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avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da<br />
Jurnalisturi praqtika -<br />
uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma<br />
saxelmZRvanelo pedagogebisaTvis<br />
<strong>bavSvis</strong><br />
<strong>uflebebi</strong>s<br />
dacva<br />
<strong>uflebebi</strong><br />
da Jurnalisturi<br />
praqtika -<br />
uflebebze<br />
dafuZnebuli<br />
presis Tavisufleba<br />
bavSvTa parlamentebi<br />
ras unda moicavdes kodeqsi<br />
midgoma
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da<br />
Jurnalisturi praqtika –<br />
uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma<br />
saxelmZRvanelo pedagogebisaTvis<br />
2011 weli
saswavlo kursi momzadda centraluri da aRmosavleT<br />
evropisa da damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis<br />
iunisefis regionuli ofisis dakveTiT<br />
© gaeros bavSvTa fondi (iunisefi) - dublinis<br />
teqnologiis instituti, 2007 w.<br />
© qarTuli Targmani da gamocema, gaeros bavSvTa fondis<br />
saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba, 2011 w.<br />
saxelmZRvanelos qarTuli variantis SemuSavebasa da<br />
adaptaciaSi monawileobdnen: daviT paiWaZe, ilias<br />
saxelobis universiteti; marine vaSaymaZe, Tbilisis<br />
saxelmwifo universiteti; maia miqaSaviZe, Jurnalistikisa<br />
da media menejmentis kavkasiuri skola; naTia kalaZe,<br />
saqarTvelos universiteti; maia qurcikiZe, gaeros<br />
bavSvTa fondi.
sarCevi<br />
modulis Sesavali ............................................................................................................................................5<br />
swavlebis meTodebi ......................................................................................................................................6<br />
pedagoguri principebi .............................................................................................................................6<br />
Sedegebi da miznebi.......................................................................................12<br />
meTodologiebi .............................................................................................14<br />
swavlebis Sereuli meTodi .........................................................................20<br />
Sefaseba ............................................................................................................23<br />
modulis struqtura .....................................................................................31<br />
calkeul TavTan dakavSirebuli<br />
SeniSvnebi maswavleblebisaTvis ..............................................................33
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 5<br />
modulis Sesavali<br />
am saswavlo kursis Teoria da praqtika isea Serwymuli, rom kursis<br />
dasrulebiT Jurnalistikis Semswavleli studentebi marto <strong>bavSvis</strong><br />
uflebaTa sferos mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis gaSuqebis unar-Cvevebs ki ar<br />
ganiviTareben, aramed SeZleben gaiazron am sferos gaSuqebis praqtika<br />
da kritikulad Seafason <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebebTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli<br />
situacia, rogorc sakuTar qveyanaSi, aseve mTel msoflioSi. avtorebi<br />
aseve imedovneben, rom am moduliT miRebuli codna da unar-Cvevebi<br />
sxvebzec gavrceldeba. studentebi, romlebic warmatebiT gaivlian am<br />
kurss, miiReben srulyofil codnas <strong>uflebebi</strong>sa da eTikis sferoebSi,<br />
ecodinebaT, rogor moekidon wyaroebs, axal ambebs da rogor<br />
moamzadon masala TanagrZnobiT, Tumca gaiTvaliswinon sazogadoebis<br />
ufleba _ miiRos informacia, da gaiTviTcnobieron, sad gadis zRvari<br />
informirebasa da TanagrZnobas Soris. studentebma unda ganixilon da<br />
gaaanalizon, rodisa aqvs Jurnalists masalis gamoqveynebis ufleba,<br />
magram, amave dros, pasuxismgeblobac, ar gamoaqveynos igi, anda rodis<br />
gadadis delikaturoba TviTcenzuraSi.<br />
saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli masalis gamoyeneba bevrnairad SeiZleba.<br />
leqtorebma SeiZleba masala studentebs miscen mecadineobaze<br />
wasakiTxad diskusiisa da debatebis xelSesawyobad, daurigon<br />
redaqtirebuli varianti an gamoiyenon mecadineobaze Canawerebis saxiT.<br />
saswavlo kursi sakmaod moqnilia da leqtorebi, romlebic am kurss<br />
studentebTan gaivlian, advilad SeZleben mis morgebas swavlebis<br />
SemuSavebul meTodebze. Tumca swavlis Sedegebisa da miznebis<br />
warmatebiT miRweva damokidebulia im pedagogiur principebsa da<br />
meTodologiebze, romlebic swavlebis nebismieri meTodis safuZvels<br />
qmnis. momdevno Tavi, romelic swavlebis meTodebs exeba, dagexmarebaT<br />
am modulis swavlebis formisa da midgomis SemuSavebaSi da kursis<br />
warmarTvaSi.
6<br />
swavlebis meTodebi<br />
moduli `<strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika – uflebebze<br />
dafuZnebuli midgoma~ efuZneba or cnobil pedagogiur princips:<br />
studentze orientirebul swavlebas da ganaTlebas adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s<br />
sferoSi. orive es principi moicavs mkafio, Tumca damxmare Teoriebs,<br />
miznebsa da pedagogiur meTodologiebs, romlebic momdevno TavebSia<br />
aRwerili. masalis miwodebisas leqtorebs SeuZliaT am TavebiT<br />
ixelmZRvanelon anda mocemuli magaliTebi garkveulwilad Secvalon<br />
da sakuTar midgomas moargon.<br />
maSin, rodesac studentze orientirebuli swavlebis principi<br />
avtonomiisa da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas uviTarebs swavlaSi<br />
aqtiurad da Rrmad CarTul studentebs, adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s sferoSi<br />
ganaTlebis principi studentze orientirebuli swavlebis princips<br />
iyenebs missave meTodologiaSi, romelic Tanamonawileobas emyareba<br />
da, aseve, xels uwyobs faseulobebis Camoyalibebas studentebSi da<br />
studentebis aqtiurobas <strong>uflebebi</strong>s dacvis saqmeSi. amrigad, swavlebis<br />
meTodika JurnalistikaSi, <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa dacvis konteqstSi, iseTive<br />
mniSvnelobas iZens, rogorc Tavad saswavlo masala.<br />
pedagoguri principebi<br />
studentze orientirebuli swavleba<br />
maSin, rodesac maswavlebelze orientirebuli swavlebis strategia<br />
fokusirebulia maswavlebelze, romelic eqspertis codnas axalbedas<br />
gadascems, studentze orientirebuli swavleba fokusirebulia<br />
studentze, romelmac Tavad unda imoqmedos ganaTlebis misaRebad.<br />
studentze orientirebuli swavlebis SemTxvevaSi Tavad studentebi<br />
arian codnis Semqmnelebi, xolo maswavlebeli an leqtori swavlis<br />
procesis fasilitatoria da ara informaciis mimwodebeli. am rolSi<br />
fasilitatori lideria, avtoritetuli figura, romelic Tavadac da<br />
sxvebTan urTierTobidan gamomdinarec darwmunebulia, rom sxvebs aqvT<br />
unari, iazrovnon da iswavlon.
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 7<br />
studentze orientirebuli swavleba zrdis SemswavlelTa<br />
pasuxismgeblobas sakuTari ganaTlebis mimarT. am strategiiT studenti<br />
erTveba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi, swavlobs qmedebis<br />
gziT da ara ubralod mosmenis da iseTi davalebebis Sesrulebisa,<br />
romlebic xSirad konteqstidanaa amovardnili da amitom studentis<br />
`realobisgan~ Sors dgas. radgan swavlis procesi ufro aqtiuria<br />
(vidre maswavleblis pasiuri smena), masalis damaxsovreba ufro advili<br />
xdeba; vinaidan swavlis procesi individualur midgomas gulisxmobs da<br />
ukavSirdeba studentebis cxovrebasa da gamocdilebas, es strategia<br />
`acocxlebs~ masalas da mas realur cxovrebasTan Sesabamiss xdis.<br />
studentze orientirebuli swavlebis strategiis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
Tvisebebia:<br />
• damokidebuleba aqtiur swavlaze da ara pasiurze,<br />
• fokusireba siRmiseul swavlasa da gaazrebaze,<br />
• studentebis pasuxismgeblobisa da angariSvaldebulebis amaRleba,<br />
• moswavleebSi avtonomiurobis gancdis gaZliereba,<br />
• maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTdamokidebuleba,<br />
• urTierTpativiscema maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTobaSi,<br />
• da refleqsiuri midgoma swavlebis da swavlis procesebisadmi,<br />
rogorc maswavleblis, aseve moswavlis mxridan.<br />
studentze orinetirebuli swavlebis mTavari principebi mokled ase<br />
SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:<br />
• moswavle srulad aris pasuxismgebeli sakuTari ganaTlebis<br />
miRebis procesze;<br />
• ganaTlebis misaRebad aucilebelia procesSi CarTva da<br />
monawileobis miReba;<br />
• SemswavlelTa Soris urTierToba ufro Tanasworia, rac xels<br />
uwyobs zrdasa da ganviTarebas;<br />
• maswavlebeli xdeba fasilitatori da konsultanti;<br />
• moswavlis ganaTlebaSi xdeba sxvadasxva elementis Serwyma<br />
(emociuri da SemecnebiTi velebis erTianoba).<br />
(O’Neill & McMahon, 2005)
8<br />
ganaTleba adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s sferoSi<br />
ganaTleba adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s sferoSi SeiZleba ganisazRvros,<br />
rogorc ganaTleba, treningi da informacia, romlebic miznad isaxavs<br />
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao kulturis Camoyalibebas codnis<br />
gaziarebis, unar-Cvevebis gadacemis da midgomebis formirebis gziT da<br />
igi mimarTulia:<br />
• adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>sa da ZiriTadi Tavis<strong>uflebebi</strong>sadmi pativiscemis<br />
gaZlierebisaken;<br />
• pirovnebis srulyofili ganviTarebisa da Rirsebis gancdis<br />
Camoyalibebisaken;<br />
• urTierTgagebis, tolerantobis, sqesobrivi Tanasworobis<br />
damkvidrebisa da erebs, mkvidr xalxebs, rasobriv, eTnikur,<br />
religiur da enobriv jgufebs Soris megobrobis xelSewyobisaken;<br />
• yvela adamianis uzrunvelyofisaken SesaZleblobiT, qmediTi<br />
monawileoba miiRos Tavisufal da demokratiul sazogadoebaSi,<br />
romelSic daculia kanonis uzenaesoba;<br />
• mSvidobis mSeneblobisa da SenarCunebisaken;<br />
• adamianze orientirebuli stabiluri ganviTarebisa da socialuri<br />
samarTlianobis xelSewyobisaken.<br />
ganaTleba adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s sferoSi moicavs:<br />
• codnasa da unar-Cvevebs – adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s da maTi dacvis<br />
meqanizmebis Sesaxeb codnis miRebas, aseve, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi<br />
maTi gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebis SeZenas;<br />
• faseulobebs, damokidebulebasa da qcevas – iseTi faseulobebis,<br />
damokidebulebebisa da qcevis ganviTarebas, romelic xels uwyobs<br />
adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s dacvas;<br />
• moqmedebas – moqmedebas adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s dacvisa da<br />
popularizebisaTvis.<br />
(`iunesko~, 2005)
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 9<br />
ra kavSiria <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebebsa da adamianis uflebebs Soris<br />
is gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba, romelsac bavSvobis asaki TiToeul<br />
bavSvs aniWebs, aucilebels xdis bavSvebisadmi sagangebo yuradRebas,<br />
mzrunvelobasa da daxmarebas. bavSvebTan mimarTebiT adamianis<br />
uflebaTa ganmarteba da realizeba swored bavSvebis Taviseburebebisa<br />
da saWiroebebidan gamomdinare unda moxdes. es niSnavs, rom,<br />
faqtobrivad, bavSvTa <strong>uflebebi</strong> adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>a, Tumca im realobis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, romelSic bavSvebi imyofebian (Yeban, 1999).<br />
uflebebze dafuZnebuli ganaTlebisTvis, iqneba es ganaTleba <strong>bavSvis</strong><br />
Tu adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s Sesaxeb, iseTi Sesaferisi meTodologia<br />
unda SemuSavdes, romliTac TavisTavad swavlis procesi gadaiqceva<br />
gzavnilad. Zafi, romelic akavSirebs transformirebadi ganaTlebis am<br />
or gansxvavebul formas, aris rwmena TiToeuli adamianis Rirsebasa<br />
da keTildReobaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, individi, iqneba es bavSvi Tu<br />
zrdasruli, swavlebis procesSi centralur adgils ikavebs (Yeban,<br />
1999).<br />
adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s, gansakuTrebiT ki <strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong>s sferoSi<br />
ganaTlebisaTvis rekomendebuli meTodi TanamonawileobiTi<br />
pedagogikaa, romelic qvemoT gansazRvrul principebs efuZneba da<br />
romelsac adamianis uflebaTa umaRlesi komisris ofisi uWers mxars.<br />
TanamonawileobiTi meTodologia moicavs moswavleze orientirebuli<br />
swavlebis principebs da adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s sferoSi ganaTlebis im<br />
aspeqtebs, romlebic faseulobebis formirebasa da aqtiur moqmedebas<br />
exeba:<br />
1. gamocdilebasa da aqtivobaze orientirebuli principi: mkafiod unda<br />
ganimartos, rom Seswavlis sagani moswavlis obieqturi pirobebis<br />
da am pirobebSi adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s realizebis sworad gagebaa.<br />
unda dadgindes codnis is done, romelic students ukve aqvs,<br />
rogorc bazisi Semdgomi diskusiisTvis. studentze orientirebuli<br />
aqtivobebi ise unda SemuSavdes, rom es codna gamovlindes. es niSnavs,<br />
rom aqtivobebma studentebs sakuTari gamocdilebis gaziarebisa da<br />
codnis gamoxatvis SesaZlebloba unda misces.
10<br />
2. problemis gamovlena: fasilitatorma unda Seamowmos moswavlis<br />
adrindeli codna iseTi kiTxvebis dasmiT, romlebic mimarTuli<br />
iqneba studentis pasuxebSi Seusabamobebis an araTanmimdevrulobis<br />
gamovlenisaken. aseTi procesi xels Seuwyobs students, gaiazros<br />
sakuTari mosazrebebi da ubiZgebs mas, Seicvalos azrovnebis modeli<br />
ise, rom logikurad ufro Sesabamisi da empiriulad Tanmimdevruli<br />
gaxdes.<br />
3. TanamonawileobiTi principi: am teqnikam xeli unda Seuwyos imas, rom<br />
koleqtiurad moxdes koncefciebis ganmarteba, Temebis gaanalizeba<br />
da aqtivobebis ganxorcieleba. sxvebis gamocdilebis gacnoba<br />
studentebisaTvis erT-erTi gzaa, romliTac adamianis gamocdileba<br />
da codna SeiZleba gafarTovdes, dadasturdes an uaryofil iqnes.<br />
4. dialeqtikuri principi: moswavleTa arsebuli codnis mxolod<br />
gamovlena ar aris sakmarisi (Tezisi). mniSvnelovania isic, rom<br />
SeadarebinoT maT sakuTari codna sxva wyaroebidan miRebul iseT<br />
codnas, rogoricaa faqtebi, monacemebi, statistika da sxv. (antiTeza)<br />
da gaakeTebinoT Sedegad miRebuli ideis (ideebis) sinTezi. is, rom<br />
aq monawileTa mier interpretirebuli sakuTari gamocdileba codnis<br />
sando wyaroebad aris miCneuli, ar niSnavs imas, rom yvelaferi<br />
subieqturad sworia. moswavleTa codna/gamocdileba, ucvleli<br />
formiT, iseve SezRudulia, rogorc eruditis `gaqvavebuli~ codna.<br />
unda moxdes am codnis/gamocdilebis Sedareba sxva adamianebis<br />
msgavsi konteqstebis interpretaciasa da gagebasTan.<br />
5. analitikuri principi: mniSvnelovania, fasilitatorma da Tavad<br />
studentebma gansazRvron is Temebi, romlebic studentTa<br />
pasuxebidan gamomdinare Cndeba, da is sabaziso principebi, romlebic<br />
am Temebs aerTianebs. fasilitatorma unda dasvas kiTxvebi `ratom~<br />
da `rogor~. aseTi kiTxvebi daafiqrebs studentebs, ratom aris<br />
ase da rogor moxda es. studentebs aseve unda dausvaT kiTxvebi<br />
movlenebs Soris urTierTkavSirisa da maTi urTierTzemoqmedebis<br />
Sesaxeb. es is kiTxvebia, romlebic studentebs exmareba, dainaxon is,<br />
rac xiluls miRmaa.
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 11<br />
6. gamajansaRebeli principi: adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s damkvidrebas xels ver<br />
SevuwyobT, Tu Cven TviTon ar vsargeblobT am <strong>uflebebi</strong>T, ar viyenebT<br />
maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. Tanmimdevrulobis dacva, rogorc pirad,<br />
aseve sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Znelia, magram ar aris SeuZlebeli.<br />
Cveni gamocdilebis intrapersonaluri, interpersonaluri da<br />
struqturuli sferoebi urTierTadakavSirebulia da erTmaneTze<br />
zemoqmedebs. Cven es mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes. adamianis<br />
<strong>uflebebi</strong>s pedagogika gvaTavisuflebs, gvaZlevs saSualebas,<br />
davinaxoT, SevigrZnoT, gaviazroT, vimoqmedoT da stimuli mivceT<br />
sakuTar Tavsac da sxvebsac. Cven piradad varT angariSvaldebulni<br />
sakuTari keTildReobis winaSe. pedagogika adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s<br />
sferoSi saSualebas gvaZlevs, gaviumjobesoT keTildReoba.<br />
7. strategiul azrovnebaze orientirebuli principi: kritikuloba<br />
da analitikuroba ar aris sakmarisi piroba sazogadoebis<br />
transformirebisaTvis. adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s pedagogikam adamianebs<br />
unda ubiZgos, daisaxon sakuTari miznebi da mudmivad ifiqron<br />
am miznebis misaRwev SemoqmedebiT da strategiul gzebze.<br />
adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s realobad gadaqcevisaTvis axali meTodebiT<br />
eqsperimentirebaa saWiro. miuxedavad mravali ukiduresad rTuli<br />
situaciisa, romlebic Cven Soris saukeTesoebsac ki arTmevs Zalas,<br />
adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ganaTlebam unda daarwmunos xalxi,<br />
rom uamravi SesaZlebloba arsebobs. xalxs axali tipis azrovneba<br />
sWirdeba imisaTvis, rom es <strong>uflebebi</strong> gamoiyenos.<br />
8. mizansa da qmedebaze orientirebuli principi: adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong><br />
praqtikuli varjiSia. igi moiTxovs qmedebis, dafiqrebis, qmedebis,<br />
dafiqrebis da a.S. cikls. adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong> erT dReSi ki<br />
ara, aramed droTa ganmavlobaSi miiRweva. adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s<br />
pedagogika unda aswavlides adamianebs, rogor gaxadon sakuTari<br />
miznebi ufro konkretuli da miRwevadi. igi aseve saSualebas unda<br />
aZlevdes adamianebs, dagegmon da organizeba gauwion Tavis qmedebebs<br />
im miznebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic daisaxes. moTmineba, pozitiuri<br />
azrovneba da mizanmimarTuleba is faseulobebia, romlebic adamianis<br />
uflebaTa pedagogikaSi Zevs.
12<br />
Sedegebi da miznebi<br />
am modulSi saswavlo programisadmi studentze orientirebuli<br />
swavlebis midgomis gamoyeneba (es midgoma sul ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba<br />
msoflioSi saswavlo kursebis SemuSavebisas) gulisxmobs swavlis iseTi<br />
Sedegebis an miznebis gaweras, romlebic fokusirebuli iqneba ara imaze,<br />
Tu ra masala unda miawodos maswavlebelma studentebs, aramed imaze,<br />
Tu ris gakeTeba unda SeZlon studentebma. aseTi praqtikiT aqcenti<br />
gadadis maswavleblis mier misawodebeli masalidan moswavleze. es<br />
niSnavs processa da kompetenciaze koncentrirebas da ara masalaze.<br />
studentze orientirebuli<br />
swavlebis Sedegebi: ramdenime<br />
magaliTi<br />
am modulis dasrulebisas Tqven<br />
(students) SegeZlebaT:<br />
gansazRvroT bavSvTa uflebis<br />
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi gaeros<br />
<strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa konvenciaSi;<br />
kritikulad SeafasoT qcevis<br />
kodeqsebi da saredaqcio<br />
saxelmZRvanelo principebi.<br />
tradiciuli swavlebis<br />
Sedegebi/miznebi<br />
saswavlo kursi moicavs:<br />
gaeros <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa<br />
konvencias;<br />
saredaqcio saxelmZRvanelo<br />
principebs da qcevis kodeqsebs.<br />
wyaro: adaptirebulia: o’nili da mak-mahoni, 2005 w. (O’Neill & McMahon, 2005)<br />
swavlis Sedegebi<br />
modulis `<strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika – uflebebze<br />
dafuZnebuli midgoma~ dasrulebis Semdeg moswavleebs SeeZlebaT:<br />
• gaigon da mokled Camoayalibon bavSvTa <strong>uflebebi</strong>s ZiriTadi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi, rogorc es Camoyalibebulia gaeros <strong>bavSvis</strong><br />
uflebaTa konvenciaSi;
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 13<br />
• <strong>uflebebi</strong>s dacvis kuTxiT waikiTxon, gaaanalizon da kritikulad<br />
Seafason, Tu rogor Suqdeba bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi;<br />
• kritikulad Seafason saredaqcio principebis da qcevis kodeqsebis<br />
Sesabamisoba da mniSvneloba bavSvebis Sesaxeb axali ambebis<br />
gadmocemasTan mimarTebiT;<br />
• profesiulad Seafason Jurnalisturi praqtika <strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong>s<br />
dacvis TvalsazrisiT;<br />
• gaaSuqon samarTlianad, zustad da <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa principebis<br />
Sesabamisad.<br />
ganaTlebis miznebi <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa sferoSi<br />
<strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong>s Sesaxeb ganaTleba unda efuZnebodes swavlis sam<br />
mizans:<br />
• codna da unar-Cvevebi – <strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong>sa da humanuri<br />
standartebis Sesaxeb informaciisa da codnis miReba da am codnis<br />
gamoyenebisaTvis saWiro unar-Cvevebis SeZena;<br />
• faseulobebi, damokidebuleba da qceva – meti TanagrZnobis<br />
gamovlena da negatiuri midgomebis Secvla an pozitiuri<br />
midgomebisa da qcevis gamyareba <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebebTan mimarTebiT;<br />
• qmedeba – moqmedeba bavSvTa <strong>uflebebi</strong>s dacvisa da xelSewyobisaTvis<br />
profesiuli saqmianobis Sesrulebisas.<br />
(adaptirebulia: `iunesko~ 2005)<br />
uflebebze dafuZnebuli am modulis fasilitacia da imis xelSewyoba,<br />
rom studentebma miaRwion dasaxul miznebs gulisxmobs studentze<br />
orientirebuli swavlis principis, TanamonawileobiTi meTodologiisa<br />
da <strong>uflebebi</strong>s sferoSi ganaTlebis transformirebadi komponentis<br />
gamoyenebas. mosalodnelia Semdegi cvlilebebi:
14<br />
• qcevis cvlileba bavSvebisa da bavSvobis Sesaxeb im mosazrebebis<br />
gaTviTcnobierebis gziT, romlebic adre gauTviTcnobierebeli<br />
iyo. cvlileba procesia, romelic iwyeba arsebul situaciasTan<br />
konfliqtis aRiarebiT da ara `eqspertisgan~ axali ideis gagebiT.<br />
es gulisxmobs imis gaTviTcnobierebas, rom arsebuli qceva ar<br />
Seesabameba <strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong>s principebs.<br />
• kulturuli cvlileba pirovnuli cvlilebis gziT. pirovnuli<br />
cvlileba mxolod qcevaSi cvlilebas ar gulisxmobs, vinaidan igi<br />
kulturis konteqstSi Cndeba. igi moiTxovs cvlilebas adamianis<br />
urTierTobaSi swored kulturuli cvlilebebis konteqstSi.<br />
amas SeiZleba Sedegad bavSvebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis tradiciul<br />
SexedulebebTan winaaRmdegobaSi mosvla mohyves. mniSvnelovania,<br />
rom nebismier pirovnul cvlilebas, rogorc bavSvebSi, ise<br />
zrdasrulebSi adgilobrivi kultura ganamtkicebdes.<br />
• struqturuli cvlileba iseTi meqanizmebisa da saSualebebis<br />
Seqmnis gziT, romlebic axdenen <strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong>s xelSemwyobi<br />
personaluri da kulturuli cvlilebebis institucionalizebas.<br />
(Yeban, 2002)<br />
meTodologiebi<br />
leqtorebma iseTi strategiebi unda gamoiyenon, romlebic ubiZgebs<br />
studentebs, gaaqtiurdnen codnisa da unar-Cvevebis SeZenaSi. qvemoT<br />
motanil cxrilSi mocemulia studentze orientirebuli swavlebis<br />
meTodebis nimuSi da ramdenime idea leqtorebisaTvis, rogorc saleqcio<br />
(ufro maswavlebelze orientirebuli), aseve arasaleqcio formatisTvis.<br />
Tumca leqtorebma unda izrunon, sadac ki es SesaZlebelia, saleqcio<br />
saaTebis Semcirebaze studentze orientirebuli formatebis<br />
sasargeblod.
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 15<br />
studentze orientirebuli swavlebis meTodebis magaliTebi<br />
arasaleqcio formati<br />
damoukidebeli proeqtebi<br />
jgufuri diskusia<br />
Tanakurselebis mier sxva<br />
studentebisTvis rCevebis micema<br />
debatebi<br />
savele vizitebi<br />
praqtikuli mecadineoba<br />
refleqsiuri dRiurebi,<br />
saswavlo Jurnalebi<br />
swavla kompiuteris daxmarebiT<br />
saswavlo sagnebis/proeqtebis<br />
arCeva<br />
sagazeTo statiis dawera<br />
leqcia<br />
sadiskusio jgufebi (mokle<br />
diskusiebi orkacian jgufebSi)<br />
piramidis/Tovlis gundis efeqti<br />
(jgufebad dayofa anbanis/<br />
nomrebis mixedviT da diskusia)<br />
Sereuli jgufebi (studentebis<br />
Sereva jgufebSi anbanis/nomrebis<br />
mixedviT)<br />
mrgvali magida (yvela studenti<br />
rigrigobiT laparakobs)<br />
testebi<br />
swavlis Sesaxeb mosazrebebis<br />
dawera (3/4 wuTi)<br />
studentebis prezentaciebi<br />
klasSi<br />
rolebis gaTamaSeba<br />
plakatebis prezentacia<br />
studentebi klasSi amzadeben<br />
dasaweri samuSaos gegmas<br />
wyaro: adaptirebulia: o’nili da mak-mahoni, 2005 w.<br />
studentebi unda monawileobdnen da sakuTari wvlili SehqondeT<br />
saklaso muSaobaSi. saswavlo masala studentebs Soris diskusiebisa da<br />
debatebis uzarmazar SesaZleblobas iZleva da mecadineoba seminarebs<br />
emsgavseba. leqtorebma saswavlo masala unda gaamdidron magaliTebiT<br />
da axali masaliT TavianTi qveynebidan ise, rom studentebma gamoiyenon<br />
satelevizio da radios Jurnalisturi masala, aseve masala im<br />
gazeTebidan da Jurnalebidan, romlebsac Tavad kiTxuloben. sasurvelia,<br />
studentebma Tavad moiZion masala da moitanon mecadineobaze.
16<br />
realur ambebze dayrdnobiT maswavleblebs SeuZliaT moamzadon<br />
hipoTeturi istoriebis mokle monaxazi, romlebSic wamoWrilia<br />
problemebi da mosTxovon studentebs, daweron maTze statia.<br />
studentebma unda Seqmnan bavSvTa <strong>uflebebi</strong>s wyaroebis monacemTa<br />
bazac, romlebic klasificirebuli iqneba wyaros saxeebis mixedviT,<br />
magaliTad, `samTavrobo wyaroebi~, `saerTaSoriso wyaroebi~, `<strong>bavSvis</strong><br />
uflebaTa wyaroebi~, anu im CamonaTvalis msgavsad, romlebic<br />
mocemulia saswavlo masalaSi. vebgverdebze arsebuli vrceli masala,<br />
romelic xelmisawvdomia <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa sainformacio qselis<br />
(CRIN) da `iunisefis~ vebgverdebze, karg sawyis resursad gamodgeba.<br />
<strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis Sesaferisi meTodologia<br />
leqtorebs, romlebic am saswavlo kurss atareben, SeuZliaT SeimuSaon<br />
swavlebis iseTi meTodi, romelic aerTianebs studentze orientirebuli<br />
swavlebisa da adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ganaTlebis principebsa da<br />
miznebs da Seefereba studentebis instituciur viTarebasa da garemos.<br />
qvemoT iseTi meTodis magaliTia moyvanili, romelSic gaZlierebulia<br />
studentze orientirebuli swavlebis principebi da gamoyenebulia<br />
Tanamonawileobis meTodi. es meTodi mTel msoflioSi warmatebiT<br />
gamoiyeneba rogorc adamianis, aseve <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa swavlebaSi.<br />
ADIDS meTodi<br />
ADIDS-is meTods mxars uWers adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ganaTlebis<br />
azia-wynari okeanis regionuli resurs-centri (ARRC HRE), romelic<br />
`amnesti interneiSenalisa~ da aziis ganviTarebis kulturuli<br />
forumis erToblivi proeqtia. es aris arakomerciuli, arasamTavrobo<br />
regionuli organizacia, romelic 1922 wels dafuZnda, rogorc<br />
adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ganaTlebis instituti da qseli aziawynaris<br />
okeanis regionSi da atarebs seminarebs adamianis uflebebSi,<br />
amzadebs da avrcelebs sainstruqcio da sxva Sesabamis masalebs,<br />
atarebs kvlevebs da adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi saganmanaTleblo<br />
kampaniebs. 1955 wels ARRC-m gamoaqveyna adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 17<br />
ganaTlebis paketi, anu adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb saganmanaTleblo<br />
masalebis kompleqti, romelic moicavda ADIDS-is sabaziso dokuments<br />
_ paolo freiris ganaTlebis koncefciis Targmans.<br />
ADIDS<br />
aqtivoba<br />
TiToeuli mecadineoba iwyeba iseTi aqtivobiT, romelmac xeli unda<br />
Seuwyos an monawilis im adreuli codnis Tu gamocdilebis gamovlenas,<br />
romelic mecadineobis miznebs ukavSirdeba, an monawileTa mier<br />
koncefciebis kargad gagebas. am etapze es aqtivoba saSualebas aZlevs<br />
monawileebs, gakveTilis miznebis Sesabamis gamocdilebaze Seiqmnan<br />
an Seicvalon warmodgenebi da gancdebi. es aqtivoba agrZnobinebs<br />
monawileebs, rom isini diskusiis centrSi arian. amosavali wertili<br />
adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s sferoSi maTi gamocdilebaa.<br />
diskusia<br />
diskusia mecadineobis saazrovno da dakvirvebis fazaa. kiTxvebma unda<br />
ubiZgos monawileebs, gaiazron TavianTi is gamocdileba, romelic am<br />
aqtivobaSi ganisazRvreba. monawileebi ifiqreben am gamocdilebaze<br />
leqciis miznebTan dakavSirebis gziT. sakmaod xSirad sakuTar<br />
gamocdilebas kritikis gareSe viRebT da mxolod maSin, rodesac mas<br />
mizanmimarTulad vaanalizebT, vwvdebiT mis arss da gansxvavebuli<br />
kuTxidan vuyurebT. monawileTa gamocdileba diskusiis obieqtad da<br />
`Sinaarsad~ iqceva.<br />
studentis samuSao/leqcia<br />
samuSaos mizani monawileTa codnis gafarToebaa. fasilitatorma<br />
an konsultantma SeiZleba iseTi mosazreba gamoTqvas, romelic<br />
daadasturebs an eWvis qveS daayenebs imas, Tu rogor esmiT monawileebs<br />
konkretuli gamocdileba. praqtikuli samuSaos mizania `<strong>uflebebi</strong>s~<br />
iseTi perspeqtivis Cveneba, romlidanac xdeba monawileTa gamocdilebis<br />
danaxva. samuSaos Sedegad studentebs saSualeba eZlevaTY daaxarisxon<br />
TavianTi codna da sakuTari gamocdileba uflebriv WrilSi ganixilon.
18<br />
CaRrmaveba<br />
CaRrmaveba saSualebas iZleva, gamomJRavndes da ganxilul iqnes<br />
konfliqti an winaaRmdegoba, erTi mxriv, monawileTa Sexedulebebs<br />
Soris da, meore mxriv, monawileTa Sexedulebebsa da konsultantis<br />
Sexedulebebs Soris.<br />
sinTezi<br />
sinTezi, Cveulebriv, moicavs specifikur aqtivobebs, romlebic exmareba<br />
monawileebs, Seajamon is mixvedrebi, romlebic mecadineobis aqtivobis<br />
segmentidan CaRrmavebis segmentamde gamarTuli diskusiidan miiReba.<br />
igi aseve daexmareba fasilitators, gansazRvros, ramdenad miiRweva<br />
leqciis miznebi da Seitanos saWiro cvlilebebi Semdegi leqciisaTvis.<br />
(ARRC, 1995)<br />
qvemoT cxrilis saxiT aris mocemuli am modulis 1-li nawilis 1-li<br />
Tavis ADIDS-is meTodiT swavlebis nimuSi.<br />
ADIDS-is<br />
meTodologia<br />
aqtivoba<br />
an<br />
diskusia<br />
ganxorcieleba<br />
moitaneT/gaakeTeT<br />
kolaJi Jurnalis/<br />
gazeTis statiebisa,<br />
romlebic adamianis<br />
uflebebs exeba.<br />
isaubreT mediaSi<br />
bolo dros<br />
gaSuqebuli adamianis<br />
uflebaTa istoriebis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
fasilitatoris<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
aqtivoba da diskusia<br />
gansazRvravs,<br />
Tu rogor esmiT<br />
monawileebs mTavari<br />
Sesaswavli sakiTxebi<br />
da ra codnas<br />
flobdnen isini<br />
am sakiTxebze: ra<br />
aris adamianis<br />
<strong>uflebebi</strong> adamianis<br />
uflebaTa sayovelTao<br />
deklaracia,<br />
adamianis uflebaTa<br />
dacva.
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 19<br />
ADIDS-is<br />
meTodologia<br />
studentis<br />
leqcia<br />
CaRrmaveba<br />
samuSao/<br />
ganxorcieleba<br />
adamianis<br />
uflebaTa dacvis<br />
ra saerTaSoriso<br />
standartebi arsebobs<br />
ris Sesaxebaa adamianis<br />
uflebaTa sayovelTao<br />
deklaracia<br />
rogor viTardeba<br />
adamianis uflebaTa<br />
standartebi<br />
ra fundamenturi<br />
principebi udevs<br />
safuZvlad<br />
adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s<br />
standartebs<br />
romeli konkretuli<br />
<strong>uflebebi</strong>a adamianis<br />
uflebaTa sayovelTao<br />
deklaraciaSi<br />
adamianis uflebaTa ra<br />
darRvevebi arsebobs<br />
romelma qveynebma<br />
daarRvies an ar<br />
daarRvies adamianis<br />
<strong>uflebebi</strong><br />
sayovelTaoa Tu<br />
SefardebiTi adamianis<br />
<strong>uflebebi</strong> romelime<br />
kulturasTan<br />
Tu situaciasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi<br />
arsebobs Tu ara<br />
raime konkretuli<br />
erovnuli Sexeduleba<br />
adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s<br />
Sesaxeb ras niSnavs<br />
adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong><br />
JurnalistikisTvis<br />
fasilitatoris<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
samuSao efuZneba<br />
im codnas, rac<br />
monawileebs ukve<br />
aqvT. fasilitatori<br />
ubralod amatebs<br />
imas, rac aqtivobas/<br />
diskusias aklia.<br />
CaRrmaveba xels<br />
uwyobs adamianis<br />
<strong>uflebebi</strong>s Sesaxeb<br />
sakamaTo sakiTxebze<br />
diskusiis dawyebas.<br />
es aris azrovnebis<br />
maprovocirebeli<br />
kiTxvebi, romlebic<br />
monawileebs<br />
daafiqrebs zogierT<br />
maT gaazrebul<br />
an gauazrebel<br />
mosazrebaze.
20<br />
ADIDS-is<br />
meTodologia<br />
sinTezi<br />
ganxorcieleba<br />
ilustracia an<br />
scenari, romelSic<br />
studentebs sakuTari<br />
codnis gamoyeneba<br />
SeuZliaT.<br />
fasilitatoris<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
sinTezi ajamebs<br />
mecadineobaze<br />
miRweul mixvedrebs<br />
da exmareba<br />
fasilitators,<br />
gansazRvros, miRweuli<br />
iqna Tu ara saswavlo<br />
miznebi.<br />
swavlis Sereuli meTodi<br />
kompiuteriT swavla, rogorc studentze orientirebuli swavlebis<br />
meTodi, meTodologiebis nawilSi iyo rekomendebuli, xolo<br />
kompiuteriT Sefaseba dasaxelebulia Sefasebis erT-erT meTodad.<br />
Sereuli swavla ubralod terminia iseTi swavlisa da swavlebis<br />
midgomebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic onlain aqtivobebisa da pirispir<br />
aqtivobebis kombinacias warmoadgens.<br />
VLE (Virtual Learning Environement - virtualuri saswavlo garemo) aris<br />
swavlis virtualuri garemo, romelic xels uwyobs Sereul swavlas.<br />
Sereuli swavlis magaliTebi:<br />
• kursis komponentebis Sereva<br />
swavlis es kursi Sedgeba pirispir mecadineobebisa da onlain<br />
aqtivobebisagan. TiToeuli komponentis wili mniSvnelovnad icvleba<br />
kursidan kursamde. aseTi formiT Sereul kursSi calkeuli aqtivobebi<br />
an mTlianad pirispir mecadineobebia, an onlain aqtivobebi. amrigad,<br />
SeiZleba jer iyos leqcia, mere onlain diskusia, romelsac mohyveba<br />
praqtikuli mecadineoba da Semdeg onlain masalis gamoyeneba.
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 21<br />
• fizikuri da virtualuri komponentebis Sereva<br />
(adgilmdebareobis Sereva)<br />
Cveulebriv miCneulia, rom onlain aqtivoba gamiznulia kampusis<br />
gareT, saxlSi, individualuri gamoyenebisaTvis. Tumca onlain<br />
aqtivobebi zogjer saklaso mecadineobis dros, maswavleblis<br />
TandaswrebiT gamoiyeneba. zogierT onlain aqtivobas studentTa<br />
jgufi atarebs kampusis saswavlo teritoriaze (`samecadino<br />
sivrce~). amrigad, saganmanaTleblo aqtivoba SeiZleba warmoadgendes<br />
pirispir komunikaciis da diskusiis da masalis onlain gamoyenebis,<br />
informirebis da komunikaciis kombinacias. swavlis procesi Tavad aris<br />
Sereuli. masSi SeiZleba moxdes rogorc fizikuri, aseve virtualuri<br />
adgilmdebareobis Sereva.<br />
<br />
resursebis Sereva<br />
eleqtronuli swavla sxvadasxva wyarodan resursebis Tavmoyris<br />
saSualebas iZleva. SesaZlebeli xdeba gare resursebisa da<br />
adgilze, maswavleblis mier Seqmnili resursebis gaerTianeba;<br />
kursis maswavleblebs SeuZliaT imuSaon gundebad da swavlis<br />
teqnologiebis gamoyenebis gziT advilad gauziaron erTmaneTs<br />
resursebi. studentebic erTmaneTs iyeneben, rogorc resursebs,<br />
rodesac erTmaneTs daxmarebisTvis mimarTaven; es, rasakvirvelia,<br />
pirispir meTodiTac xdeba da onlain meTodiTac; ZiriTadad orive<br />
meTodi gamoiyeneba.<br />
<br />
studentebisaTvis davalebebis Sesrulebis dros xelmisawvdomi<br />
masStaburi da mravalferovani saswavlo resursebi warmoadgens<br />
cifruli, fizikuri da adamianuri resursebis naerTs, romelsac<br />
isini iyeneben pirispir da onlain meTodebis an orives<br />
kombinaciis gziT.<br />
virtualuri saswavlo garemo ewodeba eleqtronuli swavlis<br />
instrumentebisa da programebis mTel nakrebs, romelic xelmisawvdomia<br />
personalisa da studentebisaTvis.
22<br />
virtualuri saswavlo garemos saswavlo programebia, magaliTad:<br />
blekbordi (Blackboard)<br />
ueb-si-Ti (WebCT)<br />
keSCenmarki (Questionmark)<br />
kontent ripozitoriz (Content Repositories)<br />
studentze orientirebuli virtualuri saswavlo garemo<br />
dReisaTvis eleqtronuli swavlis paketebis umetesoba ufro personalze<br />
orientirebul meTodzea gaTvlilia. marTlac, popularuli programuli<br />
paketebi (Blackboard da WebCT), maTi operirebis TvalsazrisiT, Zalze<br />
fokusirebulia personalze. yvelaferi organizebulia kursebis<br />
mixedviT da saWiroebs maswavleblis daxmarebas. studentebs Zalze<br />
mcire gasaqani eZlevaT imisaTvis, rom sakuTari iniciativiT imuSaon<br />
kursis farglebSi da damoukideblad, maswavleblis daxmarebis gareSe,<br />
wamoiwyon diskusiebi an ganaTavson masalebi.<br />
studentebis saWiroebebi<br />
aris Tu ara iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac studentTa jgufs, romelsac<br />
surs, gamoiyenos blekbordi an ueb-si-Ti, magram maswavlebels maTTvis<br />
jer kursisTvis saWiro sivrce ar Seuqmnia, raime SesaZlebloba<br />
universitetSi, rom (a) mosmenili iqnes studentebis mosazrebebi (b)<br />
dakmayofilebuli iqnes maTi saWiroebebi ra saoperacio funqcias<br />
iTxoven Tavad studentebi<br />
swavlis onlain wilis zrdasTan erTad studentebma SeiZleba<br />
moisurvon kampusSi da kampusis gareT sakuTari drois ukeT organizeba<br />
drois ufro did `monakveTebad~. gangeb xom ar xdeba universitetebSi<br />
ganrigis ise SemuSaveba, rom kampusSi samecadino dReebi rac SeiZleba<br />
cota gamovides aqtiur swavlasa da jgufur muSaobaSi eleqtronuli<br />
swavlis meTodis gamoyenebis procesi sainteresod viTardeba. ras<br />
fiqroben studentebi swavlis aseT meTodze ra saxis saganmanaTleblo<br />
midgomebi iqneboda maTTvis sasurveli
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 23<br />
ra tipis daxmareba dasWirdeboda students saxlidan wvdomis, akademiuri<br />
da teqnikuri sakiTxebis garkvevis, usadeno qselis xelmisawvdomobis,<br />
saswavlo sivrcis dizainis TvalsazrisiT ra moxdeba, studentma<br />
virtualuri saswavlo garemos farglebSi rom moisurvos sakuTari<br />
inciativiT, anu maswavleblis daxmarebis gareSe, onlain saswavlo<br />
jgufis Seqmna virtualuri konferenciis an resursebis gaziarebis<br />
mizniT ra moxdeba, studentma rom ipovos saintereso onlain resursebi<br />
da Tavad ganaTavsos bmulebi da/an masalebi kursis romelime sivrceSi<br />
an veb-sivrceSi studentze orientirebuli am tipis instrumentebi<br />
advili xelmisawvdomi ar aris kursis marTvis tradiciul sistemebSi.<br />
risi uzrunvelyofa iqneboda SesaZlebeli da isev, ras isurvebdnen<br />
Tavad studentebi<br />
gzebi, romelTa meSveobiTac leqtorebi SeZleben am modulSi Sereuli<br />
swavlebis midgomebis gamoyenebas:<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
Sereuli swavlebis midgomebis gamoyenebis sargebeli:<br />
Sefaseba<br />
Sefaseba Zalze mniSvnelovania, vinaidan igi aCvenebs leqtors, rom<br />
studentebma gaiTavises koncefciebi da, SeuZliaT, profesiulad<br />
Seasrulon Jurnalistis saqmianoba. mniSvnelovania is, rom SefasebiT<br />
mowmdeba saswavlo programis yvela aspeqti da fasdeba swavlis is 5<br />
(xuTi) Sedegi, romlebic mTeli modulisTvis ganisazRvra.<br />
leqtorebs SeuZliaT, SearCion Sefasebis forma imisda mixedviT,<br />
Tu ramdenad warmatebulni arian studentebi, anda ras arian isini<br />
miCveulebi. Cven ar girCevT mxolod tradiciuli gamocdebiT<br />
Semofargvlas, vinaidan aseTi formiT ver xerxdeba im aspeqtebis srulad
24<br />
Semowmeba, romelTa ganxilvasac saswavlo programa iTvaliswinebs.<br />
Sefasebis tradiciul praqtikasTan dakavSirebuli sirTule is aris,<br />
rom, magaliTad, niSnebs an qulebs zedmeti mniSvneloba eniWeba, xolo<br />
rCevis micemas da swavlis funqcias _ naklebi, xdeba moswavleebis<br />
erTmaneTTan Sedareba, riTac maxvili ufro konkurenciaze keTdeba,<br />
vidre personalur gaumjobesebaze.<br />
yvelaze kargia, leqtorebma studentebis Sesamowmeblad gamoiyenon,<br />
rogorc Semajamebeli, aseve formirebadi Sefasebebi. Semajamebeli<br />
Sefaseba gamoyenebuli unda iqnes kompetenturobis gansasazRvrad<br />
da studentisTvis modulSi niSnis dasawerad. formirebadi<br />
Sefaseba gamoyenebuli unda iqnes imisaTvis, rom studentma miiRos<br />
rekomendaciebi swavlis Sesaxeb. am SefasebiT students eZleva rCeva<br />
imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor SeinarCunos da gaaumjobesos sakuTari<br />
winsvla, magram igi gavlenas ar axdens studentis Semajamebeli<br />
Sefasebis niSansa Tu qulaze.<br />
saswavlo kursSi meti formirebadi Sefasebis gamoyenebiT moaxdenT<br />
studentebze fokusirebas, vinaidan gamoavlenT maT swavlaSi<br />
naklovanebebsa da im aspeqtebs, romelTa gamosworebac SeuZliaT.<br />
formirebadi Sefasebis magaliTebSi Sedis komentarebi eseebze,<br />
werilobiTi SeniSvnebi Sesrulebul davalebebze, wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
iseTi niSnebis dawera, romlebic ar imoqmedebs wlis bolos<br />
daweril niSanze, da mravalvariantiani kiTxvebi/pasuxebi mxolod<br />
rekomendaciebis misaRebad. sxva formirebadi Sefasebebis damateba<br />
aZlierebs studentze orientirebul midgomas.<br />
Semajamebeli Sefasebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani principi aris is, rom<br />
man unda gansazRvros, miaRwia Tu ara da ramdenad miaRwia studentma<br />
am modulisaTvis gansazRvrul saswavlo Sedegs, ris safuZvelzec<br />
daiwereba niSani an qula, romelic imoqmedebs studentis Semdgom<br />
swavlaze, swavlis Sedegze an oriveze. imas, Tu ras swavlobs studenti,<br />
ra Zalisxmevas iyenebs amisaTvis da ra xasiaTi aqvs studentis swavlas,<br />
xSirad im Semajamebeli Sefasebis masStabi da forma ganapirobebs,<br />
romlis miRebasac isini moelian. magram formirebadi Sefaseba<br />
umniSvnelovanesia swavlis procesisaTvis da idealur SemTxvevaSi
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 25<br />
saswavlo kursi ise unda iqnes Sedgenili, rom maqsimalurad gaizardos<br />
formirebadi SeniSvnebis raodenoba, romlebsac studentebi miiReben<br />
TavianTi samuSaos Sesaxeb.<br />
Semajamebeli Sefaseba<br />
qvemoT motanilia Semajamebeli Sefasebebis ramdenime magaliTi,<br />
romlebic leqtorebs SeuZliaT ucvlelad an saxecvlili formiT<br />
gamoiyenon. Semajamebeli Sefasebis es magaliTi rekomendebulia am<br />
modulisaTvis:<br />
studentebi warmoadgenen bavSvTa <strong>uflebebi</strong>sa da keTildReobis<br />
zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb 1000-sityvian statias. statia unda iyos<br />
originaluri da Sesrulebuli maRalprofesiul doneze ise, rom misi<br />
gamoqveyneba SeiZlebodes. studentebi aseve warmoadgenen Jurnals,<br />
romelSic aRwerili iqneba kvlevisa da statiis weris procesi.<br />
sadac SesaZlebelia, studentebi radiosTvis axali ambebis pakets<br />
moamzadeben.<br />
magaliTad, studentebma mediaorganizaciis gamoSvebis redaqtors<br />
SeiZleba gamosaqveyneblad an translirebisaTvis SesTavazon statiis<br />
an paketis momzadeba. studentebma unda moamzadon yovelkvireuli<br />
Jurnalic, romelSic detalurad iqneba aRwerili procesi,<br />
wamoWrili sakiTxebi, maT Soris <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
sakiTxebisadmi interesi Tu uinteresoba. realurad am tipis Sefaseba<br />
SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes iq, sadac didi mediabazaria. amis erTerTi<br />
alternatiuli variantia studentis mier namuSevris wardgena<br />
redaqtorisaTvis, romelic sakuTar mosazrebebs gamoTqvams am<br />
namuSevarze, Tumca ar iqneba valdebuli, gamoaqveynos igi. students<br />
niSani ewereba JurnalSi aRwerili sakiTxebis, publikaciis da<br />
gamoqveynebul naSromSi wamoWrili sakiTxebis safuZvelze.
26<br />
formirebadi Sefaseba<br />
qvemoT motanilia formirebadi Sefasebis ramdenime magaliTi, romlebic<br />
leqtorebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon ucvlelad an saxecvlili formiT,<br />
rogorc Tavad CaTvlian saWirod:<br />
yoveli mecadineobis dasrulebisas studentebs eZlevaT davaleba<br />
Semdegi mecadineobisTvis. es niSnavs, rom studentebi Semowmdebian<br />
konkretuli nawilis yvela aspeqtSi. davalebis moculoba SeiZleba<br />
monacvleobdes mokle axali ambis momzadebidan da konkretul<br />
sakiTxze bavSvebis SerCeviTi gamokiTxvidan (voqs-popi) mravalpasuxian<br />
testebamde. mniSvnelovania, rom davalebis sirTulis done studentebis<br />
dones Seesabamebodes, Tumca davaleba Zalian Zneli an detaluri ar<br />
unda iyos, raTa studentebs ar gauWirdeT am davalebisaTvis gamoyofil<br />
droSi Cateva. es saklaso davalebebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes<br />
rogorc formirebadi Sefasebebi da yovel maTganze niSnis dawera ar aris<br />
aucilebeli. isini qmnis mdidar bazas momavali mecadineobebisaTvis da<br />
mTavari sadiskusio sakiTxebis gansazRvraSi da maT Semdgom gavrcobaSi<br />
gvexmareba. formirebadi Sefasebis nebismieri qvemoT mocemuli forma<br />
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes davalebis xasiaTis mixedviT:<br />
• Tanakurselis Sefaseba<br />
• TviTSefaseba<br />
• Sefaseba kompiuteris meSveobiT<br />
• saswavlo kontraqtebi / SeTanxmebuli kontraqtebi<br />
Tanakurselis Sefaseba / TviTSefaseba<br />
Tanakurselis Sefaseba da TviTSefaseba kontrolsa da pasuxismgeblobas<br />
ubrunebs students, xazs usvams ra studentSi avtonomiurobis<br />
gazrdil grZnobas. TviTSefaseba mniSvnelovani aqtivobaa, romelic<br />
exmareba students, sakuTar swavlaze aiRos pasuxismgebloba.
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 27<br />
Tanakurselis Sefaseba<br />
Tanakurselis Sefaseba niSnavs sxva, Tanabari statusisa da<br />
uflebamosilebis mqone adamianis samuSaos Sefasebas. Tanakurselis<br />
Sefasebam sargebloba orive mxares unda moutanos – Sesafasebelsac<br />
da Semfasebelsac. konstruqciuli SeniSvnebis micemis unari Zalze<br />
faseuli unaria. am unaris SesaZenad studenti Seiswavlis niSnis/<br />
qulis daweris sqemebs an Sefasebis kriteriumebs, imas, Tu rogor<br />
aagos winadadeba, romelSic efeqtianad iqneba SeniSvnebi gamoxatuli<br />
da rogor daicvas sakuTari komentarebi. kritikuli gaazreba,<br />
romelic umniSvnelovanesia SeniSvnebis gamoTqmisTvis, Zalze faseuli<br />
akademiuri unaria. studentebi iswavlian diplomatiasac, rogor miiRon<br />
da moaxdinon reagireba konstruqciul kritikaze, SeiZenen, aseve,<br />
mkafio da kritriumebze dafuZnebuli Sefasebebis gakeTebis unar-Cvevebs.<br />
Tanakurselis Sefaseba gaaRrmavebs studentis saswavlo gamocdilebas,<br />
radgan studentebi bevr rames gaigeben sakuTar naSromze sxva studentebis<br />
mier Sesrulebuli msgavsi davalebebis Sefasebis gziT.<br />
TviTSefaseba<br />
TviTSefasebis dros studentebi sakuTar namuSevars amowmeben, xelaxla<br />
ubrundebian davalebebis monaxazebs da teqstebs da uRrmavdebian da<br />
iazreben TavianT warsul praqtikas. yuradRebis miqcevaa saWiro, rom<br />
studentebma iswavlon imis Sefaseba, rac faqtobrivad aris miRweuli da<br />
ara imisa, Tu ra iyo nagulisxmevi. TviTSefasebis koncefcia sakuTari<br />
naSromis Sefasebis unaris garda TviTanalizis da kritikuli gaazrebis<br />
unar-Cvevebsac aviTarebs.<br />
Sefaseba kompiuteris meSveobiT<br />
kompiuteriT Sefaseba swrafi da qmediTi gzaa, romlis meSveobiTac<br />
studenti maleve Rebulobs gamoxmaurebas sakuTar naSromze, xolo<br />
maswavlebeli zogavs niSnis dasawerad saWiro dros. kompiuteriT<br />
Sefaseba tipuri formirebadi Sefasebaa, vinaidan igi exmareba students,<br />
daadginos, miaRwia Tu ara maswavleblis mier dasaxul mizans.
28<br />
saswavlo kontraqtebi/SeTanxmebuli kontraqtebi<br />
es kontraqtebi gansazRvravs im miznebs, romlebsac studentebi<br />
TavianTi saganmanaTleblo saWiroebebis mixedviT saxaven da aTanxmeben<br />
leqtorebTan. aseT kontraqtSi SeiZleba ganisazRvros Sefasebis is<br />
formac, romliTac students surs, rom misi codna Semowmdes imis<br />
dasadgenad, miRweul iqna Tu ara dasaxuli miznebi. es iZleva arCevanis<br />
saSualebas, ra sagani iswavlos studentma da aseve arCevanisa, Tu ra<br />
formiT Sefasdes misi codna. arCevani studentze orientirebuli<br />
swavlis strategiis erT-erTi mTavari pirobaa.<br />
swavlis SeTanxmebis koncefciac leqtorsa da students Soris<br />
urTierTobis mniSvnelovani cvlilebis maCvenebelia. rogor vaniWebT,<br />
sinamdvileSi, students garkveul avtonomias da gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis saSualebas iseT sferoSi, rogoric Sefasebaa qvemoT motanil<br />
cxrilSi mocemulia mosazrebebi, Tu rogor SeiZleba leqtorma CarTos<br />
studenti Sefasebis procesSi.<br />
studentebis CarTva davalebebis<br />
gansazRvris etapze<br />
studentebis CarTva davalebebis<br />
Sesrulebis Semdgom etapze<br />
• Sesafasebeli davalebis arCeva<br />
• Sesafasebeli davalebis<br />
gansazRvra<br />
• msjeloba Sefasebis<br />
kriteriumebis Sesaxeb<br />
• Sefasebis kriteriumebis<br />
gansazRvra<br />
• TviTSefasebiTi SeniSvnebis<br />
gamoTqma<br />
• TanakurselTa mier Sefasebis<br />
SeniSvnebis gamoTqma<br />
• TviTSefasebiTi niSnebis/<br />
qulebis SemoTavazeba<br />
• TviTSefasebiT niSnebze/<br />
qulebze SeTanxmeba<br />
• TviTSefasebiTi niSnebis/<br />
qulebis miniWeba<br />
• TanakurselTa mier Sefasebis<br />
niSnebis an qulebis miniWeba<br />
wyaro: adaptirebulia: o’nili da mak-mahoni, 2005 w.
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 29<br />
komentireba<br />
formirebadi (da, aseve, Semajamebeli) Sefasebis yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani komponentia komentarebi studentebis, Tanakurselebis<br />
an fasilitatoris mxridan. xarisxiani, srulyofili, drouli<br />
komentarebi Zalian mniSvnelovani faqtoria studentis swavlis<br />
procesis warmarTvisTvis. Sefaseba studentebs unda uzrunvelyofdes<br />
komentarebiT swavlis dasaxuli miznebisaken maTi winsvlis Sesaxeb.<br />
komentarebiT studentebi SeZleben gaiazron, ra gaakeTes kargad, ra<br />
unda gamoasworon da ramdenad samarTliani iyo Semajamebeli SefasebiT<br />
dasmuli niSani/qula.<br />
imisaTvis, rom Tqvenma _ rogorc fasilitatoris _ komentarebma<br />
maqsimaluri zegavlena iqonios studentis swavlis procesze, es<br />
komentarebi drouli unda iyos. naadrevma komentarebma SeiZleba<br />
studentis gaazrebis procesi Seaferxos. Tumca ufro xSirad<br />
komentarebi dagvianebiT keTdeba, rodesac studentisaTvis maT<br />
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aRara aqvs. komentireba ar unda gadaidos wlis/<br />
semestris bolosTvis, vinaidan naklebad savaraudoa, rom aman raime<br />
sargebloba moutanos students mas Semdeg, rac davaleba dasrulebuli<br />
eqneba da axali davalebis Sesruleba eqneba dawyebuli.<br />
droul da arsebiT komentirebas bevri sargeblobis motana SeuZlia<br />
swavlis Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, aseTi komentireba:<br />
• gaaCens ndobas studentebSi;<br />
• motivacias gauCens studentebs, gaaumjobeson swavlis procesi;<br />
• miawvdis studentebs informacias swavlis procesis gaumjobesebis<br />
Sesaxeb;<br />
• gamoasworebs Secdomebs, gansazRvravs Zlier da sust mxareebs.<br />
komentarebis meti efeqtianoba<br />
Tqveni, rogorc maswavleblis, komentarebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis<br />
mravali gza arsebobs, raTa isini studentisaTvis meti Sedegis momtani<br />
iyos. martivi rameebi, magaliTad, kargi namuSevris plusiT (an sxva
30<br />
grafikuli niSniT) aRniSvnis nacvlad iseTi mokle sityvebis Cawera,<br />
rogoricaa `kargia~ an `sworia~, gazrdis studentebis motivacias.<br />
komentarebi konkretuli unda iyos – nu ityviT mxolod, rom `kargia~,<br />
ganumarteT, ratom aris kargi, ra TvalsazrisiT. komentarebi aseve<br />
unda iyos konstruqciuli, wamaxalisebeli, gulaxdili, xelSemwyobi,<br />
rac SeiZleba xSirad unda keTdebodes da arsebiTi xasiaTi unda<br />
hqondes. konstruqciuli komentarebi students unda miuTiTebdes:<br />
• Sefasebuli samuSaos romeli aspeqtebia kargi da ratom;<br />
• Sefasebuli samuSaos romeli aspeqtebia naklebad kargi da ratom;<br />
• rogor SeiZleba, rom studentma gaaumjobesos es konkretuli<br />
samuSao;<br />
• rogor SeiZleba, rom studentma ukeT imuSaos momavalSi.<br />
komentarebis meti qmediToba<br />
komentarebma SeiZleba didi dro waiRos, magram arsebobs maTi<br />
qmediTobis gazrdis gzebi.<br />
• gaiTvaliswineT im komentarebis xasiaTi, romlebic studentebs<br />
TiToeuli samuSaos koncefciebis gasagebad da unar-Cvevebis<br />
gansaviTareblad sWirdeba. ramdenad detaluri unda iyos<br />
komentarebi individualuri unda iyos Tu jgufuri zepiri<br />
formiT unda iyos Tu werilobiTi<br />
• gamoiyeneT uordis failSi dokumentis Sesworebis da redaqtirebis<br />
funqcia, raTa ufro swrafad uzrunvelyoT studentebi<br />
komentarebiTa da SeniSvnebiT maT eseebsa da reportaJebze.<br />
• gamoiyeneT an SeqmeniT komentirebis standartuli formebi.<br />
• CawereT audiofirze komentarebi studentebisTvis.<br />
• moifiqreT ufro detaluri xerxebi imis gamosavlenad, Tu ra<br />
logika udevs namuSevars, ra aris is koncefciebi da principebi,<br />
romlebic SeiZleba arasworad iqnes gagebuli da winaswar<br />
daadgineT, studentebis ra Secdomebi SeiZleba mohyves maT aseTi<br />
gaugebrobis Sedegad.
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 31<br />
modulis struqtura<br />
modulis struqtura<br />
`<strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika – uflebebze<br />
dafuZnebuli midgoma~ ori nawilisgan Sedgeba: pirveli nawilia `bavSis<br />
<strong>uflebebi</strong>s gacnoba~, xolo meore _ `<strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong> da profesiuli<br />
Jurnalisturi praqtika~. pirvel nawilSi mocemulia mTavari<br />
saxelmZRvanelo principebi, romlebic studentebs koncefciis Sefasebis<br />
da gagebis saSualebas aZlevs. meore nawilSi es principebi praqtikul<br />
magaliTebsa da profesiul konteqstSi gamoiyeneba. studentebma<br />
moduli srulad unda gaiaron, Tumca organizaciuli miznebisaTvis<br />
SesaZlebelia TiToeuli nawilis damoukideblad swavleba.<br />
miznebi da amocanebi<br />
am modulis mizania, rom staJiorma Jurnalistebma an Jurnalistikis<br />
fakultetis studentma gaigon <strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong> ise, rogorc isini<br />
gaero-s <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa konvenciaSia gansazRvruli da ganiviTaron<br />
axali ambebis pasuxismgeblobiT gaSuqebis unari, romelic gulisxmobs<br />
<strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong>s dacvas da pativiscemas yvela im sakiTxSi, romlebic<br />
mediaSi bavSvebis monawileobas da gaSuqebas exeba.<br />
swavlis Sedegebi<br />
am modulis dasrulebis Semdeg students SeeZleba:<br />
1. gaigos da gansazRvros <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa ZiriTadi aspeqtebi ise,<br />
rogorc es gaeros <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa konvenciaSia gansazRvruli;<br />
2. waikiTxos, gaaanalizos da kritikulad Seafasos bavSvebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqeba <strong>uflebebi</strong>s dacvis kuTxiT;<br />
3. kritikulad Seafasos, Tu ramdenad Sesaferisi da mniSvnelovania<br />
saredaqcio principebi da qcevis kodeqsebi bavSvebis Sesaxeb<br />
axali ambebis gavrcelebis praqtikasTan mimarTebiT;
32<br />
4. profesiulad Seafasos Jurnalisturi praqtika <strong>bavSvis</strong><br />
<strong>uflebebi</strong>s dacvis kuTxiT;<br />
5. gaaSuqos samarTlianad, zustad da <strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong>s<br />
principebTan Sesabamisad.<br />
modulis struqtura – sakontaqto saaTebi da individualuri<br />
mecadineoba<br />
moduli warmoadgens erT 10 ECTS-ian (kreditebis gadatanis da<br />
dagrovebis evropuli sistema) moduls da mTlianobaSi iTvaliswinebs<br />
200-saaTian individualur mecadineobas studentis mxridan.<br />
SesaZlebelia TiToeuli nawilis, rogorc ori 5 ECTS-iani nawilis,<br />
damoukideblad gavla.<br />
modulisTvis rekomendebuli sakontaqto saaTebi: 60 saaTi<br />
damoukidebeli muSaobisaTvis saWiro iqneba, savaraudod, 140 saaTi.<br />
modulis swavlisTvis saWiro saaTebi: 200 saaTi
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 33<br />
calkeul TavebTan dakavSirebuli SeniSvnebi<br />
maswavleblebisaTvis<br />
nawili 1: <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa gacnoba<br />
1. adamianis uflebaTa cnebis warmodgena<br />
am TavSi Sesaswavli ZiriTadi sakiTxebia:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ras warmoadgens adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong><br />
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia<br />
adamianis uflebaTa dacva<br />
rekomendebuli sadiskusio Tema: imsjeleT adamianis uflebaTa<br />
koncefciaze Tanamedroveobidan SerCeuli Temis konteqstSi.<br />
am davalebis mizania studentebsa da leqtors Soris diskusiis dawyeba<br />
zogadad adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s Sesaxeb. Temis SerCeva SeuZlia leqtors an<br />
Tavad studentebs. zogadi Tema diskusiis dasawyebadaa saWiro, Semdeg<br />
ki mecadineobaze imsjeleT zogierT im sakiTxze, romlebsac es nawili<br />
moicavs, magaliTad, <strong>uflebebi</strong>s ganuyofeli da urTierTdamokidebuli<br />
bunebis koncefciasa da arsze. kerZod, diskusiaSi SeiZleba ganxilul<br />
iqnes adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s gavlenis da Jurnalisturi praqtikisTvis<br />
maTi mniSvnelobis sakiTxi.<br />
2. <strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong><br />
am TavSi Sesaswavli ZiriTadi Temebia:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ratom aris aucilebeli <strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong>s gamoyofa<br />
gaeros <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa konvencia;<br />
<strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa komiteti.<br />
rekomendebuli sadiskusio Tema: gaeros <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa<br />
komitetisaTvis Tqveni qveynis mier wardgenili erovnuli<br />
angariSebi, komitetis mier am angariSebis ganxilva, msjeloba <strong>bavSvis</strong>
34<br />
uflebaTa konvenciis ganxorcielebaze Tqvens qveyanaSi, arsebuli<br />
monitoringis meqanizmebisa da maTi gavlenis Sesaxeb.<br />
gaeros <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa konvenciis ratificirebis Semdeg TiToeul<br />
qveyanas moeTxoveba gaeros <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa komitetisaTvis<br />
erovnuli angariSis regularulad wardgena. aseT angariSs xSirad<br />
Tan axlavs arasamTavrobo seqtoris mier momzadebuli alternatiuli<br />
(e.w. `Crdilovani~) angariSi. studentebisaTvis sasargeblo iqneba am<br />
angariSebis ganxilva da naxva, Tu romel sakiTxebs miiCnevs mTavroba<br />
seriozul sakiTxebad da rogor aris es sakiTxebi asaxuli arasamTavrobo<br />
seqtoris angariSSi. garda amisa, <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa komiteti amzadebs<br />
daskvniT mosazrebebs qveynis angariSze, sadac mocemulia arsebuli<br />
mdgomareobis gasaumjobesebeli qmedebebi. rogorc erovnuli<br />
angariSebi, aseve komitetis daskvniTi mosazrebebi SeiZleba Zalze<br />
sasargeblo aRmoCndes imisaTvis, rom studentebma zustad gaigon, ras<br />
niSnavs <strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong>. studentebs SeiZleba sTxovoT, gaixsenon<br />
sakuTari bavSvobis gamocdileba da imsjelon, ra gavlena SeiZleba<br />
moexdina amas maT Sexedulebebze <strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong>s Sesaxeb.<br />
3. <strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong> da media<br />
am TavSi Sesaswavli ZiriTadi Temebia:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
mediis gavlena axalgazrdebze;<br />
bavSvebis gaSuqeba mediaSi;<br />
bavSvebis monawileoba mediaSi.<br />
rekomendebuli sadiskusio Tema: SearCieT mediaSi arsebuli masala,<br />
romelic bavSvebs exeba, da ganixileT igi <strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong>s<br />
konteqstSi.<br />
am Tavis mizania, daafiqros studentebi bavSvTa <strong>uflebebi</strong>s zegavlenaze,<br />
aseve imaze, Tu rogor SeiZleba isini `gamovlindes~ realobaSi.<br />
diskusiis dros wamoWril sakiTxebze msjelobisas kargi iqneba, Tu<br />
ganixilavT sazogadoebaSi arsebul balanss bavSvebis, mSoblebisa<br />
da zrdasruli adamianebis uflebebs Soris. diskusiis gagrZeleba
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 35<br />
SeiZleba imis ganxilviT, Tu rogor xdeba bavSvebis monawileobis<br />
gazrda iseT sferoebSi, romlebic maT exeba. aseTi sferoebi SeiZleba<br />
iyos ganaTleba, mzrunveloba dRis ganmavlobaSi, TamaSi da dasveneba.<br />
kvlevam aCvena, rom ufrosebi bavSvebs xSirad ubralod formalurad<br />
aZleven SesaZleblobas, gaazrebulad miiRon monawileoba da<br />
gaiTvaliswinon am monawileobis Sedegi da ara realurad. saukeTeso<br />
praqtikidan ramdenime magaliTis ganxilviT studentebi SeZleben,<br />
gaiRrmavon warmodgena bavSvebis Sesaxeb politikis, praqtikisa da<br />
kvlevisadmi uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgomis Sesaxeb.<br />
4. winaaRmdegobebi bavSvTa <strong>uflebebi</strong>s ganxorcielebis gzaze<br />
am TavSi Sesaswavli ZiriTadi Temebia:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
adamianis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s dacva;<br />
bavSvTa <strong>uflebebi</strong>s mxardaWera;<br />
problemebi bavSvTa <strong>uflebebi</strong>s ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebiT;<br />
rekomendebuli Tema diskusiisa da Semdgomi kvlevisaTvis: daadgineT<br />
Tqvens qveyanaSi moqmedi bavSvTa <strong>uflebebi</strong>s damcveli jgufebi.<br />
emyarebian Tu ara es jgufebi uflebebs iTvaliswineben Tu ara<br />
bavSvebis mosazrebebs TavianT saqmianobaSi<br />
dRemde Catarebuli diskusiebidan da mecadineobebidan gamomdinare,<br />
programis am etapisaTvis studentebs ukve sakmaod naTeli warmodgena<br />
unda hqondeT imis Taobaze, Tu ras niSnavs an SeiZleba realurad<br />
niSnavdes `uflebebze dafuZnebuli~ midgoma. <strong>uflebebi</strong>s damcveli<br />
saagentoebis [erovnuli da saerTaSoriso] da bavSvebze pasuxismgebeli<br />
samTavrobo departamentebis mimoxilvisas sasargeblo iqneba <strong>uflebebi</strong>s<br />
enasa da <strong>uflebebi</strong>s ritorikaze msjeloba. studentebs am etapze unda<br />
SeeZloT TavianT qveyanaSi <strong>uflebebi</strong>s realizebaSi arsebuli barierebis<br />
(Tu aseTebi arsebobs) ganixilva.
36<br />
5. mediis mier bavSvebis asaxva, <strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong> da profesiuli<br />
pasuxismgebloba<br />
am TavSi Sesaswavli ZiriTadi Temebia:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
mediaSi bavSvebis asaxva;<br />
mediis mier stereotipebis Seqmna;<br />
<strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa darRveva;<br />
<strong>bavSvis</strong> dacva.<br />
rekomendebuli Tema diskusiisa da Semdgomi kvlevisaTvis: mimoixileT<br />
<strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa sainformacio qselis (CRIN) eTikuri saxelmZRvanelo<br />
principebi da gansazRvreT ramdenime ZiriTadi principis mniSvneloba<br />
Tqveni praqtikisaTvis. rogor SeiZleba _ Tuki saerTod es SesaZlebelia<br />
_ gavlena moaxdinos am principebma arsebul praqtikaze<br />
es moduli exeba bavSvebis <strong>uflebebi</strong>s dacvas Jurnalistur praqtikaSi.<br />
mTavari gamowveva aq studentebis azrovnebis fokusis gadatanaa bavSvTa<br />
dacvis sakiTxidan <strong>bavSvis</strong> _ rogorc aqtiuri moqalaqis _ da misi<br />
<strong>uflebebi</strong>s dacvis sakiTxze. es Tavi exmareba studentebs, Tavi daaRwion<br />
bavSvebisadmi zedapirul midgomas, damkvidrebul stereotipebs –<br />
kargi/cudi; angelozebi/eSmakebi da a.S. – da ganixilon stereotipebis<br />
Camoyalibebis rogorc umniSvnelo, ise seriozuli formebi da is<br />
riskebi, romlebsac isini Seicavs da romlebiTac ilaxeba <strong>bavSvis</strong><br />
<strong>uflebebi</strong>.<br />
6. informaciis gavrcelebis saukeTeso praqtika bavSvebis TvalsazrisiT<br />
am TavSi Sesaswavli ZiriTadi Temebia:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
`msoflio bavSvebisaTvis~;<br />
erovnuli samoqmedo gegmebi bavSvebisaTvis;<br />
bavSvebis monawileoba;<br />
saukeTeso praqtikis principebi;<br />
bavSvTa Tvalsazrisis gageba: magaliTebi.
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 37<br />
rekomendebuli Tema diskusiisa da Semdgomi kvlevisaTvis: ganixileT<br />
Tqvens qveyanaSi bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis<br />
statusi da bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebis monawileoba mis SemuSavebaSi.<br />
zogi qveyana sxva qveynebze ufro qmediTia bavSvTa <strong>uflebebi</strong>s realizebasa<br />
da aRniSnul procesSi bavSvebis CarTvaSi. am davalebis mizania, daafiqros<br />
studentebi, Tu ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv maT qveyanaSi. saerTod, modulis<br />
am Tavis mizania, daafiqros studentebi imaze, Tu rogor imuSaon<br />
bavSvebTan da bavSvebis sakeTildReod saerTaSoriso CarCos farglebSi<br />
da uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgomis gamoyenebiT.<br />
modulis am nawilis mizania, xeli Seuwyos studentebs Soris kritikuli<br />
diskusiis dawyebas imaze, Tu ras niSnavs uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma<br />
da rogor imoqmedebs es Jurnalistur praqtikaze. mosalodnelia<br />
uTanxmoeba da debatebi, rac gaamdidrebs studentebis ganaTlebis<br />
process da xels Seuwyobs am rTuli sferosadmi gaazrebuli midgomis<br />
Camoyalibebas.<br />
nawili 2: <strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong> da profesiuli Jurnalisturi praqtika<br />
1. qcevis kodeqsebi da saxelmZRvanelo saredaqcio principebi<br />
am TavSi Sesaswavli ZiriTadi Temebia:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ra saWiroa qcevis kodeqsebi<br />
kodeqsebi detaluri da normatiuli unda iyos Tu zogad<br />
principebs unda moicavdes<br />
qcevis kodeqsebi da movaleobebi;<br />
qcevis kodeqsebi da presis Tavisufleba;<br />
pasuxismgeblobis da Tavisuflebis Sedareba.<br />
SeniSvna maswavleblebisaTvis: sTxoveT studentebs, imsjelon imaze, Tu<br />
ras unda moicavdes qcevis kargi kodeqsi da ra faseulobebi unda iyos<br />
masSi xazgasmuli. CamowereT sia dafaze da Semdeg SeadareT saklaso<br />
diskusiis Sedegad miRebuli es sia realur kodeqsebs.
38<br />
Zalze mniSvnelovania, studentebs mieceT dro, rom SeTavazebuli<br />
masala kritikulad ganixilon. yovelTvis aucilebelia kodeqsis<br />
Sesruleba kodeqsebi saxelmZRvanelo principebs warmoadgens Tu<br />
regulirebas<br />
2. bavSvTa dacvis strategiebi<br />
am TavSi Sesaswavli ZiriTadi Temebia:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
bavSvTa dacvis strategiebi. ras warmoadgens es strategiebi da<br />
ra Sexeba aqvs JurnalistebTan<br />
bavSvTa dacvis strategiebis SemuSaveba;<br />
bavSvTa dacvis strategiebis ganxorcieleba;<br />
bavSvTa dacvis strategiebi da presis Tavisufleba.<br />
am TavSi ganxilulia, Tu ramdenad icaven Tavad Jurnalistebi bavSvTa<br />
uflebebs profesiuli saqmianobisas da ramdenad gamoavlenen isini im<br />
organizaciebs, romlebic arRveven bavSvTa uflebebs. aRniSnuli Tavi<br />
efuZneba wina leqcias eTikis kodeqsebis Sesaxeb. bolo wlebis erTerTi<br />
mniSvnelovani movlena iyo aSS-Si, avstraliasa da irlandiaSi<br />
kaTolikuri eklesiis mRvdlebis mier bavSvTa eqspluataciis faqtebis<br />
gaSuqeba mediaSi. studentebma unda ganixilon, bavSvTa dacvis ra<br />
strategiebi arsebobs maT qveynebSi arsebul sxvadasxva organizaciaSi.<br />
maT SeuZliaT aseve imsjelon bavSvTa dacvis im axali zomebis Sesaxeb,<br />
romlebic kaTolikurma eklesiam SemoiRo bavSvTa eqspluataciis<br />
gaxmaurebuli istoriis Semdeg.<br />
studentebma SeiZleba interviuebi aiRon Jurnalistebisagan, raTa<br />
gaarkvion, ramdenad informirebulebi arian isini bavSvTa dacvis<br />
strategiebisa Tu regulirebis Sesaxeb.<br />
sasurvelia, studentebi bavSvTa dacvis sferoSi moRvawe adgilobriv<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebs gaesaubron mediaSi bavSvebis gaSuqebis<br />
sakiTxebze. aseTi saubrebis Sedegad SeiZleba momzaddes reportaJebi<br />
an statiebi, romlebsac mTel klass gaacnoben.
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 39<br />
3. kanonTan konfliqtSi myofi bavSvebi<br />
am TavSi Sesaswavli ZiriTadi Temebia:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
bavSvTa dacvis strategiebi. ras warmoadgens isini da ra Sexeba<br />
aqvs JurnalistebTan<br />
bavSvTa dacvis strategiebis SemuSaveba;<br />
bavSvTa dacvis strategiebis ganxorcieleba;<br />
bavSvTa dacvis strategiebi da presis Tavisufleba.<br />
es SeiZleba studentebisaTvis Zalze rTuli sfero aRmoCndes. xSirad<br />
sazogadoebis damokidebuleba iseTi bavSvebis mimarT, romlebic<br />
seriozul danaSauls sCadian, Zalze mkacria. zogjer aseTi bavSvebis<br />
identificireba, danaSaulis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, iseT qveynebSic<br />
ki xdeba, sadac sasamarTlo procesSi monawile bavSvebis anonimuroba<br />
Cveulebriv daculia.<br />
umniSvnelovanesia, rom yvela studentma icodes sakuTar qveyanaSi<br />
arsebuli iuridiuli moTxovnebi im bavSvebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic<br />
monawileoben sasamarTlo ganxilvaSi an Sexeba aqvT sasamarTlo<br />
sistemasa da policiasTan.<br />
nebismieri Jurnalisti, romelsac surs bavSvTa sakiTxebsa da bavSvTa<br />
<strong>uflebebi</strong>s dacvis sferoSi specializeba, unda icnobdes bavSvebTan<br />
dakavSirebul yvela kanons.<br />
4. siuJetebisa da wyaroebis moZieba<br />
am TavSi Sesaswavli ZiriTadi Temebia:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ra aris wyaro;<br />
SeiZleba Tu ara, rom bavSvi iyos wyaro<br />
JurnalistisTvis wyaroebis mniSvneloba;<br />
anonimuri wyaroebi;<br />
saidan vigebT ambebs
40<br />
sTxoveT studentebs, SearCion siuJeti da CamouTvaleT gamosayenebeli<br />
wyaroebi, aseve, auxseniT, Tu rogor unda daukavSirdnen maT, mieciT<br />
telefonis nomrebi an eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebi. wyaroebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli erT-erTi problema is aris, rom Jurnalistebi<br />
eyrdnobian adamianebis Zalze mcirericxovan jgufs, romelic<br />
ZiriTadad istebliSments warmoadgens; ubiZgeT maT, gansxvavebulad da<br />
aratradiciulad miudgnen wyaroebis SerCevas.<br />
es moduli unda moicavdes imasac, rac studentebma axali ambebis<br />
faseulobebis Sesaxeb sxva modulebSi iswavles.<br />
studentebma unda ivarjiSon statiebis weraSi da moifiqron, rogor<br />
asaxon bavSvTa <strong>uflebebi</strong> sakuTar naSromebSi.<br />
<strong>bavSvis</strong> <strong>uflebebi</strong>s sakiTxebis gaTvaliswineba ar niSnavs mxolod<br />
gaeros <strong>bavSvis</strong> uflebaTa konvenciis gaTvaliswinebas. udavoa, rom<br />
es konvencia Jurnalists iseTi sakiTxebis speqtrs sTavazobs,<br />
romlebzec igi siuJetebs moiZiebs. igi aseve saSualebas aZlevs<br />
Jurnalistebs, konvenciis ganxorcielebis monitoringi awarmoon,<br />
magaliTad, gamoiZion, Tu rogor asrulebs xelisufleba konvenciiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebul valdebulebebs.<br />
leqtorebma SeiZleba miscen studentebs gamogonili ambebis monaxazebi<br />
mokle Canaweris saxiT da daakvirdnen, SeZleben Tu ara studentebi<br />
statiebis ise daweras, rom mkiTxveli daaintereson.<br />
saswavlo masalaSi CamoTvlilia informaciis wyaroebi da organizaciebi.<br />
studentebma unda scadon aseTi siis Sedgena TavianTi qveynisTvis.<br />
sasargeblo iqneba, rom klasma Seadginos im organizaciebisa da<br />
individebis monacemTa baza, romlebic sasargeblo wyaroebad<br />
gamodgeboda nebismier qveyanaSi. aseTi sia SeiZleba miewodos TiToeul<br />
students da amiT gaumjobesdes maTi, rogorc moqmedi Jurnalistebis,<br />
profesionalizmi.
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 41<br />
5. bavSvebisgan intervius aReba<br />
am TavSi Sesaswavli ZiriTadi Temebia:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
rogor unda aiRoT interviu bavSvebisagan<br />
<strong>bavSvis</strong>gan intervius aReba mxolod bavSvze pasuxismgebeli<br />
zrdasruli adamianis daswrebiT SeiZleba<br />
rodis SeiZleba <strong>bavSvis</strong>gan intervius aReba mSoblis an meurvis<br />
dauswreblad<br />
saWiroebs Tu ara <strong>bavSvis</strong>gan intervius aReba im unar-Cvevebisgan<br />
gansxvavebul unarebs, romlebic zrdasrulisgan intervius<br />
aRebas sWirdeba<br />
sTxoveT adgilobriv Jurnalists da bavSvTa <strong>uflebebi</strong>s damcveli<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciis warmomadgenels, monawileoba miiRon<br />
mecadineobaSi. orives sTxoveT, isaubron bavSvebze, rogorc<br />
wyaroebze, bavSvebisgan intervius aRebasa da Tanxmobis miRebaze.<br />
am mecadineobaze SeiZleba mizanSewonili iyos JurnalistikaSi<br />
sazogadoebrivi interesis mniSvnelobis ganxilva da Sedareba im<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciis funqciasTan, romelic mxolod <strong>bavSvis</strong><br />
interesebs emsaxureba.<br />
klasma unda imsjelos imaze, rom SeiZleba bavSvebs Tavad hqondeT<br />
istoriebi da gamoyenebulni iyvnen wyaroebad.<br />
wamoiwyeT klasSi diskusia bavSvebisgan intervius aRebis saxelmZRvanelo<br />
principebze da imsjeleT, es principebi Jurnalistebs exmareba Tu<br />
xels uSlis. aris Tu ara iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac Jurnalisti<br />
iZulebulia, imuSaos am principebis darRveviT<br />
es SesaZleblobas iZleva, gaimarTos msjeloba iseT mniSvnelovan<br />
sakiTxebze, rogorebicaa gamoqveynebisTvis gankuTvnili informacia da<br />
informacia, romlis gamomzeurebac wyaros ar surs, anonimuri wyaroebis<br />
gamoyeneba da informaciis mopoveba, rac wina modulebSi unda yofiliyo<br />
ganxiluli.
42<br />
6. bavSvebi SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi<br />
am TavSi Sesaswavli ZiriTadi Temebia:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
jariskaci bavSvebis istoriebi;<br />
konteqsti, omi, samoqalaqo areuloba, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />
kolafsi;<br />
jariskaci bavSvebis Temis sensaciuroba;<br />
unar-Cvevebis sxva ambebTan mimarTebiT gamoyeneba.<br />
es aris erT-erTi mTavari da aqtualuri Tema, romelic warmoaCens<br />
im problemebs, romlebsac Jurnalistebi awydebian bavSvebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas. SeiZleba<br />
sasargeblo aRmoCndes diskusiis arealis gafarToeba da sxva<br />
ambebis, gansakuTrebiT, mocemul qveyenaSi aqtualuri iseTi ambebis,<br />
rogorebicaa bavSvebi seqs-industriaSi, bavSvebis trefikingi an<br />
nebismieri sxva, ganxilva. aseve SeiZleba mosTxovoT studentebs,<br />
daasaxelon wyaroebi, romelTa gamoyenebac SeiZleba erT-erTi aseTi<br />
ambis gaSuqebisas.<br />
aq ori sakiTxi dgas: rogor SevinarCunoT interesi mimdinare Temisadmi;<br />
rogor gavaSuqoT ambavi sensaciurobis gareSe da <strong>bavSvis</strong> keTildReobis<br />
dacviT.<br />
7. sityvis Tavisufleba bavSvebs da bavSvebze orientirebuli media<br />
am TavSi Sesaswavli ZiriTadi Temebia:<br />
bavSvebisaTvis mediis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa;<br />
rogor uzrunvelvyoT <strong>bavSvis</strong> ufleba, gamoTqvas sakuTari<br />
mosazreba mediaSi;<br />
sabavSvo media.<br />
sTxoveT studentebs, moiZion sabavSvo mediasTan dakavSirebuli ambavi<br />
da daweron masze statia. Tu studentebs xeli miuwvdebaT internetze,<br />
SeuZliaT moZebnon romelime sabavSvo radiosadguri msoflioSi.
avSvis <strong>uflebebi</strong> da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 43<br />
aiReT interviu bavSvebisagan raime mniSvnelovan axal ambavze, raTa<br />
naxoT, gansxvavebuli xedva xom ara aqvT maT da rogoria es xedva.<br />
8. saukeTeso Jurnalisturi praqtika bavSvebTan dakavSirebiT<br />
am TavSi Sesaswavli ZiriTadi Temebia:<br />
<br />
<br />
bavSvebis Sesaxeb axali ambebis gaSuqebis saukeTeso praqtika;<br />
sabavSvo mediis monitoringi da Sefaseba: presa, radio, televizia.
44<br />
bibliografia<br />
• ARRC (1995) The Human Rights Pack.<br />
ARRC.<br />
• DIT (2008) Enhancing Student Learning<br />
through Assessment. Dublin Institute of<br />
Technology (DIT)<br />
• bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqeba<br />
mediaSi – saxelmZRvanelo<br />
studentebisa da<br />
pedagogebisaTvis, gaeros bavSvTa<br />
fondi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universiteti, 2008 weli<br />
• O‘Neill, G. and McMahon, T. (2005)<br />
Student-centred Learning: What does<br />
it mean for Students and Lecturers, in<br />
G. O‘Neill, S. Moore and B. McMullin<br />
(eds.)<br />
• Emerging Issues in the Practice of<br />
University Learning and Teaching,<br />
Dubin: All Ireland Society for Higher<br />
Education (AISHE)<br />
• Jan-klod bertrani, mediaeTika da<br />
angariSvaldebulebis sistemebi,<br />
qarTuli gamocema 2004 weli<br />
• bil kovaCi, Jurnalistikis<br />
elementebi<br />
• UCISA-TLIG (2004) VLEs and Blended<br />
Learning, A discussion paper based<br />
on TLIG meetings held during 2004,<br />
UCISA.<br />
•<br />
• UNESCO (2005) Revised draft plan of<br />
action for the first phase (2005-2007) of<br />
the World Programme for Human Rights<br />
Education. UNESCO, 2005<br />
• Yeban, Felice (2002) Building a Culture<br />
of Human Rights: Challenge to Human<br />
Rights Education in 21st Century, ARRC.<br />
• Yeban, Felice (1999) The Children‘s<br />
Rights Training Package, UNICEF<br />
HANOI.
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