Diversity of reef communities in the Eastern Johor Archipelago
Diversity of reef communities in the Eastern Johor Archipelago
Diversity of reef communities in the Eastern Johor Archipelago
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<strong>Diversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>reef</strong> <strong>communities</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> eastern <strong>Johor</strong> <strong>Archipelago</strong><br />
Lee Jennie<br />
1<br />
Mar<strong>in</strong>e Ecosystem Research Centre, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia<br />
2<br />
Faculty <strong>of</strong> Maritim & Mar<strong>in</strong>e Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
Island Site<br />
1 Aur Lang<br />
2 Tk. Jawa, Dayang<br />
3 Tk. Air Nenek<br />
4 Tg. Rekai<br />
5 Tk.Miyang<br />
6 Tk. Berhala<br />
7 Tk. Bai<br />
8 Pemanggil Tk.Sauk<br />
9 Tk.Pontianak<br />
10 Tk. Lanchang<br />
11 Tk. Buau<br />
12 Sibu Malang Acha<br />
13 Tg. Bontot Mariam<br />
14 Tk. Duku<br />
15 Tk. Penepat<br />
16 Kelong Tengah<br />
17 Pasir Kambau Kechill<br />
18 T<strong>in</strong>ggi Tg. Gua Hujan<br />
19 Tg. Sebirah Besar<br />
20 Ibol<br />
21 Ment<strong>in</strong>ggi<br />
22 Tg. Balang<br />
23 Tk. Terigi<br />
24 Besar Tk. Rapang<br />
25 Tk. Bakau<br />
26 Kg. Busong
Data collection<br />
• Water quality<br />
• Reef status<br />
• Biodiversity (Scleract<strong>in</strong>ian<br />
corals, Seaweeds,<br />
Zooplankton)
Temperature ( °C)<br />
Temperature<br />
32.0<br />
31.5<br />
Average temperature: 29.35 °C<br />
31.0<br />
30.5<br />
30.0<br />
29.5<br />
29.0<br />
28.5<br />
28.0<br />
27.5<br />
27.0<br />
Site, Date <strong>of</strong> sampl<strong>in</strong>g, Time
mg/L<br />
Lang<br />
Dayang<br />
Tk. Air Nenek<br />
Tg. Rekai<br />
Tk.Miyang<br />
Tk. Berhala<br />
Tk. Bai<br />
Tk.Sauk<br />
Tk.Pontianak<br />
Tk. Lanchang<br />
Tk. Buau<br />
Malang Acha<br />
Tg. Bontot Mariam<br />
Tk. Duku<br />
Tk. Penepat<br />
Kelong Tengah<br />
Pasir Kambau Besar<br />
Tg. Gua Hujan<br />
Tg. Sebirah Besar<br />
Kg. Pasir Panjang<br />
P. Ibol<br />
P. Ment<strong>in</strong>ggi<br />
Tg. Balang<br />
Tk. Terigi<br />
Tk. Rapang<br />
Tk. Bakau<br />
Kg. Busong<br />
Water quality status<br />
0.1<br />
0.09<br />
0.10<br />
0.18 0.17<br />
0.08<br />
0.07<br />
MMWQCS Class 2, Ammonia 0.07<br />
0.06<br />
0.05<br />
0.04<br />
MMWQCS Class 1, Ammonia 0.035,<br />
Nitrate 0.01, Phosphate 0.005<br />
0.03<br />
0.02<br />
0.01<br />
0<br />
Ammonia Nitrite Phosphate
Reef status
Percentage (%)<br />
50.0<br />
45.0<br />
40.0<br />
35.0<br />
30.0<br />
25.0<br />
20.0<br />
15.0<br />
10.0<br />
5.0<br />
0.0<br />
Hard coral<br />
S<strong>of</strong>t coral<br />
Recently<br />
killed coral<br />
Nutrient<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicator<br />
algae<br />
Sponges Rock Rubble Sand Silt O<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
Pulau Aur (2009)* 34.8 5.3 1.1 2.8 1.4 44.0 2.8 7.5 0.3 0.1<br />
Pulau Aur (2010) 33.9 4.2 1.3 6.3 1.1 16.4 24.7 10.0 0.8 1.4<br />
Pulau Aur 42.4 1.0 0.1 1.3 0.8 24.8 13.6 8.4 0.0 7.8<br />
Pulau Pemanggil 29.7 2.2 0.3 7.8 0.9 13.8 39.7 4.7 0.0 0.9<br />
Pulau Sibu 39.1 1.3 0.0 0.0 11.6 37.8 1.6 2.5 2.2 4.1<br />
Pulau T<strong>in</strong>ggi 36.8 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.9 46.9 5.0 3.1 2.8 3.8<br />
Pulau Besar 49.7 1.3 0.0 6.3 3.8 22.5 1.6 9.1 4.1 1.9<br />
* Courtesy <strong>of</strong> Reef Check Malaysia
Number <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual<br />
16.0<br />
26<br />
14.0<br />
12.0<br />
10.0<br />
8.0<br />
6.0<br />
4.0<br />
2.0<br />
0.0<br />
Butterflyfish Haemulidae Snapper Grouper<br />
Bumphead<br />
parrot<br />
Parrotfish<br />
Moray eel<br />
Barramundi<br />
cod<br />
Pulau Aur (2009)* 3.7 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 3.6 0.2 0.1<br />
Pulau Aur (2010)* 3.1 0.3 1.1 0.1 0.1 6.3 0.0 0.1<br />
Pulau Aur 2.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0<br />
Pulau Pemanggil 2.2 0.0 1.0 0.8 0.0 3.5 0.5 0.0<br />
Pulau Sibu 10.5 0.0 1.3 0.4 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0<br />
Pulau T<strong>in</strong>ggi 3.5 0.5 6.5 1.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0<br />
Pulau Besar 26.3 0.1 2.9 0.5 0.1 3.1 0.0 0.0<br />
*Courtery <strong>of</strong> Reef Check Malaysia
6.0<br />
57 , 214 , 52<br />
Diadema<br />
Redang 11.7/100m 2 Renggis 207.5/100 m 2<br />
<strong>Johor</strong> 139.5/100m 2 P. Simbang 234.2/100m 2<br />
Tioman 54.7/100m 2 Dayang, Aur 0<br />
Batu Tikus 320.8/100m 2<br />
Number <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual/100 m 2<br />
5.0<br />
4.0<br />
3.0<br />
2.0<br />
1.0<br />
Sea cucumber 11.9/100m 2<br />
COTs 0.1/100m 2<br />
Giant clam 1.3/100m 2<br />
0.0<br />
Diadema Sea cucumber Crown-<strong>of</strong>-thorns Giant clam<br />
Banded coral<br />
shrimp<br />
Collector urch<strong>in</strong><br />
Pulau Aur (2009)* 0.4 2.6 0.3 1.1 0.0 0.0<br />
Pulau Aur (2010)* 0.2 4.4 0.0 4.1 0.1 0.6<br />
Pulau Aur 1.1 2.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0<br />
Pulau Pemanggil 1.2 4.1 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.0<br />
Pulau Sibu 56.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0<br />
Pulau T<strong>in</strong>ggi 214.3 2.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0<br />
Pulau Besar 52.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0<br />
*Courtery <strong>of</strong> Reef Check Malaysia
1 Acanthastrea ech<strong>in</strong>ata 51 Cosc<strong>in</strong>araea columna 101 Goniastrea retiformis 151 Montipora monasteriata 201 Porites latistella<br />
2 Acanthastrea hemprichii 52 Cosc<strong>in</strong>araea exesa 102 Goniopora columna 152 Montipora nodosa 202 Porites lichen<br />
3 Acanthastrea lordhowensis 53 Ctenactis ech<strong>in</strong>ata 103 Goniopora lobata 153 Montipora palawanensis 203 Porites lobata<br />
4 Acropora abrotanoides 54 Cycloseris somervillei 104 Goniopora norfolkensis 154 Montipora peltiformis 204 Porites lutea<br />
5 Acropora aspera 55 Cycloseris vaughani 105 Goniopora planulata 155 Montipora stellata 205 Porites monticulosa<br />
6 Acropora austera 56 Cynar<strong>in</strong>a lacrimalis 106 Goniopora stokesi 156 Montipora tuberculosa 206 Porites nigrescens<br />
7 Acropora brueggemanni 57 Cyphastrea microphthalma 107 Halomitra pileus 157 Montipora turtlensis 207 Porites rus<br />
8 Acropora clathrata 58 Cyphastrea ocell<strong>in</strong>a 108 Heli<strong>of</strong>ungia act<strong>in</strong>iformis 158 Montipora venosa 208 Porites solida<br />
9 Acropora cuneata 59 Diploastrea heliopora 109 Herpolitha limax 159 Montipora verrucosa 209 Psammocora contigua<br />
10 Acropora cy<strong>the</strong>rea 60 Ech<strong>in</strong>ophyllia aspera 110 Herpolitha weberi 160 Montipora verruculosus 210 Psammocora digitata<br />
11 Acropora digitifera 61 Ech<strong>in</strong>ophyllia ech<strong>in</strong>ata 111 Hydnophora exesa 161 Mycedium elephantotus 211 Psammocora explanulata<br />
12 Acropora divaricata 62 Ech<strong>in</strong>opora horrida 112 Hydnophora grandis 162 Oulophyllia bennettae 212 Psammocora haimeana<br />
13 Acropora florida 63 Ech<strong>in</strong>opora lamellosa 113 Hydnophora microconos 163 Oulophyllia crispa 213 Sandalolitha robusta<br />
14 Acropora formosa 64 Ech<strong>in</strong>opora mammiformis 114 Hydnophora rigida 164 Oxypora crassisp<strong>in</strong>osa 214 Scolymia australis<br />
15 Acropora gemmifera 65 Ech<strong>in</strong>opora pacificus 115 Leptastrea aequalis 165 Oxypora glabra 215 Scolymia vitiensis<br />
16 Acropora globiceps 66 Euphyllia ancora 116 Leptastrea pru<strong>in</strong>osa 166 Pachyseris foliosa 216 Seriatopora hystrix<br />
17 Acropora grandis 67 Euphyllia cristata 117 Leptastrea transversa 167 Pachyseris gemmae 217 Stylocoeniella armata<br />
18 Acropora hemprichii 68 Euphyllia divisa 118 Leptoria phrygia 168 Pachyseris rugosa 218 Stylocoeniella guen<strong>the</strong>ri<br />
19 Acropora hoeksemai 69 Euphyllia glabrescens 119 Leptoseris explanata 169 Pachyseris speciosa 219 Stylophora pistillata<br />
20 Acropora horrida 70 Euphyllia paradivisa 120 Leptoseris foliosa 170 Palauastrea ramosa 220 Stylophora subseriata<br />
21 Acropora humilis 71 Euphyllia paraglabrescens 121 Leptoseris hawaiiensis 171 Pavona cactus 221 Symphyllia agaricia<br />
22 Acropora hyac<strong>in</strong>thus 72 Favia favus 122 Leptoseris scabra 172 Pavona clavus 222 Symphyllia radians<br />
23 Acropora latistella 73 Favia helianthoides 123 Lithophyllon repanda 173 Pavona danai 223 Symphyllia recta<br />
24 Acropora loripes 74 Favia lizardensis 124 Lithophyllon undulatum 174 Pavona decussata 224 Symphyllia valenciennesii<br />
25 Acropora microphthalma 75 Favia maritima 125 Lobophyllia dim<strong>in</strong>uta 175 Pavona explanulata 225 Trachyphyllia ge<strong>of</strong>froyi<br />
26 Acropora millepora 76 Favia matthaii 126 Lobophyllia flabelliformis 176 Pect<strong>in</strong>ia alcicornis 226 Turb<strong>in</strong>aria mesenter<strong>in</strong>a<br />
27 Acropora monticulosa 77 Favia maxima 127 Lobophyllia hataii 177 Pect<strong>in</strong>ia lactuca 227 Turb<strong>in</strong>aria peltata<br />
28 Acropora nasuta 78 Favia pallida 128 Lobophyllia hemprichii 178 Pect<strong>in</strong>ia maxima 228 Turb<strong>in</strong>aria reniformis<br />
29 Acropora nobilis 79 Favia rotundata 129 Lobophyllia pachysepta 179 Pect<strong>in</strong>ia paeonia 229 Turb<strong>in</strong>aria stellulata<br />
30 Acropora palifera 80 Favia speciosa 130 Merul<strong>in</strong>a ampliata 180 Physogyra lichtenste<strong>in</strong>i<br />
31 Acropora pect<strong>in</strong>atus 81 Favia stelligera 131 Merul<strong>in</strong>a scabricula 181 Platygyra acuta<br />
32 Acropora p<strong>in</strong>guis 82 Favia veroni 132 Montastrea annularis 182 Platygyra lamell<strong>in</strong>a<br />
33 Acropora prostrata 83 Favites abdita 133 Montastrea salebrosa 183 Platygyra p<strong>in</strong>i<br />
34 Acropora robusta 84 Favites bestae 134 Montastrea valenciennesi 184 Platygyra s<strong>in</strong>ensis<br />
35 Acropora samoensis 85 Favites complanata 135 Montipora aequituberculata 185 Platygyra verweyi<br />
36 Acropora solitaryensis 86 Favites halicora 136 Montipora cactus 186 Plerogyra s<strong>in</strong>uosa<br />
37 Acropora stoddarti 87 Favites pentagona 137 Montipora caliculata 187 Plesiastrea versipora<br />
38 Acropora subulata 88 Fungia conc<strong>in</strong>na 138 Montipora cebuensis 188 Pocillopora damicornis<br />
39 Acropora valenciennesi 89 Fungia danai 139 Montipora confusa 189 Pocillopora danae<br />
40 Acropora vaughani 90 Fungia fungites 140 Montipora danae 190 Pocillopora eydouxi<br />
41 Acropora vermiculata 91 Fungia paumotensis 141 Montipora delicatula 191 Pocillopora meandr<strong>in</strong>a<br />
42 Acropora yongei 92 Fungia scutaria 142 Montipora digitata 192 Pocillopora verrucosa<br />
43 Alveopora daedalea 93 Galaxea astreata 143 Montipora effusa 193 Podabacia crustacea<br />
44 Anacropora forbesi 94 Galaxea fascicularis 144 Montipora florida 194 Polyphyllia talp<strong>in</strong>a<br />
45 Astreopora listeri 95 Gard<strong>in</strong>eroseris planulata 145 Montipora foliosa 195 Porites annae<br />
46 Astreopora myriophthalma 96 Goniastrea retiformis 146 Montipora foveolata 196 Porites attenuata<br />
47 Astreopora ocellata 97 Goniastrea aspera 147 Montipora gaimardi 197 Porites australiensis<br />
48 Caulastrea furcata 98 Goniastrea edwardsi 148 Montipora hispida 198 Porites cyl<strong>in</strong>drica<br />
49 Caulastrea tumida 99 Goniastrea favulus 149 Montipora <strong>in</strong>formis 199 Porites densa<br />
50 Coeloseris mayeri 100 Goniastrea pect<strong>in</strong>ata 150 Montipora mollis 200 Porites evermanni<br />
• 229 spp. scleract<strong>in</strong>ian<br />
corals<br />
• 2000, 155 spp.<br />
• East coast <strong>of</strong><br />
Malaysia, 431 spp.<br />
Siderastrea spp.<br />
Moseleya sp. / Acanthastrea spp.<br />
Micromussa spp.
Zooplankton<br />
• 57 zooplankton groups<br />
• 27 genera <strong>of</strong> copepods
Macroalgae<br />
Cladophoropsis vaucheriiformis<br />
Unknown Dumontiaceae genus<br />
and species<br />
Predaea sp.<br />
Unknown red algae<br />
Chondria/Osmundea<br />
Caulerpa elongata<br />
234 algal (39 green algae, 38<br />
brown algae, 1 chrysophycean,<br />
and 147 red algae)
Off-shore islands<br />
In-shore islands<br />
Macroalgae<br />
Cluster analyses<br />
Scleract<strong>in</strong>ian corals
sal<strong>in</strong>ity (psu)<br />
Turbidity (mg/L)<br />
Lang<br />
Dayang<br />
Tk. Air Nenek<br />
Tg. Rekai<br />
Tk.Miyang<br />
Tk. Berhala<br />
Tk. Bai<br />
Tk.Sauk<br />
Tk.Pontianak<br />
Tk. Lanchang<br />
Tk. Buau<br />
Malang Acha<br />
Tg. Bontot Mariam<br />
Tk. Duku<br />
Tk. Penepat<br />
Kelong Tengah<br />
Pasir Kambau Besar<br />
Tg. Gua Hujan<br />
Tg. Sebirah Besar<br />
Kg. Pasir Panjang<br />
P. Ibol<br />
P. Ment<strong>in</strong>ggi<br />
Tg. Balang<br />
Tk. Terigi<br />
Tk. Rapang<br />
Tk. Bakau<br />
Kg. Busong<br />
Lang<br />
Dayang<br />
Tk. Air Nenek<br />
Tg. Rekai<br />
Tk.Miyang<br />
Tk. Berhala<br />
Tk. Bai<br />
Tk.Sauk<br />
Tk.Pontianak<br />
Tk. Lanchang<br />
Tk. Buau<br />
Malang Acha<br />
Tg. Bontot Mariam<br />
Tk. Duku<br />
Tk. Penepat<br />
Kelong Tengah<br />
Pasir Kambau Besar<br />
Tg. Gua Hujan<br />
Tg. Sebirah Besar<br />
Kg. Pasir Panjang<br />
P. Ibol<br />
P. Ment<strong>in</strong>ggi<br />
Tg. Balang<br />
Tk. Terigi<br />
Tk. Rapang<br />
Tk. Bakau<br />
Kg. Busong<br />
DO (mg/L)<br />
Chlorophyll a<br />
Lang<br />
Dayang<br />
Tk. Air Nenek<br />
Tg. Rekai<br />
Tk.Miyang<br />
Tk. Berhala<br />
Tk. Bai<br />
Tk.Sauk<br />
Tk.Pontianak<br />
Tk. Lanchang<br />
Tk. Buau<br />
Malang Acha<br />
Tg. Bontot Mariam<br />
Tk. Duku<br />
Tk. Penepat<br />
Kelong Tengah<br />
Pasir Kambau Besar<br />
Tg. Gua Hujan<br />
Tg. Sebirah Besar<br />
Kg. Pasir Panjang<br />
P. Ibol<br />
P. Ment<strong>in</strong>ggi<br />
Tg. Balang<br />
Tk. Terigi<br />
Tk. Rapang<br />
Tk. Bakau<br />
Kg. Busong<br />
Lang<br />
Dayang<br />
Tk. Air Nenek<br />
Tg. Rekai<br />
Tk.Miyang<br />
Tk. Berhala<br />
Tk. Bai<br />
Tk.Sauk<br />
Tk.Pontianak<br />
Tk. Lanchang<br />
Tk. Buau<br />
Malang Acha<br />
Tg. Bontot…<br />
Tk. Duku<br />
Tk. Penepat<br />
Kelong Tengah<br />
Pasir Kambau…<br />
Tg. Gua Hujan<br />
Tg. Sebirah Besar<br />
Kg. Pasir Panjang<br />
P. Ibol<br />
P. Ment<strong>in</strong>ggi<br />
Tg. Balang<br />
Tk. Terigi<br />
Tk. Rapang<br />
Tk. Bakau<br />
Kg. Busong<br />
33.4<br />
33.2<br />
33<br />
32.8<br />
32.6<br />
32.4<br />
32.2<br />
32<br />
Off-shore<br />
In-shore<br />
9<br />
8.5<br />
8<br />
7.5<br />
7<br />
6.5<br />
6<br />
5.5<br />
5<br />
4.5<br />
4<br />
Off-shore<br />
In-shore<br />
2.5<br />
2<br />
0.6<br />
0.5<br />
1.5<br />
1<br />
0.5<br />
0<br />
0.4<br />
0.3<br />
0.2<br />
0.1<br />
0
Summary<br />
• Water quality status; MMWQCS Class 1<br />
• Reef status is <strong>in</strong> ‘fair’ condition<br />
• Reef biodiversity<br />
– 229 scleract<strong>in</strong>ian corals<br />
– 57 zooplankton groups<br />
– 27 genera copepods<br />
– 234 macroalgae<br />
• Dist<strong>in</strong>ctive similarity <strong>in</strong> <strong>reef</strong> <strong>communities</strong> between <strong>in</strong>-shore<br />
and <strong>of</strong>f-shore islands
Acknowledgement<br />
Mar<strong>in</strong>e Park Department <strong>of</strong> Malaysia<br />
Mar<strong>in</strong>e Ecosystem Research Centre (EKOMAR), FST, UKM<br />
Faculty <strong>of</strong> Maritim Studies and Mar<strong>in</strong>e Science, UMT<br />
Our team: Pr<strong>of</strong>. Dr. Che Abd Rahim Mohamed, Dr. Saifullah, Dr. Stefano, Asamudd<strong>in</strong>,<br />
Kee Alfian Abd Adzis, Shamsul Bahar Ahmad, Yusri Yus<strong>of</strong>, Abdul Manaf, Fitri(Bud),<br />
Hai Siang, Najwan.<br />
Thank you.
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