Justice and Law
Justice and Law Justice and Law
N2 '12 N2 #2(33)’12
- Page 2 and 3: N marTlmsajuleba 2(33) '12 da kanon
- Page 4 and 5: sarCevi/CONTENTS 5 nunu kvantaliani
- Page 6 and 7: samedicino momsaxurebis miRebisas p
- Page 8 and 9: warmoSobs mas. 7 TeoriaSi arsebuli
- Page 10 and 11: mizezobrivi kavSiris dasadgenad sas
- Page 12 and 13: ogorc mkurnalobis dawyebamde, aseve
- Page 14 and 15: moqmedebebsa da miyenebul zians Sor
- Page 16 and 17: sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom Sps `d-Si~
- Page 18 and 19: erTiani ganzogadebuli sasamarTlo pr
- Page 20 and 21: elebas. precedentis doqtrina xels u
- Page 22 and 23: obod Sedis ZalaSi. amasTan, uzenaes
- Page 24 and 25: SeniSvnebi: 1 T. Bingham, "The Rule
- Page 26 and 27: pasuxismgebloba sakuTari da mesame
- Page 28 and 29: mier nakisr valdebulebebze pasuxism
- Page 30 and 31: omlebic qmeduunaro piris saxeliT da
- Page 32 and 33: arajerovani SesrulebisaTvis. gansxv
- Page 34 and 35: gairkves, samarTaldamrRvevs zianis
- Page 36 and 37: o. iofesa da m. Sargorodskis princi
- Page 38 and 39: LIABILITY FOR THE OWN ACTIONS AND A
- Page 40 and 41: lebas iZleva, rom samoqalaqo samarT
- Page 42 and 43: mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom meija
- Page 44 and 45: adrindelia da maT Soris, qronologiu
- Page 46 and 47: da amasTan, gamqiravebelsac uCivleb
- Page 48 and 49: 6. forma sainteresoa ijaris (qiravn
- Page 50 and 51: SeniSvnebi: 1 ix.: Áðàãèíñê
N2<br />
'12<br />
N2<br />
#2(33)’12
N<br />
marTlmsajuleba<br />
2(33)<br />
'12<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
<strong>Justice</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Law</strong><br />
#2(33)'12<br />
Legal Journal
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
<strong>Justice</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Law</strong><br />
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlosa da saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociaciis iuridiuli Jurnali<br />
LEGAL JOURNAL OF THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA AND OF THE JUDGES’ ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA<br />
redaqtori<br />
nino ZiZiguri<br />
redaqtoris TanaSemwe<br />
irma beqauri<br />
nomerze muSaobdnen:<br />
inga alaviZe<br />
leila koSkaZe<br />
marine vasaZe<br />
dizaini:<br />
besik danelia<br />
fotouzrunvelyofa:<br />
daviT xizaniSvili<br />
saredaqcio sabWo:<br />
diana berekaSvili<br />
Tamar zambaxiZe<br />
inga kvaWantiraZe<br />
konstantine kublaSvili<br />
zaza meiSvili<br />
valeri cercvaZe<br />
Editorial Board:<br />
DIANA BEREKASHVILI<br />
TAMAR ZAMBAKHIDZE<br />
INGA KVACHANTIRADZE<br />
KONSTANTINE KUBLASHVILI<br />
ZAZA MEISHVILI<br />
VALERI TSERTSVADZE<br />
saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa<br />
asociacia<br />
JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA<br />
akrZalulia aq gamoqveynebuli masalebis<br />
gadabeWdva, gamravleba an gavrceleba<br />
komerciuli mizniT, saqarTvelos<br />
mosamarTleTa asociaciisa da saqarTvelos<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlos werilobiTi<br />
nebarTvisa da wyaros miTiTebis gareSe.<br />
Editor:<br />
NINO DZIDZIGURI<br />
Assistant to Editor:<br />
IRMA BEKAURI<br />
The issue was prepared by:<br />
INGA ALAVIDZE<br />
LEILA KOSHKADZE<br />
MARINE VASADZE<br />
Designed by<br />
BESIK DANELIA<br />
Photo support by<br />
DAVIT KHIZANISHVILI<br />
English version of articles has been provided by C<strong>and</strong>idates<br />
of <strong>Law</strong> faculty of Tbilisi State University<br />
uak (UDC) 340.11+340.130.5<br />
m-306<br />
ISSN 1512-259X<br />
2
sarCevi/CONTENTS<br />
5<br />
nunu kvantaliani<br />
mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgenis problemebi samedicino<br />
muSakis marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebasa da pacientisaTvis<br />
miyenebul zians Soris<br />
CHALLENGES OF ESTABLISHING CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN AN OFFENCE OF A<br />
MEDICAL WORKER AND DAMAGE CAUSED TO A PATIENT<br />
NUNU KVANTALIANI<br />
17<br />
qeTevan mesxiSvili<br />
erTiani ganzogadebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis arsebobis<br />
mizanSewoniloba sasamarTlo sistemaSi<br />
IMPORTANCE OF UNIFORM, GENERILIZED COURT PRACTICE IN THE JUDICIARY<br />
KETEVAN MESKHISHVILI<br />
25<br />
Tea suxitaSvili<br />
pasuxismgebloba sakuTari da mesame piris moqmedebisaTvis<br />
LIABILITY FOR THE OWN ACTIONS AND ACTIONS OF THE THIRD PERSONS<br />
TEA SUKHITASHVILI<br />
38<br />
ekaterine lafaCi<br />
ijaris xelSekruleba romis samarTalsa da Zvel qarTul<br />
samarTalSi, rogorc Tanamedrove ijaris xelSekrulebis<br />
istoriuli winapari<br />
THE LEASE CONTRACT IN ROMAN LAW AND IN OLD GEORGIAN LAW AS A<br />
HISTORICAL PREDECESSOR OF THE MODERNS LEASE CONTRACT<br />
EKATERINE LAPHACHI<br />
51<br />
nino xoluaSvili<br />
uflebamonacvleobis zogadi mimoxilva<br />
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF SUCCESSION<br />
NINO KHOLUASHVILI<br />
59<br />
TinaTin xaWvani<br />
SejibrebiTobis principi (SedarebiTi analizi)<br />
ADVERSARIAL PRINCIPLE (COMPARATIVE ANALYSES)<br />
TINATIN KHACHVANI<br />
73<br />
emzar gagniZe<br />
SejibrebiTobis principi nafic msajulTa mier gansaxilvel<br />
saqmeebSi<br />
PRINCIPLE OF ADVERSARIALITY IN THE JURY TRAIL CASES<br />
EMZAR GAGNIDZE<br />
3
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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79<br />
qeTevan qistauri<br />
inkviziciidan SejibrebiTobamde<br />
FROM INQUISITION TO ADVERSARIALITY<br />
KETEVAN KISTAURI<br />
93<br />
qeTevan gardafxaZe, ia xarazi<br />
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis specialuri debulebebis<br />
samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi<br />
LEGAL ASPECTS OF SPECIAL PROVISIONS OF THE TAX CODE<br />
KETEVAN GARDAPHKHADZE, IA KHARAZI<br />
105<br />
Tamar vefxvaZe<br />
saqarTvelos integracia evropis erTian sahaero sivrceSi<br />
INTEGRATION OF GEORGIA IN COMMON EUROPEAN AIRSPACE<br />
TAMAR VEPKVADZE<br />
117<br />
amiran zenaiSvili<br />
socialuri dialogi _ rogorc koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis<br />
dadebis safuZveli<br />
SOCIAL DIALOGUE – AS BASIS FOR SIGNING JOINT AGREEMENT<br />
AMIRAN ZENAISHVILI<br />
4
samedicino momsaxurebis miRebisas pacientis sicocxlisa<br />
da janrTelobisaTvis zianis miyenebis gamo valdebulebebis<br />
warmoSobis pirobebi igivea, rogorc yvela<br />
deliqtur valdebulebaSi: ziani, marTlwinaaRmdegoba, mizezobrivi<br />
kavSiri, brali, xolo maTi specifika ganisazRvreba<br />
samedicino momsaxurebis xasiaTiT.<br />
kanonismieri moTxovnis safuZvlebze saubaria maSin,<br />
roca mocemulia garkveuli kanonismieri winapirobani,<br />
romlebic ar warmoadgenen mxareTa xelSekrulebiT dadebuli<br />
SeTanxmebis sagans. Tumca, xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
gansakuTrebuli urTierTobani ar gamoricxaven<br />
paralelurad, kanonismieri moTxovnis safuZvlebis ganxilvas.<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi, saubaria moTxovnaTa konkurenciaze<br />
kanonismier da xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul<br />
moTxovnis safuZvlebs Soris. 1 sayovelTaod aRiarebulia,<br />
rom asanazRaurebeli ziani unda mdgomareobdes mxolod<br />
`iuridiulad daculi interesis~ (`interet juridiquement promizezobrivi<br />
kavSiris<br />
dadgenis problemebi<br />
samedicino muSakis<br />
marTlsawinaaRmdego<br />
qmedebasa da<br />
pacientisaTvis<br />
miyenebul zians Soris<br />
nunu kvantaliani<br />
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle,<br />
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti<br />
5
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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tege~) darRvevaSi, rom es ziani unda `dadgindes safuZvlianad~ (certain) da ar iyos `hipo-<br />
Tetiuri~ an `navaraudevi~, `SesaZlo~ (`hypothetique“ an `eventuel~), dabolos, igi unda warmoadgendes<br />
mopasuxis qmedebaTa `pirdapir da uSualo Sedegs~ (`une suite immediate et<br />
directe~). aRniSnul maqsimebze dayrdnobiT, sasamarTloebs SeuZliaT uaryon zianis anaz-<br />
Raurebis Sesaxeb deliqturi sarCelebi Sexedulebisamebr, Tu marTebulad CaTvlian<br />
msgavs nabijs. 2<br />
imisaTvis, rom movales daekisros qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba zianis anazRaurebis<br />
saxiT, TiToeul konkretul SemTxvevaSi unda gairkves, warmoadgens Tu ara ziani movalis<br />
moqmedebis (umoqmedobis) Sedegs, e.i. arsebobs Tu ara mizezobrivi kavSiri movalis<br />
marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebasa (umoqmedobasa) da kreditoris zians Soris. 3 samoqalaqo<br />
samarTalSi samarTaldarRvevis sruli Semadgenloba aucilebelia saerTo wesis<br />
safuZvelze qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisaTvis, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
zogierTi gamonaklisis garda. magaliTad, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulia situaciebi,<br />
rodesac pasuxisgeblobis dakisrebisaTvis sakmarisia mxolod zogierTi miTiTebuli<br />
pirobis arseboba. amdenad, im faqts, arsebobs Tu ara zarali an brali damnaSavis<br />
qmedebaSi, ara aqvs samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi mniSvneloba. amasTan, nebismier SemTxvevaSi,<br />
konkretuli an momavali (abstraqtuli) xarjebis anazRaurebis Taobaze moTxovnis<br />
dayenebisas unda damtkicdes valdebulebis darRvevasa (Seusruleblobas) da danakargs<br />
Soris mizezobrivi kavSiri, aseve, zaralis odenoba. 4<br />
erTaderTi SezRudva asanazRaurebeli zianis moculobisa aris iuridiulad faseuli<br />
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris arseboba mopasuxis pasuxismgeblobis gamomwvev qmedebebsa<br />
da miyenebul zians Soris. germaniis uzenaesi saimperio sasamarTlos praqtikis<br />
Tanaxmad, amgvari mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri arsebobs, Tu mopasuxis mier miRweuli<br />
mizani misi moqmedebis Sedegi iyo. es moqmedeba `pasuxobda saganTa realur mdgomareobas,<br />
ara mxolod gansakuTebul da uCveulo garemoebebs, romlebsac gonieri adamiani<br />
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi mxedvelobaSi ar miiRebs~ (adekvaturi mizez-Sedegobrivi kav-<br />
Sirebis doqtrina: lehre vom `adaquaten kausalzusammenhang~; mag., TGT 158,38; 170,136).<br />
analogiur Tvalsazriss iziarebs avstriisa da Sveicariis sasamarTloebi. 5<br />
mecnierebam mizezobrivi kavSiris mravali Teoria SeimuSava (aucilebeli da SemTxveviTi<br />
mizezobrivi kavSiris Teoria, SesaZleblobisa da sinamdvilis Teoria da sxv.)<br />
unda CavTvaloT, rom praqtikasTan yvelaze axlo dgas pirdapiri da arapirdapiri mizezobrivi<br />
kavSiris Teoria. am Teoriis mixedviT, mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgenisas<br />
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda mieces movlenebs Soris obieqturi kavSiris arsebobas<br />
da imas, rom mizezs da Sedegs mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod mocemul konkretul SemTxvevaSi.<br />
piris marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedeba mxolod maSinaa zianis mizezi, roca es pirdapir<br />
(uSualod) dakavSirebulia zianTan. 6 samarTalSi mizezobrivi kavSiri ganisazRvreba<br />
rogorc aucilebeli kavSiri movlenebs Soris, sadac erTi movlena (mizezi) win<br />
uswrebs sxvas (Sedegs) da warmoSobs mas. aseTi ganmarteba mocemulia TiTqmis yvela<br />
leqsikonsa da enciklopediaSi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, Cven SegviZlia mizezobrivi kavSiri<br />
Semdegnairad ganvmartoT: es aris movlenaTa Soris obieqturad damoukidebeli savaldebulo<br />
kavSiri, rodesac erTi movlena (mizezi) win uswrebs sxvas (Sedegs) da<br />
6
warmoSobs mas. 7 TeoriaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobis gamosworeba hqondaT ganzraxuli<br />
germanel civilistebs, roca amuSavebdnen `adekvaturi mizezobriobis~ Teorias, romelic<br />
farTod gamoiyeneba sasamarTlo praqtikaSi. am Teoriis mixedviT, erT-erTi pirobac<br />
SeiZleba aRmoCndes sakmarisi Sedegis mizezad, piroba romelic qmnis misi dadgomis<br />
obieqtur SesaZleblobas. 8 mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgenis aucilebloba aRiarebulia<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikiTac.<br />
mizezobrivi kavSiris arseboba konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebis darRvevasa<br />
da saxelmwifos mier nakisri saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi valdebulebis Seusruleblobas<br />
Soris (rac Sesabamisi pozitiuri an negatiuri valdebulebis darRveviT gamoixateba),<br />
faqtobrivad, erTaderTi sayrdenia uflebis darRvevis gamo saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisa. 9 imisaTvis, raTa saxelmwifos daekisros<br />
pasuxismgebloba konvenciis darRvevisaTvis, aucilebelia arsebobdes mizezobrivi kav-<br />
Siri misi mxridan uflebis dacvis pozitiuri an negatiuri valdebulebis Seusruleblobasa<br />
da individualuri uflebis darRvevas Soris. 10 unda vigulisxmoT, rom konvenciis<br />
darRvevis aRiarebis yoveli faqti, praqtikulad, yovelTvis aseTi mizezobrivi<br />
kavSiris arsebobas emyareba. mniSvneloba ara aqvs, miuTiTa Tu ara masze evropulma<br />
sasamarTlom da hqonda Tu ara mas am filosofiuri kategoriis WrilSi saerTod gacnobierebuli<br />
es garemoeba. 11<br />
am debulebiT xelmZRvaneloben gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas, roca sxeulis dazianebiT<br />
miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba vrceldeba zianis gamomwvev Sedegebzec, romlebic<br />
araswori mkurnalobis Sedegad, mogvianebiT iCens Tavs. amasTan, gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
gamocdili eqimis Secdomis Sedegebi da ara samedicino xelovnebis elementaruli<br />
da safuZvelmdebi principebis uxeSi darRveviT gamowveuli ziani (RGZ 102,230;<br />
RGJW 1937,990). zianis mimyenebeli piri pasuxs agebs im SemTxvevaSic, Tu dazaralebuli<br />
gripis epidemiis msxverpli gaxdeba. epidemia ki, im hospitalSi gavrcelda, sadac is<br />
samkurnalod moaTavses (RGZ 105,264). 12<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 412-e muxlis Sinaarsidan Cans, rom qarTuli samarTali `uSualo<br />
mizezis~ poziciazea, rac `adekvaturi mizezisagan~ bevrad arafriT gansxvavdeba.<br />
ufro metic, vinaidan anazRaurebadia movalisaTvis winaswar savaraudo ziani, am<br />
kuTxiT, aqve SeiZleba davinaxoT saerTo samarTalSi cnobili midgomebic. 13 saqarTvelos<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsi upiratesobas aniWebs pirdapir mizezobriv kavSirs, anu am<br />
Teoriis Tanaxmad, mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgenisas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda<br />
mieces movlenebs Soris obieqturi kavSiris arsebobas da imas, rom mizezsa da Sedegs<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod konkretul SemTxvevaSi. piris marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba<br />
mxolod maSinaa zianis mizezi, roca es pirdapir (uSualod) dakavSirebulia damdgar<br />
zianTan. 14<br />
qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi adasturebs, rom sasarCelo moTxovna samedicino<br />
momsaxurebisas miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis Taobaze ar kmayofildeba swored<br />
im safuZvliT, rom sasamarTlom ver daadgina mizezobrivi kavSiri pacientisaTvis<br />
arasasurvel Sedegsa da samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevis moqmedebas Soris. es problema<br />
gansakuTrebulad mwvaved dgas maSin, rodesac pacienti droulad ar zrunavs Tavisi<br />
7
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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uflebebis dasacavad informaciisa da mtkicebulebebis droulad moZiebaSi an/da sasamarTlo<br />
wesiT uflebis dacvisas mtkicebis tvirTis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT<br />
gauwevlobaSi. 15<br />
mizezobrivi kavSiri SeiZleba iyos martivi da kompleqsuri. martivi mizezobrivi<br />
kavSiris gansazRvra ar aris Zneli _ es aris moqmedebis (umoqmedobis) jaWvi, rac qmnis<br />
marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas. kompleqsuri mizezobrivi kavSiri warmoadgens ramdenime<br />
marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis SemTxveviT erTobliobas, romlebic mavne Sedegis dadgomis<br />
aucilebeli pirobaa. aseTi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli situaciebis jaWvi, romel-<br />
Sic zianis miyeneba xdeba sxvadasxva piris marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis erTobliobiT,<br />
pirveli moqmedeba ar ganpirobebs aucileblad meores, meore ki, mesames da a.S. 16<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi, mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgena samoqalaqo davebze rTuli ar aris,<br />
radgan zogierT saqmeze unda dadgindes obieqturi kavSiri mopasuxe mxaris mier daSvebul<br />
samarTaldarRvevasa da im zians Soris, rac meore mxares miadga. TvalnaTliv Cans<br />
_ erTi movlena _ mizezi (magaliTad, xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli samSeneblo<br />
masalis vadaSi gadaucemloba) win uswrebs meore movlenas _ Sedegs (zians) da uSualod<br />
warmoSobs mas. Tumca, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mxaris mier miyenebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego<br />
Sedegi dakavSirebulia gare Zalis moqmedebasTan, romelic arsebiTad moqmedebs<br />
zaralis miyenebis procesze, mizezobrivi kavSiris arsebobis an ararsebobis dadgena<br />
sakmaod rTulia. ufro zustad, samedicino momsaxurebis Sedegad warmoSobili zianis<br />
am momsaxurebis gamwevis qmedebasTan kavSiris dasadgenad unda gamoiricxos araerTi<br />
zianis savaraudod warmomSobi faqtori (pacientis brali, adamianis organizmis Tavisebureba<br />
da sxva). amavdroulad, am kategoriis davebze sasamarTlo praqtikaSi aris<br />
SemTxvevebi, rodesac janmrTelobisaTvis miyenebul ziansa da samedicino momsaxurebis<br />
gamwevis moqmedebas Soris mizezobrivi kavSiri aSkaraa da igi gansakuTrebul mtkicebas<br />
ar saWiroebs. 17<br />
ufro xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgena sakmaod rTulia,<br />
radgan pacientisaTvis damdgari arasasurveli Sedegi yovelTvis samedicino momsaxurebiT<br />
ar dgeba. erTmniSvnelovnad mtkiceba imisa, rom daavadebis drouli diagnostika<br />
da mkurnalobis swori taqtikis SerCeva gamoricxavda uaryofiT Sedegs, ar SeiZleba,<br />
vinaidan adamianis organizmis specifikis gamo, gamojanmrTelebis garantireba SeuZlebelia.<br />
aseve, problematuria mizezobrivi kavSiris garkveva, rodesac pacients samedicino<br />
momsaxureba miRebuli aqvs sxvadasxva dawesebulebaSi. samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi<br />
pasuxismgebloba unda daekisros mxolod im pirs, vinc marTlsawinaaRmdegod moqmedebda.<br />
Tuki pacientisaTvis damdgari zianis miyenebaSi samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevebs<br />
erTdroulad miuZRvis, rasakvirvelia, yvelam pasuxi unda agos imisda mixedviT,<br />
Tu ra wili ziani miayena pacients, 18 Tumca, aseT SemTxvevaSi, sakmaod rTulia imis dadgena,<br />
Tu konkretulad romeli samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevis moqmedebam gamoiwvia<br />
ziani. problematuria ganmeorebiT Catarebuli samedicino momsaxurebis an sadavo momsaxurebis<br />
Sedegad samedicino momsaxurebis gagrZelebis saWiroebis sakiTxis gamorkveva.<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi, damoukideblad unda gairkves TiToeuli samedicino momsaxurebis<br />
mier gaweuli moqmedebebi. 19<br />
8
mizezobrivi kavSiris dasadgenad sasamarTlo valdebulia Seafasos yvela is mizezi,<br />
ramac gamoiwvia pacientisaTvis arasasurveli Sedegi da maTi kavSiri warmoSobil zian-<br />
Tan. am kategoriis davebSi, zianis warmomSobi mizezebis Seswavlas gansakuTrebuli<br />
datvirTva aqvs, radgan janmrTelobis dazianeba SeiZleba mohyves ara mxolod mcdar<br />
samedicino moqmedebas, aramed avadmyofobis paTologiis specifikurobas, adamianis<br />
organizmis individualur Taviseburebebsa da zog SemTxvevaSi, TviT pacientis mier<br />
iseTi valdebulebebis darRvevas, rogoricaa samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevisaTvis<br />
swori informaciis miwodeba gadatanili daavadebebis, organizmis sxvadasxva wamlebTan<br />
reagirebis, eqimis daniSnulebis Sesrulebis da sxva pirobebis Seusruleblobas. am<br />
sakiTxebis gamosarkvevad mniSvnelovania sasamarTlo-samedicino eqspertizis daskvna.<br />
samedicino momsaxurebisas warmoSobil ziansa da marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebas Soris<br />
mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgena didwilad damokidebulia eqpertis daskvnaze, romelic<br />
rogorc sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi adasturebs, xSirad arasrulia an amave<br />
saqmeze warmodgenil sxva daskvnasTan winaaaRmdegobaSia. am kategoriis davebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT ki, specialuri codna saqmis ganmxilveli sasamarTlosaTvis gansakuTrebulad<br />
mniSvnelovania. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis Tanaxmad, Tu<br />
saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxze mosamarTles specialuri codna ar gaaCnia,<br />
sasamarTlos SeuZlia Tavisi iniciativiT daniSnos eqspertiza _ saqmis ganxilvis nebismier<br />
stadiaze, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRniSnuli sakiTxis ganmartebas arsebiTi<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis da mis gareSe gadawyvetilebis gamotana SeuZlebelia.<br />
20<br />
sasamarTlo praqtikis Sedegad Camoyalibda st<strong>and</strong>artuli sakiTxebi, romelic<br />
gamosakvlevad egzavneba eqsperts da iZleva saSualebas dadgindes mizezobrivi kavSiri<br />
samedicino personalis qmedebasa da pacientisaTvis miyenebul zians Soris. aRniSnulis<br />
naTel dasturs warmoadgens sasamarTlos mier eqspertisaTvis dasmuli kiTxvebi erTerTi<br />
pacientis sarCelTan dakavSirebiT: iyo Tu ara 2003 wlis 20 dekembers n.w-ze operaciis<br />
Catareba ganpirobebuli sasicocxlo CvenebiT, ramdenad misaRebi da swori iyo<br />
m.w-isaTvis Catarebuli operatiuli mkurnaloba Sardis buStis struqturulad SeWmuxvnis<br />
gamo da SeiZleboda Tu ara alternatiuli mkurnalobis Catareba; SeiZleba Tu<br />
ara CaiTvalos n.w-isaTvis Catarebuli operacia warmatebulad; SeiZleba Tu ara aseTi<br />
operaciis sworad Catarebis Sedegad ganviTardes Tirkmlebis qronikuli ukmarisoba<br />
perioduli kaTeterizaciis adekvaturi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi; operaciamde hqonda<br />
Tu ara n.w-s Sardis buStis qimiuri damwvroba? SeiZleba Tu ara operaciis Semdgom<br />
periodSi SexorcebiT daavadebis SesaZlo ganviTareba ukuCvenebad CaiTvalos. 21<br />
sxva saqmeSi sasamarTlom samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevis moqmedebasa da zians<br />
Soris mizezobrivi kavSiri eqspertizis kategoriuli daskvnis safuZvelze gamoarkvia.<br />
sasamarTlo eqspertizis sasamarTlo-samedicino eqspertis # daskvnaze dayrdnobiT<br />
palatam dadgenilad miiCnia, rom Sps `d-Si~ 2008 wlis 24 ivliss Catarebuli abortis<br />
dros ar Sesrulda saSvilosnos srulyofili gamofxeka, adgili hqonda saSvilosnoSi<br />
embrionis nawilebis CarCenas, ramac ganapiroba Semdgomi garTulebebis ganviTareba:<br />
saSvilosnos Rrus ganmeorebiTi gamofxeka da 2008 wlis 3 agvistos operaciis Catarebis<br />
9
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
aucilebloba. 3 agvistos operacia Sesrulda dadgenili diagnozis Sesabamisi moculobis<br />
farglebSi. 2008 wlis 21 oqtombers n.m-vma mimarTa sefsisis sawinaaRmdego erovnul<br />
centrs, sadac daesva diagnozi _ marcxena sakvercxis mravalkameriani hemoragiulserozuli<br />
kista (gaxeTqili), Zlieri SexorcebiTi procesi mcire menjis RruSi. amave<br />
wlis 22 oqtombers, n. m-vs sefsisis sawinaaRmdego erovnul centrSi gaukeTda operacia<br />
_ mucelkveTa, Sexorcebebis gaTiSva, marcxena sakvercxis kistis amokveTa, mcire menjis<br />
Rrus sanacia, drenireba. 22<br />
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlo-samedicino eqspertizis daskvnis arsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSic, mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgena rTulia an zogjer SeuZlebelic, vinaidan,<br />
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi iSviaTad aris eqspertis kategoriuli daskvnebi. savaraudo<br />
xasiaTis samedicino eqspertizis daskvnis SemTxvevaSi, aucilebeli xdeba damatebiTi<br />
an ganmeorebiTi eqspertizis Catareba, rac aWianurebs saqmis ganxilvas. aris SemTxvevebi,<br />
rodesac eqsperti sakiTxis gamokvlevis saTanado meTodologiis ararsebobis gamo<br />
uars acxadebs davis gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gamokvlevaze. am<br />
kategoriis davebze eqspertizis daskvnaSi gamoyenebuli specialuri teqnologiis gamo,<br />
saWiro xdeba eqspertis mowveva sasamarTlo sxdomaze da misgan rogorc specialistisagan<br />
ganmartebis miReba, rac aseve, problemebs warmoSobs saqmis ganxilvis ekonomiurobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT.<br />
samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevis moqmedebasa da pacientisaTvis damdgar uaryofiT<br />
Sedegs Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris dasadgenad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba samedicino<br />
dokumentaciis Seswavlas. kanoniT, samedicino Canawerebi ganmartebulia rogorc<br />
samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevis mier qaRaldze, agreTve informaciis sxvadasxva matareblebze,<br />
maT Soris, kompiuterSi dafiqsirebuli informacia pacientisaTvis samedicino<br />
momsaxurebis gawevasTan dakavSirebiT; 23 amavdroulad, eqimi da janmrTelobis dacvis sxva<br />
personali valdebuli arian saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis<br />
ministris mier damtkicebuli samedicino dokumentaciis warmoebis wesis Sesabamisad: a)<br />
dadgenili wesiT awarmoon Canawerebi samedicino dokumentaciaSi; b) arasamuSao adgilze<br />
samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCenisas werilobiT asaxon da daniSnulebisamebr gadascen<br />
informacia gaweuli samedicino daxmarebis Sesaxeb. 24 aRniSnuli normebis analizi cxadyofs,<br />
rom samedicino dokumentacia saTanadod unda iyos gaformebuli, risi darRvevac arTulebs<br />
saqmeze realuri viTarebis dadgenas. mxolod am dokumentebis gamokvleva iZleva saSualebas<br />
dadgindes ra moqmedeba ganaxorciela samedicino personalma da ramdenad sworad iqna<br />
samedicino Careva gaweuli. dokumentaciis warmoeba iwyeba pacientis samedicino momsaxurebis<br />
miRebis mimarTvis momentidan da grZeldeba momsaxurebis damTavrebis momentamde. am<br />
mtkicebulebaTa gamokvleva iZleva saSualebas obieqturad Sefasdes samedicino daxmarebis<br />
gamwevis mier Catarebuli yvela moqmedebis, maT Soris, diagnostikuri da samkurnalo Ronis-<br />
Ziebebis marTlzomiereba.<br />
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi xSirad ikveTeba samedicino dokumentaciis gaformebis<br />
defeqtebi (ganxorcielebuli momsaxurebis arasrulyofilad an saerTod miuTiTebloba),<br />
rac arTulebs samedicino personalis qmedebis Sefasebas. pacientis samedicino<br />
dokumentacia detalurad da srulyofilad unda asaxavdes pacientis mdgomareobas<br />
10
ogorc mkurnalobis dawyebamde, aseve, mis mimarT Catarebul yvela samedicino Carevas.<br />
dokumentacia aseve, unda moicavdes pacientis an misi kanonieri warmomadgenlisaTvis<br />
samedicino momsaxurebis gawevis Taobaze winaswar informaciis miwodebis, xolo kanoniT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, ganzraxuli samedicino Carevis Sesaxeb<br />
informaciis miwodebis pacientis an kanonieri warmomadgenlis xelmoweriT dadasturebas.<br />
dokumentaciaSi Sesworebebis Setanis SemTxvevaSi, Sesworebis ganxorcielebis<br />
safuZveli naTlad unda irkveodes.<br />
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom samedicino dokumentaciis arasaTanadod warmoeba an<br />
misi ararseboba ganixileba, rogorc samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevis mier ama Tu im<br />
samedicino Carevis Seusrulebloba. ufro zustad, rom vTqvaT, janmrTelobis dacvis<br />
sferoSi samedicino dokumentaciis warmoebis maregulirebeli danawesebidan da mtkicebis<br />
tvirTis ganawilebis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli normebidan<br />
gamomdinare, mtkicebis tvirTi am SemTxvevaSi samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevzea,<br />
romelmac misi qmedebis kanoniereba samedicino dokumentaciis meSveobiT unda daamtkicos.<br />
daskvna<br />
valdebulebis Seusruleblobis an arajerovani SesrulebisaTvis pasuxismgebloba,<br />
rogorc wesi, dadgeba gansazRvruli pirobebis arsebobisas. garda imisa, rom unda arsebobdes<br />
ziani, movales pasuxismgebloba daekisreba, Tu ziani miyenebulia marTlsawinaaRmdego<br />
moqmedebiT, marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebasa da zians Soris arsebobs mizezobrivi<br />
kavSiri da zianis mimyenebels miuZRvis brali. mizezobrivi kavSiris mniSvneloba<br />
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisas ZiriTadi da gadamwyvetia,<br />
radgan am kavSiris daudgenloba samoqalaqosamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas<br />
gamoricxavs.<br />
rogorc zogadad zianis, aseve, arasaTanado samedicino momsaxurebis gamo moqalaqis<br />
sicocxlisa da janrTelobisaTvis miyenebuli zianis Sedegad valdebulebebis warmoSobis<br />
savaldebulo pirobaa _ samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevis qmedebasa (moqmedebasa<br />
da umoqmedebobas) da damdgar zians Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris arseboba.<br />
am valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi, misi mkveTrad gamoxatuli specifikurobidan<br />
gamomdinare, mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgenis sakiTxi sakmaod problematuria.<br />
qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi adasturebs, rom samedicino momsaxurebisas<br />
miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis Taobaze sasarCelo moTxovna xSirad swored im<br />
safuZvliT ar kmayofildeba, rom sasamarTlom pacientisaTvis arasasurvel Sedegsa<br />
da samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevis moqmedebas Soris mizezobrivi kavSiri ver daadgina.<br />
aRniSnuli ZiriTadad, gamowveulia imiT, rom pacienti droulad ar zrunavs Tavisi<br />
uflebebis dasacavad informaciisa da mtkicebulebebis droulad moZiebaSi an/da sasamarTlo<br />
wesiT uflebis dacvisas mtkicebis tvirTis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT<br />
gauwevlobaSi. zemoT ganxiluli problemebi am sakiTxis gamokvlevis aucileblobasa<br />
da aqtualobas adasturebs.<br />
11
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
h. boelingi, p. lutringhausi, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis<br />
calkeuli moTxovnis safuZvlebis sistemuri analizi, Tbilisi,<br />
2009, gv. 50.<br />
2<br />
k. cvaigerti, h. kotci, SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali<br />
kerZo samarTlis sferoSi, Tbilisi, 2001, t. 2, gv. 319.<br />
3<br />
z. axvlediani, valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tbilisi, 1999, gv .68.<br />
4<br />
Êàëàéêîâ Ñ., Ïðè÷èííàÿ ñâÿçü, êàê îñíîâàíèå ãðàæäàíñêî-ïðàâîâîé<br />
îòâåòñòâåííîñòè, Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, http://www.Allpravo.Ru<br />
5<br />
k. cvaigerti, h. kotci, SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali<br />
kerZo samarTlis sferoSi, Tbilisi, 2001, t. 2, gv. 292.<br />
6<br />
zurab axvlediani, valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 68.<br />
7<br />
Êàëàéêîâ Ñ., Ïðè÷èííàÿ ñâÿçü, êàê îñíîâàíèå ãðàæäàíñêî-ïðàâîâîé<br />
îòâåòñòâåííîñòè, Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, http://www. Allpravo.Ru<br />
8<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni I I I , Tbilisi,<br />
2011, gv. 369.<br />
9<br />
e. gociriZe, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba konfliqtur RirebulebaTa<br />
samarTliani dabalansebis konteqstSi (adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropuli konvenciisa da strasburgis sasamarTlos iurisprudenciis<br />
mixedviT), sadisertacio naSromi, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 473.<br />
10<br />
iqve, gv. 476.<br />
11<br />
iqve, gv. 478.<br />
12<br />
k. cvaigerti, h. kotci, SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali<br />
kerZo samarTlis sferoSi, Tbilisi, 2001, t. 2, gv. 292.<br />
13<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni I I I , Tbilisi,<br />
2011, gv. 370.<br />
14<br />
z. ZlieriSvili, qonebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemis xelSekrulebaTa<br />
samarTlebrivi buneba, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 66.<br />
15<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, 102-e muxli,<br />
http://www.parliament.ge<br />
16<br />
Êàëàéêîâ Ñ., Ïðè÷èííàÿ ñâÿçü, êàê îñíîâàíèå ãðàæäàíñêî-ïðàâîâîé<br />
îòâåòñòâåííîñòè, Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, http,www. Allpravo.Ruix.: amave<br />
kvlevaSi _ didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iuridiul literaturaSi<br />
ganixileboda Semdegi magaliTi: adamiani moxvda tramvais qveS da<br />
dakarga fexi. amis Semdeg mas gaukeTes operacia arasteriluri<br />
instrumentebiT, daiwyo gangrena da igi gardaicvala. vin unda<br />
CaiTvalos zianis mimyeneblad: mxolod qirurgi, Tu tramvais<br />
mZRoli. v. m. vofsoni werda, rom `im SemTxvevaSi Tu<br />
dazaralebuls gauwies saTanado daxmareba, maSin ubeduri<br />
SemTxvevis bunebrivi SedegiT iqneboda mxolod Sromisuunarobis<br />
dakargva~, magram vinaidan `operacia gaukeTes arasteriluri<br />
instrumentebiT, rac Cveulebrivad iwvevs seriozul Sedegs, maT<br />
Soris, sikvdils~, `dazaralebulis gardacvalebisa da misi<br />
ojaxisaTvis miyenebuli zianis mizezi aris eqimis moqmedeba (4).<br />
magram cnobili ar iyo rodis moxda dazaralebulis organizmSi<br />
infeqcia: travmis miRebis Tu operaciis dros. usamarTlo iqneba<br />
zianis anazRaurebis dakisreba mxolod qirurgze da im<br />
iuridiuli piris pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisufleba, romlis<br />
saqmianoba dakavSirebulia mometebuli safrTxis wyarosTan. maSin<br />
samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba daekisreba orive pirs, romelTa<br />
12
moqmedebebsa da miyenebul zians Soris aris kompleqsuri<br />
mizezobrivi kavSiri: gaugebaria, ra kriteriumebiT unda<br />
vixelmZRvaneloT, rom ganvsazRvroT TiToeuli zianis<br />
mimyeneblis pasuxismgebloba.<br />
17<br />
magaliTad, pacientsa da samedicino dawesebulebas Soris davaSi<br />
saapelacio palatam ar gaiziara klinikis mosazreba mis<br />
moqmedebasa da damdgar Sedegs Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris<br />
ararsebobis Sesaxeb da daaskvna: dadgenilia klinikis mier<br />
ganxorcielebul samedicino Carevasa da pacient m.c-lis `c~<br />
hepatitiT dainficirebas Soris mizezobrivi kavSiri da am<br />
moqmedebiT damdgari zianis arseboba. udavod dadgenilia, rom<br />
pacient m.c-s klinikaSi gastro-intensiuri sisxldenis<br />
sawinaaRmdego mkurnalobis dawyebamde (10.04.2010 w.) RviZlis<br />
funqciur sinjebSi darRveva ar hqonia. janmrTelobis<br />
mdgomareobis gauareseba emTxveva aRniSnuli klinikidan gaweris<br />
(13.04.2010 w.) Semdgom periods. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom<br />
gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi, saxezea axali mwvave HCV infeqcia<br />
replikaciis fazaSi da Sesabamisad, adgili aqvs mizezobriv<br />
kavSirs mopasuxe samkurnalo dawesebulebaSi mosarCelis<br />
mkurnalobasa da damdgar Sedegs Soris. palatis es daskvna<br />
efuZneba saqmeSi warmodgenil mtkicebulebebs: samedicino<br />
daxmarebis xarisxis eqspertizis 2010 wlis 3 agvistos daskvnaSi<br />
aRniSnulia, rom klinikaSi mkurnalobisas m.c-s RviZlis funqciur<br />
sinjebSi darRveva ar hqonia, daavadeba ki, mwvaved viTardeba<br />
mkurnalobidan daaxloebiT erT TveSi. klinikaSi m.c-s Cautarda 7<br />
transfuzia. gadasxmuli satransfuzio saSualebebi damzadebuli<br />
iyo 7 donoris sisxlidan. 6 donori warmoadgenda aqtiur, xolo<br />
erTi rezervis donors. aqedan, donor S.a-s donaciis Semdgom<br />
05.05.2010 aRmoaCnda HHCV (+) da RW (+) infeqcia, ris gamoc igi<br />
dawunebul donorTa rigSi iqna gadayvanili. 22.09.2010 Catarebuli<br />
Semowmebis Sedegad donor p.p-s aRmoaCnda HHCV infeqcia. saqmeSi<br />
warmodgenilia saqarTvelos eqimTa asociaciis wevris, sruli<br />
profesoris e. v-Zis mier asociaciis direqtorTa sabWos<br />
Tavmjdomarisadmi gagzavnili werili, romlis Tanaxmad, ver xdeba<br />
pacient m.c-s infeqciiT daavadebis wyaroze miTiTeba, vinaidan<br />
HCV infeqciis dros SemTxvevebis konkretuli wyaros dadgena<br />
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia inkubaciuri periodis didi<br />
variabilobis gamo (1-24 kvira). konkretulad, pacient m.c-s<br />
daavadeba SesaZlebelia ganviTarebuliyo misi klinikaSi<br />
mkurnalobasTan kavSirSi (gadaesxa sisxli, utardeboda<br />
mravlobiTi invaziuri manipulaciebi). Tumca, kvlevis aranairi<br />
meTodiT araa SesaZlebeli am faqtis dadastureba an uaryofa.<br />
saqmeSi warmodgenilia saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da<br />
socialuri dacvis saministros samedicino saqmianobis<br />
saxelmwifo regulirebis saagentos 06.08.2010 Semowmebis aqti,<br />
romlis Tanaxmad, transfuziis win ar aris miRebuli pacient m.c-s<br />
Tanxmoba sisxlisa da misi komponentebis gadasxmis operaciaze,<br />
ministris 2009 wlis 19 martis #108/n brZanebis Sesabamisad. amave<br />
Semowmebis aqtiT irkveva, rom arc erT donors, ara aqvs<br />
Catarebuli yovelwliuri mTliani klinikuri analizi, riTac<br />
dairRva ministris 05.12.2000 wlis brZanebis `sisxlisa da misi<br />
13
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
komponentebis donorobis winaaRmdeg Cvenebebis gansazRvris<br />
Sesaxeb~ me-4 Tavis me-20 muxlis moTxovna. sasamarTlo sxdomaze<br />
specialistis saxiT mowveuli `infeqciuri paTologiis, Sidsisa<br />
da klinikuri imunologiis samecniero-praqtikuli centris~ eqiminfeqcionistis<br />
v. q-lis ganmartebiT, irkveva, rom `C~ hepatiti<br />
ganekuTvneba iseT virusebs, romelTa SeWra organizmSi<br />
SesaZlebelia ise moxdes, rom veranairi xelsawyoTi da veranairi<br />
winaswari kvleviT ver iqnas dadgenili an gamoricxuli. Tu<br />
kvlevis Sedegad daemTxva m.c-s da donoris genotipi, miuxedavad<br />
amisa, dainficirebis wyaros dadgena asi procentiT ver moxdeba,<br />
vinaidan kvlevisaTvis ar arsebobs sisxlis nimuSi, romelic<br />
gadaesxa m.c-s da mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, rom m.c.<br />
mkurnalobs da Tu igi am periodSi ganikurna, faqtobrivad<br />
SeuZlebeli iqneba genotipis dadgenac. im SemTxvevaSi Tu ar<br />
emTxveva m.c-s da dainficirebuli donori pirebis genotipi,<br />
SesaZlebelia gamoiricxos dainficirebis faqti. amdenad, udavoa,<br />
rom sakiTxis specifikidan gamomdinare, kategoriuli mtkiceba,<br />
rom pacientis dainificireba `C~ hepatititiT moxda ama Tu im<br />
wyarodan, kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebiT praqtikulad<br />
SeuZlebelia. amasTan, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />
rom mosarCele aris socialurad daucveli fizikuri piri, xolo<br />
mopasuxe _ soliduri inteleqtualuri da finansuri potencialis<br />
mqone samedicino dawesebuleba, romelsac gacilebiT meti<br />
SesaZleblobebi aqvs mosarCelisaTvis zianis miyenebaSi misi<br />
arabraleulobis dasadastureblad. Tumca, am mimarTulebiT<br />
mopasuxes Tavisi wili mtkicebis tvirTis realizeba ar<br />
mouxdenia. kerZod, mas ar miuRia aranairi zomebi donorebis<br />
(S.a-uri, p.p-o) adgilsamyofelis dadgenisa da maTi eqspertizaze<br />
wardgenis mizniT. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom am eqspertiziT,<br />
albaTobis sakmaod maRali xarisxiT, SesaZlebelia<br />
gamoricxuliyo mopasuxe klinikis brali mosarCelisaTvis zianis<br />
miyenebaSi, Tu dadgindeboda, rom donorebis da m.c-s genotipi<br />
iyo sxvadasxva (susg #as-1779-1757-2011 2012 weli, 9 Tebervali).<br />
18<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 463-476-e muxli,<br />
http://www.parliament.ge Sead. germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, §830.<br />
deliqtSi Tanamonawileebi da CarTuli pirebi(1) _ Tu zians<br />
ayenebs ramdenime piri erToblivad Cadenili deliqtis Sedegad,<br />
maSin nebismieri maTgani pasuxismgebelia zianisaTvis. analogiuri<br />
wesi moqmedebs, Tu SeuZlebelia dadgindes, ramdenime<br />
monawileTagan romelma miayena ziani Tavisi moqmedebis Sedegad.<br />
§840. wamqezeblebi da damxmare pirebi(2) _ uTanabrdebian<br />
deliqtSi Tanamonawileebs. ramdenime piris pasuxismgebloba(1) _<br />
Tu ramdenime piri erTdroulad aris valdebuli deliqtidan<br />
gamomdinare zianisaTvis, maSin isini pasuxs ageben rogorc<br />
solidaruli movaleebi.<br />
19<br />
erT-erT samoqalaqo saqmeSi sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila<br />
pacientis moTxovna arasworad Catarebuli samedicino Carevis<br />
Semdeg sxva samedicino CarevisaTvis gaweuli xarjebis<br />
anazRaurebaze Semdegi dasabuTebiT: eqspertizis komisiuri<br />
sasamarTlo samedicino eqspertis # daskvnis safuZvelze<br />
14
sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom Sps `d-Si~ n.m-s operaciuli<br />
mkurnaloba Cautarda saSvilosnosa da marjvena sakvercxis<br />
paTologiasTan dakavSirebiT, xolo sefsisis sawinaaRmdego<br />
erovnul centrSi daudginda marcxena sakvercxis kistis gaxeTqva,<br />
rac ar aris dakavSirebuli klinika `d-Si~ Catarebul<br />
mkurnalobasTan. aRniSnuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
palatam ar gaiziara n.m-is miTiTeba, rom Sps `d-is~ mier<br />
miyenebuli materialuri zianis odenoba 7514 laria, radganac<br />
saqmis masalebiT irkveva, rom `d-Si~ Catarebuli mkurnalobis<br />
saerTo Rirebulebam Seadgina 987 lari, xolo sefsisis<br />
sawinaaRmdego centrSi Catarebuli operacia da Sesabamisi<br />
mkurnaloba Sps `d-Si~ Catarebul mkurnalobasTan ar aris<br />
dakavSirebuli. saafTiaqo momsaxurebis qviTrebisa da salaros<br />
Semosavlis orderebis safuZvelze, sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom<br />
aRniSnuli momsaxureba gaweulia 2008 wlis oqtomberSi.<br />
mosarCelis ganmartebiT, aRniSnuli medikamentebisa da<br />
samedicino momsaxurebis miReba mas dasWirda sefsisis<br />
sawinaaRmdego erovnul centrSi mkurnalobis dros. imis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sefsisis sawinaaRmdego erovnul centrSi<br />
Catarebuli operacia da mkurnaloba ar aris dakavSirebuli Sps<br />
`d-Si~ Catarebul mkurnalobasTan, mxaris mier warmodgenili<br />
saafTiaqo qviTrebSi miTiTebuli Tanxa sasamarTlom ar miiCnia<br />
Sps `d-is” mier miyenebuli zianis odenobis ganmsazRvrel<br />
mtkicebulebad (susg #as-280-265-201026 aprili,2010 weli, 26<br />
aprili).<br />
20<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, 162-e muxli,<br />
http://www.parliament.ge<br />
21<br />
susg #as-109-946-2010<br />
22<br />
susg #as-280-265-20.10.2010, 26 aprili.<br />
23<br />
kanoni pacientis uflebebis Sesaxeb, me-4 m., http://www.parliament.ge<br />
24<br />
kanoni janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb, 43-e m., http://www.parliament.ge<br />
15
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
CHALLENGES OF<br />
ESTABLISHING CAUSAL<br />
LINK BETWEEN AN<br />
OFFENCE OF A MEDICAL<br />
WORKER AND DAMAGE<br />
CAUSED TO A PATIENT<br />
NUNU KVANTALIANI<br />
Judge at the Supreme Court of Georgia,<br />
PHD student at the Georgian Technical University<br />
Responsibility for not fulfilment or insufficient fulfilment of an<br />
obligation as a rule derives only in case certain conditions exist. Despite<br />
the existence of damage there should be following conditions to levy<br />
responsibility on debtor: damage shall be caused by an offence, there shall<br />
be a causal link between the offence <strong>and</strong> damage <strong>and</strong> an offender shall be<br />
guilty. Establishment of causal link is core <strong>and</strong> crucial with regards to civil<br />
responsibility, as non existence of a causal link exclude any civil<br />
responsibility<br />
As with regards to damage in general, in case of damaging a patient’s<br />
life <strong>and</strong> health a must condition for developing respective obligations is<br />
establishment of causal link between medical service (action or restrain<br />
from action) <strong>and</strong> certain damage.<br />
Establishment of causal link in case of this type of obligatory-legal<br />
relations is one of the most challenging because of its mostly specific nature.<br />
The Georgian trial practise shows that in majority of cases a court does not<br />
grant favourable decisions to applicants because of not being able to<br />
establish causal link between a medical service <strong>and</strong> not preferred results<br />
of medical care. The reasons for this result is that normally patients do not<br />
take all measures for the protection of their rights in terms of collecting<br />
information <strong>and</strong> evidences in due time <strong>and</strong>/or in terms of observing rules<br />
for burden of proof with this regard. The problems raised in this thesis<br />
prove necessity <strong>and</strong> importance of examining this topic.<br />
16
erTiani ganzogadebuli<br />
sasamarTlo praqtikis<br />
arsebobis<br />
mizanSewoniloba<br />
sasamarTlo sistemaSi<br />
qeTevan mesxiSvili<br />
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos mosamarTle,<br />
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti<br />
tendencia, rom mesame instanciis sasamarTlo warmoadgens<br />
doqtrinaluri tipis instancias, romlis yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani funqcia qveyanaSi erTiani sasamarTlo praqtikis<br />
Camoyalibebaa, droTa ganmavlobaSi sul ufro da<br />
ufro Zlierdeba. erTiani, ganzogadebuli sasamarTlo<br />
praqtikisaken swrafva, upirveles yovlisa, ganpirobebulia<br />
im mizniT, rom sasamarTlo qveyanaSi swrafad da efeqtianad<br />
axorcielebdes marTlmsajulebas, ar xdebodes<br />
instanciebs Soris saqmeTa „gadaTamaSeba~ e.w. „ping-pongi~,<br />
msgavs sakiTxebze mxareebi ar iRebdnen samarTlebrivad<br />
gansxvavebul Sedegs, rac Zireulad xelyofs mxareTa Tanasworuflebianobasa<br />
da sasamarTlos winaSe Tanabaruflebianobis<br />
princips. ama Tu im samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgoma<br />
damokidebuli ar unda iyos, Tu romeli sasamarTlo<br />
an mosamarTle ganixilavs saqmes, rac mniSvnelovan gavlenas<br />
axdens sazogadoebis mxridan sasamarTlos mimarT<br />
ndobis xarisxze. erTsa da imave samarTlebriv sakiTxze<br />
warmoebuli sasamarTlo saqmis ganxilva erTsa da imave Sedegs<br />
unda iZleodes, sxva SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebaSi yalibdeba<br />
gancda, rom mas arasworad moeqcnen, sasamarTlom<br />
kanoni arasworad gamoiyena an ganmarta, ufro metic,<br />
sasamarTlo dainteresebuli iyo saqmis SedegiT da a. S. 1<br />
17
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
amdenad, sasamarTlo damoukideblobisa da miukerZoeblobis yvela zemoaRniSnuli<br />
principis jerovnad dacvisa da ganxorcielebis miznebisaTvis, uaRresad didi mniSvneloba<br />
eniWeba erTiani sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibebas.<br />
erTian ganzogadebul sasamarTlo praqtikaze msjelobisas, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />
eniWeba mosamarTlis arsisa da funqciis garkvevas. aRniSnuli mizniT samar-<br />
Tlebriv literaturaSi xSirad amboben, rom mosamarTle, marTalia, ar qmnis kanons,<br />
Tumca, ganmartavs, Tu ras ambobs kanoni. 2<br />
mosamarTlis ZiriTadi arsi da daniSnuleba kontinenturi evropis qveyanaSi dawerili<br />
normis safuZvelze konfliqtis mogvarebaa. Sesabamisad, mosamarTle SezRudulia<br />
dawerili kanoniTa da mxareTa nebiT, maT mier wardgenili faqtobrivi garemoebebis<br />
Sefasebis Sedegad miiRos sasamarTlom gadawyvetileba. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania<br />
imis garkveva, Tu sad gadis zRvari dawerili qveynis samarTlis qveyanaSi mosamarTlisaTvis<br />
dawesebul SezRudvebsa da samosamarTlo Tavisuflebas Soris. mosamarTle Tavisufali<br />
da damoukidebelia gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, Tumca, mis Tavisuflebas aqvs<br />
farglebi. Tavisufleba ar unda cdebodes kanonis CarCoebsa da mxareTa moTxovnebs. 3<br />
sasamarTlo Tavisuflebis gamoxatulebaa, mosamarTlis uflebaa, ixelmZRvanelos<br />
Sinagani rwmeniT, Tumca, aRniSnuli TavisuflebisaTvis dawesebul zRvars warmoadgens<br />
Sinagani rwmenis dafuZnebis valdebuleba mxaris mier warmodgenil faqtebsa da<br />
mtkicebulebebze. mosamarTlis saqmianobaa kanonis gamoyeneba da ara sakuTari SexedulebebisaTvis<br />
farTo asparezis micema. 4 amdenad, samosamarTlo Tavisufleba zRvardadebuli<br />
Tavisuflebaa. sasamarTlo TavisuflebisaTvis garkveuli CarCoebis daweseba<br />
rigi faqtorebiT aris ganpirobebuli. aRniSnuli, upirveles yovlisa, TviT mosamarTlis<br />
funqciuri daniSnulebidan momdinareobs. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, Tu gavavlebT<br />
paralels mosamarTlesa da kanonmdebels Soris, aSkara gaxdeba, Tu ratom aris mosamarTle<br />
SezRuduli TavisuflebiT aRWurvili gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. magali-<br />
TisaTvis, kanonmdebeli uflebamosilia iyos kanonis miRebis iniciatori, rac niSnavs,<br />
rom mas ufleba aqvs warmoadginos sakiTxis gadawyvetis miseuli versia. Sesabamisad,<br />
mis mier inicirebuli da sakanonmdeblo organos mier mowonebuli kanoni savaldebuloa<br />
mTeli qveynisaTvis. gansxvavebiT mosamarTlisagan, romelic saqmes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi<br />
ixilavs, Tu mas mxare mimarTavs da Sesabamis faqtebsa da aRniSnuli faqtebis damadasturebel<br />
mtkicebulebebs warudgens. amasTan, mosamarTle, Tavisi SexedulebiT<br />
ki ar wyvets warmodgenil konfliqts, aramed kanonis safuZvelze, mosarCelis moTxovnis<br />
farglebSi. mis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba savaldebuloa mxolod saqmeSi monawile<br />
pirebisaTvis da ara yvela pirisaTvis, mTeli qveynis masStabiT. 5<br />
amdenad, mosamarTlis e.w. `zRvardadebuli~ Tavisuflebis pirobebSi, mniSvnelovania<br />
erTiani, ganzogadebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis arseboba.<br />
erTiani ganzogadebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibebis ZiriTadi Tanmdevi<br />
Sedegebia:<br />
1. swrafi da efeqtiani marTlmsajuleba _ maSin, rodesac mosamarTlem icis sasamarTlo<br />
praqtika, igi gadawyvetilebas iRebs damkvidrebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis<br />
Sesabamisad, rac ganapirobebs sasamarTlos mier swrafi marTlmsajulebis ganxorci-<br />
18
elebas. precedentis doqtrina xels uwyobs saqmis efeqtian warmoebas da droul gadawyvetas,<br />
ramdenadac adreul saqmeebze sakiTxis konkretuli samarTlebrivi gadawyveta<br />
SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes Semdgom saqmeebSic, siRrmiseuli ganxilvis gareSe.<br />
6 ra Tqma unda, mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is gamonaklisebi, rodesac sazogadoebrivi<br />
ganviTarebis dinamika iwvevs samarTlis adekvatur ganviTarebas, rac sasamarTlo praqtikazec<br />
aisaxeba.<br />
2. sazogadoebis unaris ganviTareba Tavad moagvaros konfliqti _ ganzogadebuli<br />
sasamarTlo praqtikis pirobebSi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa gasaCivrebis xarisxi<br />
mcirdeba, vinaidan mxare informirebulia aRniSnuli kategoriis davebze sasamarTlos<br />
poziciis Taobaze. Sesabamisad, mxare cdilobs konfliqtis ufro metad mogvarebas,<br />
vinaidan man icis, Tu ra samarTlebrivi Sedegi dadgeba sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis<br />
SemTxvevaSi. amdenad, arsebobs ra. kanonis codnis prezumfcia, ganzogadebuli<br />
sasamarTlo praqtikis pirobebSi, aseve, moqmedebs aRniSnuli kategoriis davebze<br />
sasamarTlo praqtikis codnis prezumfciac, rac, Tavis mxriv, zrdis sazogadoebis mar-<br />
TlSegnebasa da samarTlianobis gancdas.<br />
3. sasamarTloSi saqmeTa nakadis Semcireba _ saxelmwifo rac ufro demokratiulia,<br />
samarTlebrivad ganviTarebulia, sazogadoebas rac ufro meti ndoba aqvs sasamarTlos<br />
mimarT, miT maRalia saqmeTa Sedinebis xarisxi sasamarTloSi. Sesabamisad,<br />
sasamarTlo sistemis gantvirTvis erT-erTi aprobirebuli meTodi swored sasamarTlos<br />
ganzogadebuli praqtikis popularizaciaa, rac niSnavs, rom etapobrivad sazogadoeba<br />
gadadis konfliqtis TviTdaregulirebis meqanizmze, anu sakiTxis mogvarebas<br />
cdilobs imgvarad, rogorc amas sasamarTlo msgavsi kategoriis saqmeebze axorcielebs,<br />
zedmeti danaxarjebis gareSe, anu sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis gareSe. aRniSnuli ki,<br />
pirdapirproporciulad aisaxeba sazogadoebis marTlSegnebis amaRlebaze.<br />
4. samarTlis ganviTareba _ erTiani sasamarTlo praqtikis pirobebSi, sasamarTlo<br />
SedarebiT gantvirTulia martivi kategoriis davebisagan. miT ufro, aRniSnuli exeba<br />
doqtrinaluri tipis sasamarTlos, anu kasacias, Sesabamisad, saboloo instanciis sasamarTlo<br />
orientirebulia ara konfliqtebis mogvarebaze, aramed erTiani sasamarTlo<br />
praqtikis Camoyalibebaze da Sesabamisad, samarTlis ganviTarebaze, romelic Semdegom<br />
qvemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloebisaTvis davebis swrafad da efeqtianad gadawyvetis<br />
qvakuTxedia. amasTan, sakasacio instanciis sasamarTlos mier normis ganmarteba, xSir<br />
SemTxvevaSi, axali sakanonmdeblo cvlilebis ganxorcielebis maprovocirebeli garemoebaa,<br />
xolo normis Secvlamde, anu sakanonmdeblo doneze cvlilebis ganxorcielebamde,<br />
samarTalurTierTobis mowesrigebis saukeTeso legitimuri gzaa.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom dawerili samarTali ar aris sakmarisi yvela saxis SesaZlo samar-<br />
Tlebrivi sakiTxis gadasawyvetad. SesaZloa, rom ama Tu im kanonis miRebis Semdgom<br />
Seicvalos Tavad sazogadoeba an Seiqmnas situacia, romelic parlaments ar hqonda<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli kanonis gamocemisas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, normis ganmartebas da Sesabamisad,<br />
aRniSnuli uflebamosilebis mqone organos, uaRresad didi datvirTva aqvs samarTalurTierTobebis<br />
mowesrigebis procesSi, sakanonmdeblo doneze cvlilebis<br />
ganxorcielebamde. 7<br />
19
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
erTian sasamarTlo praqtikaze msjelobisas mniSvnelovania samarTliani balansis<br />
dacva zemoaRniSnul Rirebulebebsa da mosamarTlis uflebas Soris, ganmartos kanoni<br />
Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr. Sesabamisad, marTalia, ganzogadebuli praqtikis aucilebloba<br />
calsaxaa zemoaRwerili Sedegebis miRwevis miznebisaTvis, Tumca, niS<strong>and</strong>oblivia<br />
im samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis dacva da SenarCuneba, romelic zRvardadebuli da<br />
araTviTnebobaSi gadasuli samosamarTlo samarTlis ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels.<br />
niS<strong>and</strong>oblivia, rom sasamarTlo samarTlis ganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
wyaroa, vinaidan, yvelaze ukeT, swored normaTSefardebis procesSi vlindeba sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebis tendenciebi, rac, erTi mxriv, sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis maprovocirebeli<br />
faqtoria, xolo meore mxriv, sasamarTlo praqtikis Secvlis, problematikis<br />
sxvagvarad danaxvisa da normis sxva WrilSi ganmartebis safuZveli. 8<br />
dReisaTvis, saqarTveloSi erTiani, ganzogadebuli praqtikis Camoyalibebis tendenciaa,<br />
ramac zemoaRwerili Sedegebi naTeli, TvalsaCino da xelmisawvdomi gaxada. Tumca,<br />
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad im dadebiTi mxareebisa, rac erTiani ganzogadebuli<br />
praqtikis Camoyalibebas aqvs, aseve, gaTvaliswinebulia samosamarTlo samarTlis ganvi-<br />
Tarebisa da samosamarTlo Tavisuflebis SezRudvasTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi. amitom,<br />
amoqmedebulia yvela is berketi, romelic uzrunvelyofs erTi mxriv, erTiani<br />
praqtikis Camoyalibebas, normis erTgvarovnad ganmartebas, erTian marTlmsajulebas<br />
da meore mxriv, samosamarTlo TviTSemoqmedebis Tavisuflebas. aRniSnuli mizniT,<br />
yoveli saqme, romlis gadawyveta praqtikis Sesabamisia, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamar-<br />
Tlos mier dauSveblad miiCneva, xolo saqme, romelzec miRebuli gadawyvetileba<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba damkvidrebul sasamarTlo praqtikas, arsebiTad gansaxilvelad daSvebis<br />
kanonismieri safuZvelia. arsebiTad ganxilvis Sedegad ki, an praqtika icvleba an<br />
praqtikis sawinaaRmdego gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis gziT, kidev erTxel esmeba xazi<br />
damkvidrebuli praqtikis sisworesa da aqtualobas. amdenad, praqtikis sawinaaRmdego<br />
gadawyvetilebis miReba SesaZlebelia. ufro metic, praqtikis Secvlis saWiroebis<br />
pirobebSi, praqtikis sawinaaRmdego gadawyvetilebis miReba savaldebulocaa. praqtikisagan<br />
gansxvavebuli yoveli gadawyvetileba praqtikis Secvlis mcdelobaa, rac ormag<br />
dasabuTebas da motivacias saWiroebs, raTa masSi is Tanamedrove tendenciebi iqnes<br />
asaxuli, ramac normis sxvagvari ganmartebis saWiroeba Seqmna. aseTi gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebiTa da SemdgomSi kanonier ZalaSi SesvliT xdeba damkvidrebuli praqtikis misadageba<br />
socialur procesebTan, saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis dinamikasTan an sulac<br />
samarTlis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove tendenciebTan. 9<br />
saqarTveloSi precedentis doqtrinis funqcionirebis mizniT, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia,<br />
is sakanonmdeblo regulaciebi, romliTac ganmtkicebulia saqarTvelos uzenaesi<br />
sasamarTlos roli da daniSnuleba saxelmwifo sistemaSi, uzrunvelyos erTiani<br />
sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibeba, rac Tavis mxriv, precedentis doqtrinis damkvidrebis<br />
erT-erTi kanonismieri safuZvelia. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos miTi-<br />
Tebuli funqcia momdinareobs `saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~ organuli kanonidan.<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlosaTvis aRniSnuli funqciis miniWeba imiTac aris ganpirobebuli,<br />
rom uzenaesi sasamarTlo saboloo instanciis sasamarTloa, misi gadawyvetileba upi-<br />
20
obod Sedis ZalaSi. amasTan, uzenaesi sasamarTlos wevrTa daniSvnaSi monawileobas<br />
iRebs saqarTvelos parlamenti, Sesabamisad, TeoriaSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom sakanonmdeblo<br />
organos garkveuli monawileobiT dakompleqtebuli marTlmsajulebis organo<br />
ufro metad aris valdebuli miiRos mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis samarTliani<br />
gadawyvetileba, raRa Tqma unda, marTlmsajulebis ZiriTad principebze dayrdnobiT,<br />
sadac gansakuTrebiT xazgasasmeli da yuradsaRebi SejibrebiTobisa da sasamarTlos<br />
winaSe Tanasworobis principia. warmomadgenlobiT demokratiaSi mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
samarTliani gadawyvetilebebi miiReba warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis mier.<br />
warmomadgenlebisa da umaRlesi sasamarTloebis legitimuri amocanaa, iRvwodnen rogorc<br />
samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebis `piligrinebi~ da es procesi gonivruli argumentaciis<br />
CarCoebSi moaqcion. demokratiuli legitimaciis gagebidan gamomdinare, es procesi<br />
emsaxureba umravlesobis konsesusunarianobis dadgenas, maSasadame, miRebul iqnas<br />
iseTi gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic umravlesobis samarTlianobis SegrZnebas Seesabameba<br />
da amis gamo, umravlesobis mier iqneba aRiarebuli. 10 amdenad, samarTliania gadawyvetileba,<br />
Tu igi sazogadoebaSi samarTlianobis gancdas badebs. miT metia sazogadoebis<br />
ndoba sasamarTlos mimarT, rac ufro metad samarTlianad miiCnevs obieqturi,<br />
miukerZoebeli, saqmisadmi interesis armqone moqalaqe gadawyvetilebas. Tumca, aqve<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom samarTlianobis dadgenis upirvelesi wyaro TviT saqmeSi monawile<br />
mxarea. Tu igi sasamarTlos ar miscems mtkicebulebebiT dadasturebul faqtebs,<br />
sasamarTlo ver miscems faqtebs saTanado samarTlebriv Sefasebas. amdenad, samarTliani<br />
sasamarTlo molodini unda arsebobdes maSin, rodesac mxare sasamarTlos samarTlianobis<br />
dadgenis SesaZleblobas miscems.<br />
precedentis doqtrinasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia ori midgoma, rac gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT, kerZod, erTiani ganzogadebuli<br />
praqtikis SemuSavebisa da praqtikaSi danergvis mxriv aRsaniSnavia qvemdgomi sasamarTlos<br />
e.w. `valdebuleba~ daemorCilos damkvidrebul praqtikas da Tavad uzenaesi<br />
sasamarTlos valdebuleba, misdios mis mier damkvidrebul praqtikas. aRniSnuli midgoma<br />
momdinareobs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 391-e muxlis me-5<br />
nawilis `b~ qvepunqtidan, sadac miTiTebulia, rom sakasacio saCivari qonebriv da sxva<br />
araqonebriv davebze dasaSvebia, Tu saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gansxvavdeba<br />
am kategoriis saqmeebze saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos manamde arsebuli<br />
praqtikisagan. amdenad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba damkvidrebul praqtikas, aRniSnuli saqme sakasacio wesiT arsebiTad<br />
gansaxilvelad daSvebis kanonismieri winapirobaa. rac Seexeba Tavad sakasacio instanciis<br />
mier damkvidrebuli praqtikis dacvas, aRniSnuli valdebuleba arapirdapir,<br />
Tumca mainc gamomdinareobs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis im debulebidan,<br />
kerZod, 391 1 -e muxlis pirveli nawilis `b~ da `g~ qvepunqtebidan, sadac miTiTebulia,<br />
rom didi palata ixilavs saqmes, rodesac sakasacio palata ar iziarebs sxva<br />
sakasacio palatis mier adre Camoyalibebul samarTlebriv Sefasebas (normis ganmartebas)<br />
an kidev didi palatis mier adre Camoyalibebul samarTlebriv Sefasebas (normis<br />
ganmartebas).<br />
21
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, dawerili samarTlis qveyanaSi erTiani ganzogadebuli<br />
praqtikis arseboba sasicocxlod aucilebeli procesia swrafi da efeqtiani<br />
marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis miznebisaTvis. amasTan, daculi unda iyos<br />
balansi efeqtian marTlmsajulebasa da samosamarTlo Tavisuflebas Soris, romelic<br />
Tavis mxriv, samarTlis ganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa.<br />
precedentuli doqtrinis arsebobis ZiriTadi moTxovnebia sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa<br />
sajarooba da gadawyvetilebaTa gamoqveynebis sistemis arseboba, romlis meSveobiTac<br />
uzrunvelyofili iqneba maTi xelmisawvdomoba qveynis samarTlebrivi sazogadoebisaTvis.<br />
11 unda iTqvas, rom precedentuli doqtrinis arsebobis zemoaRniSnuli<br />
moTxovnebi saqarTveloSi miRweulia, kerZod, uzrunvelyofilia gadawyvetilebaTa<br />
sajarooba, danergilia aRniSnul gadawyvetilebaTa moZiebis efeqtiani programa, 12 ganxorcielebulia<br />
gamotanil gadawyvetilebaTa sistematizacia davebis kategorizaciis<br />
mixedviT, 13 amoqmedebulia Zireuli sasamarTlo ganmartebebis popularizaciis reJimi, 14<br />
sistemuri formiT Camoyalibebulia praqtikis ganzogadebis ZiriTadi Sedegebi, 15 rac<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis gasagebi eniT aris asaxuli sasamarTlo rekomendaciebSi. amdenad,<br />
saxezea yvela is teqnikuri Tu samarTlebrivi berketi, romelic erTiani praqtikis<br />
danergvis da efeqtianad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.<br />
22
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
T. Bingham, "The Rule of <strong>Law</strong>", Penguin Books, London, 2008, p. 51.<br />
2<br />
T. Bingham, The Rule of <strong>Law</strong>, Penguin Books, Engl<strong>and</strong>, 2011, p. 45.<br />
3<br />
Sheryl J. Grana, Jane C.Ollenburger, Mark Nikolas, „The Social Context of <strong>Law</strong>“,<br />
second edition, Upple Saddle River, New Jersey, 2002, p. 134-135.<br />
4<br />
Tom Bingham, The Rule of <strong>Law</strong>, Penguin Books, Engl<strong>and</strong>, 2011, p. 52.<br />
5<br />
Sheryl J. Grana, Jane C.Ollenburger, Mark Nikolas, „The Social Context of <strong>Law</strong>“,<br />
second edition, Upple Saddle River, New Jersey, 2002, p. 16-137.<br />
6<br />
ture Sai, `precedentebis gamoyeneba _ norvegiuli meTodologia<br />
da praqtika~, konferenciis masalebi Temaze _ `uzenaesi sasamarTloebis<br />
mier sakuTari gadawyvetilebebisa da evrosasamarTlos ganCinebebis<br />
gamoyeneba saqarTvelosa da norvegiaSi,~ 2012 wlis 25 aprili,<br />
Tbilisi, saqarTvelo.<br />
7<br />
ture Sai, `precedentebis gamoyeneba _ norvegiuli meTodologia<br />
da praqtika~, konferenciis masalebi Temaze _ `uzenaesi sasamarTloebis<br />
mier sakuTari gadawyvetilebebisa da evrosasamarTlos ganCinebebis<br />
gamoyeneba saqarTvelosa da norvegiaSi,~ 2012 wlis 25 aprili,<br />
Tbilisi, saqarTvelo.<br />
8<br />
Amartya Sen, The Idea of <strong>Justice</strong>, Te Belknap Press of Farvard University Press Cambridge,<br />
Massachusetts, 2009, p. 78.<br />
9<br />
Schnur, E.M. „<strong>Law</strong> <strong>and</strong> Society“, New York, 1968, p. 27.<br />
10<br />
rainhold cipeliusi, `iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba~, gamomcemloba<br />
`beki~, miunxeni, 2006, gv. 21.<br />
11<br />
ture Sai, `precedentebis gamoyeneba _ norvegiuli meTodologia<br />
da praqtika~, konferenciis masalebi Temaze _ `uzenaesi sasamarTloebis<br />
mier sakuTari gadawyvetilebebisa da evrosasamarTlos ganCinebebis<br />
gamoyeneba saqarTvelosa da norvegiaSi,~ 2012 wlis 25 aprili,<br />
Tbilisi, saqarTvelo.<br />
12<br />
http://prg.supremecourt.ge/;<br />
13<br />
http://www.supremecourt.ge/court-decisions/civil-cases/;<br />
14<br />
http://www.supremecourt.ge/ganmartebebi/;<br />
15<br />
http://www.supremecourt.ge/uniform-court-practice/recommendations-on-civil-cases/;<br />
23
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
IMPORTANCE OF UNIFORM,<br />
GENERILIZED COURT<br />
PRACTICE IN THE JUDICIARY<br />
KETEVAN MESKHISHVILI<br />
Judge of Tbilisi Appellate Court,<br />
PHD Student of Georgian Technical University<br />
Existence of common, generalized court practice in the continental<br />
European countries is vitally important in order to ensure speedy <strong>and</strong><br />
effective administration of justice. Along with that, it is important to<br />
maintain balance between effective judiciary <strong>and</strong> freedom of judiciary,<br />
that represents the source of development for the legal system. Trend to<br />
develop <strong>and</strong> generalize uniform courts practice. This is conditioned with<br />
the fact that administration of justice in Georgia is h<strong>and</strong>led in speedy <strong>and</strong><br />
effective manner, cases should not move backwards <strong>and</strong> forwards between<br />
the instances. Parties should not receive legally different outcome on the<br />
similar disputes. Otherwise, public gets the feeling that they were treated<br />
unfairly, court misused or misinterpreted the law, <strong>and</strong> even more, court<br />
was interested in the outcome of the case, etc. Thus, common court practice<br />
is crucial for ensuring independence <strong>and</strong> impartiality of the courts.<br />
24
pasuxismgebloba<br />
sakuTari da mesame<br />
piris moqmedebisaTvis<br />
Tea suxitaSvili<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti<br />
saerTo wesis mixedviT, samoqalaqo samarTlis normebi<br />
subieqtis pasuxismgeblobas upiratesad, sakuTari moqmedebebisaTvis<br />
adgens. pasuxismgeblobis aseTi wesi ganixileba<br />
rogorc Zveli romis samarTalSi, ise romanul-germanul<br />
da raRa Tqma unda, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqs-<br />
Sic.<br />
romis valdebulebiTi samarTlis erT-erTi mTavari<br />
principi mdgomareobda SemdegSi _ aravis aqvs ufleba mesame<br />
piris saxeliT dados garigeba; is, vinc ar monawileobs<br />
valdebulebiT samarTalurTierTobaSi, ar SeuZlia iyos<br />
kreditori an movale. Tumca, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom am<br />
principis savaldebulo xasiaTi romis samarTlis sawyisi<br />
pozicia iyo, rac Semdgom sxvadasxva kanonebiT iqna SezRuduli.<br />
pasuxismgebloba sakuTari qmedebisaTvis. pasuxismgebloba<br />
sakuTari qmedebisaTvis akveliusis kanonis erT-erTi<br />
mTavari moTxovnaa. kanonis pirvelsave TavSi naTqvamia, rom<br />
Tu piri marTlsawinaaRmdegod (ukanonod) moklavs sxvis<br />
monas an oTxfexa cxovels, romelic Sinaur cxovelebs<br />
miekuTvneba, mas miusjian mesakuTrisaTvis nivTis im safasuris<br />
gadaxdas, rac ukanaskneli wlis ganmavlobaSi am<br />
nivTis umaRles (sabazro) fass warmoadgenda. amave kanonis<br />
mesame Tavis Tanaxmad, Tu vinme monas an im oTxfexa cxovels<br />
daWris (zians miayenebs), romelic `Sinaur pirutyvs~<br />
miekuTvneba; an, Tu piri daWris (zians miayenebs) an moklavs<br />
im oTxfexa cxovels, romelsac `Sinaur pirutyvs~ ar miakuTvneben,<br />
magaliTad, ZaRls an gareul cxovels. aseT<br />
25
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
SemTxvevaSi, iseve rogorc kanonis pirveli Tavis Tanaxmad. pasuxismgebloba mxolod im<br />
pirs ekisreba, visma moqmedebamac gamoiwvia ziani. oRond am kanonis mesame Tavis Tanaxmad,<br />
zianis mimyenebels daekisreba ara im odenobis Tanxis gadaxdis valdebuleba, rac im wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi am nivTis fass warmoadgenda, aramed im Rirebulebisa, romelic nivTs bolo<br />
ocdaaT dRes hqonda. 1<br />
saxelSekrulebo samarTalurTierTobis darRvevis Taviseburebaa, rom gansxvavebiT<br />
arasaxelSekrulebo samarTalurTierTobisagan, valdebulebis damrRvevi pasiur subieqtTa<br />
wre winaswar cnobilia. is SeiZleba iyos mxolod xelSekrulebis monawile,<br />
romelic samarTaldarRvevamde ukve imyofeboda xelSekrulebis meore mxaresTan samar-<br />
Tlebriv urTierTobaSi. Sesabamisad, es faqti safuZvels gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom saxel-<br />
Sekrulebo valdebulebis darRveviT warmoSobili pasuxismgeblobac upiratesad<br />
samarTaldamrRvevs unda daekisros.<br />
valdebulebiTi samarTlis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom kreditori uflebamosilia<br />
movales raime moqmedebis Sesruleba mosTxovos, xolo movale valdebulia, Seasrulos<br />
moTxovna. aqedan gamomdinare, yoveli Sesruleba gulisxmobs valdebulebis arsebobas.<br />
movalem valdebuleba unda Seasrulos jerovnad, keTilsindisierad, daTqmul drosa<br />
da adgilas. movalis mxriv, am moTxovnaTa Seusrulebloba, anu valdebulebis darRveva<br />
kreditors aZlevs uflebas, valdebulebis darRveviT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba<br />
mosTxovos movales (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 394-e muxli). garda aRniSnulisa,<br />
arsebobs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 408-e muxliT dadgenili saerTo wesi,<br />
romlis mixedviTac, movalem, romelic valdebulia aanazRauros ziani, unda aRadginos<br />
is mdgomareoba, romelic iarsebebda, rom ar damdgariyo anazRaurebis mavaldebulebeli<br />
garemoeba. rac niSnavs, rom ziani unda anazRaurdes naturiT. kerZod, ganadgurebuli<br />
nivTis sanacvlod kreditors unda gadaeces imave gvarisa da xarisxis nivTi an<br />
movalis mier aRdgenili nivTi da a.S.<br />
analogiurad wydeba subieqtis pasuxismgebloba deliqtur valdebulebebSi. kodeqsis<br />
992-e muxlSi vkiTxulobT, rom piri, romelic sxva pirs marTlsawinaaRmdego, ganzraxi<br />
an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miayenebs zians, valdebulia aunazRauros mas es<br />
ziani. anu samoqalaqo kodeqsis 992-e muxlSi gamoxatulia bralis principi _ ar arsebobs<br />
pasuxismgebloba bralis gareSe. amasTan, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom moqmedeba, romlis<br />
Sedegadac dairRva dazaralebulis ufleba, piradad pasuxismgebeli piris mier<br />
iyos Cadenili.<br />
amrigad, pasuxismgeblobis gansaxilveli saxis zogadi wesi mokled SeiZleba Semdegnairad<br />
CamovayaliboT: samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba daekisreba im pirs, vinc Tavisi<br />
moqmedebiT daarRvia valdebuleba an miayena ziani.<br />
pasuxismgebloba mesame piris moqmedebisaTvis. pasuxismgebloba sakuTari moqmedebisaTvis<br />
samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis zogadi wesia da ara imperatiuli moTxovna.<br />
marTalia, romis samarTali, mis sawyis periodSi mkacrad icavda princips _ aravis aqvs<br />
ufleba, mesame piris saxeliT dados garigeba, magram es principi maleve SeizRuda jer<br />
kidev 12 tabulis kanoniT da ganviTareba hpova monis mesakuTrisa da mamis xelisuflebis<br />
uflebamosilebebSi. romis samarTali farTo SesaZleblobas iZleoda, rom movalis<br />
26
mier nakisr valdebulebebze pasuxismgebloba fideiusors dakisreboda. iustinianes<br />
instituciebis mesame wignis XX titulSi vkiTxulobT: promisorebis 2 magier valdebulebas,<br />
Cveulebriv, sxvebi kisruloben, romlebsac fideiusorebs uwodeben. fideiusori<br />
yvela saxis valdebulebaSi SeiZleba arsebobdes – realurSi, verbalurSi, literalurSi<br />
da konsesualurSi. fideiusoris pasuxismgebloba SezRudulia da ar SeiZleba<br />
mas im promisorze ufro meti marTebdes, romlis Tavdebobac man ikisra. 3<br />
mesame piris pasuxismgeblobas awesebs romis samarTali maSinac, Tu mona mesakuTris,<br />
anu monaTmflobelis (an mamis Zalauflebis qveS myofi Svili mamis) brZanebiT dadebs<br />
garigebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, pretori monis mesakuTris (mamis) winaaRmdeg miscems sar-<br />
Cels da Sesabamisad, pasuxismgeblobac maT daekisrebaT, radgan xelSekrulebis amgvarad<br />
damdebi piri monis mesakuTris (mamis) mindobil pirad iTvleba.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, romis samarTali deliqturi magaliTebis simravliT gamoirCeva,<br />
romlebic pasuxismgebel pirad monis mesakuTres aRiarebda. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos,<br />
rom pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba xdeboda ara bralze miTiTebiT, aramed mesakuTris<br />
xelqveiTis mier Cadenili qmedebis gamo. Zveli romis sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri<br />
da politikuri cxovrebis Taviseburebaa, rom Tavisufali moqalaqe, monaTmflobeli,<br />
Tavis saqmianobas misi Zalauflebis qveS myofi pirebisa da monebis meSveobiT warmar-<br />
Tavda, isini, Tavisufali moqalaqeebi, maTi sruluflebiani mepatroneni iyvnen. swored<br />
es iyo safuZveli, rom xelqveiTTa mier Cadenil deliqtze pasuxismgeblobac maT ekisrebodaT.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa noqsaluri sarCelebi. iustinianes instituciebis<br />
meoTxe wignis VI I I titulis Tanaxmad, yvela noqsaluri sarCeli im piris winaaRmdeg<br />
aris mimarTuli, romlis xelisuflebasac samarTaldamrRvevi eqvemdebareba, radgan<br />
Tu samarTaldarRvevas Seni mona Caidens, maSin igi vidre Seni xelisuflebis qveS<br />
aris, sarCeli Sens winaaRmdeg iqneba wardgenili. noqsaluri sarCeli warmoiqmneba monis<br />
mier samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi. Tu magaliTad, monam qurdoba an qonebis<br />
Zarcva Caidina, an vinmes ziani, an Seuracxyofa miayena. noqsaluri sarCelis safuZvelze<br />
monis mesakuTres, rogorc pasuxismgebel pirs, ufleba eZleva miyenebuli zianis Rirebuleba<br />
gadaixados an zianis mimyenebeli mona dazaralebuls sakuTrebaSi gadasces.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, monis moqmedebisaTvis pasuxismgebloba ki, ekisreba monaTmflobels,<br />
magram mis braleulobaze araferia naTqvami.<br />
Tanamedrove mravalferovani samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi brunvis pirobebSi faqtobrivad,<br />
SeuZlebelia mkacrad davicvaT principi _ `aravis aqvs ufleba mesame piris saxeliT<br />
dados garigeba~ an `is, vinc ar monawileobs valdebulebiT urTierTobaSi, ar<br />
SeuZlia iyos kreditori an movale.~ amitom ukve franguli samoqalaqo kodeqsi farTod<br />
gamoiyenebs pasuxismgeblobas mesame piris qmedebisaTvis. kodeqsis 1384-e muxliT<br />
pasuxismgebloba wesdeba mesame piris moqmedebiT gamowveuli zianisaTvis im piris mimarT,<br />
visac evaleba samarTaldamrRvevis qmedebebze zedamxedvelobis ganxorcieleba.<br />
germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsi sxvisi moqmedebiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis<br />
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs ufro detalurad ganixilavs. calke normebiT regulirdeba<br />
suliT avadmyofobisa da asakis gamo qmeduunaro pirebis mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis<br />
pasuxismgebloba. Tu franguli samoqalaqo kodeqsi cxovelisa da uZravi nivTiT<br />
27
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
gamowveuli zianisaTvis calsaxad yovelTvis maT mesakuTres akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas,<br />
germanul samoqalaqo kodeqsSi aseTi pasuxismgebloba gadanawilebulia mesakuTres,<br />
mflobelsa da calkeul SemTxvevaSi, momvlelebs (zedamxedvelebs) Soris.<br />
pasuxismgebloba mesame piris moqmedebisaTvis saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi.<br />
mesame piris moqmedebiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis pasuximgeblobas iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 396-e muxli. masSi naTqvamia, rom `movalem Tavisi kanonieri<br />
warmomadgenlis da im pirTa moqmedebisaTvis, romelTac igi iyenebs sakuTar valdebulebaTa<br />
Sesasruleblad, iseTive moculobiT unda agos pasuxi, rogorc sakuTari braleuli<br />
moqmedebis dros.~ dasaxelebuli norma gansazRvravs im mesame pirTa wres, visi<br />
moqmedebebiTac warmoiSoba pasuxismgebloba. esenia, kanonieri warmomadgenlebi da<br />
pirebi, romlebsac garkveuli valdebulebis Sesruleba xelSekrulebiT aqvT dakisrebuli.<br />
saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi sxvisi moqmedebiT gamowveuli pasuxismgeblobis urTierTobebSi<br />
monawile mesame pirebi, romelTa moqmedebamac SeiZleba gamoiwvios samoqalaqo<br />
pasuxismgebloba _ or jgufad SeiZleba davyoT. pirvels miekuTvneba piri, romelic<br />
kanonieri warmomadgenlobis safuZvelze moqmedebs, xolo meore jgufs miekuTvneba<br />
piri, romelic warmomadgenlobiT uflebamosilebas davalebis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze<br />
axorcielebs. am urTierTobebs saerTo aqvT is, rom mSoblebi, rogorc Svid<br />
wlamde asakis bavSvebis kanonieri warmomadgenlebi, qmeduunaro pirebis meurveebi da<br />
davalebis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze rwmunebulebi, orive warmomadgenlobiT uflebamosilebas<br />
axorcieleben. mSoblebi da meurveebi kanonis safuZvelze axorcieleben<br />
warmomadgenlobas da maT kanonieri warmomadgenlebi ewodebaT, xolo davalebis<br />
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze ganxorcielebul qmedebas saxelSekrulebo warmomadgenloba<br />
ewodeba. warmomadgenlobis Taviseburebaa, rom warmomadgeneli sakuTari nebis<br />
gamoxatviT, warmodgenilis saxeliTa da xarjiT, misi interesebisaTvis debs garigebas<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-12, 709-e, 1198-e, 1293-e muxlebis safuZvelze. me-12, 1198-e<br />
muxlebis Tanaxmad, mSoblebi Tavisi arasrulwlovani Svilebis kanonieri warmomadgenlebi<br />
arian da gansakuTrebuli rwmunebulebis gareSe gamodian maTi uflebebisa da<br />
interesebis dasacavad mesame pirebTan urTierTobaSi. aseTive uflebamosileba vrceldeba<br />
kodeqsis 1293-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul meurveebze da maT saqmianobaze. rac<br />
Seexeba saxelSekrulebo warmomadgenlobas, misi legaluri definiciidan (kodeqsis 709-<br />
e muxli) irkveva, rom davalebis xelSekrulebiT rwmunebuli valdebulia Seasrulos<br />
misTvis davalebuli moqmedeba marwmuneblis saxeliTa da xarjze.<br />
kanonieri warmomadgenlobis safuZvlebi samoqalaqo kodeqsiT aris dadgenili da<br />
dakavSirebulia piris qmedunarianobasTan. kodeqsis me-12 muxli Svid wlamde asakis<br />
arasrulwlovans (mcirewlovans) qmeduunarod miiCnevs. qmeduunarod aris miCneuli<br />
aseve piri, romelic Wkuasustobis an suliT avadmyofobis gamo sasamarTlos mier qmeduunarod<br />
iqneba aRiarebuli. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom dasaxelebuli pirebi moklebulni<br />
arian unars Tavisi nebiTa da moqmedebiT ganaxorcielon samoqalaqo uflebebi<br />
da movaleobebi, samoqalaqo urTierTobebSi uSualod ar monawileoben. am pirebis<br />
uflebebs ganaxorcieleben maTi kanonieri warmomadgenlebi – mSoblebi an meurve,<br />
28
omlebic qmeduunaro piris saxeliT dadeben garigebebs, garigebis Sedegad warmoSobil<br />
uflebebsa da movaleobebs ki, qmeduunaro piri SeiZens. 4<br />
orive SemTxvevaSi, rogorc kanoniT, ise saxelSekrulebo warmomadgenlobiT ur-<br />
TierTobebSi warmomadgenlis moqmedebiT gamowveuli zianisaTvis warmodgenilis pasuxismgebloba<br />
imiT unda aixsnas, rom warmomadgeneli warmodgenilis saxeliTa da xarjiT<br />
moqmedebs misive uflebebisa da interesebis dasacavad, garigebis Sedegad uflebebi<br />
da movaleobebic mas warmoeSoba (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 104-e muxli) da Sesabamisad, uaryofiTi<br />
SedegebisaTvis riski warmodgenilis mxarezea. amitom, samoqalaqo kodeqsis<br />
396-e muxli warmomadgenlis moqmedebiT gamowveul uaryofiT Sedegebze pasuxismgeblobas<br />
warmodgenil pirs akisrebs.<br />
mesame piris moqmedebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisas, aucilebelia, braleulobis<br />
sakiTxis dadgenac. calkeul SemTxvevebSi, warmodgenili piri pasuxs agebs mesame<br />
piris moqmedebisaTvis, rogorc sakuTari bralisaTvis. sxva SemTxvevaSi, is pasuxs<br />
agebs mesame piris moqmedebisaTvis, magram ara sakuTari bralisaTvis. mesame piris moqmedebisaTvis<br />
pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisaTvis braleulobis sakiTxis gadawyvetas is<br />
mniSvneloba unda mieniWos, rom mesame piris moqmedebisaTvis, magram sakuTari bralisaTvis<br />
pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis SemTxvevaSi, warmodgenils regresuli moTxovnisaTvis<br />
sarCelis ufleba ar unda mieces. sxva SemTxvevaSi, mesame piris moqmedebisa<br />
da misive bralisaTvis warmodgenilisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba safuZvels<br />
iZleva am ukanasknelma braleuli pirisagan regresis wesiT moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba.<br />
dabolos, Tanamedrove samoqalaqo samarTali iseT SemTxvevebsac icnobs, roca<br />
romis samarTlis msgavsad, subsidialuri pasuxismgeblobis dros, mSobels arasrulwlovani<br />
Svilis braleuli moqmedebisaTvis daekisreba pasuxismgebloba, magram<br />
regresis wesiT zianis anazRaurebis ufleba ar gaaCnia, an pasuxismgebloba daekisreba<br />
bralis gareSe.<br />
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, Tu rodis agebs<br />
pasuxs marwmunebeli Tavisi bralisaTvis da rodis _ mesame piris bralisaTvis. rogorc<br />
ukve iTqva, kanonier warmomadgenlobasTan maSin gvaqvs saqme, roca pirs ar miuRwevia<br />
Svidi wlis asakisaTvis an Wkuasustobis, an suliT avadmyofobis gamo sasamarTlos<br />
mier aRiarebulia qmeduunarod. bunebrivia, aseTi piri moklebulia SesaZleblobas,<br />
TviTon airCios warmomadgeneli da ramdenadac qmeduunaro piri misi kanonieri warmomadgenlis<br />
arCevaSi monawileobas ar Rebulobs, amitom warmomadgenlis mier mesame<br />
pirisaTvis zianis miyenebaSi warmodgenils brali ar miuZRvis. is pasuxs agebs warmomadgenlis<br />
moqmedebisa da misive bralisaTvis. Sesabamisad, qmeduunaro pirs misi<br />
kanonieri wamomadgenlis mimarT warmoeSoba ufleba regresis wesiT moiTxovos zianis<br />
anazRaureba. magaliTad, Tu mcirewlovanis kanonieri warmomadgenlis (dedis) braleuli<br />
qmedebiT mesame pirs miadga ziani, rac warmodgenilis (mcirewlovani Svilis) qonebiT<br />
iqna anazRaurebuli, am ukanasknelis meore kanonieri warmomadgenlis _ mamis meSveobiT<br />
regresis wesiT SeiZleba moTxovnili iyos zianis anazRaureba.<br />
sxva SemTxvevaSi, rodesac meurve meurveobaSi myofi piris sacxovrebel saxls gaaqiravebs,<br />
qiravnobis xelSekrulebiT miRebul Semosavalze sakuTrebis ufleba war-<br />
29
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
modgenils (meurveobaSi myof pirs) warmoeSoba. amitom, amave xelSekrulebiT gamowveul<br />
uaryofiT Sedegebze pasuxismgeblobac mas ekisreba. amasTan, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom<br />
mcirewlovanisaTvis meurvis daniSvnaSi TviTon mcirewlovani ar monawileobs da misi<br />
nebis gareSe xdeba misTvis meurvis amorCeva da daniSvna, meurvis braleul moqmedebas<br />
meurveobaSi myof pirs ver SevracxavT. amitom, meurvis marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebiT<br />
gamowveuli zianisaTvis warmodgenili pasuxs agebs meurvis braleuli moqmedebisaTvis<br />
da Sesabamisad, regresis uflebac saxeze gveqneba.<br />
gansxvavebul mdgomareobasTan gvaqvs saqme saxelSekrulebo warmomadgenlobiT<br />
urTierTobebSi. amjeradac, marTalia, rwmunebulis moqmedebisaTvis pasuxismgebloba<br />
marwmunebels ekisreba, magram kanonieri warmomadgenlobisagan gansxvavebiT, misive bralisaTvis.<br />
marwmuneblis brali amjerad imaSi vlindeba, rom man Tavis droze warmomadgenlis<br />
SerCevisas ver gansazRvra am ukanasknelis SesaZleblobebi, kvalifikacia da<br />
sxva monacemebi, rac davalebis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul valdebulebaTa jerovan<br />
Sesrulebas uzrunvelyofda. amitom warmomadgenlis mimarT mas regresis ufleba<br />
ar warmoeSoba. gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos isic, rom uaryofiTi SedegebisaTvis calsaxad<br />
marwmuneblisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dadgena ar iqneboda swori. aseT SemTxvevaSi,<br />
kanoni xels Seuwyobda rwmunebuls valdebulebis keTilsindisierad Sesrulebis<br />
movaleobis ugulebelyofas. samarTlianobis principidan gamomdinarec ar iqneba<br />
swori, rwmunebulis ganzraxi moqmedebiT an marwmunebulis miTiTebebis sawinaaRmdegod<br />
ganxorcielebuli moqmedebidan warmoSobili zianis anazRaurebis pasuxismgeblobac<br />
marwmunebels daekisros.<br />
saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi sxvisi moqmedebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis subieqtTa<br />
meore jgufs miekuTvneba uSualod xelSekrulebis monawile mxareebi, magram ara is<br />
mxareebi, romelTa moqmedebamac gamoiwvia pasuxismgebloba. aq mesame piris saxiT, romlis<br />
moqmedebamac warmoSva pasuxismgebloba, kreditorTan raime samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi<br />
ar imyofeba, amitom kreditori uflebamosilia, saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis<br />
Seusruleblobis an arajerovani SesrulebisaTvis moTxovnebi Tavis movales<br />
wauyenos da ara mesame pirs. am SemTxvevaSi, kreditoris winaSe movale pasuxs agebs<br />
mesame piris mier xelSekrulebis Seusruleblobis an arajerovani SesrulebisaTvis.<br />
aseTi pasuxismgeblobis mkafio magaliTia samoqalaqo kodeqsis 632-e muxli. saerTo<br />
wesis mixedviT, menardem piradad unda Seasrulos xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
samuSao; magram xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac samuSaos moculobis, sirTulis, specifikis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT menarde ver SeZlebs yvela samuSaos Sesrulebas. amitom kodeqsis 632-e<br />
muxli SesaZleblobas iZleva menardem garkveuli samuSaoebis Sesruleba sxvas mi<strong>and</strong>os.<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi, ukve praqtikaSi damkvidrebuli terminebis mixedviT, saqme gveqneba<br />
generalur menardesTan da qvemenardesTan, magram SemkveTis mimarT maTi samarTlebrivi<br />
damokidebuleba gansxvavebulia. qvemenardesa da SemkveTs Soris raime samarTlebrivi<br />
urTierToba ar warmoiSoba. menardesa da qvemenardes Soris dadebuli e.w. qvenardobis<br />
xelSekrulebiT qvemenarde generaluri menardis winaSea pasuxismgebeli, xolo generaluri<br />
menarde SemkveTis winaSe pasuxs agebs rogorc uSualod mis mier Sesrulebuli<br />
samuSaosaTvis, ise mesame piris _ qvemenardis mier valdebulebis Seusruleblobis an<br />
30
arajerovani SesrulebisaTvis. gansxvaveba am or moments Soris aris is, rom pirvel<br />
SemTxvevaSi, menarde sakuTari braleuli moqmedebisaTvis agebs pasuxs, meore SemTxvevaSi<br />
ki _ qvemenardis bralisaTvis. amitom kreditoris (SemkveTis) dakmayofilebis Semdeg<br />
generaluri menarde uflebamosilia regresis wesiT qvemenardes mosTxovos zianis<br />
anazRaureba.<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsi icnobs mesame piris braleuli moqmedebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis<br />
sxva SemTxvevebsac. ase magaliTad, 686-e muxlis mesame nawilSi naTqvamia, rom<br />
pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis mizniT gadamzidvels ar SeuZlia miuTiTos arc<br />
gadazidvisaTvis gamoyenebuli satransporto saSualebis naklze da arc am saSualebis<br />
gamqiraveblis an damqiraveblis momsaxure personalis bralze. es ki metyvelebs, rom<br />
Tu daqiravebuli satransporto saSualeba aRmoCnda nakliani, ramac gamoiwvia uaryofiTi<br />
Sedegi, pasuxismgebloba ara satransporto saSualebis gamqiravebels, aramed misi,<br />
rogorc mesame piris bralisaTvis pasuxismgebloba gadamzidvels daekisreba. amitom<br />
zianis anazRaurebis SemTxvevaSi gadamzidveli uflebamosilia regresis wesiT misTvis<br />
miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba satransporto saSualebis gamqiravebels mosTxovos.<br />
mesame piris moqmedebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis Tavisebur magaliTs warmoadgens<br />
notariusis pasuxismgebloba notariusis Semcvlelis ukanono moqmedebiT gamowveuli<br />
zianisaTvis. `notariatis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, notariusi uflebamosilia<br />
samuSaoze aryofnis droisaTvis, saqarTvelos notariusTa palatasTan SeTanxmebiT,<br />
daniSnos misi Semcvleli piri. notariusi valdebulia Semcvlel pirTan gaaformos<br />
xelSekruleba. amave xelSekrulebaSi notariusma unda gansazRvros notariusis SemcvlelisaTvis<br />
Sromis anazRaurebis odenoba. yovelive es qmnis erTgvar gaurkvevlobas,<br />
Tu ra saxis pasuxismgeblobas gamoiwvevs notariusis Semcvlelis ukanono moqmedebiT<br />
damdgari ziani _ mesame piris moqmedebisaTvis, Tu muSakis mier samsaxurebrivi movaleobis<br />
SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT. muSakis mier samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas<br />
mesame pirisaTvis zianis miyenebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis Tavisebureba is aris,<br />
rom muSaki samsaxurebriv movaleobas SromiTi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze asrulebs<br />
damsaqmeblis saxeliT. notariusis Semcvleli ki, sanotaro moqmedebebs asrulebs notariusTan<br />
dadebuli samoqalaqo xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, Tavisi saxeliT. damsaqmeblisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT sanotaro biuro ar aris iuridiuli piri da arc notariusia<br />
individualuri mewarme. damsaqmebeli misi muSakis qmedebisaTvis pasuxs agebs, rogorc<br />
sakuTari moqmedebisa da bralisaTvis da amitom mas regresiT zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis<br />
ufleba ara aqvs. rac Seexeba notariuss, dasaxelebuli kanonis 26-e muxlis safuZvelze,<br />
ufleba aqvs notariusis Semcvlels regresis wesiT mosTxovos miyenebuli<br />
zianis anazRaureba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, notariusis pasuxismgebloba notariusis<br />
Semcvlelis marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis miekuTvneba<br />
pasuxismgeblobas mesame piris moqmedebisaTvis, rac gaTvaliswinebulia samoqalaqo<br />
kodeqsis 396-e muxliT.<br />
pasuxismgebloba mesame piris moqmedebisaTvis deliqtur urTierTobebSi. saqar-<br />
Tvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 396-e muxlis Sesaxeb saubrisas, kidev erTxel unda davazustoT,<br />
rom igi exeba pasuxismgeblobas mesame piris moqmedebisaTvis saxelSekrulebo<br />
31
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
urTierTobebSi. is ar unda gavaigivoT kodeqsis 994-e muxlTan. kanonmdebels aq mxedvelobaSi<br />
aqvs arasrulwlovanis marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebiT (deliqtiT) miyenebuli<br />
zianisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba arasrulwlovanis kanonieri warmomadgenlebisaTvis,<br />
maSin rodesac kodeqsis 396-e muxli piriqiT _ saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi<br />
kanonieri warmomadgenlis qmedebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobas warmodgenils _ qmeduunaro<br />
pirs akisrebs.<br />
samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisaTvis upirvelesad saWiroa gavarkvioT,<br />
aris Tu ara piri deliqtunariani. sxvadasxva qveynis samoqalaqo kodeqsebi deliqtunarianobas<br />
sxvadasxvanairad wyvets. magaliTad, safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis<br />
mixedviT, fizikuri piris deliqtunarianoba da qmedunarianoba erTdroulad, Tvrameti<br />
wlis, anu srulwlovanebis miRwevidan warmoiSoba. safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis<br />
1384-e muxliT mSoblebi, ramdenadac isini aRmzrdelobiT uflebamosilebas axorcieleben,<br />
solidarulad ageben pasuxs maTTan mcxovrebi arasrulwlovani Svilebis mier<br />
miyenebuli zianisaTvis. amave kodeqsis 388-e muxlis Tanaxmad ki, arasrulwlovanad<br />
iTvleba piri, romelsac Tvrameti wlis asakisaTvis ar miuRwevia. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT,<br />
rom 1974 wels samoqalaqo kodeqsis 388-e muxlSi ganxorcielebul cvlilebamde<br />
srulwlovaneba da Sesabamisad, sruli qmedunarianoba da deliqtunarianoba 21 wlis<br />
asakidan warmoiSoboda. deliqtunarianobis warmoSobis kriteriumebis srulyofilebiT<br />
gamoirCeva germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi. kodeqsis 828-e paragrafi Svid wlamde asakis<br />
bavSvs calsaxad deliqtuunarod miiCnevs, xolo Svididan Tvramet wlamde asakis arasrulwlovanis<br />
deliqtunarianad cnobisaTvis kanoni individualur midgomas moiTxovs.<br />
kerZod, 828-e paragrafSi naTqvamia _ is, vinc miaRwia Svidi wlis asaks, magram jer Tvrameti<br />
wlis ar Sesrulebula, pasuxs ar agebs miyenebuli zianisaTvis, Tu marTlsawinaaRmdego<br />
moqmedebis Cadenis droisaTvis ar SeeZlo Tavisi moqmedebis mniSvnelobis<br />
Secnoba. dabolos, ruseTis federaciis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1073-e muxlis Tanaxmad,<br />
fizikuri piris deliqtunarianoba warmoiSoba 14 wlis asakidan.<br />
nebiT Tu uneblieT, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir Zveli qarTuli samarTlis gamoZaxilia<br />
moqmedi samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gansazRvruli deliqtunarianobis ZiriTadi niSnebi. vaxtang<br />
meeqvsis samarTlis wignis 187-e muxlSi vkiTxulobT: `aTs wlamdis ymawvilis<br />
naqnaris rasac feris saqmisa, avis kacis naqnars, avs saqmesTan ar Caigdebis. Tavis tols<br />
uzams Tu ufross, ymawvilobiT da uWkuobiT uqnia, safaTerakosaviT aris; misman mSobelman,<br />
misis ymawvilobisagan mkvdars samarxi misces, da daWrilsa da dasneulebuls<br />
saaqimo misces. sxvas veras Seua.~ 5 qarTuli samoqalaqo samarTali erT adgilas ar<br />
gaCerebula. moqmedma samoqalaqo kodeqsma fizikuri piris deliqtunarianobis warmo-<br />
SobisaTvis germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis modeli airCia. am modeliT rogorc vnaxeT,<br />
kanoni piris deliqtunarianad cnobis moments or periodad yofs. qarTuli samoqalaqo<br />
kodeqsis 994-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, pirveli periodi moicavs piris aT<br />
wlamde asaks, roca igi calsaxad deliqtuunarod aris miCneuli, meore periodi iwyeba<br />
aTi wlidan da mTavrdeba piris Tvrameti wlis Sesrulebamde. Tavisebureba meore periodis<br />
yoveli calkeuli samarTaldamrRvevis individualizaciaa. rac niSnavs, rom aT<br />
welze meti asakis, magram arasrulwlovanis deliqtunarianobis dadgenisaTvis unda<br />
32
gairkves, samarTaldamrRvevs zianis miyenebisas SeeZlo Tu ara misi moqmedebis mniSvnelobis<br />
gageba. qmedunarianobis msgavsad, deliqtunarianoba dakavSirebulia piris<br />
janmrTelobasTanac. piri, romelic Wkuasustobis an suliT avadmyofobis gamo sasamarTlos<br />
mier qmeduunarod aris aRiarebuli da marTlsawinaaRmdegod zians miayenebs<br />
sxvas, mas zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba ar ekisreba. deliqtuunarod miiCneva aseve,<br />
piri, romelic droebiT ugono an sulieri moSlilobis mdgomareobaSi yofnisas miayenebs<br />
mesame pirs zians. aseTi piri pasuxismgeblobisagan ar gaTavisufldeba Tu aseT<br />
mdgomareobaSi TviTon Caiyena Tavi alkoholuri sasmelis an msgavsi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
deliqtuunaro piri pasuxs ar agebs im zianisaTvis, rac man sxvas miayena. magram es<br />
sulac ar niSnavs, rom deliqtuunaro piris mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis pasuxi aravin<br />
agos. deliqtuunaro piris mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis pasuxs ageben mSoblebi da<br />
deliqtuunaroze meTvalyureobis valdebuli pirebi. mecnier iuristTa Soris aTeuli<br />
wlebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs dava, mocemul SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba dadgeba<br />
mesame piris _ arasrulwlovanis bralisaTvis Tu warmomadgenlis sakuTari bralisaTvis.<br />
profesori Salva CikvaSvili meore pozicias iziarebs da amtkicebs, rom `mSoblebi<br />
da meTvalyureobaze valdebuli pirebi zianisaTvis damoukideblad ageben pasuxs da<br />
ara sxvisi bralisaTvis~ da rom ‘mSoblis da meurvis (mzrunvelis) brali gamoixateba<br />
imaSi, rom maT zedamxedvelobis gareSe datoves bavSvi zianis miyenebis momentSi, aseve,<br />
Svilebis (sameurveo pirebis) cudad aRzrdaSi. 6<br />
mSoblis braleuli moqmedeba Svilis zedamxedvelobis gareSe datovebisa da cudi<br />
aRzrdis Sesaxeb mraval kiTxvas badebs. arasrulwlovanis gaukontrolebeli qceva,<br />
cudi aRzrda SeiZleba calkeul SemTxvevebSi marTlac, mizezobriv kavSirSi iyos arasrulwlovanis<br />
moqmedebiT gamowveul zianTan, magram ra vqnaT, Tu mSobelma yvelaferi<br />
gaakeTa Svilis kargi aRzrdisaTvis, magram arasrulwlovanma marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebiT<br />
ziani mainc miayena sxvas? braleulobis principidan gamomdinare _ ar arsebobs<br />
pasuxismgebloba bralis gareSe, logikuri iqneboda Tu mSobels, rogorc arabraleul<br />
pirs gavaTavisuflebT pasuxismgeblobidan, magram mSobeli arasrulwlovani Svilebis<br />
moqmedebisaTvis qonebrivi xasiaTis pasuxismgeblobas didi xania mieCvia. es dRev<strong>and</strong>eli<br />
socialuri cxovrebis ganuyofeli movlenaa da mSoblebi mas ar `aprotesteben~. maTTvis<br />
ufro miuRebeli da mtkivneulia Svilis mier uRirsi saqcielis Cadena da sayveduri<br />
maTi misamarTiT, rom cudi Svili aRzardes. amitom samoqalaqo kodeqsis 994-e muxlis<br />
ganxilvisas, es unda gaviTvaliswinoT. amiT konkretulad imis Tqma gvinda, rom CvenTvis<br />
miuRebelia Svilis cudad aRzrdis esoden didi tvirTi mSobels davakisroT faqtobrivad<br />
yovelgvari Semowmebis gareSe; magram ra Tqma unda, es xels ar gviSlis arasrulwlovanis<br />
qmedebiT warmoSobili zianisaTvis pasuxismgebloba mSobels davakisroT.<br />
bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis aseT Semadgenlobas jer kidev, romis samarTali icnobda.<br />
mamis xelisuflebis qveS myofi piris, aseve, monis aramarTlzomieri moqmedebiT<br />
warmoSobili zianisaTvis pasuxismgebloba mamas da monis mepatrones (monaTmflobels)<br />
ekisreboda maT braleulobaze miTiTiTebis gareSe. deliqtuunaro piris aramarTlzomieri<br />
moqmedebisaTvis mSoblisaTvis (meurvisaTvis) pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba maTive<br />
33
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
bralisaTvis XIX-XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi germaniaSi, safrangeTsa da saerTo samar-<br />
Tlis qveynebSi gabatonebuli bralis principis gavlenis Sedegi unda iyos. am periodisaTvis<br />
bralis principis aqtiur gamoyenebas mecnierebi inglisur-amerikul socialur<br />
darvinizms ukavSireben. 7<br />
Cvens saamayod unda iTqvas, rom jer kidev, vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wigniT aTi wlis<br />
asaks miuRweveli arasrulwlovanis marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis<br />
misi mSobeli pasuxs agebda bralze miTiTebis gareSe. 8<br />
arasrulwlovanis qmedebiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis mSoblis pasuxismgebloba saku-<br />
Tari bralisaTvis farTod iyo danergili sabWoTa samoqalaqo kodeqsebiT (ix.: mag.,<br />
saqarTvelos ssr 1964 wlis samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsis 464-e muxli), rac socialisturi<br />
cxovrebis wesebisa da darvinizmis xelovnuri SerCevis meTodiT axali adamianis<br />
aRzrdisa da Camoyalibebis Tavisebur ideologias warmoadgenda. vfiqrobT, analogiuri<br />
midgomiT xasiaTdeba dRes ruseTis federaciis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1073-e muxli.<br />
masSi naTqvamia, rom ToTxmet wlamde asakis arasrulwlovanis mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis<br />
pasuxs ageben maTi mSoblebi (meurveebi) Tu ver daamtkiceben, rom ziani maTi<br />
braliT ar aris miyenebuli. anu kanoni uSvebs SesaZleblobas, rom arasrulwlovanis<br />
mier miyenebuli ziani misi mSoblis (meurvis) braleul moqmedebaze iyos damokidebuli.<br />
amgvari braleuli qmedeba ki, unda gamovlindes cud aRzrdaSi da arasrulwlovanze<br />
saTanado zedamxedvelobis ganuxorcieleblobaSi. 9<br />
saqarTvelos 1997 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsma Tavi daaRwia amgvar ideologiur wnexs.<br />
kodeqsis 994-e muxliT, axla ukve arasrulwlovanis marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebiT<br />
miyenebuli zianisaTvis meTvalyureobaze valdebuli piris (mSoblis) pasuxismgebloba<br />
gamoiricxeba, Tu maT ar SeeZloT zianis Tavidan acileba. rogorc vxedavT, aq saubaria<br />
ara bralze, aramed _ SemTxveviTobaze. magaliTad, roca meTvalyureobaze valdebulma<br />
pirma (mSobelma) avadmyofobis gamo ver SeZlo zianis Tavidan acileba. saqarTvelos<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsma romis samarTliseuli modeli airCia, romelic aseve, miesadageba<br />
vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wigniT ganmtkicebul princips, roca mSobeli misi deliqtuunaro<br />
Svilis moqmedebisaTvis faqtobrivad bralis gareSe agebs pasuxs. amitom vfiqrobT,<br />
profesor S. CikvaSvilis zemoaRniSnuli debuleba ruseTis samoqalaqo kodeqss<br />
ufro miesadageba, vidre _ saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqss.<br />
dazRvevis xelSekruleba, rogorc pasuxismgebloba mesame piris moqmedebisaTvis.<br />
samoqalaqo samarTlis mecnierebaSi aqtiurad ganixileba sakiTxi pasuxismgeblobaSi<br />
sadazRvevo urTierTobis mniSvnelobis Taobaze. o. iofe da m. Sargorodski<br />
miiCneven, rom upirvelesad, pasuxismgebloba aris sanqcia samarTaldarRvevisaTvis,<br />
amitom mcdaria mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb TiTqos sadazRvevo SemTxvevis dadgomiT gamowveuli<br />
zianis mzRvevelis mier anazRaureba misi pasuxismgeblobaa. 10 arsebobs aRniSnuli<br />
mosazrebis sapirispiro poziciac, 11 rasac ufro veTanxmebiT, radgan piri, romelic<br />
xelSekrulebiT kisrulobs valdebulebas an kanoniT evaleba sxvisi braleuli moqmedebiT<br />
miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba, mis moqmedebasa da damdgar Sedegs Soris mizezobrivi<br />
kavSiris, bralis niSnebisa da mis qmedebaSi samarTaldarRvevis ararsebobis<br />
miuxedavad, igi pasuxismgebel pirad unda iyos miCneuli. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
34
o. iofesa da m. Sargorodskis princips gavyvebiT _ ar arsebobs pasuxismgebloba samar-<br />
TaldarRvevis gareSe _ aseTive warmatebiT SegviZlia vamtkicoT Cvens mier zemoT<br />
motanil magaliTze, rom qvemenardis braleuli moqmedebiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis<br />
pasuxismgebloba SemkveTis winaSe generalur menardes ar ekisreba, radgan ziani<br />
am ukanasknelis aramarTlzomieri moqmedebiT ar yofila gamowveuli. amitom notariusis<br />
samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis (igive avtomflobelis samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis)<br />
dazRvevis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sadazRvevo SemTxveviT gamowveuli<br />
zianis mzRvevelis mier anazRaureba sxva araferia, Tu ara am ukanasknelis mier notariusis<br />
nacvlad pasuxismgeblobiT Tavisi Tavis SeboWva. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mivi-<br />
RebT, rom notariusis samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevis magaliTidan gamomdinare,<br />
sanotaro moqmedebis procesSi klientisaTvis miyenebuli ziani anazRaurdeba,<br />
magram ise, rom pasuxismgebeli subieqti ar gvyavs, rac aradamajerebeli da SeuZlebelia.<br />
mas Semdeg rac gavarkvieT, rom sadazRvevo SemTxveviT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba<br />
mzRvevelis pasuxismgeblobaa, axla saWiroa ganvsazRvroT misi braleulobis<br />
sakiTxi. aq ori momenti iqcevs yuradRebas. Tu zianis miyenebis wyaro xelSekrulebis<br />
subieqtia, magaliTad, rogorc es Cvens mier zemoT motanil notariusis samoqalaqo<br />
pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevasTan gvaqvs saqme, miCneuli unda iyos, rom mzRveveli pasuxs<br />
agebs sakuTari bralisaTvis, radgan xelSekrulebiT TviTon SeiboWa ufleba, radgan<br />
notariusis aramarTlzomieri moqmedebisaTvis ikisra pasuxismgebloba. aseTive wesi<br />
unda gavrceldes maSinac, roca zianis gamomwvevi, anu sadazRvevo SemTxvevis wyaro<br />
aris buneba _ wyaldidoba, miwisZvra, gvalva da a.S. sxva SemTxvevasTan gveqneba saqme,<br />
roca sadazRvevo SemTxvevis wyaro sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis ara monawile subieqtia.<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi, mzRvevels pasuxismgebloba daekisreba mesame piris moqmedebisa da<br />
bralisaTvis. magaliTad, rodesac sadazRvevo kompaniis mier dazRveul avtomanqanas<br />
gareSe piri daazianebs, mzRveveli damzRvevs zians aunazRaurebs da Tavis mxriv,<br />
regresis wesiT mesame pirs mosTxovs zianis anazRaurebas. pirveli SemTxvevisaTvis ki,<br />
mzRveveli notariusis mimarT regresis uflebas ver moipovebs.<br />
35
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
romis samarTlis Zeglebi, iustinianes instituciebi, profesor<br />
nugzar surgulaZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 214, 217.<br />
2<br />
promisori _ piri, romelic verbaluri an literaluri formiT<br />
kisrulobs raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas.<br />
3<br />
romis samarTlis Zeglebi, iustinianes instituciebi, Tbilisi,<br />
2002, gv. 182-183.<br />
4<br />
winamdebare naSromSi Cven ar ganvixilavT SezRuduli qmedunariani<br />
pirebis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs, radgan samoqalaqo samarTali<br />
maTTvis pasuxismgeblobis gansxvavebul reJims adgens.<br />
5<br />
vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wigni, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada Tina<br />
enuqiZem, Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 96.<br />
6<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe,<br />
tomi I I , avtorTa koleqtivi, mTavari redaqtori lado Wanturia,<br />
Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 393.<br />
7<br />
konrad cvaigerti, hain kotci, SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis<br />
Sesavali kerZo samarTlis sferoSi, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 338.<br />
8<br />
vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wigni, Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 96.<br />
9<br />
Êîììåíòàðèé ê ãðàæäàíñêîìó êîäåêñó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè,<br />
÷àñòü âòîðàÿ, Ìîñêâà. 1999, ñòð. 680.<br />
10<br />
Î. Èîôôå, Ì. Øàðãîðîäñêèé, Âîïðîñû òåîðèè ïðàâà, Ìîñêâà,<br />
1961, ñòð. 314 è äð. "Îòâåòñòâåííîñòü åñòü ïðåæäå âñåãî ñàíêöèÿ çà<br />
ïðàâîíàðóøåíèå, ïîýòîìó îøèáî÷íî óòâåðæäåíèå, ÷òî ñòðàõîâùèê<br />
íåñåò îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà óáûòêè âûçâàííûå íàñòóïëåíèåì<br />
ñòðàõîâîãî ñëó÷àÿ".<br />
11<br />
ix.: Âèòîëüä Âàðêàëëî, Îá îòâåòñòâåííîñòè ïî ãðàæäàíñêîìó<br />
ïðàâó, Ìîñêâà, 1978, ñòð. 116.<br />
36
LIABILITY FOR THE OWN<br />
ACTIONS AND ACTIONS OF<br />
THE THIRD PERSONS<br />
TEA SUKHITASHVILI<br />
The PHD Student of the <strong>Law</strong> Faculty<br />
of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
Civil liabilities should be divided in accordance with the certain criteria,<br />
depending on the aim. There is difference in contractual <strong>and</strong> non contractual<br />
liability according to the grounds of their origin <strong>and</strong> according to its<br />
distribution (subsidiary <strong>and</strong> solidary) important type of liability is the one<br />
for own action <strong>and</strong> actions of the third persons. Liability for the own action<br />
is a very general rule <strong>and</strong> is based on the principle of guilt, which implies –<br />
there is no liability without the guilt. However, this does not mean that action,<br />
that has violated the right of the damaged, was committed by the responsible<br />
person. In practice, <strong>and</strong> not only, it is important to analyze liability for the<br />
action of the third persons. Presented article focuses on that.<br />
In modern environment of diversified civil relations, it is practically<br />
impossible to strictly follow the principle – “no one is entitled to sign an<br />
agreement on behalf of a third person” or “a person may not be a debtor or a<br />
creditor if he / she does not participate in m<strong>and</strong>atory relations”. Bearing in<br />
mind, these circumstances, we tried to provide a comprehensive overview<br />
of the liability for third persons’ actions in contractual relations <strong>and</strong> liability<br />
for third persons’ actions in delict relations; We have split these two <strong>and</strong><br />
described their peculiarities.<br />
We consider especially important section of the article where we discuss<br />
the issue of guilt in relation with the liability for the action of the third persons.<br />
In certain cases, a person is kept liable for the actions of the third persons, or<br />
for the own guilt, or the guilt of a third party, that did not cause disputes in<br />
scientific literature so far. Defining issue of guilt also has another meaning.<br />
We believe that, in case of imposing liability for the for the action of the<br />
third persons, but he own guilt, respondent should not be granted the right of<br />
regressive request complaint, otherwise, imposing liability of the respondent<br />
provides grounds that the latter asks for the reimbursement from the guilty<br />
person through the regressive rule.<br />
37
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
ijaris xelSekruleba ideba rogorc sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
daniSnulebis miwis nakveTebze, ise arasasoflo-sameurneo<br />
daniSnulebis miwaze, agreTve, sxvadasxva Senobanagebobebis<br />
sargeblobaSi gadacemis dros. saqarTveloSi,<br />
vidre miwis privatizacia daiwyeboda, sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
miwebis daaxloebiT 50% ijariT iyo gacemuli. ijariT<br />
SeiZleba gaices rogorc miwis nakveTi, aseve mTlianad sasoflo<br />
meurneoba. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom garkveuli specifikiTa<br />
da TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba saxelmwifos<br />
mier kerZo pirebisaTvis ijaris xelSekrulebiT gadacemuli<br />
qonebis sakiTxi.<br />
ijaris xelSekruleba uZvelesi droidan farTod gamoiyeneboda<br />
qarTul samarTalSi. qonebis sargeblobaSi gadacema,<br />
nayofis (Semosavlis) miRebis SesaZleblobiT, saSuaijaris<br />
xelSekruleba<br />
romis samarTalsa da<br />
Zvel qarTul<br />
samarTalSi, rogorc<br />
Tanamedrove ijaris<br />
xelSekrulebis<br />
istoriuli winapari<br />
ekaterine lafaCi<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti kerZo<br />
samarTlis mimarTulebiT<br />
I. Sesavali<br />
38
lebas iZleva, rom samoqalaqo samarTlis subieqtebma isargeblon am qonebiT da miiRon<br />
misgan sargebeli. es Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan maSin, rodesac uZravi qoneba ise<br />
Zvirdeba, rom maTze sakuTrebis uflebis mopoveba ara marto dabali fenisaTvis, aramed<br />
saSualo fenisaTvisac TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, ijaris xelSekrulebis gaformeba sauke-<br />
Teso gamosavalia.<br />
ijaris xelSekrulebis qira gacilebiT naklebia da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis<br />
realuri Sansi sakmaod maRalia. swored amitom, mizanSewonilia, kidev ufro<br />
daixvewos es xelSekruleba, raTa mxareebis, meijarisa da moijaris uflebebi sakmarisad<br />
iqnes daculi. praqtikam cxadyo is naklovanebebi, rac mas axasiaTebs. aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom ijaris sakiTxebi sxvadasxva normatiul aqtSia mimobneuli, garda amisa, xSir<br />
SemTxvevaSi, arsebobs garkveuli Seusabamoba samoqalaqo kodeqssa da sxvadasxva normatiul<br />
aqtebs Soris. garkveuli specifikisaa saxelwifos sakuTrebaSi arsebuli<br />
rogorc sasoflo-sameurneo, ise arasasoflo sameurneo miwis ijariT gacemis sakiTxebi.<br />
imisaTvis, rom problema mogvardes, aucilebelia ijaris xelSekrulebis istoriuli<br />
warmomavlobis Seswavla.<br />
sainteresoa, rom ijaris xelSekrulebis sakiTxebi sxvadasxva qveynis samarTalSi<br />
gansxvavebulad wesrigdeba, ZiriTadi normebi samoqalaqo kodeqsSia Tavmoyrili, xolo<br />
miwasTan dakavSirebiT ki, zogierT qveyanaSi miRebulia miwis kodeqsebi, zogSi ki _<br />
calke kanonebi sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebze. ‘dualisturi sistemis kerZo<br />
samarTlis qveynebSi aseTad gvevlineba samoqalaqo kodeqsebi da debulebebi, romlebic<br />
aseve, Seicaven specialur normebs sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebis Sesaxeb.<br />
garda amisa, uZravi qonebis daqiravebaze _ sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis<br />
ijaraze, sacxovrebeli sadgomisa da savaWro samrewvelo Senobebis daqiravebaze yvela<br />
ganviTarebul qveyanaSi miRebulia mravalricxovani specialuri aqtebi.~ 1<br />
II. ijaris xelSekruleba romis samarTlis mixedviT<br />
ijaris xelSekruleba miekuTvneba im xelSekrulebaTa ricxvs, romelic jer kidev,<br />
romis civiluri samarTlidan aris cnobili. Tanamedrove ijaris xelSekrulebis prototipad<br />
romis samarTalSi qonebis qiravnobis xelSekruleba gvevlineba. 2<br />
imisaTvis, rom srulyofilad iqnes gamokvleuli sakiTxi, aucilebelia Seswavla,<br />
Tu ra gza ganvlo, rogor Camoyalibda esa Tu is instituti Tanmedrove saxiT. amitom<br />
metad sainteresoa ijaris xelSekrulebis warsulis gamokvleva da Sesabamisad, mokle<br />
istoriuli eqskursi.<br />
`...romis samarTlis mixedviT, meijares ekisreboda valdebuleba, uzrunveleyo<br />
moijaris sasargeblod nivTiT daubrkolebeli sargebloba.~ 3<br />
romaelebi erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebdnen ori saxis qiravnobas: nivTis qiravnobas<br />
da momsaxurebis qiravnobas. 4 kidev erTi mosazrebis mixedviT, romis samarTalSi qiravnobis<br />
sami saxe arsebobda: nivTebis qiravnoba, momsaxurebis qiravnoba da samuSaos<br />
qiravnoba an nardoba. am sam saxes saerTo is hqonda, rom erTi mxare valdebuli iyo<br />
39
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
Sesabamisi mxarisaTvis sargeblobis ufleba mieca, xolo meore mxares unda gadaexada<br />
am sargeblobisaTvis garkveuli fuladi anazRaureba. 5 swored nivTebis qiravnobis xel-<br />
Sekruleba miiCneoda ijaris xelSekrulebad. miwis nakveTis moijares ewodeboda koloni,<br />
xolo sacxovrebeli Senobebis moijares ki, inkvilini. 6<br />
momsaxurebis qiravnobis dros saqme exeboda samuSao Zalis daqiravebas, savaraudod,<br />
aq igulisxmeba monebis ijariT gacema. am dros sagnad gvevlineba xeliT muSaoba, romelic<br />
garkveuli fuladi anazRaurebis sanacvlod xorcieldeboda. gansakuTrebuli<br />
pirobebi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli Tavisufali profesiis adamianebisaTvis. 7<br />
iustinianes digestebis mixedviT, qiravnobis xelSekruleba ganxilulia, rogorc<br />
nasyidobis (yidva-gayidvis) xelSekrulebis msgavsi xelSekruleba. amave digestebis mixedviT,<br />
qonebis qiravnobisa da nasyidobis xelSekruleba samarTlis erTsa da imave normebs<br />
eqvemdebareboda. am Sexedulebis safuZvelia, is rom nasyidobis xelSekruleba<br />
iTvleba dadebulad, roca mxareebi sasyidelze (fasze) SeTanxmdebodnen. xolo qiravnobis<br />
xelSekruleba maSin iTvleboda dadebulad, Tu SeTanxmdebodnen qiraze. amave<br />
Sexedulebis mixedviT, es ori xelSekruleba ise hgavs erTmaneTs, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi,<br />
garCeva, Tu romeli xelSekrulebaa dadebuli: qiravnobis Tu nasyidobis, sakmaod Znelia. 8<br />
romaeli iuristebi nasyidobisa da qiravnobis xelSekrulebas Soris gansxvavebas<br />
imaSi xedavdnen, rom nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dros myidveli iZenda mudmiv mflobelobas,<br />
maSin roca qiravnobis dros nivTi, momsaxureba, samuSao droebiTi xasiaTis iyo. 9<br />
es ori xelSekruleba imdenad gansxvavebuli niSnebiT xasiaTdeboda, rom maTi mgavseba<br />
mxolod fasis gansazRvris niSniT marTebuli ar unda iyos... nasyidobis xelSekrulebiT<br />
xdeba sakuTrebis uflebis gadacema, xolo ijara-qiravnobis xelSekrulebis<br />
dros ki, droebiT sargeblobaSi gadacema. rac adasturebs, rom am ori xelSekrulebis<br />
erT samarTlebriv WrilSi ganxilva ver moxerxdeba.<br />
ijaris xelSekrulebis dasadebad aucilebeli iyo xelSekrulebis sagnisa da qiris<br />
gansazRvra da Sesabamisad, es ori piroba iyo arsebiTi.<br />
iyo ra konsensualuri, xsenebuli xelSekruleba eyrdnoboda TviT SeTanxmebas qiravnobis<br />
Sesaxeb da iuridiuli Zalis mosapoveblad, am xelSekrulebaSi garda qiravnobis<br />
sagnisa, unda yofiliyo fiqsirebuli da dadgenili daqiravebuli Sromis sazRauri<br />
_ qira. amasTan, aucilebeli iyo, rom qira gansazRvruliyo garkveulad rogorc<br />
orive mxaris neba da ara rogorc erT-erTi kontrahentis neba.<br />
romis samarTlis mixedviT, xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis safuZvlad miCneuli iyo vadis<br />
gasvla. Tumca es ar gamoricxavda, rom xelSekruleba vadis gasvlis Semdegac gagrZelebuliyo<br />
mdumare ganaxlebis gziT. am SemTxvevaSi, damqiravebeli sargeblobda daqiravebuli<br />
nivTiT, xolo gamqiravebuli regularulad Rebulobda qiras da Sesabamisad,<br />
Tu romelime mxares ar hqonda xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis survili _ xelSekrulebis<br />
vada iTvleboda gagrZelebulad. roca daqiravebul `nivTs~ damqiraveblisaTvis ukve<br />
aRar mohqonda dapirebuli efeqti, maSin damqiravebeli uflebamosili iyo calmxrivad<br />
moeSala xelSekruleba. 10<br />
aseTive uflebas iZenda gamqiravebelic, rodesac mas gaqiravebuli nivTi sWirdeboda an<br />
rodesac damqiravebeli daqiravebuli nivTis qiras ar ixdida zedized ori wlis manZilze.<br />
40
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom meijare gadascemda moijares nivTs im mizniT, rom<br />
esargebla da mieRo nayofi. 11<br />
rac Seexeba xelSekrulebis vadis sakiTxs romis samarTlis mixedviT, SesaZlebeli<br />
iyo xelSekrulebis dadeba vadis ganusazRvrelad. am SemTxvevaSi, mxareebs ufleba hqondaT<br />
nebismier dros gasuliyvnen xelSekrulebidan, magram erTi mxaris mier Sesruleba<br />
meore mxaresac avaldebulebda... kerZod, es is SemTxvevaa, roca moijare winaswar gadaixdida<br />
saijaro qiras da es ukve avaldebulebda meijares daecva xelSekruleba Sesabamisi<br />
vadis ganmavlobaSi. 12<br />
romis samarTalSi sakmaod mkacri wesebi iyo im pirisaTvis, romelic daqiravebul<br />
nivTs ar daabrunebda xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg.<br />
kerZod, Tuki damqiraveblis mier nivTis daubruneblobis gamo saqme sasamarTlomde<br />
mividoda, maSin aseTi damqiravebeli qonebis damtaceblad ganixileboda da mas ekisreboda<br />
ara marto daqiravebuli nivTis ukan dabruneba, aramed am nivTis Rirebulebis<br />
gadaxdis valdebulebac.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom romis samarTali efuZneboda nivTis qiravnobis xelSekrulebis<br />
valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv xasiaTs. Tanamedrove samoqalaqo samarTalisaTvis kargadaa<br />
cnobili qonebis qiravnobis sanivTosamarTlebrivi xasiaTi: nivTze midevnebis Tviseba<br />
da damqiraveblis, rogorc mflobelis, sanivTosamarTlebrivi dacva, rac romis<br />
samarTalSi ar arsebobda. es wesi naTlad ikveTeba gaqiravebuli nivTis gasxvisebis<br />
dros. am dros gasxvisebis faqtis gamo qiravnobis xelSekruleba TavisTavad ar wydeboda.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, pasuxismgebloba gamqiravebels ekisreboda. damqiravebels nivTiT<br />
sargeblobis ufleba gasxvisebis Semdeg im SemTxvevaSi eniWeboda, Tuki axali mesakuTre<br />
Tanxmobas ganacxadebda.<br />
romis samarTlis recepciis Sedegad evropis qveynebis samoqalaqo samarTalma ganicada<br />
didi gavlena da SeiTvisa qonebis qiravnobis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.<br />
am mizezis gamo, sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, qonebis qiravnobis xel-<br />
Sekruleba dRemde inarCunebs Tavis arss. 13<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ijaris xelSekruleba imave ZiriTadi niSan-<br />
TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba, ra niSnebiTac romis samarTalSi qonebis qiravnobis (ijaris)<br />
xelSekruleba xasiaTdeboda.<br />
III. ijaris xelSekruleba Zveli qarTuli samarTlis mixedviT<br />
1. ijaris cnebis mokle istoria<br />
Zveli qarTuli samarTlidan moyolebuli ijaris (qonebis qiravnobis) xelSekruleba<br />
miekuTvneba im xelSekrulebaTa ricxvs, romelic jer kidev, romis civiluri samarTlidan<br />
aris cnobili. Tanamedrove ijaris xelSekrulebis prototipad romis samarTal-<br />
Si qonebis qiravnobis xelSekruleba gvevlineba.<br />
41
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
Zvel qarTul samarTalSi ijaris xelSekruleba metad farTod gamoiyeneboda. amas<br />
mowmobs araerTi Zveli qarTuli samarTlis istoriuli Zegli. qarTul valdebulebiT<br />
samarTalTan dakavSirebiT araerT mkvlevars gamouTqvams Tavisi azri. ivane javaxiSvilis<br />
kvlevis mixedviT, miwis aReb-micemoba xdeboda samSeneblod, saaRalod, sabegrod<br />
da sakabalod. miwis aReba gasaSeneblad gulisxmobda `yanis~ gacemas an `sanaxevrod~ an<br />
`saziarod~, am or termins gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba unda hqonoda. savaraudod, `yanaY<br />
saziaroY~ saerTo mflobelobasaca da damuSavebasac gulisxmobda da rasakvirvelia,<br />
mosavlis Tanasworad gayofasac, e. i. orTave monawiles aqac mosavlis naxevar-naxevari<br />
ergeboda. termini `yanaY sanaxevroY~ ki, TiTqos marto mosavlis naxevris uflebaunarianobis<br />
gamomxatveli unda yofiliyo.~ 14 kargad Tu davukvirdebiT, SesaZlebelia<br />
msgavsebis aRmoCena dRev<strong>and</strong>el aRnagobis xelSekrulebasTan, kerZod, miwis aReba xdeboda<br />
venaxis gaSenebis mizniT da venaxis naxevari mosargeblis sakuTreba xdeboda.<br />
msgavseba aris imaSic, rom aramesakuTre gamSenebels ufleba hqonda kuTvnili venaxis<br />
nacvlad patronisagan misi safasuri aeRo. xolo rac Seexeba `sanaxevro yanas~ is, am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, naTelia misi msgavseba dRev<strong>and</strong>el ijaris xelSekrulebasTan, vinaidan<br />
swored nayofis miRebis (mosavlis saxiT) ufleba hqonda am tipis mosargebles da mosavlis<br />
naxevars qiris saxiT uxdida mesakuTres, anu xdeboda qiris naturiT gadaxda.<br />
miwis saaRalod gacema-miRebis sakiTxi garkveulwilad bundovania. irkveva, rom xdeboda<br />
saaRalod gacema glexebze. ar Cans saaRalod gadasacemi miwis gadasacem pirTa<br />
wre. dabolos, `Rala~ dasamuSaveblad aRebuli miwis qiras warmoadgenda, amasTanave<br />
suladad, TviT mosavlis garkveuli raodenobiT (procentiT) gadaxdils. `begara~ sxvisi<br />
uZravi sakuTrebis patronTan SeTanxmebul sargebloba-gamoyenebas warmoadgenda.<br />
sabegrod aRebuli miwis samagierod mebegres piradi da qonebrivi valdebuleba awva,<br />
romelic garkveuli samsaxuriTa da mosacemliT gamoixateboda. 15<br />
maSasadame, sabegrod da saaRalod gacema-aReba orive garkveuli safasuris sanacvlod<br />
sargeblobaSi gadacemas niSnavda. orive SemTxvevaSi, mxareebs Soris warmoiSoboda<br />
valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierToba. Cveni azriT, Soreul warsulSi arsebuli<br />
urTierTobebi es dRev<strong>and</strong>eli qiravnobisa da ijaris xelSekrulebebis Soreuli winaparia.<br />
marTalia feodaluri wyobileba iyo, Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli niSan-TvisebebiT<br />
da Tanamedrove Tanasworuflebianobisagan Sors mdgari, magram savsebiT cxadia, rom<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, miwis aseTi formebiT aReb-micemas axasiaTebda sargeblobaSi gadacemis<br />
xelSekrulebebis elementebi. vinaidan iseTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa<br />
sargeblobaSi gadacema garkveuli qiris sanacvlod, rac gulisxmobs nayofis miRebis<br />
SesaZleblobasac, swored dRev<strong>and</strong>eli ijaris xelSekrulebis arsebiTi pirobaa.<br />
ivane javaxiSvili gamoTqvams mosazrebas, termin `kabalasTan~ dakavSirebiT. kerZod,<br />
`kabala~ arabulidan modis da `niSnavs xelSekrulebas, simtkices, dasasrul, ijarasa<br />
da saijaro fulsac niSnavda. `kabala~ moskovis samefos XVI s. socialuri cxovrebis<br />
terminologiaSic iyo miRebuli da TaTrebis wyalobiT iyo ruseTSi Sesuli. TaTrul<br />
sabuTebSi kabala valis xelwerilis mniSvnelobiTac ixmareboda... qarTuli Zeglebis<br />
cnobebi sakabalod micemis Sesaxeb rusul wyaroebTan SedarebiT ramdenime saukuniT<br />
42
adrindelia da maT Soris, qronologiuris garda, arsebiTi gansxvavebacaa: Tu ruseTSi<br />
kabala vals niSnavda da aRebul valSi gadasaxdel sargebels, saqarTveloSi uZrav qonebas<br />
exeba: `nikorwmindels cxilaTis `miwa~ SeuZenia (`mobige~) da imaTTvisve, visganac<br />
SeuZenia, miucia `sakabalod~. is garemoeba, rom sabuTSi naTqvamia, amis `mowme arian<br />
kacnio~ cxadyofs, rom miwis sakabalod micema valdebulebiTs xelSekrulebas warmoadgenda.~<br />
16<br />
amave mosazrebas aviTarebs iakob futkaraZe Tavis naSromSi, rodesac wers, `qonebrivi<br />
qiravnobis saxe da monaTesave institutebi mecamete saukunemdeli masalebis mixedviT,<br />
ivane javaxiSvilma ganixila Tavis fundamentur gamokvlevaSi `qarTuli samar-<br />
Tlis istoria.~ am naSromSi, saxeldobr ki, valdebulebiTi samarTlisaTvis gankuTvnil<br />
ganyofilebaSi, gansaxilvel sakiTxebs exeba me-4 Tavi. aq kvlevis sagania sxvisi miwis<br />
damuSavebiTa da xmarebiT warmoSobili samarTlebrivi urTierTobani.~ 17<br />
adreul periodSi qiravnobasa da ijaras Soris mkveTri mijna ar iyo gavlebuli.<br />
termini `ijara~ sakmaod adreuli periodidan Cndeba, magaliTad, Tamar CitoSvilis<br />
azriT, `termini `ijara~ uZvelesi droidan aris Cvens enaSi Semosuli. 18 magaliTad, `amas<br />
vevedrebodiT maTs simaRles qarelSi rom samRebro aris, imis ijaris wyaloba miyoT,<br />
rogorc batonis Tqvenis wyalobis wigni mqondes, numc Tqven momiSliT,~ 19 es mowmobs,<br />
rom jer kidev, feodalur periodSi ijara sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneboda.<br />
Zvel qarTul samarTlSi qiravnobisa da mis safuZvelze warmoSobili valdebulebiTi<br />
urTierTobebis gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneboda termini `qira~ da `mizdi.~ termini<br />
`qira~ da misi Zirisagan nawarmoebi sxva sityvebi aRbuRa aTabag-amirspasalarisa da<br />
vaxtang VI-is sjuldeblobaSi gvxvdeba. es termini gvxvdeba, agreTve vaxtang mefis<br />
`dasturlamaSi.~ 20<br />
2. mxareTa nebis Tavisuflebis niSnebi<br />
gvianfeodaluri periodis qarTuli masalebidan irkveva, rom `samRebroTa ijara<br />
sruli nebayoflobisa da Tavisufali Sesaqmebis Sedegia. saijarod gamocxadebuli saqme<br />
garkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi (40 dRe) Riaa konkurentebisaTvis: vinc mets gaiRebs,<br />
mas miecema.~ 21 aRniSnuli monakveTi mowmobs, rom termini ijara gavrcelebuli da miRebuli<br />
iyo samoqalaqo samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi da mxareTa nebis Tavisuflebis<br />
niSnebiTac xasiaTdeboda. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom konkurenciis elementebi Cndeba,<br />
anu 40 dRis ganmavlobaSi SeeZlo yvelas ganecxadebina Tavisi survili ijaris xelSekrulebis<br />
dadebis Sesaxeb, magram am pirobebis mixedviT, gaimarjvebda is, vinc yvelaze<br />
met Tanxas gaiRebda, anu is, vinc daakmayofilebda konkursis pirobebs. Tavisuflebis<br />
elementebia, agreTve, vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignSic.<br />
marTalia, `feodaluri samarTlisaTvis ucxoa dayofa samoqalaqo, saojaxo da administraciul<br />
dargebad da a. S. masSi umetesad Cveulebis xelSekruleba _ sigelebisa da<br />
servitutebis gziT yalibdeba da jgufdeba patronymobis ganmsazRvreli normebi _<br />
saeklesio, samoqalaqo da sxva.~ Sesabamisad, aseTi dayofa ar arsebobs, magram calkeuli<br />
43
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
Zeglebis Seswavlisas irkveva, rom sakmaod kargad iyo ganviTarebuli samoqalaqo samar-<br />
Tali da ara marto samoqalaqo samarTali, magaliTad, daviT batoniSvilis samarTalSi<br />
valdebulebiTi samarTlis institutebidan mowesrigebis sagans warmoadgens nasyidoba,<br />
gacvliloba, Cuqeba, sesxi, naTxovroba, anabari da amanaTi, qonebis qiravnoba, piradi<br />
qiravnoba da a. S. rac niSnavs, rom marTalia, feodalur samarTalSi ar iyo dayofa<br />
samarTlis dargebad, magram maTi Seswavlis Sedegad irkveva, rom samarTlis sxvadasxva<br />
dargebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli institutebi arsebobs da viTardeba. maTi damaxasiaTebeli<br />
zogierTi elementi dRemde SemorCenilia umniSvnelo cvlilebebiT. magaliTad,<br />
Cvens gansaxilvel sakiTxs rac Seexeba, aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ijaris (qiravnobis)<br />
xelSekrulebas axasiaTebs nebis gamovlenis Tavisuflebis elementebi. kerZod, ijaris<br />
xelSekruleba feodalur periodSic mxareTa nebis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze ideboda.<br />
amasTan, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qonebrivi qiravnobis urTierTobani mxareTa nebis<br />
garda sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sedegadac myardeboda. `gamonaklisis saxiT, Zvel<br />
qarTul samarTalSi dasturdeba iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac qiravnobis safuZvels ar<br />
warmoadgenda xelSekrulebis mxareTa Tavisuflad gamomJRavnebuli neba.~ 22<br />
3. qiravnobis saxeebi Zvel qarTul samarTalSi<br />
daviT batoniSvilis samarTalSi calkea saubari `uZravis qiravnobaze,~ calkea gamoyofili<br />
`pirutyvis qiravnoba.~ orive SemTxvevaSi saubaria qonebis sargeblobaSi gadacemaze<br />
da igulisxmeba, rom rogorc miwa, aseve pirutyvi sargeblobaSi gadaecemoda<br />
ara marto sargeblobis mizniT, aramed nayofis miRebis mizniTac.<br />
marTalia, am SemTxvevebSi saubaria qiravnobaze, magram vinaidan ijarisa da qiravnobis<br />
xelSekrulebebi Tavisi arsiT msgavsi xelSekrulebebia, Tanac ganxilul samarTlis<br />
ZeglSi ivaraudeba nayofis miRebis SesaZleblobac, logikuria daskvna, rom am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
es xelSekrulebebi dRev<strong>and</strong>eli ijaris xelSekrulebis winaparia. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli<br />
mowmobs ijaris xelSekrulebis did mniSvnelobas ara marto dReisaTvis,<br />
aramed warsulSic. samoqalaqo samarTlis TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa, vaxtang meeqvsis<br />
samarTlis wignTa krebuli, sadac saubaria qiravnobis sakiTxze, kerZod, `vin visgan<br />
iTxovos qiriTa da daiWiros miwa anu sxva rame... vin visgan iqiraos moZravi Tu uZravi,~ 23<br />
aqedan irkveva, rom qiravnoba xdeboda nayofis miRebis mizniTac, aseve, xdeboda rogorc<br />
uZravi, ise moZravi nivTebis qiravnoba. es qiravnoba ki, Cveni azriT, sxva araferia, Tu<br />
ara dRev<strong>and</strong>eli ijaris xelSekrulebis winapari.<br />
ijara da qiravnoba feodalur sinamdvileSi mometebuladac ki iyo ganviTarebuli,<br />
vinaidan isini sakuTrebas moklebul adamianebs xels uwyobdnen garkveuli miznebis<br />
aRsrulebaSi. Sesabamisad, am institutebSi saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebac sakmarisadaa<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli, rac Seuferxebeli brunvisaTvis iyo aucilebeli. `masalebidan<br />
irkveva, rom qiravnobis xelSekruleba, formalur-iuridiuli gagebiT mainc, mxareTa<br />
nebis Tavisufali gamovlinebiT warmoiqmneba.~ 24 Tumca, mxareTa Soris ufleba-movaleobaTa<br />
samarTliani balansi xSirad darRveulia _ damqiravebeli arakeTilsindisierebisaTvis<br />
gadametebulad isjeba. ase magaliTad, Tu damqiravebeli ar gadaixdis qiras<br />
44
da amasTan, gamqiravebelsac uCivlebs, maviwroebso da gamtyundeba, man qirac unda gadaixados,<br />
saqonelic unda daabrunos da misi fasic unda gadaixados. 25<br />
4. qiris sakiTxebi<br />
dReisaTvis, termini `qira~ gamoiyeneba rogorc qiravnobis, ise ijaris xelSekrulebebSi<br />
daTqmuli sasyidlis gamosaxatavad. sainteresoa is faqti, rom es termini damkvidrda<br />
Zvel saqarTveloSi da dRemde TiTqmis imave mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba.<br />
`qiris odenobas, formalur-iuridiulad, xelSemkvreli mxareebi Tanasworuflebianobis<br />
sawyisebze miRweuli urTierTSeTanxmebiT adgendnen. isini angariSs asworebdnen<br />
SeTanxmebis mixedviT. 26 zogadsamarTlebrivi wesiT sazRauri Tavisufali molaparakebis<br />
gziT unda ganesazRvraT gamqiravebelsa da damqiravebels. sainteresoa, rom<br />
qiris sakiTxi iseTive saxiT wydeboda rogorc Tanamdrove saqarTvelos samoqalaqo<br />
kodeqsis mixedviT wesrigdeba, kerZod, rogorc ijaris, ise qiravnobis xelSekrulebis<br />
dadebisas moijarem (damqiravebelma) meijares (gamqiravebels) unda gadauxados<br />
daTqmuli saijaro qira.<br />
Tumca, Zveli qarTuli samarTlis wyaroebidan is faqtic ikveTeba, rom odenobis<br />
gansazRvris mxriv gadamwyveti sityva, Cveulebriv, nivTis mesakuTres ekuTvnoda. ase<br />
magaliTad, vaxtangis samarTlis 250-e muxlSi, is nawili, sadac kanonmdebeli saWirod<br />
miiCnevs Ralaze `Serigebas~ miwis `patronobis pirobiT.~ 27 Tumca es, ar niSnavs, rom Tu<br />
moijares `Ralis~ sakiTxi ganuzomlad maRali moeCveneboda, mas ar SeeZlo uaris Tqma<br />
aseT urTierTobaze.<br />
qiris gadaxdis periodulobis sakiTxic mxareTa SeTanxmebiT wydeboda, kerZod, qiris<br />
gadaxda SeiZleboda momxdariyo daTqmuli periodulobiT, dasawyisSi an dasasruls.<br />
Tu miwas nagebobis aSenebis mizniT aiRebdnen, maSin damqiravebeli qiras Cveulebriv<br />
ixdida da sargeblobda, vidre gamqiravebeli Senobis fass ar gadauxdida. aq aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom qarTuli samarTlis mixedviT, rusulisagan gansxvavebiT, nageboba ar<br />
ganixileboda viTarca miwis sargeblobis sazRauri. aseTi saxis qiravnoba sxva araferia<br />
Tu ara dRev<strong>and</strong>eli aRnagoba, romelic swored Senobis agebis mizniT ideba. magram<br />
dRev<strong>and</strong>eli aRnagobisagan swored vadis sakiTxiT 28 gansxvavdeba, radgan aRnagobis vadaa<br />
ara umetes 49 weli. xolo aseTi ijaris xelSekruleba ganusazRvreli vadiT dadebulad<br />
iTvleboda. am mosazrebis dasturia Semdegi _ `...miwis nakveTis qiravnoba xdeboda<br />
nagebobis samSeneblod. nageboba xelSekrulebiT daTqmuli vadis gasvlis Semdeg rCeboda<br />
miwis mesakuTres, romelsac masze sakuTrebis ufleba misi aSenebisTanave warmoeSoboda...<br />
amgvari urTierTobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo, rom misi moqmedebis vada<br />
20-25 wels da zogjer, ufro metxansac grZeldeboda. Tu SevadarebT qiravnobis am<br />
niSan-Tvisebas romaul superficiasTan, romlidanac Tanamedrove aRnagobis uflebas<br />
daedo safuZveli, aSkarad Cans maTi msgavseba.~ 29<br />
daviT batoniSvilis samarTalSi saubaria rogorc qiris gadaxdaze, aseve, qiris gadauxdelobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi zianis anazRaurebazec. `...msajulni, araTu, mxolod imas miacemineben,<br />
raodensaca rames Sehpirebia, da kvalad masac, raodenica ugulismodgonleo-<br />
45
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
biTa da daudevnelobiTa wauxdenia.~ 30 pirutyvis qiravnobisas ganxilulia is SemTxveva,<br />
Tuki pirutyvi mouvlelobiT daSavdeba an mokvdeba. am SemTxvevaSi, damqiravebeli<br />
valdebulia `nacvlad misa aRudginos patronsa missa.~ meijare (damqiravebeli) pasuxs<br />
agebda agreTve ijariT aRebuli nivTis (daqiravebuli nivTis) dazianebisa da ganadgurebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi. rac savsebiT samarTliani da logikuricaa.<br />
qiris gadaxda SeiZleboda fuliT an naturiT. ZiriTadad, qiris gadaxda feodaluri<br />
urTierTobidan gamomdinare, naturiT xdeboda. Tumca, ar iyo gamoricxuli qiris<br />
fuladi saxiT gadaxdac. qira ama Tu im samsaxuris gaweviTac SeiZleboda gastumrebuliyo.<br />
calkeul SemTxvevebSi, qiris gadaxdis naturaluri, fuladi da SromiTi formebis<br />
SeerTeba-Sexamebac ar iyo gamoricxuli. sazRauris ragvaroba zustad, saxeldebiT<br />
unda yofiliyo xelSekrulebaSi aRniSnuli da gansazRvruli. Tanamedrove samoqalaqo<br />
samarTalSic qiris sakiTxebi analogiurad wesrigdeba, kerZod, moijares qiris<br />
gadaxda SeuZlia rogorc fuliT, ise naturiT da daTqmuli periodulobiT. qiris urC<br />
gadamxdels Zveli qarTuli kanonmdeblobiT jarima ekisreboda. axali samoqalaqo kodeqsis<br />
mixedviT, gamqiravebels SeuZlia xelSekruleba moSalos vadamde, Tu damqiravebelma<br />
qira ar gadaixada sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi. digestebis mixedviT ki, qiravnobis<br />
xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis safuZvlad miiCneoda damqiraveblis mxridan ori Tvis qiris<br />
gadauxdeloba. 31<br />
5. vada<br />
Zvel qarTul samarTalSi ijaris xelSekrulebis vadis sakiTxi gansakuTrebuli<br />
TaviseburebebiT ar xasiaTdeba. rogorc Cvenamde moRweuli Zeglebidan irkveva, ijaris<br />
(qiravnobis) xelSekruleba ideboda gansazRvruli an ganusazRvreli vadiT. Zvel qar-<br />
Tul samarTalSi qonebis qiravnobis esa Tu is konkretuli vada ar iyo gansazRvruli<br />
feodaluri saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT: vadebis dadgena, mxareTa neba-survilis<br />
mixedviT xdeboda. ganusazRvreli vadiT qiravnobis xelSekrulebis dadebis mtkicebulebaa,<br />
rom rodesac nagebobis aSeneba xdeboda daqiravebul miwaze, maSin qiravnoba<br />
dadebulad iTvleboda im vadiT, vidre gamqiravebeli Senobis safasurs ar gadauxdida<br />
damqiravebels. es ki. winaswar, garkveuli ar iyo, amitomac aseTi xelSekruleba ganusazRvreli<br />
vadiT dadebulad iTvleboda. sainteresoa i. futkaraZis kvleva ijaris<br />
xelSekrulebis vadis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, romlis mixedviTac, saqarTvelosa da<br />
mTel kavkasiaSi XIX_XX saukuneTa mijnazec miwis grZelvadiani ijaris vada daaxloebiT<br />
4_30 wliT ganisazRvreboda. saerTod ki, memamules ufro ainteresebda moklevadiani<br />
ijara, vinaidan aseT viTarebaSi mas qiris gazrdis meti SesaZlebloba eqmneboda. moklevadiani<br />
ijaris praqtika farTod iyo gavrcelebuli gvianfeodalur saqarTveloSi.<br />
rogorc wesi, erTi wliT ideboda xolme samRebros, abanos, wisqvilisa da sxvaTa<br />
saijaro xelSekruleba. Tu mxareebi ijaris vadis gasvlis Semdeg kvlav moisurvebdnen<br />
samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa gagrZelebas, maSin isini axal xelSekrulebas dadebdnen.<br />
32<br />
46
6. forma<br />
sainteresoa ijaris (qiravnobis) xelSekrulebis formis sakiTxic. qonebis qiravnoba<br />
Cveulebriv, zepirad ideboda. ar Cans, saWiro iyo Tu ara am dros mowmeTa T<strong>and</strong>aswreba.<br />
rogorc i. futkaraZis kvlevidan irkveva, sityvierad da mowmeebis gareSe xdeboda cxenis,<br />
joris Tu sxva tvirTmzidi pirutyvis qiravnoba. gavrcelebuli iyo agreTve,<br />
saijaro xelSekrulebis werilobiTi formac. werilobiTi xelSekrulebis dadebas mowmeebic<br />
eswrebodnen xolme da sabuTSi maTi vinaobac aRiniSneboda. mowmeebTan erTad<br />
sabuTis damweris vinaobis aRniSvnac iyo miRebuli. aucilebel saWiroebas warmoadgenda<br />
sabuTis Sedgenis TariRis miTiTebac, ramdenadac xelSekrulebis vada swored<br />
aqedan iangariSeboda. 33 sabuTi moijaris saxeliT gaicemoda da iyo ganviTarebuli da<br />
Sesabamisad, bevri sakiTxi gadmotanilia axal qarTul samarTalSi.<br />
agreTve, werilobiT formdeboda miwis aReba venaxis gasaSeneblad. aqedan Cans, rom<br />
arsebobda miwis nakveTis droebiT sargeblobaSi gadacema venaxis gaSenebis mizniT. es<br />
faqti imaze metyvelebs, Tu rogori ganviTarebuli yofila saqarTveloSi saxelSekrulebo<br />
samarTlis sakiTxebi.<br />
7. gaqiravebuli nivTiT sargeblobis uflebis SenarCuneba mesakuTris mier<br />
Zveli qarTuli samarTlis mixedviT, erTmaneTisagan ar imijneboda uZravi da moZravi<br />
nivTebis qiravnoba.<br />
gamqiravebeli zogjer inarCunebda gaqiravebuli nivTiT sargeblobis uflebas, rac<br />
sagangebod, saxeldebiT da zustad unda yofiliyo aRniSnuli xelSekrulebaSi. aseTi<br />
pirobis daTqmas sagnis bunebrivi Tvisebebi, nivTis ragvaroba ganapirobebda. qarTuli<br />
dokumentebiT dasturdeba ijariT gacemul abanoSi mepatronis ojaxis wevrTa ufaso<br />
banaobis SesaZlebloba: `Tqveni abano ijariT mogveciT... patronebi romelic moxvideT,<br />
ustumroT, sabaneblaT Tqven TeTri ar unda gamogarToT.~ 33<br />
am sakiTxze saubrisas unda iTqvas, rom dRev<strong>and</strong>eli samoqalaqo kodeqsi gaqiravebuli<br />
nivTiT damqiraveblis sargeblobis Taobaze arafers ambobs. Tumca, SesaZlebelia<br />
imis varaudi, rom Tu mxareebi SeaTanxmdebodnen, maSin SesaZlebeli iyo, rom gamqiravebels<br />
SeenarCunebina gaqiravebuli nivTiT sargeblobis ufleba. Zveli qarTuli<br />
samoqalaqo samarTali uamrav dispoziciur normebs Seicavda da mxareebs aZlevda<br />
arCevis Tavisuflebas.<br />
savsebiT cxadia, rom `...qiravnoba da ijara yvela drois samaraTalSi ganviTarebulia,<br />
vinaidan isini saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis ekonomikuri arsebobis ganmsazRvrel<br />
institutebs warmoadgendnen. 34<br />
ijaris xelSekrulebis ganxilvisas gamoikveTa, rom jer kidev, adrefeodalur periodSi<br />
Cans ijaris xelSekrulebis Canasaxi. garda amisa, sakmaod kargadaa ganviTarebuli<br />
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis elementebi, marTalia ara im saxiT, rogorc Tanamedrove<br />
samoqalaqo samarTalSia, magram faqtia, rom xelSekruleba ideboda mxareTa SeTanxmebis<br />
47
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
safuZvelze. marTalia, aris SemTxevevebi, roca xdeba xelSekrulebis dadeba nebis sawinaaRmdegod,<br />
arsebobs iseTi magaliTic, rodesac xelSekruleba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis<br />
safuZvelze daido. ijaris xelSekrulebis analizisas irkveva isic, rom arsebobda<br />
moZravi da uZravi nivTebis ijaris erTmaneTisagan gamijvna.<br />
kargadaa ganviTarebuli formisa da vadis sakiTxebi. marTalia, im periodisaTvis<br />
notariusi ar arsebobda, magram werilobiTi formiT xelSekrulebis dadebisas mowmeebis<br />
daswrebis savaldebulo moTxovna arsebobda. es ki, mxareTa interesebis dacvis<br />
maRal doneze metyvelebs.<br />
IV. daskvna<br />
istoriuli wyaroebis kvlevis Sedegad warmoCnda, rom saqarTveloSi jer kidev,<br />
adreul periodSi arsebobda ijaris xelSekrulebis Canasaxebi, romlebic garkveuli<br />
drois ganmavlobaSi ganviTarda da Tanamedrove saxiT Camoyalibda. am mxriv, didi roli<br />
Seasrula romis samarTalmac. irkveva, rom saqarTveloSi saijaro urTierTobebi nebis<br />
gamovlenis Tavisuflebis sawyisebze xorcieldeboda. marTalia, xSir SemTxvevaSi es<br />
Tavisufleba izRudeboda, magram TavisTavad is faqti, rom arsebobda nebis gamovlenis<br />
Tavisuflebis principi, metad mniSvnelovania. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac ijaris xel-<br />
Sekruleba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelzec warmoiSoboda. garda amisa,<br />
ijarisaTvis SeiZleba iTqvas, konkursic imarTeboda, magaliTad, rodesac xelSekruleba<br />
ideboda im pirTan, romelic ufro maRal qiras SesTavazebda da amis Taobaze<br />
winaswar acxadebdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi<br />
arsebuli miwis ijariT gacemis erT-erTi wesia, swored auqcioni, romlis drosac<br />
imarjvebs is, vinc yvelaze maRal qiras ixdis.<br />
amrigad, gairkva, rom Zvel qarTul samarTalSi ijaris xelSekruleba sakmaod daxvewili<br />
formiT arsebobda. yvela drosa da yvela qveynis samarTalSi wina planzea wamoweuli<br />
miwis samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis sakiTxi. Tanamedrove ijaris xelSekrulebaze<br />
didi gavlena moaxdina, rogorc Zvelma qarTulma, aseve, romis samarTalma.<br />
48
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
ix.: Áðàãèíñêèé Ì., Âèòðÿíñêèé Â., Äîãîâîðû î ïåðåäà÷å<br />
èìóùåñòâà, II, Ì., 2005; 352.<br />
2<br />
ijaris xelSekrulebis istoriuli winapari iyo qiravnobis<br />
xelSekruleba.<br />
3<br />
Äîæäåâ Ä., Ðèìñêîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî, Ì., 2004, 583.<br />
4<br />
nadareiSvili g., romis samoqalaqo samarTlis safuZvlebi, Tb.,<br />
1994, 167.<br />
5<br />
Áðàãèíñêèé Ì., Âèòðÿíñêèé Â., Äîãîâîðû î ïåðåäà÷å èìóùåñòâà, II,<br />
Ì., 2005; 380. Äîæäåâ Ä., Ðèìñêîå ÷àñòíoå ïðàâî, Ì., 2004, 582.<br />
6<br />
Ìàíóåë Õåóñóñ Ãàðñèà Ãàððèäî, Ðèìñêîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî, Ì., 2005,<br />
619-620.<br />
7<br />
Ìàíóåë Õåóñóñ Ãàðñèà Ãàððèäî, Ðèìñêîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî, Ì., 2005, 224.<br />
8<br />
Äèãåñòû Þñòèíèàíà, Êíèãà äåâÿòíàäöàòàÿ, Òîì III, Ì., 2003, 707.<br />
9<br />
Áðàãèíñêèé Ì., Âèòðÿíñêèé Â., Äîãîâîðû î ïåðåäà÷å èìóùåñòâà, II,<br />
Ì., 2005; 380. Äîæäåâ Ä., Ðèìñêîå ÷àñòíoå ïðàâî, Ì., 2004, 582.<br />
10<br />
nadareiSvili g., romis samoqalaqo samarTlis safuZvlebi, Tb.,<br />
1994, 168.<br />
11<br />
Ìàíóåë Õåóñóñ Ãàðñèà Ãàððèäî, Ðèìñêîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî, Ì., 2005, 620.<br />
12<br />
Äîæäåâ Ä., Ðèìñêîå ÷àñòíoå ïðàâî, Ì., 2004, 583.<br />
13<br />
Áðàãèíñêèé Ì., Âèòðÿíñêèé Â., Äîãîâîðû î ïåðåäà÷å èìóùåñòâà, II,<br />
Ì., 2005; 380. Äîæäåâ Ä., Ðèìñêîå ÷àñòíoå ïðàâî, Ì., 2004, 392.<br />
14<br />
javaxiSvili iv., Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. VI I , Tb., 1984, 316-317.<br />
15<br />
javaxiSvili iv., Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. VI I , Tb., 1984, 319.<br />
16<br />
javaxiSvili iv., Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. VI I , Tb., 1984, 320.<br />
17<br />
futkaraZe i., `qarTuli valdebulebiTi samarTlis istoriis<br />
narkvevebi~, Tb., 1976, gv. 61.<br />
18<br />
CitoSvili T., `agraruli samarTlis sakiTxebi~, Tb., 2002,<br />
`meridiani~, 92.<br />
19<br />
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. VII, 1984, 157.<br />
20<br />
futkaraZe i., `qarTuli valdebulebiTi samarTlis istoriis<br />
narkvevebi~, Tb., 1976, 64-69.<br />
21<br />
berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, wigni IV, Tb., 1967, 32.<br />
22<br />
futkaraZe i., qarTli valdebulebiTi samarTlis institutebi<br />
(istoriul-iuridiuli gamokvleva), Tb., 2002, 30.<br />
23<br />
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t I, 320.<br />
24<br />
futkaraZe i., qarTli valdebulebiTi samarTlis institutebi<br />
(istoriul-iuridiuli gamokvleva), Tb., 2002, 30.<br />
25<br />
zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, Tb.,<br />
2005. 38.<br />
26<br />
samarTali batoniSvilis daviTisa, d. furcelaZis gamocema, 1964, 110.<br />
27<br />
futkaraZe i., `qarTuli valdebulebiTi samarTlis istoriis<br />
narkvevebi~, Tb., 1976, 82.<br />
28<br />
futkaraZe i., `qarTuli valdebulebiTi samarTlis istoriis<br />
narkvevebi~, Tb., 1976, 73.<br />
29<br />
zoiZe b., `recenzia iakob futkaraZis sadoqtoro disertaciaze<br />
`qarTuli valdebulebiTi samarTlis institutebi~ (istoriulsamarTlebrivi<br />
gamokvleva), Jurnali `adamiani da konstitucia~,<br />
Tb., #1, 2002, 172.<br />
30<br />
samarTali batonisSvilis daviTisa, d. furcelaZis gamocema, Tb., 1964, 11.<br />
31<br />
ix.: Áðàãèíñêèé Ì., Âèòðÿíñêèé Â., Äîãîâîðû î ïåðåäà÷å èìóùåñòâà,<br />
II, Ì., 2005; 380; Äîæäåâ Ä., Ðèìñêîå ÷àñòíoå ïðàâî, Ì., 2004, 391<br />
32<br />
futkaraZe i., `qarTuli valdebulebiTi samarTlis istoriis<br />
narkvevebi~, Tb., 1976, 75.<br />
33<br />
futkaraZe i., `qarTuli valdebulebiTi samarTlis istoriis<br />
narkvevebi~, Tb., 1976, 90.<br />
49
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
THE LEASE CONTRACT IN<br />
ROMAN LAW AND IN OLD<br />
GEORGIAN LAW AS A<br />
HISTORICAL<br />
PREDECESSOR OF THE<br />
MODERNS LEASE<br />
CONTRACT<br />
EKATERINE LAPHACHI<br />
The PHD Student of the <strong>Law</strong> Faculty of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State<br />
University<br />
The Modern Lease Contract’s predecessor is the Property Rent Contract.<br />
The Lease Contract was widely used in Georgian <strong>Law</strong> from Ancient Times.<br />
The legal regulation of l<strong>and</strong> issues is at the front line of all legal systems of<br />
all times.<br />
Historical Studies revealed that in Georgia there were some inceptions<br />
of the Lease Contract at the very early periods <strong>and</strong> time by time they<br />
developed <strong>and</strong> transformed into modern form. The Roman law contributed<br />
a lot in this development. It was revealed that leasing relations were<br />
developing on the basis of free will. Certainly in many cases this freedom<br />
was limited but it is very important that the principle of declaration of free<br />
will existed. The contracts were made not only as a result of declaration of<br />
free will but as a result of court decision. The analysis of Lease Contracts<br />
shows that there was a distinction between lease contracts for movable<br />
<strong>and</strong> immovable property.<br />
The issues of form <strong>and</strong> duration of lease were also well-developed.<br />
Certainly there was no notary service in that period but in cases of written<br />
contracts the attendance of witnesses was a must condition, which<br />
respectively means high level of protection of contract parties.<br />
Consecutively the study shows that in Old Georgian law the Lease<br />
Contract existed in highly developed form.<br />
Both the Old Georgian <strong>and</strong> the Roman laws highly influenced the<br />
development of the modern Lease Contract.<br />
50
uflebamonacvleoba (Succession) moqmedi kanonmdeblobis<br />
mixedviT ganimarteba, rogorc uflebebisa da movaleobebis<br />
an calkeuli uflebebis gadasvla erTi piridan meore<br />
pirze. uflebamonacvleoba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes<br />
kanonis, xelSekrulebis an sxva iuridiuli dokumentis<br />
ZaliT. Tavad termini `uflebamonacvleoba~ romis samarTlidan<br />
momdinareobs da memkvidreobas ukavSirdeba. romis<br />
kerZo samarTalSi memkvidreebis mier samkvidros damtoveblis<br />
mTeli uflebebisa da movaleobebis SeZenas ewodeboda<br />
memkvidreobiT miReba an memkvidreoba (Succession).<br />
samkvidros damtovebeli gagebuli iyo, rogorc piri, romelic<br />
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi warmoadgenda samkvidro<br />
uflebebisa da movaleobebis matarebels. misi sikvdilis<br />
Semdeg es uflebebi da movaleobebi versad gauCinardebodnen,<br />
isini mTlianad unda gadascemoda memkvidreebs,<br />
rogorc mis uflebamonacvleebs.<br />
veTanxmebiT samarTlis doqtrinaSi arsebul mosazrebas,<br />
romlis mixedviT uflebamonacvleoba axali samarTlebrivi<br />
urTierTobis warmoSobas ar gulisxmobs. d. meieri<br />
Tvlida, rom valdebulebaTa monawileni an ekuTvnis<br />
mas Tavidan an Semdgom uerTdeba sxvis sanacvlod, xdeba<br />
pirTa Secvla, ise rom pirTa Secvlisas TviT valdebuleba<br />
igive rCeba. 1 icvleba mxolod masSi monawile pirTa Semadgenloba.<br />
aRniSnuls iziareben mTeli rigi mecnierebi. 2 o.<br />
iofe wers: subieqtis Secvlisas narCundeba valdebulebis<br />
Sinaarsi, maSin roca valdebulebis Sinaarsis Secvlisas<br />
igive pirTa Soris valdebulebiTi kavSiri wydeba da warmouflebamonacvleobis<br />
zogadi mimoxilva<br />
nino xoluaSvili<br />
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis<br />
doqtoranti<br />
51
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
iSoba axali saxis valdebuleba. amitom, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, saubaria valdebulebaTa<br />
Secvlaze, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, mis Sewyvetaze.~ 3<br />
zogierTi mecnieris azriT, samarTalurTierTobaSi axali subieqtis, uflebamonacvlis<br />
Semosvla TavisTavad axali urTierTobis warmoSobas gulisxmobs. maTi mosazrebiT,<br />
qonebrivi uflebebi saerTod ar aris samoqalaqo uflebaTa obieqti, rac gulisxmobs,<br />
rom mas ar axasiaTebs brunvaunarianoba; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ar SeiZleba qonebrivi<br />
uflebebis erTi piridan meoreze gadacema. Tu igi warmoeSva erT pirs, masTanve<br />
unda Sewydes. mflobelis Secvla dauSvebelia. aRniSnul midgomasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
sainteresoa kidev erTi mosazreba: sxvis mflobelobaSi SeiZleba gadavides nivTi da<br />
ara ufleba. ufleba da movaleoba ideologiuri kategoriebia, romelTac drosa da<br />
sivrceSi moZraoba ar SeuZliaT. magaliTad, sakuTrebis uflebis gadasvla niSnavs,<br />
garkveuli iuridiuli faqtis safuZvelze sakuTrebis uflebis erTi pirisaTvis Sewyvetas<br />
da sxva pirisaTvis igive an gansxvavebuli SinaarsiT warmoSobas. aRniSnuli mosazrebis<br />
Tanaxmad, reorganizaciisas arsebuli uflebamovaleobani wydeba da identuri<br />
saxiT uflebamonacvleebze warmoiSoba. 4<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, jer kidev, romis samarTali icnobda kreditorTa moTxovnis<br />
uflebis gadasvlas memkvidreze movalis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca, isic<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom pirTa aseTi Secvla valdebulebaSi ara Rrma mecnierul kvlevebs,<br />
aramed erTgvar mistikur Teziss eyrdnoboda: memkvidre mamkvidreblis pirovnuli gamgrZelebelia.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, memkvidreze mamkvidreblis yvela ufleba gadadioda garda<br />
mkacrad pirovnulisa. kreditoris mier movalis mimarT Tavisi moTxovnis gadacema<br />
sxvisTvis dauSvebeli iyo: `vinmesaTvis erTxel SeZenili stipulacia (moTxovnis<br />
ufleba) Cveulebriv sxvaze ar gadadis garda memkvidrisa. aravin ar SeiZleba moqmedebdes<br />
sxvisi saxeliT legisaqciur (sasamarTlo) procesSi.~ 5 memkvidre xdeboda memkvidreobiT<br />
miRebuli moTxovnebis kreditori da memkvidreobiT miRebuli valebis movale.<br />
valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi nebismieri mxaris Secvla SesaZlebeli iyo<br />
mxolod novaciis meSveobiT, romlis ZaliTac novirebuli valdebuleba wydeboda da<br />
mis adgilas warmoiSoboda axali valdebuleba. memkvidreoba niSnavda gardacvlili<br />
piris uflebebisa da movaleobebis sxva pirze gadasvlas sayovelTao wesrigis Sesanar-<br />
Cuneblad da rogorc arsebuli uryevi sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis garantias. 6 yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebuli iyo samkvidros damtoveblis uflebebisa da movaleobebis mTeli<br />
kompleqsis miReba. amasTan, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, pirs SeeZlo mieRo raRac calkeuli<br />
ufleba Sesabamisi, xSirad mZime, movaleobis gareSe. swored amas efuZneboda memkvidreobis<br />
dayofa e.w. universalur da singularul memkvidreobad. `universaluri iyo<br />
iseTi memkvidreoba, romlis drosac memkvidreze gadadioda mamkvidreblis rogorc<br />
uflebebi, ise movaleobebi, xolo singularuli memkvidreobis ZaliT memkvidreze gadadioda<br />
mxolod calkeuli uflebebi (magaliTad legati).~ 7<br />
Tanamedrove kontinenturi evropis kanonmdeblobiT memkvidreoba ganixileba rogorc<br />
universaluri uflebamonacvleoba, romlis Sedegadac gardacvlilis qoneba mTeli<br />
moculobiT (aqtivebi da pasivebi) gadadis mis memkvidreebze. rac Seexeba inglissa<br />
da aSS-s, mamkvidreblis qoneba pirvel etapze mindobili sakuTrebis uflebiT gadadis<br />
52
gardacvlilis e.w. `pirad warmomadgenelze,~ romelic Semdgom memkvidreebs samkvidros<br />
mxolod im nawils gadascems, rac mamkvidreblis kreditorebTan angariSsworebis<br />
Semdgom darCeba.<br />
zogierTi qveynis kanonmdebloba saerTod ar icnobs valis gadakisrebisa da moTxovnis<br />
daTmobis instituts, magaliTad, safrangeTi. zogierT qveyanaSi ki, aRniSnuli<br />
gaTvaliswinebulia kanonmdeblobaSi da miRebulia Cveulebriv samoqalaqo samarTlebriv<br />
urTierTobebSi.<br />
saqarTveloSi moTxovnis daTmobisa da valis gadakisrebis maregulirebeli normebi<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsis sanivTo samarTlis wignSia Tavmoyrili. `faqtobrivad arc moTxovnis<br />
daTmoba da arc valis gadakisreba ar cvlis mxareTa Soris arsebul ZiriTadi<br />
urTierTobis Sinaarss. icvlebian mxolod moTxovnisa da valis subieqtebi. Tu moTxovna<br />
erTi piris sakuTrebas wyvets am moTxovnaze, samagierod am moTxovnis SemZeni<br />
iZens masze sakuTrebas. amitomaa, rom am SemTxvevaSi saxezea sanivTo samarTlebrivi<br />
garigeba.~ 8<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 199-e muxli iTvaliswinebs moTxovnis daTmobas.<br />
aRniSnuli muxlis mixedviT kreditors SeuZlia, movalis Tanxmobis gareSe, moTxovna<br />
mesame pirs dauTmos, Tu es ar ewinaaRmdegeba valdebulebis arss, movalesTan mis<br />
SeTanxmebas an kanons. movalesTan moTxovnis daTmobis SeTanxmeba maSinaa savaldebulo<br />
Tu arsebobs movalis pativsadebi interesi. moTxovnis daTmobis Sesaxeb mflobelsa<br />
da mesame pirs Soris ideba xelSekruleba, romelic iuridiul literaturaSi cesiis<br />
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. Zveli romis samarTalSi moTxovnis daTmobis instituts<br />
`novacia~ ewodeboda. mogvianebiT `novacias~ cesiis xelSekruleba Caenacvla da igi<br />
xelSekrulebis damoukidebel saxed Camoyalibda. Tavdapirvelad cesioneri sasamarTloSi<br />
moTxovnis wardgenas axorcielebda cedentis saxeliT da gamodioda rogorc misi<br />
warmomadgeneli.<br />
kanonmdebeli arc pirdapir da arc arapirdapir ar gansazRvravs periods Tu rodisaa<br />
SeasaZlebeli kreditoris mier mesame pirisaTvis moTxovnis daTmoba. moTxovnis uflebis<br />
warmoSobis momentidan kreditors nebismier dros SeuZlia ganaxorcielos `moTxovnis~<br />
daTmoba. maSin roca reorganizaciis ganxorcielebisaTvis kanoniT mkacrad<br />
gansazRvruli vadebis dacva uwevT mewarme subieqtebs.<br />
Tavdapirveli kreditoris (cedentis) uflebebi axal kreditorze imave moculobiT<br />
gadadis, ra moculobiTac arsebobda moTxovnis daTmobis momentSi. amasTan, moTxovnis<br />
daTmobiT axal mflobelze gadadis misi uzrunvelyofis saSualebebi da moTxovnasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli sxva uflebebiT (ssk 201.1 m.). winamdebare wesidan gamonakliss warmoadgenes<br />
sabanko garantia. ssk 883-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `sabanko garantiidan gamomdinare,<br />
beneficiaris kuTvnili moTxovnis ufleba garantis mimarT ar SeiZleba gadaeces<br />
sxva pirs, Tu garantiiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.~ SesaZlebelia garantiiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli iyos beneficiaris mier sxva pirisaTvis moTxovnis uflebis daTmobis<br />
SesaZlebloba, magram amisaTvis saWiroa movalis (garantis) Tanxmoba, rac aRniSnuls<br />
ganasxvavebs kreditoris mier moTxovnis daTmobisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli zogadi wesisagan.<br />
53
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
zemoaRniSnulis sawinaaRmdegod SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom reorganizaciis dros<br />
uflebamonacvleebze gadadis ara mxolod ZiriTadi uflebebi, aramed valdebulebis<br />
Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis (aqcesoruli) saSualebebic.<br />
reorganizaciis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli uflebamonacvelobisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
cesiis dros valdebulebis mxareebi sxva pirebiT icvlebian. cesiis dros Tu<br />
kreditorma srulad ar daTmo Tavisi moTxovnis ufleba, anu ar gavida valdebulebidan,<br />
maSin cesia baTilia. aRniSnul gansxvavebaze saubrobs qarTveli civilisti o. lomiZe<br />
Tavis naSromSi. misi azriT, `moTxovnis daTmoba yovelTvis iwvevs valdebulebaSi pirTa<br />
cvlilebas. gamonaklisis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SesaZloa daTmobil iqnas calkeuli<br />
uflebamosilebani valdebulebaSi pirTa Secvlis gareSec. aseT gamonakliss warmoadgens<br />
iuridiuli piris reorganizacis zogierTi SemTxveva. 9<br />
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, valdebulebaSi pirTa Secvlis dros icvleba subieqturi<br />
Semadgenloba, xolo sistemuri kavSiri uflebamosilebasa da valdebulebas Soris<br />
narCundeba. zemoxsenebuli avtori eTanxmeba pozicias, romlis Tanaxmad, cesiis<br />
dros axal kreditorze gadadis Tavdapirveli kreditoris ara mxolod calkeuli uflebebi<br />
da movaleobebi, aramed gadasvlis momentSi arsebuli ufleba-movaleobaTa<br />
erToblioba. 10<br />
ssk 198-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, `moTxovna da ufleba, romelTa daTmoba<br />
da dagiravebac SesaZlebelia, maTma mflobelma SeiZleba sakuTrebad gadasces sxva<br />
pirs. moTxovnebi da uflebebi axal pirze gadadis iseTsave mdgomareobaSi, rogorSic<br />
isini Zveli mflobelis xelSi iyvnen.~ kreditori Tavadaa uflebamosili gadawyvitos<br />
dauTmos Tu ara sxvas Tavis moTxovna. Tumca, amasTan dakavSirebiT Tavs iCens erTi<br />
problema, aqvs Tu ara `specialur subieqts~ ufleba dauTmos moTxovnis ufleba sxva<br />
pirs? mecnierTa umravlesoba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT miiCnevs, rom im moTxovnaTa<br />
daTmoba, romelic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli kreditoris pirovnulobasTan dauSvebelia.<br />
igive mosazrebas uWers mxars qarTveli mecnieri z. axvlediani: `moTxovnis<br />
daTmobis dros movalis Tanxmoba saWiro ar aris, ramdenadac kreditoris pirovnebas<br />
saerTod ar SeuZlia, rom gavlena moaxdinos movalis mier valdebulebis Sesrulebaze.<br />
Tumca, SesaZloa, rom kreditoris pirovnebas arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqondes movalisaTvis,<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis daTmoba ar daiSveba. amitomaa, rom moTxovnis mflobels<br />
SeuZlia movalis Tanxmobis gareSe moTxovna mesame pirs dauTmos, Tu es ar ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
valdebulebis arss, movalesTan mis SeTanxmebas an kanons. movalis pativsadebi<br />
interesebis arsebobisas SesaZlebelia SeTanxmeba daTmobis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb.~ 11<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 632-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `menardem piradad unda<br />
Seasrulos samuSao mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca es gamomdinareobs konkretuli garemoebebidan<br />
an samuSaos xasiaTidan.~ nardobis xelSekruleba Tavisi arsiT gulisxmobs<br />
menardis mier SemkveTisaTvis konkretuli samuSaos Sesrulebis valdebulebas nake-<br />
Tobis/nivTis damzadebas, Seqmnas da sxva. Sesabamisad, damkveTi menardes arCevs imis<br />
mixedviT Tu ramdenad gamocdilia igi am saqmeSi. amdenad nardobis xelSekrulebaSi<br />
menardis mier samuSaos Sesrulebas `piradad~ didi yuradReba eqceva. maSin roca<br />
damkveTi konkretul SemTxvevaSi `a~ iqneba Tu `b~ gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ara aqvs.<br />
54
Tuki nardobis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebulia didi moculobis samuSaos Sesruleba<br />
menardes ufleba aqvs gamoiyenos mesame piri e.w. qvenardobis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze.<br />
miuxedavad xelSekrulebaSi mesame piris monawileobisa pasuxismgebloba nardobis<br />
xelSekrulebis SesrulebisaTvis ekisreba Tavdapirvel, ZiriTad menardes. sskis<br />
396-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `movalem Tavisi kanonieri warmomadgenlis da im pirTa moqmedebisaTvis,<br />
romelsac igi iyenebs sakuTari valdebulebis Sesasruleblad, iseTive<br />
moculobiT unda agos pasuxi, rogorc sakuTari braleuli moqmedebis dros.~ xsenebuli<br />
muxli cxadia kreditoris winaSe pasuxismgeblobas Tavdapirvel movales akisrebs. Tumca,<br />
es ar gamoricxavs mesame pirebis samoqalqo pasuxismgeblobas, cxadia, maT menardis<br />
sasargeblod regresis wesiT, daekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba.<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 203-e muxli gansazRvravs valis gadakisrebis wess.<br />
aRniSnuli muxlis mixedviT, moTxovnis mflobelTan dadebuli xelSekrulebiT vali<br />
SeiZleba Tavis Tavze aiRos mesame pirmac. aseT SemTxvevaSi, mesame piri daikavebs Tavdapirveli<br />
movalis adgils. rogorc muxlis Sinaarsidan Cans, moTxovnis daTmobisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT am SemTxvevaSi, arsebiTia moTxovnis mflobelisa da mesame piris SeTanxmeba,<br />
Tumca Tavdapirvel movales ufleba aqvs ar daeTanxmos am SeTanxmebas da TviTon<br />
gadaixados vali. xolo Tu valis gadakisrebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmdebian Tavdapirveli movale<br />
da mesame piri am SemTxvevaSi, valis gadakisrebis namdviloba damokidebulia<br />
moTxovnis mflobelis Tanxmobaze. `axal movales~ SeuZlia moTxovnis mflobelis winaaRmdeg<br />
wamoayenos yvela is Sesagebeli, romelic gamomdinareobs moTxovnis mflobelsa<br />
da Tavdapirvel movales Soris arsebuli urTierTobidan. magram amave dros mas ara<br />
aqvs ufleba gaqviTos is moTxovnebi, romlebic Tavdapirvel movales ekuTvnoda. erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani momenti, romelic valis gadakisrebas ukavSirdeba esaa moTxovnis<br />
uzrunvelyofaTa saSualebebis bedi. ssk-is 206-e muxlis mixedviT valis gadakisrebis-<br />
Tanave wydeba moTxovnis uzrunvelsayofad gaTvaliswinebuli Tavdeboba da giravnoba,<br />
Tuki Tavmdebi an damgiravebeli ar ganacxadebs Tanxmobas am urTierTobis gagrZelebaze.<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsi aseve, icnobs moTxovnis daTmobas ara mxolod mxareTa SeTanxmebiT,<br />
aramed kanonis safuZvelze (m. 905). aseT SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis daTmobis safuZveli<br />
SeiZleba iyos rogorc kanoni, ise sasamarTlos an kompetenturi organos gadawyvetileba.<br />
magaliTad, kanoni adgens, Tu Tavdebi daakmayofilebs kreditors masze gadadis<br />
kreditoris moTxovna. aseve, SeiZleba iTqvas im SemTxvevebze, roca moTxovnis ufleba<br />
gadadis uflebamonacvleebze. magaliTad, mamkvidreblis moTxovna gadadis memkvidreebze.<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi calkeul wignebSi sxvadasxva uflebasTan Tu<br />
valdebulebasTan mimarTebaSi iyenebs cnebas `uflebamonacvle.~ aRsaniSnavia is<br />
garemoeba, rom uflebamonacvle zustad igive statusiT moixsenieba, rogorc misi winamorbedi<br />
da aRWurvilia zustad imave uflebebiTa da movaleobebiT. magaliTad,<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 143-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `Tu nivTi, romlis mimarTac<br />
arsebobs sanivTo moTxovna, uflebamonacvleobis gziT mesame piris mflobelobaSi<br />
aRmoCndeba, maSin uflebrivi winamorbedis mflobelobaSi gasuli x<strong>and</strong>azmulobis vada<br />
55
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
gamoiyeneba agreTve uflebamonacvlis mimarTac.~ am muxlis Sinaarsidan Cans, rom ara<br />
mxolod ufleba-movaleobani, aramed kanonis mixedviT gaTvaliswinebuli x<strong>and</strong>azmulobis<br />
vadac imave saxiT ucvlelad vrceldeba uflebamonacvleze. Sesabamisad, ar<br />
SeiZleba gaviziaroT rig mecnierTa mosazreba, rom uflebamonacvleobis dros axali<br />
urTierToba warmoiSoba. ganxiluli muxlis magaliTze, es mosazreba aSkarad ususuria.<br />
sainteresoa samoqalaqo saproceso institutis moqmedeba uflebamonacvleobis<br />
SemTxvevebze. magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis<br />
272-e muxlis `b~ punqti, romlis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo mxareTa gancxadebiT an Tavisi<br />
iniciativiT Sewyvets saqmiswarmoebas Tu: `arsebobs sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi<br />
Sesuli gadawyvetileba an ganCineba, romelic gamotanilia davaze imave mxareebs Soris<br />
imave saganze da imave safuZvliT;~ aRniSnuli muxlis Tanaxmad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT,<br />
rom Tuki mxareebs Soris sasamarTlos mier miRebuli da kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebis<br />
Semdgom am urTierTobaSi warmoiSva uflebamonacvleoba da uflebamonacvlem<br />
imis gamo, rom mis mimarT arasasurveli sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba unda<br />
aRsruldes, kvlav mimarTos sasamarTlos davis ganxilvisaTvis. im mecnierebis mosazrebis<br />
mixedviT, romlebic miiCneven rom uflebamonacvleoba axal samrTlebriv urTierTobas<br />
warmoSobs da urTierTobis monawile aris sxva piri, sasamarTlos ar eqneboda<br />
zemoaRniSnuli muxlis gamoyenebis ufleba. ar aris gamoricxuli es mosazreba zogierTma<br />
advokatma, praqtikosma iuristma gaiziaros da mimarTos sasamarTlos msgavsi<br />
davis ganxilvisaTvis. amdenad mizanSewonilad mimaCnia samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis<br />
272-e muxlSi Sevides cvlileba da Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT: sasamarTlo mxareTa<br />
gancxadebiT an Tavisi iniciativiT Sewyvets saqmiswarmoebas Tu: `b) arsebobs sasamarTlos<br />
kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetileba an ganCineba, romelic gamotanilia<br />
davaze imave mxareebs Soris imave saganze da imave safuZvliT. mxared ganixileba mosar-<br />
Cele an mopasuxe, aseve, maTi uflebamonacvle.~<br />
daskvis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom valdebuleba es ar aris pirovnuli Tvisebis<br />
matarebeli, igi qonebrivi xasiaTisaa, qonebrivi ufleba-movaleoba ki, gadacemaunariania.<br />
cneba `uflebamonacvleoba~ swored ufleba-movaleobebis gadacemas gulisxmobs<br />
da sxvagvarad misi ganmarteba SeuZlebelia.<br />
56
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
Àãàðêîâ Ì.Ì., Ïåðåâîä äîëãà// Ïðàâî è æèçíü. 1993. ¹3.<br />
2<br />
b. zoiZe, z. axvlediani, q. qoqraSvili, v. visermani, J. mor<strong>and</strong>ieri,<br />
l. enekcerusi, v. ansoni, e. jenksi, o. iofe da sxvebi.<br />
3<br />
Èîôôå Î.Ñ., Îáÿçàòåëüñòâåííîå ïðàâî. Ì. 1975.<br />
4<br />
Áåëîâ Â.À., Ïðàâîïðååìñòâî â ñâÿçè ñ çàêîíîäàòåëüíîé êîíöåïöèåé<br />
êâàëèôèêàöèè èìóøåñòâåííûõ ïðàâ êàê îáúåêò ãðàæäàíñêèõ÷ ïðàâ<br />
// Çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî. 1998. ¹6.<br />
5<br />
d. doJdevi, romis kerZo samarTali, 1997.<br />
6<br />
n. v. mixailova, a.a. ivanovi, s.r. asaniZe, romis samarTali, Tbilisi,<br />
2009. gv. 187.<br />
7<br />
v. metreveli, romis samarTali, safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 95-<br />
96.<br />
8<br />
b. zoiZe, sanivTo samarTali, Tb., 1999, gv. 16.<br />
9<br />
Ëîìèäçå Î., Óñòóïêà ïðàâà (öåññèÿ) // Ðîññèéñêàÿ þñòèöèÿ. 1998.<br />
¹5, ñòð. 17.<br />
10<br />
Ëîìèäçå Î., Ïåðåõîä îáÿçàòåëüñòâåííûõ ïðàâ: îáùèå ïðàâèëà è<br />
èñêëþ÷åíèÿ // Ðîññèéñêàÿ þñòèöèÿ. 2002. ¹9. ñòð. 16.<br />
11<br />
z. axvlediani, b. zoiZe, j. xecuriani, l. Wanturia, saqarTvelos<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meore, Tbilisi, 1999.<br />
57
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF<br />
SUCCESSION<br />
NINO KHOLUASHVILI<br />
PHD student Georgian Technical University<br />
The main subject of the present article is succession as one of the most<br />
important institute of the Civil <strong>Law</strong>. The author also reviews existing scholar<br />
opinions <strong>and</strong> provisions of acting legislation of succession. The importance<br />
of the mentioned subject is proved by the variety of scholars’ positions <strong>and</strong><br />
court practice. For the purpose of the article court practice have been reviewed<br />
(decisions of courts of all three instances), which gives us grounds to conclude<br />
that there is a problem of misunderst<strong>and</strong>ing an essence of succession as at<br />
the stage of initiating court applications as well as during court hearings.<br />
There are cases when a party (through its legal representative, attorney)<br />
applies to a court with the request of establishing successor while the<br />
succession is explicitly at place <strong>and</strong> there is no need for court deliberation.<br />
Misguiding legal counseling <strong>and</strong> consequent court application is an extra<br />
financial burden for an applicant <strong>and</strong> loss of time for courts.<br />
Based on the mentioned practical overview the article proposes some<br />
suggesting of the author for legal amendments, which lead to specification<br />
<strong>and</strong> clear definition of main aspects with regards to succession <strong>and</strong> solve<br />
existing problems.<br />
As a conclusion we can once more highlight that obligation does not<br />
have personal character, but is of property nature; on the other h<strong>and</strong> property<br />
rights <strong>and</strong> duties are grantable. The term ‘succession’ in essence means<br />
granting of rights <strong>and</strong> duties <strong>and</strong> it is impossible to interpret it in another<br />
way.<br />
58
saqarTvelos uzenaes<br />
sasamarTloSi gaimarTa<br />
samecniero konferencia<br />
Temaze _ `SejibrebiTobis<br />
principi sisxlis<br />
samarTlis procesSi.~<br />
konferencia saqarTvelos<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlosa da<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis<br />
saxelobis Tbilisis<br />
saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
urTierTTanamSromlobis<br />
memor<strong>and</strong>umis farglebSi<br />
Catarda da<br />
monawileobdnen<br />
universitetis profesormaswavleblebi,<br />
doqtorantebi,<br />
studentebi. zogadad,<br />
konferenciam xeli Seuwyo<br />
samecniero wreebSi<br />
SejibrebiTobis principis<br />
Sesaxeb diskusias, aseve,<br />
marTlmsajulebis am<br />
umniSvnelovanesi<br />
principis Sesaxeb<br />
informaciis gavrcelebas<br />
farTo sazogadoebaSi.<br />
gTavazobT konferenciaSi<br />
monawile studentTa<br />
moxsenebebs, romlebmac<br />
mowoneba daimsaxura,<br />
rogorc praqtikos<br />
iuristTa Soris, aseve,<br />
samecniero wreebSi.<br />
SejibrebiTobis<br />
principi<br />
(SedarebiTi analizi)<br />
TinaTin xaWvani<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis studenti<br />
Sesavali<br />
SedarebiTi analizi Zalze mniSvnelovania nebismieri sakiTxis<br />
Seswavlis dros, radgan SesaZleblobas iZleva<br />
mkiTxveli gaecnos sazRvargareT arsebul realobas, msoflios<br />
sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdeblis mier arCeuli midgomis<br />
av-kargianobas. Jan pradelis ganmartebiT SedarebiTi<br />
sisxlis samarTlis definicia Semdegnairad SeiZleba<br />
Camoyalibdes: igi warmoadgens sisxlis samarTlis or (an<br />
ramdenime) iuridiul erTobas Soris msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />
Seswavlas. 1 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis procesSi<br />
wminda SejibrebiTobis principis danergva dResdReobiT<br />
metad aqtualuri Temaa. kanonmdeblis aRniSnulma<br />
nabijma azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamowvia. sazogadoebis erTi<br />
nawili miiCnevs, rom wminda SejibrebiTi procesi gaumar-<br />
Tleblad zRudavs sasamarTlos uflebamosilebebs. sazogadoebis<br />
meore nawilis azriT ki, procesis Sereuli modelisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, romlis pirobebSic mosamarTles faqtobrivad<br />
winaswar uyalibdeba Sinagani rwmena, neitraluri<br />
mosamarTlis monawileobiT gamarTuli wminda SejibrebiTi<br />
procesis midgoma, bevrad ufro samarTliania.<br />
vfiqrobT, interessmoklebuli ar unda iyos, ganvixiloT<br />
sazRvargareTis qveynebis sisxlis saproceso samarTlis<br />
Taviseburebani SejirebiTobis principTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
gavecnoT, rogorc inkviziciuri, ise SejibrebiTi procesis<br />
momxreTa argumentebs.<br />
59
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
winamdebare naSromSi SevecdebiT mokled mimovixiloT sazRvargareTis qveynebSi<br />
arsebuli midgomebi, agreTve ZiriTad samarTlebriv sistemebs Soris gansxvavebebi.<br />
saqarTvelo, axali saproceso kodeqsiT, arsebiTad dauaxlovda anglo-amerikuli<br />
samarTlis qveynebs, amitom mokled SevexebiT inglissa da amerikaSi arsebul midgomebs.<br />
saintereso iqneba ramdenime sityviT im msgavsebebze visaubroT, romelic wina redaqciis<br />
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqssa da kontinenturi evropis<br />
qveynebis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso sistemebs Soris arsebobda. naSromis bolo<br />
nawili eTmoba evrosasamarTlos praqtikas SejibrebiTobis principis darRvevasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
§1. ZiriTadi sisxlissamarTlebrivi sistemebis mokle mimoxilva<br />
msoflioSi gavrcelebuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi sistemebidan ramdenime ZiriTadi<br />
modeli SeiZleba gamoiyos, esenia: saerTo samarTlis (e.w. anglo-amerikuli samarTlis<br />
qveynebi), civiluri, igive kontinenturi evropis da islamuri modelebi. saerTo samar-<br />
Tlis qveynebis (mag.: didi britaneTi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi) sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
sistemebi, e.w. winaaRmdegobriv sawyiszea dafuZnebuli, rac gulisxmobs, rom<br />
procesze warmodgenilia ori dapirispirebuli mxare _ advokati, rogorc braldebulis<br />
damcveli da bralmdebeli, rogorc saxelmwifosa da xalxis warmomadgeneli. CveulebiTi<br />
samarTlis sistema emyareba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas, rogorc precedents,<br />
romelic SeiZleba SemdgomSi zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloSi iqnes gamoyenebuli.<br />
civiluri samarTalis qveynebSi ki, romlis klasikur magaliTebsac warmoadgenen SvedeTi,<br />
safrangeTi an germania, gavrcelebulia inkviziciuri modeli, romelic braldebuls,<br />
Cveulebriv, ufro nakleb uflebebs aniWebs. igi, ZiriTadad, winaswar gamoZiebasa<br />
da werilobiT samarTals emyareba. islamuri samarTali, romelic arabul qveyneb-<br />
Sia gavcelebuli, religiur Rirebulebebzea orientirebuli da Sesabamisad, misi Ziri-<br />
Tadi normebi yuranidan momdinareobs. magaliTad, saudis arabeTis sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
sistema mTlianad muslimanur religiur kulturasTanaa integrirebuli.<br />
erTi-ori sityviT unda SevexoT afrikis qveynebis sisxlissamarTlebriv sistemebsac.<br />
afrika is kontinentia, romelmac gasuli saukunis manZilze udavod yvelaze radikaluri<br />
cvlilebebi ganicada. kolonializmisa da tradiciebis erTgvarma dapirispirebam<br />
warmoSva, rom afrikis umravles qveyanaSi evropeli `dampyroblebis~ mier Setanili<br />
wes-Cveulebebi adgilobriv CveulebiT samarTalTan winaaRmdegobaSi aRmoCnda.<br />
magaliTisaTvis aviRoT tompsonisa da poteris mier 1997 wels siera leoneSi Catarebuli<br />
kvleva, romelmac naTelyo, rom adgilobrivi CveulebiTi samarTali inglisidan<br />
importirebul samarTalTan mniSvnelovan konfliqtSi iyo. profesori adleri agreTve<br />
saubrobs alJirze, sadac siera leones msgavsad, safrangeTidan importirebuli samar-<br />
Tali adgilobriv islamuri tendenciebis mqone samarTlis sistemas daupirispirda. 2<br />
ganvixiloT is ori ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi sistema, romelsac anglo-amerikuli<br />
da kontinenturi samarTlis qveynebi qmnian. anglo amerikuli-samarTlisaTvis damaxasa-<br />
60
iaTebelia SejibrebiTi procesi, romelic ori Tanasworuflebiani mxaris dapirispirebas<br />
gulisxmobs. maT mtkicebulebaTa mopovebis procesSi Tanabari procesualuri<br />
uflebebi aqvT. aRniSnuli modelis farglebSi mosamarTle neitraluri arbitris<br />
rolSi gvevlineba. SejibrebiT procesze saubrisas gamoyofen mis 3 ZiriTad maxasiaTebels:<br />
mxareTa dapirispirebuloba, zepiroba da sajarooba (The trial has thus three essential<br />
characteristics; it is confrontative, oral, <strong>and</strong> public). SejibrebiTobis pirobebSi mosamarTles saku-<br />
Tari iniciativis gamovlena ar SeuZlia, aramed igi mxolod mis winaSe warmodgenil<br />
mtkicebulebebs unda daeyrdnos da maTgan gamomdinare gansajos. ucxour literaturaSi<br />
xatovnad amboben, rom igi meorea duelSi (He is present as a second in the duel). mosamarTle<br />
am erTgvar Serkinebas akvirdeba da bolos acxadebs, Tu vinaa gamarjvebuli.<br />
igi arc braldebisa da arc dakiTxvis procesSi ar iRebs aqtiur monawileobas. procesi<br />
duelia Tanabari Rirebulebebis mqone samarTlebrivi iaraRebiT. 3<br />
anglo-amerikuli samarTlis sistemaSi zepiri mtkicebulebebis upiratesobis sakiTxi<br />
safuZvels iRebs inglisur CveulebiT samarTalSi: `inglisuri procesis yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovan Rirebulebad, rogorc samoqalaqo, agreTve sisxlis saqmeebze, iTvleba<br />
zepiroba. bevrad ufro didi wona aqvs procesze warmodgenili mowmeebis Cvenebebs,<br />
vidre werilobiTs, romlebic maT manamde misces. 4 SejibrebiTi procesi sapolicio<br />
gamoZiebiT iwyeba, romelic calsaxad araneitraluria da mas Semdeg, rac fokusirdeba<br />
eWvmitanilze, braldebis damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebis Segrovebiskenaa mimarTuli.<br />
dapirispirebis sawyisze dafuZnebuli procesi neitraluri gadawyvetilebis mim-<br />
Rebi subieqtis winaSe tardeba, mosamarTle iqneba es Tu nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo,<br />
romelTac saqmis araviTari winaswari codna ara aqvT. am pirobebSi TiToeuli mxare<br />
cdilobs gadawyvetilebis mimRebi Tavisi poziciis patiosnebaSi daarwmunos. procesi<br />
gangrZobadia da damyarebulia zepirobis principze (magaliTad: braldebulis sawinaaRmdego<br />
Cveneba mowmeebma uSualod sasamarTloSi unda miscen; jvaredini dakiTxvis<br />
principi). es modeli gavrcelebulia britaneTsa da mis yofil koloniebSi, rogoricaa<br />
avstralia, kanada da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. tradiciulad, CveulebiTi samar-<br />
Tlis qveynebSi iyeneben ara kodeqsebs, aramed sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebs. dadebiT<br />
mxareebTan erTad asaxeleben aRniSnuli modelis uaryofiT mxareebsac. SejibrebiTi<br />
procesis T<strong>and</strong>ayolil sisusted miiCneven, rom erT mxaresaa braldeba, romelsac dacvisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT meti resursi aqvs. aRniSnuli moicavs profesional sapolicio<br />
Zalebs da sakmaod maRali Semosavlis mqone prokurorebs, romlebic rogorc wesi,<br />
Sesabamisi unar-CvevebiTa da enTuziazmiT arian aRWurvilni. 5<br />
ganvixiloT e.w. inkviziciuri modelic, Tumca, aRniSnuli termini mocemul TemaSi<br />
pirobiTia, radgan wminda SejibrebiTi procesi Tanamedrove pirobebSi faqtobrivad<br />
aRar arsebobs. yvela qveyanam, ase Tu ise, aRiara SejibrebiTobis principi sasamarTlo<br />
warmoebis etapze. am stilis qveynebisTvis, romelTac sxvagvarad Sereuli modelis<br />
qveynebsac uwodeben, ZiriTadad, damaxasaiTebelia, rom inkviziciuroba wina sasamar-<br />
Tlo, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sagamoZiebo etapze vlindeba, sadac mosamarTle procesis<br />
sxva subieqtebTan erTad aqtiurad aris Cabmuli mtkicebulebaTa mopovebis procesSi.<br />
61
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
aRniSnuli modelis qveynebi gaxlavT safrangeTi, germania da a.S. tradiciul inkviziciur<br />
modelSi, Teoriulad neitraluri subieqti axorcielebs sisxlis samarTlis<br />
saqmis gamoZiebas da mosamarTles, an mosamarTleTa kolegias sagamoZiebo masalebTan<br />
(dosiesTan) sruli kavSiri aqvT. procesi SedarebiT moklexniania da nafici msajulebis<br />
monawileobis gareSe tardeba. braldebuls SesaZloa arc hqondes TviTgaTqmaze uaris<br />
garantirebuli ufleba da aseT pirobebSi SesaZloa, arc advokatis roli iyos gansakuTrebuli.<br />
procesi xSirad ar aris gangrZobadi da ar Seicavdes yvela mowmis daswrebis<br />
aucileblobas. rogorc wesi, inkviziciuri modelis qveynebSi sisxlis samarTlis<br />
saqmis mwarmoebeli subieqtebis Yyvelanairi moqmedeba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi _<br />
erTiani kodificirebul aqtSia gawerili. aRniSnuli modelis momxreebs Semdegi argumentebi<br />
moaqvT: im pirobebSi, rodesac mosamarTle neitraluria da Tavad awarmoebs<br />
gamoZiebas, faqtobrivad, usargeblo xdeba damcvelis instituti, Sesabamisad, braldebuls<br />
naklebi xarjis gaReba uwevs. agreTve procesze mowmeTa gamoZaxeba ar aris<br />
saWiro, radgan maTi Cvenebebi ukve dosieSia Setanili. radgan sistema ase efeqtianad<br />
muSaobs, praqtikaSi iseTi institutis saWiroebis sakiTxi sasamarTloTa gansatvirTavad,<br />
rogoric saproceso SeTanxmebaa, aRar dgas. mowmeebi, magaliTad eqspertebi, Tu<br />
isini procesze arian warmodgenilni, miiCnevian ara mxared, aramed sasamarTlos mowmeebad,<br />
maTi dakiTxvac bunebrivia sasamarTlos prerogativaa. miuxedavad zemoT CamoTvlili<br />
upiratesobebisa, bevri am sistemas, rogorc braldebulis uflebebis Semz-<br />
Rudavs, akritikebs, upirveles yovlisa, zepirobis principis naklebobis da zog Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, damcvelis ararsebobis gamo. xSir SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTlisTvis, romelic<br />
garkveulwilad saxelmwifo aparats warmoadgens, mTliani saqmis sadaveebis mindoba,<br />
moqalaqeebSi eWvis gancdas iwvevs. mosamarTleebs xSirad ar ZaluZT sakuTari Tavis<br />
Cveulebriv moqalaqed warmodgena, rogorc amas nafici msajulebi SeZlebdnen. 6<br />
sabolood, SeiZleba daveTanxmoT profesor damaskas, romelic am ori sistemis<br />
umTavres ganmasxvavebel niSnad mxareTa rols miiCnevda. misi azriT, SejibrebiT procesSi<br />
gamoZiebis mamoZravebelia sakuTari interesi da ara saxelmwifo interesi, rogorc<br />
es inkviziciurSia. 7 SejibrebiT procesSi ar gvyavs gamomZiebeli mosamarTle,<br />
romelic eZiebs simarTles, aq mTavaria mxareTa mondomeba.<br />
§2.SejibrebiTi procesi saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi da paralelebi<br />
saqarTvelosTan<br />
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSi arc Tu ise didi xnis winaT<br />
ganxorcielebulma cvlilebebma Cveni qveynis midgoma sisxlis samarTlis procesis<br />
mTeli rigi institutebisadmi arsebiTad Secvala. kerZod, saqarTveloSi manamde arsebuli<br />
procesis Sereuli modeli wminda SejibrebiT modelze gadavida. axali procesis<br />
pirobebSi mosamarTle SedarebiT pasiur subieqtad iqca, imdenad ramdenadac mas<br />
mtkicebulebaTa mopovebis procesSi ukve aranairi ufleba ar darCa da yvelaferi<br />
faqtobrivad mxareTa neba-survilzea mindobili. vfiqrobT, uintereso ar iqneba Seda-<br />
62
ebiTi analizis WrilSi ganvixiloT im qveynebis midgoma SejibrebiTobis principisadmi,<br />
romelSic saerTod iSva wminda SejibrebiTi procesi. wminda SejibrebiT process,<br />
romlis praqtikaSi danergvasac saqarTvelo axla iwyebs, didi istoria aqvs inglissa<br />
da amerikaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, ganvixiloT anglo-amerikuli samarTlis<br />
qveynebis midgoma am sakiTxisadmi.<br />
sisxlis samarTlis procesi, saqarTvelos msgavsad, inglisSic iyofa e.w. winasasamar-<br />
Tlo gamoZiebad da arsebiT ganxilvad. marTalia, axali procesis farglebSi Tavad<br />
termini `winasasamarTlo gamoZieba~ aRar gvxvdeba, magram misi Sinaarsi dRes ukve gamo-<br />
Ziebis cnebaSia moazrebuli. inglisis samZebro samsaxurTa specifikidan gamomdinare<br />
winasasamarTlo etapze jer e.w. sapolicio gamoZieba tardeba, romlis Semdegac policia<br />
saqmis masalebs gvirgvinis sabraldebo samsaxurs gadascems. marTalia, saqarTveloSi<br />
msgavsi dayofa ar arsebobs, magram SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom aRniSnuli organoebi<br />
da `Cveneburi~ prokuratura erTsa da imave qmedebebs axorcieleben, kerZod, axdenen<br />
mtkicebulebaTa aRmoCenas da maT saproceso damagrebas kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, ra-<br />
Ta SemdgomSi arsebiT ganxilvaze jerovnad daicvan saxelmwifos pozicia da amtkicon<br />
piris braleuloba. aRniSnulis paralelurad inglisSic, iseve rogorc CvenTan, dacvis<br />
mxares ufleba aqvs Caataros paraleluri gamoZieba. es yovelive gulisxmobs, rom Tavad<br />
braldebuli an misi damcveli mtkicebulebaTa mosapoveblad atareben braldebisagan<br />
damoukidebel sagamoZiebo moqmedebebs. gamoZiebis dasrulebis Semdeg, saqmis arsebiT<br />
ganxilvaze, braldeba da dacva warmodgenilni arian rogorc modave mxareeebi.<br />
kidev erTi paralelis gavleba SeiZleba inglisur da qarTul models Soris. sssk-s<br />
83-e muxlis me-6 nawilis msgavsad, romelic mxareebs avaldebulebs gaucvalon<br />
erTmaneTs mtkicebulebebi winasasamarTlo sxdomamde ara ugvianes 5 dRisa, inglisur<br />
samarTalSic arsebobs e.w. `mtkicebulebaTa gaxsnis~ valdebuleba (disclosure).<br />
aRniSnuli proceduris mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom inglisuri sisxlis samar-<br />
Tlis procesi bolomde SejibrebiTia, ese igi procesis winasasamarTlo stadiebze ar<br />
arsebobs rogorc `erTiani sisxlis samarTlis saqme~ (inkviziciuri midgomisagan gansxvavebiT)<br />
im gagebiT, rom winasasamarTlo warmoebisas TiToeuli mxare damoukideblad<br />
agrovebs mtkicebulebebs da qmnis Tavis `dosies~ _ (saqmis) masalebs. procesis garkveul<br />
etapze mxare faqtobrivad ar flobs utyuar informarcias, Tu ra mtkicebulebebs<br />
waradgens sasamarTloSi misi oponenti. 8 Tumca, saintereso momentia, rom dacvisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, braldebas ufleba aqvs ar gaxsnas iseTi mtkicebulebebi, romelmac<br />
`SesaZloa xeli Suwyos dacvas daicvas misi poziciebi.~ aRniSnuli midgoma dagmo<br />
evrosasamarTlom, Tumca, am sakiTxze odnav mogvianebiT SevCerdebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
Temaze muSaobisas gacnobili literaturis farglebSi ar Segvxvedria anglo-amerikul<br />
samarTalSi, qarTul realobaSi arsebuli dacvis mxaris e.w. sagamonakliso uflebis<br />
msgavsi instituti, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom qarTuli procesi sakuTriv<br />
misTvis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebs Seicavs da ar warmoadgens dasavluri<br />
modelebis zust kopirebas.<br />
63
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
arsebiTad, inglisis msgavsi midgomebia sisxlis samarTlis procesSi SejibrebiTobis<br />
principis mimarT amerikaSic. sainteresoa, rom aSS-Si xSirad SevxvdebiT sisxlis samar-<br />
Tlis saqmeTa Semdegnair saxelwodebebs `ilinoisis Stati smitis winaaRmdeg,~ `aSS<br />
merfis winaaRmdeg.~ faqtobrivad, es detali naTelyofs, rom procesi ganimarteba,<br />
rogorc sarCeli, wayenebuli im pirisadmi, romelmac Caidina danaSauli. 9<br />
marTalia, zogierTi amerikeli Teoretikosi momxrea, rom rogorc es kontinenturi<br />
evropis qveynebis procesisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, saqmeze WeSmariteba dadgindes, magram<br />
StatebSi mainc kvlav ufro aqtualurad rCeba midgoma, rom `iuristis mizans warmoadgens<br />
brZolis mogeba da ara sasamarTlosaTvis faqtebis dadgenaSi daxmarebis aRmoCena.~<br />
10 winasasamarTlo etapze SejibrebiTobis maRali xarisxis kidev erTi dasturia saqme<br />
_ `eskobedo ilinoisis winaaRmdeg.~ aRniSnul saqmeSi aSS-is uzenaesma sasamarTlom<br />
eskobedos braldeba gaauqma da aRiara eWvmitanilis ufleba hyavdes advokati sapolicio<br />
dakiTxvis dros. mosamarTle artur goldbergma aRniSnul saqmeSi policiis qmedeba<br />
konkretuli pirovnebis, braldebulis dakiTxvad CaTvala, vidre mowmeTa zogad<br />
gamokiTxvad, amitom gamoZiebis muSakTa aRniSnuli qmedeba ganxilul iqna aSS-is<br />
konstituciis me-6 nawilis darRvevad, romelic pirovnebas aZlevs garantias gamoiyenos<br />
dacvis ufleba mas Semdeg, rac aRiarebul iqneba sawyis etapze eWvmitanilad. 11<br />
metad saintereso mosazreba aqvs ielis samarTlis skolis profesor damaskas, romelic<br />
ambobs, rom Tu mosamarTle miiCnevs, rom misma Caurevlobam (`idealuri rolis<br />
ucvlelobam~ _ abiding by his ideal role) SesaZloa, gavlena moaxdinos procesze an Selaxos<br />
sajaro interesi, mas SeuZlia aqtiurad CaerTos procesis mimdinareobaSi. aRniSnul<br />
`darRvevas~ da pasiuri rolidan gadaxvevas damaska SejibrebiTi sistemis ufunqciobis<br />
gamosworebis surviliT xsnis. misi azriT, SejibrebiTi procesi moiTxovs minimum, miaxloebiT<br />
Tanasworobas mxareTa Soris, raTa sworad ifunqcioniros da Tu SesaZleblobaTa<br />
balansi seriozuladaa darRveuli, mosamarTlis Careva SesaZlebelia. 12 Tumca,<br />
avtori iqve aRar ganmartavs, konkretulad ra SemTxvevaSi iqneba sasamarTlos Careva<br />
gamarTlebuli, piriqiT, miuTiTebs, rom es qmedeba arcerT SemTxvevaSi mxareebis<br />
`wisqvilze ar unda asxamdes wyals.~<br />
sabolood, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom SejibrebiTi procesis qvakuTxedia, rom mosamarTle<br />
Tavis ganyenebul rols inarCunebs da misi mxridan nebismieri Careva inkviziciurobis<br />
gamovlinebad ganixileba. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsic bunebrivia,<br />
am midgomas iziarebs da mosamarTles erTaderT, TiTqosda inkviziciur elements utovebs,<br />
romelic mxareTaTvis damazustebeli kiTxvis dasmaSi gamoixateba, Tumca, radganac<br />
aRniSnuli mxareebTan SeTanxmebiT xorcieldeba, mosamarTlis mxridan yovelgvari<br />
TviTneburi Careva gamoricxulia.<br />
§3.franguli inkviziciuri modelis mokle analizi da Sedareba ssssk-is wina<br />
redaqciasTan<br />
Sereuli (pirobiTad, inkviziciuri) modelis klasikur magaliTebad, rogorc wesi,<br />
ganixilaven safrangeTisa da germaniis sisxlis samarTlis procesebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
64
ukanasknel wlebSi am qveynebSi ganxorcielebuli reformebi gvarwmunebs, rom kontinentur<br />
evropaSic nel-nela SeiniSneba wminda SejibrebiTi modelisaken swrafvis tendencia.<br />
ganvixiloT safrangeTis magaliTi. safrangeTSi informaciis Sesvlis momentidan<br />
Tavdapirvel e.w. mokvlevas sapolicio organoebi axorcieleben prokurorTan mWidro<br />
kavSirSi. sabolood, swored es ukanaskneli wyvets saqmis gamomZiebeli mosamarTlisaTvis<br />
gadacemis sakiTxs. mas Semdeg, rac winaswari gamoZiebis mosamarTles, prokuroris<br />
(an dazaralebulis _ e.w. kerZo devnis SemTxvevaSi) iniciativiT gadaecema saqme,<br />
igi iwyebs winaswar sasamarTlo gamoZiebas. gamoZiebis mosamarTle orsaxovani ianusis<br />
msgavsi figuraa: igi flobs sxvadasxva tipis Zalauflebas, erTi mxriv, aRWurvilia<br />
saqmis gamoZiebis uflebamosilebiT, rac niSnavs, rom TviTon axorcielebs sagamoZiebo<br />
moqmedebas an maT Catarebas, oficialuri sagamoZiebo davalebebis saxiT (commission<br />
rogatoire) avalebs sasamarTlo policiis organoebs, xolo meore mxriv, axorcielebs sasamarTlo<br />
funqciebs: iRebs gadawyvetilebebs eWvmitanilis winaswari patimrobis, Cxrekis,<br />
amoRebis Catarebis Sesaxeb, gamoZiebis dasasruls ki, wyvets saqmis Semdgomi warmar-<br />
Tvis sakiTxs. 13 safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 81-e muxlis pirveli<br />
nawilis Tanaxmad, `kanoniT dawesebul farglebSi, gamoZiebis mosamarTles SeuZlia Caataros<br />
nebismieri moqmedeba, romelsac saWirod Tvlis WeSmaritebis dasadgenad. igi<br />
moiZiebs rogorc damnaSaveobis, agreTve udanaSaulobis damadasturebel mtkicebulebas~<br />
(The investigating judge undertakes in accordance with the law any investigative step he deems<br />
useful for the discovery of the truth. He seeks out evidence of innocence as well as guilt). 14<br />
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, naTeli xdeba, rom mosamarTles iseTi sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis<br />
ganxorcielebis ufleba aqvs, rogoricaa SemTxvevis adgilis daTvaliereba,<br />
dakiTxva, dapirispireba, eqspertiza, Cxreka, amoReba da a.S. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom<br />
zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, mosamarTle yvela sagamoZiebo moqmedebas damoukideblad axorcielebs,<br />
Tumca, kanoni mas uflebas aniWebs saWroebis SemTxvevaSi, moaxdinos zogierTi<br />
uflebis delegireba sxva Tanamdebobis pirebze calkeul davalebaTa micemiT. 15 praqtikaSi,<br />
umravles SemTxvevaSi, swored ase xdeba da mosamarTlis davalebiT ZiriTadad,<br />
policiis oficrebi moqmedeben. umTavresi, rac inkviziciur da SejibrebiT sistemas<br />
ganasxvavebs aris, rom inkviziciur sistemaSi mosamarTlis mTavari movaleoba saqmeze<br />
WeSmaritebis dadgenaa, maSin rodesac SejibrebiTobis pirobebSi procesi aRniSnulisaken<br />
sulac ar aris mimarTuli. zemoT ganxiluli normidan gamomdinare, frangul<br />
samarTalSi mosamarTle yvelanairi saSualebiT cdilobs saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgenas.<br />
igi moipovebs rogorc braldebis, ise dacvis mxaris sasargeblo mtkicebulebebs.<br />
aq wina planzea wamoweuli sajaro interesi, SejibrebiT procesisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac<br />
piradi interesi mZlavrobs da TavianTi saqmis bedi Tavad mxareebis gadasawyvetia.<br />
1998 wlis 20 Tebervlis saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsic procesis<br />
umTavres amocanad WeSmaritebis dadgenas miiCnevda. aRniSnuli kodeqsis me-18<br />
muxlis Tanaxmad, gamomZiebeli, prokurori, mosamarTle da sasamarTlo valdebulni<br />
arian utyuarad daadginon, moxda Tu ara danaSauli, vin Caidina igi da gaarkvion<br />
mtkicebis sagnis yvela sxva garemoeba sisxlis samarTlis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT. imave<br />
65
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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kanoni<br />
muxlis me-2 nawilSi mocemuli iyo, rom saqmis garemoebaTa gamokvleva unda iyos<br />
yovelmxrivi, obieqturi da sruli. erTnairi gulmodginebiT unda gairkves eWvmitanilisa<br />
da braldebulis rogorc mamxilebeli, ise gamamarTlebeli, agreTve maTi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
damamZimebeli da Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi. imave ideas axmovanebs 437-e<br />
muxlis me-2 nawili, romlis Tanaxmadac, sasamarTlo sxdomis Tavmjdomare yvela Rones<br />
mimarTavs mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevis procesSi `WeSmaritebis dasadgenad.~ uwindeli<br />
redaqciis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi mravlad SevxdebiT inkviziciurobis gamovlinebebs,<br />
romelic kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis procesi<br />
iseTive Sereuli tipis gaxldaT, rogoric zemoT ganxiluli franguli modelia. imave<br />
437-e muxlis me-2 nawilis bolo winadadeba mosamarTles aZlevda uflebas sakuTari<br />
iniciativiT ganeridebina yvelaferi, rac, misi azriT, saqmis ganxilvasTan ar iyo dakav-<br />
Sirebuli. dRev<strong>and</strong>el pirobebSi es moqmedeba mxareebTan SeTanxmebiT xorcieldeba.<br />
128-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos, mxareTa SuamdgomlobiT, mTeli rigi<br />
saproceso moqmedebebis ganxorcieleba SeeZolo. aqve aRvniSnoT, rom imave muxlis me-3<br />
nawili mas, franguli modelis msgavsad, SesaZleblobas aZlevda daevalebina am moqmedebebis<br />
Sesruleba gamomZieblisaTvis an prokurorisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sereuli<br />
tipis qveynebSi, inkviziciuroba ZiriTadad, winasagamoZiebo etapze vlindeba, xolo<br />
rac Seexeba saqmis arsebiT ganxilvas, aq ukve, rogorc wesi, SejibrebiTobis principi<br />
srulad aris daculi. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis wina redaqciis<br />
me-15 muxli ganamtkicebda iseT mniSvnelovan princips, rogoric SejibrebiTobaa.<br />
saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilvis etapze sasamarTlos mxareTa Tanasworobis dacvis valdebuleba<br />
hqonda. isini sargeblobdnen uflebiT Tanasworobis safuZvelze warmoedginaT<br />
mtkicebulebebi, monawileoba mieRoT maT gamokvlevaSi, ganecxadebinaT Suamdgomlobebi<br />
Tu acilebebi, gamoeTqvaT sakuTari azri sisxlis samrTlis saqmis nebismier<br />
sakiTxze.<br />
davubrundeT frangul models da vTqvaT, rom safrangeTis sssk-is 81-e muxli erTi<br />
SexedviT, TiTqos sakmaod bevris uflebas aniWebs mosamarTles gamoZiebis etapze.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs mTeli rigi SezRudvebi, rac rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,<br />
procesis yvela stadiaze SejibrebiTobis principis mzard tendenciaze miuTiTebs.<br />
upirvelesad, unda vTqvaT, rom winaswari gamoZiebis mosamarTleebi sul ufro da ufro<br />
naklebi raodenobis saqmeebSi aqtiuroben. 2005 wlis monacemebiT, safrangeTSi warmoebaSi<br />
myofi 1.1 milioni saqmidan, sul raRac, 33 000 aTasi iqna mosamarTleebis mier<br />
gamoZiebuli. amasTan, gamomZiebeli mosamarTleebi `gamoiyenebian~ mxolod garkveuli<br />
tipis saqmeebze, _ mkvleloba an gaupatiureba, agreTve iseT saSualo xarisxis dana-<br />
Saulebze, rogoricaa miTviseba, saxelmwifo saxsrebis aradaniSnulebisamebr gamoyeneba<br />
da korufcia. 16<br />
obieqturi WeSmaritebis Zieba evalebaT procesis mwarmoebel subieqtebs agreTve<br />
saberZneTSi, hol<strong>and</strong>iaSi, belgiaSi, germaniaSi, saerTod, kontineturi evropis qveynebis<br />
umravlesobaSi, aseve, laTinur amerikaSi, iaponiaSi da a.S.<br />
vfiqrobT, interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos Cveni mezobeli somxeTis sisxlis samar-<br />
Tlis saproceso kodeqsis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis gacnoba. somxeTis sisxlis<br />
66
samarTlis kodeqsis 23-e muxli procesis SejibrebiTobas ganamtkicebs. aRniSnuli<br />
muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, saproceso moqmedebebi SejibrebiTobis principis<br />
safuZvelze unda warimarTos. sisxlis samarTlis saqmis gamoZieba, dacva da saqmis<br />
saboloo gadawyvetileba erTmaneTisagan unda iyos gamoyofili da sxvadasxva pirebisa<br />
da organoebis mier warimarTos. mniSvnelovania, 23-e muxlis me-3 nawili, romlis Tanaxmadac,<br />
sasamarTlo ar aris braldebisa da dacvis mxardamWeri organo da mxolod<br />
samarTlisa da kanonisadmi inarCunebs da gamoxatavs interess. Tumca, me-4 nawili awesebs,<br />
rom sasamarTlo mxareTa mosazrebebiT ar aris SezRuduli da sakuTari iniciativiT<br />
SeuZlia mimarTos yvela zomas, raTa sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze simarTle daadginos.<br />
naTelia, rom Tu saWirod CaTvlis, mosamarTles SeuZlia simarTlis dadgenaSi<br />
Tavad CaerTos. aRniSnuli gvafiqrebinebs, rom somxeTis sisxlis samarTlis procesi<br />
jer kidev, aRiarebs inkviziciurobis niSnebs. piradad Cven, SeuZleblad migvaCnia<br />
SejibrebiTobis dacva im pirobebSi, rodesac `WeSmaritebis~ Ziebas Tavad sasamarTlo<br />
iwyebs, radgan mis mier Catarebuli nebismieri moqmedeba Tu mopovebuli mtkicebuleba<br />
uciloblad iqneba erT-erTi mxarisaTvis tendenciuri. metad misasalmebelia, rom<br />
saqarTvelos msgavsad, somxeTSic igegmeba mTeli rigi cvlilebebi sisxlis samarTlis<br />
procesSi. kerZod, dagegmili reformebis Tanaxmad, aucilebelia gaZlierdes SejibrebiTi<br />
procesis elementebi winasasamarTlo warmoebis etapze, vinaidan SejibrebiToba<br />
braldebulis uflebebis efeqtianad dacvis upirvelesi garantiaa. miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom SejibrebiToba qveynis konstituciasa da sxva mTel rig specifikur kanonebSia<br />
ganmtkicebuli, saerTaSoriso eqspertebis daskvniT, somxeTSi saTanadod mainc ar aris<br />
uzrunvelyofili winasasamarTlo etapze. mxareTa Tanasworoba SejibrebiTi procesis<br />
Semadgeneli Tvisebaa, amitomac sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi igi mkafiod unda<br />
iqnes gawerili. mxareTa Tanasworoba gulisxmobs, rom maT unda hqondeT Tanabari<br />
saSualebebi da SesaZleblobebi, raTa TavianTi argumentebi warmoadginon da meore<br />
mxares Seejibron. amasTan, saerTaSoriso rekomendaciebis mixedviT, bralmdeblis<br />
uflebamosilebebi winasagamoZiebo etapze naTlad unda gaiweros da zogierTi maTgani<br />
Semcirdes. 17<br />
§4.evrosasamarTlos midgoma SejibrebiTobis principis darRvevasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT<br />
evrosasamarTlos gancxadebiT, `sisxlis samarTlis saqmeSi SejibrebiTi procesis<br />
ufleba gulsxmobs, rom rogorc braldebas, ise dacvas unda mieces meore mxaris mier<br />
warmodgenili mosazrebebisa da mtkicebulebebis gacnobisa da maTze sakuTari azris<br />
gamoTqmis SesaZlebloba. zemoT mocemuli gansazRvrebis nawils sainteresod miiCneven,<br />
radgan im pirobebSi, rodesac sasamarTlom mkafiod ganacxada, rom es ufleba vrceldeba<br />
rogorc braldebis, agreTve dacvis mxareze _ aRniSnuli Teoriulad SeuZlebelia,<br />
radgan konvenciis teqstis Tanaxmad, mxolod individebma SeiZleba isargeblon adamianis<br />
uflebaTa saerTaSoriso instrumentebis dacviT da am pirobebSi braldebis mxare<br />
calsaxad, gamoiricxeba, rogorc saxlmwifo aparati da ara konkretuli fizikuri<br />
67
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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kanoni<br />
piri.~ 18 garda amisa, asaxeleben kidev im arguments, rom braldebas dacvis mxaris argumentebze<br />
pasuxis gacemis SesaZlebloba yovelTvis ar eqneba, vinaidan sasamarTlo procesze<br />
bolo sityva, rogorc wesi, braldebuls ekuTvnis. Cveni azriT, es ukanaskneli<br />
pozicia qarTuli realobis fonze cota sustad gamoiyureba, radgan process axasia-<br />
Tebs garkveuli Tanmimdevroba. aRniSnuli gulisxmobs, rom mxareebi Tanmimdevrulad<br />
warmoTqvamen Sesaval sityvas, ikvleven mtkicebulebebs, atareben pirdapir da jvaredin<br />
dakiTxvas, Semdeg gamodian daskvniTi sityviT da aqvT replikebis gacxadebis ufleba.<br />
aseT pirobebSi, saeWvoa, rom braldebulma Tavis saboloo sityvaSi iseTi ram Tqvas,<br />
rom braldebis mxaris uuflebobam masze komentari gaakeTos, arsebiTad Secvalos<br />
sasamarTlos azri ama Tu im sakiTxze.<br />
precedentuli samarTali SejibrebiTi procesis uflebaze ar aris mravalferovani<br />
da ZiriTadad, 2 tipis saqmeebs moicavs. saqmeebis pirvel jgufSi dacva moklebuli iyo<br />
SesaZleblobas, jerovani pasuxi gaeca prokuraturis wardginebebze, meore ki, Seexeba<br />
braldebis mier mtkicebulebebis gamJRavnebis valdebulebas. 19<br />
saerTaSoriso WrilSi SejibrebiTobis principze saubrisas, aucilebelia vaxsenoT<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxli, romelic samarTliani sasamarTlos<br />
uflebas uzrunvelyofs. evrosasamarTlos praqtikaSi araerTi precedentia,<br />
rodesac ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT, braldeba mtkicebulebebs ar gascemda da aRniSnuli<br />
calsaxad arRvevda misTvis miniWebul uflebebs procesis nebismier stadiaze<br />
hqonoda informacia, Tu ris gamoyenebas apirebda braldeba mis winaaRmdeg. marTlac,<br />
braldebis organoebs xSirad axasiaTebs tendencia ar gaamJRavnon saqmesTan dakavSirebuli<br />
garkveuli masalebi, magaliTad, angariSebi, Canawerebi, gancxadebebi da<br />
informacia mowmeTa Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevebisaTvis sasamarTlom gansazRvra ZiriTadi<br />
wesi: `sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom me-6 muxlis 1-li punqtiT gansazRvruli samarTlianobis<br />
moTxovnis mixedviT, romelic aRiarebulia inglisur samarTalSi, braldebis organoebma<br />
dacvas unda gaumxilon nivTieri mtkicebuleba braldebis winaaRmdeg an mis sasargeblod.<br />
mocemul saqmeSi aRniSnulis Seusruleblobam gamoiwvia xarvezi sasamarTlo<br />
ganxilvaSi~ (Edwards vs UK).<br />
saerTod, unda vTqvaT, rom SejibrebiToba metad farTo cnebaa da dacvis mxarisaTvis<br />
mTeli rigi im uflebamosilebis miniWebas gulisxmobs, rac SeiZleba imTaviTve braldebasac<br />
hqondes. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia, iseve rogorc samoqalaqo<br />
da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqti da adamianis uflebaTa amerikuli<br />
konvencia ganamtkiceben braldebulis uflebas hqondes sakmarisi dro da saSualeba<br />
sakuTari dacvis mosamzadeblad. `saSualebebi~ sakmaod zogadi cnebaa da Tavis<br />
TavSi moicavs braldebis arsisa da safuZvlis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebis uflebas,<br />
damcvelis daxmarebis uflebas, mowmeTa gamoZaxebisa da dakiTxvis uflebas. 20 SejibrebiTobis<br />
pirobebSi mniSvnelovania braldebis Sesaxeb informirebis ufleba. evrosasamarTlos<br />
gancxadebiT (braldebuls aqvs ufleba), `misTvis gasageb enaze, dauyovnebliv<br />
da dawvrilebiT ecnobos wardgenili braldebis arsi da safuZveli~ _ ganamtkicebs<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia (me-6 (3) muxli). 21 sakmarisi SesaZleblobebis<br />
68
qonis ufleba Tavis TavSi moicavs braldebulis uflebas, gaecnos braldebis mtkicebulebebs.<br />
evrosasamarTlom atlanis saqmeSi daadgina, rom braldebis mxarem, romelic<br />
gamudmebiT uaryofda, rom ar arsebobda aranairi `gauxsenli~ mtkicebuleba, veRar<br />
SeZlo uSualod procesze sasamarTlosaTvis gaecno namdvili pozicia, rodesac aRmoCnda,<br />
rom arsebobda garkveuli gaumxeleli mtkicebulebebi, romlebic aumjobesebda<br />
dacvis mxaris pozicias. 22<br />
sabolood, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo SejibrebiTobis<br />
principis darRvevas ganixilavs adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6<br />
muxlis WrilSi, romelic ganamtkicebs samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebas da bunebrivia,<br />
SejibrebiToba srulyofili sasamarTlo procesis erT-erTi Semdgeneli nawilia.<br />
Cvenda sasixarulod unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos mimarT adamianis uflebaTa evropul<br />
sasamarTlos SejibrebiTi procesis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli darRvevebi<br />
arcerT saqmeSi ar gamouvlenia.<br />
daskvna<br />
daskvnis saxiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelom 2010 wlis 1 oqtombridan amoqmedebuli<br />
cvlilebebiT sisxlis samarTlis procesSi arsebiTad axali midgomebi danerga<br />
da SeuerTda im qveynebis ricxvs, romlebic wminda SejibrebiT models iziareben. aRniSnuli<br />
gadawyvetileba, ra Tqma unda, naCqarevad miRebuli ar yofila, aramed igi aSS-is,<br />
didi britaneTisa da sxva mTeli rigi ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdilebis analizsa<br />
da maTi procesualuri samarTlis saukeTeso Tvisebebis kompilacias warmoadgenda.<br />
vfiqrobT, mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTvelo erTxel da samudamod sabWouri `naSTebisagan~<br />
Tavisufldeba. reformebi mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac Tanamedrove<br />
pirobebSi sul ufro ukana planze iwevs saxelmwifo instituciebis roli da mniSvneloba<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovan aqtivobebSi da wina planze Tavad sazogadoebisve<br />
aqtiuroba inacvlebs. XXI saukune axal gamowvevebs qmnis da friad misasalmebelia,<br />
rom saqarTvelo regionis masStabiT novatoris rolSi gamodis da mezobeli<br />
saxelmwifoebisaTvis magaliTi xdeba. zemoT motanili somxeTis magaliTic naTelyofs,<br />
rom kavkasiis regionis qveynebi nel-nela iCenen miswrafebas sisxlis samarTlis procesis<br />
wminda SejibrebiTi modelisaken, romelic saqmis sadaveebs Tavad mxares <strong>and</strong>obs<br />
da dRev<strong>and</strong>el pirobebSi metad progresulia.<br />
69
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />
1. Jan pradeli, SedarebiTi sisxlis samarTali, 1995;<br />
2. evrogaerTianebis qveynebis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso<br />
sistemebi (Targmani _ k.wiqariSvilis), 2002.<br />
3. Stefan treqseli, adamianis uflebebi sisxlis samarTlis<br />
procesSi, Tbilisi, 2009;<br />
4. k. f. gucenko, dasavleTis saxelmwifoTa sisxlis samarTlis<br />
procesi, 2007;<br />
5. Mathieu Deflem, Am<strong>and</strong>a J. Swygart Comparative criminal justice, Purdue<br />
university, West Lafayette, Indiana , 2001;<br />
6. Adhémar Esmein, A history of continental criminal procedure with special<br />
reference to france, New jersey, 2000 ;<br />
7. Lirieka Meintjes van der Walt, Comparative method: Comparing legal systems<br />
<strong>and</strong>/or legal cultures?, 2006;<br />
8. Craig M. Bradley , Criminal Procedure ( A Worldwide Study), Second Edition,<br />
North Carolina, 2007;<br />
9. Mirjan R. Damaska, Structures of Authority <strong>and</strong> Comparative Criminal Procedure,<br />
1975;<br />
10. (Escobedo v Illinois) ix.: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escobedo_v._Illinois<br />
11. Criminal Procedure Code of the French Republic (English version) ix.: http://<br />
legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1674/file/<br />
848f4569851e2ea7eabfb2ffcd70.htm/preview<br />
12. Inquisitorial system / modern use in France ix. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<br />
Inquisitorial_system<br />
13. OSCE/ODIHR Note on the Concept Paper on the Reform of Criminal Procedure<br />
Legislation in Armenia, Warsaw, 4 November 2010, ix. :www.legislationline.org<br />
14. The Strasbourg jurisprudence ix.: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/<br />
ld200304/ldjudgmt/jd040205/hc-2.htm<br />
SeniSvebi:<br />
1<br />
Jan pradeli, SedarebiTi sisxlis samarTali, 1995, gv. 6.<br />
2<br />
Mathieu Deflem, Am<strong>and</strong>a J. Swygart Comparative criminal justice, Purdue<br />
university, West Lafayette, Indiana, 2001, p. 53-54.<br />
3<br />
Adhémar Esmein, A history of continental criminal procedure with special<br />
reference to france, New jersey, 2000, p. 6.<br />
4<br />
Lirieka Meintjes van der Walt, Comparative method: Comparing legal systems<br />
<strong>and</strong>/or legal cultures?, 2006, p. 53.<br />
5<br />
Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure (A Worldwide Study), Second Edition,<br />
North Carolina, 2007, p. xviii.<br />
6<br />
Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure (A Worldwide Study), Second Edition,<br />
North Carolina, 2007, p. xvii, xviii<br />
7<br />
Lirieka Meintjes van der Walt, Comparative method: Comparing legal systems<br />
<strong>and</strong>/or legal cultures?, 2006, p. 55.<br />
8<br />
k.f. gucenko, dasavleTis saxelmwifoTa sisxlis samarTlis<br />
procesi, 2007, gv. 161, 165.<br />
9<br />
iqve, gv. 213-214.<br />
10<br />
k.f. gucenko, dasavleTis saxelmwifoTa sisxlis samarTlis<br />
procesi, 2007, gv. 263.<br />
70
11<br />
(Escobedo v Illinois) ix.: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escobedo_v._Illinois<br />
12<br />
Mirjan R. Damaska, Structures of Authority <strong>and</strong> Comparative Criminal<br />
Procedure, 1975, p. 524.<br />
13<br />
evrogaerTianebis qveynebis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso<br />
sistemebi (Targmani _ k. wiqariSvilis), 2002, gv. 126.<br />
14<br />
Criminal Procedure Code of the French Republic (English version) ix.:<br />
http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1674/file/<br />
848f4569851e2ea7eabfb2ffcd70.htm/preview<br />
15<br />
k.f. gucenko, dasavleTis saxelmwifoTa sisxlis samarTlis<br />
procesi, 2007, gv. 431.<br />
16<br />
Inquisitorial system / modern use in France ix. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<br />
Inquisitorial_system<br />
17<br />
OSCE/ODIHR Note on the Concept Paper on the Reform of Criminal Procedure<br />
Legislation in Armenia, Warsaw, 4 November 2010, p. 15-16 ix.:<br />
www.legislationline.org<br />
18<br />
Stefan treqseli, adamianis uflebebi sisxlis samarTlis<br />
procesSi, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 115.<br />
19<br />
iqve, gv. 116.<br />
20<br />
Stefan treqseli, adamianis uflebebi sisxlis samarTlis<br />
procesSi, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 243.<br />
21<br />
iqve, gv. 225.<br />
22<br />
The Strasbourg jurisprudence, ix. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/<br />
ld200304/ldjudgmt/jd040205/hc-2.htm<br />
71
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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Supreme Court of Georgia<br />
hosted scientific conference<br />
dedicated to the issue _<br />
“Adversarial Principle in the<br />
Criminal Procedure”.<br />
Conference was held within<br />
the framework of the<br />
memor<strong>and</strong>um between the<br />
Supreme Court of Georgia <strong>and</strong><br />
Ivane Javakhishvili State<br />
University <strong>and</strong> professors,<br />
scholars, PHD Students <strong>and</strong><br />
other students participated in it.<br />
The Conference promoted<br />
discussion on the adversarial<br />
principle, as well as raising<br />
public awareness on this<br />
important principle among wider<br />
public.<br />
We offer students ‘<br />
presentations that were<br />
appreciated by practitioner<br />
lawyers as well as by the<br />
scholars.<br />
ADVERSARIAL PRINCIPLE<br />
(COMPARATIVE ANALYSES)<br />
TINATIN KHACHVANI<br />
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
<strong>Law</strong> Faculty Student<br />
We can say that the Comparative Criminal <strong>Law</strong> is a sphere that has not<br />
been so well studied by Georgian scholars, thus working on this topic is<br />
twice as much responsibility <strong>and</strong> is much more difficult. Despite the<br />
challenges, working on the article was extremely interesting. Comparative<br />
analyses allows to look at the issue <strong>and</strong> analyze it from various perspectives,<br />
view opinions of different authors regarding certain problematic issues.<br />
Presented article was an effort to analyze adversarial principle in criminal<br />
law based on the examples of several countries. Introduction provides short<br />
overviews on basics of criminal law systems. General importance of<br />
adversarial principle in Anglo-American <strong>and</strong> civil law countries is also<br />
analyzed in this section. Besides the general overview, article also offers<br />
peculiarities of each system in relation with the adversarial principle. Author<br />
analyzes similarities between criminal procedure code of Georgia <strong>and</strong> other<br />
countries. Article discusses those norms of Armenian Criminal Procedure<br />
Code that strengthen adversarial principle. As well as the changes that are<br />
foreseen in this country in the near future. Final part of the article is dedicated<br />
to the case law of the European Court <strong>and</strong> those international acts that directly<br />
or indirectly strengthen principle of adversariality.<br />
.<br />
72
SejibrebiTobis<br />
principi nafic<br />
msajulTa mier<br />
gansaxilvel saqmeebSi<br />
emzar gagniZe<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studenti<br />
Sesavali<br />
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo erTgvar siaxles warmoadgens<br />
qarTuli marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi. saqarTvelos axalma<br />
sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsma, romelic ZalaSi<br />
2010 wlis 1 oqtombridan Sevida, mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi<br />
Seitana qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis sistemaSi. am mxriv,<br />
yuradsaRebi siaxlea SejibrebiTobis principze dafuZnebuli<br />
sistemis SemoReba, nacvlad inkviziciuri sistemisa da nafic<br />
msajulTa institutis danergva. moqalaqeebi gadamwyvet<br />
rols asruleben piris braleulobisa da udanaSaulobis<br />
sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi. mosamarTle ki, kanonis eqspertia,<br />
romelic damoukidebeli damkvirveblis saxiT moqmedebs.<br />
igi uzrunvelyofs samarTliani sasamarTlos Catarebas rogorc<br />
braldebulis, aseve, braldebis mxareTaTvis. 1 swored<br />
aRniSnuli siaxlidan gamomdinare, nafic msajulTa instituti,<br />
dResdReobiT, qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi erT-erTi<br />
yvelaze aqtualuri Temaa.<br />
Cvens mier Seswavlil iqna saqarTveloSi nafic msajulTa<br />
monawileobiT gamarTuli procesebi da vfiqrobT, rom mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />
saintereso iqneba studentis TvaliT danaxuli<br />
SejibrebiTobis principis mniSvneloba nafic msajulTa<br />
mier gansaxilvel saqmeebze da saqarTvelos axali sisxlis<br />
samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT SemoTavazebuli siaxle<br />
SejibrebiTobis principTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
73
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
nafic msajulTa institutis warmoSobis mokle istoriuli eqskursi<br />
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. aRniSnuli institutis samSoblod<br />
didi britaneTi moixsenieba. nafici msajulebi warmoadgenen faqtebis damdgen instancias,<br />
romelTac samarTlebriv sakiTxebze miTiTebebs aZlevs mosamarTle. nafic msajulTa<br />
sasamarTlo faqtebis erTaderTi arbitria da misi gadawyvetileba wmidaTawmidad<br />
(something sacrosainct) miiCneva. 2 miuxedavad amisa, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom nafic msajulTa<br />
intitutis Canasaxi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis adreul etapzec SeimCneoda. magaliTad,<br />
saberZneTSi, sk<strong>and</strong>inaviis qveynebSi, romSi, norvegiasa da SvedeTSi.<br />
didi britaneTis msgavsad, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo gavrcelda mis yofil koloniebsa<br />
da sxva qveynebSi, romlebic adre imyofebodnen didi britaneTis gavlenis qveS da<br />
Semdeg, saerTo samarTlis sistemas SeuerTdnen. magaliTad, aSS, irl<strong>and</strong>ia, avstralia,<br />
kanada da axali zel<strong>and</strong>ia. 3<br />
kontinenturi evropis modeli mosamarTlesa da msajulebs Soris funqciebis mkacr<br />
gadanawilebas gulisxmobs, sadac piris braleulobis sakiTxs wyveten nafici msajulebi,<br />
mosamarTle ki, ufardebs sasjels da wyvets procesualur sakiTxebs. 4 rac Seexeba kontinenturi<br />
evropis qveynebs, Tavdapirvelad, msajulTa avtoriteti aqac maRali iyo. Tumca, am<br />
qveynebSi gavrcelebul msajulTa saxes Znelad SeiZleba ewodos nafici msajulebi.<br />
aSkaraa, rom isini msajulTa gansxvavebul nairsaxeobas ganekuTvnebian. maT sxvadasxva<br />
qveyanaSi sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT moixsenieben. amasTan, sasamarTlos mier marTlmsajulebis<br />
ganxorcielebaSi moqalaqeTa monawileobis kidev erTi forma arsebobs _ saqmeebs<br />
ganixilavs kolegia, romelic Sedgeba mosamarTlisa da ara iuristi (arCeviTi) wevrebisagan.<br />
maT italiaSi _ saxalxo sasamarTloebs, ruseTSi _ saxalxo msajulebs, germaniaSi _<br />
Sefenebs, xolo safrangeTSi asizebs uwodeben. SemdgomSi ki, am saxelwodebebma transformacia<br />
ganicades. 5<br />
rac Seexeba sakiTxs, icnobda Tu ara saqarTvelo nafic msajulTa instituts Tavisi<br />
ganviTarebis adreul etapze, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom aRniSnuli institutis msgavsi<br />
Canasaxi xevsureTis CveulebiT samarTalSi arsebobda. xevsureTis CveulebiTi samarTlis<br />
mixedviT, SeirCeoda 4-dan 12-mde kacisagan (rCeuli pirebisagan) Semdgari sasamarTlo<br />
da isini Zveli adaT-wesebis mixedviT Serigebis, qurdobis, ganqorwinebisa da sxva msgavs<br />
saqmeebs ixilavdnen. CvenTvis mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom SerCeul pirebs msajulebs<br />
uwodebdnen. 6<br />
mogvianebiT, 1919 wlis 17 ianvars, saqarTvelos mTavrobam miiRo kanoni `nafic msajulTa<br />
sasamarTlos SemoRebis Sesaxeb.~ am kanonis Tanaxmad, nafici msajulebi 12 kacis<br />
SemadgenlobiT, mosamarTlisagan damoukideblad wyvetdnen braldebulis damnaSaved<br />
cnoba-arcnobis sakiTxs. aRniSnuli kanoniT, gansazRvruli iyo, Tu vis SeeeZlo monawileoba<br />
mieRo nafic msajulTa sasamarTloSi, rogorc nafic msajuls. aRsaniSnavia, rom swored<br />
dasaxelebuli periodi unda miviCnioT saqarTveloSi nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos<br />
pirvelsawyisad.<br />
74
SejibrebiTobis principis asaxva nafic msajulTa sasamarTloSi<br />
sisxlis samarTlis axali saproceso kodeqsis miRebiT, saqarTveloSi sisxlis samarTlis<br />
saqmeebze SejibrebiTobis axleburi sistema Semovida. amasTan, SejibrebiTobis princips<br />
Zveli sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsic icnobda, Tumca, ara im saxiT, ra saxiTac<br />
aRniSnuli principi dRes moqmed sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSia asaxuli. Zveli<br />
sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT ganmtkicebuli SejibrebiTobis principis mixedviT,<br />
mxareTa funqciebi da sisxlis samarTlis saqmis gadawyvetis funqcia erTmaneTisagan<br />
gamijnuli iyo. 7 dRes moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT ganmtkicebulia<br />
wminda SejibrebiTobis principi, romelic saerTo samarTlis qveynebidan SemoviReT.<br />
wminda SejibrebiTobis principis mixedviT, sasamarTlo procesebze mosamarTleebi aRar<br />
aqveyneben mtkicebulebebs da ar xdeba mowmeTa dakiTxva; am principis Tanaxmad, prokuroris/<br />
advokatis funqciaa warmoadginos Tavisi saqme da dakiTxos mowmeebi. Tu prokurori/<br />
advokati Tavis saqmes Tavs ver gaarTmevs, mtkicebulebebi da Cvenebebi verasodes miva<br />
mosamarTlemde an nafic msajulebamde, romlebmac saqme unda gadawyviton. aRniSnulis<br />
Tanaxmad, mTlianad mxareebs akisriaT is tvirTi, romliTac unda uzrunvelyon, maTi<br />
Suamdgomlobis mxardamWeri mtkicebulebis mosamarTlemde da nafic msajulebamde<br />
mitana. maT aseve, unda SeZlon, rom maTTvis arasasurveli mtkicebulebebi ar iqnes<br />
ganxiluli. yovelive amis gansaxorcieleblad prokurorebi/advokatebi maRal doneze<br />
unda daeuflon SejibrebiTobis sistemas da uzrunvelyon momzadebis saTanado xarisxi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom SejibrebiTobis principi nafic msajulTa institutSi gamokveTiladaa<br />
asaxuli. swored amitom nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi SejibrebiTobis<br />
procesis nawilad miiCneva, sadac mosamarTle miukerZoebeli arbitria<br />
da mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevis procesSi ar monawileobs. 8<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom axali saproceso kodeqsis miRebamde, CvenTan realurad ar<br />
yofila SejibrebiTi procesi, vinaidan ar SeiZleba SejibrebiTi procesi ewodos, rodesac<br />
advokati mimarTavs prokurors/gamomZiebels SuamdgomlobiT sagamoZiebo moqmedebis<br />
Catarebis Taobaze, rogorc xdeboda dRemde moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis saproceso<br />
kodeqsiT. SejibrebiTi procesi arc maSin arsebobs, rodesac mosamarTle dakiTxavs<br />
mowmes da mowmis pasuxi pirdapir Tu arapirdapir aucileblad aZlevs xels romelime<br />
mxares da arc maSin gvaqvs SejibrebiToba, rodesac mosamarTle garkveul mosazrebas<br />
gamoTqvams. sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma uaryofilia dRes moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis<br />
saproceso kodeqsiT. axali kodeqsis mixedviT, mosamarTle ki ar dakiTxavs mowmes,<br />
aramed kiTxvasac ki, ver dasvams mxareebTan SeTanxmebis gareSe.<br />
SejibrebiTobis principis mniSvneloba yvelaze mkafiod vlindeba nafic msajulTa<br />
mier gansaxilvel saqmeebSi. aRniSnuli principi nafic msajulTa sasamarTloSi mosamarTlis<br />
pasiurobaSi gamoixateba. sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvisas mosamarTle miukerZoebeli<br />
arbitris rols asrulebs da igi aqtiurad ar monawileobs saqmis ganxilvaSi, magaliTad,<br />
ar dakiTxavs mowmeebs da ver svams kiTxvebs sakuTari iniciativiT; mosamarTle pasiuria<br />
mtkicebulebaTa mopovebis dros, ver gamoiZaxebs mowmes; sakuTari iniciativiT ver<br />
75
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Seamcirebs braldebas da verc dauSveblad cnobs mtkicebulebas, radgan yovelive es<br />
xorcieldeba mxaris Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze. mosamarTlis pasiurobaze migvaniSnebs,<br />
rom igi moklebulia uflebamosilebas daabrunos saqme gamoZiebaSi. SejibrebiTobis<br />
principis uSualo gamovlinebaa isic, rom mxareebi Tavad gansazRvraven TavianT moTxovnebs<br />
da Tavadve amyareben mosazrebebs. mtkicebulebaTa mopoveba da sasamarTloSi wardgena<br />
mxareTa prerogativaa. mxareebs ekisrebaT mowmeTa sasamarTloSi gamocxadebis uzrunvelyofa.<br />
yovelive aRniSnuli mxareebs ubiZgebs, rom isini ufro metad motivirebulni da ufro<br />
metad CarTulni iyvnen procesis msvlelobaSi.<br />
zemoT xsenebuli sakiTxebis ganxilvisas, araerTxel aRiniSna, rom SejibrebiTobis<br />
principi siaxles warmoadgens qarTuli marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi. am mxriv, vfiqrobT,<br />
ismis kiTxva, Tu ras unda movelodeT aRniSnuli principis damkvidrebis Sedegad?<br />
SejibrebiTobis principis arsze zemoT ukve visaubreT da amjerad yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT<br />
mis mosalodnel Sedegebze. Cveni azriT, SejibrebiTobis principis ganviTareba xels<br />
Seuwyobs mxareTa samarTlebrivi donis amaRlebas, vinaidan xsenebul principze agebuli<br />
procesis warmarTvisaTvis aucilebelia saqmis maRal doneze momzadeba, raTa mosamarTlisa<br />
da nafici msajulebis winaSe prokuroris/advokatis gamosvla iyos damajerebeli. vinaidan<br />
SejibrebiTobis principis safuZvelze saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilvisas mosamarTle pasiur<br />
rols asrulebs, mxare eWvqveS ver daayenebs misi obieqturobis sakiTxs da mxarisaTvis<br />
uaryofiTi Sedegis dadgoma gamowveuli iqneba mxolod da mxolod misive arajerovani<br />
momzadebis doniT, Sesabamisad, moimatebs sazogadoebis mxridan sasamarTlosadmi ndoba.<br />
studentis TvaliT danaxuli nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo procesi<br />
mas Semdeg, rac 2010 wlis 1 oqtombridan ZalaSi Sevida sisxlis samarTlis axali<br />
saproceso kodeqsi, romlis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes siaxles nafic msajulTa institutis<br />
SemoReba warmoadgenda, sazogadoeba gansakuTrebuli interesiT elodeboda nafic msajulTa<br />
monawileobiT gamarTul realur process. aRniSnuli procesis gamarTvas kidev ufro<br />
didi interesiT eloda iuridiul sferoSi moRvawe profesorTa da studentTa segmenti.<br />
2011 wlis 9 noembers, nafic msajulTa monawileobiT dainiSna pirveli procesi. aRniSnuli<br />
TariRi istoriuli mniSvnelobisaa da qveynis TiToeul moqalaqes, miT umetes, samarTliT<br />
dainteresebul pirebs didi survili hqondaT am movlenis monawileni gamxdariyvnen.<br />
Sesabamisad, rogorc students didi interesi mqonda aRniSnuli procesis mimarT da<br />
aqtiurad daveswari dRemde gamarTul orive process. mimaCnia, rom saintereso iqneba<br />
studentis TvaliT danaxuli realuri procesi da am procesebTan dakavSirebuli Sefasebebi.<br />
Temis saTauridan gamomdinare, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT sakiTxze, Tu ra kuTxiT<br />
hpova asaxva SejibrebiTobis principma nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo procesSi. upirvelesad,<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom mosamarTlem Tavi gaarTva masze dakisrebul mZime misias. marTalia,<br />
SejibrebiTobis principis mixedviT, mosamarTle pasiur rols asrulebs, magram misi<br />
roli amasTan gazrdilia imdenad, ramdenadac mas evaleba uzrunvelyos SejibrebiTobis<br />
principis dacva mTeli procesis mimdinareobisas, rac advili saqme ar aris.<br />
76
mosamarTlis mxridan SejibrebiTobis principis dacvis mkafio gamoxatuleba iyo,<br />
rodesac erTma mxarem mowmes dausva kiTxva, Tu romeli braldebuli iyo konkretuli<br />
pirovneba, ara da es pirovneba saerTod ar imyofeboda braldebulebs Soris sxdomis<br />
darbazSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom kiTxvis moxsnis safuZveli saxeze iyo, kerZod is, rom<br />
mxares mowme da nafici msajulebi SecdomaSi Sehyavda, mosamarTlem ver moxsna kiTxva,<br />
radganac meore mxares es ar gauprotestebia.<br />
rac Seexeba mxareebs, unda aRiniSnos, rom rogorc braldebis, ise dacvis mxridan<br />
procesis mimarT pasuxismgebloba igrZnoboda, Tumca, aqve unda iTqvas, rom braldebis<br />
mxare ufro ukeTesad gamoiyureboda, vidre dacvis mxare. dacvis mxridan, Cveni azriT,<br />
yvelaze didi minusi iyo, rom advokati polemikaSi Sedioda mowmeebTan da mas emCneoda<br />
agresia konkretuli mowmeebis mimarT.<br />
sabolood, vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli procesebi dadebiTad unda Sefasdes da imedi viqonioT,<br />
rom nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos SemoReba gaamarTlebs, rac xels Seuwyobs samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis samarTlebrivi donis amaRlebas. amgvari varaudi Catarebuli procesebidan<br />
naTlad ikveTeba.<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
kinboli j., qarTuli sasamarTlo sistema ukeTesobisken icvleba,<br />
Jur. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, 2009, N4, gv. 10.<br />
2<br />
evrogaerTianebis qveynebis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso sistemebi,<br />
(Targmani inglisuridan), kristine van den vingaerti (red.), Tb., 2002,<br />
gv. 95.<br />
3<br />
iorhendi, l., wiqariSvili l., nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo, Tb., 2007,<br />
gv. 11 12.<br />
4<br />
vidmari n., nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo: (saerTo samarTlis qveynebi):<br />
samarTali da Tanamedrove problematika, Tb., 2005, gv. 6.<br />
5<br />
WaWua v., nafic msajulTa institutis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis<br />
ZiriTadi tendenciebi, Jur. `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~ 8/2005-<br />
3/4, gv. 10.<br />
6<br />
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo, warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis mokle<br />
istoria, (saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo), Tb., 2010, gv. 16-17.<br />
7<br />
meiSvili z., jorbenaZe o., saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso<br />
kodeqsis komentari, Tb., 2007, gv. 66.<br />
8<br />
saxelmZRvanelo sasamarTlo unar-CvevebSi, Tb., 2012, gv. 22.<br />
77
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PRINCIPLE OF<br />
ADVERSARIALITY IN<br />
THE JURY TRAIL CASES<br />
EMZAR GAGNIDZE<br />
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
<strong>Law</strong> Faculty Student<br />
New Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia has introduced significant<br />
changes to the Georgian justice system. Among those, the most important<br />
is the jury trail system. Presented Article provides an overview on the<br />
realization of the adversarial principle on jury trails.<br />
You know that adversariality principle has its peculiarities during the<br />
jury trail case proceedings. Article offers a short overview regarding the<br />
background of establishment of jury trail court <strong>and</strong> its development. You<br />
know, that this institute has a long history. Its motherl<strong>and</strong> is Great Britain<br />
<strong>and</strong> due its influence it was spread among the colonies <strong>and</strong> other countries,<br />
that later joined common law system countries. As for the continental<br />
European countries, originally, jury trail had high influence here. Though,<br />
juries’ institute that operated in these countries could hardly be named as<br />
jury trail institute. It is obvious, that they belonged to a different type of<br />
jury. It is worth mentioning that for Georgia was familiar with jury trail<br />
institute <strong>and</strong> similar institute existed in Khevsureti <strong>Law</strong> of Customs.<br />
Introduction of the Jury Trail is Georgian justice system is a very<br />
interesting novelty <strong>and</strong> along with that implementation of the adversarial<br />
principle as well.<br />
Article focuses on the peculiarities of the jury trail hearings <strong>and</strong><br />
implementation of the adversarial principle.<br />
78
inkviziciidan<br />
SejibrebiTobamde<br />
qeTevan qistauri<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studenti<br />
axalma sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsma saqarTvelos<br />
marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi<br />
Semoitana. misi sajarod gacxadebuli mizania mxareebs<br />
Soris sruli Tanasworuflebianobis uzrunvelyofa<br />
da SejibrebiTobis principis ganxorcieleba samarTalwarmoebis<br />
iseT sistemaSi, romelic aqamde, ZiriTadad,<br />
inkviziciuri iyo. eqspertebi, romlebic am kanonproeqtze<br />
muSaobdnen, miiCneven, rom axali sisxlis samarTlis saproceso<br />
kodeqsi, udavod, progresuli nabijia qarTul kanonSemoqmedebiT<br />
saqmianobaSi.<br />
sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis arsis Tanamedrove gagebisaken<br />
mimavali gza xangrZlivi da rTuli iyo. TiToeuli<br />
qveyana Tavisi gziT miiswrafoda. mraval faqtorTa gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
romlebic konkretul qveyanaSi moqmedebdnen,<br />
yalibdeba araerTgvarovani warmodgenebi sisxlis samarTlis<br />
saqmis warmoebis sakvanZo sakiTxebze. aseT sakiTxebs,<br />
upirvelesad, miekuTvneba: sisxlis samarTlis saqmis ganxilvisas<br />
mosamarTlisa da sasamarTlos saproceso mdgomareoba,<br />
braldebulisa da misi damcvelis saproceso uflebaTa<br />
moculoba, bralmdeblisa da gamomZieblis saproceso<br />
ufleba-movaleobani, mtkicebis miznebisa da Sinaarsis<br />
gansazRvra da a. S. swored, am sakvanZo sakiTxebis gadawyveta<br />
saSualebas gvaZlevs, visaubroT sisxlis<br />
samarTlis procesis sxvadasxva formebis arsebobis SesaZleblobis<br />
Sesaxeb. 1<br />
79
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
I. braldebiTi procesi<br />
braldebiTi procesi, romelic monaTmflobelur periodSi Caisaxa, gansakuTrebiT<br />
ganviTarda feodaluri sazogadoebis arsebobis pirvel etapebze. am periodis sisxlis<br />
samarTlis procesisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kerZosamarTlebrivi xasiaTi, radgan<br />
sazogadoeba jer kidev, araa imdenad konsolidirebuli, rom Seignos da daicvas sajaro<br />
interesebi, amitom masSi ZiriTadad, naTesauri kavSirebi batonobs. danaSauli jer<br />
kidev, miiCneva kerZosamarTlebriv qmedebad, romelic zianis momtania ara mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis,<br />
aramed mxolod dazaralebulisa da misi gvarisaTvis. ase, magaliTad,<br />
Zveli inglisuri braldebiTi procesis mixedviT, mefis mkvlelobisTvisac ki, mis gvars<br />
gamosasyids uxdidnen, iseve rogorc episkoposis mkvlelobisaTvis. mxolod samarTlis<br />
ganviTarebis Semdgom etapze gaxda mefis mkvleloba saxelmwifo danaSauli, romelic<br />
fuladi kompensaciiT ar gamoisyideboda. 2<br />
braldebiTi procesisTvis damaxasiaTebelia bralmdeblis gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobis<br />
aRiareba, romlis rolSic xSirad danaSaulisagan dazaralebuli piri gamodioda.<br />
swored mis nebaze iyo damokidebuli saqmis aRZvra da Sewyveta. 3 amasTan, kerZo<br />
bralmdebeli piradad atarebda mtkicebis tvirTs, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo sisxlissamarTlebriv<br />
devnasTan. mis valdebuleba iyo, moeZebna da sasamarTloSi mieyvana<br />
damnaSave. igi aseve, pasuxismgebeli iyo dausabuTebeli braldebisaTvis. rac Seexeba<br />
dacvis mxares, mas warmoadgenda Tavad braldebuli an misi axloblebi, romlebic<br />
mxolod kerZo interesebiT moqmedebdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvelad, sisxlis samarTalSi<br />
piradi pasuxismgeblobis principis ararseboba ganapirobebda im garemoebas, rom<br />
danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Sedegad gamoyenebuli sanqcia SeiZleboda damnaSavis naTesavebs<br />
dakisrebodaT. aRniSuli ki, uSualo kavSirSi iyo sisxlis aRebis CveulebasTan.<br />
amasTan, adamianis pirovneba misi gvarisagan ar gamoiyofoda, aramed igi mTeli gvaris<br />
warmomadgenelad miiCneoda. braldebulis piradi Sexedulebebi mis saproceso statusSic<br />
gamoixateboda. mis survilze iyo damokidebuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi sarCelis<br />
cnoba da pasuxisgeba an sarCelze SewinaaRmdegeba. braldebulis saproceso uflebebi<br />
zustad iseTive moculobis iyo, rogorc bralmdeblis. mxareTa Tanasworoba maTi<br />
uflebebis TanasworobiT gamoixateboda. braldebuls, bralmdebelis msgavsad, ekisreboda<br />
im masalis (mtkicebulebis) warmodgenis valdebuleba, romelic procesis<br />
safuZvels Seadgenda. 4<br />
rogorc cnobilia, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis nebismier etapze sisxlis samarTlis<br />
procesSi mxareTa SejibrebiToba miznad isaxavs mtkicebulebaTa Sekrebas. gamonaklisi<br />
arc gansaxilveli periodia. im dros braldebiTi procesi formaluri iyo, rac mtkicebulebaTa<br />
moZiebisa da warmodgenis procedurazec aisaxeboda. sazogadoeba moklebuli<br />
iyo Semecnebis adekvatur saSualebebs da samarTlianobis gasarkvevad RmerTs<br />
mimarTavda. amitom braldebiT procesSi mtkiceba mimarTuli iyo ara saqmis arsisaken,<br />
aramed mis gareT _ zebunebrivi Zalebisaken. mtkicebis saSualebad gvevlineboda orTabrZolebi,<br />
gawmendiTi ficis dadeba da a.S. romlebic urTulesi wesebiT tardeboda da<br />
romelTa darRvevac davaSi damarcxebas niSnavda. RmerTi ki, modaveTa simarTles imiT<br />
80
gansazRvravda, rom mxares rTuli Sejibrebis mogebaSi exmareboda. sasamarTlos ainteresebda<br />
ara WeSmariteba, aramed darwmuneba, rom braldebuls Seswevs unari gauZlos<br />
wamebas, orTabrZolas, daificos ise, rogorc wesia da sxv.<br />
orTabrZola sabraldebo procesSi, rogorc mtkicebis mTavari saSualeba, marto<br />
mxareebs Soris ar imarTeboda. amgvarad, SeiZleboda gadawyvetiliyo mowmis acileba<br />
da saCivari ganaCenze. amasTan, orTabrZola kerZo omis `yvela yvelas winaaRmdeg~ Semsubuqebis<br />
saSualebac iyo. braldebiTi procesi cvlida sisxlis aRebas, radgan ori gvaris<br />
omis nacvlad imarTeboda maTi warmomadgenlebis dapirispireba Suamavlis winaSe. Semdeg<br />
ki, jgufuri orTabrZola individualuriT Seicvala. iTvleboda, rom orTabrZolaSi<br />
(ordaliaSi) gamarjvebuli warmoadgenda davaSi gamarjvebuls. 5<br />
aqve unda SevexoT sasamarTlos saproceso mdgomareobas. kerZo sawyisi mis SezRudul<br />
uflebamosilebazec aisaxeboda. igi mxolod sisxlissamarTlebrivi sarCelisa da<br />
masze SewinaaRmdegebis farglebSi moqmedebda. sasamarTlos pasiuri mdgomareoba ekava,<br />
rac gamoixateboda mosamarTlis minimalur TavisuflebaSi. igi warmoadgenda mxareTa<br />
Sejibrebis ubralo mowmes, radgan mas sakuTari iniciativiT mtkicebulebis Sekrebis<br />
ufleba ar hqonda. mtkicebis roli, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mxareTa Soris Tanabrad<br />
iyo ganawilebuli. amasTan, mtkicebis procesis wesebis sirTule sasamarTlos SesaZleblobas<br />
aZlevda, maTi darRveva Taviseburad ganemarta, rac mosamarTlis TviTnebobas<br />
iwvevda. aRsaniSnavia, rom braldebiTi procesis mtkicebis wesebis ganmartebis<br />
Tavisufleba mtkicebulebaTa Sinagani rwmeniT Sefasebis Canasaxia.<br />
sasamarTlos kerZo mdgomareobas naTlad gamoxatavs is faqtic, rom Zvel procesSi<br />
wagebuli mxare orTabrZolaSi iwvevda mosamarTles, romelmac ganaCeni daadgina. yovel<br />
samarTaldarRvevaSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeboda sami mxare: mosarCele, mopasuxe da<br />
mosamarTle. TiToeuli maTgani mtrulad iyo ganwyobili danarCeni oris mimarT, magram<br />
oris kavSiri wyvetda saqmes mesamis winaaRmdeg.<br />
sainteresoa, rogor xorcieldeboda aRniSnuli procesi adreul civilizaciaSi.<br />
mesopotamiaSi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, mosarCelis, anu dazaralebuli piris valdebulebas<br />
warmoadgenda mopasuxis sasamarTloSi miyvana. Tumca, gansakuTrebiT saSiSi damnaSavis<br />
dakaveba da dapatimreba mefis moxeleTa saqme iyo. sasamarTloSi mtkicebulebebis<br />
warmodgena mxareebs (mosarCelesa da mopasuxes) Tanabrad evalebodaT. jer kidev, Sumerul<br />
kanonebSi iyo definirebuli alibisa da nivTmtkicebis cneba. mtkicebulebis mniSvnelovan<br />
saSualebad miiCneoda mowmis Cveneba, gansakuTrebiT, Tu is ficiTa da ordaliebiT (wyliT<br />
gamocda) iyo ganmtkicebuli. sayuradReboa is faqti, rom `Sak~-is Tanaxmad, ordaliebis<br />
gamoyeneba (anu RvTis msjavri) aramxolod braldebulis, aramed bralmdeblis mimarTac<br />
gamoiyeneboda. `Sak~-ebiT, ordali ficis Semowmebis saSualebad gamodioda da masze uaris<br />
Tqma aramxolod bralis aRiarebas, aramed TviTdawyevlas niSnavda. fici qurumebis winaSe<br />
ideboda: ificebdnen mefis, RmerTebis, wminda adgilebis saxeliT. qurumebi aqtiurad<br />
monawileobdnen ordaliebis organizebasa da dakiTxvaSi. rigi saqmeebis mimarT ki,<br />
savaldebulo iyo mtkicebulebis saxiT werilobiTi dokumentebis warmodgena. 6<br />
rac Seexeba Zvel indur samarTalwarmoebas, romelic dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili<br />
rogorc arThaSastraSi, ise gvi<strong>and</strong>eli periodis dharmaSastrebSi aRniSnulia, rom<br />
81
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
samarTalwarmoeba iwyeboda sasamarTloSi sasarCelo gancxadebis SetaniTa da mosarCelisa<br />
da Semdeg mopasuxis dakiTxviT. saqmis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, TiToeuli mxare<br />
uflebamosili iyo, rwmunebuli warmoedgina, romelic garantias, pirobas iZleoda<br />
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebiT. am dros mopasuxes Sesageblis<br />
(braldebis) Setanis ufleba ar hqonda, garda iseTi SemTxvevebisa, roca qurdobis,<br />
vaWarTa SeTanxmebis darRvevisa da mxareTa Soris kamaTis saqmeebi ganixileboda. mopasuxis<br />
mier bralis aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo ganxilva wydeboda, winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki, mas eZleoda vada pasuxis mosamzadeblad (pirvel SemTxvevaSi _ 3-dan 7<br />
dRemde, meore SemTxvevaSi _ Tvenaxevari). Tu mopasuxe, imave dRes dasabuTebulad ver<br />
gaabaTilebda mosarCelis Cvenebas, igi dajarimdeboda. mosarCelisa an mopasuxis mier<br />
marTlmsajulebisaTvis Tavis arideba bralis aRiarebad ganixileboda.<br />
Zv. indoeTSi uZvelesi droidan mtkicebulebaTa saSualebad ordaliebi _ RvTis<br />
msjavri iyo cnobili. iajnavalkiaSi dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili xuTi didi ordali [sasworiT,<br />
cecxliT, wyliT (wminda da ubralo) da SxamiT]. Tumca, maTi gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli<br />
iyo, jer erTi _ mxareTa TanxmobiT, meore _ avtoritetuli mtkicebulebis ararsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi _ dokumenti, mowmis Cveneba, nivTiT sargeblobis faqti da mesamec _ sajarod.<br />
7<br />
rac Seexeba islamur sasamarTlo process, Cveulebriv, igi sabraldebo xasiaTs atarebda.<br />
saqmis aRZvra xdeboda ara saxelmwifo organoebis, aramed dainteresebuli pirebis<br />
mier (gamonakliss warmoadgenda saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebis winaaRmdeg<br />
mimarTuli danaSauli). sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilva sajarod mimdinareobda, rogorc<br />
wesi, meCeTSi. mxareebs saqme TviTon unda ewarmoebinaT advokatebis dauxmareblad.<br />
ZiriTad mtkicebulebad iTvleboda mxareTa aRiareba, mowmeTa Cveneba da fici. saqme<br />
erT sxdomaze unda gadawyvetiliyo, dauSvebeli iyo misi gadatana meore dRisaTvis.<br />
arsebiTad, sasamarTlo procesi, mxareTa Tavisebur SejibrSi gadaiqceoda, sadac<br />
bunebrivia, Raribi da mdidari warmomavlobis pirebi Tanabar mdgomareobaSi ver iqnebodnen.<br />
gadawyvetilebis gamotanis dros mosamarTle didi TavisuflebiT sargeblobda,<br />
mas sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr gamohqonda gadawyvetileba (mxareTa mimarT piradi<br />
simpaTia-antipaTiis gaTvaliswinebiTa da maTi socialuri mdgomareobis Sesabamisad).<br />
sasamarTloSi, mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis dros, formalizmi batonobda. kerZod, srulfasovan<br />
mtkicebulebad iTvleboda mxolod `Rirseuli~ ori muslimi mamakacis mowmeoba.<br />
qalis mowmeoba naxevar mtkicebulebad miiCneoda da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac<br />
saxeze ar iyo s<strong>and</strong>o da safuZvliani mtkicebuleba. sasamarTlo dasaSvebad miiCnevda<br />
ficis dadebas, rac evaleboda rogorc mopasuxes, aseve braldebul mxares. ficis dadeba<br />
xdeboda sazeimo viTarebaSi alahis saxeliT, amis gamo igi gansakuTrebiT saimedo<br />
mtkicebulebad iyo aRiarebuli. mas braldebulis pasuxismgeblobisgan gaTavisufleba<br />
an/da sasjelis zomis Semsubuqebac ki, SeeZlo. braldebulis aRiarebiTi Cveneba, Tu is<br />
srulwlovani da Seracxadi piris mier iqna micemuli, yovelgvari zewolisa da iZulebis<br />
gareSe, sakmaris mtkicebulebad miiCneoda da sasamarTlos SeeZlo gadawyvetileba mxolod<br />
masze dayrdnobiT gamoetana. 8<br />
82
ac Seexeba saqarTvelos, feodalur periodSi, umTavresad sabraldebo procesi<br />
fiqsirdeba, romelic, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sasamarTlo procesis uZvelesi<br />
formaa. misTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo mTeli rigi principebi, romlidanac calke unda<br />
gamoiyos SejibrebiTobis principi, rac saqmiswarmoebisas mxareTa Tanaswor uflebebSi<br />
gamoixateboda. isini saqmis dawyebis iniciatorebi iyvnen. swored mxareebi agrovebdnen<br />
damamtkicebel sabuTebs da warudgendnen gansaxilvelad mosamarTleebs. mosamar-<br />
TleTa roli pasiuria, mtkicebulebaTa SekrebaSi isini monawileobas ar iReben, maT<br />
mxolod mxareTa mier warmodgenili masalebi unda SeeswavlaT, SeefasebinaT da amis<br />
safuZvelze gamoetanaT ganaCeni. ar tardeboda araviTari winaswari gamoZieba, arsebobda<br />
mxolod saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilva. sabraldebo procesis sxva principebia:<br />
zepiroba da sajarooba. yvela es principi uxsovari droidan moqmedebda saqarTvelos<br />
sasamarTlo warmoebaSi. 9<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, braldebiTi procesi, romelsac xSirad kerZoSejibrebiT<br />
process uwodeben, damaxasiaTebelia monaTmflobeluri sazogadoebisaTvis da adreuli<br />
feodalizmisaTvis. Zvel braldebiT process miekuTvneba warmoeba Zvel saber-<br />
ZneTSi, Zvel romSi, inglisSi (XI I saukunemde), safrangeTSi (XI-XI I saukuneebSi), germaniaSi<br />
(X-XI I I saukuneebSi) da sxv. 10<br />
II. samZebro (inkviziciuri) procesi<br />
samZebro procesi iseve, rogorc braldebiTi, monaTmflobelur sazogadoebaSi warmoiSva<br />
da farTod gavrcelda absolutizmis epoqaSi. mis ayvavebas ukavSireben `kudianebze<br />
nadirobis~ epoqas, romelsac eklesia axorcielebda. aRniSnuli procesis wesebis<br />
Tanaxmad, mosamarTles, Tavis funqciebTan erTad, unda ganexorcielebina gamomZieblis,<br />
bralmdeblisa da garkveulwilad, damcvelis funqciebi. braldebuli moklebuli iyo<br />
dacvis uflebas. igi warmoadgenda procesis ara subieqts, aramed obieqts. aseTi procesisaTvis<br />
tipuri iyo e. w. formalur mtkicebulebaTa sistema, romelic mtkicebulebaTa<br />
SefasebasTan dakavSirebul mkacr reglamentaciaSi gamoixateboda. magaliTad,<br />
braldebulis aRiareba, romelic mtkicebulebaTa dedoflad miiCneoda, rom qals ufro<br />
naklebad unda daujero, vidre kacs, mdidars ufro metad, vidre Raribs da a. S. rac<br />
Seexeba wamebas, igi warmoadgenda `mtkicebulebaTa dedoflis~ _ aRiarebis mopovebis<br />
mniSvnelovan xerxs. 11<br />
istoriuli analizi gviCvenebs, rom sazogadoebis ganviTarebis gansazRvrul periodSi<br />
inkviziciuri procesi legitimuri xdeba. rogorc aRniSnuli sakiTxis mkvlevari<br />
a. simonovi aRniSnavs, inkviziciuri procesi aucilebeli iyo sazogadoebisaTvis, rogorc<br />
buldozeri, romelic asworebda feodalur moedans axali Senobis asaSeneblad. 12<br />
samZebro procesis saproceso mniSvneloba isaa, rom masSi Cndeba stadiebi da gansakuTrebuli<br />
Tanamdebobis pirebi, romlebic Semdgom gamomZieblad da prokurorebad<br />
iwodebian. sagamoZiebo procesi axdens iseT mtkicebulebaTa reglamentacias rogori-<br />
83
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
caa: mowmeTa Cvenebebi, braldebulis aRiareba, werilobiTi da nivTieri mtkicebulebebi.<br />
swored aq Caeyara safuZveli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis gadasinjvis instituts.<br />
gansakuTrebiT detalurad inkviziciur procesSi muSavdeba misTvis ZiriTadi<br />
stadia _ winaswari gamoZieba, romelic iyofa saerTo, Semajamebeli da specialuri<br />
gamoZiebis etapebad.<br />
kerZoSejibrebiTi procesis samZebroTi Secvla kanonzomieri iyo. adamiani mivida<br />
daskvnamde, rom danaSauli zians ayenebda ara mxolod dazaralebulsa da mis gvars,<br />
aramed mTel sazogadoebas [samZebro (inkviziciur) procesSi danaSaulebrivi qmedebiT<br />
dazaralebulad aRiarebulia mTeli sazogadoeba]. rac Seexeba braldebuls, igi warmoadgens<br />
danaSaulis Sesaxeb faseuli informaciis mflobels, romlis misaRebadac seriozuli<br />
iZuleba gamoiyeneboda. amasTan, braldebulis mimarT moqmedebs ara udanaSaulobis,<br />
aramed damnaSaveobis prezumfcia. uzenaesi interesebisaTvis igi valdebulia,<br />
dakiTxvisas yvelaferi aRiaros. procesisaTvis cnobilia SemTxvevebi, rodesac braldebuls,<br />
sakuTari danaSaulis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva da cru CvenebisaTvis, sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
pasuxismgebloba daekisra. 13<br />
saxelmwifo interesebis realizaciisaTvis sasamarTlos valdebulebas warmoadgenda,<br />
gaerkvia obieqturi WeSmariteba da amis safuZvelze gadaewyvita saqme. igi process<br />
formaluri bralmdeblis gareSe iwyebda, TviTon ayenebda sabraldebo Teziss da<br />
mtkicebulebiT amyarebda mas (bralmdeblis funqcia). WeSmaritebis dasadgenad sasamar-<br />
Tlos unda wamoeyenebina da Seemowmebina sawinaaRmdego versia _ dacviTi Tezisi (dacvis<br />
funqcia). garda amisa, saqmis gadawyveta (iusticiis funqcia) aseve, sasamarTlos prerogativa<br />
iyo. mosamarTle warmoadgenda procesis erTaderT qmedunarian monawiles,<br />
romelic ar iyo SezRuduli raime sazRvrebiT. Zebnis sajaro interesi zRudavda mis<br />
pirovnul uflebas. yvela misi moqmedeba kanoniT mkacrad iyo reglamentirebuli.<br />
mTlianobaSi, samZebro sisxlis samarTlis procesisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia saxelmwifo<br />
interesebis gabatoneba pirovnebis interesebze, rac sasamarTlo warmoebis monawileTa<br />
saproceso mdgomareobaSi gamoixateba. kanonis mkacri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad,<br />
procesis mwarmoebeli organo procesis sxva monawileebis mimarT Tavis calmxriv, Zalauflebriv<br />
uflebamosilebebs axorcielebs. samZebro procesSi bralmdeblis, damcvelisa<br />
da sasamarTlos valdebulebebi ekisreba saqmis mwarmoebel organos, romelsac<br />
WeSmaritebis dadgenisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebisas mxareTa daxmareba ar esaWiroeba. 14<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, am tipis procesisisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mtkicebulebaTa<br />
formaluri sistema, romlis arsia, rom mosamarTle mtkicebulebebs misTvis<br />
„gareSe~ kriteriumebiT afasebs (isini detaluradaa miTiTebuli kanonSi). utyuar mtkicebulebad<br />
miiCneva bralis aRiareba, damnaSavis adgilze dakaveba, ori sarwmuno mowmis<br />
Cveneba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom samZebro procesi sxvadasxvagvaria: sagamoZiebo procesSi<br />
braldebuls aqvs zogierTi saproceso ufleba, SesaZlebelia daSvebul iqnes<br />
damcveli, ganxilvis sagani SezRudulia braldebiT, amasTan, gabatonebulia werilobiToba<br />
da ar aris uSualo warmoeba; viwro gagebiT, „samZebro~ procesSi braldebuli<br />
ivaraudeba damnaSaved, wameba ki, formalurad akrZalulia, moqmedebs mtkicebulebaTa<br />
formaluri, mkacrad reglamentirebuli sistema, werilobiToba da saidumlooba;<br />
84
samZebro procesis inkviziciur formas axasiaTebs wameba da SeiZleba hqondes rogorc<br />
zepiri (formaluri mtkicebulebebis gareSe), aseve, werilobiTi forma. 15<br />
inkviziciuri procesis mxriv, sainteresoa, Zveli CineTi, sadac Tavdapirvelad<br />
SejibrebiTobiTi procesi moqmedebda, Tumca, procesis aRniSnuli saxe adreve uTmobs<br />
adgils samZebro tipis process, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi, sabolood gabatonda.<br />
ZvelCinuri samarTalwarmoeba danaSaulis gamoZiebas gansakuTrebul moxeles<br />
avalebda. sagamoZiebo moqmedebebi iwyeboda samazro an saolqo mmarTvelobis organoSi,<br />
gancxadebis an dasmenis Setanis Semdeg. dasmena, gansakuTrebiT qurdobis an mkvlelobis<br />
saqmeze, Zalzed zustad unda yofiliyo gansazRvruli, radgan uzustoba damsmenis<br />
dasjis safuZvels warmoadgenda. dasmenaze „ufleba~ pirdapir iyo damokidebuli piris<br />
socialur mdgomareobasa da mis adgilze sisxliT naTesauri kavSirebis sistemaSi<br />
(garda saxelmwifosa da imperatoris winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulisa). 16<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, feodalur saqarTveloSi procesis ZiriTadi forma sabraldeboa,<br />
Tumca, samZebro procesis elementebic Cans. magaliTad, vaxtangis samarTlis<br />
wignis me-4 muxlSi saubaria iasaulis mier sagamoZiebo funqciis Sesrulebaze. igi<br />
igzavneboda mosamarTlis mier saqmis adgilze gamosarkvevad da amdenad, mis moqmedebas<br />
samZebro xasiaTi hqonda. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoebac, rom vaxtang IV-is<br />
samarTlis wigniTac da sxva ZeglebiTac mosamarTle saqmis ganxilvisas arcTu pasiur<br />
rols asrulebda. igi ar kmayofildeboda mxareTa mier warmodgenili sabuTebiT da<br />
TviTon iRebda garkveul zomebs masalebis, mtkicebulebebis Sesakrebad. 17<br />
XVI I I saukunis I I naxevris araerT sasamarTlo xasiaTis dokumentSi pirdapir aris<br />
mocemuli, rom sasamarTlo process win uZRvis winaswari gamoZieba, rac samZebro<br />
procesisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. aseve, mosamarTlis aqtiuri roli swored samZebro<br />
procesis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. 18<br />
samZebro procesma mospo sasamarTlo warmoebis kerZo xasiaTi, masSi sajarooba<br />
Semoitana da procesis Tanamedrove sajaroSejibrebiTi tipis warmoSobis winapirobebi<br />
Seqmna.<br />
III. SejibrebiTobis principi Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSi<br />
saqarTvelos 1998 wlis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsma pirvelad saqarTvelos<br />
marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi SejibrebiTobis principi Semoitana. kerZod, me-15<br />
muxlSi mocemuli iyo sisxlis samarTlis procesis SejibrebiToba, romlis Tanaxmadac:<br />
1. sisxlis samarTlis procesi xorcieldeba mxareTa Tanasworobisa da SejibrebiTobis<br />
safuZvelze. 2. braldebis, dacvisa da saqmis gadawyvetis funqciebi gamoyofilia erTmaneTisagan<br />
da ar SeiZleba daekisros erTsa da imave organos an erTsa da imave Tanamdebobis<br />
pirs. 3. mxareebs sruli Tanasworobis safuZvelze ufleba aqvT warmoadginon<br />
mtkicebulebani, monawileoba miiRon maT gamokvlevaSi, ganacxadon Suamdgomloba da<br />
acileba, gamoTqvan sakuTari azri sisxlis samarTlis saqmis nebismier sakiTxze. 4.<br />
SejibrebiToba winaswar gamoZiebaSi uzrunvelyofilia imiT, rom: braldebis funqcia<br />
85
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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kanoni<br />
ekisreba prokurors, agreTve dazaralebuls, samoqalaqo mosarCelesa da maT warmomadgenlebs;<br />
dacvis ufleba aqvT braldebuls, damcvels, samoqalaqo mopasuxesa da<br />
mis warmomadgenels; dawesebulia sasamarTlo kontroli gamomZieblisa da prokuroris<br />
im saproceso moqmedebaze, romelic dakavSirebulia moqalaqeTa konstituciuri uflebebisa<br />
da Tavisuflebebis SezRudvasTan; eWvmitanils, braldebuls, damcvelsa da<br />
procesis sxva monawiles am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi da dadgenili wesiT<br />
ufleba aqvT sasamarTloSi gaasaCivron gamomZieblis an prokuroris uari Suamdgomlobis,<br />
saCivrisa Tu gancxadebis dakmayofilebaze. 5. sasamarTlo ar aris sisxlissamar-<br />
Tlebrivi devnis organo, ar asrulebs dacvisa da braldebis funqcias. sasamarTlo<br />
braldebisa da dacvis mxareebs uqmnis saWiro pirobebs mtkicebulebaTa wardgenisaTvis,<br />
maTi yovelmxrivi da sruli gamokvlevisaTvis. 6. sasamarTlo SeboWili ar aris mxareTa<br />
mosazrebebiT.<br />
mxareTa Tanasworoba da SejibrebiToba, marTalia, erTgvarad SezRuduli formiT,<br />
magram mainc xorcieldeboda winaswari gamoZiebis stadiaze. SezRudva mdgomareobda<br />
imaSi, rom winaswar gamoZiebaSi prokurori axorcielebda sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis<br />
funqcias da TviTonve Rebulobda saqmis gamoZiebasTan dakavSirebiT yvela sakiTxze<br />
gadawyvetilebas. braldebuli da damcveli axorcielebdnen dacvis funqcias iseT<br />
pirobebSi, roca maT ar hqondaT mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebisa da wardgenis Tanabari<br />
SesaZlebloba. 19<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarTlo ar warmoadgenda winaswari gamoZiebis mwarmoebel<br />
an/da winaswar gamoZiebaze saproceso xelmZRvanelobis ganmaxorcielebel organos,<br />
zemoaRniSnuli me-15 muxlis definiciidan gamomdinare, dawesebuli iyo sasamarTlo<br />
kontroli gamomZieblisa da prokuroris im saproceso moqmedebasa da gadawyvetilebaze,<br />
romelic dakavSirebuli iyo adamianis konstituciiT daculi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis<br />
SezRudvasTan. magaliTad: aRkveTis RonisZiebis, braldebulis Tanamdebobidan<br />
gadayenebis, qonebaze yadaRis dadebis SemTxvevaSi da a.S. 20<br />
axalma sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsma, aseve, erT muxlSi gaaerTiana mxareTa<br />
Tanasworoba da SejibrebiToba, kerZod, me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad: 1. sisxlis samarTlis<br />
devnis dawyebisTanave sisxlis samarTlis procesi xorcieldeba mxareTa Tanasworobisa<br />
da SejibrebiTobis safuZvelze. 2. mxares ufleba aqvs, am kodeqsiT dadgenili wesiT<br />
daayenos Suamdgomloba, moipovos, sasamarTlos meSveobiT gamoiTxovos, waradginos<br />
da gamoikvlios yvela Sesabamisi mtkicebuleba.<br />
kanonmdeblis mier me-3 muxlis me-5 nawilSi ganmartebulia Tu vin miiCneva procesSi<br />
mxared. kerZod, mxares warmoadgens braldebuli, msjavrdebuli, gamarTlebuli, maTi<br />
advokati, gamomZiebeli da prokurori. Sesabamisad, dazaralebuli, gansxvavebiT Zveli<br />
sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsisagan, aRar aris mxare. ver daveTanxmebiT doqtorant<br />
daviT beniZes, romelic Tavis naSromSi miuTiTebs, rom dazaralebulis braldebis<br />
mxared aryofna, kodeqsis Rirsebaze ki ar metyvelebs, aramed procesis erT-erTi<br />
ZiriTadi monawilis uflebebis yovlad gaumarTlebel SezRudvebze miuTiTebs. dedisTvis<br />
im uflebis warTmeva, rom Seafasos da gaasaCivros misi SexedulebiT sasamar-<br />
Tlos ukanono da dausabuTebeli ganaCeni, Svilis mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT, warmo-<br />
86
adgens adamianis diskriminacias. aRniSnulTan mimarTebaSi unda iTqvas, rom saxelmwifom<br />
Tavis Tavze aiRo sakuTari moqalaqeebis interesebis dacva. swored saxelmwifo<br />
dgas adamianis darRveuli uflebebis sadarajoze. rac Seexeba dazaralebuls, igi<br />
sisxlis samarTlis procesSi mowmis statusiT sargeblobs, Tumca, misgan gansxvavdeba<br />
procesis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb informirebulobis maRali xarisxiT. amasTan, mas SeuZlia<br />
zianis anazRaurebis moTxovniT idavos samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis wesiT.<br />
sisxlis samarTlis procesSi SejibrebiTobis principis jerovnad gansaxorcieleblad,<br />
aucilebelia dacvisa da braldebis mxaris uflebrivi gaTanabreba. saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad, dacvis ufleba garantirebulia.<br />
swored am uflebaSi naTlad aris gamoxatuli marTlmsajulebisa da pirovnebis<br />
interesebis urTierTkavSiri. braldebuls Tu ar Caudenia danaSauli, maSin dacvis ufleba<br />
xels uwyobs misTvis wardgenili braldebis uaryofas, xolo damnaSaveobis SemTxvevaSi<br />
_ misi pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebis gamovlenas.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom dacvis ufleba garantirebulia ara marto Sida kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
aramed mTel rig saerTaSoriso aqtebSi.<br />
sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 39-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, braldebuls<br />
ufleba aqvs, sakuTari xarjiT, TviTon an/da advokatis daxmarebiT moipovos<br />
mtkicebuleba. amasTan, kanonmdebelma mtkicebulebebis mopovebisaTvis damatebiTi<br />
berketebi Seqmna. kerZod, amave muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT, Tu mtkicebulebebis mopovebisaTvis<br />
saWiroa iseTi sagamoZiebo an sxva saproceso moqmedebis Catareba, romelsac<br />
braldebuli an misi advokati damoukideblad ver atarebs, igi uflebamosilia,<br />
Sesabamisi ganCinebis gamotanis SuamdgomlobiT mimarTos mosamarTles gamoZiebis<br />
adgilis mixedviT. mosamarTle ki, valdebulia, miiRos yvela zoma, raTa braldebis<br />
mxarisaTvis cnobili ar gaxdes dacvis mxaris mier mtkicebulebis mopoveba.<br />
amasTan, dacvis ufleba moqmedebas iwyebs konkretuli piris mimarT dakavebis an<br />
braldebulad cnobis momentidan da mTavrdeba saproceso saqmianobis da Sesabamisi<br />
saproceso urTierTobis damTavrebasTan erTad.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom dacvis ufleba warmoadgens udanaSaulobis prezumciis realizaciis<br />
umniSvnelovanes garantias, sisxlis samarTlis saqmis yvela garemoebis samarTliani<br />
gadawyvetis safuZvels. braldebulis ufleba, iyolios damcveli, arsebiTad<br />
Seucvleli da bunebrivi uflebaa. `uari miTxariT me an imas, vinc me avirCie Cemi qonebis,<br />
Cemi Rirsebis, cxovrebisa da Tavisuflebis dacvaze da maSin Tqven daamsxvrevT bunebrivi<br />
samarTlianobis wmindaTawminda kanons~ _ aRniSnavda maqsimilian robespieri. 21<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT damkvidrda<br />
mxareTa Tanasworobisa da SejibrebiTobis sruliad axali modeli, ris safuZvelzec<br />
mtkicebulebaTa mopoveba da wardgena mxareTa privilegiaa. braldebisa da dacvis<br />
mxare Tanabrad arian uflebamosilni kanoniT dadgenili wesis dacviT moipovon<br />
mtkicebuleba. amasTan, sssk 44-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, im garemoebaTa gamosakvlevad,<br />
romelic amarTlebs braldebuls an/da amsubuqebs mis pasuxismgeblobas,<br />
advokatma yvela kanonieri saSualeba da xerxi unda gamoiyenos. xolo advokatis mier<br />
mtkicebulebebis mopovebis kanoniT dadgenili wesis darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebu-<br />
87
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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da<br />
kanoni<br />
leba da amgvari mtkicebulebis safuZvelze kanonierad mopovebuli sxva mtkicebuleba,<br />
Tu is auaresebs braldebulis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas, dauSvebelia da iuridiuli<br />
Zala ara aqvs (akrZaluli xis nayofis Teoria).<br />
saproceso kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, advokati uflebamosilia Caataros gamokiTxva,<br />
dakiTxva, sagamoZiebo eqsperimenti, amocnoba, eqspertizis daniSvna, gvamis eqshumacia,<br />
nimuSis aReba. miuxedavad imisa, rom mxareebs sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis Catarebisas<br />
aqvT Tanabari uflebebi da movaleobebi, sssk-is 111-e muxlSi mocemulia gamonaklisi,<br />
romlis Tanaxmadac, dacvis mxare ar aris uflebamosili sasamarTlos mimarTos SuamdgomlobiT<br />
Cxrekisa da amoRebis Catarebis Taobaze.<br />
SejibrebiTobis principis uzrunvelsayofad gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia sssk-is 83-e<br />
muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli SesaZlo mtkicebulebaTa Taobaze informaciis gacvla<br />
mxareebis mier. kerZod, sisxlis samarTlis procesis nebismier stadiaze dacvis mxaris<br />
moTxovna braldebis mxaris im informaciis gacnobis Taobaze, romlis mtkicebulebad<br />
sasamarTloSi wardgenasac braldebis mxare apirebs, dauyovnebliv unda dakmayofildes.<br />
amasTan, braldebis mxare valdebulia zemoT aRniSnulis SemTxvevaSi, dacvis mxares<br />
gadasces mis xelT arsebuli gamamarTlebeli mtkicebulebebi. dacvis mxaris moTxovnis<br />
dakmayofilebis Semdeg, braldebis mxare uflebamosilia dacvis mxarisagan miiRos is<br />
informacia, romlis mtkicebulebad sasamarTloSi wardgenasac dacvis mxare apirebs,<br />
xolo informaciis gacvlis moTxovnis Semdeg, im momentisaTvis arsebuli masalis mxarisaTvis<br />
sruli moculobiT gadaucemloba iwvevs am masalis dauSvebel mtkicebulebad<br />
cnobas.<br />
mxareTa movaleobas warmoadgens winasasamarTlo sxdomis gamarTvamde ara ugvianes<br />
5 dRisa, erTmaneTs da sasamarTlos miawodon im momentisaTvis maT xelT arsebuli<br />
sruli informacia, romlis mtkicebulebad sasamarTloSi wardgenasac apireben. amas-<br />
Tan, kanonmdeblis mier amave muxlis me-5 nawiliT dawesebulia garkveuli gamonaklisi,<br />
romlis Tanaxmadac, dacvis mxaris ufleba informaciis gadacemis Taobaze SeiZleba<br />
braldebis mxaris SuamdgomlobiT SezRudos sasamarTlom mxolod operatiul-sam-<br />
Zebro RonisZiebis Sedegad miRebuli informaciis nawilSi da mxolod winasasamarTlo<br />
sxdomamde.<br />
kanonmdebeli cdilobs daabalansos mxareTa uflebebi da movaleobebi, is Tu erT<br />
mxares raime privilegias aniWebs, Tavis mxriv, meore mxaresac aRWuravs gansakuTrebuli<br />
uflebiT. dacvis mxaresTan mimarTebaSi unda aRinoSnos misi sagamonakliso ufleba,<br />
romlis Tanaxmadac, is uflebamosilia, ar gadasces braldebis mxares dacvis uzrunvelsayofad<br />
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani mtkicebuleba, rac ar iwvevs sasamarTloSi<br />
saqmis arsebiT ganxilvaze am mtkicebulebis dauSveblobas. am SemTxvevaSi, dacvis mxares<br />
daekisreba jarima da saproceso xarjebis anazRaureba. aRniSnuli jarima unda iyos<br />
Semakavebeli xasiaTis, miyenebuli zianis proporciuli da unda Seesabamebodes mxaris<br />
finansur mdgomareobas. rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs aRniSnul uflebas dacvis mxare<br />
ZiriTadad, ar iyenebs, radgan es pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli finansur mxaresTan.<br />
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT, mxareebs Soris SejibrebiToba<br />
uzrunvelyofilia rogorc gamoZiebis etapze, aseve, saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilvisas.<br />
88
sssk-is 25-e muxlSi mocemulia sasamarTlo procesis SejibrebiToba da mxareTa<br />
Tanasworoba. kerZod, sasamarTlo valdebulia mxareebs TavianTi uflebebisa da kanonieri<br />
interesebis dasacavad Seuqmnas Tanabari SesaZleblobebi ise, rom arcerT maTgans<br />
ar mianiWos upiratesoba. amasTan, sasamarTlos ekrZaleba braldebis damadasturebel<br />
an dacvis xelSemwyob mtkicebulebaTa damoukideblad mopoveba da gamokvleva, aRniSnuli<br />
mxolod mxareebis kompetenciaa. amave muxlis me-3 nawilSi mocemulia mosamar-<br />
Tlis valdebuleba, ganaCenis an sxva Semajamebeli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde<br />
ar gamoTqvas azri braldebulis (msjavrdebulis) damnaSaved Tu udanaSaulod<br />
cnobis Taobaze. rodesac sasamarTlo sxdomaSi orive mxare monawileobs, erTi mxaris<br />
SuamdgomlobasTan an saCivarTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo ismens meore mxaris azrsac.<br />
aqve xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavia, mosamarTlis mier kiTxvis dasmis sakiTxi. mogexsenebaT,<br />
igi uflebamosilia gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, mxareebTan SeTanxmebis Sedegad dasvas damazustebeli<br />
kiTxva, Tu es aucilebelia samarTliani sasamarTlos uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
literaturaSi xSirad gamoTqvamen ukmayofilebas aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT da<br />
miuTiTeben, rom mosamarTles yvela SemTxvevaSi unda hqondes kiTxvis dasmis ufleba.<br />
amasTan, am uflebis realizacia ar unda iyos damokidebuli mxareTa neba-survilze,<br />
magram Cveni azriT, swored rom SejibrebiTobis principidan gamomdinare daawesa kanonmdebelma<br />
es SezRudva. mxareebs ekisrebaT valdebuleba, ar gamorCeT faqti, mtkicebuleba,<br />
dausvan mowmes saTanado kiTxva, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes samarTliani<br />
sasamarTlo, magram rodesac isini amas ver axerxeben da rCeba raime gaurkveveli garemoeba,<br />
amoqmeddeba mosamarTlis uflebamosileba, magram misi ganxorcileba, rogorc<br />
zemoT aRvniSneT, mxareTa Tanxmobazea damokidebuli. amasTan, rogorc praqtikosi iuristebi<br />
aRniSnaven, rodesac mosamarTle iyenebs kanonmdeblis mier miniWebul kiTxvis<br />
dasmis uflebas, is TiTqosda Tavis pozicias afiqsirebs gansaxilvel saqmesTan dakav-<br />
SirebiT da erT-erTi mxarisken ixreba (gansakuTrebiT, nafic msajulTa mier saqmis<br />
ganxilvisas).<br />
daskvna<br />
daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsma<br />
inkviziciidan SejibrebiTobamde xangrZlivi da rTuli gza ganvlo. axali sisxlis<br />
samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis sajarod gacxadebuli mizani ki _ mxareTa Tanasworoba<br />
da SejibrebiToba, warmoadgens qarTuli marTlmsajulebis sistemis umniSvnelovanes<br />
princips, radgan SejibrebiTobis princips aqvs aramarto Teoriuli, aramed didi praqtikuli<br />
mniSvneloba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sisxlis samarTlis procesma gazarda<br />
advokatis funqciebi. isini uflebamosilni arian Caataron gamoZieba da damoukideblad<br />
moipovon mtkicebulebebi. mocemuli reforma xels Seuwyobs advokatTa korpusis ganviTarebas.<br />
miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, isini (advokatebi) xSirad miuTiTeben, rom axalma<br />
sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsma maT ki ar mianiWa mTeli rigi uflebebi, piriqiT<br />
SezRuda isini. advokatebi xSirad apelireben im faqtze, rom maT ara aqvT resursebi<br />
damoukidebeli gamoZiebis sawarmoeblad. gamoiTqva mosazreba kerZo deteqtivis ins-<br />
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marTlmsajuleba<br />
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titutis SemoRebis Sesaxeb, rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs es instituti ukve aTeuli<br />
welia warmatebiT gamoiyeneba inglisSi. am qveynis sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis specifikis<br />
gamo, dacvis ganxorcielebisas maT profesiul movaleobas warmoadgens e. w. paraleluri<br />
gamoZiebis organizacia _ gamamarTlebel mtkicebulebaTa uSualo Segroveba <strong>and</strong>a<br />
TanamSromlobis damyareba kerZo deteqtivebTan, sxva specialistebTan, romlebic<br />
saWironi arian dacvis mtkicebulebaTa `dasamuSaveblad.~ kerZo deteqtivis institutis<br />
SemoReba qarTul marTlmsajulebaSi, Cveni azriT, xels Seuwyobda dacvis mxares mtkicebulebaTa<br />
mopovebaSi, magram aRniSnuli sakmaod did resursebs moiTxovs (finansur<br />
mxaresTan aris dakavSirebuli) da sakiTxavia ramdenad uRirs es braldebuls?<br />
SejibrebiTobis principidan gamomdinare, procesis mTeli tvirTi gadasulia<br />
mxareebze. dacvis mxaris wagebis SemTxvevaSi, braldebuls Tu vinmes mimarT SeiZleba<br />
hqondes pretenzia, upirvelrsad advokatis mimarT, radgan swored is axorcielebda<br />
misi uflebebis dacvas. verc im mosazrebas daveTanxmebi, rom SejibrebiTma procesma<br />
daamdabla mosamarTlis statusi. mosamarTle aqtiuri arbitria, mas ekisreba valdebuleba<br />
warmarTos procesi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, ar dauSvas wesrigis dar-<br />
Rveva, ganumartos procesis monawileebs sakuTari uflebebi da movaleobebi, wesrigis<br />
darRvevis SemTxvevaSi mimarTos Sesabamis RonisZiebas da a.S. amasTan, mxareebTan Se-<br />
Tanxmebis safuZvelze igi uflebamosilia dasvas damazustebeli kiTxva, Tu es aucilebelia<br />
samarTliani sasamarTlos uzrunvelsayofad da rac mTavaria, igi warmoadgens<br />
erTaderT uflebamosil pirs, romelsac gamoaqvs saboloo gadawyvetileba<br />
saqarTvelos saxeliT.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />
1. saqarTvelos konstitucia;<br />
2. sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, 1998;<br />
3. sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, 2010;<br />
4. v. metreveli, qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2008;<br />
5. k. kekelia, sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi saqarTveloSi<br />
ruseTTan SeerTebis win, t. 1, Tbilisi, 1970;<br />
6. l. v. golovko, b. a. filimonovi, k. f. gucenko, dasavleTis<br />
saxelmwofoTa sisxlis samarTlis procesi, 2007;<br />
7. d. beniZe, Tbilisis ekonomikur urTierTobaTa sax. universiteti,<br />
samecniero Sromebis krebuli, Tbilisi, 2009;<br />
8. i. aqubardia, dacvis xelovneba, Tbilisi, 2011;<br />
9. m. gariSvili, sazRvargareTis qveynebis samarTlis istoria<br />
(leqciebis kursi), Tbilisi, 2008;<br />
10. sisxlis samarTlis procesi (zogadi nawilis calkeuli<br />
institutebi), avtorTa koleqtivi, Tbilisi, 2009;<br />
11. z. meiSvili, o. jorbenaZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis<br />
saproceso kodeqsis komentarebi, Tbilisi, 2006;<br />
12. Ìåùåðÿêîâ Þ. Â.Ôîðìû óãîëîâíîãî ñóäîïðîèçâîäñòâà. Ë. 1990.<br />
90
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
k.f. gucenko, l.v. golovko, b.a. filimonovi, dasavleT<br />
saxelmwifoTa sisxlis samarTlis procesi, Tbilisi, 2007, 11.<br />
2<br />
d. beniZe, SejibrebiTobis Tavisebureba braldebiT da samZebro<br />
(inkviziciuri) tipis procesSi, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 103.<br />
3<br />
k. f. gucenko, l. v. golovko, b.a. filimonovi, dasavleT<br />
saxelmwifoTa sisxlis samarTlis procesi, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 11.<br />
4<br />
d. beniZe, SejibrebiTobis Tavisebureba braldebiT da samZebro<br />
(inkviziciuri) tipis procesSi, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 104.<br />
5<br />
iqve, gv. 106.<br />
6<br />
m. gariSvili, sazRvargareTis qveynebis samarTlis istoria<br />
(leqciebis kursi), Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 58.<br />
7<br />
iqve, gv. 59-60.<br />
8<br />
m. gariSvili, sazRvargareTis qveynebis samarTlis istoria<br />
(leqciebis kursi), Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 269.<br />
9<br />
v. metreveli, qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 415.<br />
10<br />
iqve, gv. 105.<br />
11<br />
k.f. gucenko, l.v. golovko, b.a. filimonovi, dasavleT<br />
saxelmwifoTa sisxlis samarTlis procesi, Tbilisi, 2007, 12<br />
12<br />
d. beniZe, SejibrebiTobis Tavisebureba braldebiT da samZebro<br />
(inkviziciuri) tipis procesSi, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 121.<br />
13<br />
Ìåùåðÿêîâ Þ. Â., Ôîðìû óãîëîâíîãî ñóäîïðîèçâîäñòâà, Ë.,1990,65.<br />
14<br />
d. beniZe, samecniero Sromebis krebuli (Tbilisis konomikur<br />
urTierTobaTa saxelmwifo universiteti), Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 113-114.<br />
15<br />
Ìåùåðÿêîâ Þ. Â.Ôîðìû óãîëîâíîãî ñóäîïðîèçâîäñòâà. Ë., 1990,<br />
22-23.<br />
16<br />
m. gariSvili, sazRvargareTis qveynebis samarTlis istoria<br />
(leqciebis kursi), Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 59-60.<br />
17<br />
v. metreveli, qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 416<br />
18<br />
m. kekelia, sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi saqarTveloSi<br />
ruseTTan SeerTebis win, t.1, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 272.<br />
19<br />
sisxlis samarTlis procesi, avtorTa koleqtivi, Tbilisi, 2009,<br />
gv. 151.<br />
20<br />
z. meiSvili, o. jorbenaZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis<br />
saproceso kodeqsis komentarebi, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 6.<br />
21<br />
i. aqubardia, dacvis xelovneba, Tb., 2011, gv. 41-46.<br />
91
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FROM INQUISITION TO<br />
ADVERSARIALITY<br />
KETEVAN KISTAURI<br />
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
<strong>Law</strong> Faculty Student<br />
New Criminal Procedure Code has introduced number of significant<br />
changes to the Georgian justice system. Its publicly declared goal is to<br />
ensure full equality of parties <strong>and</strong> implementation of the adversarial principle<br />
in the justice system that was inquisitorial. This issue is still critical,<br />
as the implemented reform caused disputes between scholars as well as<br />
practitioners. Presented article shall allow readers to observe the process<br />
of transformation from inquisitorial to adversarial.<br />
As you know, new Criminal Procedure Code had to go a long <strong>and</strong> difficult<br />
way before it became what it is now. Each <strong>and</strong> every historic form of<br />
the Procedure has individual characteristics. Part of accusation is characterized<br />
with private legal nature, as the public is not yet so consolidated to<br />
realize public interests, thus it is still governed by relatives’ relations. As<br />
for the inquisitorial procedure as a whole, criminal investigative procedures<br />
are determined by state interests versus interests of the individuals.<br />
It is especially interesting to see realization of the adversarial principle<br />
in modern criminal law. In accordance with the new Criminal Procedure<br />
Code, adversarial principle is maintained at the court hearings as well as at<br />
the investigation stage. In addition, I have focused on the basic changes<br />
made to the criminal procedure code. This mainly refers to the procedural<br />
position of the damaged person, margins of appreciation of a judge, amount<br />
of rights provided for the defendant <strong>and</strong> his / her attorney, etc.<br />
92
saqarTvelos<br />
sagadasaxado kodeqsis<br />
specialuri debulebebis<br />
samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi<br />
(sagadasaxado kodeqsis novaciis Sesaxeb _<br />
`oqros sia~, avtorizebuli ekonomikuri<br />
operatori)<br />
qeTevan gardafxaZe<br />
saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universitetis<br />
samarTlis skolis dekani, profesori<br />
ia xarazi<br />
saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universitetis<br />
profesori<br />
ukanasknel dros SesamCnevad izrdeba saxelmwifosa da<br />
samarTlis roli saqonlis, samuSaoebis, momsaxurebisa da<br />
sxvadasxva informaciis saerTaSoriso gacvlis regulirebaSi.<br />
saxelmwifo emyareba ra, konkretul iuridiul aqtebs,<br />
adgens saqarTvelos ekonomikur teritoriaze saqonlisa<br />
da satransporto saSualebebis gadaadgilebis Sesabamis<br />
sasaqonlo operaciebs, krefs gadasaxadebs, amtkicebs<br />
portalSi (saqarTvelos ekonomikur sazRvarTan mdebare<br />
kontrolis zonaSi) mgzavrebis, saqonlisa da satransporto<br />
saSualebebis mimarT sagadasaxado kodeqsiT dadgenil<br />
procedurebs da sagareo-ekonomikuri saqmianobis<br />
monawileebze samarTlebrivi da mmarTvelobiTi zemoqmedebis<br />
sxva formebs.<br />
`gansakuTrebuli fuZemdebluri mniSvneloba sagadasaxado-sabaJo<br />
samarTlis funqcionirebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis<br />
saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucias eniWeba, sadac<br />
Cadebulia saqarTvelos demokratiuli da civilizebuli<br />
principebi, saqarTvelos demokratiisa da samarTlebrivi<br />
sistemebisa da misi calkeuli dargebis, maT<br />
93
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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Soris, sagadasaxado-sabaJo samarTlis ganviTarebis safuZvlebi.~ 1 gansakuTrebuli<br />
aqcenti gvinda gavakeToT konstituciis me-3 muxlze, romlis `v~ punqtis Tanaxmad,<br />
mxolod saqarTvelos umaRles saxelmwifo organoTa gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas<br />
ganekuTvneba `sagareo vaWroba, sabaJo da satarifo reJimebi.~ aRniSnulma muxlma gamokveTa<br />
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado-sabaJo politika (ekonomikuri politika), romelic<br />
aris `saxelmwifos mier dadgenili erTgvari `TamaSis wesebi~ sagadasaxado-sabaJo saqmis<br />
sferoSi, romlis mizani gacvliT ganpirobebuli ganawilebiTi marTvaa.~ 2<br />
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado politika viTardeba sayovelTaod aRiarebul saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv<br />
normebsa da praqtikasTan harmonizaciisa da unifikaciis mimarTulebiT.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, upirvelesi primati ganekuTvneba evrosabWos sabaJo kodeqssa da sabaJo<br />
procedurebis gamartivebisa da harmonizaciis saerTaSoriso (kiotos) konvencias.<br />
saqarTvelos axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi araerTi novaciiT gamoirCeva, romelic<br />
samomavlod xels Seuwyobs saxelmwifo organoebsa da bizness Soris saqmiani, partnioruli,<br />
civilizebuli urTierTobis Camoyalibebas, romelzec mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli<br />
qveynis ekonomikuri gaZliereba da TiToeuli moqalaqis keTildReobac.<br />
sagadasaxado kodeqsis novaciuri muxlebi, mraval sasikeTos hpirdeba ara marto<br />
ekonomikuri, sasaqonlo operaciebis gamomyenebelT da agreTve im fizikur pirebs,<br />
romlebic iuridiuli piris Seqmnis gareSe ewevian saqonlis gatana-Semotanas (saqonlis<br />
gadaadgilebas) qveynis ekonomikur teritoriaze. erT-erT mniSvnelovan novacias warmoadgens<br />
sagadasaxado kodeqsis 224-e muxli (`oqros sia~, avtorizebuli ekonomikuri<br />
operatori), aseve, saqarTvelos finansTa ministris 2010 wlis #993 brZanebiT damtkicebuli<br />
instruqciiT `saqarTvelos ekonomikur teritoriaze saqonlis gadaadgilebisa<br />
da gaformebis Sesaxeb~ novaciuri Tavi XXI (mux. 80-89) `oqros sia~. aRniSnuli sagadasaxado<br />
samarTlebrivi (ekonomikuri) instituti adre moqmedi sagadasaxado da sabaJo<br />
kodeqsebisaTvis ucxo iyo. misi Semotana sagadasaxado kodeqsSi ganapiroba msoflio<br />
savaWro organizaciis (romlis wevric aris saqarTvelo) mier aRniSnuli programis<br />
SemuSavebam, romelic kargad aprobirebuli meTodia msoflio savaWro organizaciis<br />
bevri wevri qveynisaTvis.<br />
mainc ra sasikeTos sTavzobs igi eqsport-importis sasaqonlo operaciis gamomyenebelT?<br />
vidre am kiTxvas pasuxs gavcemdeT, visaubroT muxlis Sesaxeb (sagadasaxado<br />
kodeqsi, mux. 224), Tu ra upiratesobas hpirdeba igi am siaSi Sesul pirebs. `oqros siaSi~<br />
SetaniT pirs eniWeba ufleba, kuTvnili saqonlis saqarTvelos ekonomikur teritoriaze<br />
Semotana gatanisas isargeblos gamartivebuli procedurebiT da importis gadasaxdelebis<br />
gadaxdis gansxvavebuli wesiT.<br />
saidan modis es instituti? ras unda elodos am programaSi CarTvisas biznesmeni?<br />
`oqros sia~ msoflio savaWro organizaciam daamkvidra da igi ukve kargad aprobirebuli<br />
meTodia msoflios wevr qveynebSi. `oqros siis~ wevri qveynebi unda akmayofilebdnen<br />
mTel rig kriteriumebs, romlebsac konkretuli qveyana SeimuSavebs.<br />
`saqarTvelos mTavrobam SeimuSava axali programa, romelic miznad saqarTvelos<br />
ekonomikuri sazRvris gadmokveTis gamartivebas isaxavs, rac sazRvris saqonliT gadmomkveT<br />
pirebs finansuri resursebis dazogvis saSualebas miscems. misi SemuSavebisas<br />
94
evrokavSirisa da amerikis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos eqspertebis gamocdileba<br />
iqna gaziarebuli da is varianti SeirCa, rac qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis yvelaze<br />
misaRebi iyo. `oqros siis~ mizania saxelmwifo organosa da kerZo samarTlis subieqtebs<br />
Soris TanamSromlobis Tanamedrove moTxovnebze dafuZnebuli programis danergva da<br />
urTierTndobis amaRleba, saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da investiciebis xelis Sewyoba.<br />
`oqros siis~ amoqmedeba, rogorc misi avtorebi aRniSnaven, kontrolis organoebis<br />
procedurebis gamartivebis meSveobiT, administraciuli resursebis ufro efeqtianad<br />
gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva.~ 3<br />
`oqros siis~ monawileebs ufleba aqvT sasaqonlo deklaracia eleqtronulad waradginon,<br />
saqonlis gaformeba da masTan dakavSirebuli sxva sagadasaxado procedurebi<br />
ki, sazRvarze moaxdinon. amasTan erTad, maT saSualeba eZlevaT Semotanili tvirTi<br />
Semosavlebis samsaxuris sawyobis nacvlad sakuTar sawyobSi moaTavson da deklaraciiT<br />
gansazRvruli gadasaxadi 30 samuSao dReSi gadaixadon. mocemuli siis wevris mier<br />
wardgenili deklaracia da dokumentebi detalur Semowmebasac ar eqvemdebareba.<br />
`oqros siis~ programiT gaTvaliswinebulia importirebuli saqonlis gatarebis 3<br />
SesaZlo reJimi: mwvane, lurji an wiTeli. mwvane reJimSi gava saqoneli, romelic daubrkoleblad<br />
gaformda da sagadasaxado operaciebi warmatebiT dasrulda; lurj reJim-<br />
Si gatarebuli saqoneli ganbaJebulia (dRes sagadasaxado procedura dasrulebulia),<br />
magram gadamowmebas saWiroebs, xolo wiTeli reJimi srul sagadasaxado procedurebs<br />
niSnavs.<br />
Tavdapirvelad `oqros siaSi~ moxvdnen is kompaniebi, romlebic biznessaqmianobas<br />
`TeTrad~ awarmoebdnen, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom am siaSi mosaxvedrad mxolod keTilsindisiereba<br />
sakmarisi ar iyo, arsebobda mTeli rigi kriteriumebi, romlebsac am siaSi<br />
moxvedris msurveli kompaniebi daakmayofilebdnen: kompaniebi dRg-s gadamxdelad unda<br />
yofiliyvnen registrirebuli, hqonodaT deklarirebuli saqonlis satarifo Rirebulebis<br />
maRali maCvenebeli, aranakleb 10 mln larisa; gadaxdili importis gadasaxdelebis<br />
maRali maCvenebeli, romelic ar unda yofiliyo 1,8 mln larze naklebi; kompanias<br />
ar unda hqonoda sabaJo-sagadasaxado samarTaldarRveva; unda waredgina minimum 100 000<br />
evros sabanko garantia da 100 Sevsebuli deklaracia. arsebobda ramdenime damatebiTi<br />
piroba, ris gamoc kompanias SeiZleba uari mieRo `oqros siaSi~ CarTvaze, maT Soris:<br />
sabaJosTan angariSsworebis arsebuli davalianeba, saerTaSoriso auditebi da saerTa-<br />
Soriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebi, kompanias sabaJo (sagadasaxado) organoebisaTvis<br />
cnobili saqmianobis aranakleb 2-wliani gamocdileba unda hqonoda.<br />
programaSi aseve, monawileoba SeeZloT (SeuZliaT) diplomatiuri statusis mqone<br />
saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, saqarTveloSi akreditebuli qveynis saelCoebs, sakonsulo<br />
dawesebulebebs, `saqarTvelos mTavrobis struqturis, uflebamosilebisa da saqmianobis<br />
wesis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos 2004 wlis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul saministroebs.<br />
eqspertebis azriT, 4 `oqros sias~ aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi mxareebi.<br />
uaryofiTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom SeRavaTebs miiRebs msxvili biznesi, xolo mcire<br />
da saSualo biznesi daCagrul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. nawili am mosazrebas ar iziarebs<br />
da aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikur sazRvarze rigebi swored msxvili<br />
95
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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import eqsportis gamoa. eqspertebi am siis amoqmedebis dadebiT mxaresac xedaven, rom<br />
sagadasaxado administrireba da funqciebi ufro efeqtiani gaxdeba, xolo kompaniebs<br />
ufro swrafi da ukeTesi momsaxurebis saSualeba miecema. Tumca, dadebiTTan erTad,<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, riskis faqtoric iCens Tavs da riskis faqtors am SemTxvevaSi, ara<br />
sagadasaxados TanamSromeli, aramed kompiuteri gansazRvravs.<br />
zogi eqspertis azri sapirispiroa. isini iziareben xelisuflebis mosazrebas da<br />
Tvlian, rom nebismier ekonomikur sazRvarze rigs swored msxvili biznesis tvirTi<br />
qmnis da Tu am proeqtis amuSavebiT portals 5 msxvili biznesis tvirTi moakldeba,<br />
aqedan sargebels mcire da saSualo biznesic miiRebs. isini tvirTs swrafad gaaformeben<br />
da es finansur danaxarjebsac Seamcirebs, vinaidan tvirTis sawyobSi gadasatanad manqanebis<br />
daqiraveba aRar mouwevT. msxvili biznesis warmomadgenlebisaTvis ki, upiratesoba<br />
tvirTis martivad Semotana iqneba.<br />
miuxedavad aseTi mimzidveli pirobebisa, `oqros sia~, romelic 2009 wels amoqmedda<br />
saqarTvelos finansTa ministris 2009 wlis 21 oqtombris #679 brZanebiT, dRes realurad<br />
moqmedebs, mTeli datvirTviT albaT male amoqmeddeba. Tavidanve msxvili biznesis<br />
nawili mas skeptikurad Sexvda, rac bunebrivia. amis mizezi albaT isicaa, rom msxvili<br />
biznesmenebi am axali institutisadmi jer kidev, ver flobdnen srul informacias<br />
an iqneb am axali novaciisadmi Segueba da ndobis faqtori naklebi iyo, rogorc xdeba<br />
xolme yoveli axlis danergvisas.<br />
ra efeqti eqneba `oqros siis~ amoqmedebas?<br />
bolomde pozitivebze Znelia saubari, es instituti axalia, albaT daxvewasac moiTxovs.<br />
programis dadebiTi mxare albaT isaa, rom firmebs gauadvildebaT Semosavlebis<br />
samsaxurs daqvemdebarebuli portalis organoebTan urTierToba da is procedurebi,<br />
romlebsac didi dro sWirdeboda, romelic SedarebiT nakleb droSi mogvardeba.<br />
imuSavebs Tu ara saqarTveloSi es programa, praqtika gviCvenebs. cxadia, igi yvelaze<br />
ar gavrceldeba, radgan firmebma SeiZleba sxva miznebisaTvis gamoiyenon. cxadia, aris<br />
riskis faqtorebic, rom `oqros sia~ importior-eqsportiorebma kontrab<strong>and</strong>is wyarod<br />
ar aqcion. mTavari problemaa, rom adamianebma, romelTac SeeZlebaT gamartivebuli<br />
procedurebiT gadalaxon saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvari da ekonomikur sivrceSi<br />
Semoitanon saqoneli, es ar gamoiyenon gaformebuli, proceduraCatarebuli saqonlis<br />
gverdiT saqarTvelos Sida bazarze kontrab<strong>and</strong>uli saqonlis Semosatanad.<br />
dReisaTvis `oqros siaSi~ monawile kompaniebis raodenoba izrdeba. Sps `gorgia~,<br />
Sps `aliansi-saqarTvelo~, Sps `qarTuli sadistribucio marketinguli kompania~, Sps<br />
`Sarm treidingi~, Sps `demasi~, ss `visol petrolium jorjia~da sxva. es is kompaniebia,<br />
romlebic sagadasaxado TanamSromlobis programiT gaTvaliswinebuli privilegiiT<br />
isargebleben. maT gadaecaT `oqros siis~ statutis damadasturebeli sertifikatebi.<br />
`saqarTvelos ekonomikur teritoriaze saqonlis gadaadgilebisa da gaformebis wesis<br />
Sesaxeb~ instruqciis me-80 muxlis Tanaxmad: „oqros siaSi~ Seyvanil pirs (SemdgomSi<br />
96
_ „oqros siis~ monawile) eniWeba ufleba, kuTvnili saqonlis saqarTvelos ekonomikur<br />
teritoriaze Semotanisas an/da gatanisas isargeblos gamartivebuli procedurebiT<br />
da importis gadasaxdelebis gadaxdis gansxvavebuli vadebiT. aRniSnuli statusis miReba<br />
pirs ar ukrZalavs sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili, am Tavisagan gansxvavebuli<br />
wesiT ganaxorcielos saqonlis saqarTvelos ekonomikur teritoriaze Semotana<br />
an saqarTvelos ekonomikuri teritoriidan gatana da saqonlis gaformeba.~<br />
gamartivebuli procedurebi ar gamoiyeneba Semdegi saqonlis gadaadgilebis SemTxvevaSi:<br />
a) SezRudulad brunvadi masalebi (im SemTxvevis garda, roca aRniSnuli saqonlis<br />
mimRebi an gamgzavnia „saqarTvelos mTavrobis struqturis, uflebamosilebisa<br />
da saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos 2004 wlis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli saministro<br />
an saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba); b) birTvuli da radiaciuli obieqtebi,<br />
birTvuli masalebi, radiaqtiuri nivTierebebi, radiaqtiuri narCenebi, mineralebi<br />
(wiaRiseuli), romlebisaganac praqtikulad SesaZlebelia birTvuli masalebis miReba,<br />
yvelaferi, rac damzadebulia birTvuli masalisagan an radiaqtiuri nivTierebisagan<br />
an Seicavs maT, rogorc Semadgenel nawils, agreTve birTvuli teqnologiebi an `nouhauebi~<br />
(im SemTxvevis garda, roca aRniSnuli saqonlis mimRebi an gamgzavnia „saqarTvelos<br />
mTavrobis struqturis, uflebamosilebisa da saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos<br />
2004 wlis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli saministro an saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo<br />
dawesebuleba); g) „gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe myofi veluri florisa da faunis saxeobebiT<br />
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb~ konvenciis (CITES) danarTebSi Setanili<br />
saxeobebi, maTi nawilebi da derivatebi; d) iaraRi da sabrZolo masalebi (im SemTxvevis<br />
garda, roca aRniSnuli saqonlis mimRebi an gamgzavnia „saqarTvelos mTavrobis struqturis,<br />
uflebamosilebisa da saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
saministro an saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba); e) specialur kontrols<br />
daqvemdebarebuli samkurnalo saSualebebi; v) milsadeni transportiT da eleqtrogadamcemi<br />
xazebiT gadaadgilebuli saqoneli; z) „oqros siis~ monawilis mier an misi<br />
daniSnulebiT erTi satransporto saSualebiT (garda sahaero da sazRvao transportisa),<br />
sarkinigzo transportis SemTxvevaSi, erTi konteineriT, cisterniT an vagoniT<br />
erTdroulad gadaadgilebuli sxvadasxva sasaqonlo operaciaSi mosaqcevad gankuTvnili<br />
saqoneli; T) erTi satransporto saSualebiT (garda sahaero da sazRvao transportisa)<br />
erTdroulad gadaadgilebuli saqoneli, romlis mimRebs an gamgzavns „oqros<br />
siis~ monawilesTan erTad warmoadgens sxva piri (im SemTxvevaSic, roca es piri „oqros<br />
siis~ monawilea).<br />
rogoria „oqros siis~ monawilis statusis miniWebis pirobebi? Tu zemoT aRniSnuli<br />
instruqciiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli, `oqros siis~ monawilis statusis misa-<br />
Rebad aucilebeli pirobebia: 6<br />
a) Semosavlebis samsaxuris mier k<strong>and</strong>idatis SerCevis an k<strong>and</strong>idatis gancxadebis<br />
registraciis kalendaruli Tvis pirveli ricxvidan wina erTi wlis (uwyveti 12 kalendaruli<br />
Tvis) ganmavlobaSi: a.a) sagareo-ekonomikuri saqmianobis gamocdileba; a.b)<br />
saqarTvelos ekonomikur teritoriaze importSi an/da eqsportSi deklarirebuli<br />
97
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
saqonlis satarifo Rirebulebis maRali maCvenebeli _ aranakleb 5,0 mln larisa; a.g)<br />
gadaxdili importis gadasaxdelebis odenobis maRali maCvenebeli _ aranakleb 900 000<br />
larisa, an saqonlis importis an/da eqsportis mizniT wardgenili sasaqonlo deklaraciebis<br />
didi odenoba _ aranakleb 100-isa;<br />
b) Semosavlebis samsaxuris mier k<strong>and</strong>idatis SerCevis an k<strong>and</strong>idatis gancxadebis<br />
registraciis kalendaruli Tvis pirveli ricxvis mdgomareobiT: b.a) saqarTvelos sagadasaxado<br />
kodeqsis 289-e muxlis me-7 nawiliT (rodesac saqarTvelos ekonomikur sazRvarze<br />
saxelmwifo kontrolis gverdis avliT an misgan malulad gadatanili an gadmotanili<br />
saqonlis satarifo Rirebuleba aRemateba 10 000 lars) da sagadasaxado kodeqsis<br />
289-e muxlis me-10 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis<br />
pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis Taobaze ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebis ararseboba<br />
(roca gasulia 6 Tve aRniSnuli samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis<br />
dakisrebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebebis ZalaSi Sesvlidan); b.b) dRg-is gadamxdelad<br />
registracia. instruqciis 81-e muxlis pirveli punqtiT gansazRvruli pirobebi ar<br />
vrceldeba Semdeg subieqtebze: a) saerTaSoriso (saxelmwifoTaSorisi, samTavrobaTa-<br />
Sorisi) organizaciebi, ucxoeTis diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebi, masTan gaTanabrebuli<br />
dawesebulebebi da sakonsulo dawesebulebebi; b) saqarTvelos parlamenti; g)<br />
„saqarTvelos mTavrobis struqturis, uflebamosilebisa da saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb~<br />
saqarTvelos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli saministroebi da saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo<br />
dawesebulebebi; d) saqarTvelos erovnuli banki; e) saqarTvelos sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlo da saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo; v) aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis<br />
mTavroba, TviTmmarTveli qalaqebis: Tbilisis, baTumis, quTaisis da rusTavis adgilobrivi<br />
TviTmmarTvelobis aRmasrulebeli organoebi (meriebi); z) saqarTvelos sapatriarqo.<br />
ra SeiZleba kidev iTqvas am axali sagadasaxado institutis Sesaxeb, romelic jer<br />
kidev, daxvewis procesSia? Semosavlebis samsaxuri periodulad axorcielebs „oqros<br />
siis~ k<strong>and</strong>idatTa SerCevas samsaxurSi arsebuli informaciis safuZvelze, instruqciis<br />
81-e muxliT dadgenili pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT: 1. pirs „oqros siis~ monawilis statusi<br />
eniWeba Semosavlebis samsaxuris ufrosis brZanebis safuZvelze da ASYCUDA-Si<br />
daSvebisaTvis eniWeba momxmareblis specialuri saxeli da kodi. 2. Tu „oqros siis~<br />
monawiles survili aqvs, saqonlis miwodeba ganaxorcielos Tavis sawyobSi (romelic<br />
uzrunvelyofs saqonlis daculobas da Senaxvas), waradgens informacias aseTi sawyobis<br />
saxeobis, farTobis, Senaxvis pirobebis, misamarTisa da kuTvnilebis Taobaze (Senobanagebobis<br />
an/da Ria moednis sakuTrebis damadasturebeli amonaweri sajaro reestridan<br />
an aranakleb erTi wlis vadiT dadebuli sargeblobis eqskluziuri uflebis (ijara,<br />
qiravnoba, uzufruqti an sxv.) damadasturebeli dokumenti da amonaweri sajaro<br />
reestridan). 3. „oqros siis~ monawilis TiToeul sawyobs calkeuli misamarTis mixedviT<br />
eniWeba xuTniSna cifruli kodi Semosavlebis samsaxuris ufrosis brZanebiT.<br />
instruqciis novaciuri muxli 83-e exeba „oqros siis~ monawilis statusis gauqmebas,<br />
kerZod: 1. statusis miniWebidan 3 Tvis Semdeg Semosavlebis samsaxuri axorcielebs<br />
„oqros siis~ monawilis sagadasaxado davalianebis arsebobis gadamowmebas da davalia-<br />
98
nebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, ugzavnis mas sagadasaxado moTxovnas. 2. Semosavlebis<br />
samsaxuri amowmebs „oqros siis~ monawilis mier 81-e muxliT gansazRvruli pirobebis<br />
dakmayofilebis mdgomareobas kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi erTxel, romelic<br />
aiTvleba statusis miniWebis momentidan. 3. „oqros siis~ monawilis mier 81-e muxliT<br />
gansazRvruli pirobebis daukmayofileblobis an/da sagadasaxado moTxovniT gansaz-<br />
Rvruli davalianebis gadauxdelobis SemTxvevaSi, xorcieldeba „oqros siis~ monawilis<br />
statusis gauqmeba Semosavlebis samsaxuris ufrosis brZanebis gamocemiT. amasTan,<br />
sagadasaxado kodeqsis 289-e muxlis me-7 an/da me-10 nawilebiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis Taobaze ZalaSi<br />
Sesuli gadawyvetileba warmoadgens „oqros siis~ monawilis statusis dauyovnebliv<br />
gauqmebis safuZvels. 4. „oqros siis~ monawilis statusis gauqmebis Semdeg yofili<br />
„oqros siis~ monawilis daniSnulebiT saqarTvelos ekonomikur teritoriaze Semotanili<br />
da portalSi wardgenili saqoneli, im saqonlis CaTvliT, romlis Semotanamdec<br />
wardgenili iyo sasaqonlo deklaracia an saqarTvelos ekonomikuri teritoriidan<br />
gasatani deklarirebuli saqoneli saxelmwifo kontrolis qveS gadaadgildeba mowmobiT.<br />
„oqros siis~ monawiles saqonlis importSi gaformebis mizniT, ufleba aqvs waradginos<br />
sasaqonlo deklaracia: a) winaswar _ saqonlis saqarTvelos ekonomikur teritoriaze<br />
Semotanamde an saqonlis portalSi wardgenidan ara ugvianes momdevno samuSao<br />
dRisa da isargeblos instruqciis novaciuri 85-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli gamartivebuli<br />
procedurebiT; b) saqonlis portalSi wardgenis Semdeg, me-20 muxliT dadgenil<br />
vadebSi da isargeblos 86-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli gamartivebuli procedurebiT;<br />
g) saqonlis mimarT gamoyenebuli nebismieri sasaqonlo operaciis (garda eqsportisa)<br />
importiT Secvlis mizniT. gaformebis sagadasaxado organos deklaracia waredgineba<br />
eleqtronulad, ASYCUDA-s meSveobiT, xolo deklaraciaze dasarTavi, 24-e muxliT<br />
gansazRvruli dokumentebi deklaraciasTan erTad waredgineba eleqtronulad an inaxeba<br />
deklarantTan, romelic valdebulia, moTxovnisamebr warudginos isini sagadasaxado<br />
organos. importis gadasaxdelebi gadaxdili unda iqnes saqonlis gaSvebis TariRidan<br />
ara ugvianes 30 kalendaruli dRisa.<br />
`oqros siis~ monawilis mier saqonlis Semotana gamartivebuli procedurebiT xorcieldeba,<br />
kerZod: „oqros siis~ monawilis mier deklaraciis winaswar wardgenisas,<br />
winaswar deklarirebuli saqonlis saqarTvelos ekonomikur teritoriaze Semotanisas,<br />
portalSi xorcieldeba saxelmwifo kontrolis RonisZiebebi. identifikaciis saSualebebis<br />
mTlianobis darRvevis, dauluqavi satransporto saSualebis (garda im<br />
SemTxvevisa, roca SeuZlebelia saqonlis gabarituli moculobis gamo satransporto<br />
saSualebis daluqva) SemTxvevaSi, agreTve garegnuli daTvalierebis Sedegad saqonlis<br />
gafuWebis, dazianebis aSkara niSnebis arsebobisas, xorcieldeba gaformebis adgilamde<br />
saqonlis saxelmwifo kontrolis qveS gadaadgileba. zemoT aRniSnulis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli garemoebebis ararsebobisas saqonlis mflobelis (gadamzidavis)<br />
mier portalSi waredgineba satransporto dokumentebi _ saqonlis nasyidobis xel-<br />
Sekruleba/angariS-faqtura/sxva saangariSsworebo dokumenti da ecnobeba, rom<br />
99
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
saqonlis mimRebs (importiors) warmoadgens „oqros siis~ monawile, agreTve gaformebis<br />
sagadasaxado organos kodi da deklaraciis registraciis nomeri. satransporto saSualebis,<br />
saqonlis gamomgzavnisa da mimRebis identificirebis SemTxvevaSi, portalis<br />
uflebamosili TanamSromeli ASYCUDA-s gamoyenebiT axorcielebs deklaraciis<br />
damuSavebas, ris Semdegac deklaraciisaTvis ganisazRvreba Sesabamisi derefani.<br />
mainc ra SeRavaTiani RonisZiebebi xorcieldeba sagadasaxado kodeqsisa da aRniSnuli<br />
instruqciis mixedviT `oqros siis~ monawilis mier qveynis ekonomikur sazRvarze<br />
saqonlis gadaadgilebisas? riT aris igi mimzidveli msxvili biznesisaTvis? ra sasikeTos<br />
hpirdeba igi am novaciuri institutis gamoyenebisas import-eqsportiorebs?<br />
pirveli da mTavari aseTi formiT saqonlis gadaadgilebisas qveynis ekonomikur teritoriaze<br />
gamartivebuli procedurebis gamoyenebaa „oqros siis~ monawilis mier, ker-<br />
Zod: deklaraciis winaswar warudgenloba. ufro konkretulad: 1. „oqros siis~ monawilis<br />
mier saqonlis winaswari deklarirebis ganuxorcieleblobis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos<br />
ekonomikur teritoriaze Semotanisas, portalSi xorcieldeba saqonlis zogadi<br />
deklarireba da saxelmwifo kontrolis RonisZiebebi. 2. portalis mier gaicema aRricxvis<br />
mowmoba (garda TIR-wignakiT gadaadgilebis SemTxvevisa), romliTac xorcieldeba<br />
„oqros siis~ monawilis sawyobamde an mis mier SerCeuli sawyobis daniSnulebiT saqonlis<br />
gadaadgileba. 3. sasaqonlo deklaraciis wardgenamde identifikaciis saSualebebi<br />
ar ixsneba da saqoneli ar CamoitvirTeba. 4. „oqros siis~ monawilis mier importis deklaracia<br />
gaformebis sagadasaxado organos waredgineba aRniSnuli instruqciiT dadgenil<br />
vadebSi. 5. gaformebis sagadasaxado organos deklaracia waredgineba eleqtronulad,<br />
ASYCUDA-s meSveobiT, xolo deklaraciaze dasarTavi dokumentebi deklaraciasTan<br />
erTad waredgineba eleqtronulad an inaxeba deklarantTan, romelic valdebulia,<br />
moTxovnisamebr warudginos isini sagadasaxado organos. 6. gamoiyeneba dabegvris<br />
SeRavaTiani meqanizmi.<br />
sagadasaxado kodeqsis novaciuri 224-e muxli da instruqciis Sesabamisi novaciuri<br />
muxlebi (80-89) gansxvavebulad aregulirebs gansakuTrebul procedurebs TIR-wignakiT<br />
gadaadgilebuli saqonlis gaSvebisas, kerZod, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac TIR-wignakiT 7<br />
gadaadgilebuli saqonlis gaSveba xorcieldeba portalidan. Semosavlebis samsaxuris<br />
ufrosis brZanebis Sesabamisad, portali uzrunvelyofs TIR-wignakis monacemebis<br />
Setanas aRricxvis mowmobis eleqtronul formatSi. im SemTxvevaSi ki, rodesac TIRwignakiT<br />
gadaadgilebuli saqonlis gaSveba ar xorcieldeba portalidan, gadaadgilebuli<br />
saqonlisa da satransporto saSualebebis TIR-wignakis Sesaxeb monacemebi kanonmdeblobiT<br />
dadgenili wesiT, Seitaneba eleqtronul bazaSi.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu „oqros siis~ monawiles ganzraxuli aqvs saqarTvelos ekonomikur<br />
teritoriaze Sesabamisad Semotanili saqonlis mimarT importisagan gansxvavebuli<br />
sasaqonlo operaciis gamoyeneba, igi valdebulia: a) mimarTos gaformebis sagadasaxado<br />
organos da aRniSnulis mier gacemuli aRricxvis mowmobiT uzrunvelyos saqonlis<br />
wardgena mis mier SerCeul gaformebis sagadasaxado organoSi; b) instruqciis me-20<br />
muxliT dadgenil vadebSi 8 ganaxorcielos sasaqonlo deklaraciis wardgena (operaciis<br />
gansazRvris dasruleba).<br />
100
instruqciis novaciuri 89-e muxli gansazRvravs gamartivebuli procedurebs im<br />
pirTaTvis, romlebic avtomaturad iZenen „oqros siis~ monawilis statuss. „oqros siis~<br />
monawilis statuss avtomaturad (brZanebis gamocemis gareSe), mxolod am muxliT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli gamartivebuli procedurebiT sargeblobisaTvis, iZens: a) fizikuri<br />
piri _ saqarTvelos ekonomikur teritoriaze sahaero transportiT Semotanili,<br />
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis 199-e muxlis „d.a.~ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebul<br />
daubegrav raodenobasa da Rirebulebaze meti da 3 000 laramde Rirebulebis kvebis<br />
produqtebis (maT Soris, safosto gzavnilis SemTxvevaSi) an/da amave muxlis „d.z.~<br />
qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebul daubegrav raodenobasa da Rirebulebaze meti da 10 000<br />
laramde Rirebulebis saqonlis (saqonelTa jgufis) importisas; b) fizikuri piri<br />
safosto gzavnilis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis 199-e muxlis „d.v.~<br />
qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebul daubegrav raodenobasa da Rirebulebaze meti da 10 000<br />
laramde Rirebulebis saqonlis (saqonelTa jgufis) importisas; g) piri (garda fizikuri<br />
pirisa) safosto gzavniliT Semotanili, 10 000 laramde Rirebulebis saqonlis<br />
(saqonelTa jgufis) importisas; d) piri, saqonlis importSi moqcevis mizniT, gaformebis<br />
ekonomikur zonaSi sagadasaxado organos mier Sevsebuli deklaraciiT gaformebisas.<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli muxlis pirveli punqtis `a~_ `g~ qvepunqtebiT gaTvaliswinebul<br />
SemTxvevebSi, saqonlis deklarireba xorcieldeba gamartivebuli deklaraciiT, xolo<br />
importis gadasaxadebis gadaxda xdeba deklaraciisaTvis registraciis nomris miniWebis<br />
TariRidan ara ugvianes, 30 kalendaruli dRisa, xolo saqonlis importSi moqcevis<br />
mizniT, gaformebis ekonomikur zonaSi sagadasaxado organos mier Sevsebuli deklaraciiT<br />
gaformebisas, importis gadasaxdelebi gadaxdili unda iqnes saqonlis gaSvebidan<br />
ara ugvianes, 5 kalendaruli dRisa, xolo am instruqciis 82-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
„oqros siis~ monawilis kuTvnili saqonlis gaformebisas _ ara ugvianes, 30<br />
kalendaruli dRisa.<br />
dabolos, 1. sagadasaxado kodeqsis novaciuri 224-e muxli da instruqciis novaciuri<br />
80_89-e muxlebi mraval sasikeTos hpirdeba am muxlebis momxmareblebs. pirvel rigSi,<br />
msxvil kompaniebs, radgan qveynis ekonomikur sazRvarTan gadasaadgilebeli tvirTebis<br />
simravle, romelTa mimarT gaformebisa da sxva sagadasaxado procedurebis ganxorcieleba<br />
ayovnebda tvirTebs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, dReebic ki, sWirdeboda tvirTebis gaformebas,<br />
_ dRes es procedura dadebiTad gadawyvita `oqros siam~, radgan msxvili kompaniebi,<br />
romlebic didi raodenobis tvirTebs gadaadgileben sazRvarze, maTTvis axali<br />
gaformebis sistema moqmedebs, kerZod, maT SeuZliaT tvirTi portalSi Semotanidan<br />
TavianT sawyobSi gaaformon, bunebrivia, sagadasaxado organos muSakTan erTad, an<br />
gaformebis sagadasaxado organoSi, specialuri wesebiT, riTac garkveuli SeRavaTi<br />
miecemaT im saqonlis gadamaadgilebel pirebs, romlebic SedarebiT mcire tvirTs<br />
gadaitanen qveynis ekonomikur teritoriaze; 2. amasTan, maTze dabegvris specialuri,<br />
saSeRavaTo reJimi vrceldeba; 3. ganitvirTeba Semosavlebis samsaxurs daqvemdebarebuli<br />
portalebi, romlebic daubrkoleblad, drois mcire monakveTSi gaaformeben sxva,<br />
SedarebiT mcire gabaritul tvirTebs, romelTa mesakuTreebsac, `oqros siis~ amoqmedebamde,<br />
rigebSi dgoma uwevdaT (didgabarituli tvirTebis gaformebas didi dro<br />
101
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
mihqonda); 4. mTavari sikeTe, rac am novaciuri muxlis amoqmedebas mohyva, is aris, rom<br />
droSi igebs mewarmec da bunebrivia, sagadasaxado organoc, romelsac meti SesaZlebloba<br />
eqmneba, raTa umokles vadaSi gaaformos tvirTebi da gauSvas Sesabamisi sasaqonlo<br />
deklaraciiT gacxadebul operaciaSi (magaliTad, importSi) da sxva.<br />
`oqros siis~ (avtorizebuli ekonomikuri operatoris) SemoRebiT Semosavlebis<br />
samsaxuri imedovnebs, rom pirobebis gamartivebis Semdeg `oqros siaSi~ gawevrianebis<br />
survils kidev meti kompaniebi SeuerTdeba da programa ufro mimzidveli gaxdeba<br />
importiorebisaTvis, rac xels Seuwyobs maTi droisa da zogadad, sagadasaxado sistemis<br />
saerTaSoriso stardartebTan harmonizacias, radgan analogiuri programebi moqmedebs<br />
evrokavSiris TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi. magram, naTqvamia, yvela novacias didi sifrTxiliT<br />
unda mivudgeT, rom am novaciuri muxlebis Sesabamisad, saqonlis gaformebis gamartivebuli<br />
procedurebis gamoyenebiT, qveynis sazRvarze ar SemoaRwios kontrab<strong>and</strong>ulma<br />
saqonelma.<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
ia xarazi, sabaJo samarTali, Tb; 2010, gv. 4.<br />
2<br />
ia xarazi, sabaJo samarTali, Tb; 2010, gv. 4<br />
3<br />
ia xarazi, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado samarTali, Tb. 2011, gv. 246.<br />
4<br />
zogierTi informacia aRebulia internet-saitidan.<br />
5<br />
portali _ sakontrolo gamSvebi punqtia qveynis ekonomikur<br />
sazRvarTan.<br />
6<br />
ix.: saqarTvelos finansTa ministris 2010 wlis #993 brZanebiT<br />
damtkicebuli instruqciis `saqarTvelos ekonomikur<br />
teritoriaze saqonlis gadaadgilebisa da gaformebis Sesaxeb~<br />
mux. 81.<br />
7<br />
vgulisxmobT satranzito tvirTis gadaadgilebas saqarTvelos<br />
ekonomikur sazRvarze.<br />
8<br />
saubaria `sasaqonlo operaciis gansazRvris vadebze~. dawvr. ix.:<br />
Sesabamisi instruqciis mux.. 20, sadac sagareo-ekonomikuri<br />
saqmianobis sasaqonlo nomenklaturebis sxvadasxva kodebiT<br />
dadgenili saqonlis gadaadgilebisaTvis sxvadasxva vadebia<br />
dawesebuli, vTqvaT, instruqciis me-20 muxlis 1-li punqtis<br />
Tanaxmad, ses esn-is 8701, 8702, 8703, 8704, 8705, 8711 (romlis Zravis<br />
moculoba 5o sm kubze metia) da 8716 (misabmelebi da<br />
naxevradmisabmelebi) sasaqonlo poziciebiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
meqanikuri satransporto saSualebebis deklarireba xdeba<br />
saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros monacemTa<br />
avtomatizebul bazaSi satransporto saSualebis registraciis an<br />
mowmobis Sevsebis TariRidan 45 kalendarul dReSi da sxv.<br />
102
LEGAL ASPECTS OF<br />
SPECIAL PROVISIONS OF<br />
THE TAX CODE<br />
KETEVAN GARDAPHKHADZE<br />
Dean of <strong>Law</strong> School, Professor<br />
Davit Agmashenebeli Georgian University<br />
IA KHARAZI<br />
Professor, Davit Agmashenebeli Georgian University<br />
The new provisions of the Tax code are very promising not only for the<br />
users of economic <strong>and</strong> good-related operations but for natural persons as<br />
well who are involved in export-import of goods (movement of goods)<br />
without establishing a legal entity within economic territory of the country.<br />
One of the most important novelty is article 224 of the Code (“the Golden<br />
List”, Authorized Economic Operator), also the innovative Chapter XXI<br />
(art. 80-89) “the Golden List” of the Instruction about “Movement <strong>and</strong><br />
registration of goods within the Georgian Economic Territory” approved<br />
by the decree of the Minister of Finance No993 of 2012. The mentioned<br />
tax law (economic) institute was not known for the previous editions of<br />
Tax <strong>and</strong> Customs Codes. Introduction of this institute is connected to the<br />
elaboration of this programme by the World Trade Organisation (WTO).<br />
Georgia is the member of WTO. This method is the well-used one among<br />
lots of members of the WTO.<br />
What is the real use of this institute for the export-importers of goods?<br />
Before we answer this question lets discuss article 224 of the Tax Code,<br />
what kind of privilege does it give to persons in the list? By including in<br />
“the Golden List” a person gets the right to simplified procedure while<br />
importing or exporting goods <strong>and</strong> right to different rules for paying import<br />
fees.<br />
Where this institute comes from? What kind of benefits should a<br />
businessman expect while being included in this programme? What kind<br />
of positive <strong>and</strong> negative influence has this process?<br />
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“The Golden List” was introduced by the WTO <strong>and</strong> it is well-used in many member states. The members of<br />
“the Golden List” should meet number of requirements elaborated specifically by each country.<br />
The Georgian Government elaborated the new economic programme, which has as a main goal simplification<br />
of crossing Economic Border of Georgia which gives an opportunity to persons crossing the border with goods<br />
to save their financial resources. In the elaboration of this institute experts of European Union <strong>and</strong> USAID were<br />
involved <strong>and</strong> finally the model was agreed which is the most acceptable for the Georgian reality. The goals of<br />
“the Golden List” are also to promote establishment of programme based on modern requirements of cooperation<br />
between the state agencies <strong>and</strong> private law actors <strong>and</strong> to increase mutual trust, support to International trade<br />
<strong>and</strong> investments. According to the authors, implementation of “the Golden List” through simplification of<br />
control units’ procedures gives the possibility for efficient use of administrative resources.<br />
104
saqarTvelos<br />
integracia evropis<br />
erTian sahaero<br />
sivrceSi<br />
Tamar vefxvaZe<br />
grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis doqtoranti<br />
evropis gaerTianebis idea saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
moazrovneTa da politikosTa gansjis sagani iyo. jer kidev,<br />
1795 wels, kantma Tavis naSromSi `maradiuli mSvidoba~<br />
Camoayaliba evropis qveynebis federaciis idea, romelic<br />
mimarTuli iqneboda mSvidobis uzrunvelsayofad. u. Cer-<br />
Cilma ki, 1946 wels, Tavis erT-erT gamosvlaSi gaaJRera<br />
`evropis SeerTebuli Statebis~ idea, raTa Seqmniliyo<br />
gaerTianebuli da demokratiuli `didi evropa~.<br />
saukuneebis winaT, moazrovneebisagan gansxvavebiT, politikosebi<br />
da saxelmwifos meTaurebi _ napoleonisa da<br />
hitleris epoqaSi, am ideis xorcSesxmas omisa da Zaladobis<br />
gziT cdilobdnen.<br />
1945 wels, gaeros Seqmna novatoruli samarTlebrivi<br />
normebis Camoyalibebis safuZveli gaxda. gaeros mier Camoyalibebuli<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT omi kanongareSed<br />
gamocxadda. saerTaSoriso samarTalSi aRniSnuli<br />
principis damkvidrebam Zireuli cvlileba gamoiwvia<br />
msoflio masStabiT. kerZod, evropis qveynebi mividnen im<br />
daskvnamde, rom unda Seqmniliyo evropis kavSiri ara<br />
Zalismieri meTodebis gamoyenebiT, aramed mSvidobisa da<br />
ekonomikuri integraciis niSnebze dayrdnobiT.<br />
evropis gaerTianebis iniciatorad SegviZlia miviCnioT<br />
moazrovne Jan mone. man Camoayaliba idea, romelis mixedviTac,<br />
qvanaxSirisa da foladis erToblivad warmoeba<br />
105
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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kanoni<br />
(omisaTvis iaraRis dasamzadeblad) evropis gaerTianebis sawindari iqneboda. qvanaxSirisa<br />
da foladis erTobliv mwarmoebel qveynebad monem safrangeTi da germania miiCnia,<br />
agreTve ar gamoricxavda warmoebis procesSi sxva evropuli qveynebis CarTvasac. mones<br />
mier Camoyalibebul ideas xorci Seasxa safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma robert<br />
Sumanma, romelmac aqtiuri molaparakebebis warmoeba daiwyo evropaSi qvanaxSirisa da<br />
foladis mompovebel eqvs wamyvan qveyanasTan (belgia, safrangeTi, germaniis federaciuli<br />
respublika, italia, luqsemburgi da niderl<strong>and</strong>ebi). 1951 wels, swored am qveynebs<br />
Soris daido parizis xelSekruleba. mas mogvianebiT mohyva 1957-1958 wlebis romis<br />
ori xelSekruleba. es xelSekrulebebi miiCneva evropis gaerTianebis upirveles wyaroebad.<br />
evropis gaerTianebaSi Zireuli cvlilebebi Seitana 1992 wlis maastrixtis xelSekrulebam,<br />
romliTac daarsda evropis kavSiri (EU).<br />
evropis gaerTianebaSi moiazreba wevri qveynebis rogorc politikuri, aseve, ekonomikuri<br />
kavSiri. wevri saxelmwifoebi wlebis manZilze erTmaneTs codnasa da gamocdilebas<br />
uziarebdnen, saerTo momavlis Sesaqmnelad TavianT resursebs aerTianebdnen da<br />
dReisaTvis, Seqmnes stabiluri sivrce ekonomikisa da demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
evrokavSiri ekonomikur kavSirSi moiazrebs wevr qveynebs Soris sxvadasxva sferoSi<br />
TanamSromlobas. maT Soris, gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia transportis sferos,<br />
kerZod _ samoqalaqo aviaciaSi TanamSromlobas. evropis erTiani sahaero sivrcis Seqmnis<br />
idea safuZvels iRebs romis xelSekrulebidan, romlis mixedviTac, dadginda prezumfcia,<br />
rom mokavSire qveynebis erovnuli ekonomika SeiZleba gaerTi<strong>and</strong>es im mizniT,<br />
raTa xalxisa da saqonlis gadaadgilebis efeqtiani sistema Camoyalibdes.<br />
romis xelSekrulebis meoTxe Tavi satransporto urTierTobebs aregulirebs. xel-<br />
Sekrulebis 84-e muxli miuTiTebs, rom meoTxe TavSi Camoyalibebuli normebi gamoiyeneba<br />
mxolod saavtomobilo, sarkinigzo da Sida sazRvao transportze. amave muxlis<br />
meore nawilSi aRniSnulia, rom evropis sabWos aqvs ufleba erTsulovani gadawyvetilebiT<br />
aRniSnuli normebi gamoiyenos sahaero transportzec.<br />
evropis sabWos erTsulovani Tanxmoba saWiroa mxolod meoTxe TavTan mimarTebaSi<br />
sahaero transportze, xelSekrulebebis danarCeni muxlebis gamoyenebisas Tanxmoba<br />
saWiro ar aris. amis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens evropis sasamarTlos 1974 da 1986<br />
wlebis gadawyvetilebani.<br />
1974 wlis `frangi mezRvaurebis~ saqmeze sasamarTlom daadgina, rom romis xelSekrulebiT<br />
gansazRvruli debulebani, rogoricaa Tavisufali gadaadgilebis ufleba,<br />
SeiZleba gavrceldes sahaero transportzec, iseve rogorc sxva saxeobis transportze.<br />
1986 wlis saqme `safrangeTis prokuratura lukas ases winaaRmdeg~, sasamarTlom<br />
mianiSna, rom romis xelSekrulebis konkurenciuli samarTlis debulebebi avtomaturad<br />
vrceldeba sahaero transportze.<br />
meoce saukunis 80-ian wlebamde, evrokavSirs ar miuRia iseTi Zireuli samarTlebrivi<br />
normebi, romliTac daaregulirebda saaviacio bazars. amis mizezi SesaZloa imaSi mdgomareobda,<br />
rom wevr qveynebs surdaT saaviacio dargisaTvis nacionaluri statusis SenarCuneba.<br />
regulirebis pirveli mcdeloba iyo 1987 wels, evrogaerTianebis mier<br />
106
miRebuli liberalizaciis pirveli paketi. aRniSnuli paketis miRebis winapirobas<br />
warmoadgenda aSS-is mier gatarebuli politika, romelsac mohyva amerikuli aviakompaniebis<br />
msoflio da evropul bazarze gabatoneba. evropa mivida daskvnamde, rom unda<br />
SemoeRo regulirebis erTiani wesi, romliTac konkurencias gauwevda momZlavrebul<br />
amerikul aviakompaniebs.<br />
1986 wels, cvlilebebi Sevida romis xelSekrulebaSi, romlis mixedviTac, gaerTianeba<br />
kisrulobs valdebulebas, raTa momavalSi, 1992 wlis 31 dekembramde, Seqmnas erTiani<br />
Sida bazari. Sida bazari moiazreboda rogorc kavSiri sazRvrebis gareSe, sadac<br />
uzrunvelyofili iqneboda fizikuri pirebis, saqonlis, momsaxurebisa da kapitalis<br />
Tavisufali gadaadgileba.<br />
cvlileba Seexo agreTve, satransporto normebs, kerZod, romis xelSekrulebis 84-e<br />
muxls, romlis mixedviTac, meoTxe Tavis Sesabamis muxlebTan mimamrTebaSi satransporto<br />
sakiTxebis ganxilvisas, sabWos gadawyvetilebis miReba SeeZlo ukve kvalificiuri<br />
umravlesobiT da ara erTxmad, rogorc mocemuli iyo pirvelad teqstSi. evrogaerTianebis<br />
mier SemuSavda liberalizaciis sami paketi, romlebiTac etapobrivad<br />
dainerga da ganxorcielda is ZiriTadi RonisZiebani, romlebic mimarTuli iyo evropis<br />
saaviacio bazris gaerTianebisaken.<br />
liberalizaciis pirveli paketiT regulirebis politika gavrcelda regionul da<br />
ZiriTad aeroportebze sahaero mimosvlis ganxorcielebisas da aviagadamzidavebs<br />
misca SesaZlebloba gamoeyenebinaT haeris mexuTe Tavisufleba. 1 amasTan, gadamyvangadamzidavebs<br />
mieniWaT SeRavaTiani tarifis Tavisuflad dawesebis ufleba, magram<br />
gaerTianebis prerogativas kvlav ganekuTvneboda tarifebis damtkicebis ufleba.<br />
liberalizaciis meore paketi miRebuli iqna 1990 wels. bazarze daSveba ukve SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxda haeris mesame, 2 meoTxe 3 da mexuTe TavisuflebiT yvela aeroportTan<br />
mimarTebaSi. gafarTovda dabali tarifebis avtomaturi damtkicebis zonebi da zedmetad<br />
maRali tarifebis uaryofis valdebuleba dawesda.<br />
liberalizaciis mesame paketi ZalaSi Sevida 1993 wels. aRniSnuli paketiT evrokav-<br />
Siris teritoriaze dawesda licenzirebis saerTo kriteriumebi, SemoRebuli iqna<br />
erTiani sahaero gadamyvan-gadamzidavis statusi. aviakompaniebs mieniWaT gadayvanagadazidvis<br />
uflebebi nebismieri mimarTulebiT evrokavSiris teritoriaze.<br />
Tavdapirvelad evrogaerTianebis mier Camoyalibebuli normebi mxolod mis wevrebze<br />
vrceldeboda. magram mogvianebiT, evropis qveynebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom lokaluri<br />
samarTlis normebis areali unda gaefarToebinaT. aRniSnulis aucilebloba<br />
gansakuTrebiT, sahaero samarTalSi gamoixateba, radganac samoqalaqo aviaciis funqcionireba<br />
lokalurad wamoudgenelia, vinaidan masze moqmedebs iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa:<br />
msoflio ekonomikis globalizacia, warmoebisa da realizaciis axali bazrebis<br />
Camoyalibeba, saqmiani urTierTobebis transnacionalizacia, konkurenciis zrda, aliansebis<br />
Camoyalibeba, turizmis ganviTareba da sxva. swored, 2003 wels, sabWos komunikeSi<br />
`gafarToebis Sesaxeb~, Camoyalibda mosazreba evropis samezoblo programis Semu-<br />
SavebasTan dakavSirebiT. mogvianebiT, mas mohyva strategiuli dokumenti `evropis<br />
107
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samezoblo politikis Sesaxeb~ (2004 wels), romliTac ganisazRvra konkretuli vadebi<br />
da pirobebi arawevr qveynebTan TanamSromlobisaTvis. 2006-2007 wlebSi masSi Setanili<br />
iqna damatebebi samomavlo strategiul gegmebTan dakavSirebiT. satransporto sferoSi<br />
aRniSnuli dokumentebis amosavali wertili iyo erTiani evropis saaviacio sivrcis<br />
Seqmna, sadac gawevrianebuli iqneboda rogorc evrokavSiris, aseve, misi samxreTiT da<br />
aRmosavleTiT mosazRvre mezobeli qveynebi.<br />
evropis samezoblo politikis (ENP) umTavresi amocanaa Tavidan agvacilos mosalodneli<br />
arasaxarbielo SemTxvevebi, axali gamyofi xazebi, rac SeiZleba warmoiSvas<br />
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebsa da arawevr qveynebs Soris urTierTobis Sedegad, 4 aseve,<br />
uzrunvelyos demokratiis, stabilurobis da keTildReobis gavrceleba misi sazRvrebis<br />
irgvliv.<br />
samezoblo politika miznad isaxavs evrokavSirsa da mis mezobel qveynebs Soris<br />
politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTobebis mxardaWeras. satransporto<br />
sferoSi igi mimarTulia satransporto kavSirebis gasaZliereblad da satransporto<br />
moqmedebis mosawesrigeblad _ mokle da xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi. gegmis<br />
mixedviT, saaviacio sferoSi gansaxorcielebel RonisZiebebs ganekuTvneba:<br />
gaawevrianos mezobeli qveynebi sahaero momsaxurebis srulyofis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebaSi;<br />
gaagrZelos sahaero mimosvlis marTvis sistemebis modernizacia;<br />
uzrunvelyos saaviacio usafrTxoeba, uSiSroeba evrokavSirsa da mezobel qveynebs<br />
Soris saerTaSoriso donis st<strong>and</strong>artebis Sesabamisad;<br />
gaawevrianos mezobeli qveynebi erTiani evropis sahaero sivrceSi.<br />
aRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad evrokavSiri intensiur molaparakebebs awarmoebs arawevr<br />
qveynebTan da axorcielebs programebs harmonizaciis uzrunvelsayofad. molaparakebebis<br />
Sedegad, daido mTeli rigi ormxrivi SeTanxmebani evrokavSirsa da mis mezobel<br />
qveynebs Soris.<br />
evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierToba samezoblo politikis Camoyalibebamde,<br />
damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirvelive wlebidan daiwyo da dRemde aqtiur TanamSromlobaSi<br />
gamoixateba. 1996 wels evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris dadebuli<br />
iqna partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba (PCA), romelmac safuZveli<br />
Cauyara am or subieqts Soris urTierTobas. Tavdapirvelad aRniSnuli xelSekruleba<br />
daido 10 wlis vadiT. vadis gasvlis Semdgom, igi ukve avtomaturad yovelwliurad<br />
grZeldeba, momdevno erTi wliT.<br />
SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs intensiur TanamSromlobas politikur, savaWro, ekonomikur,<br />
sainvesticio, sakanonmdeblo, samarTlebriv, sasazRvro, satransporto da sxva<br />
sferoebSi. 1996 wlis SeTanxmebiT, mxareebma erTmaneTs mianiWes upiratesi xelSewyobis<br />
reJimi sxvadasxva sferoSi. magram aRsaniSnavia, rom upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimi ar<br />
iqna dawesebuli sahaero transportze (SeTanxmebis 24-e muxli, 1 nawili). satransporto<br />
bazarze mxareebi TanamSromloben komerciul safuZvelze, SeuzRudavi SeRwevis principis<br />
Sesabamisad.<br />
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1996 wlis xelSekrulebaSi ZiriTadad, saubaria sazRvao gadayvana gadazidvebze da<br />
aRniSnulia, rom sahaero gadayvana-gadazidvis normebi SeiZleba ganisazRvros specialuri<br />
SeTanxmebiT, romelic mxareebs SeuZliaT dadon aRniSnuli SeTanxmebis ZalaSi<br />
Sesvlis Semdeg (muxli 33).<br />
1996 wlis SeTanxmebis 58-e muxli transportis sferos Seexeba. aRniSnuli muxliT<br />
mxareebi valdebulebas kisruloben, rom ganaviTaron da ganamtkicon transportis sferoSi<br />
TanamSromloba. sahaero sferoSi aRniSnuli gamoixateba satransporto sistemis<br />
gardaqmnasa da modernizaciaSi, satransporto seqtoris privatizaciaSi, globaluri<br />
sistemis formirebaSi, kerZod, aeroportebis eqspluataciisa da sahaero navigaciis<br />
infrastruqturis modernizaciasa da ganviTarebaSi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba<br />
amerikavkasiis regionSi damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs Soris da sxva mezobel qveyneb-<br />
Tan mimosvlas, aseve, im marSrutebisa da transevropuli kavSirebis modernizacias,<br />
romlebic ganixileba TRASECA-s proeqtSi. 5<br />
2006 wlis 17 maiss, daido xelSekruleba saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da evrogaerTianebas<br />
Soris sahaero momsaxurebis garkveuli aspeqtebis Sesaxeb, romelic 2006 wlis 18<br />
ivliss, saqarTvelos parlamentis mier ratifikaciiT ZalaSi Sevida. aRniSnulma xelSekrulebam<br />
cvlilebebi da damatebebi Seitana saqarTvelosa da evrogaerTianebis wevr<br />
saxelmwifoebs Soris manamde dadebul xelSekrulebebSi. cvlilebebi Seexo evrogaer-<br />
Tianebis wevr saxelmwifoebTan (avstria, belgia, kviprosi, germania, saberZneTi, ungreTi,<br />
irl<strong>and</strong>ia, latvia, litva, niderl<strong>and</strong>ebi, poloneTi, didi britaneTi) dadebuli<br />
xelSekrulebebis muxlebs:<br />
1. wevr saxelmwifoTa mier gadamyvan-gadamzidavis daniSvna (muxli 2). aqve aRvniSnavT,<br />
rom zemoT CamoTvlili qveynebis garda, es cvlileba agreTve vrceldeba isl<strong>and</strong>iis<br />
respublikasTan, lixtenStainis samTavrosTan, norvegiis samefosTan da Sveicariis<br />
konfederaciasTan dadebul xelSekrulebebze;<br />
2. nebarTvebisa da uflebamosilebebis miniWebis uaryofa, anulireba, SeCereba an<br />
SezRudva (muxli 2);<br />
3. regulirebis kontroli (muxli 3);<br />
4. saaviacio sawvavis dabegvra (muxli 4);<br />
5. evrogaerTianebis farglebSi gadazidvis tarifebi (muxli 5).<br />
xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, manmade xelmoweril xelSekrulebebTan koliziisas,<br />
upiratesoba eniWeba 2006 wlis xelSekrulebas.<br />
aqve aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba, romlis mixedviTac, saqarTvelosa da evropis gaerTianebas<br />
Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis mizans ar warmoadgens evrogaerTianebasa<br />
da saqarTvelos Soris saerTo mimosvlis mTliani moculobis gazrda, gadazidvebis<br />
balansze gavlena an arsebuli ormxrivi sahaero momsaxurebis xelSekrulebebis debulebebSi<br />
mimosvlis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebis Setana.<br />
2010 wlis dekembers, xeli moewera xelSekrulebas saqarTvelosa da evrokavSiris<br />
wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris erTiani sahaero sivrcis Sesaxeb, romelic 2011 wels, saqar-<br />
Tvelos parlamentis mier damtkicda. evropis erTiani saaviacio sivrcis Camoyalibebis<br />
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iniciatori iyo evrokomisia. Tavdapirvelad, igi evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs moicavda,<br />
magram mogvianebiT, mas SeuerTda evrokavSiris arawevri qveynebic.<br />
erTiani sahaero sivrcis SeqmniT, saaviacio bazris urTierTxelmisawvdomobis principze<br />
dayrdnobiT, evropis teritoriaze marTvisa da regulirebis novatoruli normebi<br />
Camoyalibda. amis naTeli magaliTia liberaluri politikis warmoeba, monopoliis<br />
akrZalva da konkurenciis xelSewyoba. jer kidev, romis konvenciis 85-e da 86-e muxlebiT<br />
aikrZala monopoliuri qmedebebis ganxorcieleba. aRniSnuli momavalSi ganmtkicebuli<br />
iqna evropis sabWos 1962 wlis me-17 regulaciiT. sabWom ganmarta, rom konkurencia<br />
aris yvelaze kargi saSualeba ekonomikuri aqtivobisa da aucilebelia sacxovrebeli<br />
st<strong>and</strong>artebisa da samuSao adgilebis uzrunvelsayofad. 6<br />
sahaero samarTalSi evropis masStabiT konkurenciis amkrZalavi qmediTi normebi<br />
1993 wlidan dawesda. manamde sahaero transportis bazari moicavda saxelmwifo bazrebis<br />
jgufs. TiToeul qveyanaSi saSinao sahaero mimosvlebi imarTeboda Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
normebiT, romlebic konkurenciis daSvebisa da xelSewyobis donidan sakmaod<br />
Sors idga. evropaSi saerTaSoriso sahaero gadayvana-gadazidva regulirdeboda saxelmwifoebs<br />
Soris dadebuli ormxrivi SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
aRniSnuli SeTanxmebebi SedarebiT liberaluri iyo, isini mainc Seicavdnen sakuTrebisa<br />
da bazarze SeRwevis garkveul SezRudvebs (xSir SemTxvevaSi, mxolod erT aviakompanias<br />
eZleoda gadayvana-gadazidvis ganxorcielebis ufleba). 7 rac Seexeba saerTaSoriso<br />
tarifebs, isini `iatas~ rekomendaciebis safuZvelze mTavrobis mier wesdeboda.<br />
liberalizaciis procesma gaauqma bazarze SeRwevis instituciuri barierebi da wevr<br />
saxelmwifoebs bazarze daubrkoleblad Sesvlis ufleba miecaT.<br />
konkurenciis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebaa, rom aviakompaniebi moqmedebdnen<br />
komerciul safuZvelze da ar sargeblobdnen subsidirebiT. saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs<br />
Soris dadebuli SeTanxmebis me-8 muxliT, saxelmwifoebi kisruleben valdebulebas,<br />
rom aviasawarmoebs ar gauwion iseTi daxmareba, romelmac SeiZleba uaryofiTad<br />
imoqmedos aviaciis sferoSi mxareTa Soris vaWrobaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom konkurenciuli<br />
normebis daweseba miznad isaxavs xeli Seuwyos Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis ganvi-<br />
Tarebas. es ar gulisxmobs, rom kavSiris politika dafuZnebulia SezRudvebze, aramed,<br />
TanamSromloba wevr qveynebs Soris daSvebulia da exmareba efeqtianobis amaRlebaSi<br />
kavSiris SigniT da gareT. ZiriTadi biZgi evrokavSiris konkurenciuli normebisa aris<br />
daicvas `xelsayreli erTiani ekonomika~. 8<br />
2011 wlis xelSekrulebiT mxareebs SesaZlebloba eZlevaT isargeblon SeTanxmebidan<br />
gamomdinare yvela upiratesobiT, romelic efuZneba liberaluri politikis gatarebas,<br />
maT Soris, bazrebze SeRwevadobiT da orive mxaris momxmareblisaTvis mrewvelobis<br />
dargebisa da muSaxelisaTvis maqsimaluri sargeblis miniWebiT.<br />
evrokavSiris teritoriaze erTiani sahaero sivrcis SeqmniT uzrunvelyofili iqneba<br />
sahaero marTvis sistemis arqiteqturis Secvla, frenebis usafrTxoeba da sahaero<br />
sivrcis gamtarunarianobis gazrda. aRniSnuli procesi imarTeba evropis sahaero<br />
moZraobis marTvis gegmis (EATM Master Plan) mixedviT, romlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
komponentia erTiani cis danergvis evropuli/adgilobrivi (ESSIP/LSSIP) meqanizmi. igi<br />
110
moicavs evropuli erTiani cisa da adgilobrivi erTiani cis danergvis procesebs, romlis<br />
srulyofisaTvis aucilebelia masSi monawile qveynebis saaviacio seqtoris (erovnuli<br />
regulirebis/zedamxedvelobis organo, sahaernaosno momsaxurebis provaideri,<br />
aeroportebis operatorebi da Tavdacvis uwyeba) CarTuloba. procesis marTva xorcieldeba<br />
evropis sahaero navigaciis usafrTxoebis saagentos (EUROCONTROL) mier.<br />
evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierTobaSi, dadebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis<br />
garda, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs strategiuli samoqmedo gegmebi, romlebiTac<br />
evrokomisia gansazRvravs im politikur da ekonomikur parametrebs, romelTa<br />
daxmarebiT qveynebis mier miRweuli progresis Sefaseba xdeba. samoqmedo gegmebi agebulia<br />
saerTo principebze dayrdnobiT, magram gansxvavdeba TanamSromlobis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
qveynis saWiroebisa da saerTo interesebis Sesabamisad.<br />
2006 wlis 14 noembers, evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris damtkicebuli iqna evropis<br />
samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegma (ENP AP), misi mizania ufro mWidro ormxrivi<br />
urTierTobebis damyareba, romelic gascdeba partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis xel-<br />
Sekrulebis farglebSi TanamSromlobas. aRniSnuli gegmiT, saqarTvelom da evrokav-<br />
Sirma ikisres ufro Rrma ekonomikuri integraciisa da ormxrivi politikuri TanamSromlobis<br />
ganmtkicebis valdebuleba.<br />
transportis sferoSi TanamSromloba gansazRvrulia evropis samezoblo politikis<br />
samoqmedo gegmis 4.6 TaviT. transportis sferoSi daxmarebis gawevis miznebia:<br />
sakanonmdeblo da saregulacio sistemis evropul da saerTaSoriso st<strong>and</strong>artebTan<br />
daaxlovebis procesi;<br />
satransporto infrastruqturis strategiis SemuSaveba;<br />
TanamSromloba navigaciis sferoSi;<br />
sagzao moZraobisa da satransporto debulebebis srulyofa;<br />
portebis seqtoris restruqturizacia da daxmareba Sesabamisi<br />
konvenciebis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi.<br />
2005 wlis martSi, evrokavSiris komisiam daamtkica komunike, romelic gvTavazobs<br />
2010 wlisaTvis evropis erTiani saaviacio sivrcis gafarToebas evrokavSiris mezobeli<br />
qveynebis Seyvanis gziT. 2006 wlis evropis samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegmis<br />
mixedviT, saaviacio sferoSi daxmarebis gansaxorcielebel prioritetul RonisZiebas<br />
ganekuTvneba saqarTvelos evropis erTian saaviacio sivrceSi gawevrianeba. aRniSnuli<br />
RonisZieba ukve ganxorcielda, rac 2010 wlis dekemberSi, saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs<br />
Soris xelSekrulebis dadebiT gamoixata.<br />
evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi miznebi da prioritetebi<br />
Camoyalibebulia strategiis ganmsazRvrel dokumentSi (CSP), romelic momzadebulia<br />
evrokavSiris mier da aRwers politikur, ekonomikur da socialur situacias,<br />
instituciebis mdgomareobas saqarTveloSi, aseve, iTvaliswinebs 2007-2013 wlebSi,<br />
saqarTvelosadmi finansuri daxmarebis gawevas. masSi gansazRvrulia, Tu rogor unda<br />
ganviTardes ufro intensiuri urTierTobebi qveyanasTan. dokumentiT rva prioritetuli<br />
sfero aris gansazRvruli, sadac gansakuTrebuli adgili transportis sferos<br />
ukavia.<br />
111
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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kanoni<br />
dokumentis moqmedebis periodSi saqarTvelo pirvelad iqneba SerCeuli axali `evropis<br />
samezoblo da partniorobis instrumentisaTvis~ (ENPI), romlis mizania teqnikuri<br />
daxmarebisa (TACIS-is 9 dokumentiT gaTvaliswinebuli) da finansuri daxmarebis gazrda<br />
investiciebis mozidvis gziT.<br />
saqarTvelos kanomdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis procesi<br />
metad rTuli da Sromatevadia, radgan orive mxaris interesebia gasaTvaliswinebeli.<br />
1996 wlis partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaSi aRniSnulia,<br />
rom mxareebi valdebulni arian samarTlebrivi kuTxiT iTanamSromlon erTmaneTTan.<br />
rac gulisxmobs saqarTvelos arsebuli da momavali kanonmdeblobis harmonizacias<br />
evrogaerTianebis kanonmdeblobasTan. saqarTvelom ikisra valdebuleba, rom Sidasaxelmwifoebriv<br />
kanonmdeblobas T<strong>and</strong>aTan SesabamisobaSi moiyv<strong>and</strong>a evrogaerTianebis<br />
kanonmdeblobasTan (mux. 43.1). SeTanxmebaSi Camoyalibebulia is sferoebi (maT Soris<br />
satransporto sfero), sadac harmonizaciis miRweva gardauvali aucileblobaa<br />
(mux. 43.2).<br />
1997 wlis 2 seqtembers, saqarTvelos parlamentis #828-Is dadgenilebiT, 1998 wlis<br />
1 seqtembridan saqarTvelos parlamentis mier miRebuli yvela kanoni da sxva normatiuli<br />
aqti unda Seesabamebodes evrokavSiris mier dadgenil st<strong>and</strong>artebs da normebs.<br />
Tavis mxriv, evrokavSirma ikisra valdebuleba teqnikuri daxmareba gauwios saqarTvelos,<br />
romelic moicavs: seminarebs, eqspertTa gacvlas, staJirebas, kanondeblobis<br />
miRebaze konsultaciebs, kanondeblobis TargmnisaTvis daxmarebas da sxva.<br />
2007-2008 wlebSi erTiani satransporto administraciis mier evrokavSiris samezoblo<br />
politikis farglebSi SemuSavebuli iqna samoqmedo gegma _ `saqarTvelos saaviacio<br />
kanonmdeblobis harmonizacia evropul saaviacio kanonmdeblobasTan.~ aRniSnul gegmaSi<br />
gawerilia yvela im RonisZiebebis detaluri CamonaTvali, romelic dagvexmareba<br />
sakanonmdeblo normatiuli bazis harmonizaciaSi evrokavSiris saaviacio kanonmdeblobasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi.<br />
proeqtis ganxorcieleba 2011 wlis aprilidan daiwyo da xorcieldeba sajaro samsaxuris<br />
daZmobilebis programa TWINNING-is 10 mxardaWeriT. proeqtis Rirebuleba<br />
Seadgens 1 250 000 evros da gawerilia 18 Tveze.<br />
90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli dRemde Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normebSi Setanili iqna<br />
mTeli rigi cvlilebebi, romlebic Seexo sahaero kodeqss, transportis sferos marTvisa<br />
da regulirebis Sesaxeb kanons, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 21-e Tavs. miRebuli iqna mTeli<br />
rigi samarTlebrivi aqtebi, romlebic SemuSavda evropuli kanonmdeblobis harmonizaciis<br />
safuZvelze (aviaspecialistTa sertificirebis wesebi, sahaero xomaldis eqspluatantis<br />
sertificirebis wesi, sahaero transportiT saxifaTo tvirTis gadazidvis wesi,<br />
saaviacio SemTxvevebisa da incidentebis samsaxurebrivi mokvlevis wesebi, sahaero<br />
xomaldebis safrenosno eqspluataciis wesebi, sahaero xomaldebis safrenosno vargisianobisa<br />
da registraciis wesi).<br />
saqarTvelos gawevrianeba evrokavSiris erTian sahaero sivrceSi erovnuli samoqalaqo<br />
aviaciis ganviTarebis sawindaria. aRniSnul sivrceSi SesvliT qarTul aviakompaniebs<br />
eZlevaT SesaZlebloba SeaRwion evropul bazarze. amasTan, evropuli aviakompa-<br />
112
niebis qarTul aviabazarze Semosvla damatebiT samuSao adgilebs Seqmnis da erovnul<br />
aviakompaniebs miscems SesaZleblobas gawevri<strong>and</strong>nen aviakompaniaTa aliansebSi. evrokavSiris<br />
mier damkvidrebuli liberalizaciisa da konkurenciis damcavi normebis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv<br />
samarTalSi implementacia ekonomikis ganviTarebisa da aRorZinebis<br />
sawindari iqneba. miuxedavad mTeli rigi dadebiTi faqtorebisa, qarTul mxares didi<br />
sifrTxile marTebs, raTa Zlierma evropulma aviakompaniebma ar moaxdinon SedarebiT<br />
susti qarTuli aviakompaniebis STanTqma. aRniSnulis Tavidan asacileblad, saxelmwifom<br />
unda SeimuSavos iseTi samarTlis normebi, romliTac uzrunvelyofili iqneba<br />
konkurenciul garemoSi erovnuli aviakompaniebis arseboba da ganviTareba. amasTan,<br />
qarTulma mxarem unda gaiTvaliswinos im evropuli qveynebis magaliTi, sadac erTian<br />
evropul bazarze Sesvlam garkveuli uaryofiTi Sedegebi gamoiRo, kerZod:<br />
Sida mimosvlebis ganviTarebis Seferxeba, romelTa safuZvelzec gauqmda araekonomikuri,<br />
magram mniSvnelovani sahaero gadayvana gadazidvebi, radganac konkurencia<br />
gamZafrda mTavar samagistralo marSrutebze;<br />
erovnuli gadamyvan-gadamzidavebis SeugueblobaSi ufro Ria savaWro garemocvas-<br />
Tan;<br />
Zlieri konkurenciis zewolis gamo, aviakompaniebis usafrTxoebisa da uSiSroebis<br />
sakiTxebze dafinansebis wyaroebis SemcirebaSi.<br />
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelom unda gaiTvaliswinos evropuli qveynebis<br />
gamocdileba, romlebic ukve wlebia nergaven da aumjobeseben liberalizaciis<br />
elementebs rogorc evrokavSiris SigniT, aseve mis mezoblebTan, samezoblo politikis<br />
elementebidan gamomdinare.<br />
evrokavSiris mier SemuSavebuli liberalizaciis politikiT uzrunvelyofili iqna<br />
am regionSi saaviacio sferos warmatebulad regulireba. amitomac, evrokavSiris<br />
gamocdilebis gaziareba da Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi danergva, metad mniSvnelovania<br />
Cveni saxelmwifosaTvis. evrokavSiris wevri qveynebi msoflio masStabiT miiCneva<br />
rogorc mniSvnelovani da sasurveli aviapartniorebi. evropis saaviacio bazarze<br />
Sesvla msoflios aviasawarmoebisaTvis ganviTarebisa da winsvlis sawindaria. amasTan,<br />
evropis erTiani sahaero sivrcis Camoyalibebam garkveuli zemoqmedeba moaxdina ormxriv<br />
saerTaSoriso sahaero SeTanxmebebze, radganac regionuli normebis daweseba mis<br />
wevr qveynebs aiZulebs garkveul CarCoebSi moeqcnen da imoqmedon dawesebuli normebis<br />
Sesabamisad.<br />
saqarTvelo, rogorc ganviTarebadi da amavdroulad, evropa-aziis gzajvaredinze<br />
mdebare qveyana gverds ver auvlis evropis teritoriaze mimdinare liberalizaciis<br />
procesebs. piriqiT, saqarTvelom yvela arsebuli resursi unda gamoiyenos, rom gaxdes<br />
Zlieri evropis ganuyofeli nawili. Cveni kanonmdeblobis harmonizacia evrokavSiris<br />
kanonmdeblobasTan ki, dagvexmareba Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi davnergoT<br />
samarTlis is ZiriTadi normebi, romlebic ukve wlebis ganmavlobaSi evropaSi warmatebulad<br />
funqcionirebs. amasTan, aucilebelia saqarTvelom uzrunvelyos erovnuli<br />
gadamyvan-gadamzidavTa interesebis dacva liberaluri politikis gatarebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
rac ukve warmatebiT xorcieldeba.<br />
113
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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da<br />
kanoni<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />
1. 1995 wlis saqarTvelos konstitucia;<br />
2. 1996 wlis saqarTvelos sahaero kodeqsi;<br />
3. 1997 wlis saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi;<br />
4. d. geferiZe, Tanamedrove sahaero samarTali, Tb., 2009;<br />
5. Paul Stephen Demspey. European Aviation <strong>Law</strong>. Kluwer <strong>Law</strong> International, The<br />
Hague. 2004;<br />
6. Paul P. Craig. EU law: texts, cases <strong>and</strong> materials. Fourth edition. Oxford<br />
University Press. 2008;<br />
7. Martin Bartlic. The impact of EU law on the regulation of international air<br />
transportation. Ashgate Publishing Company. Engl<strong>and</strong>. 2007;<br />
8. Shawcross <strong>and</strong> Beaumont, Air <strong>Law</strong>, 5-th edition, London, 2004;<br />
9. Lowenfield A. Aviation <strong>Law</strong>: Cases <strong>and</strong> Materials, 1981;<br />
10. General B. Cheng, The <strong>Law</strong> of International Air Transport, London, 1992;<br />
11. Malcolm N. Show, International <strong>Law</strong>, fourth edition, Cambridge University<br />
Press, 2001;<br />
12. www.icao.org<br />
13. www.eurocontrol.int<br />
14. www.gcaa.ge<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
haeris mexuTe Tavisufleba _ mesame saxelmwifodan momavali an<br />
masSi mimavali mgzavrebis, wamosaRebi an wasaRebi tvirTis an<br />
fostis pirveli saxelmwifos teritoriaze sahaero xomaldidan<br />
Camosxmis da gadmotvirTvis ufleba an privilegia.<br />
2<br />
haeris mesame Tavisufleba _ aviagadamzidavis registraciis<br />
saxelmwifoSi sahaero xomaldze ayvanili mgzavrebis, wasaRebi<br />
fostisa da tvirTis pirveli saxelmwifos teritoriaze<br />
Camosxmisa da gadmotvirTvis ufleba an privilegia.<br />
3<br />
haeris meoTxe Tavisufleba _ aviagadamzidavis registraciis<br />
saxelmwifoSi mimavali mgzavrebis, wasaRebi fostisa da tvirTis<br />
pirveli saxelmwifos teritoriaze sahaero xomaldze miRebis<br />
ufleba an privilegia.<br />
4<br />
Paul Stephen Demspey. European Aviation <strong>Law</strong>. Kluwer <strong>Law</strong> International, The<br />
Hague. 2004. P. 57.<br />
5<br />
TRASECA-satransporto derefani _ evropa, kavkasia, azia.<br />
6<br />
Paul P. Craig. EU law: texts, cases <strong>and</strong> materials. Fourth edition. Oxford<br />
University Press. 2008. P. 1044.<br />
7<br />
d. geferiZe, saerTaSoriso sahaero samarTali, Tb., 2009, gv. 218.<br />
8<br />
Martin Bartlic. The impact of EU law on the regulation of international air<br />
transportation. Ashgate Publishing Company. Engl<strong>and</strong>. 2007. P. 15.<br />
9<br />
TACIS-is programa SemuSavebulia evrokavSiris mier, romlis<br />
mizanicaa xeli Seuwyos sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlas,<br />
demokratiis ganviTarebasa da kanonis uzenaesobas evrokavSirsa<br />
da mis mezobel qveynebs (aRmosavleT evropa da centraluri azia<br />
_ yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebi) Soris, aseve, mezobeli<br />
qveynis kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan<br />
daaxlovebas. transportis sferoSi evrokomisiis daxmareba<br />
xorcieldeba TACIS-is regionuli programis `satransporto<br />
114
derefani evropa_kavkasia_azia~ (TRACECA) saSualebiT. misi<br />
mizania vaWrobisa da investiciebis xelSewyoba TACIS-is regionSi<br />
arsebuli satransporto qselebis erTmaneTTan da evropis<br />
satransporto qselebTan dakavSirebis gziT.<br />
10<br />
TWINNING _ sajaro samsaxuris daZmobilebis programa, romelic<br />
Seiqmna 1998 wels evrokavSiris iniciativiT da miznad isaxavs<br />
evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebisa da beneficiari qveynis<br />
administraciebis TanamSromlobas instituciuri ganviTarebis,<br />
evrokavSiris samarTlebrivi normebisa da st<strong>and</strong>artebis<br />
daaxloebis kuTxiT.<br />
115
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INTEGRATION OF GEORGIA<br />
IN COMMON EUROPEAN<br />
AIRSPACE<br />
TAMAR VEPKHVADZE<br />
PHD Student of Grigol Robakidze University<br />
Article offers an overview of the basic characteristics of the common<br />
European airspace, trends of its further development, as well as legal relations<br />
between European Union <strong>and</strong> Georgia based on those legal norms that<br />
regulate relations between these two bodies. There are opinions expressed<br />
regarding integration of Georgia in common European airspace as well reasoning<br />
that this integration shall serve as prerequisite for the development of<br />
the Georgian civil aviation.<br />
The work reviews fundamental legal norms of the European liberal policy<br />
<strong>and</strong> Agreements signed between Georgian <strong>and</strong> European Union in 1996,<br />
2006 <strong>and</strong> 2011. Having analyzed all, author concludes that Georgia’s membership<br />
in the European Union common airspace shall be prerequisite for<br />
the development of Georgian civil aviation. This will allow Georgian air<br />
companies to have access to the European market, <strong>and</strong> on the contrary European<br />
air companies shall provide additional job opportunities here. Georgian<br />
air companies will have opportunities to join alliances of air companies.<br />
Implementation of EU norms safeguarding liberalization <strong>and</strong> competition<br />
at the national level shall lay grounds for the development <strong>and</strong> growth<br />
of the economy.<br />
Despite number of advantages related with Georgia’s integration in<br />
common European airspace, Georgian side should watch carefully to avoid<br />
absorption of the week Georgian air companies by strong European air<br />
companies. In order to avoid this, state should elaborate legal norms that<br />
will allow Georgian air companies to exist <strong>and</strong> develop in the competitive<br />
environment.<br />
116
socialuri dialogi _<br />
rogorc koleqtiuri<br />
xelSekrulebis dadebis<br />
safuZveli<br />
amiran zenaiSvili<br />
qarTul-amerikuli universitetis<br />
samarTlis skolis doqtoranti<br />
1. socialuri dialogis ganmarteba<br />
socialur dialogs saerTaSoriso organizaciebi Semdegnairad<br />
ganmartaven, Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis<br />
(ILO) TvalsazrisiT, socialuri dialogi unda moicavdes<br />
molaparakebebis, konsultaciebis an informaciis gacvlis<br />
yvela saSualebas _ samTavrobo, damqiraveblebisa da<br />
dasaqmebulTa warmomadgenlebs Soris. igi SeiZleba arsebobdes<br />
sammxrivi procesis saxiT, mTavrobis, rogorc oficialuri<br />
warmomadgenlis CarTulobiT an daqiravebuldamqiraveblis<br />
ormxrivi urTierTobebis saxiT, aseve, mTavrobis<br />
mxridan monawileobis gareSe. koncentracia SeiZleba<br />
iyos araformaluri an instituciuri, xSir SemTxvevebSi<br />
ki _ maTi kombinirebiT. socialuri dialogis mTavari mizania<br />
mxareTa Soris konsensusis miRwevis xelSewyoba da dasaqmebis<br />
sferos monawileebis demokratiuli CarTuloba.<br />
warmatebuli socialuri dialogis struqturebsa da procesebs<br />
aqvT potenciali, rom gadawyviton mniSvnelovani<br />
ekonomikuri da socialuri sakiTxebi, xeli Seuwyon karg<br />
mmarTvelobas, socialur da sawarmoo keTildReobas, stabilurobas<br />
da daaCqaron ekonomikuri progresi. 1<br />
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia `socialur dialog-<br />
Si~ aseve, moiazrebs iseT mravalferovan procesebsa da<br />
praqtikas, rogoricaa `molaparakebebi, konsultaciebi an<br />
ubralod informaciis gacvla xelisuflebis, dasaqmebul-<br />
Ta da damsaqmebelTa warmomadgenlebs Soris, romelTa mizania<br />
saerTo interesebis gamokveTa-Camoyalibeba ekonomikuri<br />
da socialuri politikis sferoSi. 2<br />
117
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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socialuri dialogi umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebs Tanaswori da saTanado samu-<br />
Sao pirobebi hqondeT dasaqmebulebs _ Tavisuflebis, Tanasworuflebianobis, usafrTxoebisa<br />
da adamianuri Rirsebis dacvis mxriv. socialuri dialogi moicavs molaparakebebis,<br />
konsultaciebis, informaciis urTierTgacvlis yvela formas samTavrobo,<br />
damqiraveblebisa da dasaqmebulTa organizaciebis warmomadgenlebs Soris, erToblivi<br />
interesebis sakiTxebSi. igi SeiZleba iyos nebismieri komunikaciuri aqtivoba socialuri<br />
partniorebis monawileobiT, raTa zemoqmedeba moaxdinon molaparakebis sakiTxebis<br />
daregulirebasa da SemuSavebaze.<br />
efeqtiani dialogi gulisxmobs uflebas, rom adamianebma Tavisuflad Seqmnan jgufebi<br />
TavianTi interesebis dacvis xelSewyobisaTvis. gaerTianebebisa da koleqtiuri<br />
molaparakebebis Tavisufleba ILO-s erT-erT fundamentur princips warmoadgens. `asociaciebisa<br />
da koleqtiuri garigebebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb~ 87 da 98 konvenciebis<br />
miRebidan mokle droSi, ILO mivida daskvnamde, rom asociaciebis Tavisuflebis konvenciis<br />
SesabamisobaSi moyvana zedamxedvelobis proceduras saWiroebda, gansakuTrebiT<br />
im qveynebSi, sadac jer kidev, zemoaRniSnuli konvenciebi ar iyo ratificirebuli. Sedegad,<br />
1951 wels ILO-m Camoayaliba asociaciebis Tavisuflebis komiteti (CFA), raTa<br />
reagireba moexdina asociaciebis Tavisuflebis darRvevebze, miuxedavad imisa, ratificirebuli<br />
iyo Tu ara konvenciebi ama Tu im konkretul qveynebSi. 3<br />
socialuri dialogis realuri efeqtis xarisxi sxvadasxva qveynebisa da regionebis<br />
mixedviT cvalebadia. igi SeiZleba arsebobdes rogorc sammxrivi procesi, mTavrobis,<br />
rogorc oficialuri warmomadgenlis CarTulobiT an daqiravebul-damqiraveblis ormxrivi<br />
urTierTobebis saxiT (profkavSirebi da damqiravebelTa organizaciebi), mTavrobis<br />
mxridan monawileobis gareSe. koncentracia SeiZleba iyos araformaluri an instituciuri,<br />
xSir SemTxvevebSi ki, kombinirebuli. dialogi arsebobs saxelmwifoebriv,<br />
regionul an sawarmoo doneebze, SeiZleba iyos interprofesiuli, seqtoruli an kombinirebuli<br />
saxiT.<br />
ETUC ganmartebiT socialuri dialogi aris molaparakebebis procesi, romlis<br />
Sedegadac sazogadoebis sxvadasxva warmomadgenlebi (anu `socialuri partniorebi~)<br />
aRweven SeTanxmebas, rom erTad imuSaon ama Tu im politikasa da saqmianobaSi. socialuri<br />
dialogi tardeba rogorc saxelmwifoebriv da dargobriv (seqtorul), ise saerTo<br />
evropul doneze. socialuri dialogis `ormxrivoba~ aerTianebs muSebsa da damqiraveblebs,<br />
socialuri dialogis `sammxrivoba~ ki, procesSi aseve, rTavs mTavrobebs an<br />
evrogaerTianebis warmomadgenlebs. 4 igi unda moicavdes molaparakebebis, konsultaciebisa<br />
da informaciis ubralo gacvlis yvela formas mTavrobis warmomadgenlebs,<br />
damqiraveblebsa da muSebs Soris, ekonomikisa da socialuri politikis sakiTxebze,<br />
romlebic mxareTa saerTo interesis sagania~ _ es interpretacia saerTaSoriso konvenciebSi<br />
aRniSnuls Seesatyviseba. 5<br />
ILO-s sxvadasxva konvenciebi bevri qveynisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani instrumentia<br />
patiosani SromiTi urTierTobebis sakiTxebis da socialuri dialogis procesis mxardasaWerad.<br />
socialuri dialogis marTvis mxriv, ori yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena<br />
118
iyo: delorsis Sexvedra yvela didi profkavSiris monawileobiT, romelic gaimarTa<br />
1985 wlis 31 ianvars. am istoriul Sexvedraze profkavSiruli organizaciebi SeTanxmdnen<br />
evropuli socialuri dialogis Semdgom ganmtkicebaze, 6 rac aisaxa amsterdamis<br />
1997 wlis SeTanxmebis 138-139 muxlebSi. 7<br />
amdenad, socialuri dialogi moicavs molaparakebebis, konsultaciebisa da informaciis<br />
ubralo gacvlis yvela formas mTavrobis warmomadgenlebs, damqiraveblebsa<br />
da dasaqmebulebs Soris, ekonomikisa da socialuri politikis sakiTxebze, romlebic<br />
mxareTa saerTo interesis sagania. SromiTi urTierTobebis konteqstSi, socialuri<br />
dialogi exeba interaqtivobebsa da urTierTobebs socialur partniorebs Soris, rac<br />
aumjobesebs an aZlierebs klasikuri koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis tradiciul CarCoebs<br />
da koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis centralur rols SromiT urTierTobebSi. kapitalsa<br />
da Sromas Soris arsebuli konfliqtebis dasaregulireblad, man SeiZleba gaiaros me-<br />
19 saukunis bolosa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisis evropis ideologiuri gzebi, ramac<br />
muSebis uflebebis aRiareba moitana, maT Soris _ profkavSiruli organizaciis Seqmnis<br />
uflebisa. 8<br />
2. socialuri partniorebi<br />
socialuri partniorebi arian socialur dialogSi CarTuli dasaqmebulTa gaerTianebebi/profkavSirebi<br />
da damqiraveblebi (an maTi warmomadgeneli organizaciebi).<br />
socialuri partniorobis idea myarad efuZneba sawarmoo urTierTobebSi moqmed mraval<br />
evropul models da dReisaTvis, aRiarebulia evrokavSiris yvela wevri saxelmwifos<br />
mier. evropul interprofesiul doneze, socialuri partniorebi arian ETUC,<br />
BUSINESSEUROPE, CEEP da UEAPME. 9<br />
socialur partniorebTan dialogi evropuli socialuri modelis erT-erTi Ziri-<br />
Tadi sayrdenia. igi moicavs diskusiebs, konsultaciebs, molaparakebebsa da erTobliv<br />
moqmedebebs, romelic mkafiod aris Camoyalibebuli evrogaerTianebis Seqmnis SeTanxmebaSi,<br />
am procesebSi socialuri partniorebis warmomadgenlebis CarTviT. evropuli<br />
socialuri dialogi, romelic SeiZleba iyos ormxrivi an sammxrivi, avsebs nacionaluri<br />
socialuri dialogis procesebs, romlebic evrokavSiris umetes wevr saxelmwifoebSi<br />
moqmedeben. solidarobis, pasuxismgeblobisa da monawileobis principebebze dayrdnobiT,<br />
igi qmnis ZiriTad arxs, romlis meSveobiTac socialur partniorebs TavianTi<br />
wvlili SeaqvT evropuli socialuri st<strong>and</strong>artebis damkvidrebaSi da umniSvnelovanes<br />
rols asruleben sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis marTvaSi. 10<br />
socialuri partnioroba evropuli integraciisa da qveynis evropeizaciis ganuyofeli<br />
nawilia. socialuri partnioroba evropuli demokratiuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis<br />
tradiciuli da arsebiTi elementia. iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa germania, avstria da<br />
niderl<strong>and</strong>i socialuri dialogi politikuri kulturis imdenad organuli nawilia,<br />
rom mas formalizebac ki, naklebad sWirdeba. 11<br />
119
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socialuri dialogis institutebi SeiZleba iyos ormxrivi, sammxrivi an `sammxrivi<br />
plus.~ sammxrivoba _ socialuri dialogis mniSvnelovani meqanizmi _ exeba SromiT<br />
urTierTobebs, sadac saxelmwifo, damsaqmebeli da dasaqmebulebi arian avtonomiuri,<br />
damoukidebeli partniorebi da saerTo interesebi aqvT. ormxrivoba aris wesebis paketis,<br />
dasaqmebis pirobebis gansazRvrisa da a.S. procesi konsultaciebis, molaparakebebis,<br />
saerTo valdebulebebis aRebisa da konsensusis miRwevis meSveobiT. Tu ormxriv<br />
process ar moaqvs Sedegi sadavo sakiTxebis Tavidan acilebaSi an daregulirebaSi,<br />
maSin aucilebeli xdeba sammxrivi procesis dawyeba, morigeba/mediacia da arbitraJi/<br />
daregulireba. socialuri dialogisaTvis saWiroa politikuri neba da socialuri<br />
dialogis warmoebis survili yvela monawilis mxridan, gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis fundamenturi<br />
uflebisa da koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis pativiscema da Sesabamisi instituciuri<br />
mxardaWera. 12<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiurobiT miRweuli iqna garkveuli<br />
Sedegi _ saqarTvelos premier-ministris 2009 wlis 12 noembris brZanebiT dafuZnda<br />
sammxrivi komisia saqarTvelos mTavrobis, saqarTvelos damsaqmebelTa asociaciisa da<br />
saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebis monawileobiT. udavoa, rom komisiaSi<br />
xelisufleba dominirebul da Zlier subieqts wamoadgens, romlis politikuri neba<br />
rigi sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi mniSvnelovania, gansaxilveli sakiTxebis Sesabamisad,<br />
sammxriv dialogs Tvalyurs adevnebs rogorc sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizacia,<br />
ise sazogadoebis farTo nawili.<br />
Tavad socialur partniorebs Soris SeiZleba arsebobdes pirdapiri (`ormxrivi~)<br />
urTierTobebi an arsebobdes urTierTobebi samTavrobo saagentoebsa da socialur<br />
partniorebs Soris (`sammxrivi~ urTierTobebi). ufro gasagebad rom vTqvaT, socialuri<br />
dialogi SeiZleba niSnavdes molaparakebas, konsultacias, an ubralod, mosazrebebis<br />
gaziarebas damqiraveblebs, daqiravebulebsa da mTavrobebs Soris. igi SeiZleba Sedgebodes<br />
muSaxelisa da menejmentis urTierTobebisagan, mTavrobis uSualo Carevis gareSe.<br />
socialuri dialogi moqnili meqanizmia, romelic saSualebas aZlevs mTavrobebis,<br />
damqiraveblebisa da daqiravebulebis organizaciebs, rom marTon cvlilebebi da<br />
miaRwion ekonomikur da socialur miznebs. socialuri dialogis saqmianobebis magaliTebi<br />
moicaven erTobliv informacias, Ria diskusiebs, koncentracias (mimdinare sammxrivi<br />
dialogi), Tvalsazrisebis urTierTgaziarebas, konsultaciebsa da molaparakebebs<br />
(SeTanxmebebi/saerTo Sexedulebebi).<br />
socialuri dialogi da koleqtiuri SeTanxmeba rogorc wesi, mimdinareobs mxareTa<br />
mier sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT: socialuri dialogi, socialuri kanonmdebloba da<br />
koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebi.<br />
pirveli _ es aris socialuri dialogi, romelic institucionalizebulia lisabonis<br />
SeTanxmebis 152-155 muxlebSi da ZiriTadad, sawarmoTaSoriso da dargobriv doneze imar-<br />
Teba. magram, am nawilSi aseve, warmodgenilia informacia molaparakebebTan dakavSirebul<br />
garemoebebze da daskvna transnacionaluri kompaniebis SeTanxmebebis Sesaxeb (MNCS).<br />
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meore qvenawili exeba dasaqmebulTa gaerTianebis/profkavSirebis umniSvnelovanes<br />
rols, romlis Sesrulebasac isini cdiloben rogorc evropul, ise regionul doneze<br />
evropuli kanonmdeblobis (SromiTi kodeqsis) rogorc upirvelesi kanonis (magaliTad,<br />
SeTanxmebis axali/Secvlili debulebebi, evrokavSiris qartia, fundamenturi uflebebis<br />
qartia da a.S.) da meoradi kanonmdeblobis (magaliTad, regulaciebi, direqtivebi<br />
da a.S.) farglebSi. agreTve, yuradReba eTmoba evrosasamarTlos (CIEU) mzard rols<br />
evropuli kanonmdeblobis interpretaciaSi.<br />
dabolos, mesame qvenawili _ ETUI-s muSaoba koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis sferoSi xelfasebTan<br />
da Sromis pirobebTan dakavSirebiT, nacionalur (dargTaSorisi, dargobrivi,<br />
sawarmo) doneze da koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis transnacionaluri koordinacia profkavSirebis<br />
mier.<br />
`sammxrivi~ socialuri dialogi da praqtika samTavrobo, damqiraveblebisa da muSaTa<br />
organizaciebis warmomadgenlebs Soris, rogorc ama Tu im sazRvrebSi ise, sazRvrebis<br />
gareSe, dResdReobiT yvelaze metad relevanturia gadawyvetilebebis miRwevisa da<br />
socialuri solidarobis TvalsazrisiT, romelic sxva saSualebebTan erTad gansaz-<br />
Rvravs Sromis saerTaSoriso st<strong>and</strong>artebs. 13<br />
`socialur partniorebs unikaluri adgili ukaviaT samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi~,<br />
radgan yvelaze kargad ician, Tu rogor gadawyviton SromasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.<br />
14 es marTlac metad mniSvnelovani gancxadebebia, warmogvidgenen ra, socialuri<br />
dialogis did SesaZleblobebsa da unikalur xelsayrelobas socialuri reformebis<br />
inicirebisa da marTvis mxriv (sul mcire, samuSao ZalebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi<br />
mainc). amasTanave, ramdenadac aqcenti keTdeba socialuri dialogis sargeblianobaze<br />
socialur politikaSi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis mcdelobebTan erTad, igi SeiZleba<br />
ganxorcieldes ise, rom SeZlos kompensireba gaukeTos evrokavSiris kanonmdeblebis<br />
axali iniciativebis zogierT naklovanebas socialuri st<strong>and</strong>artebis amaRlebis an SenarCunebis<br />
sakiTxebSi. 15<br />
elita Rirsia flobdes imas, rac aqvs, swored misTvis Sinaganad damaxasiaTebeli<br />
Tvisebebis ZaliT. Camoyalibeba xdeba ara Zalauflebis, simdidris, prestiJis mopovebisaTvis<br />
brZolaSi, aramed igi aris sazogadoebis mier misi yvelaze Rirseuli da<br />
faseuli warmomadgenlebis bunebrivi SerCevis Sedegi. elitaruloba sazogadoebis<br />
efeqtiani funqcionirebis pirobaa. demokratiuli sazogadoeba pirovnebebs aZlevs<br />
Sanss, sastarto pirobebis Tanasworobas, zogi saTanadod sargeblobs amiT, zogi ki,<br />
ver iyenebs mas, amitom Sesabamisad, Sedegebic gansxvavebulia da unda iyos kidec.<br />
adgili aqvs elitaTa konkurencias, rac saSualebas aZlevs sazogadoebas, demokratiuli<br />
procedurebis gamoyenebiT SearCios yvelaze kvalificiuri da kompetenturi<br />
mmarTveli jgufi, romelic dainteresebulia strategiuli mniSvnelobis gadawyvetilebaTa<br />
miRebiTa da cxovrebaSi gatarebiT. liders unda axasiaTebdes xuTi universaluri<br />
Tviseba: 1. warmosaxvis Zala; 2. socialur xdomilebaTa winaswarganWvretisa da<br />
gaTvaliswinebis unari; 3. moqniloba; 4. mravalmxrivoba; 5. TavSekavebis unari.<br />
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3. saukeTeso praqtika socialur dialogSi<br />
socialuri dialogi nacionalur doneze, bevr qveyanaSi kargi marTvis mniSvnelovani<br />
komponenti gaxda. sammxrivi socialuri dialogi ekonimikuri da socialuri politikis<br />
sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil Sexvedrebze fundamentur rols asrulebs demokratiis<br />
ganmtkicebaSi, socialur samarTlianobasa da produqtiul, konkurenciul ekonomikaSi.<br />
am samive mxaris erTianoba ekonomikuri da socialuri politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaSi,<br />
xels uwyobs konsensusis miRwevasa da dabalansebas moTxovnasa da ekonomikur<br />
winsvlaSi, rasac socialuri stabilurobisaken mivyavarT. udavoa, rom ekonomikuri<br />
keTildReoba da socialuri progresi ver miiRweva, Tuki mTavrobebi, damqiraveblebi<br />
da muSebi erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad imoqmedeben. sammxrivi dialogi gvTavazobs<br />
SesaZlo saukeTeso scenars, dagegmili politikis efeqtiani da mdgradi ganxorcielebisaTvis<br />
da amcirebs sawarmoo da socialuri konfliqtebis riskebs. 16<br />
socialuri dialogi saukunovan istoriul gamocdilebas eyrdnoba da bunebrivadaa<br />
Serwymuli politikuri sistemis funqcionirebis sxva aspeqtebTan. socialuri dialogis<br />
gziT saerTaSoriso organizaciebi eswrafvian `adamianTa Rirseuli da produqtiuli<br />
Sromis miRwevas, Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis, usafrTxoebisa da adamianuri Rirsebis<br />
pirobebSi~. am mizanze orientirebuli strategia Sromis sferoSi urTierTobebis<br />
regulirebaa, rac mxareebs Soris konsensusis miRwevam unda uzrunvelyos. `dialogi~<br />
swored amaze miuTiTebs: unda moxdes dapirispirebidan urTierTsasargeblo Tanam-<br />
Sromlobaze gadasvla. 17<br />
socialuri dialogis definicia da koncefcia sxvadasxva qveynebisa da regionebis<br />
mixedviT cvalebadobs. miuxedavad aRiarebuli dadebiTi rolisa, socialuri dialogi<br />
jer kidev, ar gamoiyeneba sruli efeqturobiT. imisaTvis, rom socialuri dialogi<br />
warmatebuli iyos, Cven gvesaWiroeba kavSiri processa da xelSesaxeb Sedegebs Soris.<br />
amitom, socialuri dialogi aris ara mxolod evropuli fenomeni, igi ufro farTo<br />
speqtriT warmoadgens process, romelsac SeuZlia gavlena iqonios kompleqsur socialur<br />
da ekonomikur sakiTxebze. amitom, saWiroa socialuri dialogis procesis dokumentireba<br />
da analizi, raTa ufro Rrmad SevicnoT, Tu ra xdeba am procesSi. aseve,<br />
arsebobs saWiroeba, rom ufro metad ganmtkicdes socialuri dialogis ZiriTadi<br />
moTamaSeebis SesaZleblobebi, kerZod, dasaqmebulebisa da damqiraveblebis organizaciebis,<br />
agreTve, Sromisa da dasaqmebis saministros, romelsac SeuZlia katalizatoris<br />
roli Seasrulos nacionalur doneze.<br />
molaparakebebi yovelTvis iwyeba moTxovnebis wardgeniT. administracia cdilobs<br />
daiwyos diskusiebi produqtiulobis gazrdasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze. socialuri<br />
dialogi saWiroebs dasaqmebulebisa da damqiraveblebis mtkice damoukidebel organizacias,<br />
romelsac eqneba yvela saWiro teqnikuri SesaZlebloba, rom miiRos saWiro<br />
informacia. aseve, igi saWiroebs politikuri nebis arsebobas da gaerTianebebis Seqmnis<br />
Tavisuflebisa da koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis fundamenturi uflebebis pativiscemas.<br />
aq, saxelmwifos mniSnelovani roli ekisreba mdgradi politikis Camoyalibebasa da<br />
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muSebisa da damqiraveblebis organizaciis xelsayreli garemos SeqmnaSi, raTa man damoukideblad<br />
imoqmedos. SiSis an dasjis safrTxis gareSe, socialuri dialogis mTavari<br />
mizania mxareTa Soris konsensusis miRwevis xelSewyoba da dasaqmebis sferos monawileebis<br />
demokratiuli CarTuloba. warmatebuli socialuri dialogis struqturebsa da<br />
procesebs aqvT potenciali, rom gadawyviton mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da socialuri<br />
sakiTxebi, xeli Seuwyon karg mmarTvelobas, socialur da sawarmoo keTildReobasa da<br />
stabilurobas, daaCqaron ekonomikuri progresi.<br />
saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan daaxloebis politikis farglebSi socialuri dialogis<br />
institucionalizacia erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wamowyebaa. socialuri dialogi Tavisi<br />
arsiT efuZneba im Rirebulebebs, romlebmac gadamwyveti roli Seasrula dRev<strong>and</strong>eli<br />
demokratiuli evropis CamoyalibebaSi. farTod gagebuli socialuri dialogi<br />
warmoqmnilia pluralizmis im modeliT, romelic safuZvlad udevs evropuli stilis<br />
warmomadgenlobas, parlamentarizms da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas. maTTan erTad is<br />
qmnis mravalferovani interesebis araantagonisturi Tanaarsebobisa da stabiluri<br />
ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. 18<br />
warmatebuli socialuri dialogi SeiZleba gaxdes konsensusisa da dasaxuli miznebis<br />
miRwevis gasaRebi, gvTavazobs ra, konkurenciuli rolebisa da konfliqtebis marTvis<br />
saSualebebs. ILO-s generaluri direqtoris TvalsazrisiT, myari sammxrivoba aris ILOs<br />
fundamenti, socialuri dialogi ki, aris ILO-s strategiuli miznebis _ uflebebis,<br />
dasaqmebisa da socialuri dacvis _ miRwevis instrumenti.<br />
siRaribis Semcirebis strategiuli programa (PRSP) Sri-lankasa da nepalSi, SesaZleblobas<br />
uqmnida ILO-s subregionul ofiss niu deliSi, raTa uzrunveleyo socialuri<br />
partniorebis monawileoba nacionaluri politikis SemuSavebaSi. Sri-lankaSi funqcionireba<br />
ganaaxla sammxrivma erovnulma SromiTma sakonsultacio sabWom, romelic mu-<br />
Saobs sawarmoo restruqturizaciis sakiTxebze, EPZ-ze da SromiTi kanonmdeblobis<br />
reformaze. Sri-lankaSi, warmatebuli restruqturizaciis magaliTs warmoadgens telekomi,<br />
rac ganxorcielda socialuri dialogis meSveobiT. pakistanSi, muSaTa da damqiravebelTa<br />
ormxrivi sabWo daexmara mTavrobas konsesusis miRwevaSi saxelmwofoSi minimaluri<br />
xelfasis dadgenisa da SromiTi kanondeblobis reformis sakiTxebSi. 19<br />
aseve, SeiZleba movitanoT magaliTebi socialuri dialogis ganmtkicebis Tanamdevi<br />
Sedegebis miTiTebiT: iaponiaSi, socialuri dialogi maRali donis konsolidirebuli<br />
formiTaa warmodgenili da konteqstualurad warmogvidgens umuSevrobis situacias<br />
da profkavSirebis moqnil politikas samuSao programebis SeqmnaSi. keralas StatSi,<br />
indoeTSi, socialuri dialogis procesis Sedegad, SesaZlebeli gaxda saqmianobebis<br />
warmarTva araformalur seqtorSi dasaqmebulebTan da aseve, im dasaqmebulebTan,<br />
romlebic sxvagvarad arian daucvelni keTildReobis amaRlebis sqemebSi monawileobis<br />
SesaZleblobebis arqonis gamo. irl<strong>and</strong>iaSi, xelfasebis gansazRvris pasuxismgebloba<br />
aiRo ekonomikurma da socialurma sabWom, romelmac warmatebiT gamarTa oTxraundiani<br />
molaparakebebi saSemosavlo politikis sakiTxebze da xeli Seuwyo ekonomikis<br />
swraf winsvlas. singapurSi, formalur da araformalur doneebze gaimarTa sammxrivi<br />
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molaparakebebi saxelfaso da sxva sakiTxebze. es Tavi moicavs TerTmet moxsenebas,<br />
maT Soris Semajamebel daskvnas da aTi magaliTis ganxilvas evropisa da aziis qveynebidan.<br />
20 `braziliaSi, socialuri dialogi arasodes asrulebda did rols arc SromiT<br />
urTierTobebSi da arc ufro farTo makroekonomikur sakiTxebSi, garda ramdenime mniSvnelovani<br />
gamonaklisisa~. 21 rekomendebulia, rom norvegiam gaaZlieros socialuri<br />
dialogis institutebis, magaliTad _ damsaqmebelTa asociaciebis, profkavSirebis,<br />
SromiTi pirobebis inspeqciebis mxardaWera qveynebSi, sadac ucxouri investiciebi<br />
safrTxes uqmnian socialuri dialogis procesebs, magaliTad _ angolaSi, zambiaSi,<br />
keniaSi. 22 kacobriobisaTvis ucxo ar aris TanagrZnoba da Tanadgoma. am Tvisebis metnaklebad<br />
matarebelia TiToeuli adamiani.<br />
socialuri dialogis modeli SeiZleba ganxorcieldes nebismier qveyanaSi, nebismier<br />
samuSao adgilze, nacionalur, regionul da saerTaSoriso doneebze, rac uflebamosilebas<br />
aniWebs socialur partniorebs, rom monawileoba miiRon Sesabamis politikur<br />
procesebsa da programebSi. 23<br />
Rirseul SromiT urTierTobebsa da sruluflebian profkavSirebs aSS-is mTavroba<br />
Zlieri demokratiisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganuyofel nawilad ganixilavs.<br />
amdenad, aSS-is saxelmwifo departamenti yuradRebiT akvirdeba maT mdgomareobas<br />
demokratizaciis procesSi myof qveynebSi. misi yovelwliuri angariSi adamianis uflebebis<br />
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb araorazrovnad kritikulia saqarTveloSi SromiTi uflebebis<br />
daculobisa da Sromis kanonmdeblobis mimarT. 24<br />
4. evropuli socialuri dialogi<br />
evropuli socialuri dialogi gaTvaliswinebulia evrogaerTianebis Seqmnis xelSekrulebiT<br />
(138-e da 139-e muxlebi, adrindeli 118a da 118b muxlebi) da romelsac mxari<br />
dauWira evrokomisiam rogorc ukeTesi marTvisa da socialuri da ekonomikuri reformebis<br />
xelSewyobis instruments. 25<br />
evropaSi, socialuri dialogi erovnul doneze, moicavs makroekonomikuri politikisa<br />
da Sromis bazris sakiTxebs, agreTve mniSvnelovan reformebs socialuri dacvis<br />
sistemaSi. Sesabamisad, socialuri dialogi aris evropuli socialuri modelis Ziri-<br />
Tadi komponenti. mis am farglebs OSE moicavs SromiTi bazris, xarisxiani Sromisa da<br />
cxovrebis donis SeqmnaSi monawile mxareTa kontribuciebis analizSi. evropis seqtoruli<br />
socialuri dialogis mniSvneloba xazgasmulia evrokomisiis 1998 wlis 20 maisis<br />
gadawyvetilebaSi 98/500/EC _ seqtoruli socialuri dialogis komitetebis Sesaxeb.<br />
swored am konteqstSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom OSE ramdenime kvlevasa da samuSaos atarebs<br />
evrokomisiisa da sacxovrebeli da SromiTi pirobebis gaumjobesebis evropuli fondisaTvis.<br />
26<br />
1992 wlidan dawyebuli, socialur dialogs prioritetuli adgili eniWeba evrokav-<br />
Siris gancxadebebSi socialur politikasTan dakavSirebiT da Camoyalibebulia rogorc<br />
`evropuli socialuri modeli~. magaliTad, masSi gacxadebulia, rom socialuri<br />
124
dialogi aris: `evropuli socialuri modelis centrSi~ `ekonomikuri da socialuri<br />
reformebis mamoZravebeli Zala~. ramdenadac `gafarToebuli kavSiris ukeT marTva<br />
efuZneba yvela daintersebuli mxaris CarTvas gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi~,<br />
Tu gadavxedavT socialuri dialogis dRemde miRebul Sedegebs, miRweuli da ganxorcielebuli<br />
SeTanxmebebis pirobebs, aseTi moTxovnebi ar gaxlavT mkafiod dasabuTebuli.<br />
1992 wlis Semdgom periodSi miRweuli iqna mcire raodenobis dargTaSorisi<br />
SeTanxmeba socialuri partniorebis mier da arc erTi maTgani ar yofila mniSvnelovani<br />
TavianTi pirobebiT. 27 es, savaraudod, is SemTxvevaa, rodesac aSkarad Cans Seusabamoba<br />
socialur dialogTan dakavSirebiT evrokavSiris moTxovnebsa da realurad miRweul<br />
Sedegebs Soris, nawilobriv albaT im gaugebrobebis gamo, rac moqmed praqtikaSi gvxvdeba:<br />
ra aris es _ koleqtiuri garigeba, korporatiulobis forma Tu kanonSemoqmedebiTi<br />
saqmianobis meTodi? 1998 wels, roca ECJ-m gamoiyena Tavisi uflebamosileba, raTa<br />
gadaewyvita mxareTa `warmomadgenlobis~ sakiTxi socialuri dialogis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaSi,<br />
braian berkusonma gaakritika sasamarTlo imisaTvis, rom man saTanado yuradReba<br />
ar miaqcia im faqts, rom socialuri dialogis konceptualuri fesvebi, principSi, napovni<br />
unda yofiliyo sawarmoo urTierTobebSi. 28 aanalizebda ra, socialur dialogs<br />
rogorc koleqtiuri garigebis tips, sasamarTlos unda eRiarebina, rom aseTi sakiTxebi<br />
TviTon mxareebs unda gadaewyvitaT. socialuri dialogis, rogorc koleqtiuri Se-<br />
Tanxmebis erT-erTi tipis arsis gasacnobiereblad rogorc amas berkusoni gvTavazobs,<br />
aucilebelia gamovlindes masTan dakavSirebuli seriozuli naklovanebebi. 29 es aris<br />
`koleqtiuri garigeba~, sadac momlaparakebeli mxareebi ganicdian damoukideblobis<br />
naklebobas, raTa gadawyviton mTeli rigi sakvanZo sakiTxebi _ maTi partniorebis identuroba,<br />
molaparakebebis sagani; `koleqtiuri garigeba~, sadac evrokomisia TavisTvis<br />
iTxovda uflebas, rom `Seafasos~ koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis xarisxi; `koleqtiuri<br />
garigeba~, romelsac ara aqvs ufleba mimarTos sawarmoo zomebs. koleqtiuri dialogis,<br />
rogorc koleqtiuri garigebis am seriozuli naklovanebebis fonze, argumentad motanili<br />
iyo is, rom praqtikaSi SesaZloa ukeT gaverkveT diskusiebis tipebSi, rom diskusiebi<br />
da ara garigebebi uwyobs xels sawarmoo aqciebis warmoSobis safrTxes, radgan<br />
es aris yvelasaTvis misaRebi gadawyvetis saSualeba da ara is, rom urTierTsapirispiro<br />
interesebis mqone mxareebma CaquCebis braxuniT gamosZalon erTmaneTs kompromisebi. 30<br />
komisiam swored es mimarTuleba miiRo gasaanalizeblad da ganmarta socialuri dialogi<br />
rogorc Seuqcevadi procesi, romlis monawileebic erTmaneTs acnoben TavianT<br />
ganzraxulobebsa da SesaZleblobebs, amuSaveben erTmaneTisadmi warsadgen informacias,<br />
azusteben da ganmartaven TavianT varaudebsa da molodinebs. es araa igive,<br />
rac garigeba, magram qmnis molaparakebis ufro efeqtian saSualebas gansaxilveli faqtebis,<br />
problemebisa da maTi SesaZlo gadawyvetebis erTmaneTisagan gamocalkevebiT,<br />
xarjebisa da sargeblis dayofiT. 31<br />
evropuli socialuri modelis legitimurobas safuZveli Cauyara evrokomisiis<br />
adrindelma SeTanxmebam, evrokavSiris qartiam fundamenturi uflebebis Sesaxeb da evropulma<br />
SromiTma kanonmdeblobam. SeTanxmeba yovelmxriv aRiarebs socialuri dialogisa<br />
da socialuri partniorebis rols Tavis 152-e muxliT, romelSic aRniSnulia, rom<br />
125
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
`kavSiri aRiarebs da mxars uWers socialuri partniorebis rols Tavis doneze, nacionaluri<br />
sistemebis mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT. igi xels uwyobs dialogs socialur<br />
partniorebs Soris, pativs scems maT avtonomiurobas~. TFEU 154-155 muxlebSi<br />
aseve, Seicavs evropuli socialuri dialogis samarTlebriv CarCoebs. evrokavSiris<br />
qartia dasaqmebis Sesaxeb, gvTavazobs `koordinaciis Ria meTods~ dasaqmebis evropuli<br />
strategiisaTvis (TFEU-is 145-150 muxlebi) romelsac amJamad samarTlebrivi Zala mieca<br />
evrokavSiris dafuZnebis SeTanxmebis 6(1) muxliT (TEU gansazRvravs asociaciis fundamentur<br />
uflebebs, informaciasa da konsultaciebs, koleqtiur garigebebsa da moqmedebebs,<br />
adgens socialuri partniorebis rols evrokavSiris socialur politikaSi,<br />
da koleqtiuri molaparakebebisa da moqmedebebis legitimurobas, agreTve informaciasa<br />
da konsultaciebs sawarmos doneze). evropis SromiTma samarTalma gansazRvra<br />
sainformacio da sakonsultacio uflebebis zogadi farglebi evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebSi<br />
da warmogvidgina evropuli socialuri modelis arsebiTi masStabebi (evrosabWos<br />
direqtivebi 94/95 da 2009/38). evrokavSiris CarTulobis miswrafeba kidev erTxelaa<br />
xazgasmuli evropul platformaSi siRaribisa da socialuri gariyulobis winaaRmdeg,<br />
romelic warmoadgens evropis 2020 wlis strategiis nawils, sadac aRniSnulia,<br />
rom socialuri uTanasworobis damarcxeba, socialuri samarTlianoba da fundamenturi<br />
uflebebi ukve didi xania rac evrokavSiris ZiriTadi mizania, romelic efuZneba<br />
adamianis Rirsebisa da solidarobis faseulobebis pativiscemas. evropuli socialuri<br />
modeli aseve, xasiaTdeba koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis maRali doniT. komisiis 2010<br />
wlis angariSSi evropis qveynebSi sawarmoo urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, aRniSnulia, rom<br />
nebayoflobiTi koleqtiuri garigebebi ZiriTad rols asrulebs sawarmoo urTier-<br />
TobebSi da warmoadgens socialuri partniorobis ganmsazRvrel elements rogorc<br />
evrokavSirSi, ise mis farglebs gareT. TumcaRa, evrokomisiis angariSis Tanaxmad, koleqtiuri<br />
garigebebis rolis, farglebisa da efeqtianobis mxriv, didi gansxvavebebi<br />
arsebobs evrokavSiris sxvadasxva qveynebSi. 32<br />
evropuli socialuri dialogi arsebobs TviT evrokavSiris marTvis birTvSi. igi<br />
saSualebas aZlevs evropel socialur partniorebs, rom mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanon<br />
evropuli socialuri st<strong>and</strong>artebis dadgenaSi. evropuli socialuri dialogi Setanilia<br />
evropul SeTanxmebebSi da warmoadgens evropuli socialuri modelis erT-erT<br />
ZiriTad elements. evropuli socialuri dialogi erTi magidis garSemo uyris Tavs<br />
profkavSirebisa da damqiravebelTa organizaciebis warmomadgenlebs, ayalibebs diskusiebis,<br />
molaparakebebisa da erToblivi saqmianobebis CarCoebs, evropeli socialuri<br />
partniorebisaTvis. evropel socialur partniorebs Soris dialogi arsebobs rogorc<br />
dargTaSoris, ise dargobriv doneebze. dargTaSorisi dialogis monawileebi arian<br />
ETUC, BUSINESSEUROPE (damqiraveblebi kerZo seqtorSi) / UEAPME (mcire da saSualo<br />
biznesi) da CEEP (saxelmwifo damqiraveblebi), romlebsac dadebuli aqvT erTmaneTTan<br />
mTeli rigi CarCo-xelSekrulebebi: mSoblebis Svebulebis Sesaxeb (1996 weli da misi<br />
2008 wlis redaqcia), arasruli droiT dasaqmebis Sesaxeb (1997 w.) da fiqsirebul-vadiani<br />
kontraqtebis Sesaxeb (1999 w.). es xelSekrulebebi ratificirebulia ministrTa sabWos<br />
mier da dReisaTvis ukve evropuli kanonmdeblobis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenen:<br />
126
2009 wlis maisSi, evropelma socialurma partniorebma miiRes TavianTi samuSao programis<br />
mesame memor<strong>and</strong>umi 2010 wlamde vadiT, sadac identificirebulia maTi erToblivi<br />
saqmianobebis sferoebi. socialuri dialogi agreTve, warmoebs sxvadasxva sawarmoo<br />
seqtorebSi, rasac profkavSirebis mxridan koordinacias uweven evropis sawarmoo<br />
federaciebi. es aris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani instrumenti evropul doneze warmoebis<br />
specifikuri sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad. dargobrivi (seqtoruli) socialuri dialogis<br />
komitetebi, CarTulni arian, magaliTad, treningebis mowyobis, samuSao droisa da<br />
pirobebis, j<strong>and</strong>acvisa da usafrTxoebis, mdgradi ganviTarebis, muSaTa Tavisufali gadaadgilebis<br />
sakiTxebSi. 33<br />
evrosabWo _ mxars uWers socialur dialogs evropis profkavSirebisa da damqiravebelTa<br />
organizaciebis _ socialuri partniorebis monawileobiT. evropul doneze<br />
socialurma partniorebma sakmaod gazardes im avtonomiuri xelSekrulebebis ricxvi,<br />
romlebsac isini Tavad axorcieleben, sxvebi ki, transformirebulia kanonmdeblobaSi.<br />
evropuli socialuri dialogi exeba diskusiebs, molaparakebebsa da erTobliv aqtivobebs<br />
warmoebis ori mxaris warmomadgenlebs (damqiraveblebi da muSebi) Soris. dialogi<br />
tardeba ori ZiriTadi formiT _ sammxriv dialogSi monawileoben sazogadoebriobis<br />
warmomadgenlebi, ormxrivi dialogi ki, tardeba evropel damqiraveblebsa da<br />
profkavSirul organizaciebs Soris. ormxrivi dialogi tardeba sawarmoTaSoris doneze<br />
da seqtoruli socialuri dialogis komitetebis farglebSi. maTi warmomadgenlobis<br />
Sedegad, evropel socialur partniorebs ufleba aqvT miiRon konsultaciebi<br />
komisiisagan da SeuZliaT miiRon molaparakebebis gamarTvis gadawyvetileba xelSekrulebebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. socialuri dialogis institucionaluri bazisi warmodgenilia<br />
evrogaerTianebis SeTanxmebaSi. evropuli socialuri dialogis Sedegad, evropeli<br />
socialuri partniorebis mier SemuSavebulia 300-ze meti erToblivi dokumenti,<br />
romlebic Setanilia monacemTa bazaSi. 34<br />
socialuri dacva da socialuri CarTuloba _ esaa is prioriteti, rasac evrokavSiri<br />
koordinacias uwevs, mxars uWers siRaribisa da socialuri uTanasworobis damarcxebas.<br />
sxvadasxva qveynebis mTavrobebi TavianTi saxelmwifoebrivi gegmebis Suqze axdenen saerTo<br />
miznebis interpretacias, romlebic nacionaluri strategiuli angariSebis saxiT<br />
waredgineba evrokavSirs. am angariSebs TavianTi erToblivi daskvniT afaseben evrokomisia<br />
da evrosabWo. es angariSebi asaxaven, Tu evrokavSiris donis romeli iniciativebi<br />
iqna ganxorcielebuli ama Tu im qveyanaSi. evrokomisia aseve, muSaobs qveynebSi, romlebsac<br />
gakeTebuli aqvT evrogaerTianebaSi gawevrianebis ganacxadebi, raTa daexmaron<br />
aseT qveynebs socialuri sistemebis reformebSi. am saqmianobis prioritetebi<br />
mocemulia `erToblivi CarTulobis memor<strong>and</strong>umSi.~ 35<br />
socialuri dialogis evropis seqtorulma komitetma `droebiTi saagento samuSaos~<br />
formatSi 2011-2012ww. dasaxa nacionaluri socialuri dialogis xelSewyobis samuSao<br />
programa _ evropeli socialuri partniorebi iTvaliswineben Semdegs:<br />
a. erTi an ori Sexvedris mowyoba `mrgvali magidis~ formatSi, evrokavSiris wevrobis<br />
k<strong>and</strong>idat romelime qveynebSi, Sesabamisi qveynebis socialuri partniorebis koordinaciiT.<br />
aseTi `mrgvali magidebi~ organizebuli iqneba TAIEX/evrokomisiasTan<br />
127
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
koordinaciiT da miznad isaxavs nacionaluri socialuri dialogis inicirebas da/<br />
an gaumjobesebas seqtorSi da evropuli socialuri dialogis, rogorc socialuri<br />
komunikaciis nawilis xelSewyobas.<br />
b. socialuri dialogis seqtoruli komitetis TiToeuli Sexvedris gamoyeneba UNIevropisa<br />
da Eurociett-is afilirebuli wevrebisagan angariSebis misaRebad nacionaluri<br />
socialur dialogis uaxlesi movlenebis Sesaxeb.<br />
g. UNI-evropisa da Eurociett-is wevrebis erToblivi prezentaciebi TavianTi koleqtiuri<br />
SromiTi xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb. pirvel aseT prezentaciebs gaakeTeben socialuri<br />
partniorebi italiidan, hol<strong>and</strong>iidan, belgiidan, safrangeTidan, SvedeTidan da germaniidan,<br />
aseve, sxva qveynebidan, romlebic isurveben erTobliv prezentaciaSi monawileobas.<br />
36<br />
5. socialuri dialogis prioritetuli sakiTxebi<br />
2004 wlis ianvarSi, EPSU-sa da evropis municipalitetebisa da regionebis sabWos<br />
damsaqmebelTa platformas (CEMP-EP) Soris Seiqmna seqtoruli socialuri dialogis<br />
komiteti adgilobriv da regionul mmarTvelobasTan. amJamad, komiteti muSaobs Tavis<br />
meoTxe samuSao programaze, romelic 2011-2013 wlebzea gaTvlili da romelic damtkicda<br />
2010 wlis dekemberSi gamarTul plenarul sxdomaze. am samuSao programiT gansazRvrulia<br />
Semdegi prioritetebi: damsaqmeblebisa da dasaqmebulTa gaerTianebas/profkav-<br />
Sirebis warmomadgenloba adgilobrivi da regionuli mmarTvelobis seqtorSi, socialur<br />
dialogSi diskusiebis mowyoba da erToblivi SeTanxmebebis miRweva saerTo interesebis<br />
sakiTxebze; da evropuli socialuri dialogis gaZliereba adgilobrivi da regionuli<br />
mmarTvelobis seqtorSi lisabonis SeTanxmebiT miRebuli adgilobrivi da regionuli<br />
avtonomiis zogadi principebis aRiarebiT, Semdeg sakiTxebze: saqmianobebis<br />
organizeba wevri qveynebisa da wevrobis k<strong>and</strong>idatebis adgilobrivi da regionuli<br />
mmarTvelobis seqtorSi socialuri dialogis SenarCunebisa da ganmtkicebis mizniT,<br />
damsaqmebelTa da profkavSirul organizaciebs Soris; adgilobrivi da regionuli<br />
mmarTvelobis sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRlebis xelSewyoba socialur<br />
da garemosdacviT Rirebulebebze pasuxismgeblobisa da SromiTi bazris sakiTxebze<br />
informaciis gacvlis angariSvaldebulebis safuZvelze, interesebisa da saukeTeso<br />
praqtikis realizebis xelSewyoba adgilobrivi da regionuli mmarTvelobis farglebSi;<br />
komisiis, parlamentisa da sabWos konsultaciebis gaTvaliswineba, aqtiurobis gamovlena<br />
da zemoqmedeba sakanonmdeblo politikaze dasaqmebis, treningebis, socialuri<br />
dacvis, SromiTi kodeqsis, j<strong>and</strong>acvisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi; molaparakebebi da<br />
poziciebis SeTanxmeba politikis sakiTxebze evropul doneze, evropul institutebTan<br />
dialogis mizniT. 37<br />
evropis liderebis moxsenebaSi gaiJRera im garemoebebma, rom evropa mkacri demografiuli<br />
cvlilebebis winaSe dgas rogorc Sobadobis, ise sicocxlis xangrZlivobis<br />
128
TvalsazrisiT. LRG-s farglebSi, ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens im gamowvevebis prognozireba,<br />
romlebic did zegavlenas moaxdenen dasaqmebasa da samuSaoze. arsebuli SromiTi<br />
resursebis unarebis adaptirebis sakiTxi samuSaosTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva<br />
cvlilebebTan da dasaqmebis maRali xarisxis uzrunvelyofa SromiT bazarze axalgazrdobis<br />
CarTvis axal, inovaciur gzebTan erTad, kvlavac ZiriTad sakiTxad rCeba.<br />
socialuri partniorebis mier Sexvedrebze, sadac diskusiebi mimdinareobs socialuri<br />
dialogis sakiTxebze, romelic warmoadgines sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis RonisZiebebze<br />
zemoqmedebis mqone problemebisa da maTi Sedegebis erTobliv analizs,<br />
mxareTa mier didi SeSfoTeba gamoixata arsebuli problemebis gamo, mesame mxaris mier<br />
darRvevebis mzardi tendencia saswrafo reagirebas saWiroebs. mesame mxaris darRvevebis<br />
winaaRmdeg multi-seqtoruli saxelmZRvanelo instruqciebis Sesaxeb evropeli<br />
socialuri partnioris proeqtisadmi miZRvnili bolo mesame seminaris Semdeg, EPSU<br />
mouwodebs Sesabamis monawileebs, rom ufro meti imuSaon am tendenciis SesaCereblad<br />
samuSao adgilebze da am Seurigebeli fenomenis sabolood aRmosafxvrelad. EPSU[1]<br />
da sxva monawileebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom am fenomenis arseboba absoluturad<br />
miuRebelia. 38 dReisaTvis, evropis sxvadasxva qveynebSi sxvadasxva tipis socialuri dialogi<br />
moqmedebs. 39 evrokomisiis bolo angariSi evropaSi sawarmoo urTierTobebis<br />
Sesaxeb, upiratesobas aniWebs iseT socialur dialogs, romelsac SeuZlia Seasustos<br />
amJamindeli finansuri krizisiT gamowveuli negatiuri efeqtebi. 40 am angariSSi aRniSnulia,<br />
rom evrokavSiris wevri is qveynebi, sadac socialuri partnioroba yvelaze mtkicea,<br />
sxvebze meti warmatebiT gadalaxaven kriziss.<br />
evropis qveynis warmomadgenlebi mividnen konkretul daskvnamde, _ umetes ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSi mmarTvelobis saerTo gaumjobesebis Sedegad. socialuri dialogis<br />
pirobebi mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda. bolo 20 wlis periodSi yvelaze didi gamowveva,<br />
romlis pirispirac dRes socialuri dialogi dgas, aris is, Tu rogor SeZlebs igi<br />
gaumklavdes `araformalur~, `araorganizebul~ seqtorebs, romlebic ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSi, moicaven samuSao Zalis 60%-dan 90%-mde da xSirad, magram ara yovelTvis,<br />
moqmedeben profkavSirebisa da damsaqmebelTa asociaciebis gverdis avliT. 41<br />
evropeli liderebis konferenciaze (ECPR) gamosvlisas aRiniSna, rom `Teoriul<br />
nawilSi Cven xazi gavusviT sam ZiriTad faqtors, raTa Segvefasebina roli, rasac socialuri<br />
dialogi asrulebs sami sxvadasxva ganzomilebis reJimSi, marTalia, igi gaumjobesebas<br />
saWiroebs, kerZod, _ struqturuli TvalsazrisiT, Tumca SesaZlebelia gamovyoT<br />
sami ZiriTadi principi.~ romelic mocemuli cxril #1-Si.<br />
cxrili #1<br />
ekonomikuri da<br />
socialuri uflebebi<br />
instituciuri<br />
farglebi<br />
sajaro politikis<br />
efeqtianoba<br />
igi warmoadgens<br />
socialuri da<br />
ekonomikuri uflebebis<br />
mas aqvs dadebiTi<br />
zemoqmedeba sajaro<br />
politikaze. _ Tu<br />
igi aZlierebs<br />
institutebis<br />
angariSvaldebulebas<br />
129
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
ekonomikuri da<br />
socialuri uflebebi<br />
uzrunvelyofis<br />
indikators<br />
warmomadgenlobiTi,<br />
damoukidebeli da<br />
efeqtiani dasaqmebulTa<br />
gaerTianebebisa Tu<br />
institutebis<br />
meSveobiT. - igi aris<br />
socialuri da<br />
ekonomikuri uflebebis<br />
uzrunvelyofis<br />
indikatori (morlino,<br />
2009; li, 2010).<br />
instituciuri<br />
farglebi<br />
socialuri dialogi<br />
pasuxobs monawileTa<br />
damoukideblobis,<br />
warmomadgenlobiT,<br />
efeqtianobisa da<br />
TanamSromlobis<br />
kriteriumebs (meil<strong>and</strong>i<br />
da du, 2004), maSin<br />
SeiZleba vivaraudoT,<br />
rom mas dadebiTi<br />
efeqti eqneba sajaro<br />
politikaze (grosi,<br />
2010), dialogis<br />
procesis formirebisa<br />
da ganxorcielebisas.<br />
sajaro politikis<br />
efeqtianoba<br />
mTavrobis saqmianobebze<br />
kontrolis meSveobiT. _<br />
igi iTvaliswinebs<br />
socialuri moTamaSeebis<br />
erTianobas<br />
aRmasrulebeli<br />
gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miRebisas. es aris<br />
kontrolis forma da<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
mas mxolod<br />
araformaluri da<br />
sakonsultacio funqcia<br />
aqvs samTavrobo<br />
saqmianobebze<br />
reagirebisaTvis, igi<br />
aZlierebs institutebis<br />
angariSvaldebulebas<br />
(Smiteri, 2005).<br />
sabolood, socialuri dialogi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs demokratiul marTvaSi<br />
da zogadad, demokratiul sistemaSi ZiriTadad, sami ganzomilebiT: ekonomikuri<br />
da socialuri uflebebi da aqedan gamomdinare _ Tanasworuflebianoba; instituciuri<br />
farglebi da sajaro politikis efeqtianoba da amdenad _ kanonis uzenaesoba; da instituciuri<br />
kontroli da Semdeg _ institutebsSorisi angariSvaldebuleba (daiamondi<br />
da morlino, 2004; morlino, 2009). 42<br />
SemuSavebuli iqna rekomendaciebi evropuli qveynebisaTvis _ Tu rogor gaumjobesdes<br />
moqalaqeTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli Tu samuSao pirobebi socialuri<br />
dialogis farglebSi da mis gareT. rekomendaciebi gankuTvnilia erovnuli mTavrobisadmi:<br />
koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis, rogorc: 1. dasaqmebuli pirebisaTvis karieraSi winsvlis,<br />
Sromis anazRaurebis, usafrTxoebis Tanaswori pirobebis garantirebis; 2. diskriminaciis<br />
daZlevis; 3. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sruli monawileobisa da CarTulobis;<br />
4. inteleqtualuri ganaTlebis xelSewyobis instrumentis rolis gaZliereba.<br />
profkavSirebis, rogorc socialuri partnioris SesaZleblobebis ganmtkiceba, rac<br />
maT saSualebas miscems efeqtianad moamzadon/miiRon informacia, Seajeron sxva-<br />
130
dasxva profkavSirebis poziciebi, miawodon informacia TavianT wevrebs da moamzadon<br />
isini, raTa daicvan TavianTi uflebebi.<br />
dasaqmebulTa monawileobis intensifikacia da gaumjobeseba ekonomikuri sakiTxebis<br />
ganxilvebSi da ara mxolod informirebulobis amaRlebis gziT, aramed sakonsultacio<br />
da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis uflebebiT, yvela doneze (kompaniiis, qveynis,<br />
evropul, saerTaSoriso doneebze).<br />
socialuri pasuxismgeblobisa da angariSgebis samarTlebrivi sistemis Seqmna sawarmoo<br />
da qvekontraqtirebis rgolebSi.<br />
sanqciebis gamoyeneba da gaZliereba im damsaqmebelTa winaaRmdeg, romlebic ar scemen<br />
pativs dasaqmebulTa uflebebs.<br />
dainteresebul mxareTa midgomis xelSewyoba, romelic aseve gulisxmobs, rom arasam-<br />
Tavrobo organizaciebs, romlebic warmoadgenen sazogadoebis yvelaze mowyvlad<br />
seqtorebs, sruli mxardaWera hqondeT sazogadoebriv CarTulobasa da monawileobaSi<br />
SromiTi bazris sakiTxebSi.<br />
socialuri kanonmdeblobis reformireba, socialuri SeRavaTebis gafarToeba da<br />
profesiuli momzadebis donis amaRleba;<br />
meti resursebis mozidva RonisZiebebSi, romlebic xels Seuwyoben dasaqmebulTa<br />
damagrebas samuSao adgilebze da uzrunvelyofen maT mudmiv swavlebas.<br />
Sekrebebisa da koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis, maT Soris, gaficvebis Sesaxeb ILO-s 87 da<br />
98 konvenciebis yovelmxrivi dacva.<br />
kerZo damqiravebeli saagentoebis Sesaxeb ILO-s 181 konvenciis ratificireba;<br />
gaficvebis wesebis SemoReba damqiravebeli saagentoebis kontrolisa da saqmianobis<br />
gaumjobesebisaTvis. 43<br />
Sesabamisi wevrebisagan miRebuli kontribuciebis safuZvelze, evropeli socialuri<br />
partniorebi iTvaliswineben, rom UNI-evropa da Eurociett gaagrZeleben saukeTesod aRiarebuli<br />
praqtikisa da RonisZiebebis gacnobasa da monacemTa Segrovebas diskriminaciis<br />
winaaRmdeg brZolis sakiTxebSi da SeimuSaveben yvelasaTvis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis<br />
uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebs. es samuSao, konkretulad, koncentrirebli iqneba: a) Sromis<br />
bazris diversifikaciaze; b) droebiTi saagento saqmianobiT dakavebuli pirebisaTvis<br />
kreditebis xelmisawvdomobasa da sacxovrebeli pirobebis Seqmnaze; g) droebiTi<br />
saagento saqmianobiT dakavebuli pirebisaTvis j<strong>and</strong>acvis yovelmxriv xelmisawvdomobaze<br />
da sapensio sqemebze. yovelive amis safuZvelze, gamoqveyndeba informacia arsebuli<br />
saukeTeso praqtikebis Sesaxeb. 44<br />
131
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
bibliografia:<br />
1. marina musxeliSvili, socialuri dialogi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi,<br />
2011;<br />
2. Junko Ishikawa. Key Features of National Social Dialogue: A Social Dialogue<br />
Resource Book. Geneva, International Labour Offi ce, 2003;<br />
3. Social Dialogue in Developing Countries, A Desk Study, prepared for Norad,<br />
March 2011;<br />
4. E.M.Br<strong>and</strong>olini et al, “Europe as our common future: the European welfare<br />
model”, INPDAP, Rome 2007;<br />
5. R. Thamarajakshi,Overview. Best practices in social dialogue. Role of social<br />
dialogue;<br />
6. European Commission Communication on the European Social Dialogue,<br />
COM(2002) 341;<br />
7. Habermas <strong>and</strong> the European Social Dialogue: Deliberative Democracy as<br />
Industrial Democracy? Ruth Dukes* <strong>and</strong> Emilios Christodoulidis;<br />
8. A. Sivananthiran; C.S. Venkata Ratnam Edited by. Best practices in social<br />
dialogue. Role of social dialogue;<br />
9. Social Dialogue. ILO. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/themes/sd.htm<br />
10. Adalberto Cardoso, “Industrial Relations, Social Dialogue <strong>and</strong> Employment in<br />
Argentina, Brazil <strong>and</strong> Mexico”, ILO, Geneva, 2004;<br />
11. HLF4 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION SPACE _ Social Dialogue in East<br />
Africa;<br />
12. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2010, U.S. Department of State.<br />
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/index.htm.<br />
13. A Dufresne, C.Degryse <strong>and</strong> P.Pochet (eds), “The European Sectoral Social<br />
Dialogue, actors, developments <strong>and</strong>;<br />
14. challenges”, Brussels, 2006;<br />
15. S Clauewaert, ‘2011: 20 Years of European Interprofessional Social Dialogue:<br />
Achievements <strong>and</strong> Prospects’ (2011) 17 Transfer 169-79;<br />
16. UEAPME v Council of the European Union Case T-135/96; discussed in B<br />
Bercusson, ‘Democratic Legitimacy <strong>and</strong> European Labour <strong>Law</strong>’ (1999) 28<br />
Industrial <strong>Law</strong> Journal 153;<br />
17. A Lo Faro, Regulating Social Europe: Reality <strong>and</strong> Myth of Collective Bargaining<br />
in the EC Legal Order (Hart2000);<br />
18. C Barnard, ‘The Social Partners <strong>and</strong> the Governance Agenda’ (2002) 8 European<br />
<strong>Law</strong> Journal 80-101; Oliver Gerstenberg <strong>and</strong> Charles F. Sabel: ‘Directly-<br />
Deliberative Polyarchy: An Institutional Ideal for Europe?’ in C Joerges (ed)<br />
Good Governance in Europe’s Integrated Market (Oxford University Press 2002);<br />
J Bohman <strong>and</strong> W Rehg (eds), Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason <strong>and</strong><br />
Politics (MIT Press 1997);<br />
19. European Commission DG for Employment <strong>and</strong> Social Affairs, Report of the<br />
High Level Group on Industrial Relations <strong>and</strong> Change in the EU (European<br />
Communities, January 2002), 25;<br />
20. European Sectoral Social Dialogue Committee on “Temporary Agency Work”<br />
Work Program 2011 – 2012;<br />
21. European social model http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/areas/industrialrelations/<br />
dictionary/definitions/EUROPEANSOCIALMODEL.htm<br />
22. P.C.Schmitter, “Reflections on where the theory of neocorporatism has gone <strong>and</strong><br />
where the praxis of neocorporatism may be going”. In G.Lehmbruch <strong>and</strong><br />
P.C.Schmitter (eds.), Patterns of a corporatist policymaking, London 1982.;<br />
132
23. European Commission (EC), “Industrial Relations in Europe 2010”. Brussels,<br />
October 2010;<br />
24. Social Dialogue in Developing Countries, A Desk Study, prepared for Norad,<br />
March 2011;<br />
25. Slavina Spasova _ Luca Tomini Phd _ Centre d’Etude de la Vie Politique _<br />
Université Libre de Bruxelles. Democratisation Through Social Dialogue? The<br />
Influence of EU’s Social Dialogue Norms on the Role of the Social Partners in<br />
the National Council for Tripartite Negotiation. Paper presentend at the ECPR<br />
Graduate Conference, Dublin 1-3 september 2010;<br />
26. Social dialogue: a tool to promote <strong>and</strong> defend decent work <strong>and</strong> quality jobs in<br />
Europe-RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NATIONAL AND EUROPEAN STAKE-<br />
HOLDERS.<br />
normatiuli masala:<br />
27. konvencia _ koleqtiuri molaparakebebis organizebisa da<br />
gamarTvaze uflebaTa principebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb;<br />
28. evropis socialuri qartia;<br />
29. konvencia _ asociaciebisa da koleqtiuri garigebebis<br />
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb.<br />
internetmasala:<br />
30. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/<br />
31. http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/decent-work-agenda/social-dialogue/lang—<br />
en/index.htm.<br />
32. http://www.etuc.org/a/104<br />
33. http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/employment_<strong>and</strong>_social_policy/<br />
social_dialogue/index_en.htm<br />
34. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dialogue<br />
35. http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/decent-work-agenda/social-dialogue/lang—<br />
en/index.htm<br />
36. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/index.htm/<br />
37. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dialogue<br />
38. http://www.ose.be/EN/research_topics/social_dialogue.htm<br />
39. http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/areas/industrialrelations/dictionary/definitions/<br />
EUROPEANSOCIALMODEL.htm<br />
40. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=329&langId=en<br />
41. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=750<br />
42. http://www.etuc.org/r/59<br />
43. http://www.epsu.org/r/73<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/<br />
2<br />
Junko Ishikawa. Key Features of National Social Dialogue: A Social Dialogue<br />
Resource Book. Geneva, International Labour Offi ce, 2003.<br />
3<br />
http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/decent-work-agenda/social-dialogue/lang—<br />
en/index.htm<br />
133
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N2<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
4<br />
http://www.etuc.org/a/104<br />
5<br />
Social Dialogue in Developing Countries, A Desk Study, prepared for Norad,<br />
March 2011. P. 2.<br />
6<br />
A Dufresne, C.Degryse <strong>and</strong> P.Pochet (eds), “The European Sectoral Social<br />
Dialogue, actors, developments <strong>and</strong> challenges“, Brussels, 2006.<br />
7<br />
E.M.Br<strong>and</strong>olini et al, “Europe as our common future: the European welfare<br />
model“, INPDAP, Rome 2007.<br />
8<br />
R. Thamarajakshi, Overview. Best practices in social dialogue. Role of social<br />
dialogue.<br />
9<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dialogue<br />
10<br />
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/employment_<strong>and</strong>_social_policy/<br />
social_dialogue/index_en.htm<br />
11<br />
marina musxeliSvili, socialuri dialogi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi,<br />
2011, gv. 7.<br />
12<br />
R. Thamarajakshi,Overview. Best practices in social dialogue. Role of social<br />
dialogue.<br />
13<br />
http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/decent-work-agenda/social-dialogue/lang—<br />
en/index.htm<br />
14<br />
European Commission Communication on the European Social Dialogue,<br />
COM(2002) 341.<br />
15<br />
Habermas <strong>and</strong> the European Social Dialogue: Deliberative Democracy as<br />
Industrial Democracy? Ruth Dukes* <strong>and</strong> Emilios Christodoulidis.<br />
16<br />
A. Sivananthiran; C.S. Venkata Ratnam Edited by. Best practices in social<br />
dialogue. Role of social dialogue.<br />
17<br />
Social Dialogue. ILO. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/themes/sd.htm<br />
18<br />
marina musxeliSvili, socialuri dialogi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi,<br />
2011, gv. 2.<br />
19<br />
A. Sivananthiran; C.S. Venkata Ratnam Edited by. Best practices in social<br />
dialogue. Role of social dialogue.<br />
20<br />
A. Sivananthiran; C.S. Venkata Ratnam Edited by. Best practices in social<br />
dialogue. Role of social dialogue.<br />
21<br />
Adalberto Cardoso, “Industrial Relations, Social Dialogue <strong>and</strong> Employment in<br />
Argentina, Brazil <strong>and</strong> Mexico“, ILO, Geneva, 2004.<br />
22<br />
Social Dialogue in Developing Countries, A Desk Study, prepared for Norad,<br />
March 2011. P.43.<br />
23<br />
HLF4 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION SPACE _ Social Dialogue in East<br />
Africa<br />
24<br />
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2010, U.S. Department of State.<br />
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/index.htm.<br />
25<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dialogue<br />
26<br />
http://www.ose.be/EN/research_topics/social_dialogue.htm<br />
27<br />
S Clauewaert, ‘2011: 20 Years of European Interprofessional Social Dialogue:<br />
Achievements <strong>and</strong> Prospects’ (2011) 17 Transfer 169-79.<br />
28<br />
UEAPME v Council of the European Union Case T-135/96; discussed in B<br />
Bercusson, ‘Democratic Legitimacy <strong>and</strong> European Labour <strong>Law</strong>’ (1999) 28<br />
Industrial <strong>Law</strong> Journal 153.<br />
29<br />
A Lo Faro, Regulating Social Europe: Reality <strong>and</strong> Myth of Collective Bargaining<br />
in the EC Legal Order (Hart2000).<br />
30<br />
C Barnard, ‘The Social Partners <strong>and</strong> the Governance Agenda’ (2002) 8 European<br />
<strong>Law</strong> Journal 80-101; Oliver Gerstenberg <strong>and</strong> Charles F. Sabel: ‘Directly-<br />
134
Deliberative Polyarchy: An Institutional Ideal for Europe?’ in C Joerges (ed)<br />
Good Governance in Europe’s Integrated Market (Oxford University Press 2002);<br />
J Bohman <strong>and</strong> W Rehg (eds), Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason <strong>and</strong><br />
Politics (MIT Press 1997).<br />
31<br />
European Commission DG for Employment <strong>and</strong> Social Affairs, Report of the<br />
High Level Group on Industrial Relations <strong>and</strong> Change in the EU (European<br />
Communities, January 2002), 25.<br />
32<br />
European social model http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/areas/industrialrelations/<br />
dictionary/definitions/EUROPEANSOCIALMODEL.htm<br />
33<br />
http://www.etuc.org/r/59<br />
34<br />
http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=329&langId=en<br />
35<br />
http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=750<br />
36<br />
European Sectoral Social Dialogue Committee on “Temporary Agency Work”<br />
Work Program 2011-2012.<br />
37<br />
http://www.epsu.org/r/73<br />
38<br />
http://www.epsu.org/r/73<br />
39<br />
P.C.Schmitter, “Reflections on where the theory of neocorporatism has gone <strong>and</strong><br />
where the praxis of neocorporatism may be going“. In G.Lehmbruch <strong>and</strong><br />
P.C.Schmitter (eds.), Patterns of a corporatist policymaking, London 1982.<br />
40<br />
European Commission (EC), “Industrial Relations in Europe 2010“. Brussels,<br />
October 2010.<br />
41<br />
Social Dialogue in Developing Countries, A Desk Study, prepared for Norad,<br />
March 2011.<br />
42<br />
Slavina Spasova _ Luca Tomini Phd _ Centre d’Etude de la Vie Politique _<br />
Université Libre de Bruxelles. Democratisation Through Social Dialogue? The<br />
Influence of EU’s Social Dialogue Norms on the Role of the Social Partners in<br />
the National Council for Tripartite Negotiation. Paper presentend at the ECPR<br />
Graduate Conference, Dublin 1-3 september 2010.<br />
43<br />
Social dialogue: a tool to promote <strong>and</strong> defend decent work <strong>and</strong> quality jobs in<br />
Europe-RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NATIONAL AND EUROPEAN STAKE-<br />
HOLDERS.<br />
44<br />
European Sectoral Social Dialogue Committee on “Temporary Agency Work”<br />
Work Program 2011-2012.<br />
135
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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kanoni<br />
SOCIAL DIALOGUE –<br />
AS BASIS FOR SIGNING<br />
JOINT AGREEMENT<br />
AMIRAN ZENAISHVILI<br />
PHD Student of American – Georgian University<br />
Purpose of the article is to highight role of the collective agreement,its<br />
important role in legal outcome in social dialgue. Social dialogue that is<br />
still in its initial stage, needs to be advanced, from structural point of<br />
view as well as in terms of byletral relations between parties. Collettive<br />
Agreement that is based on the free wills of the parties is reached through<br />
the dialogue, it involves negotiations between the parties, consultations<br />
<strong>and</strong> simple exchange of information between government representtaives,<br />
employers <strong>and</strong> staff, on economic, social <strong>and</strong> political issues, that represent<br />
the sphere of interet for parties.<br />
In the context of labor – social relations, article also refers to interactions<br />
<strong>and</strong> relations between the partners, that improves or strengthens<br />
traditional frames of clasiicalcollectiviveageement <strong>and</strong> role of collective<br />
agreement in labor relations.<br />
Social dialogue, as bases for signing collective agreement, is an<br />
indicator for safeguarding social adn economic rights, if the social dialogue<br />
responds to independence , representation, effectiveness <strong>and</strong><br />
cooperation criteria, we can assume that it might positively effect<br />
foramtion of dialogue process <strong>and</strong> in terms of implemntation, parties<br />
will feel more responsibility <strong>and</strong> similar agreements will be properly<br />
fulfilled. Sharing of responsibility is done through h<strong>and</strong>ling social dialogue.<br />
Social dialgue enables social partners <strong>and</strong> other interested persons<br />
to participate in defining their future. Purpose of this participaiton <strong>and</strong><br />
cooperation is to support reaching an agreement <strong>and</strong> progress in all<br />
aspects of economic <strong>and</strong> social wellfare, social protection, stablity <strong>and</strong><br />
equal rights.<br />
136
Social dialogue, first of all is means for reaching this goal. It represents<br />
an effective tool to deal with collective challanges. This is a forum<br />
that provides opportunity for constructive interventions, reaching<br />
social consesus / compromises between intersted parties.<br />
Successful social dialogue is an indicator for democrativ growth of<br />
civil society, it reduces disgreement between the parties adn increases<br />
economic stability of the country.<br />
Article reviews importantce of European social dialogue, vision of<br />
international organizations <strong>and</strong> international courts regaridng this issue.<br />
Positive sides of the collective agreement shall be highlighted.<br />
137
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociacia<br />
JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA<br />
tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 292 34 90<br />
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo<br />
THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA<br />
tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 299 70 01<br />
138
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