literaturuli gazeTi
literaturuli gazeTi
literaturuli gazeTi
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10 <strong>literaturuli</strong> <strong>gazeTi</strong><br />
interviu 1 - 14 ivlisi 2011<br />
zurab kiknaZe:<br />
`dRes problemuri<br />
mwerlobis naklebobaa~<br />
zurab kiknaZes sazogadoebis winaSe gansakuTrebuli wardgena ar sWirdeba: folkloristi,<br />
bibleisti, aRmosavleTmcodne-semitologi, literatori, mecnieri, Suamdinaruli<br />
mwerlobisa da miTologiis mkvlevari, araerTi wignisa da samecniero naSromis<br />
avtori. Zalian didia misi Rvawli qarTuli kulturis winaSe. marto `gilgameSis<br />
eposis~ Targmani rad Rirs, romelic pirvelad 1963 wels daibeWda. ori wlis win xelaxla<br />
gamoica am teqstis Sevsebuli da gadamuSavebuli varianti, masTan erTad, Suamdinaruli<br />
poeziis nimuSebic. baton zurabTan saubari swored am TemiT daviwyeT.<br />
_ erT-erTi pirveli xarT, romelmac<br />
Suamdinaruli kultura qarTul<br />
enaze gadmoitaneT. rogor moxda Tqveni<br />
daintereseba am samyaroTi<br />
_ Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi<br />
semitologiur disciplinebs<br />
vswavlobdi, arabul enas giorgi wereTelTan.<br />
ratomRac gadawyvita, rom<br />
Sumeruli ena unda Semeswavla, ris-<br />
Tvisac jer aqaduri, lursmuli kulturis<br />
ena unda mcodnoda, Tumca universitetSi<br />
erTi weli gavdiodiT am<br />
enas giorgi meliqiSvilTan. vkiTxulobdiT<br />
aSuris babilonis mefeTa<br />
analebs. Sumerulze im dros bundovani<br />
warmodgena mqonda, erTaderTi is vicodi,<br />
rom mixako wereTels, romlis<br />
saxeli maSin arc ki ixsenieboda, dawerili<br />
hqonda `sumeruli da qarTuli~,<br />
1913 wels krebul `gvirgvinSi~ iyo<br />
gamoqveynebuli. saqarTveloSi es dargi<br />
saerTod ar arsebobda, amitom erTi<br />
wliT leningradSi mimavlines, sadac<br />
cnobili asiriologi igor diakonovi<br />
moRvaweobda, romelic imxanad `gilgameSis<br />
eposs~ Targmnida. leningrad-<br />
Si Casvlidan meore Tu mesame dRes mimiwvia<br />
`literatorTa saxlSi~, sadac<br />
Targmnili nawyvetebi unda waekiTxa.<br />
sxvaTa Soris, am saRamos cnobili ioseb<br />
orbeli eswreboda, imxanad aziis institutis<br />
direqtori. maxsovs, egzotikuri<br />
bgerebis gamoTqmaze Camovarda<br />
laparaki da orbelma sailustraciod<br />
ramdenime qarTuli emfatikuri<br />
bgeris demonstrireba moaxdina.<br />
SesaniSnavad icoda qarTuli (me mgoni,<br />
albaT asec iyo, im saRamoze, Cven<br />
ors garda, qarTuli aravin icoda).<br />
manamde `gilgameSis eposis~ aqaduri<br />
teqsti wakiTxuli mqonda, roca Tamaz<br />
gamyreliZesTan aqadur literatu-<br />
rul teqstebs vswavlobdi. diakonovma<br />
gamocemisTanave gamomigzavna Tavisi<br />
wigni, 1963 wels ki mec davbeWde eposis<br />
zusti, akademiuri Targmani, Tavisi<br />
komentarebiTa da gamokvleviT.<br />
imave wels gamovida mxatvruli Targmanic<br />
elguja amaSukelis gaformebiT.<br />
ase rom, erT wels ori gansxvavebuli<br />
Targmani daibeWda. es erTgvari fufunebac<br />
iyo. Tumca gamocemebma didi interesi<br />
gamoiwvia.<br />
_ Tu ar vcdebi, manamde arsebobda<br />
mixako wereTlis Targmani.<br />
_ arsebobda. 1924 wels konstantinepolis<br />
`kaTolikeTa savanis~ stambaSi<br />
daibeWda misi `gilgameSiani~,<br />
romelic, rogorc Cans, saqarTvelo-<br />
Si yofnisas daasrula da 1921 wels em-<br />
igraciaSi Tan gaiyola. es wigni bibliografiuli<br />
iSviaToba iyo maSinac.<br />
erTaderTi egzemplari sajaro biblioTekas<br />
hqonda, qarTvelologiis<br />
ganyofilebaSi inaxeboda, mec iq wavikiTxe.<br />
xelSi meWira erT-erTi egzemplari,<br />
magram mravali wlis Semdeg rom<br />
damWirda, ukve misi fotoasli gamomitanes<br />
wasakiTxad.<br />
sxvaTa Soris, im periodSi, roca<br />
mixako wereTeli qarTulad Targmnida,<br />
mxolod ZiriTad evropul enebze<br />
arsebobda TiTo-orola Targmani. mas<br />
Semdeg bevri fragmenti aRmoCnda (es<br />
xom namarxi mwerlobaa). am TvalsazrisiT<br />
Cemi Targmani ufro srulia,<br />
Tumca Tavdapirvel moculobamde<br />
kidev bevri uklia. teqstis mxolod<br />
ori mesamedia SemorCenili. mas Semdeg<br />
eposi orjer gamoica, 1988 wels da sul<br />
axlaxan, 2009 wels. am droisTvis ukve<br />
arsebobda originalis yvela teqstis<br />
publikacia axladaRmoCenili fragmentebiTurT,<br />
romelmac axali TvaliT<br />
Semaxeda am eposisTvis. es xedva winasityvaobaSic<br />
aisaxa.<br />
_ `gilgameSis eposi~ nebismieri<br />
civilizebuli erisTvis saintereso<br />
da Rirebuli nawarmoebia, ramdenad<br />
mniSvnelovani iyo igi qarTuli kulturisTvis<br />
_ rasakvirvelia, mniSvnelovani<br />
iyo da aris bevri aspeqtiT. jer erTi,<br />
es eposi epikuri azrovnebis pirveli<br />
nimuSia, aTasi wliT mainc uswrebs win<br />
homerosis poemebs. es aris Zveli wel-<br />
TaRricxvis mesame aTaswleulis bolo.<br />
maRali werilobiTi kultura hqondaT<br />
egviptelebs _ religiuri teqstebi,<br />
miTebi, himnebi, lirika, mravalJanrobrivi<br />
proza, magram eposi ar SeuqmniaT.<br />
eposi aqadeli xalxis sulis gamoZaxilia.<br />
sainteresoa isic, rom `gilgame-<br />
Sis eposi~ ar aris folkloruli Semoqmedeba,<br />
mas individualuri avtori<br />
hyavs, romlis saxeli miTiTebulia<br />
kidec yoveli Tavis bolos. Sumerul<br />
enaze arsebobda calkeuli xalxuri<br />
simRerebi gilgameSis Sesaxeb, romlebic<br />
adreve iqna Cawerili. aqadelma<br />
poetma ki erT Zafze aasxa, erTian siu-<br />
Jetad Sekra es simRerebi. CvenTvis sainteresoa<br />
imdenad, ramdenadac qarTveluri<br />
xalxebis kultura am civilizaciis<br />
arealSi viTardeboda. paralelebi<br />
`vefxistyaosanSic~ aris mikvleuli.<br />
TvalsaCinoa megobrobis Tema,<br />
romelic orivegan wamyvania. am Temas<br />
homerosTanac vxvdebiT, bibliaSic<br />
aris, magram arcerTgan siuJeturad ar<br />
ganviTarebula, anu, misi Tematizeba<br />
damoukidebeli nawarmoebis saxiT ar<br />
momxdara.<br />
_ mas Semdeg, rac uZvelesi samyaros<br />
adamianebma TavianTi poeturi<br />
saTqmeli Tixis firfitebze aRbeWdes,<br />
araerTi saukune gavida.<br />
rasakvirvelia, maTi naazrevis gadmotana<br />
Tanamedrove enaze advili ar<br />
iqneboda. ra sirTules waawydiT Suamdinaruli<br />
poeziis Targmnisas<br />
_ jer unda iTqvas, rom es aris<br />
Zalian Zveli dro da Cvensa da maT yofas<br />
Soris ufskrulia. mentaluri sxvaobis<br />
garda xSirad sityvebis mniSvnelobac<br />
ar aris dadgenili. zogjer<br />
arc is viciT, esa Tu is gamonaTqvami<br />
metaforaa Tu, ubralo, sayvelpuro<br />
sityva, amitom mTargmnelma SeiZleba<br />
bevri Secdoma dauSvas. am sirTules<br />
ver gaveqceviT, radgan gvinda Tu ara,<br />
Cveni epoqis gadmosaxedidan gviwevs<br />
maT poeziasTan miaxloeba.<br />
_ ra iyo iseTi, rac gamorCeulad<br />
ucnaurad mogeCvenaT am adamianebis<br />
azrovnebaSi, mentalitetSi, ramac<br />
gansakuTrebuli STabeWdileba datova<br />
Tqvenze<br />
_ es eposi Zalze dawuruli da lakonuria.<br />
striqoni striqons mosdevs<br />
da SeiZleba mogeCvenos, rom maT Soris<br />
kavSiri ar aris. sinadvileSi arsebobs<br />
siRrmiseuli kavSiri, romelsac<br />
zogjer aRmoaCen, zogjer – vera. xandaxan<br />
vercki igeb, ras gulisxmobs avtori.<br />
is xSirad miniSnebebiT,<br />
metaforebiT metyvelebs, rac im periodis<br />
mkiTxvelisTvis TavisTavad<br />
gasagebi iyo, Tanamedrove mkiTxvels ki<br />
ganmarteba sWirdeba. magaliTad,<br />
rogor gavigoT Sumeruli gamoTqma<br />
uTuamargi _ `mze dedasTan dabrunda~,<br />
rogorc `daRamebis~, `mwuxris~ mxatvruli<br />
saxe, metafora Tu rigiTi sityva<br />
`daRamebis~ gamosaxatavad. Zveli<br />
enebi, gansakuTrebiT, Sumeruli,<br />
romelsac naTesavi ar hyavs, Ziri-<br />
Tadad, metaforulia da es xSirad<br />
aZnelebs Targmnis process. mainc<br />
vfiqrob, rom Zveli enebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
sityvasityviTi Targmani imarjvebs,<br />
radgan aq Cans azrovnebis Tavisebureba.<br />
_ anu Tqven sityvasityviT Targmans<br />
emxrobiT<br />
_ diax. Targmani ori saxis SeiZleba<br />
iyos: erTi, romelic dednis Taviseburebas,<br />
mis unikalobas gvicxadebs,<br />
meore – roca TargmanSi Targmanis ena<br />
faravs dednis enas, ris gamoc unikaloba,<br />
romelic, dameTanxmebiT,<br />
ufro Rirebulia, ikargeba. sruli gadmoqarTuleba,<br />
rogorc wesi, mTargmnelobiT<br />
miRwevad aris miCneuli, magram<br />
is araviTar siaxles ar iZleva,<br />
Tanamedrove mkiTxvels ar amdidrebs<br />
axali gamocdilebiT. is ucnobs da<br />
ucxos nacnobad da mSobliurad<br />
gviqcevs. imas gvibrunebs, rac ukve gvaqvs.<br />
TargmanSi ki unda Candes droJamuli<br />
da mentaluri distancia. unda<br />
Candes, rom is ucxoa. es aris Targmanis<br />
mizani da Rirebuleba. Targmanis<br />
ena da mTargmnelis epoqa isedac iCens<br />
Tavs, romc ar ecado, anu, sxvagvarad,<br />
romc ecado, mainc ver acdebi. amitom<br />
vfiqrob, rom aqcenti dednis unikalobaze<br />
unda iyos, rac mxolod sityvasityviTi<br />
TargmaniT miiRweva. Targmanis<br />
enaze dednis korelatis Seqmnis momxre<br />
ar var. es mcdari gzaa.<br />
_ rame saerTo Tu aris Tanamedrove<br />
civilizaciasTan azrovnebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT<br />
_ Cven racionalurad vazrovnebT<br />
da amas ver gaveqceviT, im periodis<br />
azrovneba ki Zalze xatovani da siRrmiseulia.<br />
mxolod Sumeruls da aqadurs<br />
ar vgulisxmob, aseTivea sanskriti<br />
da bibliis ebrauli. Zalian bevri<br />
metaforaa mcenareuli, cxoveluri<br />
samyarodan, e. w. wevrTa paralelizmze<br />
agebuli, roca raime azri ori sxvadasxva<br />
metaforuli sistemiT gadmoicema.<br />
im epoqis adamiani, Cvengan gansxvavebiT,<br />
ubralod, pirdapir ar ambobs<br />
sityvas. magaliTad, Suamdinarul<br />
eposSi `enmerqari da araTas batoni~<br />
ori qveynis mefe erTmaneTs macneTa<br />
meSveobiT igavurad elaparakebian. igavi<br />
diplomatiis ena iyo, Tumca igavur<br />
enas Zveli samyaros adamianebi yoveld-<br />
Riur kerZo urTierTobaSic iyenebdnen<br />
da yovelgvari hermenevtikis gare-<br />
Sec esmodaT, radgan isini saerTo mentaluri<br />
samyaros Svilebi iyvnen da es<br />
maTi pirobiTi ena iyo. CvenTvis ki ase-<br />
Ti ram warmoudgenelia.<br />
_ Sumeruli samyarodan Zveli<br />
drois saqarTveloSi gadavinacvloT.<br />
cota xnis win gamovida Tqvens mier<br />
Sedgenili `andrezebis~ krebuli.<br />
rodis dainteresdiT am TemiT da riT<br />
aris saintereso es wigni mkTxvelisTvis<br />
_ `andrezs~ aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
mTianeTis miTologiur-religiur<br />
gadmocemebs vuwodeb. Cemi interesi<br />
bunebrivad warmoiSva da isev da<br />
isev Suamdinaruli kulturiT gatacebas<br />
ukavSirdeba _ `gilgameSiani~<br />
masalobrivad (ara mizandasaxulobiT)<br />
miTologiuri eposia. universitetis<br />
folkloris kaTedraze muSaobisas<br />
xSirad miwevda mTis eqspediciebSi<br />
siaruli. iq damxvda miTologiuri samyaro<br />
Tavisi universaluri siuJetebiT,<br />
romelTac wlebis ganmavlobaSi viwerdi<br />
da mxolod 2009 wels SevZeli gamomeca<br />
ilias universitetis gamomcemlobaSi.<br />
bevri maTgani Cems mier aris mikvleuli,<br />
roca interesi gaqvs, kidec aRmoaCen.<br />
mindoda, wigns rac SeiZleba<br />
meti masala moecva, Sevitane ukve gamoqveynebuli<br />
teqstebi, arqivebSi daculi<br />
masala. gansakuTrebiT uxvia aleqsi<br />
oCiauris arqivi. zogadad, kmayofili<br />
var am wigniT, magram guli meTanaRreba,<br />
rom xevi mwirad aris warmodgenili,<br />
fSav-xevsureTs, Tundac<br />
gudamayar-mTiuleTs, ver Seedreba. aq<br />
aris teqstebi soflebis, jvar-xatebis<br />
daarsebaze, maT mogzaurobaze, adamianebTan<br />
maT urTierTobaze. Tqmulebebi<br />
mravalmxrivaa saintereso _<br />
anTropologiis, fsiqologiis, religiasTan<br />
damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT<br />
da a.S. zogierTi aqauri siu-<br />
Jeti Zvel berZnul dramaSi gvxvdeba.<br />
magaliTad, sofokles erT-erT tragediaSi<br />
aRwerili aqvs sizmari, romelic<br />
masalobrivad da msoflmxedvelobrivad<br />
zustad meordeba fSav-xevsureTSi<br />
mokvleul teqstSi. es adamianis,<br />
rogorc simboluri arsebis, da,<br />
aseve, miTologiis universalobis dadasturebaa.<br />
arsebobs moxetiale siu-<br />
Jetebis Teoriac, romlis Tanaxmadac