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10 <strong>literaturuli</strong> <strong>gazeTi</strong><br />

interviu 1 - 14 ivlisi 2011<br />

zurab kiknaZe:<br />

`dRes problemuri<br />

mwerlobis naklebobaa~<br />

zurab kiknaZes sazogadoebis winaSe gansakuTrebuli wardgena ar sWirdeba: folkloristi,<br />

bibleisti, aRmosavleTmcodne-semitologi, literatori, mecnieri, Suamdinaruli<br />

mwerlobisa da miTologiis mkvlevari, araerTi wignisa da samecniero naSromis<br />

avtori. Zalian didia misi Rvawli qarTuli kulturis winaSe. marto `gilgameSis<br />

eposis~ Targmani rad Rirs, romelic pirvelad 1963 wels daibeWda. ori wlis win xelaxla<br />

gamoica am teqstis Sevsebuli da gadamuSavebuli varianti, masTan erTad, Suamdinaruli<br />

poeziis nimuSebic. baton zurabTan saubari swored am TemiT daviwyeT.<br />

_ erT-erTi pirveli xarT, romelmac<br />

Suamdinaruli kultura qarTul<br />

enaze gadmoitaneT. rogor moxda Tqveni<br />

daintereseba am samyaroTi<br />

_ Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi<br />

semitologiur disciplinebs<br />

vswavlobdi, arabul enas giorgi wereTelTan.<br />

ratomRac gadawyvita, rom<br />

Sumeruli ena unda Semeswavla, ris-<br />

Tvisac jer aqaduri, lursmuli kulturis<br />

ena unda mcodnoda, Tumca universitetSi<br />

erTi weli gavdiodiT am<br />

enas giorgi meliqiSvilTan. vkiTxulobdiT<br />

aSuris babilonis mefeTa<br />

analebs. Sumerulze im dros bundovani<br />

warmodgena mqonda, erTaderTi is vicodi,<br />

rom mixako wereTels, romlis<br />

saxeli maSin arc ki ixsenieboda, dawerili<br />

hqonda `sumeruli da qarTuli~,<br />

1913 wels krebul `gvirgvinSi~ iyo<br />

gamoqveynebuli. saqarTveloSi es dargi<br />

saerTod ar arsebobda, amitom erTi<br />

wliT leningradSi mimavlines, sadac<br />

cnobili asiriologi igor diakonovi<br />

moRvaweobda, romelic imxanad `gilgameSis<br />

eposs~ Targmnida. leningrad-<br />

Si Casvlidan meore Tu mesame dRes mimiwvia<br />

`literatorTa saxlSi~, sadac<br />

Targmnili nawyvetebi unda waekiTxa.<br />

sxvaTa Soris, am saRamos cnobili ioseb<br />

orbeli eswreboda, imxanad aziis institutis<br />

direqtori. maxsovs, egzotikuri<br />

bgerebis gamoTqmaze Camovarda<br />

laparaki da orbelma sailustraciod<br />

ramdenime qarTuli emfatikuri<br />

bgeris demonstrireba moaxdina.<br />

SesaniSnavad icoda qarTuli (me mgoni,<br />

albaT asec iyo, im saRamoze, Cven<br />

ors garda, qarTuli aravin icoda).<br />

manamde `gilgameSis eposis~ aqaduri<br />

teqsti wakiTxuli mqonda, roca Tamaz<br />

gamyreliZesTan aqadur literatu-<br />

rul teqstebs vswavlobdi. diakonovma<br />

gamocemisTanave gamomigzavna Tavisi<br />

wigni, 1963 wels ki mec davbeWde eposis<br />

zusti, akademiuri Targmani, Tavisi<br />

komentarebiTa da gamokvleviT.<br />

imave wels gamovida mxatvruli Targmanic<br />

elguja amaSukelis gaformebiT.<br />

ase rom, erT wels ori gansxvavebuli<br />

Targmani daibeWda. es erTgvari fufunebac<br />

iyo. Tumca gamocemebma didi interesi<br />

gamoiwvia.<br />

_ Tu ar vcdebi, manamde arsebobda<br />

mixako wereTlis Targmani.<br />

_ arsebobda. 1924 wels konstantinepolis<br />

`kaTolikeTa savanis~ stambaSi<br />

daibeWda misi `gilgameSiani~,<br />

romelic, rogorc Cans, saqarTvelo-<br />

Si yofnisas daasrula da 1921 wels em-<br />

igraciaSi Tan gaiyola. es wigni bibliografiuli<br />

iSviaToba iyo maSinac.<br />

erTaderTi egzemplari sajaro biblioTekas<br />

hqonda, qarTvelologiis<br />

ganyofilebaSi inaxeboda, mec iq wavikiTxe.<br />

xelSi meWira erT-erTi egzemplari,<br />

magram mravali wlis Semdeg rom<br />

damWirda, ukve misi fotoasli gamomitanes<br />

wasakiTxad.<br />

sxvaTa Soris, im periodSi, roca<br />

mixako wereTeli qarTulad Targmnida,<br />

mxolod ZiriTad evropul enebze<br />

arsebobda TiTo-orola Targmani. mas<br />

Semdeg bevri fragmenti aRmoCnda (es<br />

xom namarxi mwerlobaa). am TvalsazrisiT<br />

Cemi Targmani ufro srulia,<br />

Tumca Tavdapirvel moculobamde<br />

kidev bevri uklia. teqstis mxolod<br />

ori mesamedia SemorCenili. mas Semdeg<br />

eposi orjer gamoica, 1988 wels da sul<br />

axlaxan, 2009 wels. am droisTvis ukve<br />

arsebobda originalis yvela teqstis<br />

publikacia axladaRmoCenili fragmentebiTurT,<br />

romelmac axali TvaliT<br />

Semaxeda am eposisTvis. es xedva winasityvaobaSic<br />

aisaxa.<br />

_ `gilgameSis eposi~ nebismieri<br />

civilizebuli erisTvis saintereso<br />

da Rirebuli nawarmoebia, ramdenad<br />

mniSvnelovani iyo igi qarTuli kulturisTvis<br />

_ rasakvirvelia, mniSvnelovani<br />

iyo da aris bevri aspeqtiT. jer erTi,<br />

es eposi epikuri azrovnebis pirveli<br />

nimuSia, aTasi wliT mainc uswrebs win<br />

homerosis poemebs. es aris Zveli wel-<br />

TaRricxvis mesame aTaswleulis bolo.<br />

maRali werilobiTi kultura hqondaT<br />

egviptelebs _ religiuri teqstebi,<br />

miTebi, himnebi, lirika, mravalJanrobrivi<br />

proza, magram eposi ar SeuqmniaT.<br />

eposi aqadeli xalxis sulis gamoZaxilia.<br />

sainteresoa isic, rom `gilgame-<br />

Sis eposi~ ar aris folkloruli Semoqmedeba,<br />

mas individualuri avtori<br />

hyavs, romlis saxeli miTiTebulia<br />

kidec yoveli Tavis bolos. Sumerul<br />

enaze arsebobda calkeuli xalxuri<br />

simRerebi gilgameSis Sesaxeb, romlebic<br />

adreve iqna Cawerili. aqadelma<br />

poetma ki erT Zafze aasxa, erTian siu-<br />

Jetad Sekra es simRerebi. CvenTvis sainteresoa<br />

imdenad, ramdenadac qarTveluri<br />

xalxebis kultura am civilizaciis<br />

arealSi viTardeboda. paralelebi<br />

`vefxistyaosanSic~ aris mikvleuli.<br />

TvalsaCinoa megobrobis Tema,<br />

romelic orivegan wamyvania. am Temas<br />

homerosTanac vxvdebiT, bibliaSic<br />

aris, magram arcerTgan siuJeturad ar<br />

ganviTarebula, anu, misi Tematizeba<br />

damoukidebeli nawarmoebis saxiT ar<br />

momxdara.<br />

_ mas Semdeg, rac uZvelesi samyaros<br />

adamianebma TavianTi poeturi<br />

saTqmeli Tixis firfitebze aRbeWdes,<br />

araerTi saukune gavida.<br />

rasakvirvelia, maTi naazrevis gadmotana<br />

Tanamedrove enaze advili ar<br />

iqneboda. ra sirTules waawydiT Suamdinaruli<br />

poeziis Targmnisas<br />

_ jer unda iTqvas, rom es aris<br />

Zalian Zveli dro da Cvensa da maT yofas<br />

Soris ufskrulia. mentaluri sxvaobis<br />

garda xSirad sityvebis mniSvnelobac<br />

ar aris dadgenili. zogjer<br />

arc is viciT, esa Tu is gamonaTqvami<br />

metaforaa Tu, ubralo, sayvelpuro<br />

sityva, amitom mTargmnelma SeiZleba<br />

bevri Secdoma dauSvas. am sirTules<br />

ver gaveqceviT, radgan gvinda Tu ara,<br />

Cveni epoqis gadmosaxedidan gviwevs<br />

maT poeziasTan miaxloeba.<br />

_ ra iyo iseTi, rac gamorCeulad<br />

ucnaurad mogeCvenaT am adamianebis<br />

azrovnebaSi, mentalitetSi, ramac<br />

gansakuTrebuli STabeWdileba datova<br />

Tqvenze<br />

_ es eposi Zalze dawuruli da lakonuria.<br />

striqoni striqons mosdevs<br />

da SeiZleba mogeCvenos, rom maT Soris<br />

kavSiri ar aris. sinadvileSi arsebobs<br />

siRrmiseuli kavSiri, romelsac<br />

zogjer aRmoaCen, zogjer – vera. xandaxan<br />

vercki igeb, ras gulisxmobs avtori.<br />

is xSirad miniSnebebiT,<br />

metaforebiT metyvelebs, rac im periodis<br />

mkiTxvelisTvis TavisTavad<br />

gasagebi iyo, Tanamedrove mkiTxvels ki<br />

ganmarteba sWirdeba. magaliTad,<br />

rogor gavigoT Sumeruli gamoTqma<br />

uTuamargi _ `mze dedasTan dabrunda~,<br />

rogorc `daRamebis~, `mwuxris~ mxatvruli<br />

saxe, metafora Tu rigiTi sityva<br />

`daRamebis~ gamosaxatavad. Zveli<br />

enebi, gansakuTrebiT, Sumeruli,<br />

romelsac naTesavi ar hyavs, Ziri-<br />

Tadad, metaforulia da es xSirad<br />

aZnelebs Targmnis process. mainc<br />

vfiqrob, rom Zveli enebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

sityvasityviTi Targmani imarjvebs,<br />

radgan aq Cans azrovnebis Tavisebureba.<br />

_ anu Tqven sityvasityviT Targmans<br />

emxrobiT<br />

_ diax. Targmani ori saxis SeiZleba<br />

iyos: erTi, romelic dednis Taviseburebas,<br />

mis unikalobas gvicxadebs,<br />

meore – roca TargmanSi Targmanis ena<br />

faravs dednis enas, ris gamoc unikaloba,<br />

romelic, dameTanxmebiT,<br />

ufro Rirebulia, ikargeba. sruli gadmoqarTuleba,<br />

rogorc wesi, mTargmnelobiT<br />

miRwevad aris miCneuli, magram<br />

is araviTar siaxles ar iZleva,<br />

Tanamedrove mkiTxvels ar amdidrebs<br />

axali gamocdilebiT. is ucnobs da<br />

ucxos nacnobad da mSobliurad<br />

gviqcevs. imas gvibrunebs, rac ukve gvaqvs.<br />

TargmanSi ki unda Candes droJamuli<br />

da mentaluri distancia. unda<br />

Candes, rom is ucxoa. es aris Targmanis<br />

mizani da Rirebuleba. Targmanis<br />

ena da mTargmnelis epoqa isedac iCens<br />

Tavs, romc ar ecado, anu, sxvagvarad,<br />

romc ecado, mainc ver acdebi. amitom<br />

vfiqrob, rom aqcenti dednis unikalobaze<br />

unda iyos, rac mxolod sityvasityviTi<br />

TargmaniT miiRweva. Targmanis<br />

enaze dednis korelatis Seqmnis momxre<br />

ar var. es mcdari gzaa.<br />

_ rame saerTo Tu aris Tanamedrove<br />

civilizaciasTan azrovnebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT<br />

_ Cven racionalurad vazrovnebT<br />

da amas ver gaveqceviT, im periodis<br />

azrovneba ki Zalze xatovani da siRrmiseulia.<br />

mxolod Sumeruls da aqadurs<br />

ar vgulisxmob, aseTivea sanskriti<br />

da bibliis ebrauli. Zalian bevri<br />

metaforaa mcenareuli, cxoveluri<br />

samyarodan, e. w. wevrTa paralelizmze<br />

agebuli, roca raime azri ori sxvadasxva<br />

metaforuli sistemiT gadmoicema.<br />

im epoqis adamiani, Cvengan gansxvavebiT,<br />

ubralod, pirdapir ar ambobs<br />

sityvas. magaliTad, Suamdinarul<br />

eposSi `enmerqari da araTas batoni~<br />

ori qveynis mefe erTmaneTs macneTa<br />

meSveobiT igavurad elaparakebian. igavi<br />

diplomatiis ena iyo, Tumca igavur<br />

enas Zveli samyaros adamianebi yoveld-<br />

Riur kerZo urTierTobaSic iyenebdnen<br />

da yovelgvari hermenevtikis gare-<br />

Sec esmodaT, radgan isini saerTo mentaluri<br />

samyaros Svilebi iyvnen da es<br />

maTi pirobiTi ena iyo. CvenTvis ki ase-<br />

Ti ram warmoudgenelia.<br />

_ Sumeruli samyarodan Zveli<br />

drois saqarTveloSi gadavinacvloT.<br />

cota xnis win gamovida Tqvens mier<br />

Sedgenili `andrezebis~ krebuli.<br />

rodis dainteresdiT am TemiT da riT<br />

aris saintereso es wigni mkTxvelisTvis<br />

_ `andrezs~ aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />

mTianeTis miTologiur-religiur<br />

gadmocemebs vuwodeb. Cemi interesi<br />

bunebrivad warmoiSva da isev da<br />

isev Suamdinaruli kulturiT gatacebas<br />

ukavSirdeba _ `gilgameSiani~<br />

masalobrivad (ara mizandasaxulobiT)<br />

miTologiuri eposia. universitetis<br />

folkloris kaTedraze muSaobisas<br />

xSirad miwevda mTis eqspediciebSi<br />

siaruli. iq damxvda miTologiuri samyaro<br />

Tavisi universaluri siuJetebiT,<br />

romelTac wlebis ganmavlobaSi viwerdi<br />

da mxolod 2009 wels SevZeli gamomeca<br />

ilias universitetis gamomcemlobaSi.<br />

bevri maTgani Cems mier aris mikvleuli,<br />

roca interesi gaqvs, kidec aRmoaCen.<br />

mindoda, wigns rac SeiZleba<br />

meti masala moecva, Sevitane ukve gamoqveynebuli<br />

teqstebi, arqivebSi daculi<br />

masala. gansakuTrebiT uxvia aleqsi<br />

oCiauris arqivi. zogadad, kmayofili<br />

var am wigniT, magram guli meTanaRreba,<br />

rom xevi mwirad aris warmodgenili,<br />

fSav-xevsureTs, Tundac<br />

gudamayar-mTiuleTs, ver Seedreba. aq<br />

aris teqstebi soflebis, jvar-xatebis<br />

daarsebaze, maT mogzaurobaze, adamianebTan<br />

maT urTierTobaze. Tqmulebebi<br />

mravalmxrivaa saintereso _<br />

anTropologiis, fsiqologiis, religiasTan<br />

damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT<br />

da a.S. zogierTi aqauri siu-<br />

Jeti Zvel berZnul dramaSi gvxvdeba.<br />

magaliTad, sofokles erT-erT tragediaSi<br />

aRwerili aqvs sizmari, romelic<br />

masalobrivad da msoflmxedvelobrivad<br />

zustad meordeba fSav-xevsureTSi<br />

mokvleul teqstSi. es adamianis,<br />

rogorc simboluri arsebis, da,<br />

aseve, miTologiis universalobis dadasturebaa.<br />

arsebobs moxetiale siu-<br />

Jetebis Teoriac, romlis Tanaxmadac

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