonaklisis garda)<br />
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.<br />
ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, sasurveli iqneboda, am procesSi saxviTi<br />
xelovnebis menejerebis CarTva, vinaidan isini kargad arian<br />
gaTviTcnobierebulni marketingze orientirebul industriaSi,<br />
romelic komerciaze fokusirebasa da alRos moiTxovs,<br />
mxatvrobis interesebis gaTvaliswinebasTan erTad. magram<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, materialuri problema am mxrivac<br />
seriozul bariers warmoadgens.<br />
ganxilul problemaTa gaazreba da maTi gadawyvetis gzebis<br />
Zieba, upirvelesad, xelovnebis saxelmwifoebrivi zrunvis sagnad<br />
qcevis aucileblobas gvkarnaxobs.Mmeti yuradRebis gamaxvilebas,<br />
axali programebis Sedgenas da maTi SeTavazebis aucileblobas<br />
k ul tu r is sa mi n is t roeb i sa d a T a va d T ea t rebis<br />
administraciuli xelmZRvanelebis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT.<br />
uamravi festivali, SemoqmedebiTi gacvliTi programa,<br />
kulturis bazroba udaod saintereso nabijia adamianis<br />
dehumanizaciis, sulieri dakninebis procesis SesaCereblad.<br />
magram calkeuli RonisZiebebi ar kmara kacobriobis uZvelesi<br />
kulturis gadarCenisTvis, romlis erT-erTi pirveli asaxvis<br />
forma Teatria.<br />
Teatris yuradReba unda mieqces profesional menejerTa<br />
mowvevas, Tavis mxriv ki maT kompetenciaSi Sedis mayurebelTa<br />
mozidvis formebis Secvla, maTi survilebis mxedvelobaSi<br />
miRebiT. amisTvis ki SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes kiTxvarebi,<br />
romlebic gamoikvleven Tanamedrove mayureblis interesebs<br />
da amis mixedviT Seadgenen repertuars da a. S. magram<br />
TeatrisTvis am SemTxvevaSic saWiroa damatebiTi finansebi<br />
da kritikuli midgoma miRebuli informaciisadmi.<br />
190 191
mariam WumburiZe<br />
finansuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad SesaZlebelia<br />
saabonento sistemis SemoReba, rac erTnairad xelsayreli<br />
iqneba rogorc mayureblisTvis, romelic fasdaklebiT SeZlebs<br />
warmodgenebze daswrebas, ise TeatrebisTvis, romlebic erTianad<br />
aiReben did Tanxas. es forma aprobirebulia evropis qveynebSi<br />
da sakmao popularobiT sargeblobs, radgan maTTvis premieraze<br />
daswreba gacilebiT Zvirad Rirebuli siamovnebaa vidre, winaswar<br />
abonementis SeZena, romelic am gziT uzrunvelyofs premierebze<br />
daswrebas.<br />
sasurveli iqneba qarTuliUkulturis xSiri monawileoba<br />
saerTaSoriso konkursebsa da sxva RonisZiebebSi misi<br />
popularizaciis mizniT.<br />
vinaidan Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi arsebuli statikuri<br />
garemo da ekonomikuri krizisi safrTxes uqmnis kulturuli<br />
organizaciebisa da zogadad xelovnebisa da kulturis<br />
arsebobas, aucilebelia Seicvalos mTeli sistema, SemuSavdes<br />
kulturisa da xelovnebis daxmarebis saxelmwifo politika,<br />
maRal doneze ganxorcieldes xelovnebis menejmenti da<br />
marketingi.<br />
nino xuciSvili<br />
magistraturis II kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli - prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />
internet teqnologiebi marketingSi<br />
globaluri informaciul-komunikaciuri teqnologiebis<br />
ganviTarebis procesebi Zalian dinamikuria, da misi<br />
SesaZleblobebi masStaburad viTardeba. Tu aTiode wlis win<br />
sityva interneti yvelasaTvis ucxo iyo, axla is erT-erTi<br />
ZiriTadi saSualebaa saWiro informaciis misaRebad. Znelia<br />
moiZebnos romelime kompania anda organizacia, romelic ar<br />
aris warmodgenili globalur qselSi, radgan xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />
is erTaderTi saSualebaa momxmarebelTan urTierTobisaTvis.<br />
internetnis gamoyenebam marketingul saqmianobaSi SeiZleba<br />
didi mogeba da ekonomia moutanos kompanias. es dakavSirebulia<br />
internetis moxmarebis moqnilobasa da komfortulobasTan,<br />
romelic ara marto kompaniis/organizaciisaTvis aris<br />
moxerxebuli, aramed momxmareblisTvisac. maSasadame internetis<br />
roli marketingSi dRiTidRe izrdeba.<br />
marketingis miznebi kulturaSi orientirebulia pirvel<br />
rigSi auditoriis Seswavlaze da gazrdaze, produqtis<br />
popularizaciaze. internet-teqnologiebi ki ayalibebs axal,<br />
aqtualur da xSir SemTxvevaSi martiv gzebs marketinguli<br />
saqmianobisaTvis.<br />
interneti unikalur maxasiaTeblebs flobs tradiciuli<br />
marketinguli instrumentebisgan gansxvavebiT. erT-erTi misi<br />
damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba, informaciis swrafi miwodeba da<br />
ganmtkicebaa.<br />
marketingSi internet-teqnologiebis gamoyenebis dadebiTi<br />
mxareebia:<br />
_ moxerxebuloba – momxmarebels SeuZlia 24 saaTis<br />
ganmavlobaSi gaecnos informacias kompaniis an mis mier<br />
warmoebuli produqtis Sesaxeb.<br />
informacia – momxmarebels SeuZlia SedarebiTi<br />
informaciis moZieba.<br />
192 193
nino xuciSvili<br />
internet teqnologiebi marketingSi<br />
siswrafe – momxmarebels SeuZlia swrafad SeukveTos<br />
da SeiZinos produqcia an momsaxureoba.<br />
konfidencialuroba – momxmarebels SeuZlia inkognitod<br />
imoqmedos.<br />
meore mxriv, marketingSi momuSaveTac aqvT garkveuli<br />
upiratesobebi:<br />
sabazro pirobebTan swrafi morgeba – menejers SeuZlia<br />
Secvalos produqti, fasi da a. S.<br />
naklebi xarjebi – reklama internetSi bevrad iafia,<br />
vidre masobrivi informaciis gavrcelebis saSualebebSi.<br />
urTierTobis mowyoba – marketingis menejerebs aqvT<br />
ufro meti urTierToba momxmarebelTan – iReben, aanalizeben<br />
maT SekiTxvebs, SemoTavazebebs da SeniSvnebs.<br />
auditoriis moxveWa – marketingis menejerebi ikvleven<br />
momxmarebels da swavloben samizne auditorias.<br />
agreTve organizacia iRebs garkveul upiratesobebs:<br />
momxmareblis zrda – kompania miznad axali bazris/<br />
momxmareblis segmentacias isaxavs.<br />
yuradRebis mipyroba – kompania/organizacia miiswrafis<br />
momxmareblis gafarToebisaken da maTi yuradRebis mipyrobisaken.<br />
reagirebis donis zrda – kompania/organizacia cdilobs<br />
mudmivad upasuxos momxmareblis moTxovnebs.<br />
axali momsaxurebebi (`servisebi~) _ kompania/organizacia<br />
momxmarebels sTavazobs siaxleebis internetis saSualebebiT.<br />
ra Tqma unda, marketingSi internet-teqnologiebis<br />
gamoyenebas Tvisobrivi naklovanebebic gaaCnia. rogorc wesi,<br />
momxmareblis da kompaniis urTierToba orive mxrisaTvis<br />
momgebiani unda iyos. magram, yovelTvis ase ar xdeba. magaliTad,<br />
marketinguli kvlevebi xSirad warmoebs internetis saSualebiT<br />
e-mail-is gamoyenebiT, da es momxmarebeli aRiqvas rogorc mis<br />
pirad cxovrebaSi SeWras.<br />
internet-reklama sareklamo saqmianobas sul sxva<br />
mimarTulebas aZlevs: internetis saSualebiT SeiZleba realur<br />
droSi ganaTavso nebismieri informacia kompaniis an produqtis<br />
Sesaxeb, romlebic miznobriv auditoriazea gaTvlili.<br />
reklamis erT-erTi xerxia informaciis ganTavseba webgverdze.<br />
es xdeba banerebis, eleqtronuli werilebis da a. S.<br />
saSualebiT. sxvadasxva instrumentebis gamoyeneba xdeba<br />
organizaciis mier amorCeuli sareklamo amocanebis Sesrulebis<br />
mixedviT.<br />
web-gverdis Seqmnisas pirvel rigSi kompaniis moTxovnebi<br />
unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. web-gverdze srulyofili<br />
informacia unda iyos kompaniis da misi produqtis an<br />
momsaxurebis Sesaxeb. momxmarebeli an partniorebi web-gverds<br />
ukavSireben TavianT moTxovnebs: igi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi<br />
xelmisawvdomi unda iyos, raTa SeeZloT yovelTvis dakavSireba.<br />
internetis meSveobiT momxmarebeli cdilobs pirdapiri dialogi<br />
hqondes produqtis mwarmoebel kompaniasTan. rogorc ki kompania<br />
xsnis Tavis web-gverds amave dros unda ayalibebdes<br />
momxmarebelTa mxardaWeris eleqtronul centrs. momxmarebeli<br />
Tvlis, rom kompania valdebulia nebismier warmoqmnil kiTxvaze<br />
pasuxi dauyonebliv gaeces da SeuZlia nebismieri problemis<br />
warmoqmnisas mimarTos kompanias.<br />
aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT web-gverdis sanavigacio<br />
da saZiebo sistemebi, isini moxerxebuli unda iyos. webgverdis<br />
gaformeba unda eyrdnobodes kompaniis logos da<br />
standartebs. sanam sareklamo kapmanias wamoiwyebs kompania,<br />
aucilebelia dasruldes web-gverdis Seqmna da miRweul iqnas<br />
srulyofili funqcionireba.<br />
web-gverdis Seqmnis Semdgom etapze unda gaviTvaliswinoT<br />
misi saerTo saZiebo sistemebSi moxvedra, aseve unda moxdes<br />
partnior kompaniebTan SeTanxmeba maT web-gverdebze kompaniis<br />
gverdis bmulis moxvedra. amave dros SeiZleba informacia<br />
web-gverdis Sesaxeb ganTavsdes sxva tradiciul sainformacio<br />
wyaroebis saSualebebSi (gazeTi, Jurnali, radio da a. S.).<br />
aqedan gamomdinare web-gverdis sareklamo kampania<br />
internetis momxmarebelTaTvis Semdeg RonisZiebebs unda<br />
Seicavdes: saZiebo sistemebSi misi registracia da ufaso<br />
bmulebis web-katalogebSi, bmulebis sxva serverebze da fasiani<br />
reklamebis sxva popularul web-gverdebze ganTavseba.<br />
sazogadoebasTan urTierToba – mimarTulia sazogadoebasTan<br />
urTierTobisaken, romelic aucilebelia kompaniis mimarT<br />
momxmareblis dadebiTi damokidebulebis CamoyalibebisaTvis.<br />
kompaniam aramarto produqtis imiji unda SeimuSavos miznobrivi<br />
194 195
nino xuciSvili<br />
internet teqnologiebi marketingSi<br />
auditoriisaTvis, aramed unda cdilobdes auditoriis gazrdas.<br />
PR daexmareba kompanias popularobis moxveWaSi, kompaniis<br />
dadebiTi imijis CamoyalibebaSi da swori sareklamo kampaniis<br />
CatarebaSi.<br />
internetSi PR kampaniis RonisZiebebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT:<br />
presrelizebi, masmediasTan mimarTva, auditoriasTan mimarTva<br />
konferenciebis saSualebiT.<br />
dResdReobiT interneti aris saukeTeso saSualeba<br />
marketinguli kvlevebis Casatareblad, romelic saSualebas<br />
iZleva informacia operatiulad iqnes mopovebuli da amiT<br />
ufro didi auditoria moicvas. aseTi gamokiTxvebi aucilebelia<br />
biznesis ganviTarebis strategiis gasaviTareblad da bazris<br />
cvlilebebTan swrafi adaptireba, agreTve sareklamo kampaniis<br />
dagegmarebasTan.<br />
internetis meSveobiT marketinguli kvlevebis CatarebiT<br />
SeiZleba movipovoT bazris kvlevebis Sedegebi ara marto<br />
Cven, aramed _ sxva qveynebSi, kompaniis warmoebuli produqtis<br />
Rirebuleba msoflioSi, moiZios nebismieri alternatiuli<br />
produqtis, momsaxurebis da maTi mwarmoebeli kompaniebis<br />
Sesaxeb informacia. agreTve SeiZleba moxdes partniori<br />
kompaniebis moZieba.<br />
kompaniis saqmianobis warmoeba SeuZlebelia auditoriis/<br />
momxmareblis moTxovnebis uwyveti kontrolis gareSe, romelic<br />
mudmivad izrdeba da viTardeba. menejerebma aucilebelia<br />
moipovon aucilebeli informacia.<br />
agreTve interneti aris efeqturi saSualeba reklamis<br />
warmodgenisaTvis. erTi mxriv, es dakavSirebulia sareklamo<br />
obieqtze informaciis maqsimaluri raodenobiT miwodebasTan,<br />
meore mxriv, saukeTeso saSualebaa auditoriisaTvis saWiro<br />
informaciis miwodeba sxvadasxva saxiT – teqstis, grafikis,<br />
xmis, video gamosaxulebebis saSualebiT. da kidev momxmarebels<br />
internetis specifikidan gamomdinare SeuZlia TviTon<br />
akontrolos da amoirCios informaciis mopoveba, amasTan<br />
momxmarebeli erTveba sareklamo obieqtis kargad Seswavlis<br />
procesSi.<br />
interneti, rogorc sareklamo instrumenti gansxvavdeba<br />
tradiciuli reklamis gavrcelebis saSualebebisgan. reklamis<br />
saxeebi gansxvavdeba kompaniis miznebisa da amocanebis mixedviT.<br />
gamoiyofa reklamis ori ZiriTadi saxeoba: saimijo da<br />
mastimulirebeli reklama. saimijo reklama kompaniis dadebiTi<br />
saxis SeqmnisTvisaa gankuTvnili, xolo mastimulirebeli reklama<br />
ufro gavrcelebulia. misi ZiriTad mizans moTxovnebis<br />
stimulirebaa. orive saxis reklama unda gaTvaliswinebul<br />
iqnas web-gverdis Seqmnisas.<br />
dRevandel dRes internetSi didi raodenobis informaciaa<br />
warmodgenili, maT Soris romelime organizaciaze, sxvadasxva<br />
analitikuri da finansuri informacia, politikis da ekonomikis<br />
siaxleni da uamravi sxva. organizaciaTa umravlesobas,<br />
miuxedavad mimarTulebebisa, aqvs Tavisi warmomadgenloba<br />
internetSi (web-gverdi), sadac kompaniis moRvaweobis,<br />
SeTavazebebis, moTxovnilebebis Sesaxeb informaciaa<br />
warmodgenili. aqedan gamomdinare internetiT warmoebuli<br />
kvleva saukeTeso gzas warmoadgens. sxva kvlevebisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT aseTi saxiT Catarebuli kvleva saSualebas iZleva<br />
sasurveli informacia sakmaod operatiulad da didi<br />
moculobiT SeiTvisos organizaciam. es aseve aucilebelia<br />
kompaniis saqmis warmoebis strategiis ganviTarebisaTvis, bazris<br />
cvlilebebze swrafi reagirebisa da sareklamo saqmianobis<br />
warmoebisaTvis.<br />
interneti – marketingis mxolod erT-erTi iaraRia, anu,<br />
kidev erTi marketinguli arxi organizaciis saerTo<br />
marketingul kompleqsSi. internetis momxmarebelTa raodenoba<br />
ukve zogadad masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs (masmediis)<br />
auditorias utoldeba, amitom aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT<br />
marketinguli strategiis ganviTarebisas, aris Tu ara internetis<br />
momxmarebeli Cveni mTliani auditoriis garkveuli nawili<br />
da ramdenad advilia momxmarebelTa internetis meSveobiT<br />
mozidva. interneti Zalian did gavlenas axdens msoflioSi<br />
informaciis gavrcelebaze. rogorc socialuri movlena –<br />
interneti – globaluri sakomunikacio saSualebaa, romelic<br />
uzrunvelyofs teqsturi, grafikuli, audio Tu video<br />
informaciis gacvlas da xelmisawvdomobas teritoriuli Tu<br />
nacionaluri sazRvrebis gareSe. es aris kvlevis efeqturi<br />
instrumenti, romelic xels uwyobs vaWrobis da biznesis<br />
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nino xuciSvili<br />
auditoriasTan urTierTobas. internetis ganviTrebasTan erTad<br />
swrafad icvleba mmarTvelobiTi midgoma biznessa da marketingSi,<br />
romelic misi erT-erTi nawilia.<br />
sadoqtoro programa<br />
kulturis politika da kulturis<br />
menejmenti<br />
1. m. dragiCeviC-SeSiCi, branimir stoikoviCi, `kultura menejmenti<br />
animacia, marketingi~, Tbilisi, 2007.<br />
2. n. imnaiSvili, `kulturuli momsaxurebis sistemis menejmenti da<br />
marketingi~, gamomcemloba `xelovneba~ Tbilisi, 2005.<br />
3. Allan Banks, `Clarion Call”, Vol I, Issue I, Copyright 1994 by the Classical<br />
Realism Journal.<br />
198 199
nino azmaifaraSvili<br />
doqturanturis I kursi<br />
xelmZRvanelebi - prof. iuri mRebriSvili,<br />
prof. levan xeTaguri<br />
menejmentis roliMkulturis<br />
globalizaciis procesebSi<br />
1.Gglobalizacia – movlena.<br />
globalizaciis gageba, rogorc movlenis, kacobriobis<br />
ganviTarebis Tanamdev procesebTan erTad, adreuli xanidan<br />
iwyebs Tavisi niSnebis gamovlenas. es procesi ar viTardeba<br />
SemTxveviT da spontanurad. globalizacia xangrZlivi drois<br />
istoriuli procesebis Sedegia, ganviTarebis tempebis zrdisa<br />
da Semcirebis monacvleobiT, romelic Tan sdevs samecniero<br />
_ teqnikur progress.<br />
Cvens epoqaSi globalizaciis istoriuli procesi iRebs<br />
swrafad mimdinare xasiaTs da TiTqmis zvavs emsgavseba,<br />
romelic walekviT emuqreba imas, rasac Tavis stiqiaSi moaqcevs<br />
da erT mTlianobaSi aerTianebs yvelafers.Ees bevri obieqturi<br />
mizeziT SeiZleba aixsnas. maT Soris erT-erTi mizezi<br />
samecniero-teqnikuri progresis swrafi tempiT ganviTarebaa.<br />
mecnierebis da teqnikis gaumjobeseba, rac aseve<br />
komunikaciebis swraf ganviTarebasac iwvevs, adamianTa jgufebs<br />
Soris integrirebis procesebs aCqarebs. es migraciul<br />
denadobas uwyobs xels, romelic am jgufisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
sxvadasxva wes-Cveulebebis, kulturis, cxovrebis wesis da<br />
sxva elementebis gadamtania. amitom mecnierebis ganviTareba<br />
globalizaciuri procesebis dawyebis erT-erTi winapirobaa.<br />
adre istoriulad, samxedro pirebi, vaWrebi, qveynebis meTaurebi,<br />
saxelmwifo moRvaweebi da imperatorebi Tu monarqebi cvlidnen<br />
im periodis globalur politikas. dRes komunikaciis,<br />
transportirebis da kompiuteruli teqnologiebis uprecendento<br />
ganviTarebam procesebs axali stimuli misca. globaluri<br />
mobiluri kapitali reorganizebas axdens, rac, Tavis mxriv,<br />
asustebs nacionalur politikas. Cndeba axali bazrebi da<br />
simdidre.Ees niSnebi SeimCneva globalizaciis mTavar<br />
gansakuTrebulobebad.<br />
globaluri procesebi TiTqmis yovelTvis mimdinareobda,<br />
Tumca sxvadasxvaDtempiTa da xarisxiT. dRes Tanamedrove<br />
msoflioSi tempebi maqsimums uaxlovdeba, romlis xarisxis<br />
dadgena da Seswavla mudmivi procesia.<br />
ismis kiTxva: momavalSi rogor Seicvleba msoflio politika<br />
da rogor imoqmedeben globaluri organizaciebi?<br />
1 . 1 c i v i l i z a c i u r i g a n s a k u T r e b u l o b e b i d a<br />
winaaRmdegobebi.<br />
XX saukunis bolos globalizaciis procesebis gaRrmavebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT wina planze wamovidnen civilizaciuri<br />
gansakuTrebulobebi da winaaRmdegobebi. erTi civilizaciis<br />
ganviTareba sxva ramdenime cikliT SeiZleba aRiniSnos. zogierTi<br />
civilizacia SeiZleba arsebobdes mTeli istoriuli periodis<br />
aRmavlobisa da daRmavlobis monacvleobiT. msoflio<br />
civilizaciebis Senacvleba da modificireba lokaluri<br />
civilizaciis dinamikaSi xdeba. erT-erTi _ xdeba lideri, meore<br />
_ kargavs liderobas, mesame _ msoflio progresis axlo, an<br />
SesaZloa, Soreul periferiaSic ki aRmoCndes. civilizaciaTa<br />
Soris urTierTobebi, maTi dajaxebis xelSeSlis aucilebloba<br />
da SesaZlebloba da maTi gadasvla partniorobaSi XXI saukunis<br />
mTavari problema xdeba. 1<br />
civilizaciis momavlisa da misi urTierTqmedebis<br />
perspeqtivebis prognozirebisas zogierTi avtori globalizaciis<br />
tendenciebs sxvadasxva demografiul, ekologiur, teqnologiur,<br />
ekonomiur, geopolitikur da socio-kulturul Sreebze<br />
gamoyofs. isini urTierTdakavSirebulia da civilizaciis<br />
ganviTarebis erTian monoliTs warmoadgenen, magram erTdroulad<br />
TiToeuli am formatidan warmoadgens damoukidebel sistemas,<br />
romlis ganviTarebazec damokidebulia Tavad civilizaciis<br />
ganviTarebis bedi.<br />
1.2 globalizacia. ori pozicia.<br />
globalizaciis winapirobebi TandaTanobiT yalibdeboda<br />
didi aRmoCenebisa da modernizaciis Sedegad, romelsac Zvrebi<br />
moyveboda.<br />
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nino azmaifaraSvili<br />
menejmentis roli kulturis globalizaciis procesebSi<br />
arsebobs ori ZiriTadi p ozicia globalizaciis<br />
qronologiur CarCoebTan mimarTebaSi, mkvlevarTa nawili ixreba<br />
iqiTken, rom globalizacia es bolo aswleulebis maRali<br />
teqnologiebis gamoyenebisa, danergvis da farTe ganviTarebis<br />
Sedegia, romelic Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs iseT problemebs,<br />
rogoricaa: globalizaciis buneba, globaluri sainformacio<br />
sivrce, teqnosferos globalizacia, globaluri ekologia,<br />
ekonomikis globalizacia, globaluri usafrTxoeba, glubaluri<br />
uTanabroba da sabazro globalizaciis sxva gamovlinebebi.<br />
gansxvavebulia antropoistoriuli midgoma, is piriqiT<br />
_ globalizaciis dawyebas miakuTvnebs dasavleT evropuli<br />
civilizaciis dasawyiss.<br />
globalizacia aris dominirebadi tendencia Tanamedrove<br />
msoflios ganviTarebisa, magram is guSin ar gaCenila, vTqvaT,<br />
internetis _ mikroeleqtronikis an kiber, nano an<br />
bioteqnologiis gaCenisas, radgan isini aris eleqtronuli an<br />
sxva teqnikis etapobrivi da aseve axali rTuli teqnologiuri<br />
procesebis Tanamimdevruli ganviTarebis Sedegi.<br />
globalizacia, ufro swored misi Sinagani logika, Seicavs<br />
or urTierTgamomricxav tendencias.Gglobalizacia SeiZleba<br />
gaCndes samecniero codnis diferenciaciis procesebis dros<br />
da Tavis TavSi atarebdes missave integraciis SesaZleblobas.<br />
aseTi dialeqtika _ ori logikuri urTierTsawinaaRmdego<br />
postulatis erTianoba globalizaciis process universalur<br />
xasiaTs aniWebs. 2<br />
2. konkurencia globalizaciis dros.<br />
globaluri procesebis ganviTareba pirvel yovlisa<br />
politikuri mdgomareobisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis speqtriT<br />
xasiaTdeba, romelic erTmaneTzea damokidebuli.<br />
globalizacia Tavisi gavleniT sxvadasxva procesebs<br />
up i risp i rdeba. glob aluri konk urenci is fo nze<br />
sicocxlisunarianobis SenarCuneba erT-erT mTavar problemas<br />
warmoadgens, romlis fonzec Tavs iCens urTierT konkurencia.<br />
2 . 1 m r a v a l e r o v n u l i k o n k u r e n c i a g l o b a l u r i<br />
konkurenciis winaaRmdeg.<br />
mravalerovnuli konkurencia ganixileba rogorc sxvadasxva<br />
qveynebis kompaniebs Soris metoqeoba. Tumca konkurencia<br />
erovnul bazrebze ar aris damokidebuli sxva qveynebis bazrebis<br />
konkurenciaze.<br />
iwyeba saxelmwifoebs Soris bazrebis gaerTianebis procesi<br />
da erTi qveynis bazari meore qveynis bazarze damokidebuli<br />
xdeba. sinamdvileSi industria aRiqmeba, rogorc erTi didi<br />
saxelmwifos bazrad, romelic garkveul segmentebad iyofa.<br />
erTiandeba, momxmarebelTa interesebi kompaniebs yovelgvari<br />
SezRudvebis gareSe SeuZliaT awarmoon produqciis eqsporti,<br />
sxva qveyanaSi ganaTavson warmoeba, Seisyidon ucxo kompaniebi,<br />
sxva saxelmwifos faqtorebi, maT Soris samuSao Zala. aseve<br />
momxmarebels aqvs saSualeba yovelgvari sabaJo procedurebis<br />
gverdis avliT imgzavros nebismier qveyanaSi da Seisyidos<br />
sasurveli produqcia.<br />
yalibdeba erTgvari saerTaSoriso bazari da bazrebis<br />
erovnul da ucxour regionebad dayofa azrs kargavs, radgan<br />
warmateba erovnul bazarze iZleva pirobiTad sxva qveynebis<br />
bazrebze warmatebis garantias. kompaniis sabazro wili<br />
ganisazRvreba mTlianobaSi saerTaSoriso bazris mixedviT. am<br />
dros amboben, rom kompaniebi CarTuli arian globalur<br />
konkurenciaSi.<br />
globalur konkurencias aseve xvdebiT iq, sadac sxvadasxva<br />
qveynis momxmarebelTa moTxovnebi erTnairia. globaluri<br />
konkurencia iZleva dinamikur efeqts. kerZod, bazrebis<br />
gaerTianeba gulisxmobs met momxmarebels, auTvisebel, axal,<br />
mimzidvel sabazro segmentebs. rac ubiZgebs realizaciis meti<br />
masStabebisken, es zrdis kompaniebis mogebas dinamikaSi. saboloo<br />
jamSi, TiToeuli qveynis mixedviT miiRweva sazogadoebrivi<br />
keTildReoba. globalizaciis Sedegi aris is, rom integraciuli<br />
regionis SigniT nebismier moqalaqes SeuZlia sxva qveyanaSi<br />
ganaTlebis uproblemod miReba, ucxouri satelevizio arxebis<br />
yureba, informaciis miReba, internetiT sargebloba da a. S.<br />
globaluri konkurenciis bazrebs warmoadgens qveynebs<br />
Soris integrirebuli Semdegi regionebi: evrokavSiri, CrdiloeT<br />
amerikis Tavisufali savaWro asociacia (NAFTA), samxreT<br />
aziis (ASEAN), laTinuri da centraluri amerikis, karibis<br />
zRvis auzis qveynebis kavSiri da sxva.<br />
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nino azmaifaraSvili<br />
2.1.1. mravalerovnuli Tu globaluri strategia.<br />
mravalerovnuli strategiis Sinaarsi is aris, rom qveynebs<br />
Soris kulturuli, socialuri, ekonomikuri da sabazro<br />
mdgomareoba gansxvavebulia. rac ufro mZafria gansxvaveba,<br />
miT ufro meti aucilebloba arsebobs, rom kompaniaTa<br />
strategiebis misadageba moxdes sxvadasxva erovnebebis sabazro<br />
situaciasTan. am SemTxvevaSi, mravalerovnuli strategia es<br />
aris sxvadasxva qveynebSi SemuSavebuli strategiebis jami.<br />
globaluri strategiebi kargad ergeba globaluri<br />
konkurenciis situacias. globaluri strategia umravles<br />
SemTxvevaSi erTi da igivea yvela qveyanaSi. miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom saxelmwifoebis bazrebs Soris mciredi gansxvavebebi<br />
mainc arsebobs, kompaniis fundamentaluri strategia ar icvleba.<br />
ufro metic, globaluri strategia iTvaliswinebs:<br />
1). strategiuli svlebis integrirebasa da koordinirebas;<br />
2). produqciis realizacias yvela im qveyanaSi, sadac<br />
arsebobs moTxovna.<br />
saerTaSoriso bazrebze rogori xasiaTis konkurencias<br />
awydebian firmebi da romeli strategia aris ufro<br />
mniSvnelovani?<br />
mravalerovnuli strategiis upiratesoba:<br />
rom igi yvelaze ukeTesad usadagebs strategias maspinZeli<br />
qveynis industriis situaciasTan. aseTi strategiis warmoeba<br />
aucilebelia, rodesac arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi<br />
samomxmareblo moTxovnebsa da realizaciis wesebSi, rodesac<br />
momxmarebeli karnaxobs specifikuri standartizebuli<br />
produqciis warmoebas;<br />
mravalerovnul strategiis uaryofiTi mxareebi:<br />
strategiebs Soris koordinaciis xarisxi aris Zalze<br />
dabali, rac metad arTulebs konkurentuli upiratesobis<br />
mopovebas industriaSi.<br />
globaluri strategia:<br />
am SemTxvevaSi ki piriqiT, aseTi koordinaciis xarisxi<br />
Zalze maRalia, rac kompaniebs maT Zlier mxareebze maqsimaluri<br />
menejmentis roli kulturis globalizaciis procesebSi<br />
koncentrirebis saSualebas aZlevs. es ki konkurentuli<br />
upiratesobis mopovebis mTavari faqtoria, rogorc maspinZeli<br />
kompaniebis, aseve saerTaSoriso korporaciebs Soris.<br />
rodesac qveynebs Soris gansxvavebebi ar aris sagrZnobi,<br />
globalur strategias konkurenti ar hyavs. 3<br />
3. kulturis globalizacia - movlena<br />
ekonomikuri aqtiurobis globalizacias Tan axlavs<br />
transformaciaTa talRebi kulturis sferoSi procesiT,<br />
romelsac ewodeba `kulturis globalizacia~.<br />
masTan ZiriTadad xdeba kulturis simboloebis fabrikacia,<br />
rac ukve karga xania SeimCneva. sazogadoebrivi mecnierebis<br />
zogierTma warmomadgenelma ukve am gamovlinebaze Tavisi azri<br />
gamoxata, rasac globaluri kulturis konvergencia _ sakvanZo<br />
sityva _ `makdonaldizacia~ daarqva. cxovrebis stilis<br />
unifikaciis, kulturis simboloebis da qcevis transnacionaluri<br />
normebis TvalsazrisiT ki ufro da ufro gzas ikvlevs<br />
universalizacia.<br />
msoflio bazarze TandaTan xdeba saboloo niSebis aTviseba,<br />
Cndeba axali sivrce, magram ara rogorc mravalferovnebis<br />
TviTgamoxatvis aRiareba, anu, Cndeba erTiani samomxmareblo<br />
sivrce, sadac lokaluri kulturebi da identurobebi kargaven<br />
fesvebs da multinacionaluri koncernebis reklamisa da saimijo<br />
dizainidan amoRebuli msoflio produqciiT Cainacvlebian.<br />
TandaTanobiT yofiToba xdeba dizaini.<br />
koncernebi, romlebic fabrikaciaSi universaluri kulturuli<br />
simboloebis mbrZaneblobas aRweven, Taviseburad iyeneben<br />
informaciuli teqnologiebis ukidegano sivrces. xelovnuri<br />
Tanamgzavrebi saSualebas iZlevian gadailaxos yvela nacionaluri<br />
da klasobrivi sazRvrebi da aRweven planetis yovel wertilSi.<br />
danarCens ki ekonomikuri aqtivobas logika asrulebs.<br />
globalizacias, gagebuls, rogorc ekonomiur movlenas,<br />
minimumamde dahyavs gasavlebi da maqsimalurad zrdis mogebas.<br />
CNN-is diqtori rodesac acxadebs, rom `ekonomikuri<br />
globalizaciis Sedegad mimdinareobs kulturuli da<br />
socialuri revolucia~, amis mosmenas amerikeli adamiani iseve<br />
204 205
nino azmaifaraSvili<br />
menejmentis roli kulturis globalizaciis procesebSi<br />
aRiqvams, rogorc tokios moqalaqe.Ees niSnavs, rom is rasac<br />
vakeTebT amerikaSi da amerikisaTvis gaaCnia Zala yvelgan,<br />
mTels msoflioSi. `Cveni axali ambebi _ es globaluri<br />
axali ambebia~. 4<br />
sainformacio saSualebebi erT saerTo globalur sivrces<br />
qmnian, sadac informacia da miTumetesTop-news elvis siswrafiT<br />
vrceldeba da msoflio `garemoculi~ xdeba erTi movleniT.Aadamianebi<br />
azrovnebas iwyeben erTi movlenis irgvliv, Tumca maTi midgoma mis<br />
mimarT SeiZleba iyos radikaluradac ki gansxvavebuli.<br />
3.1 . l o k a l u r i k u l t u r e b i d a g l o b a l u r i<br />
`momxmarebluri~ kultura.<br />
teqnologiam dRes globaluri kulturis SesaZlebloba<br />
da aucilebloba Seqmna. interneti, satelitebi da sakabelo<br />
televizia kulturul sazRvrebs scildebian.Gglobaluri<br />
gasarTobi kompaniebi aerTianeben Cveulebrivi adamianebis ocnebasa<br />
da aRqmas, sadac ar unda cxovrobdnen isini.Ffaseulobebis,<br />
normebis da kulturis gavrceleba kapitalizmis dasavluri<br />
idealebis gavrcelebis tendenciebis matarebelia. SesaZloa<br />
lokaluri kulturebi am globaluri `momxmarebluri~<br />
kulturis msxverplni gaxdnen. SesaZloa inglisurma enam<br />
gaanadgurebs sxva enebi. savaraudoa, rom momxmareblis<br />
Rirebulebebma socialuri solidarobis da xalxTa<br />
Tanamegobrobis azri daakninon anda piriqiT moxdes, saerTo<br />
kulturam did danawevrebuli faseulobebis da politikuri<br />
erTianobis gaZRola SeZlos.<br />
3.2. civilizacia da kultura globalizaciis fonze.<br />
teqnosferos dominirebas da periferiuli civilizaciis<br />
Seviwrovebas Tan sdevs misi damaxasiaTebeli elementebis<br />
gafarToeba da kulturis simboluri fenis SemWidroveba.<br />
rac Tavis mxriv, ganixileba rogorc, zogadad, kulturis<br />
gadagvareba, risi mizezic kulturis misterialuri<br />
Tanmimdevrobebis milevadobaa.Kkultura _ es mxolod<br />
<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> moRvaweobis suli ki ar aris,Ees Zaladobis<br />
saxeoba da Zalaa, xolo civilizacia adamianis mxolod<br />
materialuri mowyoba ar aris, es WeSmariti mocemulobebis<br />
xelovnuriT Canacvlebaa. 5<br />
3.2.1. kulturebis gansxvavebuloba.<br />
quape da jiovana kantatoresebi statiaSi:K`kulturebis<br />
gansxvavebuloba~ ganixilaven kulturebis gansxvavebulobebis<br />
dinamikas dRevandel samuSao pirobebSi. isini amtkiceben, rom<br />
mosaxleobis demografiuli cvlilebebi da globalizacia<br />
kulturis menejmentis aucileblobas ganapirobebs. isini<br />
ganmartaven, rom kulturebis gansxvavebulobebTan<br />
SesaZlebelia mosdes identificireba, imarTos is da sargebeli<br />
iqnas amoRebuli.Dase rom, kulturebis gansxvavebulobebis<br />
menejmenti aris ganuyofeli nawili im samuSaosi, romelsac<br />
asrulebs kulturis politikisa da menejmentze momuSave<br />
organizacia. Cven vcxovrobT globalur sivrceSi, sadac<br />
menejerebs SeuZliaT ufro swrafad gadaadgildnen, imogzauron<br />
da gaavrcelon informacia kulturis p roduqtis<br />
Sesaxeb.Ffizikuri siaxlovis Semcirebam Cven ufro Cagvaxeda<br />
sxvaTa kulturebSi da kulturebis gansxvavebuloba ufro<br />
naTlad dagvanaxa. dRes adamians qveynisa da sakuTari saxlis<br />
datovebis gareSe SeuZlia miiRos informacia kulturuli<br />
produqtis arsebobis, daniSnulebis da fasis Sesaxeb.<br />
SesaZlebloba aris imuSavo ucxouri organizaciisaTvis,<br />
urTierToba gqondes partniorebTan sxvadasxva enaze an<br />
sazRvargareT gaiyidos produqti sxva qveynis klientebze.<br />
aseTi saSualebiT kulturebis dakavSireba ufro advilad<br />
xdeba. 6A<br />
SeiZleba moviyvanoT magaliTi imisa, sadac sxva specifikiT<br />
xdeba globaluri elementebis warmoCineba. magaliTad,<br />
kulturis bienaleebi da bazrobebi, sadac erTdroulad<br />
ganTavsebulia xvadasxva qveynis, sazogadoebrivi jgufebisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli kulturebi, aseTi globaluri saxis gamofenebs<br />
xSirad erTi mTavari koncefcia an idea aerTianebs, magram<br />
TiToeuli kultura warmodgenilia gansxvavebuli saxiT,<br />
formebiTa da midgomiT.Aaq ukve erT adgilze iyris Tavs<br />
kulturuli gansxvavebulobebi.<br />
iqneba kulturebis gansxvavebuloba daxmarebis Tu xelis<br />
SeSlis faqtori globaluri sivrcis Seswavlis procesebSi?<br />
206 207
nino azmaifaraSvili<br />
menejmentis roli kulturis globalizaciis procesebSi<br />
es ufro da ufro ZiriTadi sakvanZo sakiTxi xdeba garemomcvel<br />
samyaroSi.<br />
3.2.2. multikulturuli sazogadoeba.<br />
amerikuli sazogadoeba agrZelebs gaxdes ufro<br />
maltikulturuli Tavisive sazRvrebis farglebSi. adamianebi<br />
axla eyrdnobian im azrs, rom axlo momavalSi qveynis sxvadasxva<br />
sferoSi `umciresobebi~, faqtobrivad, `umravlesobebi~ gaxdebian.<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Sromis saministros monacemebiT,<br />
afrikelebis, azielebis da espanurad molaparake amerikelebis<br />
ricxvi 7,6%-s Seadgenda 50 wlis win, 2000 wels es ricxvi<br />
TiTqmis gaormagda da 16% miaRwia.<br />
globalizaciis Sedegad samuSao Zala aseve gaxda<br />
sxvadasxva kulturis Semadgeneli nawili. kompaniebi<br />
strategiuli kavSirebis gamoyenebiT aerTianeben mTeli<br />
msoflios firmebisa da jgufebs kompaniaTa Serwymisa da<br />
Sesyidvis Sedegad.Oorganizaciebi aerTianeben samuSao personals<br />
da jgufebs, sadac sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgeneli<br />
adamianebi muSaoben da maT unda SeeTvison da gaugon erTmaneTs,<br />
rasac yoveldRiuri intermedia da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi muSaobis<br />
aucilebloba ganapirobebs. kulturuli mravalferovnebis<br />
gacnobiereba, iseve rogorc kulturaTaSorisi urTierTobebis<br />
efeqturi gacvla, aucilebloba xdeba, Tu Cven gvinda<br />
konkurencia gavwioT globalur bazarze.<br />
3.2.3. sainformacio infrastruqturebi.<br />
cifruli meTodebis miRwevebis gamoyenebam msoflio<br />
sakomunikacio momsaxureba erT mTlianobaSi Sekra. is, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, sami teqnologiuri sferos gadakveTas uwyobs xels:<br />
kompiuteruli, satelefono da satelevizio, romlebic<br />
gaerTianebulni arian multimediasa da internetSi.<br />
sainformacio infrastruqturebma faqtobrivad kimunikaciebis<br />
siswrafis xarisxi Zalzed awia da urTierTdakavSirebis simartivem<br />
daaCqara integrirebis procesebi.<br />
4. lokalizacia da globalizacia.<br />
kulturis globalizaciis Teoriis mama roland robertsoni,<br />
xazs usvams, rom globalizacia yovelTvis dakavSirebulia<br />
lokalizaciasTan. naSromebi kulturis Teoriaze (cultural<br />
studies) uaryofen Caketil, ganmartoebul sazogadoebebs da<br />
maT Sesabamis kulturis sivrceebs da aRweren kulturis<br />
globalizaciis imanentarul `dialeqtikur~ process, sadac<br />
erTdroulad SeiZleba moxdes da xdeba kidec sawinaaRmdego<br />
movlenebi. mTavari Sedegi ki aseTia _ globalizacia ar aris<br />
raRac avtomaturi da calmxrivi, erTmxrivi globalizacia –<br />
kamaTis amouwuravi wyaroa.<br />
is, rom globalizacia gvTavazobs ara mxolod delokalizacias,<br />
aramed re-lokalizacias, es ukve ekonomikuri gaTvlebidan<br />
gamomdinareobs. `globaluri~ am sityvas Tavisi zusti gagebiT<br />
veravin warmoTqvams. swored is sferoebi, romlebic Tavis<br />
produqcias globaluri masStabebiT asaReben, iZulebulni arian<br />
ganaviTaron lokaluri kavSirebi. pirvel rigSi konkretul<br />
lokalur pirobebSi awarmoon da daxvewon produqcia, meore<br />
rigSi ki, lokaluri kulturebidan amoiRon nedleuli TavianTi<br />
globaluri simboloebisaTvis, ris xarjzec es simboloebi iqnebian<br />
cocxali, naTeli da kargad gayidvadi. sityva `globaluri~,<br />
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es aris `sxvadasxva adgilebSi<br />
erTdroulad~, anu translokalurad.<br />
aseTi globalur _ lokaluri urTierTdakavSireba did<br />
rols TamaSobs msxvili koncernebis gaTvlebSi. koncernebi<br />
`Coca-Cola~ da `Sony~ TavianT strategias uwodeben `globalur<br />
lokalizacias~. maTi xelmZRvanelebi da menejerebi aRniSnaven,<br />
rom globalizaciasTan dakavSirebiT saubari exeba ara imas,<br />
rom yvelgan msoflioSi aSendes fabrikebi, aramed imas, rom<br />
gaxdnen ama Tu im kulturis nawili. samewarmeo strategia,<br />
romlis mniSvneloba izrdeba praqtikuli globalizaciis dros,<br />
iwodeba `lokalizmad~.<br />
4.1 delokalizacia da relokalizacia.<br />
delokalizaciis da relokalizaciis urTierTqmedebas albaT<br />
sxvadasxva Sedegi eqneba, amitom unda gaTvaliswinebul iqnas<br />
is, rom lokaluri kulturebi veRar gaamarTleben TavianT<br />
arsebobas danarCeni msoflios winaaRmdeg damkvidrebisa da<br />
ganaxlebisTvis.Mmokled rom vTqvaT, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneba<br />
208 209
nino azmaifaraSvili<br />
globalurad ganlagdes da ganaxldes lokaluri mniSvnelobebi,<br />
moxdeba tradiciaze dayrdnobis gareSe lokalurobis renesansi.<br />
globalizacias, garkveul planSi, yvelaze xSirad<br />
urTierTdamokidebulebis intensifikaciamde mivyavarT.<br />
nacionaluri sazRvrebis globalizaciis dros unda<br />
Seiswavlos: Tu rogor ixsneba da aRiqmeba msoflios horizonti<br />
grZnobadi samyaros transkulturul da kulturis simboloTa<br />
fabrikaciaSi.Kkulturuli globalizacia Slis qveynis<br />
nacionalurGgaigivebas nacionalur- saxelmwifoebriv<br />
sazogadoebasTan komunikaciis, eTnikuri kuTvnilebebis da<br />
cxovrebis transkulturuli formebis Seqmnisa da erTmaneTTan<br />
Sejaxebis gziT.<br />
eTnikurobis kuTvnilebis grZnoba, sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa<br />
da adamianTa gansaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT, sul ufro da<br />
ufro rTuldeba. SegviZlia ganvixiloT transkulturuli<br />
qorwinebis da ojaxebis magaliTze.Mmobilurobis da masobrivi<br />
gadaadgilebebis saukuneSi da ekonomikis gadajaWvis procesebSi<br />
izrdeba im adamianTa ricxvi, romlebsac Tavisi eTnikuri<br />
jgufis adgilmdebareobidan, uxdebaT sxva jgufebTan muSaoba,<br />
es sxvadasxva mizeziT xdeba (siRaribe, SimSili, ganaTlebisa<br />
da profesiis maZieblebi da cnobismoyvareoba). isini toveben<br />
sakuTar saxlebs da didi Tu mcire xniT, xandaxan ki samudamod<br />
kveTen sazRvrebs. ibadebian erT adgilze, izrdebian meoreze,<br />
qorwindebian da iyolieben Svilebs mesame adgilze.<br />
bikulturuli ojaxebis ricxvi izrdeba.<br />
daveyrdnoT statistikas da gaviTvaliswinoT qorwinebis<br />
aqtebi. magaliTad 1960 wels germaniis federaciul<br />
respublikaSi iyvnen gamorCeulad germanelebi da mxolod<br />
yovel 25-e qorwinebaSi registrirdebodnen ucxoelebi, 1994<br />
wels ukve yovel me-7 qorwinebaSi erT-erTi mainc iyo ucxoeli. 7<br />
4.2 glokalizacia<br />
lokaluri da globaluri ar gamoricxavs erTmaneTs.<br />
globalizacia aseve niSnavs lokaluri kulturebis mizidvasa<br />
da Sejaxebas, ramac unda miiRos axali gansazRvreba «clash of<br />
localities» (lokalurobis Sejaxeba).<br />
menejmentis roli kulturis globalizaciis procesebSi<br />
`globaluri kultura~ unda ganixilos ara statikurad,<br />
aramed rogorc SemTxveviTi da dialeqtikuri procesi<br />
(ekonomikuri mecnierebis farglebSi kapitalis Sinaganad<br />
calmxriv logikasTan SeuTavsebeli) _ `glokalizaciis~ saxiT,<br />
romelic saSualebas iZleva aRiqves da gaiSifros urTierTsakamaTo<br />
elementebi maT erTianobaSi. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba visaubroT<br />
`glokaluri~ kulturis paradoqsebze.<br />
4.2.1. universalizmi da partikularizmi.<br />
am mizniT ar arsebobs winaaRmdegoba gaerTianebasa da<br />
institucionalurobis, simboloebis, qcevis manerebis unifikacias<br />
Soris (mag.: `makdonaldsi~, cisferi jinsebi, demokratia,<br />
informaciuli teqnologiebi, bankebi, adamianis uflebebi da<br />
a.S.) da mniSvnelobis axali xazgasmiT, axali gamogonebiT da<br />
`lokaluri kulturebis~ (islamizacia, renacionalizacia,<br />
germanuli pop-kultura, samxreTafrikuli samoTxeebi, afrikuli<br />
karnavali, havauri saqonlis Zexvi) dacviTac ki. Tu aviRebT<br />
adamianis uflebebs, praqtikulad yvela kulturebSi ikveTeba,<br />
rogorc universaluri uflebebi, da meorec isini mJRavndebian<br />
sxvadasxva saxiT konteqstidan gamomdinare. 8<br />
5. kulturis mravalferovneba da globalizacia.<br />
kultura aris yovlismomcveli da amitom Tavisi arsiT<br />
aucilebeli. is mocemul sazogadoebas an sazogadoebrivi<br />
jgufebis Tvisebebs, yofas, ganviTarebis xarisxs gansazRvravs<br />
da moiazreba imisaTvis, rom Seexos cxovrebis yvela aspeqts.<br />
is Tavisi mravalmxrivobiTa da mravalferovnebiT integrirdeba<br />
procesebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis paralelurad da<br />
globalizaciis dros ganixileba misi SenarCuneba, transformacia,<br />
formireba da sxvadasxva riskfaqtori.<br />
erT mTlianobisaken mimavali, ganviTarebadi kulturis<br />
marTva SesaZlebelia erT sistemebSi moeqces, anda gamoinaxos<br />
struqturis gasaRebebi, romelic Sedegebis dadebiT<br />
potencialze iqneba orientirebuli. amitom kvlevebi am sferoSi<br />
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs.<br />
210 211
nino azmaifaraSvili<br />
5.1 kulturis kvlevebi.<br />
xelovnebis menejerebi dRes ver uaryofen globalizaciis<br />
procesebs, romelic Cvens cxovrebaze sul ufro did zegavlenas<br />
axdens. aris saSiSroeba imis, rom globalizaciis Sedegad<br />
dasruldeba kulturis mravalferovneba da kulturis transnacionaluri<br />
korporaciebis moTxovnebis samsaxurSi myofi<br />
homogenuri erTgvarovani kulturis triumfi. kulturuli<br />
mravalferovneba muqaris qveS ivaraudeba umciresobebis<br />
jgufebis marginalizaciiTa da gaucxoebiT da evropuli<br />
gaerTianebis da gavlenis Sedegad Sesabamisobis gamonaxviT<br />
da masmediis saSualebebze globaluri gavleniT. globaluri<br />
produqcia qmnis globalur bazrebs da globaluri ideebi da<br />
ideologiebi mihyavs globaluri moxmarebisa da erToblivi<br />
adaptaciisken. globalizacia SeiZleba aRiqmebodes, rogorc<br />
kulturuli imperializmi.<br />
5.1.2. ritceris globalizaciis ori kategoria.<br />
jorj ritceri specialisti globalizaciis sakiTxebSi<br />
akeTebs sasargeblo, mokle Sejamebas. is yofs mas or<br />
kategoriad: ekonomikuri da kulturuli, sadac mocemulia<br />
SesaZlo Sedegebi, riskebi da formirebebi kulturis ganviTarebis<br />
globalizaciis procesebis dros.<br />
kulturis TeoriebSi moiazreba:<br />
kulturuli diferencializmi (gansxvavebuloba) _ es<br />
aris bolo gansxvavebebi kulturaTa Soris, romlebic sakmaod<br />
xelSeuxeblebia bi-, inter-, multi- an transkulturul<br />
procesebisgan _ globalizacia aris mxolod zedapiruli<br />
movlena.<br />
kulturis konvergencia _ msoflioSi kulturebi ufro<br />
da ufro metad msgavsad izrdeba, globaluri msgavseba<br />
(asimilacia) dominanturi gjufebis mimarTulebebSi;<br />
kulturuli imperializmi; vesternizacia; amerikanizacia;<br />
makdonaldizacia.<br />
kulturis narevi (hibridizacia) _ hibriduli kulturebis<br />
unikaluri produqcia. 9<br />
menejmentis roli kulturis globalizaciis procesebSi<br />
globalizacia aris Zala, romelic, albaT, gamoiwvevs<br />
kulturis konvergencias _ adgilobrivi gansakuTrebulobis<br />
TandaTanobiTi gaqrobas.<br />
globalizacia sxva mxriv aris sakmaod msubuqi procesi.Ees<br />
aris idea, rom lokaluri aris Casmuli globalurSi da,<br />
piriqiT. globalurobis fenomeni xdeba integrirebuli<br />
kulturul formebTan, romlebic aris namdvilad lokaluri.Kkulturis<br />
hibridizaciam, romelic aris globalizaciis erT-erTi Sedegi, SesaZloa<br />
odesme kulturis mravalferovnebamde migviyvanos.<br />
arsebobs Tu ara globaluri procesebis marTvis raime<br />
saerTo gasaRebi, romelic ganviTarebis swor gzaze daayenebs<br />
da warmoSobil procesebs marTvads gaxdis, Seasustebs<br />
gauTvaliswinebel movlenebis gavlenas da globalizaciiT<br />
gamowveul procesebSi SesaZlo arsebul efeqturobis xarisxs<br />
gazrdis.<br />
kulturebis gansxvavebulobebTan SesaZlebelia moxdes<br />
identificireba, imarTos is da sargebeli iqnas amoRebuli.Dase<br />
rom, kulturebis gansxvavebulobebis menejmentis Sedegad<br />
SesaZloa, saerTo kulturam didi danawevrebuli faseulobebis<br />
da politikuri erTianobis gaZRola SeZlos.<br />
kulturis menejmenti ar qmnis xelovnebas da kulturas,<br />
magram aZlevs Seqmnis SesaZleblobas maT. 10<br />
1. См.: Барг М. А., Черняк Е.Б., Великие социальные революции XVII –<br />
XVIII веков в структуре переходной эпохи от феодализма к капитализму,<br />
М., 1990.<br />
2. Иоселиани Аза, Техносфера и экологическое сознание в контексте<br />
глобализации, § 1.1., Становление и развитие техносферы в процессе<br />
глобализации, Ростов-на-Дону, 2002, gv. 24-75 .<br />
3. kavkasiis akademiuri centri, strategiuli menejmentis arsi da<br />
Seswavlis sagani, 8, strategiebi saerTaSoriso bazarze konkurenciisTvis,<br />
gv. 69-73.<br />
4. http://www.nationalsecurity.ru/library/00057/00057global008.htm Бек<br />
Ульрих , Что такое глобализация?<br />
212 213
nino azmaifaraSvili<br />
5. Аза Иоселиани, Техносфера и экологическое сознание в контексте<br />
глобализации, § 3.2. Цивилизация и культура на фоне ускоряющихся<br />
процессов глобализации, Ростов-на- Дону, 2002, 133-162.<br />
6.http://www.culturosity.com/pdfs/Cultural%20Differences,%20Everybody’s%20Business.pdf<br />
Quappe S, & Cantatore G, Cultural Differences: Not just HR’s business, It’s<br />
everybody’s business, Can we risk the consequences of intolerance?<br />
7. http://www.nationalsecurity.ru/library/00057/00057global009.htm12<br />
8. http://www.nationalsecurity.ru/library/00057/00057global010.htm<br />
9. Laycock, Jolyon. Enabling The Creators, Cultural diversity and<br />
globalization. Oxford Brookes University, 2008, 27.<br />
10. Heinrich, Werner & Klein, Armin: Kulturmanagement von A-Z. Munchen<br />
1996: 147.<br />
tradiciuli xelovneba<br />
214 215
samagistro prograna<br />
qarTuli qoreografiis mkvlevari _<br />
eTnoqoreologi<br />
aleko gelaSvili<br />
magitraturis II kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli - anano samsonaZe<br />
samejliso cekvebis mesveurebi<br />
saqarTveloSi<br />
(Tengiz da larisa gaCeCilaZeebi)<br />
samagistro programa `qarTuli qoreografiis mkvlevari<br />
_ eTnoqoreologi~ umaRlesi skolis meore safexurze<br />
qoreografiuli xelovnebisadmi Teoriuli dainteresebis pirvel<br />
cdas warmoadgens. igi <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> im mimarTulebas<br />
miekuTvneba, romelic miznad isaxavs qoreografiuli xelovnebis,<br />
kerZod, qarTuli sacekvao folkloris istoriul-Teoriuli<br />
aspeqtebis gamokveTas da aRniSnul sakiTxTa irgvliv samecniero<br />
kvlevebis Catarebas.<br />
qarTuli tradiciuli xelovnebisadmi sayovelTao interesma<br />
da qarTuli sacekvao xelovnebis saSemsruleblo praqtikis<br />
dinamiurma ganviTarebam ganapiroba erovnuli qoreografiis<br />
mecnieruli kvlevisa da qarTuli cekvis saSemsruleblo<br />
xelovnebis profesiuli Sefaseba-analizis aucilebloba da<br />
aqtualoba.<br />
programis saswavlo komponenti ramdenime specialur<br />
disci plinas moicavs, romelTa Tematika kvlevis obieqtis<br />
istoriuli retrospeqtivis, dargis Teoriuli safuZvlebis<br />
Seswavlisa da kritikuli analizis erTobliobas warmoadgens.<br />
xolo kvleviTi komponentis problematika efuZvneba<br />
magistrantTa samecniero interesTa sferos, romelic, xSir<br />
SemTxvevaSi, qoreografia-qoreologiis sinTezuri bunebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, interdargobrivi kvlevis saxes atarebs.<br />
samagistro programa aRzrdis qoreografiuli xelovnebis<br />
profesional mkvlevarebsa da kritikosebs, rac SemdgomSi<br />
xels Seuwyobs qarTuli eTno-qoreologiisa da zogadad<br />
qarTli qoreografiis ganviTarebas.<br />
samagistro programis xelmZRvaneli<br />
asoc. prof. anano samsonaZe<br />
samefo sporti ase eZaxdnen TavianT palatebSi gamarTul<br />
samejliso cekvebs ingliseli lordebi jer kidev maSin roca<br />
mdidruli etlebi da karetebi Sav, mbrwyinav frakebSi<br />
gamowyobil batonebsa da uTvalav naoWian alivlivebul kabebSi<br />
morTul qalbatonebs sacekvao darbazebisken miaqrolebdnen. 1<br />
`samejliso sportuli cekvebi~ _ es aris Tanamedrove<br />
qoreografiidan aRebuli aTi saukeTeso cekva. samejliso –<br />
sportuli cekvebis programa iyofa or saxeobad: maTgan xuTi<br />
evropuli cekvebis programas ganekuTvneba (`neli valsi~, `tango~,<br />
`valsi~, `foqstroti~, `kvikstepi~) da xuTi laTinur-amerikuli<br />
cekevbis programas (`samba~, `Ca-Ca-Ca~, `rumba~, `pasadobli~,<br />
`jaivi~).<br />
samejliso sportuli cekvebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi<br />
ganmasxvavebeli niSani sxva cekvebis saxeobebisgan aris is,<br />
rom aq tardeba sportuli saxis Sejibrebebi da SemoRebulia<br />
msajobis instituti.<br />
samejliso cekvebSi sportul Sejibrebebs adgili hqonda<br />
jer kidev I msoflio omamde. magram es Sejibrebebi ufro<br />
kerZo xasiaTis iyo, radgan isini ar tardeboda raime profesiuli<br />
Tu saerTaSoriso samoyvarulo organizaciebis CarCoebSi.<br />
inglisSi (am cekvebis samSoblo), germaniis federaciul<br />
respublikaSi, norvegiaSi, daniaSi, SveciaSi da sxva 1909 wlidan<br />
ukve arsebobda msoflio sportuli cekvebis federacia. 2<br />
1930 wlidan evropaSi mkvidrdeba `inglisuri stili~,<br />
riTac gamoikveTa ZiriTadi da mudmivi standarti sacekvao<br />
Sejibrebebisa da am momentidan imarTeba organizebuli<br />
saerTaSoriso Sejibrebebi.<br />
1932 wels `germaniis moyvarulTa asociaciam~, “RPG”<br />
safuZveli Cauyara `saerTaSoriso moyvarulTa asociacias~,<br />
216 217
aleko gelaSvili<br />
samejliso cekvebis mesveurebi saqarTveloSi<br />
sami wlis Semdeg ki 1935 wlis 10 seqtembers q. praRaSi<br />
dafuZnebul iqna pirveli saerTaSoriso asociacia,<br />
saxelwodebiT “FIDA”, romlis pirvel prezidentad arCeul<br />
iqna avstrieli franc buxleri. “FIDA” TandaTan qmediTi<br />
organizacia xdeba da ukve 1936 wlis berlinis olimpiur<br />
TamaSebze mas SesaZlebloba mieca Caetarebina pirveli<br />
oficialuri msoflio Cempionati bed nohaimSi, saerTaSoriso<br />
wesebis dacviT, sadac sami kontinentis TxuTmeti qveynis<br />
warmomadgeneli monawileobda.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze samejliso cekvebis<br />
sportuli Sejibrebebi mogvianebiT mxolod 1957 wlidan<br />
tardeba.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris wamyvani specialistebi didi xani ibrZodnen,<br />
rom samejliso cekvebisTvis sportuli statusi moepovebinaT,<br />
magram es sakiTxi mxolod 1986 wels gadawyda. Seiqmna sportuli<br />
cekvebis sakavSiro asociacia (АБТСССР) (prezidenti:<br />
Ceslovas norveiSi – litva). am asociaciis prezidiumis<br />
wevri saqarTvelodan iyo Tengiz gaCeCilaZe. 3<br />
saqarTveloSi samejliso cekvebis sportul Sejibrebebs<br />
1976 wels Caeyara safuZveli.<br />
manamde 1972 wels gaimarTa samejliso cekvebis<br />
SemsrulebelTa pirveli, xolo 1975 wels meore respublikuri<br />
konkursi.Aam konkursebis Jiuris Tavmjdomareobda iliko<br />
suxiSvili. 4<br />
meore konkursze mowoneba daimsaxures da pirveli adgili<br />
mieniWaT saqarTvelos musikaluri da qoreografiuli<br />
sazogadoebis mocekvaveebs: nunu azmaifaraSvils da Teimuraz<br />
gabaSvils (pedagogi: Tengiz gaCeCilaZe). 5<br />
mas Semdeg, rac saqarTveloSi 1972 wels gaimarTa<br />
samejliso cekvebis SemsrulebelTa pirveli respublikuri<br />
konkursi am cekvebis skola gaiyo or jgufad: `samejlisosayofacxovrebod~,<br />
romelsac mixel kafievi emsaxureboda da<br />
`samejliso sportul~ jgufad, romelsac Tengiz gaCeCilaZe<br />
Caudga saTaveSi.<br />
saqarTveloSi Catarebuli konkursis Semdeg, 1975 wels<br />
kievis sportis sasaxleSi tardeba meore, saerTo sabWouri<br />
konkursi samejliso cekvebis SemsrulebelTa Soris.<br />
saqarTvelodan am konkursSi monawielobas iRebs oTxi wyvili:<br />
maia isakaZe – vaxtang lukava, tatiana perlSteini – Tengiz<br />
eriSvili, nataSa nikolaiSvili – tariel Sengelia, nunu<br />
azmaifaraSvili – Teimuraz gabaSvili. amaTgan sami meore<br />
xarisxis diploms iRebs erTi ki mesame xarisxis. 6<br />
1976 wels ukve safuZveli eyreba sakvalifikacio konkursebs.<br />
amas win uZRvis seminarebi samejliso cekvebis gamavrcelebeli<br />
kadrebis mosamzadeblad, sadac mowveuli iqna specialistebi<br />
moskovidan da estoneTidan. seminarebis Sedegad ramdenime<br />
pedagogi damoukideblad amzadebs mocekvaveebs respublikur<br />
konkursSi monawileobisaTvis. Semdeg imarTeba cekvis<br />
maswavlebelTa daxelovnebis 10 dRiani seminari, romelsac<br />
xelmZRvaneloben T. sanaZe, T. gaCeCilaZe, k. saxvaZe. 7<br />
1976 wlis mesame respublikuri konkursidan `gazafxulis<br />
mejlisi-76~ 1977 wlamde 5 sakvalifikacio konkursi tardeba,<br />
romelTa ucvleli gamarjvebulebi arian: zurab margiSvili<br />
da TinaTiT SavdaTuaSvili. 8<br />
samejliso cekvebi ufro popularuli xdeba. imarTeba<br />
konkursebi: `oqros verZi – 78~, 9 `ai ia~, 10 `ai ia – 82~, 11<br />
`Tbilisi – 84~, 13 `ai ia – 85~ 14 da sxva.<br />
xolo 1988 wels TbilisSi Sedga pirveli respublikuri<br />
Ria konkursi samejliso cekvebSi, romlis organizatorebi<br />
iyvnen Tengiz gaCeCilaZe da larisa gaCeCilaZe.<br />
am konkursis gamarjvebulebi `A~ klasSi gaxdnen<br />
Tbiliselebi Sorena gaCeCilaZe da goCa Certkoevi. 15<br />
Semdeg imarTeba `oqros sawmisi – 90~, `oqros sawmisi –<br />
91~, 16 `Tbilisi – 92~ ,17 `Tbilisi – 94~ 18 da sxva.<br />
1997 wels ki saqarTvelos sportuli cekvebis erovnul<br />
federacias ufleba eZleva Caataros saerTaSoriso konkursi<br />
`kavkasiis Tasi~. aRniSnuli RonisZieba aqedan moyolebuli<br />
tradiciuli xdeba da yovelTvis tardeba. Aam konkursze<br />
gamarjvebuli wyvili kavkasiis Tasis mflobeli xdeba. 19<br />
zemoT naxsenebi konkursebis mowyoba da saerTod samejliso<br />
cekvebis gavrcelebisa da propagandis saqmeSi udidesi wvlili<br />
miuZRvis dRes ukve saqarTvelos sportcekvebis erovnuli<br />
federaciis prezidents, studia da ansambl `Telas~<br />
218 219
aleko gelaSvili<br />
samejliso cekvebis mesveurebi saqarTveloSi<br />
xelmZRvanel-qoreografs, saerTaSoriso kategoriis msajs,<br />
Tengiz gaCeCilaZes.<br />
naSromis mizans warmoadgens `SeZlebisdagvarad~ mouTxros<br />
mkiTxvels batoni Tengizis, misi meuRlis larisa gaCeCilaZis<br />
maTi ojaxisa da saqmianobis Sesaxeb. `SeZlebisdagvarado~,_<br />
imitom vambobT, rom es naSromi am Temaze warmoebul kvlevis<br />
pirvel nabijebs warmoadgens saqarTveloSi. aqedan gamomdinare<br />
mkiTxvels winaswar vuxdiT bodiSs Tu igi informaciis mcire<br />
raodenobas an uzustobas ganicdis. Cven ki siamovnebiT<br />
gaviTvaliwinebT am TemiT dainteresebuli pirebis Sexedulebebs<br />
da SeniSvnebs.<br />
erT-erT interviuSi batoni Tengizi ambobs: `vnanob, rom<br />
cekva Zalze gvian daviwye~. 20<br />
sanam batoni Tengizis cekvasTan Sexebis pirvel nabijebs<br />
SevexebiT, mogiTxrobT misi biografiuli Tu SemoqmedebiTi<br />
moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.<br />
Tengiz ivanes Ze gaCeCilaZe daibada 19<strong>41</strong> wlis 5<br />
seqtembers TbilisSi; mama ivane gaCeCilaZe saqarTvelos<br />
damsaxurebuli veteqimi yofila, xolo deda evgenia nioraZe<br />
aseve dawyebiTi klasebis damsaxurebuli pedagogi.<br />
hyavs sami da: meri – pedagogi, amJamad pensioneri, qeTevani<br />
– pedagogi, biblioTekaTmcodne, eTeri – filologi musikis<br />
mimarTulebiT.<br />
1947 wels Tengiz gaCeCilaZe Sedis rkinigzis #1 skolaSi,<br />
romelsac amTavrebs 1958 wels.<br />
1961 wels abarebs politeqnikur institutSi meqanika –<br />
manqanaTmSeneblobis fakultetze. pirvel kurss daCqarebiT<br />
gaivlis da 1964 wels amTavrebs saswavlebels.<br />
1964 wlidan igi muSaobas iwyebs filarmoniaSi, ukravs<br />
simebian sakravebze kirile vaSakiZis xalxur sakravTa<br />
orkestrSi, aris musikalur-qoreografiuli sazogadoebis<br />
msaxiobi. `42 nomeri hqondaT programaSi da erT kviraSi<br />
viswavleo~ – ixsenebs batoni Tengizi.<br />
cota xanSi es orkestri sagastrolod unda wasuliyo<br />
Soreul aRmosavleTSi. batonma Tengizma uari Tqva am<br />
gastrolze da orkestrSi muSaobas Tavs anebebs.<br />
Semdeg TanmimdevrobiT, xanmokle drois monakveTebSi muSaobs:<br />
eleqtro vagonSemkeTebel qarxanaSi me-6 Tanrigis zeinklad,<br />
saaparato saamqroSi tyav-sagalanterio fabrikaSi,Mmaudkamvolis<br />
kombinatSi da isnis fexsacmelebis fabrikaSi.<br />
sruliad SemTxveviT moxda misi cxovrebis dakavSireba<br />
qoreografiul samyarosTan: „voroSilovis klubSi~, romelic<br />
mdebareobda axlandeli griboedovis Teatris mimdebare<br />
teritoriaze, igi eZebda Turme salaros bileTi rom aeRo da<br />
kinoSi Sesuliyo.Aam Zebnisas, aRmoCnda erT did darbazSi,<br />
sadac Semdegi situacia daxvda: axalgazrdebi ewerebodnen<br />
imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi cekvebis studiaSi, romelsac<br />
xelmZRvanelobda pedagogi mixeil kafievi. batoni Tengizic<br />
moxvedrila am axalgazrdaTa rigSi, gadauxdia erTi Tvis<br />
gadasaxadi 5 maneTi.Mmixeil kafievs misTvis afiSebi miucia<br />
da uTxovia, rom gamoekra isnis fexsacmelebis fabrikaSi.<br />
`kargi organizatori iyoo~,– ambobs batoni Tengizi pirvel pedagogze,<br />
romelsac im droisTvis Turme 700-mde moswavle hyolia.<br />
am sazogadoebrivi cekvebiT daintereseba imdroindeli<br />
axalgazrdobisa garkveuli midgomiT gamowveuli iyo imiT,<br />
rom mas hqonda `gacnobis~ xasiaTi: gogonebi – biWebis, biWebi<br />
ki gogonebis gasacnobad iyenebdnen am cekvebis studiaSi arsebul<br />
situacias~.<br />
damwyebi mocekvave Tengiz gaCeCilaZe pirvelive repeticiaze<br />
gaciebula, Semdeg erTi Tve uvlia, erTi Tvis mere ki damjdari<br />
uyurebda Turme repeticiebs. cota xanSi gadadis ufro<br />
gamocdil jgufSi, `mecotava is, rac vicodio~ – ambobs igi.<br />
ramdenjerme Turme mixel kafievs gauCerebia jgufi, miuTiTebia<br />
damjdar Tengiz gaCeCilaZeze da aRuniSnavs, rom `es kaci<br />
verasodes iswavlis cekvaso~.<br />
magaram batoni Tengizis interesi cekvisadmi am gamoTqmas<br />
ver SeuCerebia, piriqiT, igi Turme Tavad igonebda moZraobebs,<br />
romlebsac zedmeti varjiSis procesSi amuSavebda Tavis pirvel<br />
partniorTan lia babaevasTan erTad.<br />
`ori Tvis Semdeg amovwure im studiis codnis maragio~, _<br />
ambobs igi. yvelas ajoba mixel kafievis studiaSi, sadac im<br />
droisTvis iswavleboda: „valsi~, „vals-bostoni~, „bluzi~, „Ca-<br />
Ca-Cas~ raRac moZraobebi, „tangos~ raRac stili, „krakoviaki~,<br />
„bit-ritmi~, „bugi-vugi~, „marSfoqstroti~.<br />
220 221
aleko gelaSvili<br />
samejliso cekvebis mesveurebi saqarTveloSi<br />
am periodis ganmavlobaSi uyalibdeba Tengiz gaCeCilaZes<br />
cekvisadmi seriozuli interesi da iwyebs pedagogiur<br />
moRvaweobas q. gorSi.Aam saqmianobas ise CauTrevia, rom sxva<br />
yvelafrisTvis Tavi miunebebia, Tbilisidan gorSi dadioda<br />
Tavis partniorTan erTad ramdenjerme kviraSi. saqme kargad<br />
wavida, Sedegi rom dainaxes, pedagogiur institutSi miiwvies.<br />
Semdeg ki TbilisSi plexanovis klubSi iwyebs moRvaweobas.Aam<br />
droisaTvis sazogadoebriv cekvebs aswavlis, mogvianebiT ki<br />
ruseTSi turnirze xvdeba, sadac Jiuris wevria.A`am konkursma<br />
Cemze imdenad didi STabeWdileba moaxdina, rom Rameebi ar<br />
meZina, Cveulebrivi cekvis nacvlad araCveulebrivi sanaxaoba,<br />
`Sejibri~ vnaxe, es CemTvis siurprizi iyo~. 21<br />
1974 wels mas iwveven „Tbilisis mxatvruli TviTmoqmedebis<br />
respublikur saxlSi~ samejliso cekvebis meTodistad. igi<br />
ecnoba sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebul 128 amgvari saxlis muSaobis<br />
sistemas.Aatarebs seminarebs, risi meSveobiTac saqarTvelos<br />
masStabiT TandaTan vrceldeba samejliso cekvebi.<br />
igi Tavis meuRlesTan, qalbaton larisasTan erTad 1975<br />
wlidan moyolebuli dRemde kiTxulobs leqciebs sxvadasxva<br />
saswavlebelSi (Teatrisa da kinos universiteti, s. zaqariaZis<br />
saxelobis saganmanaTleblo saswavlebeli, adre sacirkosaestrado<br />
saswavlebeli da fizkulturis instituti, ucxo<br />
enebis instituti...).<br />
garda teqnikuri ganaTlebisa Tengiz gaCeCilaZem 1980<br />
wels daamTavra q. leningradis profkavSirTa kulturis<br />
umaRlesi skola, kulturis muSakis specialobiT.<br />
misi TaosnobiT 1986 wels iqmneba kulturis saministrosTan<br />
arsebuli samejliso cekvebis gaerTianeba.<br />
1991 wels am organizacias hqvia saqarTvelos samejliso<br />
cekvebis asociacia. 1991-1992 ww. asociacia xdeba wevri<br />
`IDSF~-isa (samejliso sportuli cekvebis asociacia), romelic,<br />
Tavis mxriv, Sedis saerTaSoriso olimpiur komitetSi.<br />
1997 wlidan dRemde zemoT xsenebul organizacias ewodeba<br />
`saqarTvelos sportuli cekvebis erovnuli federacia~, romlis<br />
prezidentic gaxlavT Tengiz gaCeCilaZe.<br />
1973 wlidan batoni Tengizis cxovrebaSi Semodis qali.<br />
maTi gzebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba da mogvianebiT, 1986 wels<br />
qmnian lamaz ojaxs es qalbatoni gaxlavT larisa qurdaZe.<br />
larisa qurdaZe daibada 1950 wlis 19 marts TbilisSi.<br />
mama – giorgi qurdaZe samamulo omis monawile, II jgufis<br />
invalidi.<br />
deda – ekaterine qurdaZe (orloveckaia) (poloneli)<br />
muSaobda Cais gadamwon fabrikaSi telefonistis Tanamdebobaze.<br />
qalbaton larisas hyavs ori Zma: aleqsandre qurdaZe<br />
polkovniki, leninis ordenosani artileristi, amJamad cxovrobs<br />
omskSi ojaxTan erTad da vladimer quraZe, romelsac<br />
damTavrebuli aqvs politeqnikuri teqnikumi, colSviliani da<br />
amJamad droebiT umuSevari.<br />
1958 wels larisa qurdaZe Sedis Tbilis me-16 saSualo<br />
skolaSi, romelsac amTavrebs 1967 wels. amave wels abarebs<br />
aleqsandre puSkinis saxelobis pedagogiur institutSi, xdeba<br />
dawyebiTi klasebis pedagogikis specialobis studenti (rusuli<br />
seqtoriT). paralelurad muSaobs Tbilisis koniakis qarxanaSi,<br />
jer muSad, Semdeg mdivan-memanqaned, cota xanSi ki sadegustacio<br />
darbazis ufrosi xdeba amave periodSi igi aris komkavSiris<br />
komitetis mdivani.<br />
1972 wels larisa gaCeCilaZe amTavrebs pedagogiur<br />
instituts da iwyebs muSaobas q. Tbilisis 129-e skolis<br />
pedagogad. erTi wlis Semdeg ki misi cxovrebac SemTxveviT<br />
daukavSirdeba cekvas.<br />
`bavSobidanve saocrad miyvarda cekva~,– ambobs erT-erT<br />
interviuSi qalbatoni larisa,– jer kidev pataras andamativiT<br />
mizidavda quCebSi gamokruli lamazad gaformebuli is afiSebi<br />
da reklamebi sadac mocekvave wyvili exata. etyoba genSic<br />
iyo raRac, Tumca gamoCenili mocekvave Cems saaxlobloSi<br />
aravin yofila.<br />
skolaSi rom vswavlobdi, specialuri gadacemebis seria<br />
gadioda televiziiT, sadac maSindel Zalian modur cekva _<br />
`Carlstons~ aswavlidnen. viswavle telegadacemidan cekva<br />
da Semdeg Cems TanaklaselebTan daviwye `qoreografoba~. 22<br />
ufro seriozulad ki qalbatoni larisas cekvis samyaroSi<br />
moxvedra Semdegnairad moxda:<br />
`plexanovis klubSi komkavSiris mdivnebis konferencia<br />
tardeboda. isic, rogorc komkavSiris mdivani, monawileobas<br />
iRebda am konferenciaSi. Sesvenebaze, foieSi, axalgazrdebs<br />
222 223
aleko gelaSvili<br />
samejliso cekvebis mesveurebi saqarTveloSi<br />
radiola CaurTavT da cekva dauwyiaT. erTi rusi ymawvili<br />
miaxloebula masTan da cekva uTxovia. uari ar uTqvams da<br />
`valsze gayolia~. cekvis dros partniors jer marjvena<br />
bruni gaukeTebia, Semdeg _ marcxena. ileTi mSvenivrad<br />
gamomividao _ igonebs qalbatoni larisa. `Tqven ra cekvavT?~,<br />
_ gaocebuli ukiTxavs partniors da rodesac am kiTxvaze<br />
pasuxad uari miuRia, axla `kvadratul rumbaze~ miuwvevia,<br />
arc es cekva gamosula urigo.<br />
maSin am biWma SesTavaza mas: Tengiz gaCeCilaZesTan<br />
samejliso cekvebis studiaSi wagiyvano. isic sixaruliT<br />
Tanxmdeba. `Tumca, pirvel Sexvedraze es sixaruli cota ar<br />
iyos gamixuna Tengizma~,_ ambobs qalbatoni larisa. sxvaTa<br />
Soris, Semomxeda da biWis aRtacebul replikas, rom me studiaSi<br />
arasodes mivlia da SesaniSnavad vcekvav, mSrali da Zunwi<br />
fraza Seageba: `Tu unda, movideso~. 23<br />
_ `maxsovs, erT-erTma Cemma moswavlem moiyvana,_ ambobs<br />
qalbatoni larisas yofili pedagogi, amJamad meuRle – Tengiz<br />
gaCeCilaZe,_ Zalian niWieri moswavle iyo, varjiSis dawyebidan<br />
sami Tvis Semdeg ufro Zlier jgufSi gadaviyvane. xuTi Tvis<br />
Semdeg, konkursSic mivaRebine monawileoba. im periodSi<br />
televiziiT samejliso cekvebis Sesaswavl gadacemas vuZRvebodi<br />
da larisa CemTan waviyvane. albaT, cekvisadmi uzomo siyvarulma<br />
da didma nebisyofam ganapiroba is, rom larisas studia ar<br />
miutovebia. igi ukve profesionali mocekvave iyo da<br />
partnioroba SevTavaze, Semdeg ki colobaco~. 24<br />
1975 wlidan eleqtrovagonSemkeTebel qarxanasTan arsebuli<br />
studia Tengiz da larisa gaCeCilaZeebs gadaaqvT oficerTa<br />
saxlSi, Semdeg ki s. orjonikiZis saxelobis kulturis da<br />
dasvenebis axlandel, `muStaedis~ parkSi da dRemde iq<br />
moRvaweoben.<br />
amave wlidan qalbatoni larisa baton TengizTan erTad<br />
kiTxulobs leqciebs yvela zemoT xsenebul saswavlebelSi.<br />
2005 wlis 5 ianvars, Tbilisis e. TayaiSvilis sax. kulturisa<br />
da xelovnebis saxelmwifo universitetma maT mianiWa docentis<br />
xarisxi. xolo 2006 wlidan isini arian asocirebuli<br />
profesorebi saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis<br />
Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetSi.<br />
larisa gaCeCilaZe 1991 wlidan aris `saqarTvelos<br />
sportcekvebis erovnuli federaciis~ generaluri mdivani.<br />
1992 wlidan mieniWa saerTaSoriso kategoriis msajis wodeba.<br />
Tengiz da larisa gaCeCilaZeebi partniorebi arian<br />
rogorc cekvaSi, aseve cxovrebaSi. maT lamaz ojaxSi yvela<br />
cekvavs.<br />
ufrosi Svili Sorena, Tavis meuRlesTan goCa CertkoevTan<br />
da Svil levanTan erTad 1992 wlidan cxovrobs da moRvaweobs<br />
aSS-Si (q. dalasi). Sorena gaCeCilaZe da goCa Certkoevi<br />
arian saerTaSoriso kategoriis mocekvaveebi, turnir `amomavali<br />
varskvlavis~ ToTxmeti gzis gamarjvebulebi. amerikis<br />
sazogadoebis maRal wreebSi isini sasurvel da miRebul<br />
stumrebad iTvlebian. aqvT studia, sadac uamravi msurveli<br />
swavlobs samejliso cekvebs.<br />
ori vaJidan: ufrosi, giorgi, swavlobs Tbilisis<br />
di plomatiur akademiaSi, aris saerTaSoriso kategoriis<br />
mocekvave, uamravi turniris priziori.<br />
umcrosi vaJi, rati, me-11 kalsis moswavlea, swavlobs<br />
Tbilisis #1 klasikur gimnaziaSi. aris saqarTvelos Cempioni,<br />
kavkasiis Tasis mflobeli sxvadasxva saSinao Tu saerTaSoriso<br />
turnirebis priziori.<br />
maTi meoTxe Svili – Telaa, romelmac ukve mravali Taoba<br />
daafrTiana.<br />
Tela saqarTveloSi Zalian iSviaTi da lamazi xea, Tengizisa<br />
da larisas inicialebicaa. 1979 wlidan igi funqcionirebs<br />
`muStaedis~ baRSi. studiasTan arsebobs ansambli, romelic<br />
aseve Telas saxels atarebs. 25<br />
1986 wlis aprilSi moskovSi `krilia sovetovis~ sportul<br />
darbazSi, kulturis saministrom moawyo samejliso cekvebis<br />
pirveli sakavSiro festivali. konkursis programaSi iyo oTxi<br />
nomeri: sabWoTa qoreografiis safuZvelze Seqmnili, laTinoamerikuli<br />
samejliso cekvebi, evropuli da originaluri<br />
popurebi. 24 ansambli iyo wardgenili festivalze da aqedan<br />
ansamblma `Telam~ brinjaos medali daimsaxura.<br />
amave wels Telas mieniWa saxalxo ansamblis wodeba. 26<br />
studiaSi bavSvebs 7 wlidan iReben, asakobrivi jgufebis<br />
mixedviT: patarebs _ 7-dan 10 wlamde, mozardebs 11-dan 15<br />
224 225
aleko gelaSvili<br />
wlamde da ufrosebs _ 16 wlis zemoT. studia muSaobs<br />
seqtembridan ivlisis CaTvliT.<br />
wlis bolos tardeba kursidan kursze gadasasvleli da<br />
gamosaSvebi gamocdebi. oTxi kursis daxurvis Semdeg, mocekvave<br />
iRebs studiis diploms.<br />
damwyebi mocekvavis sakonkurso programa 10 cekvas moicavs.<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi mocekvave iRebs CaTvlis wignaks. misi<br />
mflobeli saqarTvelos sportcekvebis erovnuli federaciisa<br />
da (GNDSF) da sportcekvebis saerTaSoriso federaciis<br />
(IDSF) wevri xdeba.<br />
studia `TelaSi~ ukve uamravi aseTi mocekvave da cnobili<br />
pedagogi aRizarda. zogi maTgani sazRvargareT moRvaweobs,<br />
zogic saqarTveloSi agrZelebs Tavis karieras. esenia: Sorena<br />
gaCeCilaZe, goCa Certkoevi, nunuka azmaifaraSvili, ekaterine<br />
da zurab metrevelebi, elene da giorgi orvelaSvilebi, ruzana<br />
da boris odikaZeebi, salome lomsaZe, daviT kulumbegaSvili,<br />
ia kvirikaSvili, TaTuli gogiSvili, giorgi tabataZe da sxvebi.<br />
maT Sesaxeb ukve calke SeiZleba Zalian bevri iTqvas da<br />
daiweros.<br />
Tengiz da larisa gaCeCilaZeebi dResac didi enTuziazmiT,<br />
Tavisi saqmis uzomo siyvaruliT, aswavlian da zrdian<br />
mocekvaveebs. Tqveni mona-morCilic am mocekvaveebis rigs<br />
ganekuTvneba. ar vici ramdenad gavamarTleb Cemi pedagogebis<br />
Sromas, magram amJamad es SemiZlia vTqva: maT Zalian Semayvares<br />
samejliso cekvebi da is faqti, rom 2008 wlis dekemberSi<br />
saerTaSoriso konkursze `saaxalwlo Tbilisi-2008~ I adgilis<br />
mflobeli gavxdi `8 cekva didebis~ qvejgufSi, es am siyvarulis<br />
nayofia. didi madloba Tengiz da larisa maswavlebels am<br />
siyvarulisTvis, maTi Sromisa da saqmianobisTvis!!!<br />
samejliso cekvebis mesveurebi saqarTveloSi<br />
5. ix.: gazeTi: `komunisti~. 1975 wlis 14 Tebervali.<br />
6. ix.: gazeTi: `ЗАРЯ ВОСТОКА~ 1975 Г. 8 Июня.<br />
7. ix.: gazeTi: `Tbilisi~. 1976 wlis 19 aprili.<br />
8. ix.: gazeTi: `lelo~. 1977 wlis 18 ivnisi.<br />
9. ix.: gazeTi: `axalgazrda komunisti~ 1978 wlis 25 ivlisi.<br />
10. ix.: gazeTi: `Вечерний Тбилиси~ 1980 Г. 13 Марта.<br />
11. ix.: gazeTi: `Tbilisi~ 1982 wlis 30 marti.<br />
12. ix.: gazeTi: `Tbilisi~ 1984 wlis 2 aprili.<br />
13. ix.: gazeTi: `Вечерний Тбилиси~ 1985 Г. 19 Апреля.<br />
14. ix.: gazeTi: `ЗАРЯ ВОСТОКА~ 1988 Г. 12 Февраля.<br />
15. ix.: gazeTi: `Tbilisi~ 1990 wlis 14 noemberi.<br />
16. ix.: gazeTi: `quTaisi~. 1991 wlis 14 noemberi.<br />
17. ix.: gazeTi: `eri~ 1992 wlis 3-9 ivlisi.<br />
18. ix.: gazeTi: `saqarTvelos respublika~ 1994 wlis 7 ianvari.<br />
19. ix.: T. gaCeCilaZe `kavkasiis Tasi – 97~ _ programa.<br />
20. ix.: gazeTi:`harmonia~ 2002 wlis 18.09.-02.10.<br />
21. ix.: gazeTi:`aqcenti~. 2003 wlis 8-10 agvisto.<br />
22. ix.: `qalis saidumlo~ #3.<br />
23. ix.: `qalis saidumlo~ #3.<br />
24. ix.: `qalis saidumlo~ #3.<br />
25. ix.: `qalTa gazeTi~ 1997 wlis ivnisi.<br />
26. ix.: gazeTi: `Tbilisi~ 1986 wlis 20 maisi.<br />
1. gazeTi: `lelo~, 1990 wlis 23 ianvari.<br />
2. gazeTi: `lelo~, 1990 wlis 31 ianvari.<br />
3. gazeTi: `lelo~. 1990 wlis 31 ianvari.<br />
4. ix.: gazeTi: `Tbilisi~. 1975 wlis 28 Tebervali.<br />
226 227
eka geliaSvili<br />
magistraturis II kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli - anano samsonaZe<br />
`sarTulebiani~ ferxulebis simbolika<br />
(qarTuli nimuSebis magaliTze)<br />
sarTulebis principiT agebuli, unikaluri formis, wriuli<br />
iarusebiani ferxuli gavrcelebuli iyo TiTqmis mTel<br />
saqarTveloSi.<br />
qarTlSi mas `zemyrelos~ uwodebdnen, romlis sinonimia<br />
`orsarTula~, javaxeTSi _ `samyrelos~ (an `cixebuna~),<br />
raWaSi gvxvdeba _ `maRla mTas modga~, xevSi _ `abarbare~,<br />
TuSeTSi _ `qorbeRela~, svaneTSi _ `mirmi(n)qela~.<br />
`orsarTuliani ferxulis~ saxelwodebiT SemorCa qarTul<br />
sacekvao folklors guruli ferxuli, romelic cekva<br />
`xorumis~ kompoziciis erT-erT nawilSic gvxvdeba. rogorc<br />
profesori l. gvaramaZe aRniSnavs, am formis ferxuli,<br />
gavrcelebuli yofila imereTSi saxelwodebiT `madli<br />
maxarobelsa~. mis teqstSi gazafxulisa da zamTris brZola<br />
aisaxeboda. 1 aseve arsebobs cnoba, rom `vaxtang gorgaslis<br />
ferxuli~, romlis gavrcelebis areali ZiriTadad aRmosavleT<br />
saqarTveloa, imereTSic scodniaT da iq es simRera<br />
mravalsarTuliani ferxulis ayolebiT sruldeboda. 2<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom am ferxulTa zogierTi nimuSi dResac<br />
gvxvdeba qarTvelTa yofaSi. magaliTad, `samyrelo~, 3<br />
`zemyrelo~ 4 da `qorbeRela~, romlis TviTmxilveli Tavad<br />
gaxldiT 2005 wels, xatobis dros, TuSeTis sofel xaxaboSi.<br />
msgavsi struqturuli formis ferxuls vxvdebiT mezobeli<br />
kavkasieli tomebis cekvebSi, rogoric aris osuri `narTon<br />
simdi~, 5 aseve _ skandinaviaSi, alpebze da balkaneTis<br />
naxevarkunZulzec. 6<br />
sarTulebianma ferxulebma mravali mecnieri daainteresa.<br />
mas ikvlevdnen: v. bardaveliZe, 7 d. janeliZe, 8 av. TaTaraZe, 9<br />
l. gvaramaZe. 10 am formis ferxulebs exebian da aRweren: r.<br />
erisTavi, 11 g. svaniZe, 12 b. niJaraZe, 13 p. umikaSvili, 14 T. mamalaZe, 15<br />
i. qavTaraZe, 16 ap. wulaZe, 17 s. makalaTia, 18 g. cocaniZe, 19 n.<br />
maisuraZe 20 da sxvani. ferxuli `zemyrelo~ ganxilulia<br />
`qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSic~. 21<br />
mkvlevarTa mier warmodgenil aRwerebSi sarTulebiani<br />
ferxuli igeba wriulad, mxolod mamakacebis mier da ori,<br />
zogjer ki, sami sarTulis formas iRebs. ferxuli wris<br />
trialiT sruldeba da igi mgzavrulia, anu, gzad mavalni<br />
asruleben. ferxulis rTuli konstruqciidan gamomdinare,<br />
masSi monawileTa fexis moZraoba primitiulia. ZiriTadad<br />
vxvdebiT fexis midgmiT svlas wreze. SemsrulebelTa raodenoba<br />
SezRuduli araa. misi simRera ZiriTadad orpirulia. miuxedavad<br />
am ferxulTa gansxvavebuli Sinaarsisa, misi struqturuli<br />
forma yvelgan erTnaeria. am ferxulTa dasasruli xSirad<br />
gulisxmobs zeda sarTulebis qveda sarTulis monawileTagan<br />
Camoyras. gansxvavebas warmoadgens ferxuli `maRla mTas modga~,<br />
`zemyrelos~ ramdenime varianti (zeda sarTulis monawileni<br />
Zirs Tavad xtebian) da TuSuri `qorbeRela~, romlis waqcevac<br />
cudis maniSnebeli iyo.<br />
`qorbeRelas~ dasasrulis Sesaxeb, Cven mier mopovebul<br />
yvela masalaSi, erTxmad aRiniSneba, rom igi aucileblad<br />
dauSlelad unda misuliyo sakulto adgilamde. misi<br />
Segnebulad areva da SemsrulebelTa Camoyra yovlad<br />
dauSvebeli iyo. rogorc v. bardaveliZe gadmogvcems,<br />
`qorbeRelaze~ TuSi Tavis momavals ikvlevda: `Tu qorbeRela<br />
iqceoda da simRera ireoda, maSin saqoneli da adamiani<br />
dagvexocebao da piriqiT...~ 22 imave cnobas gvawvdis s. makalaTia, 23<br />
g. cocaniZe 24 da n. maisuraZe. 25<br />
sarTulebiani ferxulebis simbolurma Sinaarsma mecnierTa<br />
Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. qoreologi avTandil<br />
TaTaraZe ganmartavs, rom aseTi wyobis ferxulebi sabrZolo<br />
Sinaarsisaa. erTmaneTis mxrebze asvla erTgvari xerxia simagris<br />
galavnis gadasalaxad da mas, mSvidobianobis periodSi,<br />
mebrZolTa gavarjiSebis daniSnuleba gaaCnia. 26<br />
gansxvavebuli azri wamoayena vera bardaveliZem. 27 man<br />
TuSuri `qorbeRela~ sicocxlisa da nayofierebis xis Sesaxeb<br />
damadasturebel wyarod gamoiyena da daadgina, rom swored<br />
aseTi xe igulisxmeboda `qorbeRelas~ teqstSi. lili gvaramaZe<br />
aRniSnavs, rom: `samsarTuliani ferxuli Soreul warsulSi<br />
228 229
eka geliaSvili<br />
`sarTulebiani~ ferxulebis simbolika<br />
bunebaze magiuri zemoqmedebis xasiaTs atarebda~. 28 magram,<br />
svanur `mirmiqelaze~ da `zemyreloze~ saubrisas mkvlevari<br />
miuTiTebs, rom igi sabrZolo xasiaTisaa. 29 amdenad, mkvlevari<br />
mxolod calkeuli ferxulis sakulto daniSnulebaze<br />
saubrobs, msgavsi formis ferxulebs ki mimoixilavs<br />
rogorc sabrZolo an gasarTob saSualebad.<br />
qarTlos kasraZe samsarTula ferxuls mzis simbolikis<br />
demonstraciad miiCnevs. 30 mzes ukavSirebs gurul ferxuls<br />
apolon wulaZec, naSromSi `eTnografiuli guria~. 31<br />
sainteresoa, ram ganapiroba am identuri formis ferxulTa<br />
Sinaarsis aseTi variaciebiT arseboba? sainteresoa es ferxulebi<br />
namdvilad cixe-galavnebis gadasalax sawvrTno-savarjiSo<br />
daniSnulebas atarebdnen, rogorc amas zogierTi mkvlevari<br />
miiCnevs? vgonebT, saferxulo teqstebSi aqa-iq gabneuli<br />
simboluri miniSnebebi naTels mohfenen am SekiTxvebs.<br />
i. qavTaraZisa 32 da al. yazbegis 33 mier gadmocemul<br />
`abarbares~ saferxulo teqstSi barbares raRacis Camoyras<br />
da gadmoyras evedrebian. savaraudoa, rom mas zemodan<br />
qvemoT baraqisa da nayofis sakeTildReod wvimis mosvlas<br />
SesTxovdnen. amas adasturebs barbares mimarT mimarTuli<br />
Txovnac, romelic kaxeTSi, siRnaRis raionis sofel zemo<br />
maCxaanSi, 1962 wels Caweril teqstSia (mTqmeli n. bibilaSvili)<br />
naTqvami: `a, barbare, barbare, cxra Rrubeli Savyare. CamouSvi<br />
wvima, CamouZex wina. aRar gvinda goraxi, RmerTo, gvinda<br />
talaxi!~ 34<br />
Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs teqstSi naxsenebi a-barbare.<br />
mze Sumerul enaze warmoiTqmeboda, rogorc barbar. akademikos<br />
iv. javaxiSvilisa 35 da v. bardaveliZis 36 specialuri kvlevis<br />
Sedegad dadasturda qarTuli mzeqalis barbaresa da Sumeruli<br />
mzis RvTaebis `barbaris~ identuroba. igi, erTi mxriv, miCneuli<br />
iyo Sinauri cxovelebis uzenaes patronad, aseve qalTa<br />
mfarvelad, sicocxlis, siTbos, nayofierebis mimniWeblad. xolo<br />
meore mxriv, mosavlianobis mfarvelad. rogorc g. Citaia<br />
askvnis, `mesaqonleobis RvTaebaTa funqciebi, mzes, rogorc<br />
mosavlianobis baton-patrons, miwaTmoqmedebis xanis uZveles<br />
RvTaebas, gaziarebuli aqvs da mis gamgebladac iTvleba~. 37<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom barbalobam svaneTSi dRemde moaRwia<br />
simRera `barbal dolaSis~ saxelwodebiT. 38 igi sruldeboda<br />
uqme dReebSi qal-RvTaeba barbalesa da lamarias saxelze.<br />
Tovlis koSkis agebis Semdeg, mis win muxls moiyridnen da<br />
barbales mosavlis siuxvesa da gamarjvebis mopovebas<br />
evedrebodnen.<br />
muryvamobis dResaswaulze, romelic nayofierebis<br />
RvTaeba kviriasadmi iyo miZRvnili, Tovlis koSkis waqceviT<br />
arkvevdnen momavali wlis mosavlis beds. garda amisa, xe<br />
Catanebuli Tovlis koSkis ngreva, simboloa zamTris<br />
aRsasrulisa. rogorc el. virsalaZe gadmogvcems, muryvamobis<br />
dros maRal koSkze imarTeboda orsarTuliani ferxulic,<br />
romelic beTqilis ukanaskneli survilis mosagoneblad<br />
sruldeboda. 39<br />
l. ioselianis aRweriT svanuri mirminqela _ svifze,<br />
wminda cacxvTan samjer Tormetma mamakacma Caaba. 40<br />
svanuri sarTulebiani ferxulis Taobaze saintereso<br />
cnobas gvawvdis msoflio ekologiuri akademiis akademikosi,<br />
fsiqologi leonid kitaev-smiki. <strong>41</strong> ritualur ferxulze<br />
saubrisas igi aRniSnavs, rom qristian svanebTan dResaswaulze<br />
stumrobisas Tavad gamxdara mowme, Tu rogor asrulebdnen<br />
Tormet-Tormeti mamakaci sam sarTulad ferxuls. misi<br />
SekiTxvisTvis, Tu ras unda niSnavdes es ferxuli, svanebs<br />
upasuxiaT: Sen Tu Cvens eklesiaSi namyofi xar, SeamCnevdi<br />
iarusebs, sadac 12 epistolea gamosaxuli. aq cekvaven isini.<br />
maTi saubris mosmenisas meore svani CarTula da uTqvams, rom<br />
zeda rigi, es mTis arwivebia, zeciuri suli; meore _ mTis<br />
cxvrebi, mTis suli, xolo mesame – Cveni xarebia, romlebic<br />
miwas xnaveno.<br />
sarTulebis amgvarad ganlagebas mkvlevari ukavSirebs<br />
socialur da tomobriv ierarqias. Cven ki vvaraudobT,<br />
rom am cnobaSi kosmogoniur ierarqiazea saubari.<br />
vfiqrobT, rom svani zeda wreSi, zeciur sulSi<br />
gulisxmobda zecas da iq arsebul RvTaebebs, meoreSi<br />
_ mTebSi _ zecasa da miwas Soris arsebul fenas,<br />
xolo qvedaSi _ miwas. amis garda, aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
fe rx ulS i Sem srule bel Ta Torm etk aci an i r goli<br />
230 231
eka geliaSvili<br />
`sarTulebiani~ ferxulebis simbolika<br />
sakralurobis maniSnebelia, romelic xSirad figurirebs<br />
qarTul saferxulo cekvebSi.<br />
ricxvi Tormeti – es aris umaRlesi wesrigis, sisrulis<br />
da keTildReobis gansaxovneba. misi saSualebiT struqturulad<br />
lagdeba sivrce da dro. igi aseve dakavSirebulia wresTan da<br />
borbalTan.<br />
ferxulis sawyisi figura wre ki, rogorc astraluri<br />
RvTaebis monograma, aRniSnavs mis srulyofilebas da<br />
maradiulobas. igi uZvelesi mistikuri simboloa, romelic<br />
tradiciulad cas gamoxatavs. erTmaneTSi Casmuli ramdenime<br />
wre ki _ kosmoss. 42<br />
CvenTvis saintereso masalas vxvdebiT aseve `zemyrelos~<br />
teqstSic. 43 masSi naxsenebi p uri, qeri da Txovna<br />
uzenaesisadmi nayofierebis RvTaebasTan kavSirs amJRavnebs.<br />
aq naxsenebi sityva Tovli da mze kvlav Segvaxsenebs<br />
zamTris dasasrulsa da bunebis gamococxlebas.<br />
sarTulebiani ferxulebis kosmogoniur simbolikaze<br />
saubrisas minda, yuradReba SevaCero aseve ferxul `zemyrelos~<br />
saxelwodebazec. vvaraudobT, rom qve- da ze- myrelo mxolod<br />
zemodan qvemoT Camoyris mniSvnelobiT ar aris naxmari, rogorc<br />
es zogierTi ferxulis Sesrulebis aRweridan ikiTxeba.<br />
enaTmecnierTa ganmartebiT, 44 termini zemyrelo niSnavs _<br />
zemoT da qvemoT Seyril da xelgayril (xelgadaxveul)<br />
SemsrulebelTa arsebobas saferxulo cekvaSi.<br />
yuradRebas iqcevs qarTvelTa warmodgenebi garesamyaros<br />
Sesaxeb. sivrce rogorc vertikalur, ise horizontalur<br />
WrilSi ramdenime erTeulad iyofa da ZiriTadad gamijnavs<br />
kacTa, RvTaebaTa da sulTa sauflos. msgavsi warmodgenebi<br />
Senaxulia dapirispirebaSi `ze~ da `qve~, romelic ciurisa<br />
da miwieris dapirispirebas gulisxmobs. qarTvelTa<br />
warmodgenebSi samyaros vertikalur RerZze arsebuli<br />
`zeskneli~, anu, cis samyaro, RvTaebaTa sabrZanisia. rogorc<br />
i. surgulaZe ganmartavs: `qve mis sapirispiro mniSvnelobas<br />
atarebs. rogorc kosmosis nawili, igi dabla samyaros unda<br />
udrides, romlis Tayvaniscema miwis, nayofierebis kultis<br />
saxiT damowmebulia qarTvelTa ritualur praqtikaSi. 45<br />
q a r T v e l T a k o s m o g o n i u r i T v a l T a x e d v i T T u<br />
v i m s j e l e b T , s a x e l w o d e b a ` z e m y r e l o ~ k o s m i u r<br />
simbolikas ukavSirdeba. yovelive es gvafiqrebinebs,<br />
rom ferxulis zeda - qveda sarTulebi casa da<br />
dedamiwas unda asaxavdes.<br />
aqve aRvniSnav, rom d. janeliZes ferxuli `samyrelo~<br />
ritualurad miaCnia. misive cnobiT, mesxeTSi, sof. udes<br />
`berobanaSi~ bolo dromde asrulebdnen samsarTula<br />
`samyrelos~.<br />
g. cocaniZis mier mowodebuli cnobiT `qorbeRelas~ simReris<br />
teqstSi vxvdebiT Semdeg frazebs: `...xe alvad amosuliyo~,<br />
`zeda mosxmiyo yurZeni~..., aseve `ymaTaR umate giorgi,<br />
cxvarsaR umate, giorgi, pursaR umate, giorgi...~ 46 da sxv.<br />
`qorbeRelas~ teqstis msgavs variants gvawodebs profesori<br />
vera bardaveliZe. 47 misi gamokvleviT, saweso saferxulo<br />
simReraTa variantebSi aRbeWdilia mosavlianobisa da<br />
gamravlebis mfarveli saTemo RvTaebebis e. w. RvTisSvilebisadmi<br />
mimarTva.<br />
g. cocaniZe `qorbeRelas~ sxva variantis arsebobazec<br />
miuTiTebs, sadac finali gansxvavebulia: `Sulta xatis yoreze<br />
ludian tiks dadebs. `qorbeRelas~ daSlisTanave yvela<br />
monawile am tiks miaSurebs. vinc moaswrebs da am tiks<br />
moitacebs, igi misia, is asmevs meqorbeRelaveebs gamarjvebisas~. 48<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom ferxulis finalSi ludiani tikis mopoveba<br />
erTgvarad simboluria. ludi figurirebs g. cocaniZis mier<br />
mopovebul `qorbeRelas~ sxva teqstSic: `pursaR umate, giorgi,<br />
Tu gindan kodni samsveni~. ludis arseboba dasturdeba aseve<br />
moxeuri `abarbares~ teqstSi da kompoziciaSic. ferxulis<br />
wreSi erTi Semsrulebeli dgas da ludiT umaspinZldeba. 49<br />
ludi qarTvel mTielTa yofaSi sakulto sasmeli<br />
iyo da misi religiur ritualSi arsebobac gasakviri<br />
araa. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielebisTvis igi,<br />
rogorc sakulto sasmeli, religiur cxovrebaSi<br />
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda.<br />
amrigad, Cven mier mopovebul masalebSi TvalnaTliv<br />
ikveTeba kosmogoniuri simbolizmisa da nayofierebis<br />
k ul t i s k v al i . v v a raudob T , r o m T a vd a p ir v e la d<br />
232 233
eka geliaSvili<br />
`sarTulebiani~ ferxulebis simbolika<br />
sarTulebiani ferxulebi saqarTveloSi miZRvnili iyo<br />
as tral uri sim bol ikiT Se mkul i, miwis, rogorc<br />
nayofierebis dedaRvTaebis, mzisadmi pativsacemad. Cven<br />
a r u a r v y o f T d R e m d e m o R w e u l i s a r T u l e b i a n i<br />
ferxulebis teqstebSi sabrZolo xasiaTis arsebobas,<br />
magram vfiqrobT, rom es ufro gviani periodis Sesuli<br />
unda iyos, rodesac kultma mniSvneloba da Sesabamisad,<br />
ferxulmac ritualuri datvirTva dakarga.<br />
gansaxilvel ferxulTa wriuli, sarTulebiani forma cixekoSks<br />
mogvagonebs. koSki qarTvelTa yofaSi sakmaod<br />
gavrcelebuli struqturuli nagebobaa da misi, rogorc<br />
sakulto nagebobis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb, araerTi cnobaa daculi<br />
materialur-kulturul ZeglebSi. misi simboluri datvirTva<br />
Cveni winaprebis winaqristianul rwmena-warmodgenebSi unda<br />
veZioT.<br />
koSki naxsenebia cnobil amiranis eposSi, sadac yamaris<br />
ukaro, caze dakidebul koSkzea saubari. koSki aseve xSirad<br />
gvxvdeba qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi, sadac mzeTunaxavi<br />
lamazmanebi arian gamomwyvdeulni. cixe-koSkma suleTze<br />
arsebul fSav-xevsurTa warmodgenebSic pova gamoxatuleba.<br />
xalxis rwmeniT, suleTSi arsebul cixemde miRweuli sulebi<br />
yoveldRe asrulebdnen mis garSemo cekvas. 50 saintereso masalaa<br />
daculi legendaSi kopalas salocavis daarsebis Sesaxeb, 51<br />
saidanac irkveva, rom axalgazrda qal-vaJs karatis wverze<br />
cidan daSvebuli Tasi da vercxlis jaWvi SeuniSnavT, romelic<br />
imave adgilas miwaSi CauflavT da zed patara koSki, liqoqkSi<br />
ki samlocvelo auSenebiaT. amdenad, koSki zeciur<br />
samyarosTan pirdapir kavSirSia. is simboloa RvTiuri<br />
nivTebis sadgomisa da am SemTxvevaSi mas aranairad<br />
sabrZolo daniSnuleba ar gaaCnia.<br />
amave mniSvnelobiT ganixilavs i. surgulaZe koSks,<br />
romelic xisa da am uZvelesi nagebobis simbolikis<br />
kosmogoniur bunebaze miuTiTebs. 52<br />
v. iToniSvili koSkis Sesaxeb wers: `moxeveebi sacxovreblad,<br />
maragis Sesanaxad, saqonlis sadgomad da Tavis dasacavad<br />
iyenebdnen koSkuri moyvanilobis mravalsarTulian saxlebsac.<br />
cixe-saxlebi xevis yvela sofelSi mdgara~. 53 erT-erTi aseTi<br />
koSkis banze, oTxive kuTxeSi, xelovnurad gamoTlil mrgval<br />
qvebze jixvis rqebi yofila dawyobili.<br />
yuradReba mivaqcioT sityvebs, koSkuri moyvanilobis<br />
mravalsarTuliani saxli, aseve mrgvali qva (mrgvali _<br />
astraluri simbolo) da masze jixvis rqebi _ nayofierebis<br />
simbolo. dameTanxmebiT, aseTi simbolikiT morTuli koSki<br />
sakulto nagebobis iers iRebs da udides msgavsebas<br />
avlens Cvens sakvlev obieqtTan.<br />
mecnieri g. Citaia miuTiTebs, rom koSki damaxasiTebelia<br />
svanuri saxlisTvis, romelsac svanurad qor ewodeba. 54 svanuri<br />
qor ori sarTulisagan Sedgeba. avtori iqve aRniSnavs, rom<br />
misi Seswavlisas aucilebelia, yuradReba mieqces mis ara<br />
mx olod yof iT d a s abrZolo, a r a m e d r e l i g i u r<br />
daniSnulebasac. amdenad, g. Citaia miuTiTebs qoris sakulto<br />
daniSnulebaze.<br />
albaT, arc is aris SemTxveviTi, rom svanurad saxls qor<br />
ewodeba da TuSeTSi arsebul orsarTulian ferxuls ki _<br />
`qor-beRela~, anu, orsarTuliani saxli an koSki beRliT.<br />
cnobilia, rom qarTvel mTielTa salocavebSi droSa mTavar<br />
sakulto SenobaSi `beRelSi~ iyo dasvenebuli. arsebobda<br />
specialuri nageboba, `droSaT sabrZani koSki~, 55 sadac<br />
droSas amagrebdnen dResaswaulebisas. aRniSnul cnobaSic<br />
koSki wminda nivTebis, kerZod ki, droSis droebiT sadgomad<br />
gvevlineba. rac Seexeba mis mudmiv samyofels, is beRelia.<br />
qorbeRela ori sityvisagan Semdgari kompozitia, ganmartavs<br />
i. abulaZe. qori Zvel qarTulSi zeda saxls, zeda sarTuls<br />
niSnavs, xolo qoredi qorians, zeda sarTulians. 56 beReli _<br />
siuxvis simboloa, qorbeRela ki saxlis siuxvis, saqonlis<br />
gamravlebis da mosavlianobis simbolo.<br />
`qorbeRela~ rom ritualuri ferxulia da mas<br />
nayofierebis kultTan kavSiri aqvs, TiTqmis yvela<br />
mkvlevari erTxmad aRiarebs. is, rogorc saweso<br />
ferxuli, mkacrad daculi ritualobiT vlindeba da<br />
masSi ufro sruladaa Semonaxuli sakulto msaxurebis<br />
kvali, rasac ver vityviT struqturulad analogiur<br />
ferxulebze. magram faqtia, rom msgavsi formis sxva<br />
ferxulebic Tavisi astraluri simbolizmiT, pirdapir<br />
234 235
eka geliaSvili<br />
`sarTulebiani~ ferxulebis simbolika<br />
ukavSirdebian nayofierebis sawyiss – mzes, rac mtkicdeba maT<br />
struqturul formaSi, saxelwodebaSi da teqstobriv masalaSi<br />
SemorCenili niSnebiT:<br />
1). moxeuri ferxulis `abarbares~ saxelwodeba pirdapir<br />
miuTiTebs mosavlianobis mfarvel mze-qal barbaresTan kavSiris<br />
Sesaxeb. ferxulis qveteqstidan ikiTxeba, rom RvTaeba barbares<br />
baraqisa da nayofis sakeTildReod wvimis mosvlas SesTxovdnen.<br />
2). TuSuri `qorbeRela~ xatSi sruldeboda da misi<br />
Sesrulebisas TuSi Tavis momavals ikvlevda. misi ritualoba<br />
sasimRero teqstidanac irkveva. rac Seexeba mis saxelwodebas,<br />
`qorbeRela~ saxlis siuxvis, saqonlis gamravlebis da<br />
mosavlianobis simboloa.<br />
3). mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia TuSur da moxeur ferxulebSi<br />
ludis, rogorc sakulto sasmelis, arsebobis faqtic.<br />
4). svanuri sarTulebiani ferxuli `mirminqela~ _ svifze,<br />
wminda cacxvTan sruldeboda. xe ki rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,<br />
sicocxlis simboloa. amis garda, is kvirias sadidebeli<br />
ritualis nawilic iyo. aseve vfiqrobT, rom leonid kitaevsmikis<br />
svanuri ferxulis Sesaxeb mier mowodebul cnobaSi<br />
kosmogoniur ierarqiazea saubari.<br />
5). is faqti, rom mesxeTSi, nayofierebis ritualSi,<br />
berikaobaSi, abamen samsarTula `samyrelos~, kidev erTxel<br />
miuTiTebs am ferxulebis nayofierebis kultTan kavSirze.<br />
6). profesori lili gvaramaZis ganmartebiT, ferxulis<br />
`madli maxarobelis~ teqstSi gazafxulisa da zamTris brZola<br />
aisaxeboda.<br />
7). aRsaniSnavia aseve, rom ferxuli `zemyreloc~<br />
nayofierebisa da ciuri RvTaebisadmia miZRvnili, rac<br />
dasturdeba rogorc terminiT, aseve sasimRero teqstiT. masSi<br />
naxsenebi puri, qeri, mze, Tovli amis magaliTia. es ukanaskneli<br />
paralels poulobs muryvamis svanur koSkTan, romelic<br />
nayofierebis RvTaeba kviriasadmi iyo miZRvnili. qarTvelTa<br />
kosmogoniuri TvalTaxedviT Tu vimsjelebT, saxelwodeba<br />
`zemyrelo~ kosmiur simbolikas ukavSirdeba. SesaZloa,<br />
ferxulis zeda - qveda sarTulebi casa da dedamiwas asaxavdes.<br />
erTiani simbolos sxvadasxva variantiT gaazrebas, rac am<br />
formis ferxulTa sxvadasxvagvar Sinaarsobriv datvirTvas<br />
gulisxmobs, Semdegnairad avxsniT: rogorc Cans, aq saqme gvaqvs<br />
simbolos, rogorc erTiani niSnis, im TvisebasTan, rasac Sinaarsis<br />
gamqrqaleba, gauferuleba ewodeba. savaraudod, simbolos<br />
Tavdapirvelma Sinaarsma Tavisi aqtualoba dakarga da TandaTan<br />
mas sxva, kerZod sabrZolo Sinaarsi, sabolood ki garToba-<br />
TamaSobis saxeRa SemorCa. forma ki rogorc mogexsenebaT<br />
ucvleli darCa, rac uciloblad ase iqneboda simbolos<br />
Tvisebidan gamomdinare.<br />
iarusebiani ferxulebis struqturuli forma ara sabrZolo<br />
aramed, sakulto daniSnulebis koSkis simboloa (ris gamoc<br />
zogierTi mkvlevari SecdomaSi Sedis). qarTuli legendebidan<br />
da miTosidan irkveva, rom koSki zeciur samyarosTan pirdapir<br />
kavSirSia. amdenad, aRniSnul formaSi misi astraluri<br />
simbolizmi ikveTeba.<br />
sarTulebis principiT agebuli wriuli ferxulis sivrciTi<br />
ganfeniloba (vertikaluri da horizontaluri forma),<br />
msgavsebas poulobs qarTvelTa kosmogoniur msoflmxedvelobasTan.<br />
savaraudod, ferxulis zeda - qveda sarTulebi casa da<br />
dedamiwas unda asaxavdes. igive SeiZleba iTqvas samsarTuliani<br />
kompoziciis SemTxvevaSic: zeskneli, skneli da qveskneli.<br />
Cveni varaudiT, sarTulebiani ferxuli samyaros modelia,<br />
qarTvelTa mier samyaros aRqmis Taviseburi modeli. igi<br />
imavdroulad ze da qve samyaroTa Soris, sakomunikacio,<br />
damakavSirebel funqciasac asrulebda, rogoradac<br />
moiazreba qarTul miTosSi wminda xe, dedaboZi da sxv. is<br />
RvTaebaTa savali kibea da SesaZloa maTi miwieri<br />
s a d g u r i s s i m b o l o c . R v T a e b a k i a s t r a l u r i<br />
simbolizaciiT Semkuli miwis, sawyisis deda - mze –<br />
aris.<br />
236 237
eka geliaSvili<br />
sarTulebiani ferxulis struqturuli forma<br />
samyaros modelia<br />
ca, mze,<br />
maradiuli<br />
RvTis<br />
monograma<br />
s a m y a r o<br />
RvTaebaTa savali<br />
k i b e<br />
sakomunikacio saSualeba<br />
zeskneli (iq)<br />
skneli (aq)<br />
qveskneli<br />
dasasruls davZenT, rom sarTulebiani ferxulis<br />
s i m b o l u r i f o r m i s a m g v a r i g a a z r e b a , r a c m i s<br />
samyaroseul modelad aRqmas gulisxmobs, pirvelia<br />
d a m s g a v s i d e k o d i r e b a q a r T u l i q o r e o g r a f i i s<br />
mkvlevarTa arcerT naSromSi ar aris.<br />
1. l. gvaramaZe, qarTuli sacekvao folklori, meore gamocema, Tb., 1997.<br />
gv. 24.<br />
`sarTulebiani~ ferxulebis simbolika<br />
2. qs. sixaruliZe, el. virsalaZe, T. oqroSiZe, quTaisisa da tyibulis<br />
raionebSi 1951 wlis samecniero-folkloruli eqspediciis angariSi,<br />
literaturuli <strong>Ziebani</strong>, t. VIII, Tb., 1953. gv. 398.<br />
3. d. janeliZe, saxioba, werilebis krebuli, wigni IV. Tb., 1990. gv. 118-<br />
119.<br />
4. l. gvaramaZe, qarTuli sacekvao folklori, meore gamocema, Tb., 1997.<br />
gv. 22.<br />
5. eufyjd V. Jctnbycrbt yfhjlyst nfyws. Cnfkbybhb. 1957. gv. 8-10<br />
6. ckfybidbkb I. Yfhjlyfz nfyctdfkmyfz vepsrf d c, . `Uhepbycrfz vepsrfkmyfz<br />
reknehf~. V. 1957. gv. 7<br />
7. v. bardaveliZe, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qarTveli mTielebis<br />
sasuliero teqstebi: masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, nakv. I.<br />
tf., 1938. gv. 7<br />
8. d. janeliZe, saxioba, werilebis krebuli, wigni IV. Tb., 1990. gv. 8<br />
9. ix.: TaTaraZe av. qarTuli xalxuri cekvebis mokle mimoxilva, Tb.,<br />
1974; qarTuli xalxuri qoreografiis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1999;<br />
qarTul cekvaTa ganmartebani, Tb., 1986.<br />
10. ix.: l. gvaramaZe, qarTuli sacekvao folklori, meore gamocema, Tb.,<br />
1997.<br />
11. ix.: r. erisTavi, folklorul eTnografiuli werilebi, gamosacemad<br />
moamzada, winasityvaoba, SeniSvnebi da komentarebi daurTo T.<br />
jogodniSvilma, Tb., 1986.<br />
12. ix.: g. svaniZe, qarTuli xalxuri simRerebi da Tqmulebebi, Tb., 1957.<br />
13. ix.: b. niJaraZe (Tavisufali svani), istoriul-eTnografiuli werilebi,<br />
I. Tb., 1962.<br />
14. ix.: p. umikaSvili, xalxuri sityviereba, naw. I, Tb., 1937.<br />
15. ix.: T. mamalaZe, svanuri saweso simRerebis struqtura. masalebi<br />
saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XVI-XVII, Tb., 1972.<br />
16. ix.: i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli enis moxeuri dialeqti, Tb., 1985.<br />
17. ix.: ap. wulaZe, eTnografiuli guria, Tb., 1997.<br />
18. ix.: s. makalaTia, TuSeTi, Tb., 1983.<br />
19. ix.: g. cocaniZe, giorgobidan giorgobamde (eTnografiuli eqskursebi<br />
TuSeTis axlo warsulSi), Tb., 1987; ferxulebi da saferxulo<br />
simRerebis teqstebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, Tbilisis<br />
kulturis saxelmwifo institutis Sromebi, t. I.<br />
20. ix.: n. maisuraZe, qarTuli xalxuri musika da misi istoriul<br />
eTnografiuli aspeqtebi, Tb., 1989.<br />
21. ix.: g. cocaniZe, ferxulebi da saferxulo simRerebis teqstebi<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, Tbilisis kulturis saxelmwifo<br />
institutis Sromebi, t. I.<br />
238 239
eka geliaSvili<br />
22. v. bardaveliZe, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qarTveli mTielebis<br />
sasuliero teqstebi: masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, nakv. I.<br />
tf., 1938. gv. 9.<br />
23. i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli enis moxeuri dialeqti, Tb., 1985. gv. 202.<br />
24. ix.: ap. wulaZe, eTnografiuli guria, Tb., 1997.<br />
25. ix.: g. cocaniZe, giorgobidan giorgobamde (eTnografiuli eqskursebi<br />
TuSeTis axlo warsulSi), Tb., 1987.<br />
26. av. TaTaraZe, qarTul cekvaTa ganmartebani, Tb., 1986. gv. 12.<br />
27. v. bardaveliZe, sicocxlisa da siuxvis xe qarTvelTa sarwmunoebaSi,<br />
saqarTvelos eTnografiis sakiTxebi, XIV. Tb., 1968. gv. 47.<br />
28. l. gvaramaZe, qarTuli sacekvao folklori, meore gamocema, Tb.,<br />
1997. gv.24.<br />
29. iqve: gv. 26.<br />
30. q. kasraZe, triumfiT msoflios gzebze, Tb., 1971, gv. 14.<br />
31. ap. wulaZe, eTnografiuli guria, Tb., 1997. gv. 98.<br />
32. i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli enis moxeuri dialeqti, Tb., 1985. gv. 161.<br />
33. al. yazbegi, Txzulebani, t. V, Tb., 1950. gv. 47.<br />
34. i. gagulaSvili, qarTuli magiuri poezia, Tb., 1986. gv. 221<br />
35. ix.: iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, Tb., 1940.<br />
36. ix.: v. bardaveliZe, qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan,<br />
Tb., 19<strong>41</strong>.<br />
37. giorgi Citaia, IV sauniversiteto leqciebis kursi eTnografiaSi,<br />
gamosacemad moamzades z. wereTelma da T. cagareiSvilma, Tb., 2001. gv.<br />
224.<br />
38. v. axobaZe, qarTuli (svanuri) xalxuri simRerebis krebuli, Tb.,<br />
1957. gv. 11.<br />
39. el. virsalaZe, zemo svaneTSi folkloruli mivlinebis mokle<br />
angariSi, literaturuli <strong>Ziebani</strong>, VIII, Tb., 1953. gv. 386-387.<br />
40. l. gvaramaZe, qarTuli sacekvao folklori, meore gamocema, Tb.,<br />
1997. gv. 22.<br />
<strong>41</strong>. А Китаев-Смык, Мусульманский “зикр”, христианский “богослужебный<br />
круг” и солярные хороводы. www.kitaev-smyk.ru<br />
42. Энциклопедия «Символы, знаки, эмблемы», www.slovari.yandex.ru<br />
43. g. svaniZe, qarTuli xalxuri simRerebi da Tqmulebebi, Tb., 1957. gv.<br />
24.<br />
44. b. cxadaZe, zemyrelo, xelnaweri<br />
45. i. surgulaZe, qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika, Tb., 1993.<br />
gv. 202.<br />
`sarTulebiani~ ferxulebis simbolika<br />
46. g. cocaniZe, ferxulebi da saferxulo simRerebis teqstebi<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, Tbilisis kulturis saxelmwifo<br />
institutis Sromebi, t. I. gv. 224-234.<br />
47. v. bardaveliZe, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qarTveli mTielebis<br />
sasuliero teqstebi: masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, nakv. I.<br />
tf., 1938. gv. 40-47.<br />
48. g. cocaniZe, ferxulebi da saferxulo simRerebis teqstebi<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, Tbilisis kulturis saxelmwifo<br />
institutis Sromebi, t. I. gv. 224.234.<br />
49. i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli enis moxeuri dialeqti, Tb., 1985. gv. 161.<br />
50. g. kopaleiSvili, `samzeo da suleTi~ fSav-xevsurTa warmodgenebis<br />
mixedviT. masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, t. XXIII. Tb., 1987.<br />
gv. 161.<br />
51. T. oCiauri, miTologiuri gadmocemebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
mTianeTSi, Tb., 1957. gv. 160.<br />
52. i. surgulaZe, qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika, Tb., 1993.<br />
gv. 183-192.<br />
53. v. iToniSvili, `xevi Zvelad da axla~, Tb., 1967. gv. <strong>41</strong>.<br />
54. giorgi Citaia, IV sauniversiteto leqciebis kursi eTnografiaSi,<br />
gamosacemad moamzades z. wereTelma da T. cagareiSvilma, Tb., 2001. gv.<br />
170.<br />
55. T. oCiauri, miTologiuri gadmocemebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
mTianeTSi, Tb., 1957. gv. 129.<br />
56. ix.: iqve.<br />
.<br />
240 2<strong>41</strong>
Tamar munjiSvili<br />
magistraturis II kursi<br />
Temis xelmZRvaneli - oleg alaviZe<br />
qoreografiaSi sabavSvo repertuaris<br />
sakiTxisaTvis<br />
qarTul sacekvao folklors uaRresad didi istoriuli<br />
warsuli aqvs. amis dasturia Cvenamde moRweuli mravali<br />
nimuSi, romelmac saukuneebs gauZlo. es ki Taobidan Taobaze<br />
gadacemis xarjze moxda. xSirad ismis kiTxva – viTardeba<br />
Tu ara qarTuli qoreografia? am kiTxvaze SeiZleba gaices<br />
dadebiTi pasuxi. miTumetes dRes, roca qarTuli cekvebis<br />
Seswavlis msurvelTa raodenoba sul ufro da ufro izrdeba,<br />
roca arasodes CvenSi ar umuSavia amden sabavSvo koleqtivs.<br />
magram, miuxedavad koleqtivTa simravlisa, xSirad isini<br />
arsebiTad arafriT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. Camoyalibda<br />
erTgvari saerTo, yvelgan da yvelasaTvis misaRebi repertuari,<br />
romelic sruldeba TiTqmis yvela sakoncerto gamosvlaSi.<br />
Seiqmna calkeuli cekvebi, romelTa Sesrulebac `sakmarisi~<br />
aRmoCnda TiTqmis yvela sabavSvo koleqtivisaTvis, raTa<br />
gamovidnen sxvadasxva koncertebze, monawileoba miiRon<br />
ucxoeTSi gamarTul festivalebSi. xSirad swored es<br />
garemoebebi xdeba mizezi bavSvis cekvis Semswavlel wreze<br />
miyvanisa. mSobeli miznad isaxavs, rom misi Svili rac SeiZleba<br />
xSirad ixilos scenaze da imogzauros sazRvargareT. aq ki<br />
Tavs iCens axali problema: aris Tu ara bavSvi mzad scenaze<br />
gasasvlelad da asrulebs Tu ara igi misi asakisaTvis Sesaferis,<br />
anu sabavSvo repertuars. es metad problematuri sakiTxia,<br />
romlis gadaWrac mraval aspeqtzea damokidebuli. pirvel<br />
rigSi ki pedagogiur kadrebze. dRes qoreografobs yvela,<br />
visac odesme ucekvia da axsovs Tu rogor sruldeba esa Tu<br />
is ileTi, rogori saxe aqvs ama Tu im cekvas da a. S. bevri<br />
maTganisaTvis sruliad ucxoa iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa<br />
qoreografiuli azrovneba, individualizmi da, rac mTavaria,<br />
sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufTan muSaobis Taviseburebani. es ki<br />
metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, radgan saqme gvaqvs bavSvTan,<br />
mis fiziologiasTan da fsiqologiasTan. aq daSvebuli uxeSi<br />
Secdoma ki SeiZleba sabediswero aRmoCndes. swored amitom<br />
saWiroa sabavSvo qoreografiis specialistTa maRali<br />
kvalifikacia, Rrma codna ara marto Tavisi specialobiT,<br />
aramed bavSvis fsiqologiisa da fiziologiis mxolod am<br />
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba umtkivneulod miviRoT sasurveli Sedegi.<br />
qarTul folklorSi sabavSvo cekva-TamaSobani mravlad<br />
moi poveba. niWier da moazrovne qoreografs ki ar unda<br />
gauWirdes maTi sascenod damuSaveba da dRevandel moTxovnebTan<br />
morgeba.<br />
mokled ganvixiloT, Tu ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv qarTul<br />
saistorio yofasa da tradiciebSi. samwuxarod, bolomde araa<br />
Seswavlili, Tu ra tipis cekvebs iyenebdnen Zvelad momavali<br />
Taobis aRzrdisaTvis, maTi gawvrTnisaTvis. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
sxvadasxva periodSi qveynis realuri yofa, arsebuli problemebi.<br />
savaraudoa, rom Zvelad uTuod gamoyenebuli iqneboda sanadiro,<br />
sportuli da SromiTi, ritualuri cekvebi. eTnografebi imasac<br />
aRniSnaven, rom mraval sabavSvo TamaSSi Semonaxulia adamianis<br />
astraluri warmodgenebi, maTi gamocdileba, zne-Cveulebebi.<br />
qarTuli folkloris araerTi nimuSi adasturebs, rom CvenSi<br />
gavrcelebuli TamaSebi mozards amzadebdnen cxovrebisaTvis,<br />
awrTobda rogorc fizikurad, aseve sulierad, aZlevda<br />
samomavlod gamosayenebel codnas. 1<br />
profesori aleqsandre cabaZe aRwers erT-erT sabavSvo<br />
TamaSobas, sadac cekvis elementebic gvxdeba. es TamaSoba<br />
SromasTanaa dakavSirebuli: `bavSvebis gundi zis mdeloze.<br />
erTi maTgani leqsad svams kiTxvas da danarCenebi aseve leqsad<br />
pasuxoben, Sepasuxebis dros bavSvebi asruleben saTanado<br />
riTmul moZraobebs. leqsi sakmaod grZelia da masSi asaxulia<br />
mTeli suraTi simindis moyvanisa – daTesvidan dafqvamde da<br />
gamoxcobamde~. 2<br />
akaki wereTeli Tavisi bavSvobidan igonebs: `qarTvelebisodena<br />
sxvadasxva saTamaSo arc erT xalxs ara aqvs da yovelgvari<br />
saTamaSoc uTuod iseTia, romelic Wkua-gonebasa da sxeuls<br />
swvrTnis, avarjiSebs... davasaxeleb mxolod burTaobas. aba<br />
romeli `gimnastika~ Seedreba mas? burTaobis dros Tvali,<br />
fexi, xeli, Tavi, tani da yvelaferi Tanasworad eCveva simardes~. 3<br />
242 243
Tamar munjiSvili<br />
qoreografiaSi sabavSvo repertuaris sakiTxisaTvis<br />
cnobilia is faqtic, rom mozardebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen<br />
iseT Teatralizebul sanaxaobebSi, rogoricaa: `berikaoba~,<br />
`gonjaoba~, `cxenaoba~, `lazaroba~, `aqlemkacoba~ da sxva.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe Tavis erT-erT werilSi `pedagogikis<br />
safuZvlebi~ wers: `tanis da agebulebis varjiSobas didi<br />
adgili uWiravs: burTaoba, kenWoba, cxenzed jdoma, curva,<br />
Widaoba – yovelive es saWirod unda iqnes danaxuli~. 4<br />
qoreografiis mkvlevarTa mier (d. janeliZe, a. TaTaraZe,<br />
l. gvaramaZe) gamoiTqva azri, rom axalgazrdebis esTetikuri<br />
ganviTarebis mizniT tradiciuli cekva- TamaSobani<br />
diferencirebuli saxiT unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli. jer<br />
kidev sulxan-saba orbeliani ambobda, rom WabukTaTvis<br />
gankuTvnil cekva-moZraobebs `fundruki~ erqva, xolo<br />
qalebisaTvis gankuTvnils, SedarebiT Serbilebul moZraobebs<br />
– `xuntruci~. misive ganmartebebSi vxdebiT iseT terminebs,<br />
rogoricaa: `basti~, `buqna~, `koWa~, sakuTriv `cekva~, anu fexis<br />
cerebze dgoma da sxv.<br />
vaJebis aRzrdisaTvis gamoiyeneboda sawvrTnel-savarjiSo,<br />
sportTan dakavSirebuli TamaSobani: `CoganburTi~, anu<br />
`cxenburTi~, `isindi~, `yabaxoba~, `mkerdaoba~, `marula~, agreTve<br />
`lelo~, `Widaoba~, `laxtis cema~ da sxv. 5<br />
xelovnebis rolze bavSvis aRzrdaSi saubrobs iakob<br />
gogebaSvili: `xalxis ganviTareba da gaZliereba yovlad<br />
SeuZlebelia erovnuli princi pebis gareSe. istoriaSi ver<br />
moZebniT erT magaliTs, rom ers eRalatnos Tavisi erovnebisaTvis,<br />
erovnuli kulturisaTvis da ar gaxrwniliyos, ar<br />
aRmofxvriliyos. Cvenda samwuxarod, qarTvelebs naklebad esmiT<br />
erovnuli principebis mniSvneloba da xSirad Ralatobs mas<br />
da amiT imzadebs Savbnel momavals. am ZiriTad sakiTxs Cven<br />
bevr werilSi vmarTavT da mkiTxvels Tvalwin vudgenT im<br />
sasikvdilo Sedegs, romelic mohyveba erovnuli principebis<br />
Ralats~. 6 am werilidan naTlad Cans, Tu ra mniSvnelobas<br />
aniWebda iakob gogebaSvili tradiciuli qarTuli kulturis,<br />
folkloris Seswavlas.<br />
aRsaniSnavia cnobili qarTveli eTnografis grigol naTaZis<br />
damsaxureba qarTuli tradiciuli TamaSobebis Senaxvis saqmeSi.<br />
man imogzaura mTel saqarTveloSi, Caiwera mravali sabavSvo<br />
TamaSoba da es masalebi SemdgomSi wignadac gamosca. ase rom,<br />
qarTul folklorSi arsebuli sabavSvo TamaSebis nimuSebi<br />
namdvilad iZleva imis realur SesaZleblobas, rom Seiqmnas<br />
da damuSavdes sabavSvo cekvebi. niWieri Semoqmedis mier Seqmnili<br />
amgvari sacekvao nomrebi ki, darwmunebuli var, Tavis sapatio<br />
adgils daimkvidrebs bavSvTa koleqtivebis repertuarSi.<br />
adamianis saerTo ganviTareba, rogorc viciT, mis fizikur<br />
srulyofasac gulisxmobs. swored amitomaa Semonaxuli Zvelad<br />
arsebuli amgvari TamaSobani, romlebic uSualod fizikur<br />
srulyofas emsaxureboda. magram fizikuri srulyofa iSviaTad<br />
gvxvdeba sulier da zneobriv srulyofasTan ganuyrelad.<br />
amitom, cekva SeiZleba ganvixiloT, ara marto rogorc fizikuri<br />
wvrTnisa da jansaRi sxeulis aucilebeli piroba, aramed<br />
sulieri, esTetikuri da zneobrivi srulyofis erT-erTi<br />
aucilebeli komponenti.<br />
xelovnebis yvela dargs gaaCnia repertuari, romelic<br />
uSualod bavSvebisTvisaa gankuTvnili. magaliTad, bavSvi TeatrSi<br />
TamaSobs wiTelqudas, kombles da ara otelos da hamlets,<br />
bavSvi mReris sabavSvo simRerebs da ara ufrosebisaTvis<br />
gankuTvnil romansebs, bavSvi ukravs sabavSvo nawarmoebebs,<br />
kiTxulobs sabavSvo literaturas da a. S. ra Tqma unda, aris<br />
gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi, roca es piroba ar sruldeba. swored<br />
misi Seusrulebloba iwvevs sanaxaobis araesTetikurobas da<br />
gaumarTleblobas. yvela dargSi bavSvisaTvis gankuTvnili<br />
repertuari gaTvlilia maT SesaZleblobaze, rogorc fizikurze,<br />
ise gonebrivzec.<br />
qoreografs, rogorc pedagogs, urTierToba uxdeba<br />
bavSvebTanac da mozardebTanac. qveda zRvari, roca bavSvi<br />
sacekvao anbanis gacnobas iwyebs, gadis sabavSvo baRis asakze,<br />
Tumca aseve xSiria cekvis Seswavla dawyebiTi skolis periodSi.<br />
es ki aris asaki, roca Zalian intensiurad izrdeba, yalibdeba<br />
da viTardeba fizikuradac da gonebrivadac, zneobrivadac da<br />
esTetikuradac. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia kidev erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
garemoeba – sxvadasxva biologiuri asakis bavSvi gansxvavebulad<br />
reagirebs saswavlo, SromiT da sportul datvirTvaze. CvenSi<br />
moqmed sabavSvo ansamblebSi wesad iqca e. w. saufroso<br />
repertuarebis Sesruleba TviT umcrosi saskolo asakis<br />
244 245
Tamar munjiSvili<br />
qoreografiaSi sabavSvo repertuaris sakiTxisaTvis<br />
moswavleTa mier. es ki metad sarisko da saxifaTo saqmea.<br />
bavSvis organizmi, misi ZvalkunTovani sistema ar aris mzad<br />
Seasrulos iseTi teqnikurad rTuli ileTebi, rogoricaa: brunebi,<br />
muxlileTebi, cerileTebi da a. S. am SemTxvevaSi xSirad Tavs<br />
iCens, rogorc fiziologiuri, aseve fsiqologiuri problemebic.<br />
qarTul qoreografiaSi ki amgvari rTuli cekva Zalian bevria.<br />
maTi Seswavlis procesSi bevri qoreografi cdilobs daSvebuli<br />
Tu dauSvebeli meTodebiT sasurvel Sedegs miaRwios. es ki<br />
swavlebis procesSi mraval problemas warmoSobs.<br />
magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT mTiuluri cekvebi, romlebic Sedis<br />
TiTqmis yvela sabavSvo koleqtivis repertuarSi. bavSvis<br />
organizmi mzad ar aris am cekvebis im saxiT SesrulebisaTvis,<br />
romelsac mas sTavazobs qoreografi. bavSvs uWirs amgvari<br />
datvirTvis atana, ufro metic, am mxriv SeiZleba warmoiSvas<br />
seriozuli problemebi Semdeg etapebzec. fiziologebi<br />
adastureben, rom xerxermlis da ZiriTadad, organizmis<br />
Camoyalibebis procesSi arasworma fizikurma datvirTvam<br />
SeiZleba sabediswero Sedegebamde migviyvanos. menjis Zvlebis<br />
Camoyalibeba 20-21 wlis asakSi mTavrdeba, amitom maTi<br />
deformacia Tavisuflad SeiZleba gamoiwvios adreul asakSi<br />
didi simaRlidan xtomam. aseve Zalian xSiria muxlis dazianebebi,<br />
rac gamowveulia bavSvobaSi moWarbebulad da arasworad<br />
muxlileTebis SesrulebiT.<br />
fiziologiuri aspeqti am problemis mxolod erTi mxarea.<br />
meore mxriv, aucileblad unda ganvixiloT esTetikuri da<br />
SemecnebiTi aspeqti. Zveli berZeni filosofosi platoni cekvas<br />
adamianis gonebrivi ganviTarebisa da fizikuri gakaJebis<br />
saukeTeso saSualebad miiCnevda. marTalia, cekvis formad<br />
sxeulis fizikuri moqmedeba gvevlineba, magram misi ZiriTadi<br />
mizani mainc ar emsaxureba adamianis fizikuri aRzrdis<br />
problemebs, radgan cekvaSi sxeulis fizikuri moqmedeba mainc,<br />
ZiriTadad sulieri gancdebisa da ganwyobilebis karnaxiTaa<br />
gamowveuli. qarTuli cekvebi ki imdenad gajerebulia swored<br />
am sulieri gancdebiTa da romantizmiT, rom SeuZlebelia mas<br />
Caswvdes da gaiziaros 5-7 wlis bavSvi. amitom, rogorc wesi,<br />
es gancdebi nakarnaxevi, an qoreografis mier sagangebodaa<br />
daswavlili, rac Zalian xelovnurad, arabunebrivad da xSir<br />
SemTxvevaSi sasacilod gamoiyureba. es ki mayurebels arasodes<br />
rCeba SeumCneveli.<br />
magaliTisaTvis aviRoT cekva `qarTuli~ – `siyvarulis<br />
poema~ – ase uwodeben am cekvas. aq mimikiT, plastikiT, udidesi<br />
TavSekavebiT, Sinagani grZnobebiT gadmoicema qalisa da vaJis<br />
usazRvro ltolva da siyvaruli. damerwmunebiT, am yvelafris<br />
gadmocema mozardisaTvis sakmaod rTulia, amitom qoreografebi<br />
mimarTaven daswavlis meTods, magram bevr maTgans aviwydeba,<br />
rom moZraobebis daswavla met-naklebad SesaZlebelia, xolo<br />
rac Seexeba cekvis xasiaTs, is imdenad gaugebari da ucxoa<br />
bavSvisTvis, rom igi ver axerxebs amxela Sinagani grZnobisa<br />
da gancdis gaziarebas da xelovnurad axdens maT gadmocemas.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi ki es grZnobebi yalbia da ar Seesabameba<br />
bavSvis asaks. amitom amgvari cekvebi ara marto fizikurad<br />
rTuli Sesasrulebelia, aramed Sinaganadac. sabavSvo<br />
repertuari bavSvisTvis advilad gadmosacemi da mis<br />
SesrulebasTan SesabamisobaSi myofi unda iyos. marTebulad<br />
mimaCnia, Seiqmnas axali sacekvao nomrebi, romlebsac safuZvlad<br />
daedeba sabavSvo Tematika. es SeiZleba iyos qarTuli xalxuri<br />
zRaprebi, qarTuli tradiciuli sabavSvo TamaSobani, romlebic<br />
sascenod damuSavdeba da miiRebs srulyofil saxes.<br />
minda ganvixilo am problemis kidev erTi fsiqologiuri<br />
aspeqti. imis gamo, rom pedagogis mier SeTavazebuli esa Tu<br />
is ileTi konkretuli asakis bavSvebisTvis Znelad<br />
Sesasrulebelia, Tavs iCens gadaWarbebuli simkacre, rac xSir<br />
SemTxvevaSi gamoixateba iZulebiT, ZalmomreobiT Seswavlis<br />
meTodSi. es ki bavSvis pirovnuli ganviTarebisaTvis metad<br />
saSiSi tendenciaa. am meTodiT muSaoba dadebiT Zvrebs da<br />
sasurvel Sedegs ar mogvcems. iZulebisa da diqtatis pirobebSi<br />
aRzrdili adamianis ganviTarebis gza umTavresad arasworad<br />
miemarTeba da Tavs iCens misi cxovrebis sxvadasxva monakveTze,<br />
rom araferi vTqvaT bavSvis uflebebis xSir darRvevaze. aq<br />
ki aucilebelia mSoblis rolis gaaqtiureba. msgavs SemTxvevaSi<br />
mSoblis pasiuroba pedagogis agresiuli qcevis erTgvari<br />
waxalisebaa. aseTi midgomiT gamowveuli araerTi savalalo<br />
Sedegia cnobili, rac aucileblad imsaxurebs saTanado<br />
yuradRebas. sayuradReboa isic, rom gardatexis asakSi myofi<br />
246 247
Tamar munjiSvili<br />
bavSvi gamZafrebulad ganicdis mis irgvliv momxdar movlenebs,<br />
rac emociurad usiamovno reaqciebSi gadadis. gamocdili<br />
pedagogi aseT movlenebs uceb SeniSnavs da datvirTvebis<br />
dozirebas bavSvis rTuli asakis gaTvaliswinebiT Seecdeba.<br />
gamoucdeli ki daaskvnis, saqme gvaqvs sizarmacesTan da Seecdeba,<br />
garkveuli sadamsjelo sanqciebis gatarebiT, mdgomareobis<br />
Semobrunebas. aseTi moqmedeba ki ara marto pedagogiurad<br />
gaumarTlebelia, aramed saSiSi da saxifaToa. swored am dros,<br />
bavSvs emarTeba cekvis Seswavlis procesisadmi erTgvari<br />
ukureaqcia. is Tavisi surviliTaa misuli wreze. cota xanSi<br />
ki pedagogis msgavsi qmedebebis gamo, bavSvSi Tavs iCens<br />
fsiqologiuri problemebi da mas cekvis Seswavlis survili<br />
saerTod uqreba.<br />
bolo dros, qarTul qoreografiaSi damkvidrebulma<br />
Tanamedrove tendenciebma sabavSvo qoreografiaSic SeaRwia.<br />
saxelovani ansamblebi yovelTvis tonis mimcemad iTvlebodnen.<br />
swored amitom gaxda esoden popularuli `suxiSvilebis~<br />
ansamblis mier dadgmuli axleburi sacekvao nomrebi. isini<br />
sruldeba sakoncerto gamosvlebze, gadmoicema televiziiT,<br />
Sedegmac ar daayovna, msgavsi sacekvao nomrebi gaCnda bevri<br />
sabavSvo koleqtivis repertuarSi, ufro metic, zogi koleqtivis<br />
mier mTlianad iqna ugulebelyofili tradiciuli<br />
qoreografiuli repertuarebi. es ki erTgvar saSiS tendenciad<br />
iqca.<br />
saSemsruleblo<br />
xelovneba<br />
dramis fakulteti<br />
1.rezo WaniSvili, fiqrebi qarTul qoreografiaze, Tbilisi, 1997.gv.75<br />
2. aleqsandre cabaZe, mxedrobasa Sina kadnierni, Tbilisi, 1980. gv. 209<br />
3. akaki wereTeli, Txzulebani, tomi 12. gv. 14<br />
4. ilia WavWavaZe, pedagogiuri Txzulebani, Tbilisi, 1938. gv. 117.<br />
5. avTandil TaTaraZe, qarTuli xalxuri qoreografiis istoriis<br />
sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1999. gv. 210<br />
6. ix.: iakob gogebaSvili, Txzulebani, tomi 4, Tbilisi, 1955.<br />
248 249
samagistro programa<br />
Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />
magistraturis I kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli - daviT kobaxiZe<br />
SemoqmedebiTi pedagogika<br />
universitetis swavlebis samsafexurian sistemaze gadasvlam<br />
saSualeba mogvca Segveqmna Teatraluri xelovnebis pedagogebis<br />
aRzrdis axali sistema: _ magisitratura, romlis mizania<br />
Teatraluri xelovnebis magistris – reJisurisa da msaxiobis<br />
ostatobis pedagogis momzadeba, rogorc SeqmoqmedebiTi<br />
pedagogikis, aseve samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianobisaTvis.<br />
am konferenciaSi monawileobis miReba pirveli mcdelobaa,<br />
samagistro programis farglebSi gamovlindes magistrantis<br />
mecnieruli codna, rac TavisTavad srulyofs SemdgomSi misi,<br />
rogorc SemoqmedebiTi pedagogis kvalifikacias.<br />
samagistro programis xelmZRvaneli:<br />
xelovnebaTmcodne, doqtori daviT kobaxiZe<br />
qoreografiis roli TeatrSi<br />
speqtaklis dadgmisas reJisorebi xSirad mimarTaven<br />
warmodgenaSi qoreografiisa da qoreografiuli elementebis<br />
gamoyenebas. saerTod msaxiobebi scenaze Cveulebrivi moZraobebiT<br />
gadaadgildebian, magram mxatvruli saxis Seqmnis mizniT saWiroa<br />
xazi gaesvas personaJis individualurobas, misTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebel Jests, mimikas, moZraobis maneras, svlas, am<br />
dros saWiro xdeba qoreografis daxmareba, raTa plastikuri<br />
gadawyvetiT srulyos personaJis garegnuli maxasiaTeblebi<br />
da amiT xazi gausvas mis Sinagan bunebas. speqtaklis qoreografia<br />
aucileblad unda iTvaliswinebdes warmodgenis saerTo<br />
Canafiqrs, Janrs, stils, moqmed pirTa xasiaTebs, grZnobaTa<br />
bunebas, konfliqts... qoreografia unda emorCilebodes<br />
speqtaklis ideas, igi unda iyos wina epizodis gagrZeleba da<br />
momdevnos dasawyisi da speqtaklis gamWoli moqmedebis<br />
organuli nawili, qoreografia unda exmarebodes da biZgs<br />
aZlevdes speqtaklis Semdgom ganviTarebas. samwuxarod xSirad<br />
speqtaklSi qoreografiuli nomeri, cekva, TviTmiznuradaa<br />
CarTuli. zogjer es xdeba ubralod remarkis safuZvelze,<br />
vTqvaT lxinis dros cekvaven, magram Tu am cekvas raime<br />
siuJeturi datvirTva ara aqvs, _ es speqtakls arafers matebs<br />
(mayurebels SeuZlia aseTi cekva sxvaganac naxos, oRond<br />
namdvili mocekvaveebis SesrulebiT da ukeTesadac dadgmuli).<br />
zogjer cekvas CarTaven imitom, rom esa Tu is msaxiobi<br />
kargad cekvavs da meti araferi. zogjer cekvaven popularuli,<br />
moduri cekvis saCveneblad. calke cekva rac ar unda kargi<br />
iyos Tu is speqtaklis ZiriTadi konfliqtis ganviTarebas ar<br />
uwyobs xals, _ es mxolod Casmuli nomeria da xals uSlis<br />
warmodgenis msvlelobas, mis dinamikas.<br />
minda SemogTavazoT ramdenime magaliTi qoreografiisa,<br />
sadac, Cemi azriT, qoreografia warmoadgens siuJetis<br />
ganviTarebisa da gamokveTis saukeTeso nimuSs.<br />
250 251
Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />
aviRoT SoTa rusTavelis Teatris speqtakli `pepo~ (reJ.<br />
d. aleqsiZe). Tu gavixsenebT am speqtaklidan erosi manjgalaZis<br />
cekvas, danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es aris saukeTeso<br />
nimuSi imisa, Tu rogor viTardeba piesis moqmedeba cekvaSi:<br />
vidre cekva daiwyeba, wina epizodidan Cven vigebT, rom moxuc<br />
aruTin zimzimovs hyavs axalgazrda da lamazi coli, romelsac<br />
yvela survilsa da axirebas usrulebs. ai, axlac, Wirveulma<br />
colma mialersebis sanacvlod axali survili gamostyua da<br />
gamarjvebuli iwyebs cekvas, zimzimovi muxlze CaiCoqebs, raTa<br />
taSiT mainc gaamxnevos Tavis lamazi fefena, magram rodesac<br />
qali mas sacekvaod gaiwvevs, _ fexze veRar dgeba, ramdenjerme<br />
wamoiwevs, mere didi gaWirvebiT wamodgeba da viTomc aq<br />
araferiao iwyebs cekvas. ratom cekvavs zimzimovi? anda rogor<br />
cekvavs? ra Tqma unda, erosi manjgalaZe cekvavs ise, rogorc<br />
unda icekvos moxucma kacma, romelic cdilobs Tavisi<br />
ax alg az rda da la mazi col is TvalS i T vi Ton ac<br />
axalgazrdulad gamoiyurebodes. marTalia man cekva ar icis,<br />
magram maqsimalurad iqnevs xelebs da fexebs, dakuntruSebs,<br />
irgvliv uvlis sanukvar meuRles da aviwydeba, rom mis moxuc<br />
sxeulsa da guls amdeni ar SeuZlia da rodesac uceb<br />
igrZnobs gulis tkivils misi cekvac iq mTavrdeba _ vaime<br />
guli! _ daiZaxebs da gaSeSdeba... swored aseTi dasasrulidan<br />
vxvdebiT, rom igi cekvavda ara imitom, rom ubralod cekva<br />
undoda, aramed moqmedebda, mis cekvas hqonda mizani, qveteqsti:<br />
`SemomxedeT, me axalgazrda var! me vcekvav!~ _ skamze damjdaric,<br />
roca Sublidan ofls iwmends da iniavebs, ixtibars mainc ar<br />
itexs da ambobs: gana daviRale, vRelav! ra Tqma unda, Zneli<br />
warmosadgenia am cekvis gareSe zimzimovi, mas mTeli speqtaklis<br />
ganmavlobaSi mihyveba es xasiaTi, ganwyoba, damokidebuleba<br />
colTan da mis irgvliv myofebTan.<br />
sandro axmeteli Tavis dadgmebSi Zalian did mniSvnelobas<br />
aniWebda plastikas.Mmas gansakuTrebiT ainteresebda msaxiobis<br />
fsiqo fizikuri refleqsis fiqsireba SegrZnebebis safuZvelze,<br />
anu, rogor unda gamoewvia msaxiobs scenaze garkveuli moZraobiT<br />
esa Tu is grZnoba. speqtaklSi `anzori~ uxvad iyo gamoyenebuli<br />
plastika, moZraobaze agebuli urTierTobebi, magram qoreografiis<br />
qoreografiis roli TeatrSi<br />
qmediTobis da aucileblobis saukeTeso magaliTi iyo zairas<br />
cekva. mebrZolebs ver gadauwyvetiaT vin unda wavides xidis<br />
asafeTqeblad.Aanzorma icis, rom sasikvdilod gzavnis da<br />
uWirs xeli daados romelimes, swored am dros uxmoben<br />
zairas, kraven wres da wreSi am mSvenier qals uSveben sacekvaod,<br />
piroba aseTia: visac zaira gamoiwvevs is unda wavides xidis<br />
asafeTqeblad, unda gawiros sicocxle da gaxdes xalxis<br />
rCeuli da gmiri. zaira msubuqad dasrialebs wreSi, misi<br />
yoveli Semdegi nabiji axal SiSs badebs meomrebSi, ramdenime<br />
maTgani mzadaa gmirobisaTvis da Sinaganad emzadeba kidec<br />
ukanaskneli cekvisTvis, magram umravlesoba axalgazrdaa, jer<br />
kidev gamoucdeli da maTTvis gmiroba didi msxverplia.Mmamakacebi<br />
moziduli mSvildebiviT dganan da elian, Tvals arideben mis<br />
Sexedvas, magram zaira ar Cqarobs arCevanis gakeTebas da<br />
laRad agrZelebs wreze Camovlas. sxva dros cekvisas Tu mas<br />
vnebiT anTebuli Tvalebi dahyvebodnen, axla SiSCamdgari da<br />
gayinuli Tvalebi dahyvebian da rac ufro uaxlovdeba am<br />
Tvalebs TiTqos grZnobs sicives da es sicive ukan agdebs, ai,<br />
SeCerda erT-erTi mebrZolis win, adgilze datrialda da gza<br />
ganagrZo, magram es erTi triali sakmarisi iyo meomrisaTvis,<br />
rom ramdenime wamSi ganecada SiSi, wuxili, tkivili, sikvdili<br />
da rodesac mixvda rom is ar airCia, madlieri Tvalebi<br />
gaayola wreSi monarnare qals. zaira ki udardelad cekvavs<br />
da TvalebiT eZebs Tavis satrfos, axmas, bednieria, rom saSualeba<br />
eZleva gulis sworTan icekvos, ai, SeamCnia kidec, sxeulis<br />
nazi rxeviT uaxlovdeba axmas, wreSi daZabuloba matulobs,<br />
uceb zaira Cerdeba, es wamieri pauza ufro Zabavs situacias,<br />
zaira ki auCqareblad, morcxvad, odnavi Tavis dakvriT<br />
gamoicekvebs axmas. `mSvidobiT!~ _ daiZaxebs axma da wridan<br />
gasxlteba, mamakacebi SvebiT amoisunTqeben, TiToeuli maTgani<br />
TvalebiT madlobasac ki uxdis zairas, rom swored is ar<br />
airCia, zaira dabneulia, nel-nela uSvebs xelebs da cdilobs<br />
garSemo myofTa TvalebSi amoikiTxos pasuxi kiTxvaze `ra<br />
moxda?!~<br />
am speqtaklSi zairas cekvas aqvs sikvdil-sicocxlis<br />
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, aseT SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia am<br />
252 253
Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />
cekvis gamoyofa speqtaklidan, radgan igi organuladaa<br />
Serwymuli speqtaklis ganviTarebasTan.<br />
Tuki pirvel SemTxvevaSi zimzimovis cekvas hqonda is<br />
datvirTva, rom moeTxro, Tu ra awuxebs aRa aruTinas, meore<br />
SemTxvevaSi zairas cekva aris erTgvari latarea, romelic<br />
trialebs wreze mdgar mamakacebs Soris da aravin icis visze<br />
gaCerdeba.Ees aris ukiduresi daZabulobisa da molodinis<br />
wuTebi, rodesac mayurebeli sunTqvaSekruli elodeba<br />
dasasruls.<br />
pantomimis Teatris speqtaklSi `firosmani mefe~ (reJ. a.<br />
SalikaSvili) amiran SalikaSvili Tavad TamaSobda niko<br />
firosmanaSvilis rols, am speqtaklSi aris erTi scena, rodesac<br />
nikalam duqanSi xatva daasrula da Rvinis dasalevad Camojda,<br />
duqani savsea mTvrali yaraCoxlebiTa da kintoebiT, romlebic<br />
Rvinis dalevasa da cekvaSi ejibrebian erTmaneTs. uceb erTma<br />
yaraCoxelma SeamCnia duqnis kuTxeSi Camomjdari nikala, jer<br />
sadRegrZelo SesTavaza, Semdeg ki sacekvaodac gaiwvia, yvela<br />
erTdroulad axmaurda da taSiT gaamxneves SezarxoSebuli<br />
mxatvari... morcxvi kacia nikala, ar uyvars Tavis gamoCena,<br />
Tanac arc cekva gamoudis rigianad da erTxans uarze dgas,<br />
magram amden mTvral yaraCoxelebTan ras gaxdeba?Nnel-nela<br />
dgeba magididan, frTxilad miiwevs darbazisaken, duqani ki<br />
gugunebs da SeZaxilebiT amxnevebs mxatvars, nikala darbazis<br />
SuagulSi Cerdeba da Zalian dinjad Slis xelebs, nelnela<br />
zeviT miiwevs, TiTqos gasafrenad emzadebao, ramdenime wams<br />
rCeba ase, gasafrenad gamzadebuli, Semdeg uceb Slis marcxena<br />
xelisguls da zed marjvena TiTebiT ise dgeba sacekvaod,<br />
rogorc funjebi gaSlil palitraze. TandaTan ufro Tamami<br />
xdebian ostatis TiTebi da ufro da ufro mkveTri ileTebiT<br />
cekvaven, uamravi gaocebuli Tvali misCerebia mxatvris TiTebs<br />
da tkbebian, aseTi kintouri arasdros unaxavT, magram es araa<br />
mTavari, nikala mTavar nomers Semdeg SesTavazebs mayurebels,<br />
uceb misi marcxena xelisguli trialdeba, marjvena xelis<br />
TiTebi qvemodan eqceva da Werze ukuRma dakidebuli cekvavs<br />
mTvrali nikala. igi TavdaviwyebiT uvlis xelisguls da es<br />
erTi cida sivrce sakmarisia misi saocari TiTebisaTvis, rom<br />
qoreografiis roli TeatrSi<br />
duqanSi Tavmoyrili cekvis ostatebic ki gaaocos Tavisi<br />
xelovnebiT. sxva iyo nikalas kintouri, daxvewili, eleganturi,<br />
dinamiuri da Tavdaviwyebamde emociuri... nikala mxatvari iyo,<br />
xelebis ostati da man swored is icekva, rac saukeTesod<br />
gamouvidoda, ufro sworad ki ar icekva, daxata cekva.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom pantomima isedac sxeuliT metyvelebaa,<br />
am cekvis datvirTva imaze bevrad metia vidre ubralod cekva,<br />
amiran SalikaSvilis mier Sesrulebuli es patara epizodi<br />
Tavisuflad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT dramatul speqtaklSic da<br />
kinofilmSic, Tanac ise, rom es cekva Tavis funqcias ar<br />
dakargavs.Ees aris SesaniSnavi migneba imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />
icekvos mxatvarma, romelmac ar icis cekva, magram SesaniSnavad<br />
icis xatva da mTeli misi Zala, emocia, SesaZleblobebi da<br />
survilebi TiTebiskenaa mimarTuli.<br />
Cven ukve ganvixileT magaliTebi dramatuli Teatridan<br />
da pantomimidan, axla vnaxoT rogor SeiZleba es<br />
g an x or ci e ld e s f il mS i . a vi RoT f il m i `q a li s<br />
surneli.~Mmayurebels gansakuTrebiT daamaxsovrda am filmidan<br />
erTi epizodi, rodesac brma samxedro polkovnikma sacekvaod<br />
gaiwvia axalgazrda, damwyebi mocekvave gogona, axalgazrda<br />
qali Tanxmdeba cekvaze da am momentidan polkovniki iwyebs<br />
nabijebisa da moqmedebebis saocari sizustiT gaTvlas, igi ar<br />
Cqarobs, mSvidad ekiTxeba damxmare biWs darbazis farTobs da<br />
gonebaSi angariSobs nabijebis raodenobas. iwyeba saocrad<br />
melodiuri tango da polkovniki pirvel warmatebul nabijebs<br />
dgams, gogona dabneuli cekvavs, mxrebSi odnav moxrili da<br />
gaubedavia, uxerxulad iRimeba, Tan cdilobs damalos es<br />
uxerxuloba.Ppolkovniki ki Zlieri kacia, sxeuli da suli<br />
brZolebSi aqvs gamowrTobili, yoveli nabiji da mixvra-moxvra<br />
xazs usvams misi xasiaTis simtkicesa da gambedaobas, pirvelive<br />
moZraobiT gadascems gogonas Tavis Zalas da aZlevs impulss,<br />
rom SeuZlia Tamamad miendos, cekvas is waiyvans da Tan ise<br />
waiyvans, rom qaliSvils ar Sercxveba mayureblis. Axalgazrda<br />
qalic grZnobs mis Zalas da Zlier mamakacs mindobili ufro<br />
da ufro Tamamad cekvavs, moZraobebis sirTulec TandaTan<br />
ufro matulobs, yoveli axali moZraoba axali safrTxea<br />
254 255
Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />
brma polkovnikisTvis, yoveli warmatebuli ileTi ki saocar<br />
Svebas gvris mas, magram xanmoklea es sixaruli, radgan musika<br />
ar Cerdeba da mamakaci iZulebulia axali svla gaakeTos,<br />
romelic SeiZleba sabediswero aRmoCndes, radgan Wadrakis<br />
dafasaviT gaSlili darbazi yoveli mxridan safrTxes uqadis,<br />
radgan erTi araswori gaTvla da dajaxeba magidasTan, mis<br />
damarcxebas niSnavs da polkovnikic gamalebuli icavs Tavis<br />
laziers. restoranSi savaxSmod Sekrebili xalxi nel-nela<br />
saWmels Tavs anebebs da sunTqvaSekruli Sehyurebs wyvils,<br />
mamakaci yovel mesame meoTxe nabijze frTxilobs da yurs<br />
ugdebs xalxis sunTqvas, es wamieri SeCereba sakmarisia misTvis,<br />
rom manZili gazomos maTsa da maT irgvliv msxdom xalxs<br />
Soris.Uukanaskneli akordi gaismeba da mamakaci bolo<br />
warmatebul ileTs asrulebs, muxlze isvams qals da mis<br />
gayinul TvalebSi kmayofilebisa da gamarjvebis sxivi gakrTeba,<br />
albaT, aseTi sxivi ukrToda jer kidev naTel TvalebSi brZolas<br />
rom moigebda, radgan mas Semdeg rac TvalSi sxivi Cauqra es<br />
misi pirveli gamarjveba iyo, am cekvis mTavari azric esaa,<br />
rom gaimarjvos, darwmundes sakuTar TavSi, rom sibrmave ar<br />
niSnavs siglaxakes, am cekvis Semdeg is TviTon xdeba Tavisi<br />
damxmare biWis mfarveli, mas swored es Wirdeboda. ra iyo<br />
es? cekva? ara, _ es iyo polkovnikis kidev erTi, oRond<br />
mTavari samxedro operacia, romelsac sunTqvaSekruli Tvalyurs<br />
adevnebs mayurebeli. es iyo al paCinos maRali aqtioruli<br />
xelovneba.<br />
aqve minda moviyvano magaliTi profesor naTela uruSaZis<br />
wignidan (`wavideT TeatrSi~), Tu rogor aRwers igi nato<br />
gabunias mier Sesrulebul madam froSars (a. denerisa da f.<br />
diumanuaris `or obolSi~). `esaa epizodi, sadac madam froSaris<br />
ori vaJi: sayvareli Svili (boroti Jaki) da saZulveli Svili<br />
(keTili pieri) erTmaneTs daerevian, ra saSineli suraTi iyo,<br />
roca Zmebi daeZgerebian erTmaneTs danebiT. sisxls mowyurebuli<br />
afTari, madam froSari, darwmunebulia, rom Jaki moklavs piers;<br />
aqezebs Jaks, winaswarve ganicdis siames da TiTqos davlurs<br />
uvliso, ise dastrialebs garSemo. magram xdeba saswauli da<br />
susti pieri klavs Jaks.Uunda genaxaT, ra saSineli mxecuri<br />
qoreografiis roli TeatrSi<br />
Rriali aRmoxdeboda xolme gulidan froSars da ra<br />
sasowarkveTili ecemoda Jakis gaciebul gvamze. saSineli iyo<br />
im wuTSi froSari.~<br />
epizodis aRwera aSkarad gvauwyebs, rom gmiris cxovrebis<br />
es monakveTi msaxiobs gadawyvetili hqonda ritmulad: sacekvao<br />
elementi `TiTqos davlurs uvlis~ bunebrivi iyo, vinaidan<br />
froSars undoda orTabrZola yvela wertilidan daenaxa.<br />
cekvis ritmi saSualebas aZlevda msaxiobs brZolis ritmisTvis<br />
gaesva xazi. ritmuli daZabulobis momentSi ki, rodesac pieris<br />
danam gangmira Jaki _ es madam froSaris gangmirvasac niSnavda<br />
_ isic daeca, zed daemxo mkvdar Svils da amiT zusti<br />
wertili dausva epizodSi sakuTar cxovrebas da am epizods<br />
saerTod.~ 1<br />
sabednierod uamravi aseTi magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba<br />
qarTul da ucxour SemoqmedebaSic. Cem mier zemoT moyvanili<br />
magaliTebi, Cemi azriT, is SemTxvevebia, rodesac qoreografiam<br />
zustad Tqva Tavisi saTqmeli, mWidrod Seekra speqtaklis<br />
ideas da xeli Seuwyo mis Semdgom ganviTarebas.Eerosi<br />
manjgalaZis komikuri, aleqsandre axmetelis tragikuli, amiran<br />
SalikaSvilis romantiuli da al paCinos esTetikuri gmirebi<br />
erT saerTo niSans atareben, isini mogviTxroben maT Sinagan<br />
bunebaze,<br />
xasiaTze da cxovrebis im patar-patara magram mniSvnelovan<br />
detalebze, risi gamoTqmac sityviT TiTqmis SeuZlebelia da<br />
am SemTxvevaSi qoreografias iyeneben rogorc azris gadmocemis<br />
saukeTeso saSualebas. aseve cekva SeiZleba warmoiSvas rogorc<br />
Sedegi personaJis Sinagani grZnobebis afeTqebisa. amis saukeTeso<br />
magaliTia qalbaton naTela uruSaZis mier aRwerili nato<br />
gabunias davluri.<br />
samwuxarod moxsenebis formati saSualebas ar maZlevs,<br />
rom sxva magaliTebzec visaubro.<br />
minda davasrulo kote marjaniSvilis sityvebiT, rodesac<br />
igi Sileris `yaCaRebs~ dgamda amalias rolis Semsrulebel<br />
veriko anjafariZes mimarTa: `cekvas ar davdgamT. icekve ise,<br />
rogorc amas Seni suli isurvebs _ es xom Seni sulis<br />
aRtacebaa, ganmuxtva Seni Sinagani mdgomareobisa, amitom cekva<br />
256 257
Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />
unda aRmocendes, rogorc Sedegi grZnobaTa aRzevebisa, magram<br />
Tu ki SenSi qariSxali ar amovardeba, _ nu icekveb.~ 2<br />
rogorc mogaxseneT, Cemi dRevandeli moxseneba gaxlavT<br />
momavali Sromis erTi mciredi nawili, naSromze muSaoba<br />
grZeldeba, grZeldeba wyaroebis moZieba, maTi klasifikacia,<br />
analizi da imedi maqvs, momaval wels davasruleb am samuSaos.<br />
vano sarajiSvilis saxelobis<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
konservatoria<br />
1. ix.: n.uruSaZe. wavideT TeatrSi, Tbilisi, 1986.<br />
2. n. uruSaZe, Teatris samyaro, `grigol robaqiZis sax. un-ti~, 2005.<br />
• a. vaganova, `klasikuri cekvis safuZvlebi~, Targmani lili<br />
gvaramaZisa. Tb.1940.<br />
• a.AsamsonaZe, `qoreografiuli xelovneba da misi Seswavlis ZiriTadi<br />
mimarTulebebi~, (sadisertacio naSromi), 2003.<br />
• r. WaniSvili, `werilebi qoreografiaze~, Tb. 2002.<br />
• al. burTikaSvili, `cekvis jadoqari~, Tb. 1960.<br />
• l.LnadareiSvili, `Tanamedrove qarTuli baleti~, Tb, `universali~,<br />
2002.<br />
• М. Гедеванишвили,. Юрий Зарецкий , М. 1985.<br />
• Р. Захаров, Беседы о танце, М. 1963.<br />
• Л. Д. Блок, Классический танец, история и современность, М. 1987.<br />
258 259
musikismcodneoba<br />
Tamar miqaZe<br />
magistraturis I kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli - asoc. prof. marina qavTaraZe<br />
jazisa da klasikis urTierTmimarTebis<br />
sakiTxisaTvis<br />
jazi aris Tavisuflebis da tolerantobis simbolo. igi<br />
Slis sazRvrebs sxvadasxva asakis, sarwmunoebis, erovnebisa<br />
da rasis warmomadgenelTa Soris da did SemoqmedebiT sixaruls<br />
aniWebs, rogorc Semsruleblebs, aseve msmenelebs. dResdReobiT<br />
jazma mTeli msoflio moicva, magram is upirveles yovlisa<br />
amerikuli kulturis pirmSoa. spiriCuelsi, menestrelebis<br />
musikaluri Teatri, regtaimi, bluzi dabolos, adreuli<br />
saestrado jazi _ ai, mniSvnelovani pirvelsaxeebi axali<br />
musikisa, romelic afroamerikuli folkloris da amerikuli<br />
kulturebis SerwymiT daibada `axali samyaros~ CrdiloeTSi<br />
XIX-XX ss.-is mijnaze. 1<br />
am musikis umTavresi Tviseba aris improvizaciuli<br />
sawyisis prioriteti, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom jazuri<br />
nawarmoebi uSualod Sesrulebis procesSi iqmneba, srulyofil<br />
formas iZens da aseTi saxiT aRarasdros ganmeordeba.<br />
klasikuri musikis nebismier nawarmoebs dasrulebuli<br />
Sinagani mTlianoba axasiaTebs, imisda miuxedavad, Tu vin<br />
asrulebs mas. Semsrulebels ZaluZs mxolod azrobrivi Tu<br />
emociuri maxvilebis gadanacvlebiT miaRwios gansxvavebul<br />
Sinaarsobriv interpretacias. jazSi ki uSualod Semsrulebeli<br />
qmnis musikas da kompoziciis Semqmnelis sworuflebiani<br />
Tanaavtoria.<br />
jer kidev 1956 wels leonard berstainma amerikuli<br />
televiziiT cbc-arxiT wakiTxul leqciaze ganacxada: `jazi<br />
iseTive seriozulia, rogorc klasikuri musika~ , 2 evropul<br />
tradiciebze aRzrdilni uneblied vadarebT jazs evropul<br />
musikas. imisaTvis, rom jazi adekvaturad iqnas aRqmuli _<br />
unda gavacnobieroT, rom igi warmoiSva rogorc amerikuli<br />
movlena da mxolod Tavisi ganviTarebis Semdgom periodebSi<br />
gaidga fesvebi evropuli musikis sxvadasxva SreebSi. 3<br />
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jazisa da klasikis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis<br />
im dros, roca evropuli akademiuri nawarmoebi zustad<br />
aris fiqsirebuli, jazi rogorc improvizaciuli xelovneba,<br />
iseve, rogorc zepiri tradiciis klasikuri musika, magaliTad<br />
induri klasikuri musika, sanoto Caweris SemTxvevaSi, kargavs<br />
Tavis imanentur Tvisebebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom jazuri<br />
kompoziciis sanoto Canawerebis arsebobis faqti eWvs ar<br />
iwvevs, jazmenebi fiqsirebul sanoto Canawerebs erTxmad<br />
uaryofen (`Zirs wignebi~); maTTvis es musika araa imis identuri,<br />
rasac jazis xelovneba hqvia. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT<br />
dizi gilespi, erTxel rodesac man sakuTari solo<br />
improvizaciis sanoto Canaweri ixila, Tvalebi auWrelda<br />
meTeqvsmetedi wilebisagan da gancvifrebulma ikiTxa `nuTu<br />
am yvelafers me vukravo?~. zogierT musikoss am faqtze<br />
kidev ufro mwvave reaqcia aReniSneba. 4<br />
sanoto transkrifcia, aris jazis mxolod mkrTali<br />
aCrdili. aqedan gamomdinare, nawarmoebebi Seqmnili evropuli<br />
akademiuri stilis kompozitorebis mier, Tundac iseTi<br />
saxelganTqmuli amerikelebisa, rogoric gerSvini da berstaini<br />
arian, ar aris jazi. im SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu es piesebi<br />
jazmusikosebis mier iqneba interpretirebuli, TiToeuli maTgani<br />
SeiZleba iqces aseTad.<br />
jazuri improvizacia evristul movlenaTa ricxvs<br />
ganekuTvneba da masze saubrisas, upirveles yovlisa, unda<br />
gamoiyos iseTi imanenturi Tvisebebi, romlebic am kavSirze<br />
miuTiTeben: SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba, emociuri gaxsniloba,<br />
impulsuroba, grZnobadi aRqma, miznisa da xerxebis<br />
`erTmomenturoba~, fantaziurobis farTo gaqaneba. rac ufro<br />
metad aris kompoziciaSi gamovlenili es niSnebi, miT ufro<br />
nakleb reglamentirebulad, kanonikurad aRiqmeba igi. am<br />
TvalsazrisiT improvizaciuloba rogorc saazrovno principi,<br />
WeSmariti xelovnebis Tanmsdevi movlenaa, misi Tandayolili<br />
Tvisebaa, Tumca improvizaciuli bunebis mqone yvela xelovneba<br />
erTnairad ar avlens am niSnebs. am mxriv jazi unikaluri<br />
movlenaa. 5<br />
Tavad am musikis arsiT aixsneba jazis qaRaldze<br />
mouxelTebloba, rasac `Freedom prinziple~ uwodeben; es<br />
princi pi qreba maSin, rodesac iwyeba misi danawevrebulad<br />
ganxilva. rogorc dakuwuli nawilebidan ver aawyob sxeulis<br />
cocxal organizms, aseTive Znelia misi danawevrebisas jazuri<br />
kompoziciis ZiriTadi ideis daWera. 6<br />
The New Grove Dictionery of Music and Musicians-Si jazi<br />
Semdegnairad aris ganmartebuli: `musikis nairsaxeoba, romelic<br />
Seqmnilia XX s.-is dasawyisSi, ZiriTadad, Savkaniani amerikelebis<br />
mier, im elementebis Serwymis Sedegad, romelic amozrdilia<br />
evropul-amerikuli da afrikuli tomebis musikisagan. es<br />
unikaluri, movlena SesaZlebelia erTi da imave dros sxvadasxva<br />
dasabuTebisas SeiZleba ganekuTvnos xalxuri, popularuli<br />
da mravalmxatvruli musikis sferos, Tumca igi Seicavs am<br />
samive saxesxvaobis aspeqtebs. jazma iqonia didi zegavlena<br />
ucxour kulturaze, ara marto Tavisi udidesi popularobis<br />
gamo, aramed im mniSvnelobiTac, romelic man Seasrula popmusikis<br />
mravali formis CamoyalibebaSi~. 7<br />
Tu gadavxedavT jazis istorias, davrwmundebiT imaSi, rom<br />
am Janris warmomadgenlebi, maT Soris afroamerikelebic, mudam<br />
iswrafvodnen gaeziarebinaT evropuli klasikuri gamocdileba.<br />
gavixsenoT skot joplini, romelmac scada daewera opera,<br />
baleti, riTac evropel klasikos kompozitorebTan miaxlovebis<br />
survili gamoavlina, aseve diuk elingtoni, romelsac evropuli<br />
simfonizmis da jazuri enis Serwymis mcdeloba hqonda. igive<br />
iTqmis _ gerSvinis, zes komfris, pol vaiTmenis, bad pouelis,<br />
beni gudmenis, stefan grapelis, deiv brubekis, leni tristanos,<br />
Jak lusieris, bobi makferenis, Cik koreas, jit jaretis, herbi<br />
henkokis, vokalur ansambl ~Swingle singers~, ~KLAZZ Brothers~,<br />
~Modern Jazz Quartet~-is da sxvaTa mimarT.<br />
Tu sawyis etapze jazi da klasikuri musika erTmaneTis<br />
antagonistur, polarul cnebebad moiazreboda, XX saukunis<br />
40-50-ani wlebidan dgeba periodi, rodesac jazi da klasika<br />
intensiur dialogs iwyeben, es aris e. w. cool jazis _<br />
`damcxrali~ jazis xana. zogierTi mkvlevari mas<br />
`evropeizirebul jazs~ uwodebs, es periodi aseve cnobilia<br />
`dasavleTis sanapiros jazis~ saxelwodebiT. cool jazs<br />
axasiaTebs arsebiTi gansxvaveba bopisagan. magaliTad, aq<br />
ukugdebulia ritmuli eqspresiuloba da intonaciuri<br />
aramdgradoba _ specifikuri afroamerikuli maxasiaTeblebi.<br />
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jazisa da klasikis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis<br />
cool jazs gaaCnia iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa emociuri<br />
TavSekavebuloba, inteleqtualuri sawyisis gaZliereba,<br />
tonalur-modulaciuri logikis garTuleba, faqturis<br />
polifonizacia, yovelive es mas aaxloebs evropul akademiur<br />
musikasTan, gansakuTrebiT barokosTan (es procesi gamoikveTa<br />
iseT musikosebTan, rogorebic arian: bil evansi, leni tristano,<br />
deiv brubeki).<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi jazma axali TvisebebiT gaamdidra<br />
XX saukunis klasikuri musikis yvela Janri. amis magaliTad<br />
SeiZleba moviyvanoT j. gerSvinis (`rafsodia bluzis stilSi~),<br />
i. stravinskis (`eboni konCerti~), m. ravelis (`foqstroti~<br />
da e. w. `bluzuri sonata~ violonisa da fortepianosaTvis),<br />
d. miios (baleti `samyaros Seqmna~), f. pulenkis, h. kouelis,<br />
e. e. vila-lobosis, a. Snitkes, qarTvelTagan b. kvernaZis, g.<br />
yanCelis, n. gabunias, s. bardanaSvilis, v. kaxiZis da sxvaTa<br />
nawarmoebebi.<br />
sinTezisadmi swrafva jazmenebis mxridanac yovelTvis<br />
arsebobda: `jazingi~ (Jazzing), `klasikis gasvingva~ (Jazzing<br />
The Classics) _ interpretacia, gadamuSaveba jazur sulSi<br />
Temebisa an mTlianad nawarmoebisa, niSnavs klasikuri stilis<br />
jazur imitacias. zogierTi mkvlevari, maT Soris uinton<br />
sarjenti Zalzed kritikulad udgeba aseT procesebs. 8<br />
garkveulwilad SeiZleba mas daveTanxmoT, radgan klasikuri<br />
masalis jazmusikosebis mier gadamuSavebis Sedegad, yovelTvis<br />
rodi miiReba mxatvrulad srulfasovani nawarmoebi. aseTi<br />
eqsperimentebis Rirebuleba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra<br />
esTetikur, eTikur safuZvelze da ra mizniT tardeba isini;<br />
ramdenad eTanawyoba gamosayenebeli masalis gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
Tvisebebi mxatvrulad gamiznul amocanebs da profesionalizmis<br />
ra donesTan gvaqvs saqme. rac Seexeba dasesxebas musikaSi<br />
(iqneba es melodiis citireba, stilizacia, damuSaveba,<br />
transkrifcia, redaqcia an axali saSemsruleblo versia), is<br />
warmoadgens savsebiT kanonzomier da gavrcelebul movlenas<br />
SemoqmedebaSi.<br />
`klasikis gajazebis~ tradicia, jazis jer kidev adreul<br />
etapze gvxvdeba: zanguri samxedro orkestrebi, romlebic<br />
gavrcelebuli iyo XIX-XX s.-Si; axalorleanuri marSirebuli<br />
orkestrebi; xSirad klasikur nawarmoebs sinkopirebul maneraSi<br />
amuSavebdnen pianisti-regtaimerebic; italiuri, franguli,<br />
germanuli operebis jazur stilSi parodirebas akeTebdnen<br />
menestrelebi.<br />
jazis istoriaSi amis uZveles magaliTs warmoadgens jeli<br />
rol mortonis safortepiano piaesa `Miserere“, romelic verdis<br />
`trubaduris~ Temis gadamuSavebuli versiaa. 20-30-ian wlebSi<br />
mravali klasikuri melodia aJRerda Sweet jazis aranJirebiTa<br />
da damuSavebiT. klasikuri nawarmoebis Temebze gakeTebuli<br />
pretenziuli da teqnikurad msuye popurebi xSirad ismoda<br />
pol vaiTmenis simfo-jazuri orkestris da sxva analogiuri<br />
koleqtivebis koncertebze.<br />
jazisa da klasikuri musikis urTierTobis WrilSi<br />
gansakuTr ebi T gvinda „Baroque Jazz“-ze gavamaxviloT<br />
yuradReba. barokos epoqa msoflio kulturis istoriaSi<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso epoqaa Tavisi dramatizmiT,<br />
intensiurobiT, dinamikiT da harmoniiT. sagulisxmoa, is faqti,<br />
rom jaz musikosebs gansakuTrebiT izidavdaT barokos musikis<br />
es Tvisebebi da kerZod i. s. baxis Semoqmedeba. mimdinareoba<br />
„Baroque Jazz“ ukavSirdeba barokos evropuli musikis jazur<br />
interpretacias, aseve jazmenebis mcdelobas am tipis musikis<br />
Seqmnisa. yvelaze adrindeli nimuSebi baroko-jazisa ekuTvnis<br />
svingis periods.<br />
Cveni azriT jazisaTvis yvelaze axlobeli barokos Semdegi<br />
niSnebia:<br />
1. Tavis devizad baroko “inventio~-s (`aRmoCenas,~<br />
`gamogonebas~) da `moZraoba, dro, sivrcis~ princips irCevs<br />
_ rac aseve jazuri improvizaciis upirvelesi Tvisebaa.<br />
2. `TamaSis~ princi pi.~ stiluri TamaSis xerxebi Zalzed<br />
gavrcelebulni iyo barokos epoqaSi. TamaSis principi metad<br />
qmediTia stilur da Janrul sistemebSi. _ jazSi `Zveli~<br />
stilebi da Janrebi warmatebiT esadagebian `axal~ sunTqvas<br />
da `axlebi,~ romlebic kargad asimilirebdnen `ZvelTan~<br />
erTgvari transformaciiT.<br />
3. barokos musikis damaxasiaTebeli niSania _ `wamebis<br />
aTvla~, mudam pulsirebuli ritmi, romelic xSirad erwymis<br />
daklaknil ritmul suraTs. barokos musikam Seqmna kontrastis<br />
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jazisa da klasikis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis<br />
gansxvavebuli saxec: mimdinare, cvalebadi dro (adamianuri<br />
cxovrebis dro) da gayinuli dro (maradiuli dro): tempebis<br />
kontrasti mravalnawilian nawarmoebebSi; _ variaciis Janrebi<br />
ucvlel, ostinatur banze, qoraluri preludiebi... 9 jazic<br />
uaRresi dinamikurobiTa da impulsurobiT xasiaTdeba. ritmi<br />
aris jazis namdvili suli, misi impulsi, ritmis mkveTri<br />
gamoxatva mas gansakuTrebul energiasa da winswrafvas aniWebs.<br />
jazuri `baxiana~ istorikosebis mosazrebiT daiwyo 1937<br />
wels, rodesac Sesrulda baxis ormagi koncerti re minori<br />
gadamuSavebuli svingis stilSi _ e. sautis (violino), s.<br />
grapelis (violino), j. reihardis (gitara) mier, aman SemdgomSi<br />
gagrZeleba pova beni gudmanis orkestrSi _ jazuri fuga<br />
~Buch goes to town~. 10 mogvianebiT am stilSi Tavis Zalebs<br />
cdidnen d. brubekis kvarteti, vokaluri ansambli ~Swingle<br />
singers~, pianistebi: Jak lusieri, jon luisi, ~Modern Jazz Quartet~,<br />
bil evansi k. ogermanis orkestrTan erTad, bobi makfereni da<br />
sxva.<br />
jazi da baxi _ erTi SexedviT, es aris ori sxvadasxva<br />
samyaro. zedapiruli midgomisas Cndeba iseTi azri, rom es<br />
aris klasikuri musikis jazuri gadamuSaveba, magram saWiroa<br />
garkveuli CaRrmaveba, raTa gamovavlinoT orive mimdinareobis<br />
maxasiaTeblebi wminda saxiT. gansakuTrebiT naTeli magaliTia<br />
am mxriv jak lusieris _ `Play Bach~-i da jgufi `Swingle<br />
Singers~-is vokalizi.<br />
kiTxvaze, Tu ratom mimarTaven ufro xSirad jazuri<br />
gadamuSavebisaTvis baxs, da ara, vTqvaT, Suberts, romlis<br />
simRerebi erTi SexedviT ufro axlosaa bluzTan, an Caikovskis,<br />
romlis melodiuri Temebi savsebiT gamodgeboda `jazur<br />
standartad~ an bolos da bolos debiusis, romlis harmoniuli<br />
ena axlosaa jazTan; vfiqrobT, pasuxi aseTia: jazi da baxiseul<br />
stili Rrma naTesaur kavSirSia, romlis fesvebze miuTiTebs<br />
esa Tu is interpretacia.<br />
zogjer Tavad baxiseul musikalur teqstSi SeiniSneba<br />
svingis niSnebi da jaz-musikoss SesaZloa didi jafa ar<br />
dasWirdes baxis musikis jazSi gadatanisaTvis. Tumca, msgavsi<br />
gardaqmnebis Sedegad, xSirad iqmneba iseTi jazuri damuSaveba,<br />
romelic ufro instumentul svings gamokveTavs, vidre mis<br />
improvizaciul bunebas, rac sruliad zedmetia. imisaTvis, rom<br />
gamoikveTos svingis SegrZneba baxis musikaSi, sulac araa<br />
saWiro kontrabasis an dasartyamebis moSvelieba.<br />
svingis `baxiseburi~ SegrZnebis magaliTad gamodgeba misi<br />
nebismieri nawarmoebidan Temis sawyisi frazebi. jango reinhardis<br />
azriT, es elementi ucbad rodi Seimecneba. misi aRqma SeuZlia<br />
mxolod jazze kargad gawaful smenas – reinhardis mosazrebiT,<br />
Temis me-13 me-14 notSi kargad ismineba bluzis tonebi, ris<br />
gamoc, baxiseuli Temis ganviTarebis logika gacilebiT advilad<br />
eTanawyoba jazur improvizacias, vidre magaliTad, haidnis<br />
musikaluri Temebi. 11<br />
da mainc, rogor SeiZleba baxis musikaze improvizacia?<br />
cnobilia, rom improvizacia arsebobda jer kidev barokos<br />
periodSi. Tavad baxic araCveulebrivad improvizirebda organsa<br />
da Cembaloze. barokos musikaSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT mkafio<br />
paralelebi jazur ritm-jgufsa da kontrabasTan: jaz-musikosi<br />
improvizirebs akordebis Tanmimdevrobis TanxlebiT, barokos<br />
epoqis musikosi _ bas-kontinius TanxlebiT.<br />
markus velfles sayovelTao Tezisi aseTia: baxis<br />
TxzulebebSi TiToeul nots gaaCnia imdenad zustad gaTvlili<br />
adgili, rom misi frazebi SeiZleba maTematikur formulebs<br />
SevadaroT. safuZvlianad Tvlian, rom klasikur musikoss ar<br />
ZaluZs melodiuri xazis ganviTareba ise, rogorc amas akeTebs<br />
jaz improvizatori. magaliTad, SeiZleba moviyvanoT ori<br />
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli piesa koleman hokinsis `Picasso~<br />
da leni tristanos “Line Up”-i; maTSi yvela toni jazurad<br />
intensiuria magram Tanmimdevroba TiTqosda spontanuria.<br />
kritikosebi am piesebs xSirad adareben baxis musikas.<br />
erTxel stefan grapelma Tavis Tavze saubrisas aRniSna,<br />
rom igi improvizaciebSi cdilobs iseT xarisxobriv masStabebs<br />
miaRwios, romlebic baxis musikas axasiaTebs. jazmeni ar uaryofs<br />
sulier siaxloves baxis musikasTan, magram sulac ar moswons,<br />
da samarTlianadac, rodesac misi musikis mimarT iyeneben<br />
klasikuri musikis kriteriumebs.<br />
`goldberg-variaciebi~ baxis pirveli biografis, iohan<br />
nikosaus forkelis mtkicebulebiT (1802) _ `warmoadgens<br />
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jazisa da klasikis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis<br />
models, romlis mixedviTac unda aigos yvela variacia.~ am<br />
Teziss dResac ar daukargavs mniSvneloba; is, rom bevri<br />
`variacia~ emyareba baxiseul metrul, harmoniul models<br />
kanonzomieria ara mxolod barokos periodisaTvis, aramed<br />
XIX-XX saukuneebisTvisac. ra Tqma unda, es gansakuTrebiT<br />
robert Sumans exeba (Tumca, am tipis variaciebis nimuSebi<br />
gvxvdeba Sumanamdec, beThovenTan da mis Semdegac, mag., bramsTan).<br />
baxiseul `wyaros~ etanebian umetesad jaz pianistebi, bevri<br />
maTgani _ elingtonidan evansamde _ ukravs baxs Sinaganad,<br />
garkveuli `intimiT~, TiTqos TavisTvis, zogierTi uZRvnis<br />
mas Tavis Canawerebs. bad pauelis…`Bud on Bach~-dan mel<br />
uoldronis `Back to bach~-iT damTavrebuli. momReral nina<br />
simones popularoba metadaa davalebuli fugis stilSi<br />
safortepiano improvizaciebisgan. barokos, baxis musikis<br />
zegavlena igrZnoba cool jazis pianistebze, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />
leni tristanoze, misi koncertebi xSirad iwyeboda baxis<br />
romelime nawarmoebis teqstis zusti SesrulebiT da mxolod<br />
amis Semdeg ukravda igi `Tavis musikas~. albaT, verc deiv<br />
brubeki miaRwevda baxis gareSe didebas. aseve jon luisma<br />
jguf `Modern Jazz Quartet~-Si miuZRvna Tavis Canawerebi baxs<br />
`Blues on Bach~ da solo `Preludes and Fuges~.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom baxis zogierTi kompoziciis<br />
interpretaciaSi da mis jazur standartSi metad TvalnaTliv<br />
Cans polifoniurobisaken swrafva. es tipuri iyo niuorleanis<br />
jazSi; svingisa da bibopis epoqaSi aRniSnuli niSnebi naklebad<br />
vlindeba. cool jazis musikosebi ki, romlebsac akademiuri<br />
ganaTleba hqondaT miRebuli, kvlav ubruneben jazs<br />
polifonizaciis princips da baxi maT mudmiv orientirad<br />
rCeba.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom TemebSi da mravali jazuri<br />
standartebis harmoniul safuZvelSi (magaliTad, piesaSi `Softly,<br />
As In A Morning Sunrise~) polifoniuri modgoma ar aris,<br />
melodiur qsovilis improvizacia mainc waagavs baxisas. amis<br />
naTeli magaliTia `All The Things You Are~: aramarto cool<br />
jazSi, aramed parkeriseul bopSi, gansakuTrebiT ki brazilieli<br />
gitaristis baden pauelis improvizaciebSi _ nebismier<br />
SemTxvevaSi jerom kernis, es standarti mogvagonebs barokos<br />
epoqas.<br />
dabolos, baxisa da jazis mimarTebaSi, unda gavixsenoT<br />
li konici, romelmac erT-erT interviuSi ganacxada `me vusmen<br />
Cems baxs, da yovelTvis vcdilob ar daviviwyo, rom jazi<br />
swored misgan warmodga. me vfiqrob, baxi iyo pirveli jazmusikosi.<br />
mis musikaSi aris igive svingi da igive Sinaarsi,<br />
rac CemTvis jazs warmoadgens... me TiTqmis yoveldRe vusmen<br />
mis suitebs violonCelosaTvis, ufro grandiozuli, ufro<br />
amaRlebuli musika me ar meguleba~.<br />
50-iani wlebis bolos jazis principebisa da Tanamedrove<br />
akademiuri musikis elementebis Serwymis Sedegad warmoiSva<br />
Tanamedrove stiluri mimarTuleba saxelwodebiT `mesame<br />
mimdinareoba~ (Third Stream), `mesame mimdinareoba~ warmoiSva<br />
akademiuri musikalur xelovnebisa da jazis sinTezis<br />
safuZvelze da mas ukavia Sualeduri pozicia maT Soris<br />
(termini ekuTvnis am mimarTulebis fuZemdebels giunTer<br />
Siulers).<br />
amdenad, musikis es ori sfero _ jazi da klasika urTierT<br />
zemoqmedebda, da es ormxrivi procesi paralelurad<br />
mimdinareobda.<br />
dRes, jazur da klasikur musikas erTi da igive procentuli<br />
maCvenebeli ukavia amerikuli musikis bazarze. dRevandeli<br />
jazuri musika axal-axali ideebiT amdidrebs Tanamedrove<br />
musikalur sivrces _ xdeba musikaluri xelovnebis sxvadasxva<br />
sferoebis, Janrebis, mimarTulebis integracia, maT Soris kvlavac<br />
aqtualuria jazisa da klasikuri musikis Serwyma, ramac<br />
gamoiwvia e. w. zRvris waSla _ klasikuri musikis da jazis<br />
Semsruleblebs Soris. amis dasadastureblad mravali magaliTi<br />
SeiZleba moviyvanoT: oskar pitersoniT... dawyebuli, bred<br />
meldauTa da iaron hermaniT damTavrebuli.<br />
sagulisxmoa isic, rom aRniSnuli musikosebi umaRlesi<br />
akademiuri ganaTleba miRebuli arian da SesaniSnavad asruleben<br />
klasikur musikas, rogorc pirveladi originalis saxiT<br />
(magaliTad, kit jaretis SesrulebiT baxis `ktk~-s I da II<br />
tomi da SostakoviCis preludiebis da fugebis I da II tomi,<br />
Cik koreas da bobi makferenis mocartis #23 koncerti, kit<br />
268 269
Tamar miqaZe<br />
jaretis mocartis #23 koncerti, uinton marsalisis vivaldis<br />
#2 koncerti sayvirisaTvis, mocartis re maJoruli koncerti<br />
sayvirisaTvis da sxv.), aseve mis jazur stilSi<br />
interpretaciisas.<br />
1.Конен В., Рождение джаза, М., 1990. gv. 5-44.<br />
2.Переверзев Л., Жив ли джаз? ежедневный сетевой журнал «ДЖАЗ.РУ»,<br />
1998, Выпуск <strong>#4</strong>3. gv. 15.<br />
3. Панасье Ю., История подлинного джаза Л. 1978 gv. 75-81.<br />
4. Shipton A., Groovin’ High: the Life of Dizzy Gillespie, New York, 1999.<br />
5. e. buCukuri, improvizaciuloba rogorc saazrovno princi pi da<br />
jazi//amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi, N 2, 2003, gv. 352-357.<br />
6. Курмаев С., ДЖАЗ — МУЗЫКА ДВАДЦАТОГО ВЕКА, Бостон, 2007.<br />
7.The New GROVE Dictionary of Music and Musicians, #9, 1989, gv. 561-<br />
579.<br />
8.Саржент У., ДЖАЗ М., 1987. gv. 218-225.<br />
9. Лобанова М., Западноевропейское музыкальное барокко: Проблемы<br />
эстетики и поэтики, М., 1994.<br />
10. Панасье Ю., История подлинного джаза Л. 1978 gv. 234.<br />
11. Велфле М. А., Джаз и Бах _ Дюк Иоганн? Каунт Себастиан?, Jazz-<br />
Квадрат, 2007.gv. 27.<br />
www.swingtime.ru<br />
www.apassion4jazz.net<br />
www.jazz.ru/eng/history/default.htm<br />
maia sigua<br />
magistraturis I kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli - asoc. prof. qeTevan bolaSvili<br />
antikuri tragedia XX saukunis<br />
musikalur-scenur nawarmoebebSi _<br />
Janris interpretaciis sakiTxebi<br />
kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi pirveli maRalganviTarebuli<br />
civilizaciis _ Zveli saberZneTis kulturuli memkvidreoba<br />
aswleulebis manZilze araerTxel gaxda sxvadasxva erovnebis<br />
did xelovanTa STagonebis wyaro. swored maTi Semoqmedebis<br />
wyalobiT Seiqmna da damkvidrda warmodgena Zvel saberZneTze,<br />
rogorc harmoniul, daxvewil, idealur samyaroze, magram maT<br />
Soris arc erTisTvis yofila es samyaro Cveulebrivi<br />
yoveldRiuroba, amitomac iyo es warmodgenebi pirobiTi.<br />
swored antikuri musikis aRorZinebis mcdelobas<br />
daukavSirda operis dabadeba XVI-XVII saukuneebis mijnaze,<br />
magram, rogorc germaneli kompozitori karl orfi werda,<br />
operis istoria, romelic, cxadia, musikaluri Janrebis da<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis ganviTarebis procesSi aRmocenda,<br />
mainc SecdomiT daiwyo. 1 aq igulisxmeba faqti _ florenciis<br />
wris wevrebi daaxloebiT 1600 wlisTvis berZnul tragedias<br />
musikalurad miiCnevdnen ara marto sagundo partiebSi, aramed<br />
mTlianad. pirveli italiuri opera da saerTod, evropuli<br />
musikaluri Teatris pirveli nawarmoebi perisa da rinuCinis<br />
`dafne~, iyo mcdeloba SeesrulebinaT _ emReraT berZnuli<br />
tragedia.<br />
oTxi aswleulis win dawyebulma am procesma _ interesma<br />
antikuri Teatrisadmi _ saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme,<br />
maT Soris gasuli saukuneSi, kidev erTxel iCina Tavi. antikur<br />
siuJetebze mravalricxovani nawarmoebi Seiqmna: operebi _<br />
rihard Strausis `eleqtra~, ernst krJenekis `orestes<br />
cxovreba~, jorje eneskus `oidipos mefe~, karl orfis amave<br />
saxelwodebis musikaluri tragedia, miio-klodelis `orestea~<br />
da mTeli rigi `wuT-operebisa~; igor stravinskis `oidipos<br />
270 271
maia sigua<br />
antikuri tragedia XX saukunis<br />
musikalur-scenur nawarmoebebSi _ Janris interpretaciis sakiTxebi<br />
mefe~, artur onegeris, aseve karl orfis `antigone~ da sxva.<br />
mogvianebiT am Tematikas TavianT scenur opus-ebSi mimarTaven<br />
pier bulezi, ianis qsenakisi, luiji nono, hans verner hence.<br />
TiToeul maTganTan sxvadasxvagvarad gaiazreba dramaturgiis,<br />
stilis, musikaluri enis da, rac erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovania, Janris sakiTxi.<br />
saerTod, ama Tu im Janrisadmi mikuTvnebulobis problema<br />
gasul saukuneSi gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda da erTnairad Seexo<br />
rogorc instrumentuli, ise vokaluri musikis yvela<br />
nairsaxeobas, maT Soris, musikalur-scenursac. moxsenebaSi<br />
operis niSnebis matarebel mravalricxovan opus-Ta Soris<br />
yuradRebas mxolod imaTze SevaCerebT, romlebic swored<br />
antikuri, ufro zustad ki Zveli berZnuli tragediis<br />
klasikosebis SemoqmedebiT arian inspirirebulni, ganvixilavT,<br />
Tu rogor xdeba maTSi am yvela droisTvis aqtualuri Tematikis<br />
axal drosa da sivrceSi gadmotana _ gaTanamedroveba da<br />
rogor aisaxeba es nawarmoebis Janrul bunebaze. konkretulad<br />
ki SevexebiT igor stravinskis `oidipos mefes~, artur onegeris,<br />
aseve karl orfis `antigones~, ianis qsenakisis `oresteas~.<br />
XX saukunis 20-ian wlebidan aRorZinebuli antikuri<br />
siuJetebi, sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva Janruli da stiluri<br />
damuSavebebis saxiT gvxvdeba. maT vxedavT jer kidev<br />
eqspresionistebTan, neoklasicistebTan, axal pozitivistebTan.<br />
maT mimarTavdnen p. klodeli, o. kokoSka, da p. pikaso, J.<br />
kokto. cnobilia Jan koktos sityvebi: `TviTmfrinavidan<br />
visurvebdi Zveli saberZneTis fotografirebas~ 2 . es sityvebi<br />
aSkarad miuTiTebs antikurobis gaTanamedrovebis im miswrafebaze,<br />
romelic antikur siuJetebze Seqmnili musikalur-scenuri<br />
nawarmoebebisTvis daweril mis teqstebSi gamovlinda.<br />
gansaxilveli nawarmoebebis Seqmnis TariRebs erTmaneTisgan<br />
miaxloebiT ocwliani droiTi intervalebi aSorebT 3 , magram<br />
antikurobisa da Tanamedroveobis Serwymis mcdeloba aaxloebT,<br />
Tumca gansxvavebulia avtorTa miznebi da Sesabamisad Sedegebic.<br />
Tu qsenakisi miznad isaxavda Zveli berZnuli Teatris<br />
elementebis rekonstruirebas, Tanamedroveobis sarkeSi<br />
Taviseburi arqeologiuri suraTis anareklis Seqmnas, da mTeli<br />
rigi originaluri xerxebis gamoyenebis wyalobiT srulad<br />
miaRwia mizans 4 , onegerTan da stravinskisTan antikuris<br />
gaTanamedrovebis tendencia da zogadad, interesi antikuri<br />
Tematikisadmi neoklasicizmTan aris dakavSirebuli. `antigone~<br />
da `oidiposi~ erTsa da imave periodSi (1926-1927 ww.),<br />
erTsa da imave kulturul sivrceSi iqmneboda, magram maT<br />
Soris Tvisobrivi gansxvavebebia. stravinski miznad isaxavs<br />
aRadginos opera-oratoriis 5 Janri antikur siuJetze<br />
dramaturgiis, formis, musikaluri enis, teqstis arqaizaciis<br />
niSniT; onegeri ki `antigones~ qmnis, rogorc musikalur dramas,<br />
magram, Tavad mas `musikalur tragedias~ uwodebs 6 .<br />
kompozitorisTvis operis miaxloeba oratoriasTan im periodSi<br />
Seqmnili situaciidan gamosavali iyo: `operaSi sami didi<br />
musikosi batonobs: vagneri, debiusi da rihard Strausi. Tu<br />
debiusis gavlenas gaeqcevi, meore ukiduresobisken _ masnesken<br />
waxval; Strausidan puCinisken gadadian _ es kidev ufro<br />
uaresia. ukandaxevis nacvlad (ukandaxeva xom damarcxebas<br />
niSnavs), ratom ar veZeboT axali gzebi?~ 7 _ werda onegeri.<br />
aseTi gza misTvis iyo operis gamdidreba epikuri, gmirulxalxuri<br />
TematikiT, misi daaxloeba oratoriasTan, rac `mefe<br />
daviTSi~ da `ivdiTSi~, mogvianebiT, metnaklebad `antigoneSi~<br />
gamovlinda.<br />
Tu stravinski da orfi miznis gansaxorcieleblad<br />
stilizacias mimarTaven, onegeri antikur siuJetebs<br />
zogadsakacobrio Tematikis TvalsazrisiT iazrebs. mas miaCnia,<br />
rom stilizaciis gziT aseTi marad cocxali da aqtualuri<br />
problemebis gadmocema aRaribebs mas da amasTanave boWavs<br />
SemoqmedebiT rols. amitom igi kritikulad ekideba stravinskis<br />
neoklasicisturi operebis da baletebis mTel serias. antikuris<br />
gaTanamedroveba onegerTan gamoixateba saxeobriv daxasiaTebebSi<br />
da musikalur enaSi da, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania, teqstSi.<br />
koktos teqstis Sesaxeb igi ambobda, rom esaa teqsti, romelic<br />
`cru `literaturSCinis~ (brWyalebi Cemia – m. s.), arqeologiis,<br />
yalbi didebulebis gareSe gadmoscems warsulis am WeSmaritebas,<br />
romelic maradiuli gaxda~ 8 . mkveTrma, yovelgvar romantizms<br />
moklebulma koktos teqstma ubiZga onegers, rom Tavisi<br />
saxeebisTvis eZebna Sesatyvisi mkveTri Seferilobebi, moklebuli<br />
umcires sirbilesa da sentimentalobas. garda amisa,<br />
272 273
maia sigua<br />
antikuri tragedia XX saukunis<br />
musikalur-scenur nawarmoebebSi _ Janris interpretaciis sakiTxebi<br />
kompozitori axdenda movlenebis droSi SemWidroebas, iyenebda<br />
damdablebul stilistikas, TiTqmis yofiT, leqsikas, rom am<br />
gziT antikuri tragedia ufro gasagebi gaexada XX saukunis<br />
msmenelisaTvis. `teqstis SemWidroebam gauTvaliswinebeli<br />
Sedegebi moitana: mkveTri, xisti scenebis da mravalricxovani<br />
`sikvdilebis~ droSi daaxloeba mis zemoqmedebas ki ar<br />
aZlierebs, aramed piriqiT, asustebs, radgan msmeneli maT aRqmas<br />
da gaazrebas ver aswrebs [...] koktos mier sofokles teqstis<br />
Tavisufali adaptacia dramatuli poeziis am Sedevrs mSral<br />
sagazeTo qronikas amsgavsebs~ 9 . dramatizmis, scenuri<br />
daZabulobis mxriv `antigone~ Sordeba oratorias da ufro<br />
metad uaxlovdeba `wminda~ operas, vidre onegeris am tipis<br />
adrindeli qmnilebebi, romlebSic sagundo epizodebis siWarbe<br />
da dramaturgiis epikuroba aSkarad SeiniSneba. musikaluri<br />
ganviTarebis swrafviTi dinamika, naTeli, mkafio Teatraluri<br />
qmedeba, deklamaciuri monodiis batonoba `antigones~ saopero<br />
dramaturgiis niSan-Tvisebebia. kompozitori Teatraluri<br />
dramaturgiis kanonebs emorCileba da cdilobs mis<br />
Taviseburebebs operis specifika miusadagos. `antigone~<br />
sinTeturi nawarmoebia, moqmedebis ganviTarebuli elementebiT<br />
(swrafi tempi da ritmi, Teatraluri dramaturgiis<br />
kanonzomierebebis mixedviT scenebis ganlageba, moqmedebis<br />
koncentrirebuloba, misi mimarTeba erTiani kulminaciisken da<br />
a. S.). magram gundi-xalxis mudmivi _ xilulad da uxilavad<br />
_ yofna scenaze, maRali ganzogadebis momenti da pozitiuri<br />
ideis ganmtkiceba (kvanZis tragikuli gaxsnis miuxedavad)<br />
aaxloebs mas onegerisve sxva opera-oratoriebTan, amitom,<br />
zogierTi mkvlevari `antigonesac~ opera-oratorias uwodebs.<br />
stravinski sxva gziT midis. upirveles yovlisa, is iRebs<br />
sofokles `oidi pos mefis~ Tematikas imitom, rom<br />
zogadsakacobrio siuJeti sWirdeba, an, im zomamde cnobili,<br />
rom ar saWiroebdes dawvrilebiT gadmocemas. `mindoda piesa,<br />
rogorc aseTi, ukana planze gadamewia, radgan vfiqrobdi amiT<br />
gamomekveTa misi dramatuli arsi da Tavi gameTavisuflebina,<br />
rom ufro metad CavRrmavebodi musikalur dramatizacias~ _<br />
werda kompozitori 10 . SesaZloa, amitomac ar moeqca igi koktos<br />
teqstis gavlenis qveS, piriqiT, Zalze aqtiurad Caeria libretos<br />
SeqmnaSi, vidre ar Seiqmna ara drama moqmedebiT, aramed `raRac<br />
`naturmortis~ msgavsi~. `ra ekuTvnis libretoSi koktos?<br />
[...] vfiqrob ufro naklebad forma, vidre frazebis aRnagoba<br />
[...] magram musika modis sityvebis gverdis avliT da mTlianad<br />
STagonebulia sofokles tragediiT~ 11 .<br />
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori teqstTan dakavSirebiT<br />
aris isic, rom koktoseuli franguli teqsti laTinurad<br />
iTargmna da msmenelisTvis kvlav gaugebari darCa. amasac<br />
Tavisi mizezi hqonda, romelsac kompozitori ase xsnida: `didi<br />
xania mindoda damewera opera mkvdar enaze. laTinurs sulac<br />
ar aRviqvamdi mis kaTolikur-klerikalur aspeqtSi, aramed<br />
saafTiaqo, iurisprudenciul, notarialur, samecniero – erTi<br />
sityviT, metad zust da myar enad mesaxeboda. igi Cems operaSi<br />
dekoratiulia, statikuri, uZravi, masiuri~ 12 . garda amisa,<br />
laTinuris saSualebiT stravinski neolascisturi TeatrisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebel gaucxoebis efeqtsac aRwevs, magram nawarmoebis<br />
Sinaarsisgan mayureblis sruli gamijvnis Tavidan asacileblad<br />
Semohyavs spikeri (mTxrobeli), romelsac orgvari funqcia<br />
akisria: igi publikas maTTvis gasageb enaze esaubreba da amiT<br />
exmareba gahyves movlenebis msvlelobas. meore mxriv, gvevlineba<br />
ra Sualedur `rgolad~ Semsruleblebsa da mayurebels Soris,<br />
aZlierebs gaucxoebas da kidev ufro met obieqtivizacias<br />
axdens. aRsaniSnavia, rom am statikur nawarmoebSi mxolod<br />
spikeri moZraobs. m. druskini gamoTqvams varauds, rom es<br />
SesaZloa meierholdis zegavlena iyos, romelic 1908 wels<br />
werda: `saWiroa umoZrao Teatri. es araa arnaxuli, arasdros<br />
arsebuli ram. aseTi Teatri ukve iyo. saukeTeso tragediebi:<br />
`evmenidebi~, `antigone~, `eleqtra~, `oidi posi kolonosSi~,<br />
`promeTe~, `qoeforebi~ umoZrao tragediebia. maTSi<br />
fsiqologiuri qmedebac araa, materialurze rom araferi vTqvaT.<br />
anu, araa is, rasac siuJets vuwodebT~ 13 .<br />
stravinskis `oidipos mefeSi~ oratoriis wili gacilebiT<br />
aRemateba operisas. Zalze mcirea ariebis raodenoba, maSin,<br />
roca moqmedebis mTavari warmmarTveli gundia. Sekruli, mkacri<br />
sagundo scenebi hendelis oratoriebTanac avlenen garkveul<br />
msgavsebas. kompozitori upirvelesad ganviTarebis wminda<br />
musikalur kanonzomierebebs emorCileba da amas literaturuli<br />
274 275
maia sigua<br />
antikuri tragedia XX saukunis<br />
musikalur-scenur nawarmoebebSi _ Janris interpretaciis sakiTxebi<br />
da Teatraluri mxare ewireba (aqedan _ laTinuri teqsti da<br />
moqmedebis statikuroba, ris wyalobiT stravinskisTan<br />
oratoriis niSnebi Warbobs). `Sinaarsis mixedviT `oidipos<br />
mefe~ SeiZleba operad CavTvaloT, an ara. magram moZraobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT sruliad arasaopero nawarmoebia~ _ werda<br />
kompozitori `dialogebSi~ 14 .<br />
antikur tragediebze Seqmnil karl orfis scenur<br />
nawarmoebebs, maT Soris `antigonesac~ (1949 w.) stravinskis<br />
`oidi pos mefesTan~ akavSirebT antikuri TeatrisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli formebis daKJanruli Taviseburebebis<br />
aRorZinebis mcdeloba. amasTan, orfi aTanamedrovebda Zvel<br />
berZnul siuJetebs mxolod musikis saSualebiT. literaturuli<br />
wyaros dramaturgiul qsovils, teqsts, uZveles problematikas<br />
(romelTac onegeris msgavsad yvela droisTvis aqtualurad<br />
miiCnevda) _ xeluxleblad tovebda. `antigonesTan~<br />
dakavSirebiT kompozitori werda: `Cemi amocana iyo, araferi<br />
mimematebina sofokles tragediisTvis, mxolod interpretireba<br />
momexdina Tanamedrove saSualebebiT [...] `antigone~ araa<br />
Cveulebrivi sarepertuaro nawarmoebi saopero TeatrebisTvis,<br />
esaa sakulto Teatris sazeimo warmodgena [...] aq Cems<br />
nawarmoebze araa saubari, aramed sofokles tragediaze, romlis<br />
miRma mTeli samyaroa~ 15 . sainteresoa, rom Tavad kompozitori<br />
Tavis antikur tragediebs `sakulto dramebs~ uwodebs 16 .<br />
`antigoneSi~ antikuri drama Rrma tragikul ganzogadebas<br />
inarCunebs. musika sanaxaobis erT-erTi atributia, romelic<br />
Teatris kanonebs emorCileba, am SemTxvevaSi _ berZnuli<br />
tragediis.<br />
orfi antikur tragediebs aRiqvamda ara rogorc wminda<br />
musikalur, aramed sinTetur nawarmoebebs. man uari Tqva<br />
specialurad Sedgenil libretoze da `antigoneSi~ sofokles<br />
teqstis germanul enaze helderliniseuli Targmani gamoiyena.<br />
esqiles mixedviT Seqmnil `promeTeSi~ ki, qsenakisis msgavsad,<br />
saerTod uaryo yovelgvari Targmani da SeinarCuna Zveli<br />
berZnuli ena, romelic misTvis simboluri mniSvnelobis iyo,<br />
rogorc pirveli ena, romelzec Seiqmna evropuli kultura 17 .<br />
kompozitori cdilobs Tanamedrove scenis pirobebSi<br />
klasikuri tragediis utyuari forma Tanamedrove musikaluri<br />
enisa da instrumentebis saSualebiT gaacocxlos. magaliTad,<br />
teqstis musikaluri interpretaciisTvis igi irCevs Zunw, mkacr<br />
deklamaciur stils: iyenebs erTxmian foburdonul gundebs<br />
Zveli italiuri madrigalebis stilSi da soloebs gamokveTilad<br />
fiqsirebuli ritmiT, mkveTrad SezRudul saorkestro<br />
palitras. melodia rac ufro iSviaTad Cndeba, miT naTlad<br />
da mniSvnelovnad JRers. kompozitori cdilobs Seqmnas<br />
ritmulad organizebuli reCitaciis gansakuTrebuli tipi,<br />
romelic cnobili iyo, rogorc gavrcelebuli da miRebuli<br />
Zvel berZnul TeatrSi. deklamaciis da reCitaciis Secvla<br />
erT bgeraze fsalmodirebiT _ RvTismsaxurebis ritualiT<br />
aris STagonebuli. bizantiuri liturgia ufro axloa berZnul<br />
tragediasTan, vidre opera.<br />
o rkest ri maq si m al u rad u ax l ov d eb a a nt i ku r<br />
instrumentariums (vxvdebiT iSviaT instrumentebs, `arqaul<br />
dasartyamebs~, aratradiciul Semadgenlobas) 18 ; gamoxatvis<br />
saSualebebi Zunwia, tembrebi _ erTmniSvnelovani, erTfunqciuri,<br />
gansazRvruli personaJisTvis Tu simbolo-ideisTvis<br />
misadagebuli. orfi uars ambobs simfoniuri orkestrisTvis<br />
tradiciul Sinagan organizebaze da iyenebs originalur<br />
instrumentul Semadgenlobas. masTan pirvel adgilze simRera,<br />
sityva, metyvelebis musikaa, instrumentuli Tanxleba –<br />
daqvemdebarebul rolSia. sxvadasxvaoba, saxasiaTo detalebi<br />
minimaluria, maqsimaluri koncentracia, ZiriTadad, erT<br />
ganwyobilebazea, daculia stilis siwminde, musikaluri da<br />
ferwerul-dekoratiuli saSualebebi mkacrad SeirCeva, ar<br />
viTardeba fsiqologiuri konfliqtebi, dapirispirebulia mxolod<br />
pirobiTad Savi da TeTri. am TvisebebiT orfis nawarmoebi<br />
onegeris `antigones~ sruli antipodia.<br />
Tu stravinskim `oidi posSi~ koktos teqstis laTinuri<br />
Targmani gamoiyena, onegerma _ koktos mierve frangulad<br />
adaptirebuli sofokles teqsti, orfma _ sofokles<br />
helderliniseuli Targmani, romelSic antikuri metri<br />
organulad erwymis germanul sintaqsur struqturebs.<br />
Sesabamisad, orfis `antigone~ berZnul originalTan yvelaze<br />
axloa da, am mxriv, erTgvarad enaTesaveba qsenakisis `oresteas~<br />
_ sofokleseuli teqstis ucvlelad gadmocemis gamo da<br />
276 277
maia sigua<br />
antikuri tragedia XX saukunis<br />
musikalur-scenur nawarmoebebSi _ Janris interpretaciis sakiTxebi<br />
meore mxriv, _ stravinskis da qsenakiss stilizaciis gamoyenebis<br />
gamo.<br />
Tu zemoT ganxiluli sami nawarmoebis Janruli<br />
mikuTvnebulobis sakiTxi metnaklebad garkveulia, es problema<br />
namdvilad dgas qsenakisTan. zogadad, es nawarmoebi mravali<br />
parametriTaa saintereso. amitom, `oresteas~ SedarebiT vrclad<br />
mimovixilavT.<br />
upirvelesad, aRsaniSnavia misi adgili da mniSvneloba Tavad<br />
kompozitoris SemoqmedebaSi, romelsac xSirad, farTod<br />
gavrcelebuli da arcTu marTebuli warmodgenebis mixedviT<br />
mxolod rTuli da rigiTi musikosisTvis gaugebari Teoriebis<br />
Sedegad Seqmnilis iarliys akraven. `orestea~ iseve amsxvrevs<br />
qsenakisis Sesaxeb farTod gavrcelebul Sexedulebebs, rogor<br />
Tavad qsenakisi, romelic am opus-iT antikur samyaroze<br />
sayovelTaod gavrcelebul warmodgenebs cvlis.<br />
`oresteas~ Tamamad SeiZleba vuwodoT unikaluri nawarmoebi<br />
_ igi berZnul Tematikaze berZeni kompozitoris qmnilebaa.<br />
`Cem mier damuSavebul antikur tragediebSi, vcdilob<br />
movaxdino antikuri Teatraluri deklamaciis, melodikis<br />
rekonstruireba, Tanamedroveobis sarkeSi arqeologiuri suraTis<br />
anarekli Sevqmna~ 19 _ ase axasiaTebs qsenakisi antikur teqstebze<br />
Seqmnil Tavis opus-ebs, maT Soris `oresteasac~, romelic<br />
kompozitoris SemoqmedebaSi am tipis nawarmoebebis erT-erT<br />
yvelaze srulyofil nimuSad iTvleba.<br />
1965-1966 wlebSi, roca nawarmoebi iqmneboda, evropaSi<br />
jer kidev batonobdnen avangardistuli ideebi, romelsac<br />
qsenakisic iziarebda. am fonze erTgvari kontrasti Seqmna<br />
`oresteam~, Tavisi uCveulo, SeiZleba iTqvas, avangardisTvis<br />
miuRebeli JReradobiT, antikur tradiciebTan mWidro kavSiriT,<br />
rac musikaluri enis calkeul TvisebebSi, aRnagobis da rac<br />
mTavaria,¬Janris TaviseburebebSi gamovlinda.<br />
sxvadasxva mkvlevarTan nawarmoebis Janris problema<br />
sxvadasxvagvaradaa gadaWrili. `orestea~ cnobilia, rogorc<br />
opera, imavdroulad, kompozitori kategoriulad acxadebs,<br />
rom opera misTvis mkvdari Janria da am sferoSi sakuTar<br />
Tavs ver xedavs. Tuki kompozitori gadawyvets operis daweras,<br />
unda ipovos gamosaxvis sruliad gansxvavebuli saSualebebi...<br />
mas veravin acdunebs am winadadebiT 20 .<br />
Grove-s leqsikonSi `oresteasTan~ dakavSirebiT vkiTxulobT:<br />
`operebis Seqmnis nacvlad qsenakisma ganaviTara `xelovnebaTa<br />
sinTezis~ sakuTari xedva antikuri dramis safuZvelze~. Boosey<br />
& Hawkes-is gamocemaSi `orestea~ gansazRvrulia, rogorc<br />
nawarmoebi gundisa da kameruli ansamblisaTvis; e. ferapontova<br />
uwodebs `msxvil vokalur-instrumentul nawarmoebs, raRaciT<br />
axlos mdgoms oratoriasTan~ 21 .<br />
qsenakisis `oresteas~ Janris dasadgenad Cven, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, davinteresdiT, Tu romel Janrs miekuTvneboda esqiles<br />
trilogia.<br />
rogorc gamoirkva, `gundebis didi raodenobis, maTi<br />
mniSvnelovani masStabebis gamo esqiles `oresteas~ Janri<br />
jer kidev oratoriulad kvalificirdeba, Tumca, aq oratoria<br />
Tavis kriziss aRwevs da calkeul adgilebSi namdvil dramad<br />
gardaiqmneba~ 22 .<br />
amgvarad, xelT gvaqvs ramdenime cneba: opera, oratoriuloba,<br />
kameruloba, xelovnebaTa sinTezi. Tu maT saTiTaod ganvixilavT,<br />
aRmoCndeba, rom: `oresteas~ namdvilad gaaCnia operis rigi<br />
niSnebisa. esaa musikisa da dramis sinTezi, damaxasiaTebeli<br />
peri petiebiT, personaJebiT, maTi met-naklebad gamokveTili<br />
xasiaTebiT, kvanZis SekvriT, kulminaciiT da gaxsniT da, rac<br />
mTavaria, scenuri moZraobiT da ara scenuri qmedebiT<br />
(partituraSi kompozitori Tavad miuTiTebs, sad, rodis, rogor<br />
gadaadgildebian monawileni, rogor arian Cacmulni da a. S).<br />
scenuri qmedeba, rac gamoarCevs operas sxva msxvili<br />
vokalur-instrumentuli Janrebisagan, `oresteaSi~ saerTod<br />
ar gvxvdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom drama Tavis TavSi Seicavs<br />
amis resurss, scenaze arc erTi aqtiuri qmedeba ar<br />
xorcieldeba. es, Cveni azriT, antikuri tragediis gamoZaxilia.<br />
literaturuli pirvelwyaros Sesabamisad, aqtiuri scenuri<br />
qmedebis ararseboba, Cveni azriT, operis, rogorc Janris wils<br />
nawarmoebSi ar unda amcirebdes. saopero literaturaSi<br />
cnobilia e. w. statikuri operebi, mag: vagneris `tristan da<br />
izolda~, `parsifali~, debiusis `peleas da melizanda~,<br />
faliaSvilis `abesalom da eTeri~.<br />
278 279
maia sigua<br />
antikuri tragedia XX saukunis<br />
musikalur-scenur nawarmoebebSi _ Janris interpretaciis sakiTxebi<br />
oratorias operis msgavsi dramaturgia gaaCnia, magram<br />
sruliad gamoricxulia raime saxis moZraoba 23 . `oresteaSi~<br />
oratoriis sasargeblod metyvelebs gundebis didi raodenoba,<br />
magram gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom calkeuli personaJis<br />
vokalur partiasac gundi asrulebs (agamemnonis, egisTes,<br />
orestes, eleqtras, aTenas, qoros gamZRoli qalis). aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi dramis mxriv wminda sagundo epizodebis wili<br />
nawarmoebSi sakmaod iklebs, Tumca, musikalur-akustikuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT, gundebis raodenobis mniSvnelobas ver gaveqceviT.<br />
maT `oresteaSi~ Zalze saintereso funqcia akisriaT 24 .<br />
mesame cneba kamerulobaa.<br />
esqiles `oresteas~ stili gansazRvrulia, rogorc<br />
monumentur-paTetikuri 25 , rasac namdvilad ver gavimeorebT<br />
qsenakisis qmnilebasTan dakavSirebiT. kamerulad nawarmoebi<br />
SeiZleba upirvelesad SemsrulebelTa da personaJTa mcire<br />
raodenobis gamo miviCnioT, magram arsebobs ramdenime sapirispiro<br />
argumentic. aucileblad unda miviRoT mxedvelobaSi dasartyam<br />
sakravTa didi da warmoudgenlad mravalferovani Semadgenloba,<br />
rac abaTilebs instrumentalistTa saerTo mcirericxovnebas.<br />
garda amisa, XX saukuneSi am tipis opus-ebs xSirad axasiaTebT<br />
personaJTa simcire, magram maTi mravalfunqciuri datvirTva,<br />
ris TiTqmis qrestomaTiuli magaliTia Stokhauzenis<br />
heptalogia, sadac sul sami personaJia, TiToeuli maTgani _<br />
ramdenime saxes ganasaxierebs. msgavs SemTxvevas (erTi personaJis<br />
mravalfunqciurobas) vxvdebiT TviT Zvel berZnul TeatrSic<br />
esqilemde 26 .<br />
rac Seexeba xelovnebaTa sinTezs antikuri dramis<br />
safuZvelze: saprogramo teqstSi `Notes sur la Musique du Theatre<br />
Antique~ qsenakisma axsna `abstraqtuli zogadi mReris~ idea,<br />
romelic warmoiSva `droSi da sivrceSi invariantuli~<br />
struqturebis formalizaciis Sedegad. am droidan moyolebuli<br />
es idea Seicavs qsenakisis orive koncefcias: reCitativis<br />
koncefcias antikur TeatrSi da reCitativis gamocdilebas<br />
iaponuri kabukis da noos TeatrebSi 27 .<br />
amgvarad, Cven ganvixileT qsenakisis `oresteas~ JanrTan<br />
dakavSirebuli oTxi cneba. maTgan kameruloba nawarmoebis<br />
zogadi maxasiaTebelia, xolo xelovnebaTa sinTezi _ zogadi<br />
koncefcia.Aaqedan gamomdinare, gvrCeba ori `wminda~ musikalurscenuri<br />
Janri: opera da oratoria.<br />
drama da oratoria, scenuri qmedeba da scenuri statika<br />
ki, rogorc cnobilia, uZvelesi droidan urTierTSeRwevadi<br />
movlenebia. es Janruli maxasiaTeblebi rogorc ukve SevniSneT,<br />
winamorbed nawarmoebebSic umTavresia.<br />
Zveli berZeni moazrovneebis mier saukuneebis manZilze<br />
damkvidrebuli tragediis sqemas qsenakisi ucvlelad inarCunebs.<br />
es saSualebas gvaZlevs `oresteas~ Sesaxeb msjelobisas Tamamad<br />
da damatebiTi axsna-ganmartebebis gareSe gamoviyenoT termini<br />
`tragedia~. es klasikuri sqema aseve sinTetur kompoziciaSi<br />
cocxldeba, romlis TiToeuli nawili dasrulebuli<br />
musikaluri nagebobaa da, imavdroulad, ganuyofel mTlianobas<br />
warmoadgens. magram, amasTan, mas miznad ar dausaxavs ucvlelad<br />
daecva yvela parametri antikuri Teatrisa. am ukanasknelisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli calkeuli Tvisebebis da originaluri mignebebis<br />
sinTezis wyalobiT kompozitori qmnis sruliad axal Janrs,<br />
romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT sinTeturi musikaluri<br />
tragedia antikuri Teatris safuZvelze.<br />
amgvarad, irkveva, rom Cven mier ganxilul musikalurscenur<br />
nawarmoebebs safuZvlad erTi da imave Zveli berZnuli<br />
tragediis gaTanamedrovebis idea udevT da sxvadasxva doziT<br />
gamovlenili, magram mainc saerTo Janruli maxasiaTeblebi<br />
gaaCniaT. miuxedavad amisa, isini saboloo jamSi. oTx<br />
principulad gansxvavebul suraTs gvaZleven. Tu stravinskis<br />
`oidiposi~ yvelaze zustad opera-oratoriis Janrs Seesabameba,<br />
onegeris `antigoneSi~ operis wili Warbobs oratoriisas,<br />
orfTan ki es ori Janri iseT erTobliobas qmnis, rom rTuldeba<br />
gansazRvra, raa saopero da ra oratoruli. swored amitom<br />
aridebs kompozitori Tavs konkretuli Janris dasaxelebas _<br />
`sakulto dramebs~ uwodebs maT. orfis antikur tragediebze<br />
Seqmnili nawarmoebebi, rogorc o. leontieva wers, `arc operaa,<br />
arc `antiopera~. kompozitoris Canafiqri rom gavigoT, unda<br />
daviviwyoT operis niSnebi da gavixsenoT sityvis, bgeris da<br />
plastikis erTianobis berZnuli ideali~ 28 .<br />
swored am idealis aRorZinebasa da Tanamedrove scenaze<br />
damkvidrebas cdilobs qsenakisi antikuri tragediebis<br />
280 281
maia sigua<br />
antikuri tragedia XX saukunis<br />
musikalur-scenur nawarmoebebSi _ Janris interpretaciis sakiTxebi<br />
safuZvelze Seqmnil Tavis scenur qmnilebebSi. misi berZnuli<br />
fesvebi mTeli nawarmoebis manZilze igrZnoba, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom zedapirze ar `devs~. `qmnis musikas, romelic axalia da,<br />
miuxedavad amisa, `fizikurad~ cocxal kosmoss, esqiles enas<br />
usadagebs~ 29 . imavdroulad, qsenakisi WeSmaritad XX saukunis<br />
kompozitoria da es `oresteaSi~ aranakleb mkafiod aisaxeba.<br />
sinTeturoba, romelic zemoT aRvniSneT, am epoqisTvisac savsebiT<br />
bunebrivi maxasiaTebelia.<br />
sinTeturobas TavisTavad gulisxmobs koncefcia, romelic<br />
qsenakisis am qmnilebas udevs safuZvlad _ es Tanamedrove<br />
scenisa da antikuri tradiciebis sinTezia. Tavisi arsiT<br />
sinTeturia nawarmoebis Janruli buneba. masSi erTmaneTs erwymis<br />
opera _ bolo oTxi aswleulis monapovari, oratoria, romelic<br />
fesvebs swored antikur periodTan mivyavarT, qsenakisis<br />
originaluri ideebi da antikuri memkvidreobis TanamedroveobasTan<br />
`morgebis~ tradicia, romelic XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi<br />
kidev erTxel, morigi saxiT aRorZinda. swored amitom migvaCnia<br />
SesaZleblad, `oresteas~ Janri ganvsazRvroT, rogorc sinTeturi<br />
musikaluri tragedia antikuri Teatris safuZvelze.<br />
Cvens moxsenebaSi XX saukuneSi antikur Tematikaze Seqmnili<br />
musikalur-scenuri opus-ebis mxolod oTxi konkretuli nimuSi<br />
ganvixileT da SevecadeT Segveqmna Janris sferoSi arsebuli<br />
rTuli suraTi, romelic magaliTebis zrdasTan erTad kidev<br />
ufro garTuldeba da romelic Semdgomi xangrZlivi kvlevis<br />
sagania.<br />
1<br />
Леонтьева О., Карл Орф. Москва: «Музыка», 1984, c. 105.<br />
2<br />
Кокто Ж., Петух и Арлекин, Заметки вокруг Музыки, Москва: «Прест».<br />
2000, с. 11.<br />
3<br />
igor stravinskis `oidi pos mefe~ 1927 wels daiwera, artur<br />
onegeris `antigone~ _ 1926 wels, karl orfis `antigone~ _<br />
1949, ianis qsenakisis `orestea~ _ 1965-66 wlebSi.<br />
4<br />
amasTan, qsenakiss erTi `upiratesobac~ aqvs: antikuri Tematika<br />
misTvis iseTive axlobelia, rogorc `saRvTo gazafxulis~<br />
an `qorwilis~ stravinskisTvis an `Jana d’arkisa~ onegerisTvis.<br />
5<br />
aq, hendelis gviani periodis oratoriebi igulisxmeba.<br />
6<br />
ix.: Филенко Г., Артюр Онеггер //Французская музыка первой половины<br />
века, Очерки, Ленинград: «Музыка», 1983.<br />
7<br />
Раппопорт Л., Артур Онеггер. Ленинград: «Музыка», 1967, с. 107. Цит<br />
.по кн.: Bruyr J. Honegger et son œuvre, p. 113.<br />
8<br />
Ibid – c.127<br />
9<br />
Филенко Г., Op.cit. - c. 156.<br />
10<br />
Стравинский И., Диалоги. Ленинград: «Музыка», 1971, с. 177.<br />
11<br />
Ibid – 178.<br />
12<br />
Савенко С., Мир Стравинского, Москва: Композитор, 2001, с. 59.<br />
13<br />
ix.: Друскин М., Игорь Стравинский: Личность, творчество, взгляды.<br />
282 283<br />
Л., 1974.<br />
14<br />
Стравинский И., Op. cit. - c. 179.<br />
15<br />
Леонтьева О., Карл Орф. Москва: «Музыка», 1984, c. 161.<br />
16<br />
Ibid – c. 161.<br />
17<br />
Tumca, Sesrulebisas programa Seicavda srul Targmans<br />
germanul enaze.<br />
18<br />
CamonaTvali ix.: Леонтьева О. Op. cit.<br />
19<br />
Baculevski K. Kwadransz Iannisem Xenakisem // Ruch Muzyczny, 1980 - s.<br />
11.<br />
20<br />
ix.: Ibidem.<br />
21<br />
Ферапонтова Е. Яннис Ксенакис: Через авангард к античности. Музыка<br />
и поэтика древногреческого языка // Музыкальная академия. 2007, № 2 - c.<br />
174.<br />
22<br />
ix.: Античная Литература, Москва, 1973.<br />
23<br />
Tumca, gamonaklisis saxiT, arsebobs stravinskis `oidi pos<br />
mefis~ seiji ozavaseuli dadgma The Saito Kinen Festival<br />
matsumoto, Japan,1993.<br />
24<br />
sainteresoa agreTve, rom XX saukunis saopero literaturaSi<br />
sagundo operis nimuSic arsebobs karlhainc Stokhauzenis<br />
Atmen gibt das Leben-is saxiT.<br />
25<br />
ix.: Античная Литература. Москва, 1973<br />
26<br />
esqile iyo pirveli, vinc tragediaSi meore msaxiobi<br />
Semoiyvana da amiT gza gaukvala dramis dabadebas. ix.: Античная<br />
Литература. Москва, 1973.<br />
27<br />
Hoffmann P. Xenakis Iannis // The New Grove Dictionary of Music and<br />
Musicians. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.<br />
28<br />
Леонтьева О. Op. cit.- c. 160.<br />
29<br />
Restagno E. Die “Oresteïa” von Iannis Xenakis // Wien-Modern –<br />
lektronik. Raum. “Musique Spectrale”. Ein Festival mit Musik unserer Zeit.<br />
ien, 2000 – s. 192.
maia sigua<br />
Aeschylus The Oresteia translated by Ian Johnston // http://records.viu.ca/\<br />
Baculevski K. Kwadrans z Iannisem Xenakisem // Ruch Muzyczny, 1980.<br />
Hoffmann P. Xenakis Iannis // The New Grove Dictionary of Music and<br />
Musicians. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.<br />
Restagno E. Die `Oresteïa~ von Iannis Xenakis // Wien-Modern – Elektronik.<br />
Raum. `Musique Spectrale~. Ein Festival mit Musik unserer Zeit. Wien, 2000.<br />
Античная Литература. Москва, 1973.<br />
Друскин М. Игорь Стравинский: Личность, творчество, взгляды. Л., 1974.<br />
Кокто Ж. Петух и Арлекин. Заметки вокруг Музыки. Москва: «Прест».<br />
2000.<br />
Леонтьева О. Карл Орф. Москва:«Музыка». 1984.<br />
Раппопорт Л. Артур Онеггер. Ленинград: «Музыка». 1967.<br />
Савенко С. Мир Стравинского. Москва: Композитор, 2001.<br />
Стравинский И. Диалоги. Ленинград: «Музыка», 1971.<br />
Ферапонтова Е. Яннис Ксенакис: Через авангард к античности. Музыка<br />
и поэтика древногреческого языка // Музыкальная академия. 2007, № 2<br />
Филенко Г. Артюр Онеггер//Французская музыка первой половины века.<br />
Очерки. Ленинград: «Музыка», 1983.<br />
qeTevan WitaZe<br />
doqtoranturis I kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli - asoc. prof. qeTevan bolaSvili<br />
axali Janruli modelebis Zieba XX<br />
saukunis musikaSi<br />
XX saukuneSi momxdarma mniSvnelovanma miRwevebma<br />
mecnierebasa da teqnikaSi, gardaqmnebma sociumSi Secvala<br />
samyaros modeli, ramac imoqmeda adamianis ara mxolod<br />
yoveldRiur saqmianobaze, aramed mis sulier samyaroze, am<br />
sferoSi mis aqtivobaze. xelovnebis yvela dargSi radikaluri<br />
gardatexa moxda. cxadia, cvlilebebi Seexo musikasac, sadac<br />
kaleidoskopuri siCqariT erTmaneTs enacvleboda, xSir<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki Tanaarsebobda sxvadasxva stili, mimdinareoba,<br />
msoflmxedveloba.<br />
yovel axal esTetikur pozicias misTvis Sesabamisi, axali<br />
gamomsaxveli xerxebis sistemis Camoyalibeba mohyveboda Sedegad.<br />
bunebrivia, musikaluri enis gardasaxvis procesi TandaTan<br />
xorcieldeboda, ramac gamoiwvia jer tonalobis resursebis<br />
TandaTanobiTi amowurva da Semdgom iseTi sistemebis warmoSoba,<br />
rogorebicaa atonaloba (Tavisufali da organizebuli),<br />
neomodaloba, serializmi, aleatorika da sxv.<br />
axali enis warmoSobam ganapiroba musikaluri azrovnebis<br />
mTeli sistemis, misi yvela donis gardaqmna. es cvlilebebi<br />
jer enis Sesabamisi struqturebis CamoyalibebaSi gamovlinda,<br />
Semdeg ki aisaxa musikaluri azrovnebis yvelaze `maRal~,<br />
mdgrad da, erTi SexedviT uryev, Janris doneze. moxda<br />
tradiciuli Janruli modelebis uaryofa, rac upirveles<br />
yovlisa, avangardis esTetikas ukavSirdeba. swored am<br />
mimarTulebis kompozitorebma moaxdines mniSvnelovani<br />
gardatexa Janrebis istoriaSi: erTi mxriv, maT SemoqmedebaSi<br />
ikveTeba swrafva tradiciuli Janrebis samsaukunovani kliSesgan<br />
gaTavisuflebisken, xolo meore mxriv – axali modelebis<br />
Seqmnisken, calkeul SemTxvevebSi tradiciuli Janrebis<br />
urTierTqmedebis safuZvelze.<br />
284 285
qeTevan WitaZe<br />
axali Janruli modelebis Zieba XX saukunis musikaSi<br />
axali saazrovno sistemis Seqmnis Taobaze Teodor adorno<br />
wers: `axali epoqa eZebs adekvatur formebs da es ukve<br />
eqsperimentia; xSir SemTxvevaSi eqsperiments, rogorc<br />
saSualebaTa Seswavlis process mivyavarT tipebisa da Janrebis<br />
kristalizaciisken~ 1 .<br />
tradiciuli Janrebis resursebis amowurvis paralelurad<br />
mimdinareobda da dResac grZeldeba axali Janruli modelebis<br />
Ziebis procesi. es procesi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gansakuTrebiT<br />
XX saukunis meore naxevarSi, avangardis esTetikis<br />
damkvidrebasTan erTad gaaqtiurda, rodesac individualizms<br />
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mieniWa, xolo tradicia ki ignorirebul<br />
iqna: `Tu Tqven ar uaryofT, ar gadaaqcevT memkvidreobas<br />
tabula rasa-d, Tu fundamenturi eWvis qveS ar ayenebT yvelafers,<br />
rac aqamde iyo Rirebuli, maSin ver SeZlebT progresirebas.<br />
CvenTvis es eWvebi absoluturi kontrolis wertilamde<br />
ganviTarda~ 2 _ werda musikaluri avangardis erT-erTi<br />
fuZemdebeli, kompozitori, diriJori da Teoretikosi pier<br />
bulezi. kompozitorebma gansxvavebuli, aratipuri, `Janrulad<br />
neitraluri~ 3 dasaxelebebis mqone nawarmoebebis Seqmna daiwyes.<br />
XX saukunis meore naxevridan klasikuri Janrebis mimarT<br />
interesma sul ufro iklo. es periodi SeiZleba SevadaroT<br />
XVII-XVIII saukuneebis mijnas, rodesac polifoniuri azrovneba<br />
Caanacvla homofoniurma, Tumca XX saukuneSi moxda adrindeli<br />
gamocdilebis imgvari radikaluri ignorireba, rogoric musikis<br />
istorias ar axsovs. axali drois amocana tradiciis uaryofa<br />
da yvelafris aTvlis axali wertilidan dawyeba gaxda. am<br />
pirobebSi upiratesoba individualizaciis process mieniWa<br />
musikaluri azrovnebis yvela doneze. axali drois axali<br />
saSualebebiT aRfrTovanebuli pier bulezi amerikel megobars<br />
da kolegas, jon keijs werda: `yvela sagans sakuTari,<br />
damoukidebeli universumi, struqtura da modusi eqneba,<br />
romelic yvela doneze imuSavebs~ 4 .<br />
totaluri individualizmis epoqisTvis saxasiaTo<br />
arastabiluroba iyo. amgvarad, winamdebare moxsenebis obieqtma<br />
Janrma, romlisTvisac, pirvel rigSi, stabilurobaa saxasiaTo,<br />
dakarga Tavisi CarCoebi, axal magistralze gadavida da aTvla<br />
kvlav nulidan daiwyo. amis erT-erTi gamovlineba ki<br />
aratradiciuli dasaxelebis nawarmoebebis Seqmna iyo, rac<br />
gansakuTrebiT xSirad avangardis periodSi gvxvdeba, Tumca<br />
amis niSnebi XX saukunis dasawyisidanve vlindeba. magaliTad,<br />
iseT nawarmoebebSi, rogoricaa varezis Intégrales, Arcana,<br />
Hyperprism; bartokis `musika simebianebis, dasartyamebis da<br />
CelestasTvis~, piesebis (Stück) ciklebi (sxvadasxva<br />
Semadgenlobis da solo sakravebisTvis) Sonbergis, bergis da<br />
vebernis SemoqmedebaSi, romlebic ar Seicaven Janrul<br />
gansazRvrebas da sxv. gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebisaTvis<br />
ki, avangardis esTetikis damkvidrebasTan erTad, sul ufro<br />
xSirdeba nawarmoebebis arati puri saxelwodebebi, romelTa<br />
dasaxeleba arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar aRZravs tradiciul Janrul<br />
asociaciebs (winaswar ganwyobas). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />
aseT TxzulebebSi avtoriseul komentarebs udidesi mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs musikaluri nawarmoebebis analizisas.<br />
Cvens moxsenebaSi saubari ramdenime aseT nawarmoebze gveqneba.<br />
aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom amgvari nawarmoebebis<br />
konstruirebaSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mTavaria zogadlogikuri<br />
princi pebi da umetesad mTavar rols maTSi Cadebuli<br />
aramusikaluri ideebi TamaSobs, romlebic maT `damoukidebel<br />
universums, struqturas da moduss~ 5 gansazRvravs.<br />
erT-erTi aseTi nawarmoebia geometriuli figuris<br />
agebulebiT inspirirebuli edgar varezis Hyperprism (cxra<br />
Casaberi sakravisa da amave raodenobis dasartyamisTvis),<br />
romelic 1921-1923 wlebSia Seqmnili. igi arati puri<br />
dasaxelebis mqone nawarmoebis erT-erTi pirveli nimuSia. am<br />
mxriv, edgar varezis figura gancalkevebiT dgas XX saukunis<br />
pirveli naxevris musikaSi. misi mcirericxovani nawarmoebebidan<br />
arc erTs ar aqvs klasikuri Janruli gansazRvreba. TiToeuli<br />
Txzuleba garkveul ideas, verbalur teqstsa Tu princips<br />
emyareba, romelic umTavresad aramusikaluri sferodanaa<br />
nasesxebi. amis gamo mkvlevarTa didi nawili saubrobs musikis<br />
mimarT kompozitoris `mecnierul~ midgomaze. varezi musikaSi<br />
e. w. `teqnikuri esTetizmis~, Ars Scientia-s (mecnieruli<br />
xelovnebis) fuZemdebelia. kompozitori aRniSnavda: `Tu<br />
xelovnebis nimuSi iwyebs cqeras warsulSi, igi ver Seesatyviseba<br />
sinamdviles da Tavs aridebs Tanamedroveobis problemebTan<br />
286 287
qeTevan WitaZe<br />
axali Janruli modelebis Zieba XX saukunis musikaSi<br />
pirispir Sexvedras~ 6 . axal bgerasTan erTad varezi misTvis<br />
organuli formebis ZiebaSi iyo.<br />
swored aseTia Hyperprism, romlis aramusikaluri,<br />
geometriis sferodan momdinare idea sxvagvar ganxorcielebas<br />
moiTxovda, rasac kompozitorma, SeiZleba iTqvas, samagaliTod<br />
miaRwia.<br />
varezis Hyperprism ramdenime monakveTisgan Sedgeba. mis<br />
partituraSi, instrumentebis urTierTobaSi mkafiod ikveTeba<br />
sami plasti-ganzomileba. esaa: dasartyami, liTonis Casaberi<br />
da xis Casaberi instrumentebi. TiToeul plasts sibrtyeTa<br />
gadakveTis Tavisi wertili aqvs, romelic sxvadasxva monakveTSi<br />
sxvadasxva sivrceSi iCens Tavs.<br />
Hyperprism struqturuli TvalsazrisiT ar avlens kavSirs<br />
romelime klasikur formasTan. Cveni azriT, nawarmoebis<br />
dasaxelebidan gamomdinare, aq saqme gvaqvs geometriuli figuris<br />
musikalur analogTan. wertilebTan, sibrtyeebTan romlebic<br />
ramdenime ganzomilebaSi moZraoben da qmnian rTul<br />
mravawaxnagovan, kristalur kompozicias.<br />
Hyperprism-is msgavsi, arati puri, abstrahirebuli<br />
dasaxelebis mqonea 1945 wels dawerili bulezis Notations<br />
(notaciebi) 7 .<br />
sagulisxmoa Notations-is dasaxelebisadmi rusi mkvlevaris,<br />
d. smirnovis midgoma: ` sityva «Notations», romelic bulezma<br />
airCia, TiTqos poeturi asociaciebisgan Tavis daxsnis da<br />
Cveni yuradRebis sanoto teqstze gamaxvilebis mcdelobaa~ 8 .<br />
da marTlac, TiToeuli piesa gansxvavebuli faqturiT,<br />
dinamikiTa da artikulaciaa mocemuli. esaa Tormeti<br />
gansxvavebuli musikaluri azri, Jesti, aforizmi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom ricxvi Tormeti yvela doneze dominirebs.<br />
ciklSi Tormeti piesaa, romelTagan TiToeuli Tormettaqtiania.<br />
yvela piesa Tormettonian seriazea dafuZnebuli, romelic<br />
amave raodenobis gansxvavebul rotaciaSia mocemuli. piesebSi<br />
dafiqsirebulia Sesrulebis tempisa da xasiaTis ganmsazRvreli<br />
Tormeti aRniSvna. yovelive es erTi, universaluri meTodis<br />
totalurobaze miuTiTebs.<br />
rac Seexeba sakuTriv piesebs, TiToeul maTganSi konkretuli<br />
amocanaa gadawyvetili.<br />
bulezis Notations _ esaa cikli, romelic Semadgeneli<br />
nawilebis diskretulobis miuxedavad uCveulo erTianobiT<br />
xasiaTdeba. gamaerTianebel faqtorad, pirvel rigSi seria<br />
gvevlineba, Tumca aranakleb mniSvnelovania melodiuri Tu<br />
intervaluri kavSirebi. rac Seexeba Cveni kvlevis obieqts _<br />
Janrul gaazrebas, Notations Tavis zogad gansazRvrebas imiT<br />
pasuxobs, rom masSi gansxvavebuli notaciebi _ niSnebi, Jestebi,<br />
simboloebi, faqturebi erTiandeba.<br />
Notations-is msgavsi, Tumca amjerad musikasTan kavSiris<br />
armqone, zogadlogikuri principidan gamomdinareobs karlhainc<br />
Stokhauzenis Kreuzspiel, anu `jvaredini TamaSi~, romelic 1951<br />
welsaa Seqmnili. igi Stokhauzenis erT-erTi pirveli opus-ia<br />
da masSi kompozitoris TiTqmis yvela adrindeli Teoriuli<br />
mosazrebaa materializebuli. avangardis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli<br />
am nawarmoebiT deklarirebs SemoqmedebiT Credo-s. am mxriv,<br />
pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos musikaluri qsovilis totaluri<br />
integraciis idea. Kreuzspiel-Si, jvaredini gadakveTis principi<br />
Sejerebulia kompoziciis serialur meTodTan. unda aRiniSnos,<br />
rom jvaredini TamaSis princi pi konkretulad am<br />
nawarmoebisTvis yvela donezea damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
avtoriseul komentarSi vkiTxulobT: `Kreuzspiel-Si droisa<br />
da sivrcis gadakveTis idea sam stadiadaa warmodgenili~ 9 .<br />
pirvel stadiaSi ukiduresi registrebidan iwyeba moZraoba<br />
gadakveTisken, Semdeg ukuprocesi mimdinareobs, meoreSi tembruli<br />
gadakveTis ideaa ganxorcielebuli, mesame stadiaSi ki orive<br />
procesi erTdrouladaa warmodgenili.<br />
rac Seexeba sakuTriv musikaluri masalis organizebis<br />
princips, aq serializmis erTob saintereso saxea gamoyenebuli<br />
_ jvaredini TamaSi seriebis donezec vlindeba: `TiToeuli<br />
bgera rigebis gadajvaredinebis Sedegad ganisazRvreba da<br />
fiqsirdeba~ 10 .<br />
Kreuzspiel-Si rigebis sxvadasxva parametri _ simaRle,<br />
intensivoba, xangrZlivoba da tembri araa mudmivi.<br />
gadajvaredinebis gamo isini yovel jerze icvlebian, xdeba<br />
maTi xelaxali formireba. gadakveTis principi agreTve sivrcul<br />
parametrze, musikaluri instrumentebis ganlagebaze vrceldeba.<br />
partituris pirvel gverdze SemsruleblebisTvis specialuri<br />
288 289
qeTevan WitaZe<br />
miTiTebebia. msxvili planiT erTmaneTs gadakveTs Casaberebisa<br />
da dasartyamebis tembrebi, registrebi 11 .<br />
instrumentebis ganlageba<br />
amrigad, Kreuzspiel-is analizma gviCvena, rom masSi<br />
gadajvaredinebis princi pi TamaSobs mTavar rols. igi<br />
organuladaa Sejerebuli erTi SexedviT iseT reglamentirebul<br />
kompoziciur meTodTan, rogoricaa serializmi.<br />
Stokhauzenis erT-erTi pirveli opus-isTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
ukiduresi racionalizmisgan sruliad gansxvavebulia maurisio<br />
kagelis Match (matCi). igi Cven mier gaanalizebul nawarmoebebs<br />
Soris erT-erTi yvelaze uCveuloa, radgan ukavSirdeba iseT<br />
irealur sferos, rogoricaa sizmari. cnobili faqtia, rom<br />
Match-i kompozitorma sizmris naxvis Sedegad Seqmna da<br />
avtoriseuli komentari am SemTxvevaSic did rols asrulebs<br />
nawarmoebis gaazrebaSi:<br />
axali Janruli modelebis Zieba XX saukunis musikaSi<br />
`erTxel roca 1964 wlis pirvel agvistos dilas<br />
gaviRviZe, ucbad gavacnobiere, rom uCveulo detaluri sizustiT,<br />
dasrulebuli saxiT musikaluri nawarmoebi damesizmra.<br />
upirveles yovlisa, kargad maxsovda musikosTa ganlageba:<br />
ori Celisti ijda scenis wina ganapira nawilze, maT Soris<br />
ki dasartyam instrumentze Semsrulebeli rogorc `msaji~.<br />
cnobierebaSi mkafiod SeminarCunda Sesrulebis detalebi<br />
JReradobis ti pebTan, artikulaciasa da JestikulaciasTan<br />
erTad, aseve nawarmoebis gamokveTilad `sportuli~ xasiaTi. im<br />
periodSi vmuSaobdi nawarmoebze, romelic sizmrisgan sruliad<br />
gansxvavdeboda SemadgenlobiT da masalis ganlagebiT. veraviTar<br />
kavSirs ver vxedavdi am ori nawarmoebis akustikur samyaros<br />
Soris, verc formis da verc Sinaarsis doneze. ar mindoda<br />
Semewyvita muSaoba Txzulebaze, romelzec ukve vmuSaobdi,<br />
raTa zmanebisTvis xorci Semesxa, Tumca cxra Ramis Semdeg<br />
sizmari imave sicxadiT gamimeorda. Tavgza amebna! amjerad<br />
raRac CaviniSne, vcade warmosaxviTi musikaluri nawarmoebis<br />
idumali droiTi elementi konkretul tempebSi gardamesaxa.<br />
meore dilas gavacnobiere, rom sizmari xelaxla gamimeorda<br />
_ amjerad yvelaferi gverdze gadavde _ CavTvale, rom bedma<br />
samjer damikakuna da swored is dro iyo, rom ganmexorcielebina<br />
Cemi movaleoba. `Match~ Svidi dRis ganmavlobaSi xilvidan<br />
realur JRerad masalad gadavaqcie _ is sizmari aRarasdros<br />
ganmeorebula. samwuxaroa, radgan mindoda igi dasrulebuli<br />
partiturisTvis Semedarebina. Match eZRvneba diter Snebels~ 12 .<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom Match-Si sizmrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
alogikuri, qvecnobieri kavSirebis demonstrirebis mcdelobaa,<br />
rac rogorc vizualur, aseve akustikur mxares exeba.<br />
karl gustav iungis koncefciiT sizmari warmoadgens<br />
`aracnobieris pirdapir manifestacias. misi enis arcodna gviSlis<br />
xels gavigoT misi gzavnili~ 13 . Sesabamisad, sizmars realobisgan<br />
gansxvavebuli, CvenTvis bolomde amoucnobi logika, asociaturi<br />
kavSirebi axasiaTebs. swored aseTia Match-i. amitom misi<br />
gaanalizeba romelime, aqamde aprobirebuli meTodiT sruliad<br />
warmoudgenelia.<br />
Match-Si aranakleb mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs TamaSis<br />
esTetika. Match-is SemTxvevaSi esaa erTgvari, pirobiTad,<br />
sportuli Sejibri or Celos Soris, sadac msajis funqcias<br />
290 291
qeTevan WitaZe<br />
axali Janruli modelebis Zieba XX saukunis musikaSi<br />
dasartyami sakravebi asruleben, am mosazrebas aZlierebs isic,<br />
rom Match-is SuaSi `msaji~ (dasartyam sakravebze<br />
Semsrulebeli) sastvens namdvili safexburTo arbitriviT<br />
iyenebs 14 .<br />
kagelis es `sportuli sizmari~ koncertis erTgvar<br />
parodiasac warmoadgens, sadac Semsruleblebs Soris xSirad<br />
musikaluri Sejibri imarTeba.<br />
Match-is partituris pirveli xuTi gverdi wesdebas, anda<br />
debulebas mogvagonebs 15 . masSi struqturulad gamoiyofa<br />
ZiriTadi da qvepunqtebi, romlebSic Sesrulebis wesebzea saubari,<br />
anu, nawarmoebs aqvs rogorc JReradi, aseve vizualuri<br />
datvirTva. es ukanaskneli udides rols asrulebs sportuli<br />
Sejibris yurebisas. garda amisa, am opus-Si mniSvnelovania<br />
TamaSis _ instrumentuli Teatris esTetika, romelsac kageli<br />
keijis kvaldakval aviTarebda. igi mimarTulia smenadis<br />
vizualizaciis da vizualuris smenadobisken 16 .<br />
XX saukunis musikaSi xSiria nawarmoebebi, romelTa<br />
dasaxeleba garkveul adgils ukavSirdeba. magaliTad: aivzis<br />
`axali inglisis sami adgili~, keijis `warmosaxviTi landSafti~,<br />
varezis `amerikebi~. swored aseTia jon keijis Ryoanji, romlis<br />
saxelwodeba toponims ukavSirdeba, xolo musikaluri<br />
kanonzomirebebi uSualod am adgilis _ Zen-budisturi baRis<br />
Sida struqturidan gamomdinareoben.<br />
Ryoanji keijis gviandeli nawarmoebia. TiTqmis aTi wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi, sicocxlis bolomde kompozitors cvlilebebi<br />
Sehqonda masSi. Ryoanji warmoadgens e. w. work in progress-s. mis<br />
Sesaxeb kompozitori wers: `1983 wels daviwye muSaoba<br />
nawarmoebze, romelsac saxeli kiotoSi (iaponia) mdebare<br />
kldovani qvebis baRis mixedviT ewoda~ 17 . am uCveulo opus-s<br />
win uZRoda 1982 wlis zafxulSi muSaoba naxatebis seriaze<br />
saxelwodebiT Where R=Ryoanji, sadac gamoiyena gansxvavebuli<br />
formis TxuTmeti qvis konturi: 1983-85 wlebSi `musikalur~<br />
Ryoanji-s erTi nawili da oTxi instrumentis partia daumata<br />
(xma, fleita, kontrabasi da tromboni). 1992 wlis ivlisSi<br />
joan reteleksa da maikl baxTan interviuSi (romelic<br />
SemdgomSi Sevida wignSi: Musicage-Cage muses on Words, Art,<br />
Music) keijma Celos partiis eskizebze isaubra 18 . aqve unda<br />
aRiniSnos, rom cvlilebebi, romlebic kompozitors wlebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi Sehqonda, ar iyo radikaluri.<br />
Ryoanji-s TiTo piesa orgverdiania, yoveli gverdi, Tavis<br />
mxriv, or oTxkuTxeds moicavs. TiToeul oTxkuTxeds keiji<br />
mocemuli lodis perimetris (monacemebis, nawilebis) mixedviT<br />
agebs.<br />
rogorc magaliTidan Cans, mrude xazebi vizualurad qvebis<br />
konturebTan asocirdeba. isini unda Sesruldes rogorc<br />
glisandoebi miTiTebul bgerasimaRlebriv diapazonSi 19 . keiji<br />
diapazons sazRvravs rogorc mikro (glisandos diapazoni),<br />
ise makrodoneze (mTliani piesis diapazoni). ramdenime adgilSi<br />
konturebi kveTen erTmaneTs da amitom solistisTvis misi<br />
Sesruleba SeuZlebeli xdeba. es adgilebi audioCanawerTan<br />
erTad sruldeba da solo duetad an triod iqceva. nawarmoebSi<br />
yoveli solistis partia zemoaRniSnul, glisandirebis princips<br />
emyareba.<br />
keijis warmodgeniT solistebi Seesatyvisebian baRis lodebs,<br />
xolo Tanmxlebi instrumentalistebi _ `davarcxnil~ qviSas.<br />
292 293
qeTevan WitaZe<br />
axali Janruli modelebis Zieba XX saukunis musikaSi<br />
Sesabamisad, Tanmxleb instrumentebs perioduli, xolo<br />
solistebs aperioduli pulsacia aqvT.<br />
amrigad, Ryoanji-s musikaluri kompozicia gamomdinareobs<br />
Zen-budisturi baRis kanonzomierebebidan. iseve rogorc baRSi,<br />
sxvadasxva rakursidan SeiZleba qvebis sxvadasxva naxazis<br />
danaxva, aseve am nawarmoebis TiToeuli axali Sesruleba<br />
axal musikalur rakursebs gvixsnis. da kidev erTi, jon<br />
keiji am nawarmoebze sicocxlis bolomde muSaobda, amatebda<br />
axal soloebs, axal gaazrebebs, Tumca is bolomde ver an ar<br />
amowura da iseTive amouxsnel gamocanad datova, rogoric<br />
Ryoanji-s baRi da misi TxuTmeti qvaa.<br />
moxsenebaSi saanalizod SevarCieT imgvari nawarmoebebi,<br />
romlebic atareben aratradiciul dasaxelebebs. es<br />
saxelwodebebi araa dakavSirebuli programasTan am sityvis<br />
XVIII-XIX saukunis musikis tradiciasTan mimarTebiT, maT<br />
arc tradiciul JanrebTan aqvT kavSiri, romlebic raime<br />
garkveul winaswar ganwyobas qmnian. Sesabamisad, es nawarmoebebi<br />
ar Seicaven winaswar dadgenil universalur maxasiaTeblebs,<br />
rac Janris erT-erTi aucilebeli ti pologiuri Tvisebaa.<br />
amgvarad, analizi cxadyofs, rom, rogorc wesi, nawarmoebebis<br />
dasaxelebebi zogadlogikuri xasiaTisaa, xolo musikaluri<br />
masalis yvela komponenti masalis Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebidan<br />
gamomdinareobs, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, saxelwodeba, anu idea,<br />
ganapirobebs. e. i., nawarmoebis saxelwodeba gansazRvravs misi<br />
struqturis yvela dones.<br />
amgvarad, Janris cneba ramdenadme icvlis semantikas:<br />
`aratipuri dasaxelebis nawarmoebebSi Janri, rogorc wesi,<br />
uSualod ukavSirdeba weris teqnikas. amiT ierarqiul kibeze<br />
misi adgili dabldeba _ Janri inacvlebs kompoziciisa da<br />
konkretuli saSualebebis sferoSi~ 20 . amis mkafio magaliTebia<br />
Cven mier ganxiluli nawarmoebebi: e. varezis Hyperprism, p.<br />
bulezis Notations, k. Stokhauzenis Kreuzspiel, m. kagelis Match,<br />
j. keijis Ryoanji, Tumca, Janris erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebeli<br />
misi stabilurobaa. swored amitom, imisTvis, rom amgvari<br />
nawarmoebebis saTaurebs Janris statusi mivaniWoT, vfiqrobT,<br />
aucilebelia maTi ganmeorebiToba `tiraJireba~, anu, sayovelTaos<br />
doneze gasvla, unificireba.<br />
dRes, rodesac globalizacia Tanamedrove samyaros mowyobis<br />
erT-erTi wamyvani principia, situacia siWreliT gamoirCeva.<br />
SesaZloa komp ozitorebi daubrundnen klasicizmis<br />
unificirebul kategoriebs, radgan isini yvelaze ganzogadebul<br />
principebs emyarebian. SesaZloa TandaTanobiT Seqmnan axali<br />
universaluri Janruli modelebi. Tumca SesaZloa,<br />
individualobis, gansakuTrebulobis SesanarCuneblad,<br />
Tanamedrove realobis mimarT erTgvar protestad kidev ufro<br />
metad gamZafrdes individualizaciis procesi xelovnebaSi.<br />
erTi ram ki faqtia. musika, rogorc komunikaciis erT-erTi<br />
forma ver iarsebebs kompozitorsa da msmenels Soris garkveuli<br />
pirobiTi sistemis gareSe, romelic gasagebs, aRqmads gaxdis<br />
mxatvrul Semoqmedebas, anu, misadagebuli iqneba garkveul<br />
myar Janrul models. romelic, rogorc cnobilia, gulisxmobs<br />
garkveul molodins, prognozs, romlis gamarTleba kmayofilebis<br />
SegrZnebas iwvevs.<br />
bolos davamTavrebT T. adornos sityvebiT: `Janrebi ibadebian<br />
da qrebian. maT raRac aqvT saerTo platonis ideebTan. Janrebsa<br />
da formebs im dromde aqvT subieqtze upiratesoba, vidre<br />
nawarmoebTa erToblioba damTxveva maT~ 21 .<br />
1<br />
Адорно Т., Эстетическая теория, М.: «Республика», 2001 – стр. 57.<br />
2<br />
ix.: Griffiths P. Modern Music. Lnd. – N. Y., 1979, p. 146-147.<br />
3<br />
m. lobanovas termini.<br />
4<br />
ixileT kompaqtdiskis anotacia: Boulez – orchestral works & chamber<br />
music. Col legno College, AAD, WWE 1 CD 20509, 1951/58/59/61 SWR.<br />
5<br />
ixileT kompaqtdiskis anotacia: Boulez – orchestral works & chamber<br />
music. Col legno College, AAD, WWE 1 CD 20509, 1951/58/59/61 SWR.<br />
6<br />
Oullette F. Edgard Varese. New York: Da Capo Press Music Erprint Series, 1981-p. 4.<br />
7<br />
Notatio - romelime sferos pirobiTi aRniSvnebis sistemaa.<br />
igi Seicavs mravalricxovan simboloebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba<br />
azrebis da maTi urTierTqmedebebis warmosadgenad. yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebulia maTematikuri, musikaluri, fizikuri, qimiuri,<br />
Wadrakis notacia da sxv.<br />
8<br />
Смирнов Д. Н., «Додекамания» Пьера Булеза, или заметки о его<br />
«Нотациях» // Музыкальная Академия, 2003, № 4, стр. 112.<br />
9<br />
Stockhausen K. Kreuzspiel. CD 1, Stockhausen Verlag, 1991 – s. 6.<br />
10<br />
Dibelius U. Moderne Musik nach 1945 (Mit 75 Abbildungen und 87<br />
Notenbeispielen). München, Zürich: Piper, 1998, s. 108<br />
294 295
qeTevan WitaZe<br />
11<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavs xerxs Stokhauzenma mogvianebiT<br />
Guppen-Si mimarTa, Tumca, Kreuzspiel-isgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
Semsruleblebi auditoriis irgvliv arian moTavsebulni,<br />
Guppen-s avtoris miTiTebiT orjer asruleben da Sesrulebebs<br />
Soris msmenelma unda Seicvalos adgili.<br />
12<br />
Mauricio Kagel. Match für 3 Spieler (1964), Christoph Caskel – percussion,<br />
Siegfried Palm, Klaus Storck – violoncello. Deutsche Grammophon 137 006 [1967].<br />
13<br />
ix.: http://library.evro-bit.ru/<br />
14<br />
sainteresoa is faqti, rom nawarmoebis bolos erT-erTi<br />
Celisti `msajs~ xels arTmevs. am mxrivac SeiZleba pirdapiri<br />
paralelis gavleba sportTan.<br />
15<br />
amgvari winaTqma XX saukunis mravali kompozitoris<br />
partituras uZRvis win. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT<br />
varezis TiTqmis yvela nawarmoebi, Stokhauzenis Stimmung-i<br />
da Kreuzspiel-i, Sarinos mesame safortepiano sonata, kagelis<br />
Pas de cinq da sxv.<br />
16 m. kagelis instrumentuli Teatris JanrSi Seqmnili cnobili<br />
nawarmoebebia: Ludwig van - `metakolaJi~, miZRvnili beThovenis<br />
dabadebidan 200 wlisTavisadmi (1969 weli); `Staatstheater~<br />
(premiera hamburgSi, 1971 weli); Aus Deutschland _ `sasimRero<br />
opera~ (premiera dasavleT berlinSi, 1981 weli). ix.: Житомирский<br />
Д. В., Леонтьева О. Т., Мяло К. Г. Западный музыкальный авангард после<br />
второй мировой войны. М.: Музыка, 1989, стр. 37-38.<br />
17<br />
http://www.johncage.info/workscage/ryoanji.html<br />
18<br />
http://www.johncage.info/workscage/ryoanji.html<br />
19<br />
aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT qsenakisis Metastasis-i, Tumca Ryoanji<br />
-sgan gansxvavebiT, inspiraciis wyaro musikaluri nawarmoebi<br />
gaxldaT, romlis mixedviTac aigo Phillips–is cnobili<br />
pavilioni 1958 wlis briuselis msoflio gamofenisTvis.<br />
20<br />
Лобанова М., Музыкальный стиль и жанр. история и современность.<br />
М.: СК, 1990, стр. 227.<br />
21<br />
Адорно Т. Op. cit. – стр. 292<br />
• T. kaxiZe, teqnikuri esTetikis roli e. varezis sakompozitoro<br />
azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi // sadi plomo naSromi, Tbilisi, 1992<br />
• Boulez P. Piano Sonatas Nos. 1-3. NAXOS, DDD, 8.553353<br />
axali Janruli modelebis Zieba XX saukunis musikaSi<br />
• Cage J. Conversation with William Duckworth, 1995<br />
• Dibelius U. Moderne Musik nach 1945 (Mit 75 Abbildungen und 87<br />
Notenbeispielen). München, Zürich: Piper, 1998<br />
• Diliberto J. In Conversation with John Cage. Electronic Musician – January<br />
2005<br />
• Frisius R. Karlheinz Stockhausen. Mainz, Schott Musik International, 1996<br />
• Frisius R. Pierre Boulez: NOTATIONS pour piano / http://www.jstor.org/<br />
pss/833632<br />
• Kostelanetz R. Conversing with Cage. Second Edition. New York and London,<br />
2003<br />
• Oullette F. Edgard Varese. New York: Da Capo Press Music Erprint Series,<br />
1981<br />
• Peyser J. Conversing with Cage. 1976<br />
• .Stockhausen K. Texte zur elektronischen und instrumentalen Musik. Band<br />
1. Köln, DuMont Buchverlag, 1988<br />
• http://www.japantoday.ru/japanaz/r3.shtml,<br />
• http://www.johncage.info/workscage/ryoanji.html<br />
• .http://www.specialradio.ru/i/varese_edgar/<br />
• Аванесов А. Ю., Некоторые аспекты философии и эстетики дзэнбуддизма<br />
в музыке ХХ века. автореферат. Eреван, 2005.<br />
• Адорно Т., Избранное: Социология музыки. М. – С. Пб.: Университетская<br />
книга, 1999.<br />
• Адорно Т., Как устаревает «новая музыка» // Современное буржуазное<br />
искусство. Критика и размышления. М.: СК, 1975.<br />
• .Адорно Т., Философия новой музыки. М.: 2001.<br />
• .Булез П., Ориентиры I. Воображать. Избранные статьи. М.: «Логос-<br />
Альтера», “Eccehomo”, 2004.<br />
• Житомирский Д. В., Леонтьева О. Т., Мяло К. Г. Западный музыкальный<br />
авангард после второй мировой войны. М.: «Музыка», 1989.<br />
• .Лобанова М., Музыкальный стиль и жанр. История и современность. М.:<br />
СК, 1990.<br />
•.Переверзева М., Музыкальные формы Джона Кейджа // Музыка ХХ<br />
века. Вопросы истории, теории, эстетики. Материалы научной<br />
конференции. Сборник 54. Московская консерватория, 2005<br />
•.Смирнов Д. Н., «Додекамания» Пьера Булеза, или заметки о его<br />
«Нотациях» // Музыкальная Академия, 2003, № 4.<br />
296 297
eka WabaSvili<br />
doqturanturis I kursi<br />
xelmZRvaneli _ prof. nodar mamisaSvili<br />
atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio<br />
teqnika<br />
(problemis dasmisTvis)<br />
kacobriobis istoriaSi XX saukune yvelaze gadatvirTulia<br />
samecniero siaxleebiT, rac aseve aqtiurad aisaxa msoflio<br />
kulturaze da maT Soris musikazec. am epoqisTvis yvelaze<br />
damaxasiaTebelia xelovnebaSi mecnieruli aRmoCenebis<br />
pirdapirproporciulad gamovlenis tendencia. amis Sedegad<br />
warmoiSvnen originaluri, hibriduli ti pis moRvaweebi<br />
xelovnebis sxvadasxva sferoSi, maT Soris mecnierkompozitorebic.<br />
xelovnebis dargebis sinkretizaciis Sedegad<br />
iqmneba gansxvavebuli specifikis mxatvruli nimuSebi<br />
(sinkretuli azrovneba axasiaTebda uZvelesi samyaros<br />
xelovnebasac, ris safuZvelzec iqmneboda iseTi Janrebi,<br />
rogoricaa fsalmuni, satura da sxva). swored msgavsi<br />
movlenebis fonze XX saukunis II naxevarSi da XXI saukuneSi<br />
xelovanTa umetesobaSi SeimCneva ltolva `gamTlianebuli<br />
azrovnebisken~ 1 .<br />
is, rom azrovnebis cvla xdeba, xSirad ismis sxvadasxva<br />
xelovnis gamonaTqvamebSi, erT-erTi aseTi azri ekuTvnis<br />
musikaluri avangardis erT-erT liders, germanel kompozitor<br />
karlhainc Stokhauzens:<br />
„epoqa, romelic daiwyo aseulobiT wlis win, ufro swored<br />
2500 wlis win da romelic efuZneba ZvelberZnuli tipis<br />
azrovnebas, dasrulda!`2<br />
aseve cnobili qarTveli mecnier-kompozitorisa da<br />
gamomgoneblis nodar mamisaSvilis azriT, `Tanamedrove<br />
teqnicizmis pirobebSi logikuri azrovnebis formebi da<br />
formaluri logikis maqsimaluri procesebi imdenad gabatonda<br />
dRevandel yofierebaSi, rom raime meTodologiuri saswaulebiT<br />
Tu mwignobrobiT misi marwuxebidan Tavis daRweva SeuZlebelia.<br />
ara da gamTlianebul azrovnebaze gadasvla Tanamedrove<br />
civilizaciis sasicocxlo procesebis aRmavlobisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli pirobaa~. 3<br />
zemoT moyvanili mosazrebebi Seesabameba epoqalur<br />
saazrovno potencials da exmaureba momavlis mecnierebasac.<br />
xSirad xelovneba da literatura winaswar saxavs siaxleebs,<br />
romelTa realizeba epoqalur sinamdvileSi jer kidev<br />
iluziuria. xelovanebi am movlenebs mxolod mxatvruli<br />
xerxebiT asaxaven sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi, rac Semdgom mecnierul<br />
aRmoCenebSi gamovlenila, risi naTeli magaliTia, Tundac, Jiul<br />
vernis Semoqmedeba.<br />
ram SeiZleba axsnas es movlena? SesaZloa genetikam...<br />
informacia romelic Cawerilia genSi aqtiurdeba da geniosebi<br />
iwyeben am informaciis wakiTxvas _ gacnobierebas.<br />
azrovnebis cvladobis miuxedavad, genur kodSi Cawerili<br />
informacia mudam muSaobs. Tu cnobierebas SeuZlia momavlis<br />
informacias miagnos, miT umetes, warsulSi miRebul informacias<br />
kidev ufro gaufrTxildeba. ase rom, rogorc ar unda vecadoT<br />
wavSaloT warsuli _ es SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, XX saukunis<br />
kompozitor-avangardistebis mxridan gasuli saukuneebis<br />
musikaluri kulturis uaryofisa da yvelafris axlidan<br />
dawyebis mcdeloba ganuxorcielebel ambiciad darCa.<br />
`or msoflio omgadaxdil kacobriobas, ufro swored,<br />
inteleqtualTa nawils protesti uCndeba saukuneebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli esTetikuri faseulobebis mimarT.<br />
gansxvavebuli stilis kompozitorebs _ bulezs, Stokhauzens,<br />
ligetis, nonos, berios _ daaxloebiT erTdroulad ipyrobs<br />
survili, miRweul iqnes cnobierebis iseTi mdgomareoba,<br />
romelsac metaforulad tabula rasa SeiZleba ewodos (tabula<br />
rasa musikaSi _ es aris mcdeloba, mexsierebidan amoiSalos<br />
warsulis musikaluri struqtura da SemoqmedebiTi procesi<br />
„nulidan~ daiwyos _ Null Punkt, Punkt Zero). 1945 weli<br />
pirobiTad aRiarebulia aTvlis wertilad, romelic axal<br />
298 299
eka WabaSvili<br />
epoqas, axal kulturasa da WeSmaritad axal musikas 4 aZlevs<br />
dasabams.~ (nawyveti n. Jvanias sadisertacio naSromidan)<br />
aseTi radikalizmi maT SemoqmedebaSi mimdinare procesebis<br />
arasworad gagebam gamoiwvia. Taoba, romelic `gamTlianebuli<br />
azrovnebis~ sazRvarze dgas, jer kidev dabneulia im<br />
gaucnobierebeli movlenebis gamo, romelic maT azrovnebaSi<br />
xdeba. igi usazRvro energiis morevSi trialebs _ energiisa,<br />
romelic kacobriobas siaxleSi naxtomisTvis amzadebs.<br />
kacobriobis axal eraSi Sesvlas swored `gamTlianebuli<br />
azrovnebis~ procesebi ganapirobebs, Tumca mas upirispirdeba<br />
zombirebis meTodiT miRebuli cnobierebis umartivesi formebi.<br />
amitom xelovnebis nebismier dargSi iseTi saazrovno sistemebis<br />
Seqmna, sadac intuicias inerciiT mivyavarT, momavlis adamianis<br />
gadarCenis iaraRia.<br />
sazogadoebasa da individis inteleqtualur arealSi gaCnda,<br />
arsebulisgan gansxvavebuli, sxvagvari produqtis gasinjvisa<br />
da miRebis moTxovnileba. msmenelisTvis axali produqtis<br />
miwodeba, zogadad, xelovnebis mudmivi procesia, Tumca sxva<br />
epoqebis adamianebisgan gansxvavebiT dRevandeli auditoriis<br />
garkveuli nawili iTxovs siaxles, is inteleqtualurad<br />
gacilebiT momzadebuli da progresulia. roca warsul, XX<br />
saukuneSic ki protestisa da agresiis fonze inergeboda<br />
siaxle, dRes momxmareblis inovaciisaken swrafva aSkara<br />
interesisa da intuiciuri TviTganwyobis fonze vlindeba, es<br />
procesic `gamTlianebuli azrovnebis~ sawindaria. mimwodeblis<br />
da momxmareblis interesebis erToblioba gana identuria,<br />
aramed informaciulad harmoniulia da atarebs SexedulebaTa<br />
cvladobis impulss.<br />
atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />
kodebi `unarCuneben~ kompozitoris Semoqmedebas erovnul<br />
elfers da Tvidmyofadobis muxts. sxva SemTxvevaSi nebismieri<br />
sakompozicio teqnika STanTqavda kompozitoris individualobas.<br />
dRidan musikaluri azrovnebis gaCenisa arsebobs garkveuli<br />
kanonzomierebebi, romlebic ama Tu im epoqaSi icvleba, adamiani<br />
ki cdilobs am movlenebs raRac logikuri axsna mouZebnos<br />
da moaxdinos misi klasifikacia. magaliTad, rusi kompozitori<br />
v. martinovi sakuTari wignis `Opus Posth~ bolo TavSi<br />
konspeqturad ayalibebs evropuli azrovnebis, istoriis da<br />
musikaluri Semoqmedebis transformaciis process.<br />
cxrili 1<br />
musikaluri genetikuri kodebi<br />
sakiTxi, romelsac ganvixilavT, sinkretuli azrovnebis<br />
fenomens exeba. vgulisxmobT `atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio<br />
teqnikas~, romelic aseve `gamTlianebuli azrovnebis~ nayofs<br />
warmoadgens, sadac musikaluri genetikuri kodebi<br />
Taviseburad aqtiurdebian. swored es musikaluri genetikuri<br />
300 301
eka WabaSvili<br />
XX saukuneSi gacilebiT momravlda aseTi mosazrebebi<br />
musikis filosofiaSi.<br />
musikaluri genetikuri kodebis dasadgenad Cven dagvWirda<br />
erTgvari klasifikaciis mofiqreba, sadac aisaxeboda musikaluri<br />
azrovnebis sxvadasxva ti pebis Casaxvis periodebi da maTi<br />
Tanmimdevroba. saklasifikacio modelis Seqmnisas daveyrdeniT<br />
qarTveli kompozitoris nodar mamisaSvilis sqemas, sadac 7<br />
bgeras akavSirebs 7 speqtrul ferTan da azrovnebis 7 donesTan.<br />
cxrili 2<br />
atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />
bgeraSi konservirebulia informacia genetikuri kodebis<br />
saxiT. civilizaciis yovel periodSi obertonebis rigis<br />
gansazRvruli nawili iwyebda aqtiurobas, romlis mixedviTac<br />
adamianis sxeuli, msgavsad instrumentisa, ewyoboda.<br />
obertonebis kodebad daSifris Sedegad Zalian saintereso<br />
vizualur gamosaxulebas miviRebT. bgeraTrigi horizontalSi<br />
aCqardeba _ rac aisaxeba obertonebs Soris manZilebis<br />
TandaTanobiTi damoklebiT. am SemTxvevaSi viRebT gamosaxulebas,<br />
rasac SegviZlia davarqvaT `aCqareba droSi~ (naxazi 1). xolo<br />
Tu bgeraTrigs sivrceSi ganvalagebT, is Seqmnis siRrmiseul<br />
mravalSrian perspeqtivas, rasac SegviZlia davarqvaT `aCqareba<br />
sivrceSi~.<br />
musikaluri azrovnebis yoveli forma damoukideblad<br />
gaivlis evoluciuri ganviTarebis etapebs momdevno periodebSi.<br />
am periodebis ampituda drois sixSiris aCqarebasTan erTad<br />
ufro da ufro mokldeba.<br />
gadavwyviteT genetikuri kodebis saZiebeli areali bgeris<br />
umcires nawilakebSi mogveZebna da es nawilakebi metaforulad<br />
gagveigivebina nukleotidebTan 5 . amgvarad rogorc dezoqsirebuli<br />
nukleinis mJavaSia (dnm-Si) Cawerili genetikuri informacia,<br />
aseve SesaZloa bgeraSi iyos daSifruli musikaluri genetikuri<br />
informaciac.<br />
302 303
eka WabaSvili<br />
atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />
nodar mamisaSvilis kvlevis mixedviT arsebobs musikaluri<br />
genis sami ti pi: fonogeni, intrageni da hologeni.<br />
fonogeni _ bgeris obertonebis dayofa musikalur<br />
genetikur kodebad da maTi dakavSireba civilizaciis<br />
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva periodebTan. gaaqtiurebuli kodi genSi<br />
Caiwereba musikaluri fonis funqciiT.<br />
intrageni (mexsiereba, intuicia, ganwyoba) warmoebs<br />
fonogenidan, romelsac Tan erTvis evfoniis movlena. evfonia,<br />
Cveni azriT, aris samyaros saerTo harmoniidan nebismieri<br />
smenadi materiis adamianis mier sakuTari sxeuliT (garedan<br />
miRebuli musikaluri informaciisTvis akustikuri<br />
sarezonatori garemo) SerCeuli, misTvis sasurveli<br />
keTilxmovaneba da cnobierebaSi gardaqmnis Sedegad _<br />
individualuri aRqma. swored es geni aaqtiurebs individualur<br />
sawyiss.<br />
hologeni 6 ki fsiqodroSi gadaadgilebis saSualebas da<br />
genSi daSifruli saerTo informaciis wakiTxvis SesaZleblobas<br />
iZleva. Tumca sakiTxis gacnobiereba xdeba subieqtis realur<br />
droSi da Seimecnebs im semantikiT, rac misi epoqisTvisaa<br />
Sesaferisi.<br />
am azrs mivyavarT kidev erT movlenasTan _ SemoqmedebiTi<br />
meditirebisas droSi gadaadgileba da informaciis mopoveba<br />
genetikas da azrovnebas ar cvlis. mocartis an baxis, beThovenisa<br />
Tu haidnis zogierTi nimuSis magaliTze Cans, rom isini ubadlod<br />
iWerdnen saerTo informaciuli bankidan gaJonil talRebs,<br />
sadac momaval musikalur siaxleebze iyo informacia Cawerili.<br />
Tumca es intuiciurad gaSifruli azrebi, ar aisaxebodan<br />
maTi musikaluri azrovnebis sistemaze, igi ubralod gamonaklisi<br />
idea-fantaziis saxiT vlindeboda maT SemoqmedebaSi<br />
304 305<br />
* * *<br />
mecnierTa interesis sfero didia ukve Camoyalibebuli<br />
musikaluri sistemebis klasifikaciisa da sakompozicio teqnikis<br />
sxvadasxva saxeebis mimarT, razec metyvelebs sakmao raodenobis
eka WabaSvili<br />
literatura. Tumca samecniero Sroma Tanamedrove atomalurbirTvuli<br />
musikaluri sistemis da sakompozicio teqnikaSi<br />
misi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ar Segvxvedria, Sesabamisad, es<br />
problematuri sakiTxia da unda iqnas gamokvleuli.<br />
ratom daerqva am sakompozicio teqnikas atomalurbirTvuli?<br />
Tu XX saukunis mniSvnelovan movlenebs gadavxedavT,<br />
erT-erTi maTgani aucileblad atomi da masTan dakavSirebul<br />
kvlevebi aRmoCndeba. atombirTvul fizikaSi miRweuli aRmoCenebi,<br />
dameTanxmdebiT, epoqaluri azrovnebis sistemis Sedegia da<br />
bunebrivia es movlenebi aseve aisaxa xelovnebazec.<br />
` at om a lu r - b ir T vu l i~ s a ko m p o zicio te qniki s<br />
saxelwodebidan naTlad Cans, rom igi exmianeba atombirvTis<br />
fizikis sakiTxebs. igi metaforulad efuZvneba atombirTvis<br />
fizikis principebs da kanonzomierebebs, aseve iTvaliswinebs<br />
garkveul akustikur da optikur procesebs, musikalur<br />
genetikas, akustikuri garemos virtualuri aRqmis xerxebs,<br />
mistikuri SegrZnebebis fsiqoganwyobas da Tanamedrove<br />
mecnierebaSi mimdinare rig aqtualur sakiTxebs. es aris<br />
meditaciuri 7 musikis ganviTarebis momdevno etapi.<br />
meditaciuri musika gulisxmobs realurastronomiur<br />
droSi ganfenili musikaluri masalis sxvadasxva<br />
sivrcul SreebSi ganviTarebas; am sivrceebis individualuri<br />
f si qodr o i wyebs pul si r ebas (poli-t). 8 pirvel xanebSi<br />
meditaciur musikaSi, meditaciuri ganwyobis misaRwevad,<br />
mimarTavdnen erTferovani ritmuli masalis ganmeorebis meTods,<br />
romelic realuri drois dakargvis iluzias iwvevs. irCeven<br />
sivrcis ramdenime Sres da yovel maTganSi erTmaneTisgan<br />
metrulad da ritmulad gansxvavebul musikalur masalas<br />
imeoreben, aseTi saSemsruleblo meTodiT miiRweva meditirebis<br />
erT-erTi forma. am movlenas minimalizmi ewodeba (meditaciuri<br />
musikis amerikuli skola _ s. raixi, t. raili, f. glasi da<br />
sxva).<br />
radgan musikaluri masalis gameorebis efeqti anelebs<br />
adamianis reaqcias astronomiul droSi, amgvar xerxs jer<br />
kidev uZveles xanaSi sxvadasxva qveynis Samanebi didi<br />
warmatebiT iyenebdnen `xalxze~ sakuTari magiis zegavlenis<br />
atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />
moxdenis iluziis Sesaqmnelad. zogjer minimalizmis<br />
warmoqmnis erT-erT wyarod jazsac miiCneven, albaT afrikuli<br />
fesvebis gamo, sadac igrZnoba Samanuri musikis meditaciuri<br />
muxti. warmoiSva intuitiuri musika _ Tavisufali<br />
improvizacia an aleatorika, rac aseve saSemsruleblo<br />
meditirebis meSveobiT warmoebs. meditaciuri musikis<br />
Sesrulebis procesi, SesaZloa, musikaluri masalis sxvadasxva<br />
xazebze gameorebis princi ps sulac ar eyrdnobodes. igi<br />
sivrceTa SreebSi gadanawilebuli musikaluri masalis<br />
erTobliobiT miiRweodes. amgvarad, musikaluri qsovilis<br />
statiuri buneba moculobiT musikalur organizms qmnis, sadac<br />
`siCumec~ ki meditirebis nawilia. magaliTad, j. keijis an d.<br />
ligetis nawarmoebebSi.<br />
zog SemTxvevaSi radikalurad gansxvavebuli sakompozicio<br />
stilis kompozitorebis SemoqmedebaSi ibadeba meditaciuri<br />
musikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis mqone nawarmoebebi,<br />
ganurCevlad imisa Tu romel sakompozicio teqnikas mimarTavs<br />
esa Tu is avtori. Sesabamisad, meditaciuri musikis nimuSebi<br />
SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, rogorc amerikeli jon keijis, aseve<br />
argentineli maurisio kagelis an poloneli kSiStof<br />
pendereckis, da Tundac qarTveli sulxan nasiZis SemoqmedebaSi.<br />
meditaciur musikaSi sakmaod didi adgili ukavia musikis<br />
axaleburad Caweris formebs. axali notacia _ rodesac<br />
nawarmoebi Cawerilia vizualur-gamomsaxveli aradeterminirebuli<br />
metafoSemsrulebels aniWebs uflebas sakuTari fantaziis<br />
wyalobiT, Tumca avtoriseuli survilebis da stilis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, monawileoba miiRos axali nawarmoebis Seqmnis<br />
SemoqmedebiT procesSi. (am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs Semsruleblisa<br />
da kompozitoris meditirebis sinTezs).<br />
306 307
eka WabaSvili<br />
mag.: j. keijis “Cartridge Music”<br />
atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />
meTods da sxv.). am SemTxvevas bgerisa da leqsikuri<br />
erTeulebis musikalur `mikrosamyarosTan~ ufro mivyavarT,<br />
vidre minimalizmTan.<br />
musikaluri meditaciis gansxvavebuli formebi gamoCnda<br />
evropaSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom evropisTvis meditaciuri<br />
musikis pirvelwyaro Tavad Sua saukuneebis evropuli musika<br />
iyo. Tumca, iseve rogorc amerikul skolas, arc maT auvliaT<br />
gverdi aziuri musikaluri azrovnebisTvis (induri, arabuli,<br />
Cinuri musika da maTi filosofia). evropaSi musikaluri<br />
meditirebis xerxebad xSirad minimalizmisTvis arati piur<br />
meTodebsac iyeneben, gacilebiT rTul da inteleqtualur<br />
SesaZleblobebs mimarTaven. maT Soris, maTematikur an<br />
mecnierebis sxva dargebTan dakavSirebul princi pebs,<br />
romelTa gadmotaniT kompoziciis Semqmnel kanonzomierebebs<br />
adgenen.<br />
ase magaliTia, karlhainc Stokhauzenis sagundo nawarmoebi<br />
`Stimmung~-i, romelsac safuZvlad udevs erTi akordis<br />
modifikaciis meSveobiT meditireba (aqve avtori aqtiurad<br />
iyenebs lingvistikis wesebs, notaciis verbalur xerxs,<br />
musikaluri kompoziciis Sesaqmnelad maTematikuri gamoTvlis<br />
mag.: k. Stokhauzenis `Stimmung~(partitura)<br />
aseTi mecnieruli damokidebuleba da maTematikuri<br />
meTodebiT meditireba axasiaTebs qsenakissac 9 , misi azriT, `musika<br />
_ ar aris xelovneba, is mecnierebaa, mecniereba logikisa da<br />
zusti maTematikuri gaTvlebis~. 10 igi, Tavis Tanamedrove<br />
kompozitorebis msgavsad, scildeba bgeriTi temperaciis<br />
farglebs da iyenebs bgeris mTel SesaZleblobas, swored ase<br />
Seiqmna `bgeriTi Rrublebic~, romlis warmoSobasac gazSi<br />
Semavali mikronawilakebis moZraobis imitireba daedo<br />
safuZvlad.<br />
mag.: i. qsenakisi `Pitoprakta~ simebiani orkestrisTvis<br />
(partitura)<br />
308 309
eka WabaSvili<br />
* * *<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ` a t o m a l u r - b i r T v u l i<br />
sakompozicio teqnika~ meditaciuri musikis ganviTarebis<br />
momdevno etapisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. meditaciuri musikis<br />
arsebul nimuSebSi ukve SeiniSneba is tendenciebi, rac SemdgomSi<br />
am sakompozicio teqnikis Camoyalibebas Seuwyobs xels. esaa<br />
droisa da sivrcis gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba musikalur<br />
nawarmoebSi, musikaluri masalis ganviTarebis pirobiToba da<br />
kompozitoris, Semsruleblisa da msmenelis Sinagani<br />
Tavisuflebis `didi doza~. musikaluri kompoziciis Seqmnis<br />
procesSi albaTobis imdenad didi procentia, rom met-naklebad<br />
samive monawileobs nawarmoebis saboloo saxis CamoyalibebaSi<br />
(SesaZloa samive erTi personac iyos).<br />
atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnikis gamoyenebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi kompozitoris mier miwodebuli masala imdenad<br />
ritualuri unda iyos, rom yvela variantSi ar daikargos<br />
misi originaloba, Semsrulebeli kargad unda manipulirebdes<br />
am stilisTvis damaxasiaTebel drosa da sivrceSi, rom misi<br />
Tavisufali nebeloba aireklos msmenelis aRqmaze, sadac<br />
usazRvro fantazia amoqmeddeba da CaerTveba procesSi. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi b. asafievis gamoTqma `musikaluri forma, rogorc<br />
procesi~ Sebrundeba, da piriqiT, procesi iqceva musikalur<br />
formad. amis naTeli nimuSebia zemoT xsenebul kompozitorTa<br />
nawarmoebebi. meditaciuri musikis ganviTarebis istoriul<br />
WrilSi, CvenTvis sainteresoa maT mier Seqmnili sinkretuli<br />
xelovnebis formebi, multimediebi da hepeningebi, rac `atomalurbirTvul<br />
sakompozocio teqnikisaTan~ gvakavSirebs.<br />
atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnikiT daweril<br />
musikalur nawarmoebSi musikaluri masalis sivrcesa da droSi<br />
gadanawileba xdeba msgavsad atomebis ganlagebisa (metaforul<br />
aspeqtSi). bgeris moZraobis traeqtoria ise gadaitaneba musikis<br />
plastikaSi, TiTqos atomebi an maTSi arsebuli nawilakebi<br />
moZraobdnen. es niuansebi xmovani masalis akustikur<br />
Taviseburebebs qmnis. Sedegad viRebT sivrculi musikisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebel bgeris akustikuri gadanawilebis meTods da<br />
atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />
misi ganfenis principebs erTi astrologiuri drois farglebSi<br />
sxvadasxva sivrceebSi, romelTa individualuri fsiqodroebi<br />
erTmaneTTan `poli-t~-s damokidebulebaSia (am movlenis<br />
Canasaxebi jer kidev i. stravinskis, prokofievis, vebernis da<br />
sxva XX saukunis kompozitorebis SemoqmedebaSi Cndeba).<br />
am teqnikis mier SemoTavazebul siaxleebs da<br />
kanonzomierebebs Cems 11 mier Seqmnili simfoniis `ukuniTi<br />
ukunisamde~ magaliTze wamogidgenT.<br />
nimuSi 1. fsiqodroebi - `kompoziciis partitura~<br />
ukuniTi ukunisamde<br />
(sami fsiqodro)<br />
kubis (aura) _ topofonuri plasti (7 rotacia) _ instrumentebi<br />
ganlagebulia 3 iarusze, marTva xdeba yursasmeniT diriJorisTvis Seqmnili<br />
specialuri partituriT sasignalo sityvebis meSveobiT (magaliTad, brZaneba:<br />
`Sesvla~ _ saerTo ritmuli pulsaris ansamblurobisaTvis.<br />
piramidis (informaciuli veli) _ topofonuri plasti (13 rotacia)<br />
_ eleqtronuli plasti, moZrav meqanizmze dakiduli 13 cali gamaZliereblebi<br />
spiralisebur xazze ganlagebuli imarTeba operatorisgan, bgeris<br />
transformaciisTvis aqvs specialuri gegma da el. plastis partitura<br />
tembrul-ritmuli miTiTebebiT.<br />
jvris (literaturuli plasti) _ gundi da instrumentebi parterSi<br />
centrSi. sami faza _ siuJeturi wyaro biblia, I faza _`7 dRe~, II faza<br />
_ `sameba~, III faza _ `oTxTavi~, Coda faza _ `erTarsi~. saorkestro<br />
balansi Wadrakuli da birTvulia. saorkestro dramaturgia eyrdnoba 2<br />
ganzomilebiani grafikuli naxazebis plastikas (vTqvaT, spirali, klaknili,<br />
wyvetili, ori sxvadasxva erTdroulad da a.S.). naxazis bgeris akustikur<br />
gavrcelebasTan identifikacia xmovanebis moZraobas aniWebs erTgvar akustikur<br />
plastikas (zogjer moicavs iarusebis Tavisufal instrumentebsac).<br />
sfero (aerTianebs yvelas) _ moicavs yvela sakravs da dinamiks, Cndeba 4-<br />
jer 2-jer I fazaSi _ dRe I (`da iqmna naTeli~), dRe IV `kosmosi~, II da<br />
III fazebis mijnaze _kulminacia musikaluri siCume da ukuni sibnele<br />
`samebis~ bolos da `oTxTavis~ dawyebamde, Coda `erTarsi~.<br />
mimarTuli-sxivuri, moWrili-gamosaxavs figurebs): sfero _ lurji, cisferi,<br />
iasamnisferi; kubi _ wiTeli-mewamulis feri; piramida _ yviTelinarinjisferi;<br />
jvari _ TeTri-rZisferi (kompoziciaSi cisferiTaa aRniSnuli)<br />
partituraSi mocemuli sxvadasxva feri miuTiTebs sivrcis sxvadasxva<br />
Sreebs. is SeiZleba iyos aseve igive feris Suqis TanxlebiT, romelic<br />
bgerasTan erTad warmoiSveba da igive intensiobiT qreba (feri xmis gavrcelebis<br />
vizualizacias axdens).<br />
310 311
eka WabaSvili<br />
atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />
nimuSi 2. akustikuri gadanawileba `ganlagebis partitura~<br />
312 313
eka WabaSvili<br />
nimuSi 3. bgeris moZraoba-traeqtoria ``I faza _ I dRe~<br />
atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />
atomalur-birTvuli musikis SemTxvevaSi adamiani _ msmeneli<br />
Tu Semsrulebeli _ eqceva aratipiur xmovan velSi, sadac is<br />
musikis mikrosamyaros centrSia da TiTqos mis garSemo moZrav<br />
umcires nawilakebs SeigZnobs. am procesis mZafrad<br />
SegrZnebisTvis da aRqmisTvis, saukeTesoa Tu vizualuri<br />
xerxebic iqneba CarTuli. vTqvaT, Tu feri, plastika, Suqi,<br />
Crdili da sxva vizualuri niuansebi bgeras Seerwymeba da<br />
dinamikis, ritmis, tempis realizebaSi daexmareba.<br />
nimuSi 4. bgeris moZraoba da feri `ganaTebis partitura~<br />
instrumentebis da gamaZliereblebis ganlageba darbazSi<br />
ganaTebis partitura da sivrculi Sreebi (ferSi)<br />
bgerisa da Suqis gavrcelebis plastika<br />
(mTavari partituris TanxlebiT, sadac miTiTebulia ra droSi da ra<br />
mimarTulebiT vrceldeba bgera da Suqic mihyveba bgeras)<br />
yoveli instrumenti aRniSnulia im feriT, romliTac unda ganaTdes,<br />
mxolod yviTeli feriT aRniSnuli instrumentebi miuniSneben rom<br />
isini gamoiyeneba eleqtronuli plastisTvis da maTi ganaTeba xdeba an<br />
lokalurad pultis gasanaTebeli SuqiT an mxolod jvris TeTri<br />
ganaTebiT. TeTri SuqiT ganaTebuli sakravebi araa aRniSnuli ZiriTad<br />
partituraSi, igi erwymis sxva feris ganaTebas da gamoiyeneba im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac musikaSi jvris gamosaxulebaa gamosaxatavi. (es<br />
miTiTebulia gamnaTeblis partituraSi sityvieri SeniSvniT).<br />
I. lazeruli ganaTeba aerTebs figurebis wverebs, xolo ferdebi<br />
warmoiqmneba rampis mimarTuli Suqis meSveobiT.<br />
wiTeli Suqi _ xazavs kubis sxvadasxva rotacias.<br />
yviTeli Suqi _ xazavs sxvadasxva kuTxovani fuZis mqone piramidas.<br />
feradi ganaTeba _ rodesac sakravebs Soris bgera moZraobs da<br />
warmoqmnis figuras.<br />
SeniSvna: piramidis wveros gamaZliereblidan momavali xazebi<br />
lazeruli sxivebia, romlebic erTdroulad vrceldeba fuZis wveroebis<br />
gamaZliereblebisken, maT Soris ki sxivebi rig-rigobiT Sekraven<br />
piramidis fuZes da Seavseben ferdebs. spiralis dros yviTeli<br />
gafantuli Suqi moemarTeba yoveli CarTuli gamaZliereblidan qveviT.<br />
II. TeTri ganaTeba ekuTvnis jvris formaze ganlagebul<br />
Semsruleblebs, Suqi vrceldeba konusurad da<br />
Semsrulebels anaTebs zevidan (dan 2 an 3 metris<br />
simaRleze).<br />
III. jvris feradi ganaTeba (cisferi, lurji, iisferi, vardisferi,<br />
iasamnisferi, Sindisferi da a.S.) vrceldeba iatakidan<br />
314 315
eka WabaSvili<br />
(sanaTi mowyobiloba damontaJebulia iatakze TiToeuli<br />
Semsruleblis garSemo). Semsrulebeli gaSemortymulia<br />
oTxi erTferi sxiviT, romlebic erTmaneTs hkveTen<br />
musikosis Tavs zeviT da Tu amvdroulad mas TeTri<br />
ganaTebac erwymis, maSin feradi sxivebi ikargeba TeTri<br />
konusis wveroSi.<br />
IV. sferos feradi ganaTeba vrceldeba rogorc darbazis garSemo<br />
gafantuli Suqis meSveobiT da sferos imitacias qmnis<br />
(improvizaciuli variantebi), aseve Semsruleblis garSemo<br />
iatakze damontaJebuli sanaTebiT, romelic afeTqebis<br />
efeqtiT erTgvar ritmul dinamikas qmnis da sakravebis<br />
Sesvlas afiqsirebs.<br />
`<br />
nimuSi 5. kubis rotacia lazeris SuqiT wiTel ferSi<br />
``kubis partitura~<br />
atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, zogadad, musika statikuria, dinamiuri<br />
procesebis gaaqtiureba ki musikaluri materiis SigniT xdeba.<br />
(aseT movlenas vxvdebiT ungreli d. ligetis SemoqmedebaSi).<br />
ligetis SemTxvevaSi musikaluri statika ufro wina planze<br />
gadmodis, radgan msmeneli garedan ismens. Cvens SemTxvevaSi<br />
ki msmeneli Sida akustikur plastikas 12 miyveba da iqmneba<br />
holo 13 efeqti, amitom musikaluri statika msmenelis mier<br />
aRar SeigrZnoba ise mkveTrad, rogorc winamorbedis musikaSi.<br />
atomalur-birTvuli musikis mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
xerxebi. atomis struqturis da Tvisebebis metaforulad<br />
gadmotanis mizniT, gansakuTrebul modifikacias ganicdis zemoT<br />
xsenebuli sakompozicio teqnikaSi nawarmoebis SeqmnisTvis<br />
aucilebeli formis Semqmneli musikaluri elementebi, rac<br />
zogjer saintereso novaciebsac gvTavazobs. aseve<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia maTi gamoyenebis konkretuli meTodologia.<br />
Zalian mniSvnelovania gamsuyebuli tonis cneba, romlis<br />
moculoba obertonebis rigSi aRmoCenili musikaluri<br />
genetikuri kodebis sul bolo kods Seesabameba. magaliTad<br />
bgera `do~-s obertonul rigSi:<br />
(`la~ bemolidan _ TiTqmis `do~-mde)<br />
gamsuyebuli toni Tavis TavSi itevs am ori bgeris garSemo<br />
myof mikrotonebis mTels `grovas~, rac mis gamsuyebas iwvevs.<br />
gamsuyebuli toni Seicavs atomTa ganusazRvrel<br />
raodenobas. atomi warmoiSveba gamsuyebul tonSi Semavali<br />
b ge r i s m ie r s x v ad a sx v a r a od e no b i s n aw i la k e bis<br />
(harmonikebis) SemokrebiT.<br />
TiTo gamsuyebuli toni TiTo atom-birTvul doneze<br />
arsebobs da misi tonebi-harmonikebi qmnian sxvadasxva<br />
kombinaciebs erT romelime akustikur SreSi.<br />
nimuSi 6. atomebis cxrili `kubis partitura~<br />
316 317
eka WabaSvili<br />
maTi modulacia ki Seesabameba atomTa difuziis kanons,<br />
erTi gamsuyebuli tonis nawilakebi SesaZloa sxva<br />
gamsuyebuli tonis nawilakebs Seezavos, ase warmoiSveba<br />
virtualuri harmonia.<br />
Tanamedrove musikalur azrovnebaSi `atomalur-birTvuli<br />
sakompozitoro teqnika~ iseTi siaxlea, romelic musikaSi<br />
albaTobis principebis gavlenas ganavrcobs da Tavis TavSi<br />
Caitevs zogadad sociometriis 14 problemebsac metnaklebad<br />
koreqtirebuli saxiT. albaToba, romelic improvizaciisa da<br />
Tundac aleatorikis cnebebisgan gansxvavebiT ufro<br />
globaluria, Seiswavlis ara marto ubralo SemTxveviTobis<br />
process, aramed mowesrigebul Tavisuflebas gasxvavebul<br />
sakompozicio teqnikasTan mimarTebaSi. rac gulisxmobs,<br />
`atomalur-birTvuli sakompozitoro teqnikiT~ Seqmnil<br />
nawarmoebebSi sxva musikaluri azrovnebis farglebSi<br />
warmoSobili sakompozicio teqnikis CarTulobas. aseTma<br />
atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />
Tavisuflebam da sazRvrebis gaxsnam rom sistemis rRveva ar<br />
gamoiwvios, `sistemuri wonasworoba~ unda iyos daculi.<br />
sistemis dacvis meqanizmebi ki kargad dakompleqtebul formis<br />
Semqmnel ZiriTad kriteriumebSi unda iqnas Cadebuli.<br />
rogoricaa:<br />
kompoziciuri naxazi, romelic umeteswilad mohyveba<br />
nawarmoebs, misi struqturis swored aRqmisTvis.<br />
faza (forma) [vertikaluri dayofa]<br />
nawarmoebis struqturuli msxvili nawilebi.<br />
astronomiuli dro [vertikaluri dayofa]<br />
nawarmoebis struqturuli msxvili da mcire nawilebis<br />
realur droSi gadanawileba.<br />
sivrculi Sefardebebi [horizontaluri dayofa]<br />
samoZrao baza musikaluri masalis ganlagebisTvis<br />
damoukidebel fsiqodroebSi da maTi daSrevebis meSveobiT<br />
sivrculi polifoniisTvis warmoeba.<br />
fsiqodroebis sibrtyeebi sivrceebTan mimarTebaSi<br />
[dinamika-agogika, ritmi-tempi]<br />
atom-birTvuli done (bgeriTi safuZveli) [melodia,<br />
harmonia]<br />
melodia da harmonia _ modificirebulia, miiReba bgeriTi<br />
materiis Seqmnisas gamsuyebuli tonis farglebSi.<br />
akustikuri bade da Sreebi [faqtura, instrumentaria]<br />
bgeris moZraobis plastika, akustikuri winaRoba, bgeris<br />
virtualuri kedeli.<br />
a r a m J R e r i k at e g o r i e b i s gamoyeneba musikalur<br />
kompoziciaSi. romelic organulad erwymis formis Semqmnel<br />
sxva elementebs.<br />
Sedegad vaRwevT akustikur uwonadobas, SegrZneba,<br />
romelic msmenels eqmneba gaJRerebuli nawarmoebis bgeriTi<br />
velis arealSi yofnisas.<br />
atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnikis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
musikaluri Tvisebebi:<br />
1.sakuTari notaciis Camoyalibeba, determinirebuli an<br />
aradeterminirebuli;<br />
2.axali musikaluri formisa da hibriduli Janrebis<br />
warmoqmna;<br />
318 319
eka WabaSvili<br />
3.musikalur bgeraTa kategoriaSi uaxlesi damokidebulebebis<br />
Seqmna da maTi akustikuri ganlageba drosa da sivrceSi<br />
(gamsuyebuli toni da difuziis meSveobiT sxvadasxva atombirTvul<br />
doneze miRebuli bgeriTi materia).<br />
4.harmoniis mimarT gansakuTrebuli midgoma (virtualuri<br />
harmoniis cneba, romelic akustikuri plastikis meSveobiT<br />
warmoiSveba mikrotonebis meSveobiT, aqve Cndeba virtualuri<br />
akustikuri kedelic feris dadebiTa da Suqis meSveobiT.<br />
Suqis moZraobiT SesaZloa iluziuri JReradobis<br />
provocirebac).<br />
5.ritmis roli (fsiqodroebi Semqmneli ZiriTadi elementi).<br />
6.originaluri faqturis da grafikuli Caweris teqnika<br />
(feradi partitura, akustikuri da Suqis bade).<br />
7.gaorkestrebis meTodika da tembris palitra da misi<br />
gamoyenebis akustikuri plastika, akustikuri winaRoba,<br />
rac niSnavs erT sivrcul mdgomarebaSi gatarebul tembrul<br />
ferTa Seuzaveblobas sxvasTan erTdrouli JReradobis<br />
pirobebSic.<br />
8.saSemsruleblo damokidebulebis siaxleebi (sruli<br />
ko nce ntracia , m edit aci uri ganwyoba, d i r i J o r i s<br />
kompiuteruli teqnikiT aRWurva da sxva.)<br />
nimuSi 7. pulti da sasignalo brZanebebi `diriJoris<br />
partitura~.<br />
mzadyofna erTdrouli brZanebisTvis:<br />
Sesvla; gamosvla; Sewyveta; ataka;<br />
tonebi ferTa gamaSi:<br />
(kubi) wiTeli Sre; (el. musikis masala) yviTeli Sre; iisferi Sre; iasamnisferi<br />
Sre; Sindisferi Sre; mewamuriferis Sre; vardisferi Sre; Sabiamnisferi Sre;<br />
cisferi Sre; lurji Sre; agurisferi Sre.<br />
xmamaRloba:<br />
maRali done; saSualo done; dabali done<br />
eqo; gadaZaxili; aqcenti<br />
gadavdivarT sferos reJimze; Sedis kubis reJimi; kubis rotacia, pozicia ....<br />
iwyeba jvris danawevrebis reJimi; bgeriTi rezervuari da a.S.<br />
atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />
Tu zemoT CamoTvlil mxatvrul gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebs<br />
SevinarCunebT, rac `sistemur wonasworobas~ daicavs, SesaZloa,<br />
aqamde cnobili musikaluri sistemebisTvis da sakompozicio<br />
teqnikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis gamoyenebiT amave<br />
teqnikaSi SevqmnaT nawarmoebi. amis saSualebas iZleva difuziis<br />
unari, romelic am sakompozicio teqnikas axasiaTebs.<br />
aRmoCenili kanonzomierebebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda<br />
atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
erTgvari dogmaturi wesrigic. Tumca mxatvruli nimuSis<br />
Seqmnisas sasurvelia es wesrigi Tavisuflad davarRvioT,<br />
vidre mis tyveobaSi moveqceT.<br />
vfiqrob, es meqanizmi, rac am sakompozicio teqnikas sZens<br />
TviTmyofadobasa da ganumeoreblobis SesaZleblobas, adgils<br />
daumkvidrebs mas saerTo musikalur informaciul velSi.<br />
SesaZloa, igi XXI saukunis musikis erT-erT sawyis etapadac<br />
CaiTvalos.<br />
1<br />
1. gamTlianebuli azrovneba niSnavs intuitiuri azrovnebis<br />
intersifikacias, e. i., intuitiuri azrovnebis subdominanturobidan<br />
gamosvlas, racionaluris Tanabrad dominanturad qcevas da aseTnairad<br />
racionalurisa da intuitiuris gawonasworebas. (`noosfero~, irina<br />
kalandaZe, gamomcemloba `universali~, Tbilisi-2007, gv. 70).<br />
2. sadisertacio naSromi xelovn. kand. xarisxis mosapoveblad `karlhain<br />
Stokhauzenis safortepiano Semoqmedeba da pianistis saSemsruleblo<br />
SesaZleblobebis speqtris gafarToebis problema axal musikaSi~, Tb.,<br />
2006, nino Jvania, Sesavali, gv. 3.<br />
3. saleqcio kursidan `mistikuri anatomia~, n. mamisaSvili.<br />
4. miuxedavad imisa, rom termini didi xania damkvidrda<br />
musikismcodneobaSi, Cven saWirod miviCnevT, ramdenime sityviT SevexoT<br />
mas. cneba axali musika jer kidev XX saukunis 20-ian ww. gamoiyena<br />
paul bekerma, magram sabolood igi II msoflio omis Semdeg damkvidrda,<br />
raSic did roli iTamaSa T. adornom. farTo gagebiT, cneba aerTianebs<br />
XX saukunis im kompozitorTa Semoqmedebas, romelTa musika `axlad~<br />
aRiqva sazogadoebam (Sonbergi, bartoki, hindemiti, stravinski, veberni...).<br />
mogvianebiT man moicva 1945 wlis Semdeg Camoyalibebuli serializmi.<br />
dRes am aRniSvnis aseTi pluralizmis winaaRmdeg bevri musikismcodne<br />
gamodis. misi Semofargvlis mizniT, k. blumroderi gamoyofs cnebis<br />
320 321
eka WabaSvili<br />
or umniSvnelovanes konstantas _ omis Semdgom avangardsa da 1950<br />
wlis Semdeg Seqmnil e q s p e ri me n t u l m u si k a s . amJa mad<br />
dasavleTevropul musikismcodneobaSi axali musika ZiriTadad am<br />
mimdinareobebis mimarTebiT gamoiyeneba.<br />
5. nukleonis mJavebis molekulaSi memkvidruli informaciis daSifvris<br />
sistema. cxovelebSi, mcenareebSi, baqteriebsa da virusebSi igi<br />
nukleoditebis TanmimdevrobiT gamoixateba da cilis molekulaSi<br />
aminomJavaTa Tanmimdevrobas gansazRvravs.<br />
6. `virtualur SesaZleblobaTa fazobrioba, sadac sivrciT ganzomilebaTa<br />
monacvleoba qmnis gamTlianebuli drois efeqts~- nodar mamisaSvilis<br />
ganmarteba.<br />
7. sityva `meditacia~ Cvens droSi mravali mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba,<br />
Tumca yvela maTgani gulisxmobs Sinagan CaRrmavebas, gare<br />
STabeWdilebebisgan gaTavisuflebas, modunebas, Wvretas sulierebaSi<br />
da simSvides.<br />
8. nodar mamisaSvilis termini.<br />
9. ianis qsenakisi XX saukunis berZeni kompozitori da arqiteqtori.<br />
1947 wlidan cxovrobda parizSi, iyo le korpuzias moswavle.<br />
maTematikuri da meqanikuri musikis profesori aSS-s universitetSi.<br />
Tavis SemoqmedebaSi xSirad iyenebs uaxlesi saxis sakompozitoro<br />
teqnikas, maT Soris maTematikursac. dawerili aqvs statiebi da<br />
wignebi eqsperimentul musikaze.<br />
10. Г. И. Супонева, «Проблемы нотации в музыке XX века», gv. .23.<br />
11. eka WabaSvili, qarTveli kompozitori, atomalur-birTvuli<br />
sakompozicio teqnikiT da musikaluri genetikiT dainteresda 2006<br />
wlidan. es teqnika gamoyenebuli aqvs bolo nawarmoebebSi, Tumca<br />
Tvlis rom sxvadasxva doziT vlindeboda yovelTvis.<br />
12. bgeris gadaadgilebis traeqtoria, romelic naTlad igrZnoba da<br />
vizualurad xedvadi xdeba Suqis mimarTvis SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda<br />
es procesi iluziuri, radgan realur droSi bgeris da Suqis moZraobis<br />
danaxva SeuZlebelia.<br />
13. nodar mamisaSvilis kvlevebi holofoniaze.<br />
14. socialuri fsiqologiis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis<br />
pirovnebaTaSoris urTierTobebs, j. morenos azriT, sociometriuli<br />
revolucia ufro harmoniuls gaxdida sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs.<br />
atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />
• klaini b., `ZiebaSi fizikosebi da kvanturi Teoria~, gamomcemloba<br />
`sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi 1984<br />
• mamisaSvilis n., leqciebi `mistikur anatomia~.<br />
• Jvania n., `karlhain Stokhauzenis safortepiano Semoqmedeba da<br />
pianistis saSemsruleblo SesaZleblobebis speqtris gafarToebis<br />
problema axal musikaSi~, sadisertacio naSromi xelovn. kand. xarisxis<br />
mosapoveblad. Tb., 2006<br />
• qomeTiani p. `zogadi bioqimiis kursi~ Tbilisis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 1971<br />
•Michael Talbot – The Holographic Universe, http://www.tobyjohnson.com/<br />
michaeltalbot.html<br />
• Д. В. Житомикский, О. Т. Леонтьева, Л. Г. Мяло, «Западный музыкальный<br />
АВАНГАРД после второй мировой войны», Москва, издателство<br />
«Музыка», 1989.<br />
• Цтирад Когоутек, «Техника композиции в музыке XX века», издателство<br />
«Музыка», Москва, 1976.<br />
• В. Варунц, «Музыкальный неоклассицизм», издателство «Музыка»,<br />
Москва, 1988.<br />
• Г. И. Супонева, «Проблемы нотации в музыке XX века», gv. 23.<br />
• Любимов А. «Портрет художника в запредельности» К 60-летию<br />
Владимира Мартыновa, Журнал «Музыкальная академия», 01 апреля 2006<br />
• vaSaymaZe v., `fizika~, `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi 1985w.<br />
• kalandaZe i., `noosfero _ momavlis mecnierebis saTaveeebTan~,<br />
gamomcemloba `universali~, Tbilisi - 2007<br />
322 323
Faculty of Humanitarian Studies Social<br />
Sciences, Business and Management<br />
THEATRE STUDIES<br />
CONTEMPORARY EUROPEAN THEATRE STUDY<br />
PhD Program<br />
First Year Ph D. Student Irakli Gogia<br />
Supervisor: Full Professor Levan Khetaguri Ph D.<br />
SHOTA RUSTAVELI THEATRE AND FILM UNIVERSITY’S<br />
FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES<br />
Summary<br />
“The importance of teaching rhythm in the process of actor’s formation”<br />
Irakli Gogia’s refers to the problem caused by the traditional system acting<br />
trainings in Georgia. In author’s opinion it is essential to implement European<br />
way of teaching drama. In his view, experiments of the first half of the twentieth<br />
century pretty much shaped the future of theatre art. He brings examples of<br />
Rudolf Laban’s, Isadora Duncan’s and Jerzy Grotowsky’s experiments. The<br />
author makes a special emphasis on the importance of Rhythm Institute of<br />
Emile Jaques-Dalcroze and its systematic teaching approach. His answer to<br />
what is the main factor for out of date theatre is the actor whose formation<br />
process does not respond to a rhythm of that given time period. Along with<br />
the foreign examples, the author brings examples from Georgian theatre history<br />
as well. In his viewpoint it is important to determine the inner Georgian rhythm.<br />
He points at the components that Georgian actors lack in the development<br />
process. Author thinks, that actor’s rhythmic formation will make Georgian<br />
theatre much more interesting. He assumes that it is absolutely necessary<br />
(based on the example of Dalcroze’s lessons) to formulate methods of teaching<br />
Georgian rhythm and form an actor with outstanding successive thinking and<br />
acting.<br />
First Year Ph D. Student Mikheil Mestvirishvili<br />
Supervisor: Full Professor Levan Khetaguri Ph D.<br />
THEATRE IN CYBER-UNIVERSE<br />
Summary<br />
On the being of the ends of the centuries theatre had promised its past’s<br />
self experience and such future, which had all changed or refused whole<br />
culture study. Modern theatres new discover memories scientist begin to<br />
study, such as theatre begin to study scientists. On one sight, this branch of<br />
the art take more different face and whole other positions put down in the<br />
every day life of the modern universe. “New Medias’” had born whole change<br />
humans idea. Modern world’s fast education always goes at the art’s all branch<br />
fast development, which is always in search and look for it, it demands to look<br />
at it.<br />
For to day many thinks, which theatre had lost it’s really face, but I think,<br />
that this simple choose is very far from realness, because Schiller said, too<br />
“Der Mensch ist nur da ganz Mensch, wo er spielt” (“Man is a whole there,<br />
where he is playing”). If we think in Schiller’s idea, than we would sure, to day<br />
modern multimedia performance have a long tradition for performance’s made<br />
space.<br />
“Web dance’s” best examples are Sara Morrison’s “Leaping into the net!”,<br />
New-York’s “Cassandra project” and Laura Nott’s “World wide simultaneous<br />
dance”<br />
I think, that these three projects can three different structures<br />
demonstration, because to show us different internet performances<br />
stenographic particularity.<br />
324 325
First Year Ph D. Student Lasha Chkhartishvili<br />
Supervisor: Full Professor Levan Khetaguri Ph D.<br />
NEW INTERPRETATION OF SHAKESPEARE IN THE SECOND HALF<br />
OF THE XX CENTURY<br />
(based on “King Lear” by Mikheil Tumanishvili)<br />
Summary<br />
The work by Lasha Chkhartishvili “New interpretation of Shakespeare<br />
in the second half of the XX century” (based on “King Lear” by Mikheil<br />
Tumanishvili) examines Mikheil Tumanishvili’s staging of “King Lear”.<br />
The author makes a historical overview of the performance and tries to<br />
determine its place in history of Georgian staging of Shakespeare. The<br />
author talks about the positive and negative sides of the performance.<br />
The summary makes it clear that modernization of Shakespeare in Georgia<br />
began with Mikheil Tumanishvili’s different stage interpretations of<br />
Shakespeare among those that of “King Lear” is of utmost importance.<br />
The staging of “King Lear” during the sixties of the XX century was of<br />
a particular importance in life of Rustaveli Theatre. The rivalry between<br />
the “traditionalists” and the ones supportive of novelties was still hot.<br />
Debate took on a radical form and often the precious discoveries and<br />
novel findings that new theatre aesthetics was accompanied by were left<br />
out of attention. The first efforts of Tumanishvili to stage Shakespeare on<br />
Georgian stage were actually the first efforts in the direction of its<br />
modernization.<br />
Despite this controversial performance and the fact that there were a<br />
lot of things that were reinterpreted in a whole new way, characters were<br />
not fully outlined and performance lacked a single unified ensemble.<br />
A lot of things in Tumanishvili’s staging of “King Lear” were later<br />
used by the following generation of directors in stage interpretations of<br />
the very same tragedy. This is the reason for this unsuccessful performance<br />
to be of a crucial importance not only in history of Georgian stage<br />
interpretations of Shakespeare but in entire history of Georgian Theatre.<br />
First Year Ph D. Student Tamar Tsagareli<br />
Supervisor: Full Professor Levan Khetaguri Ph D.<br />
CHURCH SHOW IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE AND IN GEORGIA<br />
(Based on Theatre Antropology Method)<br />
Summary<br />
Performance study has tended to prioritise theories and utopian ideas,<br />
neglecting the empirical approach. Theatre Anthropology directs its attention<br />
to this empirical territory in order to trace a path between the different<br />
techniques, aesthetics, genres and specialisations that deal with stage practice.<br />
It does not seek to fuse, accumulate or catalogue acting techniques. It seeks<br />
the elementary: the technique of techniques.<br />
The remarkable fact that the revival of the drama in Medieval Europe and<br />
in Georgia was due to the Christian Church has been abundantly proved and<br />
illustrated. At first, certain parts of the church ritual were expanded in action,<br />
and especially at the great religious festivals of Christmas and Easter attempts<br />
were made to exhibit vividly before the faithful what the service was intended<br />
to commemorate. The Wise Men from the East, who had been guided by a<br />
miraculous star, worshipped and presented their gifts before the cradle of the<br />
Divine babe; the Virgin Mother was represented by a girl with a child in her<br />
arms; the Resurrection was suggested by a priest rising from a mimic sepulcher.<br />
Later the action was extended, and dialogues were added. These were, of<br />
course, in Latin, the universal language of the Church. Gradually scenes from<br />
other Scripture stories were combined with those strictly belonging to the<br />
service. These church dramas may have been inartistic, but they were<br />
characterized by strict simplicity and earnest devotion.<br />
Characterized in itself by a simple dignity befitting the treatment of such<br />
themes, it was acted with all the pomp and circumstances associated with<br />
Roman Catholic worship; and nowhere shall we find a grander or more<br />
impressive spectacle than a Mystery of the Passion, as performed in one of<br />
these grand old Gothic piles. Banners hung above the fretted arches; the odor<br />
of incense filled the air; tapers shone brightly in the dim light from storied and<br />
diversely-colored windows; elaborate processions wound their way through<br />
the aisle to the strains of solemn music; the figures of the priest-players stood<br />
out in clear relief against the splendor of the altar, as, facing thousands of rapt<br />
spectators, they gravely declaimed, with appropriate gestures, the dialogue<br />
intended to set forth the events which led up to the Crucifixion.<br />
326 327
FILM STUDIES<br />
MA Program<br />
WORLD FILM HISTORY<br />
Second Year MA Student Olga Eliashvili<br />
Supervisor: Zviad Dolidze Ph D.<br />
THE GANGSTER FILM<br />
Summary<br />
time. Sometimes it presented political symbols and metaphors for directors<br />
and authors film wise. For a long time it was experimental, political and<br />
intellectual. Unfortunately lot of spectators thinks so. The theme of this article<br />
isn’t a history of this genre. It is about its shortcomings, positive sides and<br />
major peculiarities of film-fantasy.<br />
CONTEMPORARY FILM TEORIES AND CRITICISM<br />
MA Program<br />
Second Year MA Student Rusudan Papunashvili<br />
Supervisor: Manana Lekborashvili Ph D.<br />
“Gang” is English word and means “a group of villains”. The gangster<br />
film as an independent cinema genre established in the end of twenties in the<br />
USA and had developed in the other capitalist countries. These genre’s films<br />
narrate about organized crime world and professional outlaws. Firstly those<br />
films got the criticized position from press and society. The press declared<br />
this film production in propaganda of gangsters’ life and in creating the romantic<br />
style of negative heroes. After that there were made new films, the main<br />
characters of those were policemen and these heroes fought against organized<br />
crime. Thus there was appeared the new direction of genres – the criminal<br />
dramas in film.<br />
In 1903 it was shot one of the first gangster films – Edwin Porter’s “The<br />
Great Train Robbery”. They say that this film had founded two film genres –<br />
the gangster film and the western simultaneously. Since World War II new<br />
direction appeared in the gangster films – the biographies of well-known<br />
gangsters. Today the gangster film is one of the popular film genres, on base<br />
of which there were shot many interesting films.<br />
Second Year MA Student Sofio Tsulaia<br />
Supervisor: Zviad Dolidze Ph D.<br />
EVOLUTION PROCESS OF SCIENCE FICTION FILM<br />
Summary<br />
Film-fantasy is one of the most popular and interesting genres in cinema.<br />
This article wants to show, that film-fantasy isn’t only for exhibition of special<br />
effects. It is one of the most difficult genres, and was changing from time to<br />
REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN THE SPANISH FILM OF THE<br />
FRANCO PERIOD<br />
Summary<br />
In the history of Spain cinematography considerable period includes post<br />
civil war (1936-1939) films. Film production of the mentioned period, held by<br />
the CIFESA state patronage has sharply expressed propagandistic functions.<br />
CIFESA was founded in 1932 in Valencia and its goal is to “make Spain” 30<br />
years film, to strengthen feeling of racial distinguish and to deep feeling of<br />
patriotisms. Politically it subordinates ideological interest of conservators<br />
and right wing. During the Spain republican years cinematographic production<br />
entirely included comedy and country drama that without exception are united<br />
with the following elements: religion, historical idyll among the classes and<br />
those archaic moral norms such as dignity (traditionally the bearer is a woman).<br />
Spanish is inspired in the city, it embodiments traditions visually, nation unity<br />
and racial holiness. Frankist social system protects “family expansion” as<br />
Sanchez Lopez called ant that is established “Woman’s belonging toward the<br />
state (mother, family, nation)”; creation of “charter of women’s public unity”<br />
that is impossible to reject it should be “get and feel”. Transmitter of national<br />
mentality is a chief hero - mother, who is obliged transmitter of the national<br />
mentality. The discussed films; “Morena Clara”, “Dolores”, “Orosia”, “Raza”<br />
give information about woman representation in Franco’s Spain that isn’t an<br />
example of holiness, beauty, dignity, ethics and tradition protector. It must<br />
protect future of the nation and must be a transmitter of national selfconsciousness.<br />
328 329
CULTURE MANAGEMENT<br />
CULTURAL POLICY<br />
MA Program<br />
CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT IN<br />
ARTS AND CULTURE<br />
Second Year MA Student Elene Babakishvili<br />
Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />
THE ROLE OF SPONSORSHIP IN THE POLICY OF CULTURAL<br />
ORGANIZATION<br />
Summary<br />
Sponsorship activity supports establishing of favorable relationships between<br />
the society and the organization. Companies supporting public initiatives win<br />
the recognition of consumers who are socially and politically active.<br />
To finance certain events and projects cultural organizations apply to various<br />
companies. The sponsorship application should be drawn up diligently and<br />
professionally to awake the sponsor’s interest in the proposal of organization.<br />
First of all such application should be in compliance with the purposes and<br />
criteria being substantial to certain company. Sponsorship application should<br />
meet the company’s requirements. It is crucial as well to form a profitable<br />
alliance with the sponsor which is not achievable by the alternative means.<br />
Based on the aforesaid, the policy of cultural organization highly depends on<br />
the sponsor. Cultural organization should work up certain criteria with respect<br />
to the sponsor which will support determination of rights and obligations of<br />
the sponsor and cultural organization.<br />
Noncommercial cultural organizations in the whole world, including Georgia,<br />
are in a rather complicated situation from the perspective of finance. The State<br />
reduces financial support of the similar institutions from year to year. The<br />
above organizations differ from other organizations in diversification of sources<br />
of financing. In such circumstances cultural organizations try to attract sums<br />
from alternative sources, such as charity as well as sponsorship resources,<br />
grants from funds, membership fees, etc.<br />
For normal functioning and development of own activity cultural organizations<br />
in increasing frequency build their actions upon economic calculations. This<br />
is a better way to realize and popularize cultural product. Promotion of the<br />
latter is planned in the same manner as of the classical marketing product.<br />
They work out a strategy for attracting both their own returns and external<br />
sources of financing for conducting expensive advertising and PR campaigns.<br />
Amounts derived from sponsorship arrangement form a solid part of the budget<br />
of cultural organizations. Sponsorship is a widespread and reasonable form<br />
among the sources of financing attracted.<br />
In the contemporary market conditions more and more companies switch from<br />
philanthropy to sponsorship activity to carry out their marketing purposes.<br />
Sponsorship differs from charity with its marketing and commercial purposes.<br />
Sponsorship is an economic arrangement targeting at exchange of funds,<br />
production, service, advertising funds, PR campaigns and events.<br />
Such attitude will support to elaborate sponsorship activity in Georgia.<br />
Sponsors will find their valuable partner in cultural organizations and the<br />
amount invested in this sector will enable them to develop their activity.<br />
Fulfillment of these two factors will secure establishing of firm alliance between<br />
the culture and business sectors.<br />
Second Year MA Student: Ia Gabunia<br />
Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />
THE ADVERTISING POLICY AND MAIN POINT OF THE<br />
ADVERTISEMENT<br />
(Film fest `Sesily’)<br />
Summary<br />
The mission of a film fest `Sesili’ is to look for new talents, popularization,<br />
introduce new foreign movies to Georgian spectators and to develop new<br />
cinema traditions and relations. The aim of the film fest is to display talented<br />
youth and promote to become skilful masters.<br />
The film fest received comparatively high financing in 2005, in 2006 the<br />
financiering slightly decreased to 6000 GEL, in 2007 the financing amount<br />
equaled to – 5000 GEL and in 2008 remained unchained. Without organizers’<br />
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enthusiasm, holding festival with such minimal financing would become<br />
impossible.<br />
Without possessed funds the management of the festival faces different<br />
troubles.<br />
Reasoning from low financiering, what basically depends on lack of sponsors,<br />
the festival does not manage to succeed. The proper advertising campaign<br />
should be held to attract resources and raise sponsors’ interest in the festival<br />
business.<br />
The advertising campaign demands vast of means. E.g. settling advertisements<br />
on `Rustavi 2’ costs as follows: from 07:40 to 18:00 prices vary between $ 40-<br />
400, evening and night tariffs differ from $ 400-1300. Prices at `Print-Georgia’<br />
Ltd. also could be represented: e.g. designing of advertising-polygraph<br />
production cost $ 40-300.<br />
Advertising state in Georgia is following: the most expensive advertising<br />
service is TV. The Georgian art organizations enter the market without having<br />
any financial support.<br />
To overcome financiering problems, I think it is necessary to look for means<br />
for correct advertising campaign, possible via making sponsors become<br />
interested in the festival. Due to interest potential sponsors in the festival,<br />
convenient and advantageous offer should be produced. The film fest’s<br />
management should work out a strategy, to show the importance and<br />
concernment of the festival to potential sponsors. Sponsoring is the<br />
strategically planned effort, serving to increase sells and promotion.<br />
Advertisement is the best way. As a result, thank advertisements the public<br />
get informed about the festival and sponsors.<br />
Second Year MA Student: Sofio Komladze<br />
Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />
responsibility when it comes to “wrapping” a book as a product and making it<br />
attractive to a maximum number of readers. Although before the publisher<br />
decides to publish a book, he/she should definitely find out the reader’s<br />
opinion first, find out which book the market is really in need of, what the cost<br />
of the book should be, what the quantity of the book should be and etc.<br />
Research of a customer market is of an essential importance in marketing<br />
theory. There are several research models based on practical experience. Any<br />
of the publishing houses may choose one of them and work out a strategy<br />
according to that specific research model or create a brand new plan - one<br />
suitable for its organization and its characteristics.<br />
Market research as determination of customer’s needs is quite an<br />
interesting process. In a big organization research may be conducted by a<br />
marketing department, research committee, agency or a department. Whatever<br />
the research team is it should definitely consist of professionals. In a small<br />
publishing house research can easily be done by a manager and several<br />
assistants.<br />
In my conference work I have offered you a mini strategy of publishing<br />
organization’s market research, on basis of which an organization’s<br />
administration may conduct a marketing research. After the research is done,<br />
results should be put together and analyzed. Outcome should be handed over<br />
to the organization’s administration or a marketing team in order to create a<br />
new product by the requirements of the customer.<br />
It should also be said, that customer market research for publishing houses<br />
is not only important for update of products. Through market research these<br />
types of organizations are able to determine the average price for the desired<br />
book among the customers. Last but not least they can determine the level of<br />
competition, place and status on the market and set forth a suitable plan for<br />
becoming or just maintaining a steady place and outstanding leadership<br />
in publishing business.<br />
“SEVERAL ISSUES ON PUBLISHING MARKET RESEARCH”<br />
Summary<br />
For culture organization marketing is essential and a rather necessary<br />
direction. It is an aiding tool which we can wisely use in order to attract<br />
maximum number of people towards our product may it be theatre, Opera,<br />
Library, Gallery, Publishing house and etc. A correct research of customer<br />
market is an essential part of marketing. Especially when talking about an art<br />
product - an intellectual product - a book. Publishing houses carry a big<br />
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Second Year MA Student Natalia Murjikneli<br />
Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />
STRESS IN ORGANIZATION AND STRATEGIES OF ITS<br />
MANAGEMENT<br />
Summary<br />
According to one of the rules of Japanese management, efficiency of an<br />
organization depends upon the way the manager handles the stress of the<br />
coworkers and transforms it into the energy for success. What is stress?<br />
Majority of people think that stress is just another term for tension. Stress<br />
was first scientifically founded by a famous Canadian biologist Hans Selie.<br />
According to him, stress is a peculiar reaction of the body towards any<br />
requirement set forth to it.<br />
Stress is an inseparable part of contemporary business and influences<br />
every coworker of a company. For instance: A regular coworker is stressed for<br />
working long hours with a low salary, has lots of responsibilities but just a few<br />
rights.<br />
People working under stress are generally not efficient and make wrong<br />
decisions most of the time. Stress accounts for the loss of staff which itself<br />
results in company’s low work efficiency, decrease in productivity and increase<br />
in cost (for instance hiring new workers and their training).<br />
In most cases stress is caused by several complex reasons requiring an<br />
adequate strategy to overcome it. These strategies are as follows:<br />
-Self perception;<br />
-Harmony with oneself and high self-esteem;<br />
-Reasonable selfishness;<br />
-Risk;<br />
-Being moderate;<br />
-Emotional and behavioral responsibility;<br />
-Flexibility;<br />
-Acceptance of reality;<br />
Standards of stress management account for six basic aspects:<br />
-Requirements;<br />
-Control;<br />
-Support;<br />
-Relationships;<br />
-Role;<br />
-Change;<br />
Improving work conditions also supports stress prevention and<br />
reduction. For instance good lighting, room conditioning and ventilation,<br />
convenient work place, walls painted in calm colors, maximum reduction of<br />
noise. In companies where these conditions are not neglected, productivity<br />
remains high.<br />
Symptoms of Stress<br />
-First of all people start to feel that they are not able to deal with obstacles;<br />
-They are in a constant hurry and are always short of time;<br />
-They cannot concentrate on work;<br />
-They are constantly complaining of being tired;<br />
-They are unable to rest at home and switch from work to relaxation;<br />
-In sever cases they may develop fear of going to work;<br />
Causes of stress and ways of its reduction<br />
-Problems associated with work;<br />
-Additional office hours;<br />
-Style of management;<br />
-Lack of communication;<br />
-Family problems;<br />
-Management stress;<br />
Second Year MA Student Tsatsa Jorjiashvili<br />
Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />
PR (PUBLIC RELATIONS) ROLE IN CULTURAL TOURISM<br />
DEVELOPMENT<br />
Summary<br />
In the term of significance of the resource potential Georgia is one of the<br />
distinguished countries the interest towards which has existed since olden<br />
times, and the legend of Argonauts speaks of it.<br />
During the last years cultural tourism is becoming especially important<br />
that is the best opportunity for acquainting with the other cultures.<br />
Cultural Tourism covers all these directions connected to the<br />
popularization of history, culture, ethnography, the spiritual and material cultural<br />
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heritage of the nation. This direction of Tourism enables tourists to make<br />
acquaintance with the historical and cultural heritage, our country is very rich<br />
of which.<br />
The maximal operation of the existing resources in Georgia is necessary<br />
for cultural tourism development.<br />
It is important that our country will launch the world-wide international<br />
PR Campaign aiming at popularization of cultural tourism direction that will be<br />
placed in the world leading television-channels and printing media with highquality<br />
advertising films and materials.<br />
With the aim of the inner tourism development it is necessary to create<br />
such TV broadcast or radio broadcast program that will provide the permanent<br />
promotion to the different tourism places of Georgia.<br />
It is significant to prepare advertisement materials, especially to print<br />
travelling maps, lists of the resorts of Georgia as brochures, guidelines of<br />
Hotels and Houses and etc. Therefore the informational web page is needed<br />
to be prepared.<br />
Much more active involvement of the governmental structures will support<br />
the development of cultural tourism in Georgia. Government is to play the<br />
leading role as politics has a great impact on the whole country and its society.<br />
Role of PR (Public Relations) in the development of cultural tourism is of<br />
great importance as without a vigorous involvement of the society tourism<br />
development will be impossible. And this is a prerogative of PR.<br />
For cultural tourism and tourism development in general PR aims:<br />
1) Awareness of Society,<br />
- Providing the information on the tourism products;<br />
- Formation of Travelling Companies and Product image.<br />
2) Persuasion,<br />
- Attracting to purchase a tour product;<br />
And changing the attitude towards it;<br />
Introduction of better reputation compared with the competitive product.<br />
3) Pressure on memory,<br />
- Permanent existence of the company and its product on the tourism<br />
market and what’s important maintaining its positive image.<br />
Diversity of Georgian nature and richness of the cultural-historical heritage<br />
give us an opportunity to make conclusion that Georgia has got a great potential<br />
to become an immense centre of cultural tourism in the world, though the<br />
implementation of it will be impossible without taking the interests of the<br />
society into account. PR (Public Relations) acquires greater and greater<br />
importance in this field and plays a particular role in the development of<br />
cultural tourism.<br />
Second Year MA Student: Tamar Pirosmanashvili<br />
Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />
ART MARKET IN GEORGIAN GALLERIES<br />
Summary<br />
All creators must introduce their masterpieces to public for real<br />
appreciation. They need to keep their real names in art and became well known<br />
for society. They try to show their crafts using art galleries.<br />
Though only exhibitions can’t get the sources of existence, if art samples<br />
are not sold and art markets are not supported. Just for that it is the main to<br />
manage the activity of galleries and this management must be right.<br />
Nowadays political, economical and legislative problems in Georgia do<br />
not give the real possibilities to lots of private galleries to incarnate their<br />
whole plans.<br />
Generally, gallery important activity is exhibited service collaboration with<br />
painters, sculptures, making popularization of creators and their works.<br />
Unfortunately, our art markets can not give opportunity to galleries because<br />
of their low income which hardly improves their international standard<br />
installation. That’s why the galleries must investigate various sources of<br />
finance using sponsorship, benevolence, charity, state support (partly<br />
financing) or private capital.<br />
Commonly, all private gallery owners try to find out proper sponsors or<br />
supporters. They attempt to have competent, qualified personnel for having<br />
good relationship with creators and society members, making their works<br />
popular. They also try to advertise the masterpieces showing them on<br />
exhibitions or on sale. They must have good cooperation with mass media<br />
avoiding low quality exhibition arrangement.<br />
Georgian culture laws can not support art business development in<br />
Georgia. Unfortunately, art samples are not free of charge and they are taxed<br />
like any agricultural product. The state must have such laws to help the<br />
businessmen and all businessmen must be interested in art transferring<br />
investments in art business.<br />
Galleries must support all kind of art business exhibitions, commercial,<br />
advertising or charity business. Also they must have good collaboration with<br />
foreign courtiers to introduce them own culture and creation. One main step is<br />
made – participation in the International art market “Art Caucasus”.<br />
All in all, Creators’ work must be seen at first like art samples and than<br />
commercial investments.<br />
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Second Year MA Student Nino Kurashvili<br />
Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />
RESEARCH OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ADVERTISMENT<br />
Summary<br />
Second Year MA Student Lika Kuparadze<br />
Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D<br />
PR- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CINEMA FESTIVAL ,,SESILY”<br />
Summary<br />
The effective advertisment imply of the group art. Without the group,<br />
without the recource of the man the advertisemen t won’t become. The first<br />
thing what is advertisement company has to remember is the client, because<br />
the advertisment is made for clients and definitely the main subject is clients.<br />
The base of the advertisemnet estimation is to study and understand the<br />
behavoir of the clients. Which main goal is to study the essense and interests<br />
of the clients. If you don’t have enough information abour the behavoir of the<br />
clients there is possibility that you will face the great risk. Before making the<br />
advertisment the most importatnt information you have to know is: who is<br />
your clietn. which sources the one is using most often to receive the information,<br />
what is ones life style, how you can get one’s attention, and motivation for<br />
purchasing the product. Generally the main idea of the advertisment is to offer<br />
the client not only the product, but also the style of the life and the thinking,<br />
which is acctually define the purchase. With this the client is belongs or try to<br />
belong of the distinct social statum, seeks to such life style, of which the one<br />
was dreaming. The authors of the advertisment companies’ offer to client the<br />
some kind of values, the thoughts and have the influence on the choices. So<br />
they are participating to change the behavior of the society and from this<br />
taking part to form the modern culture. Presumably if the advertisemnt group<br />
will take in consideration all this and set this his main goal, do his best in<br />
experience and professionalizm, in this case the cultural life will be more various,<br />
valuable, dynamic, interesting and rich. Nowadays in the developed countries<br />
the advertisment is considered as an art and sience unity. For today we can<br />
suppose for sure that in a very near future the effectiveness of the advertisment<br />
will be the standart concept for Georgia and as it is considered in developed<br />
countries and it’s using won’t have any doubt.<br />
Generally the priority of the advertisement is its laconism and and fast<br />
result.<br />
The advertisemnt specialist has very difficult mission, he has to put lot of<br />
stuff in the advertisment’s little frame. Creativity is helping the specialist to do<br />
all this on a proffesional level. Creativity – is such a talent. such a ability,<br />
which the new or original idieas and thought are unite. It is proved that<br />
spectator perceive, remembers and understand the information better which<br />
is offere to them creativetly.<br />
Role of festivals is very significant for propagation and strengthening of<br />
cultural values. Festival Movement, appeared at the beginning of XX century,<br />
became very popular and now it attracts high attention of specialists and<br />
admirer in this field of art.<br />
The festival ,,Sesily’’ held in Tbilisi supports integration of different cultures<br />
and development of international relationships. Producers from different<br />
countries are able to familiarize with others, to share their experience and<br />
opinions. That is very important particularly for developing countries like<br />
Georgia; it is a good opportunity to develop our cinematography, to introduce<br />
Georgia to the whole world and vice versa.<br />
For implementation the mission and aims of the festival ,,Sesily’’ it is necessary<br />
to conduct appropriate PR campaign. It is clear that any PR campaign needs<br />
financial resources but at the same time successful PR campaign is guarantee<br />
for popularization of ,,Sesily’’ on the local and international market, for its<br />
development and growth.<br />
PR campaign of the festival ,,Sesily’’ should be implemented according the<br />
following scheme:<br />
Situation Assessment; Primary and secondary marketing research;<br />
Situational Analyse;<br />
Demography. Choosing the target market and determining of its major<br />
characteristics;<br />
Psychology. Environment Analyse (potential contractors and<br />
opponents) and formulation of tactics;<br />
Formation of purpose (what can be reached factually);<br />
Knowledge; relationship; behaviour; formulation of general strategy;<br />
Determining the possible results and forming the detailed plan;<br />
Formulation a massage for society and selection of communication<br />
channels;<br />
Testing the selected massage (focus-groups, interviews);<br />
Implementation of campaign;<br />
Estimation of campaign’s effectiveness.<br />
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PR companies or individual PR specialists existing today usually follow<br />
their personal ethic code that can be justified in some cases, but sometimes<br />
personal values oppose international values. That is why all PR companies<br />
and specialists should take in consideration European (Lisbon) code of<br />
professional behaviour in PR.<br />
Second Year MA Student Nino Sharmiashvili<br />
Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />
AUDIENCE AT TENDANCE PROBLEM IN ACADEMIC THEATRES<br />
Summary<br />
Georgian theatre has a special, unique history. However, the aim of my research<br />
is not to learn the history of Georgian theatre but to focus on one particular<br />
problem. This problem is attendance problem in modern Georgian academic<br />
theatres.<br />
To find out what kind of viewers attend shows in a particular theatre, their<br />
personal taste and what kind of performance they prefer and attend the most<br />
inquiries among viewers must be made in this theatre. It is also important that<br />
the manager of the theatre must be a professional cultural manager. The<br />
manager should come up with the company strategy and review the internal<br />
documentation quite often.<br />
A manager can use data received from the box-office or the documentation<br />
presented by the clients. It is also important that the Public Relations manager<br />
is a professional too. Public Relations manager is in charge of information<br />
exchange and communication with the public. The success of the theatre<br />
depends on this person. This manager should manage a PR campaign so that<br />
all of the viewers are interested and the performance is not aimed only at a<br />
certain part of an audience.<br />
Internal organization structure is also very important for the theatrical<br />
management as it is a very complex link in the chain. Creative sector plays a<br />
key role in the management along with the technical and general administrative<br />
sectors. Creative sector is in fact the core of the theatre as it defines the main<br />
principle of the theatre, its repertoire, actors and creative control. Technical<br />
sector is in charge of the technical part of the performance (e.g. lighting,<br />
props, sound editing etc.). As for the administrative sector, it involves<br />
accounting and commercial services.<br />
The theatre goes a long way to prepare each show. This is called Theatrical<br />
Production Cycle and involves multiple stages (e.g. choosing a theme of the<br />
play, preparation of the play, performance preparation, joining aspects,<br />
marketing plan, premiere and post premiere data analysis).<br />
Theoretical and practical marketing and management skills are needed for the<br />
success of the theatre. The most important thing in theatrical management is<br />
dealing with internal organizational issues. In case of the correct theatrical<br />
management structure, the manager of the organization controls every link of<br />
the management chain and actions undertaken by any one of these links are<br />
helping the success of the whole company.<br />
Georgian theatre is in need of a large audience. The audience needs a good<br />
performance which in turn involves an interesting play, a professional team<br />
and a lot of work. All of this in my opinion will eventually eliminate the lack of<br />
viewers in the academic theatres of Georgia and every performance will be<br />
sold out.<br />
Second Year MA Student Mariam Tschumburidze<br />
Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />
SEVERAL PROBLEMS OF MANAGEMENT IN MODERN ART<br />
Summary<br />
The presented work discusses particular management problems of culture<br />
and art branch in modern society.<br />
The shocking changes in social-political, economic, ecological and cultural<br />
branch of our epoch, changes priorities and ways of their realization. Pragmatic<br />
ideas are opening new ways of achieving one’s aims, among which penetrating<br />
spheres of influence, obtaining power, and achieving material well-being have<br />
become preferable.<br />
Goals of modern culture and art, the ways for achieving them, the system<br />
of management and so on have changed.<br />
It’s impossible to discuss modern management independently from<br />
successful management.<br />
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Culture and its non-profitable sector in which theatre and art in general is<br />
meant can not be discussed among commercial field.<br />
It’s difficult to speak about any system and organization of theatres today<br />
because of not having state policy of art. A range of subjects can’t be solved<br />
without the support of the government.<br />
It’s desirable for the manager to have all the qualities of the leader for the<br />
successful management of the theatre, creating proper organizational<br />
environment that will naturally stipulate normal functioning of the theatre that<br />
depends on the ability of the manager to make proper decision in every particular<br />
case, foresee the direction of the organization, make the right organizational<br />
plan, motivation and human recourses management, financial management is<br />
also related to him.<br />
In State theaters financed by the Ministry of Culture finances are<br />
distributed on concrete projects and utilitarian necessities as keeping the<br />
building, light and so on. As a result very small sum is remained for staging<br />
new performances. Solving the problem depends on skillful management and<br />
marketing. By finding a specific permanent sponsor. Arranging this will be<br />
obviously reflected in the quality of staged performances.<br />
Attention of the managers of the theatre should be paid to altering ways<br />
of attracting audience, taking their wishes into consideration. To achieve<br />
these goals questionnaires can be used, investigation of the interests of modern<br />
audience and planning the repertoire accordingly.<br />
In the discussed context, problems of theatre, modern Georgian<br />
cinematography, imitative arts and so on are also of great importance.<br />
It would be desirable for Georgian culture and art often to take part in<br />
international contests, exhibitions, and so on for its popularization.<br />
Because the existing static environment in Georgia and economic crisis<br />
threatens cultural organizations and the development of art and culture in<br />
general, it is important to change the whole system, elaborate state policy of<br />
supporting culture and art and do high level management of art and marketing.<br />
Second Year MA Student Nino Khutsishvili<br />
Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />
INTERNET-TECHNOLOGIES IN MARKETING<br />
Summary<br />
Information-Communication Global technologies developing process is<br />
very dynamic, and its potential is dimensionally growing. Internet, the world<br />
global net, is a useful tool to develop any kind of business. The advantages<br />
are: easily reachable, fast, confidential, and cheap. It is obligatory to use in<br />
practical work in nowadays. It gives us opportunity to find information easily<br />
and quickly.<br />
The aims of marketing in culture is oriented on, first of all, identifying a<br />
market, the studying it, and finally, growing the marketing manager, first of all,<br />
is the advertisement in the internet which less expensive, plus it helps to<br />
present a new product.<br />
Nowadays, in the internet, there is much information on different<br />
organizations, analytical, financial, and economic, etc. The results of marketing<br />
survey, conducted through internet, show that the organization quite fast.<br />
Thus, the organization’s website, and its visual design are crucial; the design<br />
should be simple and understandable and the most important – easily<br />
perceptible by the consumer.<br />
The internet is a global communication tool for providing the exchange of<br />
textual, graphical, audio/video information. It is an effective survey tool -<br />
development of the internet altered management approach in business and<br />
marketing.<br />
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PhD Program connect cultural differences and organize great arts festivals etc. Arts<br />
managers explain that it is possible to identify, manage and benefit from<br />
cultural differences. Perhaps a common culture can lead the way to greater<br />
shared values and political unity.<br />
First Year Ph D. Student Nino Azmaiparashvili<br />
Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />
THE MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION<br />
Summary<br />
The world civilizations interchange and transformation, during the being<br />
continual current processes of mankind, is passing in activity by the local<br />
civilization. Globalization is result of the long historical processes. Today the<br />
unprecedented development of communication, transportation and computer<br />
technologies gives processes new stimulation.<br />
The improvement of sciences and technique what provokes fast growth of<br />
communications, increased processes of integration between communities.<br />
After as a result there was a globalization their various of typical habits,<br />
culture, lifestyles and other elements.<br />
Globalization is cultural phenomenon what includes in the redistribution of<br />
ideas, value systems, histories by the spread information in the all earth.<br />
In the world market are shown new united consumer spaces where local<br />
cultures and identities were lost roots and will be changed from product and<br />
advertisement of multinational corporations. The Internet, satellites and TV<br />
are sweeping away cultural boundaries.<br />
The workforce has become more multicultural as a result of globalization. As<br />
a result of communication simplification and technical improved are formed<br />
multicultural society and spread values, norms, and culture tends to promote<br />
Western ideals of capitalism. Perhaps local cultures inevitably will be fall<br />
victim to this global “consumer” culture. But there is a fear perhaps<br />
globalisation will be the end of cultural diversity.<br />
George Ritzer most known in the globalization theory offers possible results<br />
of cultural development in the processes of globalization: Cultural<br />
differentialism, Cultural convergence, and Cultural hybridization.<br />
To not lose the roots of local cultures and identities, globalization demands<br />
culture management necessity.<br />
Arts managers today Cannot deny processes of globalization. They can<br />
moves more quickly and spread the information about cultural products, to<br />
As a result of right management cultural differences will be help to the<br />
building of a global village. Perhaps global culture can preserves the unique<br />
and necessity and will rise the influence on social groups. Globalization<br />
make managing culture a must and Cultural management will enables art and<br />
culture.<br />
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TRADITIONAL ARTS<br />
MA Program<br />
GEORGIAN CHOREOGRAPHY STUDIES<br />
ETHNO-COREOLOGIST<br />
Second Year MA Student Aleko Gelashvili<br />
Supervisor: Anano Samsonadze Ph D.<br />
E<br />
ENTREPRENEURS OF BALL DANCES IN GEORGIA<br />
(Tengiz and Larisa Gachechiladze)<br />
Summary<br />
Ball and Sports Dances are 10 best dances chosen out of the modern ball<br />
choreography program, with 5 of them as European dances (`Slow waltz’,<br />
`Tango’, `Waltz’, `Foxtrot’, `Quickstep’) and 5 as Latin-American dances<br />
(`Samba’, `Cha-cha-cha’, `Rumba’, Pasadobl’, `Jive’).<br />
The principal feature distinguishing these dances from others is that they<br />
are subject to sports competitions with a judge’s institution.<br />
In Georgia, the sports competition in ball dances was laid a foundation to<br />
in 1976. Before that (after the I Republican Competition in 1972), the school of<br />
these dances was divided into two groups: `Ball-and-domestic’ dances headed<br />
by Mikheil Kapiev and `ball-and-sports’ dances headed by Tengiz<br />
Gachechiladze.<br />
A greatest contribution to the spread and propagation of the ball dances<br />
was made by Tengiz Gachechiladze, the president of the National Federation<br />
of Sports Dances of Georgia and Head of the company `Tela’, a choreographer<br />
and international judge.<br />
The aim of the work is to tell a reader about Mr. Tengiz Gachechiladze, his<br />
wife Larisa Gachechiladze, their family and business as far as possible’.<br />
We say `as far as possible’ because this work is the first step in the<br />
investigation of the given topic in Georgia. Therefore, we ask a reader many<br />
apologies because of possible scarcity or inaccuracy of the information.<br />
Readers’ views and notes are welcomed!<br />
Second Year MA Student Eka Geliashvili<br />
Supervisor: Anano Samsonadze Ph D.<br />
E<br />
SYMBOLISM OF “MULTI STORY” PERKHULI DANCE<br />
Summary<br />
Constructed around the multi story principle and having a unique form a<br />
circular Perkhuli was widespread in most part of Georgia.<br />
Research material makes it clear that these Perkhuli dances are constructed<br />
by men only and have a form of two or three story construction. Number of<br />
participants is not limited. Judging from the complex structure of Perkhuli leg<br />
movement of its participants is quite primitive. Its song has two voices in it.<br />
Perkhuli ends with the motion of a circle and this is done with singing. The<br />
above mentioned Perkhuli dances have an identical form despite their<br />
differences in content.<br />
Symbolic content of a multi story Perkhuli dance has generated a lot of<br />
debate among scientists. Some of them view the dance as having a war spirit,<br />
others view it as a symbol of fertility and connect it with star symbolism.<br />
Based on material, historic and literary sources we can conclude that,<br />
every multi story circular Perkhuli is directly connected with the origins of<br />
fertility – the Sun, which manifests itself in the structural form of the dance, its<br />
title and remaining signs in text materials.<br />
As for the different interpretation of a unifying symbol, which itself<br />
amounts to different contents of Perkhuli dances, we can explain this in a<br />
following way: Supposedly, the original content of the symbol has lost its<br />
importance and has acquired a war spirit over time having eventually transformed<br />
into a common form of entertainment. The form itself has remained unchanged,<br />
which is not surprising judging from the character of the symbol itself.<br />
The spatial configuration of the circular Perkhuli is closely linked with<br />
Georgian cosmic world outlook. Supposedly, the upper and lower stories of<br />
Perkhuli represent the sky and the earth. The same can be applied in case of a<br />
three story Perkhuli: The sky, the earth and the underworld. We suppose that<br />
the multi story Perkhuli represents the model of the universe, a unique model<br />
of the universe as perceived by Georgian people. It was kind of a<br />
communication, connection place for the upper and lower worlds represented<br />
in Georgian mythology by the sacred tree, “Dedabodzi” and others. It is a<br />
ladder for the Gods and maybe even a representation of their earthly dwelling<br />
place. The Sun itself is a divinity, mother of all living.<br />
At the end I would like to state, that decoding symbolism of multi story<br />
Perkhuli in the way of perceiving it as a model of universe is not mentioned in<br />
any of the works by Georgian choreographers.<br />
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Second Year MA Student Tamar Munjishvili<br />
(Currently First Year Ph D. Student)<br />
Supervisor: Oleg Alavidze Ph D.<br />
ON CHILDREN’S PROGRAMS IN CHOREOGRAPHY<br />
Summary<br />
Discussing the problems of the children’s choreography takes us to the<br />
conclusion that there are too many problems to be solved in that sphere. They<br />
must be solved successively with the ideas of the competent specialists. All<br />
in these must be interfered not only the choreographers but the specialists of<br />
pedagogic, psychologists, physiologists, ethnographers and so on.<br />
That’s why I think that there must be planed and conducted the trainings for<br />
the children’s choreographs. After that the results and the interesting<br />
experiences must be described and published as a book as there is very little<br />
methodic literature about the children’s choreography. There are only<br />
“Recommendations for the Working of the School Children’s choreography”<br />
by Roman Chokhonelidze, “Folk Choreographic Art in the Matter of the pupil’s<br />
upbringing” by Revaz Chanishvili, “Thinking about Georgian Choreography”<br />
and “Letters about the Choreography” by the same author. There is spoken in<br />
these works about the specific of the working with children, the meaning of<br />
the right compiling of the repertoire and the different methods of the teaching.<br />
The new books will help to be solved many problems in this matter. There<br />
must be created and improved the repertoire for the children which must be<br />
based on the games, tales, legends and the stories already being in Georgian<br />
existence. I think that their treatment for the stage will create interesting and<br />
easy to access choreographic patterns for children. To do these patterns will<br />
be more funny, cognitive and easy to overcome for children. To do such kind<br />
of repertoire will not cause psychological and physiological problems which<br />
are during the doing of the adults repertoire by children.<br />
Drama Faculty<br />
MA Program<br />
CREATIVE TEACHING<br />
First Year MA Student Tamar Pirosmanashvili<br />
Supervisor: David Kobaxidze Ph D.<br />
IMPORTANCE OF CHOREOGRAPHY IN THEATRE<br />
The aim of my article is to deeply study the role of choreography in the<br />
theatre, it’s history and developmental levels, which was influenced by the<br />
way of live, style, habits, manners and etc. Certainly, the main aim of this<br />
article is not only historical review. Base of searched material, we try to show<br />
the clear role and ability of choreography in the performance. The<br />
choreography of the play should consider the main idea of the performance,<br />
personage’s character and conflict. The choreography must obey the idea of<br />
performance. Naturally, the examples of effective choreography are described<br />
in the work for much illustration, where the dance is used not only as the<br />
show, but as the continuation of the scenic act, which is described by plastic<br />
language. We try to introduce only one chapter of our future work, where we<br />
will describe the examples of effective choreography in films and plays.<br />
I think that there are much more research problems in the children’s<br />
choreography than it appears at one sight. There is hope that in the future will<br />
be not only one specialist who will be interested in that problem and will<br />
seriously think to solve them.<br />
348 349
THE VANO SARAJISHVILI TBILISI<br />
STATE CONSERVATORY<br />
MUSIC STUDIES<br />
First Year MA Student of Music Studies Tamar Mikadze<br />
Supervisor: Associated Professor Marina Kavtaradze<br />
ISSUES OF INTERRELATIONSHIP<br />
BETWEEN JAZZ AND CLASSICAL MUSIC<br />
Summary<br />
The given article concerns research of relations between jazz and classical<br />
music. Our objective is to define the tendencies, in which the process of this<br />
relation is distinctly revealed influencing jazz and academic music; the report<br />
considers what common and distinguishing features they have. On one hand,<br />
such jazz currencies originated as a result of interaction defined as “jazzing”,<br />
“Jazzing the Classics” and “Baroque Jazz”, and on the other hand, works of<br />
academic music of the XX century, originated as a result of this relation. Jazz<br />
was enriched with classics, symphonic, chamber music. Such examples are as<br />
follows: works of Gershwin, Stravinsky, Ravelli, Milhaud, Polyanskiy, Cowell,<br />
Villa-Lobos, Schnittke, Kvernadze, Kancheli, V. Kakhidze, Bardanashvili and<br />
others works. As a result of merging of jazz and classics the verges between<br />
classical and jazz players are broken down.<br />
First Year MA Student Ms. Maia Sigua<br />
Supervisor: Assistant Professor Ketevan Bolashvili, Ph.D.<br />
THE ANTIQUE TRAGEDY IN XX CENTURY MUSICAL AND STAGE<br />
WORKS ISSUES OF GENRE INTERPRETATION<br />
Summary<br />
In the history of mankind the cultural inheritance of ancient Greece, one<br />
of the first high-developed civilizations, has many times become the source of<br />
inspiration for the greatest artists of various nations. The birth of Opera at<br />
bound of XVI-XVII centuries is just connected with an attempt to restore the<br />
ancient music. The greatest interest to the ancient music that begun four<br />
hundred years ago has several times improved itself, especially last century.<br />
In our topic we shall try to refer our attention to the opuses, having the<br />
characteristic science of Opera, that are based on the works of the greatest<br />
Greek Tragedy writers. We shall discuss how the most actual themes of all<br />
time are interpreted in modern time and space. In this respect we shall also pay<br />
attention to “Oedipus Rex” By Igor Stravinsky; “Antigone” by Arthur<br />
Honegger ; “Antigone” by Carl Orff and also”Oresteia”by Iannis Xenakis.<br />
First Year Ph D. student Ms. Ketevan Chitadze<br />
Supervisor: Associate Professor Ketevan Bolashvili, Ph.D.<br />
SEARCH FOR NEW GENRE MODELS IN THE 20TH CENTURY MUSIC<br />
Summary<br />
The present paper explores some issues related to the drastic<br />
transformation of the genre category in the 20th century music. As a matter of<br />
fact, the 20th century music, like other field of art, was subject to the series of<br />
processes that led to defragmentation of thraditional ganre models. The paper<br />
aims at identifing the replacement of existing, century-old paradigm and any<br />
newly created genres.<br />
The paper reviews the following musical pieces whose’s titles are not<br />
genre oriented and bear abstract character: Hyperprism by Edgard Varèse,<br />
Notationen by Pierre Boulez, Kreuzspiel by Karlheinz Stokhausen, Match by<br />
Mauricio Kagel and Rioanji by John Cage. The pieces that had been selected<br />
for analysis are oriented on most general principles. We purposefully avoided<br />
those pieces whose titles would indicated their link to specific program.<br />
The analysis has revealed within the context of total individualism there<br />
are number of common characteristics and reasonability as well as links between<br />
titles of musical pieces and thris structure, dramatic development and the<br />
language of music. Therefore, in the musical pieces similar to those above<br />
listed, the title generally determines the form, content, dramatic development<br />
and that is the reason it equals to genre definition.<br />
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First Year Ph D. student Ms. Eka Tchabashvili<br />
Supervisor: Associate Professor Nodar Mamisashvili<br />
ATOMIC-NUCLEAR COMPOSITION TECHNIQUE<br />
Summary<br />
The XX century offered a significant amount of scientific innovations, which<br />
influenced the world culture including music. As a result a large number of<br />
science oriented composers appeared in the world of art, as well as hybrid<br />
artists. These and similar events prepare the mankind for so called “United<br />
Thinking”.<br />
In the epoch of Genetics and Atomic Physics the musical thinking reflects the<br />
most important achievements of these spheres. The Paper reviews a hypothesis<br />
on the musical genes and genetic codes. The author describes different arts<br />
of musical genes - Phonogene, Intragene (including Euphony), Hologene -<br />
and classifies the musical codes enciphered in the Overtones’ series.<br />
The Paper aims at analyzing the new “atomic-nuclear composition technique”,<br />
which emerged in the heart of Meditative Music. The Meditative Music<br />
represents the art of composition, where the musical materials with the different<br />
“psycho-times” are disposed in the different space layers.<br />
The basic structural and mental principles of the “atomic-nuclear composition<br />
technique” are metaphorically connected with the rules of the nuclear Physics.<br />
The paper describes the so called “Enriched Tone” (f. e. A flat – B sharp), the<br />
expressive methods of the “atomic-nuclear music” and the characteristics of<br />
these composition techniques.<br />
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