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2. - Clinica malattie apparato respiratorio

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IL VOLTO DELLA BPCO CHE CAMBIA ● QUADERNO 2<br />

ree maggiormente pervie e riduce le resistenze al<br />

flusso nella BPCO, dall’altro essa ha importanti effetti<br />

negativi,soprattutto sui muscoli inspiratori 6 .Infatti,<br />

il lavoro di questi ultimi aumenta con l’aumentare<br />

del volume polmonare per contrastare l’elevata<br />

elasticità del tessuto parenchimale, specialmente<br />

nel tratto meno ripido della relazione pressione-volume<br />

(figure <strong>2.</strong>1, <strong>2.</strong>2, e <strong>2.</strong>4). Inoltre, a causa<br />

dell’aumento del volume polmonare i muscoli inspiratori<br />

si accorciano progressivamente e generano<br />

così meno pressione per un dato stimolo. Anche se<br />

in parte esiste un certo adattamento muscolare con<br />

riduzione del numero di sarcomeri in serie, l’aumentato<br />

carico lavorativo dei muscoli inspiratori e<br />

la loro ridotta capacità di generare forza in corso di<br />

iperdistensione polmonare possono essere fonte di<br />

dispnea e di fatica muscolare, che a lungo andare<br />

contribuiscono all’insorgenza di insufficienza respiratoria<br />

grave, soprattutto quando l’ostruzione delle<br />

vie aeree diventa severa. Ulteriori effetti negativi<br />

dell’iperdistensione polmonare si manifestano sui<br />

muscoli inspiratori e sull’<strong>apparato</strong> cardiocircolatorio<br />

quando essa si associa alla presenza di limitazione<br />

espiratoria al flusso 20 . Una loro trattazione più esauriente<br />

viene fatta in altra parte di questo capitolo.<br />

BIBLIOGRAFIA<br />

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