istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi X-XI
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istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi X-XI

istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi X-XI istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi X-XI

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI INSTITUTE OF HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY ISSN 1987-6564 istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi X-XI THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTE OF HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY X-XI Tbilisi Tbilisi

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> instituti<br />

IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY<br />

IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI INSTITUTE OF HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY<br />

ISSN 1987-6564<br />

<strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong><br />

<strong>institutis</strong> <strong>Sromebi</strong><br />

X-<strong>XI</strong><br />

THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTE<br />

OF HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY<br />

X-<strong>XI</strong><br />

Tbilisi<br />

Tbilisi

2010/2011<br />

mTavari re<strong>da</strong>qtori:<br />

vaJa kiknaZe<br />

sare<strong>da</strong>qcio kolegia:<br />

goneli araxamia, † Tamaz beraZe, vaxtang goilaZe, SoTa<br />

va<strong>da</strong>Wkoria, hubertus iani (didi britaneTi), xaTuna<br />

ioseliani, eka kvaWantiraZe, seiiCi kitagava (iaponia),<br />

giorgi qavTaraZe (mTavari re<strong>da</strong>qtoris moadgile), xaTuna<br />

qoqraSvili, nino RambaSiZe, dodo WumburiZe, lavrenti<br />

janiaSvili, Temo jojua<br />

krebuli gamosacemad moamzades:<br />

irina arabiZem, Salva glovelma,<br />

nino RambaSiZem <strong>da</strong> Temo jojuam<br />

Editor-in-Chief:<br />

Vazha Kiknadze<br />

Editorial Board:<br />

Goneli Arakhamia, † Tamaz Beradze, Dodo Chumburidze, Nino Gambashidze,<br />

Vakhtang Goiladze, Khatuna Ioseliani, Hubertus F Jahn (Great Britain), Lavrenti<br />

Janiashvili, Temo Jojua, Giorgi Kavtaradze (Deputy Chief editor), Seiichy<br />

Kitagawa (Japan), Khatuna Kokrashvili, Eka Kvachantiradze, Shota Va<strong>da</strong>chkoria<br />

Prepared for publishing by:<br />

Irina Arabidze, Nino Gambashidze, Shalva Gloveli, Temo Jojua<br />

© ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> instituti, 2010/2011<br />

2

s a r C e v i<br />

winaTqma............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9<br />

platon ioseliani _ 200<br />

caca CxartiSvili<br />

platon ioseliani _ cxovreba <strong>da</strong> moRvaweoba......................................................................................................... 10<br />

lela saraliZe<br />

platon ioselianisa <strong>da</strong> mari broses samecniero<br />

TanamSromlobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n...................................................................................................................................................... 16<br />

dodo WumburiZe<br />

platon ioseliani giorgi saakaZis Sesaxeb................................................................................................................ 24<br />

mzia tyavaSvili<br />

platon ioseliani qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze taxtis<br />

memkvidresTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli wes-Cveulebebis Sesaxeb................................................................................... 29<br />

Zveli istoria<br />

nana baxsoliani<br />

qarxemiSis orTostatis erTi siuJetis interpretaciisaTvis ................................................................ 39<br />

eka avaliani<br />

urartus transkavkasiuri samxedro kolonizaciis sakiTxisaTvis.................................................... 44<br />

giorgi qavTaraZe<br />

mcxeTis uZvelesi adgilmdebareobisa <strong>da</strong> saxelwodebis sakiTxisaTvis....................................... 49<br />

Sua saukuneebis istoria<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT merkvilaZe<br />

miTi <strong>da</strong> istoria xalxur TqmulebaSi <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis Sesaxeb........................................................ 61<br />

lado mirianaSvili<br />

kidev erTxel saeklesio mSeneblobis <strong>da</strong>sawyisis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>viTgarejSi.................................. 71<br />

el<strong>da</strong>r mamisTvaliSvili<br />

saqarTvelo-romis eklesiebis urTierToba did ganxeTqilebamde (1054 w.)............................... 83<br />

Vazha Kiknadze<br />

Anonymous Georgian Historian of the 14 th c. about Mongols and Their History............................................................... 90<br />

ciala RvaberiZe<br />

vaxtang III-is gamefebis TariRisaTvis............................................................................................................................... 95<br />

goneli araxamia<br />

sisxlis <strong>da</strong>urvebis sakiTxisaTvis <strong>XI</strong>V-XVIII ss. saqarTveloSi............................................................. 100<br />

Tamaz gogolaZe<br />

kidev erTxel no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebebis Sesaxeb......................................................................................................................................... 108<br />

Temo jojua<br />

afxazeTis kaTolikosi ilarioni (1657-1658, 1669/1672-1673 ww.)................................................................... 142<br />

3

wyaroTmcodneoba<br />

Temo jojua<br />

quTaTeli mTavarepiskoposis anton II saRirisZis (1183/1184 _ 1190-iani ww.)<br />

<strong>da</strong>kveTiT ga<strong>da</strong>werili oTxTavi (H-325) (anderZebis publikacia,<br />

kodikologiur-wyaroTmcodneobiTi analizi)........................................................................................................... 218<br />

vladimer kekelia<br />

qarTvelebi uflis saflavze sami ierusalimuri xelnaweris<br />

kolofonebis mixedviT (<strong>XI</strong>V saukune).................................................................................................................................239<br />

nikoloz JRenti<br />

kidev erTxel mTis wm. giorgis monastrisadmi gacemul 1465-1467 wlebis<br />

sabuTSi moxseniebuli samoxeleo wodebis `mebarTlome~-s Sesaxeb................................................. 244<br />

<strong>da</strong>li CitunaSvili<br />

axali masala qarTul-somxuri urTierTobisaTvis<br />

(ivane javaxiSvilis pirad arqivSi <strong>da</strong>culi kidev erTi dokumenti)................................................. 261<br />

filologia<br />

lela SaTiriSvili, Tea qarTveliSvili<br />

polemikuri Txzuleba `ÃsenebaÁ sityÂs-gebisaÁ <strong>da</strong> sasjelisaÁ SjulisaTÂs<br />

qristianeTaÁsa <strong>da</strong> sarkinozTa~ (filologiur-istoriuli kvleva)................................................. 266<br />

Tea qarTveliSvili<br />

antimahmadianuri polemikuri Txzuleba `hambavi mahxmadisi Targmansa Sina<br />

fsalmunTasa moyuanili <strong>da</strong> wignsTagan maxmadianTagan gamoRebulni <strong>da</strong><br />

naTesaoba maTi galoba fsalmuni asafisi pb~ (teqstis publikacia)............................................... 289<br />

xelovnebis istoria<br />

ekaterine gedevaniSvili<br />

u<strong>da</strong>bnos monastris satrapezos sawinamZRvro niSis moxatulobisaTvis...................................... 314<br />

axali <strong>da</strong> uaxlesi istoria<br />

mzia tyavaSvili<br />

ruseTis imperiis migraciuli politika Crdilo-aRmosavleT<br />

kavkasiaSi <strong>XI</strong>X saukunis 50-ian wlebSi............................................................................................................................. 321<br />

nato sonRulaSvili<br />

qarTuli identobis istoriis kvlevis wyaroTmcodneobiTi<br />

<strong>da</strong> meTodologiuri problemebi XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis<br />

memuaruli literaturis magaliTze.................................................................................................................................. 328<br />

irina arabiZe<br />

saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTi mmarTvelobis delegaciis moRvaweoba<br />

petrogradSi (1917 wlis ivnisi-agvisto) (delegaciis moxsenebis mixedviT)............................. 332<br />

SoTa va<strong>da</strong>Wkoria<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis osebis teritoriuli mowyobis sakiTxi<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTuli politikuri azri 1918-1920 wlebSi..................................................................................................... 344<br />

oTar gogoliSvili<br />

bolSevikuri xelisuflebis pirveli wlebi aWaraSi<br />

4

(`Savi~ <strong>da</strong> `wiTeli~ mejlisi)..................................................................................................................................................... 372<br />

lela saraliZe<br />

ruseT-safrangeTis 1932 wlis Tav<strong>da</strong>usxmelobis paqti <strong>da</strong> qarTuli emigracia..................... 380<br />

Nugzar Papuashvili<br />

Die Neuordnung des Kalenders und die orthodoxe Kirche in Georgien<br />

(Die zweite korrigierte und ergänzte Auflage)..................................................................................................................................... 386<br />

Danko Taboroši<br />

Transplant from the Caucasus: Historical Overview and<br />

the Current Status of Circassians in the Balkans................................................................................................................................ 404<br />

eTnologia<br />

giorgi gociriZe<br />

svanTa <strong>da</strong>saxlebebi qvemo qarTlSi (gar<strong>da</strong>bnisa <strong>da</strong> marneulis raionebi).................................. 408<br />

salome baxia-oqruaSvili<br />

afxazuri rwmena-warmodgenebi eTnikuri istoriis konteqstSi............................................................. 415<br />

nugzar mgelaZe<br />

demonTa samyaro samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos miToreligiaSi<br />

(1. lompapi <strong>da</strong> kudianebi)................................................................................................................................................................. 423<br />

elene gogiaSvili<br />

gveleSapi <strong>da</strong> misi ilustraciebi wm. ioane sinelis `klemaqsis~<br />

<strong>XI</strong>I saukunis garejul xelnawerSi....................................................................................................................................... 436<br />

eTer inwkirveli<br />

boroti sulis <strong>da</strong>tyvevebis motivi xalxur tradiciaSi............................................................................... 444<br />

Targmani<br />

hainrix karl firci<br />

analitikuri fsiqologia <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba: <strong>da</strong>karguli<br />

simbolo, anu Ziebani masis fsiqozis Sesaxeb<br />

(inglisuri<strong>da</strong>n Targmna <strong>da</strong> boloTqma <strong>da</strong>urTo nino RambaSiZem)........................................................... 450<br />

recenzia<br />

iza CantlaZe, nugzar mgelaZe<br />

sayuradRebo gamokvleva (recenzia eTer beriZis wignze _<br />

`nigali: istoriul-eTnografiuli <strong>da</strong> lingvistur-toponimikuri aspeqtebi).......................... 459<br />

5

C O N T E N T S<br />

Foreword of the Chief Editor................................................................................................................................ 9<br />

PLATON IOSELIANI - 200<br />

Tsatsa Chkhartishvili<br />

Platon Ioseliani - The Life and Activity.................................................................................................................. 10<br />

Lela Saralidze<br />

From the History of the Cooperation of Platon Ioseliani and Marie Brosset........................................................ 16<br />

Dodo Chumburidze<br />

Platon Ioseliani About Giorgi Saakaadze.............................................................................................................. 24<br />

Mzia TkavashvilI<br />

Platon Ioseliani About the Customs Connected with the Heir of the Kartl-Khakheti Thrown.............................. 29<br />

ANCIENT HISTORY<br />

Nana Bakhsoliani<br />

On Interpretation of One Plot of the Carchemish Orthostat.................................................................................. 39<br />

Eka Avaliani<br />

For the Issue of Urartu Military Colonization of the Transcaucasia..................................................................... 44<br />

Giorgi L. Kavtaradze<br />

About the Ancient Location of Mc‟xet‟a and Its Name.......................................................................................... 49<br />

MEDIEVAL HISTORY<br />

David Merkviladze<br />

Myth and History in the Folk Story About Davit Garejeli..................................................................................... 61<br />

Lado Mirianashvili<br />

Once Again About the Onset of Church Construction Activity in Davit-Gareji Wilderness.................................. 71<br />

El<strong>da</strong>r Mamistvalishvili<br />

Relations between the churches of Georgia and Rome before the great division (in 1054).................................. 83<br />

Vazha Kiknadze<br />

Anonymous Georgian Historian of the 14 th c. about Mongols and Their History................................................. 90<br />

Tsiala Gvaberidze<br />

Concerning the Date of Vakhtang III`s Reign........................................................................................................ 95<br />

Goneli Arakhamia<br />

On Weregild Problem in Georgia in 14 th -18 th centuries........................................................................................ 100<br />

Tamaz Gogoladze<br />

Once again about No<strong>da</strong>r Tsitsishvili‟s Revolt and Conspiracy of the Feu<strong>da</strong>l Lords of Qartli.............................. 108<br />

Temo Jojua<br />

Illarion, the Catholicos of Apkhazeti (1657-1658, 1669/1672-1673).................................................................... 142<br />

SOURCE STUDIES<br />

Temo Jojua<br />

6

Tetraevangelion (H-325) Commissioned by Anton Saghirisdze, archbishop of quatisi<br />

(1183/1184-1190s) (publication of “testaments”, codicological and source study analysis)............................... 218<br />

Vladimer Kekelia<br />

Georgians in the holy land according to the colophons of the three Jerusalem manuscripts (14th c.)................. 239<br />

Nikoloz Zhgenti<br />

Once Again About the Position „Mebartlome“ Mentioned in 1465-1467 Years<br />

Deed Granted to „Mtis“ Saint George Monastery................................................................................................ 244<br />

Dali Chitunashvili<br />

New material on the Georgian-Armenian interrelationship<br />

(Another Document Kept in Ivane Javakhishvili`s Private Archive ).................................................................... 261<br />

PHILOLOGY<br />

Lela Shatirishvili, Tea Kartvelishvili<br />

Polemic Work “On Discussion and Judgement about Christians and Saracens”<br />

(Historical-Philological Analysis).......................................................................................................................... 266<br />

Tea Kartvelishvili<br />

Anti-Moslem Polemic Composition “Story of Mohammed in the Translation of the Psalm,<br />

Taken from the Mohammed‟s Books, and Relation Thereof Canticle Psalm of Asaf PB”<br />

(Publication of the Text)......................................................................................................................................... 289<br />

ART HISTORY<br />

Ekaterine Gedevanishvili<br />

The painting of the Abbot‟s niche in the refectory of the Davit Gareji U<strong>da</strong>bno monastery................................. 314<br />

MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY HISTORY<br />

Mzia Tkavashvili<br />

The Migration Policy of Russia in the Caucasus in the 1950es............................................................................. 321<br />

Nato Songulashvili<br />

The problems of methodological and of source the analizisis of the history Georgian identity<br />

the example of memoirs in first and second decades of 20 th century...................................................................... 328<br />

Irina Arabidze<br />

The Activity of the Delegation of Georgian Church Provisional<br />

Administration in Petrograd (Jun-August, 1917)................................................................................................... 332<br />

Shota Va<strong>da</strong>chkoria<br />

Territorial Arraignment Issue of Shi<strong>da</strong> Kartli Mountainous Ossetians<br />

and Georgian Political Thinking in 1918-1920.................................................................................................... 344<br />

Otar Gogolishvili<br />

The First Years of the Bolshevik Power in Ajar (`Black~ and `Red~ Medjlises)................................................... 372<br />

Lela Saralidze<br />

The Franco-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1932) and Georgian Emigration......................................................... 380<br />

Nugzar Papuashvili<br />

Die Neuordnung des Kalenders und die orthodoxe Kirche in Georgien<br />

(Die zweite korrigierte und ergänzte Auflage)....................................................................................................... 386<br />

Danko Taboroši<br />

Transplant from the Caucasus: Historical Overview and<br />

the Current Status of Circassians in the Balkans................................................................................................... 404<br />

7

ETHNOLOGY<br />

Giorgi Gotsiridze<br />

Settlement of the Svans in Kvemo Kartli................................................................................................. 408<br />

Salome Bakhia-Oqruashvili<br />

Beliefes of the Abkhazians in the Context of Ethnic History.................................................................................. 415<br />

Nugzar Mgeladze<br />

The World of Demons in the Mythology of South-Western Georgia (1. Lompapi and kudiani)........................... 423<br />

Elene Gogiashvili<br />

The Dragon and its Illustrations in the Saint John Climacus‟ Manuscript........................................................... 436<br />

of the 12 th Century from Gareji<br />

Eter Intskirveli<br />

Motif of Taking Captive of the Evil Soul in Folk Tradition.................................................................................... 444<br />

TRANSLATION<br />

Heinrich Karl Faierz<br />

Analytical psychology and society: The lost symbol, or an inquiry in to the nature of mass psychosis<br />

(Translation and afterword by Nino Gambashidze)............................................................................................. 450<br />

REVIEW<br />

Iza Chantladze, Nugzar Mgeladze<br />

Research of Special Interest (Review on Eter Beridze‟s Book<br />

“Nigali: Historical-Ethnographic and Linguistic-Toponymyc Aspects”).............................................................. 459<br />

8

winaTqma<br />

“verba volent – scripta manent”<br />

(`sityva warmavalia _ naweri mudmivi~)<br />

samecniero sazogadoebis winaSe, sakmao <strong>da</strong>gvianebiT, warmovadgenT `<strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>eTnologiis</strong> <strong>institutis</strong> <strong>Sromebi</strong>s~ X-<strong>XI</strong> krebuls.<br />

iseve, rogorc wina nomrebi, krebuli Zalian mravalferovania. `<strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>eTnologiis</strong> <strong>institutis</strong> SromebSi~ warmodgenilia, rogorc institutSi gamarTuli<br />

platon ioselianis <strong>da</strong>badebis 200 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samecniero konferenciis<br />

masalebi, aseve Zveli <strong>da</strong> Sua saukuneebis istoriis, wyaroTmcodneobis, filologiis,<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis, axali <strong>da</strong> uaxlesi istoriis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva problemebisadmi miZ-<br />

Rvnili originaluri <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi. krebuli moicavs agreTve rubrikebs:<br />

`eTnologia~, `anTropologia~, `Targmani~ <strong>da</strong> `recenzia~. aqve ibeWdeba serbi avtoris<br />

Danko Taboroši-s publikacia `Tanamedrove balkaneTis CerqezTa problemebi~.<br />

<strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli varT, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom dRevandel saqarTveloSi mravali krebuli<br />

Tu wigni gamoicema, `<strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> <strong>institutis</strong> Sromebs~ uTuod<br />

gamorCeuli adgili miekuTvneba maT Soris.<br />

vfiqrobT, warmodgenili krebuli saintereso iqneba samecniero wreebisa <strong>da</strong> farTo<br />

sazogadoebisaTvis.<br />

mTavari re<strong>da</strong>qtori <strong>da</strong> sare<strong>da</strong>qcio jgufi<br />

9

platon ioseliani _ 200 *<br />

caca CxartiSvili<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> instituti<br />

platon ioseliani _ cxovreba <strong>da</strong> moRvaweoba<br />

platon ioselians sruliad gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs <strong>XI</strong>X saukunis qarTuli<br />

mecnieruli <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoriaSi. ar <strong>da</strong>rCenila am dros qarTuli<br />

erovnuli mecnierebisa Tu didi kulturuli wamowyebis raime mniSvnelovani faqti, romelSic<br />

platon ioselians monawileoba ar mieRos <strong>da</strong> Tavisi avtoritetuli sityva ar<br />

eTqvas. Teimuraz bagrationi, mari brose <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT CubinaSvili Tu peterburgis qarTvelologiuri<br />

skolis Semqmnelebi iyvnen, solomon do<strong>da</strong>Svili <strong>da</strong> platon ioseliani _<br />

am skolas naziarebi <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi cocxal erovnul fesvebze erovnuli mecnieruli<br />

azrovnebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis pirveli <strong>da</strong>mnergavebi arian.<br />

platon ioselianis cxovreba <strong>da</strong> mravalmxrivi mecnierul-literaturuli moRvaweoba<br />

ara erTi mkvlevaris interesis sagani gamx<strong>da</strong>ra. am mxriv sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia<br />

z. WiWinaZis `platon ioselianis werilebi akad. mari brosesadmi~, T. tabliaSvilis<br />

`dokumenturi masalebi platon ioselianis Sesaxeb~, g. SaraZis `platon ioseliani rusTvelologi~<br />

<strong>da</strong> mravali sxva. orasi wlis iubilesTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT saWirod CavTvaleT<br />

kidev erTxel gagvexsenebina sazogadoebisaTvis platon ioselianis cxovrebis <strong>da</strong><br />

moRvaweobis mniSvnelovani etapebi.<br />

mecxramete saukunis pirveli naxevris gamoCenili qarTveli sazogado moRvawe, pe<strong>da</strong>gogi<br />

<strong>da</strong> istorikosi _ Cveni warsulis <strong>da</strong>ucxromeli mkvlevari platon ioseliani<br />

<strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> 1809 wels 18 (30) noembers TbilisSi, wmi<strong>da</strong> platonis († 306 w.) xsenebis dRes,<br />

ris gamoc axalSobils saqarTveloSi manamde naklebad gavrcelebuli saxeli <strong>da</strong>arqves<br />

1 . platonis mama, egnate onisimes Ze ioseliani, giorgi <strong>XI</strong>I-is karis mRvdeli iyo _<br />

momswre <strong>da</strong> mcodne erekle mefisdroindeli ambebisa, mis karze aRzrdili <strong>da</strong> mamis Tanamdebobaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>winaurebuli, mwerlobasa <strong>da</strong> istoriaSi kargad Caxeduli kaci. de<strong>da</strong> _<br />

barbare, sulxaniSvilis asuli.<br />

Tavisi winaprebis Sesaxeb erTgan platoni gviambobs: `me, mama-papiTa vekuTvnodi mefeTa<br />

sasaxles guarisa gamo... 1560 wli<strong>da</strong>m, viTarca ficisa kacni viyveniT suaneTsa, odiSsa,<br />

imereTsa <strong>da</strong> qarTlsa, viTarca sasaxlis kacni vaxldiT mTavarTa <strong>da</strong> mefeTa imereTisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTlisa <strong>da</strong>srulebamde mefobisa~ 2 . sxvagan platon ioseliani Tavis gvars<br />

italiuri warmoSobisad gvisaxavs, romelnic veneciel <strong>da</strong> genuel vaWrebs Semohyolian<br />

imereTSi <strong>da</strong> Semdeg gavrcelebulan mTel saqarTveloSio. `Род Иосселиани замечателен: во<br />

первых, своей древности, как остаток италианских выходцев в Имеретию влaдни Венециановской и Генуезской<br />

торговли: во вторых по обширности, ибо целое почти племя, под етою фамилиею, живет расеянное в<br />

Грузии, Имеретии, Сванетии, Абхазии и Менгрелии. Она занимала первое место в так называемом `Трехродовом<br />

Союзе~, заключенном в начале XVIII века в Имеретии на защиту трона, коллеблемаго внутренними<br />

раздорами и натиском Турков. Этот Тронний Союз, известный на местном языке под именем Пицис<br />

Кацни (ficis kacni) заключили меж собой три фамильные рода Иоселиани, Лорткипанидзе и Авалиани 3 .<br />

samecniero literaturaSi Seswavlilia `ficis kacis~ instituti, romlis msgavsi<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> imereTisa, `saqarTvelos sxva samefo samTavroebisaTvis ucnobi iyo~ _ gvauwyebs<br />

* am rubrikiT warmodgenili na<strong>Sromebi</strong> moxsenebebis saxiT iyo wakiTxuli 2009 wlis 7-8 noembers ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

<strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> institutSi gamarTul platon ioselianis <strong>da</strong>badebis 200 wlisTavisadmi<br />

miZRvnil samecniero konferenciaze.<br />

1 T. tabliaSvili, dokumenturi masalebi platon ioselianis Sesaxeb, saistorio moambe (Tbilisi, 1973), gv. 57.<br />

2 p. ioseliani, cxovreba mefisa giorgi mecametisa, akaki gawerelias Sesavali werilebiT, re<strong>da</strong>qciiTa <strong>da</strong><br />

SeniSvnebiT (Tbilisi, 1936), gv. 284.<br />

3 П. Иоселиани, Описание Марткопского минастыря (Тифлис, 1847), стр. 5.<br />

10

qveli CxataraiSvili Tavis SromaSi `qarTuli feo<strong>da</strong>luri samxedro organizaciis istorii<strong>da</strong>n~<br />

(`Si<strong>da</strong> laSqari~) 1 .<br />

rac Seexeba pl. ioselianis uSualo winaprebs, isini imereli (wyaltuboeli) aznaurebi<br />

yofilan, romlebic Semdeg aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (gare kaxeTSi) gadmosulan<br />

<strong>da</strong> mamuli martyofs hqoniaT. kerZod, Semonaxulia solomon II-is, imerTa ukanaskneli<br />

mefis, 1804 wlis 1 ianvris sigeli, romliTac igi platonis papas _ `onisime ioselians<br />

(gar<strong>da</strong>icvala 1816 wels) 2 , umtkicebs aznaurobas, ukeT rom vTqvaT, uaxlebs adre solomon<br />

I-is mier gacemul aznaurobis sigels~ 3 .<br />

irkveva, rom egnate ioselianis ojaxi <strong>da</strong>axloebuli yofila meliton baraTaSvilis<br />

_ nikoloz baraTaSvilis mamis ojaxTan. 1841 wli<strong>da</strong>n isini mezoblebic gamx<strong>da</strong>ran:<br />

baraTaSvilebi, romlebic adre `muxranis xids axlos~ cxovrobdnen, 1841 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sulan anCisxatis ubanSi _ dRevandeli CaxruxaZis #17-Si, xolo ioselianebi<br />

imave quCis #6-Si cxovrobdnen 4 .<br />

aqve min<strong>da</strong> movitano nino isidores asuli ioseliani-rutkovskaias mier mowodebuli<br />

platon ioselianis sabiografio masala, rasac guram SaraZe wers Tavis naSromSi<br />

`platon ioseliani rusTvelologi~: `Платон Иоселиани родился в 1809 году в доме по ул. Чахрухадзе<br />

№6, который принодлежал царскому духовному деду Платона _ Онисиму.<br />

В последствии Платон и его сестра Мая приобрели на Вознесенский (Ныне Давиташвили) (axlandeli<br />

amaRlebis q. – c. C.) улице дома №1 и №3. Первый принадлежал Платону, а второй _ Мае. Дома<br />

обелись между собой калиткой в разделаемой стене.<br />

В этом доме же умер 15 ноября 1875 года Платон, каторый был похоронен в Вознесенской Церкви.<br />

После смерти Платона, вдова Анна Николаевна Багратиони-мухранская переселилась в маленькой<br />

комнате во дворе, а квартиру сдала доктору Александру Бахуташвили, Впоследствии, продав дом, переселилась<br />

в Мцехский монастыр (женский). В этом доме у Платона был рабочии кабинет и бальшая библиотека,<br />

с которой он никогда не расставался (Дом Платона был одноэтажный и жил только он со своей семьей).<br />

am dokumenti<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom sinamdviles ar Seefereba CaxruxaZis #6-is saxlze gake-<br />

Tebuli memorialuri <strong>da</strong>fis warwera, TiTqos 1809-1875 wlebSi sikvdilamde am saxlSi<br />

ecxovros platon ioselians. irkveva, rom platon ioselians Tavis sicocxlis bolo<br />

wlebi gautarebia <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>icvala amaRlebis (axlandeli <strong>da</strong>viTaSvilis) q. #1 saxlSi.<br />

platon ioseliani izrdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> viTardebo<strong>da</strong> maSindeli sazogadoebis im maRalsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ganaTlebul wreSi, romelSic trialebdnen qarTveli mefis-Zeni: <strong>da</strong>viTi, ioane,<br />

Teimuraz, bagrat <strong>da</strong> sxva gamoCenili mwerlebi <strong>da</strong> moRvaweni _ grigol, aleqsandre <strong>da</strong><br />

vaxtang orbelianebi, aleqsandre WavWavaZe, solomon do<strong>da</strong>Svili <strong>da</strong> mravali sxva 5 .<br />

1809 wlis 2 dekembers platoni mounaTlavs elenes, abimeliqis asuls, <strong>da</strong>viT batoniSvilis<br />

meuRles, romelic jer kidev ar iyo peterburgs ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebuli <strong>da</strong> 1811 wlamde<br />

TbilisSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong> 6 .<br />

Semdeg, rogorc cnobilia, igi peterburgs ga<strong>da</strong>asaxles <strong>da</strong> platonis sasuliero<br />

akademiaSi swavlis dros (1831-1835) arc iq akleb<strong>da</strong> mzrunvelobas Tavis naTluls 7 .<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad Turme platon ioseliani swavlob<strong>da</strong> Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis<br />

TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebTan <strong>da</strong>viT reqtorTan (aleqsi-mesxiSvilTan) 8 . Semdeg ioane<br />

naTlismcemlis samrevlo saswavlebelSi, mRvdel iese CubinaSvilis (prof. <strong>da</strong>viT CubinaSvilis<br />

mamis) xelmZRvanelobiT, 1819 wels 10 wlis platoni miabares Tbilisis sasuliero<br />

samazro saswavlebelSi, romlis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis Semdeg 1821 wlis seqtemberSi Sesula<br />

Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi, romelic 1817 wels gaxsna Teofilaqte egzarqosma.<br />

seminariaSi platoni swavlob<strong>da</strong> rusul enasa <strong>da</strong> sityvierebas, geografias, samoqalaqo<br />

istorias, filosofiis istorias, RvTismetyvelebas, saeklesio istorias, <strong>da</strong>wye-<br />

1 q. CxataraiSvili, qarTuli feo<strong>da</strong>luri samxedro organizaciis istorii<strong>da</strong>n (`Si<strong>da</strong> laSqari~), macne, istoriis<br />

seria, #4 (Tbilisi, 1971), gv. 135-139.<br />

2 T. tabliaSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 57, 224.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 59.<br />

4 i. meunargia, qarTveli mwerlebi, I (Tbilisi, 1954), gv. 192.<br />

5 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, platon ioselianis arqivi, saqme #5; g. SaraZe, platon ioseliani _ rus-<br />

Tvelologi (Tbilisi, 1980).<br />

6 i. meunargia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 1.<br />

7 a. abramiSvili, dokumentebi <strong>da</strong> marginalebi, II, platon ioselianis biografiisaTvis (Tbilisi, 1956), gv. 103.<br />

8 z. WiWinaZe, platon ioseliani (tfilisi, 1893), gv. 8.<br />

11

iT maTematikas. mas seminaria warCinebiT <strong>da</strong>umTavrebia 1829 wels 1 . `seminariis <strong>da</strong>mTavrerebisTanave,<br />

1828-1831 wlebSi, platoni samazro-sasuliero saswavleblis maswavleblis,<br />

seminariis sameurneo nawilis, saqmis mwarmoeblis, seminariis gamgeobis Tarjimnis, sasuliero-samazro-samrevlo<br />

saswavleblebis inspeqtorisa <strong>da</strong> bolos, seminariis biblio-<br />

Tekaris Tanamdebobebs asruleb<strong>da</strong>. jer kidev seminariaSi swavlis wlebSi Sesdgomia Wabuki<br />

pl. ioseliani samwerlo-mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas: ga<strong>da</strong>uweria xelnaweri krebuli<br />

(`moTxroba hsjulTa uRmrToTa maxmadianTa~, <strong>da</strong> sxva. 1829 wels rusuli<strong>da</strong>n uTargmnia<br />

filaretis ori sityva 2 .<br />

1831 wlis Semodgomaze pl. ioselianma swavla ganagrZo peterburgis sasuliero<br />

akademiaSi. igi iyo pirveli qarTvelTagani, romelic aRizar<strong>da</strong> ruseTis umaRles sasuliero<br />

saswavlebelSi. akademiaSi swavlis dros platon ioselians rusul enaze Seudgenia<br />

`saqarTvelos eklesiis mokle istoria~.<br />

saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>brunebuli axalgazr<strong>da</strong> swavluli, romelsac farTo ganaTleba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> miRebuli filosofiaSi, istoriasa <strong>da</strong> RvTismetyvelebaSi, 1835 wels iniSneba fizikisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> filosofiis maswavleblad Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi. nayofieri iyo<br />

platonis moRvaweoba am saswavlebelSi, rogorc maswavleblisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmZRvanelos<br />

avtorisa. man am xanebSi Seadgina qarTuli enis gramatika <strong>da</strong> sxva wignebis gamocemasac<br />

mihyo xeli. amave xanebSi man pirvelad gamosca `anbani qarTuli sasargeblod qarTvel-<br />

Ta moswavleTa yrmaTa~, amis gar<strong>da</strong>, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros aswavli<strong>da</strong> keTilSobil qalTa saswavlebelSi,<br />

romelic 1841 wels <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong>.<br />

TbilisSi <strong>da</strong>brunebuli axalgazr<strong>da</strong> swavluli, bunebrivia, qarTvel inteligencias<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tavis Zvel megobrebs moikiTxav<strong>da</strong>. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa platon<br />

ioselianis urTierToba nikoloz baraTaSvilTan. TanamedroveTa mogonebebiT n. bara-<br />

TaSvilis binaze <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1837 wels erTgvari literaturuli wre Camoyalibebula,<br />

romelSic, didi poetis gar<strong>da</strong>, Sediodnen levan meliqiSvili, konstantine mamacaSvili,<br />

mixeil TumaniSvili <strong>da</strong> sxvebi, maT Soris platon ioseliani 3 .<br />

pl. ioselianis mecnieruli <strong>da</strong> qarTvelologiuri muSaobis wamowyeba garkveulad<br />

ukavSirdeba peterburgis mecnierebaTa akademias <strong>da</strong> kerZod, akad. mari broses saxels.<br />

rogorc cnobilia m. brose 1837 wels Cavi<strong>da</strong> peterburgSi, roca platoni iq ukve aRar<br />

swavlob<strong>da</strong>. misi <strong>da</strong>axloeba m. brosesTan iwyeba 1838 wli<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

m. boses peterburgSi Casvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelologiuri moRvaweobis gaSlas p. ioseliani<br />

`axali didi epoqis <strong>da</strong>sabams~ uwodebs, rac mas aRafrTovanebs mSobliuri kulturis<br />

samsaxurisaTvis. axalgazr<strong>da</strong> pl. ioseliani gatacebulia Zveli qarTuli xelnaweri<br />

wignebis SegrovebiT. igi yovelmxriv cdilob<strong>da</strong> xeli Seewyo m. brosesaTvis muSaobaSi.<br />

ugzavni<strong>da</strong> Zveli qarTuli xelnawerebis aslebs, amuSaveb<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo-imereTis<br />

sino<strong>da</strong>luri kantoris Zvel qarTul sigel-gujrebs, iReb<strong>da</strong> qarTuli eklesia monastrebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saflavebis warwerebs, freskul gamosaxulebebs, maT Soris italieli mxatvris<br />

ricis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT man ga<strong>da</strong>iRo mcxeTis sveticxovlis unikaluri mxatvroba <strong>da</strong><br />

broses gaugzavna peterburgSi 1840 wels.<br />

platons 1837 wels SeurTavs coli elene pavles asuli winamZRvriSvili, magram<br />

igi maleve, 1840 wels, gar<strong>da</strong>cvlila. platonis meore meuRle iyo ana nikolozis asuli<br />

bagration muxranski, romelmac moxucebulobaSi platonis mamuli (duSeTSi) Seswira<br />

mcxeTis de<strong>da</strong>Ta monasters, TviTonac iq <strong>da</strong>saxl<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 1912 wels gar<strong>da</strong>icvala 4 .<br />

aw gansvenebuli mkvlevari g. SaraZe ki amis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs: Cven sagangebod <strong>da</strong>vinteresdiT<br />

ana nikolozis asul bagration-muxranbatonis saflavis bediT. igi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> mcxe-<br />

TaSi, samTavros de<strong>da</strong>Ta monastris SigniT, <strong>da</strong>savleTis kedlis ZirSi <strong>da</strong> aseTi warwera aqvs:<br />

`am lodis qveS ganisvenebs molozani anna Tavad nikoloz bagration-muxranskis asuli,<br />

platon ioselianis meuRle, 85 wlis gar<strong>da</strong>icvala 1913 wels 15 dekembers, mxilvelno, locva<br />

yavT CemTvis 5 . am warweri<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom ana bagration-muxranbatoni-ioselianisa gar<strong>da</strong>vcvlila<br />

ara 1912 wels, rogorc amas l. qa<strong>da</strong>giSvili gvauwebs, aramed 1913 wlis 15 dekembers,<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>skvna _ igi <strong>da</strong>badebula 1928 wels~.<br />

1 g. SaraZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 37.<br />

2 m. kelenjeriZe, rusul-qarTuli xelnaweri leqsikonebi XVIII-<strong>XI</strong>X ss. (Tbilisi, 1961), gv. 8, 9, 16.<br />

3 k. mamacovi, n. baraTaSvili, droeba (Tbilisi, 1881), #206.<br />

4 l. qa<strong>da</strong>giSvili, platon ioseliani duSeTSi, komunizmis gza, #20 (Tbilisi, 1967).<br />

5 g. SaraZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 31.<br />

12

platon ioselianis erTaderTi vaJi pirveli qorwinebi<strong>da</strong>n _ evgeni <strong>da</strong>badebula<br />

1840 wlis 13 dekembers. 1847 wels evgeni qoleriT mZimed avad gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>icvala. mamas<br />

Svilis saxelze aRTqma <strong>da</strong>udvia eklesias avagebo. marTlac, 1851 wlis 12 marts pl.<br />

ioselians sololakSi (axland. amaRlebis quCis ga<strong>da</strong>sasvleli #1) <strong>da</strong>uwyia amaRlebis<br />

eklesiis mSenebloba, romelic sazeimod ukurTxebiaT 1852 wlis 23 noembers 1 . eklesia<br />

aSenebuli yofila aTenis wm. giorgis eklesiis (Zveli eolis taZris) modelis mixedviT,<br />

romelic pl. ioselians 1849 wels saberZneTSi mogzaurobi<strong>da</strong>n Camoutania. amaRlebis<br />

eklesia <strong>da</strong>ungreviaT meoce saukunis 60-ian wlebis Sua xanebSi. ase rom platoni<br />

uZeod ga<strong>da</strong>ego 2 .<br />

qarTuli siZveleebis Seswavlis mizniT 1841 wlis zafxulSi ioselians umogzauria<br />

imereTSi, afxazeTSi, svaneTSi, leCxumsa <strong>da</strong> guriaSi. 1842 wlis Semodgomi<strong>da</strong>n 1857<br />

wlis ivlisamde igi uwmindesi sinodis uwyebaSia. jer sinodis kancelariaSi Statgare-<br />

Se moxeled msaxurob<strong>da</strong>, Semdeg, 1842 wlis Semodgomi<strong>da</strong>n 1844 wlis zafxulamde peterburgSi<br />

cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. 1844 wli<strong>da</strong>n igi saqarTvelo-imereTis sasinodo kantoraSi pirad saprokuroro<br />

magidis moxeled, xolo Semdeg 1856 wli<strong>da</strong>n prokuroris movaleobasac asruleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1857 wels Tavisive TxovniT ga<strong>da</strong>hyavT samoqalaqo uwyebaSi _ kavkasiis mefisnacvalTan,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c niSnaven sagangebo <strong>da</strong>valebaTa V klasis moxeled. am Tanamdebobaze<br />

rCeba sicocxlis ukanasknel dRemde. 1859 wels iRebs `deistvitelni statski sovetnikis~<br />

Cins, igi wevria kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunvelTan arsebuli saswavlo gegmebis<br />

programebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmZRvaneloebis Semqmneli komitetisa, Tavmjdomare _ Tbilisis<br />

sajaro biblioTekis qonebis Semmowmebeli komisiisa <strong>da</strong> samegrelos saeklesio mamulebis<br />

Semosavlis sarevizio komisiisa 3 .<br />

aseTi samsaxurebrivi ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTulobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, pl. ioseliani mTavarmarTebel<br />

a. neidgartis wina<strong>da</strong>debiT, 1845 wlis ianvarSi xels hkidebs `zakavkazskii vestnikis~ re<strong>da</strong>qtorobas.<br />

igi agreTve, re<strong>da</strong>qtorob<strong>da</strong> qarTul gazeTs `kavkasiis mxareTa uwyebani~, romelmac<br />

mxolod weliwadnaxevari iarseba _ 1845 wlis ianvri<strong>da</strong>n 1846 wlis 1 ivlisamde 4 .<br />

axalgazr<strong>da</strong> mkvlevari jer kidev 1838 wels di<strong>da</strong>d iyo <strong>da</strong>interesebuli aTonisa <strong>da</strong><br />

ierusalimis qarTul xelnawerTa bediT. 1849 wels pl. ioselianma Tavad SeZlo aTonis<br />

mTaze mogzauroba. mis arqivSi <strong>da</strong>culia aTonze mogzaurobis cnobebi <strong>da</strong> Canawerebi,<br />

xolo imdroindel rusul presaSi gamoqveynebulia aTonze pl. ioselianis mogzaurobis<br />

dRiurebi 5 .<br />

platon ioselians mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs qarTuli wignis beWdvis istoriaSi.<br />

man gamoca im droisaTvis mravali mecnieruli wigni: ioseb Tbilelis `didi mouraviani~,<br />

1851; timoTe qarTlis mTavarepiskoposis `mimoxilva~, 1852; iona ruisis mitropolitis<br />

`mimosula~, 1853; arCil mefis `cxovreba mefis Teimuraz pirvelisa, 1853; anton<br />

pirvelis `wyobilsityvaoba~, 1850 wels pl. ioselianis re<strong>da</strong>qciiT gamovi<strong>da</strong> g. erisTavis<br />

`gayra~. aRniSnul gamocemebs <strong>da</strong>rTuli hqon<strong>da</strong> komentarebi <strong>da</strong> gamokvlevebi.<br />

saqarTvelos warsulis SeswavliT gatacebul platon ioselians <strong>da</strong>Rla ar Setyobia,<br />

igi intensiurad zedized wer<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aqveyneb<strong>da</strong> saintereso <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovan Sromebs.<br />

mis mier rusul enaze <strong>da</strong>werili <strong>Sromebi</strong><strong>da</strong>n mniSvnelovania: `Tbilisis siZveleni~, `saqarTvelos<br />

eklesiis mokle istoria~, `mcxeTis taZari~, `didi mouravis cxovreba~, `saqarTvelos<br />

Zveli <strong>da</strong> axali qalaqebi~, `mTawmin<strong>da</strong>~, `qalaq duSeTis aRwera~, `mogzauroba<br />

<strong>da</strong>RestanSi~, `SoTa rusTaveli~, `mogzauroba Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n mcxeTamde~, ~qarTvelebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> maTi Zveli saxelwodebani~, ~qarTuli welTaRricxva~, `kacxis taZari imereTSi~, `mogzauroba<br />

kaxeTSi~, `martyofis monasteri~ <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>Sromebi</strong>, romelTa gvirgvinad un<strong>da</strong><br />

CaiTvalos `cxovreba mefisa giorgi mecametisa~. es naSromi <strong>da</strong>werilia erudiciiTa <strong>da</strong><br />

istoriis Rrma codniT. SromaSi mocemuli faqtebi, masalebi <strong>da</strong> mTeli rigi mosazrebani<br />

angariSgasawev <strong>da</strong> amouwurav wyarod <strong>da</strong>rCeba saqarTvelos mecxramete saukunis meistorieTaTvis.<br />

platon ioselianis <strong>da</strong>uRalavma mecnierulma Sromam imTaviTve sayovelTao aRiareba<br />

hpova. 1840 wlis dekemberSi irCeven amierkavkasiis statistikuri komitetis wevr-ko-<br />

1 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, platon ioselianis arqivi, saqme #5, gv. 313, 314.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 26.<br />

3 T. tabliaSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 60.<br />

4 iqve.<br />

5 Кавказ, №236 (Тифлисъ, 1850); Закавказский вестник, №22 (Тифлисъ, 1849).<br />

13

espodentad, 1847 wlis oqtomberSi odesis <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> siZveleTa sazogadoebis namdvil<br />

wevrad, 1849 wels peterburgis arqeologiisa <strong>da</strong> numizmatikis sazogadoebis wevrkorespodentad,<br />

1852 wels peterburgis saimperatoro rusuli geografiuli sazogadoebis<br />

namdvil wevrad, 1863 wlis 4 noembers aTenis saazio sazogadoebis wevrad 1 .<br />

platon ioseliani sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros <strong>da</strong>jildoebuli iyo wm. anas pirveli, meore <strong>da</strong><br />

mesame xarisxis ordenebiT, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva warCinebis niSnebiT, xolo 1857 wels sparseTis<br />

Sahma igi <strong>da</strong>ajildova varskvlaviani lomisa <strong>da</strong> mzis meore xarisxis ordeniT 2 .<br />

platon ioseliani enis sakiTxSi bolomde <strong>da</strong>rCa arqaistad <strong>da</strong> konservatorad, ramac<br />

is saliteraturo <strong>da</strong> sxva sakiTxebis garSemo atexili e. w. `mamaTa~ <strong>da</strong> `SvilTa~<br />

brZolebis dros `mamaTa~ banakSi moaqcia. is Tavis didebul naSroms _ `cxovreba giorgi<br />

mecametisa~ _ swored am cxare brZolebis periodSi wer<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ayalibeb<strong>da</strong>, magram mis<br />

literaturul stilze araviTari gavlena `axlisa~ ara Cans, is kvlav Tavis didi mentoris<br />

_ anton kaTalikosis _ literaturuli skolisa <strong>da</strong> enobrivi normebis mona-mor-<br />

Cilad <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />

marTalia, msoflmxedveloba, romelsac platon ioseliani icav<strong>da</strong> dRes savsebiT<br />

moZvelebuli <strong>da</strong> miuRebelia, igi ganixileba rogorc gavlili etapi, rogorc warsulis<br />

kuTvnileba, romelsac Tavis droze garkveuli roli hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kisrebuli. mas mainc<br />

Tavisi mravalricxovani wignebiT, saxelmZRvaneloebiT, werilebiT, gamokvlevebiT <strong>da</strong><br />

praqtikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri moRvaweobiT garkveuli <strong>da</strong>msaxureba miuZRvis qarTveli xalxis<br />

winaSe.<br />

pl. ioseliani gar<strong>da</strong>icvala 1875 wlis 15 (27) noembers 66 wlis asakSi. <strong>da</strong>krZales<br />

TbilisSi, mis mier agebul amaRlebis taZarSi, mogvianebiT misi neSti ga<strong>da</strong>asvenes didubis<br />

panTeonSi. saflavis qvac iq ga<strong>da</strong>itanes, romelze<strong>da</strong>c qarTul <strong>da</strong> rusul enebze<br />

vkiTxulobT: `deistvitelni statski sovetnik platon egnates Ze ioseliani, mimRebi umaRlesi<br />

ganaTlebisa, iyo ra wevrad ravdenTame samecniero sazogadoebaTa ruseTisa <strong>da</strong><br />

evropis qveynebisaTa, aman ganamdidra samSoblo queyana Tavisi saqarTvelo mravliTa<br />

sxua<strong>da</strong>sxua gvariTa sasargeblo TxzulebiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sasrul 66 wlisam hpova saukuno sadguri<br />

sarTulsa queSe ama misganve aRmSenebulsa amaRlebis eklesiisasa~.<br />

axali Taobis warmomadgenelma sergi mesxma `droebis~ furclebze gulwrfeli sityvebiT<br />

Seafasa `kavkasiis TiTqmis uZvelesi mwignobris~ Rvawli, romelTanac, `rogorc<br />

Zveli Taobis erT-erT yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenelTan, maT bevri literaturuli<br />

brZola ga<strong>da</strong>ixades, magram qarTuli literaturis siyvarulma ori Taoba Seariga<br />

micvalebulis saflavze~ 3 .<br />

<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />

1. a. abramiSvili, dokumentebi <strong>da</strong> marginalebi, II, platon ioselianis biografiisaTvis<br />

(Tbilisi, 1956).<br />

2. p. ioseliani, cxovreba mefisa giorgi mecametisa, akaki gawerelias Sesavali<br />

werilebiT, re<strong>da</strong>qciiTa <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebiT (tfilisi, 1936).<br />

3. m. kelenjeriZe, rusul-qarTuli xelnaweri leqsikonebi XVIII-<strong>XI</strong>X ss. (Tbilisi, 1961).<br />

4. k. mamacovi, n. baraTaSvili, droeba, #206 (tfilisi, 1881).<br />

5. s. mesxi, platon ioseliani, droeba, #26 (tfilisi, 1875).<br />

6. i. meunargia, qarTveli mwerlebi, I (Tbilisi, 1954).<br />

7. T. tabliaSvili, dokumenturi masalebi platon ioselianis Sesaxeb, saistorio moambe,<br />

#27 (Tbilisi, 1973).<br />

8. l. qa<strong>da</strong>giSvili, platon ioseliani duSeTSi, komunizmis gza, #20 (Tbilisi, 1967).<br />

9. g. SaraZe, platon ioseliani _ rusTvelologi (Tbilisi, 1980).<br />

1 a. abramiSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 110.<br />

2 T. tabliaSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi.<br />

3 s. mesxi, platon ioseliani, droeba, (Tbilisi, 1875).<br />

14

10. q. CxataraiSvili, qarTuli feo<strong>da</strong>luri samxedro organizaciis istorii<strong>da</strong>n (`Si<strong>da</strong><br />

laSqari~), macne, istoriis seria, #4 (Tbilisi, 1971).<br />

11. z. WiWinaZe, platon ioseliani (tfilisi, 1893).<br />

12. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, platon ioselianis arqivi, saqme #5.<br />

13. П. Иоселиани, Описание Марткопского минастыря (Тифлисъ, 1847).<br />

14. Кавказ, №236 (Тифлисъ, 1850).<br />

15. Закавказский Вестник, №22 (Тифлисъ, 1849).<br />

TSATSA CHKHARTISHVILI<br />

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,<br />

Ivane javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />

PLATON IOSELIANI _ THE LIFE AND ACTIVITY<br />

The life and activity of Platon Ioseliani has a special place in the history of Georgian scientific and social<br />

thinking of the 19 th century. Platon Ioseliani was active participant of each significant national scientific and great<br />

cultural initiative of those <strong>da</strong>ys Georgia; was always expressing his authoritative meaning about these events. If Teimuraz<br />

Bagrationi, Marie Brosse and Davit Chubinashvili were the founders of the Kartvelology school of Petersburg,<br />

Solomon Do<strong>da</strong>shvili and Platon Ioseliani, who were coming from that school, are the founders of European<br />

scientific thinking and culture having national roots.<br />

On the pages of `Droeba~ Sergei Meskhi, the representative of the young generation, heartedly and sincerely<br />

evaluated `the desert of the oldest scholar of the Caucasus with whom, as one of the outstanding representatives of<br />

the old generation, they had a struggle on the issues of literature, but on the graves of the deceased ancestors the<br />

love of Georgian literature united these tow generations~.<br />

15

lela saraliZe<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> instituti<br />

platon ioselianisa <strong>da</strong> mari broses<br />

samecniero TanamSromlobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

platon ioseliani (1809-1875 ww.) <strong>XI</strong>X saukunis gamoCenili sazogado moRvawe, saqar-<br />

Tvelos istoriis mkvlevari, Teologi <strong>da</strong> literatori iyo. man waruSleli kvali <strong>da</strong>tova<br />

saqarTvelos siZveleTa Seswavlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.<br />

1835 wels platon ioselianma peterburgis sasuliero akademia <strong>da</strong>amTavra RvTismetyvelebis<br />

kandi<strong>da</strong>tis xarisxiT. misma samecniero moRvaweobam Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve didi aRiareba hpova.<br />

1847 wlis oqtomberSi igi q. odesis <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> siZveleTa sazogadoebis namdvil<br />

wevrad, 1849 wels peterburgis arqeologiisa <strong>da</strong> numizmatikis sazogadoebis wevr-korespondentad,<br />

1863 wels ki aTenis samefo arqeologiuri sazogadoebis wevrad airCies. ase-<br />

Ti popularuli organizaciebis wevroba qarTveli mecnierisTvis metad sapatio iyo.<br />

igi maRal samecniero tribunas aqtiurad iyeneb<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> qarTuli<br />

kulturis propagandisTvis.<br />

cnobili frangi qarTvelologis mari broses (1802-1880 ww.) saqarTvelos istoriiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>intereseba arqimandrit evgenis naSromis `saqarTvelos istoriuli suraTi“-s (gamoica<br />

1802 wels, sankt-peterburgSi) kritikuli ganxilviT <strong>da</strong>iwyo, romelic am Txzulebis<br />

vrceli nawyvetebiT, 1819 wels Jurnal `mogzaurobis analebSi“ frangul enaze gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

es interesi mas kidev ufro gauRviv<strong>da</strong> evgeni bolxovitinovis Sromis `Историческое<br />

изображение Грузии в политическом, церковном и учебном ее состоянии“ wakiTxvis Semdeg 1 .<br />

mari brosem Seiswavla somxuri <strong>da</strong> qarTuli enebi. igi ikvlev<strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiaSi mogzaurTa<br />

mier Segrovil saintereso masalebs saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, ecnobo<strong>da</strong> kerZo pirTa<br />

numizmatikur koleqciebs. man gamoaqveyna letelies mier 1826 wels saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n Catanili<br />

`qarTuli istoriuli qronika“, romelic saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb erTerTi<br />

pirveli publikaciaa evropaSi 2 .<br />

1836 wlis 14 dekembers mari brose peterburgis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevrad erTxmad<br />

airCies, 30 dekembers amis Sesaxeb man werilobiT miiRo cnoba akademiis mdivnis<br />

pavle fusisgan. 3 1837 wlis 7 aprils misi akademiis wevrad arCeva ruseTis imperatorma<br />

<strong>da</strong>amtkica, xolo 18 ivliss, ojaxTan erTad, mari brose peterburgSi Cavi<strong>da</strong>. igi <strong>da</strong>ukav-<br />

Sir<strong>da</strong> peterburgSi myof Teimuraz batoniSvils, romelTanac mimowera mas safrangeTi<strong>da</strong>nac<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>. mari brose gaecno peterburgSi arsebul xelnawerebs, istoriul dokumentebs,<br />

kerZo pirTa koleqciebs, aseve Teimuraz batoniSvilis mdi<strong>da</strong>r biblioTekas,<br />

romelic man peterburgis samecniero akademias Seswira. m. brosem gamoaqveyna Teimuraz<br />

batoniSvilis mdi<strong>da</strong>ri qarTuli biblioTekis katalogis sruli Targmani. batoniSvilma<br />

sakuTari xeliT ga<strong>da</strong>wera es katalogi <strong>da</strong> broses ga<strong>da</strong>sca. peterburgis samecniero akademiis<br />

<strong>da</strong>valebiT mari brosem Seadgina amierkavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>culi saliteraturo Zeglebis<br />

gacnobis gegma, romelic kavkasiaSi administraciuli <strong>da</strong>valebiT mivlinebul saxelmwifo<br />

sabWos wevrs baron hans ga<strong>da</strong>eca. am gegmis SemweobiT akademiam sruliad axali<br />

cnobebi miiRo mravali qarTuli xelnaweris Sesaxeb, romlebic kerZo pirTa sakuTrebas<br />

Seadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

peterburgis samecniero akademia saqarTvelos istoriuli warsulis Seswavlis<br />

saqmes sagangebod 1835 wli<strong>da</strong>n Seudga. am mizniT warmoSobiT fineli enaTmecnieri andria<br />

mixeilis Ze Segreni 4 (1794-1855 ww.) ori wliT amierkavkasiaSi miavlina. a. Segreni saqarTvelos<br />

<strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> mwerlobis pirvelwyaroebs gaecno. man moinaxula quTaisi, gelaTi,<br />

gori, Tbilisi. Seiswavla qarTuli <strong>da</strong> somxuri enebi. a. Segrenma TbilisSi gaic-<br />

1 r. do<strong>da</strong>Svili, mari brose _ qarTuli mwerlobis mkvlevari (Tbilisi, 1962), gv. 56.<br />

2 S. xanTaZe, mari brose (istoriografiuli narkvevi) (Tbilisi, 1966), gv. 20.<br />

3 E. Khochtaria-Brosset, S. Andrieu, Marie-Felicité Brosset, Bibliographie (frangul <strong>da</strong> qarTul enebze) (Tbilissi, 1999), p. 112.<br />

4 Сто замечательных финов, калейдоскоп биографии, ред. Т. Вихавайнем, пер. с финск. И. М. Соломеща, общества финской<br />

литературы (Хельсинк, 2004).<br />

16

no platon ioseliani <strong>da</strong> nikoloz quTaTelaZe <strong>da</strong> isini aqtiurad Caaba peterburgis samecniero<br />

akademiis muSaobaSi.<br />

Tavis mxriv, mari brosec <strong>da</strong>uaxlov<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi myof istorikosebs, romelTa<br />

meSveobiT agroveb<strong>da</strong> saWiro cnobebs saqarTvelos istoriis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze.<br />

1838 wli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo mari broses uSualo mimowera platon ioseliansa <strong>da</strong> nikoloz qu-<br />

TaTelaZesTan. platon ioseliani istoriul dokumentebs, aseve eklesia-monastrebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gadmoweril sigel-gujrebs agroveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> peterburgSi myof mari broses ugzavni<strong>da</strong>. am<br />

masalebs didi mniSvneloba eniWebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaswavlad. ori didi<br />

mecnieris TanamSromlobaze naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis maTi piradi werilebi.<br />

platon ioselianisa <strong>da</strong> mari broses werilebi gamoaqveynes profesorebma solomon<br />

yubaneiSvilma (1941 wels), 1 xolo 1996 wels gaston buaCiZem parizSi frangul enaze gamocemul<br />

wignSi `mari broses cxovreba“ 2 . am ori mecnieris epistolaruli memkvidreoba,<br />

amJamad, xelnawerTa erovnul centrSia <strong>da</strong>culi 3 . platon ioseliani did mniSvnelobas<br />

aniWeb<strong>da</strong> mari broses Rvawls qarTul siZveleTa Seswavlis saqmeSi, mas evropaSi<br />

saqarTvelos istoriis piruTvnel mkvlevarad miiCnev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Zveli qarTuli xelnawerebiT<br />

amarageb<strong>da</strong>. platon ioseliani amisTvis ar zogav<strong>da</strong> arc energias <strong>da</strong> arc finansur<br />

saSualebebs. erT-erT werilSi man m. broses miswera: `di<strong>da</strong>d var meZiebeli qarTulTa<br />

wignTasa, arca viSurvi fulTa mosyiduad maT<strong>da</strong>, mimovlasa Cemsag saqarTvelod, JamTa<br />

TavisufalTa Tanamdebobisagan Cemisa dReTasa Seudgebis mopovna ZvelTa wignTa yovlisa<br />

gvarisaTa...“ 4<br />

platon ioselianis mier Segrovebul xelnawerebs Soris gansakuTrebiT sayurad-<br />

Reboa `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefis Zis petresi“, romlis aslic qarTvelma mecnierma peterburgis<br />

mecnierebaTa akademias ga<strong>da</strong>ugzavna. igi uZvelesi iyo <strong>da</strong> didi mniSvneloba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> mecnierebisTvis. xelnaweris Sesaxeb platon ioseliani broses wer<strong>da</strong>: `...me vhgoneb,<br />

uwinares <strong>da</strong> uZveles werilisa amis ara ipoebodes Cven Soris, TviT Stilica werisa<br />

amtkicebs amas“ 5 . platon ioseliani mari brosesadmi gagzavnil werilSi aRniSnavs,<br />

rom man es Zegli sruliad SemTxveviT ipova.<br />

platon ioselianis mier miwodebuli masalis safuZvelze, es Zegli akademikosma n.<br />

marma gamosca saxelwodebiT: `Житие Петра Ивера, царевича-подвижника и епископа Маиюмского“ 6 .<br />

Маиюмского“ 6 . V saukunis gamoCenili qarTveli saeklesio moRvawis, maiumis episkoposis,<br />

qarTuli eklesiis mier wmin<strong>da</strong>nad Seracxuli petre iberis cxovrebis asuruli teqsti<br />

1895 wels germanelma mecnierma rixard raabem gamosca. am versiis qarTuli varianti<br />

ivane lolaSvilma Seasrula 7 .<br />

mari broses misamarTiT gagzavnil werilebs platon ioseliani ase amTavreb<strong>da</strong>:<br />

`Tquen<strong>da</strong> umorCilesi mosamsaxure saqarTvelos aznauriSvili platon ioseliani“, `ufals<br />

eqstra-ordinarnis akademikoss broses“, riTac Tavis pativiscemasa <strong>da</strong> mowiwebas<br />

gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> mari broses Rvawlisadmi. platon ioseliani xelnawerebs awvdi<strong>da</strong>, aseve<br />

cnobil lingvists andria mixeilis Ze Segrens.<br />

platon ioseliani mTel Tavisufal dros uZvelesi xelnawerebis Segrovebas andomeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1838 wlis 4 agvistos brosesTvis gagzavnil werilSi sinanuls gamoTqvams:<br />

`axalcixes ivlisis pirvelidgan gaCn<strong>da</strong> Wiri <strong>da</strong> gzebi imereTisa <strong>da</strong> axalcixisa Sehkres<br />

<strong>da</strong> me viTarRa ganvetevebodi gzad <strong>da</strong>miSTa mxolod erTi mxarei saqarTveloisi _<br />

duSeTi anu aragvi, sa<strong>da</strong>ca viyav erTi Tue. kerZo ese kninRa maradis iyo Seuxebel mter-<br />

Tagan <strong>da</strong> maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, wignebiTa <strong>da</strong> werilebiTa un<strong>da</strong> iyos savse. aqa moZieba Cemi ara <strong>da</strong>S-<br />

Ta unayofod...“ 8 am mxareSi platon ioselians, rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs 21 xelnaweri<br />

1 s. yubaneiSvili, platon ioselianis werilebi akademikos mari brosesadmi, SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis<br />

baTumis saxelmwifo samaswavleblo <strong>institutis</strong> samecniero <strong>Sromebi</strong>s krebuli, wigni pirveli (baTumi,<br />

1941). SeniSvna: s. yubaneiSvilma aRniSnuli werilebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis paleografiis ganyofilebis<br />

fondSi moiZia.<br />

2 G. Bouatchidzé, La vie de Marie Brosset, édition du Petit Véhicule (Nantes, 1996).<br />

3 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, mari broses arqivi, saqme #167.<br />

4 s. yubaneiSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 150.<br />

5 iqve, gv. 151.<br />

6 Житие Петра Ивера, царевича _ подвижника и епископа Маиюмского V века, Православный палестинский сборник, XVI (1896).<br />

7 cxovreba petre iberisa, asuruli re<strong>da</strong>qcia germanuli<strong>da</strong>n Targmna <strong>da</strong> ganmartebiTi saZieblebi <strong>da</strong>urTo<br />

i. lolaSvilma (Tbilisi, 1988); saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis enciklopediuri leqsikoni, avtor-Semdgenelni:<br />

e. gabiZaSvili, m. mamacaSvili, a. RambaSiZe (Tbilisi, 2007).<br />

8 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, mari broses arqivi, saqme #77.<br />

17

Seugrovebia, romelTagan 6 pergamentis qaRaldze iyo Sesrulebuli, xolo <strong>da</strong>narCeni<br />

tyavze Zveli xucuri <strong>da</strong>mwerlobiT, maT Soris iyo Zveli saxareba xatebiTurT.<br />

platon ioseliani 1838 wlis 6 oqtombris weriliT mari broses sTxovs peterburgis<br />

akademias gamoagzavninos Txovna amierkavkasiis maSindeli mTavarmmarTeblis evgeni<br />

golovinisadmi (1837-1842 wlebSi iyo kavkasiis mTavarmmarTebeli), raTa Tanxa gamoeyo<br />

mxatvrisaTvis, romelic mcxeTis unikaluri freskebis aslebis ga<strong>da</strong>Rebas ganaxorcieleb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

radgan droTa ganmavlobaSi freskebi ziandebo<strong>da</strong>, istorias ki aRaraferi SemorCebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

platon ioselians miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom es saqme mxolod profesional mxatvars un<strong>da</strong><br />

gaekeTebina, visTvisac saTanado gasamrjelo un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>exa<strong>da</strong>T, radgan misi TqmiT:<br />

`<strong>da</strong>udevneloba mxatuarTa Soris ara aris iSviaTi, metadre maSin, rodesac usasyidlod<br />

aRasruleben ese guarTa mindobilebaTa~ 1 .<br />

platon ioselianma italieli mxatvris rocis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT 1839-1840 wlebSi mcxeTis<br />

sveticxovlis unikaluri mxatvroba gadmoiRo <strong>da</strong> mari broses peterburgSi gaugzavna.<br />

am unikaluri masalis brosesaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis faqtebi farTod aisaxa ori TvalsaCino<br />

mecnieris mimoweraSi. platon ioseliani brosesadmi gagzavnil araerT werilSi SeniSnavs,<br />

rom masalebis <strong>da</strong>gvianebiT miwodeba italieli mxatvris ugulisyurobis Sedegi<br />

iyo, ris gamoc ara erTxel moubodiSa did qarTvelologs.<br />

peterburgis samecniero akademiis erT-erT sxdomaze mari brosem qarTuli mxedruli<br />

Sriftis ori kompleqtis <strong>da</strong>mzadebis (msxvilis _ teqstebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> wvrilis _ SeniSvnebisTvis)<br />

sakiTxi <strong>da</strong>ayena. Sriftis Camosxma 1838 wlis <strong>da</strong>mdegs <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>, manamde<br />

m. brose iZulebuli iyo Zveli, xucuri SriftiT esargebla.<br />

platon ioselianis saxels ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos Zveli qalaqebis kvleva. 1850<br />

wels man am sakiTxs calke wignic ki miuZRvna 2 .<br />

Tavis mxriv, mari brose amuSaveb<strong>da</strong> platon ioselianis mier wargzavnil unikalur<br />

masalas <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qarTuli xelnawerebis miseul axsnas uziareb<strong>da</strong> qarTvel mecniers<br />

<strong>da</strong> azrsac ekiTxebo<strong>da</strong>. mari broses xelnawerTa arqivSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, agreTve, platon<br />

ioselianisgan miRebuli `farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis istoria“. mari brose qarTvel mecniers<br />

sTxov<strong>da</strong> Seeqmna maRali mecnieruli Rirebulebis naSromi, romelSic qarTvelTa<br />

mdi<strong>da</strong>ri istoriuli warsuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> asaxuli. platon ioseliani gaecno berZenTa <strong>da</strong><br />

romaelTa cnobebs saqarTvelos Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> Seqmna im droisTvis mniSvnelovani <strong>Sromebi</strong><br />

qarTvelTa wamomavlobaze, eklesiis istoriaze, saqarTvelos istoriuli <strong>da</strong> geografiuli<br />

aRwera. 1867 wels gagzavnili werili<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom platon ioselianma cnobil mecniers<br />

Tavisi naSromi `cxovreba mefisa giorgi mecametisa“ 3 gaugzavna, sTxov<strong>da</strong> am na-<br />

Sroms gascnobo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sqolioebi Seevso, xolo Semdeg peterburgSi myofi ioane gruzinskisTvis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>eca. platon ioselianis TxovniT, mari brosem es naSromi waikiTxa, SeniSvnebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>urTo <strong>da</strong> peterburgis akademias ga<strong>da</strong>sca. 1867 wlis 17 maiss gagzavnili weriliT,<br />

naSromis Sesaxeb man sakuTari azri gauziara qarTvel mecniers: `gmadlob <strong>da</strong>uviwyeblobisaTvis:<br />

Tqveni wigni rom momivi<strong>da</strong>, vTxove muzeumSi xelnaweri Tqveni, `aRwera<br />

Zvelisa saqarTveloisa“ <strong>da</strong> guSin warvadgine akademiis krebaSi. moewona prezidentsa <strong>da</strong><br />

Clenebsa vedreba Tqveni <strong>da</strong> neba misces samaradiso sekretarsa gagzavnad QTqvenTvis<br />

namduili Tqvenisa Sromisa... mixarian di<strong>da</strong>T, rom <strong>da</strong>giweriaT sruli istoria ukanaskneli<br />

mefisa giorgisi. Cven WeSmaritebasa vicnobT ZlivRa naxevramdin, <strong>da</strong> Tqven qarTveli,<br />

TvaliT TvisiT mnaxveli yovlisa SemTxvevisa, un<strong>da</strong> gamoacxadoT saqme, rogorc<br />

iyo...“ 4 platon ioselianis aRniSnuli naSromiT <strong>da</strong>interesdnen peterburgSi myofi batobatoniSvilebic.<br />

misi gamocema ioane grigoris Ze gruzinskim ikisra, Tumca wignis<br />

<strong>da</strong>beWdva <strong>da</strong>gvian<strong>da</strong>. Txzulebis nawyveti pirvelad 1879 wels Jurnal `iveria“-Si<br />

<strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>, romelic Semdeg calke wignad zaqaria WiWinaZem gamosca, xolo 1936 wels<br />

dednis mixedviT, akaki gawerelias mier Sesavali werilebiT, re<strong>da</strong>qciiT <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebiT<br />

gamoica. naSromSi mocemuli faqtebi <strong>da</strong> mecnieruli mosazrebebi dResac<br />

angariSgasawevia.<br />

1 s. yubaneiSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 161.<br />

2 П. Иоселиани, Города сушествовавшие и существующие в Грузии (Тифлис, 1850).<br />

3 p. ioseliani, cxovreba mefisa giorgi mecametisa, a. gawerelias Sesavali werilebiT, re<strong>da</strong>qciiTa <strong>da</strong><br />

SeniSvnebiT (Tbilisi, 1936).<br />

4 s. yubaneiSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 201.<br />

18

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom garkveuli mizezebis gamo, platon ioselianis <strong>Sromebi</strong> cenzuris<br />

qveS eqceo<strong>da</strong>, istoriuli procesebis miseuli xedva dResac aqtualuria. istorias<br />

igi RvTiuri nebis gamovlenad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>. aRsaniSnavia misi <strong>da</strong>intereseba sazRvargareT<br />

<strong>da</strong>culi saeklesio literaturis <strong>da</strong> wyaroebis SeswavliT 1 .<br />

peterburgSi arsebuli masalebis <strong>da</strong>muSavebis Semdeg mari brosem ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita, gacnobo<strong>da</strong><br />

im Zeglebs, romlebic ruseTis Zvel, sataxto qalaq moskovSi inaxebo<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

XVIII saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegi<strong>da</strong>n qarTvelTa ramdenime kolonia arsebob<strong>da</strong>. 1838 wels is samecniero<br />

mivlinebiT moskovSi Cavi<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c erTi Tve (1838 wlis 25 ivlisi-25 agvisto) <strong>da</strong>hyo.<br />

igi gaecno moskovSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa ojaxebSi aRmoCenil sabuTebs, romelic<br />

SemdegSi peterburgis samecniero akademiam SeiZina. m. brosem <strong>da</strong>aTvaliera qarTvelTa<br />

mier moskovSi aSenebuli sami eklesia, Sekriba cnobebi iqve <strong>da</strong>culi iveriis RvTismSoblis<br />

xatis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> somexTa saflavebi<strong>da</strong>n warwerebi gadmoiRo. moskovSi<br />

yofnisa <strong>da</strong> muSaobis dros mas <strong>da</strong>xmarebas uwev<strong>da</strong> petre qebaZe, romelmac akademias<br />

didi samsaxuri gauwia Zvel xelnawerTa SeZenaSi 2 .<br />

1838 wels moskovSi samecniero mivlinebisas, mari brosem moskovis universitetis<br />

studenti zaqaria falavandiSvili gaicno 3 . peterburgSi <strong>da</strong>brunebis Semdeg mari brosem,<br />

imave wlis 23 agvistos, Tavis axal nacnobs werili miswera, sa<strong>da</strong>c auwyeb<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

frangul enaze gamosacemad amzadeb<strong>da</strong> vaxuSti batoniSvilis naSroms: `aRwera samefosa<br />

saqarTvelosa“ <strong>da</strong> cnobebis Segroveba sTxova mas. maTi samecniero mimowera xSiri iyo.<br />

moskovis universitetSi swavlis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg, zaqaria falavandiSvili 1841<br />

wlis ianvarSi TbilisSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>. imave wels mari brosem <strong>da</strong>viT CubinaSvilTan <strong>da</strong> z.<br />

falavandiSvilTan erTad `vefxistyaosani“ gamosca, romlis gacnobasa <strong>da</strong> Seswavlaze<br />

jer kidev safrangeTSi yofnisas didi Sroma gaswia.<br />

<strong>XI</strong>X saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis Semadgeneli nawili iyo.<br />

qarTuli kulturis propagan<strong>da</strong> evropaSi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d rusuli enis meSveobiT xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>fuZn<strong>da</strong> araerTi rusulenovani samecniero Tu samecniero-popularuli<br />

organo. platon ioseliani 1844 wels gazeT `zakavkazskii vestnik~-is re<strong>da</strong>qtorad <strong>da</strong>iniSna.<br />

mas savsebiT gacnobierebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> kavkasiaSi rusuli perioduli gamocemis re<strong>da</strong>qtoris<br />

pasuxismgebloba. gazeTis furclebze gamoqveynebuli werilebiT igi rusulenovani<br />

mkiTxvelisTvis saqarTvelos istoriis <strong>da</strong> qarTuli kulturis propagan<strong>da</strong>s<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong>. platon ioselians axlo urTierToba hqon<strong>da</strong> kavkasiis mefisnacval graf mixeil<br />

simonis Ze voroncovTan. mixeil voroncovis Tanamdebobi<strong>da</strong>n wasvlis Semdeg, misma<br />

Semcvlelma n. muraviovma, 1855 wlis 21 ivliss vasil bebuTovis proeqti <strong>da</strong>amtkica<br />

<strong>da</strong> gazeTi `zakavkazzskii vestnik~-i adgilobrivi mTavrobis oficialur gazeT `kavkaz-<br />

Tan“ miaerTa, romlis re<strong>da</strong>qtori, samoqalaqo kancelariis moxele verderevski gax<strong>da</strong> 4 .<br />

platon ioseliani samsaxuris gareSe <strong>da</strong>rCa. igi mTel Tavis dros istoriuli dokumentebis<br />

Segrovebas uTmob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

platon ioselianisa <strong>da</strong> mari broses interesTa erToblioba, kerZod, qarTuli si-<br />

Zveleebis Seswavla, safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>edo maT Semdgom samecniero saqmianobas. platon ioselianis<br />

mier Segrovilma masalebma <strong>da</strong> qarTulma xelnawerebma, eklesia-monastrebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gadmowerilma sigel-gujrebma, didi <strong>da</strong>xmareba gauwia mari broses, romelmac rusul<br />

enaze <strong>da</strong>wera saqarTvelos istoria (Очерк критической историй Грузий). naSromi mari broses<br />

30 wliani <strong>da</strong>uRalavi Sromis Sedegi iyo.<br />

mari brose cdilob<strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiaSi gamgzavrebas, raTa pira<strong>da</strong>d gascnobo<strong>da</strong> qar-<br />

Tul kulturas. am sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT man Tavis megobar nikoloz xanikovs werili<br />

gaugzavna, romelic imxanad, TbilisSi, mefisnacvalTan diplomatiur rangSi samuSaod<br />

iyo ganwesebuli 5 . xanikovma mixeil voroncovs auwya m. broses kavkasiaSi mogzaurobis<br />

survili. m. voroncovi <strong>da</strong>interes<strong>da</strong> frangi mecnieris ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelhyo<br />

misi mogzauroba mTeli erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. 1847 wlis 1 agvistos m. brose<br />

1 x. qoqraSvili, platon ioseliani _ saeklesio istoriis mkvlevari (zogadi mimoxilva), axali <strong>da</strong> uaxlesi<br />

istoriis sakiTxebi, 1(7) (Tbilisi, 2010), gv. 42.<br />

2 E. Khochtaria-Brosset, S. Andrieu, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv.117.<br />

3 G. Bouatchidzé, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 94.<br />

4 g. saiTiZe, platon ioseliani _ re<strong>da</strong>qtori, publicisti (<strong>da</strong>badebis 200 wlis gamo), axali <strong>da</strong> uaxlesi<br />

istoriis sakiTxebi, 1(7) (Tbilisi, 2010), gv. 29.<br />

5 E. Khochtaria-Brosset, S. Andrieu, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 126.<br />

19

sankt-peterburgi<strong>da</strong>n gamoemgzavra. kavkasiis mefisnacvalma mixeil voroncovma Rirseuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>xvedra mouwyo peterburgi<strong>da</strong>n Camosul saxelganTqmul frang mecniers.<br />

1847 wlis 19 agvistos m. brose TbilisSi Cavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> pira<strong>da</strong>d gaicno platon ioseliani,<br />

romelmac gidoba gauwia frang mecniers saqarTvelos kuTxeebis monaxulebisas.<br />

Tavis mxriv, egzarqosma isidoremac miiRo mari brose, romelic egzarqoss Tavisi mogzaurobis<br />

samecniero miznebze esaubra. saqarTvelos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxeSi mogzaurobisas<br />

broses agondebo<strong>da</strong> vaxuSti batoniSvilis mier aRwerili adgilebi. 1847 wlis 5 seqtembers<br />

brosem metexis eklesia moinaxula, 7 seqtembers mcxeTa, 9 seqtembers Sio mRvimis<br />

monasters ewvia, 17 seqtembers Telavs, moinaxula alaverdis monasteri, aseve axalcixe.<br />

platon ioseliani mari broses mcxeTis <strong>da</strong>saTvaliereblad gahyva <strong>da</strong> mas epigrafikuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> arqeologiuri xasiaTis uZvirfasesi masala gaacno. mcxeTis monaxuleba platon ioselians<br />

SemTxveviT ar ga<strong>da</strong>uwyvetia. man ico<strong>da</strong>, rom mcxeTaSi mravali Seuswavleli Zegli<br />

iyo 1 . frangma mecnierma moiara imereTi, samegrelo, afxazeTi biWvinTamde, leCxumi,<br />

svaneTi, raWa. sakmaod didi dro moandoma gelaTis siZveleTa Seswavlas. amierkavkasia-<br />

Si igi TerTmeti Tve gaCer<strong>da</strong>. Svidi Tve man saqarTvelos istoriuli kuTxeebis monaxulebas,<br />

<strong>da</strong>narCeni dro ki sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Zeglebis <strong>da</strong> eklesiebis gacnobas, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />

sino<strong>da</strong>luri kantoris mdi<strong>da</strong>ri siZveleTsacavis Seswavlas moandoma. kavkasiaSi mogzaurobis<br />

dros, mari broses uamravi masala ga<strong>da</strong>sces kerZo pirebma, ramac peterburgis akademiis<br />

qarTuli arqeologiuri koleqciebiT Sevseba-gamdidrebas Seuwyo xeli. saqar-<br />

TveloSi muSaobis dros mari broses didi <strong>da</strong>xmareba aRmouCina m. xanikovma, romelmac<br />

mecniers Tavisi bina <strong>da</strong>uTmo, ga<strong>da</strong>sca TeTri wyaros (aRbulaRis) jvari-patiosanis, wyarosTavis<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva eklesiebis metad saintereso sabuTebi. frangi mecnierisTvis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

aRmoCenis mizniT, 1848 wels igi pira<strong>da</strong>d gaemgzavra anisSi, sai<strong>da</strong>nac musulmanur<br />

warweraTa mniSvnelovani koleqcia wamoiRo <strong>da</strong> saTanado ganmartebebiTurT mari broses<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sca. atensa <strong>da</strong> gorijvarSi mogzaurobisas mari broses megzuroba dimitri meRvineTuxucesma<br />

gauwia 2 . igi Tan axl<strong>da</strong> mecniers mazris Crdilo nawilis xangrZlivi <strong>da</strong>Tvalierebis<br />

dros <strong>da</strong> imdenad gaerkva ruseTis akademiis mier <strong>da</strong>saxul amocanebSi, rom SemdegSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblad axerxeb<strong>da</strong> im adgilebis gamokvlevas, romelTa naxva m. brosem ver moaswro.<br />

saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis Semdeg, 1847 wels, mari brosem gamoaqveyna werili `saqarTvelos<br />

warsulis ZeglTa Seswavlis aucilebloba <strong>da</strong> saSualebani~ 3 . werilSi mari<br />

brose aRniSnavs im didi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis Sesaxeb, romelic platon ioselianma mas saqarTveloSi<br />

mogzaurobis dros gauwia. am ori mecnieris mosazrebebi zogjer erTmaneTs ar<br />

emTxveo<strong>da</strong>. ase magaliTad, mari broses mier gamocemul `qarTlis cxovrebis“ meeqvse<br />

<strong>da</strong>matebaSi, igi Seexo qarTlSi asurel mamaTa Semosvlis sakiTxs. platon ioselianis<br />

azriT, es V saukuneSi un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo. mari brosem ki es faqti VI saukuniT <strong>da</strong>aTari-<br />

Ra. misi mosazreba swori aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. asurel mamaTa qarTlSi Semosvla dResac VI saukuniT<br />

TariRdeba 4 .<br />

mari broses samecniero saqmianoba mraval qarTvel moRvawesTan akavSireb<strong>da</strong>, saqar-<br />

TveloSi maTTan kavSirs platon ioselianis meSveobiT axerxeb<strong>da</strong>. didi megobroba akav-<br />

Sireb<strong>da</strong> qarTvel poetTan, samxedro <strong>da</strong> sazogado moRvawesTan aleqsandre WavWavaZesTan<br />

(1786-1846 ww.). Tavis mxriv, maT saerTo nacnoboba akavSireb<strong>da</strong>T frang diplomat leteliesTan,<br />

aseve gambasTan, TbilisSi safrangeTis konsulTan, romelic aris avtori naSromisa:<br />

`mogzauroba saqarTveloSi“. aleqsandre WavWavaZe <strong>da</strong> mari brose <strong>da</strong>uswreblad<br />

icnobdnen erTmaneTs, Sexvedris saSualeba ki maT arasodes hqoniaT, Tumca sakuTar azrebs<br />

uziarebdnen erTmaneTs, maT Soris Suamavloba platon ioselianma ikisra. aleqsandre<br />

WavWavaZes ekuTvnis naSromi: `saqarTvelos mokle istoriuli narkvevi <strong>da</strong> mdgomareoba<br />

1801 wli<strong>da</strong>n 1831 wlamde“. platon ioselianma auwya peterburgSi myof frang mecniers<br />

qarTveli mwerlis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis ambavi, romelic tragikulad <strong>da</strong>iRupa TbilisSi 1846<br />

wlis 18 noembers.<br />

1845 wlis 26 ianvars gagzavnil werilSi platon ioseliani broses Tavisi axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />

megobrisa <strong>da</strong> kolegis zaqaria falavandiSvilis moulodneli gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis amb-<br />

1 m. broses werili z. WiWinaZisadmi, iveria, #27 (1902), gv. 18.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 128.<br />

3 М. Броссе, О необходимости и способахъ изучать памятники старины Грузии (Тифлис, 1847), стр. 130.<br />

4 T. zarnaZe, mari broses samecniero kontaqtebi qarTvel moRvaweebTan, kavkasiologiis saerTaSoriso samecniero-kvleviTi<br />

<strong>institutis</strong> perioduli organo amirani, #10 (Tbilisi, 2004), gv. 44-45.<br />

20

avs atyobinebs. werili adresatTan ver moxv<strong>da</strong>, radgan brose im periodSi samSobloSi<br />

imyofebo<strong>da</strong> janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo 1 . peterburgSi <strong>da</strong>brunebisas, 1845 wlis 30 seqseqtembers,<br />

mari brosem werili gaugzavna platon ioselians, sa<strong>da</strong>c gamoTqmuli iyo<br />

sinanuli im tkivilis gamo, rac mas zaqaria falavandiSvilis moulodnelma gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebam<br />

miayena.<br />

platon ioselians sicocxlis bolomde ar Seuwyvetia samecniero TanamSromloba<br />

frang mecnierTan. Tavis mxriv, mari brose mas ruseTis akademiis gamocemebs ugzavni<strong>da</strong>,<br />

aseve recenziebs wer<strong>da</strong> mis Sromebze. mari broses TxovniT <strong>da</strong> uSualo SuamdgomlobiT<br />

platon ioselianma sinodis kantoris arqivSi muSaobis ufleba moipova, sa<strong>da</strong>c man 400-<br />

mde uZvelesi dokumenti gaarCia, Seiswavla <strong>da</strong> or tomad gamosca.<br />

platon ioseliani gar<strong>da</strong>icvala 1875 wlis 15 noembers, sakuTar <strong>da</strong>badebis dReze,<br />

66 wlis asakSi. am samwuxaro faqts er-erTi pirveli gazeTi `droeba“ gamoexmaura 2 .<br />

platon ioselians mari brosesTan erTad didi wvlili miuZRvis Zveli qarTuli<br />

literaturis Zeglebis Seswavlasa <strong>da</strong> gamocemaSi. platon ioseliani Tavisi mecnieruli<br />

kvlevis Sedegebs aqveyneb<strong>da</strong> Semdeg gamocemebSi: saxalxo ganaTlebis saministros<br />

Jurnali, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Jurnali, JurnalebSi: `kavkasia“ <strong>da</strong> `kavkasiuri<br />

kalen<strong>da</strong>ri“. Tavis mxriv, mari brosem ara erTi naSromi uZRvna saqarTvelos istoriis,<br />

arqeologiis, numizmatikis sakiTxebs. man frangulad Targmna <strong>da</strong> 1849-1958 wlebSi 7 tomad<br />

gamoca `qarTlis cxovreba“ 3 , vaxuSti batoniSvilis `istoriis“ geografiuli nawili,<br />

sexnia CxeiZis, papuna orbelianisa <strong>da</strong> oman xerxeuliZis istoriuli Txzulebebi,<br />

komentarebiT <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebiT. misi <strong>da</strong>uRalavi Sromis <strong>da</strong>gvirgvineba iyo `saqarTvelos<br />

istoria“, romlis I tomi 1848 wels gamoica. broses am naSromze muSaoba sikvdilamde<br />

ar Seuwyvetia. 1851 wli<strong>da</strong>n mari brose aqtiurad monawileob<strong>da</strong> ruseTis saimperatoro<br />

arqeologiuri sazogadoebis muSaobaSi, romlis wevra<strong>da</strong>c 1852 wli<strong>da</strong>n iricxebo<strong>da</strong>, xolo<br />

1859-1867 wlebSi aRniSnuli sazogadoebis aRmosavleTis seqciis gamge iyo. 1879<br />

wlis 6 ivniss igi ukanasknelad <strong>da</strong>eswro peterburgis akademiis istoriul-filologiuri<br />

ganyofilebis sxdomas. janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo, mecnieri safrangeTSi gaemgzavra,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c sami Tvis Semdeg, 1880 wlis 3 seqtembers, 78 wlis asakSi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala.<br />

platon ioseliani m. brosesadmi gagzavnil werilebSi xSirad ruseTis mecnierebaTa<br />

akademias gulgrilobaSi a<strong>da</strong>naSaulebs. erT-erT werilSi igi wers: `akademias,<br />

etyoba ara aqus survili qarTulisa ambebisa <strong>da</strong> uguloTac aris _ ese sazogado hazria<br />

<strong>da</strong> WeSmariti“ 4 .<br />

mari brose, marTalia, ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis <strong>da</strong>kveTiT muSaob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> bunebrivia,<br />

am qveynis interesebs ver uRalateb<strong>da</strong>, magram mas zogjer seriozuli kamaTi mosdio<strong>da</strong><br />

TviT rus mkvlevrebTan. ase magaliTad, rusma orientalistma, peterburgis universitetis<br />

arabuli enis profesorma senkovskim gamoaqveyna werili: `zogierTi eWvi qarTvelTa<br />

istoriis Sesaxeb“, romlSic man sa<strong>da</strong>vo gaxa<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa TviTmyofadobac ki<br />

<strong>XI</strong>I saukunemde. mari brosem, istoriul dokumentebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, sagangebo werilSi<br />

senkovskis mier gamoTqmuli eWvebis usafuZvloba mecnierulad <strong>da</strong>amtkica.<br />

ori TvalsaCino moRvawis _ platon ioselianisa <strong>da</strong> mari broses samecniero Tanam-<br />

Sromlobam didi samsaxuri gauwia, rogorc saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevarT, aseve qarTuli<br />

kulturis <strong>da</strong> siZveleebis sazRvargareT popularizacias.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />

1. m. broses werili z. WiWinaZisadmi, iveria, #27 (tfilisi, 1902).<br />

2. droeba, 18 noemberi (tfilisi, 1875).<br />

3. r. do<strong>da</strong>Svili, mari brose _ qarTuli mwerlobis mkvlevari (Tbilisi, 1962).<br />

1 G. Bouatchidzé, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 95.<br />

2 droeba, 18 noemberi, (tfilisi, 1875).<br />

3 M. Brosset, Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l‟ antiquité jusqu‟au <strong>XI</strong>X siècle, volume I-VII (Saint-Pétersbourg, 1848-1858).<br />

4 s. yubaneiSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 192.<br />

21

4. T. zarnaZe, mari broses samecniero kontaqtebi qarTvel moRvaweebTan, kavkasiologiis<br />

saerTaSoriso samecniero-kvleviTi <strong>institutis</strong> perioduli organo amirani, #10 (2004).<br />

5. p. ioseliani, cxovreba mefisa giorgi mecametisa, akaki gawerelias Sesavali werilebiT,<br />

re<strong>da</strong>qciiTa <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebiT (Tbilisi, 1936).<br />

6. p. ratiani, epizodebi platon ioselianis moRvaweobi<strong>da</strong>n, sabWoTa qali, #2 (Tbilisi,<br />

1976).<br />

7. g. saiTiZe, platon ioseliani _ re<strong>da</strong>qtori, publicisti (<strong>da</strong>badebis 200 wlis gamo),<br />

axali <strong>da</strong> uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, 1(7) (Tbilisi, 2010).<br />

8. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis enciklopediuri leqsikoni, avtor-Semdgenelni:<br />

e. gabiZaSvili, m. mamacaSvili, a. RambaSiZe (Tbilisi, 2007).<br />

9. i. tabaRua, mari broses nakvalevze, droSa, #2 (Tbilisi, 1965).<br />

10. x. qoqraSvili, platon ioseliani _ saeklesio istoriis mkvlevari (zogadi mimoxilva),<br />

axali <strong>da</strong> uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, 1(7) (Tbilisi, 2010).<br />

11. s. yubaneiSvili, platon ioselianis werilebi akademikos mari brosesadmi, SoTa<br />

rusTavelis saxelobis baTumis saxelmwifo samaswavleblo <strong>institutis</strong> samecniero<br />

<strong>Sromebi</strong>s krebuli, wigni pirveli (baTumi, 1941).<br />

12. g. SaraZe, evgeni bolxovitinovi _ pirveli rusi rusTvelologi (Tbilisi, 1978).<br />

13. z. WiWinaZe, platon ioseliani (Tbilisi, 1893).<br />

14. S. xanTaZe, mari brose (istoriografiuli narkvevi) (Tbilisi, 1966).<br />

15. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, mari broses arqivi, saqme #72, 77, 80, 82, 87, 88, 97, 111,<br />

164.<br />

16. e. xoStaria-brose, akademikos mari broses saarqivo memkvidreoba, literaturuli<br />

saqarTvelo (Tbilisi, 2002).<br />

17. cxovreba petre iberisa, asuruli re<strong>da</strong>qcia germanuli<strong>da</strong>n Targmna <strong>da</strong> ganmartebiTi<br />

saZieblebi <strong>da</strong>urTo i. lolaSvilma (Tbilisi, 1988).<br />

18. x. jorbenaZe, dimitri baqraZis <strong>da</strong> mari broses samecniero urTierTobisaTvis, kavkasiologiis<br />

saerTaSoriso samecniero-kvleviTi <strong>institutis</strong> perioduli organo amirani,<br />

#8 (Tbilisi, 2003).<br />

19. А. Барамидзе, Д. Ватейшвили, П. И. Иоселиани, Очерк жизни и научно-общественной деятельности<br />

(Тбилиси, 1978).<br />

20. G. Bouatchidzé, La vie de Marie Brosset, édition du Petit Véhicule (Nantes, 1996).<br />

21. М. Броссе, О необходимости и способахъ изучать памятники старины Грузии (Тифлис, 1847).<br />

22. M. Brosset, Chronique Géorgienne publieé par la Societé royale asiatique de France (Paris, 1830).<br />

23. M. Brosset, Rapport sur un voyage archéologique exécuté <strong>da</strong>ns la Géorgie et <strong>da</strong>ns l‟ Arménie en 1847-1848,<br />

publieé par l‟ Académie impérial des sciences (Saint-Pétersbourg, 1851).<br />

24. M. Brosset, Additions et éclaircissement a l‟Histoire de la Géorgie publieé par l‟ Académie impérial des<br />

sciences (Saint-Pétersbourg, 1851).<br />

25. M. Brosset, Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l‟ antiquité jusqu‟au <strong>XI</strong>X siècle, volume I-VII (Saint-Pétersbourg,<br />

1848-1858).<br />

26. Житие Петра Ивера, царевича-подвижника и епископа Маиюмского V века, Православный<br />

палестинский сборник, XVI (1896).<br />

27. П. Иоселиани, Мцхетский храмъ въ Грузии, журнал министерства народнаго просвъщения, XXXVI (С-<br />

Петербургъ, 1842).<br />

28. П. Иоселиани, Описание древностей города Тифлиса (Тифлис, 1866).<br />

29. П. Иоселиани, Путевые записки от Тифлиса до Ахталы (Тифлис, 1850).<br />

30. П. Иоселиани, Города сушествовавшие и существующие в Грузии (Тифлис, 1850).<br />

31. E. Khochtaria-Brosset, S. Andrieu, Marie-Felicité Brosset, Bibliographie (frangul <strong>da</strong> qarTul<br />

enebze) (Tbilissi, 1999).<br />

32. Н. Махарадзе, Платон Иоселиани В `Закавказском Вестнике“, Вопросы теории и истории журналистики<br />

(Тбилиси, 1974).<br />

33. Сто замечательных финов, калейдоскоп биографии, ред. Тимо Вихавайнем, пер. с финск. И. М.<br />

Соломеща, общества финской литературы (Хельсинк, 2004).<br />

22

LELA SARALIDZE<br />

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,<br />

Ivane javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE COOPERATION<br />

OF PLATON IOSELIANI AND MARIE BROSSET<br />

The given work is about the scientific cooperation of the famous Georgian public figure, theologian and literary<br />

man _ Platon Ioseliani with well-known French scientist- Marie Brosset. Since 1838 Platon Ioseliani and Marie<br />

Brosset were actively exchanging letters on the problems of the history of Georgia. Platon Ioseliani greatly valued<br />

Marie Brosset‟s contribution in the study of Georgian antiquities and was providing him with old manuscripts.<br />

Professor Solomon Kubaneishvili published in 1941 correspondence of Platon Ioseliani and Marie Brosset. Lately,<br />

in his book `The Life of Marie Brosset~ Gaston Buachidze published the same correspondence in French in Paris.<br />

In the given work it is underscored that Marie Brosset studied and worked on the unique materials sent by<br />

Platon Ioseliani. He shared with Georgian scientist his own explanations of the Georgian manuscripts and used to<br />

ask what Platon Ioseliani‟s viewpoints were about them. Platon Ioseliani‟s and Marie Brosset‟s scientific interests,<br />

mainly the study of Georgian antiquities became the basis of their future scientific cooperation. The materials that<br />

were gathered by Platon Ioseliani and Georgian manuscripts, deed charters written from the churches and monasteries<br />

where they were preserved, did a great service to Marie Brosset who wrote a history of Georgia in Russian<br />

(`Reviews of Critical History of Georgia~).<br />

In August 19, in 1847 Marie Brosset arrived in Tbilisi and met Platon Ioseliani for the first time. Platon Ioseliani<br />

was guiding and showing the foreign scientist historical regions of Georgia. On his turn the governor-general<br />

of the Caucasus-Vorontsov met famous French scientist who arrived in Tbilisi from Peters-Burg with honor. Scientific<br />

interests made Marie Brosset to be in touch with many Georgian public figures. It was Platon Ioseliani who connected<br />

Marie Brosset with them. Marie Brosset had a great friendship with Georgian poet, military and public figure<br />

– Aleksandre Chavchavadze (1786-1848). On their turn both of them had friendship with French diplomat Letellier,<br />

with Jaques Francois Gamba, with a consul of France in Tbilisi who is an author of the work: `The Travel in<br />

Georgia~. Aleksandre Chavchavadze and Marie Brosset had never met each other, but were exchanging their opinions<br />

with the help of Platon Ioseliani.<br />

Platon Ioseliani together with Marie Brosset contributed greatly in studding and editing of the old Georgian<br />

liturgical monuments. The cooperation of these two outstanding figures served greatly both the researchers of the<br />

history of Georgia as well as the popularization of the Georgian culture and antiquities abroad.<br />

23

dodo WumburiZe<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> instituti<br />

platon ioseliani giorgi saakaZis Sesaxeb<br />

Tumca am werilis mTavari mizania giorgi saakaZis pirovnebaze platon ioselianis<br />

Tvalsazrisis gadmocema <strong>da</strong> Sefaseba, oriode sityviT ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT is didi<br />

vnebaTaRelva, rasac es Tema iwvevs ara marto dRes, aramed im droi<strong>da</strong>n, rodesac qarTulma<br />

sazogadoebam gaicno <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>inaxa am a<strong>da</strong>mianis naRvawi. es ki XVII saukuneSive<br />

mox<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>vac am droi<strong>da</strong>n gaCaR<strong>da</strong>. saakaZe Zul<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> uyvar<strong>da</strong>T, xan moRalated, xan saqarTvelos<br />

mxsnelad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, mis pirovnebas, dro<strong>da</strong>dro xan aRazevebdnen, xanac lan-<br />

ZRavdnen, politikuri viTareba am procesebze pir<strong>da</strong>pir moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saakaZis saxec am<br />

fonze gaiazrebo<strong>da</strong>. ruseTis samsaxurSi erTgulad Camdgar platon ioseliansac mouwia<br />

sakuTari <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis asaxva saxelganTqmuli qarTveli sardlisadmi im istoriul<br />

narkvevSi, romelsac aseve politikuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

saqarTvelos istoriaSi gamoCenil pirovnebaTa Soris, giorgi saakaZe erTaderTi<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani ar aris, visi moRvaweobis Sefasebac azrTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobas iwvevs. platon ioselians<br />

moux<strong>da</strong> sakuTari azris gamoTqma ori iseTi a<strong>da</strong>mianis Sesaxeb, romelTa fenomeni<br />

mravaljer yofila gansjis sagani <strong>da</strong> xSirad qarTvel moRvaweTa mier xotbaSesxmulic<br />

<strong>da</strong> gakicxulic. eseni arian _ Teimuraz pirveli <strong>da</strong> giorgi saakaZe. saakaZisadmi<br />

ioselianis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba orive am naSromi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, radganac am ori istoriuli pirovnebis<br />

cxovreba mtkiced <strong>da</strong> sabediswerod ga<strong>da</strong>ejaWva erTmaneTs.<br />

platon ioselianis Sroma, romelsac erqva _ `didi mouravi giorgi saakaZis cxovreba~,<br />

<strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> 1848 wels, TbilisSi, mefisnacvlis kancelariaSi 1 . aqve <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> platon<br />

ioselianis mier 1853 wels gamocemuli arCilis poema `Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong> rusTvelis gabaaseba~.<br />

mecnierma poemis mxolod nawili gamosca saxelwodebiT _ `cxovreba mefisa Teimuraz<br />

pirvelisa~, rasac sakuTari istoriul-literaturuli xasiaTis SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong>ur-<br />

To. es gamocemac miZRvnilia mefisnacval mixeil voroncovisadmi 2 . am naSromTa koniunqturiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>R<strong>da</strong>smulobas Tun<strong>da</strong>c es faqtic a<strong>da</strong>sturebs. platon ioselians saakaZeze wignis<br />

<strong>da</strong>wera SeukveTa mouravis STamomavalma _ revaz dimitris-Ze Tarxan-mouravma. istorikosi<br />

SiSiT Sedgomia am <strong>da</strong>valebis Sesrulebas. `Tqven isurveT gqono<strong>da</strong>T Tqveni<br />

winapris, didi mouravis giorgi saakaZis istoria <strong>da</strong> ar SeuSindiT im fiqrs, rom saqar-<br />

Tvelos matianeebSi esoden ganTqmuli misi saxeli <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia sisxlian saqmeTa<br />

sazarel mogonebebTan~, _ ase iwyeba naSromis Sesavali nawili. is pirobas aZlevs <strong>da</strong>mkveTsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebas, rom utyuari sabuTebiT ityvis simarTles <strong>da</strong> obieqturad Seafasebs<br />

am aviT <strong>da</strong> kargiT gamorCeul istoriul pirovnebas. `<strong>da</strong>e Tqveni winapris bed-iRbalSi<br />

amoikiTxon bedi alkibiadesi, imdenadve didebuli rom iyo Tavisi saqmeebiT, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />

pira<strong>da</strong>d ubeduri <strong>da</strong> cnan diadi saxeli aTeneli mTavarsardlisa, romelic ga-<br />

Wirvebas ganicdi<strong>da</strong> mis mierve amaRlebul <strong>da</strong> didebiT Semosil samSobloSi~. es ganacxadia<br />

im mkvlevrisa, vinc bevri sabuTi ipova saakaZis pirovnebis <strong>da</strong>debiTad Sesafaseblad,<br />

ris gamoc CaTvala igi usamarTlod Cagrulad <strong>da</strong> sakuTari xalxisgan <strong>da</strong>ufaseblad.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkveTi rusuli samxedro aristokratiis rigebSi iyo, misi winapari didi mouravis<br />

msgavsad, bevr TanamemamulesTan erTad, Tavganwirulad emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mpyrobels<br />

<strong>da</strong> swored aseTi sabuTebis mokrebasa <strong>da</strong> saakaZis reabilitacias iTxov<strong>da</strong> misgan.<br />

avtors gamouyenebia qarTuli <strong>da</strong> ucxouri wyaroebi, kerZod, somxuri, sparsuli,<br />

Turquli, germanuli, franguli <strong>da</strong> sxva, yvelaze metad <strong>da</strong>yrdnobia XVII saukunis gamo-<br />

Cenili poetis _ ioseb Tbilelis istoriul poemas _ `didmouravians~ 3 . am poemis gamomcemelic<br />

Tavad iyo <strong>da</strong> SesavalSi wer<strong>da</strong> kidec, rom Tavisi TxzulebisaTvis `xelT<br />

aqvn<strong>da</strong>~ es nawarmoebi. SromisaTvis mas cota gvian <strong>da</strong>werili farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis is-<br />

1 p. ioseliani, didi mouravi giorgi saakaZis cxovreba, pirveli gamocema, Targmani rusuli<strong>da</strong>n (Tbilisi,<br />

1977), gv. 13-110.<br />

2<br />

q. cxa<strong>da</strong>Ze, platon ioseliani, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis mkvlevarni (Tbilisi, 1986), gv. 39-57; l.<br />

gvaramaZe, platon ioseliani re<strong>da</strong>qtor-gamomcemeli, teqstologiis sakiTxebi, III (Tbilisi, 1971), gv. 138-<br />

174.<br />

3<br />

ioseb tfileli, `didmouraviani~ (Tbilisi, 1939), gv. 3-64.<br />

24

toria 1 <strong>da</strong> erekle pirvelis asulis _ mariam bagrationis XVII saukunis saqarTvelos<br />

istoriis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>werili saistorio Txzulebac gamouyenebia, romelic mis arqivTan<br />

erTad SemdegSi <strong>da</strong>ikarga. Tu XVII saukuneSi giorgi saakaZes xotbiT mosaven ioseb Tbilelis<br />

(1620-1688), farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis (1626-1696) <strong>da</strong> arCilis (1647-1713) Txzulebebi,<br />

XVIII saukuneSi ukve gamouCn<strong>da</strong> opozicia saakaZes imis gamo, rom Teimuraz I-is (1606-1660)<br />

memkvidreebi _ Teimurz II (1744-1760) <strong>da</strong> erekle II (1744-1798) aqtiur saxelmwifoebriv politikas<br />

atareben. amdenad, gaxSir<strong>da</strong> misi kritika <strong>da</strong> ufro metad ganmtkic<strong>da</strong> uaryofi-<br />

Ti sazogadoebrivi azri saakaZeze. es procesi Senel<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saakaZis reabilitacia <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>pyrobis Semdeg. saakaZe CaiTvala erovnul gmirad, xolo<br />

qarTveli mefeebi ufro metad sakuTari xelisuflebis ganmadidebel <strong>da</strong> erTguli<br />

Tavadebis interesebis <strong>da</strong>mcvelebad, xalxis bedis arad Camgdeb pirovnebebad. qarTvel<br />

mefeTagan mxolod mcireni iyvnen gulmowyaleni (magaliTad, Tamari), romelTa saqmeebs<br />

axla rusi mwyalobeli imperatorebi <strong>da</strong> moxeleebi agrZelebdnen.<br />

gavixsenoT grigol orbelianis `sadRegrZelo<strong>da</strong>n~ imperatorisadmi miZRvnili sityvebi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c poeti pirsisxlian nikoloz pirvels Tamaris saqmis gamgrZeleblad <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />

did moamaged miiCnevs... 2 <strong>da</strong> Tun<strong>da</strong>c platon ioselianis azri voroncovis<br />

`sasargeblod qarTvelTa~ moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. saakaZis fenomeni ruseTs Wirdebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />

ukeT <strong>da</strong>samorCileblad, un<strong>da</strong> ganmtkicebuliyo azri: qarTvelebi un<strong>da</strong> Cadgnen<br />

ruseTis samsaxurSi, amiT samSoblosac moemsaxurebian <strong>da</strong> erovnuli gmiris titulsac<br />

moipoveben iseve, rogorc es saakaZis SemTxvevaSi mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT isic, rom xSirad Cvens istoriografiul mecnierebas ar aqvs sworad<br />

SerCeuli kriteriumi, romliTac un<strong>da</strong> moxdes pirovnebis Rvawlisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>msaxurebis<br />

Sefaseba. amosaval wertilad, albaT, miCneuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnes qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

erTguleba, erTguleba im `Cveulebisaebr mamulisa svlisa~, anu qristianobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

im erovnuli tradiciebisa, rac ganamtkiceb<strong>da</strong> qarTul saxelmwifos. mag. xosro mirza,<br />

igive rostom mefe (1632-1658), xSirad xotbaSesxmulia Tavisi gawonasworebuli <strong>da</strong> loialuri<br />

politikis gamo <strong>da</strong> miviwyebulia misi sisxlismRvreli brZolebi qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg<br />

igive saakaZis periodSi, aseve, misi mavne zegavlena qarTveli xalxis erovnul<br />

cnobierebaze, sulier procesebze. es kriteriumi verc platon ioselianma monaxa, man,<br />

zoga<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>debiTad Seafasa giorgi saakaZe, Tumca misi moRvaweobis uaryofiTi mxareebic<br />

ar <strong>da</strong>umalavs.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom istoriuli epoqac <strong>da</strong> uSualod <strong>da</strong>mkveTic (ramaz dimitris-<br />

Ze Tarxan-mouravi) istorikosisgan saakaZis erTmniSvnelovan (<strong>da</strong>debiT) Sefasebas elodnen,<br />

platon ioselianma es ar gaakeTa <strong>da</strong> Tavis istoriaSi ar <strong>da</strong>mala saakaZis mier Cadenili<br />

antierovnuli qmedebani <strong>da</strong> mas uaryofiTi <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebac misca, Tumca es ar aisaxa<br />

am gamoCenili istoriuli gmiris ioselianiseul zogad SefasebaSi.<br />

e. w. gaorebul pirovnebaTa fenomeni imdenad rTulia, imdenad winaaRmdegobrivi,<br />

rom istorikoss uWirs maTi adgilisa <strong>da</strong> rolis obieqturi Sefaseba sazogadoebis ganviTarebis<br />

amaTuim safexurze, ara<strong>da</strong>, rac un<strong>da</strong> didi undobloba <strong>da</strong> kritikuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />

iyos maT mimarT, interesi mainc Seunelebeli <strong>da</strong> ganuzomelia. Tu kvleva amgvari,<br />

anu obieqturi, istoriul faqtebsa <strong>da</strong> procesebis analizze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli ar iqneba,<br />

maSin miudgomeli mkiTxveli Tu msmeneli arc imas <strong>da</strong>ujerebs bolomde, vinc amgvar<br />

pirovnebebs xotbas aRuvlens, <strong>da</strong> arc imaT, vinc maT orpirobasa <strong>da</strong> saqveyno<br />

mtrobaSi gvarwmunebs. miTumetes, argumentebs isini orive mxares sakmaod aZleven. aqac,<br />

giorgi sakaZesTan, aris: ga<strong>da</strong>xdili omebis didi masStabebi <strong>da</strong> samxedro strategiis virtuozuli<br />

floba, kritikuli situacii<strong>da</strong>n gamosavlis monaxvis niWi, masStaburi azrovneba,<br />

rac upirispirdeba: saakaZis sparseTSi gaqcevas, mis did avtoritetsa <strong>da</strong> misadmi<br />

gamoCenil ndobas sparseTis veragiHSahisagan maSin, rodesac saqarTveloSi sparseTi<br />

udides tragediebs atrialeb<strong>da</strong>. istoriuli sabuTebi, rasac platon ioselianic ar malavs,<br />

miuTiTebs saakaZis monawileobaze qarTuli eTnosis masobriv ayrasa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebaSi,<br />

mouravis aqtiurobaze sparselTa Camosaxlebisa <strong>da</strong> im patriot qarTvelTa sikvdiliT<br />

<strong>da</strong>sjis procesSi, vinc saakaZis piradi mtrebi iyvnen, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mis<br />

mtrebad gaiazrebodnen. Tu avtors <strong>da</strong>vujerebT, saakaZe xSirad imaT mxareze mdgara,<br />

romelTa mizani iyo qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ara marto <strong>da</strong>susteba, aramed <strong>da</strong>mxo-<br />

1<br />

farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe, istoria, saistorio moambe, II (Tbilisi, 1925), gv. 198-316.<br />

2<br />

gr. orbeliani, `saRamo gamosalmebisa~, erTtomeuli (Tbilisi, 1989), gv. 189-190.<br />

25

a. ai, ra ori mxarea <strong>da</strong> ra Znelia _ erTs (mis erovnul gmirad Sefasebas) <strong>da</strong>ujero<br />

bolomde <strong>da</strong> meoreSi (RalatSi) eWvic ar Seitano... anu mkiTxvelic <strong>da</strong> mTlianad sazogadoebrivi<br />

azric gaorebuli ar <strong>da</strong>rCes <strong>da</strong> jansaRi koncefcia ar miiCqmalos.<br />

Tu istoriul procesebs <strong>da</strong>vakvirdebiT, <strong>da</strong>pyrobili qveynis bunebriv meqanizmSi<br />

susti rgolebi TavisTavad Cndeba. mSobliur enas erTmeva universaluri funqcia <strong>da</strong> is<br />

mxolod adgilobrivi moxmarebis sagani xdeba. giorgi saakaZis dros es movlena iseTive<br />

mZafri iyo, rogoric yovelTvis <strong>da</strong> yvela <strong>da</strong>pyrobil qveyanaSi. misi Tanamedrove mefe<br />

<strong>da</strong> poeti wer<strong>da</strong>: `sparsuli enis sitkboman masurva musikobanio~ 1 . am naTqvams aqvs gamorCeuli<br />

simZafre marto imiTac, rom mas iseTi a<strong>da</strong>miani warmoTqvams, romelsac yvelaze<br />

metad un<strong>da</strong> esmodes mSobliuri enis uzenaesi <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba <strong>da</strong> ibrZodes misi ganmtkicebisTvis.<br />

saxelmwifo irRveva <strong>da</strong> renegatebi mravldebian enis funqciis <strong>da</strong>kninebisas.<br />

ioane zosimes `qebai <strong>da</strong> didebai...~ qarTuli enis momavals ki ara, qarTuli saxelmwifos<br />

momavals Wirdebo<strong>da</strong>. rodesac sxva ena ucvlis mSobliurs, pirovnebaSi Semodis<br />

am enis patroni erisadmi loialuri ganc<strong>da</strong>. aRar SevCerdebi e. w. gaorebul romantikosebze,<br />

romelTaTvis mSobliur enas mxolod emociuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva hqon<strong>da</strong>, mas mxolod<br />

poeziaSi iyenebdnen <strong>da</strong> saubarSi, pirad werilebsa Tu yofaSi rusuls irCevdnen, leqsebSi<br />

samSoblos <strong>da</strong>mpyrobeli veSapis <strong>da</strong>marcxebaze ocnebobdnen <strong>da</strong> realobaSi am ve-<br />

Saps TavganwirviT aZlierebdnen. anu es a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, SeiZleba vTqvaT, mxolod virtualur<br />

saqarTvelos asxamdnen xotbas <strong>da</strong> is uyvar<strong>da</strong>T, realurs ki Ralatobdnen 2 .<br />

giorgi saakaZis niWisa <strong>da</strong> gaqanebis a<strong>da</strong>mians samoqmedod samefoebad <strong>da</strong> saTavadoebad<br />

<strong>da</strong>yofili patara qveynis sivrce ver eyofo<strong>da</strong>, mas SeeZlo didi imperia emarTa <strong>da</strong>,<br />

raRac momentebSi sparseTisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis imperiebs arapir<strong>da</strong>pir kidec marTav<strong>da</strong> (politikuri<br />

rCevebiTa Tu iaraRiT maT mmarTvelebs exmarebo<strong>da</strong>), zogjer sakuTari samSoblos<br />

Ralatis xarjzec. es ar imalebo<strong>da</strong> mis samSobloSi <strong>da</strong> aq misi qmedebebis Sesaxeb<br />

simarTlesTan erTad legendebic <strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong>. es legendebi ico<strong>da</strong> yvelam, maT Soris platon<br />

ioselianmac, kacma ganswavlulma <strong>da</strong> istoriul-saxelmwifoebrivad moazrovnem.<br />

saakaZis gamarTlebas platon ioseliani cdilobs Tavadebis aRzevebiTa <strong>da</strong> Seurigebeli<br />

bunebiT. maT, ioselianis azriT, ar moswon<strong>da</strong>T, rom saakaZe iyo Tavisi piradi<br />

<strong>da</strong>msaxurebiT <strong>da</strong> ara STamomavlobiTi warmomavlobiT gaTavadebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>winaurebuli<br />

samefo karze. amdroindeli Tavaduri mentaliteti ki sxva rameze iyo <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli.<br />

saukuneobiT ganmtkicebuli mdgomareoba aristokratias xels uSli<strong>da</strong> gaego erTbaSad<br />

gaTanabreba <strong>da</strong> gverdiT amodgoma vinmesi, Tun<strong>da</strong>c iseTi niWierisa <strong>da</strong> gambe<strong>da</strong>vi a<strong>da</strong>mianisa,<br />

rogoric saakaZe iyo, miTumetes, Tu es kaci maTze aRmatebulic iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. feo<strong>da</strong>lur<br />

instituts Tavisi wesi hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gvariSvilobis mixedviT anawileb<strong>da</strong> ama Tu im<br />

pirovnebis adgils feo<strong>da</strong>lur sazogadoebaSi. ivane javaxiSvils kargad aqvs Seswavlili<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>luri ierarqiis sistema, misi azriT, es sistema iyo <strong>da</strong>urRveveli <strong>da</strong> xelSeuxebi.<br />

iseve, rogorc bagrationTa dinastiis Secvla samefo taxtze, arc am ierarqiis<br />

<strong>da</strong>rRveva SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>. feo<strong>da</strong>luri kibe, cxadia, marto ceremoniis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stureba ar yofila,<br />

didgvarovnoba maradiul fenomenad ganicdebo<strong>da</strong>. ar gaiazrebo<strong>da</strong> didgvarovnobis<br />

fesvebi: rogor gaxdnen Soreul warsulSi es a<strong>da</strong>mianebi jer aznaurebi, Semdeg Tavadebi,<br />

Semdeg feo<strong>da</strong>lur aRzevebas rogor miaRwies. `RvTiT <strong>da</strong>dgenil~ feo<strong>da</strong>lur wreSi<br />

axal a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, piradi RirsebiT <strong>da</strong>winaurebuls, axlad gadidkacebuls ara<strong>da</strong> ar mii-<br />

Rebdnen. aseTi a<strong>da</strong>miani maT metoqeobas gauwev<strong>da</strong>, advilad <strong>da</strong>Crdilav<strong>da</strong>, ar <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

is marto mefes SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>morCilebo<strong>da</strong>. am faqts saakaZis bevri mkvlevari<br />

aqcevs yuradRebas <strong>da</strong> mas am istoriuli pirovnebis zedmetad gaidealebisa <strong>da</strong> gandidebisaTvis<br />

iyenebs 3 .<br />

platon ioseliani saakaZis yvela antiqarTul qmedebas Tavadebs abralebs, maTi<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n mouravis devniT, mis winaaRmdeg mefis amxedrebiTa <strong>da</strong> samSoblo<strong>da</strong>n gaZevebiT<br />

xsnis. is aRfrTovanebulia saakaZis uSiSari xasiaTiT, SeupovrobiT, `gonieri patriotizmiT~.<br />

mTeli misi cxovrebis aRweris momentebSi warmogvidgens mTlian pirovnebas,<br />

situacii<strong>da</strong>n gamosvlisaTvis pragmatuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis mimReb, araordinalur erovnul<br />

gmirs.<br />

1 Teimuraz I, TxzulebaTa sruli krebulis I gamocema (Tbilisi, 1934), gv. 24.<br />

2 axali qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia (Tbilisi, 1979), gv. 5-112.<br />

3 j. Rvinjilia, giorgi saakaZis pirovneba (Tbilisi, 1980), gv. 46-47.<br />

26

ac Seexeba uaryofiTs: ioseliani, eyrdnoba ra mis xelT arsebul mariam ba -<br />

toniSvilis Txzulebas, aseve mis dros SemorCenil zepir gadmocemebs saakaZis Sesaxeb,<br />

wers, rom saakaZe 1605 wels iyo sparseTSi <strong>da</strong> ivaraudeba, rom am droi<strong>da</strong>n ax -<br />

lo urTierToba <strong>da</strong>amyara Sah-abasTan. xelmwifesTan siaxlove ki mis navSi jdomas<br />

niSnavs, <strong>da</strong> rodesac qarTveli mefeebi aRar ijdnen Sahis navSi, gandidebis JiniT<br />

Sepyrobili didi samxedro <strong>da</strong> politikuri ambiciebis saakaZe advilad <strong>da</strong>iwyeb<strong>da</strong><br />

imaze fiqrs, sad ukeTesad SeZleb<strong>da</strong> am ambiciebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas. ara STamomavlobiTi<br />

uflebebiT, rogorc ioseliani wers, aramed martooden mtkice SegnebiT imisa,<br />

rom mas diadi momavali Tavad un<strong>da</strong> Seeqmna <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eCrdila Tavadni, is ageb<strong>da</strong> cixesimagreebs<br />

dvaleTis mTebi<strong>da</strong>n Tbilisamde, amiT ejibrebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aRizianeb<strong>da</strong> sagvareulo<br />

cixe-simagreTa memkvidreobiT mflobelebs. amiT, ioselianis azriT, man mefesTanac<br />

gaifuWa urTierToba, Tumca es male gamoswor<strong>da</strong>, raSic mkvlevari episkopos<br />

domentis Rvawls xe<strong>da</strong>vs <strong>da</strong> mefisa <strong>da</strong> qveynis winaSe did <strong>da</strong>msaxurebad Tvlis<br />

saakaZis mier osmalTa jaris <strong>da</strong>marcxebas taSiskarTan.<br />

sparseTSi colisZmasTan _ nugzar erisTavTan erTad gaqceuli saakaZe Sahs mudmivad<br />

Caagoneb<strong>da</strong> luarsabis moSorebas taxti<strong>da</strong>n, eubnebo<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTveli mefeebi ruse-<br />

TTan awarmoebdnen saidumlo mimoweras. sai<strong>da</strong>n hqon<strong>da</strong> amis sabuTebi mkvlevars, ar viciT,<br />

Tumca saakaZisadmi <strong>da</strong>debiTad ganwyobili mkvlevris amgvari kritika ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

Tu es ambavi maSindel zepirgadmocemaSi mainc ar iyo. is faqti, rom Sah-abass saakaZe<br />

saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis dros axl<strong>da</strong>, sxva istoriuli wyaroebiTac <strong>da</strong>sturdeba,<br />

kerZod, farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis `istoriiT~. platon ioseliani wers: `episkoposni sakurTxevlis<br />

win loculobdnen giorgi saakaZis dRegrZelobisaTvis, TiTqos aviwydebo<strong>da</strong>T<br />

is saSineli msxverpli, rac mohyva mis gaufrTxilebel sityvebs, ramdenime wlis<br />

winaT Sah-abasTan rom Tqva: vidre luarsabi cocxalia, qarTlSi mSvidoba ar iqnebao~.<br />

ioseliani arc xonTqris karze wasvlas uwonebs Tavis gmirs:<br />

`mouravi veRar <strong>da</strong>dga, axla xonTqars miaSura, ver kargad hqmna orguloba, ver<br />

omi <strong>da</strong> ver aSura~ _ oRond amas istorikosi mefe Teimurazis cxovrebaSi wers.<br />

platon ioselians xSirad uwodeben romantikos istorikoss. am naSromSic bevri<br />

detalia, poeturi fantaziiT warmosaxuls rom hgavs <strong>da</strong> ara obieqturad momx<strong>da</strong>rs. magram<br />

mkvlevari yvelgan sabuTs iSveliebs. erTi pasaJi _ VI Tavi, aRwers Tbilisis cixe-<br />

Si myof luarsab mefes, mis mxurvale locvas _ RmerTo Cems mtrebs apatieo <strong>da</strong> mefis<br />

winaSe atirebul saakaZes _ me Seni mteri ara varo. ` _ Sen SegeZlo Cemze Suri geZia,<br />

upasuxa mefem, magram ras erCodi xalxs, romelic samu<strong>da</strong>mod <strong>da</strong>iRupa, an eklesias, romelmac<br />

Sen sarwmunoeba <strong>da</strong> cxovreba moganiWa~ monazoni makrine wers, rom am wuTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gax<strong>da</strong> saakaZe sparseTis mteri <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita bolo moeRo saqarTveloSi sparseTis batonobisTviso.<br />

ramdenad Seesabameba sinamdviles platon ioselianis mier <strong>da</strong>xatuli es<br />

scena, ar viciT, magram mkvlevari uTiTebs xelnawers, romelic misTvis goris episkoposs<br />

_ nikifores ga<strong>da</strong>ucia <strong>da</strong> romelSic Sedio<strong>da</strong> monazoni makrines naambobic 1 .<br />

naSromSi aris amgvari sxva adgilebic. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom platon ioselianma<br />

sca<strong>da</strong> pirvelad qarTul istoriografiaSi saakaZis reabilitacia qarTveli mkiTxvelis<br />

winaSe. platon ioselianis <strong>da</strong>msaxurebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom man ar gaiziara saakaZis<br />

sworxazovnad SemfasebelTa azri, misi avic <strong>da</strong> kargi namoqme<strong>da</strong>ric ar <strong>da</strong>umala<br />

mkiTxvels. magram ver SeZlo misi pirovnebis obieqturi Sefaseba, yvela qmedebis gamar-<br />

Tleba <strong>da</strong>, Cveulebrivad, gaorebuli pirovnebis cxovreba mogvca. amis mizezi iyo is,<br />

rom; 1. ioselianma naSromi gavleniani samxedro pirisa <strong>da</strong> mouravis memkvidris _ revaz<br />

Tarxan-mouravis SekveTiT <strong>da</strong>wera; 2. ruseTis samxedro reJimis pirobebSi myof koloniur<br />

saqarTveloSi xelisufleba saakaZisnair gmirTa ideals amkvidreb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> platon ioselianic<br />

am koniunqturas emorCilebo<strong>da</strong>. Tu amosaval kriteriumad saxelmwifoebriobisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi tradiciebis erTgulebas aviRebT <strong>da</strong> platon ioselianis<br />

mier motanili faqtebiTa Tu SefasebebiT vimsjelebT, maSin giorgi saakaZe ver iqneba<br />

erovnuli gmiri. is didi niWis sar<strong>da</strong>li, uaRresad gabeduli <strong>da</strong> uSiSari mebrZoli,<br />

magram amave dros didi ambiciebis gamo patara qveynis sivrceSi <strong>da</strong>uteveli kaci iyo, romelsac<br />

pirveloba yvelafris fasad SeeZlo moepovebina <strong>da</strong> romlis ambiciebs uamravi qarTvelis<br />

sicocxle Seewira. gmirebi samSoblosTvis ibrZvian <strong>da</strong> kvdebian, is ki, xan sad<br />

ibrZo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xan sad, oRond misi dideba gabrwyinebuliyo, misi mxedruli <strong>da</strong> mTavarsard-<br />

1 p. ioseliani, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 34.<br />

27

lis niWi saqarTveloze metad <strong>da</strong> xSirad sparsul-osmalur omebSi <strong>da</strong>ixarja, es qveynebi<br />

ki Cveni samSoblos <strong>da</strong>uZinebeli mtrebi, misi saxelmwifoebriobis, enisa <strong>da</strong> erovnuli<br />

tradiciebis mospobis momxreni iyvnen. saxarebas Tu <strong>da</strong>vujerebT, a<strong>da</strong>mians ar ZaluZs or<br />

batons emsaxuros: RmerTsa <strong>da</strong> mamonas. es genialuri niWis kaci, samwuxarod, or batons<br />

msaxureb<strong>da</strong>: samSoblosa <strong>da</strong> mis mtrebs. amitomac, `amaod <strong>da</strong>Svra, sawux ars ese~. platon<br />

ioselianis naSromiT kidev erTxel vrwmundebiT am istoriul simarTleSi.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />

1. axali qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia (Tbilisi, 1979).<br />

2. l. gvaramaZe, platon ioseliani re<strong>da</strong>qtor-gamomcemeli, teqstologiis sakiTxebi, III<br />

(Tbilisi, 1971).<br />

3. farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe, istoria, saistorio moambe, II (Tbilisi, 1925).<br />

4. Teimuraz I, TxzulebaTa sruli krebulis I gamocema (Tbilisi, 1934).<br />

5. p. ioseliani, didi mouravi giorgi saakaZis cxovreba (Tbilisi, 1977).<br />

6. gr. orbeliani, `saRamo gamosalmebisa~, erTtomeuli (Tbilisi, 1989).<br />

7. ioseb tfileli, `didmouraviani~ (Tbilisi, 1939).<br />

8. j. Rvinjilia, giorgi saakaZis pirovneba (Tbilisi, 1980).<br />

9. q. cxa<strong>da</strong>Ze, platon ioseliani, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis mkvlevarni (Tbilisi, 1986).<br />

DODO CHUMBURIDZE<br />

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,<br />

Ivane javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />

PLATON IOSELIANI ABOUT GIORGI SAAKAADZE<br />

Platon Ioseliani was the first who tried to rehabilitate Saakadze. The great service that Platon Ioseliani served<br />

was that he did not share straightforward opinion about Giorgi Saakadze and did not keep a secret, revealedhis<br />

good and bad deeds in the face of readers. But he could not manage to evaluate him objectively. Ioseliani gave us a<br />

portrait of a dual personality and justified him in everything. The reasons of these were: 1. The work was ordered to<br />

Ioseliani by Revas Tarkhan-Mouravi, a heir of Giorgi Saakadze, almighty military servant and mouravy<br />

(administrative and military officer). 2. In the conditions of Russian military regime the colonial Georgian state was<br />

trying to inculcate into the society ideal portraits of the heroes like Saakadze. Ioseliani was merely obeying this<br />

state of political affairs.<br />

28

mzia tyavaSvili<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> instituti<br />

platon ioseliani qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze<br />

taxtis memkvidresTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />

wes-Cveulebebis Sesaxeb<br />

taxtis memkvidris instituti maSin Cndeba, roca qveyanaSi dinastiuri mmarTvelobaa.<br />

arsebuli wyaroebis safuZvelze, saqarTveloSi taxtis pirvel memkvidred farnavazis<br />

vaJi saurmagi un<strong>da</strong> miviCnioT.<br />

saxelmwifos saTaveSi farnavazis (Zv. w. aR. 328-263 ww.) mosvlis Semdeg qveynis ekonomikuri,<br />

politikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli cxovreba Zireul cvlilebebs saWiroeb<strong>da</strong>. es periodi<br />

xelsayreli droc iyo radikaluri gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebisTvis. teritoriul-administraciul,<br />

samxedro, kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sferoebSi ganxorcielebulma reformebma<br />

qarTveli xalxis konsoli<strong>da</strong>cia <strong>da</strong> qveynis centralizacia gamoiwvia. saqarTvelo Zlieri<br />

<strong>da</strong> angariSgasawevi politikuri Zala gax<strong>da</strong>. rac mTavaria, am dros `qveynisa <strong>da</strong> xalxis<br />

istoriaSi udidesi gar<strong>da</strong>texis movlena mox<strong>da</strong>: xelisuflebis erTi sistemi<strong>da</strong>n _<br />

mamasaxlisobi<strong>da</strong>n, meore sistemaze _ mefobaze, ga<strong>da</strong>svla~ 1 .<br />

farnavazis mravalmxriv reformatorul moRvaweobaSi gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis<br />

Rirsia samefo taxtis mami<strong>da</strong>n Svilze ga<strong>da</strong>cemis <strong>da</strong>kanoneba. am nabijs didgvarovanTa<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n imdenad Zlieri winaaRmdegoba mohyva, rom farnavazis sikvdilisa <strong>da</strong> misi vaJis<br />

– saurmagis (Zv. w. 263-230 ww.), samefo taxtze asvlis Semdeg qveyana samoqalaqo omis<br />

qarcecxlSi gaexvia. saurmagi iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> deduleTSi _ ZurZukeTSi gaqceuliyo,<br />

sai<strong>da</strong>nac samSobloSi <strong>da</strong>mxmare jariT <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>. man cecxliTa <strong>da</strong> maxviliT SeZlo<br />

mamis anderZis <strong>da</strong>cva.<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom farnavazianTa dinastias (<strong>da</strong> saerTod qarTul dinastiur<br />

mmarTvelobas) swored maSin Caeyara safuZveli, rodesac saurmagma samefo taxtis SenarCuneba<br />

SeZlo. anu farnavazis (mefis) mier SemuSavebuli iuridiuli safuZvlisa <strong>da</strong> saurmagis<br />

(memkvidris) mier ganxorcielebuli praqtikuli qmedebebis erTianobam <strong>da</strong>sabami<br />

<strong>da</strong>udo farnavazianTa dinastias.<br />

vfiqrobT, saqarTvelos istoriaSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi SemorCenili<br />

es faqti dinastiur mmarTvelobaSi memkvidris udides rolze mianiSnebs.<br />

am droi<strong>da</strong>n saqarTveloSi, mcireodeni gamonaklisis gar<strong>da</strong>, ganuxrelad icavdnen<br />

samefo taxtis mami<strong>da</strong>n Svilze ga<strong>da</strong>svlis wess. igi, rogorc Cans, iyo yvelaze misaRebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> arsebuli sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur wyobilebisTvis yvelaze Sesaferisic.<br />

taxtis memkvidreobiT ga<strong>da</strong>cemis <strong>da</strong>kanoneba qarTveli warCinebulebisTvis miuRebeli<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. qarTvelma istorikosma leonti mrovelma ase gadmogvca maTi ukmayofilebis mizezebi:<br />

`ara keTil ars Cven<strong>da</strong>, raTamca vmsaxurebdeT naTesavsa Cvensa, aramed viyoT erTad, <strong>da</strong><br />

movklaT Cven saurmag, <strong>da</strong> viyvneT Tavisufal, viTarca viyveniT pirvel, <strong>da</strong> mivscemdeT xarksa<br />

vincavin gamoCndes mZle, rameTu esreT yofiTa ufro ganvisuenebT~ 2 .<br />

rogorc matiani<strong>da</strong>n Cans, mocemul SemTxvevaSi molaparakebis gzam Sedegi ar gamoiRo,<br />

SesaZloa amisTvis droc arasakmarisi iyo, radganac mmarTvelobis sferoSi farnavazis<br />

mier gatarebul reformas <strong>da</strong> TviT axal mefes saSiSroeba emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

saurmagis mier qarTvel warCinebulTa mier mowyobili ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg<br />

qarTuli politikuri azrovneba mmarTvelobis axali formisTvis (dinastiuri) myari<br />

ideologiuri safuZvlis Seqmnas <strong>da</strong> misi poziciebis gamyarebas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saSualebiT<br />

Seeca<strong>da</strong>. farnavazianTa dinastiis simyarisa <strong>da</strong> legitimaciisTvis, aseve, saWiro iyo, wamoWril<br />

kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema <strong>da</strong> ukmayofilebis gamomwvevi mizezebis mogvareba.<br />

warCinebulebis mier dinastiuri mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg gamoTqmuli pirveli<br />

problema _ `ara... vmsaxurebdeT naTesavsa Cvensa~, _ dRis wesrigi<strong>da</strong>n mas Semdeg moixs-<br />

1 z. kiknaZe, farnavazis sizmari <strong>da</strong> mefobis legitimaciis tipologia, <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> <strong>institutis</strong><br />

<strong>Sromebi</strong>, VIII, eZRvneba gelaTis monastris <strong>da</strong>arsebis 900 wlisTavs (Tbilisi, 2008), gv. 45.<br />

2 leonti mroveli, mefeTa cxovreba, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili yvela ZiriTadi<br />

xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi, 1955), gv. 26.<br />

29

na, rodesac dinastiur mmarTvelobas ideologiuri safuZveli Seeqmna. faqti, romelmac<br />

farnavazianTa dinastiis legitimacia gansazRvra, matianis mixedviT, saurmagis winaaRmdeg<br />

mowyobili ajanyebis periodSi ukve arsebulia.<br />

es mematianis mierFaRwerili farnavazis sizmaria, romelsac sakraluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva<br />

aqvs. rogorc istorikosi z. kiknaze aRniSnavs, `mefe~ farnavazis sizmris centraluri<br />

miTologemaa. farnavazis sizmari xom misi patronis gamefebis miTosia. farnavazi miTosurad<br />

<strong>da</strong> istoriula<strong>da</strong>c (is ar iyo mefis Svili), pirveli mefea. is pirvelad qmnis saqarTvelos<br />

qveyanas im saxiT, ra saxiTac is istoriul sinamdvileSi, Tun<strong>da</strong>c, misi Caweris<br />

xanaSi arsebobs~ 1 . xilvam, romelSic farnavazi mzis cvars _ realobaSi radikalurad<br />

sapirispiro <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli stiqiebis: wylisa <strong>da</strong> cecxlis (mzis) sinTezs<br />

(rac saswaulis kategorias ganekuTvneba), _ icxebs, igi gaaRvTiura. `sizmarSi<br />

mzis cvaris cxebis ZaliT farnavazze gadmodis mzis wili, mefuri didebis saxiT~ 2 .<br />

albaT, warmoudgenelia RvTis gamovlenis `mzis cvarze~ srulyofili saswauli <strong>da</strong> kacis<br />

(miwieris) gaRvTiurebis (RmerTTan ziarebis) ufro <strong>da</strong>xvewili forma, vidre mzis<br />

(RmerTis) cvris cxebis ritualia, ris Semdegac farnavazi (miwa) RvTisa <strong>da</strong> kacis _ cisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> miwis, sawyisebis matarebeli xdeba. amis Semdeg igi aRar aris sxva miwierTa msgavsi.<br />

qarTlis didebulni aRar arian misi Tanasworni. igi maTze ara marto aRmatebuli,<br />

gamorCeuli <strong>da</strong> amaRlebuli, aramed RvTiurTan wilnayaricaa.<br />

matianis mixedviT, qarTveli didebulebi arc ewinaaRmdegebian farnavazis gamefebas.<br />

ufro metic, isini xelsac uwyoben mis gapirvelebas. rogorc Cans, es qveyanaSi arsebuli<br />

usamarTlobiTa <strong>da</strong> autaneli viTarebiT, ucxo ZalasTan gaigivebuli borotebi-<br />

Tac iyo gamowveuli.<br />

SesaZloa, am dros isini arc fiqrobdnen, rom gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi mmarTvelobis<br />

formis Secvla mouwev<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom farnavazis gamefeba akmayofilebs am dros qveynis mmarTvelis<br />

arCevis ori ZiriTadi aucilebeli pirobi<strong>da</strong>n mxolod erTs _ upirvelesi piris pirovnuli<br />

TvisebebiT sxvebze aRmatebulobas _ farnavazi aris `mZle~; Tumca arRvevs meores<br />

_ qveynis mmarTveli ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos `naTesavi qarTvelTa~. es niSnavs, rom <strong>da</strong>irRva<br />

mmarTvelis arCevis erTi ZiriTadi aucilebeli piroba.<br />

gamodis, rom qarTveli didebulebi advilad Seeguen farnavazis _ `Tavisianis~ _<br />

gamefebas.<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom maTTvis aucilebelia siuzerenis arseboba. amis saukeTeso<br />

<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa maTi gamonaTqvami _ `mivscemdeT xarksa, vincavin gamoCndis mZle~. mocemuli<br />

nawyveti<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom didebulebi uars ar amboben xarkis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>ze; piriqiTac<br />

Cans, isini sakuTari nebiT, yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe mzad arian, miscen xarki<br />

qveynis pirvel pirs.<br />

rogorc aRvniSneT, im periodSi saqarTveloSi miRebuli wesis mixedviT, saxelmwifos<br />

saTaveSi un<strong>da</strong> mdgariyo pirovneba, romelic iqnebo<strong>da</strong> `mZle~. `mZle~, bunebrivia,<br />

ukeTess, Zliers, gamorCeuls, sxvebze ara marto ZaliT, aramed gonebrivi SesaZleblobiTac<br />

aRmatebuls niSnavs. didebulTa mier saurmagis gamefebis (<strong>da</strong> saerTod, dinastiuri<br />

mmarTvelobis) winaaRmdeg gamoTqmul mosazrebebSi mocemulia im safrTxeze miniSneba,<br />

rac Zalauflebis memkvidreobiT ga<strong>da</strong>cemas Tan sdevs, xom SeiZleba regaliebiT pirveli<br />

sulac ar iyos sxvebze aRmatebuli, `mZle~. ufro metic, igi SesaZloa erTob uRirsi<br />

<strong>da</strong> taxtisTvis Seuferebeli pirovnebac aRmoCndes. maSin rogor wava qveynis saqme<br />

ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, safuZvliani SiSia 3 . erTi SexedviT iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos didebulebs<br />

Zlieri xelisufali surT. maT namdvil zraxvebs momdevno striqoni akonkretebs.<br />

momdevno striqoni<strong>da</strong>n _ `<strong>da</strong> movklaT Cven saurmag, <strong>da</strong> viyvneT Tavisufal, viTarca<br />

viyveniT pirvel... rameTu esreT yofiTa ufro ganvisuenebT~ 4 _ irkveva, rom adre qveyanas<br />

marTav<strong>da</strong> `mZle~ pirovneba, Tumca susti mmarTveli SezRuduli uflebebiT, romelic<br />

didebulebze iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. erTianoba ki, romelsac warCinebulebi ase ebRauWebian,<br />

samwuxarod, qveynis ki ara, didebulebis erTad yofnas niSnavs. matiani<strong>da</strong>n irkveva,<br />

1 z. kiknaZe, <strong>da</strong>sax.NnaSromi, gv. 45.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 55.<br />

3<br />

m. tyavaSvili, T. SakiaSvili, CrdilokavkasielTa migracia saqarTveloSi (Zv. w. aR. III saukune),<br />

istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebani, VIII (Tbilisi, 2006), gv. 362-363.<br />

4 leonti mroveli, mefeTa cxovreba..., gv. 26<br />

30

om didebulebis azriT, kargi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> Tu suzerenic maTTan iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. sxva SemTxveva-<br />

Si mas mravali sirTulisa <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobis ga<strong>da</strong>laxva, mmarTvelis postis <strong>da</strong>toveba<br />

<strong>da</strong> uares SemTxvevaSi, sikvdili moelo<strong>da</strong>. maTTvis yvelaze saWiro <strong>da</strong> misaRebi swored<br />

mmarTvelobis aseTi forma iyo. maSin, rodesac qveyanas erTianoba sWirdebo<strong>da</strong> (gansakuTrebiT<br />

omebisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri sirTuleebis dros), siuzereni uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> amas.<br />

Tumca saSinao saqmeebSi, anu calkeul samflobeloebSi, didebulebi SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vni <strong>da</strong><br />

maqsimalurad <strong>da</strong>moukidebelni rCebodnen. rac niSnavs, rom erTi SexedviT `mZle~<br />

mmarTveli, sinamdvileSi marionets warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

yovelive zemoT Tqmuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, didebulebisTvis yvelaze saSiSi mmarTvelobis<br />

dinastiuri forma iyo. amitom isini dinastiuri mmarTvelobis <strong>da</strong>kanonebas ebrZodnen.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom dinastiuri mmarTvelobis TavisTvis mavne Sedegebi mTeli sigr-<br />

Ze-siganiT maSinve gauazrebiaT qarTvel didebulebs <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>kanonebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebisAsaSualebad<br />

erTxmad miuCneviaT memkvidris mokvla. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini SeZlebdnen<br />

Canafiqris ganxorcielebas, farnavazianTa dinastias wertili <strong>da</strong>esmebo<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinare, dinastiur mmarTvelobaSi memkvidris udidesi roli u<strong>da</strong>voa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

sicocxlisunarianobisa <strong>da</strong> siZlieris erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi faqtoria.<br />

farnavazianTa dinastiis usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> legitimaciisTvis ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> farnavazianTa RvTiuri warmomavlobis koncefciis argumentirebulad <strong>da</strong>sabuTebas.<br />

aris Tu ara RvTiuri Tvisebebis matarebeli farnavazis vaJi _ saurmagi <strong>da</strong> mTeli misi STamomavloba<br />

_ aris kiTxva, romlisTvisac arsebul ideologias pasuxi saswrafod un<strong>da</strong> gaeca.<br />

dinastiis gagrZelebis, <strong>da</strong> saerTod, memkvidreobis institutTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sakiTxebi<br />

aqtualobas ar hkargav<strong>da</strong> nebismieri dinastiuri mmarTvelobis dros. mis mogvarebas<br />

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saSualebebiT cdilob<strong>da</strong> samefo karic <strong>da</strong><br />

politikuri elitac. droTa ganmavlobaSi ixvewebo<strong>da</strong> is meTodebi <strong>da</strong> wesebi, romlebsac<br />

xeli un<strong>da</strong> Seewyo memkvidris mefed, qveynis pirvel pirad, CamoyalibebisTvis. pirovnuli<br />

TvisebebiT RmerTis mier uxvad <strong>da</strong>jildoebul ufliswulsac sakmaod mravali<br />

ram un<strong>da</strong> SeeTvisebina memkvidred yofnis dros, rom Rirseuli mefe gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo.<br />

Dsamefo kari konservatizmiT gamoirCeva. amave dros igi yovelTvis un<strong>da</strong> iyos mzad<br />

SeiTvisos axali _ saukeTeso anu progresuli. swored tradiciebisa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedroveobis<br />

sinTezi, warsuls, awmyosa <strong>da</strong> momavals Soris erTgvari oqros Sualedis SenarCuneba,<br />

gansazRvravs mis sicocxlisunarianobas. cxovrebis ritmi<strong>da</strong>n amovardna mas aucileblad<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>aqcevs Zveli ritualebis samuzeumo butaforiad. am problemis warmatebiT<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>Wra bevra<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli momaval taxtis memkvidreze, romelic Sesaferis Cvevebs<br />

samefo karis mier sworad warmarTuli aRzrdis Sedegad Seisisxlxorcebs.<br />

<strong>XI</strong>X saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi saqarTvelos aneqsiis Semdeg ruseTis saimperatoro karma<br />

qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba <strong>da</strong> bagrationTa dinastia gaauqma. msoflioSi erT-erTma<br />

uZvelesma <strong>da</strong> asakovanma samefo dinastiam arseboba Sewyvita. cnobilia, im didi siyvarulisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> avtoritetis Sesaxebac, romliTac bagrationTa warmomadgenlebi sargeblobdnen<br />

rogorc adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi, aseve kavkasiel xalxebSi. metad mniSvnelovani<br />

<strong>da</strong> aqtualuria qarTul samefo karze arsebuli wes-Cveulebebis kvleva, romelTa<br />

Soris did interess iwvevs qarTuli taxtis memkvidresTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli tradiciebis<br />

Seswavla. am mxriv metad Rirebulia platon ioselianis naSromi `cxovreba giorgi mecametisa~,<br />

romelSic avtorma am periodis mniSvnelovani movlenebis aRwerasTan erTad<br />

taxtis memkvidresTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sakiTxebic wamowia wina planze.<br />

platon ioselianis `cxovreba giorgi mecametisa~ istoriuli wyaroa. avtori cdilobs,<br />

obieqturad aRweros imdroindeli viTareba. Tumca igi dro<strong>da</strong>dro arRvevs am wess <strong>da</strong> zogierTi<br />

movlenis Tavisebur xedvas <strong>da</strong> Sefasebasac iZleva.<br />

platon ioseliani Txzulebis pirvelive monakveTSi aRwers taxtis memkvidris _ giorgis<br />

<strong>da</strong>badebas: `giorgi, pirmSo Ze mefisa irakli II-isa, <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> qalaqsa Tfilissa 1746<br />

welsa, noembris 10 dResa, romelsaca qarTvelTa eklesia dResaswaulobs wmidisa giorgisa<br />

saswaulsa~ 1 . momavali memkvidrisTvis saxelis SerCevisas samefo ojaxs logikurad<br />

arCevani udidesi qristianuli wmin<strong>da</strong>nis _ wmin<strong>da</strong> giorgis sasargeblod gaukeTebia.<br />

platon ioseliani aRwers im tradicias, romliTac qarTul samefo karze momavali<br />

mefis <strong>da</strong>badebas xvdebodnen. qarTul matianeebSi SemorCenilia memkvidris <strong>da</strong>badebasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli cnobebi, Tumca platon ioselianis mier moyvanili faqtebi ufro<br />

1 p. ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi mecametisa (Tbilisi, 1978), gv. 3.<br />

31

tevadi <strong>da</strong> konkretulia. platoni wers: `papaman misman Teimuraz, dRe Sobisa misisa gar<strong>da</strong>ixa<strong>da</strong><br />

dResaswaulobiTa: auwya epistoleebiTa imereTisa mefesa <strong>da</strong> mTavarTa: kaxeTisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTlisa TavadTa, kaTolikosTa <strong>da</strong> mRvdelmTavarTa~ 1 ; epistoleebi <strong>da</strong> ZRveni `waruvlines<br />

oTxTa marTlmadidebelTa patriarqTa, sinasa <strong>da</strong> aTonisa mTaTa winamZRvarTa~ 2 .<br />

arsebuli tradiciis mixedviT, memkvidris <strong>da</strong>badeba `acnobes mezobelTa xanTa <strong>da</strong> waruvlines<br />

sparseTisa yaensa nadir-Sahs despanad TurqistaniSvili <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong> ibraim-aRa bor-<br />

Caloeli sulTani, erTguli Teimurazisa~ 3 . am dros gar<strong>da</strong>icvala nadir-Sahi, ris gamoc qarqarTul<br />

samefo karze saCuqrebi gamoatana axalma yaenma aliyuli-xan adilSahma.<br />

ufliswulis <strong>da</strong>badebas yovelTvis Tan sdev<strong>da</strong> farTomasStabiani qvelmoqmedeba. qarTul<br />

samefo karze is mxolod mowyalebis gacemiT ar Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong>: Teimuraz II-m `miani-<br />

Wa saCuqarni mravalni glaxakTa, obolTa <strong>da</strong> qvrivTa~ 4 . memkvidris <strong>da</strong>badebas mravali patimris<br />

Sewyalebac mohyva. `mieca mravalTa pyrobilTa miteveba bralTa~ 5 ; arc Savi samRvdeloeba<br />

<strong>da</strong>viwyebiaT: `meu<strong>da</strong>bnoeTa warugzavnes nugeSinis-cemiTni saZmod boZebani~ 6 ;<br />

srulyofili mxiarulebisTvis `ena xalxisa ganmxiarebulisa Seiqmna sawereli mwignobrisa<br />

xelovnisa. droTa Cveulebisa gamo moleqseni uZRvnidnen leqsTa qebiTa: mecnierni sityvaTa<br />

wyobiTTa kateRoriisamebTa ze<strong>da</strong> aRSenebulTa sxolastikosTa wesiTa; mqa<strong>da</strong>gebelni<br />

qa<strong>da</strong>gebaTa; meu<strong>da</strong>bnoeni locviTa; memxoloeni kurTxeviTa qartaTa~ 7 . platon ioselianis mier<br />

<strong>da</strong>xatuli es suraTi sayovelTao mxiarulebis efeqts qmnis <strong>da</strong> STabeWdilebas gviqmnis,<br />

rom im dReebSi qveyanaSi samefo karis sixaruls sazogadoebis yvela fena iziareb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

samefo ojaxi, am SemTxvevaSi qarTlis mefe Teimuraz II, anu memkvidris papa, <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>nve<br />

iwyebs zrunvas mis mosanaTlad. am SemTxvevaSi arCevani Tavisufalia. igi ar aris winaswar<br />

gansazRvruli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kanonebuli samefo karis etiketiT. es mTlianad memkvidris axloblebis<br />

survilzea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli <strong>da</strong> qarTuli tradiciisamebr xdeba. ufliswuls ojaxis<br />

megobari <strong>da</strong> WeSmariti qristiani naTlavs. Teimuraz II-m `megobari Tvisi di<strong>da</strong>d maxlobeli<br />

saba ninowmindeli mouwo<strong>da</strong> Tfilisad, raTa eqmnas mimqmelad wmindisa embazi<strong>da</strong>m mefisa<br />

yrmasa giorgis~ 8 .<br />

metad sapasuxismgeblo iyo memkvidris naTlobis rituali. es tardebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

cxra dRis Semdeg. `Semdeg cxrisa dRisa, am SemTxvevaSi e. i. 19 noembersa, dResa wm.<br />

ilarion qarTvelisa naTel-sca mas kaTolikosman antoni I <strong>da</strong> mimqmelad iyo arqiepiskoposi<br />

saba ninowmindeli~. es ukanaskneli `amave dRes ayvanil iqna mefisagan mitropolitis<br />

xarisxSi~ 9 . `wesi embazi<strong>da</strong>n aRmoSobisa aRsrul<strong>da</strong> ara sasaxlesa Sina, arc saxlis<br />

wmidisa kvarTisa eklesiasa Sina, aramed mciredsa eklesiasa wmidisa giorgissa~ 10 .<br />

am SemTxvevaSic win aris wamoweuli ufliswulis mfarveli wmi<strong>da</strong>nis _ wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis<br />

pativiscema. platon ioselianis am cnobaSi mocemulia miniSneba imis Sesaxebac, Tu romel<br />

eklesiebSi sruldebo<strong>da</strong> Cveulebrisamebr memkvidris naTloba.<br />

oTx wlamde memkvidre uSualod ZiZebisa <strong>da</strong> mSoblebis meTvalyureobis qveS izrdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

oTxi wlis Semdeg mas ukve aRsazrdelad abarebdnen aRmzrdelebs. `cxovrebisa<br />

misisa welsa meoTxesa miuCines mas lalad Tavadi kaxeTisa svimon mayaSvili <strong>da</strong> qarTli<strong>da</strong>m<br />

roin baraTaSvili, romelica male gar<strong>da</strong>icvala <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong> svimon mayaSvilisa<br />

arRavin <strong>da</strong>uSTa yrmasa jereT giorgis~ 11 . vfiqrobT, aq gaTvaliswinebulia, orive samefos<br />

_ qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis interesebi, romelTa Tanasworuflebianoba am formiT aris<br />

xazgasmuli. samefo kari cdilobs, ukmayofilebis yoveli SesaZlo mizezi gaiTvaliswinos<br />

<strong>da</strong> safuZvelSive aRmofxvras. am JestiT marTalia, arapir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong> SefarviT,<br />

magram mainc kidev erTxel aris gacxadebuli giorgi erekles Zis uflebebis Sesaxeb<br />

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo taxtze <strong>da</strong> miniSnebulia isic, rom momavali mefe mTeli qveynis<br />

cxovrebaSi kargad Caxeduli <strong>da</strong> gaTviTcnobierebuli pirovneba un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo.<br />

1 p. ioseliani, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 4.<br />

2 iqve.<br />

3 iqve.<br />

4 iqve.<br />

5 iqve.<br />

6 iqve.<br />

7 iqve.<br />

8 iqve.<br />

9 iqve,<br />

10 iqve.<br />

11 iqve, gv. 5.<br />

32

ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar mivaqcioT im garemoebas, rom memkvidresTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul<br />

ritualur RonisZiebebSi iniciatoris rolSi yovelTvis gvevlineba ara giorgis<br />

mama _ erekle II, aramed papa Teimuraz II. TiTqmis arsad ar axsenebs platon ioseliani<br />

erekles, romelic, mTlad umoqmedod ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong> memkvidris <strong>da</strong>badebisa <strong>da</strong> aRzrdis<br />

dros. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, platoni amas SemTxveviT ar akeTebs. igi gamiznulad gviCvenebs axlo<br />

rakursiT Teimuraz II-es. amiT ioseliani xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom memkvidris<br />

<strong>da</strong>badebis periodSi qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi swored Teimuraz II iyo centraluri<br />

figura. politikuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTvac mis mier ganxorcielebul qmedebebs hqon<strong>da</strong>. mxolod<br />

Teimuraz II-es, rogorc mefes, SeeZlo samefo taxtis realur pretendentad pirveli<br />

SviliSvili _ giorgi eRiarebina.<br />

yoveli samefo dinastiisTvis erT-erTi mTavari sazrunavi memkvidrisTvis drois<br />

moTxovnis Sesabamisi swavla-ganaTlebis micema iyo. qarTul samefo karze udides yuradRebas<br />

aqcevdnen am sakiTxs.<br />

<strong>XI</strong>X saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi saqarTveloSi Semosuli rusi moxeleebi, erTob <strong>da</strong>mamcireblad<br />

uyurebdnen ara marto adgilobrivi mosaxleobis, aramed qveynis upirvelesi<br />

aristokratiuli wreebis warmomadgenlebis swavla-ganaTlebis donesac. `При самом поступлении<br />

Грузии в подданство России страна эта находилась на весьма низкой степени умственного развития<br />

/Просвешение грузинь в то время простиралось далее знания чтения и письма на своем природном<br />

языке/. Впрочем и этого рода знaния были достоянием лишь немногих; грамотность не было необходимостью<br />

и для первейших сановников государства. Большая часть князей не умела даже читать на своем природном<br />

грузинском языке~ _ wer<strong>da</strong> cicianovi koCubeis 1804 wlis 10 marts 1 .<br />

platon ioseliani ar akonkretebs, Tu ra asakSi Seudga giorgi erekles Ze werakiTxvis<br />

Seswavlas, Tumca es adreul asakSi un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo. Cven moviZieT matianeebSi<br />

am faqtis Sesaxeb informacia. magaliTad, petre iberiels, varaz-bakuris Zes, wera-kiTxvis<br />

Seswavla 3 wlis asaki<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>uwyia 2 . platon ioselianis aRweriT, `taxtis memkvidres<br />

qarTulisa anbanis maswavleblad hyva isak mwignobari, romelica iyo Semdeg kandelaki<br />

sionisa saufloisa eklesiisa <strong>da</strong> aRmwereli xucurad mravalTa werilTa, mecnieri<br />

<strong>da</strong> mcodne Zvelisa, viTarca ityodnen, filosofiisa~ 3 , e. i. sakmaod ganswavluli pirovneba.<br />

rac niSnavs, rom samefo karze did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen mSobliuri enis<br />

codnas <strong>da</strong> bavSvis swavla-ganaTlebas swored qarTuli mwignobrobisa <strong>da</strong> marTlweris<br />

SeswavliT iwyebdnen.<br />

mSobliurTan erTad aucilebeli iyo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva enis codnac, romelTa <strong>da</strong>saufleblad<br />

yvelaze iol <strong>da</strong> Sedegian meTo<strong>da</strong>d miCneuli iyo yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi misi<br />

swavleba. samefo kari warmatebiT iyeneb<strong>da</strong> am saSualebas. im dros kavkasiaSi saurTier-<br />

Tobo enad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> TaTruli ena. platon ioseliani wer<strong>da</strong>: giorgim `TaTruli ena<br />

iswava karis moxeleTagan <strong>da</strong> somxuri somexTa mRvdlis ter-<strong>da</strong>viTis Svilisagan Saikovisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> yaiTmazaSvilisagan~ 4 . sul sxva viTarebaa berZnulTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.Aam enis SeswavlisTvis<br />

giorgis specialuri maswavlebeli hyolia. `berZnulisa enisa maswavleblad<br />

iyo Teodore episkoposi berZeni mcxeTas yofili kaTolikosisa karzed~ 5 .<br />

Svid wels sakraluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva hqon<strong>da</strong> memkvidris cxovrebaSi. am dros mTavrdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

bavSvoba <strong>da</strong> iwyebo<strong>da</strong> axali etapi _ mozrdilobis (ymawvilobis) xana. am periodi<strong>da</strong>nve<br />

adio<strong>da</strong> axal safexurze memkvidris swavla-ganaTleba. `meSvidesa welsa cxovrebasa<br />

misisa maswavleblad qarTulisa enisa miuCines mefis Zesa dekanozi ioane~. p. ioseliani<br />

mis Sesaxeb wer<strong>da</strong>: `1751 welsa movi<strong>da</strong> ierusalimiT, droTa mun warsruli dekanozi<br />

ese ioane, Ze garsevanisa, dekanozisave moZRvriSvilad gvar-wodebuli. ese iyo kaci<br />

ganswavluli, didi mwignobari, mwerali wignTa <strong>da</strong> mcodne droTa maT, filosofiisa <strong>da</strong><br />

RvTismetyvelebisa ZvelaTgan qarTvelTa Soris naqonTa. patriarqisagan ierusalimisa<br />

qebiTisa weriliTa mosruli~ 6 . `ese ioane pirvel sxvaTa iyo moZRvari mefisa iraklisa<br />

II-isa <strong>da</strong> dedoflisa <strong>da</strong>rejanisa~ 7 . e. i. ufliswulis swavla-ganaTlebas saTaveSi Cas-<br />

1 Н. Дубровин, история войны и владычества русских на кавказе, IV (С-Петербург, 188), стр. 493.<br />

2 makari mesxi, petre iberielis cxovreba, qarTuli mwerloba, 5 (Tbilisi, 1988), gv. 290.<br />

3 p. ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi mecametisa..., gv. 5.<br />

4 iqve.<br />

5 iqve.<br />

6 iqve.<br />

7 iqve, gv. 6.<br />

33

dgomia pirovneba, romlis ganswavlulobac sayovelTaod iyo aRiarebuli. man kargad<br />

ico<strong>da</strong>, mecnierebis rogorc Zveli, aseve Tanamedrove tendenciebi.<br />

qarTul samefo karze, rogorc Cans, sasurveli iyo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mecnierebebis Seswavla.<br />

memkvidres SeeZlo mecnierebis ama Tu im <strong>da</strong>rgs sakuTari survilis mixedviT <strong>da</strong>uflebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

giorgi `misruli srulsa hasaksa moisurveb<strong>da</strong> filosofosTa ZvelTa swavlisa<br />

mosmenasa. kaTolikosi antoni, gardmomRebi rusuliT qarTulsa enasa baumeistrisa<br />

filosofiisa, ganumarteb<strong>da</strong> hazrTa <strong>da</strong> leqsTa mniSvnelobasa. D<strong>da</strong>uteva swavla es <strong>da</strong><br />

ityo<strong>da</strong>: `ara mesmis ese: vnayav wyals~ 1 .<br />

swavla-ganaTlebis paralelurad xdebo<strong>da</strong> samefo karze miRebuli sxva saritualo<br />

wesebis Sesrulebac, rac nel-nela momavali mefis qveynis marTvaSi CarTvas <strong>da</strong> mis mier<br />

masze <strong>da</strong>kisrebuli udidesi pasuxismgeblobis gaTavisebas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT xdebo<strong>da</strong> qveynis atributikisadmi memkvidris pativiscemis gamomuSavebac.<br />

am mxriv metad niSandoblivia saxelmwifosTvis aucilebeli simbolos _ droSis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mzadebis rituali. yvela batoniSvils (mamakaci igulisxmeba) hqon<strong>da</strong> sakuTari droSa,<br />

romlis <strong>da</strong>mzadebis Ta<strong>da</strong>rigsac memkvidrisTvis samefo karze droulad iWerdnen. es<br />

iyo saCuqari, romelic ufliswuls Svidi wlis asakSi un<strong>da</strong> mieRo, oRond ara <strong>da</strong>badebis,<br />

aramed dResa `saxelwodebisa misisa~. platon ioseliani wers: `mefeman qarTlisa<br />

Teimuraz meoreman, jereT Svidisa wlisa mefis Zesa giorgis, SviliSvilsa Tvissa 23 aprilisa<br />

dRisaTvis e. i. saxelwodebisa misisa, brZana moumzadon droSa saufliswulo.<br />

misisave brZanebiTa moiRes yviTeli atlasi <strong>da</strong> maszed moqsoves xati metexTa RvTismSobelisa<br />

feradebiTa <strong>da</strong> kilitebiTa. momqsovi misi iyo amirejibisa roinisa asuli <strong>da</strong> qvrivi<br />

rostom ciciSvilisaAnastasia, romelica axl<strong>da</strong> dedofalsa ana-xanums, Teimuraz<br />

mefisa meuRlesa~ 2 . am saxiT memkvidre etapobrivad iTaviseb<strong>da</strong> im pasuxismgeblobas, rasac<br />

mas SemdgomSi cxovreba <strong>da</strong> Tavisi mdgomareoba akisreb<strong>da</strong>. es cnoba sxva mxrivac<br />

aris mniSvnelovani. Svidi wlis taxtis memkvidres uZRvnian ara gasarTob <strong>da</strong> ubralo<br />

Tvalis gasaxarel, aramed iseT saCuqars, romelic misi momavali valdebulebis gaTavisebasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobis srul gaazrebas emsaxureba.<br />

`kaTolikozman ukurTxa droSa ese <strong>da</strong> miarTva mefis Zesa metexisa eklesiasa Sina,<br />

paraklisisa gar<strong>da</strong>xdiTa. dResa amas iyo didi patiJoba stumarTa sasaxlisa palatebSi,<br />

qalTa <strong>da</strong> kacTa.Amasave dResa aRsazrdelad mefis Zisa Seswires metexisa eklesiasa, vi-<br />

Tarca karisa Zvelad say<strong>da</strong>rsa <strong>da</strong> kaTolikosisa metoqsa, Zvirfasi barZim-feSxumi, romelica<br />

<strong>da</strong>ikarga 1795 welsa, sami komli kaci <strong>da</strong> erTi xeli Sesamoseli <strong>da</strong> miuboZes winamZRvarTa<br />

misTa oqmi Sewirulobisa~ 3 .<br />

samefo kari udidesi pasuxismgeblobiT ekidebo<strong>da</strong> memkvidris <strong>da</strong>ojaxebas. vin iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

momavali dedofali, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iyo. dinastiuri<br />

qorwinebebi didi xania warsuls Cabar<strong>da</strong>. XV saukunis bolo periodi<strong>da</strong>n, saqarTvelos<br />

samefo-samTavroebad <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg, samefo sagvareulo ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d qarTvel didgvarovanTa<br />

ojaxebs umoyvrdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

rogorc Cans, qarTuli samefo kari memkvidris qorwinebisas cdilob<strong>da</strong> raRac<br />

formiT Zveli wesi mainc SeenarCunebina. platonis <strong>da</strong>msaxurebad un<strong>da</strong> CaiTvalos is<br />

faqti, rom tradiciis aRwerisas igi yovelTvis mianiSneb<strong>da</strong> misi siZvelis Sesaxeb. platon<br />

ioseliani ase aRwers giorgi erekles Zis pirvel niSnobas: `jereT rvisa wlisa,<br />

ZvelTa droTa Cveulebisa gamo, <strong>da</strong>niSnes Cerqez batonis girei oZisa qalzed, romelica<br />

axl<strong>da</strong> mefes iraklis TvisTan, viTarca megobari. gansaswavlebelad qalisa, waruvlines<br />

mas Tavadi Sari<strong>da</strong>n SalikaSvili, 6 moaxle qali msaxurad <strong>da</strong> aznauriSvilis qvliviZis<br />

qvrivi nino soflisa kavTixevi<strong>da</strong>n, de<strong>da</strong>kaci mwignobari, Zlieri sityviTa <strong>da</strong> brZeni<br />

WkuiTa. didi cxenosani iyoo, brZaneb<strong>da</strong> sadme TviT mefe giorgi, <strong>da</strong> gulovnobisaTvis<br />

misisa di<strong>da</strong>d pativsscemdnen mas sasaxleSiao~ 4 . e. i. am cnobis mixedviT, momavali dedodofali<br />

garkveul dromde samSobloSi rCebo<strong>da</strong>, Tumca igi qarTuli tradiciisamebr<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRzrdiliyo (rac albaT aucileblad niSnav<strong>da</strong> qarTuli enisa <strong>da</strong> mwignobrobis<br />

Seswavlasac. tyuilad ar usvams platon ioseliani xazs mis aRmzrdelad mivlinebuli<br />

nino qvliviZis mwignobrobasa <strong>da</strong> sibrZnes), raTa saqarTveloSi Camosvlisas arc mas<br />

1 p. ioseliani, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 36-37.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 27.<br />

3 iqve.<br />

4 iqve, gv. 7.<br />

34

egrZno Tavi eulad <strong>da</strong> ucxod <strong>da</strong> qveSevrdomebsac igi Tavisianad mieRoT. amiT Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> acilebuli mravali uxerxuloba <strong>da</strong> gaugebroba, rasac SeeZlo <strong>da</strong>eZaba viTareba<br />

samefo karze. dedoflad gaxdomisMSemdeg mas, aseve, gverdSi eyolebodnen mzrunveli<br />

<strong>da</strong> sayvareli a<strong>da</strong>mianebi.<br />

`qali ese CerqezTa, <strong>da</strong>niSnuli giorgized, Semdgomad oTxisa wlisa mzadebisa, jereT<br />

mounaTlavi, mokv<strong>da</strong> yvavilisa seniTa samSoblosa Tvissa saxlsa <strong>da</strong> ukuqceuli nino<br />

Sedga monazvnad~ 1 .<br />

platon ioselianisave aRweriT, cxadi xdeba, rom taxtis memkvidres kargad un<strong>da</strong><br />

scnobo<strong>da</strong> Tavisi samarTavi qveyana, misi sazRvrebi <strong>da</strong> xalxi, misi gasaWiri <strong>da</strong> problemebi,<br />

Rirsebebi <strong>da</strong> naklovanebebi. amisi saukeTeso saSualeba iyo mogzauroba, rasac<br />

memkvidre adreuli asaki<strong>da</strong>n iwyeb<strong>da</strong>. `14 wlisam mimovlo saqarTvelo: qarTli, kaxeTi,<br />

somxiTi, fSavi, xevsureTi, TuSeTi <strong>da</strong> ixila mas dros ganmge somexTa eklesiisa oqevarteri<br />

anu kaTolikosi iakob V (1759-1763)~ 2 . giorgi SemdgomSic xSirad mogzaurob<strong>da</strong> 3 .<br />

mogzaurobis saSualebiT Tavisi samarTavi qveynis gacnoba, misi sazRvrebis moxilva<br />

<strong>da</strong> xalxTan urTierToba, adgilze maTi Wiris <strong>da</strong> lxinis uSualo gaziareba, qar-<br />

Tul samefo karze miRebuli <strong>da</strong> aprobirebuli meTodi Cans. platon ioselians moepoveba<br />

cnoba, rom qveyanaSi mogzaurob<strong>da</strong> giorgi <strong>XI</strong>I-is memkvidre _ <strong>da</strong>viTic. ufro metic,<br />

misTvis (ioane giorgis ZesTan erTad) qveynis aRwera _ metad sapasuxismgeblo <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani<br />

saqme _ <strong>da</strong>uvalebiaT 4 .<br />

platon ioseliani qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze memkvidresTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT kidev erT<br />

tradicias gvamcnobs.<br />

`odes droTa garemoebaTa gamo warvi<strong>da</strong> ruseTad (1760) mefe Teimuraz, maSin mefisa<br />

Zesa giorgis, viTarca SviliSvilsa uboZa skiptra qarTlisa mefobisa, garemosdva mas<br />

Tavisi samefo xmali, <strong>da</strong>hki<strong>da</strong> mas Zali morwmuneTa _ jvari Zel-WeSmaritiTa cmuli, oqrosa<br />

jaWviTa saki<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> Tval-margaritiTa Semkuli mcxeTisa eklesiasa Sina, Tana<br />

<strong>da</strong>swrebiTa ioseb kaTolikosisa <strong>da</strong> episkoposTa, TavadTa, aznaurTa <strong>da</strong> kariskacTa, akurTxa<br />

igi RvTismSoblisa mcirediTa SemkuliTa xatiTa~ 5 .<br />

es aris giorgisTvis qarTlis samefo taxtis realur pretendentad aRiarebis maniSnebeli<br />

faqti. Teimuraz II am SemTxvevaSi win<strong>da</strong>xedulebasac iCens <strong>da</strong> vfiqrobT, savaldebulo<br />

ritualsac asrulebs. igi, rogorc mefe, Tavis taxts uTmobs SviliSvils<br />

giorgis, raTa misi wasvlis Semdeg vinmem ar ganacxados masze pretenzia. amiT Teimurazi<br />

win swevs SviliSvilis legitimurobas. platoni aRniSnavs, kidec, rom am ambavma yvelas<br />

<strong>da</strong>aviwya ruseTSi ga<strong>da</strong>xvewili qarTlis mefis ojaxi, anu taxtis mosalodneli<br />

pretendenti 6 .<br />

platons moepoveba cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom giorgis legitimuroba ruseTis imperatormac<br />

<strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura: `traqtatis ZaliTa Soris imperatricisa Ekaterina II <strong>da</strong> iraklisa, mefis Ze<br />

giorgi <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> memkvidred saqarTveloisa; miiRoca ordeni aleqsandre nevelisa~ 7 .<br />

sainteresoa, Tu ra droi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> ra doziT iReb<strong>da</strong> taxtis memkvidre monawileobas<br />

saqveyno saqmeebSi. platon ioselians aqvs cnoba, rom `odes iqmna kreba, idumal ganla-<br />

Tinebulisa <strong>da</strong> kaTolikos patriarqisa antonisa, samsjavrod micemulisa, maSin krebisa<br />

ganCinebasa ze<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sdves beWedica 9 wlis yrmisa mefis Zis giorgisa~ 8 . vfiqrobT, aseT<br />

adreul asakSi saqveyno saqmeebSi memkvidris monawileobas qarTul samefo karze mxolod<br />

gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili.<br />

saerTod, qarTul samefo karze srulwlovanebis asakad miiCneo<strong>da</strong> Tvrameti weli. swored<br />

am periodi<strong>da</strong>n taxtis memkvidre aqtiurad ebmebo<strong>da</strong> saqveyno saqmeebSi. platoni wer<strong>da</strong>: `18<br />

wli<strong>da</strong>m cxovrebisa Tana-hyvis mamasa Tvissa, sa<strong>da</strong>ca warvidis, anu saomrad, anu mosaxilvelad<br />

samZRvarTa~ 9 .<br />

1 iqve.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 7-8.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 35-36, 45-48, 82.<br />

4 iqve, gv. 66.<br />

5 iqve, gv. 8.<br />

6 iqve, gv. 13.<br />

7 iqve, gv. 15.<br />

8 iqve, gv. 8.<br />

9 iqve, gv. 9.<br />

35

sainteresoa, platonis cnoba solomon I-is gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg imerlebis survilze<br />

erekle II-is mefobis qveS mTliani saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Sesaxeb. taxtis memkvidre<br />

eswrebo<strong>da</strong> im <strong>da</strong>rbazobas, romelzec qveynis didgvarovnebi am sakiTxs ixilavdnen,<br />

Tumca mas Tavisi azris gamoTqma mxolod meore Sekrebilobisas, isic erekles kiTxvis<br />

Semdeg mieca. am dros warCinebulebi <strong>da</strong>jgufebulebi iyvnen ramdenime partiad, giorgis<br />

mosmenili hqon<strong>da</strong> ama Tu im maTganis Sexeduleba <strong>da</strong> arCevanis gakeTebac SeeZlo 1 .<br />

SeeZlo 1 .<br />

sainteresoa, platonis mier aRwerili qsnis erisTavebisTvis mamulebis CamorTmevisTvis<br />

mowveul <strong>da</strong>rbazobaSi giorgi <strong>XI</strong>I-is monawileoba. platon ioseliani gadmogvcems<br />

im winaaRmdegobas, romelic erekle II-is samefo karze am sakiTxis ganxilvas axl<strong>da</strong>:<br />

`SegrovilTa mefisa sasaxleSi Sina mdivanbegTa ganixiles saqme <strong>da</strong> orguleba, romelTaca<br />

Seswamebdnen erisTavTa. Wabua orbelianman <strong>da</strong> ioseb TumaniSvilman <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa<br />

sZles sxvaTa <strong>da</strong> ganaCines sruliad ukuniTi ukunisamde moeRos maT saerisTao. simtkicisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong> SeucvaleblobisaTvis esreTisa ganCinebisa iqmna kreba, <strong>da</strong>iwera Zeglis wera,<br />

<strong>da</strong> moswer<strong>da</strong> xeli <strong>da</strong>esvaT beWedni mefisa <strong>da</strong> sameifosa saxlisa wevrTa, kaTalikosisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mRvdelmTavarTa rvaTa. kirile mTavarepiskoposman misca xma miematos Zeglis<br />

weras eseca: `iyavn kruli TviT mefeca, romelmanca ganxsnas Sekruleba ese <strong>da</strong> scvalos<br />

ganCineba~ 2 . am sakiTxis irgvliv erTsulovneba ar iyo TviT samefo ojaxSi. batoniSvil<br />

giorgis (SemdgomSi mefe giorgi <strong>XI</strong>I) `ara uneb<strong>da</strong> arc xelis mowera, arca beWdis <strong>da</strong>sma~,<br />

magram erekle II-es ver SeewinaaRmdega <strong>da</strong> `morCil eqmna mamasa, garna gaimegobra eris-<br />

Tavni <strong>da</strong> mTisa mkvidrni, romelTaca sur<strong>da</strong>T erisTavni Tvisni, galaRebulni maTgan~ 3 .<br />

`aqe<strong>da</strong>m scnes pirvelad hazri mefis Zisa, raTa hyvandes Semdeg droTaTvis gandevnilni<br />

erisTavni TanaSemwed pirispir meorisa dedisagan ZmaTa, romelnica sZulobden mas~.<br />

`ese siyvaruli maT Soris <strong>da</strong>scxra <strong>da</strong> ganqar<strong>da</strong> maSin, rodesac erisTavman revaz 1800<br />

welsa SeirTo colad anastasia, qali iraklisa <strong>da</strong> odes farnaoz mefis Zeman idumalve<br />

mamisa miiyvana colad anna qali yularaRasisa erisTavisa~ 4 .<br />

qarTul samefo karze miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, rom qveynis marTvaSi seriozuli adgili ekava pirovnul<br />

faqtors. kerZod ki, momaval mefes axlo urTierToba un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong> mezobeli<br />

qveynebis religiur <strong>da</strong> politikur liderebTan, rac bavSvobi<strong>da</strong>nve, memkvidred yofnis<br />

periodSi, maTTan mis uSualo nacnobobas <strong>da</strong> xSir SemTxvevaSi megobrobas gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

es <strong>da</strong>exmarebo<strong>da</strong> mefed yofnis periodSi maTTan urTierTobaSi, pirovnuli Tvisebebis<br />

codna ki saSualebas miscem<strong>da</strong> rTul <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet viTarebaSi sasurveli Sedegis<br />

misaRwevad Sesabamisad emoqme<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> yvelaze xelsayreli meTodebi gamoeyenebina.<br />

samefo taxtis memkvidre kargi meomari <strong>da</strong> mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavari un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo. mas amisTvis<br />

bavSvobi<strong>da</strong>nve amzadebdnen. sabrZolo moqmedebebSi uSualod igi Tvrameti wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

erTvebo<strong>da</strong>. samxedro saqmeSi misi momzadeba ki gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> rogorc sabrZolo operaciebSi<br />

(brZolis velze) uSualo monawileobas, aseve zurgSi saTanado moqmedebasac.<br />

amiT, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, xdebo<strong>da</strong> memkvidris mier imis gaTaviseba, rom gamarjvebisTvis Tanabari<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs brZolis am or ganuyofel komponents. platoni wers: `yaenis mosvlisa<br />

winaT Tfiliss mefis Zesa giorgis miendva qiziyis jaris Seyra~ 5 .<br />

samefo kari marto politikuri cxovrebiT ar iyo <strong>da</strong>kavebuli. masSi mniSvnelovani<br />

adgili ekava <strong>da</strong>svenebas <strong>da</strong> garTobas. samefo karze nadirobiTa <strong>da</strong> jiriTiT iqcevdnen<br />

Tavs. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, masSi taxtis memkvidrec monawileob<strong>da</strong>. platoni aRwers, rom giorgis<br />

ar uyvar<strong>da</strong> arc erTi <strong>da</strong> arc meore: `monadireTa did-kacTa uwodeb<strong>da</strong> kacTa usaqmo-<br />

Ta moclilTa~. misi azriT, `devna mxecTa <strong>da</strong> pirutyvTa SeaCvevs mterobasa <strong>da</strong> mesisxleobasao,<br />

gaaborotebs gulsao. SvilTaca TvisTa ar urCev<strong>da</strong> nadirobisa SeCvevasa <strong>da</strong><br />

marTlad arca erTi maTgani, romelTaca me vicnobdi, ar iyvnen monadireni, gar<strong>da</strong> mefis<br />

Zisa iliasa, <strong>da</strong> eseca SeCveo<strong>da</strong> nadirobasa ruseTSi~. jiriTobas ki igi uwodeb<strong>da</strong> `sagansacdelosa<br />

rasme~ 6 . imis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, uyvar<strong>da</strong> Tu ara giorgi erekles Zes nadiroba, samefo<br />

karze aucileblad izrunebdnen imaze, rom igi kargi monadirec yofiliyo <strong>da</strong> mo-<br />

1 iqve, gv. 15-18.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 77-78.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 78.<br />

4 iqve.<br />

5 iqve, gv. 44.<br />

6 iqve, gv. 26.<br />

36

jiriTec. am SemTxvevaSi taxtis memkvidres arCevanis saSualeba ar hqon<strong>da</strong>. mas SeeZlo<br />

monawileoba ar mieRo aRniSnul gasarTobebSi, magram aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> scodno<strong>da</strong> Tavis<br />

Seqcevis es saSualebebi, romelic samefo karis etiketiT iyo gansazRvruli.<br />

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi qarTuli samefo saxlis mmarTvelobis sistemaSi mniSvnelovani<br />

movlena mox<strong>da</strong>. platon ioseliani wers, rom erekle II-s <strong>da</strong>awerines anderZi,<br />

romliTac taxtis <strong>da</strong>kavebis mami<strong>da</strong>n ufros Svilze ga<strong>da</strong>cemis wesi Secvala <strong>da</strong> Zmi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Zmaze ga<strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong>akanona. platon ioseliani am anderZs ugvansa <strong>da</strong> qveynis <strong>da</strong>saRupad<br />

Sedgenils uwodeb<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

taxtis memkvidresTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli wesebi sxva wes-CveulebebTan erTad qmni<strong>da</strong><br />

qarTul samefo kars, romelsac, platon ioselianis gadmocemiT, Teimuraz batoniSvili<br />

ase axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong>: `rodesac me TviT Semdgomad mefis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebisa warvedi<br />

sparseTsa,... vnaxe... sparselTa qceva, bilwi azri maTi usafuZvlo ganmgeblobisaTvis <strong>da</strong><br />

saomrad. vscan igini ara raisa mcodneni, yaenisagan <strong>da</strong>Sorebulni, ver gambe<strong>da</strong>vni<br />

sityvisa Tvisisa mefesTan <strong>da</strong> sworisaca sasargebloisa hazrisa ar gamomTqmelni.<br />

di<strong>da</strong>d mikvir<strong>da</strong> mdgomareoba iranisa, mefeTa karisa, <strong>da</strong> movixseniebdi papisa Cemisa<br />

karsa <strong>da</strong> TviT mamisa Cemisa, yovlad mefurisa, didebulisa, gancxromiTisa,<br />

mxiarulebiTisa, samarTlierisa <strong>da</strong> karRia taxtisa mdi<strong>da</strong>rTa, moklebulTa, sneulTa,<br />

mSierTa, obolTa, qvrivTa <strong>da</strong> pyrobilTaTvis. Eexlac vekvirvi, mixedviT sparseTisa <strong>da</strong><br />

sxvaTasa evropiisa mefeTa, Cemgan naxulTa reinisa piramdin, mamisa Cemisa simaRlesa <strong>da</strong><br />

brwyinvalebasa~ 2 .<br />

marTalia, m. dumbaZe wer<strong>da</strong>, rom `iseTi gonieri istorikosic ki, rogoric iyo p.<br />

ioseliani, romelsac mefis cenzuris pirobebSi Tavisuflad ar SeeZlo mosazrebaTa<br />

gamoTqma, giorgi mefis politikis Sefasebisas aSkarad winaaRmdegobriv Sexedulebebs<br />

ayalibeb<strong>da</strong>~ 3 , vfiqrobT, rom qarTul samefo karze taxtis memkvidresTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />

tradiciebis Sesaxeb platon ioselianis mier <strong>da</strong>xatuli suraTi, zedmiwevniT realuria.<br />

platon ioseliani <strong>XI</strong>X saukunis qarTveli istorikosebis im plea<strong>da</strong>s miekuTvneba,<br />

romlebmac mecnierul doneze aiyvanes saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavla <strong>da</strong> safuZveli<br />

Cauyares qarTvelologiur mecnierebas.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />

1. m. dumbaZe, qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifos gauqmeba <strong>da</strong> ruseTTan SeerTeba, saqarTvelos<br />

istoriis narkvevebi, IV (Tbilisi, 1973).<br />

2. p. ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi mecametisa, red. ak. gawerelia (Tbilisi, 1978).<br />

3. z. kiknaZe, farnavazis sizmari <strong>da</strong> mefobis legitimaciis tipologia, <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong><br />

<strong>institutis</strong> <strong>Sromebi</strong>, VIII, eZRvneba gelaTis monastris <strong>da</strong>arsebis 900 wlisTavs<br />

(Tbilisi, 2008).<br />

4. leonti mroveli, mefeTa cxovreba, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili<br />

yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi, 1955).<br />

5. l. patariZe, miriani <strong>da</strong> misi mefoba: ideologiuri aspeqti, <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> <strong>institutis</strong><br />

<strong>Sromebi</strong>, VIII, eZRvneba gelaTis monastris <strong>da</strong>arsebis 900 wlisTavs (Tbilisi, 2008).<br />

6. m. tyavaSvili, T. SakiaSvili, CrdilokavkasielTa migracia saqarTveloSi (Zv. w. III saukune),<br />

istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani, VIII (Tbilisi, 2006).<br />

7. Н. Дубровин, история войны и владычества русских на кавказе, IV (С-Петербург, 1889).<br />

1 iqve, gv. 219.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 175-176.<br />

3 m. dumbaZe, qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifos gauqmeba <strong>da</strong> ruseTTan SeerTeba, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi,<br />

IV (Tbilisi, 1973), gv. 807<br />

37

MZIA TKAVASHVILI<br />

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,<br />

Ivane javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />

PLATON IOSELIANI ABOUT THE CUSTOMS CONNECTED WITH<br />

THE HEIR OF THE KARTL-KHAKHETI THROWN<br />

Platon Ioseliani belongs to that generation of the 19 th century Georgian historians who laid the foun<strong>da</strong>tion of<br />

the Georgian historical and Kartvelological studies.<br />

In the historical account `The Life of Giorgi <strong>XI</strong>II~ Platon Ioseliani speaks about the issue connected with the<br />

heir of the Georgian royal court.<br />

The rituals of the birth and baptism of the thrown heir; his education, marriage, including him into the internal<br />

and foreign political affairs, participation in war affaires, the relations with the members of the royal family and<br />

subordinates were the problems of Platon Ioseliani‟s interest. When the rule is of dynastic character the role of a<br />

heir is great. That‟s why the rules and rituals connected with a heir was strictly regulated by Georgian political<br />

elite. The rules connected with the institution of heir together with other traditions of the royal court were creating<br />

the phenomenon that was called Georgian royal court. King Teimuras Bagrationi was characterizing it so: `My<br />

grandfather‟s and my father‟s court was completely royal, great, comfortable, joyful and fair. The door of the royal<br />

court was always open for rich, poor, sick, hungry people, orphans, widows and prisoners. Even now I am amazed<br />

how brilliant and majestic was my father‟s court in comparison with the courts of Persian and other European kings<br />

up to the riverside of Rhine I have seen~.<br />

38

Zveli istoria<br />

nana baxsoliani<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> instituti<br />

qarxemiSis orTostatis erTi siuJetis<br />

interpretaciisaTvis<br />

ieroglifur-luviuri <strong>da</strong>mwerlobiT Sesrulebuli warwerebi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, qvis sabe-<br />

W<strong>da</strong>vebze, qvis orTostatebze (simaRleze mdgari qvaTlilebi, lodebi), monumentur stelebze,<br />

kldeSi nakveT reliefebsa <strong>da</strong> tyviis firfitebze <strong>da</strong>sturdeba.<br />

samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, ieroglifur-luviuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>mwerloba Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad sakulto xasiaTis iyo: igi monumentur religiur <strong>da</strong>mwerlobas<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. gvianxeTur xanaSi sekularizacias ganicdis. Cndeba miZRvniTi, samSeneblo warwerebi,<br />

istoriuli Sinaarsis teqstebi 1 . miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom am <strong>da</strong>mwerlobiT Sesrulebuli<br />

teqstebi mokle, trafaretuli <strong>da</strong> xSir SemTxvevaSi bundovani SinaarsiT xasiaTdeba, maTi<br />

mniSvneloba mainc ganuzomlad didia. warwerebs arc Tu iSviaTad Tan reliefuri gamosaxulebani<br />

axlavs. amitom, monumenturi Zeglebi kidev ufro met Rirebulebas iZens ama Tu im<br />

problemuri sakiTxis <strong>da</strong>smis, kvleva-Ziebis Catarebisa <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi analizisaTvis.<br />

amjerad, Cemi kvlevis sagans CrdiloeT siriaSi, gvianxeTuri xanis qarxemiSis<br />

(dRev. jerablusi) samefo xelisuflebis uzurpatoris _ iaririsis (Zv. w. VIII saukunis<br />

60-40-iani wlebi) warwera warmoadgens. ieroglifur-luviuri warwera cicabo kldezea<br />

amokveTili. Zegli samecniero literaturaSi qarxemiSis samefo sagvareulos ojaxis<br />

reliefur gamosaxuleba<strong>da</strong>a miCneuli. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi am Zeglisadmi miZRvnili<br />

ramdenime saintereso naSromi gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

ieroglifur-luviuri warwera aq gamosaxuli pirebis – mamakacebis Teoforul saxelebs<br />

gvamcnobs, romelTac erT SemTxvevaSi RvTaeba TarxunTis, umTavresad ki RvTaeba<br />

TeSubis saxelwodebebi udevs safuZvlad: `es malia-TeSuf(ia), es asTi Trhu(ia), es<br />

Tarna-TiSfa(a), es asakar-TiSfa(a), es sangara(a), es ahid-TiSfa(a), es halpavara(a), es Tuvarsa(a)<br />

sayvareli meuRle... es gamosaxuleba iaririsisia. es qamana(a), isini umcrosi<br />

Zmebi(a)... me mitacebuli xelisufleba... <strong>da</strong> me taZrebis umaRles msaxurad vaqcie... Tumca<br />

igi u<strong>da</strong>rdeli bavSvi...~ 3 .<br />

ramdena<strong>da</strong>c kvlevis fokusSi qarxemiSis orTostatis erTi siuJeti eqceva, monumenturi<br />

Zeglis aRwerilobaze <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT SevCerdebi.<br />

reliefuri gamosaxuleba ramdenime nawilisagan Sedgeba: wina, marcxena orTostatze<br />

qamanasi <strong>da</strong> iaririsia gamosaxuli. am ukanasknels marcxena xelSi samefo rwmunebis<br />

sigeli magrad CaubRujavs, marjvena ki qamanasis xelze aqvs <strong>da</strong>debuli. orTostatze<br />

aRbeWdili es scena samecniero literaturaSi gaziarebuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, iaririsis<br />

mier qamanasis Svilad, memkvidred gamocxadebis ceremonias warmoadgens.<br />

marjvena mxares, profilSi qalbatoni xelSi bavSviTa <strong>da</strong> yelsabamze gamobmuli ZaRliTaa<br />

gamosaxuli. Sua nawili ora<strong>da</strong>a gayofili: zemo <strong>da</strong> qvemo registrebad. zemo registrze<br />

samefos umaRlesi piri – sami ymawvili xelSi Sesabamisi atributebiTaa warmodgenili,<br />

maT ukan `ubralo~ () biWi mohyveba, romelsac xelSi Woki uWiravs. Wokze ki Citi zis. yvelani<br />

marcxena mxares, mTavari personaJebisaken – qamanasisa <strong>da</strong> iaririsiskenaa mimarTuli.<br />

qvemo registrze wyvilad <strong>da</strong>jgufebuli oTxi biWia gamosaxuli. TiToeuli TamaSis<br />

scenaSi warmodgeba. marjvniv ori ymawvili fexze dgas <strong>da</strong> bzrialas atrialebs, mar-<br />

1 n. xazaraZe, nagebobebis aRmniSvneli luviuri ieroglifebi, (masalebi Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebis mcire aziis qalaqebis<br />

<strong>istoriisa</strong>Tvis), qalaqebi <strong>da</strong> saqalaqo cxovreba Zvel saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi-baTumi, 2000), gv. 32-35.<br />

2 Merrigi P., Manuale Di ETeo Geroglifico, II, Testi I-1a Serie (Roma, 1967), p. 19.; Barnett R. D., Karatepe, the key to the Hittite Hieroglyphs, AnSt, III<br />

(Ankara-London, 1953), p. 91; Mallowan M. E., Carchemish, Reflections on the chronology of the sculptura, AnSt, X<strong>XI</strong>I (Ankara-London, 1972), p.<br />

76; Hawkins J. D., Bulding inscriptions of Carchemish the Long Wall of sculpture and Great Staircase, AnSt, X<strong>XI</strong>I (Ankara-London, 1972), p. 87-114;<br />

Hawkins J. D., Some historical Problems of Hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions, AnSt, X<strong>XI</strong>X (Ankara-London, 1979), p. 157.<br />

3 Merrigi P., Manuale Di…, p. 20.<br />

39

cxena mxares ki, ori ymawvili fexebmokecil pozaSi `wils yris~, `koWaobs~, savaraudod,<br />

`kamaTlebs~ agorebs.<br />

mravali xalxisaTvis `wilis yra~, `koWaoba~, `kamaTlebi~ TamaSicaa <strong>da</strong> religiuri<br />

qmedebac. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es ritualia, misi monawileni <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulni arian, rom<br />

maTi qmedeba RvTaebrivi Zalis mieraa nakarnaxevi <strong>da</strong> amdenad, RvTaebis Semotanili wesrigi<br />

Cveulebrivi cxovrebis wesrigze maRla dgas.<br />

TamaSi Cveulebriv cxovrebas Tavisi adgiliTa <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivobiT gamoeyofa, sanam is<br />

mimdinareobs, gamefebulia moZraoba, aRmavloba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Rmavloba, <strong>da</strong>kavSireba <strong>da</strong> gaTiSva, cvalebadoba.<br />

mas Tan <strong>da</strong>Zabulobac axlavs. is ganmuxtvisaken miiswrafvis, sa<strong>da</strong>c didi <strong>da</strong>Zabulobaa,<br />

iRbalia saWiro. <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis elementi TavisTavad sikeTisa <strong>da</strong> borotebis miRma<br />

myof TamaSobriv qmedebas garkveul eTikur Sinaarss aZlevs. iRbali RvTis wyalobaa, RvTis<br />

rCeulobaa 1 .<br />

qarxemiSis orTostatze gamosaxuli `wilis yra~, `koWaoba~, `kamaTlebiT~ TamaSis scena,<br />

Cemi azriT, TamaSis formats scildeba. mas sruliad naTeli semantikuri kodi gaaCnia.<br />

saqme samefo xelisuflebis momavali pretendentebis wilis yriT arCevas un<strong>da</strong> exebodes.<br />

orTostatze gamosaxuli scenis de<strong>da</strong>azri swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aseT `iRblian~<br />

gamarjvebulad samefo ojaxis wevrebi<strong>da</strong>n qamanasia. is, misi regentis mier ukve xel<strong>da</strong>smulia.<br />

samefo ojaxis <strong>da</strong>narCeni wevrebi, qamanasis Zmebi ki, TavianTi rigiTobis adgils,<br />

Tu ierarqias im taZrebSi ganisazRvraven, romelic maT `wilis yriT~ ergebaT.<br />

amgvari interpretacia, vfiqrob, Tavis adgils uCens `wilis yris~, `koWaobis~, `kamaTlebiT~<br />

TamaSis <strong>da</strong>niSnulebas – gamoavlinos gamarjvebuli <strong>da</strong> pirvelTa Soris rigobiTobis<br />

principi <strong>da</strong>icvas.<br />

sakiTxis <strong>istoriisa</strong>Tvis sayuradRebo informaciis Semcvelia xeTuri werilobiTi<br />

wyaroebi. erT-erTi teqsti amindis RvTaebis gveleSapTan/gvelTan Serkinebis miTs Seexeba.<br />

igi wilis yris ritualur ceremoniaze mogviTxrobs. sailustraciod momyavs nawyveti xe-<br />

Turi teqsti<strong>da</strong>n: $31 (DIV 11-16) `ase (miugebs maT) `kurTxeuli qurumi~ – Taxfurili: `rodesac<br />

Tqven dioritis taxtze <strong>da</strong>brZandebiT <strong>da</strong> `kurTxeuli qurumebi~ wils yrian, is `kurTxeuli<br />

qurumi~, romelsac calianus (gamosaxuleba) eWireba xelSi, wyaroze aRmarTul dioritis<br />

taxtze, (swored) iq <strong>da</strong>jdeba~. $2 (A 14-17) `RvTaebebi, yvelani, modian <strong>da</strong> wils yrian,<br />

yvela (sxva) RvTaebi<strong>da</strong>n qasTamas casxafuna (yvelaze) didi(a)~ 2 .<br />

zemomoyvanilTan erTad sagulisxmoa xeTuri sakulto-sainventaro Janris teqsti KUB<br />

17. 35. masSi xeTuri dResaswaulebis aRwerilobebs vxvdebiT. teqstSi gansaxilveli sakiTxi<br />

EZEN pulaš-is saxelwodebiT warmodgeba <strong>da</strong> `wilis yris dResaswauli~ hqvia. miTiTebuli<br />

warweris mowmobiT: `[rodesac Weqa-quxilis RvTaebas wilis yris dResaswauls] gamarTaven,<br />

<strong>da</strong>ibanen. sanga-qurumi <strong>da</strong>ibans (<strong>da</strong>) RvTaebasac ganbans. [ ] <strong>da</strong>msx<strong>da</strong>rni wils yrian <strong>da</strong> visTanac<br />

kenWi <strong>da</strong>vardeba, is Seitans [mas] [taZarSi] <strong>da</strong> is <strong>da</strong>debs sakurTxevelze~ 3 . wilis yris rituali<br />

axali qurumis asarCevad sruldebo<strong>da</strong>. misi arCeva taZris personali<strong>da</strong>n an qurumTa ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

xdebo<strong>da</strong>. moyvanili warweris msgavsi konteqsti kidev ramdenime xeTur teqstSi (KUB<br />

60.152, KUB 2. 1, KUB 55. 14) <strong>da</strong>sturdeba. ase, magaliTad, KUB 60. 152 fragmentul warweraSi<br />

axali sanga-qurumi kvlav wilis yris ritualTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. dResaswauli qalaq Zuppara-Si<br />

imarTebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>zianebuli teqsti<strong>da</strong>n mainc naTlad Cans, rom aq Camosuli sanga-qurumi<br />

RvTaebis simbolos Rebulobs. sadResaswaulo procesiaSi gudu-qurumebTan <strong>da</strong> uxucesebTan<br />

erTad momRerali qalebi <strong>da</strong> qalaqis mosaxleobac monawileobs. wilis yra im piris gamosavlenad<br />

tardebo<strong>da</strong>, romelic qurumebs taZarSi mouxmob<strong>da</strong>. a. koenis mosazrebiT, es ritualis<br />

kidev erTi saxeobaa 4 .<br />

moyvanil fragmentSi `wilis yris~ mizani aSkarad ikveTeba – gamoavlinos <strong>da</strong> ganamwesos<br />

upirvelesi qurumi <strong>da</strong>niSnul an gamorCeul adgilze.<br />

KUB 55.14-Si wilis yris dResaswauli sxva sakulto ritualebis CamonaTvalSi figurirebs.<br />

xeTur teqstebSi dResaswaulebis mravlobiT ricxvSi moxsenieba imaze miuTiTebs,<br />

rom rituali erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme sruldebo<strong>da</strong>. rac Seexeba KUB 2. 1-s,<br />

1 i. haizinga, Homo Ludens kaci moTamaSe (Tbilisi, 2004), gv. 82-84.<br />

2 i. tatiSvili, xeTuri religia (Tbilisi, 2001), gv. 45-50.<br />

3 Taggar-Cohen A., The EZEN pulaš – A Hittite Installation Rite of a New Priest, JANER, 2 (Leiden, 2002), p. 134-136.<br />

4 iqve, gv. 144-145.<br />

40

igi or qalaqSi gamarTul wilis yris ceremoniaze mogviTxrobs 1 . niSandoblivia, rom es<br />

faqti xazgasmiT miuTiTebs am ritualis gavrcelebis arealze.<br />

arqeologiuri masali<strong>da</strong>n aSkarad Cans, rom koWebs, kamaTlebs xeTebis Semdgom xanaSic<br />

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebo<strong>da</strong>. ase, magaliTad, frigiaSi erT-erT yorRanSi Ky (Zv. w.<br />

VII s.) saTamaSo koWebi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rasac aseve SemTxveviTobiT ver avxsniT 2 .<br />

ax. w. I saukunis avtori pomponius mela CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />

metad mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis erT-erTi qarTveluri tomis mosinebis<br />

Sesaxeb:…`...mosinebi cxovroben xis koSkebSi, mTel sxeuls niSnebiT iWreleben, sajarod<br />

Wamen, ganurCevlad (aRreulad) iWeren erTmaneTTan sqesobriv kavSirs <strong>da</strong> saqveyno<strong>da</strong>c;<br />

mefeebs kenWis yriT irCeven, inaxaven maT borkilebSi mtkice <strong>da</strong>cvis qveS <strong>da</strong> roca raime<br />

ugvani brZanebis gamocemiT <strong>da</strong>aSaveben, mTeli dRis uWmelobiT sjian~ 3 .<br />

zemomotanili pirvelwyaro<strong>da</strong>n sakmaod kargad xerxdeba koWebis, kenWis yris semantikuri<br />

kodis axsna. naTelia, rom mas, upirveles yovlisa, arCevis (an gamorCevis – n. b.)<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSnuleba hqon<strong>da</strong>. misi saSualebiT wesrigi myardebo<strong>da</strong> ara marto religiur, aramed<br />

politikur cxovrebaSic.<br />

`wilis yris~, `koWaobis~, `kamaTlebiT~ TamaSis ritualuri warmodgenebi sxva, araerT<br />

Zvel aRmosavlur-<strong>da</strong>savlur kulturaSic gvxvdeba. ase, magaliTad, Zvel indur sityvaSi<br />

`diulam~ Serkinebisa <strong>da</strong> kamaTliT TamaSis mniSvneloba urTierTmimarTebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis.<br />

TviT samyaro Sivasa <strong>da</strong> mis meuRles Soris gaazrebulia rogorc kamaTlebiT<br />

TamaSis partia. weliwadis droni `rtu~ eqvsi mamakaciTaa warmodgenili, romlebic oqrosa<br />

<strong>da</strong> vercxlis kamaTlebs agoreben. RmerTebis Serkinebas saWadrako <strong>da</strong>fasTan germanuli<br />

miTologiac icnobs. rodesac samyaroSi wesrigi <strong>da</strong>myar<strong>da</strong>, RmerTebi kamaTlis<br />

saTamaSod Seikribnen, siWabukes naziarevi RmerTebi – arebi Tavis adrindel gatacebas<br />

– oqros saTamaSo <strong>da</strong>febsac ibruneben.<br />

g. heldis Tanaxmad, `mahabharatas~ ZiriTadi moqmedeba mefeebis – iudhistirasa <strong>da</strong><br />

kauravas kamaTliT TamaSis garSemo trialebs.<br />

sainteresoa TamaSis gasamarTi adgili. es SeiZleba iyos ubralo wre, `diutman<br />

<strong>da</strong>lam~, romelsac, eWvgareSea magiuri mniSvneloba gaaCnia. igi sagul<strong>da</strong>gulo<strong>da</strong>a SemosazRvruli<br />

<strong>da</strong> TaRliTobis asacilebla<strong>da</strong>c yvelanairi zomaa miRebuli. moTamaSeebs ar<br />

aqvT wri<strong>da</strong>n gamosvlis ufleba, vidre yvela Tavis valdebulebas ar Seasrulebs. zogjer<br />

TamaSisaTvis droebiTi, sagangebod nakurTxi <strong>da</strong>rbazi aigeba. `mahabharataSi~ mTeli<br />

Tavi eZRvneba pandus Svilebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi metoqeebis TamaSisaTvis gankuTvnili <strong>da</strong>rbazis<br />

`sabhas~ mSeneblobas 4 .<br />

`wilis yra~, `koWaoba~, `kamaTlebiT~ TamaSi Zvel saberZneTSi aseve farTod iyo gavrcelebuli.<br />

Aarsebuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, saberZneTSi TamaSis es saxeoba saritualo<br />

funqciis matareblad ki ar gvevlineba, aramed garTobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>svenebis erT-erT saSualebad.<br />

amiT ara marto mamakacebi, aramed qalebi <strong>da</strong> bavSvebic ki iyvnen <strong>da</strong>kavebulni. ase, magaliTad,<br />

herodes TxzulebaSi `maswavlebeli~ bavSvis de<strong>da</strong> wuxils gamoTqvams imis gamo,<br />

rom man `kamaTlebiT~ TamaSi ukve fulze <strong>da</strong>iwyo. aq saqme exebo<strong>da</strong> `TeTr kamaTlebs~. igi<br />

cxovelis fexis sqeli Zvlisagan iyo gamoWrili. koWis ori mxare swori iyo, mesame – amoburculi,<br />

meoTxe ki Cazneqili. mas yvela mxri<strong>da</strong>n patara fosoebi hqon<strong>da</strong> gakeTebuli: Cazneqil<br />

mxares erTi, amoburculze eqvsi, sworze ki, sami an oTxi. koWs specialur wreSi<br />

isrodnen, Semdeg <strong>da</strong>narCen koWebsac aisrodnen <strong>da</strong> Tvals adevnebdnen koWebs Tu romel<br />

mxareze <strong>da</strong>ecemo<strong>da</strong>. visi koWebic CaRrmavebul mxareze <strong>da</strong>vardebo<strong>da</strong>, gamarjvebula<strong>da</strong>c is<br />

iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. rodesac oTxive koWi, kamaTeli erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave niSanze <strong>da</strong>jdebo<strong>da</strong>, warumateblad<br />

iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. mas berZnebi `ZaRls~ uwodebdnen, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi _ `afrodites~.<br />

TamaSSi gamarjvebuls nadimis dros `Tama<strong>da</strong>d~ irCevdnen. Zveli berZnebi `koWebiT~, `kamaTlebiT~<br />

kidev Semdegnairad TamaSobdnen: ramdenime koWs~ `kamaTels~ aagdebdnen ise, rom<br />

yvela koWi, kamaTeli xelisgulze <strong>da</strong>cemuliyo, an mkiTxaobdnen, moTamaSem xelSi ramdeni<br />

`koWi~, `kamaTeli~ <strong>da</strong>mala – luwi Tu kenti.<br />

1 iqve, gv. 154-155.<br />

2 n. xazaraZe, gordionis yorRanuli samarxebi, kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli, II (Tbilisi, 1962), gv.<br />

255-264.<br />

3 al. gamyreliZe, pomponius melas cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, I (Tbilisi,<br />

1965), gv. 29.<br />

4 i. haizinga, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 82-84.<br />

41

omaelebic Zveli berZnebis msgavsad TamaSobdnen. saTamaSo `koWi~, `kamaTeli~ patara,<br />

eqvswaxnagovani kubikis formisa iyo. romaelebic, iseve rogorc eladis mcxovrebni,<br />

warumatebel nasrols `ZaRls~, xolo saukeTesos _ `veneras~ uwodebdnen.<br />

`koWebiT~, `kamaTlebiT~ TamaSi ukve imperiis xanaSi aikrZala. igi mxolod saturnis<br />

dResaswaulze – saturnaliebze iyo neba<strong>da</strong>rTuli. akrZalvas swored isini arRvevdnen, vinc<br />

igi SemoiRo. amaze iuvenaliusi Tavis `satirebSi~ (<strong>XI</strong>, 176-178) kritikulad wer<strong>da</strong>.<br />

TamaSis am saxeobiT cnobili politikuri moRvaweebi iyvnen gatacebuli (publius<br />

mucius scevola, katon ufrosi cenzori, katon umcrosi, scipion afrikanius umcrosi,<br />

katilina, cezari, pompeusi, oqtaviane avgustusi, tiberiusi, kaligula, klavdiusi, neroni,<br />

viteliusi, vespasiane, domiciane) 1 . am SemTxvevaSi, `koWaoba~, `kamaTlebiT~ TamaSi<br />

saxelmwifos Zneli <strong>da</strong> rTuli saqmeebisagan <strong>da</strong> aseve aranakleb awewili ojaxuri cxovrebisagan<br />

<strong>da</strong>svenebisa <strong>da</strong> garTobis saSualebas iZleo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amgvarad, moyvanili monacemebi, romlebic, faqtobrivad, pirvela<strong>da</strong>a Tavmoyrili,<br />

simciris miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, naTlad metyvelebs imaze, rom xeTur <strong>da</strong> gvianxeTur xanaSi, rogorc<br />

es aSkarad Cans xeTuri werilobiTi wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> qarxemiSis orTostatze gamosaxuli<br />

siuJeti<strong>da</strong>n, `wilis yra~ `koWaoba~, `kamaTlebiT~ TamaSi ritualuri, sakraluri<br />

mniSvnelobis movlena iyo. igi gvianxeTur xanaSi (qarxemiSis magaliTze) politikur<br />

cxovrebaSic ki wesrigis ganmsazRvrelad gvevlineba.<br />

samwuxarod, sadReisod arsebuli werilobiTi pirvelwyaroebi saSualebas ar iZleva<br />

ufro Rrmad CavwvdeT ganxiluli sakiTxis sxva aspeqts. kerZod, jerjerobiT verafers<br />

vityvi imaze, Tu ram gamoiwvia `wilis yris~, `koWaobis~ ritualis transformacia<br />

Zvel saberZneTsa <strong>da</strong> romSi.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />

1. al. gamyreliZe, pomponius melas cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba,<br />

I (Tbilisi, 1965).<br />

2. i. tatiSvili, xeTuri religia (Tbilisi, 2001).<br />

3. n. xazaraZe, gordionis yorRanuli samarxebi, kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli,<br />

II (Tbilisi, 1962).<br />

4. n. xazaraZe, nagebobebis aRmniSvneli luviuri ieroglifebi, (masalebi Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebis<br />

mcire aziis qalaqebis <strong>istoriisa</strong>Tvis), qalaqebi <strong>da</strong> saqalaqo cxovreba<br />

Zvel saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi-baTumi, 2000).<br />

5. i. haizinga, Homo Ludens kaci moTamaSe (Tbilisi, 2004).<br />

6. Винничук Л., Люди, Нравы и Обычай древней Греции и Рима (Москва, 1988.<br />

7. Barnett R. D., Karatepe, the key to the Hittite Hieroglyphs, AnSt, III (Ankara-London, 1953).<br />

8. Mallowan M. E. L., Carchemish, Reflections on the chronology of the sculptura, AnSt, X<strong>XI</strong>I (Ankara-London,<br />

1972).<br />

9. Hawkins J. D., Bulding inscriptions of Carchemish the Long Wall of sculpture and Great Staircase, AnSt, X<strong>XI</strong>I<br />

(Ankazra-London, 1972).<br />

10. Hawkins J. D., Some historical Problems of Hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions, AnSt, X<strong>XI</strong>X (Ankara-London,<br />

1979).<br />

11. Merrigi P., Manuale Di ETeo Geroglifico, II, testi I-1a Serie (Roma, 1967).<br />

12. Taggar-Cohen A., The EZEN pulaš – A Hittite Installation Rite of a New Priest, JANER, 2 (Leiden, 2002).<br />

1 Винничук Л., Люди, Нравы и Обычай древней Греции и Рима (Москва, 1988), стр. 288-300.<br />

42

NANA BAKHSOLIANI<br />

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,<br />

Ivane javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />

ON INTERPRETATION OF ONE PLOT OF THE CARCHEMISH ORTHOSTAT<br />

The article focuses on one plot of the Carchemish orthostat _ four boys grouped in pairs, depicted in the<br />

lower register. Each of them appears in a scene of playing. On the right, two youths are shown standing, spinning a<br />

whirligig. To the left, two youths, sitting cross-legged, are “casting lots”, “playing knucklebones”, presumably,<br />

rolling “dice”.<br />

The scene of “casting lots”, “playing knucklebones”, rolling “dice”, represented on the Carchemish orthostat,<br />

in my view, goes beyond the game format. It has a quite clear semantic code. We must be dealing with selection of<br />

future pretenders to the royal power by casting lots.<br />

The basic idea of the scene depicted on the orthostat is exactly that of the members of the royal family such a<br />

“lucky” winner is Kamanas. He is already consecrated by his regent. Other members of the royal family, brothers<br />

of Kamanas, occupy their order or hierarchy in the temples according to the “lot fallen” to them.<br />

Noteworthy information for the history of the question is contained in archaeological <strong>da</strong>ta, Hittite and the<br />

Classical period written sources, in which the purpose of “casting lots” _ identification and appointment of the high<br />

priest or king to his assignation _ is explicitly manifested.<br />

A<br />

43

eka avaliani<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis<br />

saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

Uurartus transkavkasiuri samxedro kolonizaciis sakiTxisaTvis<br />

1. urartus memkvidreobis problema<br />

urartuli civilizacia (termini urartu momdinareobs asuruli teqstebi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

urartelebi sakuTar Tavs moixseniebdnen terminiT _ Biainili, sai<strong>da</strong>nac momdinareobs vani,<br />

adreul etapze, aseve iyenebdnen meore asurul termins _ nairi) Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />

samecniero wreebSi vanis samefos istoriasTan igivdeba. berZnuli wayroebis mixedviT,<br />

aRmosavleT anatoliaSi mcxovrebi ori xalxi ukavSirdeba gviani xanis urartelebs: eseni<br />

arian alarodianebi/alarodebi <strong>da</strong> qaldevelebi 1 . qaldevelebis warmomavlobis sakiTxis<br />

kvleva dRes erTgvar CixSia moqceuli; erTis mxriv, maTi saxelis gamo isini ar un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen<br />

gaigivebulni samxreT SuamdinareTis qaldevelebTan, xolo, meores mxriv, iyvnen Tu ara es<br />

qaldevelebi urartelebis memkvidreebi eTnikuri maxasiaTebliT, lingvisturi parametrebiTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> religiuri orienttiriT, kvlav seriozuli samecniero <strong>da</strong>vis sagani xdeba 2 .<br />

alarodianebi/alarodebis sakiTxic bundovnebiT aris moculi, cnobilia maTi gansaxlebis<br />

teritoria, es aris araratis mi<strong>da</strong>moebi, Tumca maTi eTnikuri vinaobis Sesaxeb mxolod hipo-<br />

Teturi versiebi muSavdeba;aqve, gasaTvaliswinebelia, ivane javaxiSvilis mosazreba: “qarTebi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> herodotes mier moxsenebul alarodebs Soris yofiliyvnen, romelnic araratis<br />

mi<strong>da</strong>moebSi binadrobdnen” 3 . didi qarTveli mecnieri Tavis Teoriul kvlevebSi ufro Sors<br />

wavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gamoTqva mosazreba, urartelebisa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebis memkvidreobis <strong>da</strong> erTgvari na-<br />

Tesauri kavSirebis Sesaxeb, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>imowma misi Tanamedrove mecnierebs, lenormanis, seisis,<br />

masperos, hommelis <strong>Sromebi</strong> 4 . mogvianebiT, meore didma qarTvelma mecnierma, giorgi<br />

meliqiSvilma gamoaqveyna urartuli wayroebi, romlebic aRweren urartelebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

istoriuli saqarTvelos samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT raionebSi mcxovrebi xalxebis urTierTobebs,<br />

dokumentur masalebis doneze 5 . urartelebisa <strong>da</strong> indoevropul enaze molaparake somxebis<br />

kulturuli memkvidreobis sakiTxi dRes <strong>da</strong>savlur samecniero wreebSi aRiarebuli<br />

posterioria. aRmosavleT anatolia iTvleba am ori Zveli xalxis Sexvedris <strong>da</strong> asimilirebis<br />

regionad. urartuli kulturis gavrcelebis <strong>da</strong> gavlenebis sivrce, regionaluri<br />

sistemis doneze, sakmaod faro aris <strong>da</strong> moicavs kavkasias, CrdiloeT siriasa <strong>da</strong> faravs samxreT<br />

erays 6 . am politikuri gavlenebis fonze Cndeba kiTxva, iyo Tu ara urartu militaruli<br />

tipis imperia <strong>da</strong> Tavisi mezobeli asuris <strong>da</strong>rad axorcieleb<strong>da</strong> Tu ara Tanmimdevrul<br />

kolonicaziis politikas misTvis saintereso regionebSi<br />

2. urartuli transkavkasiuri kolonizaciis aspeqtebi<br />

1913-14 wlebSi araratis mTis samxreT misadgomebTan mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> arqeologiuri<br />

gaTxrebi 7 . es geografiuli mxare cnobilia ori toponimiT igdiri (Igdyr) <strong>da</strong> malakliu<br />

(Malaklyu) 8 . arqeologiuri gaTxrebi Catar<strong>da</strong> sofel malakliusTan, marqaris gzaze,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c gamovlin<strong>da</strong> urartuli samarovani <strong>da</strong> Soriaxlos mdebare Zveli <strong>da</strong>saxleba,<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>rCenili citadelis nangrevebiT, romelic spilenZis xaniT iyo <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli. 1944<br />

1<br />

Zimansky P., The Kingdom of Urartu in East Anatolia, in Civilization of the Ancient Near East, ed. by J. Sasson, I (Massachusetts,<br />

2000), gv. 1145.<br />

2 Zimansky P., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv.1145-46.<br />

3 iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, 1 (Tbilisi, 1960), gv.437.<br />

4 iv. javaxiSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 438.<br />

5 Gg. meliqiSvili, rogor ametyveldnen lursmuli warwerebi (Tbilisi, 2004). gv. 98.<br />

6<br />

Zimansky P., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 1135.<br />

7 gaTxrebis masalebi p. petrovis mier iqna gamoqveynebuli 1917 wels TbilisSi: Отчет по Кавказскому музею за<br />

1914 год (Тифлис, 1917), gv. 1-21. am gaTxrebis masalebiT mogvianebiT <strong>da</strong>interes<strong>da</strong> cnobili arqeologi b.<br />

kuftini <strong>da</strong> gamosca wigni Куфтин Б. А., Урартский колумбарий у подошвы Арарата и куро-аракский энеолит (Тбилиси,<br />

1944).<br />

8 Barnett R. D., The Urartian Cemetery at Igdyr, Anatolian Studies, 13, British Institute at Ankara (Ankara, 1963), gv. 153-198.<br />

44

wels b. kuftinma gamosca wigni `Урартский колумбарий у подошвы Арарата и куро-аракский энеолит~,<br />

romelic eZRvnebo<strong>da</strong> malakliuSi aRmoCenil Zeglebs. avtori axden<strong>da</strong> am Zeglebis<br />

aRweras, stratigrafiul analizs <strong>da</strong> aRmoCenili artefaqtebis sistematizacias 1 .<br />

malakliuSi aRmoCenili samarovani savaraudod urartuli <strong>da</strong>saxlebis mimdebare<br />

teritoriaze iyo ganTavsebuli. artefaqtebis identifikacias Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, es<br />

samarxebi rigiT mosaxleobas ekuTvno<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv nekropolis warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

samarxis artefaqtebi Tavsdeba zogad transkavkasiuri qronologiis qargaSi.<br />

malaklius samarovani ganlagebuli iyo mTis ferdobeze <strong>da</strong> aq aRmoCenili samarxebi<br />

SeZleba tipologiurad Semdegnaerad <strong>da</strong>vajgufoT: a) samarxi, ingumaciis praqtikiT<br />

(mxolod erjeradi ingumaciis praqtika, saerTo/saojaxo samarxi) b)koleqtiuri samarxebi,<br />

Tixis urna-samarxebi, kremaciis praqtika. urna-samarxebi moTavsebuli iyo napralebSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>faruli iyo ganieri qvebiT, an lambaqis tipis saxuravebiT. am ori<br />

<strong>da</strong>marxvis praqtikis Tanadrouli gamoyeneba erT sivrceSi garkeul interess aRZravs<br />

<strong>da</strong> savaraudod migvaniSnebs an klasobrivi diferenciaciis erTgvar faqtze, an am<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxlebaSi mcxovrebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva warmomavlobis xalxis koglomeratis Tanadroul<br />

arsebobaze. ingumaciis praqtika mxolod erT samarxSi Cans; es samarxi savaraudod<br />

erTi ojaxis gansasvenebeli iyo. samarxis <strong>da</strong>svleT nawilSi ganisveneb<strong>da</strong> qali <strong>da</strong> ori<br />

bavSvi 2 . iqve, 50sm-iT <strong>da</strong>cilebiT, imave fenaSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis (savarudod mamakacis)<br />

TavmokveTili ConCxi, brinjaos samklavurebiT. samarxSi ConCxis nawilebi ratomRac<br />

uwesrigod iyo gabneuli <strong>da</strong>, Tu ratom mox<strong>da</strong> Zvlebis amgvari mimobneva, gaurkvevelia.<br />

Tu es ConCxi brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>Rupul meomars ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>, maSin SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxiCrebuli<br />

nawilebi erTad SeegrovebinaT <strong>da</strong> ise <strong>da</strong>ekrZalaT, Tu ConCxi mters, an Serisxul<br />

sociumis wevrs ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>, savaraudod, mas ar miuCendnen adgils saojaxo gansasvenebelSi.<br />

ConCxis gverdiT moTavsebuli iyo ori bavSvis Zvlebi, iqve iyo brinjaosa <strong>da</strong><br />

rkinis samajurebi. gar<strong>da</strong>cvlilebis Tavis qalebTan miwaze mimobneuli iyo 90 sardoniqsis,<br />

pastis, agatis, SuSisa <strong>da</strong> brinjaos mZivi. samarxSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> ori cali<br />

brinjaos qinZisTavi, kauris CenCo <strong>da</strong> sabeW<strong>da</strong>vi, romelic orive mxares Citebis<br />

gamosaxulebiT iyo <strong>da</strong>mSvenebuli. sabeWduris aRmoCenis detali migvaniSnebs im faqtze,<br />

rom gar<strong>da</strong>cvlilTa ojaxis erT-erTi wevri, savaraudod es iyo mamakaci, Tavis<br />

sazogadoebaSi socialuri statusiT gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> sxva rigiTi wevrebisagan, radganac<br />

es sabeWduri pir<strong>da</strong>pir miuTiTebs mis garkveulwilad privilegirebul socialur<br />

mdgomareobaze. am samarxSive aRmoCenilia cxenis kbilebi 3 . albaT, cxenis Tavis qalis<br />

an ybis samarxSi Catanebis praqtika, erTgvar samxedro TematikasTan asocirdeba.Uurnasamarxebi<br />

jguf-jgufad moTavsebuli iyo mTis napralebSi <strong>da</strong> gafantuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

adgilze. urnebs ga<strong>da</strong>farebuli hqon<strong>da</strong>T Tixis rkaluri formis saxuravebi, an<br />

spilenZis firfitebi. urnebi savse iyo ferfliT, rac kremaciis pir<strong>da</strong>pir praqtikaze<br />

migviTiTebs. aRmoCenili urnebi, rogorc zomebis sididiT, aseve maT garSemo<br />

mimobneuli inventariTac nawilobriv gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan. am artefaqtebs<br />

Soris Cndeba keramikis nimuSebi 4 , asuruli tipis lomisTaviani brinjaos samklavurebi,<br />

brinjaos, yovelgvari dekoratiuli elementisagan Tavisufali, sa<strong>da</strong> samklavurebi 5 ,<br />

brinjaos konusis formis sakidrebi 6 , rkinis <strong>da</strong>nebi 7 , rkinis culis fragmenti, brinjaos<br />

qinZisTavebi 8 , rkinis Subis Tavis fragmentebi. urna-samarxebis erT<br />

koncentrirebul jgufTan aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> cilindruli formis Tixis sabeWduri, grifonis<br />

1 b. kuftinis wigni gamosca saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiam, seriis `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumebis<br />

biuletinis~ farglebSi, ix. nawili <strong>XI</strong>II.<br />

2 Barnett R., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 155.<br />

3 Barnett R., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 15; aRsaniSnavia, rom urartelebi rkinis xanis adreuli periodi<strong>da</strong>n mihyvebodnen<br />

cxenebis moSenebas. Sdr. Zimansky P., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 1137.<br />

4 adgilobrivi wiTelpriala gamomwvari keramika un<strong>da</strong> ukavSirdebodes transkavkasiaSi aRmoCenil keramikis<br />

nimuSebs, romlebic momdinareoben kizil kala<strong>da</strong>n, walkis samarxebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> agreTve, armaviri<strong>da</strong>n. Barnett R.,<br />

<strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 166.<br />

5 samklavurebis erTi tipi mimarTebas avlens kaxeTSi, veliscixeSi aRmoCenil nimuSTan.<br />

6 Wilke G., Archaologische Parallelen aus dem Kaukasus und den unteren Donaulandern, Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 36 (Braunschweig, 1904), 71-<br />

72. malaklius konusis sakidrebi msgavsebas avlenen kolxur konusis sakidrebTan, romlebic aRmoCenilia<br />

eSeraSi, agreTve samarxebis konteqstSi. Barnett R., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 179.<br />

7 Mes <strong>da</strong>nebi msgavsebas avlenen qarxemiSis <strong>da</strong>nebTan. Woolley C. L., Carchemish, II (London,1921). gamosaxuleba: 23, 10, 11.<br />

8 Mmalaklius qinZisTavebis erTi tipi imeorebs yobanur-kolxur <strong>da</strong> gviani xanis yobanur qinZisTavebis formas,<br />

msgavsebas avlens axalcixeSi aRmoCenil qinZisTavTan. R. Barnett, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 179.<br />

45

gamosaxulebiT 1 . erT-erTi urnis gaswvriv, miwis siRrmeSi iyo samxedro iaraRebi:<br />

rkinis farTo <strong>da</strong>Sna, Subis pirebi, isris Tavebi <strong>da</strong> kverTxis tipis sagnebi. urnaTa es<br />

jgufi, Tavisi inventaris specifiki<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, meomrebis samarxebi un<strong>da</strong><br />

yofiliyo. mTis napralebSi moTavsebuli urnaTa erTi nawili wiTeli saRebaviT iyo<br />

SeRebili <strong>da</strong> maT wiTeli saRebaviT SeRebili Tavsarqmelebi hqon<strong>da</strong>T. urnebis gverdiT<br />

moTavsebul Savi feris Tixis WurWelSi saWmlis narCenebi inaxebo<strong>da</strong>, iqve iyo<br />

samxedro iaraRebi 2 . erT-erTi miniaturuli zomis urna savaraudod bavSvs ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>.<br />

urnas farav<strong>da</strong> mcire zomis yurebiani fiala. Si<strong>da</strong> platoze ganlagebuli urnebis<br />

inventari TiTqmis imeoreb<strong>da</strong> sxva jgufebis konteqstSi aRmoCenil inventars,<br />

saintereso gamonaklisi iyo brinjaos qamris nawili 3 , brinjaos pincetebi, konusuri<br />

tipis sakidrebi. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom samarovanis samarxebis nawili<br />

<strong>da</strong>zianebuli iyo cecxlisagan, ramac gamoiwvia artefaqtebis <strong>da</strong>Sla <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Jangva.<br />

b.Kkuftinma malaklius mTis samarovani Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris<br />

miwuruliT <strong>da</strong>aTariRa.Bbarneti samarovans aTariReb<strong>da</strong> Zv.w. 650 wliT 4 . Tanamedrove<br />

monacemebiT, urartus saxelmwifos arsebobis qronologiuri qarga moicavs Zv.w. 850-635<br />

ww. 5 . Cveni azriT, malaklius <strong>da</strong>saxlebis gaCena un<strong>da</strong> ukavSirdebodes <strong>da</strong>axloebiT im<br />

periods, roca aRmosavleT anatoliaSi warmatebulma urartus saxelmwofom <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />

mezobeli regionebis <strong>da</strong>pyroba-kolonizacia; urartelebma samxedro eqspansia ganavrces<br />

CrdiloeTisken <strong>da</strong> TavianTi gavlenebis sistemaSi samxreT kavkasiis regionebic<br />

moaqcies. savaraudod, am periodSi Cndeba urartuli samxedro tipis <strong>da</strong>saxlebebi,<br />

romelic regionis Tanamimdevrul kolonizacias isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. es periodi emTxveva<br />

urarteli mefeebis warmatebul samxedro kampaniebs, romlebic xorcieldeba ori<br />

mimarTulebiT, erTis mxriv, <strong>da</strong>savleTiT, malaTiaSi <strong>da</strong> meores mxriv, CrdiloaRmosavleTiT,<br />

araqsis <strong>da</strong>savleT sanapiros mxares. am ukanasknelma eqspansiis talRam<br />

moicva erevnis mi<strong>da</strong>moebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iZra sevanis tbisken 6 . savaraudod, warmatebuli<br />

samxedro politika sardur I-is memkvidreebma ganaxorcieles Zv.w. VIII saukuni<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

xolo Zv.w. VIII saukunis Sua xanebi<strong>da</strong>n, urartelebi ukve erevnis mi<strong>da</strong>moebs akontroleben<br />

7 . vfiqrobT, rom am periodSi, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT Zv.w. 750-700 wlebSi un<strong>da</strong> Cndebodes samxreT<br />

kavkasiaSi urartuli tipis “militaruli <strong>da</strong>saxlebebi”, iseTi rogoric aris<br />

malakliu, araratis mTis samxreT misadgomebTan 8 . malaklius samarxebSi aRmoCenil<br />

piradi nivTebis analizis Tu movaxdenT, naTelia, rom mosaxleobis mamruli nawili<br />

swored samxedro saqmes misdev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> isini profesionali mebrZolebi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyvnen.<br />

am artefaqtebze sWarbobs asuruli <strong>da</strong> urartuli motivebi.samarxebSi warmodgenili<br />

sabrZolo arsenalis mravalferovneba mowmobs mosaxleobis sabrZolo <strong>da</strong>xelovnebis<br />

maRal xarisxze; Tumca amave nekropolisSi qalebisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis samarxebis<br />

Tanadrouli arseboba mebrZolebis samarxebis gverdiT, migvaniSnebs im garemoebaze,<br />

rom sofluri, permanentuli tipis <strong>da</strong>saxlebasTan gvaqvs saqme, sa<strong>da</strong>c mebrZolebi<br />

cxovrobdnen ojaxebTan erTad <strong>da</strong> ara samxedro banakis tipis <strong>da</strong>saxlebaSi. am faqts<br />

a<strong>da</strong>sturebs samarovnis teritoriaze Sinauri cxovelebis, Txebis naSTebis arsebobac.<br />

Cveni varaudiT, malaklius samarxebis artefaqtebis konteqstualuri analizi migvaniS-<br />

1 Barnett R., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 157. barneti am sabeWdurebis tips uwodebs “urartul sabeWdurebs”, romlebic<br />

warmodgenilia ori saxiT, cilindruli formiTa <strong>da</strong> Stampis formiT. Zveli wina aziis gliptikaSi iSvia-<br />

Tad Cndeba am tipis sabeWdurebi <strong>da</strong> ukavSirdeba iranSi, AanatoliaSi <strong>da</strong> egei<strong>da</strong>Si aRmoCenil sabeWdurebs.<br />

Sdr. Barnett R., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 190. piotrovskis azriT, malaklius zoomorfuli sabeWdurebi did<br />

msgavsebas avlenen Tsovenaris, nor-beiezidis, muxanat-tefes, armaviris <strong>da</strong> Tofak kales sabeWdurebTan.<br />

Sdr. Пиотровский Б. Б., Урарту и Закавказье. Краткие сообщения Института истории материальной культуры (Mосква,<br />

1940), gv. 33, gamosaxuleba 9.<br />

2 Barnett R., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 158.<br />

3 malaklius brinjaos qamaris ornamenti did msgavsebas iCens samTavroSi aRmoCenil sartylis geometriul<br />

ornamentTan, xolo balTaze <strong>da</strong>tanebuli rgolis formiT msgavsebas avlens karmir bluris<br />

qamrebTan.Sdr. Barnett R., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 177.<br />

4 Barnett R., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 161, SeniSvna 5.<br />

5 Sdr. Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebis qronologiuri sistema, tabula 1, ix. wignSi<br />

Civilization of the Ancient Near East, ed. by J. Sasson, I ( Massachusetts, 2000), gv. 1-6.<br />

6 Zimansky P., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 1139.<br />

7 Zimansky P., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 1139.<br />

8 barneti miiCnevs, rom malakliuSi savaraudod urartelebis samxedro garnizoni idga. Barnett R., <strong>da</strong>sax.<br />

naSromi, gv. 163.<br />

46

nebs socialuri stratigrafiis garkveul xarisxzec, kerZod, xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />

samarxeuli inventaris identuroba <strong>da</strong> ganmeoradoba mowmobs im faqtze, rom mosaxleobis<br />

ZiriTadi nawili erT socialur fenas ekuTvnis <strong>da</strong> erTgvarovani qonebrivi cenzis<br />

qveS moiazreba. Cveni azriT, es xalxi urarteli yofili mebrZolebi, legionerebi<br />

arian, romlebic qmnian kolonias <strong>da</strong>pyrobil teritoriaze <strong>da</strong> erTgvar infiltracias<br />

axdenen adgilobriv, transkavkasiis mosaxleobasTan. kolonizaciis <strong>da</strong> transkolonizaciis<br />

sqema regionSi asuris mier kargad aprobirebuli samxedro – socialuri<br />

praqtika iyo, rodesac imperia ama Tu im <strong>da</strong>pyrobil regionSi asaxleb<strong>da</strong> Tavis agents<br />

<strong>da</strong> axden<strong>da</strong> mSvidobian infiltracias, an piriqiT, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis deportaciis<br />

Semdeg, asaxleb<strong>da</strong> axal mosaxleobas. Cveni azriT, urartelebs martivad SeeZloT<br />

gadmoeRoT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>energaT es praqtika imperiis mSeneblobis procesSi; malaklius<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxleba tipuri “veteranTa <strong>da</strong>saxleba”aris,is Cndeba tranzitul monakveTze, samxreT<br />

kavkasiaSi, iq sa<strong>da</strong>c urartelebs politikuri-samxedro warmateba aqvT mopovebuli <strong>da</strong><br />

Semdgom ukve poziciebs imyareben. Sesabmisad, aqMveterans mSvi<strong>da</strong>T SeuZlia icxovros<br />

<strong>da</strong>, amave dros, akontrolos tranzituli koridori. es <strong>da</strong>saxleba permanentul xasiaTs<br />

atareb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> urartelebis erTgvari fortposti un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo samxreT kavkasiis<br />

misadgomebTan. meore aranakleb sauradRebo problemas warmoadgens malaklius artefaqtebis<br />

tipologia, am artefaqtebis stilisa <strong>da</strong> formebis gavrcelebis areali <strong>da</strong><br />

e. w. “xelovnebis zonebis” <strong>da</strong>dgenis <strong>da</strong> maTi kveTebis sakiTxi. malaklius artefaqtebis<br />

erTi nawili erTmniSvnelovnad “urartul tipologiaSi” eqceva, urartul individualur<br />

stilTan erTad axasiaTebs winaaziuri, gansakuTrebiT ki, asuruli gavlenebi.<br />

meore nawili artefaqtebisa ki, transkavkasiuri gavlenebis zonaSi eqceva, kerZod ki,<br />

kolxur-yobanuri kulturebis gavlenebiT gamoirCeva. malakliu erTgvari marginaluri<br />

regioni un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo, sa<strong>da</strong>c ikveTebo<strong>da</strong> Zveli wina aziisa <strong>da</strong> taranskavkasiuri<br />

“xelovnebis zonebi”, swored amiT aixsneba am regionSi transkavkasiuri <strong>da</strong> wina aziuri<br />

warmomavlobis artefaqtebis koncetracia <strong>da</strong> Tanadrouli arseboba. adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong><br />

urartuli kulturebis sinTezis faqtze iribad migvaniSnebs malaklius samarovanSi<br />

aRmoCenili <strong>da</strong>saflavebis ori formis Tanadrouli arseboba. marTalia, ingumaciis<br />

praqtika mxolod erTjeradi saxiT gamovlin<strong>da</strong>, magram un<strong>da</strong> migvaniSnebdes, rom <strong>da</strong>saxlebaSi<br />

marto urartelebi ar cxovrobdnen.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />

1. g. meliqiSvili, rogor ametyveldnen lursmuli warwerebi (Tbilisi, 2004).<br />

2. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, 1 (Tbilisi, 1960).<br />

3. Куфтин Б. А., Урартский колумбарий у подошвы Арарата и куро-аракский энеолит (Тбилиси, 1944).<br />

4. Отчет по Кавказскому музею за 1914 год (Тифлис, 1917),<br />

5. Пиотровский Б. Б.. Урарту и Закавказье. Краткие сообщения Института истории материальной<br />

культуры (Mосква,1940).<br />

6. Barnett R. D., The Urartian Cemetery at Igdyr, Anatolian Studies, 13, British Institute at Ankara (Ankara,<br />

1963).<br />

7. Wilke G., Archaologische Parallelen aus dem Kaukasus und den unteren Donaulandern, Zeitschrift für<br />

Ethnologie, 36 (Braunschweig, 1904).<br />

8. Woolley L., Carchemish, II ( London,1921).<br />

9. Zimansky P., The Kingdom of Urartu in East Anatolia, in Civilization of the Ancient Near East, ed. by J.<br />

Sasson, I ( Massachusetts, 2000).<br />

47

EKA AVALIANI<br />

Ivane javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />

FOR THE ISSUE OF URARTU MILITARY COLONIZATION OF THE TRANSCAUCASIA<br />

In 1913-1914, archaeological excavations were conducted to the South side of the foot of Mount Ararat. This<br />

geographical region is referred to as two toponymes: Igdir and Malaklyu. Excavations revealed Urartian cemetery<br />

and the nearby ancient village with ruins of the citadel, <strong>da</strong>ted by the Copper Age. The Malaklyu cemetery was in<br />

the territory adjacent to the settlement of Urartian settlement.<br />

The Malaklyu necropolis with its modest material likely belonged to ordinary settlers and allowed to assume<br />

certain social stratification. The Malaklyu cemetery is located at rocky slopes; the discovered burials may be<br />

classified into two types: (a) general (family) inhumation single burial graves; b) collective cremation burials with<br />

clay (earthen) ossuaries.<br />

The ossuaries were placed in rock crevices, covered with large stones or saucer-shaped lids. The coexistence<br />

of the two principles of burial practice (inhumation and cremation), in chronological and spatial ranges brings a<br />

certain interest and suggests an assumption of a model of social differentiation, or the heterogeneity of the<br />

settlement.<br />

B.P. Kuftin <strong>da</strong>ted the Malaklyu cemetery by the end of the first half of the I millennium BC, while Barnett <strong>da</strong>ted<br />

it by 650-635 years, B.C. According to the contemporary <strong>da</strong>ta, the chronological timelines of Urartu Kingdom covers<br />

850-635 years B.C. In our opinion, the emergence of Malaklyu settlement should be connected with the period when<br />

Urartu, after achieving success in Eastern Anatolia conquered the surrounding regions as well.<br />

Urartians military expansion was directed to the North, covering within the system of their influence the<br />

Southern regions of Transcaucasia. During this period, the successful military operations held by Urartian kings<br />

fought on two fronts – to the West, Malatya and the North-East, towards the Western coastline of the Araxes River.<br />

The wave of this latest expansion captured the neighborhood of Yerevan and set out on Lake Sevan. Supposedly the<br />

heirs of the Sardur the First implemented successful military policy during the period from the VIII century B.C. by<br />

the mid- VIII B.C. Urartians had already controlled the area of Yerevan.<br />

We have assumed during this period (approx. 750-700 B.C. ) in the southern Transcaucasia there could be<br />

arisen “military settlements” of Urartian veterans like Malaklyu at the South foot of the Ararat. Analyzing the<br />

personal objects found in burials of Malaklyu, it becomes clear that the male part of the population was engaged in<br />

a war and they were professional warriors. Diversity of the military arsenal found in burials indicates a high level<br />

of ownership of the military ability of Malaklyu settlement.<br />

On the other hand, the existence of women's and children's burials among the men indicates that we are<br />

dealing with the rural, permanent type of a settlement, where the warriors lived with their families. This assumption<br />

is confirmed by discovering of the traces of domestic animals, in particular of goats in the territory of the cemetery.<br />

In our view, a contextual analysis of the Malaklyu cemetery artifacts indicates a certain level of social stratigraphy,<br />

namely the identity of the funereal artifacts – and their frequency of occurrence, shows that most of the inhabitants<br />

of this settlement belonged to the same social strata and is perceived under identical property qualification.<br />

In our view, the Malaklyu settlement-typical "settlement of the war veterans" occurs at the transit point in<br />

the southern Transcaucasia, where the Urartians achieved political success and strengthened their positions. The<br />

settlement probably was some kind of fort for the Urartians to the approach to the South Caucasus. Another<br />

important problem that deserves attention is the issue of typology : the area of the transmission and spreading of<br />

artifacts, “Malaklyu style “ and the theme of the definition of the so-called " Malaklyu zones of art", and their<br />

intersections. One piece of the Malaklyu artifacts clearly contained in the Urartian typology, along with individual<br />

Urartian style is characterized by the Near Eastern, in particular – Assyrian influences; another part of the artifacts<br />

belongs to the area of the Transcaucasia influence, in particular, it is characterized with the different effects of<br />

Colchian-Cobanian culture.<br />

Apparently, Malaklyu was the marginal region where there were crossed the ancient Near Eastern and<br />

Transcaucasian “zones of art», namely this aspect explains and confirms the concentration and the simultaneous<br />

existence of the artifacts of the Near Eastern and Transcaucasian origin in this region. The synthesis of the local<br />

culture with Urartian one is indirectly indicated by the simultaneous co-existence of the two types of funeral<br />

practice at Malaklyu cemetery; although the inhumation burial found was only the one, however, this finding<br />

certainly suggests that this settlement was inhabited not only by the Urartians.<br />

48

giorgi qavTaraZe<br />

ivane javaxiSvilios saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> instituti<br />

mcxeTis uZvelesi adgilmdebareobisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saxelwodebis sakiTxisaTvis<br />

1960 wels saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis pirvel krebulSi gamoqveynebul<br />

Tavis werilSi `erTi furceli istoriul-geografiuli dRiuri<strong>da</strong>n”, romelic moxsenebad<br />

iyo wakiTxuli 1959 wlis 30 ivniss istoriis <strong>institutis</strong> istoriuli geografiis<br />

ganyofilebis pirvel samecniero sesiaze, niko berZeniSvili SeniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom `wels [igulisxmeba<br />

1959 weli, _ g. q.] mcxeTis arqeologiurma eqspediciam uTuod warmateba moipova.<br />

man wiwamuri aRmoaCina... wiwamuris aRmoCena kargi miRwevaa artags Tavs ga<strong>da</strong>mx<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

ambavi realur-istoriulad cocxldeba. es asea, magram aqamde Cvenma arqeologiam<br />

Zveli mcxeTa ver aRmoaCina” 1 .<br />

sad un<strong>da</strong> iyos saZebari Zveli mcxeTa pasuxi TiTqos TavisTavad cxadia – mcxeTis<br />

miwa-wyalze! magram ras niSnavs <strong>da</strong> ras moicav<strong>da</strong> `mcxeTa”<br />

qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad SemuSavebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> farTod gaziarebulia azri qarTlis Zveli de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis e. w. didi mcxeTis mravalubnianobisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mtkvrisa <strong>da</strong> aragvis orive napirze did miwa-wyalze gaSlis Sesaxeb. Tu<br />

sakuTriv mcxeTa CrdiloeTisken baiTxevs ar cildebo<strong>da</strong> (romelic mas samTavros teritoriisgan<br />

gamoyof<strong>da</strong>), `didi mcxeTa” samTavro-bebris cixis, cixe-didis, uriaT-ubnis,<br />

moguTas <strong>da</strong> sxva ubnebis gar<strong>da</strong>, muxransac moicav<strong>da</strong>, sarkine-nastakissac <strong>da</strong> wiwamursac.<br />

mtkvris samxreTiT `armaziT kerZi qalaqi” iyo, xolo CrdiloeTiT sakuTriv mcxeTa <strong>da</strong><br />

”muxnariT kerZi qalaqi” 2 .<br />

gasuli saukunis 20-wlebis <strong>da</strong>mlevs s. kakabaZes gamoTqmuli aqvs varaudi, rom<br />

„moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ „Zueli mcxeTa“ SesaZlebelia yofiliyo moguTas raionSi, e. i.<br />

xidis axlos mtkvris marcxena napiras 3 . ufro gvian, imave avtorma, imis gamo, rom Tbilisis<br />

cixes aleqsandre makedonelis mier nagebad Tvli<strong>da</strong>, aleqsandres mierve qarTlis<br />

mmarTvelad <strong>da</strong>smuli azos rezidenciad – `Zvel mcxeTad” – ukve Tbilisi miiCnia 4 .<br />

l. meliqseT-begi, movses xorenacis teqstze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom Zveli mcxeTa<br />

(древняя Мцхета) mtkvris marcxena napirze, e.w. pompeusis xidTan mdebare <strong>da</strong> kodmanis saxeliT<br />

cnobil SemaRlebaze un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo lokalizebuli, armazis qan<strong>da</strong>kebis pir<strong>da</strong>pir,<br />

mdinaris meore napirze 5 . Tavis `somxeTis istoriaSi~ movses xorenaci gvamcnobs: `...Weqaquxilis<br />

[momvlinebeli] aramazdis [armazis – g. q.] qan<strong>da</strong>keba, romelic qalaqisagan<br />

[mcxeTis – g. q.] gancalkevebiT, didi mdinaris meore mxares idga. rogorc wesi, dildilobiT<br />

yvela scem<strong>da</strong> mas Tayvans saxlTa saxuravebi<strong>da</strong>n, sai<strong>da</strong>nac saxiT Can<strong>da</strong> igi...” 6 .<br />

„moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ qronikaSi moxseniebul `Zuel mcxeTas” a. afaqiZe Satberdiseul<br />

`wm. ninos cxovrebaSi~ naxseneb `Zuel qalaqTan~ aigivebs <strong>da</strong> Tvlis, rom es ori termini er-<br />

Ti <strong>da</strong> igive punqtis gamomxatveli un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong> is qarTlis samefos uZveles de<strong>da</strong>qalaqs –<br />

qarTls un<strong>da</strong> gulisxmobdes 7 ; avtors, misiვე TqmiT, saamiso safuZvels aZlevs leonti mro-<br />

1 n. berZeniSvili, erTi furceli istoriul-geografiuli dRiuri<strong>da</strong>n, _ saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis<br />

krebuli, I (Tbilisi, 1960), gv. 164-165.<br />

2 Sdr. Северов Н. П., Чубинашвили Г. Н., Мцхета (Москва, 1946), gv. 5-6; a. afaqiZe, armazcixis lokalizaciis sakiTxisaTvis,<br />

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis <strong>institutis</strong> <strong>Sromebi</strong>, tomi IV, nakv. I (Tbilisi, 1958), gv.<br />

74, 93; n. berZeniSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 165-167, 174.<br />

3 s. kakabaZe. qal. armazi – qal. mcxeTa, saistorio krebuli, wigni III (tfilisi, 1928), gv. 8.<br />

4 s. kakabaZe. Tbilisi me-5 saukunis meore naxevarSi, mnaTobi, 1958, № 10, gv. 100-101. ix., agreTve, qvemoT, Seni-<br />

Svna 27.<br />

5 Меликсет-Беков Л. М., Армазни, Историко-археологический очерк, Материалы по истории Грузии и Кавказа, Вып. II (Тбилиси,<br />

1938), gv. 51.<br />

6 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, Zveli somxuri<strong>da</strong>n Targmna, Sesavali <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong>urTo a. abd.a.laZem<br />

(Tbilisi, 1984), gv. 171 (II, 86).<br />

7 a. afaqiZe, qalaqebi <strong>da</strong> saqalaqo cxovreba Zvel saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 1963), gv. 215. a. afaqiZis azriT,<br />

de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis uZvelesi saxeli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo `qarTli” <strong>da</strong> mis nawilebs Seadgendnen: `pirvel mcxeTa~,<br />

`Zueli mcxeTa”, `Zueli qalaqi”, `armazi”, `armazis cixe~, `armaziT kerZi qalaqi” <strong>da</strong> `muxnariT kerZi qa-<br />

49

velis Semdegi cnoba: `xolo mcxeTos, romeli ugmire iyo ZmaTa misTa, ese <strong>da</strong>rCa sayofelTa<br />

mamisa maTisa qarTlosisaTa, romelsa aw hqÂan armazi. <strong>da</strong> manve aRaSena qalaqi Sesakrebelsa<br />

Soris mtkurisa <strong>da</strong> aragÂsasa, <strong>da</strong> uwo<strong>da</strong> saxeli TÂsi mcxeTa” 1 . a. afaqiZis gancxadebiT, am<br />

cnobaSi mniSvnelovania is, rom saxeli `mcxeTa~ adreul xanaSi gaCenilad aris miCneuli<br />

leonti mrovelis mier. erTi <strong>da</strong> imave de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis or nawilad: `armaziT kerZ qalaqad” <strong>da</strong><br />

`muxnariT kerZ qalaqad” gayofas, `mefeTa cxovreba” mxolod qarTlis mTaze armazis kerpis<br />

aRmarTvis Semdgomi xanis amsaxvelad miiCnevs, xolo `qarTlis~ xanaSi, yuradReba ar maxvildebo<strong>da</strong><br />

qalaqis ZiriTad nawilebze; amis saWiroeba, a. afaqiZis TvalsazrisiT, Cndeba im<br />

drois suraTis warmosadgenad, rodesac `armazis” xana <strong>da</strong>dga, e. i. qalaqoba mkafiod <strong>da</strong>etyo<br />

mtkvris marcxena mxaresac 2 . mis mier `Zueli mcxeTisa” <strong>da</strong> `Zueli qalaqis~ gaigivebis<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, a. afaqiZem mainc ar moaxdina `Zueli mcxeTis~ mtkvris marjvena napirze lokalizeba<br />

<strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d Semoifargla am orive terminSi qarTlis samefos uZvelesi de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis<br />

qarTlis <strong>da</strong>naxviT, romelic, misive SexedulebiT, mdinaris orTave napirze un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>Slili.<br />

`muxnariT kerZi qalaqis” de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis uZveles nawilTa Soris moxsenieba cxadyofs,<br />

rom a. afaqiZe mtkvris marcxena, CrdiloeT mxaresac qarTlis – qarTvelTa uZvelesi<br />

de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis _ Semadgenel nawilad Tvlis. Sesabamisad, Tu erTis mxriv, mas qalaqi<br />

qarTli mtkvris marjvena napirze egulveba, sa<strong>da</strong>c qarTlis (gviani xanebis armazis)<br />

qedi mTavrdeba <strong>da</strong> romlis aRmosavleT kalTebsa <strong>da</strong> bagineTad wodebul samkuTxa zeganze<br />

de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis Si<strong>da</strong> cixe anu akropolisia aRmocenebuli (ufro gvian armazcixed saxeldebuli),<br />

meores mxriv, saxelwodeba `qarTli”, mas qronologiurad saxelwodeba<br />

`mcxeTis” winamorbe<strong>da</strong>d miaCnia 3 . ar aris gamoricxuli, qarTuli <strong>da</strong> ucxouri werilobiTi<br />

wyaroebis xedvis miRma mdebare xanaSi, aragvisa <strong>da</strong> mtkvris orive napirze ga<strong>da</strong>-<br />

Slil mxares marTlac `qarTlis” saxeli etarebina <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro gvian xanebSi<br />

amis Sedegad aRmocenebuliyo qoronimi `qarTli”, magram Cvens xelT arsebuli wyaroebis<br />

monacemebiT, am ukanasknelisagan gansxvavebiT, toponimi `qarTli” erTmniSvnelovnad<br />

gamoiyeneba mdinare mtkvris marjvena, samxreTis napirze mdebare mTisa <strong>da</strong> misi sanaxebis,<br />

anu im teritoriis aRsaniSnavad, romelic armazcixisa Tu armazis saxeliT aris<br />

cnobili.<br />

am sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, albaT, sakmarisia, moviyvanoT erTi amonaridi `mefeTa<br />

cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n”: `<strong>da</strong> ese qarTlos movi<strong>da</strong> pirvelad adgilsa mas, sa<strong>da</strong> SeerTÂs aragÂ<br />

mtkuarsa, <strong>da</strong> ganvi<strong>da</strong> mTasa mas ze<strong>da</strong>, romelsa ewodebis armazi. <strong>da</strong> pirvelad Seqmna simagreni<br />

mas ze<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> iSena mun ze<strong>da</strong> saxli, <strong>da</strong> uwo<strong>da</strong> mTasa mas saxeli Tavisa TÂsisa<br />

qarTli. <strong>da</strong> vidre aRmarTebamde mun-ze<strong>da</strong> kerpi armazisi erqua mTasa mas qarTli, <strong>da</strong> mis<br />

gamo ewo<strong>da</strong> yovelsa qarTlsa qarTli, xunaniTgan vidre zRuamde sperisa... moku<strong>da</strong> qarTlos<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>fles igi Tavsa ze<strong>da</strong> qarTlisasa, romelsa aw ewodebis armazi. <strong>da</strong> Semdgomad<br />

amissa colman misman aRaSena de<strong>da</strong>-cixe” 4 . armazi <strong>da</strong> armazcixe tradiciulad mtkvris<br />

marjvena napiriT ganisazRvreba 5 , iq sa<strong>da</strong>c mTa qarTlia lokalizebuli. arqeologiuri<br />

Seswavlis Sedegad swored aq isaxeba Zveli de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis Si<strong>da</strong>cixis rTuli salaqi”<br />

(a. afaqiZe, armazcixis..., gv. 74; a. afaqiZe, qalaqebi..., gv. 163). s. kakabaZe, Tavis mxriv, SeniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

“sabednierod erTs Zvels qarTul nawarmoebs – `mamaTa <strong>da</strong> naTesavTa cxovrebas” _ <strong>da</strong>culi aqvs armazis<br />

uZvelesi saxeli – qarTli”. saxeli armazi, misi azriT, mxolod qarTlSi mazdeizmis <strong>da</strong>myarebis Semdeg<br />

SeiZleba gaCeniliyo (s. kakabaZe. qal. armazi..., gv. 5).<br />

1 leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili yvela Ziri-<br />

Tadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi, 1955), gv. 9.<br />

2 a. afaqiZe, qalaqebi..., gv. 215.<br />

3 a. afaqiZe, armazcixis..., gv. 90, 93.<br />

4 leonti mroveli, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 8.<br />

5 ix., mag., a. afaqiZe, armazcixis..., gv. 78-83. gansakuTrebiT mkafiod aris <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli armazisa <strong>da</strong><br />

mcxeTis <strong>da</strong>pirispireba mefe aderkis mier SvilebisaTvis qveynis or nawilad gayofis amsaxvel qarTliscxovrebiseul<br />

striqonebSi: `xolo amas aderkis esxnes orni Zeni, romelTa erqua saxelad erTsa bartom<br />

<strong>da</strong> meoresa qarTam. <strong>da</strong> amaT ganuyo yoveli queyana TÂsi: misca qalaqi mcxeTa <strong>da</strong> queyana mtkuarsa Si<strong>da</strong><br />

qarTli, muxnariT kerZi qalaqi <strong>da</strong> yoveli qarTli mtkuarsa CrdiloeTi, hereTiTgan vidre Tavadmde<br />

qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> egrisisa _ ese yoveli misca bartoms Zesa TÂssa, xolo armaziT kerZi qalaqi, mtkuarsa<br />

samxriT qarTli, xunaniTgan vidre Tavadmde mtkurisa, <strong>da</strong> klarjeTi yoveli misca qarTams Zesa TÂssa~<br />

(leonti mroveli, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 43). anu, rogorc zemoTac iTqva, mtkvris samxreTiT `armaziT kerZi<br />

qalaqia”, xolo CrdiloeTiT sakuTriv mcxeTa <strong>da</strong> `muxnariT kerZi qalaqi”.<br />

50

fortifikacio nagebobebis mTeli sistema, aqve un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo samefo rezidencia <strong>da</strong><br />

misgan moSorebiT mdebare sapitiaxSoc 1 .<br />

TviT zemomoyvanili cnobac: `xolo mcxeTos, romeli ugmire iyo ZmaTa misTa, ese<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCa sayofelTa mamisa maTisa qarTlosisaTa, romelsa aw hqÂan armazi. <strong>da</strong> manve aRaSena<br />

qalaqi Sesakrebelsa Soris mtkurisa <strong>da</strong> aragÂsasa, <strong>da</strong> uwo<strong>da</strong> saxeli TÂsi mcxeTa”<br />

(qc 9: 11-13.), xom aSkarad migvaniSnebs, rom cixe-qalaqi armazi ufro adre iyo <strong>da</strong>arsebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad ufro Zvelic un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo, vidre mcxeTa qalaqi, rasac a. afaqi-<br />

Zec eTanxmeba 2 .<br />

xom ar un<strong>da</strong> vifiqroT, rom swored mtkvris marjvena anu, qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis<br />

monacemTa mixedviT, ufro Zvelad <strong>da</strong>saxlebul napirze <strong>da</strong> ara marcxena, sakuTriv<br />

mcxeTis momcvel, mxareze un<strong>da</strong> iyos saZebari Zveli mcxeTa<br />

amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT mxedvelobaSia misaRebi erTi ram: Tu saxelwodebiT `armazi”<br />

arasodes ar aRiniSnebo<strong>da</strong> mtkvris dinebis marcxena, CrdiloeTiT mdebare adgilebi, saxelwodebiT<br />

`mcxeTa” md. mtkvris samxreTiT mdebare mxarec aRiniSnebo<strong>da</strong> xolme; gavixsenoT<br />

Tun<strong>da</strong>c erTi adgili `mefeTa cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n”: `xolo aman aderki mefeman umata<br />

simagreTa qarTlisaTa, qalaqTa <strong>da</strong> cixeTa, <strong>da</strong> umetes moamtkicna zRudeni qalaqisa<br />

mcxeTisani, wylisa imier <strong>da</strong> amier” 3 . aSkaraa, rom `wyalSi” mdinare mtkvari igulisxmeba;<br />

asevea xom `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ”-Sic: `aman [farnavaz] aRmarTa kerpi didi cxÂ[r]sa<br />

ze<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sdva saxeli misi armazi. <strong>da</strong> moqmna zRude wyliT kerZo...” 4 .<br />

TavisTava<strong>da</strong>c, toponim `mcxeTaSi” ufro vrceli <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebad konkretuli<br />

miwa-wyali igulisxmebo<strong>da</strong>, vidre adgilis saxelwodeba `armazSi”, <strong>da</strong> ar aris gamoricxuli,<br />

rom misi Semadgeneli zogierTi adgili md. mtkvris marjvena, e. w. armazul<br />

nawilSi yofiliyo ganlagebuli 5 . a. afaqiZec sagangebod SeniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom specialur<br />

literaturaSi sakmaod fesvgamdgari mosazreba, romlis mixedviT armazi sxva qalaqia<br />

<strong>da</strong> mcxeTa kidev sxva, romelic mtkvris mxolod marcxena napirze ganixileba, xolo armazi<br />

<strong>da</strong> armazcixe am mdinaris marjvena napirze, ar aris marTebuli <strong>da</strong> rom mcxeTa<br />

mdinaris orive napirze iyo gaSlili 6 . magram, rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, saubari SeiZleba iyos<br />

mdinaris orive napirze mxolod qalaq mcxeTis ganfenis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> ara qalaq qarTlisa<br />

Tu armazisa.<br />

Tanamedrove qarTul istoriografiaSi, gansakuTrebiT gasuli saukunis samoc<strong>da</strong>aTiani<br />

wlebi<strong>da</strong>n, fexi moiki<strong>da</strong> mosazrebam, rom samadlo-nastagisis naqalaqari un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo<br />

„moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ teqstis „Zueli mcxeTa“, sa<strong>da</strong>c aseve un<strong>da</strong> arsebuliyo Zv.<br />

w. IV-III saukuneTa qarTlis mefeTa rezidencia <strong>da</strong> romlis <strong>da</strong>xanZrebul fenebSi areklili<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos im brZolebis nakvalevi, romelnic win uZRodnen farnavazis gamefebas iberiaSi<br />

7 .<br />

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs” teqstSi Semonaxuli uZvelesi qarTuli cnoba qalaq mcxeTis<br />

Sesaxeb gvamcnobs, rom, rodesac viTom<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi mosulma aleqsandre makedonelma<br />

bun-Turqni <strong>da</strong> honni gaanadgura, Tanxlebul arian-qarTlis mefis Zes azos man: `miuboZa<br />

mcxeTaÁ [xazi Cvenia, – g. q.] sajdomad”, xolo `ese azoÁ warvi<strong>da</strong> ar[i]an-qarTlad, mamisa<br />

TÂsisa <strong>da</strong> warmoiyvana rvaÁ saxli <strong>da</strong> aTni saxlni mama-mZuZeTani, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>j<strong>da</strong> Zuel mcxe-<br />

Tas [xazi Cvenia, – g. q.] <strong>da</strong> Tana-hyvandes kerpni RmrTad – gaci <strong>da</strong> ga. <strong>da</strong> ese iyo<br />

pirveli mefÀ mcxeTas Sina azoÁ, ZÀ arian-qarTvelTa mefisaÁ” 8 .<br />

1 a. afaqiZe, armazcixis..., gv. 96-97.<br />

2 ix., mag., a. afaqiZe, armazcixis..., gv. 72.<br />

3 leonti mroveli, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 38.<br />

4 moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa. gamosacemad moamzades b. gigineiSvilma <strong>da</strong> el. giunaSvilma<br />

(Tbilisi, 1979), gv. 320.<br />

5 vaxuStis cnobiT: `iyo qalaqi armazi aqidgan vidre naqulbaqevamde” (batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa<br />

saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi IV, teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT<br />

s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi, 1973), gv. 339), Tumca CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT mtkvris dinebas es qalaqi<br />

ar gadmocilebula.<br />

6 a. afaqiZe, armazcixis..., gv. 83, 86-87, 90, 93-94, 98.<br />

7 al. boxoCaZe, nastakisi, sarkine, Zalisi, Zeglis megobari, № 33 (Tbilisi, 1973), gv. 36-37, 100-101; Бохочадзе<br />

Ал., Настакиси, Саркинэ, Дзалиси _ города Иберии античной эпохи (Некоторые результаты полевых исследований), Краткие<br />

сообщения Института археологии (Античные памятники Колхиды и Иберии), Вып. 151 (Москва, 1977), gv. 93-102;<br />

Sdr. i. gagoSiZe, nastagisi, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, tomi 7 (Tbilisi, 1984), gv. 326; i. gagoSiZe,<br />

samadlo, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, tomi 8 (Tbilisi, 1984), gv. 697.<br />

8 moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, gv. 320.<br />

51

moyvanil teqstSi, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos Seusabamoba SeiniSneba, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />

rom aleqsandre didma azos `miuboZa mcxeTa sajdomad”, igi `<strong>da</strong>j<strong>da</strong> Zuel mcxeTas”; ratom<br />

Caanacvla (Tu <strong>da</strong>akonkreta) avtorma azosTvis `sajdomad boZebuli” adgili –<br />

`mcxeTa” terminiT `Zueli mcxeTa” sad un<strong>da</strong> iyos es `Zueli mcxeTa” <strong>da</strong> riT un<strong>da</strong> gansxvavdebodes<br />

(Tuki gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong>) `Zueli mcxeTa” sakuTriv mcxeTisgan, romelic<br />

aleqsandrem <strong>da</strong>udgina mas sataxtod TviT zemomoyvanili teqstis fragmenti, rom azo<br />

`<strong>da</strong>j<strong>da</strong> Zuel mcxeTas <strong>da</strong> Tana-hyvandes kerpni RmrTad – gaci <strong>da</strong> ga”, savaraudod, un<strong>da</strong><br />

migvaniSnebdes, rom vinai<strong>da</strong>n `Zuel mcxeTaSi” <strong>da</strong>mj<strong>da</strong>r azos Tan hyav<strong>da</strong> `kerpni RmrTad<br />

– gaci <strong>da</strong> ga”, am ukanasknelTa aRmarTvis adgilis <strong>da</strong>dgena un<strong>da</strong> iZleodes `Zueli mcxe-<br />

Tis” mdebareobis gansazRvris SesaZleblobasac. am mxriv gasaTvaliswinebelia `qarTlis<br />

cxovrebis” Semadgeneli nawilis, `wm. ninos mier qarTlis moqcevis” cnoba, rom<br />

`...kualad [armazisa – g. q.] iyo marjueniT missa kaci oqrosi <strong>da</strong> saxeli misi gaci; <strong>da</strong><br />

marcxeniT missa udga kaci vecxlisa, <strong>da</strong> saxeli misi gaim, romelni-igi RmerTad uCndes<br />

ersa mas qarTlisasa” 1 . xolo armazis adgilmdebareobas TviT `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs”<br />

teqstic gvamcnobs: `Semdgomad misa [azosa – g. q.] <strong>da</strong>dga farnavaz. aman aRmarTa kerpi<br />

didi cxÂ[r]sa ze<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sdva saxeli misi armazi. <strong>da</strong> moqmna zRude wyliT kerZo, <strong>da</strong><br />

hrqÂan armaz” 2 .<br />

amrigad, uZvelesi qarTuli wyaroebis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad cxadi<br />

xdeba, rom swored es adgili – armazi/armazcixe (igive bagineTi), sa<strong>da</strong>c armazis kerpis<br />

marjvniv <strong>da</strong> marcxniv iyvnen aRmarTulni gaci <strong>da</strong> gaimi (=ga), aris `Zueli mcxeTa”. swored<br />

es garemoeba, farnavazis mier aq armazis kerpis aRmarTvis Semdeg am adgilis `armazis”<br />

saxeliT moxsenieba (`<strong>da</strong> hrqÂan armaz”), un<strong>da</strong> iyos imis mizezi, rom ufro adreuli<br />

movlenis – azos mcxeTaSi ”<strong>da</strong>jdomis” aRwerisas, ”moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs” teqstis avtori<br />

am adgils armaz/armazcixis saxeliT ver moixsenieb<strong>da</strong>. amave dros es garemoeba<br />

migvaniSnebs, rom am adgilis ufro Zveli saxelwodeba, armaz/armazcixesTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,<br />

un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo `mcxeTa~, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁsaSi” `Zuel mcxeTad” moxseniebuli.<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad swored aq, mtkvris<br />

marjvena napiriT SemosazRvrul armaz/armazcixeSia gamovlinebuli Zveli de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis Si<strong>da</strong>cixis<br />

rTuli safortifikacio nagebobebis mTeli sistema; aqve iyo mefis sasaxle <strong>da</strong> misgan<br />

ramdenadme moSorebiT sapitiaxSo rezidencia <strong>da</strong> pitiaxSTa samarovani 3 .<br />

magram, Tuki Cven gaviziarebT samadlo-nastagisis naqalaqarze Zveli mcxeTisa <strong>da</strong><br />

masTan erTad mefeTa rezidenciis lokalizebis SesaZleblobis varauds, maSin, bunebrivia,<br />

mogvixdeba Sesabamisi xanis iberiis samefos RvTaebaTa panTeonis iqve lokalizebac;<br />

imis warmodgena, rom qarTlis mefeTa rezidencia <strong>da</strong>Sorebuli iyo RvTaebaTa samefo<br />

panTeons, Zalze rTulia. rogorc zemoTac SevniSneT, gacisa <strong>da</strong> gas aRmarTvis adgilis<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgena TavisTavad un<strong>da</strong> iZleodes `Zueli mcxeTis” mdebareobis gansazRvris SesaZleblobas,<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n `Zuel mcxeTaSi” mj<strong>da</strong>r azos `Tana-hyvandes kerpni RmrTad – gaci<br />

<strong>da</strong> ga”. gar<strong>da</strong> zemomoyvanili qarTuli matianeebis cnobebisa, adgilobrivi qarTuli<br />

tradiciis <strong>da</strong> berZeni <strong>da</strong> romaeli met-naklebad Tanamedrove istorikosebis monacemebisa,<br />

armazcixisa Tu armazis kerpis adgilmdebareobis Taobaze iuwyeba agreTve somexi<br />

mematiane movses xorenacic, romelic gvamcnobs, rom armazis qan<strong>da</strong>keba mcxeTisgan gancalkevebiT,<br />

mdinare mtkvris meore mxares idga..” (ix., zemoT) 4 . rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, avtoririsaTvis<br />

cnobilia, rom armazis kerpi mcxeTasTan, didi mdinaris anu mtkvris gaRma<br />

iyo aRmarTuli. `wm. ninos mier qarTlis moqcevis” zemomoyvanil cnobaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT,<br />

SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vZinoT, rom armazTan erTad iqve iqnebodnen misi ganuyreli RvTaebebic –<br />

gaci <strong>da</strong> ga, romlebic `Tana-hyvan<strong>da</strong>” wamoyvanili arian-qarTli<strong>da</strong>n wamosul <strong>da</strong> ”Zuel mcxe-<br />

TaSi” mefed <strong>da</strong>mj<strong>da</strong>r `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁseul” azos.<br />

qarTuli matianeebis msgavsad, zogierTi arabuli wyaroc TiTqos iZleva imis sa-<br />

Sualebas, rom armazcixe-bagineTs, aq adre arsebul warmarTul taZarTan erTad, <strong>da</strong>vukavSiroT<br />

aleqsandre makedonelis legen<strong>da</strong>ruli saxeli. mxedvelobaSi maqvs at-tabaris<br />

(gard. 923 w.) cnoba imis Taobaze, rom hijris 110 wels (anu ax. w. 728 wlis 16 aprili<strong>da</strong>n<br />

729 wlis 4 aprilamde drois monakveTSi) <strong>da</strong>rialisaken xazarTa xakanTan sabrZol-<br />

1 leonti mroveli, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 89-90.<br />

2 moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, gv. 320.<br />

3 a. afaqiZe, armazcixis..., gv. 78-83, 96-97.<br />

4 movses xorenaci, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 171 (II, 86).<br />

52

velad galaSqrebuli maslama ibn abd al-maliqi (omaiani xalifis abd al-maliq ibn<br />

marvanis Ze) ukan brundeba `aleqsandres taZris” (Masgid Δī'l-Qarnain) gavliT; amis gamo i.<br />

markvarti varaudobs, rom `aleqsandres taZari” aragvis xeobaSi mdebareob<strong>da</strong> 1 . al-masyudis<br />

Tanaxmad `aleqsandres taZari” qarTvelTa (jurzaanis – ) mefis at-tanbaRis<br />

anu i. markvartisave ganmartebiT – adreul bagrationTa dinastiuri titulis ‏(ال طنبغى)‏<br />

matarebeli piris – mamfalis (`mama uflis”) adgilsamyofelia 2 . i. markvarti SeniSnavs,<br />

rom vahb ibn munabihis `aleqsandres romanSi”, kerZod mis m. liZbarskiseul gamocemaSi,<br />

`aleqsandres taZari” arsad ar gvxvdeba, Tumca ki masSi moxseniebulia `armazis miwa/-<br />

qveyana” – `ard al-hurmuzi” ( ), iseve, rogorc, habib ibn maslamas mier qarTvel-<br />

TaTvis gacemul `<strong>da</strong>cvis sigelis” at-tabariseul variantSi 3 . aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, i. markvarti<br />

<strong>da</strong>askvnis, rom am saxelwodebiT Tbilisis aRma mtkvrisa <strong>da</strong> aragvis SesarTavTan<br />

mdebare qveynis Zveli de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi mcxeTa un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnebodes 4 . ufro rom <strong>da</strong>vazustoT<br />

i. markvartis mosazreba (<strong>da</strong>, albaT, TavisTavad, amis gareSec), ufro gamarTlebuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

`aleqsandres taZarSi”, pirvel rigSi, armazcixe-bagineTi gvegulisxma, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebiT, marTlac mdebareob<strong>da</strong> aleqsandre<br />

didis qarTlSi legen<strong>da</strong>ruli laSqrobis movlenebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli warmarTuli<br />

RvTaebebis panTeoni; `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs” mixedviT, azo, visac `Tana-hyvandes kerpni<br />

RmrTad – gaci <strong>da</strong> ga” xom aleqsandres mier aris moyvanili <strong>da</strong> mefed <strong>da</strong>dgenili.<br />

maslama ibn abd al-maliqis mier swored armazcixe-bagineTis <strong>da</strong>laSqvras, SesaZloa<br />

is garemoebac mowmobdes, rom qarTuli warmarTobis am wmin<strong>da</strong> alagisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />

uZvelesi saxelmwifoebrivi centris saboloo ganadgurebas sul ramdenime wliT<br />

ufro gviani xaniT (736 w.) aTariReben xolme, rodesac aq TiTqos mervan ibn muhameds<br />

(igive murvan yrus, momaval omaian xalifas mervan II) ulaSqria. es ukanaskneli cnoba<br />

vaxuSti bagrationisagan iRebs saTaves. eWvi ar aris, <strong>da</strong>rialisaken mimaval mervansac<br />

mcxeTaze un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>evlo: iseTi didi safortifikacio <strong>da</strong> strategiuli mniSvnelobis<br />

punqts, rogoric armazcixe-bagineTia, xom verc erTi molaSqre gverds ver auvli<strong>da</strong>.<br />

magram imis gamo, rom arabuli wyaro aq mdebare mniSvnelovani adgilis – `aleqsandres<br />

taZris” saxelwodebas sagangebod mxolod maslama ibn abd al-maliqis laSqrobisas<br />

moixseniebs, SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom swored misi laSqroba un<strong>da</strong> gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo sabediswero<br />

qarTlis uZvelesi de<strong>da</strong>qalaqisaTvis, vinai<strong>da</strong>n im rvawlian drois monakveT-<br />

Si, romelic am laSqrobas mervanis laSqrobisagan aSorebs, bunebrivia, Znelad Tu moxerxdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

am adgilis Tav<strong>da</strong>cviTi funqciis srulfasovani aRdgena. aseTi varaudis<br />

جُرْز ان<br />

ارض الهر مز<br />

1 Marquart J., Osteuropäische und ostasiatische Streifzüge, Ethnologische und historisch-topographische Studien zur Geschichte des 9. und<br />

10. Jahrhunderte (ca. 840-940) (Leipzig, 1903), gv. 175.<br />

2 Marquart J., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 186.<br />

3 marTalia, e. sixaruliZem habib ibn maslamas `<strong>da</strong>cvis sigelis” abu „ubaidis (gard. 838 w.) variantSi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli<br />

formis ِ ِ ن ِ gamo, `armazis miwa/qveyana” `hirminis miwad” anu `arminiჲas qveynad” Seaswora,<br />

im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom arabuli saxalifos administraciuli <strong>da</strong>yofis mixedviT qarTli<br />

(jurzani) somxeTTan <strong>da</strong> arranTan erTad arminiჲaSi erTiandebo<strong>da</strong> (e. sixaruliZe, habib ibn maslamas<br />

`<strong>da</strong>cvis sigelis” abu „ubaidiseuli varianti (Tbilisi, 2001), gv. 9-10), magram vahb ibn munabihis `aleqsandres<br />

romanSi” `armazis qveynis” <strong>da</strong>saxeleba met sandoobas matebs tradiciul Sexedulebas habib ibn maslamas<br />

`<strong>da</strong>cvis sigelSi” am ukanasknelis moxseniebis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom e. sixaruliZe imave naSromSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>sZen<strong>da</strong>, rom forma `al-hirmini” `arminiჲis” magivrad mas sxvagan arsad Sexvedria, vinai<strong>da</strong>n es<br />

رْ‏<br />

اًرض الهِْرم<br />

ukanaskneli, Cveulebriv, `arman” مَن formiT gadmoicemo<strong>da</strong> xolme <strong>da</strong> man, Sesabamisad, forma `hirmini”<br />

`armanis” dialeqtur formad miiCnia (iqve, gv. 10). gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom Tu forma `ard al-hirmini”<br />

ixmarebo<strong>da</strong> sakuTriv `<strong>da</strong>cvis sigelis” teqstSi, abu „ubaidis mier sigelisaTvis wamZRvarebul teqstSi<br />

mocemulia forma `irminiჲa”, rac cxadyofs, rom abu „ubaidi `ard al-hirmins” `irminiჲad” (armeniad)<br />

ganmartavs <strong>da</strong> Tan orive es termini sagangebod erTnairad aqvs gaxmanovebuli; es ki miuTiTebs, rom avtori<br />

teqstiseuli gaugebari sityvis re<strong>da</strong>qtirebas axdens (TviT e. sixaruliZec SeniSnavs, rom `<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

siglis” arc abu „ubaidiseuli varianti un<strong>da</strong> iyos Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli saxis, Tumca qronologiurad yvelaze<br />

adrindelia <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT sruli, iqve, gv. 9, 11). aRsaniSnavia e. sixaruliZis <strong>da</strong>kvirveba imis Taobaze,<br />

rom al-balazori Zalian xSirad imowmebs abu „ubaids, Tumca arc erTxel ar ixseniebs mas armeniis <strong>da</strong>pyrobasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT (iqve, gv. 4, SeniSvna 1), rogorc Cans, abu „ubaidis konieqtura misTvis miuRebeli<br />

iyo. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom abu „ubaidis wyaro sigelis teqstis gadmocemisas yofila `irminiჲas”<br />

(armeniis) erT-erTi mcxovrebi ahmad ibn al-azraki (iqve, gv. 5), romelsac, advili mosalodnelia,<br />

teqstSi mocemuli gaugebari termini misTvis bevrad ufro gasageb <strong>da</strong> logikurad gamarTlebul `irminiჲad”<br />

waekiTxa.<br />

4 Marquart J., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 187. s. kakabaZis azriT, aleqsandre makedonels cixe TbilisSi un<strong>da</strong> aego, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

nariyalas zena-cixe iskanderis saxeliT iyo cnobili (s. kakabaZe. Tbilisi..., gv. 100).<br />

53

gamoTqmis safuZvels gvaZlevs specialistTa mier SeniSnuli is faqti, rom mervanis<br />

laSqrobam imdenad Zlieri STabeWdileba <strong>da</strong>tova TaobaTa mexsierebaSi, rom SemdgomSi<br />

igi miCneul iqna, sazogadod, arabebis pirvel Semosevad saqarTveloSi 1 . miT umetes, advili<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc zemoT iTqva, erTi <strong>da</strong> imave regionSi, ori omaiani sardlis<br />

mxolod ramdenime wliT erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>Sorebuli laSqrobebis erTmaneTSi aRreva 2 .<br />

ZiriTadi mizezi, ris gamoc `Zueli mcxeTis” armazcixesTan gaigiveba uZneldebaT,<br />

am ukanasknelis mcxeTisagan gansxvavebuli saxelwodebis arseboba un<strong>da</strong> warmoadgendes<br />

3 , ara<strong>da</strong> am ori uZvelesi adgilis urTierTkavSiri yovelTvis yvelasaTvis cxadi<br />

iyo 4 . amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT sayuradReboa saqarTvelos mefis aleqsandre I didis 1434<br />

wlis gujari, gacemuli kaTolikos-patriarqis Teodore III-is saxelze, sa<strong>da</strong>c vkiTxulobT,<br />

rom `<strong>da</strong>sabamiTgan armazi cixe mcxeTisa [iyo]” 5 . rac Seexeba gansxvavebul saxelwodebas,<br />

amis Taobaze `mefeTa cxovreba” gvamcnobs, rom armaz/armaziscixes Zvelad<br />

`qarTlis mTa” 6 erqva: `vidre aRmarTebamde mun-ze<strong>da</strong> kerpi armazisi erqua mTasa mas<br />

qarTli...” an kidev: ` <strong>da</strong> moku<strong>da</strong> qarTlos <strong>da</strong>fles igi Tavsa ze<strong>da</strong> qarTlisasa, romelsa<br />

aw ewodebis armazi” 7 . rogorc ukve iTqva, toponimi `qarTli”, gansxvavebiT qoronim<br />

`qarTlisagan”, erTmniSvnelovnad gamoiyeneba mdinare mtkvris marjvena napirze mdebare<br />

mTisa <strong>da</strong> misi sanaxebis anu im teritoriis aRsaniSnavad, romelic armazcixisa Tu<br />

armazis saxeliT aris cnobili. am mxriv sainteresoa, rom juanSeris `cxovreba vaxtang<br />

gorgaslisa” erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs erTis mxriv, `armaz qarTls”, xolo meores<br />

mxriv, `mcxeTas”: `cnes sparsTa, viTarmed <strong>da</strong>mZim<strong>da</strong> vaxtang wylulebisagan, moaoÃres<br />

tfilisi <strong>da</strong> armazi qarTli, xolo mcxeTa ver <strong>da</strong>ipyres...~ 8 .<br />

`mefeTa cxovrebis” avtori saxelwodeba `qarTlis” Tavisebur etimologiasac<br />

gvTavazobs, rodesac mas qarTvelTa eponim-eTnarqosis, legen<strong>da</strong>ruli qarTlosis saxeli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

momdinared miiCnevs: `...<strong>da</strong> ese qarTlos movi<strong>da</strong> pirvelad adgilsa mas, sa<strong>da</strong> Seer-<br />

TÂs arag mtkuarsa, <strong>da</strong> ganvi<strong>da</strong> mTasa mas ze<strong>da</strong>, romelsa ewodebis armazi. <strong>da</strong> pirvelad<br />

Seqmna simagreni mas ze<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> iSena mun ze<strong>da</strong> saxli, <strong>da</strong> uwo<strong>da</strong> mTasa mas saxeli Tavisa<br />

TÂsisa qarTli.. <strong>da</strong> mis gamo ewo<strong>da</strong> yovelsa qarTlsa qarTli, xunaniTgan vidre zRuamde<br />

sperisa” 9 . legen<strong>da</strong> legen<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>rCeba, magram ras un<strong>da</strong> niSnavdes sinamdvileSi saxelwodeba<br />

”qarTli” sityva `qarTli”, mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis azriT, warmomdgari<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos indoevropuli substratis niSnad miCneul sityva “karta”-sagan, romelic Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />

aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> `SemoRobil adgils”, xolo Semdeg – galavans, nagebobas, cixesimagres<br />

10 .<br />

Tumca arsebobs ufro martivi varaudis gamoTqmis SesaZleblobac: ramdena<strong>da</strong>c `qalaqis”<br />

(Stadt) aRmniSvnel arameul sityvas “kar<strong>da</strong>” warmoadgens 11 , xolo es ena erT-erTi<br />

ZiriTadi saxelmwifo ena iyo aqemenianTa zegavlenis qveS myof armazcixis adreul bina<strong>da</strong>rTaTvis,<br />

vfiqrob, savsebiT <strong>da</strong>saSvebia, swored sityva “kar<strong>da</strong>” <strong>da</strong>sdebo<strong>da</strong> safuZvlad<br />

1 s. janaSia, araboba saqarTveloSi, s. janaSia, <strong>Sromebi</strong>, tomi II (Tbilisi, 1952), gv. 372.<br />

2 rogorc cnobilia, VIII saukunis pirveli naxevari gamoirCeva saqarTvelos teritoriaze arabTa laSqrobebis<br />

gansakuTrebuli sixSiriT (a. bogveraZe, adrefeo<strong>da</strong>luri qarTuli saxelmwifoebi VI-VIII saukuneeb-<br />

Si, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi II (Tbilisi, 1973), gv. 288-290.<br />

3 Tumca „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ qronikaSi <strong>da</strong>sturdeba nastagisis saxelic; kerZod, aleqsandre makedonelis<br />

qarTlSi `laSqrobasTan” <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, nauwyebia, rom aleqsandre „sarkinesa qalaqsa ebrZola<br />

aTerTmet TTuÀ <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dga sarkinesa <strong>da</strong>savaliT kerZo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>asxa venaÃi <strong>da</strong> ruÁ gamoiRo qaniT, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sxna<br />

kacni meruveni <strong>da</strong>stagiTa ruÁsaÁTa; <strong>da</strong> hrqÂan adgilsa mas nastagisi“ (moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, gv. 320).<br />

4 calkeul periodebSi, rodesac armazSi armazeli, xolo mcxeTaSi mcxeTeli mefeebi isxdnen, albaT, adgili<br />

un<strong>da</strong> hqonebo<strong>da</strong> garkveul urTierT<strong>da</strong>pirispirebasac.<br />

5 ix. Меликсет-Беков Л. М., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 89.<br />

6 armaziscixis saxeldeba bagineTad mazdeanuri zegavleniT aixsneba; `bagini” xom warmarTebis, araqristianebis<br />

samlocvelos aRmniSvnel sityvad gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> (m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli<br />

enobrivi urTierTobi<strong>da</strong>n, I (Tbilisi, 1966), gv. 16-17, 225-226.<br />

7 Sdr. leonti mroveli, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 8.<br />

8 juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili yvela ZiriTadi<br />

xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi, 1955), gv. 202.<br />

9 leonti mroveli, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 8.<br />

10 ix. s. kakabaZe. Tbilisi..., gv. 100; g. meliqiSvili, saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa <strong>da</strong> maxlobeli aRmosavleTis<br />

uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis (Tbilisi, 1965), gv. 237-240; g. meliqiSvili, qarTli (iberia) Zv. w. VI-<br />

IV saukuneebSi. qarTlis samefos warmoqmna, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi I (Tbilisi, 1970), gv.<br />

427-429.<br />

11 Brockelmann C., Syrische Grammatik mit Paradigmen, Literatur, Chrestomathie und Glossar, Neunte Auflage (Leipzig, 1962), gv. 176*.<br />

54

termin `qarT-l-s”. `mTa qarTlis” aRmniSvnelad arameuli sityva “kar<strong>da</strong>”-s gamoyeneba aqemenianTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> momdevno xanebSi Camoyalibebuli politikuri koniunqturiT un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo<br />

ganpirobebuli. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom iranul samyaroSi farTod gavrcelebul<br />

<strong>da</strong> aseve qalaqis aRmniSvnel -karta, -kerta formas zogierTi mkvlevari iranul enebSi semituri<br />

enebi<strong>da</strong>n nasesxobad miiCnevs 1 .<br />

arameul termins kidev imis gamo un<strong>da</strong> mieniWos gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, rom<br />

savaraudoa mcxeTis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi simagris, aragvispirTan mdebare `beltis<br />

cixis” saxelic (amJamad cnobili bebris/beris cixed, romelic mcxeTa-armazcixis<br />

saerTo safortifikacio sistemis nawils warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ketav<strong>da</strong> CrdiloeTis Sesasvlels),<br />

warmomdgari iyos aseve `cixe-simagris” (Burg) aRmniSvneli arameuli sityvi<strong>da</strong>n –<br />

“birta” 2 . iqneb gasaTvaliswinebeli iyos `qarTlis cxovrebis" cnobis, mtkvargamoRma (armazcixis,<br />

igive `mTa qarTlis”) <strong>da</strong> mtkvargaRma (mcxeTis) mxareTa mefeebis – qarTamisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> bartomis saxelTa SesaZlo kavSiric cixe-simagreebis aRmniSvnel arameul sityveb-<br />

Tan – “kar<strong>da</strong>” <strong>da</strong> “birta” <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, am sityvebiT moxseniebul maT rezidenciebTan<br />

Tu umTavres safortifikacio nagebobebTan – armazcixesTan (`mTa qarTli”) <strong>da</strong> mcxeTabebris<br />

(`beltis” Tu `berdis”) cixesTan.<br />

amave dros, ufro ise un<strong>da</strong> Candes, rom TiTqos qarTulenovan samyaroSi adreuli<br />

xanebi<strong>da</strong>nve fexi hqon<strong>da</strong> mokidebuli cixe-simagris aRmniSvnel xuritul termins “ard”-s,<br />

romelmac regionSi aqemenianTa dominirebis xanaSi analogiuri mniSvnelobisa <strong>da</strong> Jreradobis<br />

mqone <strong>da</strong> SesaZloa masTanve <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul arameuli sityvis “kar<strong>da</strong>”-s zegavlenis<br />

Sedegad SeiZina anlautSi velaruli fonema 3 . aseTi varaudis SesaZleblobaze albaT<br />

un<strong>da</strong> migvaniSnebdes qarTul sinamdvileSi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli araerTi cixe-simagris<br />

aRmniSvneli <strong>da</strong> `arT/art/ard”-Ziriani toponimi: `arTvini/arTvani”, `artaani”, `artanuji”;<br />

Sdr., agreTve, `ardisubani”, `k-ar<strong>da</strong>naxi”, vin icis iqneb martyofic <strong>da</strong> sxv. aqve<br />

un<strong>da</strong> gavixsenoT, ar<strong>da</strong>m erisTavis saxelic, romelmac `warmozRu<strong>da</strong> cxÂri armazisi<br />

vidre mtkuramde”, `mohkide kiri zRude cixesa armazisasa” <strong>da</strong> `mozRu<strong>da</strong> mcxeTa qalaqi<br />

qÂTkiriTa” 4 . aseve yuradsaRebia `varcixis” anu istoriuli `vardcixis” saxelwodeba,<br />

romlis saxelis aRdgenisas gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania VI saukunis berZnul<br />

wyaroebSi `rodopolisis” formiT misi moxsenieba. Cemi azriT, toponim `vard-cixeSi”<br />

mocemulia cixis aRmniSvneli xurituli Ziri `ard/uard/vard”-i, romelsac Tan axlavs<br />

qarTulenovani ganmarteba `cixis” saxiT. am garemoebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />

un<strong>da</strong> mieniWos artaanis mxaris Zveli eTnikuri viTarebis garkvevis sakiTxisas, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />

qalaq artaanis aRmosavleTiT mdebare <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli punqtis – Camli CaTaqis Zveli<br />

saxelwodebac aseve `vardcixea” <strong>da</strong> igi qronologiurad win uswrebs adgilobrivi<br />

mosaxleobis maxsovrobaSi dRemde Semonaxul amave punqtis somxur saxelwodebas<br />

`gulaberds”, romelic, iseve rogorc berZnuli rodopolisi, aSkarad xuritulqarTuli<br />

kompoziti<strong>da</strong>n `vard-cixi<strong>da</strong>n” (anu uard-cixi<strong>da</strong>n, igive ard-cixi<strong>da</strong>n) aris<br />

naTargmni. “Ard”-Ziriani saxelwodebebis qalaqebi, gar<strong>da</strong> urartuli qalaqis – musasiris<br />

xurituli saxelwodebisa (ardini), cnobilia rusaxinilis maxloblad mdebare<br />

mxari<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> etiunis qveyni<strong>da</strong>nac 5 .<br />

1<br />

კერძოდ, მიიჩნევენ, რომ ტერმინი -κερηα, -καρηα ქალაქის აღმნიშვნელი ებრაულ-არამეული სიტყვიდან – קרתא ‏,קרתה – არის<br />

მიღებული (Blau O., Ueber -karta, -kerta in Ortsnamen, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Bd 31 (Leipsig,<br />

1877), გვ. 495-505. საინტერესოა სპეციალურ ლიტერატურაში გამოთქმულია ვარაუდი, რომ პერსეპოლისის სპარსული<br />

სახელწოდება იყო Pârsakarta. ანაქსიმენესის (ძვ. წ. III ს.) ინტერპრეტაციით Παρζα-γάρδα ნიშნავს „სპარსულ ბანაკს”. ხოლო<br />

აპიანესა და ასინიუს კვადრატუსის თხზულებებში დაცული ცნობებიდან ირკვევა, რომ ტიგრან II-ის დედაქალაქის<br />

სახელწოდება – Τιγρανόκερηα – სპარსულად ნიშნავდა ტიგრანის ქალაქს – Τιγρανόπολις. თუმცა მკვლევრები ამ<br />

სახელწოდებაშიც გამოყოფენ ქალაქის აღმნიშვნელ არამეულ სიტყვას – certa (იქვე, გვ. 495-496).<br />

2 Brockelmann C., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 154*; Sdr. g. qavTaraZe, anatoliaSi qarTvelur tomTa gansaxlebis sakiTxisaTvis<br />

(Tbilisi, 1985), gv. 85, 173, SeniSvna 361. iqneb gasaTvaliswinebeli iyos `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobis,<br />

mtkvargamoRma (armazcixis, igive `mTa qarTlis”) <strong>da</strong> mtkvargaRma (mcxeTis) mxareTa mefeebis, qarTamisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> bartomis saxelTa SesaZlo kavSiric cixe-simagreebis aRmniSvnel arameul sityvebTan – “kar<strong>da</strong>” <strong>da</strong><br />

“birta” <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, am sityvebiT moxseniebul maT rezidenciebTan Tu umTavres safortifikacio nagebobebTan<br />

– armazcixesTan (“mTa qarTli”) <strong>da</strong> mcxeTis bebris (“beltis”) cixesTan.<br />

3 arameuli termini “kar<strong>da</strong>”, Tavis mxriv, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos xuritul “ard”-Tan.<br />

4 leonti mroveli, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 13.<br />

5 ix. g. qavTaraZe, taoxTa uZvelesi qveyana <strong>da</strong> qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis sawyisebi, ena <strong>da</strong> kultura, 5<br />

(Tbilisi, 2005), gv. 106, SeniSvna 127.<br />

55

termin `qarTlis” cixe-simagris saxelwodebi<strong>da</strong>n warmomavlobas mxars uWers kasius<br />

dios cnoba, rom qarTlis mTavar qalaqs akropolisi („Ακρόπολις) anu citadeli/de<strong>da</strong>cixe<br />

ewodebo<strong>da</strong>, amdenad kasius dio faqtobrivad am adgilis funqciur mniSvnelobas-<br />

Tan erTad misi saxelwodebis berZnul Targmansac iZleva. kasius dios sityvebiT, de<strong>da</strong>cixe<br />

agebuli iyo im mizniT, rom <strong>da</strong>ecva uviwroesi adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c erT mxares mtkvari<br />

(Cyrus) moedineba, xolo meore mxares kavkasionia aRmarTuli 1 . am qalaqSi, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />

mxolod qarTli/armazcixe SeiZleba igulisxmebodes. gasaTvaliswinebelia i. rainegsis<br />

cnobac, rom mcxeTis CrdiloeTiT, saqarTveloSi mis Casvlamde (anu 1779 wlamde)<br />

arcTu didi xniT adre, erT-erT maRlobze mkvidrad nageb naxevradmitovebul cixe-simagreSi<br />

(albaT bebris cixes gulisxmobs – g. q.) napovni yofila berZnul enaze Sesrulebuli<br />

warwera, TumcaRa <strong>da</strong>uTariRebeli, romelze<strong>da</strong>c adgilobrivi, erudirebuli<br />

qarTvelebis mier amokiTxuli yofila sityva `akrofTopolisi” (Acroftopolis). i. rainegsi<br />

varaudobs, rom es un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo mcxeTis Zveli saxelwodeba 2 . magram, rogorc ukve<br />

viciT, kasius dio akropoliss („Ακρόπολις) armazcixes uwodeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara mcxeTas.<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, savaraudoa, rom mTa qarTli (iqve mdebareob<strong>da</strong> sofeli qarTli<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTlis xevic) saxeldebuli iyo cixe-simagrisa Tu galavnis aRmniSvneli sityvebiT,<br />

Tumca ki araqarTuliT (xurituliT, arameuliT, berZnuliT). marTalia strabonisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> pliniusis cnobebSi asaxulia qarTuli sityvis `cixis” kvalic, oRond, toponim armazcixis<br />

meore, ganmartebiTi komponentis saxiT; kerZod, igi moxseniebulia, rogorc<br />

„Αρμοζική strabonis mier 3 <strong>da</strong> rogorc „Αρμακτίκα ptolemaiosis mier 4 , xolo pliniusi<br />

mas Harmastus-is saxelwodebiT icnobs 5 . am mxriv, sagulisxmoa, rom qarTul saistorio<br />

wyaroebSi armazcixe moxseniebulia de<strong>da</strong>cixis, Si<strong>da</strong>cixis Tu cixiscixis (mTavari, Tavadi<br />

cixis mniSvnelobiT) saxelwodebiTac. xom ar un<strong>da</strong> vifiqroT, rom armazcixes Zvel-<br />

Taganve, anu jer kidev aq armazis kultis gaCenamde, gaaCn<strong>da</strong> cixis aRmniSvneli Sesabamisi<br />

qarTuli termini <strong>da</strong> xom ar aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli es saxelwodeba mcxeTis saxel-<br />

Tan. aseT SemTxvevaSi `Zueli mcxeTa” aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong> armazcixe/bagineTis anu mTa qarTlis<br />

aRmniSvneli saxeli, xolo amis sapirispirod sakuTriv mcxeTa – `axali mcxeTis”<br />

anu „muxnariT kerZi qalaqisa“, romelic mtkvris marcxena napirze iyo ganlagebuli <strong>da</strong><br />

xSirad akropolisi<strong>da</strong>n anu mTa qarTli/armazcixe/bagineTi<strong>da</strong>n kontroldebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amJamad, TiTqmis ukve sayovelTaod aris gaziarebuli mosazreba, rom saxelwodeba<br />

„mcxeTa“ warmodgeba mesxTa (mosxebi – muSqebi) tomis saxeli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> rom am tomis samosaxlo<br />

mcxeTis teritoriaze Zv. w. VIII saukunis Semdeg un<strong>da</strong> gaCeniliyo 6 . iTvaliswineben<br />

agreTve qarTlis samefos uzenaesis RvTaebis armazis saxelwodebis savaraudo kav-<br />

Sirs xeTur-mcireaziul mTvaris RvTaebasTan – armasTan, romlis kultic TiTqos mcire<br />

azii<strong>da</strong>n muSki-mesxebis jer samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> Semdeg mcxeTaSi, gadmosaxlebasTan<br />

un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli 7 . Tumca, ufro savaraudoa, rom RvTaeba<br />

armazi avlens iupiterisadmi (romis imperiis uzenaesi RvTaeba), xolo armazis Tanxmlebi<br />

kerpebi gaci <strong>da</strong> gaimi (ga) – apolonisa <strong>da</strong> dianasaTvis (iupiterisadmi <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli<br />

RvTaebbebi) <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel zogierT niSan-Tvisebas. iberiis samefos panTeoni,<br />

rogorc Cans, sinkretuli xasiaTis RvTaebebisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>; igi imTaviTve <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />

Cans gvianaqemeniduri-adreelinisturi xanis aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis<br />

sinkretuli xasiaTis kulturul samyarosTan <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, armazis kultic Zvelax-<br />

1 Dio 37, 1, 4; ix. Cary E., Dio‟s Roman History. With an English translation by E. Cary on the basis of the version of H. B. Foster, vol. III.<br />

The Loeb Classical Library (London & Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969), gv. 99.<br />

2 Reineggs J., Allgemeine historisch-topographische Beschreibung des Kaukasus, Aus dessen nachgelassenen Papieren gesammelt und<br />

herausgegeben von F. E. Schröter, Zweiter Theil (Hindelsheim und St. Petersburg, 1797), gv. 86.<br />

3 Strabo 11, 3, 5; ix. Jones, H. L., The Geography of Strabo, with an English translation by Horace Leonard Jones, vol. V. The Loeb<br />

Classical Library (Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, 1961), gv. 221.<br />

4 Cl. Ptol., 5, 10, 2; ix. Nobbe K. F. A. (Ed.), Ptolemy, Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia, Volume 2 (Lipsiae, 1845), gv. 46.<br />

5 Plin., n.h., 6, 29; ix. Mayhoff K. F. T. (Ed.), Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia. English translation by Bostock J., Riley H.T. (Lipsiae,<br />

1906).<br />

6 ix., mag., a. afaqiZe, s. kinwuraSvili, l. menabde, mcxeTa, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, tomi 7 (Tbilisi,<br />

1984), gv. 254.<br />

7 ix., mag., a. afaqiZe, armazcixis..., gv. 91-93.<br />

56

loaRmosavlur, aqemenidur <strong>da</strong> elinistur epoqebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel sinkretizmis<br />

anabeWds atareb<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom terminebi `samcxe” <strong>da</strong> `mcxeTa” erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

jer kidev vaxuSti bagrations, Tumca igi saxelwodeba `samcxes” `mcxeTisagan” warmoqmnilad<br />

miiCnev<strong>da</strong> 2 . <strong>XI</strong>X saukuneSi toponim `mcxeTas” mesxebis satomo saxelTan aaxloebdnen<br />

Teimuraz bagrationi, platon ioseliani, a. xaxanaSvili <strong>da</strong> v. sen-marteni 3 . g.<br />

meliqiSvilis SexedulebiTac, saxelwodeba `mcxeTa” u<strong>da</strong>vod warmoqmnilia mesxTa satomo<br />

saxelisagan, es faqti ki un<strong>da</strong> mianiSnebdes mcxeTis mesxuri <strong>da</strong>saxlebis aramesxuri<br />

mosaxleobis wiaRSi warmoqmnis SesaZleblobaze 4 .<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad im garemoebisa, rom SesaZleblad mimaCnia mtkvris zemo weli<strong>da</strong>n anu<br />

mesxeTi<strong>da</strong>n (Tu e.w. didi mesxeTi<strong>da</strong>n), romelic mtkvris saTaveebis mxares <strong>da</strong> mis iqiT,<br />

kidev ufro samxreTiT mdebare mxareebsac moicav<strong>da</strong>, mosaxleobis erTmaneTis momdevno<br />

talRebis gadmonacvleba, rac sazogadod <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli movlenaa mdinareTa dinebis<br />

mimdebare xeobebisaTvis, ara mgonia mcxeTisa <strong>da</strong> misi sanaxebis ufro adreuli mosaxleoba<br />

imdenad gansxvavebuli yofiliyo axalmosulTagan (Tun<strong>da</strong>c imis gamo, rom maTi<br />

– Zvelisac <strong>da</strong> axlisac – warmomavlobis mxare erTmaneTs emTxveo<strong>da</strong>), rom saWiro gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />

maTi winamosaxleobisagan ganmasxvavebeli saxeliT saxeldeba. savaraudod, aq<br />

adgili eqnebo<strong>da</strong> erTian eTno-kulturul arealSi didi mdinaris dinebis zemo, mTiani<br />

mxareebi<strong>da</strong>n namati mosaxleobis qvemo dinebis, <strong>da</strong>blobi mxareebisaken gadmonacvlebas,<br />

anu mTisa <strong>da</strong> baris mosaxleTa urTierTobis `klasikur” models, rac, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ar<br />

gamoricxav<strong>da</strong> gansxvavebuli warmomavlobis eTnikuri jgufebis am metad mniSvnelovani<br />

sakvanZo adgilisaken swrafvasa <strong>da</strong> infiltracias, ris Sesaxebac araerTi miniSneba<br />

gvaqvs Zvel qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi. Tumca es sakiTxebi Cveni winamdebare werilis<br />

CarCoebs scildeba <strong>da</strong> vimedovnebT, rom maT sxva dros calke SevexebiT.<br />

TavisTava<strong>da</strong>c sakiTxavia, Tu ramdenad aris ucilobeli mcxeTis saxelis etimologiis<br />

axsna mesxTa satomo saxeliT, Tuki <strong>da</strong>vuSvebT, rom `Zueli mcxeTa” lokalizdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

armazcixis teritoriaze, romelsac mkveTrad gamoxatuli funqcia gaaCn<strong>da</strong>: kontrolis<br />

qveS moeqcia strategiulad uaRresad mniSvnelovani sakmaod vrceli areali 5 <strong>da</strong><br />

romlis saxelwodebac, rogorc iTqva, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva enebze ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d cixe-galavnis, de<strong>da</strong>cixe-citadelis<br />

aRmniSvneli iyo; nuTu am saxelwodebebs ar un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong>T amave<br />

funqciis gamomxatveli qarTulenovani Sesatyvisi<br />

am mxriv sainteresoa, rom jer kidev i. rainegsi, termin `mcxeTas” `cixis~ qarTuli<br />

saxelwodebis ga<strong>da</strong>sxvaferebis Sedegad warmoqnilad Tvli<strong>da</strong>; amis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebel sabuTad<br />

igi mcxeTis adgilmdebareobis gar<strong>da</strong>, aq cixe-simagreTa nangrevebis siuxves miiCnev<strong>da</strong><br />

6 . termin `mcxeTis” warmomavlobis asaxsnelad gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sakuTriv<br />

enaTmecnierul monacemebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisi adgilis saxelwodebis<br />

– `mcxeTis” warmomavlobis Taobaze qarTul-zanuri erTobis xanis `cixis”<br />

aRmniSvneli sityvi<strong>da</strong>n – *ӡ1ixe 7 . cnobilia, rom fuZis kumSvadoba sazogadod <strong>da</strong>maxasia-<br />

1 Kavtaradze G. L., Georgian Chronicles and the raison d'ètre of the Iberian Kingdom (Caucasica II), Orbis Terrarum, Journal of Historical<br />

Geography of the Ancient World, 6, 2000 (Stuttgart, 2001), gv. 220-222.<br />

2 batoniSvili vaxuSti, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 657-658.<br />

3 Teimuraz bagrationi, istoria <strong>da</strong>wyebiTgan iveriisa, ese igi giorgiisa, romel ars sruliad saqarTvelo-<br />

Ása (sankt-peterburRi, 1848), gv. 10, 23; Иосселиани Платон, Различные наименования грузинов (Тифлис, 1846), gv. 408;<br />

St.-Martin V., Recherches sur les populations primitives et les plus ancienns traditions du Caucase (Paris, 1847), gv. 50-51; Хаханов А.<br />

С., Древнейшие пределы расселения грузин по Малой Азии (Тифлис, 1903), gv. 37-39.<br />

4 Меликишвили Г. А., К истории древней Грузии (Тбилиси, 1959), gv. 112, 229.<br />

5 jer kidev i. rainegsi, romelic erekle II-is karze ruseTis politikuri miznebis gansaxorcieleblad iyo<br />

Segzavnili <strong>da</strong> romelmac arcTu mcire roli Seasrula qarTl-kaxeTis samefos <strong>da</strong>TanxmebaSi, raTa mas xeli<br />

moewera 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatisaTvis, Zalze kargad xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> mcxeTis strategiul mniSvnelobas.<br />

igi SeniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom mcxeTis uaRresad xelsayreli samxedro-strategiuli mdebareoba somxeT-albaneTze kontrolis<br />

<strong>da</strong>myarebisaTvis, un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo is mizezi, ris gamoc romaelebma Tu berZnebma aq <strong>da</strong>arses cixesimagre;<br />

mas arc CrdiloeTis momTabare xalxebTan aragvis gziT mcxeTis <strong>da</strong>kavSirebis SesaZlebloba aviwydebo<strong>da</strong><br />

(Reineggs J., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 86-87). romaelTa mier mcxeTaSi cixe-simagris <strong>da</strong>arsebis Sesaxeb mc<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

Sexeduleba, efuZnebo<strong>da</strong> missave uzusto cnobas, rom TiTqos XVIII saukunis mcxeTelebi armazcixes `horumis<br />

cixes~ (Horum Zighe) anu `romaelTa cixes” uwodebdnen (iqve) <strong>da</strong> ara armazis cixes.<br />

6 Reineggs J., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 86.<br />

7 ix. Климов Г. А., Этимологический словарь картвельских языков (Москва, 1964), 239. *Zixe > cixe ganviTareba aixsneba<br />

qarTuli enisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli Tavkiduri mJReri Tanxmovnis distanciuri <strong>da</strong>yruebiT momdevno x<br />

57

Tebeli movlenaa qarTuli enisaTvis; rogorc Cans, TavsarT-bolosarTis <strong>da</strong>rTvis SemTxvevaSi<br />

SesaZlebeli xdeba TviT fuZiseuli i-xmovnis SekumSvac ki. am mxriv yuradRebas<br />

ipyrobs saCxeris saxelwodebis kavSiri am qalaqis uSualo siaxloves <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebul<br />

topo/hidronimebTan: mTa `Cixi”, mdinare `Cixura” <strong>da</strong> a.S. 1 rac Seexeba termins `mcxeTa”,<br />

masSi gar<strong>da</strong> Ta-sufiqsisa, SesaZleblad migvaCnia m-prefiqsis gamoyofac: Sdr. toponimebi<br />

`wyn-eTi” (q. TbilisTan) <strong>da</strong> ”m-wyn-eTi” (bolnisis raionSi), orive nawarmoebia<br />

sityva `muxis” Sesatyvisi <strong>da</strong> megruli `Wyonis” paraleluri ZvelqarTuli formi<strong>da</strong>n –<br />

`wyani”.<br />

amrigad, Tuki termini `Zueli mcxeTa” armazcixe/bagineTSi lokalizdeba, xolo<br />

termini `mcxeTa” Tavisi pirvandeli semantiuri mniSvnelobiT cixiscixis anu de<strong>da</strong>cixis<br />

aRmniSvnelia, maSin bevr, mcxeTisa <strong>da</strong> mTlianad iberia/qarTlis uZveles istorias-<br />

Tan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul, jer kidev arcTu mTlad naTel movlenas axali Suqi moefinebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />

1. m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobi<strong>da</strong>n, I (Tbilisi,<br />

1966).<br />

2. a. afaqiZe, armazcixis lokalizaciis sakiTxisaTvis, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />

istoriis <strong>institutis</strong> <strong>Sromebi</strong>, tomi IV, nakv. I (Tbilisi, 1958).<br />

3. a. afaqiZe, qalaqebi <strong>da</strong> saqalaqo cxovreba Zvel saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 1963).<br />

4. a. afaqiZe, s. kinwuraSvili, l. menabde, mcxeTa, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, tomi<br />

7 (Tbilisi, 1984).<br />

5. Teimuraz bagrationi, istoria <strong>da</strong>wyebiTgan iveriisa, ese igi giorgiisa, romel ars<br />

sruliad saqarTveloჲsa (sankt-peterburRi, 1848).<br />

6. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi IV,<br />

teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi,<br />

1973).<br />

7. n. berZeniSvili, erTi furceli istoriul-geografiuli dRiuri<strong>da</strong>n, _ saqarTvelos<br />

istoriuli geografiis krebuli, I (Tbilisi, 1960).<br />

8. a. bogveraZe, adrefeo<strong>da</strong>luri qarTuli saxelmwifoebi VI-VIII saukuneebSi, saqarTvelos<br />

istoriis narkvevebi, tomi II (Tbilisi, 1973).<br />

9. al. boxoCaZe, nastakisi, sarkine, Zalisi, Zeglis megobari, № 33 (Tbilisi, 1973).<br />

10. i. gagoSiZe, nastagisi, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, tomi 7 (Tbilisi, 1984).<br />

11. i. gagoSiZe, samadlo, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, tomi 8 (Tbilisi, 1984).<br />

12. T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, sonantTa sistema <strong>da</strong> ablauti qarTvelur enebSi,<br />

saerTo-qarTveluri struqturis tipologia (Tbilisi, 1965);<br />

13. s. kakabaZe. qal. armazi – qal. mcxeTa, saistorio krebuli, wigni III (tfilisi, 1928).<br />

14. s. kakabaZe. Tbilisi me-5 saukunis meore naxevarSi, mnaTobi, 1958, № 10;<br />

15. leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi, 1955).<br />

16. g. meliqiSvili, saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa <strong>da</strong> maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis<br />

sakiTxisaTvis (Tbilisi, 1965).<br />

17. g. meliqiSvili, qarTli (iberia) Zv. w. VI-IV saukuneebSi. qarTlis samefos warmoqmna,<br />

saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi I (Tbilisi, 1970).<br />

18. movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, Zveli somxuri<strong>da</strong>n Targmna, Sesavali <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>urTo a. ab<strong>da</strong>laZem (Tbilisi, 1984).<br />

19. moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa. gamosacemad moamzades b. gigineiSvilma<br />

<strong>da</strong> el. giunaSvilma (Tbilisi, 1979).<br />

spirantis zegavlenis Sedegad (ix. T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, sonantTa sistema <strong>da</strong> ablauti qarTvelur<br />

enebSi, saerTo-qarTveluri struqturis tipologia (Tbilisi, 1965), gv. 119, SeniSvna 4).<br />

1 aRsaniSnavia, rom imerxevSi aris sofeli Cixisxevi (soflis dRevandeli Turquli saxelwodebaa<br />

ianiqli).<br />

58

20. e. sixaruliZe, habib ibn maslamas `<strong>da</strong>cvis sigelis” abu „ubaidiseuli varianti (Tbilisi,<br />

2001).<br />

21. g. qavTaraZe, anatoliaSi qarTvelur tomTa gansaxlebis sakiTxisaTvis (Tbilisi, 1985).<br />

22. g. qavTaraZe, taoxTa uZvelesi qveyana <strong>da</strong> qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis sawyisebi, ena<br />

<strong>da</strong> kultura, 5 (Tbilisi, 2005).<br />

23. s. janaSia, araboba saqarTveloSi, s. janaSia, <strong>Sromebi</strong>, tomi II (Tbilisi, 1952).<br />

24. juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili<br />

yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi, 1955).<br />

25. Бохочадзе Ал., Настакиси, Саркинэ, Дзалиси – города Иберии античной эпохи (Некоторые результаты<br />

полевых исследований), Краткие сообщения Института археологии (Античные памятники<br />

Колхиды и Иберии), Вып. 151 (Москва, 1977).<br />

26. Климов Г. А., Этимологический словарь картвельских языков (Москва, 1964).<br />

27. Меликишвили Г. А., К истории древней Грузии (Тбилиси, 1959).<br />

28. Меликсет-Беков Л. М., Армазни, Историко-археологический очерк, Материалы по истории Грузии и<br />

Кавказа, Вып. II (Тбилиси, 1938).<br />

29. Иосселиани Платон, Различные наименования грузинов (Тифлис, 1846).<br />

30. Северов Н. П., Чубинашвили Г. Н., Мцхета (Москва, 1946).<br />

31. Хахановm А. С., Древнейшие пределы расселения грузин по Малой Азии (Тифлис, 1903).<br />

32. Blau O., Ueber -karta, -kerta in Ortsnamen, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Bd 31<br />

(Leipsig, 1877).<br />

33. Brockelmann C., Syrische Grammatik mit Paradigmen, Literatur, Chrestomathie und Glossar, Neunte Auflage<br />

(Leipzig, 1962).<br />

34. Cary E., Dio‟s Roman History. With an English translation by E. Cary on the basis of the version of H. B.<br />

Foster, vol. III. The Loeb Classical Library (London & Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969).<br />

35. Jones, H. L., The Geography of Strabo, with an English translation by Horace Leonard Jones, vol. V. The Loeb<br />

Classical Library (Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, 1961);<br />

36. Kavtaradze G. L., Georgian Chronicles and the raison d'ètre of the Iberian Kingdom (Caucasica II), Orbis<br />

Terrarum, Journal of Historical Geography of the Ancient World, 6, 2000 (Stuttgart, 2001).<br />

37. Marquart J., Osteuropäische und ostasiatische Streifzüge, Ethnologische und historisch-topographische<br />

Studien zur Geschichte des 9. und 10. Jahrhunderte (ca. 840-940) (Leipzig, 1903).<br />

38. Mayhoff K. F. T. (Ed.), Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia. English translation by Bostock J., Riley H.T.<br />

(Lipsiae, 1906).<br />

39. Nobbe K. F. A. (Ed.), Ptolemy, Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia, Volume 2 (Lipsiae, 1845);<br />

40. Reineggs J., Allgemeine historisch-topographische Beschreibung des Kaukasus, Aus dessen nachgelassenen<br />

Papieren gesammelt und herausgegeben von F. E. Schröter, Zweiter Theil (Hindelsheim und St. Petersburg, 1797).<br />

41. St.-Martin V., Recherches sur les populations primitives et les plus ancienns traditions du Caucase (Paris, 1847).<br />

42. Thomson R. W. (Ed.), Rewriting Caucasian History, The Medieval Armenian A<strong>da</strong>ptation of the Georgian Chronicles,The<br />

Original Georgian Texts and the Armenian A<strong>da</strong>ptation,Translated with Introduction and Commentry by Robert W.<br />

Thomson (Oxford, 1996).<br />

59

GIORGI L. KAVTARADZE<br />

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,<br />

Ivane javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />

ABOUT THE ANCIENT LOCATION OF MC’XET’A AND ITS NAME<br />

About the ancient location of Mtskheta – i.e. “Old Mc‟xet‟a” mentioned in the Chronicle of “the<br />

Conversion of K‟art‟li”(Mok„c„evay k„art„lisay) – quite different opinions are expressed. However, the easiest way<br />

to solve this problem gives the text of the Chronicle itself. As we know from the Chronicle, the legen<strong>da</strong>ry image of<br />

Alexander the Great had bestowed Mc‟xet‟a to Azoy, son of the king of Arian-K‟art‟li, as his royal sit and Azoy<br />

took from his homeland two idols – Gac‟i and Ga as gods and brought with him to “Old Mc‟xet‟a”, therefore the<br />

place of erection of these idols must indicate to us the exact place where “Old Mc‟xet‟a” should be located.<br />

As we know from “the Life of K‟art‟li” (K‟art‟lis c‟xovreba), idols Gac‟i and Ga (Gaim) were erected beside<br />

the idol Armazi: “…to his right was a man of gold whose name was Gac‟i and to his left a man of silver whose<br />

name was Gaim” [Thomson, 1996, 98]. And Armazi was erected “at the entrance to K‟art‟li” [ibid., 36].<br />

Toponym “K‟art‟li” is the old name of Armazi (Armazc‟ixe, Bagineti) which is on the right side of Kura River.<br />

Therefore, it seems quite possible to assume that “Old Mc‟xet‟a” was located on the right side of Kura, which is<br />

different from Mc‟xet‟a‟s present location on the left side of the river. As it seems, this difference was a main<br />

reason why the identification of “Old Mc‟xet‟a” with Armazi/Bagineti was not acceptable for such a long time.<br />

But if we will compare the old name of Armazi/Bagineti – “K‟art‟li” with the Aramaic word “kar<strong>da</strong>” which<br />

means fortress/town and recall the fact that the name Acropolis ('Ακρόπολις) was given by Cassius Dio to<br />

Armazi/Bagineti and, at the same time, we will take into account the opinion of some linguists that the name<br />

“Mc‟xet‟a” is derived from the root of the Georgian-Zan linguistic unity: *ӡ1ixe – with the meaning fortress/stronghold,<br />

the proposed above identification of the name “Old Mc‟xet‟a” with K‟art‟li/Armazi becomes much more<br />

reasonable.<br />

60

Sua saukuneebis istoria<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT merkvilaZe<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> instituti<br />

miTi <strong>da</strong> istoria xalxur TqmulebaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT garejelis Sesaxeb<br />

wm. <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis Sesaxeb, Cvenamde werilobiTi wyaroebis saxiT moRweuli istoriuli<br />

cnobebis miRma, moipoveba erTi metad sagulisxmo xalxuri gadmocemac. es aris<br />

Tqmuleba <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis Tbilisis maxloblad mTawmin<strong>da</strong>ze moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.<br />

legendis saerTo qarga.<br />

rogorc zoga<strong>da</strong>d xalxuri gadmocemebisaTvis aris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli, wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis<br />

legen<strong>da</strong>c mravalmxrivi niuansobrivi gansxvavebebiT aris <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli. Tumca masSi,<br />

SesaZlebelia, gamoirCes erTiani safuZveli, romelic saerToa yvela CanawerisaTvis.<br />

maS ase, saerTo qargis Sinaarsi, romelzec aigo legen<strong>da</strong> mTeli Tavisi Semdgomi<br />

variaciebiT, aseTia:<br />

wm. ioane ze<strong>da</strong>znelis erT-erTi mowafe, wm. <strong>da</strong>viTi ze<strong>da</strong>znis mTi<strong>da</strong>n Tbilisisaken<br />

gamomarTula <strong>da</strong> mis <strong>da</strong>savleT mxares aRmarTul mTis ferdobze <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebula.<br />

wm. mamas Tavisi umwikvlo cxovrebiTa <strong>da</strong> gulSi Camwvdomi qa<strong>da</strong>gebiT mravali qristianisaTvis<br />

rwmena ganumtkicebia <strong>da</strong> mravali urwmunoc mouqcevia, romelTa Soris yofilan<br />

cecxlTayvanismcemelnic. wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis warmatebul misionerul moRvaweobas sagonebelSi<br />

Caugdia im dros qalaqSi moRvawe cecxlTayvanismcemelTa kultmsaxurni. ganrisxebul<br />

mazdeanebs wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis winaaRmdeg cxa<strong>da</strong>d gamosvla ver gaube<strong>da</strong>vT xalxSi<br />

misi didi avtoritetis gamo. amitom ga<strong>da</strong>uwyvetiaT morwmuneTa TvalSi misTvis saxeli<br />

im<strong>da</strong>gvarad SeebRalad, rom TavianTi mgznebare mowinaaRmdege sabolood moecilebinaT<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>n. am mizniT maT Turme erTi qorwinebis gareSe <strong>da</strong>fexmZimebuli de<strong>da</strong>kaci gamoiyenes,<br />

romelsac Caagones, rom Tavis fexmZimobis mizezad saxalxod swored wm. mama<br />

<strong>da</strong>esaxelebina. sulmokle fexmZime asec moqceula.<br />

ufro gavrcelebuli versiiT, <strong>da</strong>viTi sajaro sasamarTloze mouxmiaT simarTlis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sadgenad, romelic qristian sasuliero pirTa moTxovniT <strong>da</strong>uniSnavT. Tumca aris<br />

aseTi erTeuli miTiTebebic, rom bralis wayeneba wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis qalaqSi saqa<strong>da</strong>geblad<br />

yofnisas berisaTvis moulodnelad momx<strong>da</strong>ra, an wm. <strong>da</strong>viTi Tavad misula cilismwameblis<br />

saxlSi. es ukanaskneli versia im SemTxvevas axlavs Tan, TiTqos fexmZime qals<br />

samSobiaro tkivilebi <strong>da</strong>wyebo<strong>da</strong>, Tumca ver mSobiarob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saSinlad itanjebo<strong>da</strong>. ai,<br />

am dros cecxlTayvanismcemel qurumebs, romlebic Tan mkiTxaobasac eweodnen, mSobiarisTvis<br />

urCeviaT, droze morCenisa <strong>da</strong> tanjvis <strong>da</strong>sasrulis misaRwevad bavSvis mamad<br />

<strong>da</strong>esaxelebina wm. <strong>da</strong>viTi.<br />

mruSobis braldebiT Secbunebul wm. <strong>da</strong>viTs Tvalebi jer zecisken aRupyria, Semdeg<br />

Tavisi kverTxiT Sehxebia unamuso orsulis mucels <strong>da</strong> jerarSobili bavSvisTvis<br />

ubrZanebia, eRiarebina, iyo Tu ara igi misi mama. ai, swored am dros momx<strong>da</strong>ra saswauli,<br />

romelic Rrmad aRibeW<strong>da</strong> xalxis mexsierebaSi. uamravi mowmis gasagonad Cvilma<br />

dedis wiaRi<strong>da</strong>n amosZaxa: `ara, ara!~ mTxrobelTa nawili imasac umatebs, rom bavSvs<br />

amasTan erTad Tavis mamad <strong>da</strong>usaxelebia vinme adgilobrivi mWedeli.<br />

wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis mtrebi gawbilebulebi <strong>da</strong>rCnen. Rirsi mamis avtoriteti ki xalxSi am<br />

saswaulis Semdeg erTi-aTad amaRl<strong>da</strong>. saswaulis Sedegic orgvari saxiT movi<strong>da</strong> Cvenamde.<br />

erTi versiiT cilismwamebeli qali aRSfoTebul xalxs (meoreTi _ Tavad mogvebs)<br />

qvebiT CauqolavT, wm. <strong>da</strong>viTs aRelvebulTa <strong>da</strong>mSvideba ver mouxerxebia. <strong>da</strong>sjili qvaTa<br />

Sua <strong>da</strong>utovebiaT. amitom aq am ambis aRsaniSnavad am adgilas agebul wm. giorgis ta-<br />

Zars `qaSveTi~ (qvaSoeTi) ewo<strong>da</strong>. meore versiiT, cilismwamebeli wm. <strong>da</strong>viTs <strong>da</strong>uwyevlia,<br />

61

is Semdega<strong>da</strong>c fexmZimes qva uSvia. taZarsac saxelic Sesabamisad amis gamo <strong>da</strong>rqmevia<br />

_ `qvaSveTi~.<br />

marTalia, wm. <strong>da</strong>viTs Tavisi umankoebis <strong>da</strong>mtkiceba ar gasWirvebia <strong>da</strong> es aqamde<br />

jerarsmenili saSualebiTac ki SeZlo, Zvel samyofSi <strong>da</strong>rCena mainc ar isurva: jer<br />

mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze erT gamoqvabulSi <strong>da</strong>ido bina lukianesTan erTad, xolo<br />

Semdeg gezi garejis mravalmTisaken aiRo. manamde wm. <strong>da</strong>viTs, am ambis aRsaniSnavad <strong>da</strong><br />

qalTa unayofobisagan sakurneblad, Tavis sacxovrebelTan uflisagan gamouTxovia wayro,<br />

romelic dRemde gamoedineba kldi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> saamo sasmelia.<br />

literaturis mokle mimoxilva.<br />

legen<strong>da</strong> pirvelad gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> 1858 wels. naSromSi `Гора Св. Давида (в Тифлисе)~ (wm.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viTis mTa TbilisSi) p. ioseliani mogviTxrobs erT Zvel Tqmulebas wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis<br />

mTawmin<strong>da</strong>ze <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisa <strong>da</strong> moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. 1<br />

es Txzuleba p. ioselianma ucvlelad Seitana 1866 wels gamocemul naSromSic:<br />

`Описание древностей города Тифлиса~ (qalaq Tbilisis siZveleTa aRweriloba). 2<br />

1871 wels m. sabininis gamocemul `saqarTvelos eklesiis wmin<strong>da</strong>nTa cxovrebaTa<br />

sruli aRwerilobis~ (`Польное жизнеописание святых грузинской церкви~) pirveli nawilSi<br />

Semdgeneli <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis cxovreba-moRvaweobis Sesaxeb saubrisas aRniSnavs netar<br />

mama <strong>da</strong>viTis qalaq Tbilisis maxloblad mTawmindis erT gamoqvabulSi <strong>da</strong>saxlebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. 3 m. sabinini <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis vrceli cxovrebis gamocemaSi 1881 w.<br />

sqolioSi kvlav Segvaxsenebs aRniSnul `uwindel Tqmulebas~. 4<br />

am legen<strong>da</strong>s Seexebo d. baqraZe 1875 wels gamosul naSromSi: `Кавказ в древных памятниках<br />

христианства~ (kavkasia Zvel qristianul ZeglebSi). 5 igi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d xalxuri gadmocemis<br />

p. ioselianTan <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebul versiis mokle gadmocemaa.<br />

1893 wels quTaisSi gamoica mRvdel nestor yubaneiSvilis `Rirsi mama <strong>da</strong>viT garesjeli~,<br />

romlis meore TavSi, avtori vrclad <strong>da</strong> xatovnad gadmogvcems CvenTvis saintereso<br />

Tqmulebas. 6<br />

amis Semdeg, <strong>XI</strong>X saukunis miwurulsa <strong>da</strong> XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegs, xalxuri Tqmuleba<br />

Tavis publikaciebSi mohyavT mRvdel n. maWaraSvils, 7 m. janaSvils, 8 episkopos kirions<br />

(saZagliSvils), 9 g. ioselians, 10 k. cincaZes, 11 d. naTievs. 12 un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom xSiria<br />

iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca publikaciis avtori romelime winagamocemas eyrdnoba <strong>da</strong> xan<strong>da</strong>xan<br />

Tqmulebis calkeuli detalebic iqi<strong>da</strong>n aqvs zedmiwevniT gadmoRebuli.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom jer kidev Tqmulebis pirvel publikaciamde xalxuri gadmocemis<br />

Sesaxeb pir<strong>da</strong>pir Tu irib aRniSvnebs vpoulobT <strong>XI</strong>X s-is pirvel naxevarSic. Tavis<br />

naSromSi `Древные памятники Тифлиса~ (Tbilisis Zveli Zeglebi), p. ioseliani 1844 wels<br />

Tbilisis RirSesaniSnaobaTa Soris mTawmin<strong>da</strong>ze miuTiTebs `wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis monasters~. 13<br />

aseve moipoveba amave wliT <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli ucnobi ucxoeli (savaraudod rusi) mogzauris<br />

`sagzao Canawerebi~, sa<strong>da</strong>c Tbilisis RirSesaniSnaobaTa Soris naxsenebia `didebuli<br />

klde wm. <strong>da</strong>viTisa~. aqve vxdebiT erT-erT pirvel miTiTebas mama<strong>da</strong>viTis mTaze<br />

1 Иоселиани П., Гора св. Давида (в Тифлисе), Кавказский Календарь (Тифлис, 1858), gv. 320-321.<br />

2 Иоселиани П., Описание древностей города Тифлиса (Тифлис, 1866), gv. 41-43.<br />

3 М. Сабинин, Полное Жизнеописание Святых Грузинской Церкви, Жребий Божией матери, ч. 1 (СПб., 1871), gv. 124-125.<br />

4 g. sabinini, saqarTvelos samoTxe (sankt-peterburgi, 1882), gv. 268-269, Sen 2 .<br />

5 Бакрадзе Д., Кавказ в древных памятниках христианства, Записки любителей кавказской археологии, кн. 1, под ред. Ад. Берже и<br />

Дм. Бакрадзе (Тифлис, 1875), gv. 81.<br />

6 n. yubaneiSvili, Rirsi mama <strong>da</strong>viT garejeli (quTaisi, 1893) gv. 6-10.<br />

7 n. maWaraSvili, aRwera mTa-wmidis eklesiisa <strong>da</strong> wm. mama <strong>da</strong>viTis cxovrebisa (tfilisi, 1895) gv. 21, Sen*.<br />

8 m. janaSvili, saqarTvelos de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi tfilisi (quTaisi, 1899). gv. 164.<br />

9 Кирион Еп., Преподобный Давид Гареджели и его Лавра (Тифлис, 1901). gv. 3-4.<br />

10 g. ioseliani, qarTveli wmi<strong>da</strong>nebi (tfilisi, 1901), gv. 95-96.<br />

11 k. cincaZe, ganaxlebuli qvaSveTis taZris kurTxevis gamo, saxalxo gazeTi, #146 (1910)<br />

12 Натиев Д., Обитель Св. Давида в Грузии (Тифлис, 1913), gv. 8-9; misive, Церковь Св. Давида (в г. Тифлисе) (gamocemis dro<br />

<strong>da</strong> adgili miTiTebuli araa).<br />

13 Иоселиани П., Древные памятники Тифлиса, Журналъ Министерства Внутренных Делъ, Январь, кн. 1 (1844), gv. 108.<br />

62

xuTSabaTobiT Tbiliseli qalebis TeTri mandiliT <strong>da</strong> fexSiSvela salocavad asvlis<br />

Cveulebis Sesaxeb, romlis safuZvelic avtorisaTvis ucnobi <strong>da</strong>rCenila. 1<br />

qarTuli siwmindeebis momlocavi rusi mogzauri a. muraviovi samegrelos mTavar<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>dianTan erTad <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis xsenebis dRes (26 ianvari Zv. stiliT) <strong>XI</strong>X<br />

s-is 40-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi swvevia, rogorc TviTon uwodebs, `wm. <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis<br />

mTas~. am molocvis Taosnad moCans Tavad <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>diani. mama <strong>da</strong>viTis mTaze asvlas a.<br />

muraviovi ukavSirebs samegrelos mTavris `angelozis dRes~ <strong>da</strong> amis mizezad asaxelebs<br />

aseve am ukanasknelis meuRlis sikvdilisagan Tav<strong>da</strong>Rwevasa <strong>da</strong> vaJis, samegrelos memkvidris<br />

<strong>da</strong>badebas. es gvafiqrebinebs, <strong>da</strong>diani <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis salocavSi madlierebis<br />

gamosaxatavad midio<strong>da</strong>. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvelaferTan erTad mTavris saxeli wm. mamis<br />

saxelsac ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong>. uneblied ibadeba azri: iqneb sikvdilis piras myofi meuRlis,<br />

WavWavaZeTa ulamazesi asulis ga<strong>da</strong>rCena mZime gansacdelSi myofma <strong>da</strong>dianma swored<br />

Tavis mosaxele wm. mamas SesTxova.<br />

mTis rTulad saval cicabo ferdze ganmartoebuli eklesiisaken auCqarebeli aRmasvlisas<br />

(`mTaze asvla rTulia ise, rogorc yoveli gza ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaken~-o _ wers avtori)<br />

rus mogzaurs <strong>da</strong> samegrelos mTavars gauxsenebiaT `sagmiro saqmeebi garejeli<br />

gandegilisa, romelmac Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad aq Tavisi arwivis bude <strong>da</strong>arsa, sanam ciliswamebam<br />

xalxisam ar aRZra igi <strong>da</strong>etovebina umadurni, romelTac ver <strong>da</strong>afases madli maT<br />

Soris wmin<strong>da</strong>nis cxovrebisa~. gza<strong>da</strong>gza xanmokle Sesvenebisas maT Tvali mouvliaT<br />

qalaqis SesaniSnavi xedisaTvis. qaSveTis wmin<strong>da</strong> giorgis eklesiisaTvis zemo<strong>da</strong>n macqerali<br />

avtori ki aRniSnavs, rom es taZari `kvlav aRSen<strong>da</strong> Tavad amilaxvaris mier gandegilisagan<br />

ciliswamebeli de<strong>da</strong>kacis mxilebis adgilas~-o. 2<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT garejelis am adgilas moRvaweobis gar<strong>da</strong>, misi aqaurobis <strong>da</strong>tovebis mizezad<br />

ciliswamebis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba, TviT cilismwamebeli de<strong>da</strong>kacisa <strong>da</strong> misi mxilebis xseneba,<br />

mxilebis adgilad qaSveTis wm. giorgis taZris aRniSvna saeWvos aRar xdis, rom a.<br />

muraviovs mxedvelobaSi aqvs swored Tqmuleba <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis Sesaxeb. Znelia mxolod<br />

<strong>da</strong>namdvilebiT iTqvas, rom am Tqmulebis Taobaze man marTla Tavisi warCinebuli<br />

qarTveli Tanamgzavrisagan Seityo, roca mTis biliks erTad miuyvebodnen, Tu manamde<br />

ukve uwyo<strong>da</strong> amas. mxolod im momentSi rom gaego es istoria, savaraudoa, muraviovi aucileblad<br />

aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rogorc amas Cveulebriv iqmo<strong>da</strong> xolme kavkasiaSi Tavisi mogzaurobis<br />

aRmwer dRiurSi. amjerad ki misi Txrobi<strong>da</strong>n rCeba STabeWdileba, rom <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>diani<br />

<strong>da</strong> a. muraviovi erTmaneTs Tqmulebis Sesaxeb STabeWdilebebs <strong>da</strong> mosazrebebs<br />

uziarebdnen, rac amyarebs azrs, rom misTvis es legen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis salocavSi<br />

asvlamde iyo cnobili <strong>da</strong> Cans, sxva wyaro<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

kidev ufro adre, <strong>XI</strong>X s-is I naxevris istorikosi Teimuraz bagrationi (1782-1846<br />

ww.) werilSi `uWeSmaritesi uwyeba tfilisisaTÂs~ akad. m. broses 1838 wels wers: `yovelni<br />

garemoni tfilisisani qarTulisa saxeliTa iwodebian~-o <strong>da</strong> amis <strong>da</strong>sturad mraval<br />

toponimTa Soris asaxelebs `qvaSvoeTsac~, rasac ganmartavs rogorc `qvis mSoblobas~.<br />

iqve ki <strong>da</strong>sZens: `amazed anegdotia Tqmuli, sigrZisaTÂs axla ar aRvwero~. 3 sa<strong>da</strong>vo<br />

ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos, rom `anegdotSi~ amjerad gasarTobad SeTxzuli mokle sasacilo<br />

ambavi ar igulisxmeba. Teimuraz bagrationi am sityvas Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli mniSvnelobiT un<strong>da</strong><br />

xmarobdes, rac gamoucemel ambavs, moTxrobas gulisxmobs. cxadia, `qvaSvoeTTan~<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebul aseT moTxroba-gadmocemaSi, ramac `qvis mSoblobi<strong>da</strong>n~ gamomdinare misca<br />

taZars saxeli, swored mama <strong>da</strong>viTis Sesaxeb arsebuli Tqmuleba un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT, romlis<br />

werilSi moyvanisagan swavlulma bagrationma Tavi Seikava mosaTxrobi ambis moculobis<br />

gamo <strong>da</strong> Cans, imis gamoc, rom es misi werilis mizan<strong>da</strong>saxulobis farglebs<br />

scdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1 Воспоминание о Тифлисе (Из дорожных записок 1844 года), Журнал для чтения воспитанникам военно-учебных заведении,<br />

том 67, №266 (1847).<br />

2 Муравьев А., Грузия и Армения, ч. III (Санкт-Петербург, 1848), gv. 54-55.<br />

3 S. mesxia, <strong>XI</strong>X saukunis zogi cnoba Zveli Tbilisis Sesaxeb, ciskari, #10 (Tbilisi, 1978), gv. 158-159.<br />

63

TqmulebaSi aRwerili ambis dro.<br />

erTob sainteresoa, ramdenad arsebobs qronologiuri Sesabamisoba wm. <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis<br />

moRvaweobis cnobil faqtebsa <strong>da</strong> legen<strong>da</strong>Si SemorCenili monacemebs Soris.<br />

Seaqvs Tu ara Tqmulebas am mxriv raime koreqtivebi, an xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba werilobiT<br />

wyaroebSi arsebul monacemebs <strong>da</strong> ramdenad sworad aisaxa gadmocemaSi imdroindeli<br />

istoriuli realiebi. Tavis mxriv, amaSi garkveva Tavis wvlils Seitans Tavad legendis<br />

sarwmunoobis xarisxis <strong>da</strong>dgenaSic.<br />

marTalia, kalistrate cincaZis aRniSvniT, gadmocemaSi moTxrobilia, rom Rirsi<br />

mama <strong>da</strong>viTi mTawmindis gamoqvabulSi `meeqvse saukunis pirveli mesamedis ganmavlobaSi~<br />

moRvaweob<strong>da</strong>. 1 Tumca <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TviTon gadmocema aranair TariRs<br />

ar asaxelebs <strong>da</strong> es savsebiT bunebrivia. am tipis folkloruli masalisaTvis TariRebis<br />

an qronologiuri periodebis miTiTeba saerTod arc aris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli.<br />

msgavsi ram Cveni TqmulebisTvisac rom ucxoa, es rasakvirvelia, ucnobi ver iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

am avtorisTvisac. aq arc gadmocemisaTvis raimes TviTnebur miwerasTan un<strong>da</strong> gvqondes<br />

saqme. SeiZleba ueWvelad vivaraudoT, rom 1930 wlisaTvis <strong>da</strong>srulebul am naSromSi k.<br />

cincaZes surs Tqvas: <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis Tbilisis mTawmin<strong>da</strong>ze moRvaweobis ambavs, ris<br />

Taobazec moTxrobilia gadmocemaSi, aRniSnul xanebSi hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili. cxadia, rom k.<br />

cincaZes etyoba ueWveli kvali gavlenisa k. kekeliZis im droisaTvis axladgamoqveynebuli<br />

gamokvlevis _ `sakiTxi siriel moRvaweTa qarTlSi mosvlis Sesaxeb~ 2 (aq asurel<br />

mamebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sakiTxebi sul sxva istoriul-qronologiur WrilSia ganxiluli<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTul istoriografiac didi xnis manZilze am debulebaTa Zlier gavlenas ganicdi<strong>da</strong>).<br />

zemoTqmuls isic amyarebs, rom 1910 wels k. cincaZe legendis Tavis pirvel<br />

publikaciebSi wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis Tbilisis mi<strong>da</strong>moebSi moRvaweobas zoga<strong>da</strong>d VI saukuniT gansazRvravs<br />

<strong>da</strong> aq garkveviT Cans, rom es gansazRvrac sakuTriv misia <strong>da</strong> ara gadmocemis. 3<br />

amrigad, Tqmuleba ar asaxelebs arc erT istoriul pirovnebas an movlenas (raime<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>pir qronologiur gansazRvraze laparakic ki zedmetia), rac raime sicxadis Setanas<br />

SeZleb<strong>da</strong> masSi asaxuli ambis qronologiaSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, saamiso xelmosaWidi<br />

niuansebi aq mainc moipoveba.<br />

1. cecxlTayvanismcemlebi TbilisSi.<br />

wm. mamis warmatebulma qa<strong>da</strong>gebam mas qalaqSi mtrebic SeuZina. es xalxi pirvel<br />

yovlisa qristianobis mtrebi yofilan <strong>da</strong> vinai<strong>da</strong>n gandegili beris moRvaweoba qristianuli<br />

moZRvrebis momZlavrebas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>, maT mizanSi misi Zlieri mqa<strong>da</strong>gebeli<br />

amoiRes. qristianobisa <strong>da</strong> wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis mtrebad erTxmad arian <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli Tbiliseli<br />

cecxlTayvanismcemlebi <strong>da</strong>, kerZod, maTi sjul-moZRvarni (es ukanasknelni zogierT<br />

avtorTan mogveba<strong>da</strong>c iwodebian 4 , erTgan ki _ qurumeba<strong>da</strong>c 5 ).<br />

legen<strong>da</strong>Si cecxlTayvanismcemelTa xseneba metad sagulisxmod gveCveneba. saqarTveloSi<br />

cecxlTayvanismcemlobis, igive mazdeanobis gavrcelebis mcdelobebi sasanuri<br />

iranis politikas ukavSirdeba, romelic Tavis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul qveynebSi Tavis religiis<br />

<strong>da</strong>nergvas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. qarTlSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebam<br />

mazdeanobas aq qristianuli moZRvrebis saxiT Zlieri metoqe gauCina. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

imisa, rom mogvianebiT irani <strong>da</strong>morCilebul qristianul qveynebSi Tavisi mTavari mowinaaRmdegis,<br />

bizantiis imperiaSi <strong>da</strong>gmobil qristianul mimdinareobaTa (jer nestorianobis,<br />

Semdeg monofizitobis) mfarvelad mogvevlina, amis Tanadroulad kvlav <strong>da</strong>JinebiT<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong> cecxlis Tayvaniscemis gavrcelebasac. kavkasiaSi aseTi politika, romelmac<br />

saqarTvelos eklesias mowameTa pirveli rigebi Seuvso (raJden pirvelmowame, SuSanik<br />

dedofali, evstaTi mcxeTeli, abibos nekreseli) grZeldebo<strong>da</strong> iranis winaaRmdeg herak-<br />

1 k. cincaZe, qvaSveTis wmidis giorgis eklesia tfilisSi, gamosacemad moamza<strong>da</strong>, bolosityva <strong>da</strong> saZiebeli<br />

<strong>da</strong>urTo m. qavTariam (Tbilisi, 1994), gv. 9.<br />

2 ix. k. kekeliZe, `sakiTxi siriel moRvaweTa qarTlSi mosvlis Sesaxeb~, tfilisis universitetis moambe (Tbilisi,<br />

1926).<br />

3 k. cincaZe, ganaxlebuli qvaSveTis taZris kurTxevis gamo, saxalxo gazeTi, #146 (1910).<br />

4 g. sabinini, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 268, Sen. 2; g. ioseliani, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 95; k. cincaZe, ganaxlebuli qva-<br />

SveTis taZris kurTxevis gamo; k. cincaZe, qvaSveTis wmidis giorgis eklesia..., gv. 9-10.<br />

5 n. yubaneiSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 8-10.<br />

64

le keisris Zlevamosil laSqrobamde (VII s-is 20-iani wlebi). xolo amave saukunis 40-<br />

ian wlebSi muslim arabTa mier iranis <strong>da</strong>pyrobis Semdeg am qveyanaSi wamyvan religiad<br />

islami iqca. mazdeanoba ki mxolod aqa-iq mimofantul Zlivs mbJutavi susti naRver<strong>da</strong>lis<br />

saxiT SemorCa, rogorc odesRac mogizgize didi koconis cocxal-mkv<strong>da</strong>ri naSTi.<br />

maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, qarTlSi qristianul <strong>da</strong> mazdeanur religiaTa <strong>da</strong>pirispireba mimdinareob<strong>da</strong><br />

IV-VI ss-Si. aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom qarTlis samefoze iranis politikuri zegavlena<br />

uwyveti ar yofila. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli religiuri <strong>da</strong>pirispireba periodulad<br />

mZafrdebo<strong>da</strong> aq iranis poziciebis gamyarebasTan erTad. iranis aRniSnuli religiuri<br />

politika qarTlis mimarT gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiur<strong>da</strong> aq samefo xelisuflebis gauqmebasTan<br />

erTad, savaraudod, VI s-is 30-iani wlebis bolo<strong>da</strong>n, 1 vidre erismTavris xelisuflebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>myarebamde <strong>da</strong> iranis batonobis <strong>da</strong>mxobamde (571 w.). swored drois am<br />

Sualedze modis evstaTi mcxeTelisa (541 weli) <strong>da</strong> kidev erTi asureli mamis, abibos<br />

nekreselis mowameobrivi aRsasrulis (560-iani wlebi) 2 magaliTebi. TbilisSi cecxlis<br />

msaxurTa esodeni aqtivobac albaT zemonaxsenebi politikuri viTarebiT un<strong>da</strong> aixsnas.<br />

maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, TqmulebaSi asaxuli ambavi zustad miesa<strong>da</strong>geba VI s-is SuawlebSi qar-<br />

TlSi warmoqmnil politikur viTarebas. legen<strong>da</strong>Si qarTlSi movlinebuli Sahis sagangebo<br />

moxelis, marzpanis xelisuflebis sunic igrZnoba. Tbilisi am dros marzpanis rezidencias<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mogvnic, am garemoebiT Segulianebulni, gansakuTrebuli<br />

gulmodginebiT cdiloben maTi crumoZRvrebis mamxilebeli qristiani asketisaTvis saxelis<br />

gatexasa <strong>da</strong> mis aqaurobi<strong>da</strong>n mocilebas.<br />

2. ciliswamebis mizezi wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis winaaRmdeg.<br />

xalxuri Tqmuleba <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT amtkicebs, rom TbilisSi moqmed cecxlis msaxur-<br />

Ta mier religiaTaSorisi <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis viTarebaSi qristiani asketi mamis gzi<strong>da</strong>n Camocileba<br />

ciliswamebis gziT <strong>da</strong>gegmila.<br />

aq SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>ibados kiTxva: mazdeanobis <strong>da</strong>nergvisa <strong>da</strong> mis propagandistTaTvis<br />

politikurad aseT xelsayrel pirobebSi ratom ver be<strong>da</strong>ven cecxlis msaxurni wm. <strong>da</strong>vi-<br />

Tis winaaRmdeg aSkarad gamosvlas <strong>da</strong> ratom isaxaven miznad xelovnurad Seqmnili cru<br />

sababiT TavianTi ukeTuri wadilis asrulebas <strong>da</strong> es im dros, roca ar indoben <strong>da</strong> Sahis<br />

umaRlesi saxelmwifo moxelis ganaCenis Sesabamisad, sajarod sastikad uswordebian<br />

wm. evstaTisa <strong>da</strong> wm. abiboss gasarkvevia, <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis SemTxvevaSi xom ar aris aq<br />

raime Seusabamoba istoriul realobasTan.<br />

saqme isaa, rom qarTlSi iranelTa uSualo batonobisa <strong>da</strong> aq marzpanis xelisuflebis<br />

drosac qristianoba pir<strong>da</strong>pir devnas ar ganicdi<strong>da</strong>. rogorc ukve vaxseneT, iranis<br />

religiur politikaSi nel-nela upiratesoba mieca <strong>da</strong>pyrobili qristianuli qveynebis<br />

eklesiebis msoflio saeklesio krebebis mier <strong>da</strong>gmobil qristianul aRmsareblobaze<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>yvanas. rac Seexeba zemonaxseneb mowameebs, qarTlSi <strong>da</strong>dginebuli sparsuli<br />

xelisuflebis mier maTi sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sja ganpirobebuli iyo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva konkretuli<br />

garemoebebiT:<br />

I. evstaTi mcxeTeli sparsuli warmoSobis piri iyo, mkvidri `Ãevisa arSakeTisaÁ,<br />

qalaqisa ganZakisaÁ~, yofili cecxlTayvanismcemeli <strong>da</strong> amasTan, `ZÀ mogÂsaÁ~ <strong>da</strong> mas<br />

`warmarTobisas~ gÂroban<strong>da</strong>ki rqmevia. aqe<strong>da</strong>n mosula igi mcxeTaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c `qristeane iqmna<br />

<strong>da</strong> naTeli moiRo~. wm. evstaTis mier `mamuli rCulis~ <strong>da</strong>gmoba <strong>da</strong> qristes aRiareba<br />

spars mazdeanTa mier mamapapeuli sarwmunoebis Ralatad Seiracxa. wm evstaTisa <strong>da</strong> mas-<br />

Tan erTad stefanes mimarT sparselTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n wayenebuli braldeba ase JRers: `kacni<br />

arian mcxeTas Cuenisa rCulisani <strong>da</strong> gandgomil arian isini Cuengan <strong>da</strong> qristeanoben~.<br />

Zvel sarwmunoebaze <strong>da</strong>brunebisadmi wm. evstaTis mier saboloo uaris Tqma, roca buzmir<br />

marzpanma verc SinebiT <strong>da</strong> verc <strong>da</strong>yvavebiT ver `arwmuna mamuli rCuli pyrobad~,<br />

wm. mowamis Tavis mokveTiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. wm. evstatis sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis zemoTqmul mizezs<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>pir a<strong>da</strong>sturebs imave braldebiT masTan erTad Sepyrobili stefanes gamar-<br />

1 ix. v. goilaZe, farnavazianTa saxlis qarTlis qristian mefeTa qronologia (Tbilisi, 1990), gv. 157; d.<br />

merkvilaZe, asurel mamaTa qarTlSi mosvlis dro (Tbilisi, 1997), gv. 18; d. merkvilaZe, asureli mamebi<br />

(VI s-is sirieli sasuliero moRvaweni qarTlSi), I (Tbilisi, 2006), gv. 62.<br />

2<br />

abibos nekreselis wamebis TariRTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT ix. d. merkvilaZe, asurel mamaTa<br />

qarTlSi mosvlis dro..., gv. 33; misive, asureli mamebi..., gv. 91.<br />

65

Tleba. stefanes Tanamemamuleebma <strong>da</strong>amowmes: misi ded-mama <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>-Zmac qristianebi yofilan<br />

<strong>da</strong> stefanec imTaviTve qristes aRiareb<strong>da</strong>, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, `mamuli rCulisTvisac~ ar<br />

uRalatia, amitom aRarc <strong>da</strong>usjiaT <strong>da</strong> iZulebulni gaxdnen sapatimro<strong>da</strong>n gaeTavisuflebinaT.<br />

1<br />

II. abibos nekreseli episkoposic ar <strong>da</strong>usjiaT sikvdiliT sakuTari aRmsareblobis,<br />

an sasuliero xarisxis <strong>da</strong> Tun<strong>da</strong>c mrevlSi saxarebis aqtiuri qa<strong>da</strong>gebis gamo. wm. abibosma<br />

saocari gambe<strong>da</strong>oba gamoiCina, roca Tavis eparqiaSi moqmed mazdeanur salocavSi<br />

`wmin<strong>da</strong> cecxls~ <strong>da</strong>asxa wyali <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Srita umal. aseTi nabiji, cxadia, udides <strong>da</strong> upatiebel<br />

<strong>da</strong>naSaulad iqna miCneuli zoroastrizmis mimdevarTa mier: `ese raÁ cnes uSjuloTa<br />

maT sparsTa, friad guemes, kninRa vidremeRa mokles netari igi~. es iyo cecxlis<br />

msaxurTa myisieri bunebrivi reaqcia qristiani mRvdelmTavris mier maTi umTavresi<br />

`siwmidis Sebilwvis~ gamo. amave <strong>da</strong>naSaulisTvis, radganac `uvar-hyo uflebaÁ mefeT<br />

mefisaÁ (iranis Sahis) <strong>da</strong> mohkla RmerTi maTi~, rasac zed <strong>da</strong>erTo marzpanis winaSe<br />

sityvieri paeqrobisas zoroastrizmis mxileba, `Semdgomad mravlisa guemisa <strong>da</strong><br />

sakÂrvelTa satanjvelTaÁsa qviT gantÂnes... netari abibos~. 2<br />

ai, wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis moRvaweoba ki aranairad ar ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> TviT <strong>da</strong>mpyroblis kanonmdeblobasac<br />

ki. qristianobisa <strong>da</strong> qristianuli moralis qa<strong>da</strong>gebas iranuli kanoni<br />

ar krZalav<strong>da</strong>. aRsaniSnavia, rom evstaTi mcxeTelis wamebis mixedviT, wm. mowame qristianul<br />

sarwmunoebas jer kidev sparseTSi, arSakeTis mxaris Tavis mSobliur qalaq gan-<br />

ZakSi gaecno, sa<strong>da</strong>c qristianoba Tavisuflad iqa<strong>da</strong>gebo<strong>da</strong>. aq yofila saepiskoposo centric<br />

<strong>da</strong> qristianebic Turme moqalaqeTa umravlesobas warmoadgendnen. 3<br />

amrigad, wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis saqmianoba ar iZleo<strong>da</strong> misTvis bralis wayenebis safuZvels.<br />

mazdeanTa mdgomareobas isic arTuleb<strong>da</strong>, rom mama <strong>da</strong>viTs Tbilisis mkvidrTa TvalSi<br />

didi avtoriteti <strong>da</strong> pativiscema moepovebina <strong>da</strong> amitom, pirvel rigSi, wmin<strong>da</strong> mamis<br />

umanko saxelis SebRalva gax<strong>da</strong> maTTvis saWiro mis qalaqi<strong>da</strong>n gasaZeveblad. amitomac<br />

iyvnen `Sewuxebul qmnilni amisaTÂs warCinebulni mogvni <strong>da</strong> moZRuarni cecxlis msaxurebisani~,<br />

rom `ver Zal edvaT gantevebisa wmidisa tfilisiTgan, viTarmed mkÂdrni qalaqisani<br />

hxedviden mas, viTar angelozsa movlinebulsa maT Tana RuTisa mier~ 4 (Tumca,<br />

rogorc <strong>da</strong>vrwmundiT, es ar un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo ciliswamebis gamoyenebis mTavari mizezi).<br />

aseT viTarebaSi cxadi xdeba, ratom ver moqmedeben mama <strong>da</strong>viTis mtrebi Riad <strong>da</strong> Tamamad<br />

<strong>da</strong> ratom <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>T cecxlis msaxurT gandegili moZRvris winaaRmdeg amgvari veraguli<br />

saSualebis gamoZebna.<br />

Tqmulebis monacemebis safuZvelze miRebuli zemoaRniSnuli <strong>da</strong>skvna zustad uTavsdeba<br />

Cveni adrindeli gamokvleviT <strong>da</strong>dgenil qronologias, romlis Tanaxmad, <strong>da</strong>viT<br />

garejeli 535 wlisaTvis mobrZanebula qarTlSi <strong>da</strong>narCen asurel mamebTan erTad ioane<br />

ze<strong>da</strong>znelis xelmZRvanelobiT. ze<strong>da</strong>znis savane mas 30-iani wlebis miwuruls un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>etovebina.<br />

am droi<strong>da</strong>nve, Tqmulebis uwyebiT, wm. <strong>da</strong>viTi Tbilisis maxlobeli mTis gamoqvabulSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebula. cecxlTayvanismcemelTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n misi Seviwroveba <strong>da</strong> cru<br />

bralis wayeneba, un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo qarTlSi samefo xelisuflebis gauqmebisa <strong>da</strong> aq<br />

sparsi marzpanis Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>myarebis Semdgom, VI s-is 40-ian wlebSi. 5 amis Semdeg<br />

aqaurobaze gulacruebuli wm. mama samu<strong>da</strong>mod tovebs qalaqis mi<strong>da</strong>moebs <strong>da</strong> garejis<br />

mravalmTis u<strong>da</strong>bnoSi hpovebs saboloo navsayudels.<br />

1 martvilobaÁ <strong>da</strong> moTminebaÁ wmidisa evstaTi mcxeTelisaÁ, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli Zeglebi, I (V-X<br />

ss.), il. abulaZis red. (Tbilisi, 1963), gv. 30-44.<br />

2 moqalaqobaÁ <strong>da</strong> wamebaÁ wmidisa abibos nekresel episkoposisaÁ, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli Zeglebi, I<br />

(V-X ss.), il. abulaZis red. (Tbilisi, 1963), gv. 242-245.<br />

3 martvilobaÁ <strong>da</strong> moTminebaÁ wmidisa evstaTi mcxeTelisaÁ, gv. 31.<br />

4 g. sabinini, saqarTvelos samoTxe, gv. 269, Sen. 2.<br />

5 Sdr., d. merkvilaZe, garejis samonastro kompleqsis aRmocenebis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, mesxeTi, X (Tbilisiaxalcixe,<br />

2008), gv. 38.<br />

66

miTi <strong>da</strong> istoria.<br />

gamokvleva gvaCvenebs, rom <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis TbilisSi moRvaweobis amsaxvel sagulisxmo<br />

xalxur TqmulebaSi istoriuli realobis Semcveli cnobebi sacnaurdeba.<br />

rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, Txzulebis zogadi siuJeti<strong>da</strong>n Seqmnili STabeWdilebiT, masSi<br />

aRwerili ambavi VI s-is Sua wlebSi viTardeba, roca aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gauqmebulia<br />

samefo xelisufleba, piks aRwevs iranis politikur-ideologiuri zewola, gansakuTrebiT<br />

aqtiurdebian cecxlmsaxuri mogvebi, qristianul-diofizitur sarwmunoebas<br />

ki mZime Jami udgeba. am periodze modis saqarTvelos eklesiis wmin<strong>da</strong>nebis, evstaTi<br />

mcxeTelisa <strong>da</strong> abibos nekreselis mowameobrivi aRsasrulic. swored amgvari viTarebis<br />

Seqmnas un<strong>da</strong> ganepirobebina asurel mamaTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mimarTulebiT gaSla samoRvaweod.<br />

asurel mamaTagan uyuradRebod arc de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi <strong>da</strong>rCenila _ am mxriv rTuli misia<br />

Tavis Tavze wm. <strong>da</strong>viTs ukisria. asurel mamaTa moRvaweobis aseTi gaaqtiurebac swored<br />

qarTlSi mefobis gauqmebisa <strong>da</strong> sparsuli agresiis gaZlierebas Tanxvdeba. amdenad <strong>da</strong>viT<br />

garejeli Tbilisis maxloblad 539-540 wlebSi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuliyo. aRsaniSnavia,<br />

rom Zvelis-Zveli xalxuri gadmocemis monacemebis safuZvelze <strong>da</strong>dgenili es xana<br />

zedmiwevniT miesa<strong>da</strong>geba asurel mamaTa <strong>da</strong> konkretulad <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis moRvaweobis<br />

qronologias, ris mixedviTac, legen<strong>da</strong>Si aRwerili ambis periodi VI s-is 40-iani wlebiT<br />

un<strong>da</strong> ganisazRvros.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom zoroastrizmis gavlena saqarTveloSi VII s-is pirveli meoTxedis<br />

Semdeg ukve aRar SeimCneva, rodi<strong>da</strong>nac es religia TviT iranSic swrafad Tmobs<br />

poziciebs. amis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, cameti saukunis Semdegac ki, <strong>XI</strong>X s-Si aRniSnul TqmulebaSi<br />

xalxurma mexsierebam TbilisSi cecxlTayvanismcemelTa arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> maTi (<strong>da</strong><br />

saerTod zoroastrizmis) Semtevi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb xsovna saocrad cocxlad <strong>da</strong><br />

zedmiwevniTi sizustiT Semoinaxa.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT garejelis TbilisSi moRvaweobis Taobaze arsebuli saxalxo codna marto<br />

folkloriT ar amowurula. man xalxur yofaSic hpova asaxva. yovel weliwads, <strong>da</strong>viT<br />

garejelis xsenebis dRes, amaRlebis swor xuTSabaTs (<strong>da</strong> saerTod xuTSabaTobiT) Tbiliseli<br />

mandilosnebi saukuneTa manZilze, TviT XX s-is <strong>da</strong>sawyisis CaTvliT (saqarTveloSi<br />

bolSevikur-aTeisturi xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>myarebamde), marto Tu jguf-jgufad miuyvebodnen<br />

mama <strong>da</strong>viTis mTis ferdis viwro xveul biliks, raTa Tayvani ecaT <strong>da</strong> moelocaT<br />

wmin<strong>da</strong> adgilad qceuli <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis odindeli samkvidro <strong>da</strong> salocavi <strong>da</strong>,<br />

rac mTavaria, mieRoT aqauri sakurnebeli wyaros wyali. vinai<strong>da</strong>n amave gadmocemis Tanaxmad,<br />

legen<strong>da</strong>Si aRwerili ambis gamo wmin<strong>da</strong>ns uflisagan gamouTxovia es wyaro, romelsac<br />

unayofo qalTaTvis Svilierebis miniWebis madlic miscemia.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT garejelis misionerulma moRvaweobam TbilisSi Tavisi kvali <strong>da</strong>tova qalaqis<br />

toponimikaSic: sagulisxmoa, rom mTawmin<strong>da</strong>s, Tbilisis yvelaze RirSesaniSnav mTas<br />

meore saxelad dResac mama<strong>da</strong>viTs uwodeben 1 : wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis saswaulebriv gamarTlebas<br />

ukavSirdeba dRes Tbilisis mTavar gamzirze moqceuli wm. giorgis taZris xalxuri saxelwodebac.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom taZari wm. giorgis saxelzea agebuli, yvela qarTvelisaTvis<br />

igi dRemde `qaSveTad~ aris cnobili.<br />

Tqmulebis mTxrobel-gamomqveyneblebi, maT Soris cnobili mkvlevarebi Tu sazogadoebis<br />

cnobili pirovnebani <strong>XI</strong>X s-<strong>da</strong>n, ise msjeloben <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis TbilisSi mo-<br />

Rvaweobis Sesaxeb, rom odnavi eWvic ki ar SeaqvT mis simarTleSi. am avtorebTan xalxur<br />

Tqmulebad mxolod wmin<strong>da</strong>nis ciliswamebis <strong>da</strong> saswaulebrivi gamarTlebis ambavi<br />

moiazreba.<br />

wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis Tbiliseli mrevlis Tvalwin saswaulebrivi gamarTlebis <strong>XI</strong>X s-ze adrindeli<br />

<strong>da</strong> Cvens xelT arsebuli uZvelesi pir<strong>da</strong>piri werilobiTi miniSneba moipoveba<br />

liturgikuli <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis sadResaswauloSi. 2 sadResaswaulos aRniSnuli re<strong>da</strong>qcia<br />

1 gadmocemasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT amas SeniSnavs m. CxartiSvilic: m. CxartiSvili, <strong>da</strong>viTgarejis qvabovani monastris<br />

istoriis hagiografiuli wyaroebi, ANALECTA IBERICA 1, aRmosavleT <strong>da</strong> samxreT evropis kldis<br />

Zeglebi, T. jojuasa <strong>da</strong> l. mirianaSvilis red. (Tbilisi, 2001), gv. 140; g. abramiSvils Tqmulebis maniSneblad<br />

`mama<strong>da</strong>viTTan~ erTad `mTawmin<strong>da</strong>c~ esaxeba: g. abramiSvili, <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis cikli kedlis mxatvrobaSi<br />

(Tbilisi, 1972), gv. 31. Tumca un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom mTawmin<strong>da</strong> am mTas mxolod XVI s-is bolo<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Seerqva, roca aq Zmebma gabaSvilebma aq RvTismSoblis monasteri aRaSenes niSnad aTonis saxelganTqmul<br />

wmin<strong>da</strong> mTisa.<br />

2 Иоселиани П., Гора св. Давида..., gv. 2, Sen. 5; k. cincaZe, qvaSveTis wmidis giorgis eklesia.., gv. 9.<br />

67

kaTalikos anton I Seqmnili Cans. 1 <strong>da</strong>viT garejelisadmi miZRvnil sagalobelSi (akoloTia)<br />

igalobeba:<br />

`zakuani Txzulni kacTa borotTani, aRhsWren,<br />

sakÂrvelad wuÀriTa kuÀrTxisaTa, saSoT ra<br />

azraxe yrma, wamebad siwmidisa Senisa, mamao.~ 2<br />

Tqmulebis siZveleze metyvelebs kidev erTi Zalzed mniSvnelovani xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi<br />

masala. esaa <strong>da</strong>viT garejis samonastro kompleqsSi u<strong>da</strong>bnos monastris mTavari<br />

eklesiis sadiakvnes moxatuloba. mxatvrobis uZvelesi fena IX s-s ganekuTvneba. 3 es<br />

aris <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis cxovrebis amsaxveli yvelaze adrindeli xanis nawarmoebi 4 <strong>da</strong><br />

masSi Cans am Temis formirebis adreuli etapi. stilisturi <strong>da</strong> ikonografiuli niSnebiT<br />

igi axlos dgas qristianuli aRmosavleTis adrindeli moxatulobis nimuSebTan.<br />

aq asaxulia adreqristianuli xanis xelovnebis tradiciebi. 5<br />

marTalia, <strong>da</strong>savleTis kedelze gamosaxuli pirveli kompozicia, romelic wmin<strong>da</strong>nis<br />

cxovrebis ciklis sawyis Temas warmoadgens, yvelaze <strong>da</strong>zianebulia <strong>da</strong> mxolod ZiriTadi<br />

sqemis garkveva Tu xerxdeba (<strong>XI</strong>II s-Si masze ga<strong>da</strong>uxatavT lazares aRdginebis<br />

scena), 6 mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>skvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas mainc iZleva. <strong>da</strong>dgenilia, rom<br />

aq gamosaxulni arian <strong>da</strong>viT garejeli <strong>da</strong> misi mowafe lukiane. maT ukana planze Seim-<br />

Cneva gamoqvabuli <strong>da</strong> gumbaTovani eklesiis silueti. g. abramiSvilma yuradReba gaamaxvila<br />

im garemoebaze, rom mama <strong>da</strong>viTi <strong>da</strong> lukiane gamosaxulni arian garejis mravalmTis<br />

aRmniSvneli mTebis gareT <strong>da</strong> ara mis wiaRSi. ukana planze fonad gamosaxuli momcro<br />

<strong>da</strong>kbiluli mTebi ki mravalmTi<strong>da</strong>n gamijnula<strong>da</strong>a warmodgenili. niSandoblivia,<br />

rom es kompozicia ciklis saerTo zoli<strong>da</strong>n erTgvarad gamoyofilicaa. saerTo moxatulobaSi<br />

ki yoveli siuJeti wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis cxovrebis cikli<strong>da</strong>n mxatvris mier gadmocemulia<br />

ganzogadebulad. am garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, mkvlevarma mocemul sawyis siu-<br />

JetSi <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis mTawmin<strong>da</strong>ze moRvaweobis amsaxveli legendis anarekli <strong>da</strong>inaxa.<br />

misi <strong>da</strong>skvniT, mama <strong>da</strong>viTis moRvaweobis Tbilisuri periods mianiSnebs kompoziciis aRnagoba<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viTisa <strong>da</strong> lukianes garejs gareT gamosaxva. 7<br />

gamoricxuli araa, rom mxatvris qmnilebas safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>sdebo<strong>da</strong> werilobiTi wayro<br />

<strong>da</strong> es yofiliyo <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli Cvenamde mouRweveli cxovreba. 8<br />

Tumca isic SesaZlebelia, es wyaro zepirgadmocemac yofiliyo. asea Tu ise, Tu es<br />

Tvalsazrisi marTebulia,D<strong>da</strong>viT garejelis TbilisSi moRvaweoba ukve IX s-Si wmin<strong>da</strong>nis<br />

cxovrebis amsaxveli uZvelesi freskuli gamosaxulebis saxiTac <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebula.<br />

mocemuli sakiTxis Seswavla myar safuZvels iZleva <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom ze<strong>da</strong>znis<br />

mTis saerTo savani<strong>da</strong>n wamosul <strong>da</strong>viT garejels garejis mravalmTaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebamde<br />

Tbilisis maxloblad umoRvawia. misi <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli moRvaweobis <strong>da</strong>wyeba saqarTvelo-<br />

Si marTlac TbilisTan aRmarTul mama<strong>da</strong>viTis mTaze anu mTawmin<strong>da</strong>ze aris sagulvebeli.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis cxovrebis re<strong>da</strong>qciebSi am asureli mamis<br />

mTawmin<strong>da</strong>ze moRvaweoba ar asaxula, igi mainc realur faqtad un<strong>da</strong> miviCnioT, romelic<br />

mtkiced <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis Sesaxeb cnobil xalxur TqmulebaSi <strong>da</strong> ueWvelad<br />

arsebob<strong>da</strong> Zvel qarTul saeklesio tradiciaSic.<br />

1 Sdr., m. qavTaria, Zveli qarTuli poeziis istorii<strong>da</strong>n (XVII-XVIII ss.) (Tbilisi, 1977), gv. 106-107; k. cincaZe,<br />

qvaSveTis wmidis giorgis eklesia.., gv. 118, Sen. 1.<br />

2 sadResaswaulo, (moskovi, 1865), gv. 1056.<br />

3 Амиранашвили Ш., История грузинской монументальной живописи, том 1 (Тбилиси, 1957), gv. 46.<br />

4 g. abramiSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 21, 22, 28.<br />

5 iqve, gv. 27-29.<br />

6 iqve, gv. 21, 23.<br />

7 iqve, gv. 31.<br />

8 m. CxartiSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 140.<br />

68

<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />

1. g. abramiSvili, <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis cikli kedlis mxatvrobaSi (Tbilisi, 1972).<br />

2. v. goilaZe, farnavazianTa saxlis qarTlis qristian mefeTa qronologia (Tbilisi,<br />

1990).<br />

3. g. ioseliani, qarTveli wmi<strong>da</strong>nebi (tfilisi, 1901).<br />

4. k. kekeliZe, `sakiTxi siriel moRvaweTa qarTlSi mosvlis Sesaxeb~, tfilisis universitetis<br />

moambe (Tbilisi, 1926).<br />

5. martvilobaÁ <strong>da</strong> moTminebaÁ wmidisa evstaTi mcxeTelisaÁ, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli<br />

Zeglebi, I (V-X ss.), il. abulaZis red. (Tbilisi, 1963).<br />

6. n. maWaraSvili, aRwera mTa-wmidis eklesiisa <strong>da</strong> wm. mama <strong>da</strong>viTis cxovrebisa (tfilisi,<br />

1895).<br />

7. d. merkvilaZe, asurel mamaTa qarTlSi mosvlis dro (Tbilisi, 1997).<br />

8. d. merkvilaZe, asureli mamebi (VI s-is sirieli sasuliero moRvaweni qarTlSi), I<br />

(Tbilisi, 2006).<br />

9. d. merkvilaZe, garejis samonastro kompleqsis aRmocenebis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, mesxeTi, X<br />

(Tbilisi-axalcixe, 2008).<br />

10. S. mesxia, <strong>XI</strong>X saukunis zogi cnoba Zveli Tbilisis Sesaxeb, ciskari, #10, 1978.<br />

11. moqalaqobaÁ <strong>da</strong> wamebaÁ wmidisa abibos nekresel episkoposisaÁ, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli<br />

Zeglebi, I (V-X ss.), il. abulaZis red. (Tbilisi, 1963).<br />

12. g. sabinini, saqarTvelos samoTxe (sankt-peterburgi, 1882).<br />

13. sadResaswaulo (moskovi, 1865).<br />

14. m. qavTaria, Zveli qarTuli poeziis istorii<strong>da</strong>n (XVII-XVIII ss.) (Tbilisi, 1977).<br />

15. n. yubaneiSvili, Rirsi mama <strong>da</strong>viT garejeli (quTaisi, 1893).<br />

16. k. cincaZe, ganaxlebuli qvaSveTis taZris kurTxevis gamo, saxalxo gazeTi, #146,<br />

(1910)<br />

17. k. cincaZe, qvaSveTis wmidis giorgis eklesia tfilisSi, gamosacemad moamza<strong>da</strong>, bolosityva<br />

<strong>da</strong> saZiebeli <strong>da</strong>urTo m. qavTariam (Tbilisi, 1994).<br />

18. m. CxartiSvili, <strong>da</strong>viTgarejis qvabovani monastris istoriis hagiografiuli wayroebi,<br />

ANALECTA IBERICA 1, aRmosavleT <strong>da</strong> samxreT evropis kldis Zeglebi, T. jojuasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> l. mirianaSvilis red. (Tbilisi, 2001).<br />

19. m. janaSvili, saqarTvelos de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi tfilisi (quTaisi, 1899).<br />

20. Амиранашвили Ш., История грузинской монументальной живописи, том 1 (Тбилиси, 1957).<br />

21. Бакрадзе Д., Кавказ в древных памятниках христианства, Записки любителей кавказской археологии,<br />

кн. 1, под ред. Ад. Берже и Дм. Бакрадзе (Тифлис, 1875).<br />

22. Воспоминание о Тифлисе (Из дорожных записок 1844 года), Журнал для чтения воспитанникам<br />

военно-учебных заведении, том 67, №266 (1847).<br />

23. Иоселиани П., Гора св. Давида (в Тифлисе), Кавказский Календарь (Тифлис, 1858).<br />

24. Иоселиани П., Древные памятники Тифлиса, Журналъ Министерства Внутренных Делъ, кн. 1, Январь (1844).<br />

25. Иоселиани П., Описание древностей города Тифлиса (Тифлис, 1866).<br />

26. Кирион Еп., Преподобный Давид Гареджели и его Лавра (Тифлис, 1901).<br />

27. Муравьев А., Грузия и Армения, ч. III (С-Петербург, 1848).<br />

28. Натиев Д., Обитель Св. Давида в Грузии (Тифлис, 1913).<br />

29. Натиев Д., Церковь Св. Давида (в г. Тифлисе).<br />

30. Сабинин М., Полное Жизнеописание Святых Грузинской Церкви, Жребий Божией матери, ч. 1 (Санкт-<br />

Петербург, 1871).<br />

69

DAVID MERKVILADZE<br />

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,<br />

Ivane javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />

MYTH AND HISTORY IN THE FOLK STORY<br />

ABOUT DAVIT GAREJELI<br />

In the folk story about Davit Garejeli`s activities in Tbilisi, the information about the historical reality might<br />

be observed. According to the chronology of Davit Garejeli‟s activities, he should have settled near Tbilisi in about<br />

539-540 AD. Therefore, the period described in the folk story should be identified as the 40-ies of the 6th century.<br />

This period corresponds exactly to the situation described in the legend.<br />

This was the time when the local royal authority in Kartli Kingdom (Eastern Georgia) was abolished by Iran<br />

and Zoroastrian magi sent by Persian Shah became especially active and therefore, the times the Christian-<br />

Orthodox church were very hard.<br />

The folk memory about David Garejeli`s activities in Tbilisi was reflected in peoples‟ traditional lives as<br />

well. During the centuries including the beginning of the last century, when Bolshevik _ atheistic authority became<br />

etablished in Georgia, on David Garejeli's Day _ next Thurs<strong>da</strong>y after Ascension (and any other Thurs<strong>da</strong>y as well),<br />

women from Tbilisi, either individually or in groups, went up on Mama-Daviti mountain to worship St. David‟s<br />

inheritance and drank St. Davit`s holy spring water.<br />

St. David's activities in Tbilisi have left its marks on the city's toponymy. The second name of holy<br />

mountain, the most remarkable mountain of Tbilisi, is Mama-Davitis Mta (Father Davit`s Mountain). It is<br />

considered that St. David's miraculous justification, which led to the beginning of the legend, lay foun<strong>da</strong>tion to the<br />

folk name of St. George's church standing to<strong>da</strong>y on the City's main avenue – Kashveti (“Stonebirth”).<br />

The oldest direct reference of the story described in the legend available to us, can be found in the liturgical<br />

work of the 18 th century created by Kathalikos Anthony I.<br />

The antiquity of the legend indicates the painting depicted on the main church of U<strong>da</strong>bno monastery in<br />

Davit-Gareji monastery complex. Specialists conclude that it is the reflection of the legend about St. David on the<br />

9 th century‟s <strong>da</strong>maged composition of the western wall of the church.<br />

This study allows us to conclude that Davit Garejeli in fact lived and worked on the mountain nearby Tbilisi<br />

until he moved to Gareji Desert mountains.<br />

70

lado mirianaSvili<br />

mecnierebis fondi `u<strong>da</strong>bno~<br />

kidev erTxel saeklesio mSeneblobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyisis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>viTgarejSi<br />

adre Sua saukuneebis <strong>da</strong>viTgarejSi gaSlil saeklesio mSeneblobas Cven erTxel<br />

ukve SevexeT 1 , Tumca statiis sakmaod didma moculobam ar mogvca SesaZlebloba rig<br />

sakiTxebze msjeloba mTeli sisruliT gagveSala. amjerad, winamdebare statiis farglebSi<br />

SevecdebiT saeklesio mSeneblobis zogierTi arsebiTi sakiTxi ufro <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT,<br />

axali masalis moxmobiT warmovadginoT. aqcents, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis lavrasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> dodorqaze gavakeTebT, romlebic, naTlismcemelTan erTad, yvelaze adreuli, wm.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viTis sicocxleSive <strong>da</strong>arsebuli monastrebia.<br />

Cvens winmswreb naSromSi, wmin<strong>da</strong> miwisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos monastrebis magaliTze,<br />

vaCveneT, Tu rogori rigiTobiT igebo<strong>da</strong> sakrebulo eklesia, satrapezo <strong>da</strong> senakebi axlad<strong>da</strong>arsebul<br />

monastrebSi. aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>da</strong>mfuZneblebi, metwilad, jer sakrebulo<br />

eklesias, Semdeg ki satrapezosa <strong>da</strong> senakebs aSenebdnen 2 . am tradiciisagan gankerZoebulad<br />

dgas wm. aTanase aTonelisa <strong>da</strong> saba ganwmendilis lavris magaliTebi: wm. aTanasem<br />

aTonis mTaze xuTi martomyofisaTvis jer senakebi aagebina, Semdeg, maTTvisve, satrapezo,<br />

<strong>da</strong>bolos _ RvTismSoblis xarebis saxelobis sakrebulo eklesia 3 . wm. sabam,<br />

analogiuradve, Semokrebil Zmebs jer mcire senakebi <strong>da</strong> qvabebi misca <strong>da</strong> mxolod amis<br />

Semdeg `aRaSÀna Suva Ãevsa mas mcirÀ eguteri <strong>da</strong> sakurTxeveli <strong>da</strong>dga~ 4 . amgvari midgoma<br />

qarTul realobaSic ganmeor<strong>da</strong>: moRvaweobis sawyis etapze sakrebulo eklesia ar<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T SiomRvimis monasterSi. hagiografi gadmogvcems, rom wm. Sios mier wyaros saswaulebrivad<br />

aRmocenebis droisaTvis SiomRvimis monasterSi ukve 25 beri moRvaweob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amis Semdeg, berebi ganmravldnen, Tumca `uRono iyvnes~, radgan sakrebulo eklesia ar<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T: `iwyes ganmravlebad ZmaTa <strong>da</strong> uRono iyvnes, rameTu ara iyo maT<strong>da</strong> eklesia,<br />

romelsamca Sina Sekrebul iyvnes didebulsa dResa _ wmi<strong>da</strong>sa kviriakesa~ 5 . cnoba wm.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT garejelis mier <strong>da</strong>arsebul lavraSi sakrebulo eklesiis gvian etapze gamokafvis<br />

Sesaxeb, wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis `cxovrebaSic~ moipoveba. bubaqaris mier garejis mravalmTaSi<br />

miyvanili xelosnebis mier wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis lavraSi sakrebulo eklesiis gamokveTamde, iq<br />

sxva eklesiis arsebobaze wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis `cxovrebis~ kimenur <strong>da</strong> metafrasul re<strong>da</strong>qciebSi<br />

araferia naTqvami. mxolod gviandeli, mitropolit romanoziseuli perifrazuli versia<br />

gvawvdis cnobas, romlis Tanaxmad, wm. <strong>da</strong>viTma Tavis mimdevrebs, sxva <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />

saTavsebTan erTad, eklesiebis gamokveTa <strong>da</strong>avala. wm. <strong>da</strong>viTTan samoRvaweod <strong>da</strong>rCenis<br />

msurvelebma Tav-TavianTi soflebi<strong>da</strong>n kldis saTxreli iaraRebi moitanes <strong>da</strong> `gamohkve-<br />

Tes yovelTa sadgurni <strong>da</strong> senakni, palatni, mcireni eklesiani, samsxuerploni <strong>da</strong> lakvani~<br />

6 . SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>namdvilebiT vTqvaT, rom XVIII saukunis hagiografi `mcire eklesiebs~<br />

uwodebs ara momcro zomis sakrebulo eklesiebs, aramed ramdenimeqvabiani sacxovrebeli<br />

kompleqsebis SemadgenlobaSi Semaval kerZo samlocveloebs, romlebic garejis<br />

1 l. mirianaSvili, garejis adreuli monasticizmi <strong>da</strong> CiCxituris zosime-pimenis kerZo samlocvelos moxatulobis<br />

programa, rogorc beruli cxovrebis arsis anarekli, Analecta Iberica (istoriis, religiisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis sakiTxebi),<br />

I, aRmosavleT <strong>da</strong> samxreT evropis kldis Zeglebi (Tbilisi, 2001), gv. 164-273.<br />

2 l. mirianaSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 179-180.<br />

3 Byzantine Monastic Foun<strong>da</strong>tion Documents: a Complete Translation of the Surviving Founder's Typika and Testaments, 1, edited by J.<br />

Thomas and A. Constantinides Hero (Washington, 2000), p. 206.<br />

4 cxorebaÁ¡netarisa mamisa Cuenisa sabaÁsi, mamaTa cxorebani (britaneTis muzeumis qarTuli xelnaweri <strong>XI</strong><br />

saukunisa), teqsti gamosacemad moamza<strong>da</strong>, gamokvleva <strong>da</strong> leqsikoni <strong>da</strong>urTo v. imnaiSvilma (Tbilisi, 1975),<br />

gv. 65.<br />

5 cxovrebaÁ SioÁsi <strong>da</strong> evagresi, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni III (metafrasuli<br />

re<strong>da</strong>qciebi <strong>XI</strong>-<strong>XI</strong>II ss.), <strong>da</strong>sabeW<strong>da</strong>d moamzades il. abulaZem, e. gabiZaSvilma <strong>da</strong> sxv. (Tbilisi,<br />

1971), gv. 138.<br />

6 cxovrebaÁ <strong>da</strong>viT garesjelisaÁ, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni III (metafrasuli<br />

re<strong>da</strong>qciebi <strong>XI</strong>-<strong>XI</strong>II ss.). <strong>da</strong>sabeW<strong>da</strong>d moamzades il. abulaZem, e. gabiZaSvilma <strong>da</strong> sxv. (Tbilisi,<br />

1971), gv. 299.<br />

71

mravalmTis monastrebSi mravla<strong>da</strong>a. 1 praqtikulad yvela maTganSi aRmarTulia<br />

de<strong>da</strong>qanSive, kldisagan ganucalkeveblad gamokveTili trapezi, rac imis utyuari<br />

niSania, rom trapezi samlocvelos gamokveTis Tanadroulia <strong>da</strong> ara ufro gviandeli,<br />

vTqvaT, qvis wyobiT aSenebuli, an erTiani blokis saxiT <strong>da</strong>dgmuli. es mniSvnelovani<br />

<strong>da</strong>kvirveba odnav qvemoT, Cveni msjelobis dros <strong>da</strong>gvWirdeba. safiqrebelia, rom mitropolitma<br />

romanozma `mcire eklesiebi“ wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis moRvaweobis periods im martivi<br />

logikiT <strong>da</strong>ukavSira, rom maT martivi gegmareba <strong>da</strong> mcire zomebi aqvT, rac, misi azriT,<br />

monastris funqcionirebis sawyisi etapisTvis ufro Sesaferisi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo. Cvens<br />

winmswreb naSromSi ukve gamovTqviT mosazreba, rom cnoba wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis lavraSi, wmin<strong>da</strong>nis<br />

sicocxleSive, `mcire eklesiebis~ gamokveTis Sesaxeb wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis gviandel cxovrebaSi<br />

hagiografis subieqturi mosazrebis wyalobiT moxv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> rom is istoriul<br />

realobas ar asaxavs 2 . Cveni undobloba mitropolit romanozis cnobisadmi efuZneba<br />

konkretuli msoflio saeklesio krebis mier <strong>da</strong>dgenili kanonis gaTvaliswinebas. Ker-<br />

Zod, laodikiis msoflio saeklesio krebis (364 w.) 58-e kanoniT mRvdlebsa <strong>da</strong> episkoposebs<br />

kerZo samlocveloebSi liturgiis Catareba ekrZalebo<strong>da</strong>T 3 . aRniSnuli akrZalva<br />

ZalaSi 692 wlamde <strong>da</strong>rCa, roca konstantinopolis meeqvse msoflio krebaze miRebuli<br />

31-e kanoniT kerZo samlocveloebSi liturgiis Catareba <strong>da</strong>Svebul iqna im pirobiT, Tu<br />

episkoposis nebarTva iqnebo<strong>da</strong> miRebuli 4 . zemore kanonebis teqstebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom maTSi naxsenebi frazebi `saxlTa Sina~ <strong>da</strong> `eguterTa Sina saxlebisaTa~<br />

Tanabrad Seexeba rogorc saero pirTa saxlebs, ise ramdenimesaTavsian samartomyofeloebs,<br />

romlebSic, garejis magaliTiT Tu vimsjelebT, erTi<strong>da</strong>igive qvabi, xSirad,<br />

sacxovrebeli oTaxisa <strong>da</strong> samlocvelos funqciebs iTavsebs. arqiepiskoposi averki<br />

(tauSevi), 1951-53 wlebSi jor<strong>da</strong>nvilis wm. samebis sasuliero seminariaSi liturgiis<br />

kursis kiTxvisas, laodikiis msoflio saeklesio krebis 58-e kanons Semdegnairad ganmartav<strong>da</strong>:<br />

`akrZalulia liturgiis Catareba samlocveloebSi, keliebsa <strong>da</strong> sacxovrebel<br />

saxlebSi. is, aucileblad, nakurTx eklesiaSi un<strong>da</strong> aRevlinos.“ 5 qristianuli aRmosavleTis<br />

saeklesio liturgiis meore TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli robert tafti, zemoT<br />

<strong>da</strong>mowmebul saeklesio kanonebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, Semdegs wer<strong>da</strong>: `iustinianes zeobis<br />

dros [(527-565)] saxlebisa Tu monastrebis kerZo samlocveloebi ise gamravl<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

episkoposis mier maTi sanqcirebis saWiroeba warmoiSva.~ 6 imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom<br />

qarTuli eklesia yovelTvis mtkiced idga marTlmadideblobis gzaze, naklebad SesaZleblad<br />

migvaCnia, rom VI saukuneSi, konstantinopolis msgavsad, garejSic <strong>da</strong>erRviaT<br />

msoflio saekleso krebis mier miRebuli kanoni. iv. javaxiSvilis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT, saqarTvelos<br />

eklesias VI-VII saukuneebSi ukve hqon<strong>da</strong> msoflio krebebis Zeglis weraTa qarTulad<br />

naTargmni wigni 7 . es ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom naxsenebi periodisaTvis saqarTvelo-<br />

Si arsebob<strong>da</strong> msoflio saeklesio krebebis mier <strong>da</strong>wesebul kanonTa zedmiwevniTi codnis<br />

moTxovnileba. raRa Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, am kanonebs, berZnuli teqstebis wyalobiT, manamdec<br />

icnobdnen <strong>da</strong> icavdnen kidec. zemoTqmuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT<br />

vTqvaT, rom naklebad savaraudoa wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis moRvaweobis periodSi, <strong>da</strong> Semdgomac, 692<br />

wlamde, wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis lavraSi, an, Tun<strong>da</strong>c, dodorqasa <strong>da</strong> naTlismcemelSi, trapezian<br />

kerZo samlocveloebs (`mcire eklesiebs~) earseba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, garejis<br />

monastrebis kerZo samlocveloebSi aRmarTuli trapezi, rogorc wesi, de<strong>da</strong>qanSia<br />

nakveTi <strong>da</strong> amitom gviandeli <strong>da</strong>namati ver iqneba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n ki gamomdinareobs <strong>da</strong>skvna, rom<br />

yvela es kerZo samlocvelo (`mcire eklesia~) 692 wlis Semdeg aris gamokveTili.<br />

1 <strong>da</strong>viTgarejSi gavrcelebuli ramdenimesaTavsiani, kerZo samlocveloiani samartomyofeloebis Sesaxeb ix.<br />

l. mirianaSvilis <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 188, 199-200, 204. bolo dros, amgvar samartomyofeloTa tipi garejSi<br />

gamohyo, aRwera <strong>da</strong> Seiswavla mkvlevarTa jgufma, romlis wevrebic arian n. baxtaZe, m. bulia, l.<br />

mirianaSvili, d. CixlaZe <strong>da</strong> T. jojua. garejis kerZo samlocveloian samartomyofeloebs d.<br />

TumaniSvili <strong>da</strong> d. CixlaZe, arauadres, IX s-iT aTariReben. Kvlevis Sedegebi Seva dodorqis<br />

monastrisadmi miZRvnil wignSi, romelzec zemoaRniSnuli jgufis wevrebi erToblivad vmuSaobT.<br />

2 l. mirianaSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 181.<br />

3 didi sjuliskanoni, gamosacemad moamzades: e. gabiZaSvilma, e. giunaSvilma, m. dolaqiZem, g. ninuam<br />

(Tbilisi, 1975), gv. 259.<br />

4 iqve, gv. 383-384.<br />

5 Archbishop Averky (Taushev), Liturgics, Ed. by Archbishop Laurus (Jor<strong>da</strong>nville, N.Y., 2000), p. 123.<br />

6 Robert F. Taft, The Decline of Communion in Byzantium and the Distancing of the Congregation from the Liturgical Action: Cause, Effect<br />

or Neither Sh. Gerstel (Ed.), Threshholds of the Survival (Washington, 2006), p. 40 (sqolio 100).<br />

7 iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, VI (Tbilisi, 1982), gv. 44.<br />

72

vfiqrobT, es <strong>da</strong>skvna mniSvnelovania imis asaxsnelad, Tu ratom ar gvxvdeba garejis<br />

monastrebSi VI-VII saukuneebiT <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli sakurTxevliani samlocvelo qvabebi <strong>da</strong><br />

ratom mozRvav<strong>da</strong> isini ase erTbaSad Semdgom saukuneebSi. 1<br />

Tu gavixsenebT wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis `cxovrebaSi~ <strong>da</strong>cul cnobas, rom bubaqarma feriscvalebis<br />

eklesia garejSi ukve mkvidrad <strong>da</strong>fuZnebul Zmobas gamoukveTa (am dros ukve moqmedia<br />

dodorqis monasteri, romlis <strong>da</strong>fuZnebis saWiroeba wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis lavraSi samonastro<br />

cxovrebis farTod gaSlam warmoSva. sxvaTa Soris, arc imis cnoba mogvepoveba,<br />

rom Sesabamis periodSi dodorqaSi sakrebulo eklesia arsebob<strong>da</strong>. 2 ) <strong>da</strong> imasac gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />

rom im droisaTvis berebs kerZo samlocveloebSi liturgiis Catareba akr-<br />

Zaluli hqon<strong>da</strong>T, bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: sad aRevlinebo<strong>da</strong> wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis lavraSi evqaristiuli<br />

saidumlo bubaqaris mier sakrebulo eklesiis gamokafvamde sad eziarebodnen<br />

isini wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis `cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n~ cnobilia, rom am droisaTvis dodorqaSi mRvdeli<br />

namdvilad hyav<strong>da</strong>T: rodesac bubaqarma wm. <strong>da</strong>viTs TavisTvisa <strong>da</strong> ojaxis wevrebisTvis<br />

naTlisRebis saidumlos Catareba sTxova, wmi<strong>da</strong> mamam igi mRvdlis wamosayvanad dodorqaSi<br />

gaagzavna. `xolo Rirsman man mamaman dodo mxiarulebiT Seitkbo bubaqar <strong>da</strong><br />

Zeni misni <strong>da</strong> akurTxa igini <strong>da</strong> brZanebisaebr mamisa <strong>da</strong>viTisa misca maT mRdeli erTi,<br />

romlisa mier miemTxÂa bubaqar <strong>da</strong> yovelni saxleulni misni naTlis-Rebasa saxelisa<br />

mimarT mamisa <strong>da</strong> Zisa <strong>da</strong> wmidisa sulisa“ 3 .<br />

rogorc viciT, wm. dodoc xucesi iyo 4 . Sesabamisad, dodorqaSi ori mRvdeli moRvaweob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom maTi moRvaweobis arealSi wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis lavrac Sedio<strong>da</strong><br />

(samwuxarod, naTlismcemelSi mRvdlis yola-aryolasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT cnoba ar<br />

gagvaCnia). Teoriulad SesaZlebelia imis <strong>da</strong>Sveba, rom bubaqaris qtitorobiT eklesiis<br />

gamokafvamde, wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis lavraSi sakrebulo eklesia ukve arsebob<strong>da</strong>. mRvdlis yolis<br />

faqti<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, mas, miT ufro, dodorqis monasterSi un<strong>da</strong> earseba. Tumca aqve<br />

Cndeba kiTxva, Tu ratom ar ixilveba am pirveli eklesiis arsebobis raime niSani Cven<br />

vfiqrobT, rom is bunebriv mRvimeSi iyo mowyobili, 5 samonastro cxovrebis garkveul<br />

etapze ki ga<strong>da</strong>akeTes <strong>da</strong> misi kvali waiSala. adre Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleT qristianul<br />

samyaroSi mRvimis eklesiad gamoyenebis mravali magaliTi arsebobs: 1. wm. petres<br />

eklesia, antioqiis uZvelesi taZari. mRvimis eklesiad kurTxeva IV an V saukuneSi ivaraudeba,<br />

ra droiTac misi mozaikuri iataki TariRdeba 6 . mogvianebiT, mcire zomis mRvime-eklesia<br />

gaufarToebiaT 7 , xolo <strong>XI</strong>I an <strong>XI</strong>II saukuneSi jvarosnebs qviT nagebi fasadi<br />

amouyvaniaT <strong>da</strong> interierSi svetebi aRumarTavT 8 ; 2. iudeis u<strong>da</strong>bnos mRvime-eklesia, romemelic,<br />

egerias cnobiT, mwyemsebis mier qristes Sobis ambis Setyobis adgilze mdebareob<strong>da</strong><br />

9 . dReisaTvis is kenisaT er-ruvaTisTanaa gaigivebuli. egerias 384 wlis Canawerisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mRvime-eklesiis SemorCenili mozaikuri iatakis TariRis gaTvaliswinebiT, mRvime eklesiad<br />

IV s-is meore naxevarSi ukurTxebiaT 10 . V saukuneSi mRvimisTvis kamariT ga<strong>da</strong>xuruli<br />

eklesiis forma miuciaT, Semdgom ki mRvimis safasado mxare moukveTavT <strong>da</strong> aq<br />

qvis bazilika augiaT 11 ; 3. mRvime-eklesia xalaT ed-<strong>da</strong>nabias lavraSi (<strong>da</strong>arsebulia, savaraudod,<br />

IV saukuneSi) 12 , 4. iudeis u<strong>da</strong>bnos eklesia wm. Teoqtistes (<strong>da</strong>ir muqaliqis /<br />

maRara al-muqaliqis) monasterSi 13 (nakurTxia 411 wels). bunebrivi mRvime stru-<br />

1 dReisaTvis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli tradiciiT, am qvabebis gamokveTas wm. ilarion qarTvelis garejSi mo-<br />

Rvaweobis meore periods (855-864 ww.) ukavSireben.<br />

2 l. mirianaSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 169.<br />

3 cxovrebaÁ <strong>da</strong>viT garesjelisaÁ..., gv. 196.<br />

4 l. mirianaSvili, werilobiTi wyaroebi wm. dodo garejelis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli gansasveneblisa <strong>da</strong> misi wmin<strong>da</strong><br />

nawilebis ga<strong>da</strong>svenebis Sesaxeb, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, <strong>XI</strong>I (Tbilisi, 2010), gv. 113.<br />

5 samonastro cxovrebis adreul etapze wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis lavraSi mRvimis samlocvelod mowyobis SesaZlebloba<br />

n. baxtaZemac ivarau<strong>da</strong> (n. baxtaZe, kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis genezisi <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis gzebi saqarTveloSi<br />

(Tbilisi, 2007), gv. 117).<br />

6 Fant C. F., Reddish M. G., A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey (Oxford, 2003), p. 149.<br />

7 Finegar J., The Archaeology of the New Testament, 2, The Mediterranean World of the Early Christian Apostles (1981), p.164.<br />

8 Fant C. F., Reddish M. G., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 149.<br />

9 Egeria, Egeria‟s Travels. Newly translated with supporting documents and notes by J. Wilkinson (London, 1971), p. 186.<br />

10 Pringle D., The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. A Corpus, II (Cambridge 1988), p. 315; Murphy-O‟Connor J., The Holy<br />

Land: an Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700 (Oxford, 2008), p. 477.<br />

11 Pringle D., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 315.<br />

12 Winter D., Israeli Handbook: with the Palestinian Authority Areas (1999), p. 268.<br />

13 cxovreba mamisa Cuenisa wmidisa evTÂmisa, mamaTa cxorebani, teqsti gamosacemad moamza<strong>da</strong>, gamokvleva <strong>da</strong><br />

leqsikoni <strong>da</strong>urTo v. imnaiSvilma (Tbilisi, 1975), gv. 147.<br />

73

qturulad <strong>da</strong>anawevres <strong>da</strong> mozaikuri iatakiT gaamSvenes V saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi,<br />

savaraudod, 421 wlis Semdeg 1 ; 5. yovladwmi<strong>da</strong> RmrTismSoblis, SemdgomSi wm. nikolozisad<br />

saxeldebuli `eklesia RmrTisaÁ~ wm. sabas monasterSi 2 (nakurTxia 490 an 491<br />

wels). mogvianebiT, mRvimis uswormasworo formebi <strong>da</strong>uxvewavT 3 .<br />

mRvimis eklesiad gamoyenebis magaliTebi <strong>da</strong>savleTis marTmadidebel qristianul<br />

samyaroSic gvxdeba. moviyvanT or magaliTs: 1. wm. stefanes eklesia pancirSi (makedonia)<br />

(IX s.), oxridis tbis samxreTiT, misgan 5 km-is <strong>da</strong>SorebiT. bunebrivi mRvimis samxreTi<br />

Riobi texili qviT amouSenebiaT. <strong>XI</strong>V <strong>da</strong> XV saukuneebSi eklesia mouxatavT 4 . 2. wm. erazmis<br />

eklesia makedoniis monasterSi, oxridis tbasTan. mRvimis kedlebze SemorCenili<br />

freskebi <strong>XI</strong>II saukunis pirveli aTwleulebiT TariRdeba. Sesabamisad, amave TariRs<br />

miakuTvneben mRvime-eklesiis kurTxevasac 5 , Tumca ar gamovricxavT, rom eklesia ufro<br />

adrindelic iyos.<br />

zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis msgavsad, wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis lavris mRvime-eklesiis interiers,<br />

mogvianebiT, aucileblad swor formebs miscemdnen. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli<br />

eklesiis amocnoba mxolod xuroTmoZRvrul Taviseburebebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT ver<br />

moxerxdeba.<br />

xom ar SeiZleba bubaqaris mier sakrebulo eklesiis gamokveTa ukve arsebuli mRvimeeklesiisaTvis<br />

swori formebis micemas gulisxmobdes erTi mxriv, es, TiTqos, SesaZlebelia,<br />

radgan wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis `cxovrebis~ metafrasuli re<strong>da</strong>qciis Tanaxmad, bubaqarma `gamokueTa<br />

quabTa maT Sina quabi eklesiad salocvelad ZmaTaTÂs.~ 6 meore mxriv, ar gvgonia, rom axali<br />

li qvabis gamokveTa mRvimis mosworeba-gamSvenebis tolfasi iyos, miT ufro, rom `quabTa<br />

maT Sina quabis~ gamokveTa `cxovrebis~ kimenur re<strong>da</strong>qciaSi naxsenebi araa.<br />

amgvarad, dReisaTvis xelmisawvdomi materialuri masalisa <strong>da</strong> werilobiTi wyaroebis<br />

analizis gaTvaliswinebiT, agreTve zemore msjelobis safuZvelze SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT,<br />

rom Tu samonastro cxovrebis sawyis etapze <strong>da</strong>viTgarejis monastrebSi sakrebulo<br />

eklesiebi saerTod arsebob<strong>da</strong>, isini bunebriv mRvimeSi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> mowyobili. mRvimis<br />

uswormasworo formebs, mogvianebiT, moasworebdnen, ris gamoc am mRvime-eklesiebis<br />

kvali <strong>da</strong>kargulia.<br />

winare teqsti<strong>da</strong>n Semdegi ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong>skvnebi gamomdinareobs: 1. wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis garej-<br />

Si moRvaweobis dros <strong>da</strong> Semdgomac, VII saukunis bolomde, garejis monastrebSi trapeziani<br />

kerZo qvab-samlocveloebi ar gamoikveTebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan laodikiis msoflio saeklesio<br />

krebis (364 w.) 58-e kanoniT kerZo samlocveloebSi liturgiis Catareba akrZaluli<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong> es akrZalva mxolod 692 wels, konstantinopolis meeqvse msoflio krebaze<br />

31-e kanonis miRebiT moixsna. swored, amiT aixsneba, rom adreuli (VI-VII ss-is) sakurTxevliani<br />

kerZo samlocveloebi (`mcire eklesiebi~) garejSi mikvleuli ar aris; 2. wm.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viTis lavrasa <strong>da</strong> garejis sxva or uZveles monasterSi, funqcionirebis sawyis etapze,<br />

savaraudod, arc klasikuri formis qvabovani sakrebulo eklesiebi gamoukveTavT. 3.<br />

SesaZlebelia, rom garejeli berebi klasikuri formis qvabovani sakrebulo eklesiebis<br />

gamokafvamde Mliturgiis <strong>da</strong>sayeneblad mRvimeebSi mowyobil eklesiebs iyenebdnen, romelTa<br />

formebi minimalurad iyo mosworebuli, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, sakurTxevlis mxares. mogviano<br />

etapze am mRvimeebs ga<strong>da</strong>akeTebdnen, ris gamoc pirvandelma sakrebulo eklesiebma<br />

Cvenamde ver moaRwia.<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, tradiciuli formis sakrebulo eklesia wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis lavraSi<br />

misi <strong>da</strong>arsebi<strong>da</strong>n garkveuli xnis Semdeg bubaqaris safasiT gamokveTes. <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT<br />

Znelia imis Tqma, Tu ra zomisa <strong>da</strong> formis iyo es eklesia, radgan IX saukunis II<br />

naxevarSi is safuZvlianad ga<strong>da</strong>akeTes. 2006 wels gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis saflavis gaxsnis<br />

aRwera. man dokumenturad <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura Cven mier 2001 wels gamoTqmuli mosazreba,<br />

romelic wm. ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebaSi <strong>da</strong>cul cnobas eyrdnoba <strong>da</strong> SemdegSi<br />

mdgomareobs: wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis samoRvaweo qvabi sakrebulo eklesiasTan mijriT, mis aRmosav-<br />

1 Pringle D., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 269.<br />

2 cxorebaÁ netarisa mamisa Cuenisa sabaÁsi, mamaTa cxorebani, teqsti gamosacemad moamza<strong>da</strong>, gamokvleva <strong>da</strong><br />

leqsikoni <strong>da</strong>urTo v. imnaiSvilma (Tbilisi, 1975), gv. 66.<br />

3 Pringle D., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 264.<br />

4 Гоце Ангеличин – Жура, Пештерните церкви во Охридско-преспанскиот Регион (Р. Македонија, Р. Албанија, Р. Грција), Ниш и<br />

Византиjа, Fourth Symposium, Niš, 3 – 5. June 2005, The Collection of Scientific Works, IV, Editor Miša Rakocija (Niš, 2006), p. 387.<br />

5 Tomasevic N., Treasures of Yugoslavia: an Encyclopedic Touring Guide (Beograd, 1983), p. 553.<br />

6 cxovrebaÁ <strong>da</strong>viT garesjelisaÁ..., gv. 196.<br />

74

leTiT mdebareob<strong>da</strong>. aRsrulebis Semdeg, wm. <strong>da</strong>viTi missave qvabSi <strong>da</strong>krZales. sami saukunis<br />

Semdeg, wm. ilarion qarTvelma bubaqariseuli eklesia gaafarTova, raTa wm. <strong>da</strong>vi-<br />

Tis samarxo mis sivrceSi moeqcia. Cveni mosazreba wm. ilarion qarTvelis mier<br />

wmi<strong>da</strong>nis samarxosa <strong>da</strong> bubaqaris safasiT Seqmnili sakrebulo eklesiis gaerTianebis<br />

Sesaxeb d. merkvilaZemac gaimeora. man ar gaiziara zaza sxirtlaZis mosazreba, rom wm.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viTi, imTaviTve, bubaqaris TaosnobiT gamokveTil eklesiaSi <strong>da</strong>krZales 1 , oRond Cvengan<br />

gansxvavebiT, d. merkvilaZem wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis samoRvaweo qvabi <strong>da</strong> samarxo qvabi, romelsac<br />

samartviles uwodebs, erTmaneTisagan gamijna: misi azriT, wm. <strong>da</strong>viTi ara Tavis<br />

qvabSi, aramed samartvileSi <strong>da</strong>krZales, Semdgom ki es samartvile sakrebulo eklesiis<br />

sivrceSi CarTes. 2 vfiqrobT, miseuli interpretaciis Sesamagreblad gamoTqmuli azri,<br />

rom `cxovrebebis~ teqstebis mixedviT `asurel mamaTagan mxolod Sio mRvimeli <strong>da</strong>ikr-<br />

Zala mRvimeSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c sikvdilis win sagrob<strong>da</strong>~ 3 , swori ar aris, radgan asurel mamaTagan<br />

wm. ioane ze<strong>da</strong>znelic Tavis qvabSi <strong>da</strong>ikrZala. d. merkvilaZe ki wers: wm. ioane `<strong>da</strong>krZales<br />

kidec mis samoRvaweo adgilas, magram ara mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc mis qvabSi, aramed Ria<br />

adgilas, iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c male mis saflavze ekvderi aigo~ 4 <strong>da</strong> sabuTad Tavissave statias imowmebs.<br />

ze<strong>da</strong>znis naTlismcemlis eklesia, romelSic wm. ioane ze<strong>da</strong>znelis samarxo<br />

egvteria CarTuli, marTlac, gaSlil adgilze mdebareobs, magram xom arsebobs imis<br />

magaliTebic, roca mosworebul adgilze `amozrdil~ didron wamonaqmnSi qvabebs kveTdnen.<br />

erTi aseTi `amonazardi~, masSi gamokveTili samartomyofelo qvabiT, CiCxituris<br />

koSkis siaxloveSi ixilveba (sur. 1). lodis formisave kldis mcire `amonazardebi~<br />

maTSi gamokveTili akl<strong>da</strong>mebiT (sur. 2) gvxvdeba kaspis <strong>da</strong>savleTiT, qalaqi<strong>da</strong>n oriode<br />

kilo-metris moSorebiT. rogorc Cans, d. merkvilaZe ar iziarebs wmi<strong>da</strong>nis cxovrebis<br />

metafrasul re<strong>da</strong>qciaSi <strong>da</strong>cul cnobas, romlis Tanaxmad kaTalikosma, mRvdlebTan <strong>da</strong><br />

diakvnebTan erTad, `aRiyvanes mraval-moRuawe igi guami mis pirvel Ãsenebulsa mas<br />

quabsa Sina <strong>da</strong> mun <strong>da</strong>dves igi [wm. ioane ze<strong>da</strong>zneli] pativis-moyuarebiT.~ 5 . savaraudod,<br />

es qvabi ga<strong>da</strong>Tales, masze egvteri <strong>da</strong>aSenes <strong>da</strong> am saxiT CarTes bazilikaSi. wmi<strong>da</strong>nis<br />

qvab-samartvilis amgvari ga<strong>da</strong>Tlisa <strong>da</strong> mis adgilze qvis egvteris agebis<br />

SesaZleblobas gvi<strong>da</strong>sturebs wm. evTÂmi palestinelis (376/7-473) cxovrebaSi <strong>da</strong>culi<br />

cnoba, romelic kirile skviTepolels ekuTvnis: `xolo bidos mravliTa swrafiTa<br />

aRaSena saflavi quabsa mas Sina, romelsa <strong>da</strong>eyudis wmi<strong>da</strong>ჲ evTÂmi winaჲs, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>arRÂa<br />

quabi igi <strong>da</strong> Sebera igi qviTa <strong>da</strong> Sovris missa Seqmna saflavi wmidisa evTÂmisi <strong>da</strong><br />

garemo misa Seqmna saflavebi mamasaxlisTaTÂs <strong>da</strong> xucesTa <strong>da</strong> ZmaTaTÂs~ 6 . aqve moviyvanT<br />

moviyvanT berZnuli originalis teqsti<strong>da</strong>n aRebuli amave amonaridis r. fraisiseuli<br />

inglisuri Targmanis Cveneul Targmans, romelic samarxos ga<strong>da</strong>keTebis ramdenime<br />

<strong>da</strong>matebiT detals gvacnobs: `xolo diakonma fidus (sic.) didis mondomebiTa aRaSena<br />

eguteri samarxoჲ adgilsa quabisasa, sa<strong>da</strong> pirvelad <strong>da</strong>eyudis wmi<strong>da</strong>ჲ evTÂmi. man<br />

<strong>da</strong>arRÂa quabi igi <strong>da</strong> sami TÂis umal aRaSena oTaxi kamare<strong>da</strong>d. mis Sua Seqmna saflavi<br />

wmidisa kacisaჲ <strong>da</strong> orTav mxaresa Seqmna saflavni mamasaxlisTaTÂs <strong>da</strong> xucesTa <strong>da</strong><br />

ZmaTaTÂs~ 7 .<br />

rac Seexeba <strong>da</strong>narCeni asureli mamebis <strong>da</strong>krZalvis adgils: maT qvabebSi ar umo-<br />

RvawiaT <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, qvabSi arcUun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ekrZalaT. am Rirsi mamebis rigSi dgas wm.<br />

anton martmyofelic, romlis qvabSi <strong>da</strong>ukrZalaoba d. merkvilaZes Tavisi mosazrebis<br />

Sesamagreblad mohyavs. 8 wm. anton martmyofeli mesveteob<strong>da</strong>, mesveteoba ki qvabSi moRva-<br />

Rvaweobis sinonimi ver iqneba. amgvarad, Tavisive samoRvaweo qvabSi <strong>da</strong>ikrZalnen wm.<br />

1 z. sxirtlaZe, wm. <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis gansasvenebeli (Tbilisi, 2006), gv. 16.<br />

2 d. merkvilaZe, sataZro mSeneblobis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi <strong>da</strong>viT-garejis samonastro kompleqsSi, <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>eTnologiis</strong> <strong>institutis</strong> <strong>Sromebi</strong>, IX, (Tb., 2009), gv. 68.<br />

3 d. merkvilaZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 67.<br />

4 d. merkvilaZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 67.<br />

5 cxovrebaÁ iovane ze<strong>da</strong>ZnelisaÁ, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni III (metafrasuli<br />

re<strong>da</strong>qciebi <strong>XI</strong>-<strong>XI</strong>II ss.), <strong>da</strong>sabeW<strong>da</strong>d moamzades il. abulaZem, e. gabiZaSvilma <strong>da</strong> sxv. (Tbilisi,<br />

1971), gv. 105.<br />

6 cxoreba mamisa Cuenisa wmidisa evTÂmisa, mamaTa cxorebani (britaneTis muzeumis qarTuli xelnaweri <strong>XI</strong><br />

saukunisa), teqsti gamosacemad moamza<strong>da</strong>, gamokvleva <strong>da</strong> leqsikoni <strong>da</strong>urTo v. imnaiSvilma (Tbilisi, 1975),<br />

gv. 171.<br />

7 Lives of the Monks of Palestine by Cyril of Scythopolis, translated by R.M. Price, Kalamazoo, Mich. (1991).<br />

8 iqve, gv. 67.<br />

75

ioane ze<strong>da</strong>zneli, wm. Sio mRvimeli, wm. <strong>da</strong>viT garejeli <strong>da</strong> wm. dodo garejeli. es Sem-<br />

TxveviT ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra: kargad aris cnobili, rom qvabebSi moRvawe, monastris <strong>da</strong>maarsebeli<br />

mamebi, tradiciisamebr, maTsave samoRvaweo qvabSi ikrZalebodnen, romlebsac, mogvianebiT,<br />

gaamSvenebdnen, xSir SemTxvevaSi ki eklesiad ga<strong>da</strong>akeTebdnen.<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, d. merkvilaZe ar iziarebs Cveni mosazrebis erT nawils wm.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viTis missave samoRvaweo qvabSi <strong>da</strong>krZalvis Sesaxeb, Tumca meore nawilSi gveTanxmeba<br />

<strong>da</strong> ambobs, rom sakrebulo eklesiis ga<strong>da</strong>keTebisas wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis gansasvenebeli qvabi-samartvile<br />

mis sivrceSi CarTes. anu, d. merkvilaZis varaudobs, rom wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis lavris sakrebulo<br />

eklesiis ga<strong>da</strong>keTeba gulisxmobs `wmi<strong>da</strong>nis samartviles eklesiasTan SeerTebas, eklesiis<br />

nawilad ga<strong>da</strong>qcevas~ 1 , ris Semdgom ganavrcobs Cvens mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>keTebis procesSi bubaqariseuli eklesiis yvela mimarTulebiT gafarToebis Sesaxeb 2 ,<br />

oRond ise, rom am varaudis avtors ar asaxelebs; samagirod, eklesiis gafarToebisadmi<br />

miZRvnil miseul nawilSi xSirad imowmebs Cvens mosazrebebs eklesiis xelaxali kurTxevis<br />

mizezTan, sabawmin<strong>da</strong>Si wm. ilarionis mier miRebuli gamocdilebis garejSi gadmotanasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> eklesiis CrdiloeTisaken gafarToebisaTvis xelisSemSleli mizezis ararsebobasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT 3 . anu igi Cveni naSromi<strong>da</strong>n mxolod Sualeduri msjelobis pasaJebs imimeorebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> imowmebs, xolo saboloo <strong>da</strong>skvnis <strong>da</strong>mowmeba ki `aviwydeba~.<br />

feriscvalebis eklesiis dReisaTvis arsebuli gegmis IX saukuneSi formirebis sasargeblod<br />

migvaniSnebs 10 0 -iani gansxvaveba (gamoqveynebuli gegmis mixedviT) wm. <strong>da</strong>viT<br />

garejelis samarxosa <strong>da</strong> eklesiis <strong>da</strong>mxrobebs Soris. z. sxirtlaZis varaudiT, `rogorc<br />

Cans, es Seusabamoba imiT un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo ganpirobebuli, rom wm. ilarionis mier<br />

taZris ganaxleba-ganvrcobisas misi <strong>da</strong>mxroba garkveulwilad Seicvala~ 4 . d. merkvilaZe<br />

merkvilaZe sworad SeniSnavs, rom wm. <strong>da</strong>viTi ukve gamokaful sakrebulo eklesiaSi rom<br />

<strong>da</strong>ekrZalaT, saflavis gaWrisas eklesiis <strong>da</strong>mxrobas aucileblad gaiTvaliswinebdnen 5 .<br />

Cveni mxriv <strong>da</strong>vamatebT, rom wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis samarxos eklesiis sivrceSi mogvianebiT<br />

CarTvaze mianiSnebs, agreTve, <strong>da</strong>sakrZalav ubeSi samarxis <strong>da</strong>savleTiT mdebare 100 sm-is<br />

sigrZis (gamoqveynebuli gegmis mixedviT), safexurad SemaRlebuli Tavisufali are,<br />

maSin roca wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis luskuma ubis aRmosavleTi kedlis qveS 25 sm-iT aris SeWrili 6 .<br />

SeWrili 6 . wmi<strong>da</strong>nis samarxs ukve arsebul ubeSi simetriulad CaWridnen, magram radgan<br />

amgvari ram ar mox<strong>da</strong>, wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis samoRvaweo qvabi sakrebulo eklesiis sivrceSi<br />

mogvianebiT aris CarTuli. amazeve mianiSnebs mniSvnelovani sxvaoba eklesiis iatakisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> samarxis piris doneebs Soris <strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria, is faqti, rom samarxo ubis<br />

samxreTi kedlis Sua nawili, Tavis droze, ezos mimarTulebiT RiobiT yofila<br />

gaxsnili (aq de<strong>da</strong>qani, naxazis mixedviT, 109 sm-is siganezea CaWrili). mogvianebiT, es<br />

Riobi qviTa <strong>da</strong> aguriT amouSenebiaT. z. sxirtlaZe fiqrobs, rom wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sakrZalavi samxreTisken morwmuneTa miaxlebis uzrunvelsayofad specialurad<br />

gaxsnes 7 . Cven ki migvaCnia, rom es wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis samoRvaweo qvabis Sesasvleli Riobis<br />

naSTia.<br />

zemoT vaxseneT wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis samarxosa <strong>da</strong> uSualod sakrebulo eklesiis gansxvavebuli<br />

orientacia. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT Cndeba kiTxva: ramdenad mkacrad icavdnen<br />

kldis xuroebi eklesiebis E-W orientacias eklesiebis kveTis dros garejSi arsebul<br />

qedTa umetesobis ganeduri ganvrcobis gamo, maTi ferdobebi CrdiloeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxre-<br />

Tis <strong>da</strong>mxrobisaa. samonastro qvabebs garejeli berebi, upiratesad, samxreT ferdobebSi<br />

kveTdnen, radgan am mxares gaxsnili RiobebiT qvabTa maqsimaluri insolacia xdeba. gamonaklisia<br />

wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis lavris ubiseburad formirebuli kldovani sivrce: aq aRmar-<br />

Tul ferdobebs aRmosavleTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>da</strong>qaneba aqvs. arsebobs, kidev, ori gamonaklisi<br />

CiCxituris <strong>da</strong>rbazuli eklesiisa <strong>da</strong> naTlismcemlis mcire eklesiis saxiT, romlebic<br />

mTis qedis ara samxreT, aramed CrdiloeT ferdobSia gamokveTili. mTis masivis,<br />

upiratesad, aRmosavleT-<strong>da</strong>savleTi mimarTulebiT ganvrcobis gamo, maTSi gamokve-<br />

Tili eklesiebis sakurTxevelze gamavali RerZebi, bunebrivia, ferdobis paraleluri<br />

1 iqve, gv. 68.<br />

2 l. mirianaSvili, garejis adreuli monasticizmi..., gv. 185.<br />

3 d. merkvilaZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 68-69.<br />

4 z. sxirtlaZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 8 (sqolio), gv. 20.<br />

5 d. merkvilaZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 65.<br />

6 z. sxirtlaZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 8<br />

7 z. sxirtlaZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 13, 16.<br />

76

iqneba. amitom, no<strong>da</strong>r baxtaZis mosazreba, rom `<strong>da</strong>wyebuli IX-X ss-<strong>da</strong>n, eklesiebis Rer-<br />

Zis kldis ze<strong>da</strong>piris mimarT paraleluroba TiTqmis kanonikuri xdeba~ 1 gaumarTleblad<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>anacvlebs aqcents regionis geomorfologiuri Taviseburebebi<strong>da</strong>n kldis sivrcis<br />

miznobriv <strong>da</strong>gegmarebaze. amis gamo, xelovnurad Semodis samonastro cxovrebis<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapze qvab-eklesiis gansxvavebuli orientaciis Tema. avtoris mier moyvanil<br />

or gamonakliss, romlebic `ufro xSirad <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia samonastro moZraobis<br />

adreuli etapis u<strong>da</strong>bnoebisaTvis~ 2 martivi axsna moepoveba: e.w. `ilarion qarTvelis filialis~<br />

eklesia <strong>da</strong>savleTisaken <strong>da</strong>mxrobil ferdobSia gamokveTili, amitom eklesiis<br />

aRmosavleT-<strong>da</strong>savleTi RerZi, bunebrivia, kldis ze<strong>da</strong>piris paraleluri ver iqneba.<br />

sxvaTa Soris, ferdobis perpendikularulad dgas amave ferdobSi gamokveTili, `filialis~<br />

eklesiaze gviandeli RvTismSoblis miZinebisa <strong>da</strong> wm. marines eklesiebi. analogiuri<br />

SemTxveva gvaqvs n. baxtaZis mier moxmobil meore gamonaklisis, `berebis seris~ eklesiasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiTac. es eklesia, amave jgufis sxva qvabebisagan gansxvavebiT, qedis<br />

samxreT ferdobSi ki ara, mTis <strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>da</strong>boloebaSia gamokveTili.<br />

garejis qvab-eklesiebis gegmebis Seswavlam gviCvena, rom isini aRmosavleT-<strong>da</strong>savleTi<br />

RerZis gaswvriv mkacrad orientirebuli ar aris. ga<strong>da</strong>xra, saSualod, 20-30 0 -ia, erT<br />

gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi ki 45 0 -sac ki aRwevs. xelovnebaTmcodne <strong>da</strong>viT CixlaZis azriT, rig<br />

SemTxvevebSi, qvabTa xuroni eklesiis RerZs E-W mimarTulebi<strong>da</strong>n NE-SW-saken gamiznulad<br />

atrialebdnen, raTa samxreTiT gaWrili farTo Riobebi<strong>da</strong>n sakurTxevlis ukeTesi ganaTeba<br />

uzrunveleyoT 3 . amgvari axsna logikuria, magram winaaRmdegobas awydeba, roca qvabovani<br />

eklesiis RerZi SE-NW-sakenaa Sebrunebuli <strong>da</strong> miT ufro, rodesac nageb eklesiebTan<br />

gvaqvs saqme: eklesiis RerZis E-W mimarTulebi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>xra xom adre Sua saukuneebiT <strong>da</strong>-<br />

TariRebul araerT nageb eklesiaSic <strong>da</strong>sturdeba. Cveni azriT, eklesiis RerZis E-W mimar-<br />

Tulebi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>xris ZiriTadi mizezi is aris, rom adre Sua saukuneebSi eklesiis orientireba<br />

xdebo<strong>da</strong> ara realuri aRmosavleTis, aramed qvabis gamokafvisa Tu qvis eklesiis<br />

balavris <strong>da</strong>debis droisTvis vizualurad <strong>da</strong>nakvirvebi mzis amosvlis azimutis mimarT,<br />

romelic, rogorc cnobilia, droSi icvleba. Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros<br />

gamokaful <strong>da</strong> agebul eklesiaTa orientaciac. magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT mcxeTis<br />

jvris ori taZari (mcire eklesia, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, VI saukunis II naxevarSia agebuli, xolo didi<br />

taZari _ 586/87-604 wels), romlebic gverdigverd dgas <strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, erTmaneTisagan<br />

gansxvavebula<strong>da</strong>a orientirebuli. Tu eklesiis orientaciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT Cvens mier gamoTqmuli<br />

mosazreba sworia, maSin eklesiaTa mSeneblobis TariRebis ga<strong>da</strong>mowmebis SesaZlebloba<br />

gveZleva. amisaTvis, astronomiuli gamoTvlebis meSveobiT un<strong>da</strong> ganisazRvros<br />

mzis amosvlis azimutis mniSvneloba mSeneblobis savaraudo periodisaTvis (magaliTad,<br />

jvris didi taZris SemTxvevaSi 586-604 wlebisaTvis). azimutis sezonuri cvalebadobis nivelireba<br />

un<strong>da</strong> moxdes gviani Semodgomis, zamTrisa <strong>da</strong> adre gazafxulis gamoricxviT, roca<br />

klimaturi pirobebis gamo mSeneblobis <strong>da</strong>wyeba savaraudo araa. 4 aseTive gamoTvlebiT<br />

SesaZlebelia eklesiis <strong>da</strong>TariRebis farTo qronologiuri Sualedis <strong>da</strong>viwroebac. astronomiuli<br />

gamoTvlebi umniSvnelo xarjebs moiTxovs, samagierod mniSvnelovani Sedegebis<br />

mocema SeuZlia.<br />

wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis lavris liturgiuli sivrcis formireba, rogorc Cans, karga xans gagrZel<strong>da</strong>.<br />

qristianuli samonastro tradiciis Sesabamisad, Zmobas ramdenime sakrebulo<br />

eklesia un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong>. maT raodenobasa <strong>da</strong> saxelobas adgilobrivi tradicia gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis lavraSi xuTi sakrebulo eklesiaa: uflis feriscvalebis, ioane<br />

RvTismetyvelis, RvTismSoblis miZinebis, wm. marinesa <strong>da</strong> wm. nikolozis. dodorqaSi _<br />

savaraudod, xuTi an eqvsi eklesiaa (mTavari taZari yovladwmi<strong>da</strong> RvTismSoblis saxelobisaa.<br />

<strong>da</strong>narCen eklesiaTa saxelebi ucnobia). dReisaTvis naTlismcemelSi sami sakrebulo<br />

eklesia ixilveba: wm. ioane naTlismcemlis Sobis, ioane mamasaxlisis (macxovris<br />

mirqmis gamosaxulebiT) <strong>da</strong> usaxelo. xuTi sakrebulo eklesiaa u<strong>da</strong>bnos monaster-<br />

1 n. baxtaZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 109, sqolio.<br />

2 iqve.<br />

3 es azri d. CixlaZem dodorqis monasterze wignis momzadebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli samuSao Sexvedrebis dros<br />

gamoTqva.<br />

4 samwuxarod, amgvari gamoricxva ar gamogvadgeba qvabovan struqturebTan mimarTebaSi: haeris temperatura<br />

qvabis sivrceSi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi 16 0 -s Seadgens, amitom qvabis gamokveTaze muSaoba zamTris<br />

TveebSic aris SesaZlebeli.<br />

77

Si: macxovris aRdgomis, yovladwmi<strong>da</strong> RvTismSoblis, wm. nikolozis, amaRlebisa <strong>da</strong> xarebis<br />

(bolo sami saxeli pirobiTia). rac Seexeba ormoci sebastieli mowamis saxeliT<br />

cnobil struqturas, is ucnob garejel mowameTa samartvilea, romelic XVII saukuneSi<br />

mefe arCil II mcdelobiT eklesiis formaze ga<strong>da</strong>akeTes: samartvile qvabs wini<strong>da</strong>n naosi<br />

miaSenes, ris Sedegad Tavad samartvile sakurTxevlad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca. kidev erTi, wm. elias<br />

eklesiis saxeliT cnobili nageboba, sinamdvileSi, aRdgomis Rames wamebul garejel<br />

berTa samartvilea, romelic eklesiis formis kidobnis saxed aris Seqmnili 1 . es samartvile<br />

XVII saukuneSi mefeebis aleqsandre II an Teimuraz I zeobis dros aages. sakrebulo<br />

eklesiaTa zRvruli raodenoba xuTiT ar Semoifargleba. sakrebulo taZrebis raodenobiT<br />

egviptis monasteri „al-yusair al-hakami~ gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>XI</strong>II saukunis sasuliero<br />

piris cnobiT <strong>XI</strong>I saukuneSi am monasterSi aTi sakrebulo eklesia yofila. esenia: 1.<br />

wm. arsenis, 2. yovladwmi<strong>da</strong> RvTismSoblis, 3. Tormeti mociqulis, 4. wm. stefane pirvelmowamis,<br />

5. wm. giorgis, 6. wm. sabas, 7. wm. barbares, 8. wm. Tomas, 9. wm. kozmasa <strong>da</strong> wm. <strong>da</strong>mianes,<br />

maTi Zmebisa <strong>da</strong> dedis, <strong>da</strong> 10. wm. ioane winamorbedis eklesiebi 2 .<br />

sakrebulo eklesiebi<strong>da</strong>n yvelaze didi, rogorc wesi, mTavari taZris funqcias asruleb<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> masSi did saeklesio dResaswaulebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli RvTismsaxureba imarTebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

rac Seexeba monastris rigiT (anu aramTavar) sakrebulo eklesiebs, SesaZlebelia<br />

maTSi wirva periodulad <strong>da</strong> ara sistematiurad tardebodes. magaliTad, egvipte-<br />

Si, wm. pavle Tebeselis monastris wm. merkuris eklesiaSi weliwadSi mxolod erTxel,<br />

didmarxvis wina kviras swiravdnen 3 .<br />

monastris liturgiuli sivrcis formirebis erT-erT <strong>da</strong>magvirgvinebel etapad miviCnevT<br />

u<strong>da</strong>bnos mTaze, lavris zemoT, mcire <strong>da</strong>rbazuli eklesiis agebasa <strong>da</strong> qristes<br />

aRdgomis saxelze kurTxevas, ramac is ierusalimis uflis saflavis eklesiis simbolur<br />

xatad aqcia. ierusalimis hierotopuli modelis garejSi Seqmna, rasac wm. <strong>da</strong>viT<br />

garejelis mier ieruslimi<strong>da</strong>n garejSi madlis qvis Camotanam <strong>da</strong> aq ierusalimis madlis<br />

mesamedis <strong>da</strong>vanebam 4 Seuwyo xeli, TavisTavad, sayuradRebo movlenaa, magram, amjerad,<br />

am sakiTxis ganxilvaze ar SevCerdebiT <strong>da</strong> yuradRebas im faqtze gavamaxvilebT,<br />

rom aRdgomis eklesia qristes saflavis <strong>da</strong>rad <strong>da</strong> garejuli tradiciis Sesabamisad<br />

kldeSi ki ar gamokveTes, aramed qviT aages 5 . cnobilia, rom garejSi ar gvxvdeba adre<br />

Sua saukuneebiT <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli nagebi eklesiis arcerTi sxva nimuSi, Tun<strong>da</strong>c naSTis<br />

saxiT 6 . amis mizezi ki srulebiTac ar aris is, rom isini dro-Jamis msvlelobam aRgava<br />

pirisagan miwisa. `cxovreba~ araorazrovnad migviTiTebs, rom garejis monastrebis yvela<br />

struqtura kldeSi ikveTebo<strong>da</strong>. aba, ram ganapiroba aRdgomis eklesiis gamorCeulad<br />

gansxvavebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRdgomis eklesia kldeSi<br />

gamokveTis nacvlad qviT imitom aages, rom berebi litaniobis tradiciul wess <strong>da</strong>brunebodnen,<br />

anu eklesiis ezos farglebSi nagebobis garSemovlis wesis Sesruleba Ses-<br />

Zlebo<strong>da</strong>T. salitanio msvleloba aRdgomis dResaswaulis erT-erTi umTavresi Semadgeneli<br />

nawilia, rac kldeSi nakveTi erTi konkretuli eklesiis irgvliv, misi terasis<br />

farglebSi, ver ganxorcieldeba. amitomac aRniSnavdnen aRdgomas garejis mravalmTis<br />

1 l. mirianaSvili, aRdgomas wamebul garejel berTa ucnobi tipis samartvile (wm. elia winaswarmetyvelis<br />

eklesiad cnobili nagebobis realuri funqciis <strong>da</strong>dgenisaTvis), <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> <strong>institutis</strong><br />

<strong>Sromebi</strong>, VIII, eZRvneba gelaTis monastris <strong>da</strong>arsebis 900 wlisTavs (Tbilisi, 2008), gv. 131-147.<br />

2 Abu Salih, The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and some Neighbouring Countries, Transl. by B. Evetts. Oxford at the Clarendon Press<br />

(1895), p. 147. egviptis eklesiebisa <strong>da</strong> monastrebis am aRweris abu salis saxelTan <strong>da</strong>kavSireba, Tavis droze,<br />

xelnaweris erT-erT gverdze <strong>da</strong>culi im minaweris gamo mox<strong>da</strong>, romelSic aRniSnulia, rom xelnaweri<br />

abu salis sakuTrebaa. rogorc bolodroindeli gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs (ix. The Coptic Encyclopedia, 1. Ed.<br />

Aziz Suryal Atiy, MacMillan Publishers (1991), am konkretuli aRweris avtori aris ara abu sali, aramed abu almaqarimi<br />

(<strong>XI</strong>II s-is moRvawe).<br />

3 Meinardus, Otto F.A., Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity, The American University in Cairo Press (2002), p. 263.<br />

4 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni I (V-X ss.). <strong>da</strong>sabeW<strong>da</strong>d moamzades il.<br />

abulaZem <strong>da</strong> sxv. il. abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa <strong>da</strong> re<strong>da</strong>qciiT (Tbilisi, 1964), gv. 238.<br />

5 aRdgomis eklesia VIII-IX saukuneebiT TariRdeba (v. doliZe, <strong>da</strong>viT-garejis erTi xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglis <strong>da</strong>-<br />

TariRebis sakiTxisaTvis, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, <strong>XI</strong>, #9 (Tbilis, 1950), gv. 607-611).<br />

6 wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis lavraSi mdebare wm. nikolozis eklesia XVI saukunemdea agebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>XI</strong>X saukuneSi ganaxlebuli<br />

(l. mirianaSvili, <strong>XI</strong>X s-is samSeneblo saqmianoba garejis wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis lavraSi, logosi (Tbilisi,<br />

2004), gv. 71), xolo wm. elias eklesiad cnobili nageboba, rogorc Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad<br />

<strong>da</strong>vadgineT, XVII saukuneSi agebuli garejel mowameTa samartvilea (l. mirianaSvili, aRdgomas wamebul<br />

garejel berTa ucnobi tipis samartvile..., gv. 131-147).<br />

78

yvela monastris berebi erTad, garejis erTaderT nageb, aRdgomis eklesiaSi, rogorc<br />

amas anton kaTalikosis TxzulebaSi <strong>da</strong>culi cnoba gvamcnobs 1 .<br />

Usur. 1 _ kldis `amonazardSi~ gamokveTili senaki. CiCxituris monasteri<br />

Usur. 2 _ kldis `amonazardSi~ gamokveTili akl<strong>da</strong>mebi. kaspi (n. baxtaZis foto)<br />

1 anton kaTalikosi, wigni martirika _ Sesxma <strong>da</strong> istoria qristesTÂs vnebulTa mowameTa qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong><br />

sxuaTa, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, VI, teqsti gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva,<br />

leqsikoni <strong>da</strong> saZieblebi <strong>da</strong>urTes e. gabiZaSvilma <strong>da</strong> m. qavTariam (Tbilisi, 1980), gv. 200-201.<br />

79

<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />

1. anton kaTalikosi, wigni martirika _ Sesxma <strong>da</strong> istoria qristesTÂs vnebulTa mowameTa<br />

qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> sxuaTa, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi,<br />

tomi VI, teqsti gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva, leqsikoni <strong>da</strong> saZieblebi <strong>da</strong>urTes<br />

e. gabiZaSvilma <strong>da</strong> m. qavTariam (Tbilisi, 1980).<br />

2. n. baxtaZe, kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis genezisi <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis gzebi saqarTveloSi<br />

(Tbilisi, 2007).<br />

3. didi sjuliskanoni, gamosacemad moamzades: e. gabiZaSvilma, e. giunaSvilma, m. dolaqiZem,<br />

g. ninuam (Tbilisi, 1975).<br />

4. v. doliZe, <strong>da</strong>viT-garejis erTi xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglis <strong>da</strong>TariRebis sakiTxisaTvis,<br />

saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, tomi <strong>XI</strong>, #9 (Tbilisi, 1950).<br />

5. mamaTa cxorebani, teqsti gamosacemad moamza<strong>da</strong>, v. imnaiSvilma (Tbilisi, 1975).<br />

6. d. merkvilaZe, sataZro mSeneblobis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi <strong>da</strong>viT-garejis samonastro kompleqsSi,<br />

<strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> <strong>institutis</strong> <strong>Sromebi</strong>, IX (Tbilisi, 2009).<br />

7. l. mirianaSvili, garejis adreuli monasticizmi <strong>da</strong> CiCxituris zosime-pimenis kerZo<br />

samlocvelos moxatulobis programa, rogorc beruli cxovrebis arsis anarekli,<br />

Analecta Iberica (istoriis, religiisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis sakiTxebi), I _ aRmosavleT <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreT evropis kldis Zeglebi (Tbilisi, 2001).<br />

8. l. mirianaSvili, <strong>XI</strong>X s-is samSeneblo saqmianoba garejis wm. <strong>da</strong>viTis lavraSi,<br />

logosi (Tbilisi, 2004).<br />

9. l. mirianaSvili, aRdgomas wamebul garejel berTa ucnobi tipis samartvile (wm.<br />

elia winaswarmetyvelis eklesiad cnobili nagebobis realuri funqciis <strong>da</strong>dgenisaTvis),<br />

<strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> <strong>institutis</strong> <strong>Sromebi</strong>, VIII, eZRvneba gelaTis monastris<br />

<strong>da</strong>arsebis 900 wlisTavs (Tbilisi, 2008).<br />

10. l. mirianaSvili, werilobiTi wyaroebi wm. dodo garejelis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli gansasveneblisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi wmin<strong>da</strong> nawilebis ga<strong>da</strong>svenebis Sesaxeb, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba,<br />

<strong>XI</strong>I (Tbilisi, 2010).<br />

11. z. sxirtlaZe, wm. <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis gansasvenebeli (Tbilisi, 2006).<br />

12. mamaTa cxorebani (britaneTis muzeumis qarTuli xelnaweri <strong>XI</strong> saukunisa), teqsti<br />

gamosacemad moamza<strong>da</strong>, gamokvleva <strong>da</strong> leqsikoni <strong>da</strong>urTo v. imnaiSvilma (Tbilisi,<br />

1975).<br />

13. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni I (V-X ss.), <strong>da</strong>sabeW<strong>da</strong>d<br />

moamzades il. abulaZem <strong>da</strong> sxv. il. abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa <strong>da</strong> re<strong>da</strong>qciiT<br />

(Tbilisi, 1964).<br />

14. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni III (metafrasuli re<strong>da</strong>qciebi<br />

<strong>XI</strong>-<strong>XI</strong>II ss.), <strong>da</strong>sabeW<strong>da</strong>d moamzades il. abulaZem, e. gabiZaSvilma <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />

(Tbilisi, 1971).<br />

15. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, tomi VI (Tbilisi, 1982).<br />

16. Archbishop Averky (Taushev), Liturgics, Ed. by Archbishop Laurus (Jor<strong>da</strong>nville, N.Y., 2000).<br />

17. Byzantine Monastic Foun<strong>da</strong>tion Documents: a Complete Translation of the Surviving Founder's Typika and<br />

Testaments, vol. 1, edited by J. Thomas and A. Constantinides Hero (Dumbarton Oaks, 2000).<br />

18. Egeria, Egeria‟s Travels, Newly translated with supporting documents and notes by J. Wilkinson (London,<br />

1971)<br />

19. Finegar J., The Archaeology of the New Testament, Vol. 2: The Mediterranean World of the Early Christian<br />

Apostles (1981).<br />

20. Fant C. F., Reddish M. G., A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey (Oxford, 2003).<br />

21. Lives of the Monks of Palestine by Cyril of Scythopolis, translated by R.M. Price (Michigan, 1991).<br />

22. Meinardus Otto F.A., Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity (2002).<br />

23. Murphy-O‟Connor J., The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700 (Oxford,<br />

2008).<br />

24. Pringle D., The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. A Corpus, Vol. II (Cambridge, 1988).<br />

25. Salih Abu, The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and some Neighbouring Countries, Transl. by B. Evetts<br />

(Oxford, 1895).<br />

26. Taft Robert F., The Decline of Communion in Byzantium and the Distancing of the Congregation from the<br />

Liturgical Action: Cause, Effect or Neither Gerstel Sh. (Ed.), Threshholds of the Survival (Washington, 2006).<br />

80

27. The Coptic Encyclopedia, vol. 1. Ed. Aziz Suryal Atiy (1991).<br />

28. Tomasevic N., Treasures of Yugoslavia: an Encyclopedic Touring Guide (Beograd, 1983).<br />

29. Winter D., Israeli Handbook: with the Palestinian Authority Areas (1999).<br />

30. Ангеличин-Жура Г., Пештерните цркви во Охридско-преспанскиот Регион (Р. Македонија, Р. Албанија,<br />

Р. Грција), Ниш и Византиjа, Fourth Symposium, Niš, 3 – 5. JUNE 2005, The Collection of Scientific Works,<br />

IV, Editor Miša Rakocija (Niš, 2006).<br />

LADO MIRIANASHVILI<br />

Fund of Science “U<strong>da</strong>bno”<br />

ONCE AGAIN ABOUT THE ONSET OF CHURCH CONSTRUCTION<br />

ACTIVITY IN DAVIT-GAREJI WILDERNESS<br />

The article deals with origination and architectural design of the first churches in Davit-Gareji wilderness.<br />

Three cave monasteries – Lavra of St. Davit, Dodorka and Natlismtsemeli were founded as early as in the 6th<br />

century. We lack early typika, as well as other written sources, except of the local saint‟s lives, based on which one<br />

could judge about existence of communal churches in these early monasteries. Tradition varied from place to place;<br />

e.g. from lives of St. Serapion of Zarzma and St. Grigol of Khandzta, the Georgian saints, we know that they first<br />

built a communal church in their monasteries, and later on cells and other premises. The same order was followed<br />

in many monasteries of the Orthodox World, though with certain exceptions: St. Athanasius the Great and St. Sabas<br />

first constructed cells and next communal churches. According to the Life of St. Davit, the latter option was<br />

realized in Lavra of St. Davit as well. In this connection the following questions arise: Where was held the liturgy<br />

before that Did a monastery has its own hieromonks or a village priest was invited from elsewhere The newer<br />

re<strong>da</strong>ction of the Life of St. Davit mentions that several small churches were rock-cut at an initial stage of monastic<br />

life. And indeed, “small churches” with Altar Table in the apse are available in the monasteries; but it is to be noted<br />

that on the one hand, according to the existing architectural knowledge these “small churches” have originated not<br />

earlier than the 9th century, and on the other hand all of them are actually private oratories, a constituent part of<br />

multi-cave hermitages. Based on decisions of the Laodecia and Constantinople (VI) Church Synods I decided to<br />

establish the earliest <strong>da</strong>te of oratories‟ emergence in Davit-Gareji. According to the Canon 58 of the Synod of<br />

Laodecia (held in 364) “The Oblation must not be made by bishops or presbyters in any private houses”. The<br />

private oratories at monasteries fall under this category (Robert F. Taft, 2006 and Archbishop Averky, 2000).<br />

Taking into consideration that the Altar Tables in all oratories of Davit Gareji monasteries are rock cut in the<br />

mother rock, i.e. they are timed with carving of the oratory, I assume that these oratories could not have emerged<br />

earlier than 692, when the above restriction was abolished by Canon 31 of the VI Synod of Constantinople, with a<br />

condition that the permission was granted by a bishop. From the history of the Georgian Orthodox Church we<br />

know that the church laws in Georgia were always strictly enforced, therefore I assume that the Laodecian Canon<br />

was strictly followed as well. My consideration about the time of onset of rock-cut oratories in Davit-Gareji<br />

wilderness is in partial consistence with their architectural <strong>da</strong>ting. I assume possibility that the most ancient ones<br />

might <strong>da</strong>te to the 8th century instead of the 9th c.<br />

Based on the analysis of early rock-cut communal churches throughout the Eastern Christendom, I assume<br />

that in the beginning of their monastic activities the monks of Davit-Gareji probably a<strong>da</strong>pted a natural grotto under<br />

a communal church, which at a later stage was remodeled.<br />

Results of archaeological excavations within Transfiguration church at Lavra of St. David are analyzed in the<br />

light of my earlier considerations about St. David‟s grave. The excavations have revealed that the tomb was<br />

equipped with an entrance from outside, blocked at a later stage. Discrepancy between East-West orientations of<br />

the grave pit and nave was also noted. I assume that my considerations about St. David‟s burial within his cave and<br />

its later incorporation into the main church, based on the analysis of a hagiographic text, have been confirmed in a<br />

course of archaeological excavations.<br />

A special attention is given to arbitrary East-West orientation of the rock-cut churches in Davit-Gareji<br />

wilderness and elsewhere. A certain art historian of the architecture links this feature with the need to better<br />

illuminate altar apses. Based on the study of a number of cave and stone churches, I have assumed that the<br />

discrepancy might also have resulted due to the fact that the churches were oriented according to the visual sunrise<br />

81

azimuth which changes with season and in a course of centuries. If this proves true, we will manage to <strong>da</strong>te<br />

churches more precisely.<br />

Finally I give explanation to rise of a tradition noted in a hagiographic text concerning celebration of the<br />

Easter together by all monks from all twelve monasteries of Davit-Gareji at the sole throughout Gareji wilderness<br />

masonry church (8th-9th cc.). In my opinion, in difference from the similar tradition maintained by St. Pachomius,<br />

Garejian fathers have revived an ancient rule of circling church proper (and not the territory) with lighted candles<br />

that was an unfulfilled task in their cave-monasteries, because the cave-churches were rock-cut within steep slopes<br />

of mountain ridges which extended at least 2 km.<br />

82

el<strong>da</strong>r mamisTvaliSvili<br />

goris saswavlo universiteti<br />

saqarTvelo-romis eklesiebis urTierToba<br />

did ganxeTqilebamde (1054 w.)<br />

saqarTvelos eklesiis romis eklesiasTan adreuli urTierTobis Sesaxeb SemorCenilia<br />

fragmentuli cnobebi, romlebic mxolod pozitiuri kuTxiT warmoaCens am urTierTobas<br />

<strong>da</strong> raime mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>skvnis gamotanis saSualebas ar iZleva.<br />

marTalia, saqarTveloSi qristianobis gamarjveba romis imperiis sagareo politikis<br />

gamarjveba iyo 1 . magram es ar niSnav<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos eklesiis romis episkoposze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas.<br />

saqarTvelos eklesia Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo konstantinopolis<br />

sapatriarqosTan, rasac gvamcnobs `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ”. Tumca Zveli istorikosebi<br />

(`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ”-s avtorebi, gelasi kesarieli, rufinusi), romlebic qarTlSi<br />

qristianobis gamarjvebasa <strong>da</strong> mefis mier konstantine keisarTan elCebis gagzavnaze<br />

gadmogvcemen Aar asaxeleben im qalaqs, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini keisarma miiRo.<br />

dReisaTvis <strong>da</strong>dgenilia, rom qarTlis gaqristianeba mox<strong>da</strong> IV s. 20-ian wlebis Sua<br />

xanebSi. am udidesi mniSvnelobis istoriul movlenas Tan axl<strong>da</strong> mcxeTis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

religiur Temebs Soris seriozuli <strong>da</strong>pirispireba, rac aisaxa `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ”-Si.<br />

cnobili ar aris ramden xans gagrZel<strong>da</strong> religiur nia<strong>da</strong>gze atexili SfoTi. yovel<br />

SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT amave mizeziT sxva qveynebSi momx<strong>da</strong>r ambebs, maSin sakmao<br />

dro un<strong>da</strong> gasuliyo mcxeTaSi <strong>da</strong> saerTod qarTlSi viTarebis mowesrigebamde <strong>da</strong><br />

rodesac imperiis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqad konstantinopoli gamocxad<strong>da</strong> (330 wlis 11 maisi), qarTlis<br />

mefis elCebi am qalaqSi un<strong>da</strong> swvevodnen imperators. albaT, imitom, rom am dros<br />

konstantinopolis qristianuli eklesia herakliis mitropolitis iurisdiqcaSi iyo,<br />

keisarma qarTvelebis eklesiis mowyobaSi <strong>da</strong>xmareba antioqiis patriarqs <strong>da</strong>avala 2 .<br />

amgvarad, konstantine keisarTan urTierTobis zemoTmoTxrobili epizodi ar iZleva<br />

imis Tqmis saSualebas, rom qarTlis gaqristianebasTan erTad iwyeba saeklesio kav-<br />

Siri romis eklesiasTan, `radgan imdroindeli saqarTvelo mWidrod iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />

romTan” 3 .<br />

romTan `mWidro” kavSiris arsebobis <strong>da</strong>matkiceblad ver gamogvadgeba VI saukunis<br />

90-ian wlebSi, qarTlSi qristianobis gamarjvebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>axloebiT orsaukunenaxevris Semdeg,<br />

qarTlis kaTalikosis kiron I-is (596-610) mier romis papis grigol I didisadmi<br />

(590-604) werilis gagzavna. jer erTi, rogorc iTqva, qarTlis eklesiis mowyobasa <strong>da</strong><br />

ganmtkicebaSi romis eklesiis xeli ar eria. meorec, orsaukunenaxevris ganmavlobaSi<br />

ramdenma qariSxalma ga<strong>da</strong>uara rogorc saqarTvelos, ise romis imperias <strong>da</strong> sakuTriv<br />

roms, ramdenjer Seicvlebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc konfesiur-eklesiuri, ise politikuri orientacia,<br />

rogorc erTi ise meore saxelmwifosi. amdenad, SeuZlebelia erTmaneTisagan saukuneebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sorebuli fragmentuli cnobebiT raRac politikuri xasiaTis kanonzomirebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgena.<br />

grigol didis werili, TavisTavad, sainteresoa. aqe<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom qarTveli piligrimebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebuli <strong>da</strong>valebiT wargzavnilebi, yovelgvari sarwmunoebrivi an politikuri<br />

mosazrebiT SezRvudvis gareSe, <strong>da</strong>iarebodnen sapatriarqo qalaqebSi, maTTvis raime<br />

gansakuTrebuli upiratesobis an mniSvnelobis miuniWeblad. werili<strong>da</strong>n vigebT, rom kaTalikos<br />

kironis wargzavnili jer ierusalimSi yofila, sai<strong>da</strong>nac roms gaemgzavra. savaraudoa,<br />

rom igi ierusalimis maSindel patriarqTan amosTan (594-601) imave sakiTxebis garkvevas<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong>, ris Sesaxebac man paps grigol I-s moaxsena. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT m. Tamara-<br />

Svili sruliad sxvagvarad fiqrob<strong>da</strong>: `es wigni imiTac SesaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos<br />

kaTalikoss sasuliero kiTxvebis gansamarteblad romis papisaTvis miumarTavs <strong>da</strong> ara aR-<br />

1 a. bogveraZe, qarTlis politikuri <strong>da</strong> social-ekonomikuri ganviTareba IV-VIII saukuneebSi (Tbilisi, 1979),<br />

gv. 13.<br />

2 iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, tomi I (Tbilisi, 1960), gv. 224<br />

3 S. lomsaZe, mixeil TamaraSvili <strong>da</strong> qarTveli kaTolikeni (Tbilisi, 1984), gv. 48; m. papaSvili, saqarTveloromis<br />

urTierToba VI-XX ss. (Tbilisi, 1995), gv. 61.<br />

83

mosavleTis patriarqebisaTvis. esec sakmao sabuTia imisi, rom saqarTvelos sarwmunoebis<br />

kiTxvebSi romasTan ufro kavSiri hqonia, vidre berZnebTan” 1 .<br />

vfiqrob, nestorianoba aRmosavleTis eklesiisa <strong>da</strong>, rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos eklesiisTvisac<br />

imdenad saxifaTo iyo, rom misma warmomadgenelma, WeSmarit marTlmadideblobis<br />

wiaRSi <strong>da</strong>brunebuli seqtis wevrebisadmi mopyrobaze, savaraudoa, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

sapatriarqoTa mosazrebaTa gacnobisa <strong>da</strong> Sejerebis mizniT, imave mogzaurobis dros<br />

sxva (antioqiis, aleqsandriis, konstantinopolis) patriarqebic moinaxula. qarTulma<br />

eklesiam, amgvarad, yvela sapatriarqosa <strong>da</strong> romis papisadmi Tanabari yuradReba <strong>da</strong> pativiscema<br />

gamoxata im dros, rodesac qarTuli eklesiis somxur eklesiasTan <strong>da</strong>pirispireba<br />

ukve saxeze iyo. qarTuli eklesiis meTauris qristianuli eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelTa<br />

mimarT yuradRebisa <strong>da</strong> pativiscemis gamomJRavneba politikuri mosazrebiTac gamarTlebuli<br />

Cans. saWiro iyo maTTvis Cveneba imisa, rom e. w. aRmosavleTis eklesiis<br />

(nestorianelTa seqtis) winaaRmdeg brZola orTodoqsaluri qristianuli eklesiis saerTo<br />

saqme iyo. amgvari poziciis gamoxatvis survilma miiyvana qarTveli mociquli ierusalimSi<br />

(<strong>da</strong> sxva sapatriarqo qalaqebSi). misi bolo viziti un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo romSi<br />

papTan. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom papis werilSi mxolod ierusalimi imitomaa naxsenebi,<br />

rom am qalaqSi elCma, sxva nivTebTan erTad, kviron episkoposis mier papisaTvis<br />

gagzavnili werili <strong>da</strong>karga, magram miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa papma mociquls mainc mousmina, gaigo<br />

qarTveli kaTalikosis Txovna <strong>da</strong> pasuxi werilobiT gaugzavna kidec. masSi msjeloba<br />

mxolod Teologiur sakiTxebzea 2 .<br />

`856 weli... Zveli Cveulebis mimdevarma imperatorma miqaelma 3 romSi axal papTan 4<br />

elCoba gagzavna saCuqrebiT, xolo lazebis mefemac im RvTismosaobis gamo, romelic<br />

mociqulebriv sazRvramde aRwev<strong>da</strong>, saucxoo saCuqrebi gagzavna wm. petres saxelze” 5 . amonaridi<br />

sainteresoa imdenad ramdena<strong>da</strong>c bizantiis keisarTan erTad, afxazTa samefos<br />

(<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos) mefe demetre II, leon II-is Ze, marTalia keisris elCis xeliT<br />

(amitom ar aris aRniSnuli demetre mefis elCis Sesaxeb), magram mainc, saCuqrebs ugzavnis<br />

axla<strong>da</strong>rCeul romis paps. misi aseTi moqmedeba maCvenebelia im brZolis warmatebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>srulebisa, romelsac igi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi awarmoeb<strong>da</strong> bizantiis winaaRmdeg.<br />

imave dros isic Cans, rom demetre II-m Tavisi samefos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>marcxebul bizantielebTan imdenad kargi urTierToba aRadgina, rom keisari <strong>da</strong> qar-<br />

Tveli mefe erTad agzavnian saCuqrebs romSi. ar SemiZlia raime vTqva demetre II-is gansakuTrebul<br />

rwmenasa <strong>da</strong> pativiscemaze romis papisa <strong>da</strong> eklesiis mimarT, magram cxadia,<br />

rom igi romSi saCuqrebis gagzavniT Tavisi samefos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis demonstrirebasac<br />

axden<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso asparezze. albaT, axlad xel<strong>da</strong>sxmuli papebisa <strong>da</strong> patriarqebisaTvis<br />

milocva <strong>da</strong> saCuqrebis gagzavna, maT<strong>da</strong>mi Cveulebrivi yuradRebis gamovlineba<br />

iyo. mefeebi <strong>da</strong> didebulebi zogjer gamefebas ulocavdnen <strong>da</strong> saCuqrebsac ugzavnidnen<br />

maTTvis arasasurvel mefe-mTavrebsac ki.<br />

zemoTqmulis (saqarTvelos eklesia rom erTnair, miukerZoebel urTierTobaSi iyo<br />

yvela qristianul eklsiasTan) <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos IX saukunis didi qarTveli<br />

sasuliero moRvawis ilarion qarTvelis momlocveloba misi drois wmin<strong>da</strong> adgileb-<br />

Si. ilarionis mier molocvili adgilebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebodnen TavianTi ganumeorebeli<br />

siwmindeebiT, magram igi arc erT maTgans ar aniWebs upiratesobas.<br />

ilarionma pirvelad ierusalimi <strong>da</strong> palestinis siwmindeebi moiloca, sa<strong>da</strong>c Svidi<br />

weli <strong>da</strong>yo. igi palestini<strong>da</strong>n samSobloSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>. Semdeg xuTi weli konstantinopo-<br />

1 m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris (tfilisi, 1902), gv. 26.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 24-26.<br />

3 bizantiis keisari miqael III (842-867).<br />

4 papi benediqte III (855-858).<br />

5 i. tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa <strong>da</strong> wignsacavebSi, (<strong>XI</strong>II-XVI ss.) (Tbilisi, 1984), gv. 70. i. tabaRuas mier<br />

saeklesio analebi<strong>da</strong>n amoRebuli es cnoba m. papaSvilma ratomRac ga<strong>da</strong>akeTa: imperator miqaelis mier<br />

papTan elCis gagzavna gamostova <strong>da</strong> elCisa <strong>da</strong> saCuqrebis romSi gagzavna <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos mefe<br />

demetre II-s (825-861) miawera <strong>da</strong> igive cnoba Semdegnairad gadmosca: `856 wels lazebis mefem... saucxoo<br />

saCuqrebiT elCoba gaagzavna wmin<strong>da</strong> petres saxelze romis papTan”. amgvarad ga<strong>da</strong>keTebuli wyaro<strong>da</strong>n Sesabamisi<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvnac SemogvTavaza: `im RvTismosaobis gamo, romelsac maSindel iberiasa <strong>da</strong> egrisSi iCendnen<br />

romis papisadmi, qristianobisaTvis <strong>da</strong>ucxromlad mzrunvelma demetre II-m mokiTxvis mizniT saucxoo saCuqrebi<br />

gaugzavna romis pirvel mRvdelmTavars”. m. papaSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 65-66.<br />

84

lis <strong>da</strong> ori weli romis siwmindeebSi gaatara. ilarioni romi<strong>da</strong>n bizantiaSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> qalaq TesalonikSi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala. misi neSTi konstantinopolSi <strong>da</strong>krZales 1 .<br />

ilarionis momlocvelobi<strong>da</strong>n Cans IX saukunis qarTvelis pativiscema <strong>da</strong> mowiweba<br />

aRmosavleTis (siria-palestinis) siwmindeebisadmi, qarTvelTaTvis kargad cnobili Zveli<br />

<strong>da</strong> axali aRTqmis samyarosadmi. imave dros gamokveTilia ltolva axlad Camoyalibebuli<br />

religiuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri centrebisaken _ konstantinopolisa <strong>da</strong> romisaken.<br />

rogorc k. kekeliZe aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, `ilarioni TiTqmis pirveli qarTveli iyo, romelmac<br />

Tavis Tanamemamuleebs, maT Soris eqvTimesac (mTawmindeli _ e. m.), gza gaukafa <strong>da</strong>savle-<br />

Tisaken. ilarions ver akmayofileb<strong>da</strong> verc samSoblo <strong>da</strong> verc aRmosavleTi, amitom man<br />

ulumbo-konstantinopoli-Tesalonike-romiT <strong>da</strong>savleTs mimarTa, swored ase moiqca eqv-<br />

Timec: ulumbo-konstantinopol-aTonis gziT mas undo<strong>da</strong> romsac gascilebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> TviT<br />

ispaniaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuliyo” 2 .<br />

qarTveli saeklesio moRvaweni xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen, rom saqme ganxeTqilebisaken midio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

isini yovelTvis mianiSnebdnen, rom saqristianos <strong>da</strong> eklesiebis erTobis momxreni iyvnen.<br />

isini yvela eklesiisadmi pativiscemas a<strong>da</strong>sturebdnen. saqarTveloSi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />

ar iziarebdnen berZnebis mier or eklesias Soris arsebul ritualuri gansxvavebebis<br />

gazviadebas. sakiTxisadmi amgvar midgomas vxe<strong>da</strong>vT ganxeTqilebamde ramdenime<br />

wlis win, eqvTime grZeli ierusalimelisa <strong>da</strong> somxuri monastris SarmaSenis winamZ-<br />

Rvris paeqrobisas Rrtilas anu artanujis krebaze 1046 wels. rodesac sosTenma eqvTimes<br />

niSnis mogebiT hkiTxa: nuTu CemTan sapaeqrod ierusalimi<strong>da</strong>n moxvedio, eqvTimem miugo:<br />

`me ukuÀ piruÀlad moval wmidiT qalaqiT rusalimiT aRsadgomeliT uflisaT... <strong>da</strong><br />

mier antioqiiT <strong>da</strong> hromiT saydriT wmidisa petre mociqulTa TavisaT <strong>da</strong> merme aleqsandriiT...<br />

<strong>da</strong> merme konstantinopoliT... xolo Sen vina moxval ara uwyi, arganaÁT <strong>da</strong> SarmaSeniT<br />

moxuala <strong>da</strong> mogaqu wualeba nestorisa <strong>da</strong> severizisi” 3 .<br />

<strong>XI</strong> saukune gar<strong>da</strong>texis periodia <strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis imperiebis urTier-<br />

TobaSi. politikurma <strong>da</strong>pirispirebam Tavisi asaxva hpova qristianuli samyaros Sua saukuneebisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel religiur-ideologiur brZolaSi. am didi <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />

paralelurad aRmosavleTis eklesiaSi iyo `Si<strong>da</strong>” winaaRmdegobebi, romlebic saerTo<br />

suraTis aRqmas arTuleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

vidre saekleso ganxeTqilebas <strong>da</strong> mis mimarT qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas SevexebodeT,<br />

manamde mokled mainc un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas saqarTvelo-bizantiis politikur urTierTobaze<br />

<strong>XI</strong> s. pirvel naxevarSi. am periodSi seriozulad Seicvala ZalTa Tanafardoba maxlobel<br />

aRmosavleTSi. arabTa saxalofos nangrevebze aRmocenebuli muslimanuri saamiroebi<br />

bizantiisaTvis seriozul mowinaaRmdeges aRar warmoadgendnen. Secvlil viTarebaSi<br />

bizantiisaTvis saWiro aRar iyo Zlieri mokavSireebi saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> somxeTis<br />

saxiT <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>da</strong>susteba imperatoris karisaTvis sruliad misaRebi iyo. bizantiis xelisufleba<br />

mxars uWers saqarTveloSi arsebul separatistul Zalebs. es gax<strong>da</strong> mizezi<br />

gaZlierebis gzaze <strong>da</strong>mdgari saqarTvelos bizantiasTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebisa, rac SemdegSi<br />

imperiis pir<strong>da</strong>pir agresiaSi ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong>.<br />

e. w. didi saeklesio ganxeTqilebis win, saqarTvelo-bizantiis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis um-<br />

Tavresi mizezi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo qarTuli samefo karisa <strong>da</strong> eklesiis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli sagareo<br />

politika, mxaris ar <strong>da</strong>Wera antiromauli politikisadmi, romelsac erToblivad<br />

anxorcielebnen keisari <strong>da</strong> misi gavlenis qveS myofi sapatriarqoebi. am periodSi qar-<br />

Tuli eklesiis mtkice pozicias qalkedonuri mrwamsis <strong>da</strong> qristianuli eklesiis erTianobis,<br />

romlis burji romis eklesia un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo, <strong>da</strong>cva warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. is, rom romis<br />

eklesia TviTon gamodio<strong>da</strong> qristianuli eklesiis gamaerTianeblis pretenziiT <strong>da</strong><br />

nabij-nabij cdilob<strong>da</strong> amis miRwevas, axali ar iyo. am pretenzias kvebav<strong>da</strong> odindeli<br />

romis imperiis aRmosavleTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis istoriuli ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi,<br />

ramac V-VI saukuneebSi, rogorc al. Smemani aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, gamoiwvia `faqtobrivad urTierTgamomricxveli<br />

`eklesiologia~ _ ori swavleba eklesiis Sesaxeb. aq xazi un<strong>da</strong> ga-<br />

1 cxovrebaÁ <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobaÁ wmidisa <strong>da</strong> netarisa mamisa Cuenisa ilarion qarTvelisaÁ, Zveli qarTuli<br />

agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, II (<strong>XI</strong>-XV ss.), i. abulaZis re<strong>da</strong>qciiT (Tbilisi, 1967), gv. 9-37.<br />

2 k. kekeliZe, nawyveti qarTuli agiografiis istorii<strong>da</strong>n (cxovreba ilarion qarTvelisa), etiudebi Zveli<br />

qarTuli literaturis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, IV (Tbilisi, 1957), gv. 135.<br />

3 sakiTxavi suetisa cxovelisa, kuarTisa saufloÁsa <strong>da</strong> kaTolike eklesiisaÁ, m. sabinini, saqarTvelos<br />

samoTxe (sankt-peterburgi, 1882), gv. 95.<br />

85

vusvaT imas, rac aRmosavleTis bralis arss warmoadgens eklesiaTa ganyofaSi. kerZod,<br />

aRmosavleTis eklesiurma azrovnebam TiTqmis sruli ugrZnobloba gamoiCina am eklesiologiuri<br />

winaaRmdegobis mimarT, <strong>da</strong> papizmis zr<strong>da</strong>s ar mohyolia raime Tanmimdevruli<br />

reaqcia. msoflio krebebis periodSi romi Riad aRiarebs Teorias, romis episkoposis<br />

msoflio eklesiaze `Zalauflebis~ (Potestas) Sesaxeb... maSin, rodesac <strong>da</strong>savleTi gamokve-<br />

Tilad aviTareb<strong>da</strong> Tavis mimarTulebas, aRmosavleTs (<strong>XI</strong> saukunemde) arc erTxel ar<br />

gamouxatavs Tavisi uTanxmoeba raime cxad formebSi, <strong>da</strong> yovelTvis cdilob<strong>da</strong> mieCqmala<br />

problema bundovani <strong>da</strong> orazrovani frazebiT... efesosa <strong>da</strong> qalkedonis istorii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

marTlac SeiZleba im <strong>da</strong>skvnis gamotana, rom berZeni episkopati namdvilad aRiareb<strong>da</strong><br />

romis episkoposis gansakuTrebul prerogativebs... roca aRmosavleTis eklesias mTlianobaSi<br />

ganvixilavT, maSin, Cven <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, rom es simarTle ar aris~ 1 . al. Smemans moyavs<br />

a. kartaSevis sityvebi, rom aRmosavleTis eklesia ara mxolod droulad ar ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong><br />

`papobis dogmatis mzard mistikas~ <strong>da</strong> usityvod eTanxmebodnen papebis formularebs,<br />

romisadmi Tavisi `iuridiulad gauazrebeli apelaciebiT <strong>da</strong> gulubryvilo<br />

romofilobiT” xels uwyobdnen romaelTa Soris iluziis Camoyalibebas, `TiTqos berZnebi<br />

marTlac iziarebdnen papobis mistikis romaul gagebas~ 2 . aRmosavleTSi papizmis<br />

amgvari gagebis mizezi Zevs aRmosavleTis eklesiis romis imperiasTan gansakuTrebul<br />

kavSirSi, im imperiasTan, romelic konstantine didma qristianuli imperiis saxiT Seqmna<br />

<strong>da</strong> amis gamo, `romauli idea” gaziarebuli iqna, rogorc aRmosavleTSi ise <strong>da</strong>savle-<br />

TSi. <strong>da</strong>savleTis imperiis <strong>da</strong>ngrevis Semdeg `romaulma ideam” forma Seicvala <strong>da</strong> xeli<br />

Seuwyo papizmis ideis zr<strong>da</strong>s. rodesac aRmosavleTi faqtobrivad gamoeyo <strong>da</strong>savleTs,<br />

aRmosavleTSi ukve aRar esmo<strong>da</strong>T is dogmaturi azri, rasac papebi Tavis iurisdiqciul<br />

pretenziebSi debdnen, <strong>da</strong> `maT gulubryvilod egonaT, rom saqme hqon<strong>da</strong>T ubralo administraciul<br />

pirvelobasa <strong>da</strong> pativmoyvareobasTan... magram aRmosavleTis gagebiT, amgvari<br />

administraciuli sakiTxebi exebo<strong>da</strong> ara imdenad saeklesio, aramed saeklesio-saxelmwifo<br />

sferos” 3 .<br />

aRmosavleTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTi erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>Sordnen rogorc saxelmwifoebrivad ise<br />

eklesiurad. Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> ori samyaro, ori tradicia, ori saeklesio fsiqologia. saqme<br />

mivi<strong>da</strong> am gancalkevebis formalurad gaformebisaken. aRmosavleTs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTs erTmaneTisaTvis<br />

ar ecalaT. maT TavianT gavlenis sferoebSi mravali mosagvarebeli problema<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T. `Tu adreul eklesiaSi erToba moiazrebo<strong>da</strong>, uwinares yovlisa, rogorc<br />

erToba rwmenisa, siyvarulisa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebisa, <strong>da</strong>savleTisaTvis axla ukve mTeli problema<br />

erTaderT punqtamde <strong>da</strong>iyvanebo<strong>da</strong>: romisadmi morCileba, misi absoluturi primatis<br />

garegnuli aRiareba. bizantiis yovel Txovnas <strong>da</strong>xmarebis Sesaxeb romi pasuxob<strong>da</strong>:<br />

aRiareT papis Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> mTeli <strong>da</strong>savleTis samyaro Tqveni mokavSire gaxdeba. magram<br />

swored imis gamo, rom <strong>da</strong>savleTis sulieri centri romi gax<strong>da</strong>, amieri<strong>da</strong>n yovelTvis,<br />

roca bizantia islamis sul ufro magrad moWeril marwuxebSi ixrCoba, mas erTaderTi<br />

gza <strong>da</strong>rCenia _ mimarTos roms. <strong>da</strong> ai, axal-axali rgolebi emateba <strong>da</strong>usrulebeli<br />

molaparakebebis, kinklaobis, <strong>da</strong>pirebebis, tyuilebis samarcxvino jaWvs, romelSic<br />

aris yvelaferi, gar<strong>da</strong> umTavresisa: ar aris survili erTianobisa, qristes eklesiis<br />

WeSmariti aRvsebisa” 4 .<br />

is rac aRmosavleTis eklesiaze zoga<strong>da</strong>d iTqva, bunebrivia, qarTul eklesiazec<br />

vrceldebo<strong>da</strong>. papobisa Tu papizmisadmi mimarTebaSi tradicias didi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> igi garkveul istoriul viTarebaSi Tavs iCen<strong>da</strong> kidec, <strong>da</strong> misi interpretacia,<br />

qarTvelebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n, xdebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod sqizmamdeli pentarqiis (xuTi sapatriarqos<br />

erToba) saxiT, romelSic romis epikoposi iyo mxolod `pirveli TanasworTa<br />

Soris”.<br />

ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, monoliTuri ar iyo aRmosavleTis eklesia <strong>da</strong> xSirad winaaRmdegoba<br />

politikur-eklesiur interesTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobaSi vlindebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

saqarTvelo-bizantiis politikurma <strong>da</strong>pirispirebam gamoiwvia saeklesio urTierTobis<br />

garTulebac: <strong>da</strong>pirispirebulni aRmoCndnen qarTveli <strong>da</strong> bizantieli samRvdelonic. am ukanasknelT<br />

ganizraxes qarTvelTa gaZeveba imperiis teritoriaze arsebuli saxelganTqmuli<br />

1 al. Smemani, ganyofa, dialogi, #1(2) (Tbilisi, 2005), gv. 48.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 50.<br />

3 iqve, gv, 51.<br />

4 iqve, gv. 61-62.<br />

86

savaneebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> maTi qonebis <strong>da</strong>ufleba. <strong>da</strong>pirispirebam gansakuTrebiT axdilad iCina Tavi<br />

sazRvargareT arsebul iseT mniSvnelovan religiur-kulturuli centrebSi, rogoric iyo:<br />

iveriis monasteri aTonis mTaze (egeosis zRvis piras, qalkedonis naxevarkunZulze), Savi<br />

mTa (antioqiis maxloblad). berZnebma pivel rigSi ioane mTawmindelis <strong>da</strong> Tornike erisTavis<br />

mier <strong>da</strong>arsebul saxelganTqmul aTonis monasters Seuties 1019-1029 wlebSi <strong>da</strong> imas miaRwies,<br />

rom monastris winamZRvari giorgi varazvaCe ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebaSi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala (1029).<br />

berZnebma monasteri samjer gaZarcves, sapyrobileSi Casves imave monastris sxva winamZRvari<br />

arseni. imave dros Sav mTaze <strong>da</strong>iwyes qarTveli berebis Seviwroeba <strong>da</strong> cilis <strong>da</strong>wameba,<br />

TiTqos isini mwvaleblebi iyvnen. am ambebis momswre <strong>da</strong> mowame girgi mcire giorgi<br />

mTawmindelis biografiaSi wers, SuriT aRvsili svimeon-wmindis monastris berebi rogor<br />

upirebdnen qrTvelebs gaZevebas. am mizniT maT ganizraxes, `raÁTa wmi<strong>da</strong>sa amas <strong>da</strong> marTalsa<br />

sarwmunoebasa Cuensa biwi raÁme <strong>da</strong>swamon” 1 . qarTvelebisaTvis mwvaleblobis <strong>da</strong>bralebam<br />

imdenad seriozuli saxe miiRo, rom antioqiis axla<strong>da</strong>rCeulma patriarqma Tevdosius<br />

II-m (1075-1084) gamoZieba <strong>da</strong>niSna <strong>da</strong> berZnuli enisa <strong>da</strong> mwerlobis mcodne qarTvelis Tavis-<br />

Tan miyvana brZana. patriarqis winaSe warsdga giorgi aToneli (mTawmindeli), romelmac<br />

`iwyo warmoTqumad marTlisa sarwmunoebisa esreT, romel ganakÂrvna msmenelni, rameTu<br />

suli wmi<strong>da</strong>Á ityo<strong>da</strong> piriT misiT” 2 .<br />

berZenma berebma, <strong>da</strong>rwmundnen ra qarTvelebisaTvis mwvaleblobaSi bralis <strong>da</strong>debis<br />

ususurobaSi, axla Seteva sxva mxri<strong>da</strong>n wamoiwyes. maT eWvqveS <strong>da</strong>ayenes qarTuli eklesiis<br />

avtokefaluroba <strong>da</strong> antioqiis sapatriarqosadmi misi <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba ganizraxes,<br />

magram giorgi aTonelma amjera<strong>da</strong>c brwyinvaled <strong>da</strong>icva qarTuli eklesiis <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba.<br />

es mox<strong>da</strong> konstantinopolisa <strong>da</strong> romis eklesiebis ganxeTqilebi<strong>da</strong>n (1054) mcire<br />

xnis Semdeg, konkretulad ki – 1057 wels. rogorc Cans, aRmosavleTis sxva sapatriarqoebs<br />

(yovel SemTxvevaSi antioqiis sapatriarqos mainc) jer kidev ar aqvT gaziarebuli<br />

konstantinopolis pozicia (isini xom imperiis SemadgenlebaSi imyofebodnen) <strong>da</strong> isini<br />

jer kidev ar arian romTan gaTiSulni. aseTi mdgomareoba naTlad gamoCn<strong>da</strong>, maSin,<br />

rodesac antioqiis sapatriarqoSi SeimuSaves qarTuli eklesiaze antioqiis patriarqis<br />

gavlenis gavrcelebის programa 3 . Tu am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas SeewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />

saero <strong>da</strong> saeklesio xelisufleba, maSin `miuwero oTxTave patreaqTa saydris-modgmaTa<br />

CvenTa <strong>da</strong> vauwyoT TviTrCulobaÁ 4 <strong>da</strong> qedficxelobaÁ 5 naTesavisa TqvenisaÁ” 6 _ <strong>da</strong>emuqra<br />

patriarqi giorgi mTawmindels.<br />

sainteresoa, rom giorgi mTawmindelis antioqiis patriarqTan paeqrobisas <strong>da</strong> Semdeg<br />

konstantinopolSi konstantine X-sTan vizitis dros gamokveTilad Cans misi kritikuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba aRmosavleTis eklesiebis mimarT <strong>da</strong> upiratesobas aniWebs qar-<br />

Tul <strong>da</strong> romaul eklesiebs. sagulisxmoa, rom giorgi saqarTvelos saero <strong>da</strong> sasuliero<br />

xelisuflebis saerTo azris gamomxatveli iyo. man yuradReba gaamaxvila im garemoebaze,<br />

rom berZnul-bizantiurma eklesiam ga<strong>da</strong>uxvia Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvel qristologiur principebs,<br />

rac gamowveuli iyo am eklesiis wiaRSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mwvalebluri<br />

moZRvrebisa <strong>da</strong> moZraobis arsebobiT. Cven qarTvelebs ki _ ganucxa<strong>da</strong> man antioqiis<br />

patriarqs _ `vinaÁTgan erTi RmerTi gvicnobies, arRara uargviyofies. <strong>da</strong> arca odes<br />

wvalebisa mimarT midrekil ars naTesavi Cveni, <strong>da</strong> yovelTa uarismyofelTa <strong>da</strong> mwvalebelTa<br />

SevaCvenebT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vswyevT” 7 . mogvianebiT, amgvaradve Seafasa giorgi mTawmindelma<br />

romis eklesia konstantinopolSi, roca mas imperatorma sTxova or eklesias Soris arsebuli<br />

gansxvaveba <strong>da</strong> upiratesoba warmoeCina: `hoi mefeo, vinaÁTgan berZenTa Soris<br />

1 giorgi mcire, cxorebaÁ <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobaÁ wmidisa <strong>da</strong> netarisa mamisa Cuenisa giorgi mTawmindelisaÁ,<br />

Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, II (<strong>XI</strong>-XV ss.), i. abulaZis re<strong>da</strong>qciiT (Tbilisi,<br />

1967), gv. 149.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 150-151.<br />

3 e. mamisTvaliSvili, saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong> antioqiis eklesiebis urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, istoriani,<br />

samecniero krebuli miZRvnili roin metrevelis <strong>da</strong>badebis 70 wlisTavisadmi (Tbilisi, 2009), gv. 251-272.<br />

4 Tavneboba.<br />

5 <strong>da</strong>umorCilebloba.<br />

6 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, II (<strong>XI</strong>-XV ss.), i. abulaZis re<strong>da</strong>qciiT (Tbilisi, 1967),<br />

gv. 153.<br />

7 iqve, 154<br />

87

mravali wvalebaÁ <strong>da</strong> mravalgzis midrkes... xolo hromTa vinaÁTgan erTgzis icnes RmerTi,<br />

arRaraodes midrekil arian <strong>da</strong> arca odes wvalebaÁ Semosrul ars maT Soris” 1 .<br />

amgvarad, saqarTvelo-romis urTierTobis pirveli periodis amsaxveli werilobi-<br />

Ti wyaroebi gviCvenebs, rom qarTuli eklesia ibrZvis TviT<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisaTvis, cdilobs<br />

<strong>da</strong>icvas Tavisi erTguleba <strong>da</strong> siwminde qristianuli idealebisa <strong>da</strong> saeklesio ritualisadmi,<br />

iyos obieqturi Semfasebeli aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi arsebuli viTarebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> warmoaCinos Tavisi upiratesoba bizantiis imperiaSi arsebuli sxva eklesiebis mimarT.<br />

ar Cans marTlmadideblobisagan gandgomis survili; ar Cans, rom qarTuli eklesia<br />

aRiareb<strong>da</strong> romis eklesiaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul filioque-s, romis papis RvTis moadgileobas<br />

de<strong>da</strong>miwaze <strong>da</strong> mis ucodvelobas, an imas, rom qarTuli eklesia romis eklesiisadmi<br />

morCilebas <strong>da</strong> papis upiratesobas aRiareb<strong>da</strong>. qarTuli eklesia mxolod xazs usvam<strong>da</strong><br />

Tavis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas, rac pirvel rigSi romisa <strong>da</strong> bizantiis eklesiebSi arsebuli<br />

viTarebis obieqturi SefasebiT gamoxata.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />

1. a. bogveraZe, qarTlis politikuri <strong>da</strong> social-ekonomikuri ganviTareba IV-VIII saukuneebSi<br />

(Tbilisi, 1979)<br />

2. giorgi mcire, cxorebaÁ <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobaÁ wmidisa <strong>da</strong> netarisa mamisa Cuenisa giorgi<br />

mTawmindelisaÁ, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, II (<strong>XI</strong>-XV ss.),<br />

i. abulaZis re<strong>da</strong>qciiT (Tbilisi, 1967).<br />

3. m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris (tfilisi, 1902).<br />

4. k. kekeliZe, nawyveti qarTuli agiografiis istorii<strong>da</strong>n (cxovreba ilarion qarTvelisa),<br />

etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, IV (Tbilisi, 1957)<br />

5. S. lomsaZe, mixeil TamaraSvili <strong>da</strong> qarTveli kaTolikeni (Tbilisi, 1984)<br />

6. e. mamisTvaliSvili, saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong> antioqiis eklesiebis urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

istoriani, samecniero krebuli miZRvnili roin metrevelis <strong>da</strong>badebis 70 wlis-<br />

Tavisadmi (Tbilisi, 2009)<br />

7. m. papaSvili, saqarTvelo-romis urTierToba VI-XX ss. (Tbilisi, 1995).<br />

8. sakiTxavi suetisa cxovelisa, kuarTisa saufloÁsa <strong>da</strong> kaTolike eklesiisaÁ, m. sabinini,<br />

saqarTvelos samoTxe (sankt-peterburgi, 1882)<br />

9. i. tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa <strong>da</strong> wignsacavebSi (<strong>XI</strong>II-XVI ss.) (Tbilisi,<br />

1984)<br />

10. al. Smemani, ganyofa, dialogi, #1 (2) (Tbilisi, 2005)<br />

11. cxovrebaÁ <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobaÁ wmidisa <strong>da</strong> netarisa mamisa Cuenisa ilarion qarTvelisaÁ,<br />

Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, II (<strong>XI</strong>-XV ss.). i. abulaZis<br />

re<strong>da</strong>qciiT (Tbilisi, 1967)<br />

12. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, tomi I (Tbilisi, 1960).<br />

1 iqve, gv, 179.<br />

88

ELDAR MAMISTVALISHVILI<br />

Gori University<br />

RELATIONS BETWEEN THE CHURCHES OF GEORGIA AND ROME<br />

BEFORE THE GREAT DIVISION (IN 1054)<br />

Written resources represented the relationship of Georgia and Rome belonging to the first period prove that<br />

the Georgian church used to fight for its self_estabilshment, tried to defend its devotion and eternity towards<br />

Christian ideals and church services. Its aim was to be an objective valuer of the processes at the churches of East<br />

and to show its advantages comparing with the other churches united in Byzantian Empire. There is no sign of<br />

aparting from orthodoxy. Besides this they do not show that the Georgian church recognized filioqve which was set<br />

up in the church of Rome, sinless of Pope and his role as a deputy of God on the earth. There is no indication of<br />

the fact that the Georgian church either shared obedience of the Romanian church or recognized advantage of Pope;<br />

The Georgian church emphasized its independence towards other churches and this was expressed in the objective<br />

evaluation of those events existed at the church of Rome and Biyzantium.<br />

89

VAZHA KIKNADZE<br />

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,<br />

Ivane javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />

ANONYMOUS GEORGIAN HISTORIAN OF<br />

THE 14 TH C. ABOUT MONGOLS AND THEIR HISTORY<br />

The Georgian anonymous historian of the 14 th c. covers the events of 100 years, from the beginning of Lasha<br />

Giorgi's reign (13 th c.) to Giorgi V the Brilliant (14 th c.).<br />

The historian's style of narration is dynamic and exciting. While the authorship of the annals remains<br />

unknown, we believe the writer unveils himself when he describes execution of Demetrius II the Sacrificer in 1289.<br />

We assume the author must be Mose – priest 1 , mentioned in this narrative.<br />

The priest Mose or the author of “History” lived from about 1280s to 1330s. The Georgian annalist is a welleducated<br />

writer. Apart from his profound knowledge of the Bible, he shows familiarity with Greek and Roman<br />

literature and authors by quoting details from the story of Alexander the Great and etc. 2 Furthermore, he also uses<br />

Persian historical materials, such as History of the World Conqueror by Ata al-Mulk Juvayni and Collection of<br />

Annals by Rashid-ad-Din 3 .<br />

Georgian scholars believe that the annalist must also been familiar with Grigor Aknertsi`s work 4 . However,<br />

we think the coincidence between the texts is minimal, as in the case with History of Armenia authored by Kirakos<br />

of Gandzak 5 .<br />

The Georgian historian was not only well acquainted with the history of Mongols, but also spoke their<br />

language. Thus, he enumerates names of the 12 months in the Mongolian calen<strong>da</strong>r (Mouse, Cow, Cheetah, Rabbit,<br />

etc) 6 and quotes Mongolian phrases written down in Georgian alphabet, such as “Tengri metu kuarkurba, bugar<br />

metu builgaji” interpreting it as “roaring as god and fierce as a fighting camel”. 7 The writer was also familiar with<br />

the Mongol system of writing, saying: “The Mongols created a writing with few letters. They write using sixteen<br />

letters, which makes it easy to learn and comprehend” 8 .<br />

The historian describes in detail appearance, faith and traditions of the Mongol people. He enumerates twelve<br />

main Mongolian tribe the majority of which can be identified with certainty: Shakhir or Shakhair, Kind, Kiati,<br />

Jarair, Oirad, Shuldus, Nighim, Khongard, Manguth, Tanguth, Khiat, Uighur 9 .<br />

The Mongolian tribes corresponding to the list given by the Georgian writer must be as follows: first tribe<br />

must correspond with the tribe of Shakhirs or Shakiats – a branch of the Kereits. 10 Kind must correspond with the<br />

tribe of Khatakins, Khats – with Khati, Nighim – with Naimans, Khongards – with Khareits, Manguths – with<br />

Mangutrs, Tanguths – with Tarkhuds, Khiats – with Kiats. The remaining tribe names, such as Jalairs, Oirats,<br />

Suldus, Uighurs are clear and require no further interpretation.<br />

According to the Georgian historian Uighurs were pagan and worshipped an idol named Kujina. 11 This must<br />

represent the word denoting a 'shaman' – Kokechu in the Uighur language.<br />

It seems that the Georgian annalist describes appearance and behavior of the Mongols from his personal<br />

observations. He says that “a queer people appeared from the country of the rising sun, the country called Chin-<br />

Machin and place called Karakorum.” 12 These people are completely different from the others. According to the<br />

author, they do not know what bread is, but instead their main food is meat and milk of various animals.<br />

Description of their appearance by the Georgian historian is also peculiar: “Their eyes are slightly squinting and<br />

1 Kiknadze V., Georgia in the 14 th century (Tbilisi, 1989), 162-170 (In Georgian).<br />

2 Khaukhchishvili S., “Pirestell Oreste”, Studies on Bizantine Literature, vol.2 (Tbilisi, 1944), p. 159-165 (In Georgian).<br />

3 Kiknadze R., The Persian sources of Georgian Anonymous Historian, Caucasian-Oriental Essays, vol.2 (Tbilisi, 1962), p. 131 (In<br />

Georgian).<br />

4 Aknerci Gr., The History of Archer tribe, The Armenian text with Georgian translation and commentaries edited N. Shaishmelashvili<br />

(Tbilisi, 1961), p. 77.<br />

5 It should be mentioned that as Kirakos and Georgian Historian quotes, after the capturing Bag<strong>da</strong>d, caliph was murdered by Hulagu Khan<br />

and his son was murdered by Hulagu‟s son. See, Georgian Historian of 14 th century, History of Kartly, vol. 2 (Tbilisi, 1959), p. 232-234<br />

and Kirakos Gandzakeci, History of Armenia, Translated from Armenian into Russian and edited by L. Ckhanlarian (Moscow, 1976), p.<br />

229.<br />

6 Names of these animals sounds like: “Khalghandjil, Uqurjil, Farsindjil, Taglaindjil” and so on. See, Iv. Javakhishvili, The Ancient<br />

Georgian Literature, Selected works, vol. 8 (Tbilisi, 1977), p. 258-259, (In Georgian).<br />

7 Georgian Anonymous Historian of 14 th century, 100 years history, edited by Revaz Kiknadze (Tbilisi, 1987), p. 45 (In Georgian).<br />

8 Ibid, p. 44.<br />

9 Ibid, P. 46.<br />

10 Kiknadze R., The Persian sources, p. 140, Footnote #41.<br />

11 Ibid, p. 44, 46.<br />

12 Author means North China and Mongolia itself.<br />

90

gray, long extending and fairly narrow. Their head is big, covered with thick and black hair. They have flat<br />

foreheads and low noses so that their cheekbones are higher than the latter. They have small nostrils and similarly<br />

small lips. Their teeth are well-lined and white. They do not have hair on their bodies” 1 .<br />

Apart from the appearance the historian also describes their character and skills. He mentions that the<br />

Mongols are wonderful bowmen and that no armor could stand their arrows. They were also excellent riders as they<br />

were raised on horses as children. “These [the Mongols, V.K.] are surprising people. As you look at them you<br />

might think they are foolish, but in fact they are wise and reasonable. Moreover, they speak little, but there is no lie<br />

among them. They are not trying to cheat anyone, either an adult or a child” 2 .<br />

The annalist's story of how Genghis Khan came to the rule is also interesting and logically arranged and<br />

relates of Temuchin's career in a basically correct manner. He writes: “There was a man among their [the Mongols,<br />

V.K.] relatives [i.e. kin, V.K.], in the family of Khiat, called Temuchi 3 , who is same as Genghis Khan”; and gives a<br />

a very positive, to some – even superlative description of his character. Apart from general phrases we come across<br />

an interesting detail: the historian speaks about the color of Temuchin's hair and says they were reddish. Afterwards<br />

a brief story of Temuchin's career is related. He writes that Temuchin paid a visit to the person who was<br />

outstanding among the Mongols of that <strong>da</strong>y, referred to with the title of Khan. According to the Georgian historian,<br />

this person was Ong Khan 4 . It is indeed known that Temuchin's career start at the court of Vang Khan (same as<br />

Toghrul). Van (or Vang) Khan had received the Chinese title from the ruler of the Cin Dynasty. Temuchin was at<br />

first received with special attention and conferred special honors by becoming head of Ong Khan's army. However,<br />

he soon acquired enemies who persuaded Ong Khan to kill Temuchin who wanted to succeed him and receive the<br />

title of Khan. According to the Georgian historian, Temuchin only survived because Ong Khan's two servants,<br />

Kalek and Bad 5 informed him of the scheme. Temuchin and his family took all their possessions and fled. The<br />

historian further tells us that Ong Khan overtook them and a battle took place at a river called Baljun. According to<br />

a Persian historian, the battle indeed took place at the Baljune river 6 .<br />

The author then summarizes Genghis Khan's further successes and his victory of the Uighur King Sarchuk 7<br />

whose title, according to him, was Edikut. The historian says that the Uighurs' history is full of unbelievable and<br />

miraculous stories whose description he does not seem reasonable. 8 Then, he says, Temuchin became Genghis<br />

Khan, “conquered many Tatars (tribes) and Karkit” (which should probably be understood as the Kara-Khitai<br />

Kingdom in Central Asia).<br />

The Georgian text also contains the names of Genghis Khan's sons, saying that the father divided his land<br />

between them. According to the historian, the eldest son's name was Tushi (Tubi), but Georgians referred to him as<br />

Jochi 9 .<br />

It is quite peculiar that the Christian Georgian historian attempts to associate Genghis Khan's successes with<br />

the faith of Christ. He says that Genghis Khan had a vision of a miraculous man, Tesh-Tengri 10 who prophesied the<br />

rule of the Khan over the world. He also told him that he had to go to a high mountain called Balik. 11 Genghis Khan<br />

did go to the top of the mountain where he had a vision of Jesus Christ who gave him the law, the truth, or<strong>da</strong>ined<br />

him to prohibit lies and theft, etc 12 .<br />

There are several details in the episode that attract our attention. A certain Tesh-Tengri is also mentioned by<br />

Juvayni, Rashid-ad-Din and the s.c. “Secret History of the Mongols”. The name used by the Georgian author is<br />

closest to the name mentioned in the Mongolian text. It is also peculiar that the name of the mountain does not<br />

appear in the latter either, as well as association of Genghis Khan with Christ. It is certainly true that Armenian<br />

Grigor Aknertsi also tells us Genghis Khan was conveyed god's will through 'an angel with golden forehead 13 .<br />

However, the Georgian narrative is still quite different.<br />

Thus, we may conclude that in this particular case the Georgian author is familiar not only with Juvainy and<br />

Grigor Aknertsi, but also with the Secret History of Mongols, but his story contains exclusively original details.<br />

1 Georgian Anonymous Historian (Tbilisi, 1987), p. 44.<br />

2 Ibid, p. 44.<br />

3 Georgian Historiography shows that different form of name Themuchin “Themurchi” is named by Juvein, whos work is widely used by<br />

Georgian Historian. See, Kiknadze R., The Persian sourc… (Tbilisi, 1962), p. 139-140 (in Geogian).<br />

4 The Georgian Anonymous Historian (Tbilisi, 1987), p. 46-47.<br />

5 They are named as “Kishlik” and “Ba<strong>da</strong>i” or “Bade” in Oriental sources.<br />

6 Kiknadze R., The Persian source… p. 141.<br />

7 The name is little bit disfigured, it should be “Barchuk”.<br />

8 The Georgian Anonymous… (Tbilisi, 1987), p. 47.<br />

9 Ibid, p. 49.<br />

10 Georgian text disfigures this name: “Tebtun // Tegtun” “Guani-Guari” – it seems that it was transfigured from the sound of Georgian<br />

word, like “Tengri”, “Tegtun-Guari”. “Teb-Tengri” was the title of Mongolian shaman. See, Vladimirtzov B., “Teb-Tengri” in Mongolian<br />

writings, The References of Academy of Science of Russia (Moscow, 1924), p. 116-117 (In Russian).<br />

11 “Biliq” means city in Turkish.<br />

12 The Georgian Anonymous… p. 48.<br />

13 Gr. Aknerci, The History of Archer tribe… (Tbilisi, 1961), p. 6-7.<br />

91

The author's narrative of the Caucasian campaign of Genghis's two noyans, Jebe and Subutai is quite<br />

detailed. The name used for Jebe by the historian is the Turkish form Jama, however he also explains that<br />

Georgians called them Jebe and Subu<strong>da</strong>i 1 .<br />

Further the author describes conquest of Georgia and Southern Caucasus in the 1230`s by Chormaghan,<br />

Chaghata, Josur and Bicho Noyans, and informs us that Genghis Khan was succeeded in Karakorum first by Okotai<br />

(Oktai), then by Kuk (Guyuk) and lastly by Mangu (Mengu) 2 .<br />

The Georgian historian describes how the Mongols held the first census of the conquered people and<br />

imposed taxes, and then tells how the new Mongolian Kingdom – Hulagu Khan's Ulus was founded.<br />

The analyst mistakenly believes that Kubilai and Hulagu were Mangu Khan's sons. In fact all the three were<br />

brothers. According to the historian, Hulagu and Kublai first received the lands by division, which they wanted to<br />

conquer, namely Larger India went to Hulagu and the western area to Bagh<strong>da</strong>d and further to Egypt went to<br />

Kubilai. He then says that they later exchanged the lands to conquer, and that was how Hulagu (referred to as “Ulo”<br />

by the historian) 3 received Southern Caucasus. Hulagu appointed Elga Noyan of the Jalairs tribe at the head of his<br />

army. According to the historian, at that time the position was called Ulus Noyan, and in his times (i.e. in the 14 th<br />

c.) was referred to as Beglar-Beg 4 .<br />

Hulagu collected an army of 60,000 and arrived in Azerbaijan (current Southern Azerbaijan). Here he was<br />

met by Mongol Noyans (Ghormaghan, Josur, etc) and Georgian nobles. Hulagu conferred honorable titles and<br />

positions to all of them. The author mentions these positions in the Mongolian language and also gives the<br />

Georgian translation. E.g. Hulagu made some nobles “Ul<strong>da</strong>ch”, or the Khan's honorary guard or swordsman, others<br />

received the position of “Sukurch”, or an honorary bearer of an umbrella for the Khan. Some others became<br />

“Kubchachs”, meaning guards of the Khan's and other noblemen's clothes and shoes, etc. 5<br />

The historian further tells the history of Ilkhanate or the Mongolian Kingdom, describes the policy<br />

undertaken by each Ilkhan regarding Georgia and assesses actions of particular Noyans and military leaders.<br />

His severest assessments go to Arghun Khan as it was him who had Georgian King Demetrius II (1270-1289)<br />

executed. The same fate went to the Georgian King's relative Bugha Noyan whose son was married to the Georgian<br />

King's <strong>da</strong>ughter. 6 The historian further emphasizes that god punished Arghun Khan who became ill with a severe<br />

and untreatable disease. According to him, he was killed by the Noyans to relieve him from suffering on the same<br />

<strong>da</strong>te as Demetrius was executed (i.e. 12 March), while in fact Arghun died on 10 March and was buried on 12<br />

March (1291) 7 .<br />

Another Ilkhan that also stands out in the historian's assessments is Kazan (Gazan) Khan (1295-1304). He<br />

believes that in spite of Kazan becoming muslim he was a reasonable and fair ruler. 8 The analyst ascribes all the<br />

evils of the time and persecution of Christians to Kazan's Noyan Navruz: “This Navruz achieved great power and<br />

ruled the business (of the Khanate) neglecting the Khan's [i.e. Kazan's] opinion. He haited Christians and was ready<br />

to annihilate them and destroed all the churches in Tabriz and other cities” 9 .<br />

This is the context underlying the author's narrative of a Nestorian bishop's (in fact, he was a Patriarch) story.<br />

This interesting episode has not received adequate attention in Georgian and world historiography up-to-<strong>da</strong>te. The<br />

Georgian annalist writes: “[Navruz, V.K.] called the Bishop of Maragheh, Nestorian (there is a mistake in the text<br />

saying he was “Nasran”, V.K.) by origin and faith, who was a kind, virtuous and gracious man, honored by first<br />

Khans and recognized as the father of Khans. He was arrested (by Navruz), and gravely tortured and abused to<br />

make him reject his faith. But he opposed greatly and would patiently endure all that Mahmad (i.e. Muslims, V. K.)<br />

followers (would inflict on him). This is why he was punished by banishment as he was very old by age” 10 .<br />

This little episode contains very interesting information. It is clear that the Georgian historian tells us the<br />

story of Nestorian Patriarch Mar Yaballaha III (1245-1317). There is a Syrian source called the “Chronicle of mar<br />

Yaballaha the Third and rabban Sauma” that describes in detail to what the Georgian historian devotes one<br />

paragraph.<br />

The Syrian source tells that a Chinese Nestorian young man Markos travelled to the east with his companian<br />

Sauma and settled in the Ilkhanate's Iran. As already an old man he became a Patriarch of Nestorians in the city<br />

called Maragheh. The source also mentions that the Khans prior to Kazan, such as Abagha (1264-1282), Arghun<br />

(1284-1291) and Keghatu (1291-1295) honored him greatly and would often bestow rich gifts. Arghun who was<br />

1 The Georgian Anonymous… p. 50-51.<br />

2 Ibid, p. 79.<br />

3 The Georgian Anonymous… (Tbilisi, 1961), p. 102-103.<br />

4 Ibid, 103.<br />

5 Ibid, 104.<br />

6 Ibid, 179-183.<br />

7 Rashid ad Din, Collection of Annals, vol. III Translated in to Russian by A. Arends (Baku 1957), p. 127 (Russian and Persion text).<br />

8 The Georgian Anonymous… p. 50-51.<br />

9 Ibid, 193.<br />

10 Ibid, 193.<br />

92

much hated by the Georgian author even had Yahballaha baptized his child. This is how it becomes clear why the<br />

historian refers to him as the “father of Khans”. The Syrian text also tells that indeed “Navruz who was not afraid<br />

of God decided to destroy all churches. Patriarch Yahballaha was also arrested in his own cell and made to endure<br />

many sufferings. He was hung upside down, his mouth was filled with ash and he was forced to reject his faith.<br />

However, he endured all the tortures” 1 . The Patriarch ultimately had to survive by changing residence from house<br />

to house among his parish. This is what is meant by the Georgian historian mentioning exile of Maragheh‟s Bishop<br />

due to his old age.<br />

As for the referral of Yahballaha with the title of “Bishop” by the Georgian annalist, it is easy to explain: he,<br />

as an Orthodox priest, regarded Nestorians to be a sect, and did not recognize their leader as Patriarch.<br />

Thus, along with other foreign sources, the Georgian author is familiar with Syrian manuscript created in<br />

1317. We can even assume that he started to work on his chronicles after 131. 2 .<br />

Unfortunately, the Georgian text abruptly stops upon enthronement of George V the Brilliant in 1318.<br />

However, the remains of the text show that he intended to give a detailed narrative of George V's reign and end of<br />

the Mongolian yoke in Georgia.<br />

We can regard the work by the Georgian historian of the 14 th c. as one of the best Georgian pieces of<br />

Christian historical literature of the medieval age. The information it contains about the history of Mongols<br />

enriches and diversifies our knowledge of the nation and the epoch.<br />

LITERATURE<br />

1. Aknerci Gr. The History of Archer tribe, the Armenian text with Georgian transtation and commentaries edited<br />

by N. Shaismelashvili, Tbilisi 1961 (In Georgian).<br />

2. Gandzakeci Kirckas, History of Armenia, Translated from Armenian into Russian and edited by L. Khanlarian,<br />

Moskow 1976.<br />

3. Georgian Anonimous Historian of 14 th century, 100 years history, edited by Revaz Kiknadze Tbilisi, 1987 (In<br />

Georgian).<br />

4. Javakhishvili Iv. The Ancient Georgian literature, Selected works vol. 8 Tbilisi 1977 (In Georgian).<br />

5. Kiknadze R., The Persian sources of Georgian Anonimous Historian, Caucasian – Oriental Essays, vol. 2,<br />

Tbilisi 1962 (In Georgian).<br />

6. Kiknadze V., Georgia in the 14 th century, Tbilisi, 1989 (In Georgian).<br />

7. Kiknadze V., The Syrian Source of the Georgian Anonymous Historian of the 14 th century, Bulletin of the<br />

Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, 118 N3, Tbilisi 1985. (In Georgian).<br />

8. Khaukhchishvili S., “Pireste -Oreste” Studies on Bizantine literature, vol.2, Tbilisi 1944. (In Georgian).<br />

9. History of mar Iabalakha and rabban Sauma, translatet from old Syrian and edited by N. Pigulevskaia, Moskow<br />

1958 (In Russian).<br />

10. Rashid ad Din, Collection of annals, vol. III, Translated into Russian by a. Arends, Baku 1957.<br />

11. Vladimirtzov B., “Teb-Tengri” in Mongolian writings, The References of Academy of Science of Russia,<br />

Moskow 1924 (In Russian).<br />

1 History of Mar Iabalakha and rabban Sauma, Translated from old Syrian and edited by N. Pigulevskaya (Moscow, 1958), p. 58<br />

2 Kiknadze V., The Syrian source of the Georgian Anonymous Historian of the 14 th Century, Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the<br />

Georgian SSR, 118 #3 (Tbilisi, 1985), p. 650-652<br />

93

vaJa kiknaZe<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> instituti<br />

<strong>XI</strong>V saukunis qarTveli anonimi istorikosi<br />

monRolebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi istoriis Sesaxeb<br />

naSromSi ganxilulia <strong>XI</strong>V s-is qarTveli mematianis e.w. JamTaaRmwerlis cnobebi<br />

monRolebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi istoriis Sesaxeb.<br />

e.w. `aswlovani istorii<strong>da</strong>n~ aSkarad Cans, rom matianis qarTveli avtori monRolTa<br />

batonobis momswrea. man ara marto icis monRolTa istoria, aramed flobs<br />

monRolur enasac. igi monRolur enaze CamoTvlis maTi kalendris 12 Tves. TiToeuli<br />

maTgani romelime cxovelis saxels atareb<strong>da</strong>, amitom, qarTveli mematiane asaxelebs am<br />

cxovelTa saxelebs monRolur enaze. mematiane, aseve icnobs monRolTa <strong>da</strong>mwerlobas.<br />

mas aRniSnuli aqvs, rom monRolebi (TaTrebi) <strong>da</strong>mwerlobisaTvis 16 uiRurul aso-ni-<br />

Sans iyenebdnen, rac aadvilebs am <strong>da</strong>mwerlobis aTvisebas.<br />

qarTveli mematiane <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT aRwers monRolTa garegnobas, zne-Cveulebebs. igi<br />

asaxelebs agreTve, monRolTa ZiriTad tomebs; miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom tomebis saxelebi<br />

xSirad, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ gviandeli (XVII-XVIII s.s.) ga<strong>da</strong>mwerlebis mier, <strong>da</strong>maxinjebulia,<br />

mainc SesaZlebelia umravlesi maTganis identificireba. magaliTad: jalairebi,<br />

oiratebi, uiRurebi, yiatebi, qereitebi, sulduzebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

savaraudoa, rom JamTaaRmwereli icnobs monRolTa ZiriTad saistorio Tzxulebas<br />

`saidumlo istorias~, aseve, somxur (gr. aknerci, kirakos ganZakeci), sparsul (juveini,<br />

raSid ad dini) <strong>da</strong> rac gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, siriul wyaros (`mar iabalaxasa <strong>da</strong><br />

raban saumas istoria~). aRsaniSnavia, rom es ukanaskneli mxolod Cvens mier iqna gamovlenili,<br />

rogorc JamTaaRmwerlis ucnobi wyaro.<br />

JamTaaRmwereli sando <strong>da</strong> originaluri, Rrmad ganswavluli <strong>da</strong> morwmune mematianea.<br />

igi mtris <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebis drosac ki icavs zomierebasa <strong>da</strong> obieqturobas. misi cnobebi<br />

monRolebis Sesaxeb unikaluria <strong>da</strong> avsebs Cvens warmodgenas Cingis xanisa <strong>da</strong> hulagu<br />

xanis imperiebis Sesaxeb.<br />

94

ciala RvaberiZe<br />

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi<br />

vaxtang III-is gamefebis TariRisaTvis<br />

vaxtang III-is gamefebis TariRis Sesaxeb qarTul istoriografiaSi azrTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobaa.<br />

vaxuSti batoniSvili vaxtang III-is gamefebis TariRad 1301 wels asaxelebs 1 .<br />

JamTaaRmwerlis istoriaSi TariRebi ar aris, magram, rogorc Cans, am saistorio Txzulebis<br />

Txrobis Tanmimdevrobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, iv. javaxiSvilma vaxtang III-is gamefebis<br />

TariRad 1302 weli miiRo 2 . a. cagareli misi mefobis TariRad sdebs 1301-1307 ww. 3 b. silagaZis<br />

azriT, vaxtang III-is gamefeba 1299 wels un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo, radgan cnobilia,<br />

rom misi gamefebiT Sewy<strong>da</strong> giorgi V-is mefobis I periodi 4 .<br />

jer kidev eqvsi aTeuli wlis winaT, numizmatikur monacemebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, T.<br />

lomourma vaxtang III-is gamefeba oTxi wliT ukan ga<strong>da</strong>swia. mkvlevaris azriT, vaxtang<br />

III-is gamefebis TariRad miRebuli 1302 weli, ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> misi saxeliT moWril<br />

vercxlis fuls, romelic h. 698 wliT, anu 1298-1299 wlebiTaa <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli 5 . T. lomouris<br />

mtkicebiT, numizmatikuri masalis monacemebs qarTuli saistorio wyaroebic a<strong>da</strong>sturebs.<br />

avtori gulisxmobs JamTaaRmwerlis cnobas vaxtang III-is monawileobis Sesaxeb<br />

yazan yaenis (1295-1304) mier egviptis winaaRmdeg laSqrobebSi 1299-1303 ww. 6<br />

j. odiSelma gaiziara T. lomouris es mosazreba vaxtang III-is 1298-1299 ww. gamefebis<br />

Sesaxeb. misi azriT, giorgi V brwyinvalis TbilisSi gamefebis TariRi 1299 w. zustad<br />

ver CaiTvleba <strong>da</strong> vaxtang III-is gamefebis TariRze win un<strong>da</strong> iqnas ga<strong>da</strong>tanili. j.<br />

odiSeli am varauds gamoTqvams JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebis gviani Canamatis safuZvelze,<br />

romlis mixedviTac, yazan yaenma giorgi V-es mefoba, vaxtang III-ze uwin misca 7 . i.<br />

sixaruliZis azriT, vaxtang III-is gamefeba 1297 wlis miwurulSi un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo 8 .<br />

mkvlevari eyrdnoba JamTaaRmwerlis Txrobas 9 <strong>da</strong> raSid ad-dinis saistorio Txzulebas,<br />

`istoriaTa krebuli~. 10 d. niniZis azriT, savsebiT sarwmuno Cans vaxtang III-is gamefebis<br />

aRniSvna 1297/1298 ww. mijnaze. 11<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad azrTa aseTi sxvaobisa, dReisaTvis vaxtang III-is gamefebis TariRi 1302<br />

weli <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebulia samecniero Tu saswavlo literaturaSi. Cven faqtobrivi numizmatikuri<br />

masalisa <strong>da</strong> saistorio wyaroebis urTierTSejerebis safuZvelze migvaCnia, rom<br />

vaxtang III aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefea 1297 wels.<br />

vaxtang III-is gamefebis TariRis zustad <strong>da</strong>dgenaSi <strong>da</strong>gvexmareba am drois numizmatikuri<br />

masalis analizi.<br />

vidre uSualod vaxtang III-is saxeliT gamoSvebul fuls SevexebodeT, saWirod migvaCnia<br />

mokled mimovixiloT am periodSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli samoneto emisiis sakiTxi.<br />

<strong>XI</strong>II s-is pirvel naxevarSi monRolebma msoflioSi udidesi saxelmwifo Seqmnes. am<br />

saukunis 30-iani wlebis miwuruls maT saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>ipyres <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivad gabatondnen<br />

aq. <strong>XI</strong>II s-is I naxevarSi erTiani monRolTa imperia <strong>da</strong>iSala. <strong>XI</strong>II s-is 60-ian ww-Si<br />

ki, hulagu xanma (1256-1265) Seqmna monRolTa imperiis V ulusi, e. w. ilxanTa saxelmwifo.<br />

igi moicav<strong>da</strong> mTels iransa <strong>da</strong> dRevandeli avRaneTis teritorias, azerbaijans, er-<br />

1 batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi IV, teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili<br />

yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi, 1973), gv. 244.<br />

2 Джалагания И., Из истории монетного дела в Грузии <strong>XI</strong>II века (Тбилиси, 1958), стр. 255-256.<br />

3 Цагарели А., Памятники грузинской старины на св. Земле и на Синае, IV, вып. I (Тбилиси, 1888), стр. 53.<br />

4 b. silagaZe, masalebi saqarTvelo-egviptis urTierTobis <strong>istoriisa</strong>Tvis, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, II (Tbilisi,<br />

1968), gv. 92.<br />

5 T. lomouri, <strong>da</strong>viT VIII-is <strong>da</strong> vaxtang III-is fulebi, saqarTvelos sax. muzeumis moambe, XV- BB(Tbilisi, 1948), gv. 75.<br />

6 iqve, gv. 77.<br />

7 j. odiSeli, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos politikuri istorii<strong>da</strong>n (<strong>XI</strong>V-XVI ss), istoriul-publicisturi narkvevebi<br />

(Tbilisi, 2010), gv. 166.<br />

8 i. sixaruliZe, qarTveli xalxis brZola <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis <strong>XI</strong>II-<strong>XI</strong>V ss. (Tbilisi, 1967), gv. 161.<br />

9 JamTaaRmwereli, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi II, teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.<br />

yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi, 1959), gv. 302.<br />

10 Рашид-ад-дин, Сборник летописей, III (Москва-Ленинград, 1956), стр. 178.<br />

11 d. niniZe, `provinciis mefeebi~ <strong>XI</strong>V-XV ss. saqarTveloSi (bagrationTa sagvareulo istorii<strong>da</strong>n) (Tbilisi,<br />

1995), gv. 31.<br />

95

ays, aransa <strong>da</strong> Sirvans, qurTistans, jezires <strong>da</strong> mcire aziis <strong>da</strong>svleT nawils. ilxanebis<br />

vasalebad iTvlebodnen: saqarTvelo, trapizonis samefo, koniis _ rumis selCukTa sasulTno,<br />

kilikia <strong>da</strong> kviprosis samefo. samxreTSi iranis teritoriaze axlad Camoyalibebulma<br />

ilxanTa saxelmwifom, azerbaijani (dRevandeli samxreT azerbaijani) Tavis<br />

politikur-administraciul centrad aqcia.<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>pyrobis Semdeg, monRolebma sakuTar samoneto sistemas, aq arsebuli<br />

fuladi-woniTi sistemiT <strong>da</strong>dgenili dirhemis wona <strong>da</strong>udes safuZvlad, romelic <strong>XI</strong>II<br />

s-Si oTxi <strong>da</strong>ngis 1 wonis Semcveli erTeuli iyo. ilxanTa saxelmwifos warmoqmnis Semdeg<br />

monRolebma miiRes ra igi, amave sistemiT agrZeleben samoneto emisias maT qveSevrdom<br />

saxelmwifoebSi. e. i. erTi dirhemi, igive drama iwoni<strong>da</strong> 4 <strong>da</strong>ngs.<br />

Tbilisis zarafxanaSi gamoSvebul fulze <strong>XI</strong>II s-is 80-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n pirvalad<br />

Cndeba iranis ilxanis saxeli. monetis Subli Seicavs uiRurul zedwerils, zurgze ki<br />

moTavsebulia qristianuli locva arabulad <strong>da</strong> jvris gamosaxuleba. muslimur sarwmunoebriv<br />

simbolos qarTvelebi upirispireben qristianul locvas, romelic mkafiod ganirCeva<br />

monRolebis mier gamoSvebul sinqronuli ucxo sxva monetebisagan. am monetebs<br />

qarTul-hulaguidur dramebs uwodeben, romelic, rogorc aRvniSneT, iWrebo<strong>da</strong> arabuli<br />

fuladi-woniTi sistemiT. aseTi saxis gamodio<strong>da</strong> qarTul-hulaguiduri dramebi vaxtang<br />

II-is mefobisa (1289-1292) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT VIII-is (1293-1311) mefobis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi.<br />

1296 wels ilxanTa iranSi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> samoneto reforma, romelic yazan yaenis<br />

reformis saxeliTaa cobili. SemoRebul iqna axali samoneto sistema, romelsac safuZvlad<br />

<strong>da</strong>edo varcxlis dirhemi. dirhemis woniTi stan<strong>da</strong>rti ganisaxRvra naxevari misxliT<br />

<strong>da</strong> udri<strong>da</strong> sam <strong>da</strong>ngs _ e. i. Semcir<strong>da</strong> erTi <strong>da</strong>ngiT (1/4-iT). am ZiriTad erTeulze <strong>da</strong>myarebiT<br />

ilxanTa samflobeloSi uSvebdnen vercxlis monetebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nominals: naxevar<br />

dirhems, dirhems, orian dirhems <strong>da</strong> eqvsian dirhems anu dinars. yazan yaenis mier gatarebuli<br />

fuladi reforma savaldebulo iyo ilxanTa iranSi Semavali yvela qveynisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>, maT Soris, saqarTvelos samefosaTvis, romelic ilxanTa vasalad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

yazan yaenis fuladi reformiT <strong>da</strong>kanonebuli dirhemis wona <strong>da</strong>edo safuZvlad saqarTvelos<br />

zarafxanebSi (Tbilisi, axalcixe, yaraRaji, anisi) moWril vercxlis monetebsac,<br />

romlis emisia Tbilisis zarafxanaSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo mxolod 1298 wli<strong>da</strong>n, cnobilia,<br />

rom monetebi yvelaze kargad asaxaven qveyanaSi Seqmnil socialur-ekonomikursa <strong>da</strong> politikur<br />

viTarebas. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad 1296 wlis yazanis fulis reformisa, am wels Cndeba<br />

sruliad axali tipis (saxis) dirhemebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefeebis saxeliTa <strong>da</strong><br />

qarTuli legendebiT. 1296 wli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>viT VIII-is (1293-1311), xolo Semdeg 1297 wels vaxtang<br />

III-is (1297-1308) saxeliT. es fuli saqarTveloSi yazan yaenis samoneto reformamde<br />

arsebuli fuladi-woniTi sistemiT moWrili monetebia (e. i. 4 <strong>da</strong>ngis wonis).<br />

vaxtang III-is dirhemebze moTavsebulia qristianuli locva arabulad: `saxeliTa<br />

mamisa, Zisa <strong>da</strong> sulisa wmidisa, RmerTisa erTisa.~ Semoklebuli asomTavruli warwera<br />

monograma, romelic gvauwyebs mefis saxelsa <strong>da</strong> tituls: `vaxtang mefe~, qristianuli<br />

emblema _ jvari, TariRi hijriT 697 weli (1297/98).<br />

imisaTvis, rom gairkves sakiTxi, saWirod migvaCnia mokled mimovixiloT is istoriuli<br />

garemo, ramac gamoiwvia yazan yaenis fuladi reformis Semdeg (1296 w.), reformiT<br />

gaTvaliswinebuli unificirebuli dirhemis nacvlad, qarTvel mefeTa saxeliT <strong>da</strong>qaragmebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> adre arsebuli samoneto sistemiT monetebis emisia Tbilisis zarafxanaSi<br />

jer h. 696 w (1296/97) <strong>da</strong>viT VIII-is saxeliT, xilo Semdeg h. 697 (1297/98) vaxtang IIIis<br />

sxeliT.<br />

<strong>XI</strong>II s-is <strong>da</strong>mlevs sqarTveloSi mdgomareoba ukiduresad <strong>da</strong>iZaba. 1293 w. qeiRaTu xanma<br />

(1291-1295) saqarTvelos aRmosavleT nawilSi mefed <strong>da</strong>amtkica <strong>da</strong>viT demetres-Ze. 1295<br />

w. sailxanoSi <strong>da</strong>wyebuli anarqia <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ilxanis taxti brZoliT <strong>da</strong>imkvidra yazan<br />

yaenma, romelic eWvob<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>da</strong>viT mefe mis mowinaaRmdegeebs TanaugrZnob<strong>da</strong>. yazan<br />

yaensa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT VIII-es Soris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba gamwvav<strong>da</strong>. yazanma <strong>da</strong>viTi urdoSi ixmo,<br />

mefe ar eaxla yaens, feo<strong>da</strong>lTaA erT nawilTan erTad aujany<strong>da</strong> mas, mTaSi gaixizna, JinvanSi<br />

siba Sekra <strong>da</strong> molaparakeba <strong>da</strong>iwyo monRolTa CrdiloeTis ulusis, oqros urdos<br />

yaenTan. ajanyebuli mefe ilxanTa yaenisaTvis mravalmxriv saSiSi gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1 <strong>da</strong>ngi _ fulisa <strong>da</strong> wonis erTeuli iyo axlo <strong>da</strong> Sua aRmosavleTis qveynebsa <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi, Sua saukuneebSi.<br />

qarTul woniT sistemaSi <strong>da</strong>ngi udri<strong>da</strong> dramis, igive dirhemis meoTxeds an misxlis 1/6 nawils<br />

<strong>da</strong> iwoni<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 0,71 grams.<br />

96

yazan yaeni, iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> ra saqarTvelos strategiul mniSvnelobas iranisaTvis,<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT VIII-is winaSe garkveul <strong>da</strong>Tmobaze wavi<strong>da</strong>. kompromisis maCvenebelia is, rom<br />

mas misca ufleba samoneto emisiisa sakuTari saxeliT h. 696 wels. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad yazan yaenis<br />

fuladi reformisa, Tbilisis zarafxana <strong>da</strong>viT VIII-is saxeliT h. 696 w. agrZelebs<br />

qarTul-hulaguiduri sistemiT vercxlis monetebis emisias qarTuli legendebiT. <strong>da</strong>viT<br />

VIII-is saxeliT fuli gamodis mxolod h. 696 wels. 1<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT VIII-sa <strong>da</strong> yazan yaens Soris isev gamwvav<strong>da</strong> urTierToba. yazanma cnoba mii-<br />

Ro, rom <strong>da</strong>viT mefe oqros urdosTan kvlav abams kavSirs <strong>da</strong> ilxanebis winaaRmdeg omisken<br />

mouwodebs. <strong>da</strong>viTi `ukudga Jinvans.~ 2 amas SinaaSlilobac mohyva. rogorc es <strong>da</strong>dgenili<br />

aqvs iv. javaxiSvils, <strong>da</strong>viT mefis `ukudgomam~ yazan yaenisagan gamoiwvia vaxtangis<br />

gamefeba. 3 mecnieris gamokvleviT, am ambavis TariRi Cvens istorikoss (`JamTaaRmwerels~,<br />

c. R.) <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli ara aqvs, magram navrozis sikvdilis, anu 1297 wlis 24 maisis<br />

Semdgom aqvs nagulisxmevi. moTxrobis mimdinareobis mixedviT <strong>da</strong> sparsuli wyaroebiTac<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT mefis ukudgoma marTlac 7 noembers, 1297 wels momx<strong>da</strong>ra. 4<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT VIII-is gandgoma yaenisagan <strong>da</strong>culia agreTve yazan yaenis pirveli veziris<br />

fazullah raSid-ad-dinis saistorio TxzulebaSi (`istoriaTa krebuli~). raSid-ad-dinis<br />

cnobiT, gandgoma yaenisagan 1297 wlis noembris axlo xanebSi mox<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>viTis gandgoma<br />

baqos sazamTro rezidenciisaken mimaval ilxans gzaSi Seutyvia. ajanyebis aRmosafxvrelad<br />

yazan yaenma maSinve afrina saqarTvelosken xutluSa noini, romelic ufliswul<br />

vaxtangis TanxlebiT maleve <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>. rogorc Cans, noinma ufliswulTan gamonaxa<br />

saerTo ena <strong>da</strong> gamefebis <strong>da</strong>pirebiT ilxanTan miiyvana. yazanma mefobac uboZa vaxtangs<br />

<strong>da</strong> uxva<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>asaCuqra. didi wyaloba miago xutluSasac <strong>da</strong> orive swrafad gamoistumra<br />

saqarTveloSi. 5<br />

igive ambavs JamTaaaRmwerelic mogviTxrobs, yazan yaenma gasamefeblad warmogzavnil<br />

vaxtang III saqarTveloSi `...warmoatana xutlubuRa noini spiTa uZlieresiTa <strong>da</strong> movi<strong>da</strong><br />

tfiliss <strong>da</strong> mun Semoipirnes yovelni TaTarni <strong>da</strong> qarTvelni, <strong>da</strong> samcxis batonis<br />

beqas Svili sargis spasalari, taoelni, Torelni, Tmoguelni <strong>da</strong> somxiTarni.~ 6<br />

bunebrivia, amasTan erTad Sewy<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT VIII-is vercxlis fulis gamoSveba, romlis<br />

emisiac cnobilia mxolod erTi TariRiT hijris 696 weli.<br />

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic sparsul <strong>da</strong> qarTul wyaroebs SemounaxavT, vaxtangis<br />

mefed kurTxeva imave wlis (e. i. 1297) miwurulamde un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo. amas a<strong>da</strong>sturebs<br />

vaxtang III-is h. 697 w. moWrili vercxlis fuli. Tbilisis zarafxana h. 697 w.<br />

kvlav agrZelebs qarTul-hulaguiduri sistemiT (4 <strong>da</strong>ngis wonis) vercxlis monetebis<br />

emisias, vaxtang III-is saxeliT <strong>da</strong> qartuli legendebiT. Tbilisur dirhemebze isev qristianuli<br />

locvaa arabul enaze amotvifruli.<br />

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom T. lomouri vaxtang III-is vercxlis monetebis moWris<br />

TariRad miiCnevs h. 698 <strong>da</strong> h. 699 (1298-1300 ww.). cnobilia, rom h. 698 w. Tbilisis zarafxana<br />

iwyebs yazan yaenis fuladi reformiT <strong>da</strong>dgenili unificirebuli dirhemebis gamo-<br />

Svebas. T. lomouris azriT, h. 699 w. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi kvlav gamodis vaxtang<br />

III-is saxeliT qarTul-hulaguiduri sistemiT moWrili dirhemebi. Tbilisis zarafxana<br />

ki, amave wels agrZelebs yazan yaenis unificirebuli dirhemebis emisias. gamodis, rom<br />

h. 698-699 ww. Tbilisis zarafxana ori gansxvavebuli fuladi-woniTi sistemiT awarmoebs<br />

samoneto emisias (4 <strong>da</strong>ngis <strong>da</strong> 3 <strong>da</strong>ngis wonis dirhemebs). es ki yazan yaenis fuladi<br />

reformis uxeSi <strong>da</strong>rRvevaa, rac mkacrad ikrZalebo<strong>da</strong> kanonmdeblobiT ilxanTa iranSi<br />

Semaval saxelmwifoebSi.<br />

vfiqrobT, rom ilxanTa iranSi Cataebul fuladi reformis <strong>da</strong>rRveva saqarTvelo-<br />

Si ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra. am Seusabamobas ki, Semdegi garemoebiT vxsniT. vaxtang III-is dirhemebze<br />

arabuli <strong>da</strong>mwerlobiT Sesrulebuli TariRis h. 699 wlis Semadgeneli erTeulis aRmni-<br />

Svneli ricxvebis cxrisa <strong>da</strong> Svidis gamomxatveli sityvebis grafikuli moxazuloba gaxmovanebis<br />

gareSe arabulad erTnairia. radgan monetaze gaxmovanebis niSnebi ar <strong>da</strong>is-<br />

1 Джалагания И., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi.<br />

2 JamTaaRmwereli, aswlovani istoria .., gv. 302.<br />

3 iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, wigni III (Tbilisi, 1949), gv. 248.<br />

4 iqve, gv. 248.<br />

5 Рашид-ад-дин, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 178.<br />

6 JamTaaRmwereli, aswlovani istoria .., gv. 308.<br />

97

mis, amokiTxva SeiZleba moxdes orivenairad. arabuli <strong>da</strong>mwerlobiT Sesrulebuli TariRis<br />

h. 699 wlis Semadgeneli erTeulis aRmniSvneli sityva `cxras~ arabulad Semdegi<br />

moxazuloba aqvs _ " ". msgavsia agreTve arabuli <strong>da</strong>mwerlobiT Sesrulebuli sityva<br />

`Svidis~ grafikuli moxazuloba _ " ." amrigad, Svidi <strong>da</strong> cxra ricxvebis gamomxatveli<br />

sityvebis grafikuli moxazuloba gaxmovanebis gareSe erTnairia <strong>da</strong> maTi amokiTxva<br />

SeiZleba moxdes orivenairad 697 <strong>da</strong> 699 ww.<br />

rodesac T. lomourma vaxtang III-is monetaze h. 699 weli amoikiTxa, mecnierebisaTvis<br />

ar iyo cnobili axali TariRebi. Tbilisis xarafxanaSi gamoSvebuli yaxan yaenis unificirebuli<br />

dirhemis uadres TariRad h. 699 w. iyo miRebuli. 1 amdenad, vaxtang III-is h. 697 wels<br />

wels gamoSvebuli dirhemis h. 699 wliT amokiTxva Secdomad ar CaiTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. momdevno<br />

wlebSi axali aRmoCenebis saSualebiT <strong>da</strong>zust<strong>da</strong> TariRebi. yazan yaenis saxeliT Tbilisis<br />

zarafxanaSi gamoSvebuli unificirebuli dirhemebis uadresi TariRia h. 698 weli.<br />

faqtobriv masalaze muSaobis dros Tbilisur monetebze h. 698 welze adreuli TariRi ar<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. migvaCnia, rom T. lomouris mier vaxtang III-is dirhemebis TariRis h. 699 wliT<br />

wakiTxvaSi koreqtivi un<strong>da</strong> iqnes Setanili. Seusabamoa is faqti, rom Tbilisis zarafxanas<br />

erTdroulad ewarmoebina h. 699 w. vaxtang III-is qarTul-hulaguiduri sistemiT gamo-<br />

Svebuli 4 <strong>da</strong>ngis wonis, xolo yazan yaenis unificirebuli 3 <strong>da</strong>ngis wonis dirhemi. es<br />

monetebi ganekuTvnebian ori gansxvavebuli samoneto sistemiT gamoSvebul fuls, rac<br />

SeuZlebels xdis maT erTdroul emisias Tbilisis zarafxanaSi.<br />

vaxtang III-is saxeliT qarTul-hulaguiduri sistemiT moWrili vercxlis fuli gamodio<strong>da</strong><br />

h. 697 w. (1297/1298). monetaze aRbeWdili TariRis mixedviT, vaxtang III taxtze<br />

Cans 1297 wels <strong>da</strong> igi am droi<strong>da</strong>n axorcielebs samoneto regalias. vaxtang III-is dramebiT<br />

mTavrdeba mcire periodi erovnuli fulis Wedvisa saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> 1298 wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Tbilisis zarafxana iwyebs axali samoneto sistemiT, muslimuri religiuri zedwerilebiT<br />

unificirebuli dirhemebis gamoSvebas.<br />

amrigad, numizmatikuri masalis analizi gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom myarad vivaraudoT<br />

_ vaxtang III 1297 wels ukve saqarTvelos mefea.<br />

سبع<br />

تسع<br />

1 Пахомов Е., Монеты Грузии (Тбилиси, 1950), стр. 117.<br />

98

<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />

1. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi IV,<br />

teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi,<br />

1973).<br />

2. b. silagaZe, masalebi saqarTvelo-egviptis urTierTobis <strong>istoriisa</strong>Tvis, qarTuli<br />

wyaroTmcodneoba, II (Tbilisi, 1968).<br />

3. d. kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika (Tbilisi, 1969).<br />

4. d. niniZe, `provinciis mefeebi~ <strong>XI</strong>V-XV ss. saqarTveloSi (bagrationTa sagvareulo<br />

istorii<strong>da</strong>n) (Tbilisi, 1995).<br />

5. T. lomouri, <strong>da</strong>viT VIII-is <strong>da</strong> vaxtang III-is fulebi, saqarTvelos sax. muzeumis moambe,<br />

XV-B (Tbilisi, 1948).<br />

6. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, wigni III (Tbilisi, 1949).<br />

7. i. sixaruliZe, qarTveli xalxis brZola <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis <strong>XI</strong>II-<strong>XI</strong>V ss. (Tbilisi, 1967).<br />

8. JamTaaRmwereli, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi II, teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili yvela ZiriTadi<br />

xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi, 1959).<br />

9. c. RvaberiZe, saqarTvelos urTierToba ilxanTa iranTan <strong>da</strong> jelairTa saxelmwifos-<br />

Tan (Tbilisi, 1986).<br />

10. j. odiSeli, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos politikuri istorii<strong>da</strong>n (<strong>XI</strong>V-XVI ss), istoriul-publicisturi<br />

narkvevebi (Tbilisi, 2010).<br />

11. Джалагания И., Из истории монетного дела в Грузии <strong>XI</strong>II века (Тбилиси, 1958).<br />

12. Пахомов Е., Монеты Грузии (Тбилиси, 1950).<br />

13. Рашид-ад-дин, Сборник летописей, III (Москва-Ленинград, 1956).<br />

14. Цагарели А., Памятники грузинской старины на св. Земле и на Синае, IV, вып. I (Тбилиси, 1888).<br />

TSIALA GVABERIDZE<br />

National Museum of Georgia<br />

CONCERNING THE DATE OF VAKHTANG III`S REIGN<br />

There are different opinions about Vakhtang III`s reign <strong>da</strong>te in Georgian historical sources. The following<br />

<strong>da</strong>tes are known: 1297, 1298, 1299, 1301 and 1302. Inspite of different point of views, 1302 year is believed to be<br />

this king`s accertion year in Georgian scientific literature.<br />

After examining several historical-chronological and numismatic evidences we came to the conclusion that<br />

Vakhtang III was krowned as king in 1297/98 year (Hijra 697). He started minting his silver coins according to<br />

Georgian-Hullaguid system in the above mentoined year.<br />

Thus, it is obvious that Vakhtang III`s reign <strong>da</strong>te is 1297 year.<br />

99

goneli araxamia<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> instituti<br />

sisxlis <strong>da</strong>urvebis sakiTxisaTvis<br />

<strong>XI</strong>V-XVIII ss. saqarTveloSi<br />

sisxlis <strong>da</strong>urveba (vergeldi, kompozicia) anu <strong>da</strong>naSaulisaTvis fuladi (qonebrivi)<br />

sazRauris <strong>da</strong>weseba <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>xdevineba qarTuli feo<strong>da</strong>luri kanonSemoqmedebis <strong>da</strong> marTlmsajulebis<br />

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sferoa, romlis Seswavlaze istorikosebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

iuristebis Taobebma iRvawes (n. urbneli, i. javaxiSvili, a. vaCeiSvili, i. doliZe, i. surgulaZe,<br />

d. furcelaZe, g. na<strong>da</strong>reiSvili <strong>da</strong> sxv.).<br />

winamdebare statiaSi ganixileba am mravalwaxnagovani problemis erTi konkretuli<br />

sakiTxi, kerZod, Tanafardoba sruli sisxlis fasis (sazRauris odenobis) Teoriul, kanoniT<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgenil normasa <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo praqtikiT ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelad ga<strong>da</strong>kveTil normas Soris<br />

<strong>XI</strong>V-XVIII ss. qarTul sinamdvileSi.<br />

sisxlis fasi (vergeldi) feo<strong>da</strong>lur sazogadoebaSi ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>naSaulis saxeobiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zaralebulis socialuri statusiT ierarqiul kibeze, agreTve, qonebrivi <strong>da</strong><br />

Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareobiT. yvelaze maRali sazRauri mkvlelobaze iyo <strong>da</strong>wesebuli,<br />

rasac sruli sisxli (agreTve, marTali an Tavi sisxli) ewodebo<strong>da</strong>. am ukanasknelis<br />

safuZvelze, proporciuli Sefardebis wesiT, ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>da</strong>naSaulTa sazRauri 1 .<br />

sruli sisxlis fasis odenobis Sesaxeb cnobebs Seicaven samarTlis wignebi, sasisxlo<br />

saqmis gar<strong>da</strong>wyvedilobis sigelebi, sasamarTlo ganCinebebi, wyalobis sigelebi,<br />

naratuli Zeglebi 2 .<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>luri sazogadoebis maRali socialuri fenebis warmomadgenlebis (didebuli,<br />

Tavadi, aznauri, maRali saeklesio ierarqebi) sisxlis fasi, rogorc wesi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

fuliT ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong>, zogjer yma-glexebiTac 3 ; <strong>da</strong>bali socialuri kategoriisa<br />

(msaxuri, glexi, <strong>da</strong>bali samRvdeloeba, Tavisufali meTeme mTaSi) _ umeteswilad xvastagiT,<br />

zogjer fuliTac 4 .<br />

wyaroTa monacemebze <strong>da</strong>kvirveba uCvenebs, rom sisxlis fasi, roca is fulad gamoxatulebaSi<br />

gveZleva, rogorc wesi, gansazRvrulia mocemul momentSi mimoqcevaSi arsebuli<br />

kanonieri wonis anu srulfasovani monetiT. aqve un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom am wess axlavs gamonaklisic,<br />

rac mdgomareobs SemdegSi: sisxlis fasis gamomxatvelad zogjer iseTi monetac<br />

<strong>da</strong>sturdeba, romulic vergeldis <strong>da</strong>dgenis momentSi ukve aRar iWrebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> cxadia,<br />

aRarc ga<strong>da</strong>xdis saSualebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. sisxlis <strong>da</strong>saurveblad aseTi monetis <strong>da</strong>saxelebas<br />

Tavisi konkretuli mizezebi hqon<strong>da</strong>. magram amjerad CemTvis mTavaria imis konstatacia,<br />

rom yvela SemTxvevaSi sisxlis fasi ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod srulfasovani,<br />

kanonieri wonis monetiT. vinai<strong>da</strong>n monetis kanonieri wona dro<strong>da</strong>dro icvlebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

suraTic adeqvaturia: <strong>XI</strong>V-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi sisxlis fasi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva woniTi<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtisa <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, Rirebulebis fuliTaa warmodgenili.<br />

beqa man<strong>da</strong>turTuxucesi Tavis samarTlis wignSi, romelic 1296-1304 wlebSia Sedgenili,<br />

sisxlis fass adgens mis dros mimoqcevaSi arsebuli e.w. `yazanuri TeTriT~ 5 . misi<br />

kanonieri wona ilxanTa saxelmwifos mbrZaneblis, yazan yaenis mier 1296 w. Catarebu-<br />

1 iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Txzulebani 12 tomad, VII (Tbilisi, 1984), gv. 358-361;<br />

i. doliZe, Zveli qarTuli samarTali (Tbilisi, 1953), gv. 188-199.<br />

2 amave rigis cnobebi <strong>da</strong>culia sasisxlo sigelebSic, romelTa monacemebis ganxilvas amjerad Segnebulad<br />

gverds vuvli, vinai<strong>da</strong>n maTi sandooba sisxlis fasebis odenobis sakiTxSi calke, sagangebo msjelobas<br />

moiTxovs.<br />

3 ix. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, I, teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva <strong>da</strong> leqsikoni <strong>da</strong>urTo i. doliZem<br />

(Tbilisi, 1963), gv. 405, 407, 418, 426-427, 470, 486-491; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, IV, teqstebi gamosca,<br />

SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong> saZieblebi <strong>da</strong>urTo i. doliZem (Tbilisi, 1972), gv. 106, 125, 126, 140, 166, 167; s. kakabaZe,<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, I (tfilisi, 1921), gv. 2, 98.<br />

4 ix. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, IV, gv. 211, 212; r. xaraZe, xevsuruli rjuli, analebi, iv. javaxiSvilis<br />

sax. istoriis <strong>institutis</strong> <strong>Sromebi</strong>, I (Tbilisi, 1947), gv. 163-195.<br />

5 ix. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, I, gv. 425.<br />

100

li finansuri reformiT, romlis savaldebulo Zala saqarTvelozec vrceldebo<strong>da</strong>, Seadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

3 <strong>da</strong>ngs anu 2,13 gram vercxls 1 .<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom beqa man<strong>da</strong>turTuxucesis samarTlis Sedgenis droisaTvis yazanuri<br />

TeTris kanonieri <strong>da</strong> faqtiuri wona jer kidev emTxveo<strong>da</strong> erTmaneTs. es is iSviaTi<br />

SemTxvevaa, rodesac sisxlis sazRaurad miRebuli nominali Tavisi kanonieri woniT amave<br />

dros aris ga<strong>da</strong>xdis saSualebac.<br />

giorgi V brwyinvalis samarTlis wigni (`Zeglis <strong>da</strong>deba~), romelic 1334-1335 wleb-<br />

Sia Sedgenili 2 , sisxlis fasebs gansazRvravs ilxan abu-saidis mmarTvelobis pirvel<br />

xanebSi (1313-1325 ww.) moWrili TeTriT, romlis kanonieri wona abu-saidis gankargulebiT<br />

naxevari <strong>da</strong>ngiT Semcir<strong>da</strong> yazan-yaenis mier <strong>da</strong>kanonebul stan<strong>da</strong>rtTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> 2,5 <strong>da</strong>ngi (1,775 grami) Seadgina 3 . aRniSnuli samarTlis wignis Sedgenis droisaTvis<br />

TeTris faqtiuri wona kanoniT <strong>da</strong>dgenil wonasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Semcirebuli iyo <strong>da</strong> Seadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>ngnaxevarze naklebs, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1,21 grams 4 . ase rom, giorgi brwyinvalis<br />

`Zeglis <strong>da</strong>debaSi~ TeTri mxolod saangariSo erTeulia.<br />

gansakuTrebuli viTareba gvaqvs aRbuRa aTabagis ganCinebaSi. man sisxlis fasebi gansazRvra<br />

ara Tavisi Tanadrouli kanonieri wonis (2,5 <strong>da</strong>ngi) erTnominaliani TeTriT, aramed<br />

`mefis giorgis Jamis... oriani xuTi <strong>da</strong>ngis~ vercxlis fuliT 5 anu giorgi brwyinvalis mefofobis<br />

xanaSi ilxanTa saxelmwifoSi (<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSic) moWrili ordirhemianiT (oriani<br />

TeTriT), romlis kanonieri wona, gamomdinare erTnominaliani TeTris woniTi stan<strong>da</strong>rti<strong>da</strong>n<br />

(2,5 <strong>da</strong>ngi), Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 5 <strong>da</strong>ngs anu 3,55 grams 6 . am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis mizezi mdgomareobs SemdegdegSi:<br />

beqa man<strong>da</strong>turTuxucesis dros TeTris (dirhemis) kanonieri wona 3 <strong>da</strong>ngi iyo, magram<br />

ilxan abu-saidis (1316-1333 ww.) mier TeTris (dirhemis) kanonieri wona jer naxevari <strong>da</strong>ngiT,<br />

Semdeg 1 <strong>da</strong>ngiT Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 2 <strong>da</strong>ngi gax<strong>da</strong> 7 , amis Semdgom TeTris (dirhemis) kanonieri wona<br />

ar gazrdila <strong>da</strong> aRbuRa aTabagis drosac TeTris kanonier wonad 2 <strong>da</strong>ngi rCebo<strong>da</strong>. vinai<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

rogorc aRbuRa aTabagi iuwyeba, beqas mier sisxlis sazRaurad <strong>da</strong>wesebuli TeTris kanonieri<br />

wona mis dros ukve Semcirebuli iyo (`yazanuroba aR-sadme-moklebuliyo~) <strong>da</strong> yazanur-<br />

Tan e.i. beqa man<strong>da</strong>turTuxucesis samarTlis wignSi sazRaurad miRebul TeTrTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

erTi <strong>da</strong>ngiT naklebi iyo, aRbuRa aTabagma Tavisi drois kanonieri (2 <strong>da</strong>ngis) wonis fuliT<br />

sisxlis safasuris gansazRvra `avi saqmis gaadvilebad~ (sasjelis Semsubuqebad) miiCnia 8 .<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, aRbuRa aTabagi Tavisi drois kanonieri wonis erTnominalian<br />

TeTrsac ver miiReb<strong>da</strong> sisxlis <strong>da</strong>urvebis safasurad, radgan is erTi <strong>da</strong>ngiT naklebi<br />

iyo beqas samarTlis wignSi <strong>da</strong>urvebis safasurad miRebul yazanur TeTrze. vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />

aRbuRas samarTlis wignis Sedgenis dros yazanuri TeTris eqvivalenturi kanonieri<br />

wonis nominali faqtobrivad ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>, is iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> sisxlis safasurad mieRo<br />

erTnominalian yazanur TeTrze 2 <strong>da</strong>ngiT metis wonis ordirhemiani anu 5 <strong>da</strong>ngis<br />

wonis oriani TeTri, romelic swored giorgi V brwyinvalis mefobis xanaSi ilxan abusaidis<br />

saxeliT iWrebo<strong>da</strong> 1316-1325 wlebSi sailxanosa <strong>da</strong> misi gavlenis sferoSi Semaval<br />

qveynebSi, maT Soris, saqarTveloSi. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c aRbuRa aTabags papis, beqas mier<br />

<strong>da</strong>wesebuli sasjelis zomis Semcireba <strong>da</strong>uSveblad miaCn<strong>da</strong>, amdenad kanonieri wonis<br />

nominalebs Soris oriani TeTris gar<strong>da</strong> sxva arCevani samoneto bazarze mas ar hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

aRbuRa aTabagis mier sisxlis sazRaurad miRebuli nominalis (oriani TeTris) kanonieri<br />

wona karga xnis <strong>da</strong>Sorebuli iyo imave nominalis faqtiur wonas. am drois numizmatikuri<br />

faqtebi erTxmad mowmoben, rom saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> mezobel saxelmwifoebSi<br />

oriani TeTris (ordirhemianis) faqtiuri wona, iseve, rogorc erTnominaliani TeTrisa,<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mniSvnelovnad iyo Semcirebuli 9 . cxadia, rom aRbuRa aTabagis<br />

1 c. RvaberiZe, saqarTvelos urTierToba ilxanTa iranTan <strong>da</strong> jelairianTa saxelmwifosTan (Tbilisi, 1986),<br />

gv. 21, 101-102.<br />

2 i. doliZe, giorgi brwyinvalis samarTali (Tbilisi, 1957), gv. 15.<br />

3 c. RvaberiZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 21, 101-102.<br />

4 iqve, gv. 34-41.<br />

5 ix. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, I, gv. 425.<br />

6 g. dundua, samoneto mimoqcevis sakiTxisaTvis XV saukunis saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 1964), gv. 45, 47, 54;<br />

s. kakabaZe, safasis <strong>istoriisa</strong>Tvis saqarTveloSi, saistorio moambe, I, 1925, gv. 88-89; c. RvaberiZe, <strong>da</strong>sax.<br />

naSromi, gv. 103-104.<br />

7 c. RvaberiZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 28-32, 104-105.<br />

8 ix. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, I, gv. 425.<br />

9 ix. c. RvaberiZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 48-56, 104.<br />

101

mier sisxlis safasurad miRebuli 5 <strong>da</strong>ngis wonis oriani TeTri saangariSo erTeulia<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara ga<strong>da</strong>xdis saSualeba.<br />

igive woniTi stan<strong>da</strong>rti igulisxmeba e.w. `bagrat kurapalatis samarTlis~ TeTrisaTvis.<br />

aRniSnuli samarTali warmoadgens beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis wignis <strong>da</strong>narTs (is<br />

calke saxiT ar moipoveba), romelic imereTis mefes bagrat III-s ekuTvnis <strong>da</strong> 1535-1545<br />

wlebiT TariRdeba 1 . numizmatikuri faqtebi mowmoben, rom am droisaTvis saqarTveloSi<br />

mbrunavi rogorc adgilze moWrili, ise gare<strong>da</strong>n Semosuli vercxlis fulis realuri<br />

wona <strong>da</strong>ngis mesame<strong>da</strong>mde <strong>da</strong> ufro <strong>da</strong>blaa CamoqveiTebuli 2 . ase rom, e.w. `bagrat kurapalatis<br />

samarTlis~ Semdgenlis mier sisxlis sazRaurad gaziarebuli aRbuRa aTabagiseuli<br />

xuT<strong>da</strong>ngiani vercxlis fuli martooden saangariSo erTeulia.<br />

<strong>XI</strong>V-XVI ss. ramdenime dokumentSi, kerZod, sasisxlo saqmis gar<strong>da</strong>wyvedilobis sigelebSi,<br />

wyalobis wignebsa <strong>da</strong> `biWvintis iadgarSi~ sisxlis fasebi gansazRvrulia iseTi nominalebiT,<br />

rogoricaa `kirmaneuli TeTri~, `Zveli kirmaneuli TeTri~, `Zveli TeTri~ 3 .<br />

<strong>XI</strong>II s. miwurulamde <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi `kirmaneuli TeTriT~ an<br />

ubralod `TeTriT~ aRiniSnebo<strong>da</strong> vercxlis fuli, romelic iWrebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mimoiqceo<strong>da</strong><br />

trapizonis imperiasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> romlis kanonieri wona Seadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

oTx <strong>da</strong>ngs (2,84 grams). sailxanos mbrZaneblis yazan-yaenis zemoT aRniSnuli samoneto<br />

reformiT vercxlis fulis kanonieri wona erTi <strong>da</strong>ngiT Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 3 <strong>da</strong>ngi gax<strong>da</strong> 4 .<br />

amave woniT stan<strong>da</strong>rts <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebara vercxlis fulis (kirmanaulis) emisia trapizonis<br />

imperiasa <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSic 5 . am droi<strong>da</strong>n 4 <strong>da</strong>ngiani kirmaneulis <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d am wonis<br />

vercxlis fulis 3 <strong>da</strong>ngianisgan gansasxvaveblad nominalis gverdiT gaCn<strong>da</strong> replika<br />

`Zveli~. <strong>XI</strong>V-XVI saukuneebSi, rodesac zemoT aRniSnuli Zeglebi <strong>da</strong>iwera, 4 <strong>da</strong>ngiani<br />

vercxlis fuli aRar iWrebo<strong>da</strong>. amitom, cxadia, `Zveli kirmaneuli TeTri~, `Zveli TeTri~<br />

ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> am Zeglebis SemdgenelT ga<strong>da</strong>xdis saSualebad egulisxmaT. ganxilul<br />

SemTxvevaSi es nominalebi mxolod saangariSo erTeulis metrologiuri<br />

Sinaarsis Semcvelia.<br />

XVI saukuneSi sisxlis fasis oqros monetiT gansazRvris ori faqti <strong>da</strong>sturdeba.<br />

rostom gurielis (1534-1560) mier gacemuli wyalobis sigelis mixedviT aznaur iaSvilis,<br />

agreTve, beri egnataSvilis (XVIII s. <strong>da</strong>sawyisi) TxzulebaSi <strong>da</strong>culi cnobis Tanaxmad,<br />

xelmwife <strong>da</strong>dianis sisxlis fasi gansazRvrulia fluriT 6 . numizmatikuri literaturi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

cnobilia, rom fluri Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad erqva saqarTveloSi <strong>XI</strong>V s. <strong>da</strong>sasruli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gavrcelebul veneciur oqros dukats, romlis wona 3,559 gr. Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. XV s. <strong>da</strong>sasruli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

flurma, rogorc veneciuri oqros dukatis aRmniSvnelma terminma <strong>da</strong>karga<br />

Tavisi pirvandeli mniSvneloba, SeinarCuna mxolod metrologiuri Sinaarsi <strong>da</strong> dukatis<br />

wonis yvela oqros monetis (osmaluris, holandiuris) aRmniSvnel zogad terminad<br />

iqca. flurma aseTi (metrologiuri) Sinaarsi XVIII s. Sua xanebamde SeinarCuna 7 . oqros<br />

fuli qarTul samoneto bazarze misi iSviaTobis gamo, cxadia, ga<strong>da</strong>xdis saSualeba ar<br />

iyo, amitom iaSvilisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dianis sisxlis fasebis gansazRvrisas fluri saangariSo<br />

erTeulis funqciiT gamoiyeneba.<br />

1 ix. c. RvaberiZe, bagrat kurapalatis samarTlis Zeglis <strong>da</strong>TariRebisaTvis, valerian gabaSvili 90<br />

(Tbilisi, 2003), gv. 455-456, aRniSnuli samarTlis wignis <strong>da</strong>TariRebis sakiTxze arsebuli literaturis<br />

mimoxilva ix. iqve.<br />

2 d. kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika (Tbilisi, 1969), gv. 122 <strong>da</strong> Semd.; m. anTaZe, saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis<br />

urTierToba XV-XVIII ss. numizmatikuri masalis mixedviT (Tbilisi, 1982), gv. 40-63.<br />

3 e. TayaiSvili, saqarTvelos siZveleni, II (tfilisi, 1909), gv. 33-35; s. kakabaZe, vaxtang-ucnobi XV saukunis<br />

afxaz-imereTis mefeTagani <strong>da</strong> misi memkvidre mefe giorgi (tfilisi, 1912), gv. 9-11; s. kakabaZe, patara<br />

werilebi <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebi, saistorio moambe, II (tfilisi, 1924), gv. 247-251; g. araxamia, `biWvintis iadgari~<br />

(Tbilisi, 2009), gv. 71.<br />

4 T. abramiSvili, <strong>XI</strong>II-<strong>XI</strong>V ss. <strong>da</strong>savlur-qarTuli fuli (Tbilisi, 1959), gv. 33-34; Берадзе Т., Мореплавание и<br />

морская торговля в средневековой Грузии (Тбилиси, 1989), с. 111-115; c. RvaberiZe, saqarTvelos urTierToba ilxanTa<br />

iranTan.... gv. 11, 110-113.<br />

5 m. gabaSvili, qarTuli numizmatikis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, axlo aRmosavleTi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo (Tbilisi, 1991), 219-<br />

229; m. gabaSvili, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo samoneto politikis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, axlo aRmosavleTi <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelo, IV (Tbilisi, 2005), gv. 156-158.<br />

6 ix. d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa <strong>da</strong> aWaraSi (baTumi, 1987), gv. 237; qarTlis cxovreba,<br />

tomi II, teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi, 1959), gv.<br />

362, 503.<br />

7 r. qebulaZe, evropuli monetebis mimoqceva saqarTveloSi XV-XVIII saukuneebSi (Tbilisi, 1971), gv. 7, 17, 35,<br />

36; c. RvaberiZe, saqarTvelos urTierToba ilxanTa iranTan..., gv. 110.<br />

102

gansaxilveli periodis zogierTi wyaro (cxmaris xevis <strong>da</strong>werili labsyel<strong>da</strong>Sisadmi,<br />

Sedgenili 1445-1452 wlebSi; `biWvintis iadgaris~ sasisxlo ganCinebaTa erTi nawili, sasamarTlos<br />

ganaCeni elia maWavarianis saqmeze, Sedgenili 1565-1583 wlebSi) ramdenadme Tavisebur<br />

viTarebas warmogvidgens _ maTi cnobebiT, sisxlis fasi gansazRvrulia TeTriT yovelgvari<br />

replikis an raime sxva miniSnebis gareSe woniT stan<strong>da</strong>rtze 1 . magram am cnobeb-<br />

Sic `Zveli TeTris~ kursi anu 4 <strong>da</strong>ngis wonis fuli igulisxmeba saangariSo erTeulis<br />

mniSvnelobiT. amaze metyvelebs is garemoeba, `TeTriT~ <strong>da</strong> `Zveli TeTriT~ gansazRvrul<br />

sisxlis fasebis odenoba erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave tipis <strong>da</strong>naSaulze arsebiTad identuria 2 .<br />

XVII saukunis ramdenime istoriul sabuTSi sisxlis safasuri gamoxatulia iseTi<br />

nominaliTac, rogoricaa marCili 3 . qarTul sinamdvileSi marCilad iwodebo<strong>da</strong> evropis<br />

qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n Semosuli fulis erTeuli taleri, romlis kanonieri wona Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 24,4<br />

grams 4 , rac odnav naklebi iyo mis praqtikul (faqtiur) wonaze aRniSnul xanaSi 5 . ase<br />

rom, am SemTxvevaSi sisxlis sazRaurad miRebuli fuli gvevlineba rogorc saangariSo<br />

erTeulad, ise ga<strong>da</strong>xdis saSualebad.<br />

vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignSi (1705-1708), sa<strong>da</strong>c sasisxlo ganCinebebs sagangebo<br />

Tavi eZRvneba, sisxlis fasebi gansazRvrulia TumniT 6 , romelic msxvil saangariSo er-<br />

Teuls warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sparsuli woniTi sistemis misxlis bazaze moWril 200 Saurs<br />

(50 abazs) moicav<strong>da</strong> 7 . misi kanonieri wona 390 grami gamodis (50 abazi 7,8 gr). abazis<br />

praqtikuli wona aRniSnuli samarTlis wignis Sedgenis dros saSualod Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 7,29<br />

grams 8 , anu Tumnis faqtiuri wona <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 360, 450 grams utoldebo<strong>da</strong> (50 abazi <br />

7,29 gr). aqac sisxlis safasurad miRebuli nominalis (Tumnis) rogorc saangariSo er-<br />

Teulis Rirebuleba praqtikulad emTxveva ga<strong>da</strong>xdis saSualebis faqtiur Rirebulebas.<br />

Cveni miznebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ra moculobiT xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong><br />

praqtikaSi sruli sisxlis fasis odenobis Teoriuli norma. saTanado<br />

wyaroebis simwiris gamo SeuZlebelia Tvali gavadevnoT Tu rogor, ra moculobiT realizdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

cxovrebaSi beqa man<strong>da</strong>rtuxucesis, giorgi brwyinvalis, aRbuRa aTabagis<br />

samarTlis wignebiT, agreTve, `biWvintis iadgaris~ ganCinebebiT <strong>da</strong>dgenili sruli sisxlis<br />

sazRauris normebi 9 , magram SemorCenili mcireodeni monacemebiTac, sasamarTlo<br />

ganCinebebma rom Semogvinaxes, zogadi suraTis warmodgena mainc SesaZlebelia.<br />

sruli sisxlis zRveva, rogorc wesi, sasamarTlos gziT xdebo<strong>da</strong>. sasamarTlo nebismieri<br />

sasisxlo saqmis, maT Soris mkvlelobis sarCelis ganxilvas sruli sisxlis<br />

fasis odenobis gamorkveviT iwyeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am ukanasknelis safuZvelze ga<strong>da</strong>kveT<strong>da</strong> mkvlelobis<br />

Tu sxva saxis <strong>da</strong>naSaulis sazRauris odenobas. sasamarTlo ganaCenis gamotanisas<br />

iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zaralebulis (moklulis) mxri<strong>da</strong>n braldebulis (mkvlelis) mimarT<br />

Cadenili qmedebis Sedegad miyenebuli zaralis an zianis (Tu aseTs adgili hqon<strong>da</strong>)<br />

sazRaurs <strong>da</strong> am ukanasknels gamoakleb<strong>da</strong> sruli sisxlis safasuris Teoriuli<br />

normiT <strong>da</strong>dgenil odenobas, rasac wyaroebi `Sefardebas~ <strong>da</strong> `Caroninebas~ an `gaSvebas~<br />

uwodeben 10 . sasamarTlo praqtikaSi farTod gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> `pativebis~ wesi, rac gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong><br />

imaSi, rom <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveze <strong>da</strong>kisrebuli sruli sisxlis sazRauris nawils<br />

`ipativeb<strong>da</strong>~ jvar-xati, mefe-dedofali, bWeebi <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlos wevri <strong>da</strong>rbaiselni. es<br />

1<br />

ix. svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, I, teqstebi gamosacemad moamza<strong>da</strong>, gamokvlevebi <strong>da</strong> samecnierosacnobaro<br />

aparati <strong>da</strong>urTo v. silogavam (Tbilisi, 1986), gv. 104; g. araxamia, `biWvintis iadgari~, gv. 70-71;<br />

qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, IV, gv. 46-50.<br />

2 Sea<strong>da</strong>re `biWvintis iadgaris~ sasisxlo ganCinebebis 8-17 muxlebi <strong>da</strong> mTis wm. giorgis sigelis sasisxlo<br />

ganCinebebi (ix. s.kakabaZe, saistorio momabe, II (tfilisi, 1924), gv. 250-251).<br />

3 ix. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, IV, gv. 59-64, 77, 80, 139.<br />

4 s. kakabaZe, safases <strong>istoriisa</strong>Tvis saqarTveloSi, saistorio moambe, I (tfilisi, 1925), gv. 25; r. qebulaZe,<br />

<strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 107. taleri (marCili) udri<strong>da</strong> sam abazs. abazis Teoriuli wona iyo 7,8 grami (ix. g.<br />

jafariZe, narkvevi qarTuli metrologii<strong>da</strong>n (Tbilisi, 1973), gv. 45). sami abazis kanonieri wonis jami (24,4<br />

grami) ki erTi marCilis kanonieri wonis tolia.<br />

5 g. jafariZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 45.<br />

6 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, I, gv. 486-490.<br />

7 g. jafariZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 41-48.<br />

8 g. jafariZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 45.<br />

9 es ar vrceldeba vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignis sasisxlo normebze, romelTa praqtikaSi gamoyenebis<br />

Sesaxeb mravali dokumenti SemogvrCa (ix. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, IV, gv. 309, 331, 333, 345, 355, 412, 438,<br />

456, 508, 591, 600, 602, 620, 667, 683).<br />

10 ix. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, IV, gv. 125, 126, 140, 141, 166, 211, 212.<br />

103

`napatiebi sisxlic~ gamoiqviTebo<strong>da</strong> sruli sisxlis sazRauri<strong>da</strong>n. sasamarTlo<br />

mxedvelobaSi iReb<strong>da</strong>, agreTve, <strong>da</strong>mnaSavis ekonomikur mdgomareobasac. Tu <strong>da</strong>mnaSave<br />

Tavisi ekonomikuri SesaZleblobiT `Sefardeba-Caroninebisa~ <strong>da</strong> `pativebis~ Semdeg<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelad ga<strong>da</strong>kveTil sazRaursac ver `amouvido<strong>da</strong>~, maSin am ukanasknelsac<br />

garkveul nawils Camoaklebdnen 1 . am procedurebis Semdeg sasamarTlo adgen<strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>saxdeli sazRauris saboloo odenobas, rasac `nabWobi (nabrWobi) sisxli~ erqva 2 .<br />

Tu <strong>da</strong>mnaSave `nabWobi sisxlis~ ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>s Tavs aarideb<strong>da</strong>, mas kanoni jarimas akisreb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

magram Tu ekonomikuri xelmokleobis gamo ver ga<strong>da</strong>ixdi<strong>da</strong>, maSin is mTeli Tavisi<br />

uZrav-moZravi qonebiT `xelT miecemo<strong>da</strong>~ <strong>da</strong>zaralebul mxares <strong>da</strong> am ukanasknelis sakuTrebaSi<br />

(Tu glexi an msaxuri iyo) an vasalobaSi (Tu aznauri iyo) ga<strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong> 3 .<br />

zemoTqmuli<strong>da</strong>n cxadia, rom `nabWobi sisxli~ gacilebiT naklebi iyo, vidre Teoriuli<br />

normiT <strong>da</strong>dgenili sazRauri. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom `nabWobi sisxlis~ <strong>da</strong>urveba<br />

mTlianad fuliT anu, rogorc maSin ityodnen, `mSrali TeTriT~ savaldebulo ar iyo.<br />

sisxlis sazRaurSi `aiRebo<strong>da</strong>~ nawilobriv fuli, nawilobriv yma-glexi, agreTve, uZrav-moZravi<br />

qoneba, umetes SemTxvevaSi, mxolod es ukanaskneli.<br />

ganvixiloT sruli sisxlisa <strong>da</strong> `nabWobi sisxlis~ Tanafardobis konkretuli magaliTebi.<br />

1326 w. imerTa mefis miqaelis karze mowveulma sasamarTlom aznaur mangasar miqela-<br />

Zis mkvlelobis saqme gaarCia. mosamarTleebma `sisxlis mokiTxuli qnes~ <strong>da</strong> gamoarkvies,<br />

rom moklulis sruli sisxlis fasi, misi winaprebisaTvis mefis mier boZebuli sigelis<br />

mixedviT, 80000 Zveli kirmaneuli TeTri yofila. sasamarTlos mier ga<strong>da</strong>kveTilma `nab-<br />

Wobma sisxlma~ Seadgina: 7 glexi, 8 tani abjari, xvastagis garkveuli raodenoba 4 .<br />

gelaZisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vlaZis sasisxlo saqmis gar<strong>da</strong>wyvedilobis sigeli, gacemuli <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />

saqarTvelos mefisnacvlis, <strong>da</strong>viTis mier 1330-1346 wlebSi 5 , mogviTxrobs, rom mokluli<br />

<strong>da</strong>vlaZis sruli sisxlis fasi 80000 kirmaneuli TeTri aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. sabuTis cnobiT,<br />

<strong>da</strong>mnaSave gelaZe am sazRaurs ver `amouvi<strong>da</strong>~, magram `riTac ver amouvi<strong>da</strong>, apativa<br />

(<strong>da</strong>vlaZis Wirisufalma _ g.a.) say<strong>da</strong>rsa <strong>da</strong> mefesa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rbaiselTa, saydrisSvilTa~. sasamarTlos<br />

saboloo ganaCeniT <strong>da</strong>mnaSavem <strong>da</strong>zaralebuli mxaris sasargeblod gaiRo: 12<br />

glexi, agreTve, abjris, naqsovis <strong>da</strong> xvastagis garkveuli `simravle~ 6 .<br />

kotriZeebisa <strong>da</strong> WareliZeebis sasisxlo saqmis gar<strong>da</strong>wyvedilobis siglis (1432 w.)<br />

mixedviT, mefis sasamarTlom saxaso aznauris, abesalom kotriZis mkvlelobisaTvis ra-<br />

Wis erisTavs, cici WareliZes <strong>da</strong>akisra sazRauris ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> 120000 Zveli TeTris odenobiT,<br />

rogorc amas iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> kotriZeTa sasisxlo sigeli. sasamarTlos ganCinebiT,<br />

WareliZem kotriZeebs `nabWobi sisxlis~ <strong>da</strong>saurveblad misca: Svidi komli glexi;<br />

eklesia sofel Run<strong>da</strong>Si; jaWvi; rkinis qalamani; saZroxe qvabi; WorRaTo; oTxTavi; ori<br />

jori; xuTi cxeni; Tormeti xari; sami orxua naqsovi <strong>da</strong> ori sinjafis tyavi 7 .<br />

1652 w. mefis sasamarTlom avTandil zedgeniZe <strong>da</strong>mnaSaved cno imarindo zedgeniZis<br />

mkvlelobaSi. sasamarTlom `mokiTxuli qna~ <strong>da</strong> gamoarkvia moklulis sruli sisxlis<br />

safasuri: 30 komli glexi, 12 Tumani TeTri, erTi guTani xari, 5 cxeni, 300 kodi puri<br />

<strong>da</strong> `samarxod~ (<strong>da</strong>krZalvis xarji) 200 koka tkbili. sasamarTlos gamarTvis dros<br />

mkvleli cocxali aRar iyo, amitom sazRauris <strong>da</strong>urveba mis Svils <strong>da</strong>ekisra. sasamarTlom<br />

gaiTvaliswina is garemoeba, rom mopasuxe mxare qonebrivi xelmokleobis gamo<br />

srul sisxls ver auvido<strong>da</strong>. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT mosamarTleebi aRniSnaven, rom `zogi<br />

vapatieT jvar-xatTa, zogi mefesa <strong>da</strong> dedofalsa, zogi pWeTa <strong>da</strong> mosamarTleTa~ <strong>da</strong> `nabWobi<br />

sisxli~ mxolod 6 komli glexiT ganisazRvra 8 .<br />

1701-1703 wlebs Soris erekle I-is mier mowveulma sasamarTlom vinme duSias mamis<br />

mkvlelobis saqme ganixila. aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom moklulis sruli sisxlis fasi Seadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

240 Tumans. aqe<strong>da</strong>n `zogi Cven, zogi <strong>da</strong>rbaiselT vapativeT <strong>da</strong> zogi iqiT Wrilobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

1 iqve, gv. 166.<br />

2 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, I, gv. 468; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, IV, gv. 107, 108.<br />

3 s. kakabaZe, <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, I, gv. 86; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, IV, gv. 140-141.<br />

4 ix. e. TayaiSvili, saqarTvelos siZveleni, II, gv. 33-34.<br />

5 ix. k. kaxaZe, <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos ucnobi mefeebi, klio, #11 (Tbilisi, 2001), gv. 48.<br />

6 ix. e.TayaiSvili, saqarTvelos siZveleni, II, gv. 34-35.<br />

7 ix. s. kakabaZe, vaxtang-ucnobi afxaz-imereTis mefeTagani..., gv. 9-11.<br />

8 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, IV, gv. 93.<br />

104

miÃdomisaTvin gavaSvebineTo~, aRniSnaven mosamarTleebi. saboloo jamSi `nabWobma sisxlma~<br />

Seadgina 60 Tumani, 3 komli glexi <strong>da</strong> 20 dRiuri miwis nakveTi 1 .<br />

yovelive zemoTqmuli safuZvels gvaZlevs ganvacxadoT, rom fulis kursis (wona,<br />

sinji) xSiri cvalebadobis <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, msyidvelobiTi unaris arastabilurobis<br />

gamo rom sasjelis profanacia ar momx<strong>da</strong>riyo, qarTul sinamdvileSi sisxlis fasi gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong><br />

mxolod kanonieri wonis monetiT <strong>da</strong> araviTari angariSi ar eweo<strong>da</strong> mocemul<br />

momentSi mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis faqtiur wonas, romelic SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>mTxveo<strong>da</strong><br />

an ar <strong>da</strong>mTxveo<strong>da</strong> kanonier wonas. zemoT vnaxeT, rom sisxlis <strong>da</strong>saurveblad miRebuli<br />

monetis kanonieri <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli wona zogjer emTxveo<strong>da</strong> an uaxlovdebo<strong>da</strong> kidec<br />

erTmaneTs (beqa man<strong>da</strong>rtuxucesis samarTlis oriani TeTri, XVII s. istoriuli dokumentebis<br />

marCili, vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignis Tumani), magram es gamowveuli iyo<br />

ara imiT, rom sisxlis fasis <strong>da</strong>dgenisas amosaval safuZvlad aRebuli iyo Tanadrouli<br />

monetis faqtiuri wona, aramed imiT, rom mocemul momentSi fuli iWrebo<strong>da</strong> kanonieri<br />

woniTi stan<strong>da</strong>rtiT. magram aseTi <strong>da</strong>mTxveva droebiTi, warmavali movlena iyo. fulis<br />

wonis <strong>da</strong>qveiTebisTanave, rasac xSirad hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili, aRniSnuli Tanxvedra qrebo<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> sazRaurad miRebuli nominali aRar iyo ga<strong>da</strong>xdis saSualeba <strong>da</strong> is martooden<br />

saangariSo erTeulad rCebo<strong>da</strong>. es xvedri ergo beqas samarTlis `yazanur TeTrs~, romelmac<br />

samarTlis Sedgeni<strong>da</strong>n mokle xanSi ganica<strong>da</strong> faqtiuri, mogvianebiT ki kanonieri<br />

wonis Semcirebac. igive bedi gaiziara kirmaneulma TeTrmac: jer misi kanonieri wona<br />

Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>XI</strong>II s. bolos, Semdeg Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT faqtiuri wonac, kanonieri wonis kirmaneulma<br />

ki saangariSo erTeulis funqciiT ganagrZo arseboba.<br />

ase rom kanonieri wonis fuls, romliTac ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong> sisxlis fasis odenobis<br />

Teoriuli norma, imTaviTve saangariSo erTeulis funqcia hqon<strong>da</strong>. mis bazaze xdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

`nabWobi sisxlis~ <strong>da</strong>saurveblad `<strong>da</strong>debuli~ yma-glexis Tu uZrav-moZravi qonebis<br />

Rirebulebis gansazRvrac. rac Seexeba sazRauris fuliT ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>s, es xdebo<strong>da</strong> yvelanairi<br />

tipis <strong>da</strong> wonis monetiT, romelic mocemul momentSi iyo mimoqcevaSi, oRond er-<br />

Ti aucilebeli pirobiT: sisxlis <strong>da</strong>saurveblad ga<strong>da</strong>xdili monetebis jamuri wona toli<br />

un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo saangariSo erTeuliT gansazRvruli odenobis jamuri wonisa. amas<br />

moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, angariSsworebis, kerZod, sasisxlo sazRauris ga<strong>da</strong>xdis marTebuloba.<br />

amis uSualo gamoxatulebaa angariSsworebis dros fulis woniT ga<strong>da</strong>xdis faqtebi<br />

<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli am periodis werilobiT wyaroebSi.<br />

vfiqrob, amiT aixsneba sisxlis fasis sazRaurad e.w. `mkv<strong>da</strong>ri~ fulis erTeulebis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba<br />

<strong>XI</strong>V-XVII ss. zogierT werilobiT ZeglSi. ase magaliTad, xobis taZris Zvel iadgarSi<br />

<strong>XI</strong>I-<strong>XI</strong>II ss. Cawerili sisxlis safasuris gamomxatveli fulis nominali, botinati aseve<br />

xeluxleblad ga<strong>da</strong>tanil iqna Sama<strong>da</strong>vla <strong>da</strong>dian-gurielis mier (1470-1475) imave iadgaris<br />

ganaxlebis sigelSi <strong>da</strong> am ukanaskneli<strong>da</strong>n levan II <strong>da</strong>dianis wyalobis sigelSi (1639-1657) 2 ,<br />

Tumca botinati am droisaTvis ukve karga xania aRar iyo ga<strong>da</strong>xdis saSualeba, magram is<br />

rCebo<strong>da</strong> saangariSo erTeulad. amitomac ar Seucvlia is Tanadrouli monetiT arc Sama<strong>da</strong>vlas<br />

<strong>da</strong> arc levan II-s. kidev erTi faqti, imerTa mefem, bagrat III-m Tavis samarTlis ganCinebebSi,<br />

romlebic beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis wigns <strong>da</strong>urTo (1535-1545 ww.), sisxlis sazRauris<br />

gamomxatveli aRbuRaseuli oriani TeTri ZalaSi <strong>da</strong>tova. es imitom, rom mimoqcevi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gasuli Zveli, magram srulfasovani fulis saangariSo erTeulad miRebis SemTxvevaSic<br />

sasjelis marTlzomiereba <strong>da</strong> angariSsworebis marTebuloba uzrunvelyofili rCebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amiT iyo ganpirobebuli is garemoeba, rom samarTlis wignebis Tu maTTan gaTanabrebuli<br />

iuridiuli aqtebis sasisxlo ganCinebebis praqtikaSi gamoyenebas sulac ar uSli<strong>da</strong> xels<br />

sisxlis <strong>da</strong>saurveblad <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli nominalis siZvele _ es im ubralo mizeziT, rom<br />

saangariSo erTeulis siZvele samarTlis aRsrulebas aranairad ar uqmni<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>brkolebas.<br />

sisxlis fasis Teoriuli normisa <strong>da</strong> `nabWobi sisxlis~ Tanafardoba misTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />

niuansebiT TavisTavad <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli sakiTxia, magram mas sxva mniSvnelobac<br />

eniWeba, kerZod, misi gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebeli Cans sasisxlo sigelebSi fiqsirebuli<br />

vergeldis, erTi SexedviT, uzomo sididis axsna, rac calke msjelobis sagania.<br />

1 iqve, gv. 166.<br />

2 g. araxamia, saqarTvelos <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebi (Tbilisi, 2009), gv. 132, 143, 146;<br />

qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, teqstebi gamosaSvebad moamza<strong>da</strong>, SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong> saZieblebi <strong>da</strong>urTo<br />

i.doliZem (Tbilisi, 1965), gv. 208-211.<br />

105

<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />

1. T. abramiSvili, <strong>XI</strong>II-<strong>XI</strong>V ss. <strong>da</strong>savlur-qarTuli fuli (Tbilisi, 1959).<br />

2. g. anTaZe, saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII ss. numizmatikuri<br />

masalis mixedviT (Tbilisi, 1982).<br />

3. g. araxamia, `biWvintis iadgari~ (Tbilisi, 2009).<br />

4. g. araxamia, saqarTvelos <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebi (Tbilisi, 2009).<br />

5. d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa <strong>da</strong> aWaraSi (baTumi, 1987).<br />

6. m. gabaSvili, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo samoneto politikis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, axlo aRmosavleTi<br />

<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo, IV (Tbilisi, 2005).<br />

7. m. gabaSvili, qarTuli numizmatikis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, axlo aRmosavleTi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo<br />

(Tbilisi, 1991).<br />

8. g. dundua, samoneto mimoqcevis sakiTxisaTvis XV saukunis saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 1964).<br />

9. i. doliZe, giorgi brwyinvalis samarTali (Tbilisi, 1957).<br />

10. i. doliZe, Zveli qarTuli samarTali (Tbilisi, 1953).<br />

11. e. TayaiSvili, saqarTvelos siZveleni, II (tfilisi, 1909).<br />

12. s. kakabaZe, <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, I (tfilisi, 1921).<br />

13. s. kakabaZe, vaxtang-ucnobi afxazeT-imereTis mefeTagani <strong>da</strong> misi memkvidre mefe<br />

giorgi (tfilisi, 1912).<br />

14. s. kakabaZe, patara werilebi <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebi, saistorio moambe, II (tfilisi, 1924).<br />

15. s. kakabaZe. safases <strong>istoriisa</strong>Tvis saqarTveloSi, saistorio moambe, I (tfilisi, 1925).<br />

16. d. kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika (Tbilisi, 1969).<br />

17. k. kaxaZe, <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos `ucnobi mefeebi~, klio, 11 (Tbilisi, 2001).<br />

18. svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, I, gamosacemad moamza<strong>da</strong>, gamokvlevebi <strong>da</strong> samecnierosacnobari<br />

aparatura <strong>da</strong>urTo v. silogavam (Tbilisi, 1986).<br />

19. qarTlis cxovreba, tomi II, teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT<br />

s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi, 1959).<br />

20. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, I, teqstebi gamosacemad moamza<strong>da</strong>, gamokvleva <strong>da</strong><br />

leqsikoni <strong>da</strong>urTo i. doliZem (Tbilisi, 1963).<br />

21. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, teqstebi gamosacemad moamza<strong>da</strong>, SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong><br />

saZieblebi <strong>da</strong>urTo i. doliZem (Tbilisi, 1965).<br />

22. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, IV, teqsti gamosca, SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong> saZieblebi <strong>da</strong>urTo<br />

i. doliZem (Tbilisi, 1972).<br />

23. r. qebulaZe, evropuli monetebis mimoqceva saqarTveloSi XV-XVIII saukuneebSi (Tbilisi,<br />

1971).<br />

24. c. RvaberiZe, saqarTvelos urTierToba ilxanTa iranTan <strong>da</strong> jelairianTa saxelmwifosTan<br />

(Tbilisi, 1986).<br />

25. c. RvaberiZe, bagrat kurapalatis samarTlis Zeglis <strong>da</strong>TariRebisaTvis, valerian gabaSvili<br />

_ 90 (Tbilisi, 2003).<br />

26. r. xaraZe, xevsuruli rjuli, analebi, iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis <strong>institutis</strong><br />

<strong>Sromebi</strong>, I (Tbilisi, 1947).<br />

27. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Txzulebani 12 tomad, tomi VII (Tbilisi,<br />

1984).<br />

28. g. jafariZe, narkvevi qarTuli metrologii<strong>da</strong>n (Tbilisi, 1973).<br />

29. Берадзе Т., Мореплавание и морская торговля в средневековой Грузии (Тбилиси, 1989).<br />

106

GONELI ARAKHAMIA<br />

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,<br />

Ivane javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />

ON WEREGILD PROBLEM IN GEORGIA IN 14 TH -18 TH CENTURIES<br />

In the article, a question is considered of ratio of a weregild theoretical size and amount of real<br />

payment in Georgia in the 14 th -18 th centuries. Corresponding written sources show that at that period in<br />

Georgia weregild was conditioned by legal weight of coins only, and the payment was realized with any<br />

money, existing in turnover at the given moment and was accessible for a payer. It was important and<br />

necessary the reimbursement coin of the legal weight to be equal to the total weight of coins to pay.<br />

According to the court practice an actual amount of weregild was significantly less than the amount<br />

established by the theoretical rate.<br />

107

Tamaz gogolaZe<br />

xelnawerTa erovnuli centri<br />

kidev erTxel no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebebis Sesaxeb<br />

XVII saukunis 40-iani wlebi saqarTvelos istoriis erT-erT yvelaze ufro rTul<br />

periods warmoadgens. am droisaTvis qarTlis samefos bagrationTa saxlis gamahmadianebuli<br />

warmomadgeneli rostomi (1632-1658 ww.) ganageb<strong>da</strong>, romelic iranis Sahis sefi I-<br />

is (1629-1642 ww.) mier iyo <strong>da</strong>dgenili. rostomis oc<strong>da</strong>eqvswliani mmarTvelobis dros<br />

centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg qarTveli feo<strong>da</strong>lebis ramdenime gamosvlasa Tu<br />

SeTqmulebas hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili. swored am permanentul gamosvla-SeTqmulebebs exeba Cveni<br />

winamdebare naSromic, sa<strong>da</strong>c sagangebod gveqneba Seswavlili am sakmaod xangrZlivi<br />

procesis ori konkretuli epizodi: 1. gavleniani qarTleli feo<strong>da</strong>lis no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis<br />

gamosvla; <strong>da</strong> 2. qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis SeTqmuleba, romelic samecniero literaturaSi<br />

qarTlis kaTolikosis evdemoz I diasamiZisa <strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvlis saxeliTac<br />

aris cnobili.<br />

no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb araerTi<br />

qarTuli <strong>da</strong> sparsuli werilobiTi wyaro gvawvdis cnobebs. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad saTanado<br />

sisruliT movitanT qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis Sesabamis fragmentebs <strong>da</strong> mokled<br />

mimovixilavT TiToeul am ZeglSi <strong>da</strong>cul cnobebs CvenTvis saintereso movlenebis<br />

qronologiis Sesaxeb.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viwyoT no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis SeTqmulebis<br />

uSualo TviTmxilvelis, mefe rostomis Tanamo<strong>da</strong>sis, farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis (1626-1696<br />

ww.) mier 1656-1696 wlebSi Sedgenili `istoriiT~, sa<strong>da</strong>c CvenTvis saintereso ambebi detalura<strong>da</strong>a<br />

aRwerili. farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe 1642-1644 wlebs Soris momx<strong>da</strong>ri movlenebis<br />

gadmocemisas mogviTxrobs:<br />

`aw sxva eSmakoba <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos areva moindomes <strong>da</strong> Tavadebi Seificnes <strong>da</strong> batons<br />

Teimurazs saficrebi gaugzavnes, rom TviTan laSqriT cxeTas mobZandes <strong>da</strong> gaRmiT<br />

erisTavi <strong>da</strong> amilaxori laSqriT movidnen <strong>da</strong> gaRmarTi mÃris laSqari no<strong>da</strong>r Semoiyaros,<br />

CxeiZenic Tan iaxlos <strong>da</strong> rostom mefes mtroba gaucxadon <strong>da</strong> ZalaT batonoba<br />

warTvan.<br />

xovleTsa sajavaxianoSi ciciSvili no<strong>da</strong>r Tavis batons mefes rostoms Seeba <strong>da</strong><br />

gaiqca.<br />

cicisSvilman no<strong>da</strong>r samartoT gamarjveba moindoma, arc batoni Teimurazi moica<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> arc erisTavi <strong>da</strong> arc amilaxori. viTac CxeiZen(i) <strong>da</strong> sxva imereTis sabatios kacis<br />

Svilebi masTan iyvnen <strong>da</strong> yvelani omnacadni kacni iyvnes <strong>da</strong> sacicianos mÃrisaken<br />

Tavisi <strong>da</strong> sxvis laSqari Semohyro<strong>da</strong>. movi<strong>da</strong>, xovleTs CamoÃ<strong>da</strong>. Tavisis kerZos laSqari<br />

vinc ar Semoeyara, mamulebi (<strong>da</strong>urbiva) <strong>da</strong> es anbavi ioram movravisSvils mefisaTvis<br />

moewera: male wamobZandio, Toara<strong>da</strong> gaRma mÃris laSqari Semoeyrebiso <strong>da</strong> saqme gaWirdebiso.<br />

SvadRisas es anbavi qalaqSi mefes mouvi<strong>da</strong>, imave wames isiv kaci <strong>da</strong>abruna <strong>da</strong><br />

iorams asre miswera, rom rasac wames es wingni mogivideso, ficxlav gzebi Seukvrevineo,<br />

rom aqiTgniv mimavali kaci iqiT ar gauSvano <strong>da</strong> mR˜̃Tisa SewevniT amaRam erdgan<br />

SeviyrebiTo <strong>da</strong> im misuls kacs asre ubrZana: Cafrad wadio, xval amaves drosao aqav<br />

un<strong>da</strong> anbavi mamitanoo. kacman madli gardixa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> wavi<strong>da</strong>. mefem qalaqis movravs ubrZana:<br />

jarCi <strong>da</strong>aZaxeo, vinca vin qalaqSi mzas iyvneno TaTarni, qarTvelni <strong>da</strong> somexni, visac<br />

cxeni hyvandeso, Sesxdeno <strong>da</strong> ra qaranis Ãma gaigonono, swrafad wavidneno <strong>da</strong> cxe-<br />

Tis sabaJosTan mzaT <strong>da</strong>gvxvdeno, iq aRlums vnaxavo. magra esec vinca vin cxenis myolebelio<br />

ar wavideso, Tavi mohkveTeTo <strong>da</strong> Tavisive cxeniT ukan mamwiveTo. saRamos Jams<br />

qanarebi <strong>da</strong>aZaxes <strong>da</strong> jarm(a) saCqaroT iara <strong>da</strong> mefe cxens Sej<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saCqaroT wabZan<strong>da</strong>.<br />

mefis misvlamdisin ufrosierTi jari misruliyvnen, mefem ubZana: Rame ariso <strong>da</strong> ukana<br />

jaric ar mogvweviano <strong>da</strong> isinic movidneno, Tqvenc CqaraT iareTo <strong>da</strong> gaTenebisas xansa<br />

vnaxavo. iara <strong>da</strong> SvaRamisas kavTisÃevs mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> movravisSvili ioram im gareSemos<br />

laSqriT karg gvaraT win moegeba. mefem elizbar boqaulTuxuces ubrZana: laSqars ukan<br />

Camoudeqo <strong>da</strong> visic cxenT SeZleba hqondeso, CqaraT wamoasxio, rom mR˜Tisa Sewevni-<br />

108

To dilas no<strong>da</strong>rsTan gaviTenebo. mijris Jams dilisasa mefe xovleTis bolos mivi<strong>da</strong>,<br />

marqafa gamoicvala <strong>da</strong> jarsac ubrZana: cxenebs mosarTaveb(i) unaxeT <strong>da</strong> gaukeTeTo <strong>da</strong><br />

iaraRni moivargeTo. razmi gawyves <strong>da</strong> qanarebi <strong>da</strong>aZaxes <strong>da</strong> mefes asre moaxsenes: SeutyoblaT<br />

Tavs <strong>da</strong>vesxaTo. mefem Tavs<strong>da</strong>sxma ar ikadra <strong>da</strong> asre brZana: qarTvelT (sic)<br />

samarTlis qnis gamarTlebisTviso erTmanerTs Seebmiano, mec Cems ymas samarTalszed<br />

Sevebmio. Tu imazed memtyuvnebinos, gamarjveba imasao. bedniers yaens gamoeparao <strong>da</strong><br />

mTxova <strong>da</strong> ar miveco, farsa<strong>da</strong>n mamaman mismano mravali maZliao, rom saciciano misis<br />

SvilisSvilis papuna yorCibaSisaTvis mTxovao <strong>da</strong> ar miveco <strong>da</strong> magas uqrTamoT miveco<br />

<strong>da</strong> axla amdenis sikeTis magieraTo CemTvis umuxanaTebiao <strong>da</strong> sxvas batons hbirebia.<br />

amazed min<strong>da</strong> mR˜̃Tis samarTali gavSinjo, Tu romeli vstyuiT. <strong>da</strong>Zaxebina qanarebi.<br />

amdeni xani razms moacdevina, rom imaTac Seityves <strong>da</strong> saomraT Seikazmnen <strong>da</strong> cxens Sesxdes<br />

<strong>da</strong> razmi gairiges <strong>da</strong> saomraT win wamodgnen <strong>da</strong> Seiqna srola, kiklaoba. iqi<strong>da</strong>men<br />

CxeiZeni <strong>da</strong> sxvani imereli wamodgnen. Seiqna SubTa Zgereba <strong>da</strong> ÃmalTa elvarvba, laxtebis<br />

jaxajuxa, muzaraTTa xeTqineba. dids xanobamdisin CxeiZebman ZalmicemiT omi gardixades<br />

<strong>da</strong> saqmec gauWires, laSqaric <strong>da</strong>abaliTes <strong>da</strong> karga<strong>da</strong>c iyvnen, magra no<strong>da</strong>r oms<br />

ar mosruliyo <strong>da</strong> uwinve veris cixisaken wasuliyo <strong>da</strong> CxeiZebs zurgi ar moaba <strong>da</strong> kidec<br />

<strong>da</strong>iWrnes, <strong>da</strong>iRalnes. mefemanc TviTan cxens <strong>da</strong>uZra <strong>da</strong> erTpirad qarTvelni miet(e)-<br />

vnes <strong>da</strong> wauSines. beJia CxeiZe movravis Svilman ioram <strong>da</strong>irCina <strong>da</strong> zogni baraTianT <strong>da</strong>irCines,<br />

zogni elizbar boqaulTuxucis ymebman <strong>da</strong>irCines. yvelani orgniTve kargad iyvnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> ZalmicemiT omi gardixades <strong>da</strong> mefem gaimarjva, no<strong>da</strong>r veris cixeSi Seixvewa <strong>da</strong><br />

CxeiZeni <strong>da</strong>Wrilni <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCenilni mefes win moasxes mÃarwakrulni <strong>da</strong> gamarjveba mouloces.<br />

mefem bZana, CxeiZebs mklavni gauxsnes <strong>da</strong> gors gagzavnes, rom tanisamosi gamoucvalon<br />

<strong>da</strong> qveSsagebi <strong>da</strong> zedsafeni gaukeTon <strong>da</strong> kargis pativiT Ãeli Seuwyon <strong>da</strong> visac<br />

mamacoba eqna, yvelakas xalaTi <strong>da</strong> sajildoT mamulebi uboZa. ufrosierTT saciciano<br />

<strong>da</strong>uyves <strong>da</strong> kacebi uCines, rom gaqceulT kacT ukan nurvin aedevnebis <strong>da</strong> visac sacicianos<br />

kaci <strong>da</strong>eWiros, gauSvano. im Rames iqiv naomarzed <strong>da</strong>dga <strong>da</strong> meores dRes gors mib-<br />

Zan<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> meores dRes gori<strong>da</strong>men qalaqs Cafari gagzavnes <strong>da</strong> qaixosrov baraTasSvili,<br />

dedoflis saxlTuxucesi, <strong>da</strong>iWires <strong>da</strong> cixeSi aiyvanes <strong>da</strong> RamiT koSki<strong>da</strong>men gardmoagdes<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tqves _ <strong>da</strong>mTvrala <strong>da</strong> TviTan gardmovardnilao <strong>da</strong> amisi Svilebi <strong>da</strong>aWirvines<br />

<strong>da</strong> goris cixeSi <strong>da</strong>atyves <strong>da</strong> misi siZe baxuta husein begisSvili bagratoani iyo <strong>da</strong> batonobac<br />

undo<strong>da</strong>, is gardixvewa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTs mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ioTam amilaxori jalabobriv saer(i)sToSi<br />

mivi<strong>da</strong>. TviTan batons TeimurazsTan mividnes <strong>da</strong> zamTarmanc moatana. no<strong>da</strong>r<br />

zovreTis cixeSi gamagr<strong>da</strong>. mefem gori<strong>da</strong>m laSqari gauZaxa <strong>da</strong> skras zeiTi saciciano<br />

<strong>da</strong>rbevina <strong>da</strong> CxeiZeni elizbar boqaulTuxucis elizbaris xeliT yaenTan gagzavna <strong>da</strong><br />

arza miswera: qarTvelni Cemis uSvilobisaTvis <strong>da</strong> unaTesaobisaTvin urCoben <strong>da</strong> avkacobeno,<br />

rom Cems sabolos vera Ãedveno, Cems biZasSvils Teimuraz mirzas samni Svilni<br />

hyvanano <strong>da</strong> romelsac papis Cemis lvarsabi saÃeli hqviano, is SvilaT gviboZeTo, rom<br />

Cvens ukan qarTvelT sabatonoT egulebodes. eseni yaenTan gaistumra <strong>da</strong> TviTan goris<br />

cixi<strong>da</strong>m zarbaznebi Camoitana <strong>da</strong> zovreTis cixes Semoadga. zarbaznebiT <strong>da</strong>uSin(a), magra<br />

qvitkirs vera avno ra. male male Ãmas <strong>da</strong>gdebdes, rom batoni Teimuraz moeSvelebiso.Mmefes<br />

aSinebdes, magra mefem asre brZana _ xonTqaric moeSveliso, si<strong>da</strong>mdisin no<strong>da</strong>rs<br />

cixi<strong>da</strong>men ar gamoviyvano, aqiTgan ar <strong>da</strong>viZvrio. wyalkurTxevamdisin srul qarTvelT<br />

laSqari zovreTis cixes adgnen <strong>da</strong> ver aiRes <strong>da</strong> arc mSveli gauCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> cixes<br />

SigniT ymaT umuxanaTes <strong>da</strong> hgmes batoni <strong>da</strong> gauorguldnes <strong>da</strong> cixis gacemas Seudgnes.<br />

es no<strong>da</strong>r Seutyo, rom ymani Ralats upireben, CaTreuls Cayolili ajobina <strong>da</strong> Tavisi<br />

de<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis batonisSvili rostom mefesTan saxvewaraT gamogzavna. ra movi<strong>da</strong>, nametnavad<br />

mefem didi pativi <strong>da</strong>sdva <strong>da</strong> saxvewari <strong>da</strong>ujera. gaclis gza sTxova. viTac naTesavi<br />

iyo mefisa <strong>da</strong> merme de<strong>da</strong>Ta Sigan sikeTezed naqebi iyo <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi ZveliT wesaT<br />

iyo, rom visac gasWirebia Sesaxvewrad, an de<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> an jalabs gaugzavnides, mefeni <strong>da</strong><br />

Tavadni pativs <strong>da</strong>sdebdian. mefemac gaaTava Zveli wesi, batonisSvils feSqaSi miarTva<br />

<strong>da</strong> uvneblobis saficari misca, rom saca un<strong>da</strong> wavides Tavisi mxleblebiTa <strong>da</strong> qonebiT<br />

ara uSavdesra <strong>da</strong> amdeni cxeni, jori aTxoes zovreTi<strong>da</strong>men, rome TavianT qonebiT axalcixemdisin<br />

miasxan. magra bevrs Semoixvewnes, rom no<strong>da</strong>r inaxvinos. ar inaxvina, magra<br />

uzianoT samcxes mividnes <strong>da</strong> erisTavi zaal <strong>da</strong> amilaÃori ioTam batons TeimurazsTan<br />

iyvian. magra gzebzed iwyinebodes <strong>da</strong> napiris alagebs erTi meores urbevdes. vinc imaT<br />

Semoswyrebodes, amaT mouvidis. vinc amaT Semoswyris, imaT miuvidis <strong>da</strong> amaTis saqmiT<br />

109

qarTli <strong>da</strong> kaxeTi mousvenebeli <strong>da</strong> areul aoÃrebuli iyo.<br />

aqa mefis rostomis ilRari qalaqiT, mzis Casvlisas cxens Sej<strong>da</strong>, gaTenebisas<br />

Sobis dRisas axalgors erisTvebs Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxa <strong>da</strong> gaimarjva mR ~ TiTa.<br />

qalaqs Sig mjdoms mefes rostoms anbavi mouvi<strong>da</strong>, rom xval Sobas orniv erisTvebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> ioTam amilaxori axalgors Sobas erTgan iqmoneno <strong>da</strong> iq laSqars Seiyriano <strong>da</strong><br />

batons Teimurazs safurcles Semoeyrebiano, iqi<strong>da</strong>men cxeTas movleno <strong>da</strong> visac maTTan<br />

piroba aqvTo, iq Seeyarebian <strong>da</strong> Sehficven. ra es mefes moaxsenes, ficxlav muÃranis batons<br />

bax(u)tas, rom ukanas dros Tavisis batonis adgilszed gamef<strong>da</strong>, wingni miswera _<br />

Senis laSqriTo mzas <strong>da</strong>mxvdio, rome mR ~ Tisa SewevniTao amaRam mand movalo. kaci rom<br />

gaistumra, jarCi <strong>da</strong>aZaxes: vai imasao, romelsac cxeni hyvandeso, mzis Casvlisas cxeTas<br />

ar <strong>da</strong>mxvdeno, avad mivepyrobio. viTac axlo iyo, yvelani mefes uwin mividnen. ra mefem<br />

amdeni jari naxa, diaR iama <strong>da</strong> mravali saimedo sityvebi jars ubrZana <strong>da</strong> muÃranis batons<br />

Cafari gaugzavna, rom Cvenc kargis jariT movdivarTo <strong>da</strong> Tqvenc Tqvenis jariT<br />

mzaT <strong>da</strong>gvxvdiTo, rom mR ~ Tis SewevniTao gauTenebliv Tavs <strong>da</strong>vesxmiTo. ra mefe muxrans<br />

mivi<strong>da</strong>, muxranis batoni kargis jariT Semoeyara <strong>da</strong> mefes iama <strong>da</strong> aRar Seisvena <strong>da</strong><br />

CqaraT iares, Sobas dilas axalgors locvaze<strong>da</strong>n mdgomT Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxnes <strong>da</strong> im dRes muxranis<br />

batonis mamacobis qeba Tqves <strong>da</strong> isini Seutyobarni iyvnes <strong>da</strong> Tavs<strong>da</strong>sxmis eWvic<br />

ara hqon<strong>da</strong>(T). ra Zaxili Seiqna, cxeni <strong>da</strong> iaraRi veRar moiswvres <strong>da</strong> arc amaT <strong>da</strong>acales.<br />

anazdeuli moulodineli saqme mouvi<strong>da</strong>. isini zogni cxeniT gardixvewa <strong>da</strong> zogni<br />

qveiTaT, aqeT iqiT gardixvewnes <strong>da</strong> imaTi maspinZlobis saWmeli mefis laSqarman SeWama.<br />

mefemanc sadil vaxSami imaTs sadgoms Wama <strong>da</strong> meores dRes, visac <strong>da</strong>rCenili kacni hyvan<strong>da</strong>,<br />

mefes win mousxes. mefem yvelakani gaaSvebina <strong>da</strong> TviTan gorisaken wabZan<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> im<br />

zamTars iq <strong>da</strong>dga. elizbar <strong>da</strong>viTisSvili yaeni<strong>da</strong>m movi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xalaTi <strong>da</strong> batonisSvili<br />

lvarsab moiyvana.<br />

aqa batonisSvilis lvarsabis gamogzavna yaenisagan rostom mefis Svilad.<br />

gors yaenis xalaTi Caicva <strong>da</strong> rayami waikiTxes. moewera: Senis biZasSvilis Teimuraz<br />

mirzis Svili lvarsab SenTvis Svilad geTxovnao, gamogvigzavniao <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa-<br />

Tvis gvibZanebiao, rom ufliswulaT <strong>da</strong> Tqvenad Svilad miaCndeso <strong>da</strong> Tqvens ukan qar-<br />

Tlis mefoba magisTvis migvicemiao. es anbavi goCaSvils giorgis ewyina, amisTvis rom<br />

batonobas TviTan moelo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> lvarsabis moyvanisaTvis gavgul<strong>da</strong>. es anbavi batons<br />

Teimurazsac ewyina. amazed kaxman batonman calke <strong>da</strong> erisTavman calke <strong>da</strong>uwyes goCa-<br />

Svils laparaki, rom Sen gagabatonebTo. <strong>da</strong>tyues <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> baraTianT wingni<br />

hsweres, <strong>da</strong>uwyes bireba. diasamiZe qaTalikozi <strong>da</strong> revaz baraTaSvili <strong>da</strong> somxiTis meliqi<br />

yorxmazbeg mravlis qadebiTa <strong>da</strong>tyuebuliyvnen <strong>da</strong> es samni saqmobden. maTi rCeva <strong>da</strong><br />

sawadeli amaTTan umalavi iyo <strong>da</strong> goCasSvils atyuebden, Tora<strong>da</strong> yvelas mefoba batonis<br />

TeimurazisaTvis undo<strong>da</strong>. asre piroba Sehkres rom rostom mefe cotas kaciT cxireTs<br />

ariso <strong>da</strong> batoni Teimuraz cxenkeTilis jariT anaz<strong>da</strong>T metexs movideso. ra mefe<br />

misi jaris sicotaves naxavso, saomrad movao <strong>da</strong> omSi movhklaTo, rom samartoT arvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>ebraloso. somxiTis meliqs yaenisagan SeSin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maTi sawadeli <strong>da</strong> monaweri wingnebi<br />

mefes moarTva, ficis gatexisa <strong>da</strong> saficris micemmocemisa aRara inaRvla ra <strong>da</strong> im<br />

Rames, rom batoni Teimuraz metexs movi<strong>da</strong>, mefe gors mivi<strong>da</strong>. amaTma rCevam cu<strong>da</strong>T Caiara<br />

<strong>da</strong> batoni Teimuraz isreve kaxeTs Cavi<strong>da</strong>. qarTvelni gors mividnes uSiSraT. asre<br />

egonaT, imaTi qniloba mefem ar iciso. mefem kaTalikozi <strong>da</strong> goCasSvili giorgi <strong>da</strong><br />

erisTvisSvili largveli <strong>da</strong>Wirvina. goCasSvils Tvalebi <strong>da</strong>sTxara, largveli goris<br />

cixiT gaepara, saakaZe ivane kaxeTs gardixvewa <strong>da</strong> mis Zmas zurabs Tvalebi <strong>da</strong>sTxares.<br />

kaTalikozi qalaqis cixeSi tyveT iyo TaTrebSi <strong>da</strong> isic <strong>da</strong>rCves <strong>da</strong> cixi<strong>da</strong>m gardmoagdes.<br />

baraTaSvili revaz kaxeTs gardixvewa <strong>da</strong> mefe gori<strong>da</strong>m qalaqs Cavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> es anbvebi<br />

yaens miswera~ 1 .<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe marTlac vrclad <strong>da</strong> detalurad mogviTxrobs<br />

no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa ori SeTqmulebis ambavs.<br />

amasTan, farsa<strong>da</strong>ni aRniSnuli ambebis gadmocemisas mxolod or zogad qronologiur<br />

miTiTebas gvawvdis. misi TqmiT: 1. rostomis laSqars mZovreTis cixeSi gamagrebuli no<strong>da</strong>r<br />

ciciSvilisaTvis alya wyalkurTxevamde anu naTlisRebamde hqon<strong>da</strong> Semortymuli;<br />

1 farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe, saqarTvelos istoria, s. kakabaZis gamocema, saistorio moambe, II (Tbilisi, 1925),<br />

gv. 247-250.<br />

110

<strong>da</strong> 2. rostomma amboxebuli aragvisa <strong>da</strong> qsnis erisTavebi, ioTam amilaxorTan erTad, axalgorSi<br />

Sobis dilas <strong>da</strong>amarcxa.<br />

es aris <strong>da</strong> es. Tu aRwerili ambebis zogad qronologiur CarCos anu 1642-1644 wlebs ar<br />

miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe aranair konkretul TariRs ar gvTavazobs<br />

CvenTvis saintereso movlenebis Sesaxeb.<br />

no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb, farsa<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gorgijaniZis gar<strong>da</strong>, saintereso cnobebs gvawvdian kaxeTis mefe arCil II (1664-1675<br />

ww.) <strong>da</strong> XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTveli istorikosebi: beri egnataSvili (gard. <strong>da</strong>axl.<br />

1760-iani ww-is <strong>da</strong>saw.) <strong>da</strong> vaxuSti bagrationi (1696-1757 ww).<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad movitanT fragments arCil II-is mier 1681-1682 wlebSi Sedgenili istoriuli<br />

poemi<strong>da</strong>n `gabaaseba Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong> rusTavelisa~. am literaturul nawarmoebSi<br />

no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavi, erTi mxriv, Teimuraz I-is didoeTSi laSqrobis,<br />

xolo, meore mxriv, maRaros brZolis ambebs Sorisaa gadmocemuli. poemis avtori<br />

Teimuraz I-is piriT mogviTxrobs:<br />

`amilaxori ioTam <strong>da</strong> zaal maSinc me maxlden,<br />

kaTalikozi evdemoz <strong>da</strong> goCaSvili gaaxlden,<br />

kvlav cicisSvili no<strong>da</strong>r <strong>da</strong> sxva qarTvelebi vTqva ramden _<br />

<strong>da</strong> mimixmes, laSqriT ra wavel, Cemad misvlamdis gacudden.<br />

no<strong>da</strong>r ficeTs Seiyara, CxeiZenic masTan iyvnen,<br />

rostoms uTxres: `ese asre no<strong>da</strong>rzed mal waiyvanen,<br />

nu SevhyriTo, mivaSuroT, Torem bolos Seinanen,<br />

<strong>da</strong> vin muxransa hpatronobdi, cud-madebi moixmarnen.<br />

mividen ficeTs no<strong>da</strong>rzed uvicad, Seutyobarad,<br />

mas yarauli ar hyvan<strong>da</strong>, netaa zvarTa sabarad<br />

CxeiZeebma ra naxes eseni marT saSubarad,<br />

<strong>da</strong> moviden, moiqnivesca, zogTa hkres mwve gasamwarad.<br />

mec muxrans mivel, mimaswro <strong>da</strong> gaemarjva no<strong>da</strong>rzed,<br />

beJia <strong>da</strong>rCa iorams, mouravis-Svils, im omzed;<br />

otia TviTan otias ratiSvils uj<strong>da</strong> gavazed;<br />

<strong>da</strong> saciciano kacebi cxens sxe<strong>da</strong>n maTs kvicianzed~ 1 .<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, arCil II pir<strong>da</strong>pir arafers ambobs no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis<br />

qronologiis Sesaxeb, Tumca ki, mis mier gadmocemuli ambebis Tanamimdevrobi<strong>da</strong>n naTlad<br />

Cans, rom mefe-poeti CvenTvis saintereso movlenas Teimuraz I-is didoeTSi laSqrobis<br />

Semdgomi <strong>da</strong> maRaros brZolis winare periodiT aTariRebs.<br />

srulebiT identuri suraTi gvaqvs beri egnataSvilis mier 1721 wlamde Sedgenil<br />

TxzulebaSi `axali qarTlis cxovreba~. aq no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebis ambebi, iseve rogorc arCil II-is poemaSi, erTi mxriv, Teimuraz<br />

I-is didoeTSi laSqrobis, xolo, meore mxriv, maRaros brZolis peripetiebs Sorisaa<br />

gadmocemuli. beri egnataSvili mogviTxrobs:<br />

`Sekres piroba [zaal] erisTavman, ioTam amilaxorman, no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilman, kaTalikozman<br />

diasamiZeman evdemoz, goCaSvilman giorgi <strong>da</strong> zogman romelmanme qarTvelmanca,<br />

amaT inebes gandgoma rostom mefisa. <strong>da</strong> ufrosRa cdilob<strong>da</strong> kaTalikozi evdemoz imis-<br />

TÂs, rome amisi Zmis asuli <strong>da</strong>Tuna[s], batoni Teimurazis Svils, colad esua. amaT gaugzavnes<br />

batons Teimurazs kaci <strong>da</strong> misces saficrebi <strong>da</strong> piroba didi <strong>da</strong> iÃmes: `kualad<br />

modi qarTlSi <strong>da</strong> gagabatonebTo~. amaSi no<strong>da</strong>r Semoiyara jari <strong>da</strong> warvi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ra scna saqme ese rostom mefeman, Semoiyara jari <strong>da</strong> warmoemarTa igica no<strong>da</strong>rze<strong>da</strong>,<br />

movi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dga sajavaxianos. viTarca esma no<strong>da</strong>rs warmosvla rostom mefisa, gaiqca<br />

<strong>da</strong> wavi<strong>da</strong>, devna uyo rostom mefeman ukana. maSin axl<strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>rs orni Zmani CxeiZeni<br />

gardmovardnilni <strong>da</strong> iyvnen no<strong>da</strong>rTana. ra miewiva rostom mefe no<strong>da</strong>rs, gamoubrunden<br />

orniv Zmani CxeiZeni, Semoebnen, iomes <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Ãocnes iginica. xolo no<strong>da</strong>r ivlto<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

Sevi<strong>da</strong> cixesa atenisasa. mivi<strong>da</strong> rostom mefe <strong>da</strong> Semoadga gars <strong>da</strong> vercaRa mun gamagr<strong>da</strong><br />

no<strong>da</strong>r <strong>da</strong> warvi<strong>da</strong> zemo qarTlad, romel ars saaTabago.<br />

xolo rostom mefeman aRiRo cixe, <strong>da</strong>amtvriva <strong>da</strong> warmovi<strong>da</strong> muniTgan, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dga<br />

cxireTs, <strong>da</strong> mun iÃmo dedofali mariam <strong>da</strong> iyofoden mun. xolo kaTalikozi evdemoz<br />

1 arCiliani (TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli), al. baramiZisa <strong>da</strong> n. berZeniSvilis re<strong>da</strong>qciiT, II (Tbilisi, 1937),<br />

1937), gv. 89.<br />

111

iyo munve rostom mefes Tana. kualad SeuTvala batons Teimurazs kaTalikozman viTarmed:<br />

`no<strong>da</strong>r rom wasuliyos, magisTÂs saqmes ratom waaÃden <strong>da</strong> an ratom gabrundi~ ma-<br />

Sin batons Teimurazs Seeyara zaal erisTavi, moviden <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dgnen muxrans. kualad gaugzavna<br />

kaTalikozman kaci: `nuRar hyovniTo, modiTo, <strong>da</strong> rac gin<strong>da</strong> gaqnevinebo~.<br />

maSin, scna ra saqme ese muxranis batonman vaxtang, warmoavlina kaci mswrafl <strong>da</strong><br />

amcno saqme ese rostom mefesa. maSin dedofali waravlina goris cixeSia <strong>da</strong> TÂTca ukan<br />

moudga <strong>da</strong> mividnen goris cixeSia <strong>da</strong> mun gamagrden.<br />

xolo batoni Teimuraz mivi<strong>da</strong> ufliscixesa <strong>da</strong> verRara gaawyo ra, gamobrun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

warmovi<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xu<strong>da</strong> wina vaxtang muxranis batoni <strong>da</strong> uyo mravali ziani. <strong>da</strong> warvi<strong>da</strong><br />

kaxeTs.<br />

xolo Seipyra kaTalikozi evdemoz rostom mefeman <strong>da</strong> waravlina qalaqis cixeSia<br />

<strong>da</strong> tyue-yo <strong>da</strong>, xansa raodensame ukana, munve cixeSi moaSTobina. xolo goCaSvili giorgi<br />

Seipyra <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sTxara Tualebi, <strong>da</strong> sxuani, romelnica iyvnen rostom mefis orgulni,<br />

romelnime gaaxeibra <strong>da</strong> romelnime mamuliT gaaRariba <strong>da</strong> ganaZo TÂsisa queyni<strong>da</strong>me,<br />

TÂnier zaal erisTvisa <strong>da</strong> ioTam amilaxorisa. xolo ioTam amilaxori xan moudgebo<strong>da</strong><br />

rostom mefesa <strong>da</strong> xan baton Teimurazs <strong>da</strong> siTkenac dro <strong>da</strong>aÃelis, iqiTken iyvis~ 1 .<br />

amrigad, beri egnataSvili, ise rogorc arCil II, pir<strong>da</strong>pir arafers ambobs no<strong>da</strong>r<br />

ciciSvilis gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebis qronologiis Sesaxeb,<br />

Tumca ki misi Txrobis Tanamimdevrobi<strong>da</strong>n naTlad Cans, rom istorikosi aRniSnul<br />

movlenebs, arCil II-is msgavsad, agreTve, Teimuraz I-is didoeTSi laSqrobis Semdgomi<br />

<strong>da</strong> maRaros brZolis winare periodis ambebad miiCnevs.<br />

gansaxilavi movlenebis qronologiis TvalsazrisiT, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ukeTesi suraTi<br />

gvaqvs vaxuSti bagrationis mier 1742-1745 wlebSi Sedgenil TxzulebaSi `aRwera samefosa<br />

saqarTvelosa~. swavluli batoniSvili no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebis ambebs 1638-1642 wlebs Soris momx<strong>da</strong>ri movlenebis gadmocemisas<br />

mogviTxrobs:<br />

`Semdgomad amisa mouwodes batons Teimurazs zaal erisTavman, ioTam amilaxorman,<br />

no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilman, giorgi goCasSvilman <strong>da</strong> kaTalikozman evdemos diasamiZeman gamefebad<br />

qarTls. <strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>r movi<strong>da</strong> spiTa doess <strong>da</strong> moelo<strong>da</strong> maTca. mcnobeli rostom mefe<br />

warmovi<strong>da</strong>. misman mxilvelman no<strong>da</strong>r verRara ikadra brZola, aramed ivlto<strong>da</strong>. garna<br />

orTa ZmaTa CxeiZeTa, no<strong>da</strong>risa Tana myofTa, moyurobiT ara inebes ltolva, moiqcen <strong>da</strong><br />

Camohyarnes mÃe<strong>da</strong>rni. xolo ioram mouravisSvilman Camohyarna igini, Seipyrna <strong>da</strong> moar-<br />

Tua rostom mefesa (ese ioram moiyvana rostom mefeman azrumi<strong>da</strong>n keTilisyofisaTÂs,<br />

romeli | uqmna mouravman mas, <strong>da</strong> miscna mamulni TÂsni yovelni, xolo no<strong>da</strong>r ltolvili<br />

Sevi<strong>da</strong> veris-cixesa Sina <strong>da</strong> moadga rostom, ver gamagr<strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>r, ganivlto <strong>da</strong> mivi<strong>da</strong><br />

samcxes. xolo mefeman rostom aRiRo cixe <strong>da</strong> Semusra. muni<strong>da</strong>m moiqca <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dga<br />

cxireTs. ese acnoba kaTalikozman evdemos batons Teimurazs: `raÁ hqmen, sivltolisaTÂs<br />

no<strong>da</strong>risa ukun-iqec, aw moved / <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>esxi rostoms, rameTu ÃelTa SenTa Sina ars<br />

(am kaTalikozis Zmiswuli colad hyva batonis Teimurazis Zesa <strong>da</strong>viTs <strong>da</strong> amisTÂs hyof<strong>da</strong><br />

kaTalikozi amas~).<br />

amisi msmeneli Teimuraz ra warmoemarTa, ese auwya rostom mefesa vaxtang muxranis<br />

batonman <strong>da</strong> mswrafl Sevi<strong>da</strong> rostom goris cixesa Sina. esma ese Teimu/razs <strong>da</strong><br />

ukun-iqca. amas vaxtang muxranis batoni moewia <strong>da</strong> avno didi vidre sivltolad, <strong>da</strong> moswrafed<br />

mivi<strong>da</strong> Teimuraz kaxeTsve. amisTÂs Seipyra rostom mefeman kaTalikozi evdemoz<br />

<strong>da</strong> patimar-hyo tfiliss cixesa Sina. Semdgomad gardmoagdo ganjis-karis koSki<strong>da</strong>m; kualad<br />

Seipyra goCasSvili giorgi <strong>da</strong> aRmoÃadna Tualni, <strong>da</strong>esxa ioTam amilaxorsa, hguema<br />

igi <strong>da</strong> ganuteva ficiT, <strong>da</strong> Semusra cixe cxÂlosi <strong>da</strong> sxuani vieTnime ganaZo <strong>da</strong> zogni<br />

umkÂdro hyvna~ 2 .<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebis<br />

zust TariRs arc vaxuSti bagrationi gvTavazobs, Tumca ki, igi am movlenebs, ar-<br />

Cil II-isa <strong>da</strong> beri egnataSvilisagan gansxvavebiT, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro mokle <strong>da</strong> konkretuli<br />

qronologiuri monakveTiT, 1638-1642 wlebiT gansazRvravs.<br />

1 beri egnataSvili, axali qarTlis cxovreba, pirveli teqsti, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi II, teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili<br />

yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi, 1959), gv. 420-422.<br />

2 batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi IV, teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili<br />

yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi, 1973), gv. 441-442.<br />

112

mas Semdeg, rac srulad mimovixileT qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis cnobebi no<strong>da</strong>r<br />

ciciSvilis gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb, sagangebod<br />

SevexebiT iranis Sahis abas II-is (1642-1666 ww.) karis istorikosis mohamed Taheris (gard.<br />

XVII s-is miwur.) mier XVII saukunis II naxevarSi Sedgenil Txzulebas `Sah abas II-is istorias~.<br />

mohamed Tahers CvenTvis saintereso movlenebi XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTveli avtorebisagan<br />

gansxvavebuli TanamimdevrobiT aqvs moTxrobili. mis TxzulebaSi jer<br />

qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>da</strong>marcxebis ambebia moTxrobili, xolo Semdeg<br />

_ no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis peripetiebi, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, cota ufro<br />

qvemoT, paata amilaxoris mier iase qsnis erisTavis mokvlis ambavi mosdevs. amasTan, sagulisxmoa,<br />

rom mohamed Tahers <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli movlenebi abas II-is mmarTvelobis dros<br />

momx<strong>da</strong>r ambebad miaCnia. TxzulebaSi vkiTxulobT:<br />

mefe Teimuraz I-ma `gaaRviva SfoTis cecxli <strong>da</strong> zaal erisTavTan, no<strong>da</strong>rTan <strong>da</strong><br />

qarTlis kaTalikozTan erTad, romelic im urwmunoTa sruluflebiani piri <strong>da</strong> winamZ-<br />

Rvaria, ga<strong>da</strong>swyvita, rom rostom-xani moeklaT. maT am saqmeSi mokavSired gaiCines meliqi<br />

yorxamasi, somxiTis meliq aTabegis Svili.<br />

radganac xsenebuli meliqi saxalifo sasaxlis (e.i. Sahis) erTgulTa ricxvs ekuTvnis,<br />

amitom man Seatyobina rostom-xans im urwmunoTa borotebis Sesaxeb. rostom-xanma<br />

amis Sesaxeb moxseneba <strong>da</strong>wera <strong>da</strong> xsenebuli meliqis saSualebiT umaRles karzed gagzavna.<br />

am ambavma xelmwife metad ganarisxa <strong>da</strong> gamovi<strong>da</strong> uavgustoesi firmani, rom<br />

`mmarTvelobis safarveli~ a<strong>da</strong>m-sultani, sufis mmarTveli, romelic rostomis disSvilia<br />

<strong>da</strong> cnobilia rogorc gamocdili kaci, azerbaijanis, Sirvanis, yarabaRisa <strong>da</strong> erevnis<br />

beglarbegebTan erTad <strong>da</strong> iuzbaSebis, yorCebis, Rulamebis <strong>da</strong> meTofeebis razmis<br />

TanxlebiT, romelTa samyofeli adgili azerbaijani <strong>da</strong> Sirvania, gaemarTos im urwmunoTa<br />

asaklebad, <strong>da</strong>saxocad <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sarbevad, romelTac Tavis uRmerToebas <strong>da</strong> uwmindurobas<br />

kidev urCoba <strong>da</strong>umateso. is `mmarTvelobis safarveli~ bednier saaTSi [Sahis]<br />

fexTa kocnis pativiT iqna amaRlebuli <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelosaken gaemarTa. vidre is saqar-<br />

TveloSi Cavido<strong>da</strong>, rostom-xanma brZana kaTalikosis elami Tvalis gugebis maTi budi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

amogdeba (<strong>da</strong>Txrevineba) <strong>da</strong> Tbilisis cixis satusaRoSi misi <strong>da</strong>tyveveba, xolo razmiT<br />

Tavadebisa <strong>da</strong> aznaurebisa, romelnic Semkulni iyvnen gulwrfeli erTgulebiT, no<strong>da</strong>ris<br />

cixis <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad gaemarTa.<br />

[am cixis] simtkice <strong>da</strong> simagre, [misi misasvleli] gzebis siZnele <strong>da</strong> tyeebis sixSire<br />

iqaur xalxSi an<strong>da</strong>zad aris ga<strong>da</strong>qceuli. mokle xanSi, misi udidebulesobis `RvTis<br />

Crdilis~ (Sahis) bednieri iRblis ZaliT, is fuZemagari cixe Sav miwasTan gaaswores <strong>da</strong><br />

im <strong>da</strong>kargulis col-Svili <strong>da</strong>iWires. is borotganazraxveli, usazRvro sinanulSi Cavardnili<br />

(no<strong>da</strong>ri), gaiqca <strong>da</strong> axalcixes mivi<strong>da</strong>. am cxadi gamarjvebisa <strong>da</strong> Zlieri cixis<br />

aRebis Semdeg, a<strong>da</strong>m-sultani Zlevamosili laSqriT kaxeTSi Sevi<strong>da</strong>~ 1 .<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, mohamed Taheri pir<strong>da</strong>pir ar aTariRebs no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebis ambebs, Tumca ki am movlenebis qronologias<br />

abas II-is Sahis taxtze asvlis Semdgomi <strong>da</strong> iase qsnis erisTavis mokvlis winare periodiT<br />

gansazRvravs.<br />

amrigad, qarTuli (farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe, arCil II, beri egnataSvili, vaxuSti batoni-<br />

Svili) <strong>da</strong> sparsuli (mohamed Taheri) werilobiTi wyaroebi detalurad aRweren no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis<br />

gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis SeTqmulebis ambebs. marTalia, am ZeglebSi<br />

CvenTvis saintereso movlenebi pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli ar aris, magram garkveul qronologiur<br />

miTiTebas xuTive avtorTan vxvdebiT. es qronologiuri miTiTebebia:<br />

1. farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe _ 1642-1644 wlebi.<br />

2. mohamed Taheri _ abas II-is aRsaydrebi<strong>da</strong>n iase qsnis erisTavis mokvlamde periodi.<br />

3. arCil II _ Teimuraz I-is didoeTSi laSqrobi<strong>da</strong>n maRaros brZolamde periodi.<br />

4. beri egnataSvili _ Teimuraz I-is didoeTSi laSqrobi<strong>da</strong>n maRaros brZolamde<br />

periodi.<br />

5. vaxuSti bagrationi _ 1638-1642 wlebi.<br />

amiT no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis SeTqmulebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul<br />

werilobiTi wyaroebis mimoxilvas vasrulebT <strong>da</strong> am movlenebis Sesaxeb sa-<br />

1 mohamed Taheris cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, v. fuTuriZis gamocema, masalebi saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis<br />

<strong>istoriisa</strong>Tvis, nakveTi 30 (Tbilisi, 1954), gv. 381-382.<br />

113

mecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis ganxilvaze ga<strong>da</strong>vdivarT.<br />

qarTul istoriografiaSi no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavi pirvelad ganxilulia<br />

anton furcelaZis mier 1892 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi `saqarTvelos mosaspobelad<br />

<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos SesaerTeblad anu giorgi saakaZe <strong>da</strong> misi dro~.<br />

avtori aRniSnul naSromSi no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavs or adgilas exeba.<br />

mkvlevari CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs pirvelad rostom mefis qarTlSi Semosvlis,<br />

Teimuraz I-is imereTSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlisa <strong>da</strong> selim xanis kaxeTis mmarTvelad <strong>da</strong>niSvnis Semdeg<br />

ganixilavs: `Teimurazs hyav<strong>da</strong> kidev bevri momxre qarTlSi: zaal erisTavi, no<strong>da</strong>r<br />

cicisSvili, ioTam amilaxvari, giorgi bagrationi, goCasSvili, kaTalikozi evdemos<br />

diasamiZe, romelnic ar udebdnen rostoms Tavs. imaT moixmes Teimuraz imereTi<strong>da</strong>m, ae-<br />

Salnen rostoms, <strong>da</strong> gamoacxades mefed Teimuraz. is gadmovi<strong>da</strong> imerTa jariT. D<strong>da</strong>wyobiloba<br />

iyo, rom Teimuraz un<strong>da</strong> Tavisi jarebiT miSvelebo<strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvils. no<strong>da</strong>r<br />

oroli Zma CxeiZiT, <strong>da</strong>imedebuli, rom Teimuraz mieSveleba amas, wavi<strong>da</strong> rostom mefezed.<br />

rostom mefe TviTonve <strong>da</strong>esxa no<strong>da</strong>rs Tavsa. Teimuraz jarebiT ar mieSvela no<strong>da</strong>rs.<br />

no<strong>da</strong>rma ra naxa esa, gaeri<strong>da</strong> oms. CxeiZeebma ar indomes brZolis gacla. Seiqna<br />

brZola, CxeiZeni ibrZodnen vaJkacurad. magram oriveni Camoyara cxeni<strong>da</strong>m ioram saaka-<br />

Zem, giorgi mouravis Svilma, romelic <strong>da</strong>abruna col-SviliT saosmalo<strong>da</strong>m rostom mefem<br />

<strong>da</strong> Teimurazisagan CamorTmeuli mamulebi <strong>da</strong>ubruna ukan. ioramma orive CxeiZeni miarTva<br />

rostoms. <strong>da</strong>naSTeni jari no<strong>da</strong>risa gaaqcies. Teimuraz iZulebuli iyo gavardiliyo<br />

isev imereTSi~ 1 .<br />

anton furcelaZe Tavisi naSromis meore adgilas jer rostom mefis Svilobilis,<br />

imereTis mefis aleqsandre III-is (1639-1660 ww.) vaJis, mamuka batoniSvilis mier rostomisaTvis<br />

mkvlelebis migzavnasa <strong>da</strong> am mcdelobis marcxiT <strong>da</strong>srulebis ambavs aRwers,<br />

amis Semdeg ki kvlav no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlas ubrundeba: `amave gorgijaniZisa <strong>da</strong><br />

pariJis biblioTekis xel-naweri qarTl. cxovr. avtoris sityviT, no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvili ae-<br />

Sala rostoms Teimurazis sasargebloT. rodesac rostomisa <strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>ris jarebi SeibrZolnen,<br />

no<strong>da</strong>ris jarebSi yvelazed TavgametebiT <strong>da</strong> vaJkacaT ibrZodnen ori Zma Cxei-<br />

Ze. bolos isini Seipyra saosmalo<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong>brunebulma giorgi saakaZis Svilma, ioramma.<br />

isini mohgvares rostoms xeleb Sekruli. rostomma ubrZana, <strong>da</strong>uxsnan imaT xelebi, waiyvanon<br />

gorSi, gamoucvalon sacvali <strong>da</strong> tanisamosi; miscen sufTa <strong>da</strong> rbili qveSsagebi,<br />

miapyran didi pativi <strong>da</strong> moeqcnen, rogorc imaTs gvaris Svilobas ekadreba. amave no<strong>da</strong>rTan<br />

omis Sesaxeb, mogviTxroben igive avtorni Semdegs. `mefes moaxsenes: SeutyobraT<br />

Tavs <strong>da</strong>vesxaTo. mefem es ar ikadra <strong>da</strong> asre brZana: `qarTvelT samarTlis qnis gamarTlebisTvis<br />

erTmanerTs Seebmiano, mec Cems ymas samarTalszed Sevebmio. Tu me imazed<br />

vtyui gamarjveba imas <strong>da</strong>rCeba, eg bedniers yaens gamoeparao. yeenma mTxova <strong>da</strong> ar mivecio.<br />

magis mamas farsa<strong>da</strong>ns undo<strong>da</strong> mTeli sacicisSvilo Tavisi Svili papuna yorCiba-<br />

SisTvis mieca <strong>da</strong> me vinebe, magas uqrTamoT mivecio, <strong>da</strong> axla eg amdeni sikeTis magieraT<br />

me mmuxanaTobso. amazed min<strong>da</strong> RvTis samarTali gavsinjo, Tu romeli vtyuiTo~... `<strong>da</strong>aZaxebina<br />

qananebi, imodeni xani acdevina razmTa, minam imaTac ar Seityes <strong>da</strong> ar gaemzadnen<br />

saomraT~ 2 .<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, anton furcelaZe no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavs farsa<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gorgijaniZis Txzulebasa <strong>da</strong> `pariJis biblioTekis xelnawer qarTlis cxovrebaze~ anu<br />

e. w. `parizis qronikaze~ (XVIII s.) <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT ganixilavs 3 .<br />

amasTan, anton furcelaZe no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambis TariRis Sesaxeb arafers<br />

ambobs. ufro metic, mkvlevari rostomis mmarTvelobis dros momx<strong>da</strong>r arc erT<br />

sxva movlenas ar aTariRebs <strong>da</strong> mxolod imas aRniSnavs, rom rostomi 1632 wels avi<strong>da</strong><br />

qarTlis samefo taxtze.<br />

amrigad, yovelive aRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, irkveva, rom anton furcelaZe no<strong>da</strong>r<br />

ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavs 1632 wlis Semdgomi periodis movlenad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>.<br />

anton furcelaZis Semdeg no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa<br />

1 an. furcelaZe, brZola saqarTvelos mosaspobelad <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos SesaerTeblad anu giorgi saakaZe <strong>da</strong><br />

misi dro (tfilisi, 1892), gv. 365-366.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 369-370.<br />

3 Cven sagangebod gavecaniT `parizis qronikas~ <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom am qronikis teqsti<br />

aranair cnobas ar Seicavs no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, sruliad gaugebaria, ris safuZvelze<br />

aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> anton furcelaZe, rom no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlaze saubrisas, farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis<br />

Txzulebis paralelurad, `parizis qronikasac~ eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

114

SeTqmulebis ambebs Seexo sargis kakabaZe Tavis 1922 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi `saqarTvelos<br />

istoria, axali saukuneebis epoqa (1500-1810)~.<br />

marTalia, mkvlevari Tavis naSromSi CvenTvis saintereso movlenebs pir<strong>da</strong>pir ar<br />

aTariRebs, magram mis msjelobaze <strong>da</strong>kvirveba garkveuli <strong>da</strong>skvnebis gamotanis saSualebas<br />

mainc iZleva. kerZod, sargis kakabaZe CvenTvis saintereso periodis ambebs Semdegi<br />

TanamimdevrobiT gadmogvcems:<br />

a) <strong>da</strong>Tuna aragvis erisTavis mier rostomisaTvis <strong>da</strong>umorCileblobis gamocxadeba;<br />

rostomisagan migzavnili gabaSvilisa <strong>da</strong> TurqistaniSvilis mier <strong>da</strong>Tunas mokvla.<br />

b) aragvis saerisTavoSi <strong>da</strong>Tunas Zmis, zaalis gabatoneba; zaalis mier duSeTisaken<br />

<strong>da</strong>Zruli rostomisaTvis samxedro winaaRmdegobis gaweva <strong>da</strong> qarTlis mefis ukan,<br />

TbilisSi gabruneba.<br />

g) zaal aragvis erisTavis mier iase qsnis erisTavTan <strong>da</strong> rostomis mowinaaRmdege<br />

sxva qarTlel feo<strong>da</strong>lebTan kavSiris Sekvra; Teimuraz I-is imereTi<strong>da</strong>n duSeTs misvla<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi qarTlSi gamefebisaTvis mzadeba.<br />

d) rostomis mier sapasuxo zomebis gatareba, qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa meore nawilis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>bireba <strong>da</strong> iranisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis mahmadianur gaerTianebaTa laSqris <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, poziciebis<br />

gaZliereba.<br />

e) no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla rostomis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> misi xovles brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>marcxeba;<br />

rostomis brZanebiT, qaixosro baraTaSvilis sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sja; rostomis mier<br />

mZovreTis cixisaTvis alyis Semortyma, no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis <strong>da</strong>nebeba <strong>da</strong> axalcixis<br />

safaSoSi ga<strong>da</strong>svla.<br />

v) Teimuraz I-is, aragvisa <strong>da</strong> qsnis erisTavebis qarTli<strong>da</strong>n kaxeTs ga<strong>da</strong>svla <strong>da</strong> iranis<br />

Sahis mier kaxeTis gamgeblad <strong>da</strong>dgenili selim-xanis gaZeveba; Teimuraz I-is kaxeT-<br />

Si gamefeba.<br />

z) Teimuraz I-is mier nikifore ColoyaSvilis ruseTSi, diplomatiuri misiiT<br />

gagzavna; Tavadi volkonskis elCobis saqarTveloSi Camosvla <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis umaRlesi xelisuflebis<br />

mier ruseTis mefis erTgulebaze ficis <strong>da</strong>deba.<br />

T) Teimuraz I-is, kaTolikos evdemoz I-is, giorgi goCaSvilisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa<br />

mier rostomis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebis mowyoba <strong>da</strong> somxiTis meliqis yorxmaz-begis<br />

mier SeTqmulebis gacema; rostomis mier sapasuxo RonisZiebebis gatareba, SeTqmul-<br />

Ta erTi nawilis Sepyroba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sja; zaal aragvis erisTavisa <strong>da</strong> ioTam amilaxoris<br />

rostomTan misvla <strong>da</strong> maTi iranSi gagzavna.<br />

i) Teimuraz I-sa <strong>da</strong> rostoms Soris urTierTobebis gamwvaveba; kaxeTis laSqris<br />

TianeTTan brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>marcxeba <strong>da</strong> Teimuraz I-is vaJis, <strong>da</strong>viTis maRaros brZolaSi<br />

mokvla; Teimuraz I-is mier marcxis aRiareba, rostomTan molaparakebis gamarTva <strong>da</strong> kaxeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

imereTs ga<strong>da</strong>svla 1 .<br />

CamoTvlili movlenebi<strong>da</strong>n sargis kakabaZe pir<strong>da</strong>pir mxolod oTx ambavs aTariRebs.<br />

es ambebia:<br />

1. <strong>da</strong>Tuna aragvis erisTavis mokvla _ 1635 weli.<br />

2. Teimuraz I-is kaxeTSi gamefeba _ 1636 weli.<br />

3. Tavadi volkonskis elCoba _ 1637 weli.<br />

4. Teimuraz I-is imereTs ga<strong>da</strong>svla _ 1648 weli.<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>n, sargis kakabaZe no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavs <strong>da</strong>Tuna aragvis eris-<br />

Tavis mokvlis (1635 w.) Semdeg <strong>da</strong> Teimuraz I-is kaxeTSi gamefebamde (1636 w.) gadmogvcems,<br />

xolo qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis SeTqmulebis ambavs Tavadi volkonskis elCobis Semdeg<br />

(1637 w.) <strong>da</strong> Teimuraz I-is imereTSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlamde (1648 w.) mogviTxrobs.<br />

aRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, ar SevcdebiT, Tuki <strong>da</strong>vaskvniT, rom sargis<br />

kakabaZe no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavs 1635-1636 wlebiT aTariReb<strong>da</strong>, qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis<br />

SeTqmulebis qronologias ki 1637-1648 wlebiT gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

aqve, xazgasmiT SevniSnavT im faqts, rom sargis kakabaZis ganxiluli naSromi sakmaod<br />

specifiuri xasiaTis publikacias warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> bibliografiul miTiTebebsa Tu<br />

samecniero argumentacias, praqtikulad, ar Seicavs. Sesabamisad, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia,<br />

zustad ganisazRvros, konkretulad, romel werilobiT wyaros, samecniero gamokvlevasa<br />

Tu originalur mosazrebas emyareba avtori mis mier aRwerili movlenebis gadmocema-<strong>da</strong>TariRebisas.<br />

am mxriv, gamonakliss arc no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />

1 s. kakabaZe, saqarTvelos istoria, axali saukuneebis epoqa (1500-1810) (Tbilisi, 1922), gv. 64-67.<br />

115

feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebis ambebi warmoadgens, romelTa sargis kakabaZiseuli interpretaciac<br />

naSromSi, agreTve, bibliografiuli miTiTebebisa Tu samecniero argumentaciis<br />

gareSea warmodgenili.<br />

sargis kakabaZis Semdeg no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavs sagangebod Seexo<br />

korneli kekeliZe 1930 wels <strong>da</strong>beWdil wignSi `Svidi mTiebi (baram-guri)~.<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n `baram-guri~ sparsuli<strong>da</strong>n qarTulad swored CvenTvis saintereso no<strong>da</strong>r<br />

ciciSvilis mier iyo naTargmni, korneli kekeliZem misi cxovreba-moRvaweobis Seswavlas<br />

sakmaod vrceli narkvevi miuZRvna, sa<strong>da</strong>c, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, no<strong>da</strong>ris mier<br />

rostomis winaaRmdeg mowyobili gamosvlis ambavic ganixila.<br />

mkvlevris TqmiT, `1640 wels didgvarianma Tavadebma, no<strong>da</strong>ris monawileobiT, ganizraxes<br />

rostomis mokvla <strong>da</strong> mis magier imereTis batoniSvilis mamukas gamefeba; es rom<br />

ver moaxerxes, 1641 wels maT mouwodes Teimuraz pirvels <strong>da</strong> masTan erTad moindomes<br />

omiT gaZeveba misi saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> Teimurazis gamefeba. rostomi Seupovrad gaemarTa<br />

SeTqmulebis winaaRmdeg. no<strong>da</strong>rma Sebma veRar gabe<strong>da</strong>, gaiqca <strong>da</strong> jer veris cixes Seafara<br />

Tavi, xolo Semdeg zovreTis cixeSi gamagr<strong>da</strong>, rostomma cixes Semoartya alya, romelic<br />

1642 wlis 6 ianvramde gagrZel<strong>da</strong>; no<strong>da</strong>ris mxleblebs moswyin<strong>da</strong>T cixeSi jdoma<br />

<strong>da</strong> moindomes misi gacema. es rom no<strong>da</strong>rma gaigo, CaTreuls Cayolili amjobina; man<br />

rostomTan migzavna Tavisi de<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sTxova mas nebarTva <strong>da</strong> gza samcxeSi wasasvlelad.<br />

rostomma Txovna Seiwynara, aTxova mas cxenebi <strong>da</strong> kacebi bargis ga<strong>da</strong>sazi<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong> amalis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sayvanad~ 1 .<br />

aRniSnuli msjelobisas korneli kekeliZe mTlianad farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis Txzulebas<br />

emyareba, rasac uTiTebs kidec sqolioSi. amitomac mkvlevars CvenTvis saintereso<br />

ambebi zustad im TanamimdevrobiT aqvs gadmocemuli, ra TanamimdevrobiTac es movlenebi<br />

farsa<strong>da</strong>nis TxzulebaSia moTxrobili.<br />

aRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: ra mosazrebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT<br />

aTariRebs korneli kekeliZe no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavs mainca<strong>da</strong>mainc 1641<br />

wlis miwuruliTa <strong>da</strong> 1642 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisiT, maSin, roca farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZes es ambavi<br />

1642-1644 wlebis movlenebs Soris aqvs moTxrobili samwuxarod, am sakiTxis Sesaxeb<br />

gansaxilavi publikacia aranair miTiTebas ar gvawvdis.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, erTi ram faqtia: korneli kekeliZes no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla<br />

1641 wlis miwuruliTa <strong>da</strong> 1642 wlis 6 ianvramde periodiT hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli.<br />

korneli kekeliZis Semdeg no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis sakiTxs iribad Seexo givi<br />

jamburia Tavis 1955 wels <strong>da</strong>beWdil monografiaSi `qarTuli feo<strong>da</strong>luri urTierTobebis<br />

istorii<strong>da</strong>n~.<br />

naSromSi avtori sagangebod <strong>da</strong>interes<strong>da</strong> qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvilis biografiiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> yuradReba gaamaxvila vaxuSti bagrationis erT cnobaze, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c<br />

mefe rostomma qaixosro moakvlevina 1636 wels, didi xniT adre momx<strong>da</strong>ri ambis _<br />

birTvisis cixeSi mdgomi 500 iranelis amoJletis (1625 w.) gamo: `kualad rostom moi-<br />

Ãsena Suri yizilbaSTaTÂs, romeli moswyÂdna mouravman birTÂss, <strong>da</strong> Seipyra qaixosro<br />

baraTasSvili sisxlTa maTaTÂs <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>moagdo cixi<strong>da</strong>m ganjis karisaken maRlis godli<strong>da</strong>m~<br />

2 . imavdroulad, givi jamburiam sarwmunod ar miiCnia vaxuSti bagrationis aRni-<br />

Snuli cnoba <strong>da</strong> masTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, upiratesoba farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis Txzulebas misca,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvilis sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis ambavi no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis<br />

gamosvlasTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />

mkvlevris TqmiT, `500 yizilbaSis ambavi namdvili mizezi ver iqnebo<strong>da</strong> qaixosros<br />

<strong>da</strong>Rupvisa (winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, rostoms Suri adreve un<strong>da</strong> eZia. is ukve 4 wlis mosuli<br />

iyo qarTlSi). marTlac, f. gorgijaniZe sul sxva mizezs asaxelebs qaixosros<br />

<strong>da</strong>Rupvisas. aRwers ra no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis winaaRmdeg rostomis galaSqrebas <strong>da</strong> gamarjvebas,<br />

wers: `meores dRes gori<strong>da</strong>men qalaqs Cafari gagzavnes <strong>da</strong> qaixosro baraTasSvili,<br />

dedoflis saxlTuxucesi <strong>da</strong>iWires <strong>da</strong> cixeSi aiyvanes <strong>da</strong> RamiT koSki<strong>da</strong>men gardmoagdes<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tqves: `<strong>da</strong>mTvrala <strong>da</strong> TviTan gardmovardnilao <strong>da</strong> amisi Svilebi <strong>da</strong>aWirvines<br />

<strong>da</strong> goris cixeSi <strong>da</strong>atyveves <strong>da</strong> misi siZe baxuta husein begisSvili bagratoani iyo <strong>da</strong><br />

batonobac undo<strong>da</strong>, is gar<strong>da</strong>ixvewa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTs mivi<strong>da</strong>~. aq ukve garkveviTaa naTqvami, rom<br />

qaixosros kavSiri hqonia no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis ajanyebasTan <strong>da</strong> etyoba sakuTari gegmebic<br />

1 Svidi mTiebi (baram guri), prof. k. kekeliZis re<strong>da</strong>qciiT, gamokvleviTa <strong>da</strong> leqsikoniT (tfilisi, 1930), gv. 10.<br />

2 vaxuSti batoniSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 440.<br />

116

hqonia. misi siZe baxuta huseinbegis Svili `bagratoani iyo~ <strong>da</strong> romelsac `batonobac<br />

undo<strong>da</strong>~, mxolod qaixosros <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT miaRwev<strong>da</strong> raimes. rogorc Cans, es saqme gam-<br />

JRavnebula. es iyo swored mizezi qaixosros sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjisa. rogorc Cans, qaixosro<br />

TavadTa im wreebs kuTvnebia, `romelTac ara erTi SeTqmuleba CaeSalaT, ara erTi<br />

SeTqmuleba waages rostomis winaaRmdeg~. erT-erTi wagebuli SeTqmulebis Sedegia qaixosros<br />

<strong>da</strong>Rupvac~ 1 .<br />

amrigad, givi jamburia qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvilis mokvlis ambavs vaxuSti bagrationze<br />

<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, 1636 wliT aTariRebs 2 . amasTan, mkvlevari qaixosros mokvlis mizez-<br />

Tan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, upiratesobas farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis monaTxrobs aZlevs <strong>da</strong> miiCnevs, rom<br />

qaixosro sikvdiliT no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlasTan kavSiris gamo <strong>da</strong>sajes.<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>n, ukve logikurad gamomdinareobs <strong>da</strong>skvna, rom givi jamburias azriT, no<strong>da</strong>r<br />

ciciSvilis gamosvlas qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvilis sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis paralelurad<br />

anu 1636 wels hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili.<br />

givi jamburias Semdeg no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavs vrclad Seexo <strong>da</strong>viT<br />

gvritiSvili Tavis 1955 wels gamoqveynebul monografiaSi `feo<strong>da</strong>luri saqarTvelos<br />

socialuri urTierTobebis istorii<strong>da</strong>n~.<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad <strong>da</strong>viT gvritiSvili xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom `XVII saukunis 40-ian<br />

wlebSi sacicianos ufrosad no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvili~ iyo, amis Semdeg ki, detalurad mogviTxrobs<br />

mis mier rostomis winaaRmdeg mowyobili gamosvlis ambavs. mkvlevars CvenTvis<br />

saintereso movlenis calkeuli etapebi Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT aqvs gadmocemuli:<br />

_ imereli Tavadi CxeiZeebis qarTlSi gadmosvla <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi feo<strong>da</strong>lebis waqezeba<br />

rostomis winaaRmdeg gamosvlisaken.<br />

_ no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis, amilaxorisa <strong>da</strong> qsnis erisTavis mier kavSiris gabma CxeiZeeb-<br />

Tan; erToblivi samzadisis <strong>da</strong>wyeba rostomis winaaRmdeg gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlSi Teimuraz<br />

I-is gamefebisaTvis.<br />

_ no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis mier `samartod gamarjvebis~ mondomeba <strong>da</strong> gamosvlis <strong>da</strong>wyeba<br />

Teimuraz I-Tan, qsnis erisTavTan <strong>da</strong> amilaxorTan SeTanxmebis gareSe, sacicianos laSqris<br />

Sekreba <strong>da</strong> imerel didebulebTan erTad xovleSi <strong>da</strong>banakeba.<br />

_ rostomis mier ioram saakaZisagan no<strong>da</strong>ris gamosvlis ambis gageba, Tbilisisaken<br />

mimavali gzebis Sekvra <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi myofi samxedro Zalebis mobilizeba; imave RamiT<br />

rostomis laSqris kavTisxevs misvla, ioram saakaZis razmebTan gaerTianeba <strong>da</strong> gam-<br />

Teniisas xovlesTan <strong>da</strong>banakeba.<br />

_ no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis mier xovlesTan CxeiZeebis mitoveba <strong>da</strong> win<strong>da</strong>win veris cixeSi gamagreba;<br />

xovles brZolis <strong>da</strong>wyeba <strong>da</strong> rostomis mier zurgmoubmeli CxeiZeebis <strong>da</strong>marcxeba.<br />

_ rostomis mier Tbiliss Cafaris gagzavna, de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi myofi qaixosro baraTa-<br />

Svilis Sepyroba <strong>da</strong> sikvdliT <strong>da</strong>sja; qaixosros Svilebis goris cixeSi <strong>da</strong>tyveveba <strong>da</strong><br />

qaixosros siZis, qarTlis samefo taxtis erT-erTi pretendentis kaxeTs ga<strong>da</strong>xvewa.<br />

_ rostomis mier sacacianos <strong>da</strong>kaveba <strong>da</strong> misi teritoriis erTguli molaSqreebisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>nawileba; no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis mier veris cixis <strong>da</strong>kargva <strong>da</strong> mZovreTis cixeSi<br />

gaqceva.<br />

_ rostomis gors <strong>da</strong>banakeba, skras zemoT mdebare sacicianos <strong>da</strong>rbeva, goris cixi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

zarbaznebis waReba <strong>da</strong> mZovreTis cixisaTvis alyis Semortyma;<br />

_ mZovreTis alyis gaWianureba <strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis ymebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n Ralatis<br />

mcdeloba; no<strong>da</strong>ris mier dedis, kaxeli batoniSvilis rostomTan gagzavna <strong>da</strong> `gaclis<br />

gzis~ Txovna.<br />

_ rostomis mier no<strong>da</strong>risaTvis uvneblobis ficis micema <strong>da</strong> samgzavro pirutyvis<br />

Txoveba; no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla mZovreTis cixi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> sakuTari qonebiT axalcixes<br />

wasvla 3 .<br />

amrigad, <strong>da</strong>viT gvritiSvili aramxolod <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT aRwers no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis<br />

gamosvlis ambavs, aramed <strong>da</strong>axloebiT aTariRebs kidec am movlenas. mkvlevris TqmiT,<br />

CvenTvis saintereso movlenas adgili un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong> XVII saukunis 40-ian wlebSi anu ma-<br />

1 g. jamburia, qarTuli feo<strong>da</strong>luri urTierTobebis istorii<strong>da</strong>n (somxiT-sabaraTianos saTavadoebi)<br />

(Tbilisi, 1955), gv. 28.<br />

2 g. jamburia, qaixosro baraTaSvili, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, IV (Tbilisi, 1979), gv. 200.<br />

3 d. gvritiSvili, feo<strong>da</strong>luri saqarTvelos socialuri urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n (qarTlis saTavadoebi)<br />

(Tbilisi, 1955), gv. 442-444, 452-453.<br />

117

Sin, roca sacicianos ufrosi no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvili iyo.<br />

amasTan, <strong>da</strong>viT gvritiSvils Tavis naSromSi ganmartebuli ar aqvs, Tu, konkretulad,<br />

ra mosazrebebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT <strong>da</strong>aTariRa no<strong>da</strong>ris sacicianoSi ufrosobis faqti<br />

mainca<strong>da</strong>mainc XVII saukunis 40-iani wlebiT. aqve, aRvniSnavT imasac, rom mkvlevari no<strong>da</strong>r<br />

ciciSvilis gamosvlaze saubrisas, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis monaTxrobs<br />

emyarebo<strong>da</strong>, ramdenime adgilas ki beri egnataSvilisa <strong>da</strong> vaxuSti bagrationis cnobebsac<br />

iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT gvritiSvilis Semdeg qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebas iribad Seexo babilina<br />

lominaZe Tavis 1966 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi `masalebi saqarTvelos XVII-<br />

XVIII s-Ta istoriis qronologiisaTvis~.<br />

mecniers aRniSnul naSromSi <strong>da</strong>dgenili aqvs am periodis qarTlis kaTolikosTa<br />

moRvaweobis qronologia, maT Soris ki, XVII saukunis I naxevris qarTlis kaTolikosis<br />

evdemoz I diasamiZis moRvaweobis wlebi. avtori evdemoz I-is kaTolikosobas, qarTul<br />

saistorio sabuTebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, 1630-1638 wlebiT gansazRvravs, amis Semdeg aRniSnavs,<br />

rom `evdemozi, rogorc vaxuSti batoniSvili gvamcnobs, rostom mefes ga<strong>da</strong>uyenebia ka-<br />

Talikosobi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>upatimrebia, bolos cixi<strong>da</strong>n gadmogdebiT sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>usjia. ikorTis<br />

qronika evdemozis mkvlelobas 1643 wliT uCvenebs~ 1 .<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, babilina lominaZes qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebis ambavi metad<br />

mSralad aqvs gadmocemuli, Tumca, amavdroulad, igi pirveli qarTveli mkvlevaria,<br />

romelmac am ambavTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, yuradReba gaamaxvila ikorTis qronikaze 2 , sa<strong>da</strong>c,<br />

Tavis mxriv, pir<strong>da</strong>pir aris miTiTebuli qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebis erT-erTi<br />

moTavis kaTolikosi evdemoz I-is mokvlis TariRi _ 1643 weli: `qks tla: aqa kaTalikozi<br />

evdemos mokles~ 3 .<br />

Tu evdemoz I-is mokvlis ikorTis qronikaSi <strong>da</strong>cul TariRs (1643 w.) SeujerebT zemoT<br />

ganxiluli qarTuli <strong>da</strong> sparsuli wyaroebis cnobebs evdemoz kaTolikosis qarTlis<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebaSi monawileobisa <strong>da</strong> rostomis mier misi sikvdili <strong>da</strong>sjis<br />

Sesaxeb, maSin calsaxad SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom babilina lominaZe kaTolikos evdemoz<br />

diasamiZis mokvlasa <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebas 1643 wliT<br />

gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

babilina lominaZis Semdeg CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebs kidev erTxel miubrun<strong>da</strong><br />

givi jamburia. mkvlevarma 1973 wels <strong>da</strong>beWdili `saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis~ IV<br />

1 b. lominaZe, masalebi saqarTvelos XVII-XVIII ss-Ta istoriis qronologiisaTvis, masalebi saqarTvelosa<br />

<strong>da</strong> kavkasiis <strong>istoriisa</strong>Tvis, nakveTi 29 (Tbilisi, 1951), gv. 68.<br />

2 ikorTis qronikis kinklosuri minawerebi 1912 wels gamosca sargis kakabaZem Tavis naSromSi `qronika<br />

ikorTis #6 Jamn-gulanisa~, sa<strong>da</strong>c mecniers detalurad aqvs mocemuli aRniSnuli xelnaweris arqeografiuli<br />

aRweriloba, ga<strong>da</strong>mweris <strong>da</strong> myidvelis anderZebi, amis Semdeg moyvanili aqvs ikorTis qronikis<br />

cxrilebi, romelTa qronologia 1431-1729 wlebiT ganisazRvreba (s. kakabaZe, qronika ikorTis #6 Jamngulanisa<br />

(tfilisi, 1912), gv. 1-8). am minawerebis Semdeg mohyavs cxrilebisa <strong>da</strong> xelnaweris sxva gverdis<br />

aSiebze XVIII saukunis xeliT Sesrulebuli minaweri sabuTis teqstebi. sargis kakabaZis kinklosur minawerebSi<br />

aRniSnulia evdemoz kaTalikosis mokvlis ambavi, Tumca Cven did gakvirvebas iwvevs is faqti,<br />

rom aRniSnuli kinklosi mis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas 1642 wliT gansazRvravs, meti sicxadisaTvis mogvyavs ikor-<br />

Tis qronikis teqsti: `tl (1642 w.) aqa kzi evdemoz mokles:~, amis paralelurad kidev erTxel movitanT<br />

Tedo Jor<strong>da</strong>nias qronikebis II tomSi mocemul ikorTis qronikis teqsts: `qks tla: aqa kaTalikozi evdemos<br />

mokles (Zilispiri ikorTisa)~. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, sargis kakabaZisa <strong>da</strong> Tedo Jor<strong>da</strong>nias mier gamoqveynebul<br />

ikorTis qronikaSi CvenTvis saintereso kinklosi kaTalikos evdemozis mokvlis Sesaxeb sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

TariRiT, sargis kakabaZesTan 1642 wliT, xolo Tedo Jor<strong>da</strong>niasTan ki 1643 wliT aris gansazRvruli.<br />

Tu mxedvelobas gavamaxvilebT am ori avtoris mier gamoqveynebul kinklosis teqtis Sinaarsze, mcire<br />

gansxvavebas <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, rac mdgomareobs SemdgomSi, Tu, sargis kakabaZesTan TariRis aRmniSvneli<br />

ori grafemis `tl~-s win ar uzis qoronikonis aRmniSvneli sami grafema `qks~, amis sapirispirod Tedo<br />

Jor<strong>da</strong>niasTan es sami grafema aris mocemuli. sargis kakabaZes kinklosSi naxsenebi sityva `kaTalikozi~<br />

qaragmis gaxsnis gareSe sami grafemiT `kzi~-T aqvs gadmocemuli, roca Jor<strong>da</strong>niasTan es sityva yovelgvari<br />

qaragmis gareSe gxvdeba <strong>da</strong> bolos, Tu, pirvel SemTxvevaSi aRniSnul kinklosSi <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli kaTalikozis<br />

saxeli evdemozia, meore SemTxvevaSi es saxeli evdemosia. aRniSvnis Rirsia erTiU friad mniSvnelovani<br />

garemoeba, rom sargis kakabaZisa <strong>da</strong> Tedo Jor<strong>da</strong>nias mier moyvanili orive kinklosi #6^ xelnawerze<br />

yofila Sesrulebuli. CvenTvis saintereso kinklosuri minaweris TariRis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobam Cvens<br />

winaSe <strong>da</strong>sva erTi metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi _ sargeblob<strong>da</strong> Tu ara sargis kakabaZe <strong>da</strong> Tedo Jor<strong>da</strong>nia<br />

erTi <strong>da</strong> imave xelnaweriT am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis mizniT gavecaniT xelnawerTa erovnuli centrisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis xelnawerTa aRwerilobebs, Tumca Cven<strong>da</strong> samwuxardod ver mivakvlieT<br />

CvenTvis saintereso Jamn-gulans. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, Cvens mier zemoT<strong>da</strong>smul kiTxvas Riad vtovebT.<br />

3 qronikebi <strong>da</strong> sxva masala saqarTvelos <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> mwerlobisa, Sekrebili, qronologiurad <strong>da</strong>wyobili <strong>da</strong><br />

axsnili T. Jor<strong>da</strong>nias mier, wigni meore (1213 wli<strong>da</strong>n 1700 wlamde) (Tfilisi, 1897), gv. 456.<br />

118

tomisaTvis moamza<strong>da</strong> erT-erTi qveTavi saxelwodebiT `saqarTvelos politikuri viTareba<br />

XVII saukunis 30-90 wlebSi~, sa<strong>da</strong>c vrclad aris ganxiluli rostom mefis winaaRmdeg<br />

mowyobil gamosvla-SeTqmulebebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sakiTxebi.<br />

givi jamburias rostomis qarTlSi gamefebis Semdegdroindeli ambebi aseTi TanamimdevrobiT<br />

aqvs moTxrobili:<br />

_ rostomis gamefeba qarTlSi, Tbilisis, gorisa <strong>da</strong> suramis cixeebis gamagreba <strong>da</strong><br />

aq iranuli garnizonebis Cayeneba; qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa <strong>da</strong>morCileba rostomisadmi, Teimuraz<br />

I-is momxre saxelmwifo moxeleebis ga<strong>da</strong>yeneba <strong>da</strong> rostomis erTgul pirTa <strong>da</strong>winaureba;<br />

rostomis pirveli qorwineba qeTevan abaSiSvilze <strong>da</strong> meore qorwineba mariam<br />

<strong>da</strong>dianze.<br />

_ <strong>da</strong>Tuna aragvis erisTavis ajanyeba, misi RalatiT mokvla rostomis mier <strong>da</strong> qar-<br />

Tlis mefis SeWra aragvis saerisTavoSi; zaalis gaerisTaveba <strong>da</strong> misi mowveviT Teimuraz<br />

I-is mosvla ananurs; Teimuraz I-is, zaal aragvis erisTavis, iase qsnis erisTavisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> kaxeli feo<strong>da</strong>lebis galaSqreba rostomis winaaRmdeg; Teimuraz I-is <strong>da</strong>marcxeba <strong>da</strong><br />

misi kaxeTs ga<strong>da</strong>svla; kaxeTis iraneli mmarTvelis selim-xanis gaZeveba <strong>da</strong> Teimuraz I-<br />

is gamefeba kaxeTSi.<br />

_ rostomis gaZliereba azerbaijani<strong>da</strong>n mosuli laSqriT <strong>da</strong> misi kaxeTSi SeWra;<br />

Teimurazis mier Suamavlebis gagzavna rostomTan <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli mxareebis Serigeba;<br />

Teimuraz I-is asulis TinaTinis gagzavna iranSi <strong>da</strong> Sah sefi I-ze qorwineba; Sahis<br />

mier Teimuraz I-is kaxeTis mefed aRiareba 1 .<br />

CamoTvlili ambebis gadmocemis Semdeg givi jamburia mokled aRniSnavs: `erTxans<br />

marTlac mSvidobianoba Camovar<strong>da</strong> Teimurazsa <strong>da</strong> rostoms Soris. rostomma Seiriga qarTlis<br />

Tavadebi: orive erisTavi, ioTam amilaxori <strong>da</strong> sxvebi. magram, mSvidoba male <strong>da</strong>irRva.<br />

Teimurazi kvlav didi mondomebiT cdilob<strong>da</strong> rostomis gaZevebasa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />

taxtis <strong>da</strong>Weras. am saqmeSi mas mxars uWer<strong>da</strong> qarTlis TavadTa erTi jgufi no<strong>da</strong>r cici-<br />

Svilisa <strong>da</strong> zaal erisTavis meTaurobiT. maT ramdenjerme moawyves gamosvla rostomis<br />

winaaRmdeg (1636, 1638, 1642 wlebSi), magram isini marcxiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>~ 2 .<br />

amis Semdeg givi jamburia rostomis winaaRmdeg mowyobili <strong>da</strong> mis mier naxsenebi<br />

1636, 1638, 1642 wlebis gamosvla-SeTqmulebebi<strong>da</strong>n mxolod bolo gamosvlaze amaxvilebis<br />

yuradRebas <strong>da</strong> vrclad gadmogvcems am ambavs: `1642 wels didi SeTqmuleba moewyo rostomis<br />

winaaRmdeg. SeTqmulebaSi monawileobdnen: zaal erisTavi, ioTam amilaxori, no<strong>da</strong>r<br />

ciciSvili, kaTalikosi evdemon diasamiZe (misi siZe iyo Teimurazis vaJi <strong>da</strong>viTi),<br />

giorgi goCaSvili, revaz baraTaSvili, somxiTis meliqi yorxmazbeg <strong>da</strong> sxva. SeTqmulebis<br />

mizani iyo rostomis (romelic `cotas kaciT cxireTs~ iyo) mokvla <strong>da</strong> Teimurazis<br />

qarTlSi gamefeba.<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet momentSi SeTqmuleba gasca somxiTis meliqma. rostomi goris cixeSi<br />

gamagr<strong>da</strong>. Teimurazma, romelic ukve metexs misuliyo, gaigo SeTqmulebis gacema <strong>da</strong> kaxeTs<br />

gabrun<strong>da</strong>. qarTleli SeTqmulebi<strong>da</strong>n zogi _ revaz baraTaSvili, ivane saakaZe _ ga<strong>da</strong>ixvewa,<br />

zogi goCaSvili, kaTalikosi, zurab saakaZe, erisTvisSvili largveli rostomma<br />

Seipyro, goCaSvilsa <strong>da</strong> z. saakaZes Tvalebi <strong>da</strong>sTxares, kTalikosi jer Tbilisis<br />

cixeSi <strong>da</strong>atyveves, mere `<strong>da</strong>[a]rCves <strong>da</strong> cixi<strong>da</strong>m gadmoagdes~. ase sastikad gauswor<strong>da</strong><br />

SeTqmulebs rostomi.<br />

farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis sityviT, rostoms iranis SahisaTvis miuweria Teimurazisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTlis TavadTa axali ajanyebis Sesaxeb. moTminebi<strong>da</strong>n gamosulma Sahma didi jari<br />

Sehyara, `a<strong>da</strong>m sulTan andronikaSvili, rostom mefis diswuli~ sardlad <strong>da</strong>niSna <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTveloSi gamogzavna, rostoms ki SemouTvala: batoni Teimuraz gaagdon <strong>da</strong> mis<br />

alagzed kaxeTSi a<strong>da</strong>m sulTan andronikaSvili gaabatonono. am faqts Sah-abas II-is istorikosi<br />

mohamed Taheric a<strong>da</strong>sturebs.<br />

yizilbaSTa didi jari kaxeTSi Semovi<strong>da</strong>. rogorc Cans, Teimurazi <strong>da</strong> misi momxre<br />

Tavadebi: no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvili (romelic rostomis mier samcxeSi iyo gagdebuli) <strong>da</strong> zaal<br />

erisTavi SeSfoTebulan <strong>da</strong> rostomTan no<strong>da</strong>ris <strong>da</strong>Á <strong>da</strong> zaalis sidedri `batoni anaxanum~<br />

miugzavniaT <strong>da</strong> Serigeba uTxoviaT. rostomi zaals Seurig<strong>da</strong> im pirobiT, rom igi<br />

iranSi wavido<strong>da</strong>. zaali <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong>. zaali <strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>ri mefesTan mividnen <strong>da</strong> `fexs ako-<br />

1 g. jamburia, saqarTvelos politikuri viTareba XVII saukunis 30-90 wlebSi, saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

narkvevebi, IV (Tbilisi, 1973), gv. 315-320.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 320.<br />

119

ces~. man no<strong>da</strong>rs saciciano <strong>da</strong>ubruna. zaali ki cota mogvianebiT iranSi wavi<strong>da</strong>. mas<br />

Tan gahyva xelaxla Semorigebuli ioTam amilaxvaric. rac Seexeba Teimurazs, rogorc<br />

Cans, rostoms igic `Seundvia~, radgan kaxeTSi laSqroba 1644 wels moSales <strong>da</strong> `a<strong>da</strong>m<br />

sulTan eranis laSqriT isrev <strong>da</strong>abrunes~ ukan~ 1 .<br />

zemoT CamoTvlili mravalricxovani movlenebi<strong>da</strong>n givi jamburias pir<strong>da</strong>pir mxolod<br />

ramdenime ambavi aqvs <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli:<br />

_ rostomis gamefeba qarTlSi _ 1632 w.<br />

_ rostomis erTgul moxeleTa <strong>da</strong>winaureba qarTlSi _ 1633-1634 ww.<br />

_ rostomis pirveli qorwineba _ 1632-1633 ww.<br />

_ rostomis meore qorwineba _ 1633 w.<br />

_ Teimuraz I-is gamefeba kaxeTSi _ 1634 w.<br />

_ Teimuraz I-isa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa gamosvlebi rostomis winaaRmdeg _ 1636<br />

<strong>da</strong> 1638 wlebi.<br />

_ Teimuraz I-is, kaTolikos evdemozis, giorgi goCaSvilisa <strong>da</strong> sxva feo<strong>da</strong>lTa<br />

SeTqmuleba rostomis winaaRmdeg _ 1642 weli.<br />

aRniSnuli TariRebi<strong>da</strong>n amjerad CvenTvis sainteresoa mxolod rostomis winaaRmdeg<br />

mowyobili sami gamosvlis TariRi _ 1636, 1638 <strong>da</strong> 1642 wlebi. samwuxarod, givi jamburias<br />

naSromSi ganmartebuli ar aqvs, rostomis winaaRmdeg mowyobili <strong>da</strong> istoriuli<br />

wyaroebiT <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli ramdenime gamosvli<strong>da</strong>n konkretulad romel or gamosvlas<br />

aTariRebs 1636 <strong>da</strong> 1638 wlebiT. SegviZlia mxolod vivaraudoT, rom mkvlevars 1636<br />

wliT <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli aqvs no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavi, romelic missave 1955<br />

wlis naSromSi swored 1636 wliT aris gansazRvruli (ix. zemoT). rac Seexeba 1642<br />

wliT <strong>da</strong>TariRebul gamosvlas, amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT givi jamburia pir<strong>da</strong>pir aRniSnavs,<br />

rom xsenebul faqtSi gulisxmobs gamosvlas, romelSic monawileobas iRebdnen kaTolikosi<br />

evdemozi <strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvili.<br />

samwuxarod, naSromi<strong>da</strong>n pir<strong>da</strong>pir arc is Cans, saxeldobr ra argumentaciaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT<br />

aTariRebs givi jamburia aRniSnul gamosvlebs mainca<strong>da</strong>mainc 1636, 1638 <strong>da</strong> 1642<br />

wlebiT. viciT mxolod, rom mkvlevari rostomis winaaRmdeg mowyobil gamosvlebze saubrisas<br />

mTlianad eyrdnoba zemoT ukve citirebuli avtorebis: farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis,<br />

mohamed Taheris, arCil II-is, beri egnataSvilisa <strong>da</strong> vaxuSti bagrationis Txzulebebs.<br />

givi jamburias paralelurad, no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavs kidev erTi qar-<br />

Tveli istorikosi, olRa soseliac Seexo. mkvlevari Tavis 1973 wels <strong>da</strong>beWdil monografiaSi<br />

_ `narkvevebi feo<strong>da</strong>luri xanis saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri istorii<strong>da</strong>n~,<br />

<strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT Seiswavlis CxeiZeebis feo<strong>da</strong>luri saxlis istorias <strong>da</strong> sxva sakiTxebTan<br />

erTad, mokled ganixilavs am sagvareulos warmomadgenelTa monawileobis faqts<br />

no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlaSi.<br />

misi TqmiT, `CxeiZeebma aqtiuri monawileoba miiRes im SeTqmulebaSi, romelic<br />

rostom mefis winaaRmdeg moewyo no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilisa <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa TaosnobiT. SeTqmulebis<br />

monawileebs qarTlSi imereTis batoniSvilis mamukas gamefeba undo<strong>da</strong>T. SeiZleba<br />

es azri axalcixeSi SemuSav<strong>da</strong> safar faSas monawileobiT. qarTlSi sulTnis xeldebulis,<br />

imereTis ufliswulis gamefebis idea osmalTa interesebs Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan<br />

am ideis ganxorcieleba iranis poziciebs amierkavkasiaSi di<strong>da</strong>d Seasusteb<strong>da</strong>. magram Se-<br />

Tqmuleba gamomJRavn<strong>da</strong>. mamuka batoniSvili iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> isev axalcixeSi ga<strong>da</strong>suliyo.<br />

misi momxre CxeiZeebi ki qarTlSi <strong>da</strong>rCnen <strong>da</strong> axla Teimurazis sasargeblod `ZalmicemiT~<br />

ibrZodnen. magram Teimurazis momxreTa jgufi <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong>. CxeiZeebi mefes<br />

tyved Cauvardnen <strong>da</strong> irans gagzavnes. ramdenime xnis Semdeg rostomma giorgi <strong>da</strong> otia<br />

CxeiZeebi irani<strong>da</strong>n `moayvanina~, xolo beJia <strong>da</strong> xucia `yaenis kars <strong>da</strong>rCnes~ 2 .<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, olRa soselia saerTod arafers ambobs no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis<br />

TariRis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> mxolod imaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, rom am gamosvlaSi monawileobas<br />

iRebdnen beJia, otia, giorgi <strong>da</strong> xucia CxeiZeebi. aqve, SevniSnavT imasac, rom<br />

no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlaze saubrisas olRa soselia, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, eyrdnoba farsa<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gorgijaniZis Txzulebas, agreTve, erT qarTul-sparsul istoriul sabuTs, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

iranSi gagzavnili CxeiZeebis ambebia aRwerili.<br />

1 iqve, gv. 321-322.<br />

2 o. soselia, narkvevebi feo<strong>da</strong>luri xanis saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri istorii<strong>da</strong>n (Tbilisi, 1973),<br />

gv. 40.<br />

120

olRa soselias Semdeg no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebebis<br />

ambebs Seexo no<strong>da</strong>r nakaSiZe Tavis 1977 wels gamoqveynebul monografiaSi<br />

`wiwamuri<strong>da</strong>n baxtrionamde~.<br />

mkvlevari CvenTvis saintereso movlenebis ganxilvamde mokled aRniSnavs, rom<br />

`1635-1639 wlebSi adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> mTeli qarTlis ajanyebas rostomis winaaRmdeg~ 1 .<br />

amis Semdgom avtori rostomis winaaRmdeg mowyobil gamosvla-SeTqmulebebs Semdegi<br />

TanmimdevrobiT gadmogvcems:<br />

_ Teimuraz I-is gamosvla qarTlel (zaal aragvis erisTavi, iase qsnis erisTavi,<br />

muxranis batoni, ioTam amilaxori) <strong>da</strong> kaxel didebulebTan erTad rostom mefis winaaRmdeg.<br />

rostomis mier qarTlSi myofi iranelebisa <strong>da</strong> somxiT-sabariTianos laSqris<br />

meSveobiT Teimurazis <strong>da</strong>marcxeba. <strong>da</strong>marcxebuli Teimurazis ga<strong>da</strong>svla kaxeTs.<br />

_ Sah-sefis mier rostomisaTvis qarTlis samefoSi mdgomareobis ganmtkicebis mizniT,<br />

azerbaijanis jaris gamomgzavna. rostomis galaSqreba kaxeTs Teimurazis winaaRmdeg.<br />

Teimuraz I-is mier qarTlis mefisaTvis `saxvewris wignebis~ gagzavna <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli<br />

mxareebis morigeba. Teimurazis iniciativiT Tavisi qaliSvilis TinaTinis irans<br />

gagzavna <strong>da</strong> Sahis mier misi colad SerTva. iranis mmarTvelis mier TeimurazisaTvis<br />

rayamis gagzavna <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefed misi xelmeored aRiareba.<br />

_ qarTlis msxvili feo<strong>da</strong>lebis _ no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis, zaal argvis erisTavis, aise<br />

qsnis erisTavisa <strong>da</strong> ioTam amilaxoris TaosnobiT rostomis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis ganaxleba.<br />

_ no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis aCqareba, mis mier mokavSireebisaTvis ar moc<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> imerel didebulebTan<br />

_ CxeiZeebTan erTad rostomis winaaRmdeg gamosvla. qarTlis mefis mier<br />

xovleSi ajanyebulebTan Sebma <strong>da</strong> mis mier amboxebulTa <strong>da</strong>marcxeba.<br />

_ qarTlis TavadTa mier mowyobili kidev erTi mkvlelobis mcdeloba rostom mefisa<br />

sasaxlis abanoSi. SemTxvevis wyalobiT qarTlis mefis sikvdilisagan ga<strong>da</strong>rCena<br />

<strong>da</strong> SeTqmulTa mcdelobis Cavardna.<br />

_ qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis (kaTolikosi evdemoz diasamiZe, giorgi goCaSvili, eris-<br />

TvisSvili largveli, revaz baraTaSvili, ivane saakaZe, zurab saakaZe) maStaburi SeTqmuleba<br />

rostomis winaaRmdeg. qarTlis mefis mier qarTul-yizilbaSuri laSqarTan er-<br />

Tad maRarosTan martod myof Teimurazze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma. kaxeTis mefis mxri<strong>da</strong>n rostomisa-<br />

Tvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva <strong>da</strong> qarTlis mefis ukan <strong>da</strong>xeva.<br />

_ Sah-sefis sapasuxo reaqcia. misi brZanebiT, rostom mefis disSvilis _ a<strong>da</strong>m-sul-<br />

Tan andronikaSvilis meTaurobiT qarTlSi yizilbaSTa <strong>da</strong>mxmare laSqris gamogzavna.<br />

Sahis gankarguleba gacemuli rostomisadmi Teimurazis kaxeTi<strong>da</strong>n gaZevebisa <strong>da</strong> mis adgilze<br />

a<strong>da</strong>m-sulTan andronikaSvilis gamefebis Sesaxeb.<br />

_ iranis <strong>da</strong>mxmare jariT gaZlierebuli qarTlis mefis kaxeTs laSqroba <strong>da</strong> mis<br />

mier Teimurazis <strong>da</strong>marcxeba. rostomis ganmeorebiTi `kompromisi~ kaxeTis mefis mimarT,<br />

misive brZanebiT, laSqrobis moSla <strong>da</strong> TeimurazisaTvis kaxeTis taxtis SenarCuneba.<br />

_ rostomis mier sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjil kaTolikos evdemoz diasamiZis nacvlad qarTlis<br />

kaTolikosad qristefore urdubegaSvilis <strong>da</strong>niSvna 2 .<br />

mecnieri zemoTCamoTvlili movlenebi<strong>da</strong>n mxolod erT _ no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlas<br />

aTariRebs <strong>da</strong> am faqts 1636 wliT gansazRvravs. igi <strong>da</strong>narCeni movlenebis <strong>da</strong> maT<br />

Soris qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa masStaburi SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb raime konkretul TariRs<br />

ar iZleva. Tumca Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, mkvlevris mier aRniSnuli movlenebis win gake-<br />

Tebul SeniSvnas 1635-1639 wlebSi rostomis winaaRmdeg mTeli qarTlis gamosvlis Sesaxeb,<br />

amasTan erTad Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT im faqtsac, rom no<strong>da</strong>r nakaSiZes<br />

qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmuleba no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis Semdeg aqvs mocemuli,<br />

maSin ar SevcdebiT Tu vityviT, rom igi qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa masStabur SeTqmulebas<br />

zogadi qronologiuri monakveTiT _ 1636-1639 wlebiT gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong>. avtori am ambebis<br />

gadmocemisas qarTul (farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe, beri egnataSvili, vaxuSti batoniSvili)<br />

<strong>da</strong> sparsul (mohamed Taheri) wyaroebs eyrdnoba 3 .<br />

1 n. nakaSiZe, wiwamuri<strong>da</strong>n baxtrionamde (Tbilisi, 1977), gv. 158.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 156-163.<br />

3 no<strong>da</strong>r nakaSiZes aRniSnuli naSromis sqolioSi miTiTebuli ar aqvs mis mier gamoyenebuli qarTuli <strong>da</strong><br />

sparsuli werilobiTi wyaroebi, Tumca mkvlevari naSromis winasityvaobaSi aRniSnavs, rom `gamoyenebul<br />

pirvelwyaroebsa <strong>da</strong> specialur literaturas <strong>da</strong>interesebuli mkiTxveli wignis bolos gaecnoba~ n. nakaSiZe,<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli naSromi, gv. 6.<br />

121

no<strong>da</strong>r nakaSiZis Semdeg qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmuleba xelmeored ganixila babilina<br />

lominaZem. avtori qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopediis IV tomisaTvis momzadebul<br />

erT-erT statiaSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kaTolikosis evdemoz I-is Sesaxeb ambobs,<br />

rom `evdemoz I (diasamiZe) (g. 1643) aRm. saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi 1630-1638 ww. e.<br />

I monawileob<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mefis rostomis (1632-1658 ww.) winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebaSi. SeTqmulebis<br />

mizani iyo rostomis ga<strong>da</strong>yeneba <strong>da</strong> gaerT. qarTl-kaxeTis taxtze kaxeTis mefis<br />

Teimuraz I-is mowveva. SeTqmulebis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg e. i. sxvebTan erTad <strong>da</strong>apatimres<br />

<strong>da</strong> rostomis brZanebiT sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sajes~ 1 .<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, mecnieri CvenTvis saintereso movlenas wina naSromisagan gansxvavebiT<br />

ufro detalurad aRwers. aq ukve mkvlevari garkveviT ambobs, rom evdemoz<br />

kaTolikosisa <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebas 1643 wels hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili.<br />

rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, aRniSnuli ambis <strong>da</strong>TariRebisas mecnieri eyrdnoba ikor-<br />

Tis qronikaSi <strong>da</strong>cul evdemoz kaTolikosis mokvlis mocemul TariRs _ qoronikons<br />

tla-s (1643 w.).<br />

no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebis ambebi vrclad<br />

ganixila gulqan JorJolianma Tavis 1987 wels <strong>da</strong>beWdil monografiaSi _ `aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTvelo XVII saukunis 30-50 wlebSi~.<br />

mkvlevris azriT, rostomis winaaRmdeg adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> Teimuraz I-isa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa<br />

sam gamosvlas. gulqan JorJoliani cal-calke ganixilavs TiToeul gamosvlas.<br />

I gamosvla: `rostomTan Teimurazis momxre Tavadebis Semorigeba (igulisxmeba<br />

farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis mier 1637 wliT <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli ambavi rostomis mier amboxebuli<br />

qarTleli feo<strong>da</strong>lebis _ iase qsnis erisTavisa <strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis Sewyalebis Sesaxeb<br />

_ T. g.) xanmokle aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. Sinafeo<strong>da</strong>luri omi kvlav mZvinvareb<strong>da</strong>. 1637 wels man<br />

seriozuli xasiaTi miiRo. no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilma rostom mefeze `samartoT~ gamarjveba moindoma.<br />

arc Teimurazi, arc aragvis erisTavi <strong>da</strong> arc amilaxori am saqmeSi ar Caria. imereTis<br />

`sabatios kacis Svilebi CxeiZeni~, romlebic `omnacadni kacni iyvnen gverds<br />

iaxla~, sacicianos laSqriT sajavaxianoSi SeiWra. `xovleTs CamoÃ<strong>da</strong>~ <strong>da</strong> vinc laSqriT<br />

ar Semoeyara yvelas mamulebi <strong>da</strong>urbia. rostomis erTgulma ioram mouravisSvilma<br />

(giorgis saakaZis Svilma) ajanyebis <strong>da</strong>wyeba <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv mefes acnoba. mefis mkacri<br />

brZanebiT, qalaqis mouravma, Tbilisis mcxovrebTa sruli mobilizacia gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

`TaTarTa, qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> somexTa~ didi laSqari Sehyara. rostomis gankargulebis Sesabamisad<br />

vinc cxeniT ar gamovido<strong>da</strong>, Tavs mohkveTdnen. SuaRamisas, kavTisxevs misul<br />

rostom mefes ioram mouravisSvili `gareSemos laSqriT~ win moegeba. elizbar boqaul-<br />

Tuxucesma yvela, visac `cxenT SeiZleba hqon<strong>da</strong>~ salaSqrod gamoiyvana. rostom mefe<br />

sabaraTianosa <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSTa laSqris moSveliebiT no<strong>da</strong>rs xovleSi Seeba. no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilma<br />

CxeiZeebs `zurgi ar moaba~, Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve veris cixeSi gamagr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saomrad ar<br />

gamovi<strong>da</strong>. CxeiZeebi mamacurad ibrZodnen: zogi mokles <strong>da</strong> bevric <strong>da</strong>atyveves: beJia CxeiZe<br />

ioram mouravisSvilma igdo xelT. xucia CxeiZe fareSTuxuces paata javaxiSvils xv<strong>da</strong><br />

wilad, `zogni baraTianT <strong>da</strong>irCines <strong>da</strong> zogi elizbar boqaulTuxucesis ymebTan <strong>da</strong>atyveves~.<br />

mefis brZanebiT, <strong>da</strong>tyvevebul, `mxarwakrul~ CxeiZeebs pativiT moeqcnen. vinc mamacoba<br />

gamoiCina, yvelas `ÃalaTi~ <strong>da</strong> jildod mamulebi uboZes. male CxeiZeebi, boqaulTuxucesis<br />

elizbar <strong>da</strong>viTisSvilis xeliT rostomma yaenTan gagzavna <strong>da</strong> arza<br />

miswera: `qarTvelni Cemis uSvilobisaTvis <strong>da</strong> unaTesaobisaTvin urCoben~... `radgan Cems<br />

sabolos vera Ãedveno~. mefe qarTlis taxtis memkvidred gamocxadebis mizniT Sahs Tavisi<br />

biZaSvilis, Teimuraz mirzas sami Svili<strong>da</strong>n erT-erTis (mas papis _ luarsabis saxeli<br />

erqva) Svilad boZebas Txov<strong>da</strong>.<br />

gamarjvebul rostoms no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvili <strong>da</strong>neb<strong>da</strong>. man patiebis saTxovnelad mefes-<br />

Tan Tavisi de<strong>da</strong>, kaxeTis batoniSvili migzavna. mefem `uvneblobis ficiT~ no<strong>da</strong>rs <strong>da</strong>na-<br />

Sauli apatia. `cxen-jori aTxova~ <strong>da</strong> zovreTi<strong>da</strong>n axalcixeSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlis neba <strong>da</strong>rTo.<br />

ajanyebulTa <strong>da</strong>sasjelad <strong>da</strong> urCi feo<strong>da</strong>lebis <strong>da</strong>saTrgunavad rostom mefem saTanado<br />

zomebi miiRo. dedoflis saxlTuxucesi baraTaSvili mefis RalatisaTvis <strong>da</strong>iWires,<br />

jer cixeSi <strong>da</strong>amwyvdies, xolo Semdeg, RamiT koSki<strong>da</strong>n gadmoagdes. Tqves _ `<strong>da</strong>m-<br />

Tvrala <strong>da</strong> TviTon gadmovardnilao~. male misi Svilebic <strong>da</strong>atyveves <strong>da</strong> goris cixeSi<br />

moaTavses. zogma Tavadma gaqceviT uSvela Tavs. ase magaliTad, saxlTuxuces qaixosro<br />

1 b. lominaZe, evdemoz I (diasamiZe), qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, IV (Tbilisi, 1979), gv. 31.<br />

122

araTaSvilis siZe, baxuta husein begisSvili, romelic bagrationTa gvaris warmomadgeneli<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong> pretenzia hqon<strong>da</strong> samefo gvirgvinze, kaxeTSi ga<strong>da</strong>ixvewa. ioTam amilaxormac<br />

Tavisi jalabiT kaxeTs Seafara Tavi~ 1 .<br />

II gamosvla: `1638 wels rostomis winaaRmdeg kvlav SeTqmuleba moewyo. SeTqmulebis<br />

monawileni SeTanxmdnen, rom Soba dRes axalgorSi ioTam amilaxori <strong>da</strong> `orniv<br />

erisTavi~ erTmaneTs Sexvdebodnen <strong>da</strong> safurcleSi Teimurazs SeuerTdebodnen. Semdeg<br />

mcxeTaSi misulebi pirobas <strong>da</strong>sdebdnen, rom rostomis winaaRmdeg moqmedebas sisrule-<br />

Si moiyvandnen. rostom mefem Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong> TavadTa SeTqmulebis SetyobinebisTanave<br />

kontrzomebi saswrafod miiRo. mravalricxovani laSqriT mefe muxranSi mivi<strong>da</strong>. iq<br />

`kargi jariT baxuta (vaxtang muxranbatoni) Semoeyara. axalgorSi ganlagebul SeTqmulebs<br />

Soba dilas moulodnelad Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amarcxes. vaxtang muxranbatonma<br />

mamacobiT gamoiCina Tavi. cxireTs myofi rostom mefe xifaTisagan ixsna. mefe saswrafod<br />

<strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> goris cixeSi. Teimuraz mefem ukan <strong>da</strong>ixia. vaxtang muxranbatoni `miewia<br />

<strong>da</strong> avno didi~.<br />

Sahis nebarTviT, isfahani<strong>da</strong>n qarTlis taxtis memkvidred mahmadiani luarsab bagrationis<br />

Camoyvanam Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis ganawyeneba gamoiwvia~ 2 .<br />

III gamosvla: `1642 wels rostom mefis winaaRmdeg kvlav didi SeTqmuleba moawyves.<br />

Sah-abas II-is istorikosis mohamed Taheris informaciiT, `Teimurazi SeuTanxm<strong>da</strong> zaal<br />

erisTavs _ yara-yalxans, no<strong>da</strong>r <strong>da</strong> ioTam amilaxvrebs... raTa rogorme mospon mefobis<br />

safarveli rostom mefe~. rostomis winaaRmdeg mowyobil am axal SeTqmulebaSi monawileobdnen:<br />

zaal erisTavi, ioTam amilaxori, no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvili, kaTalikosi evdemon diasamiZe,<br />

giorgi goCaSvili (romelic mefobas TviTonve moelo<strong>da</strong>). somxiTis meliqi yorxmazbeg<br />

aTabegisSvili <strong>da</strong> sxva qarTvelni. SeTqmulTa Soris yvelaze aqtiurad qarTlis<br />

kaTalikosi evdemon diasamiZe moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>. (misi Zmis asuli Teimurazis Svilis, <strong>da</strong>viT<br />

batoniSvilis coli iyo). <strong>da</strong>debuli pirobis Tanaxmad, SeTqmulTa mizans `cotas kaciT~<br />

cxireTs myofi rostom mefis mokvla <strong>da</strong> mis adgilze Teimurazis gabatoneba warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

SeTqmulebma gadmosabireblad `qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> baraTianT wignebi miweres~.<br />

somxiTis meliqma, romelic `saxalifos sasaxlis erTgulTa ricxvs ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>~,<br />

`Sahis SiSiT fici gatexa, maTi (SeTqmulTa _ g.J.) sawadeli <strong>da</strong> minaweri wignebi mefes<br />

miarTva~. SeTqmulebis gamomJRavnebisTanave rostomi gorSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>, Teimurazi ki kaxeTSi<br />

Cavi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

zedized mowyobilma SeTqmuleba-ajanyebebma rostoms radikaluri zomebis miReba<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>awyvetina. mefis brZanebiT SeTqmulebis monawileni: kaTalikosi evdemon diasamiZe,<br />

giorgi goCaSvili, erisTviSvili largveli <strong>da</strong>atyveves. giorgi goCaSvilsa <strong>da</strong> zurab<br />

saakaZes Tvalebi <strong>da</strong>sTxares. kaTalikosi qalaqis cixeSi <strong>da</strong>amwyvdies, Semdeg `<strong>da</strong>(a)rCves<br />

<strong>da</strong> cixi<strong>da</strong>n gardmoagdes~. farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis monaTxrobis Tanaxmad, `orgulni zogni<br />

gaaxeibra, zogni umkv(i)dro hyvna, zogi mamuliT gaaRariba <strong>da</strong> ganaZo Tvisisa qveyni<strong>da</strong>me,<br />

Tvinier zaal erisTvisa <strong>da</strong> ioTam amilaxorisa~ 3 .<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, gulqan JorJoliani pir<strong>da</strong>pir aTariRebs rostomis winaaRmdeg<br />

mowyobili samive gamosvla-SeTqmulebas. mkvlevris TqmiT, I anu no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlas<br />

adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> 1637 wels, II anu axalgoris SeTqmulebas _ 1638 wels, xolo III<br />

anu kaTolikosi evdemozisa <strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvlas _ 1642 wels.<br />

gulqan JorJolianis Semdeg CvenTvis saintereso movlenas Seexo guliko mWedliZe<br />

Tavis erT-erT statiaSi `XVII s-is I naxevris saqarTvelos istoriis qronologii<strong>da</strong>n~.<br />

mecnieri aRniSnul statiSi cdilobs XVII saukunis I naxevris qarTlis kaTolikosebis:<br />

qristefore I-is, zaqaria jorjaZisa <strong>da</strong> evdemoz diasamiZis mwyemsmTavrobis wlebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgenas. mkvlevari evdemoz diasamiZis mamaTmTavrobis ze<strong>da</strong> qronologiuri zRvaris<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgenisas acxadebs, rom: `Cven gansakuTrebiT gvainteresebs 1638 wels evdemon ka-<br />

Talikosis mier gacemuli wyalobis wigni gedevaniSvil-elioziSvilebisadmi. sabuTs<br />

uzis evdemon diasamiZis xelrTva: `kaTalikosi evdemon~.<br />

cnobilia kaTalikos evdemon diasamiZis <strong>da</strong>Rupvis ori versia: igi rostom mefem<br />

sxva didebulebTan erTad (zaal erisTavi, ioTam amilaxvari, no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvili <strong>da</strong> sxv.)<br />

1 g. JorJoliani, aRmosavleT saqarTvelo XVII saukunis 30-50 wlebSi (Tbilisi, 1987), 69-70.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 71.<br />

3 iqve.<br />

123

Teimurazis qarTlSi gamefebis mcdelobisaTvis moakvlevina~ 1 . amis Semdgom mas mohyavs<br />

beri egnataSvilisa <strong>da</strong> vaxuSti batoniSvilis TxzulebaTa is nawili, sa<strong>da</strong>c aRwerilia<br />

rostomis mier qarTlis kaTalikosis sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis ambavi. amis Semdgom ki avtori<br />

<strong>da</strong>sZens: `evdemon diasamiZis mokvlis Semdeg rostom mefem kaTalikosoba misca urdubegaSvil<br />

qristefores. es ki 1638 wels mox<strong>da</strong>. e. i. evdemoni 1633-1638 ww. ganageb<strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />

sakaTalikosos~ 2 .<br />

rogorc Cans, mecnieri eyrdnoba ra 1638 wlis evdemoz I-is mier gacemul wyalobis<br />

sigels <strong>da</strong> masze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT evdemoz diasamiZis mwyemsmTavrobis ze<strong>da</strong> qronologiur<br />

zRvrad <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, misi sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis TariRad 1638 wels miaCnevs <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinare qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa maStabur SeTqmulebas amave 1638 wliT gansazRvravs.<br />

guliko mWedliZis Semdeg CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs Seeexo zurab mWedliSvili<br />

Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi `iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobaTa istorii<strong>da</strong>n (XVII s-is I<br />

naxevari)~.<br />

mkvlevari Tavis sadisertacio naSromis me-3 TavSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c saubrobs qarTuli eklesiis<br />

brZolaze iranis winaaRmdeg, aRniSnavs: `qarTuli eklesiis yvelaze cnobili<br />

demarSi rostom-xanis (igive iranis) politikis winaaRmdeg iyo 1643 wlis SeTqmulebaSi<br />

kaTolikos-patriarqis evdemon I diasamiZis (1630-1643) monawileoba. SeTqmulni miznad<br />

isaxavdnen taxti<strong>da</strong>n iranis agentis ga<strong>da</strong>gdebas <strong>da</strong> masze legitimuri, qristiani mefis<br />

aRdgenas. rogorc qarTuli wyaroebi gvamcnoben, patriarqi evdemon I arc manamde malav<strong>da</strong><br />

simpaTiebs Teimuraz I-sadmi <strong>da</strong> sajarod amxel<strong>da</strong> rostom-xanis promuslimur politikas.<br />

patriarqis mxecuri mokvliT rostomma kidev erTxel gamoamJRavna Tavisi namdvili<br />

saxe~ 3 .<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, istorikosi babilina lominaZis msgavsad rostom mefis winaaRmdeg<br />

mimarTul qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa masSatabur SeTqmulebas 1643 wliT gansazRvravs.<br />

Tumca mas babilina lominaZisagan gansxvavebiT aranairi argumenti ar mohyavs, Tu ris<br />

safuZvelze aTariRebs CvenTvis saintereso movlenas mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc 1643 wliT.<br />

zurab mWedliSvilis Semdeg qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa masStabur SeTqmulebas Seexo<br />

el<strong>da</strong>r mamisTvaliSvilic Tavis 1996 wels gamoqveynebul monografiaSi _ `amilaxvrebi~.<br />

mkvlevars aRniSnul naSromSi Seswavlili aqvs amilaxorTa feo<strong>da</strong>luri sagvareulos<br />

erT-erTi cnobili warmomadgenlis _ ioTam amilaxoris politikuri moRvaweobis<br />

sakiTxebi <strong>da</strong> maT Soris, ioTamis monawileobis faqti rostomis winaaRmdeg mimarTul<br />

erT-erT gamosvlaSi.<br />

el<strong>da</strong>r mamisTvaliSvilis TqmiT, `1636 wels didi SeTqmuleba moewyo rostomis winaaRmdeg.<br />

masSi monawileobdnen qarTlis udidesi Tavadebi: no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvili, kaTalikosi<br />

evdemon diasamiZe (misi siZe iyo Teimuraz I-is vaJi <strong>da</strong>viTi), giorgi goCaSvili, revaz<br />

baraTaSvili, somxiTis meliqi yorxmazbeg <strong>da</strong> sxvebi. zogierTi cnobis mixedviT<br />

SeTqmulebis monawile iyo ioTam amilaxvaric. SeTqmulebs ganzraxuli hqon<strong>da</strong>T rostomis<br />

mokvla <strong>da</strong> Teimurazis gamefeba qarTlSic. SeTqmuleba yorxmazbegma gasca, rostomi<br />

yvelas mkacrad gauswor<strong>da</strong> vinc moixelTa. Tavadebi mainc ar isvenebdnen. sapasuxod<br />

rostomma iase erisTavis <strong>da</strong> ioTam amilaxvris col-Svili goris cixeSi Seiyvana <strong>da</strong><br />

TviT iases <strong>da</strong> ioTamis Sepyrobas lamob<strong>da</strong>, magram Tavadebma gaiges rostomis ganzraxva<br />

<strong>da</strong> axalgors Seefarnen. rostomma ioTami amilaxorobi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>ayena <strong>da</strong> mis magier misi<br />

Zma beJani <strong>da</strong>niSna, xolo amilaxvarTa mTavari rezidencia _ sxvilos cixe <strong>da</strong>aqcia. iase<br />

<strong>da</strong> ioTami kaxeTs TeimurazTan ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen <strong>da</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n dedofal mariams <strong>da</strong>uwyes xvewna<br />

mefem Cveni colSvili gamouSvaso. rostomma marTlac gaanTavisufla ieses <strong>da</strong> ioTamis<br />

jalabi~ 4 .<br />

amrigad, el<strong>da</strong>r mamisTavliSvili miiCnevs, rom rostomis winaaRmdeg mowyobil gamosvlas,<br />

romelSic monawileobas erTdroulad iRebdnen: no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvili, kaTolikosi<br />

evdemozi, giorgi goCaSvili, revaz baraTaSvili, somxiTis meliqi yorxmazbegi <strong>da</strong><br />

sxvebi, adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> 1636 wels.<br />

1 g. mWedliZe, XVII s-is I naxevris saqarTvelos istoriis qronologii<strong>da</strong>n (qarTlis kaTalikosebis qristefore<br />

I-is, zaqaria jorjaZisa <strong>da</strong> evdemon diasamiZis zeobis wlebis <strong>da</strong>zustebisaTvis), macne, #4 (Tbilisi,<br />

1988), gv. 70.<br />

2 iqve<br />

3 z. mWedliSvili, iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobaTa istorii<strong>da</strong>n (XVII s-is I naxevari), sadisertacio<br />

naSromi (Tbilisi, 1995), gv. 92.<br />

4 e. mamisTvaliSvili, amilaxvrebi (gori, 1996), gv. 16-17.<br />

124

amave 1996 wels anania jafariZe Tavis monografiuli xasiaTis naSromSi `qarTuli<br />

eklesia XVII saukuneSi~ rostomisa <strong>da</strong> Teimuraz I-is <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis ganxilvisas exeba<br />

qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebis sakiTxs. avtoris mixedviT, `1642 wels rostomis winaaRmdeg<br />

SeTqmuleba moewyo. SeTqmulebaSi: zaal erisTavi, ioTam amilaxvari, no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvili,<br />

kaTalikosi evdemon diasamiZe <strong>da</strong> sxvani monawileobdnen. SeTqmuleba somxiTis<br />

meliqma gasca. amis Semdeg kaTalikosi ar gaty<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> SeTqmulebs rostomis winaaRmdeg<br />

sabrZolvelad mouwo<strong>da</strong>, magram rostomma isini <strong>da</strong>amarcxa. `xolo Seipyra kaTalikozi<br />

evdemon rostom mefeman <strong>da</strong> waravlina qalaqis cixeSia <strong>da</strong> tyve-yo <strong>da</strong> xansa raodensadme<br />

ukana, munve cixeSi moaSTobina...~ (q. cx., II, gv. 420), Semdgomad gardmoagdo ganjis karis<br />

koSki<strong>da</strong>m (q. c., IV, gv. 442)~ 1 .<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, avtori qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebis gadmocemisas mxolod<br />

beri egnataSvilisa <strong>da</strong> vaxuSti batoniSvilis TxzulebebiT sargeblobs <strong>da</strong> CvenTvis saintereso<br />

movlenas 1642 wliT aTariRebs. Tumca aRniSnuli naSromi<strong>da</strong>n ar Cans, Tu raze<br />

<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT gansazRvravs mecnieri am faqts mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc 1642 wliT.<br />

anania jafariZis Semdeg qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebis ambavi avtorTa jgufis<br />

_ mixeil <strong>da</strong> nugzar rexviaSvilTa ganxilvis sagani gax<strong>da</strong>. istorikosebi TavianT 2000<br />

wels gamoqveynebul saxelmZRvanelo tipis naSromSi `saqarTvelos istoria (uZvelesi<br />

droi<strong>da</strong>n XX saukunis 30-ian wlebamde)~ sakmaod vrclad exebian CvenTvis saintereso<br />

movlenas. mkvlevarTa jgufi aRniSnul movlenas Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT gadmogvcemen:<br />

_ qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa (zaal erisTavi, giorgi goCaSvili, ivane <strong>da</strong> zurab saakaZeebi,<br />

ioTam amilaxori, no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvili, kaTolikosi evdemoz diasamiZe, revaz baraTa-<br />

Svili, somxiTis meliqi yorxmazbegi <strong>da</strong> sxv.) mier SeTqmulebis organizeba rostom mefis<br />

winaaRmdeg.<br />

_ ioram mouraviSvilis mier rostomisaTvis aRniSnuli SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb informaciis<br />

miwodeba <strong>da</strong> qarTlis mefis sapasuxo reaqcia. rostomis Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma xovleSi<br />

Sekrebil SeTqmulebze <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>da</strong>marcxeba.<br />

_ SeTqmulTa kidev erTi mcdeloba rostom mefis mokvlisa <strong>da</strong> mis magivrad qarTlis<br />

taxtze Teimurazis gamefebisa. SeTqmulebis gamJRavneba. rostomis mier SeTqmulTa<br />

wevrebze (nawilisaTvis Tvalebis <strong>da</strong>Txra <strong>da</strong> nawilisaTvis ki sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sja. mag. ka-<br />

Tolikos evdemoz diasamiZis nariyalas cixeSi <strong>da</strong>xrCoba,) sastiki RonisZiebebis gatareba.<br />

qarTlSi mosul Teimurazis mier SeTqmulebis gacemis gageba <strong>da</strong> kaxTa mefis ukan<br />

<strong>da</strong>xeva Tavis samefoSi. kaxeTSi mimaval Teimurazze vaxtang muxranbatonis mier Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis<br />

mowyoba <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefisaTvis didi zianis miyeneba 2 .<br />

mecnierTa jgufi qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebas 1642 wliT gansazRvraven. imis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom avtorTa naSromi aranair bibliografiul miTiTebas ar Seicavs,<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare Znelia raimes Tqma, Tu raze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT aTariReben avtorebi Cven-<br />

Tvis saintereso movlenas _ 1642 wliT.<br />

sul bolos, CvenTvis saintereso movlenebi ganxiluli aqvs <strong>da</strong>viT niniZes Tavis<br />

2004 wlis monografiuli xasiaTis naSromSi `bagrationTa samefo saxlis ganStoebaTa<br />

istoria~.<br />

istorikosi aRniSnul monografiaSi gadmogvcems bagrationTa samefo saxlis gverdiTi<br />

Stoebis istorias <strong>XI</strong>II-XVIII saukuneebSi. rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia, no<strong>da</strong>r cici-<br />

Svilis gamosvlasa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis masStabur SeTqmulebaSi bagrationTa samefo saxlis<br />

ganStoebis warmomadgenlebi (goCaSvilebi, <strong>da</strong>viTiSilebi, husein begiSvilebi) aqtiurad<br />

monawileobdnen. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare mkvlevari sakmaod vrclad mogviTxrobs zemoTaRniSnul<br />

ambebs <strong>da</strong> Tavis naSromSi ramdenime adgilas aqvs mocemuli.<br />

pirvelad, igi no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis cnobil gamosvlas rostomis winaRmdeg XVII saukunis<br />

I naxevris <strong>da</strong>viTiSvilebis feo<strong>da</strong>luri saxlis erT-erTi aqtiuri warmomadgenlis<br />

_ boqaulTuxucess elizbar <strong>da</strong>viTiSvilis cxovreba-moRvaweobis mimoxilvisas Seexo.<br />

misi TqmiT, `XVII s. 30-iani wlebis sxva sabuTebiT, sagvareulo ganStoebis meTauri ukve<br />

<strong>da</strong>viTis Svili elizbar boqaulTuxuces <strong>da</strong>viTiSvilia. igi rostom mefis winaaRmdeg<br />

1637 w. ajanyebisas, mefis erT-erTi aqtiuri mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeria: no<strong>da</strong>r cicisSvils gverds<br />

1 a. jafariZe, qarTuli eklesia XVII saukuneSi (Tbilisi, 1996), gv. 58.<br />

2 m. rexviaSvili, n. rexviaSvili, saqarTvelos istoria (uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n XX saukunis 30-ian wlebamde)<br />

(quTaisi, 2000), gv. 559-560.<br />

125

umagrebdnen `CxeiZeni <strong>da</strong> sxva imereTis sabatios kacis Svilebi~; rostom mefem laSqris<br />

Sekreba brZana <strong>da</strong> sabrZolvelad gaemarTa, xolo elizbar boqaulTuxucess (<strong>da</strong>viTiSvils)<br />

ubrZana: `laSqars ukan Caudeqo <strong>da</strong> visac cxeniT SeZleba hqondeso, CqaraT wamoasxio,<br />

rom mR˜Tisa SewevniTo dilas no<strong>da</strong>rsTan gaviTenebo~. xovlesTan brZolaSi ajanyebulebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>marcxdnen <strong>da</strong> `zogni baraTianT <strong>da</strong>irCines, zogni elizbar boqaulTuxucis<br />

ymebman <strong>da</strong>irCines~; `CxeiZeni <strong>da</strong>Wrilni <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCenilni mefes win moasxes~, ris Semdegac<br />

mefem CxeiZeebi, `boqaulTuxucesis elizbaris xeliT yaenTan gagzavna~ <strong>da</strong> `arza~ miswera<br />

luarsab batoniSvilis mefis Svilad boZebis Taobaze (amis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. savaxtangosTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebul nawilSi). aseTi xasiaTis sakiTxze rostomis mier iranSi<br />

elizbar <strong>da</strong>viTiSvilis gagzavna laparakobs am pirovnebis maRal rangsa <strong>da</strong> saerTod,<br />

<strong>da</strong>viTiSvilebis saxlis mniSvnelobaze XVII s-is qarTlis samefoSi.<br />

ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg rostom mefem saTanado zomebi miiRo: mag., `qaixosrov baraTasSvili,<br />

dedoflis saxlTuxucesi, <strong>da</strong>iWires <strong>da</strong> cixeSi aiyvanes <strong>da</strong> RamiT koSki<strong>da</strong>men<br />

gardmoagdes <strong>da</strong> Tqves _ <strong>da</strong>mTvrala <strong>da</strong> TviTan gardmovardnilao...~. aqve saintereso<br />

faqtia <strong>da</strong>culi bagrationTa saxlis ganStoebaTa istoriasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT: qaixosros<br />

`siZe baxuta husein begisSvili bagrationi iyo <strong>da</strong> batonobac undo<strong>da</strong>, is gardixvewa<br />

kaxeTs mivi<strong>da</strong>...~. amdenad, am faqts 1637 w. hqonia adgili.<br />

rac Seexeba elizbar boqaulTuxuces <strong>da</strong>viTiSvils, man mefis <strong>da</strong>valeba warmatebiT<br />

Seasrula, elizbari `yaeni<strong>da</strong>m movi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xalaTi <strong>da</strong> batoniSvili lvarsab moiyvana~.<br />

swored am faqtis gamo aRniSnavs farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe, rom `es anbavi goCaSvils giorgis<br />

ewyina~ (amis Sesaxeb ix. qveviT).<br />

1637 w. rostom mefem wyalobis wigniT elizbar boqaulTuxuces <strong>da</strong>viTiSvils <strong>da</strong>umtkica<br />

_ `dRes risac mamulis mqonebeli <strong>da</strong> anu saÃelosi iyuneT, imisgan ar <strong>da</strong>gamciroT<br />

<strong>da</strong> arca ra mogiSaloT~ 1 .<br />

meored, avtori no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavs am movlenis erT-erTi aqtiuri<br />

monawilis _ baxuta husein begisSvilis biografiis ganxilvisas Seexo. misi TqmiT, `baxutas<br />

Zvel <strong>da</strong>naSauls ukvalod ar Cauvlia. <strong>da</strong>viTiSvilebis saxlis istoriaSi rostom<br />

mefis winaaRmdeg mowyobil 1637 w. ajanyebaze vrclad visaubreT, sa<strong>da</strong>c aRiniSna misi<br />

erT-erTi aqtiuri monawilis qaixosro baraTaSvilis bedis Sesaxeb _ `...RamiT koSki<strong>da</strong>men<br />

gardmoagdes <strong>da</strong> Tqves _ <strong>da</strong>mTvrala <strong>da</strong> TviTan gardmovardnilao~; swored misi<br />

siZe iyo baxuta husein begisSvili, romelsac Tavisi bagrationobis _ `naTesavobiT bagratovanTa~<br />

Camomavlobis gamo `batonobac undo<strong>da</strong>~. 1637 w. ajanyebis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg<br />

igi iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> kaxeTisaTvis Seefarebina Tavi~ 2 .<br />

rac Seexeba qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa masStabur gamosvlas rostom mefis winaaRmdeg,<br />

mkvlevari am movlenis Sesaxeb goCaSvilTa feo<strong>da</strong>luri ojaxis istoriis gadmocemisas<br />

vrclad mogviTxrobs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sZens, rom `rostomma Tavisi poziciebis gasamagreblad savaxtangos<br />

patronis _ vaxtang batoniSvilis SviliSvili luarsab Teimurazis Ze iSvila<br />

<strong>da</strong> taxtis memkvidred gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>; Sahs ubrZanebia: rostomis `ukan qarTlis mefoba<br />

magisaTvis migvicemiao~, rasac goCa batoniSvilisa Svilis _ giorgi goCaSvilis mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

mwvave reaqcia mohyva: `es ambavi goCaSvils giorgis ewyina, amisTvis rom batonobas<br />

TviTon moelo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> lvarsabis moyvanisTvis gavgul<strong>da</strong>~. giorgi goCaSvilis poziciiT<br />

isargebles rostomis mowinaaRmdegeebma _ `kaxman batonman calke <strong>da</strong> erisTavman calke<br />

<strong>da</strong>uwyes goCaSvils laparaki, rom Sen gagabatonebTo~. ase Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT mzaddeba rostomis<br />

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli cnobili SeTqmuleba, romlis erT-erTi aqtiuri organizatori<br />

giorgi goCaSvilicaa. giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvla batoniSvilobis sakiTxis<br />

klasiluri gamovlinebaa. mis ga<strong>da</strong>birebaSi gansakuTrebuli mondomeba kaTalikos evdemon<br />

diasamiZes, revaz baraTaSvilsa <strong>da</strong> somxiTis meliqs gamouCeniaT, `es samni saqmobdnen~,<br />

_ aRniSnavs farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe. vaxuStic, SeTqmulTa Soris, zaal erisTavis,<br />

ioTam amilaxvaris, no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilisa <strong>da</strong> kaTalikos evdemon diasamiZis gar<strong>da</strong> giorgi<br />

goCaSvilsac asaxelebs; sinamdvileSi SeTqmulebi giorgis _ `goCaSvils atyuebdnen~ <strong>da</strong><br />

qarTlis taxtze realurad Teimuraz kaxTa mefis ayvana hqon<strong>da</strong>T ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili. somxi-<br />

Tis meliqis saSualebiT rostom mefisaTvis SeTqmulTa ganzraxva gamJRavn<strong>da</strong>, ris Semdegac<br />

samefo kari sxvebTan erTad goCaSvilsac gauswor<strong>da</strong>: giorgis Tvalebi <strong>da</strong>Txares<br />

1 d. niniZe, bagrationTa samefo saxlis ganStoebaTa istoria (<strong>XI</strong>II-XVIII saukuneebi) (Tbilisi, 2004), gv. 222-223.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 276.<br />

126

<strong>da</strong> `mokles gors~ 1 .<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, <strong>da</strong>viT niniZe gulqan JorJolianis msgavsad, no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis<br />

gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvilis sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis faqts 1637 wliT<br />

gansazRvravs. Tumca man pirvelad qarTul istoriografiaSi, gulqan Jorjolianisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT am movlenis <strong>da</strong>TariRebisas farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis Txzulebis gar<strong>da</strong> yuradReba<br />

gaamaxvila 1637 wlis rostom mefis mier elizbar <strong>da</strong>viTiSvilisadmi gacemul<br />

wyalobis sabuTze, rac <strong>da</strong>matebiT argumentad CaTvala imisaTvis, rom no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis<br />

gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qaixosro baraTaSvilis sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis ambavi 1637 wliT ganesazRvra.<br />

rac Seexeba qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa masStabur SeTqmulebas, marTalia mkvlevari<br />

mis Sesaxeb vrclad mogviTxrobs, Tumca am movlenasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT TariRs ar iZleva.<br />

avtori am ambebis gadmocemisas ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZisa <strong>da</strong> vaxuSti batoniSvilis<br />

Txzulebebs eyrdnoba.<br />

amrigad, dReisaTvis no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebis<br />

ambebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxiT aris Seswavlili qarTveli mkvlevrebis: anton furcelaZis,<br />

sargis kakabaZis, korneli kekeliZis, givi jamburias, <strong>da</strong>viT gvritiSvilis, babilina<br />

lominaZis, olRa soselias, no<strong>da</strong>r nakaSiZis, gulqan JorJolianis, guliko<br />

mWedliZis, el<strong>da</strong>r mamisTvaliSvilis, anania jafariZis, avtorTa jgufisa (mixeil <strong>da</strong><br />

nugzar rexviaSvilebi) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT niniZis mier. amasTan, TiToeul <strong>da</strong>saxelebul mkvlevars<br />

CvenTvis saintereso movlenebis Tanamimdevrobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>TariRebis Sesaxeb erTmaneTisagan<br />

sakmaod gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi aqvs gamoTqmuli. warmovadgenT yvela am<br />

mosazrebas:<br />

1. anton furcelaZe: no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla _ zogadi qronologiuri TariRi,<br />

rostomis gamefebis (1632 w.) Semdgomi periodi.<br />

2. sargis kakabaZe: no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla <strong>da</strong> qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvilis<br />

sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sja _ 1635-1636 wlebi; qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis SeTqmuleba (igive kaTolikosi<br />

evdemozisa <strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvla) _ 1637-1648 wlebi.<br />

3. korneli kekeliZe: no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla _ 1641 wlis miwuruli<strong>da</strong>n, vidre<br />

1642 wlis 6 ianvramde periodi.<br />

4. givi jamburia: no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla <strong>da</strong> qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvilis<br />

sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sja _ 1636 weli; qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa erT-erTi SeTqmuleba _ 1638 weli;<br />

qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa morigi SeTqmuleba (igive kaTolikosi evdemozisa <strong>da</strong> giorgi<br />

goCaSvilis gamosvla) _ 1642 weli.<br />

5. <strong>da</strong>viT gvritiSvili: no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla <strong>da</strong> qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSi-<br />

Svilis sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sja _ 1640-iani wlebi.<br />

6. babilina lominaZe: qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmuleba _ 1643 weli.<br />

7. olRa soselia: no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla _ TariRis gareSe.<br />

8. no<strong>da</strong>r nakaSiZe: no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla <strong>da</strong> qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvilis<br />

sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sja _ 1636 weli; qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis SeTqmuleba (kaTolikosi evdemozisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvla) _ 1636-1639 wlebi.<br />

9. gulqan JorJoliani: no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla <strong>da</strong> qaixosro baraTaSvil-aba-<br />

SiSvilis sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sja _ 1637 weli; axalgoris SeTqmuleba _ 1638 weli 2 ; qarTlis<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>lebis SeTqmuleba (igive kaTolikosi evdemozisa <strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvla)<br />

_ 1642 weli.<br />

10. guliko mWedliZe: qarTlis feodvlTa SeTqmuleba _ 1638 weli.<br />

11. el<strong>da</strong>r mamisTavaliSvili: qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis (no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis, kaTolikosi<br />

evdemozis, giorgi goCaSvilis, revaz baraTaSvilis, somxiTis meliqis yorxmazbegisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxv.) SeTqmuleba _ 1636 weli.<br />

12. anania jafariZe: qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmuleba _ 1642 weli.<br />

13. mixeil <strong>da</strong> nugzar rexviaSvilebi: qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmuleba _ 1642 weli.<br />

14. <strong>da</strong>viT niniZe: no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla <strong>da</strong> saxlTuxucess qaixosro baraTa-<br />

Svilis sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sja _ 1637 weli, qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa maStaburi SeTqmuleba _ TariRis<br />

gareSe.<br />

mas Semdeg, rac detalurad mimovixileT qarTul istoriografiaSi gamoTqmuli mo-<br />

1 iqve, gv. 263.<br />

2 axalgoris gamosvla amave 1638 wliT aqvs gansazRvruli vladimer RunaSvilsac (vl. RunaSvili, qsnis<br />

saerisTavos politikuri istoria (Tbilisi, 2005), gv. 160-161).<br />

127

sazrebebi rostomis winaaRmdeg mowyobili gamosvlebis Tanamimdevrobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>TariRebis<br />

Taobaze, aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>isvas kiTxva _ ramdenad Seesabameba qarTvel mkvlevarTa mier<br />

SemoTavazebuli TariRebi qarTul-sparsuli werilobiTi wyaroebis Cvenebebs<br />

aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis mizniT, aq kidev erTxel movitanT qarTulsparsuli<br />

werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebs no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebebis Sesaxeb:<br />

1. farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe: no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla, qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvilis<br />

sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sja, axalgoris SeTqmuleba <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa momdevno SeTqmuleba<br />

(igive kaTolikosi evdemozisa <strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvla) _ 1642-1644 wlebi.<br />

2. mohamed Taheri: qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmuleba (igive kaTolikosi evdemozisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvla) <strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla _ qronologiuri monakveTi<br />

abas II-is aRsaydrebasa <strong>da</strong> iase qsnis erisTavis mokvlas Soris.<br />

3. arCil II: no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla _ qronologiuri monakveTi Teimuraz I-is<br />

didoeTSi laSqrobasa <strong>da</strong> maRaros brZolas Soris.<br />

4. beri egnataSvili: no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmuleba<br />

(igive kaTolikosi evdemozisa <strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvla) _ qronologiuri<br />

monakveTi Teimuraz I-is didoeTSi laSqrobasa <strong>da</strong> maRaros brZolas Soris.<br />

5. vaxuSti bagrationi: no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmuleba<br />

(igive kaTolikosi evdemozisa <strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvla) _ 1638-1642 wlebi.<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, mohamed Taheri, arCil II <strong>da</strong> beri egnataSvili CvenTvis saintereso<br />

movlenebs pir<strong>da</strong>pir ar aTariReben <strong>da</strong> mxolod imiT ifarglebian, rom am ambebs<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva istoriul faqtebs Soris aTavseben. es faqtebia: abas II-is asvla Sahis taxtze<br />

<strong>da</strong> iase qsnis erisTavis mokvla yazvinSi (mohamed Taheri); Teimuraz I-is laSqroba<br />

didoeTSi <strong>da</strong> maRaros brZola (arCil II <strong>da</strong> beri egnataSvili).<br />

dReisaTvis yvela es faqti, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saistorio masalaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, myarad<br />

aris <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli. kerZod, ki <strong>da</strong>dgenilia, rom: abas II Sahis taxtze avi<strong>da</strong> 1642 wels;<br />

paata amilaxorma iase qsnis erisTavi mokla amave 1642 wels 1 ; Teimuraz I-ma didoeTSi<br />

ilaSqra 1636 wels 2 ; xolo maRaros brZolas adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> 1648 wels 3 .<br />

maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, aRniSnuli <strong>da</strong>zustebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia, kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>vakonkretoT<br />

mohamed Taheris, arCil II-isa <strong>da</strong> beri egnataSvilis qronologiuri monacemebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom isini CvenTvis saintereso movlenebs Semdegi saxiT aTariReben:<br />

_ mohamed Taheri: qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmuleba (igive kaTolikosi evdemozisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvla) <strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla _ 1642 weli.<br />

_ arCil II: no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla _ 1636-1648 wlebi.<br />

_ beri egnataSvili: no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmuleba<br />

(igive kaTolikosi evdemozisa <strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvla) _ 1636-1648 wlebi.<br />

aRniSnuli sakiTxebis garkvevis Semdeg kidev erTxel ismis kiTxva<br />

_ ramdenad Seesabameba rostomis winaaRmdeg mowyobili gamosvla-SeTqmulebebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>TariRebis Taobaze qarTul istoriografiaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi qarTul-sparsuli<br />

werilobiTi wyaroebis Cvenebebs<br />

<strong>da</strong>smul kiTxvaze amomwuravi pasuxis gacemis mizniT, Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad SevexebiT no<strong>da</strong>r<br />

ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavs, romelic, farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis, beri egnataSvilisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> vaxuSti bagrationis Tanaxmad, qronologiurad win uswreb<strong>da</strong> rostomis winaaRmdeg<br />

mowyobil or sxva SeTqmulebas _ axalgoris gamosvlasa <strong>da</strong> qarTvel feo<strong>da</strong>lTa<br />

SeTqmulebas (igive kaTolikosi evdemozisa <strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvlas) 4 .<br />

Cven zemoT aRvniSneT, rom no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavi farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis<br />

mier gansazRvrulia 1642-1644 wlebiT, mohamed Taheris mier _ 1642 wliT, arCil IIisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> beri egnataSvilis mier _ 1636-1648 wlebiT, xolo vaxuSti bagrationis mier _<br />

1638-1642 wlebiT.<br />

CamoTvlili werilobiTi wyaroebis erTmaneTTan Sejereba calsaxad aCvenebs, rom<br />

no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlas adgili SeiZleba hqono<strong>da</strong> mxolod 1642 wels. marTlac,<br />

1 iqve, gv. 160.<br />

2 batoniSvili vaxuSti, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 440.<br />

3 g. JorJoliani, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 76.<br />

4 mohamed Taherisa <strong>da</strong> arCil II-is mixedviT, jer adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis SeTqmulebas, xolo<br />

Semdeg no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlas.<br />

128

<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli qarTul-sparsuli werilobiTi wyaroebis Cvenebebi mxolod am SemTxveva-<br />

Si Seesabameba erTimeores. aRniSnuli <strong>da</strong>skvnis gamotanisas CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT didi<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZisa <strong>da</strong> mohamed Taheris cnobebs, romlebic aRwerili<br />

movlenebis Tanamedroveni arian <strong>da</strong> metad sando avtorebad iTvlebian.<br />

amrigad, Cvenamde moRweul qarTul-sparsul werilobiT wyaroebze, pirvel rigSi<br />

ki, farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZisa <strong>da</strong> mohamed Taheris Txzulebebze <strong>da</strong>kvirveba aCvenebs, rom<br />

no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla mox<strong>da</strong>, ufro zustad ki, <strong>da</strong>iwyo ara 1635, 1636, 1637 an 1641<br />

wlebSi, rogorc es aqamde iyo miCneuli, aramed _ 1642 wels.<br />

miRebuli <strong>da</strong>skvnis Semdeg bunebrivad Cndeba kidev erTi kiTxva _ Tu qarTul-sparsuli<br />

werilobiTi wyaroebis Sejerebis Sedegad irkveva, rom no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlas<br />

adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> 1642 wels, maSin ratom aTariReben qarTveli mkvlevarebi am faqts<br />

1635, 1636, 1637 an 1641 wlebiT<br />

Cven zemoT sagangebod ganvixileT qarTul istoriografiaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi<br />

no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis qronologiis Taobaze <strong>da</strong> vaCveneT, rom arc erTi es<br />

mosazreba, gar<strong>da</strong> givi jamburias mier SemoTavazebuli TariRisa (1636 w.), romlis Sesaxebac<br />

vrclad qvemoT gveqneba saubari, Semagrebuli ar aris raime konkretuli argumentiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> martooden ama Tu im mkvlevris subieqturi <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis Sedegs warmoadgens. Sesabamisad,<br />

Cven verafers vityviT, Tu ratom ar emTxveva qarTvel mkvlevarTa mosazrebebi<br />

qarTul-sparsuli werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebs, Tumca am mosazrebebsa <strong>da</strong> werilobiTi<br />

wyaroebis Cvenebebs Soris rom aSkarad arsebobs Seusabamoba, amaSi, vfiqrobT,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>vo araferia.<br />

werilobiTi wyaroebis Cvenebebisagan gansakuTrebiT <strong>da</strong>cilebulia sargis kakabaZis<br />

(1635-1636 ww.), no<strong>da</strong>r nakaSiZis (1636 w.), gulqan JorJolianisa (1637 w.), el<strong>da</strong>r mamisTvaliSvilisa<br />

(1636 w.) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT niniZis (1637 w.) mier SemoTavazebuli TariRebi. rac Seexeba<br />

korneli kekeliZis (1641-1642 ww.) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT gvritiSvilis (1640-iani ww.) <strong>da</strong>TariRebebes,<br />

isini Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro axlos dganan werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebTan, Tumca bolomde<br />

arc es <strong>da</strong>TariRebebi Seesabameba realobas.<br />

<strong>da</strong>vubrundeT no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis TariRs <strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT kidev erTi mniSvnelovani<br />

garemoeba, romelic mTlianad mxars uWers qarTul-sparsuli werilobiTi wayroebis<br />

monacemebs <strong>da</strong> calsaxad aCvenebs, rom aRniSnuli gamosvlis <strong>da</strong>wyebas namdvilad 1642<br />

wels hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili.<br />

farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis Tanaxmad, no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlasTan organulad iyo<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli dedoflis saxlTuxucess qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvilis sikvdiliT<br />

<strong>da</strong>sja. istorikosis TqmiT, Tbiliss myofi qaixosro rostomis brZanebiT tyved Seipyres<br />

<strong>da</strong> sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sajes (qalaqis cixi<strong>da</strong>n gadmoagdes) xovles brZolis momdevno<br />

dRes: `meores dRes gori<strong>da</strong>men qalaqs Cafari gagzavnes <strong>da</strong> qaixosrov baraTasSvili, dedoflis<br />

saxlTuxucesi, <strong>da</strong>iWires <strong>da</strong> cixeSi aiyvanes <strong>da</strong> RamiT koSki<strong>da</strong>men gardmoagdes<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tqves _ <strong>da</strong>mTvrala <strong>da</strong> TviTan gardmovardnilao~.<br />

qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvilis sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis dro <strong>da</strong> mizezi gansxvavebulad<br />

aqvs aRwerili vaxuSti bagrations. misi TqmiT, qaixosros sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sja qronologiurad<br />

sakmaod win uswreb<strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlas <strong>da</strong> misi mokvlis mizezic<br />

ara no<strong>da</strong>ris gamosvlasTan kavSiri, aramed bevrad ufro adre, 1625 wels momx<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

ambavi iyo, roca qaixosrom birTvisis cixeSi mdgomi 500 iraneli amoaJletina amboxebul<br />

qarTvelebs: 1636 wels`rostom moiÃsena Suri yizilbaSTaTÂs, romeli moswyÂdna<br />

mouravman birTÂss, <strong>da</strong> Seipyra qaixosro baraTasSvili sisxlTa maTaTÂs <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>moagdo<br />

cixi<strong>da</strong>m ganjis karisaken maRlis godli<strong>da</strong>m~ 1 .<br />

aRniSnul sakiTxze msjelobisas, jer kidev 1955 wels givi jamburiam samarTlianad<br />

mianiWa upiratesoba farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis monaTxrobs <strong>da</strong> savsebiT argumentirebulad<br />

aCvena, rom vaxuSti bagrationis cnoba qaixosros sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis mizezis Sesaxeb<br />

ar Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> realobas 2 .<br />

mogvianebiT, givi jamburias es mosazreba farTod iqna gaziarebuli qarTul istoriografiaSi<br />

(<strong>da</strong>viT gvritiSvili, gulqan JorJoliani, no<strong>da</strong>r nakaSiZe, <strong>da</strong>viT niniZe) <strong>da</strong><br />

sxv. Sdr. (sargis kakabaZe). Cvenc, Cvenis mxriv, srulad viziarebT givi jamburias am mosazrebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> migvaCnia, rom qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvili sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sajes xov-<br />

1 batoniSvili vaxuSti, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 440.<br />

2 g. jamburia, qarTuli feo<strong>da</strong>luri urTierTobebis..., gv. 28.<br />

129

les brZolis momdevno dRes, no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlasTan kavSiris gamo.<br />

<strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom aRniSnuli mosazreba sworia, <strong>da</strong> es namdvilad ase Cans, maSin logikurad<br />

ibadeba kiTxva _ rodis <strong>da</strong>sajes sikvdiliT qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvili<br />

<strong>da</strong>smul kiTxvaze swori pasuxis gacemas mxolod qaixosros mokvlis qronologiisaTvis<br />

ar aqvs mniSvneloba. piriqiT, qaixosros sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis TariRis mixedviT, SesaZlebeli<br />

xdeba, zustad ganisazRvros no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis qronologiac.<br />

aRniSnuli garemoeba imTaviTve sworad gaiTvaliswina givi jamburiam <strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>r<br />

ciciSvilis gamosvlis <strong>da</strong>TariReba zustad am logikiT sca<strong>da</strong>. oRond, man 1955 wlis<br />

naSromSi ndoba gamoucxa<strong>da</strong> qaixosris sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis vaxuSti bagrationiseul TariRs<br />

_ 1636 wels <strong>da</strong> amave 1636 wliT <strong>da</strong>aTariRa no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlac 1 .<br />

givi jamburias mier SemoTavazebuli logikuri msjeloba savsebiT misaRebia Cven-<br />

Tvis, magram ramdenad marTebulia vaxuSti bagrationis cnoba, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c qaixosros<br />

sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjas 1636 wels hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili iqneb, swavluli batoniSvili TariRis<br />

SemTxvevaSic iseve cdeba, rogorc is Sec<strong>da</strong> qaixosros sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis mizezebis<br />

gadmocemisas<br />

am metad mniSvnelovan kiTxvaze saboloo pasuxs gvaZlevs pirRebulis monastris<br />

1642 wlis saflavis qvis warwera. aRniSnuli warwera qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvilis<br />

epitafias warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> Semdegi saxiT ikiTxeba:<br />

`w. ese ars s(a)mkvid|r{e}beli C(em)i, r(ameTu) m|Tn(a)vs. <strong>da</strong> am(a)s | S(i)na md(e)bare |<br />

ars gvami | d(i)dis ab(a)S(i)s|Sv(i)l(i)si, avT{a}nd|il(i)s Zis qai|xosrosi. | vinc aRmo|ik-<br />

(i)TxevdeT, | Sendob(a)s | ubZ(a)nebdeT. | q(roni)k(on)s tl (1312+330=1642 w.)~ 2 .<br />

amrigad, pirRebulis monastris 1642 wlis saflavis qvis warwera pir<strong>da</strong>pir gvamcnobs,<br />

rom qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvili sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sajes ara 1636 wels, rogorc<br />

amas gvauwyebs vaxuSti bagrationi, aramed _ 1642 wels, rogorc es aris miTiTebuli<br />

Tavad qaixosros epitafiis teqstSi 3 .<br />

is faqti, rom qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvili 1642 wels jer kidev cocxali iyo,<br />

naTlad Cans xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi <strong>da</strong>culi 1642 wlis erTi sigeli<strong>da</strong>nac. am<br />

dokumentiT rostomma qaixosrosa <strong>da</strong> mis vaJs baraTas uwyaloba sofeli buJRuleTi<br />

(`buJRulaSvilebi~) <strong>da</strong> misi mosaxleoba (`srulad buJRulani~), agreTve, sofel elfia-<br />

Si mosaxle manukaSvili. aRniSnul 1642 wlis sigelSi vkiTxulobT:<br />

`q. nebiTa <strong>da</strong> SewevniTa R(mr)TisaTa.<br />

Cven, mefeTmefeman, patronman rostom <strong>da</strong> Tanamecxedrema{n} Cvenma{n}, dedofalTdedofalma{n},<br />

patronma{n} mariam, ese sabolood gasaTa{v}ebeli, mtkice <strong>da</strong> Seucvalebeli<br />

wyalobis wigni <strong>da</strong> sigeli SegiwyaleT <strong>da</strong> giboZeT Tqven, CvenTa erTgulTa <strong>da</strong> mravalferad<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>debiT namsaxursa ymaTa: baraTaSvils, saxlis uxucess, batons qaixosros<br />

<strong>da</strong> Svilsa Tquensa baraTasa <strong>da</strong> momavalTa saxlisa TqvenisaTa yovelTave.<br />

mas Jamsa, odes Tumin{s} Tavisave nebiTa misi Tavi TquenTvis moebarebina, Tquenca<br />

mogvideqiT karsa, Tuminisa mobarebisa <strong>da</strong> imisi mamulis: buJRulaSvilebisa <strong>da</strong> srulad<br />

buJRulanisa <strong>da</strong> elfias _ manukaSvilis wyalobasa <strong>da</strong>gviajeniT.<br />

vismineT aja <strong>da</strong> moxseneba Tqueni, Tum{i}nic Tqven mogabareT <strong>da</strong> misi mamuli:<br />

buJRulani <strong>da</strong> elfias _ manukaSvili, SegiwyaleT <strong>da</strong> giboZeT misiTa mTiTa, bariTa, wisqviliTa,<br />

veliTa, venaxiTa, WaliTa, saTibiTa, eklesiiTa, sasaflaoTi, tyiTa, sanadiro-<br />

Ta, yovlisa misis samarTlianis SesavliTa <strong>da</strong> gasavliTa, samZRvriTa <strong>da</strong> fu{Z}iTa...<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwera b{r}Zaneba <strong>da</strong> sigeli ese q(oroni)k(on)s tl (1312+330=1642 w.), ÃeliTa karisa<br />

Cvenisa mdivan-mwignobrisa martiruzaSvili SalvasiTa~ (teqstis wakiTxva, qaragmis<br />

gaxsna <strong>da</strong> punqtuacia Cvenia _ T. g.) 4 .<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, citirebuli sabuTi<strong>da</strong>n naTlad Cans, rom qaixosro baraTaSvilabaSiSvili,<br />

1642 wels, vaxuSti bagrationis cnobis sapirispirod, aramxolod cocxalia,<br />

aramed kvlavindeburad flobs saxlTuxucesis maRal samoxeleo wodebas <strong>da</strong> rostomis<br />

keTilganwyobiTac sargeblobs.<br />

pirRebulis monastris 1642 wlis epitafiisa <strong>da</strong> rostomis mier gacemuli 1642<br />

1 g. jamburia, iqve, gv. 27.<br />

2 n. baxtaZe, k. zenderi, n. kupraSvili, l.mirianaSvili, T.jojua, pirRebulis monasteri 1989 <strong>da</strong> 2002-2003 ww.,<br />

kompleqsuri samecniero eqspediciis Sedegebi, mecnierebis fondi `u<strong>da</strong>bno~ (Tbilisi, 2005), gv. 195.<br />

3 T. gogolaZe, qarTlis dedoflis saxlTuxucesis qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvilis (<strong>XI</strong>I s-is I nax.) sikvdiliT<br />

<strong>da</strong>sjis TariRisaTvis, <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> <strong>institutis</strong> <strong>Sromebi</strong>, IX (Tbilisi, 2009), gv. 11-116.<br />

4 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, qarTuli istoriuli dokumentebis Hd koleqcia, sabuTi #14694.<br />

130

wlis wyalobis wignis cnobebs, erTi mxriv, mTlianad a<strong>da</strong>sturebs, xolo meore mxriv,<br />

kidev ufro azustebs rostomis mier amave 1642 wlis 2 dekembers gacemuli kidev erTi<br />

wyalobis wigni. aRniSnuli dokumenti qarTlis mefes micemuli aqvs qaixosro baraTa-<br />

Svil-abaSiSvilis Zmiswulis _ xosia baraTaSvilisa <strong>da</strong> misi SvilebisaTvis, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

rostom mefe xosia baraTaSvilsa <strong>da</strong> mis Svilebs oTars, berukas, saams uboZebs nostis<br />

oZiss. aRniSnul sabuTSi kargad Cans, rom no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla axali<br />

momx<strong>da</strong>ria, radganac rostom mefe aRniSnavs: `axla kideve no<strong>da</strong>r <strong>da</strong> aragvis erisTavi<br />

ukuguidgnes, imerelni <strong>da</strong>rbaiselni guerc axldes, mouÃediT qalaqi<strong>da</strong>me <strong>da</strong> Tquen<br />

mowinaved moguiZeRiT <strong>da</strong> Cuens uRurzed Tavi ar <strong>da</strong>iwyalobeT, gaaqcieT <strong>da</strong> mravali<br />

saxeli hqeniT. aw amisad [sa]muqfo <strong>da</strong> sajil<strong>da</strong>od, rac naZaladevad biZa Tquens<br />

qaixosros... oZi[s] hqon<strong>da</strong>: hqon<strong>da</strong> ulumbexaSvilianad, esebi isrev Tquen SegiwyaleT <strong>da</strong><br />

giboZeT” 1 .<br />

aRniSnul sabuTSi moTxrobili ambavi kidev met simtkices sZens farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijani-<br />

Zis cnobas no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, ufro metic aqe<strong>da</strong>n vgebulobT,<br />

rom xosia baraTaSvili warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> qarTlis erT-erT im feo<strong>da</strong>lTagans, romelmac rostom<br />

mefes uerTgula <strong>da</strong> ioram mouraviSvilTan erTad no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis winaaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>Zrul<br />

rostom mefes win miegeba. am sabuTSi naxsenebi qaixosro, rom namdvilad saxlTuxucesi<br />

_ qaixosro baraTaSvilia, es naTlad Cans Teimuraz mefis 1629 wlis wyalobis sigeli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

qaixosrosadmi, risi meSveobiTac Teimurazma qaixosros uwyaloba nostis oZisi ulumbexa-<br />

SviliTurT. am wyalobis sigelma qarTul-sparsuli hoqmis saxiT moaRwia Cvenamde, romelic<br />

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi, Ad-1138 fondSi inaxeba. marTalia qarTul sabuTs mxolod<br />

qoronikoni tl uzis, rac 1642 wels Seesabameba. sparsul nawili saSualebas gvaZlevs zustad<br />

ganvsazRvroT aRniSnuli wyalobis wignis gacemis TariRi kerZod, 1642 wlis 2 dekemberiT.<br />

ase, rom 1642 wlis zemoT<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli rostomis orenovani (qarTul-sparsuli) sabu-<br />

Ti farsa<strong>da</strong>nis istorias ufro amdidrebs <strong>da</strong> kidev erTxel amtkicebs, rom no<strong>da</strong>ris gamosvla<br />

1642 wlis gvian Semodgomaze moewyo. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, sabuTi gvisaxelebs rostomis momxre<br />

erT-erT qarTlel feo<strong>da</strong>ls, saxlTuxucess qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvilis Zmis<br />

wuls _ xosia baraTaSvils.<br />

amrigad, pirRebulis monastris 1642 wlis saflavis qvis warweri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> rostomis mier<br />

gacemuli 1642 wlis ori wyalobis wigni<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom vaxuSti bagrationis cnoba,<br />

romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvili sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sajes 1636 wels, realobas<br />

ar Seesabameba. metic, <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli sabuTebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT, epitafii<strong>da</strong>n na-<br />

Tlad Cans, rom qaixosro sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sajes gacilebiT ufro gvian _ 1642 wels.<br />

mas Semdeg, rac <strong>da</strong>namdvilebiT gavarkvieT qaixosros sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis TariRi, SesaZlebeli<br />

xdeba, zustad ganvsazRvroT no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis qronologiac. am Sem-<br />

TxvevaSi, Cveni msjeloba, praqtikulad, imave logikas <strong>da</strong>emyareba, ra logikiTac xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong><br />

no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis <strong>da</strong>TariRebisas givi jamburia. logika ki aseTia:<br />

1. qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvili sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sajes 1642 wels.<br />

2. vinai<strong>da</strong>n qaixosro sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sajes xovles brZolis meore dRes, cxadia, rom<br />

xovles brZolas adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> imave 1642 wels.<br />

3. radgan xovles brZolas adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> 1642 wels, irkveva, rom no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis<br />

gamosvla <strong>da</strong>wyebula agreTve 1642 wels.<br />

amrigad, yovelive zemoTqmuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, srulad veyrdnobiT pirRebulis<br />

monastris 1642 wlis epitafias, rostomis mier gacemul 1642 wlis wyalobis wigns, farsa<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gorgijaniZisa <strong>da</strong> mohamed Taheris Txzulebebs, agreTve, arCil II-is, beri egnata-<br />

Svilisa <strong>da</strong> vaxuSti bagrationis calkeul cnobebs <strong>da</strong> gamovTqvamT mosazrebas, rom no<strong>da</strong>r<br />

ciciSvilis gamosvlis <strong>da</strong>wyebas, xovles brZolasa <strong>da</strong> qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSi-<br />

Svilis sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjas adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> ara 1636, 1637 an 1641 wlebSi, rogorc es aqamde<br />

iyo miRebuli qarTul istoriografiaSi, aramed _ 1642 wels.<br />

am zemoT mocemul argumentebs emateba 1642-1643 ww. rostomis mier gacemuli wyalobis<br />

sabuTebi, romlebic erTi mxriv saSualebas gvaZleven ufro meti argumentaciiT<br />

ganvamtkicoT Cvens mier SemoTavazebuli no<strong>da</strong>ris gamosvlis TariRi 1642 weli, xolo<br />

meore mxriv gavamdidroT farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis Txzuleba. gTavazobT rostomis mier<br />

1 qarTul-sparsuli istoriuli sabuTebi, teqsti <strong>da</strong>adgina, Targmna <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong>urTo v. fuTuriZem<br />

(Tbilisi, 1955), gv. 227.<br />

131

1642-1643 wlebSi gacemul wyalobis sigelebs qronologiri principiT.<br />

am ambebs kidev ufro azustebs rostom mefis 1643 wlis wyalobis sigeli paata<br />

javaxiSvilisadmi, romlis safuZvelze paata javaxiSvils, mis Zmas qaixosros <strong>da</strong> mis<br />

Svilebs zurabsa <strong>da</strong> javaxs uboZebs soflebs avkeTsa <strong>da</strong> iiscixes, radgan rogorc sabuTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

irkveva didi wvlili Seutania mis winaaRmdeg mowyobil erT-erTi SeTqmulebis<br />

gamovlinebaSi, kerZod no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilisa <strong>da</strong> zurab aragvis erisTavis mier organizebuli<br />

gamosvlis gamomJRavnebaSi. sabuTSi paata javaxiSvilis <strong>da</strong>msaxureba aRniSnul<br />

movlenebSi <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT aris moTxrobili: `mas Jamsa, odes moguidegiT karsa <strong>da</strong> mamulis<br />

wyalobas guiajeniT, viTac araguis erisTavi za[a]al <strong>da</strong> ciciSvili no<strong>da</strong>r ukuguidgnes,<br />

kaxs batons esaqmnes, Seiyarnes <strong>da</strong> araguzed migebeba gabedes <strong>da</strong> kaxi batoni undo<strong>da</strong>[T]<br />

qarTlSi Semoeyuana[T] <strong>da</strong> gaebatonebinaT. no<strong>da</strong>r mosuliyo <strong>da</strong> Tavisi mosamar-<br />

Tleni CxeiZe[e]bi guerc iaxla <strong>da</strong> xovles Tquens mamulebSi CamomÃ<strong>da</strong>riyunes <strong>da</strong> Tquen-<br />

Tuinac saqmoba <strong>da</strong>ewyoT, rome batons Teimurazs gabatonebas upirebT <strong>da</strong> Semogveyareni-<br />

To. awe Cuen qalaqi<strong>da</strong>me Sinas ymis jariT wamovediT, Tquen win moguegebeniT, mogviZe-<br />

RuiT. gagvemarjua <strong>da</strong> SevarcxuineT <strong>da</strong> CxeiZe xucia Camogegdo, ÃelT <strong>da</strong>genarCuna <strong>da</strong><br />

yovlis kacisagan uwin moguagebeT” 1 .<br />

es wyalobis sigeli saSualebas gvaZlevs am ambebSi SemoviyvanoT kidev erTi<br />

rostom mefis momxre _ paata javaxiSvilis, mis Zmis qaixosrosa <strong>da</strong> misi Svilebis zurabisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> javaxis saxiT. paata javaxiSvili zemoTnaxsenebi cixeebi miuRia rostom mefis<br />

winaaRmdeg mowyobili SeTqmulebis gamovlinebisaTvis, kerZod igi, roca no<strong>da</strong>r cici-<br />

Svili CxeiZebiTurT mis mamulSi xovleSi gaCer<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mouwo<strong>da</strong> javaxiSvilebs SeerTebodnen<br />

rostom mefis winaaRmdeg mowyobil SeTqmulebas, ar ayva maT mowodebebs <strong>da</strong><br />

rostom mefes mxare <strong>da</strong>iWira. mas no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilisa <strong>da</strong> CxeiZeebis winaaRmdeg gamar-<br />

Tul brZolaSic miuRia monawileba <strong>da</strong> CxeiZeTagan erT-erTi _ xucia CxeiZe tyved Caugdia<br />

<strong>da</strong> miugvria rostomisaTvis. swored am yovelives sanacvlod qarTlis mefisagan avkeTisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> iiscixeebi miiRo 2 .<br />

Cven SemogTavazebT am ambebis kidev erT monawiles, rostomis momxre farsa<strong>da</strong>n baraTaSvils,<br />

romlis <strong>da</strong>msaxureba no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvlis gamosvlasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT rostom<br />

mefes aRniSnuli aqvs mis mier 1643 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi gacemul wyalobis sabuTSi farsa<strong>da</strong>n<br />

baraTaSvilisadmi, sai<strong>da</strong>nac vgebulobT, rom farsa<strong>da</strong>ns beJia CxeiZis Svili otia<br />

tyved Caugdia <strong>da</strong> rostom mefisaTvis miugvria, ris sanacvlod qarTlis mefem mas enageTs<br />

xuciSvili <strong>da</strong> firuaSvilebi mamulebiT uboZa 3 .<br />

amgvarad, 1642 wlis no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavSi SemoviyvaneT xosia bara-<br />

TaSvilTan <strong>da</strong> paata javaxiSvilTan erTad am movlenis kidev erTi aqtiuri monawile<br />

<strong>da</strong> rostom mefis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri feo<strong>da</strong>li _ farsa<strong>da</strong>n baraTaSvili.<br />

1642 wlis no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavs informaciuli TvalsazrisiT, kidev<br />

ufro amdidrebs rostom mefis mier gacemuli erT-erTi uTariRo sabuTis fragmenti,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c rostomi dirbis mcxovreblebs mimarTavs Semdegi sityvebiT: `... dirbelno<br />

merme ficxlav elizbars SemoeyareniT laSqrad, Torem rac avi aris imas gizamT,<br />

icod{e}T Temi <strong>da</strong> qveyana aq aris <strong>da</strong> Tqven Sin wamojdomilxarT, rac sxuis mouravisaTuis<br />

gemsaxuro{T} ms[a]xureT <strong>da</strong> amisi nacvalic asaqmeT samarTlianis saqmiTa<br />

zenar~ (punqtuacia _ T. g.) 4 .<br />

zemoTmoyvanili sabuTi<strong>da</strong>n naTlad Cans, Tu rogor emzadebo<strong>da</strong> rostom mefe amboxebuli<br />

no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis. marTalia aRniSnul sabuTs Tari-<br />

Ri ar uzis, Tumca Tu am sigels SevujerebT farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis cnobas _ elizbar<br />

boqaulTuxucesis mier Tavis ymebTan erTad no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi<br />

monawileobisa <strong>da</strong> maT mier no<strong>da</strong>ris momxre imereli didebulebis nawilis <strong>da</strong>tyvevebis<br />

Sesaxeb. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, calsaxad SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom aRniSnuli sabuTi<br />

rostomis mier gacemul iqna xovles brZolis win anu 1642 wels.<br />

1642 wels no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavs kidev ufro avsebs rostom mefis<br />

mier gacemuli uTariRo sigeli mestumre don<strong>da</strong>ra ejibisSvilisadmi. aRniSnul sabuT-<br />

Si rostom mefe aRniSnavs, rom `ese ukunisamde JamTa gasaTavebeli wyalobisa wigni <strong>da</strong><br />

1 iqve, gv. 173-174.<br />

2 farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 248.<br />

3 qarTul-sparsuli..., gv. 175-176.<br />

4 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, qarTuli istoriuli dokumentebis Hd koleqcia, sabuTi #14429.<br />

132

sigeli SegiwyaleT <strong>da</strong> giboZeT Tquen, CuenTa erTgulTa <strong>da</strong> wesisaebr namsaxurTa<br />

ymaTa, karisa Cuenisa mestumres ejibisSvilsa don<strong>da</strong>rs, Zmasa Sensa zurabs, Svilsa TquenTa<br />

Saverdis <strong>da</strong> gamriks, SvilTa <strong>da</strong> momavalTa yovelTave saxlisa TquenisaTa.<br />

mas Jamsa, odes qalaqs faTerakis saqmiTa ZveliTganc Tqvenis naqonis <strong>da</strong> meored<br />

Cuenganc nawyalobevisa <strong>da</strong> jildod naboZebisa talavrisa Tavs soflis maStar{a}Snisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> kideve Cuengan jildod boZebulis talavers Cuenis saxasos mebadurisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rbazelTagan<br />

Tqueni nasyidis savenaÃisa wignebi <strong>da</strong> siglebi <strong>da</strong>gw{v}o<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mwvari wignebica<br />

Cuens wina moitaneT <strong>da</strong> wignebisa ga{a}xlebasa (sic) <strong>da</strong>gueajeniT, Cven vismineT aja<br />

<strong>da</strong> moxseneba Tqueni, SegiwyaleT <strong>da</strong> sigliTa amiT gagiaxleT <strong>da</strong> giboZeT ZvelTagan<br />

<strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>rzed rom gavimarjveT <strong>da</strong> Tquen kaci <strong>da</strong>grCa <strong>da</strong> mogvarTviT, xelaxlad amisad<br />

jildod Cvengan naboZebi sofeli maStaraSeni...~ 1 .<br />

aRniSnuli wyalobis wigni<strong>da</strong>n vigebT, rom 1642 wels no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis<br />

winaaRmdeg rostomis momxreTa Soris mestumre don<strong>da</strong>ra ejibisSvilic iricxebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, mas aRniSnul brZolaSi Tavi gamouCenia <strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis momxreTagan<br />

erT-erTi <strong>da</strong>utyvevebia. qarTlis mefem es <strong>da</strong>msaxureba <strong>da</strong>ufasa erTgul feo<strong>da</strong>ls <strong>da</strong><br />

swored yovelive amis sanacvlod uboZa mas sofeli maStaraSeni.<br />

mas Semdeg, rac no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla myar argumentebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT 1636,<br />

1637 <strong>da</strong> 1641 wlebi<strong>da</strong>n 1642 wlis gvian SemodgomiT ga<strong>da</strong>vaTiriReT <strong>da</strong> detalurad gavarkvieT<br />

brZolis detalebi, sainteresoa amis Semdeg ra procesebs aqvs adgili qarTlSi<br />

rostom mefis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> ramdenad Seesabameba realobas qarTul istoriografiaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli <strong>da</strong>TariRebebi aRniSnuli movlenebis Sesaxeb<br />

am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis mizniT kidev erTxel movitanT farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijani-<br />

Zis TxzulebaSi <strong>da</strong>cul cnobebs no<strong>da</strong>ris gamosvlis Semdeg qarTlSi mimdinare ambebis<br />

Sesaxeb. mematianis TxzulebaSi vkiTxulobT, rom xovlesTan brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>marcxebis<br />

Semdeg rostomma skras zeviT mdebare sacicianos mamulebi <strong>da</strong>arbia. amasobaSi zamTarmac<br />

moatana, <strong>da</strong>marcxebuli no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvili ki gaiqca veris cixeSi, xolo Semdeg mZovreTis<br />

cixes Seafara Tavi. am cixes rostomma alya Semoartya. aRniSnuli cixeze rostomis<br />

alya wyalkurTxevamdis anu naTlisRebamdis gagrZel<strong>da</strong>. no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilma <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />

versai<strong>da</strong>n ver miiRo, imavdroulad Seityo informacia cixis RalatiT <strong>da</strong>nebebis<br />

Sesaxeb, CaTrevas Cayola amjobina <strong>da</strong> rostoms Tavisi de<strong>da</strong> (farsa<strong>da</strong>nis TqmiT kaxeTis<br />

batoniSvili) miugzavna <strong>da</strong> gza sTxova. mefem uvneblobis fici misca no<strong>da</strong>ris de<strong>da</strong>s,<br />

riTac no<strong>da</strong>rs samcxeSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlis saSualeba misca. rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, farsa<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gorgijaniZe am ambis qronologias 1642-1644 wlebs Soris aTavsebs.<br />

Cvens mier zemoT<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli avtorebi<strong>da</strong>n CvenTvis saintereso ambavis ganxilvas<br />

mxolod sargis kakabaZis, korneli kekeliZisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT gvritiSvilis naSromebSi vxvdebiT.<br />

qarTveli istorikosebi aRniSnuli movlenas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva droiT aTariReben. kidev erTxel<br />

gTavazobT maT mier SemoTavazebul TariRebs:<br />

1. sargis kakabaZe _ 1635-1636 wlebi.<br />

2. korneli kekeliZe _ 1641 wlis miwuruli<strong>da</strong>n, vidre 1642 wlis 6 ianvramde periodi.<br />

3. <strong>da</strong>viT gvritiSvili _ 1640-iani wlebi.<br />

aRniSnul mkvlevarTagan, mxolod korneli kekeliZem miaqcia yuradReba farsa<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gorgijaniZis zogar qronologiur TariRs wyalkurTxevamdis mZovreTis cixis alyis<br />

gagrZelebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad am ambis ze<strong>da</strong> qronologiur zRvrad aiRo naTlis-<br />

Rebis dResaswauli. erTi SexedviT mecniers swori logikiT mihyavs Tavisi msjeloba,<br />

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is faqti, rom avtori mihyveba no<strong>da</strong>ris gamosvlis Semdgomi movlenebis<br />

gadmocemisas farsa<strong>da</strong>nis Txzulebas, Tumca mis mier SemoTavazebuli TariRi<br />

(1642 wlis 6 ianvramde alyis gagrZelebis Sesaxeb) mainc ar Seesabameba sinamdviles <strong>da</strong><br />

igi Cveni mxri<strong>da</strong>n qronologiis TvalsazrisiT koreqtivis Setanas moiTxovs. mkvlevris<br />

Secdoma mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi msgavsad sxva mecnierebisa no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis<br />

<strong>da</strong>TariRebisas subieqturia <strong>da</strong> yovelgvari argumentaciis gareSe no<strong>da</strong>ris gamosvlis<br />

<strong>da</strong>wyebis TariRad ratomRac 1641 wels asaxelebs. iqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, rom <strong>da</strong>narCeni<br />

ori mkvlevarTa (sargis kakabaZisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT gvritiSvilis) mier aRniSnuli ambis<br />

<strong>da</strong>TariRebebi ufro zogadi xasiaTisaa, aq aRar SeudgebiT maT ganxilvas. samive<br />

avtori am ambis gadmocemisas farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis Txzulebas eyrdnoba.<br />

1 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, qarTuli istoriuli dokumentebis Qd koleqcia, sabuTi #9585.<br />

133

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Cvens mier <strong>da</strong>dgenil no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis TariRs<br />

1642 wels, amis paralelurad mxedvelobaSi miviRebT viRebT farsa<strong>da</strong>nis Txzulebis<br />

mier mowodebul zogad qronologiur TariRs _ mZovreTis cixis alyis wyalkurTxevamde<br />

gagrZelebis Sesaxeb, Tamamad SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom mZovreTis cixis alya<br />

ara 1642 wlis 6 ianvramde, aramed 1643 wlis 6 ianvramde gagrZel<strong>da</strong>.<br />

farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis TxzulebaSi mZovreTis cixis alyis <strong>da</strong>srulebis (1643 wlis<br />

6 ianvari) Semdeg moTxrobilia orive erisTavisa (igul. qsnisa <strong>da</strong> aragvis erisTavebi _<br />

T.g.) <strong>da</strong> ioTam amilaxoris mier axalgorSi <strong>da</strong>gegmili SeTqmuleba rostom mefis winaaRmdeg.<br />

mematianis mixedviT, qristeSobis wina dRes, TbilisSi myof rostom mefes baxuta<br />

muxranbatonma Seatyobina ioTam amilaxorisa <strong>da</strong> qsan-aragvis erisTavTa gegma axalgors<br />

Sekrebis Sesaxeb.<br />

axali ambiT SeSfoTebulma rostomma baxutas muxranbatons werili miswera <strong>da</strong> ubr-<br />

Zana, Tavisi jariT mzad <strong>da</strong>xvedro<strong>da</strong>, Tavad ki TbilisSi Sekrebili laSqari mcxeTaSi gagzavna.<br />

mefe odnav mogvianebiT Cavi<strong>da</strong> mcxeTas <strong>da</strong> jaris simravliT gulmocemulma baxuta<br />

muxranbatons samoqmedo gegma acnoba, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c maT samxedro Zalebi un<strong>da</strong> gaeer-<br />

TianebinaT <strong>da</strong> Sobis gamTeniisas amboxebulebs <strong>da</strong>sxmodnen Tavs. rostomi <strong>da</strong> baxuta erTmaneTs<br />

muxranTan Sexvdnen, gza Seusveneblad gaagrZeles axalgorisaken <strong>da</strong> Sobis dilas, anazdeulad<br />

miitanes ieriSi locvaze myof SeTqmulebze. moulodneli Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis gamo amboxebulebma<br />

winaaRmdgobis gaweva ver moaxerxes <strong>da</strong> gaqceviT uSveles Tavs.<br />

farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis aRniSnuli naambobi<strong>da</strong>n gamovyofT am movlenis or zogad<br />

qronologiur miTiTebas:<br />

1. Sobis wina dRes baxuta muxranbatonis mier rostomisaTvis axalgorSi <strong>da</strong>gegmili<br />

SeTqmulebis Setyobineba.<br />

2. rostomma amboxebuli aragvisa <strong>da</strong> qsnis erisTavebi ioTam amilaxorTan erTad,<br />

axalgorSi Sobis dilas <strong>da</strong>amarcxa.<br />

amis Semdeg ki kidev erTxel movitanT qarTvel istorikosTa <strong>da</strong>TariRebebs axalgorSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>gegmili SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb.<br />

rogorc zemoT vaCveneT, dRemde qarTul samecniero literaturaSi axalgorSi <strong>da</strong>gegmil<br />

`orniv erisTvebi~-sa <strong>da</strong> ioTam amilaxoris SeTqmulebas rostom mefis winaaRmdeg 1638<br />

wliT gansazRvravdnen. pirvelad aRniSnuli faqti qarTul istoriografiaSi gulqan Jor-<br />

Jolianma <strong>da</strong>aTariRa. igi no<strong>da</strong>r gamosvlis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis Semdeg mogviTxrobs qsnisa <strong>da</strong> aragvis<br />

erisTavebisa <strong>da</strong> ioTam amilaxoris SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> ambobs, rom `1638 wels rostomis<br />

winaaRmdeg kvlav SeTqmuleba moewyo. SeTqmulebis monawileni SeTanxmdnen, rom Soba<br />

dRes axalgorSi ioTam amilaxori <strong>da</strong> `orniv erisTavi~ erTmaneTs Sexvdebodnen <strong>da</strong> safurcleSi<br />

Teimurazs SeuerTdebodnen. Semdeg mcxeTaSi misulebi pirobas <strong>da</strong>sdebdnen, rom rostomis<br />

winaaRmdeg moqmedebas sisruleSi moiyvandnen~ 1 .<br />

mkvlevari am ambis gadmocemisas sargeblobs farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis istoriiT,<br />

Tumca aRniSnul mematianesTan, no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis ambavis msgavsad, qarTlis<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>lebis SeTqmulebac <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli ar aris. igi, rogorc wina SemTxvevaSi, mxedvelobaSi<br />

gvaqvs no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla rostom mefis winaaRmdeg, Tavis naSromSi<br />

ar uTiTebs Tu raze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT aTariRebs qarTlis mefis winaaRmdeg mimarTul qarTlis<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>lebis SeTqmulebas. maSin, rodesac farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis istoriaSi am<br />

faqtis 1638 wliT gansazRvrisaTvis veranair miniSnebasac ki ver vxvdebiT, sainteresoa<br />

Tu raze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT gansazRvravs g. JorJoliani mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc 1638 wliT qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis<br />

aRniSnul SeTqmulebas. Cveni <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT, marTalia misi Txroba am faqtis<br />

gadmocemisas farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis cnobas efuZneba, Tumca igi am movlenis <strong>da</strong>TariRebisas<br />

vaxuSti batoniSvilis wyaros eyrdnoba. XVIII saukunis qarTveli istorikosi sanam<br />

uSualod rostom mefis winaaRmdeg mowyobili gamosvla-SeTqmulebebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs,<br />

manam aRniSnavs rostom mefisa <strong>da</strong> levan <strong>da</strong>dianis faqts <strong>da</strong> am movlenas 1638<br />

wliT aTariRebs. Semdeg aris mocemuli rostom mefis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qarTlis<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>lebis gamosvla-SeTqmulebebi, kerZod no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla <strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>lebis masStaburi SeTqmuleba. vaxuStis aRniSnuli movlenebi <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli ar<br />

aqvs. aRniSvnis Rirsia isic, rom am gamosvla-SeTqmulebebis gadmocemisas swavluli batoniSvili<br />

qsnisa <strong>da</strong> aragvis erisTavebisa <strong>da</strong> ioTam amilaxoris SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb<br />

arafers ar ambobs. Mmiuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, mkvlevarma rostomisa <strong>da</strong> levan <strong>da</strong>dianis <strong>da</strong>moy-<br />

1 g. JorJoliani, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 71.<br />

134

vrebis TariRi _ 1638 weli sakmaris argumentad miiCnia imisaTvis, rom qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis<br />

SeTqmulebac amave 1638 wliT <strong>da</strong>eTariRebina. dRemde qarTul istoriografiaSi<br />

gulqan JorJolianis mier SemoTavazebuli qsnis <strong>da</strong> aragvis erisTavebisa <strong>da</strong> ioTam amilaxoris<br />

mier axalgorSi <strong>da</strong>gegmili SeTqmulebis TariRi _ 1638 weli yovelgvari kritikis<br />

gareSe mTlianad iqna gaziarebuli.<br />

sruliad aSkaraa, rom qarTveli istorikosebi cdebian axalgorSi <strong>da</strong>gegmilis<br />

SeTqmulebis <strong>da</strong>TariRebisas <strong>da</strong> am faqts SecdomiT 1638 wliT gansazRvraven. Tu qar-<br />

Tul istoriografiaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli TariRi 1638 weli ar Seesabameba realobas, ma-<br />

Sin Cndeba logikuri kiTxva _ rodis SeiZleba hqono<strong>da</strong> adgili am SeTqmulebas<br />

am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis mizniT, saWiroa kidev erTxel sruli ndoba gamoucxadoT<br />

am ambis Tanamedrovis farsa<strong>da</strong>nis Txrobis Tanmimdevrobas, sa<strong>da</strong>c axalgorSi <strong>da</strong>gegmili<br />

SeTqmuleba mZovreTis cixis alyis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis Semdeg aris moTxrobili. erTi<br />

SexedviT, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>gvrCes iseTi STabeWdileba, rom rostomis mier mZovreTis cixeze<br />

alyis moxsnis (1643 wlis 6 ianvari) Semdeg hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili aRniSnul SeTqmulebas. Tumca<br />

es erTi SexedviT, Tu kargad CaukvirdebiT Txzulebis CvenTvis saintereso movlenas,<br />

<strong>da</strong>vrwmundebiT, rom axalgoris SeTqmuleba mox<strong>da</strong> ara 1638 wels, aramed mZovreTis<br />

alyis paralelurad anu 1642 wels. amis naTeli <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa is, rom aRniSnuli gamosvlis<br />

mcdelobis ambebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe rostom mefis erT-erT<br />

umTavres mowinaaRmdeges no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvils ar moixseniebs. es bunebrivicaa, igi no<strong>da</strong>r<br />

ciciSvils ver moixsenieb<strong>da</strong> aRniSnul ambavTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, radgan igi mZovreTis cixeSi<br />

alyaSemortymul mdgomareobaSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare ar SevcdebiT Tu<br />

vityviT, rom axalgorSi <strong>da</strong>gegmili SeTqmuleba 1638 wli<strong>da</strong>n 1642 wliT un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>TariRdes.<br />

ufro metic, axalgoris SeTqmulebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT farsa<strong>da</strong>nis mier mowodebuli<br />

ori zogadi qronologiuri TariRi _ Sobis wina dRes baxuta muxranbatonis mier<br />

rostomisaTvis axalgorSi <strong>da</strong>gegmili SeTqmulebis Setyobineba <strong>da</strong> rostomis mier amboxebuli<br />

aragvisa <strong>da</strong> qsnis erisTavebis ioTam amilaxorTan erTad, axalgorSi Sobis dilas<br />

<strong>da</strong>marcxeba, saSualebas gvaZlevs kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>vaviwrovoT aRniSnuli ambis qronologia<br />

<strong>da</strong> es ambavi amave 1642 wlis 24-25 dekembriT ganvsazRvroT.<br />

CvenTvis saintereso movlenebi<strong>da</strong>n, farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT<br />

sul bolos qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebis ambavs mogviTxrobs. kidev erTxel<br />

gTavazobT qarTuli wyaroebis qronologiur miTiTebebs CvenTvis saintereso movlenis<br />

Sesaxeb:<br />

1. farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe: qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmuleba (igive kaTolikosi evdemozisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvla) _ 1642-1644 wlebi.<br />

2. mohamed Taheri: qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmuleba (igive kaTolikosi evdemozisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvla) _ qronologiuri monakveTi abas II-is aRsaydrebasa <strong>da</strong><br />

iase qsnis erisTavis mokvlas Soris.<br />

3. beri egnataSvili: qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmuleba (igive kaTolikosi evdemozisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvla) _ qronologiuri monakveTi Teimuraz I-is didoeTSi<br />

laSqrobasa <strong>da</strong> maRaros brZolas Soris.<br />

4. vaxuSti bagrationi: qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmuleba (igive kaTolikosi evdemozisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvla) _ 1638-1642 wlebi.<br />

rac Seexeba qarTul istoriografias, pirvelad qarTvel feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebis<br />

konkretul TariRs givi jamburia gvawvdis <strong>da</strong> am faqts yovelgvari argumentaciis gareSe<br />

1642 wliT gansazRvra, rac SemdgomSi qarTvel mkvlevarTa umravlesobis (gulqan JorJoliani,<br />

anania jafariZe, mixeil <strong>da</strong> nugzar rexviaSvilebi) mier yovelgvari kritikis gareSe gaziarebul<br />

iqna. Tumca sapirispirod am mosazrebisa qarTul specialur literaturaSi<br />

vxvdebiT gansxvavebul mosazrebebsac, romlis avtornic rogorc zemoT mogaxseneT babilina<br />

lominaZe, guliko mWedliZe <strong>da</strong> zurab mWedliSvili gaxlavT. <strong>da</strong>viwyoT babilina lomina-<br />

ZiT: igi givi jamburiasagan gansxvavebiT, qarTlel feo<strong>da</strong>lTa maStaburs SeTqmulebis <strong>da</strong>TariRebisas<br />

sargeblobs ikorTis qrinikaSi <strong>da</strong>culi evdemoz kaTolikosis mokvlis TariRiT<br />

_ qoronikoni tla-Ti <strong>da</strong> yovelive amis safuZvelze am ambavs 1643 wliT aTariRebs. babilina<br />

lominaZis msgavsad zurab mWedliSvilic am faqts amave 1643 wliT gansazRvras, Tumca, rogorc<br />

zemoT aRvniSneT, misi naSromi<strong>da</strong>n ar Cans Tu raze <strong>da</strong>yrdobiT aTariRebs avtori am<br />

movlenas main<strong>da</strong>mainc 1643 wliT. rac Seexeba guliko mWedliZes, igi 1638 wlis evdemoz ka-<br />

Tolikosis mier gedevaniSvil-elioziSvilebisadmi gacemuli wyalobis wignze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT,<br />

evdemoz I-is sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjas 1638 wliT aTariRebs <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, mkvlevars qar-<br />

135

Tlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa masStaburi SeTqmulebac amave 1638 wlis momx<strong>da</strong>r movlenad miaCnia. am mosazrebebis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>, CvenTvis saintereso ambis <strong>da</strong>TariRebis garSemo arsebobs kidev ori gansxvavebuli<br />

Sexeduleba:<br />

1. sargis kakabaZe: qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis SeTqmuleba (igive kaTolikosi evdemozisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvla) _ 1637-1648 wlebi.<br />

2. no<strong>da</strong>r nakaSiZe: qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis SeTqmuleba (kaTolikosi evdemozisa <strong>da</strong><br />

giorgi goCaSvilis gamosvla) _ 1636-1639 wlebi.<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT aRniSnuli avtorebi givi jamburiasa <strong>da</strong> babilina lominaZisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, am ambavTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT konkretul TariRs ar iZlevian <strong>da</strong> zogadi qronologiuri<br />

monakveTiT aTariReben.<br />

yovelive amis Semdeg gviCndeba logikuri kiTxva _ ramdenad Seesabameba istoriul<br />

sinamdviles qarTvel mkvlevarTa mier SemoTavazebuli TariRebi qarTlel feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebis<br />

garSemo<br />

am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis mizniT, <strong>da</strong>vsvamT kidev erT kiTxvas am movlenis givi<br />

jamburiaseul TariRTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, romelic SemdgomSi mdgomareobs _ Tu mkvlevars<br />

aranairi mkicebuleba ar hqon<strong>da</strong> am movlenis <strong>da</strong>saTariReblad, maS ratomRa gansazRvra<br />

es faqti mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc 1642 wliT<br />

marTalia, mecnieri ar asaxelebs Tavis naSromSi aranair miTiTebas raze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiTac<br />

SeiZleba ganesazRvra qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmuleba 1642 wliT, Tumca miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

amisa Cveni <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT igi am ambis <strong>da</strong>TariRebisas mohamed Taheris Txzulebas eyrdnoba.<br />

rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia, mohamed Taheri iranis Sahis abas II-is karis istorikosi<br />

iyo. mis mier Sedgenili matianec swored Sah abasis mefobis ambebs eZRvneba. aseve<br />

sayovelTaod cnobilia, Sah abas II taxtze aRsaydrebis TariRi _ 1642 weli. Cveni azriT,<br />

es yovelive ki givi jamburiam sakmaris mtkicebulebad miiCnia, raTa qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa<br />

SeTqmuleba 1642 wliT ganesazRvra.<br />

rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, givi jamburiasagan gansxvavebiT babilina lominaZe am<br />

movlenis <strong>da</strong>TariRebisas eyrdnoba ikorTis qronikaSi <strong>da</strong>cul evdemoz kaTolikosis<br />

mokvlis TariRs qoronikons _ tla-s. iqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, rom evdemoz kaTolikosi am<br />

SeTqmulebis EerT-erTi organizatori iyo, Sesabamisad SegviZlia vifiqroT rom avtori<br />

qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa SeTqmulebasac amave 1643 wliT gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />

rom mecniers mohyavs konkretuli argumenti am ambis <strong>da</strong>TariRebisas, mainc ar iqna qar-<br />

Tul istoriografiaSi misi mosazreba gaziarebuli.<br />

yovelive amis Semdeg Cven gviCndeba logikuri kiTxva _ ramdenad Seesabameba ikorTis<br />

qronikaSi <strong>da</strong>culi evdemoz kaTolikosis mokvlis TariRi qoronikoni tla realobas<br />

am kiTxvaze amomwuravi <strong>da</strong> argumentirebuli pasuxis gacemis mizniT gTavazobT 1642-1643<br />

wlebis rostom mefis mier boZebul wyalobis sabuTebs germanoz baraTaSvilisadmi.<br />

1642 wlis sigeliT rostom mefem germanoz baraTaSvils samkvidro sofeli covre-<br />

Ti gamoarTva <strong>da</strong> giorgi batoniSvils ga<strong>da</strong>sca. baraTaSvilebi aRniSnuli soflis sanacvlod<br />

wyalobas iTxoven <strong>da</strong> rostom mefisagan somxiTSi sofel`didi weraquis” Rebuloben.<br />

momdevno, 1643 wlis sigelis safuZvelze ki rostomi germanoz baraTaSvils 1642<br />

wels gamorTmeul sof. covreTs umtkicebs, amave dros gu<strong>da</strong>rexis monastersac aZlevs.<br />

1643 wlis sigelSi rostom mefe aseve saubrobs aRniSnuli wyalobis boZebis winapirobebze<br />

<strong>da</strong> ambobs: `<strong>da</strong> viTarca no<strong>da</strong>rzedi gavimarjveT <strong>da</strong> covreTi gamovarTuiT <strong>da</strong> batonisSuilsa<br />

giorgis miveciT Tqueni samkuidro, masukan giorgi Cuens sikudilsa <strong>da</strong><br />

RalatSi gaeriva, imas yazbi uyaviT <strong>da</strong> Tquenis mamisa <strong>da</strong> papis samkuidro covreTi isreve<br />

Tquen <strong>da</strong>gimkvidreT”. pirvelad, 1643 wlis rostomis wyalobis sigelis qarTuli<br />

nawili 1899 wels e.TayaiSvilma `saqarTvelos siZveleni~-is I tomSi gamosca 1 . meored,<br />

rostom mefis 1643 wlis qarTul-sparsuli sabuTi n. dunduam Tavis erT-erT statiaSi<br />

`rostom mefis orenovani (qarTul-sparsuli) hoqmebi~ gamosca. statias avtori am sabu-<br />

Tis erT-erT frazas `viTarca no<strong>da</strong>rzedi gavimarjveT~ 2 calke gamohyofs SeniSvnis saxiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> fiqrobs, rom am frazaSi `igulisxmeba 1642 w. SeTqmuleba, romelic moewyo<br />

rostom mefis winaaRmdeg. SeTqmulebaSi monawileobdnen zaal erisTavi, ioTam amilaxori,<br />

no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvili, giorgi goCaSvili <strong>da</strong> sxv. rostomma CaaxSo es SeTqmuleba <strong>da</strong><br />

1 saqarTvelos siZveleni, I, e. TayaiSvilis re<strong>da</strong>qtorobiT (Tbilisi, 1899), gv. 484-485.<br />

2 n. dundua, rostom mefis orenovani (qarTul-sparsuli) hoqmebi, macne, istoriis seria, #2 (Tbilisi, 1980), gv. 129.<br />

136

sastikad gauswor<strong>da</strong> masSi monawile Tavadebs~ 1 . Cven ver gaviziarebT n. dunduas mier<br />

SemoTavazebul mosazrebas, radgan zemoTnaxseneb mecniers or sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva movlena, ker-<br />

Zod, no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis SeTqmuleba ereva erTmaneT-<br />

Si. mas Semdeg, rac Cven rostom mefis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla<br />

1636, 1637. 1641 wlebi<strong>da</strong>n 1642 wliT ga<strong>da</strong>vaTariReT, SegviZlia ga<strong>da</strong>WriT vTqvaT,<br />

rom zemoTaRniSnul frazaSi `viTarca no<strong>da</strong>rzedi gavimarjveT~ rostom mefe gulisxmobs<br />

ara qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis SeTqmulebas, rogorc es hgonia n.dunduas, aramed 1642<br />

wlis no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlas. 1643 wlis sabuTSi garkveviT aris naTqvami, rom<br />

jer, 1642 wels no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvla mox<strong>da</strong>, romlis drosac rogorc Cans, giorgi<br />

goCaSvili rostom mefis Tanamo<strong>da</strong>sea, ufro konkretulad savaraudoa, rom man<br />

garkveuli wvlili Seitana no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis organizebul<br />

ajanyebis CaxSobaSi <strong>da</strong> albaT amitomac uwyaloba rostomma mas sof. covreTi. amis<br />

Semdgom is amave sabuTis mixedviT rostomi ambobs, rom `masukan giorgi Cuens sikudilsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> RalatSi gaeriva, imas yazbi uyaviT” e. i. 1642 wlis Semdeg giorgi goCaSvili<br />

rostomis RalatSi gaeria, ris gamoc gaRaribebul iqna <strong>da</strong> aRniSnuli sofeli covreTi<br />

CamoerTva, igi <strong>da</strong>ubrun<strong>da</strong> Zvel mflobel germanoz baraTaSvils gu<strong>da</strong>rexis monastriTurT.<br />

am dokuments Tu SevujerebT farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis cnobas am ambebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT,<br />

miviRebT Semdgom suraTs, rom<br />

a) 1642 wels giorgi goCaSvili amave wlis no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis gamosvlis dros<br />

rostom mefis momxreTa banakSia <strong>da</strong> savaraudod, rogorc Cans, garkveuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebac<br />

aRmouCina qarTlis mefes am ajanyebis CaxSobaSi. swored amis sanacvlod giorgi goCa-<br />

Svilma rostomisagan sof. covreTi miiRo.<br />

b) `masukan” anu 1643 wels man, romelic farsa<strong>da</strong>nis TqmiT qarTlis taxtze acxadeb<strong>da</strong><br />

pretenzias <strong>da</strong> rostomisagan mefobas elo<strong>da</strong>, rostom mefis winaaRmdeg zemoTnaxseneb<br />

qarTlis TavadTa masStabur SeTqmulebaSi monawileoba miiRo, ris Semdegac iqna<br />

gaRaribebuli, ufro metic mas rostom mefis brZanebiT, Tvalebi <strong>da</strong>sTxares.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT niniZe Cvens mier zemoTganxilul monografiaSi `bagrationTa saxlis gan-<br />

StoebaTa istoria XVI-XVIII ss.~ bagrationTa saxlis gverdiTi Stos _ goCaSvilTa istoriis<br />

ganxilvisas, Seexo rostom mefis mier 1643 wels germanoz baraTaSvilisadmi<br />

boZebul sabuTs. igi samarTlianad am sabuTSi naxseneb giorgi batoniSvilSi giorgi<br />

goCaSvils moiazrebs, rasac 1643 wlis rostomis wyalobis sigelisa germanoz baraTa-<br />

Svilisadmi <strong>da</strong> farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis wyaroTa Sejereba naTlad metyvelebs. Tumca <strong>da</strong>viT<br />

niniZe nugzar dunduas msgavsad, 1643 wlis rostomis mier gacemul germanoz bara-<br />

TaSvilisadmi wyalobis sigels araswor interpretacias aZlevs <strong>da</strong> ambobs Semdgoms,<br />

rom `aq marTalia aRniSnulia, rom giorgi batoniSvils baraTaSvilTa samkvidro mamuli<br />

_ covreTi ga<strong>da</strong>eca, magram rostomis sityvebiT, roca `no<strong>da</strong>rzedi gavimarjveT” <strong>da</strong><br />

es giorgi mefis `sikudilsa <strong>da</strong> RalatSi gaeriva”, batoniSvils igi CamoerTva <strong>da</strong> bara-<br />

TaSvilebs <strong>da</strong>ubrun<strong>da</strong>T. aq pir<strong>da</strong>pir aris miTiTebulia rostom mefis winaaRmdeg mowyobili<br />

cnobili SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb, romelic `batonobas TviTon moelo<strong>da</strong>”, sxva TavadebTan<br />

erTad `gaRaribebul” iqna; miTiTebuli sabuTiT, konkretulad mas sof. covre-<br />

Ti CamoerTva” 2 .<br />

amrigad, 1642-1643 ww rostom mefis mier germanoz baraTaSvilisadmi gacemuli wyalobis<br />

sabuTebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT gavarkvieT qarTlis taxtis erT-erTi pretendentis _ giorgi<br />

goCaSvilis pozicia 1642-1643 ww. qarTlis mefis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli moqmedebebis<br />

mimarT.<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, aRniSnul wyalobis sigelebi saSualebas gvaZlevs kidev erTxel dokumenturad<br />

<strong>da</strong>vamtkicoT, ikorTis qronikaSi <strong>da</strong>culi evdemoz kaTolikosis mokvlis<br />

TariRis (1643 w.) marTebuloba <strong>da</strong> babilina lominaZis msgavsad, qarTlis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa<br />

maStaburi SeTqmuleba 1642 wlis nacvlad, 1643 wliT gansazRvroT.<br />

amrigad, 1642 wlis qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvilis epitafiis Sejereba farsa<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gorgijaniZis istoriasa <strong>da</strong> rostom mefis mier 1642-1643 wlebis gacemuli wyalobis sigelebTan<br />

saSualebas gvaZlevs ga<strong>da</strong>WriT vTqvaT, rom 1642 wels rostomis mmarTvelobiT<br />

ukmayofilo qarTveli feo<strong>da</strong>lebi kaxeTis mefe Teimuraz I-s (1606-1648 ww.) <strong>da</strong>ukav-<br />

1 iqve, gv. 129.<br />

2 d. niniZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 265.<br />

137

Sirdnen <strong>da</strong> qarTlSi gamefeba SesTavazes. meamboxe feo<strong>da</strong>lebma Teimuraz I-s gaerTianebuli<br />

laSqris Sekrebis adgilad mcxeTa <strong>da</strong>uTqves. mcxeTas un<strong>da</strong> misuliyvnen qarTlis<br />

didi feo<strong>da</strong>lebic _ aragvis erisTavi, amilaxori <strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvili TavianTi laSqriT,<br />

agreTve, no<strong>da</strong>rTan myofi imereli Tavadebi _ Zmebi CxeiZeebi. amboxebulTa mizans<br />

rostomis taxti<strong>da</strong>n Camogdeba <strong>da</strong> qarTlSi Teimuraz I-is gamefeba warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

marTalia, gegma winaswar iyo SeTanxmebuli, magram no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvili Teimuraz I-sa <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva amboxebulebs ar <strong>da</strong>elo<strong>da</strong>, Tan mxolod imereli warCinebulebi iaxla, sacicianoSi<br />

Sekrebili laSqriT xovleSi <strong>da</strong>banak<strong>da</strong>, mTeli gaRmamxris jaris Tavmoyras Seudga <strong>da</strong> im<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>lTa mamulebis rbevas mihyo xeli, romlebmac laSqris miSvelebaze uari uTxres.<br />

no<strong>da</strong>ris gamosvlis Sesaxeb rostoms giorgi saakaZis vaJma _ ioram mouravisSvilma acnoba<br />

<strong>da</strong> aCqareba urCia. rostomma, Tavis mxriv, iorams gzebis Sekvra <strong>da</strong>avala <strong>da</strong> Tbilisis<br />

mouravs qalaqSi myofi iranelebis, qarTvelebisa <strong>da</strong> somxebis salaSqrod Seyra ubrZana.<br />

saRamos jarCi <strong>da</strong>Zaxeba, jaris mcxeTaSi Casvla, rostomis Semdeg wasvla <strong>da</strong> aRlumis naxva!<br />

imave Rames rostomi jarTan erTad kavTisxevs mivi<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c mas iorami <strong>da</strong> misi laSqari<br />

SeuerT<strong>da</strong>. mefem svla swrafad ganagrZo <strong>da</strong> gamTeniisas xovles bolos SeCer<strong>da</strong>.<br />

rostoms TanamolaSqreebma mowinaaRmdegeze moulodneli Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma SesTavazes,<br />

Tumca mefem sxva gza airCia <strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvils saSualeba misca, sabrZolvelad momzadebuliyo.<br />

ieriSze ga<strong>da</strong>sul rostomis laSqars CxeiZeebi <strong>da</strong> sxva imerlebi miegebnen.<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad upiratesoba amboxebulTa mxares iyo, Tumca no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvili brZola-<br />

Si aRar Caeba, xovle miatova <strong>da</strong> veris cixeSi gamagr<strong>da</strong>. qarTlis laSqarma zurgmoubmeli<br />

CxeiZeebi iolad <strong>da</strong>amarcxa.<br />

imereli molaSqreebi rostomis momxre baraTaSvilebma: xosia baraTaSvilma, farsa<strong>da</strong>n<br />

baraTaSvilma, boqaulTuxuces elizbaris ymebma <strong>da</strong> don<strong>da</strong>ra ejibisSvilma Seipyres,<br />

maTi erT-erTi meTauri _ beJia CxeiZe ki ioram mouravisSvilma Caigdo tyved, xucia<br />

CxeiZe paata javaxiSvilma <strong>da</strong>atyveva, xolo farsa<strong>da</strong>n baraTaSvilma beJias CxeiZis<br />

vaJi _ otia. <strong>da</strong>tyvevebuli CxeiZeebi rostoms mihgvares. mefem isini brZolaSi<br />

gamoCenili mamacobisaTvis jerovani pativiT miiRo <strong>da</strong> gors gagzavna.<br />

gamarjvebulma rostomma TanamebrZolebs mamulebi <strong>da</strong> xalaTebi uboZa, laSqris<br />

meTaurebs ki saciciano <strong>da</strong>unawila. manve gasca brZaneba, rom laSqars sacicianos mosaxleobis<br />

devna Seewyvita <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>tyvevebulebi gaeTavisuflebina.<br />

rostomma Rame naomar adgilas gaaTena, meore dRes ki gors mivi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amave dRes mefem gori<strong>da</strong>n TbilisSi Cafari gaagzavna, romlis mier Catanili brZanebiTac,<br />

qalaqSi myofi dedoflis saxlTuxucesi _ qaixosro baraTaSvili tyved Seipyres,<br />

cixeSi aiyvanes <strong>da</strong> RamiT koSki<strong>da</strong>n gadmoagdes, Tan xma <strong>da</strong>yares, <strong>da</strong>Tvra <strong>da</strong> Tavad<br />

gadmovar<strong>da</strong>o. rostomi amiT ar <strong>da</strong>kmayofil<strong>da</strong>, qaixosros Svilebi Seipyro <strong>da</strong> goris cixeSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>atyveva. qaixosros siZem, bagrationTa saxlis erT-erT warmomadgenelma _ baxuta<br />

husein begisSvilma, romelic qarTlis samefo taxtze acxadeb<strong>da</strong> pretenzias, gaqceviT<br />

uSvela Tavs <strong>da</strong> kaxeTs ga<strong>da</strong>ixvewa.<br />

qarTls gaeri<strong>da</strong> kidev erTi meamboxe feo<strong>da</strong>li _ ioTam amilaxoric. man sakuTari<br />

ojaxi aragvis () saerisTavoSi gaxizna, Tavad ki aragvis () erisTavTan erTad, kaxeTSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Teimuraz I-s eaxla.<br />

amasobaSi zamTarmac moatana. no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvili mZovreTis cixeSi gamagr<strong>da</strong>, rostomma<br />

ki gorSi mdgom laSqars skras zemoTa saciciano <strong>da</strong>rbevina.<br />

amave xanebSi, rostomma tyved Cagdebuli CxeiZeebi elizbar boqaulTuxucesis xeliT<br />

iranSi gagzavna, Tan Sahs arza miswera _ Cemi uSvilobis gamo qarTvelebi SfoTs<br />

ar iSlian <strong>da</strong> amitom Cemi biZaSvilis _ Teimuraz mirzas erT-erTi vaJi, papiCemis sexnia<br />

_ luarsabi Svilad <strong>da</strong>mimtkiceTo.<br />

elizbar boqaulTuxucesis iranSi gagzavnis Semdeg rostomma goris cixi<strong>da</strong>n zarbaznebi<br />

gaitana <strong>da</strong> mZovreTis cixes alya Semoartya. moalyeebma no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis Tav-<br />

Sesafars zarbaznebi <strong>da</strong>uSines, Tumca qviTkiriT nageb cixes veraferi <strong>da</strong>aakles. am uSedego<br />

ieriSebis dros xma gavrcel<strong>da</strong>, rom alyaSemortymulebis saSvelad Teimuraz I<br />

moemarTebo<strong>da</strong>. marTalia, movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba moalyeebs safrTxes uqmni<strong>da</strong>,<br />

magram rostomi Tavis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaze mtkiced idga <strong>da</strong> ambob<strong>da</strong>, osmaleTis sulTanic<br />

rom mieSvelos, sanam no<strong>da</strong>rs xelT ar vigdeb, adgili<strong>da</strong>n ar <strong>da</strong>viZvrebio.<br />

mZovreTis cixis alya 1643 wlis 6 ianvramde anu wyalkurTxevamde gagrZel<strong>da</strong>.<br />

alyaSemortymulebis mdgomareoba Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT <strong>da</strong>mZim<strong>da</strong>. maT Teimuraz I-isagan <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />

ver miiRes. amas isic <strong>da</strong>emata, rom no<strong>da</strong>rs sakuTarma ymebmac uRalates <strong>da</strong> cixis<br />

138

gacema ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites. roca no<strong>da</strong>rma Ralatis ambavi Seityo, CaTrevas Cayola amjobina <strong>da</strong><br />

rostoms Suamavlad sakuTari de<strong>da</strong> _ kaxTa mefis asuli miugzavna. rostomma Suamavali<br />

didi pativiT miiRo. kaxTa mefis asulma no<strong>da</strong>risaTvis cixi<strong>da</strong>n uvneblad gasvlis piroba<br />

iTxova. rostomma Zvel qarTul tradicias ar uRalata, mefis asuls saCuqrebi miar-<br />

Tva <strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>risaTvis uvneblobis fici misca _ saiTac un<strong>da</strong>, iqiT wavides Tavisi mxleblebiTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saqonebeliTo. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, rostomma no<strong>da</strong>rs cxenebi <strong>da</strong> jorebic aTxova,<br />

raTa am ukanasknels Tavisi qoneba axalcixemde mietana. no<strong>da</strong>ri bevrs eca<strong>da</strong>, rostoms<br />

pira<strong>da</strong>d xlebo<strong>da</strong>, magram mefem meamboxe feo<strong>da</strong>lis naxva ar isurva <strong>da</strong> no<strong>da</strong>ric samcxe-<br />

Si ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

am droisaTvis sxva meamboxe feo<strong>da</strong>lebi _ zaal aragvis erisTavi <strong>da</strong> ioTam amilaxori<br />

kaxeTSi, Teimuraz I-Tan imyofebodnen.<br />

no<strong>da</strong>r ciciSvilis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi kvlavindeburad<br />

grZeldebo<strong>da</strong> rostomisa <strong>da</strong> Teimuraz I-is momxreTa <strong>da</strong>pirispireba. qarTveli feo<strong>da</strong>lebi,<br />

romlebic iolad icvlidnen politikur orientacias, gauTaveblad arbevdnen erTmaneTis<br />

mamulebs.<br />

qristeSobis wina dRes, 1642 wlis 24 dekembers TbilisSi myof rostom mefes Seatyobines,<br />

rom aragvisa <strong>da</strong> qsnis erisTavebi ioTam amilaxorTan erTad, axalgors Sekrebas<br />

gegmavdnen, Sobas erTad idResaswaulebdnen, laSqars Sekrebdnen, safurclesTan<br />

Teimuraz I-s SeuerTdebodnen, gaerTianebuli mxedrobiT mcxeTas mividodnen, sxva momxreebsac<br />

Tavs mouyridnen <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTs erTgulebis fics miscemdnen.<br />

axali ambiT SeSfoTebulma rostomma baxuta muxranbatons, SemdgomSi qarTlis mefe<br />

vaxtang V-s (1658-1675 ww.) werili miswera <strong>da</strong> ubrZana, Tavisi jariT mzad <strong>da</strong>xvedro<strong>da</strong>, Tavad<br />

ki TbilisSi Sekrebili laSqari mcxeTaSi gagzavna. mefe odnav mogvianebiT Cavi<strong>da</strong> mcxeTas<br />

<strong>da</strong> jaris simravliT gulmocemulma baxuta muxranbatons samoqmedo gegma acnoba, romlis<br />

Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c maT samxedro Zalebi un<strong>da</strong> gaeerTianebinaT <strong>da</strong> Sobis gamTeniisas amboxebulebs<br />

<strong>da</strong>sxmodnen Tavs. rostomi <strong>da</strong> baxuta erTmaneTs muxranTan Sexvdnen, gza Seusveneblad gaagrZeles<br />

axalgorisaken <strong>da</strong> Sobis dilas, 1642 wlis 25 dekembers anazdeulad miitanes ieriSi<br />

locvaze myof SeTqmulebze. moulodneli Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis gamo amboxebulebma winaaRmdgobis gaweva<br />

ver moaxerxes <strong>da</strong> gaqceviT uSveles Tavs, sadResaswaulod gamzadebuli sadil-vaxSami<br />

ki xeluxlebeli <strong>da</strong>utoves rostomis laSqars.<br />

Sobis meore dRes amboxebulTagan tyved Cavardnili molaSqreebi rostoms warudgines.<br />

mefem tyveebi gaaTavisufla <strong>da</strong> gors wavi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

rostomma mTeli zamTari gorSi gaatara.<br />

1643 wels rostomis mier iranSi gagzavnili elizbar <strong>da</strong>viTiSvili luarsab batoniSvilTan<br />

erTad qarTlSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tan Sahis werili Camoitana. mefes werili<br />

gorSi aaxles. Sahma <strong>da</strong>akmayofila rostomis Txovna <strong>da</strong> mis Svilobilad <strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />

samefo taxtis memkvidred luarsabi <strong>da</strong>amtkica.<br />

am ambavma Zalzed gaanawyena giorgi goCaSvili, romelsac qarTlis mefoba Tavad<br />

sur<strong>da</strong>. axalma ambavma Teimuraz I-ic aRaSfoTa. man <strong>da</strong> aragvis () erisTavma kargad isargebles<br />

giorgi goCaSvilis ganawyenebiT <strong>da</strong> qarTlSi gamefeba SesTavazes. 1643 wels<br />

Teimuraz I-ma <strong>da</strong> aragvis () erisTavma sxva qarTleli feo<strong>da</strong>lebis mimxrobac scades,<br />

didi mimowera gaaCaRes <strong>da</strong> ramdenime maTgani _ qarTlis kaTolikosi evdemoz I diasami-<br />

Ze (1630-1643 ww.), revaz baraTaSvili <strong>da</strong> somxiTis meliqi yorxmazbegi ga<strong>da</strong>ibires kidec.<br />

SeTqmulebma gaiTvaliswines is faqti, rom rostomi arcTu didi laSqriT cxireTs<br />

imyofebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Semdegi samoqmedo gegma SeimuSaves: Teimuraz I rCeuli cxenosani<br />

razmiT moulodnelad mivido<strong>da</strong> metexs, misi mcirericxovanobiT gulmocemuli rostomi<br />

mowinaaRmdegisaken <strong>da</strong>iZvrebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> SeTqmulebic brZolis velze moklavdnen mas. am Sem-<br />

TxvevaSi, qarTlis mefis sikvdili konkretulad aravis <strong>da</strong>braldebo<strong>da</strong>. rostomis mokvlis<br />

Semdeg SeTqmulebs ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili hqon<strong>da</strong>T, qarTlSi Teimuraz I gaemefebinaT,<br />

Tumca amas giorgi goCaSvils ar umxeldnen.<br />

SeTqmulebs <strong>da</strong>saxuli gegmis ganxorcieleba ar <strong>da</strong>scal<strong>da</strong>T. maTi ganzraxva SeTqmulebis<br />

erT-erTma aqtiurma monawilem _ somxiTis meliqma yorxmazbegma gasca, romelsac<br />

Sahis risxvis SeeSin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> rostoms SeTqmulTa mier gamogzavnili werilebi uCvena.<br />

rostomma <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv miiRo sapasuxo zomebi <strong>da</strong> sanam Teimuraz I metexs mivido<strong>da</strong>,<br />

manam gorSi Seaswro <strong>da</strong> iq gamagr<strong>da</strong>. SeTqmulTa mier SemuSavebuli gegma CaiSala<br />

<strong>da</strong> Teimuraz I ukan, kaxeTs gabrun<strong>da</strong>.<br />

SeTqmuli qarTleli feo<strong>da</strong>lebi, romlebmac jer kidev ar icodnen somxiTis meli-<br />

139

qisagan gacemis ambavi, uSiSrad mividnen gors <strong>da</strong> xifaTs ga<strong>da</strong>rCenil rostoms eaxlnen.<br />

mefem kaTolikosi evdemozi <strong>da</strong> giorgi goCaSvili jer <strong>da</strong>aWerina, xolo Semdeg ki sastikad<br />

<strong>da</strong>saja: giorgi goCaSvils Tvalebi <strong>da</strong>sTxara, kaTolikosi evdemozi ki Tbiliss<br />

gagzavna <strong>da</strong> iq, qalaqis cixeSi, iranelebs moaSTobina. gorSi myof rostoms sxva SeTqmulebTan<br />

erTad erisTvisSvili largvelic eaxla. mefem isic <strong>da</strong>aWerina, Tumca largvelma<br />

goris cixi<strong>da</strong>n gaparva moaxerxa. kidev orma SeTqmulma _ revaz baraTaSvilma<br />

<strong>da</strong> ivane saakaZem gaqceviT uSveles Tavs <strong>da</strong> kaxeTs ga<strong>da</strong>ixvewnen. samagierod, rostomma<br />

ivane saakaZis Zma _ zurabi Seipyro tyved <strong>da</strong> masac Tvalebi <strong>da</strong>sTxara.<br />

SeTqmulTa <strong>da</strong>sjis Semdeg rostomi gori<strong>da</strong>n Tbiliss mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>ris Sesaxeb<br />

iranis Sahs acnoba. Sahma qarTlis mefes saCuqrebi gamougzavna <strong>da</strong> Tan rostomis diswulis<br />

_ a<strong>da</strong>m sulTan endronikaSvilis meTaurobiT, iranelTa laSqari moaSvela. SeTqmuleba<br />

sabolood <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />

1. arCiliani (TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli), al. baramiZisa <strong>da</strong> n. berZeniSvilis re<strong>da</strong>qciiT,<br />

II (Tbilisi, 1937).<br />

2. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi IV,<br />

teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier<br />

(Tbilisi, 1973).<br />

3. n. baxtaZe, k. zenderi, n. kupraSvili, l. mirianaSvili, T. jojua, pirRebulis monasteri,<br />

1989 <strong>da</strong> 2002-2003 ww. kompleqsuri samecniero eqspediciis Sedegebi (Tbilisi, 2005).<br />

4. beri egnataSvili, axali qarTlis cxovreba, pirveli teqsti, qarTlis cxovreba,<br />

tomi II, teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier<br />

(Tbilisi, 1959).<br />

5. d. gvritiSvili, feo<strong>da</strong>luri saqarTvelos socialuri urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

(qarTlis saTavadoebi) (Tbilisi, 1955).<br />

6. T. gogolaZe, qarTlis dedoflis saxlTuxucesis qaixosro baraTaSvil-abaSiSvilis<br />

(<strong>XI</strong>I s-is I nax.) sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis TariRisaTvis, <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>eTnologiis</strong> <strong>institutis</strong><br />

<strong>Sromebi</strong>, IX (Tbilisi, 2009).<br />

7. n. dundua, rostom mefis orenovani (qarTul-sparsuli) hoqmebi, macne, istoriis<br />

seria, #2 (Tbilisi, 1980).<br />

8. s. kakabaZe, saqarTvelos istoria, axali saukuneebis epoqa (1500-1810) (Tbilisi, 1922).<br />

9. b. lominaZe, masalebi saqarTvelos XVII-XVIII s-Ta istoriis qronologiisaTvis,<br />

masalebi saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis <strong>istoriisa</strong>Tvis, nakveTi 29 (Tbilisi, 1951).<br />

10. e. mamisTvaliSvili, amilaxvrebi (gori, 1996).<br />

11. mohamed Taheris cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, v. fuTuriZis gamocema, masalebi saqarTvelosa<br />

<strong>da</strong> kavkasiis <strong>istoriisa</strong>Tvis, nakveTi 30 (Tbilisi, 1954).<br />

12. z. mWedliSvili, iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobaTa istorii<strong>da</strong>n (XVII s-is I naxevari),<br />

sadisertacio naSromi (Tbilisi, 1995).<br />

13. g. mWedliZe, XVII s-is I naxevris saqarTvelos istoriis qronologii<strong>da</strong>n (qarTlis kaTalikosebis<br />

qristefore I-is, zaqaria jorjaZisa <strong>da</strong> evdemon diasamiZis zeobis wlebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>zustebisaTvis), macne, istoriis seria, #4 (Tbilisi, 1988).<br />

14. n. nakaSiZe, wiwamuri<strong>da</strong>n baxtrionamde (Tbilisi, 1977).<br />

15. d. niniZe, bagrationTa samefo saxlis ganStoebaTa istoria (<strong>XI</strong>II-XVIII saukuneebi)<br />

(Tbilisi, 2004).<br />

16. g. JorJoliani, aRmosavleT saqarTvelo XVII saukunis 30-50 wlebSi (Tbilisi, 1987).<br />

17. m. rexviaSvili, n. rexviaSvili, saqarTvelos istoria (uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n XX saukunis<br />

30-ian wlebamde) (quTaisi, 2000).<br />

18. saqarTvelos siZveleni, I, e. TayaiSvilis re<strong>da</strong>qtorobiT (tfilisi, 1899).<br />

1 farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 247-250.<br />

140

19. o. soselia, narkvevebi feo<strong>da</strong>luri xanis saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri<br />

istorii<strong>da</strong>n (Tbilisi, 1973).<br />

20. farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe, saqarTvelos istoria, s. kakabaZis gamocema, saistorio moambe,<br />

II (Tbilisi, 1925).<br />

21. an. furcelaZe, brZola saqarTvelos mosaspobelad <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos SesaerTeblad<br />

anu giorgi saakaZe <strong>da</strong> misi dro (Tfilisi, 1892).<br />

22. qarTul-sparsuli istoriuli sabuTebi, teqsti <strong>da</strong>adgina, Targmna <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>urTo v. fuTuriZem (Tbilisi, 1955).<br />

23. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, IV (Tbilisi, 1979).<br />

24. qronikebi <strong>da</strong> sxva masala saqarTvelos <strong>istoriisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> mwerlobisa, Sekrebili, qronologiurad<br />

<strong>da</strong>wyobili <strong>da</strong> axsnili T. Jor<strong>da</strong>nias mier, wigni meore (1213 wli<strong>da</strong>n 1700 wlamde<br />

(Tfilisi, 1897).<br />

25. vl. RunaSvili, qsnis saerisTavos politikuri istoria (Tbilisi, 2005).<br />

26. Svidi mTiebi (baram guri), prof. k. kekeliZis re<strong>da</strong>qciiT, gamokvleviTa <strong>da</strong> leqsikoniT<br />

(Tfilisi, 1930).<br />

27. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, qarTuli storiuli dokumentebis Hd koleqcia, sabuTi<br />

#14429.<br />

28. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, qarTuli istoriuli dokumentebis Hd koleqcia, sabuTi<br />

#14694.<br />

29. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, qarTuli istoriuli dokumentebis Qd koleqcia, sabuTi<br />

#9585.<br />

30. g. jamburia, saqarTvelos politikuri viTareba XVII saukunis 30-90 wlebSi, saqar-<br />

Tvelos istoriis narkvevebi, IV (Tbilisi, 1973).<br />

31. g. jamburia, qarTuli feo<strong>da</strong>luri urTierTobebis istorii<strong>da</strong>n (somxiT-sabaraTianos<br />

saTavadoebi) (Tbilisi, 1955).<br />

32. a. jafariZe, qarTuli eklesia XVII saukuneSi (Tbilisi, 1996).<br />

TAMAZ GOGOLADZE<br />

National Center of Manuscripts<br />

ONCE AGAIN ABOUT NODAR TSITSISHVILI’S REVOLT AND<br />

CONSPIRACY OF THE FEUDAL LORDS OF QARTLI<br />

The present article considers chronology and certain issues of the history of No<strong>da</strong>r Tsitsishvili‟s revolt and of<br />

conspiracy of the feu<strong>da</strong>l lords of Qartli against Rostom, King of Qartli (1633-1658). I have re-<strong>da</strong>ted the above<br />

events and enriched existing knowledge based on comparative analysis of the following written sources: a) an<br />

epitaph of Qaikhosro Abashishvili from the Monastery of Pirghebuli, <strong>da</strong>ted to 1642, b) Georgian and Persian<br />

narrative sources by Parsa<strong>da</strong>n Gorgijanidze, Archil, Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tahari, monk Egnatashvili, and Prince<br />

Vakhushti, and c) Georgian diplomatic monuments of the contemporary period. As a result, I furnish evidence that<br />

No<strong>da</strong>r Tsitsishili‟s uprising occurred in late autumn 1642, and not in 1636-1637 as was accepted in the Georgian<br />

historiography (Givi Jamburia, Gulkan Zhorzholiani). I also re-<strong>da</strong>ted the conspiracy of the Eristavies of Qsani and<br />

Aragvi against King Rostom to December 24-25, 1642, instead of 1638 as accepted by Georgian researchers<br />

(Gulkan Zhorzholiani, Vladimer Ghunashvili). I don‟t consider reliable occurrence of the large-scale conspiracy of<br />

the feu<strong>da</strong>l lords of Qartli in 1642, as suggested by certain scholars (Givi Jamburia, Anania Japaridze and others),<br />

and re-<strong>da</strong>ted the event to 1643 in consistence with the <strong>da</strong>te earlier proposed by Babilina Lominadze.<br />

141

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