ITavi
ITavi ITavi
geografia saqarTvelos maia bliaZe, gia Wanturia, daviT kereseliZe, zurab seferTelaZe 9
- Page 2 and 3: Sinaarsi I Tavi I I Tavi geografiul
- Page 4 and 5: gagra gagris qedi 2748 !+ ! m. domb
- Page 6 and 7: Igeografiuli mdebareoba Tavi 1. saq
- Page 8 and 9: Igeografiuli mdebareoba Tavi nax. 1
- Page 10 and 11: Igeografiuli mdebareoba Tavi 2. qar
- Page 12 and 13: Igeografiuli mdebareoba Tavi nax. 2
- Page 14 and 15: Igeografiuli mdebareoba Tavi 3. vax
- Page 16 and 17: Igeografiuli mdebareoba Tavi 1752 w
- Page 18 and 19: Igeografiuli mdebareoba Tavi 4. saq
- Page 20 and 21: q Igeografiuli mdebareoba Tavi saqa
- Page 22 and 23: Igeografiuli mdebareoba Tavi saqarT
- Page 24 and 25: Igeografiuli mdebareoba Tavi 5. saq
- Page 26 and 27: Igeografiuli mdebareoba Tavi davale
- Page 28 and 29: Igeografiuli mdebareoba Tavi davale
- Page 30 and 31: Igeografiuli mdebareoba Tavi nax. 6
- Page 32 and 33: Igeografiuli mdebareoba Tavi 7. saq
- Page 34 and 35: Igeografiuli mdebareoba Tavi 8. saq
- Page 36 and 37: Igeografiuli mdebareoba Tavi 9. saq
- Page 38 and 39: Semajamebeli samuSao I I. upasuxe k
geografia<br />
saqarTvelos<br />
maia bliaZe, gia Wanturia,<br />
daviT kereseliZe, zurab seferTelaZe<br />
9
Sinaarsi<br />
I<br />
Tavi<br />
I I<br />
Tavi<br />
geografiuli mdebareoba<br />
1. saqarTvelos teritoriis formireba<br />
8<br />
2. qarTuli geografiuli azrovnebis istoria<br />
12<br />
3. vaxuSti bagrationi – qarTuli geografiis fuZemdebeli 16<br />
4. saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareoba<br />
20<br />
5. saqarTvelos teritoriis farTobi da sazRvrebi 26<br />
6. saqarTvelo da kavkasia<br />
31<br />
7. saqarTvelo da msoflio<br />
34<br />
8. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo wyobileba da<br />
saxelmwifo simbolika<br />
36<br />
9. saqarTvelos teritoriul-administraciuli mowyoba<br />
Semajamebeli samuSao I<br />
38<br />
40<br />
bunebrivi pirobebi da resursebi<br />
10. bunebisa da sazogadoebis urTierToba saqarTveloSi 44<br />
11. mineraluri resursebi<br />
48<br />
12. saqarTvelos reliefi – zogadi niSnebi<br />
53<br />
13. saqarTvelos umTavresi geomorfologiuri erTeulebi 58<br />
14. reliefis tipebi<br />
61<br />
15. reliefTan dakavSirebuli stiqiuri movlenebi,<br />
reliefis sameurneo aTviseba<br />
64<br />
16. Savi zRva<br />
70<br />
17. Savi zRvis sameurneo gamoyeneba da dacva<br />
74<br />
18. saqarTvelos hava da ZiriTadi<br />
klimatwarmomqmneli faqtorebi<br />
77<br />
19. havis ZiriTadi elementebi<br />
81<br />
20. havis ZiriTadi tipebi<br />
88<br />
21. havasTan dakavSirebuli stiqiuri movlenebi.<br />
atmosferos gaWuWyianeba da dacva<br />
90<br />
22. saqarTvelos Siga wylebi<br />
95<br />
23. wyalTan dakavSirebuli stiqiuri movlenebi.<br />
wylis resursebis gamoyeneba da dacva<br />
88<br />
104<br />
24. saqarTvelos niadagebi<br />
108<br />
25. miwis resursebi da niadagis dacva<br />
112<br />
26. saqarTvelos mcenareuli safari da cxovelTa samyaro 114<br />
27. tyis resursebis sameurneo gamoyeneba da dacva<br />
119<br />
28. bunebis dacva da saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebi 122<br />
29. saqarTvelos landSaftebi<br />
Semajamebeli samuSao II<br />
127<br />
132
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba<br />
30. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis demografiuli warsuli 136<br />
31. mosaxleobis dinamika<br />
138<br />
32. mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraoba<br />
141<br />
33. mosaxleobis meqanikuri moZraoba<br />
145<br />
34. mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi da socialuri struqtura 148<br />
35. mosaxleobis erovnuli da religiuri struqtura 153<br />
36. mosaxleobis teritoriuli ganlageba da simWidrove 160<br />
37. urbanizacia. saqalaqo da sasoflo dasaxlebebi<br />
165<br />
III<br />
Tavi<br />
saqarTvelos meurneoba<br />
38. saqarTvelos adgili msoflio ekonomikaSi<br />
176<br />
39. saqarTvelos mrewveloba<br />
180<br />
40. soflis meurneoba<br />
187<br />
41. saqarTvelos transporti<br />
193<br />
42. momsaxurebis sfero<br />
201<br />
43. turizmi da rekreaciuli meurneoba<br />
205<br />
44. tradiciebis geografia<br />
211<br />
45. sagareo kavSirebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />
Semajamebeli samuSao III<br />
215<br />
220<br />
IV<br />
Tavi<br />
saqarTvelos mxareebi<br />
46. Tbilisi<br />
224<br />
47. kaxeTi<br />
229<br />
48. qvemo qarTli<br />
233<br />
49. Sida qarTli<br />
237<br />
50. mcxeTa-mTianeTi<br />
241<br />
51. samcxe-javaxeTi<br />
246<br />
52. imereTi<br />
251<br />
53. raWa-leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi<br />
255<br />
54. samegrelo-zemo svaneTi<br />
259<br />
55. guria<br />
263<br />
56. aWara<br />
267<br />
57. afxazeTi<br />
Semajamebeli samuSao IV<br />
danarTebi<br />
272<br />
277<br />
279<br />
VTavi
gagra<br />
gagris qedi<br />
2748<br />
!+ ! m. dombai-ulgeni<br />
4046<br />
# kluxoris uR.<br />
nenskris uR.<br />
2781<br />
3202<br />
beCos uR.<br />
!+<br />
4012<br />
! axali aToni<br />
gudauTa geografiuli !.<br />
mdebareoba<br />
amtyelis<br />
tba<br />
!+ !<br />
#<br />
qvemo aJara<br />
m. uSba<br />
4730 mestia<br />
m. TeTnuldi<br />
!+ !<br />
!+ !<br />
4851<br />
#<br />
soxumi<br />
gulrifSi<br />
# m. Sxara<br />
!+ ! m. lahili<br />
5068<br />
4010<br />
#<br />
tyvarCeli<br />
jvris<br />
wylsc.<br />
Seityob: !.<br />
lentexi<br />
u sad gadis sazRvari evropasa da azias Soris;<br />
!+ !<br />
!+<br />
! galis<br />
jvari<br />
u sad mdebareobs saqarTvelo oCamCire da rogoria wylsc. misi !. fizikurgeografiuli,<br />
ekonomikur-geografiuli !+ !+<br />
#<br />
cageri m. WuTxaro<br />
/<br />
! gali da geopolitikuri<br />
walenjixa<br />
!+ !<br />
3562<br />
!<br />
rioni<br />
mdebareobis faqtorebi;<br />
Cxorowyu<br />
!+<br />
!+ !<br />
! ambrolauri<br />
zugdidi<br />
u sad gadis saqarTvelos sazRvrebi;<br />
!+ !<br />
martvili<br />
Saoris<br />
!+ ! wylsc.<br />
u rogor xdeboda saqarTvelos teritoriis formireba;<br />
gumaTis<br />
wylsc.<br />
xobi !+ !+ xoni wyaltubo<br />
tyibuli<br />
u rogoria saqarTvelos teritoriul-administraciuli<br />
!+ !+ ! senaki<br />
!+<br />
!<br />
! !<br />
WiaTura<br />
!+ !+ !+ ! tyibulis<br />
mowyoba.<br />
!<br />
wylsc.<br />
!<br />
quTaisi<br />
abaSa!+ ! Terjola<br />
Savi zRva<br />
paliastomis<br />
foTi!.<br />
!+ !+ !<br />
! tba<br />
varcixis<br />
lanCxuTi<br />
samtredia<br />
zestafoni<br />
wylsc.<br />
SeZleb: !+ !+ !+ ! !<br />
!+ !<br />
vani<br />
!+ !<br />
baRdaTi<br />
u imsjelo sazRvrebis gatarebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb ! xaragauli<br />
Coxataurida<br />
!+ !<br />
maT mniSvnelobaze;<br />
!+ ! ozurgeTi<br />
m. sayornia<br />
m. mefiswyaro m. samecxvario<br />
u aRniSno konturul rukaze saqarTvelos sazRvrebi<br />
#<br />
qobuleTi<br />
!+ !+ ! 2755<br />
2850<br />
2642<br />
#<br />
#<br />
sxvadasxva epoqis mixedviT;<br />
!<br />
#<br />
m. xino<br />
u axsna geografiuli mdebareobis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli<br />
2598<br />
adigeni<br />
baTumi<br />
!+ !+ !<br />
xulo<br />
! axalcixe<br />
faqtorebi;<br />
xelvaCauri<br />
!+<br />
!+<br />
!+ !. !+ ! !+! !<br />
m. Saviklde<br />
! ! qeda<br />
goderZis uR.<br />
2850<br />
Suaxevi<br />
2025<br />
vale<br />
u Seadaro saqarTvelosa da sxva qveynebis geografiuli<br />
aspinZa!+ !<br />
mdebareoba.<br />
<br />
m. agefsTa<br />
# 3256<br />
k<br />
riwis tba<br />
m. arabika<br />
# 2656<br />
bzifi<br />
b<br />
z i<br />
f i s<br />
I<br />
m. fSiSi<br />
# 3790<br />
maruxis uR.<br />
Tavi<br />
a v k<br />
q e<br />
d<br />
i<br />
E<br />
CxalTis qedi<br />
CxalTa<br />
kodori<br />
a<br />
k o d o r i<br />
k o<br />
l x<br />
Woroxi<br />
enguri<br />
e<br />
s<br />
T<br />
E<br />
i<br />
s<br />
q e d<br />
rioni<br />
aWariswyali<br />
S a v<br />
i<br />
xobi<br />
s d<br />
m<br />
S e T<br />
i<br />
a<br />
e<br />
i s<br />
s<br />
v<br />
E<br />
e g r i s i s<br />
b<br />
enguri<br />
s<br />
l<br />
cxeniswyali<br />
q e d<br />
o<br />
o n<br />
a<br />
x e<br />
i<br />
b<br />
E<br />
n<br />
E<br />
e T<br />
q e d i<br />
i<br />
T i<br />
i s<br />
#<br />
m. kenWauli<br />
s<br />
q<br />
e d<br />
i<br />
i<br />
leCxumis<br />
r<br />
a<br />
q<br />
W<br />
s<br />
cxeniswyali<br />
i<br />
qedi<br />
s<br />
e d<br />
eruSeTis mTianeTi<br />
i<br />
q<br />
imere<br />
maRlo<br />
T<br />
r<br />
2992<br />
mtkvari<br />
xozafinis tba<br />
T u r q e T i<br />
1 sm = 14 km<br />
0 14 28 42 56<br />
km
u s e T i<br />
rioni<br />
#<br />
m. yazbegi<br />
m. Soda<br />
zogadi cnobebi:<br />
mamisonis uR.<br />
5047<br />
# 3609<br />
2820<br />
#<br />
#<br />
m. xalawa<br />
1. farTobi m. – Sani 69 700 kv.km<br />
stefanwminda<br />
3938<br />
!+ ! 4451<br />
!+ ! oni<br />
#<br />
rokis uR. 2. dedaqalaqi – Tbilisi m. tebulosmTa<br />
2995<br />
#<br />
4493<br />
3. mosaxleoba – 4,6 mln kaci (2002 wlis aRweriT)<br />
yelis tba<br />
m. diklosmTa<br />
jvris uR.<br />
m. amugo<br />
#<br />
#<br />
4285<br />
4. mosaxleobis 2370<br />
simWidrove 3840– 64 kaci 1 kv.km-ze<br />
erwos tba<br />
# m. didi borbalo<br />
saCxere !+ ! java<br />
5. saxelmwifo ena – qarTuli, 3294 afxazeTis avtonomiur<br />
!<br />
respublikaSi aseve afxazuri<br />
m. Savi klde<br />
cxinvali<br />
#<br />
!.<br />
6. saxelmwifo wyoba – respublika 3578<br />
Jinvalis<br />
axalgori 7. saxelmwifos meTauri – prezidenti<br />
wylsc.<br />
!+ ! duSeTi<br />
TianeTi<br />
8. fuladi erTeuli<br />
!+<br />
!+ – lari<br />
!<br />
!<br />
axmeta<br />
sionis<br />
!+ 9. erovnuli dResaswauli !+ – 26 maisi,<br />
!+ ! wylsc.<br />
!<br />
! qareli<br />
xaSuri<br />
!+ ! damoukideblobis dRe<br />
Telavi<br />
gori<br />
!+<br />
!+ !+ ! yvareli<br />
!<br />
!<br />
kaspi 10. religia – qristianoba, marTlmadidebloba<br />
mcxeTa<br />
borjomi<br />
!+!<br />
m. civi<br />
11. mTavari qalaqebi – quTaisi, # rusTavi, Telavi,<br />
1991<br />
!+ !<br />
m. arjevani<br />
Tbilisis<br />
2757<br />
wylsc.<br />
gurjaani<br />
#<br />
baTumi, soxumi, WiaTura, sagarejo gori, foTi, zugdidi<br />
Tbilisi<br />
!+ !+<br />
!Q<br />
! ! cxrawyaros uR.<br />
12. administraciuli dayofa – samxareo<br />
# 2454 tabawyuris<br />
walkis<br />
tba<br />
wylsc.<br />
algeTis<br />
!.<br />
!+<br />
!+ ! wnori<br />
(12 samxareo erTeuli)<br />
! walka<br />
wylsc.<br />
#<br />
!+ !+ ! ! rusTavi<br />
siRnaRi<br />
m. samsari<br />
3284<br />
13. sasaaTo sartyeli – me-4<br />
faravnis<br />
TeTriwyaro<br />
!+<br />
!+ ! gardabani<br />
tba<br />
marneuli<br />
m. didi abuli<br />
14. internetkodi – ge !+ !+ !<br />
#<br />
!+ !<br />
!<br />
m. udabno<br />
3301<br />
#<br />
! q v e m o<br />
878<br />
bolnisi<br />
axalqalaqi<br />
jandaris tba<br />
dmanisi<br />
q a r T l i s<br />
saRamos<br />
tba<br />
!+ ! v a k e<br />
!+ ! ninowminda #<br />
e<br />
Tis<br />
bi<br />
l<br />
E<br />
d<br />
yvirila<br />
i x<br />
mtkvari<br />
m<br />
xanCalis<br />
tba<br />
q<br />
s<br />
i<br />
i<br />
T<br />
e d i<br />
S i d<br />
i a l e<br />
samsaris qd.<br />
E<br />
a<br />
madas tba<br />
m.WanWaxi<br />
4461<br />
T<br />
q a<br />
i<br />
a<br />
javaxeTis qd.<br />
r<br />
s<br />
T<br />
liaxvi<br />
E<br />
m. emliqli<br />
3054<br />
l i<br />
q e<br />
v a<br />
mejuda<br />
s<br />
d<br />
xarulis qedi<br />
xrami<br />
E<br />
v a k e<br />
i<br />
alevis qedi<br />
qsani<br />
r<br />
gudamayris qedi<br />
q<br />
aragvi<br />
i<br />
iori<br />
a r T l i s q<br />
saqarTvelo<br />
e d<br />
i<br />
kaxeTis qedi<br />
g o<br />
m<br />
mtkvari<br />
b o<br />
alazani<br />
q<br />
a<br />
r i s<br />
l<br />
q<br />
e<br />
i v r i<br />
s<br />
d<br />
a z n i s<br />
e<br />
d<br />
i<br />
z e<br />
g<br />
iori<br />
i<br />
v a k e<br />
lagodexi<br />
dedofliswyaro<br />
a<br />
n i<br />
S<br />
eldaris<br />
veli<br />
m. tinovroso<br />
#<br />
3374<br />
alazani<br />
iraqis vake<br />
a z e r b a i j a n i<br />
s o m x e T i
Igeografiuli mdebareoba<br />
Tavi<br />
1. saqarTvelos teritoriis formireba<br />
leqsikoni<br />
vasali qveyana – qveyana, romelic damokidebulia sxva ufro did da Zlier<br />
saxelmwifoze.<br />
suvereniteti – saxelmwifos damoukidebloba<br />
saqarTvelos teritoria istoriuli drois ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad<br />
icvleboda.<br />
Zv. w. II aTaswleulis bolos da IU aTaswleulis dasawyisSi istoriuli saqarTvelos<br />
samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi Camoyalibda ori gaerTianeba: diaoxi<br />
(tao, taoxi) md. Woroxis auzSi da kolxa (kolxeTi) Savi zRvis aRmosavleT<br />
sanapiroze. mezobeli teritoriebidan SemoWrili mtrebis ieriSebma diaoxisa<br />
da kolxas Zlierebas bolo mouRo.<br />
Zv. w. VI s-Si Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze ori politikuri gaer-<br />
Tianeba Camoyalibda: dasavleT saqarTveloSi – egrisi, igive kolxeTis samefo<br />
da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi – qarTlis, igive iberiis samefo. kolxeTis samefo<br />
sakmaod vrcel teritorias moicavda.<br />
nax. 1.1. saqarTvelo Zv.w. VI-II ss.<br />
davaleba<br />
1. nax. 1.1-is mixedviT amoiwere egrisisa da qarTlis samefoebis:<br />
a) dedaqalaqebi; b) saerisTavoebis centrebi; g) xuTi dasaxlebuli punqti.<br />
2. moZiebuli informacia Seadare saqarTvelos Tanamedrove rukas (danarTi 2)<br />
da daadgine dRevandeli saqarTvelos farglebSi: a) romelma dasaxlebulma<br />
punqtma Seicvala saxeli; b) romeli maTgani aRar arsebobs.<br />
8
qarTuli saxelmwifoebis teritoriis sidideze udides gavlenas axdenda<br />
mezobeli saxelmwifoebis agresiuli politika. bizantia da sparseTi erTmaneTs<br />
ecileboda gavlenis mopovebisTvis. VII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi araboba<br />
damyarda da saxelmwifos didi nawili arabTa saxalifos daeqvemdebara, ramac<br />
X saukunis dasawyisamde gastana, Tumca, ukve VIII s-is bolos qveynis ganapira<br />
provinciebSi damoukidebeli qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis warmoqmna daiwyo.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom axali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis aRmocenebis, aseve,<br />
bizantielTa, arabTa, Turq-selCukTa Tu sxva mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZolebis<br />
fonze, qarTvelebi, miuxedavad teritoriuli danakargebisa, ZiriTadad mainc<br />
inarCunebdnen TavianT sacxovrebel miwebsa da teritoriebs.<br />
X-XI ss-is mijnaze saqarTvelos samefoebi gaerTianda, xolo XI–XII ss-Si,<br />
daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamaris mefobis xanaSi, es procesi Zlieri, erTiani<br />
saxelmwifos SeqmniT dasrulda. amave droidan damkvidrda termini `saqarTvelo~.<br />
imdroindeli saqarTvelos teritoria nikofsiidan darubandamde (derbendi)<br />
da oseTidan (alania) aragawamde (somxeTi) iyo gadaWimuli. aRsaniSnavia<br />
isic, rom am dros kavkasiis TiTqmis mTeli teritoria saqarTvelos mefis<br />
morCilebisa da mfarvelobis qveS moiazreboda.<br />
monRolTa Semosevebis Semdeg (XIII s.) saqarTvelo umZimes mdgomareobaSi<br />
aRmoCnda da misi teritoriac TandaTanobiT Semcirda. saqarTvelo or nawilad<br />
gaiyo da, amavdroulad, samcxe uSualod monRolebs daemorCila. ase gastana<br />
giorgi V brwyinvales (1314-1346 ww) mefobamde. swored man SeZlo samcxis kvlav<br />
SemoerTeba da qveynis xanmokle, magram xelaxali gaerTianeba.<br />
Temurlengis laSqrobebma (1386-1404 ww), mogvianebiT iranelebisa da Turqebis<br />
agresiulma politikam, CrdilokavkasielTa Semosevebma da, amasTanave,<br />
Sidapolitikurma rRvevebma erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSla gamoiwvia<br />
da XVI s-is bolos qveyana samefo-samTavroebad daiyo.<br />
140.4<br />
134.2<br />
131.0<br />
nax. 1.2.<br />
saqarTvelos<br />
teritoriis<br />
cvlileba<br />
saukuneebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi<br />
(aTasi kv. km)<br />
Zv. w. I aT. II naxevari<br />
ax. w. I-IV ss<br />
IX-X ss<br />
145.0<br />
134.0<br />
69.7<br />
XIII saukune XVIII saukunis II naxevari XX saukune<br />
davaleba<br />
3. nax. 1.2 mixedviT aage grafiki `saqarTvelos teritoriis cvlileba~.<br />
9
Igeografiuli mdebareoba<br />
Tavi<br />
nax. 1.3. saqarTvelo XIII saukunis damdegs<br />
nikofsia<br />
saqarTvelos erTiani samefo<br />
kerasunti<br />
jiqeTi<br />
biWvinTa<br />
trapizoni<br />
trapizonis<br />
imperia<br />
afxazeTi<br />
anakofia<br />
cxumi<br />
yivCaRebi<br />
afSileTi<br />
odiSi<br />
raWa<br />
xunZeTi<br />
laSarisjvari<br />
quTaisi<br />
darubandi<br />
Sida qarTli<br />
foTi<br />
geguTi ufliscixe<br />
Telavi<br />
mcxeTa<br />
lekeTi<br />
guria<br />
kaxeTi<br />
baTumi axalcixe<br />
Tbilisi<br />
xornabuji<br />
Tmogvi<br />
xufaTi<br />
varZia<br />
dmanisi<br />
hereTi<br />
Sirvani<br />
klarjeTi axalqalaqi<br />
yabala<br />
artanuji<br />
svaneTi<br />
tao<br />
olTisi<br />
argveTi<br />
yarsi<br />
alania<br />
anisi<br />
lore<br />
ZurZukeTi<br />
dvini<br />
didoeTi<br />
taSiri<br />
gelaqunis<br />
tba<br />
ganja<br />
saqarTvelos gavlenis sfero<br />
saqarTvelos moxarke qveynebi<br />
bardavi<br />
rani<br />
Sarvani<br />
baqo<br />
erzinjani<br />
naxWevani<br />
mahmadabadi<br />
vanis<br />
tba<br />
vani<br />
Tavrizi<br />
davaleba<br />
4. gaaanalize nax. 1.3. gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili:<br />
sakuTriv saqarTvelos teritoria<br />
saqarTvelos politikuri gavlenis qveS myofi qveynebi<br />
XVI-XVIII ss-Si saqarTvelos teritoria iran-osmaleTs Soris ganawilda, rasac<br />
Tan mohyva mosaxleobis ZaldatanebiTi islamizacia. daikarga teritoriis<br />
garkveuli nawili.<br />
XVI s-is meore naxevarSi osmaleTma saqarTvelos Camoacila samcxe-saaTabagos<br />
feodaluri samTavro, Sah-abasma (XVII s) – lores veli da mdinare debedas<br />
xeoba (qarTli), kaxeTSi ki kak-eniselis mxare (saingilo) miitaca.<br />
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi mTeli saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi<br />
aRmoCnda. ruseTSi monarqiis damxobas da iq komunisturi reJimis damyarebas<br />
saqarTvelos gasabWoeba mohyva. am dros saqarTvelom teritoriis garkveuli<br />
nawili dakarga.<br />
1991 wels saqarTvelom aRidgina suvereniteti da qveynis teritoria im<br />
sazRvrebSi, romelic mas ssrk-s (sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kav-<br />
Siri) SemadgenlobaSi yofnisas hqonda.<br />
10
f<br />
nax. 1.4.<br />
saqarTvelo<br />
XX-XXI<br />
saukuneebSi<br />
davaleba<br />
5. nax. 1.4-is mixedviT daadgine, romeli teritoriebi dakarga gasabWoebis Semdeg<br />
saqarTvelom.<br />
6. waikiTxe p. ingoroyvas sityvebi: a) imsjele, Tu rogor gesmis teqstis pirveli<br />
abzaci. b) axseni saxelmwifoebrivi da kulturuli erTobis mniSvneloba.<br />
g) rogor fiqrob, ra faqtorebi ganapirobebda saqarTvelos teritoriul<br />
cvlilebebs? d) aRniSne konturul rukaze teqstSi moxseniebuli rva provincia<br />
da maTi centrebi.<br />
`saqarTvelos teritoria klasikurad damTavrebuls, mTlians warmoadgens –<br />
istoriulad, geografiulad, ekonomikurad da eTnografiulad. saqarTvelos<br />
sazRvrebi amoxaza oci saukunis istoriam; saqarTvelo aris erTi istoriuli sxeuli,<br />
SekavSirebuli mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifoebrivi da kulturuli erTobiT...<br />
saqarTvelos politikuri sazRvrebi xSirad icvleboda warsulSi, magram saqarTvelo<br />
yovelTvis erTsa da imave teritorias erqva. es aris rva provincia, romelzedac<br />
qarTveli eri mosaxleobs mTeli misi mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze: qarTli,<br />
kaxeTi, samcxe-javaxeTi, imereTi, guria, samegrelo, svaneTi da afxazeTi~.<br />
`saqarTvelos teritoriis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb~<br />
pavle ingoroyva<br />
7. aRniSne konturul rukaze saqarTvelos sazRvrebi XIII da XXI saukuneebSi.<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
u Zveli welTaRricxvis III s-Si, farnavazisa da misi memkvidris saurmagis mefobisas,<br />
qarTlis samefo sakmaod Zlieri iyo da igi ara marto mTel Tanamedrove<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, aramed mosazRvre olqebsac ki moicavda.<br />
swored am dros moxda erTi Ziridan warmoSobili qarTveli tomebis swrafi<br />
SekavSireba da erTiani qarTveli xalxis Camoyalibeba. savaraudod, qarTuli<br />
ena oficialur, saxelmwifo enad farnavazis mefobis dros gamocxadda.<br />
11
Igeografiuli mdebareoba<br />
Tavi<br />
2.<br />
qarTuli geografiuli<br />
azrovnebis istoria<br />
saqarTvelos gacnoba da Seswavla xdeboda rogorc adgilobriv, aseve ucxoel<br />
mkvlevarTa mier. Cveni qveynis geografiuli Seswavlis istoria 5 periodad<br />
iyofa: 1. antikuri; 2. Sua saukuneebis; 3. aRorZinebis; 4. axali; 5. uaxlesi.<br />
antikuri periodi Zv. w. VI s-dan axali w. IV s-mde grZeldeboda. saqarTvelos<br />
Sesaxeb erT-erT pirvel geografiul Sromad iTvleba berZeni istorikosisa<br />
da geografis, hekate miletelis (Zv. w. VI-V ss) naSromi `miwis aRwera~, sadac<br />
igi moixseniebs kolxebs, kavkasions, Sav zRvas.<br />
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb aseve mniSvnelovani geografiuli informaciaa Tavmoyrili<br />
berZeni mecnierebis SromebSi: hipokrate (Zv. w. V-IV ss, `haerTa, wyalTa<br />
da adgilTa Sesaxeb~), qsenofonte (Zv. w. V-IV ss, `anabasisi~), skilak kariandeli<br />
(Zv. w. IV s, `periplusi~), herodote (Zv. w. V s, `istoria~), apolon rodoseli (Zv.<br />
w. III s, `argonavtika~), straboni (Zv. w. II – ax. w. III ss, `geografia~) klavdios ptoleme<br />
(ax. w. II s, `geografiis saxelmZRvanelo da msoflios ruka~) da sxv. maTs<br />
TxzulebebSi moxseniebuli da aRwerilia sxvadasxva geografiuli obieqti<br />
(mdinareebi, mxareebi, qalaqebi, tbebi da a. S.).<br />
Sua saukuneebis (IV-XVI ss) mecnierTa da mogzaurTa Soris, saqarTvelos<br />
geografiis, istoriisa da eTnografiis Sesaxeb, yvelaze mniSvnelovan cnobebs<br />
italieli mogzauri marko polo iZleva. aseve, aRsaniSnavia bizantieli<br />
istorikosi prokopi kesarieli, somexi mecnieri anania Siraqaci, italieli<br />
ambrojo kontarini da sxvebi.<br />
nax. 2.1. marko polo da misi mogzaurobis marSruti<br />
davaleba<br />
1. nax. 2.1-isa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 3) gamoyenebiT aRwere<br />
marko polos mogzaurobis marSruti.<br />
12
aRorZinebis epoqa XVI-XVIII saukuneebs moicavs. am periodSi<br />
kavkasiisa da saqarTvelos geografiuli kvlevebi<br />
da Seswavla kvlav grZeldeba. saqarTvelos bunebis<br />
SeswavlaSi didi wvlili Seitanes dasavleT evropelma<br />
da rusma mogzaurebma da mkvlevrebma. maT Soris gamoir-<br />
Cevian arqanjelo lamberti, Jan Sardeni da Jozef piton<br />
turnefori, iohan-anton giuldenStedti, stefane burna-<br />
Sevi da sxva. maT SromebSi aRwerilia qalaqebi, cixe-simagreebi,<br />
mTebi, mdinareebi da sxva. ramdenjerme imogzaura<br />
saqarTveloSi Turqma evlia Celebim.<br />
axali periodi moicavs XIX saukunes da XX s-is dasawyiss.<br />
am dros saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSia<br />
da, politikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi<br />
geografiuli xasiaTis kvlevebs awarmoebs. swored<br />
am periodSi ixsneba mravali specialuri dawesebuleba,<br />
maT Soris, Tbilisis observatoria, Tbilisis botanikuri<br />
baRi, ruseTis geografiuli sazogadoebis kavkasiis ganyofileba,<br />
kavkasiis muzeumi; daiwyo qveynis geodeziuri<br />
agegmva, myinvarebis Seswavla, gamoica rukebi da sxva.<br />
uaxles, anu Tanamedrove periodSi, geografiuli kvlevebi<br />
intensiurad mimdinareobs. ixsneba axali samecniero<br />
da saswavlo centrebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva<br />
iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa geografiuli prognozireba,<br />
bunebrivi resursebis dacva da racionaluri gamoyeneba,<br />
mdgradi ganviTarebis problemebi da sxva.<br />
qarTuli geografiuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas mravalsaukunovani<br />
istoria aqvs. igi Zveli welTaRricxvis<br />
VI saukunidan iwyeba. pirveli qarTuli saero Tu saeklesio<br />
wyaroebi, faqtobrivad, pirvel qarTul geografiul<br />
wyaroebs warmoadgenen, radganac mTel rig geografiuli<br />
xasiaTis cnobebs Seicaven.<br />
nax. 2.2.<br />
Turqi mogzauri<br />
evlia Celebi<br />
nax. 2.3.<br />
CaxruxaZis<br />
mogzaurobis<br />
marSruti<br />
13
Igeografiuli mdebareoba<br />
Tavi<br />
nax. 2.4. efremis<br />
mogzaurobis marSruti<br />
Zvel saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc sxva qveynebSi, geografia aRwerilobiTi<br />
xasiaTis iyo. adamianTa garkveul jgufs evaleboda mimdebare qveynebis Sesaxeb<br />
iseTi cnobebis Sekreba, sistematizacia da codna, rogoricaa, magaliTad:<br />
saxelmwifo wyoba, mosaxleoba da maTi ganlageba, qalaqebi da soflebi, cixesimagreebis<br />
mdebareoba da misasvleli gzebi, bunebrivi pirobebi da a. S. es ki maT<br />
xels Seuwyobda, gaeTvaliswinebinaT momavali brZolis adgilebi. sakuTari<br />
qveynis Seswavlis mizniT ki tardeboda mamulebis, miwebisa da mosaxleobis<br />
aRwera, gzebis dadgena da adgilebis SerCeva qveynis sazRvrebis gamagrebisa<br />
da sasicocxlo savaWro gzebis dacvis mizniT.<br />
aseTi urTierTobebisTvis saWiro iyo raime grafikuli gamosaxulebebis,<br />
rukis winamorbedis, Seqmna. qarTvelebi am mizniT iyenebdnen kirbebs, romlebzedac<br />
naCvenebi iyo im droisaTvis cnobili sazRvao da saxmeleTo gzebi.<br />
qarTuli saistorio geografiis mniSvnelovani wyaroebia leonti mrovelisa<br />
(XI s) da juanSeris (XI s) Txzulebani.<br />
qarTvelebi mogzaurobdnen, aRwerdnen da swavlobdnen rogorc sakuTar,<br />
ise ucxo qveynebs. maT imogzaures evropis, aziisa da afrikis qveynebSi.<br />
nax. 2.5. nikoloz irbaxis mogzaurobis marSruti<br />
14
f<br />
qarTvel mogzaurTa Soris aRsaniSnavia mwerali CaxruxaZe (XII-XIII ss), ulu<br />
daviTi da narin daviTi (XIII s), efremi (XIII s), nikoloz irbaxi (ColoyaSvili,<br />
XVII s), timoTe gabaSvili, iona gedevaniSvili da rafiel danibegaSvili (XVIII<br />
s) da sxva. me-18 s-Si moRvaweobda sami didi mecnieri – sulxan-saba orbeliani,<br />
vaxtang VI da vaxuSti bagrationi, romelTac udidesi kvali datoves qarTul<br />
kulturaSi.<br />
qarTuli geografiuli azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi aseve didi wvlili Seitanes<br />
Tavisi SromebiT ioane batoniSvilma (`kalmasoba~), Teimuraz bagrationma<br />
(`mogzauroba evropaSi~), giorgi avaliSvilma (`samogzauro dRiurebi~), grigol<br />
batoniSvilma (`mogzauroba~) da sxva.<br />
XIX s-dan saqarTveloSi iwyeba da XX s-Sic grZeldeba geografiuli kvlevebi.<br />
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisa da vaxuSti<br />
bagrationis saxelobis geografiis institutis geografebs udidesi Rvawli<br />
miuZRviT qarTuli geografiuli mecnierebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. im periodis<br />
geografTa Soris gamorCeuli adgili ukaviaT: aleqsandre javaxiSvils,<br />
giorgi gextmans, Teofane daviTaias, daviT donduas, mixeil sabaSvils, levan<br />
maruaSvils, aleqsandre aslanikaSvils, zurab tataSiZes da sxva.<br />
davaleba<br />
2. nax. 2.3 – 2.5-isa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 3) gamoyenebiT aRwere<br />
qarTvel mogzaurTa marSrutebi, gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili.<br />
mogzauri<br />
mogzaurobis marSruti<br />
... ...<br />
3. moiZie masalebi romelime qarTveli an ucxoeli mogzauris Sesaxeb da moamzade<br />
referati. yuradReba gaamaxvile Semdeg sakiTxebze: epoqa, mogzaurobis<br />
mizani, saSualebebi, sirTuleebi da Sedegebi, riT iyo gamorCeuli es konkretuli<br />
mogzauroba da ra kvali datova istoriaSi.<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
u fragnma mecnierma Jan Sardenma 1672-1673 wlebSi imogzaura saqarTveloSi da<br />
Cveni qveyana vrclad aRwera. swored mas ekuTvnis Tbilisis pirveli suraTigegma.<br />
u evlia Celebim ramdenjerme imogzaura saqarTveloSi da 40 wlis manZilze<br />
dawera aTtomiani naSromi `mogzaurobis Tavgadasavali~, romelSic uxvadaa<br />
warmodgenili masalebi saqarTvelos geografiis Sesaxeb.<br />
u rusi beris, nestor JamTaaRmwerlis (XI-XII ss) cnobiT, qarTvelebi XI<br />
saukunemde ukve icnobdnen indoeT-arabeTs.<br />
u pirveli cnobebi kirbebze, rogorc geografiul rukebze, daculia apolon<br />
rodoselis (III s) `argonavtikaSi~. misi cnobiT, `kolxebs axlac Semonaxuli<br />
aqvT ficrebi (kirbebi), romlebzedac maTi mama-papis mier warwerebia<br />
gakeTebuli da mogzaurobisTvis naCvenebia yvela gza da wylisa da xmeleTis<br />
sazRvrebi~.<br />
15
Igeografiuli mdebareoba<br />
Tavi<br />
3.<br />
vaxuSti bagrationi -<br />
qarTuli geografiis fuZemdebeli<br />
gaixsene<br />
1. istoriis kursidan ra ici vaxuSti bagrationis Sesaxeb?<br />
2. romel saukuneSi moRvaweobda igi da ra viTareba iyo am dros saqarTveloSi?<br />
vaxuSti bagrationi qarTuli geografiuli, kartografiuli,<br />
istoriuli da eTnografiuli mecnierebis<br />
fuZemdebelia.<br />
vaxuSti bagrationi-batoniSvili daibada 1696<br />
wels. igi vaxtang VI-is (ukanono) Svili iyo. man samefo<br />
karze saWiro aRzrda da ganaTleba miiRo.<br />
vaxuSti aqtiurad monawileobda qarTlis samefos<br />
politikur cxovrebaSi. 1721 wels igi TrialeTisa<br />
da sabaraTaSvilos sadroSos sardali iyo, sadac,<br />
mamis davalebiT, teritoriis aRwera Caatara.<br />
vaxuStis Tavisi naSromi `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~<br />
1745 wels moskovSi daumTavrebia. es<br />
Txzuleba warmoadgens yovelmxriv gamarTul da<br />
dasrulebul istoriul-geografiul gamokvlevas.<br />
mas wamZRvarebuli aqvs winasityvaoba `mkiTxvelnax.<br />
3.1. vaxuSti bagrationi<br />
TaTvis sityva raisTvis arsebuli Sroma ese~, romelSic<br />
mokledaa aRwerili Sromis mizani da daniSnuleba. amas mosdevs Sesavali<br />
`zneni da Cveulebani saqarTvelosani~, ris Semdegac iwyeba ZiriTadi nawili:<br />
aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa; aRwera awindelisa qarTlisa; aRwera hereTisa,<br />
kaxeTisa da kuxeTisa, kvalad TuSeTisa da didoeTisa; aRwera awindelisa ovseTisa<br />
anu kavkasiaTa SinaTa; aRwera saCinoTa adgilebTa samcxe-saaTabagosi;<br />
aRwera egrisis qveynisa anu afxazeTisa anu imereTisa.<br />
nax. 3.2.<br />
vaxuStis mier<br />
Sedgenili ruka<br />
16
wigni mTavrdeba saZiebliT. vaxuSti,<br />
mTeli saqarTvelos zogadi daxasiaTebis<br />
Semdeg, aRwers calkeul<br />
msxvil teritoriul erTeulebs. igi<br />
cdilobs, gaarkvios calkeuli adgilebis<br />
saxelwodebebis warmoSoba,<br />
gansazRvravs maT geografiul mdebareobas,<br />
sazRvrebs; im droisaTvis<br />
zustad aRwers klimats, mcenareul<br />
safars, cxovelTa samyaros, bolos<br />
ki – mosaxleobas.<br />
`aRweraSi~ didi adgili aqvs daTmobili<br />
`qmnilebebs~ da `Sina Senebulebs~,<br />
qalaqebs, cixeebs, monastrebs,<br />
sameurneo, samxedro da samkurnalo<br />
nagebobebs. TxzulebaSi didi yurad-<br />
Reba eqceva mTisa da baris Taviseburebebs,<br />
uxvad aris warmodgenili ekonomikuri<br />
xasiaTis cnobebi; agreTve,<br />
nax. 3.3 vaxuSti Tavis naSromebSi sakuTari<br />
xeliT xatavda saqarTvelos gerbebsa da<br />
orografiuli, hidrografiuli da<br />
droSebs.<br />
meteorologiuri masalebi. amitom,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi erTdroulad warmoadgens rogorc istoriul-geografiul,<br />
aseve fizikur da ekonomikur-geografiul naSromsac.<br />
sainteresoa misi monacemebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis miwaTmoqmedebisa<br />
da mecxoveleobis Sesaxeb. vaxuSti kulturul mcenareTa ganlagebas<br />
buneb riv pirobebs ukavSirebs. swored ama Tu im teritoriis niadagur-klimaturi<br />
pirobebi gansazRvraven vazis, citrusebis da sxva kulturaTa gavrcelebas.<br />
mis naSromSi moxseniebulia is kulturebic, romlebmac CvenSi TandaTan<br />
dakarges sameurneo mniSvneloba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba bambasa da brinjs.<br />
man germaneli mecnieris, aleqsandre humboldtis mier vertikaluri zonalobis<br />
kanonis Camoyalibebamde gacilebiT adre SeniSna da aRwera es movlena.<br />
vaxuSti bagrations mxedvelobidan arc bunebis stiqiuri movlenebi gamorCenia.<br />
vaxuStis ekuTvnis, agreTve, ori geografiuli atlasi. pirveli, 1735 wliT<br />
daTariRebuli, 5-rukiania, xolo meore, 1745 wels Seqmnili – 19 rukisgan Sedgeba.<br />
isini im droisaTvis zust kartografiul gamosaxulebebs warmoadgenda.<br />
rukebis nawili sruliad saqarTvelos asaxavs, nawili ki – mis samTavroebs. isini<br />
metad saintereso da mniSvnelovan informacias Seicaven. maTze datanilia:<br />
mdinareebi, tbebi, mTebi, tyeebi, gzebi, xidebi, didi da patara dasaxlebuli<br />
punqtebi.<br />
vaxuStis rukebi da Sromebi imdroindel saqarTveloSi kulturisa da mecnierebis<br />
ganviTarebis maRali donis maCvenebelia. vaxuSti bagrationma geografiis<br />
ganviTarebas sruliad axali mimarTuleba misca da `qarTul sinamdvileSi<br />
geografiuli codna geografiul mecnierebad~ aqcia. amavdroulad, igi daexmara<br />
rus da evropel geografebsa da dainteresebul pirebs saqarTvelosa da<br />
kavkasiis swor da srul geografiul gacnobaSi.<br />
17
Igeografiuli mdebareoba<br />
Tavi<br />
1752 wels vaxuStim rusulidan Targmna `mokle politikuri geografia~<br />
27-rukian msoflio atlasTan erTad, sadac gamosaxulia im droisaTvis cnobili<br />
yvela qveyana.<br />
vaxuSti bagrationis mravali Sromidan, aseve, aRsaniSnavia `msoflio geografiis~<br />
Targmanic, romlis originaloba imaSia, rom yoveli saxelmwifos daxasia-<br />
Tebas Tan axlavs amave saxelmwifos ruka. vaxuStis mier Sesrulebuli `msoflio<br />
atlasi~ warmoadgens msoflio atlasis qarTulad Sedgenis pirvel cdas.<br />
1755 wels vaxuSti bagrationi m. lomonosovTan erTad monawileobda moskovis<br />
universitetis daarsebaSi.<br />
davaleba<br />
1. rogor gesmis gamoTqma: vaxuStim `qarTul sinamdvileSi geografiuli codna<br />
geografiul mecnierebad aqcia~.<br />
2. gaecani qvemoT mocemul citatebs da imsjele vaxuStis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.<br />
daalage misi moRvaweobis Sedegebi mniSvnelobis mixedviT:<br />
`vaxuStis Sroma saistorio wyaroebis esoden safuZvliani Seswavlisa da imdroindeli<br />
saqarTvelos yofa-cxovrebisa da mdgomareobis Rrma dakvirvebis nayofia, rom<br />
SemdegSic igi mudam ukvdavebis SaravandediT iqneba mosili da arasdros mniSvneloba ar<br />
daekargeba~.<br />
`vaxuStis `saqarTvelos cxovreba~ aris qarTvelTa mravalsaukunovani warsulis<br />
sazogado filosofiur-istoriuli mimoxilva, romlis msgavsi arc winaT dawerila da<br />
arc SemdegSi~.<br />
ivane javaxiSvili<br />
`imdenad did mniSvnelobas akuTvnebda vaxuSti geografiul garemos, rom man piradad<br />
Seadgina saTanado rukebic. vaxuStis geografiuli koncefciebi Tavisi drois msoflio<br />
mecnierebis simaRlezea da amJRavneben maTi avtoris did erudicias da ubadlo niWs~.<br />
svimon yauxCiSvili<br />
`vaxuStis geografias iseTive mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelosTvis, viTarc homerosis<br />
topografiul SeniSvnebs saberZneTisaTvis~.<br />
mari brose<br />
`vaxuStis Sromebi Tavisi istoriuli da geografiuli mniSvnelobiT warmoadgenen<br />
Zvirfas ganZs, romelnic naTelyofen saqarTvelos kulturuli da mecnieruli<br />
ganviTarebis maRal dones Zvel saqarTveloSi da Tavisi mdidari SinaarsiT qarTveli eris<br />
SesaniSnavi mecnieruli memkvidreobaa. man geografia ganviTarebis axal gzaze daayena da<br />
qarTul sinamdvileSi geografiis codna geografiul mecnierebad aqcia...~<br />
giorgi gextmani<br />
18
f<br />
davaleba<br />
3. waikiTxe #qvemoT mocemuli amonaridi vaxuSti bagrationis naSromidan `aRwera<br />
samefosa saqarTvelosa~, daadgine, ra saxis geografiul informacias iZleva<br />
vaxuSti naSromSi. gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili:<br />
a) `qalaqi quTaisi, rionis gaRma-gamoRma, haviTa da wyliTa mSveni, TvalTa qveSe mSvenieri<br />
adgilia~.<br />
b) `gori – adgili mSvenieri, wyali kargi, garemos aqvs venaxni da walkotni mravalni~.<br />
g) `tfilisi ars sami qalaqi: tfilisi, kala da isani, hyofs mtkvari~.<br />
d) `sawires (tyibulTan) iTxreba rkina da ars liToni mravlad~.<br />
e) `brils (xaSurTan) iTxreba kaJi, friad keTili, mospetako, CaxmaxisaTvis~.<br />
v) `kacni (Wanebi) arian xelovanni, xis muSakobiTa da SenebiTa nakTaTa didTa da mcireTa~.<br />
z) `ars mozRudvili mTiuleTi mTiTa, amis gamo magari da Seuvali ars, uvenaxo, uxilo.<br />
mciremosavliani... wyalTa Sina kalmaxi mravalni, xorci, Tevzni da frinvelni gemoianni~.<br />
T) `qsani ars sargebliani mdinare da Tevziani~.<br />
i) `taSirs ars Tafli mravali da spetaki, viTarca Tovli da uwyinari~.<br />
k) `atens dgeba Rvino warCinebuli~.<br />
wyaro<br />
adgilis<br />
geografiuli<br />
mdebareoba da<br />
aRweriloba<br />
klimaturi da<br />
hidrografiuli<br />
informacia<br />
florisa<br />
da faunis<br />
Taviseburebani<br />
sasargeblo<br />
wiaRiseulis<br />
mopovebis<br />
adgilebi<br />
mosaxleobis<br />
sameurneo<br />
saqmianoba<br />
... ... ... ... ... ...<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
u vaxuStis TxzulebaSi `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~ moxseniebulia 440<br />
mdinare, 22 tba, mravali mineraluri da mtknari wyaro. sul aRwerilia 770-<br />
mde geografiuli obieqti.* vaxuStis mier Sedgenili Tbilisis gegma aris<br />
pirveli topografiuli gegma. manamde iyo ori gegma-naxati, Sesrulebuli<br />
Sardenisa da turneforis mier. gegmis saxelia: `saxe tbilisisa~, masStabi ki<br />
1:18000.<br />
u vaxuStis Tbilisis gegma da qarTlis ruka pirvelad 1747 wels safrangeTSi<br />
daibeWda.<br />
u 1752 wels vaxuStim rusulidan Targmna msoflio geografiis saxelmZRvanelo,<br />
romelsac ucxo cnebaTa ganmartebani daurTo.<br />
u vaxuStim qarTul sinamdvileSi pirvelma SemoiRo da daamkvidra mTeli rigi<br />
terminebi: geografia (ReoRrafia), qronologia (xronologia), genealogia<br />
(Renealogia), istoriografia (istorioRrafia); aseve, man gamoiyena<br />
qarTulisTvis manamde ucnobi terminebi – akademia, politika, biblioTeka,<br />
katalogi, tomi, traqtati, fizika, qimia, metafizika, maTematika.<br />
19
Igeografiuli mdebareoba<br />
Tavi<br />
4. saqarTvelos<br />
geografiuli mdebareoba<br />
leqsikoni<br />
geopolitika – gulisxmobs nebismieri qveynis an regionis geografiul,<br />
socialur-politikur, samxedro, demografiul, ekonomikur da qveynis<br />
Zlierebis sxva ganmsazRvrel faqtorTa kombinirebul Seswavlasa da Sefasebas.<br />
landSafti – bunebriv-teritoriuli kompleqsi (btk), romelic erTgvarovani<br />
geologiuri agebulebiT, reliefis tipiT, haviTa da niadagur-mcenareuli<br />
safariT xasiaTdeba.<br />
floristuli areali – xmeleTis an wylis nawili, mcenareTa saxeobebis<br />
erTobliobiT.<br />
faunistuli areali – xmeleTis an wylis nawili, cxovelTa saxeobebis<br />
erTobliobiT.<br />
ekonomikur-geografiuli mdebareoba (egm) – sawarmoebis, dasaxlebuli<br />
punqtebis, raionebis, qveynebis, regionebis sivrciTi mimarTeba sxva<br />
obieqtebTan, romlebsac maTTvis ekonomikuri mniSvneloba aqvT.<br />
gaixsene<br />
1. ras niSnavs obieqtis geografiuli mdebareoba?<br />
2. rogori geografiuli mdebareoba SeiZleba hqondes obieqts?<br />
3. istoriis kursidan, ra gavlenas axdenda saqarTvelos geopolitikuri<br />
mdebareoba mezobeli qveynebis interesebze?<br />
nax. 4.1.<br />
manZilebi<br />
Tbilissa da<br />
msoflios<br />
sxvadasxva<br />
qalaqs Soris<br />
davaleba<br />
1. gaaanalize nax. 4.1 da upasuxe kiTxvebs: a) romeli qveynebi da qalaqebi mdebareobs<br />
Tbilisidan ufro axlos? b) romeli qveynebi mdebareobs Tbilisidan<br />
ufro Sors? g) ra daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba?<br />
20
saqarTvelo mdebareobs evropisa da aziis gzaTa Sesayarze, kavkasiis samxreTdasavleT<br />
nawilSi. igi samxreT kavkasiis regionSi zRvispira da centraluri<br />
mdebareobiT gamoirCeva, rac dadebiT gavlenas axdens qveynis ekonomikur<br />
ganviTarebaze.<br />
saqarTvelos geografiuli ATLAS DE LA mdebareobis CAUCASE : Sesaxeb pp. 6-7 azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da<br />
araerTgvarovani midgoma arsebobs. kerZod, sazRvari evropasa da azias Soris<br />
yuma-maniCis Rrmulze evropis gadis, da romlis aziis mixedviTac sazRvrebi mTeli kavkasia aziaSia moqceuli.<br />
sazRvari evropisa da aziis mijnaze kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qeds<br />
miuyveba. amgvari midgoma gansxvavebul klimatur Taviseburebebs eyrdnoba:<br />
berZeni istorikosisa da geografis herodotes (Cv. w. aR. V s-Si) mixedviT<br />
sazRvari qveynis or nawils Soris mdinare rions, yvirilasa da mtkvars miuyveba.<br />
evropasa da azias Soris sazRvari emTxveva saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis<br />
saxelmwifo sazRvrebs TurqeTsa da iranTan, romlis mixedviTac mTeli<br />
kavkasia evropas miekuTvneba.<br />
es politikur-administraciuli midgomaa. evropasa da azias Soris sazRvris<br />
dasadgenad, fizikur-geografiul pirobebTan erTad, unda gaviTvaliswinoT<br />
istoriuli warsuli, tradiciebi, religia, ekonomikis ganviTarebis tendenciebi,<br />
sameurneo saqmianoba da sxva. am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo axlosaa<br />
samxreT evropisa da balkaneTis qveynebTan. aseve mniSvnelovania qarTveli<br />
xalxis swrafva evropuli civilizaciisken. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare saqarTvelo<br />
samxreT-aRmosavleTi evropaa, qarTvelebi ki – evropelebi.<br />
nax. 4.2. evropa-aziis sazRvari<br />
ukraina<br />
azovis<br />
zRva<br />
ruseTis federacia<br />
Savi zRva<br />
saqarTvelo<br />
kaspiis<br />
zRva<br />
yazaxeTi<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
TurqeTi<br />
somxeTi azerbaijani<br />
az.<br />
TurqmeneTi<br />
davaleba<br />
2. gaixsene evropa-azias Soris sazRvris gatarebis versiebi. amoirCie SenTvis misaRebi<br />
sazRvris gatarebis varianti da aRniSne konturul rukaze.<br />
kviprosi<br />
erayi<br />
irani<br />
siria<br />
xmelTaSua<br />
zRva<br />
libani<br />
21
q<br />
Igeografiuli mdebareoba<br />
Tavi<br />
saqarTvelo im uZveles satransporto gzajvaredinze mdebareobs, romelic<br />
akavSirebda da akavSirebs CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis, dasavleTisa da<br />
aRmosavleTis qveynebs. swored masze gadioda evropa-aziis damakavSirebeli<br />
satransporto magistrali – Zveli abreSumis gza.<br />
saqarTvelo Savi zRviT ukavSirdeba SavizRvispireTis qveynebs, xolo bosforisa<br />
da dardanelis sruteebiT – xmelTaSua zRvis auzis qveynebs; gibraltaris<br />
srutiT SesaZlebelia kavSiri mTel msofliosTan, mdinare dunais meSveobiT<br />
ki – aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis qveynebTan.<br />
saqarTvelo C. g. 41 0 07' da 43 0 35' da a. g. 40 0 04' da 46 0 44'-s Soris mdebareobs.<br />
geoteqtonikuri TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos alpur-himalauri danaoWebis<br />
vrcel sartyelSi centraluri mdebareoba aqvs. igi iwyeba atlantis okeanis<br />
sanapiroebidan da moicavs xmelTaSua da Savi zRvebis mimdebare mTian nawilebs,<br />
wina aziasa da himalais mTianeTebs.<br />
gagra<br />
k<br />
nax. 4.3. saqarTvelos fizikuri ruka<br />
saerTaS. mniSvn. gza<br />
!Q saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi<br />
resp. mniSvn. gza<br />
! !+ avt. resp. dedaqalaqi<br />
sxva gzebi<br />
! !+ mxaris centri<br />
!<br />
m. agefsTa<br />
rkinigza<br />
!+ raionis centri<br />
# 3256<br />
saxelmwifos sazRvari<br />
!( sakrebulos centri<br />
riwis tba<br />
m. arabika<br />
avt. resp. sazRvari<br />
!. TviTmmarTveli qalaqi<br />
# 2656<br />
m. fSiSi<br />
# 3790<br />
mxaris sazRvari<br />
!( sxva dasaxlebuli punqti<br />
maruxis uR.<br />
2748<br />
raionis sazRvari<br />
Tbilisi dedaqalaqi<br />
!+ ! dac. teritoriis sazRvari<br />
<br />
m. dombai-ulgeni<br />
baTumi qalaqi<br />
4046<br />
# kluxoris uR.<br />
nenskris uR.<br />
jvris uR. uReltexili<br />
surami daba<br />
2376<br />
2781<br />
3202<br />
beCos uR.<br />
# m. Sxara<br />
korbouli sofeli<br />
4012<br />
5068 mwvervali<br />
!+ ! axali aToni<br />
amtyelis<br />
gudauTa !.<br />
tba<br />
!+ ! #<br />
qvemo aJara<br />
mdinare, arxi<br />
m. uSba<br />
<br />
aeroporti<br />
4730 mestia<br />
m. TeTnuldi<br />
!+ !<br />
!+ ! 4851<br />
tba, wyalsacavi<br />
porti<br />
#<br />
soxumi<br />
gulrifSi<br />
# m. Sxara<br />
!+ ! m. lahili<br />
5068<br />
myinvari<br />
Waobi<br />
4010<br />
#<br />
tyvarCeli<br />
jvris<br />
wylsc.<br />
!.<br />
lentexi<br />
!+ ! m.WanWaxi<br />
4461<br />
!+ ! galis<br />
jvari<br />
oCamCire<br />
!.<br />
#<br />
m. yazbegi<br />
wylsc.<br />
#<br />
m. Soda<br />
mamisonis uR.<br />
5047<br />
!+ !+ !<br />
!+ !<br />
!+ !<br />
!<br />
!+ !<br />
!+<br />
/<br />
cageri m. WuTxaro<br />
# 3609<br />
2820<br />
#<br />
gali<br />
walenjixa<br />
3562<br />
#<br />
m. xalawa<br />
m. Sani<br />
stefanwminda<br />
3938<br />
4451<br />
!+<br />
rioni<br />
oni<br />
#<br />
rokis uR.<br />
Cxorowyu<br />
m. tebulosmTa<br />
!<br />
! ambrolauri<br />
2995<br />
#<br />
4493<br />
zugdidi<br />
!+ !<br />
yelis tba<br />
m. diklosmTa<br />
#<br />
martvili<br />
Saoris<br />
jvris uR.<br />
m. amugo<br />
#<br />
4285<br />
!+ ! wylsc.<br />
2370<br />
3840<br />
gumaTis<br />
erwos tba<br />
wylsc.<br />
# m. didi borbalo<br />
xoni wyaltubo<br />
tyibuli<br />
saCxere !+<br />
!+ !+ !+ !+ ! java<br />
3294<br />
xobi<br />
! senaki<br />
!+ ! ! ! WiaTura<br />
!<br />
!+<br />
<br />
!+ !+ ! tyibulis<br />
!<br />
wylsc.<br />
!<br />
quTaisi<br />
m. Savi klde<br />
cxinvali<br />
#<br />
abaSa!+ ! Terjola<br />
3578<br />
Savi zRva<br />
!.<br />
paliastomis<br />
foTi!.<br />
!+ !+ !<br />
! Jinvalis<br />
tba<br />
varcixis<br />
wylsc.<br />
lanCxuTi<br />
samtredia<br />
zestafoni<br />
axalgori<br />
wylsc.<br />
!+ !+ !+ !+ ! !<br />
!+ ! ! duSeTi<br />
TianeTi<br />
vani<br />
!+<br />
!+ !<br />
!+ !<br />
baRdaTi<br />
!<br />
axmeta<br />
!<br />
!+ xaragauli<br />
Coxatauri<br />
!+ !+ !<br />
sionis<br />
!+ !<br />
wylsc.<br />
!<br />
!+ ! !+ ! qareli<br />
xaSuri<br />
! Telavi<br />
gori<br />
!+<br />
!+ !+ ! yvareli<br />
ozurgeTi<br />
m. sayornia<br />
m. mefiswyaro m. samecxvario<br />
!<br />
!<br />
#<br />
kaspi<br />
qobuleTi<br />
!+ !+ ! 2755<br />
2850<br />
2642<br />
#<br />
#<br />
!<br />
mcxeTa<br />
borjomi<br />
lagodexi<br />
!+!<br />
m. civi<br />
#<br />
!+ !<br />
#<br />
m. arjevani<br />
1991<br />
Tbilisis<br />
m. xino<br />
2757<br />
wylsc.<br />
gurjaani<br />
2598<br />
adigeni<br />
#<br />
sagarejo<br />
<br />
!+ !+<br />
!+ !+ !Q<br />
!<br />
!<br />
baTumi<br />
<br />
!<br />
xulo<br />
Tbilisi<br />
! axalcixe<br />
cxrawyaros uR.<br />
!+ !+<br />
!+ !. !+ !<br />
!<br />
!+ <br />
! m. Saviklde # 2454 tabawyuris<br />
walkis<br />
xelvaCauri ! ! qeda<br />
goderZis uR.<br />
2850<br />
tba<br />
wylsc.<br />
algeTis<br />
Suaxevi<br />
vale<br />
!.<br />
!+ !+<br />
!+ ! wnori<br />
2025<br />
! ! wylsc.<br />
walka<br />
aspinZa<br />
#<br />
!+ !+ !<br />
! rusTavi<br />
siRnaRi<br />
m. samsari<br />
3284<br />
faravnis<br />
TeTriwyaro<br />
!+<br />
!+ !<br />
gardabani<br />
# tba<br />
marneuli<br />
m. kenWauli<br />
m. didi abuli<br />
!+ !+ !<br />
#<br />
!+ !<br />
!<br />
m. udabno<br />
2992<br />
3301<br />
#<br />
! q v e m o<br />
878<br />
dedofliswyaro<br />
bolnisi<br />
axalqalaqi<br />
jandaris tba<br />
dmanisi<br />
q a r T l i s<br />
saRamos<br />
tba<br />
!+ !<br />
v a k e<br />
!+ ! ninowminda #<br />
gagris qedi<br />
bzifi<br />
b<br />
z i<br />
f i s<br />
a v k<br />
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CxalTis qedi<br />
CxalTa<br />
kodori<br />
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k o<br />
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Woroxi<br />
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e<br />
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T u r q e T i<br />
s<br />
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S a v<br />
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T i<br />
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r<br />
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q<br />
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e d<br />
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i<br />
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q e<br />
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imereTis<br />
maRlobi<br />
T<br />
r<br />
l<br />
E<br />
d<br />
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xanCalis<br />
tba<br />
r u s e T i<br />
m<br />
s<br />
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q<br />
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T<br />
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S i d<br />
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q a<br />
i<br />
a<br />
javaxeTis qd.<br />
r<br />
s<br />
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E<br />
m. emliqli<br />
3054<br />
l i<br />
q e<br />
v a<br />
mejuda<br />
s<br />
d<br />
xarulis qedi<br />
xrami<br />
E<br />
v a k e<br />
i<br />
alevis qedi<br />
qsani<br />
E<br />
r<br />
gudamayris qedi<br />
aragvi<br />
i<br />
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e d<br />
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g o<br />
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a z n i s<br />
e<br />
d<br />
i<br />
z e<br />
g<br />
iori<br />
i<br />
v a k e<br />
a<br />
n i<br />
S<br />
eldaris<br />
veli<br />
m. tinovroso<br />
#<br />
3374<br />
alazani<br />
iraqis vake<br />
a z e r b a i j a n i<br />
1 sm = 14 km<br />
0 14 28 42 56<br />
km<br />
s o m x e T i<br />
ufro Rrma -500 -200 -100 0 200 300 500 800 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 ufro maRali<br />
22
saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebulia subtropikuli klimaturi sartylis havis<br />
TiTqmis yvela tipi – notio subtropikuli, zomierad notio, zomierad mSrali,<br />
mSrali-kontinenturi da sxva. es ganpirobebulia misi subtropikuli da<br />
zomieri klimaturi sartylebis mijnaze mdebareobiT, aseve bunebrivi barierebis<br />
– kavkasionisa da samxreT mTianeTis arsebobiTa da Savi zRvis gavleniT.<br />
evropa-aziis SemaerTebel kavkasiis yelze mdebareobis gamo saqarTveloSi<br />
erTmaneTs emijneba gansxvavebuli floristuli da faunisturi arealebi.<br />
dasavleT saqarTvelos baris bunebrivi pirobebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barisagan, kavkasionis mTianeTis buneba ki – saqarTvelos<br />
samxreT mTianeTis bunebrivi pirobebisgan.<br />
saqarTvelos bunebis Semadgeneli komponentebi (reliefi, hava, wylebi da<br />
a. S.) sxvadasxva adgilas sxvadasxvanairad arian dakavSirebulni da rogorc<br />
Tvisobrivad, ise sameurneo gamoyenebis mixedviT, gansxvavebul bunebriv kompleqsebs<br />
qmnian. saqarTveloSi barisa da mTis klasis 11 ZiriTadi bunebrivi<br />
landSafti gamoiyofa.<br />
bunebrivi pirobebis aseTi araerTgvarovneba da Taviseburebebi gavlenas<br />
axdens da gansazRvravs Cvens qveyanaSi teritoriebis sameurneo aTvisebisa da<br />
gamoyenebis farTo SesaZleblobebs.<br />
ekonomikur-geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo evropisa da aziis<br />
Sesayarze mdebareobs da odiTgan dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis civilizaciebis<br />
damakavSirebel xids warmoadgenda, SavizRvispira mdebareoba ki mas<br />
did upiratesobas aniWebs samxreT kavkasiis sxva saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT.<br />
nax. 4.4. evropis politikuri ruka<br />
islandia<br />
1. estoneTi<br />
2. niderlandebi<br />
norvegia<br />
3. belgia<br />
4. luqsemburgi<br />
5. lixtenStaini<br />
6. Sveicaria<br />
7. monako<br />
11. san-marino<br />
12. slovenia irlandia<br />
2<br />
13. xorvatia<br />
germania poloneTi<br />
3<br />
14. bosnia-hercogovina<br />
15. serbeTi<br />
4<br />
CexeTi<br />
8<br />
ukraina<br />
16. bulgareTi<br />
9<br />
17. makedonia<br />
6<br />
safrangeTi<br />
ungreTi<br />
5 12<br />
18. albaneTi<br />
13 rumineTi<br />
19. saqarTvelo<br />
14<br />
11<br />
15<br />
20. somxeTi<br />
16 19<br />
7<br />
23<br />
21. azerbaijani<br />
17<br />
22. andora<br />
22<br />
24<br />
10<br />
18<br />
23. montenegro<br />
espaneTi<br />
24. portugalia<br />
malta<br />
gaerTianebuli<br />
samefo<br />
italia<br />
avstria<br />
SvedeTi<br />
fineTi<br />
8. slovakeTi<br />
dania<br />
litva<br />
9. moldova<br />
ruseTi<br />
10. vatikani<br />
1<br />
latvia<br />
saberZneTi<br />
belorusi<br />
ruseTi<br />
20<br />
21<br />
23
Igeografiuli mdebareoba<br />
Tavi<br />
saqarTvelos satransporto-geografiuli mdebareoba amJamad metad<br />
xelsay re lia. sabWoTa kavSirSi yofnisas igi satransporto `CixSi~ iyo da msoflios<br />
qveynebTan urTierTobas mxolod moskovis gavliT axerxebda. damoukideblobis<br />
mopovebis Semdeg qveyanam, praqtikulad, satransporto gzajvaredinis<br />
funqcia SeiZina.<br />
saqarTvelos xelsayreli satransporto-geografiuli mdebareobis mniSvneloba<br />
kidev erTxel mas Semdeg dadasturda da gaizarda, roca safuZveli<br />
Caeyara baqo-sufsisa da baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenebis mSeneblobas.<br />
aseve aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos xelsayreli rekreaciul-geografiuli<br />
mdebareoba, radganac igi mniSvnelovan turistul-rekreaciul arealebs –<br />
kavkasionsa da SavizRvispireTs Sorisaa moqceuli.<br />
kulturul-geografiuli mdebareobis TvalsazrisiT ki, Cveni samSoblo<br />
samxreT-aRmosavleT evropisa da axlo aRmosavleTis kulturul regionebs<br />
Soris mdebareobs, rac Tavisebur gavlenas axdens qveynis kulturul cxovrebasa<br />
da socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaze.<br />
qveynis geopolitikuri mdebareoba mezobel qveynebSi arsebuli politikuri<br />
da ekonomikuri viTarebiT fasdeba.<br />
saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdebareoba ganisazRvreba misi urTierTobebiT<br />
uSualo mosazRvre da aramosazRvre qveynebTan, agreTve, am qveynebSi<br />
arsebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri situaciebiT.<br />
saqarTvelos mezobel qveynebad iTvleba misi uSualo mosazRvre da metnaklebad<br />
daSorebuli saxelmwifoebi. maTi umravlesoba yofili sabWoTa kav-<br />
Siris respublikebia, danarCenebi ki – yofili socialisturi da axlo aRmosavleTis<br />
qveynebi. maT Soris mxolod erTaderTi saxelmwifo – TurqeTia<br />
natos wevri qveyana.<br />
saqarTvelos geopolitikuri sivrce qristianuli da muslimuri religiebis<br />
gavrcelebis arealia, amave dros, metad mravalferovani erovnuli SemadgenlobiT<br />
gamoirCeva. aq mcxovrebi xalxebi 4 enobriv ojaxs miekuTvneba.<br />
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos metad xelsayreli geografiuli<br />
mdebareoba hqonda da aqvs, rac ganapirobebs mis ekonomikur ganviTarebas<br />
da saerTaSoriso politikur da socialur-ekonomikur procesebSi CarTvas.<br />
nax. 4.5. saqarTvelos geopolitikur sivrceSi gavrcelebuli enobrivi ojaxebi<br />
24
f<br />
nax. 4.6. saqarTvelos ganedebsa da grZedebSi mdebare qveynebi<br />
davaleba<br />
3. nax. 4.4-is gamoyenebiT:<br />
a) CamoTvale saqarTvelos uSualo mezobeli aramosazRvre qveynebi;<br />
b) gamoarkvie, romel qveynebTan mimarTebaSi aqvs saqarTvelos centraluri,<br />
periferiuli, mezobluri mdebareoba.<br />
4. konturul rukaze aRniSne: a) xmelTaSua zRvis auzis qveynebi; b) kaspiiszRvispira<br />
qveynebi; g) aRmosavleT Yda centraluri evropis qveynebi.<br />
5. nax. 46-isa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 3) gamoyenebiT:<br />
a) gansazRvre, romeli paralelebi da meridianebi gadis saqarTveloze;<br />
b) kidev romeli qveynebi mdebareobs saqarTvelos ganedebSi;<br />
g) dawere, rogoria saqarTvelos mdebareoba msoflios politikur rukaze.<br />
6. evropis konturul rukaze aRniSne: a) SavizRvispireTis qveynebi; b) gansazRvre,<br />
rogor ukavSirdeba saqarTvelo evropis qveynebs, msoflios qveynebs;<br />
g) dawere, rogoria saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareoba SavizRvispireTsa<br />
da evropaSi (daadgine, evropis romel nawilSi da Savi zRvis romel mxares<br />
mdebareobs saqarTvelo).<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
u termini `geopolitika~ pirvelad Svedma mecnierma r. Celenma (1864-1922<br />
ww) gamoiyena. misi azriT, saxelmwifos arsebobisaTvis samxedro Zliereba<br />
ufro mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo, vidre kanoni, radganac kanoni ZaliTaa<br />
gamyarebuli.<br />
u saqarTvelo TiTqmis Tanabradaa daSorebuli rogorc Crdilo polusidan,<br />
ise ekvatoridan.<br />
25
Igeografiuli mdebareoba<br />
Tavi<br />
5.<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriis<br />
farTobi da sazRvrebi<br />
leqsikoni<br />
saxelmwifos teritoria – dedamiwis zedapiris nawili, romelic mocemuli<br />
saxelmwifos suverenitetis qveS imyofeba, mis farglebSi erTiani Zalaufleba<br />
da sruli da SeuzRudavi iurisdiqcia vrceldeba.<br />
qveynis geografiuli centri – adgili, romelic TiTqmis Tanabradaa<br />
daSorebuli qveynis saxelmwifo sazRvrebidan.<br />
saxelmwifo sazRvari – xazi, romelic mocemuli saxelmwifos teritoriis<br />
farglebs sazRvravs.<br />
teritoriuli wylebi – okeanis an zRvis zoli, romelic ama Tu im saxelmwifos<br />
napirebs akravs (kunZulebisa da Sida wylebis CaTvliT) da misi suverenitetis<br />
qveS imyofeba.<br />
orografia – dedamiwis zedapiris formebis (mTebi, maRlobebi, dablobebi da<br />
a.S.) zogadgeografiuli maxasiaTeb lebis aRwera da Seswavla<br />
gaixsene<br />
1. ra aris geografiuli barieri da geografiuli sazRvari?<br />
2. ra roli Seasrula bunebrivma barierebma saqarTvelos teritoriis<br />
formirebaSi?<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriis farTobi istoriis ganmavlobaSi icvleboda,<br />
amJamad ki 69700 kv.km-ia. igi dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken – Savi zRvis napirebidan<br />
TiTqmis mingeCauris wyalsacavamdea gadaWimuli, CrdiloeTidan<br />
samxreTisken ki SedarebiT viwroa. teritoriis maqsimaluri ganfeniloba Crdilo-dasavleTidan<br />
samxreT-aRmosavleTisken 613 km-ia. meridianis gaswvriv,<br />
CrdiloeT da samxreT wertilebs Soris manZili ki 275 km-s Seadgens.<br />
saqarTvelos ukiduresi CrdiloeTi wertili afxazeTSi, mdinare fsous napirze,<br />
sofel aibgasTanaa, samxreTi – mTa okuzdaRTan (somxeTis sazRvarTan),<br />
dasavleTi – daba leseliZesTan (mdinare fsous SesarTavi) da aRmosavleTi –<br />
mdinareebis agriCaisa da alaznis SeerTebis adgilzea.<br />
nax. 5.1. kavkasionis<br />
mTavari wyalgamyofi<br />
qedi kavkasionis sistemis<br />
orografiuli da amave<br />
dros hidrografiuli<br />
RerZia, romelic Crdilo<br />
da samxreT kavkasias yofs.<br />
qedze mdebareobs jvris<br />
(xevisyelis), mamisonis<br />
(WanWaxis), qluxoris da sxva<br />
uReltexilebi.<br />
26
saqarTvelos geografiuli centri lixis (suramis) qedis dasavleTiT, xaragaulis<br />
municipalitetSi mdebareobs. TiToeuli qveyana mezobeli qveynebisgan<br />
saxelmwifo sazRvriTaa gamoyofili. sazRvrebi SeiZleba iyos barieruli xasiaTis,<br />
romelic arTulebs mezobel qveynebTan urTierTobas da, kontaqturi,<br />
romelic piriqiT, xels uwyobs qveynebs Soris urTierTobebs; aseve, sazRvari<br />
arsebobs dadgenili, romelic aRiarebulia mezobeli qveynebis mier da, sadavo,<br />
romlis Sesaxeb jer kidev araa miRweuli SeTanxmeba mezobel qveynebs Soris.<br />
saxelmwifo sazRvari istoriuli kategoriaa da droSi icvleba, radgan<br />
dakav Sirebulia samxedro-politikur, istoriul da eTnografiul faqtoreb-<br />
Tan. saqarTvelos sazRvari Cveni qveynis istoriis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze metad<br />
samxreT da aRmosavleT nawilSi icvleboda; dasavleTi sazRvari Savi zRvis<br />
akvatorias miuyveba da amJamad saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiTaa daculi.<br />
rac Seexeba CrdiloeT sazRvars, igi orografiul barierze – kavkasionze gadis<br />
da amitomac mkafiodaa dafiqsirebuli.<br />
saqarTvelos sazRvrebis saerTo sigrZe 1970 km-ia. aqedan, saxmeleToa 1660<br />
km, sazRvao ki – 310 km.<br />
nax. 5.2. saqarTvelo da misi mosazRvre qveynebi<br />
krasnodaris mxare<br />
72km<br />
yaraCai-CerqezeTi<br />
173km<br />
yabardo-balyareTi<br />
inguSeTi<br />
120km<br />
CeCneTi<br />
CrdiloeT oseTi<br />
170km<br />
58km<br />
77km<br />
daRestani<br />
sazRvari ruseTTan – 813km<br />
143km<br />
sazRvari TurqeTTan – 240km<br />
sazRvari somxeTTan – 194km<br />
sazRvari azerbaijanTan – 408km<br />
somxeTi<br />
azerbaijani<br />
27
Igeografiuli mdebareoba<br />
Tavi<br />
davaleba<br />
1. nax. 5.2-isa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 3) gamoyenebiT<br />
CamoTvale: a)saqarTvelos mosazRvre qveynebi; b) 2-3 dasaxlebuli punqti,<br />
romlebic somxeTis, azerbaijanis, ruseTisa da TurqeTis sazRvarTan axlos<br />
mdebareobs.<br />
saxmeleTo sazRvari qveynis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, daba leseliZesTan,<br />
md. fsous SesarTavTan iwyeba da am mdinaris marjvena sanapiros miuyveba mTa<br />
agefsTamde. CrdiloeTi sazRvari ZiriTadad kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof<br />
qeds miuyveba, Tumca, mTa vacigkfarsidan mTa Savkldemde sazRvari wyalgamyofi<br />
qedis CrdiloeTiT – mTa myinvarwversa da gverdiT qedze gadis.<br />
aRmosavleTi sazRvari mTa tinovrosodan kavkasionis samxreT kalTaze eSveba,<br />
Semdeg ki mdinare alaznis qvemo dinebas miuyveba mingeCauris wyalsacavamde.<br />
samxreTi sazRvari Sav zRvasTan, sofel sarfis midamoebSi iwyeba. igi jer<br />
mdinare tibaSisxevis xeobaze gadis, Semdeg kveTs WaneTis qedsa da mdinare Woroxs<br />
qvemo dinebaSi, miuyveba SavSeTis qeds, gadakveTs arsianis qeds, gasdevs<br />
eruSeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawils, gadakveTs mdinare mtkvars, karwaxis<br />
(xozafinis) tbasa da javaxeTis qeds; gauyveba loqis qeds, gadakveTs mdinare<br />
debedas, eSveba qvemo qarTlis vakeze wiTel xidTan (xramis da mtkvris Seer-<br />
Tebis adgili), miemarTeba jandaris tba-wyalsacavisken. bolos, Semouvlis ra<br />
ivris zegans samxreTidan, miuyveba mdinare ivris marcxena napirs da mingeCauris<br />
wyalsacavTan aRmosavleT sazRvars uerTdeba.<br />
nax. 5.3. sofeli sarfi xelvaCauris municipalitetSi md. tobaSis napirebze, saqarTvelosa da<br />
TurqeTis sazRvarze mdebareobs. sofelSi aris sabaJo-gamSvebi punqti, romelic 1992 wels gaixsna.<br />
28
nax. 5.4. saqarTvelos sazRvrebi<br />
md. fsou<br />
Savi<br />
zRva<br />
m. agefsTa<br />
3256<br />
uR. maruxi<br />
uR. qluxori<br />
md. kodori<br />
uR. nakra<br />
md. enguri<br />
md. cxeniswyali<br />
mestiis uR.<br />
uR. waneri<br />
m. Sxara<br />
5068<br />
uR. mamisoni<br />
uR. roki<br />
md. rioni<br />
uR. zekara<br />
m. vacigskari<br />
m. tebulo<br />
4492.6<br />
m. diklosmTa<br />
4285<br />
m. Saviklde<br />
uR. yadori<br />
md. aWariswyali<br />
md. mtkvari<br />
md. aragvi<br />
md. alazani<br />
md. qcia<br />
md. iori<br />
m. tinovrosi<br />
3374<br />
sof. sarfi<br />
sazRvris tipebi<br />
wyalgamyof Txemebze<br />
mdinareebze<br />
m. xeva<br />
2810<br />
m. kenWauli<br />
2992<br />
tba karwaxi<br />
m. ziareTi<br />
2803<br />
m. legli<br />
3156.9<br />
m. loqi<br />
2140.8<br />
uR. mglebis<br />
WiSkari<br />
tba jandara<br />
mTis zegnebze<br />
mkveTri fizikur-geografiuli<br />
erTeulis gareSe<br />
mwvervalebi absoluturi simaRliT<br />
ZiriTadi uReltexilebi<br />
davaleba<br />
2. nax. 5.4-is gamoyenebiT daadgine: a) romel uReltexilebze gadis saqarTvelos<br />
sazRvari. daalage isini dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT;<br />
b) romel tbebsa da mdinareebze gadis saqarTvelos sazRvari;<br />
g) romeli mxridan aqvs saqarTvelos barieruli, naklebad barieruli da<br />
kontaqturi sazRvari.<br />
dasavleTi sazRvari mdinare fsous SesarTavsa da sofel sarfs Sorisaa<br />
moqceuli.<br />
saqarTvelos CrdiloeTi sazRvris sigrZe 813 km-ia, aRmosavleTis – 370 km,<br />
samxreTisa ki – 472 km.<br />
nax. 5.5. wiTeli xidi md. xramze<br />
jer kidev XVII s-is Sua xanebSia<br />
agebuli. xidis sigrZe 153 m-ia,<br />
xolo sigane – 4,3 m. mdinaris<br />
donidan 12-14 m simaRleze<br />
aRmarTuli xidi gverdebidan<br />
Suagulisken TandaTan<br />
maRldeba da mTavari TaRis<br />
Tavze gardatydeba, ris gamoc<br />
mas `gatexili xidic~ ewodeba.<br />
29
Igeografiuli mdebareoba<br />
Tavi<br />
davaleba<br />
3. danarTi 4-is gamoyenebiT:<br />
a) daajgufe evropis qveynebi farTobebis mixedviT da warmoadgine cxrilis<br />
saxiT:<br />
didi qveynebi,<br />
< 300 000 kv.km-ze<br />
saSualo qveynebi<br />
100000 kv.km-dan<br />
300 000 kv.km-mde<br />
patara qveynebi<br />
10000 kv.km-dan<br />
100 000 kv.km-mde<br />
juja qveynebi<br />
>10000 kv.km-ze<br />
... ... ... ...<br />
b) cxrilisa da Sen mier Seqmnili legendis gamoyenebiT evropis konturul<br />
rukaze aRniSne qveynebi farTobebis mixedviT (gamoiyene oTxi sxvadasxva<br />
feri); g) daadgine, romel jgufSi moxvda saqarTvelo.<br />
4. gamoiangariSe: a) procentulad ras udris saqarTvelos saxmeleTo da<br />
sazRvao sazRvrebis sigrZeebi; b) procentulad ramdenia saqarTvelos<br />
CrdiloeTi, samxreTi, dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi sazRvrebis sigrZeebi da<br />
aage diagrama.<br />
5. saqarTvelos konturul rukaze gaavle saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvari<br />
da aRniSne umniSvnelovanesi wertilebi: ukiduresi wertilebi, geografiuli<br />
centri da gansazRvre ukiduresi wertilebis geografiuli koordinatebi.<br />
6. Seni sityvebiT gadmoeci gamoTqma: `kargi sazRvrebi karg mezoblebs qmnian~.<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
f<br />
u saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebis Sesabamisad, teritoriuli wylebi<br />
napiridan 12 milis daSorebiT SemoisazRvreba. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos<br />
dasavluri sazRvari sanapiro xazidan 22,224 km-is daSorebiT gadis, xolo<br />
teritoriuli wylebis farTobi – 8,0 aTasi kv.km-ia. aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni<br />
qveynis farTobi 77 aTas kv.km-s gadaaWarbebs.<br />
u saxelmwifo sazRvari xelSeuxebelia. mis dafiqsirebas da saerTaSoriso<br />
aRiarebas win uZRvis:<br />
a) delimitacia, rac gulisxmobs qveynebs Soris diplomatiuri SeTanxmebis<br />
Sedegad sazRvrebis dadgenas da rukaze datanas;<br />
b) demarkacia – sazRvris gatareba da adgilze sasazRvro niSnebiT<br />
damagreba, agreTve, geografiuli kadastris Sedgena. am samuSaoTa<br />
Sesrulebas sagareo saqmeTa saministro xelmZRvanelobs.<br />
30
6. saqarTvelo da kavkasia<br />
leqsikoni<br />
mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) – garkveul periodSi (mag., wlis ganmavlobaSi)<br />
materialuri da aramaterialuri sferos dargebis warmoebis sruli<br />
Rirebulebis mTliani maCvenebeli.<br />
diqtatoruli saxelmwifo – saxelmwifo, romelsac erTpirovnulad marTavs<br />
SeuzRudavi Zalauflebis mqone mmarTveli.<br />
evropis erT-erTi udidesi fizikur-geografiuli regioni, romlis nawilsac<br />
warmoadgens Cveni qveyana, kavkasiis saxeliTaa cnobili. misi farTobi 440<br />
aTasi kv.km-ia. igi evropisa da aziis Sesayarze, alpur-himalaur mTaTa sistemis<br />
TiTqmis centrSi mdebareobs.<br />
kavkasiis sazRvrebi aRmosavleTiT, dasavleTiT da CrdiloeTiT mkafiod<br />
aris gamoxatuli, Tumca amas ver vityviT mis samxreT nawilze. igi pirobiTia<br />
da ZiriTadad saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis politikur sazRvarze<br />
gadis iransa da TurqeTTan.<br />
geografiuli mdebareobidan da bunebis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, kavkasias,<br />
tradiciulad, or ZiriTad nawilad yofen. es aris CrdiloeTi kavkasia<br />
anu imierkavkasia, da samxreTi kavkasia, anu amierkavkasia.<br />
Tu daxedavT kavkasiis fizikur rukas, dainaxavT, rom mTavar orografiul<br />
erTeuls kavkasioni warmoadgens, swored is gvevlineba regionis or ZiriTad<br />
nawilad gamyof erTeulad. misi umaRlesi mwvervali, ialbuzi (5642 m) mTeli<br />
evropis umaRlesi mwvervalia.<br />
kuma-maniCis Rrmulidan samxreTiT kavkasionis Crdilo mTiswineTebamde<br />
CrdiloeTi kavkasiaa, kavkasionis samxreTuli ferdobebidan iran-TurqeTis<br />
politikur sazRvramde ki – samxreTi kavkasia. swored aq vrceldeba mTaTa-<br />
Sorisi bari, mcire kavkasioni, javaxeT-somxeTis mTianeTi da hirkani.<br />
nax. 6.1. evropisa da kavkasiis<br />
umaRlesi mwvervali –<br />
ialbuzi<br />
31
Igeografiuli mdebareoba<br />
Tavi<br />
nax. 6.2 alpur-himalauri mTaTa sartyeli<br />
Savi zRva<br />
kaspiis<br />
zRva<br />
atlantis<br />
okeane<br />
xmelTaSua<br />
zRva<br />
afrika<br />
arabeTis<br />
n-k<br />
indostanis<br />
n-k<br />
wiTeli zRva<br />
indoCineTis<br />
n-k<br />
arabeTis zRva<br />
bengalis<br />
yure<br />
nax. 6.3. kavkasiis fizikur-geografiuli regionebi<br />
davaleba<br />
Savi zRva<br />
imierkavkasia<br />
kavkasioni<br />
Crdilo Savi zRvispireTi<br />
kolxeTi<br />
aRmosavleT amierkavkasia<br />
mcire kavkasioni<br />
javaxeT-somxeTi<br />
hirkani<br />
kaspiis zRva<br />
1. nax. 6.2 -isa da<br />
naxevarsferoebis rukis<br />
mixedviT daadgine,<br />
romeli mTebi Sedis<br />
alpur-himalaur mTaTa<br />
sartyelSi.<br />
2. nax. 6.3-is mixedviT<br />
daadgine:<br />
a) romeli fizikurgeografiuli<br />
regionebi gamoiyofa<br />
kavkasiaSi;<br />
b) romeli maTgani<br />
vrceldeba<br />
saqarTvelos<br />
teritoriaze.<br />
Cveni samSoblo samxreTi kavkasiis centralur da dasavleT nawils ikavebs.<br />
mis teritoriaze vrceldeba mTaTaSorisi baris dasavleTi da centraluri<br />
nawili, aseve mcire kavkasionisa da javaxeT-somxeTis mTianeTis garkveuli<br />
teritoria. lixis qedi, romelic samxreT kavkasiis mTaTaSoris bars or uTanabro<br />
nawilad yofs, Taviseburi xidia kavkasionsa da mcire kavkasions Soris.<br />
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda kavkasiis politikuri ruka. bolo<br />
200 wlis manZilze am regionis politikur cxovrebaSi udidesi iyo ruseTisa<br />
da osmalTa imperiebis, aseve iranis faqtori. aq gabatonebisaTvis mebrZol<br />
saxelmwifoTa Soris uZlieresi ruseTi aRmoCnda da XIX s. pirveli naxevridan<br />
aRniSnuli regioni ruseTis imperiis farglebSia. 1917 wels ruseTSi monarqis<br />
damxobas saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis `xuTwuTiani~ suvereniteti<br />
mohyva. gasuli saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi samive saxelmwifo ruseTis<br />
32
krasnodaris mxare<br />
maikopi<br />
adiRea<br />
novorosiiski<br />
soxumi<br />
Cerqeski<br />
stavropolis mxare<br />
piatigorski<br />
yaraCaikislovodski<br />
CerqezeTi<br />
nalCiki<br />
yabardobalyareTi<br />
grozno<br />
nazrani<br />
vladikavkazi<br />
Crd. oseTi<br />
inguSeTi<br />
ruseTi<br />
CeCneTi<br />
xasaviurTi<br />
mahaCyala<br />
kaspiis zRva<br />
Savi zRva<br />
saqarTvelo<br />
quTaisi<br />
daRestani<br />
derbenti<br />
baTumi<br />
gori<br />
Tbilisi<br />
trapizoni<br />
rize<br />
arTvini<br />
ardahani<br />
rusTavi<br />
giumri<br />
sumgaiTi<br />
yarsi<br />
somxeTi<br />
erevani<br />
ganja<br />
azerbaijani<br />
baqo<br />
erzrumi<br />
agri<br />
azerbaijani<br />
TurqeTi<br />
naxiWevani<br />
xoi<br />
irani<br />
nax. 6.4. kavkasiis politikur-administraciuli dayofa<br />
imperiis nangrevebze aRmocenebulma axalma diqtatorulma qveyanam – ssr<br />
kav Sirma STanTqa. Tavdapirvelad isini ssrk-is SemadgenlobaSi amierkavkasiis<br />
federaciis saxiT Sevidnen, Tumca 1936 wlidan ssrk-is axali konstituciis<br />
safuZvelze mdgomareoba Seicvala da samive respublika damoukidebeli subieqti<br />
gaxda ssrk-is SemadgenlobaSi.<br />
ssr kavSiris daSlis Semdeg amierkavkasiis respublikebi damoukidebeli<br />
saxiT xelaxla gaCndnen msoflios politikur rukaze.<br />
dReisaTvis kavkasiaSi oTxi suverenuli saxelmwifoa. CrdiloeTi kavkasia<br />
ruseTis SemadgenlobaSia – aq igi warmodgenilia 7 respublikiTa da ori<br />
mxariT. aqauri mosaxleoba Zalze Wreli eTnikur-religiuri SemadgenlobiT<br />
gamoirCeva. rac Seexeba samxreT kavkasias, aq sami damoukidebeli qveyanaa – saqarTvelo,<br />
somxeTi da azerbaijani. damoukideblobis miRebis Semdeg mniSvnelovnad<br />
Seicvala regionis da aq mdebare qveynebis geopolitikuri mdebareoba,<br />
romlis mniSvneloba udavod scildeba kavkasiis masStabebs.<br />
farTobiT, mosaxleobis raodenobiTa da mSp-is saerTo moculobiT saqarTvelo<br />
CamorCeba azerbaijans da win uswrebs somxeTs.<br />
davaleba<br />
3. nax. 6.4-is mixedviT daasaxele ruseTis federaciaSi Semavali politikur-administraciuli<br />
erTeulebi, romlebic Cvens qveyanas esazRvrebian. daadgine<br />
maTi dedaqalaqebi.<br />
4. Seafase samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis geopolitikuri mdebareobis Taviseburebani.<br />
rogor fiqrob, rogor Seicvala maTi mdebareoba ssrk-is daSlis Semdeg?<br />
Seni azriT, romel qveyanas aqvs ufro xelsayreli mdebareoba da ratom?<br />
33
Igeografiuli mdebareoba<br />
Tavi<br />
7. saqarTvelo da msoflio<br />
leqsikoni<br />
msoflio ekonomika (meurneoba) – msoflios yvela qveynis erovnuli meurneoba<br />
msoflios politikur rukaze 190-ze meti suverenuli saxelmwifoa. far-<br />
Tobis, mosaxleobis raodenobisa da mSp-is saerTo moculobiT isini metad<br />
gansxvavebuli da Wrelia. iSviaTia qveyana, romelic samive poziciiT msoflios<br />
udidesi qveynebis xuTeuls avsebdes, magaliTad, kanada farTobiTa da mSp-is<br />
maCvenebliT msoflios did saxelmwifoTa pirvel aTeulSia, mosaxleobis<br />
raodenobiT ki msoflio qveynebis pirvel 30 qveyanaSic ar Sedis. iSviaT gamonakliss<br />
warmoadgens, magaliTad, CineTi – igi mosaxleobiT, farTobiTa da<br />
mSp-is saerTo potencialiT msoflios qveynebis pirveli xuTeulis wevria. ase<br />
rom, msoflios yvela qveyana Tavisi zoma-woniT gamoirCeva politikur rukaze<br />
da, aqedan gamomdinare, sakuTar avtoritets qmnis saerTaSoriso arenaze.<br />
sainteresoa, Tu rogor gamoiyureba Cveni qveyana msoflio qveynebis saerTo<br />
fonze SenTvis ukve cnobili sami mniSvnelovani poziciis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
radgan saqarTvelo evropuli qveyanaa, bunebrivia, sainteresoa, Tu rogoria<br />
misi adgili kontinentis saerTo WrilSi.<br />
Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobiT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri<br />
wona gaaCnia. farTobis mixedviT, Cveni qveyana evropaSi 22-e adgilzea.<br />
teritoriis sididiT Cven vaWarbebT danias, belgias, niderlandebs, estoneTs,<br />
xorvatias da kidev bevr qveyanas. farTobis saerTo maCvenebliT Cven vuaxlovdebiT<br />
avstrias, CexeTs, azerbaijans, islandias.<br />
nax. 7.1. kavkasia kosmosidan<br />
34
yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli mowmobs, rom saqarTvelo farTobis mixedviT<br />
evropul fonze sakmaod SesamCnevi qveyanaa. Tu mosaxleobis maCvenebels avi-<br />
RebT evropuli masStabiT, saqarTvelo arc aq aris bolo. Cvens qveyanaSi ufro<br />
meti adamiani cxovrobs, vidre norvegiis samefoSi, qveyanaSi, romelic farTobiT<br />
oTxnaxevarjer aRemateba saqarTvelos.<br />
msoflio ekonomikaSi nebismieri qveynis mdgomareobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
ganmsazRvreli faqtoriT – mSp-is moculobiT, saqarTvelos poziciebi<br />
evropaSi ocdaaTi qveynis miRmaa.<br />
Tu saqarTvelos maCveneblebs msoflio masStabebSi ganvixilavT, farTobiT,<br />
mosaxleobiTa da mSp-is saerTo doniT, Cveni qveyana pirveli aseulis<br />
wevri namdvilad ar aris. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelo farTobiTa da<br />
mosaxleobiT evropisa da aziis bevr qveyanas aWarbebs, igi, farTobis mxriv,<br />
121-e qveyanaa, xolo mosaxleobiT 117-e adgilzea msoflioSi.<br />
nax. 7.2. saqarTvelos `msgavsi~ qveynebi<br />
kviprosi<br />
Sveicaria<br />
41,3 aTasi kv.km.<br />
7,1 mln. kaci<br />
avstria<br />
83,9 aTasi kv.km.<br />
8 mln. kaci<br />
9,2 aTasi kv.km.<br />
821 aTasi kaci<br />
slovenia<br />
20,3 aTasi kv.km.<br />
2,1 mln. kaci<br />
6 mln. kaci<br />
14,1 aTasi kv.km.<br />
israeli<br />
iordania<br />
92 aTasi kv.km.<br />
5,6 mln. kaci<br />
davaleba<br />
1. msoflios politikuri rukisa (danarTi 3) da internetis gamoyenebiT moiZie<br />
is qveynebi, romlebic farTobis, mosaxleobis raodenobisa da mSp-is saerTo<br />
moculobis mixedviT msoflios qveynebis pirvel aTeulSi Sedian.<br />
2. Seadare saqarTvelo farTobiT, mosaxleobis raodenobiTa da mSp-is moculobiT<br />
masTan axlo mdgom evropisa da msoflios qveynebs.<br />
3. internetis saSualebiT moiZie msoflios da evropis 10-10 qveyana, romlebic<br />
saqarTvelos farTobiTa da mosaxleobis raodenobiT CamorCebian.<br />
35
Igeografiuli mdebareoba<br />
Tavi<br />
8.<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo wyobileba<br />
da saxelmwifo simbolika<br />
leqsikoni<br />
respublikuri mmarTveloba (respublika) – saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis<br />
forma, romlis dros xelisuflebis umaRles organoebs gansazRvruli vadiT<br />
irCeven. ganasxvaveben saprezidento, saparlamento da naxevrad saprezidento<br />
respublikebs.<br />
saqarTveloSi moqmedebs 1995 wlis 8 agvistos miRebuli konstitucia 2010<br />
wlis da manamde miRebuli cvlilebebiT. saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad,<br />
Cveni qveyana respublikuri mmarTvelobisaa. kanonis ZaliT saxelmwifos<br />
meTauria prezidenti, romelsac irCeven xuTi wlis vadiT; erTi da imave kandidatis<br />
arCeva SesaZlebelia ori vadiT. igi xelmZRvanelobs da axorcielebs<br />
qveynis rogorc saSinao, aseve sagareo politikas da saxelmwifos mTlianobisa<br />
da erTianobis garantia.<br />
kanonis Tanaxmad, prezidenti niSnavs qveynis mTavrobis meTaurs – premierministrs,<br />
ministrebs, elCebs da a. S. igi umaRles doneze iRebs ucxoeTis saxelmwifoTa<br />
da mTavrobaTa meTaurebs, awyobs saxelmwifo rangis oficialur<br />
vizitebs sazRvargareT, aniWebs saxelmwifo jildoebs da mxolod mas SeuZlia<br />
Seiwyalos msjavrdebulebi, SeuZlia daiTxovos parlamenti.<br />
kanonis Sesabamisad, prezidenti aris saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis<br />
mTavarsardali. swored igi niSnavs erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos wevrebs. qveynis<br />
sakanonmdeblo umaRlesi xelisufleba parlaments ekuTvnis. igi Sedgeba<br />
sayovelTao, Tanaswori da pirdapiri saarCevno uflebebis safuZvelze faruli<br />
kenWisyriT, oTxi wlis vadiT arCeuli 150 deputatisagan. parlamenti oTxi<br />
wlis vadiT irCevs Tavmjdomares. parlamentSi umravlesobis mqone politikuri<br />
partia ayalibebs mTavrobas. mTavroba, romelic Sedgeba premierisa<br />
da ministrebisagan, pasuxismgebelia prezidentisa da parlamentis winaSe.<br />
parlamentis wevrad SeiZleba arCeuli iqnas saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqe 25<br />
wlis asakidan.<br />
arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs 18 wels miRweul saqarTvelos yvela<br />
moqalaqes.<br />
nax. 8.1. saqarTvelos parlamentis Senoba<br />
ori korpusisgan Sedgeba. zeda korpusi<br />
1938 wels aSenda, xolo rusTavelis<br />
gamzirispira korpusi – 1953 wels.<br />
korpusebs Sida ezo – vestibiuli<br />
aerTianebs, romelic kibeebiTa da<br />
SadrevnebiT miuyveba reliefs.<br />
amJamad parlamentis axali Senoba q.<br />
quTaisSi Sendeba, sadac dagegmilia<br />
parlamentis plenaruli sxdomebis gamarTva.<br />
36
f<br />
nax. 8.2. saxelmwifo simbolika<br />
saqarTvelos himni<br />
Tavisufleba<br />
Cemi xatia samSoblo,<br />
saxate mTeli qveyana,<br />
ganaTebuli mTa-bari,<br />
wilnayaria RmerTTana.<br />
Tavisufleba dRes Cveni<br />
momavals umRers didebas,<br />
ciskris varskvlavi amodis<br />
da or zRvas Sua brwyindeba.<br />
dideba Tavisuflebas!<br />
Tavisuflebas dideba!<br />
leqsis avtori - daviT maRraZe<br />
musika - zaqaria faliaSvilis<br />
droSa<br />
saqarTvelos droSa<br />
warmoadgens TeTr fons,<br />
romlis centrSic gamosaxulia<br />
erTi didi sworkuTxa<br />
jvari da kuTxeeb-<br />
Si – oTxi mcire jvari.<br />
isini zogadqristianuli simboloebia da<br />
macxovars da oTx maxarebels ganasaxiereben.<br />
TeTri (vercxlisferi) heraldikurad<br />
umankoebas, siwmindes, sibrZnes aRniSnavs.<br />
wiTeli feri ki – mamacobas, vaJkacobas,<br />
samarTlianobasa da siyvaruls.<br />
devizi: – `Zala erTobaSia~<br />
gerbi<br />
mewamulisferi faris fonze gamosaxulia wminda<br />
giorgi. fars zemodan amSvenebs qarTuli, anu iveriuli<br />
gvirgvini, xolo marcxnidan da marjvnidan faris<br />
mtvirTvelebad gvevlinebian oqros lomebi. faris<br />
safuZveli gamosaxavs vazis qarTul stilizebul ornaments,<br />
Cawnuls sadevize bafTiT.<br />
internetsaiti<br />
www.parliament.ge<br />
davaleba<br />
1. internetis saSualebiT moiZie msofliosa da evropis respublikuri mmarTvelobis<br />
5-5 qveyana.<br />
2. vin aris saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da mTavrobis meTauri?<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
u gansakuTrebuli saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis gamo saqarTvelos<br />
parlaments saqarTvelos erovnuli biblioTeka eqvemdebareba.<br />
37
Igeografiuli mdebareoba<br />
Tavi<br />
9.<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriuladministraciuli<br />
mowyoba<br />
dReisaTvis Cveni qveynis teritoriaze 12 administraciul-teritoriuli<br />
samxareo erTeulia. TiToeuli erTeuli samsafexuriania: sakrebulo-raionimxare.<br />
Cvens qveyanaSi sul 2 avtonomiuri respublika, 64 municipaliteti, 54<br />
qalaqi, maT Soris, 5 TviTmmarTveli qalaqi, 44 daba da 3668-mde sofelia.<br />
nax. 9.1. saqarTvelos teritoriul-administraciuli dayofa<br />
gagra<br />
r u s e T i<br />
saerTaS. mniSvn. gza<br />
resp. mniSvn. gza<br />
sxva gzebi<br />
rkinigza<br />
saxelmwifos sazRvari<br />
!Q saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi<br />
! !+ avt. resp. dedaqalaqi<br />
! !+ mxaris centri<br />
!<br />
!+ raionis centri<br />
!( sakrebulos centri<br />
!+ ! avt. resp. sazRvari<br />
!. TviTmmarTveli qalaqi<br />
afxazeTis a. r.<br />
mxaris sazRvari<br />
!( sxva dasaxlebuli punqti<br />
raionis sazRvari<br />
Tbilisi dedaqalaqi<br />
!+ ! axali aToni<br />
gudauTa !.<br />
!+ ! qvemo aJara<br />
dac. teritoriis sazRvari<br />
baTumi qalaqi<br />
jvris uR.<br />
mestia<br />
uReltexili<br />
surami daba<br />
2376<br />
!+ !<br />
!+ !<br />
soxumi<br />
# m. Sxara<br />
korbouli sofeli<br />
gulrifSi<br />
5068 mwvervali<br />
!+ ! samegrelo - zemo svaneTi<br />
mdinare, arxi<br />
tyvarCeli<br />
aeroporti<br />
!.<br />
tba, wyalsacavi<br />
porti<br />
lentexi<br />
!+ ! myinvari<br />
Waobi<br />
!+ ! jvari !.<br />
raWa - leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi<br />
oCamCire<br />
!+ !+ !<br />
!+ !<br />
!+ !<br />
!<br />
!+<br />
!+<br />
!+<br />
/<br />
gali<br />
cageri<br />
walenjixa<br />
stefanwminda<br />
Cxorowyu<br />
! oni<br />
!<br />
! ambrolauri<br />
zugdidi<br />
!+ !<br />
martvili!+ ! !+<br />
!+ !+ !+ !+ ! java<br />
xoni wyaltubo<br />
saCxere<br />
xobi<br />
!<br />
!+ ! ! ! senaki<br />
WiaTura<br />
mcxeTa - mTianeTi<br />
!<br />
tyibuli<br />
!+ !+ !+ ! !<br />
!<br />
quTaisi<br />
cxinvali<br />
!+ ! Terjola<br />
abaSa<br />
!.<br />
foTi!.<br />
!+ !+ !<br />
!<br />
lanCxuTi<br />
samtredia<br />
zestafoni<br />
axalgori<br />
TianeTi<br />
!+ !+ !+ !+ ! !<br />
!+ ! ! duSeTi<br />
Savi zRva<br />
vani<br />
!+<br />
!+ !<br />
!+ ! baRdaTi<br />
!<br />
axmeta<br />
!<br />
Coxatauri<br />
xaragauli<br />
!+ !+ !+ !<br />
!+ !<br />
!<br />
guria<br />
!+ ! !+ ! qareli<br />
imereTi<br />
xaSuri<br />
! Telavi<br />
gori<br />
!+<br />
!+ !+ ! yvareli<br />
ozurgeTi<br />
!<br />
!<br />
kaspi<br />
qobuleTi<br />
Sida qarTli<br />
mcxeTa<br />
!+ !+ ! !<br />
lagodexi<br />
borjomi<br />
kaxeTi<br />
!+!<br />
!+ !<br />
sagarejo<br />
adigeni<br />
baTumi<br />
!+ !+<br />
!+ !+ !Q<br />
!<br />
! gurjaani<br />
aWaris a. r.<br />
!<br />
xulo<br />
Tbilisi<br />
! axalcixe<br />
!+ !+<br />
!+ !. !+ !<br />
!<br />
!+ ! ! ! qeda Suaxevi<br />
aspinZa<br />
walka<br />
xelvaCauri<br />
vale<br />
!.<br />
!+ !+<br />
!+ ! wnori<br />
! ! TeTriwyaro<br />
siRnaRi<br />
!+ !+ !<br />
! rusTavi<br />
samcxe - javaxeTi<br />
qvemo qarTli !+<br />
!+ ! marneuli<br />
gardabani<br />
!+ !+ !<br />
!+ !<br />
!<br />
axalqalaqi<br />
! dedofliswyaro<br />
bolnisi<br />
dmanisi !+ !<br />
!+ ! ninowminda<br />
E<br />
a z e r b a i j a n i<br />
T u r q e T i<br />
1 sm = 14 km<br />
0 14 28 42 56<br />
km<br />
s o m x e T i<br />
nax. 9.2 saqarTvelos istoriul-geografiuli provinciebi<br />
eklesia<br />
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arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi<br />
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kldeSi nakveTi qalaqebi<br />
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cixe-koSkebi<br />
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nax. 9.3. saqarTvelos samxareo erTeulebis farTobebi da mosaxleoba<br />
(afxazeTis mosaxleobis raodenoba aRebulia 1989 wlis aRweris mixedviT)<br />
afxazeTi:<br />
raWa-leCxumi-qvemo svaneTi:<br />
Sida qarTli:<br />
mcxeTa-mTianeTi:<br />
farTobi – 8700 kv.km<br />
mosaxleoba – 525000<br />
raionebis ricxvi – 6<br />
farTobi – 4500 kv.km<br />
mosaxleoba – 51000<br />
raionebis ricxvi – 4<br />
farTobi – 4800 kv.km<br />
mosaxleoba – 314000<br />
raionebis ricxvi – 5<br />
farTobi – 6700 kv.km<br />
mosaxleoba – 125000<br />
raionebis ricxvi – 5<br />
samegrelo-zemo svaneTi:<br />
farTobi – 7400 kv.km<br />
mosaxleoba – 466000<br />
raionebis ricxvi – 8<br />
guria:<br />
farTobi – 2000 kv.km<br />
mosaxleoba – 143000<br />
raionebis ricxvi – 3<br />
aWara:<br />
farTobi – 2900 kv.km<br />
mosaxleoba – 376000<br />
raionebis ricxvi – 5<br />
imereTi:<br />
samcxe-javaxeTi:<br />
qvemo qarTli:<br />
Tbilisi:<br />
kaxeTi:<br />
farTobi – 6600 kv.km<br />
mosaxleoba – 700000<br />
raionebis ricxvi – 8<br />
farTobi – 6400 kv.km<br />
mosaxleoba – 208000<br />
raionebis ricxvi – 6<br />
farTobi – 6500 kv.km<br />
mosaxleoba – 497000<br />
raionebis ricxvi – 6<br />
farTobi – 36000 ha<br />
mosaxleoba – 1200000<br />
raionebis ricxvi – 5<br />
farTobi – 11300 kv.km<br />
mosaxleoba – 406000<br />
raionebis ricxvi – 8<br />
davaleba<br />
1. Seadare erTmaneTs nax. 9.1 da 9.2 da daadgine, sad emTxveva da sad – ara Tanamedrove<br />
teritoriul-administraciuli erTeulebi istoriul-geografiul<br />
provinciebs.<br />
2. nax. 9.3-is mixedviT gamoTvale:<br />
a) procentulad ramdens Seadgens TiToeuli samxareo erTeulis farTobi<br />
da mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili;<br />
b) miRebuli monacemebiT aage wriuli diagramebi.<br />
3. nax. 9.3-is mixedviT daadgine:<br />
a) farTobis mixedviT sami udidesi da sami yvelaze patara samxareo er-<br />
Teuli;<br />
b) mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT sami udidesi da sami yvelaze patara<br />
mxare.<br />
39
Semajamebeli samuSao I<br />
I. upasuxe kiTxvebs:<br />
1. romel wels aRidgina saqarTvelom suvereniteti?<br />
2. ra Rvawli miuZRvis vaxuSti bagrations qarTuli geografiuli mecnierebis<br />
ganviTarebaSi?<br />
3. evropa-azias Soris sazRvris gatarebis romeli versiiT xvdeba saqarTvelo<br />
evropaSi?<br />
4. romeli mniSvnelovani savaWro gza gadioda saqarTvelos teritoriaze?<br />
5. rogoria saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdebareoba?<br />
6. romelia saqarTvelos ukiduresi CrdiloeTi, samxreTi, dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi<br />
wertilebi?<br />
7. romeli mxridan aris SemosazRvruli saqarTvelo barieruli sazRvriT?<br />
8. sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba saqarTvelos samxreTi sazRvari?<br />
9. romel tbebze gadis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvari?<br />
10. romeli mdinareebi kveTs saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvars?<br />
11. ruseTis federaciaSi Semaval romel subieqtTan aqvs saqarTvelos yvelaze<br />
grZeli sazRvari?<br />
12. romel orografiul erTeulebze gadis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvari?<br />
13. kavkasiis romel nawilSi mdebareobs saqarTvelo?<br />
14. romeli mTaTa sartylis teritoriaze vrceldeba kavkasia?<br />
15. kavkasiis fizikur-geografiuli regionebidan romeli ar vrceldeba saqarTvelos<br />
teritoriaze?<br />
16. mosazRvre saxelmwifoebidan romel qveyanas aRemateba saqarTvelo far-<br />
TobiTa da mosaxleobis raodenobiT?<br />
17. vin meTaurobs saqarTvelos mTavrobas?<br />
18. ramdeni wlis vadiT irCeven saxelmwifos meTaurs?<br />
19. ramden samxareo erTeulad iyofa saqarTvelo?<br />
20. romeli avtonomiuri respublikebi Sedis saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi?<br />
II.<br />
romelia marTebuli msjeloba:<br />
1. termini `saqarTvelo~ VIII s-is bolodan damkvidrda;<br />
2. saqarTvelom suvereniteti 1991 wels aRidgina;<br />
3. vaxuSti bagrations udidesi Rvawli miuZRvis qarTuli geografiuli, kartografiuli,<br />
istoriuli da eTnografiuli mecnierebebis ganviTarebaSi;<br />
4. saqarTvelo evropa-aziis gzaTa Sesayarze, kavkasiis samxreT-aRmosavleT<br />
nawilSi mdebareobs;<br />
5. saqarTvelos metad araxelsayreli satransporto-geografiuli mdebareoba<br />
aqvs, rac evraziis Sesayarze misi mdebareobiT aixsneba;<br />
6. saqarTvelos sazRvrebis saerTo sigrZe 1970 km-ia, aqedan 315 km saxmeleToa,<br />
danarCeni _ sazRvao;<br />
7. ialbuzi kavkasiisa da mTeli evropis umaRlesi mwvervalia;<br />
40
8. saqarTvelos 5 qveyana esazRvreba: ruseTis federacia, somxeTi, azerbaijani,<br />
TurqeTi da irani;<br />
9. saqarTvelos konstituciis mixedviT premier-ministri qveynis SeiaraRebuli<br />
Zalebis mTavarsardalia da igi niSnavs erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos<br />
wevrebs;<br />
10. saqarTveloSi 12 administraciul-teritoriuli samxareo erTeulia.<br />
III. ipove teqstSi Secdomebi da gaaswore:<br />
1. saqarTvelo evropisa da aziis Sesayarze kavkasiis regionSi mdebareobs. saqarTvelos<br />
ukiduresi CrdiloeTi wertili mdinare fsous napirze nasoflar<br />
sarfTanaa, dasavleTi daba leseliZesTan, aRmosavleTi ki mdinareebis<br />
– alaznisa da mtkvris SeerTebis adgilze.<br />
2. kuma-maniCis Rrmulidan samxreT kavkasionis Crdilo mTiswinebamde samxre-<br />
Ti kavkasiaa, xolo kavkasionis samxreTuli ferdobebidan iran-somxeTis<br />
politikur sazRvramde Crdilo kavkasia. dReisaTvis kavkasiis regionSi 3<br />
suverenuli saxelmwifoa.<br />
IV. ipove Secdomebi rukaze da gaaswore:<br />
krasnodaris mxare<br />
maikopi<br />
adiRea<br />
novorosiiski<br />
soxumi<br />
Cerqeski<br />
stavropolis mxare<br />
piatigorski<br />
yaraCaikislovodski<br />
CerqezeTi<br />
nalCiki<br />
yabardobalyareTi<br />
daRestani<br />
grozno<br />
nazrani<br />
vladikavkazi<br />
Crd. oseTi<br />
inguSeTi<br />
ruseTi<br />
xasaviurTi<br />
mahaCyala<br />
kaspiis zRva<br />
Savi zRva<br />
saqarTvelo<br />
quTaisi<br />
CeCneTi<br />
derbenti<br />
baTumi<br />
gori<br />
Tbilisi<br />
trapizoni<br />
rize<br />
arTvini<br />
ardahani<br />
rusTavi<br />
giumri<br />
sumgaiTi<br />
yarsi<br />
somxeTi<br />
erevani<br />
ganja<br />
azerbaijani<br />
baqo<br />
erzrumi<br />
irani<br />
agri<br />
azerbaijani<br />
naxiCevani<br />
xoi<br />
TurqeTi<br />
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