kavkasiis geografiuli garemo da mosaxleoba - Center for Social ...
kavkasiis geografiuli garemo da mosaxleoba - Center for Social ...
kavkasiis geografiuli garemo da mosaxleoba - Center for Social ...
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socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />
religia <strong>da</strong> kultura<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi<br />
saleqcio kursi<br />
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis<br />
nino Ciqovani<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2006
socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />
mTavari re<strong>da</strong>qtori:<br />
enobrivi re<strong>da</strong>qtori:<br />
marine CitaSvili<br />
lia kaWarava<br />
<strong>da</strong>kabadoneba, ydis dizaini:<br />
giorgi bagrationi<br />
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006<br />
© <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> Sciences, 2006<br />
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. 10<br />
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge<br />
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge<br />
wigni momzadebulia <strong>da</strong> gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa<br />
centris~ (<strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug,<br />
bu<strong>da</strong>peStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT<br />
The book has been published by the <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> Sciences,<br />
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foun<strong>da</strong>tion and the Higher Education<br />
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Bu<strong>da</strong>pest.<br />
ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 2 - 6
Sinaarsi<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> <strong>geografiuli</strong> <strong>garemo</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>mosaxleoba</strong> ....................................................... 4<br />
religiebi <strong>da</strong> eTnosebi samxreT kavkasiaSi. ZiriTadi konfesiebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTi istoriuli <strong>da</strong> teritoriul-eTnikuri lokalizacia ...............6<br />
CrdiloeT <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasiad <strong>da</strong>yofis <strong>geografiuli</strong>,<br />
politikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli safuZvlebi...........................................................24<br />
kulturisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciis cnebaTa samuSao<br />
definiciebi mocemuli kursis farglebSi ......................................................27<br />
kavkasia — kulturaTa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zona<br />
(gzajvaredini). kulturaTa kontaqtis tipebi .............................................31<br />
erTiani kulturuli sivrcis cneba <strong>da</strong> misi mimarTeba<br />
kavkasiasTan (samxreT kavkasiasTan). saerTo<br />
kavkasiuri (samxreTkavkasiuri) identurobis problema .......................42<br />
erTiani <strong>kavkasiis</strong> idea istoriul WrilSi: <strong>kavkasiis</strong> gaerTianebis<br />
mcdeloba XI-XII ss., misi ideologiuri momzadeba <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli<br />
ganxorcielebis gzaze ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabijebi. ideis perioduli<br />
gamococxleba momdevno saukuneebSi (XIV-XV ss., XVIII s.) ............................49<br />
`erTiani kavkasiuri saxlis~idea <strong>da</strong> misi realizaciis<br />
mcdelobani XX s. 90-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi.<br />
`mSvidobiani <strong>kavkasiis</strong>~ idea rogorc s.hanTingtonis<br />
versiis alternativa. misi politikuri Seferiloba ...............................52<br />
civilizaciaTa konfliqtis prognozi <strong>da</strong> misi religiuri<br />
safuZvlebi. samxreT kavkasia am prognozis prizmaSi .............................57<br />
qarTvelTa kulturuli identurobis problema: istoriuli Wrili 66<br />
kulturuli <strong>da</strong> religiuri identurobis problemaTa<br />
aqtualizacia postsabWoTa xanaSi. eTnikurobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> religiurobis ideologizacia <strong>da</strong> politizacia..................................71<br />
religiis faqtori <strong>kavkasiis</strong> Tanamedrove konfliqtebSi .............................84<br />
CULTURE AND RELIGION IN SOUTH CAUCASUS 107<br />
3
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> <strong>geografiuli</strong> <strong>garemo</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>mosaxleoba</strong><br />
kavkasia geografiulad, eTnikurad, enobrivad, konfesiurad <strong>da</strong> kulturulad<br />
mravalferovani regionia. aq erTmaneTs enacvleba mTagrexilebi, zegnebi, <strong>da</strong>blobebi,<br />
tyeebi, Waobiani velebi, mSrali stepebi, mdinareebi, tbebi. mdebareobam <strong>da</strong><br />
geografiulma <strong>garemo</strong>m mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra <strong>kavkasiis</strong> regionis xalxTa<br />
cxovrebis wesi, maTi urTierToba erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong> garesamyarosTan, maTi istoria.<br />
kavkasias xSirad uwodeben xalxTa muzeums. aq <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 50 sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xalxi<br />
cxovrobs, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli erTobebiT, romelTa enaze ramdenime aseuli a<strong>da</strong>miani laparakobs,<br />
<strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli didi eTnikuri jgufebiT, romlebic ramdenime milion a<strong>da</strong>mians<br />
aerTianebs. aseTi mravalferovneba kavkasias ZvelTagan mosdgams. plinius umcrosis<br />
sityviT, romaelebs kavkasiaSi 80 Tarjimani sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>T. arabi geografebi ki<br />
kavkasions `enaTa mTas~ uwodebdnen.<br />
kavkasia yovelTvis asruleb<strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovan rols, rogorc <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli<br />
rgoli evropasa <strong>da</strong> azias Soris. aTasobiT wlis manZilze regioni iyo an <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul<br />
imperiebs Soris buferuli zona an maTi Semadgeneli nawili. uZvelesi<br />
droi<strong>da</strong>n regionSi gadio<strong>da</strong> sazRvrebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan yof<strong>da</strong> im eTnosTa<br />
gansaxlebis arealebs, xSirad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva, arcTu iSviaTad _ <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul<br />
kulturul-civilizaciur wreebs rom ekuTvnodnen: aRmosavleT romis imperia,<br />
bizantia, parTia, arabebi, monRolebi, Turqebi, sparseTisa <strong>da</strong> osmalTa imperiebi,<br />
qristianoba <strong>da</strong> islami, sunizmi <strong>da</strong> Siizmi, xalxebi, romlebic ekuTvnodnen kavkasiuriberiul,<br />
Turqul, semitur-qamitur enobriv jgufebs, indoevropuli ojaxis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ganStoebas, erTmaneTs swored aq xvdebodnen.<br />
mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze, kavkasia sasazRvro zona (borderland) iyo. aq<br />
erTmaneTs upirispirdebodnen imperiebi, xvdebodnen civilizaciebi <strong>da</strong> religiebi. igi<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros xidsa <strong>da</strong> bariers CrdiloeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreTs,<br />
aRmosavleTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTs Soris. mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri mdebareoba —<br />
istoriulad caristul ruseTs, sefianTa oransa <strong>da</strong> osmanTa imperias, XX saukuneSi ki<br />
regionul Zalebs — ruseTs, iransa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTs Soris, romelTac XXI saukuneSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis saxelmwifoebi <strong>da</strong> aSS <strong>da</strong>emata, winaaRmdegobrivi Sedegis momtani iyo.<br />
samecniero literaturaSi aRiniSneba, rom <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxebma meti <strong>da</strong>karges, vidre<br />
SeiZines TavianTi mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri poziciis gamo.<br />
kavkasia istoriulad mu<strong>da</strong>m CarTuli iyo saerTaSoriso sakomunikacio qselSi.<br />
mxolod sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi yofnisas, romelic `Caketili~ sazogadoebis<br />
kanonebiT cxovrob<strong>da</strong>, igi moklebuli iyo saSualebas, Seesrulebina satransporto<br />
derefnis funqcia, romelic erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>akavSireb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTsa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTs,<br />
CrdiloeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreTs. ssrk-s <strong>da</strong>Slam kvlav SesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong> aRniSnuli sakiTxis<br />
wamoweva.<br />
dReisaTvis kavkasia evraziis kontinentis erT-erTi im regionTagania, romelsac<br />
ukanasknel aTwleulSi, iugoslaviasTan erTad, yvelaze metad Seexo eTnopolitikuri<br />
konfliqtebi <strong>da</strong> omebi.<br />
samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> eTnolingvisturi <strong>da</strong> religiuri rukis warmodgena Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
advilia. igi moicavs sam mTavar xalxs: azerbaijanelebs (6 mln), qarTvelebs (4 mln) <strong>da</strong><br />
somxebs (3,5 mln kavkasiaSi), aseve naklebad mravalricxovan xalxebs, romelTa nawili<br />
mkvidri (adgilobrivi warmomavlobis) <strong>mosaxleoba</strong>a. yvela respublika mravaleTnikuria,<br />
mxolod somxeTi midis monoeTnikurobis gziT: 95% somxebi, 2% rusebi <strong>da</strong> 2%-<br />
ze naklebi iezidi qurTebi — erTaderTi mniSvnelovani eTnikuri umciresoba.<br />
4
saqarTveloSi satitulo eri Seadgens mosaxleobis 70%-ze naklebs; mTavari<br />
umciresobebia somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, osebi, berZnebi <strong>da</strong> afxazebi. Tavad ZiriTadi<br />
<strong>mosaxleoba</strong> — qarTvelebi — warmodgenilia ramdenime qvejgufiT, rogorebicaa megrelebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> svanebi. azerbaijanSi azerbaijanelebi Seadgenen 83%-ze mets, <strong>da</strong>Restneli<br />
xalxebi - 3%-ze mets, rusebi — 2,5%.<br />
CrdiloeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> <strong>mosaxleoba</strong> gacilebiT mravaleTnikuria. aq warmodgenilia<br />
xalxTa ramdenime jgufi. pirvels miekuTvnebian <strong>kavkasiis</strong> mkvidri (adgilobrivi -<br />
indigenous) <strong>mosaxleoba</strong>: vainaxebi (CeCnebi, inguSebi <strong>da</strong> wova-TuSebi, <strong>da</strong>Restneli xalxebi<br />
_ avarebi, lezgebi, <strong>da</strong>rgoelebi <strong>da</strong> lakebi — Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi; afxazebi <strong>da</strong><br />
Cerqezebi (xelovnurad <strong>da</strong>yofili yabardoelebad, adiReelebad <strong>da</strong> Cerqezebad)<br />
Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleTSi. meore jgufs Turquli <strong>da</strong> iranuli modgmis xalxebi Seadgenen.<br />
ramdenadme mniSvnelovani raodenobis iranuli modgmis xalxebs warmoadgenen osebi <strong>da</strong><br />
TaTebi (mTis ebraelebi). Crd.<strong>kavkasiis</strong> Turquli modgmis xalxebi ganekuTvnebian enaTa<br />
yivCaRur ojaxs, eseni arian yaraCaebi <strong>da</strong> balyarebi (faqtobrivad erTi <strong>da</strong> igive xalxi,<br />
molaparake erTi <strong>da</strong> igive enis or dialeqtze) — Crd.<strong>kavkasiis</strong> centralur nawilSi, <strong>da</strong><br />
yumuxebi <strong>da</strong> noRaelebi <strong>da</strong>RestanSi.<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxebi oTx enobriv jgufs ganekuTvnebian: kavkasiur (an<br />
paleokavkasiur), indoevropul, Turqul <strong>da</strong> semitur. rogorc miiCneven, kavkasiur<br />
enebze molaparakeni aq odiTgan cxovroben, <strong>da</strong>narCeni sami jgufis warmomadgenlebi ki,<br />
istoriuli warsulis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva periodSi movidnen.<br />
kavkasiur enaTa jgufi<strong>da</strong>n samxreT kavkasiaSi cxovroben qarTvelebi (qarTuli enis<br />
qarTuli, megrul-Wanuri (lazuri), svanuri ganStoebebiT).<br />
Crdilo-kavkasielTagan am enobrivi jgufis yvelaze mravalricxovani warmomadgenlebi<br />
arian CeCnebi, romlebic CeCneTis respublikis mosaxleobis umravlesobas<br />
Seadgenen, <strong>da</strong> yabardoelebi, romlebic yubanisa <strong>da</strong> Tergis auzebSi cxovroben. maT<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mravali sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xalxi cxovrobs. amave enobriv jgufs<br />
ekuTvnian afxazebi, inguSebi, adiRebi, lezgebi <strong>da</strong> zogi sxva.<br />
kavkasiur enaTa jgufi<strong>da</strong>n yvelaze mravalricxovani <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani qarTulia,<br />
Tavisi dialeqtebiT. maT erTad qarTvelur enaTa jgufs miakuTvneben. kavkasiur<br />
enebSi calke gamoyofen afxazur-adiReur <strong>da</strong> naxur-<strong>da</strong>Restnur jgufebs. afxazuradiReuri<br />
jgufi moicavs yabardoul (Cerqezul), adiReur <strong>da</strong> ubixur, agreTve,<br />
afxazur <strong>da</strong> abazur enebs (am orma ukanasknelma qarTulis Zlieri zegavlena ganica<strong>da</strong>).<br />
naxur-<strong>da</strong>Restnur jgufs xSirad or cal-calke qvejgufad _ naxur <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Restnur<br />
qvejgufebad _ yofen. naxuri moicavs CeCnur <strong>da</strong> inguSur enebs, <strong>da</strong>Restnuri ki,<br />
warmodgenilia avarul-didouri, lakur-<strong>da</strong>rgouli <strong>da</strong> lezgur enebiT. zogi mkvlevris<br />
azriT, arsebobs kavkasiur enaTa ori ojaxi: pirveli _ qarTveluri, romelic<br />
aerTianebs qarTuls <strong>da</strong> mis monaTesave enebs, <strong>da</strong> meore — Crdilo-kavkasiuri, romelic<br />
moicavs <strong>da</strong>Restnur <strong>da</strong> afxazur-adiReur jgufebs.<br />
indoevropeli xalxebi<strong>da</strong>n samxreT kavkasiaSi cxovroben somxebi, romelTa winaprebs<br />
Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi anatolii<strong>da</strong>n mosulebad miiCneven. meore Zveli indoevropuli<br />
jgufia osebi, romlebic didi kavkasionis centralur nawilSi cxovroben <strong>da</strong><br />
iTvlebian aRmosavleT irani<strong>da</strong>n mosuli momTabareebis STamomavlebad, romlebic Zv.w.<br />
VII-ax.w. IV saukuneebSi moZraobdnen samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTis stepebSi, vidre iqi<strong>da</strong>n hunebma<br />
ar gandevnes. isini alanebis saxeliT iyvnen cnobili. xan<strong>da</strong>xan maT skviTebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sarmatebis saxeliTac ixsenieben. indoevropelebs ganekuTvnebian slavuri jgufis<br />
warmomadgenlebic, romlebic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d rusebiTa <strong>da</strong> ukrainelebiT arian warmod-<br />
5
genilni. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, indoevropul jgufs warmoadgenen qurTebi, TaliSebi, TaTebi,<br />
berZnebi, boSebi, gansaxlebulni <strong>kavkasiis</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva arealSi.<br />
Turqulenovani jgufi warmodgenilia azerbaijanelebiT samxreT kavkasiaSi. isini<br />
Sereuli eTnikuri warmomavlobisani arian, fiqroben, rom isini, nawilobriv mainc,<br />
Camoyalibdnen samxreT-aRmosavleT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> mkvidri mosaxleobisa <strong>da</strong> midielebis<br />
Serevis Sedegad. maTi sparsizacia mox<strong>da</strong> sasanelTa batonobis periodSi (III-VII ss.),<br />
Turqizacia ki _ selCukTa <strong>da</strong>pyrobebis Sedegad XI saukuneSi.<br />
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi am enobrivi jgufis warmomadgenlebi arian yivCaRuri modgmis<br />
Turquli xalxebi: yumuxebi, noRaelebi, yaraCaelebi, balyarelebi. yumuxebi, iseve<br />
rogorc Turquli modgmis sxva xalxebi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, muslimebi arian. ramdenime<br />
saukunis manZilze maTi ena lingua franka-s funqcias asruleb<strong>da</strong> regionSi, magram XX<br />
saukuneSi rusulma gamodevna. rogorc fiqroben, noRaelebi calke jgufad<br />
Camoyalibdnen oqros urdos <strong>da</strong>Slis Sedegad. maTi umravlesoba momTabare iyo XX<br />
saukunemdec ki. yaraCaelebisa <strong>da</strong> balyarelebis warmomavloba mTlad naTeli ar aris.<br />
semituri jgufis erTaderTi warmomadgenlebi kavkasiaSi asirielebi arian.<br />
Turqebis mier devnilma asirielebma ruseTis imperiis teritorias Tavi I msoflio<br />
omis <strong>da</strong>saruls Seafares. ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, qalaqebSi cxovroben.<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxTa tradiciuli ekonomika emyareba soflis meurneobas, mesaqonleobas<br />
(msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi <strong>da</strong> cxvari) <strong>da</strong> Sinamrewvelobas. ZiriTadi<br />
marcveuli kulturebia xorbali, qeri, Svria, simindi. samxreT kavkasiaSi, gansakuTrebiT<br />
saqarTveloSi, ganviTarebulia mevenaxeoba. ganviTarebulia xelosnobac —<br />
rogorc CrdiloeT, aseve samxreT kavkasiaSi.<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> bevr regionSi, gansakuTrebiT _ mTaSi, aSkarad iCens Tavs patriarqaluri<br />
sistemisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis tomobrivi organizaciis kvali. feo<strong>da</strong>luri urTierTobebi<br />
ganviTar<strong>da</strong> mxolod saqarTveloSi, somxeTsa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanSi, agreTve, CrdiloeT<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> zogierT nawilSi. sabWoTa periodSi mTlianad kavkasia ruseTis Zlier<br />
zewola ganicdi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
religiebi <strong>da</strong> eTnosebi samxreT kavkasiaSi. ZiriTadi konfesiebi <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi istoriuli <strong>da</strong> teritoriul-eTnikuri lokalizacia<br />
saqarTvelo mdebareobs samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT nawilSi. <strong>da</strong>svleTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
esazRvreba Savi zRva, samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n — TurqeTi, samxreT-aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n —<br />
somxeTi, Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT — azerbaijani.<br />
teritoria — 69,7 aTasi kvadratuli kilometri. de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi — Tbilisi, romlis<br />
<strong>mosaxleoba</strong> 1,1 milions aRwevs, rac saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleobis TiTqmis 1/4-ia.<br />
sididiT meore qalaqia quTaisi.<br />
saxelmwifo ena — qarTuli, romelic ganekuTvneba iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa<br />
qarTvelur jgufs. qarTul enas aqvs sakuTari <strong>da</strong>mwerloba, romelic 33 aso-niSans<br />
Seicavs. afxazeTSi, qarTulTan erTad, saxelmwifo enis statusi aqvs afxazursac.<br />
Sesabamisad, qveynis mTel teritoriaze samarTalwarmoeba <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo saqmeTa<br />
warmoeba qarTul enaze un<strong>da</strong> mimdinareobdes. Tumca, eTnikuri umciresobebis<br />
kompaqturad gansaxlebis raionebSi mosaxleobis didma nawilma, sabWoTa<br />
memkvidreobis wyalobiT, qarTuli ena ar icis, rac xSirad politikuri spekulaciis<br />
sagnad iqceva xolme.<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTveluri enebis jgufSi Sedis qarTuli, svanuri <strong>da</strong><br />
6
megruli. rac Seexeba lazurs, igi megrulis dialeqta<strong>da</strong>a miCneuli <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
TurqeTSia gavrcelebuli. saqarTveloSi am enaze mxolod erT sofelSi — sarfSi —<br />
laparakoben.<br />
ena iyofa dialeqtebad. sakuTriv qarTulSi 17 dialeqtia. dialeqtebSi gamoiyofa<br />
kiloebi.<br />
saqarTvelo Tavisi <strong>geografiuli</strong> mdebareobiTa <strong>da</strong> istoriiT tradiciulad<br />
polieTnikuri qveyanaa. 1989 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi 90-ze meti<br />
erovnebis warmomadgeneli cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba<br />
iyo 5,4 milioni a<strong>da</strong>miani. eTnikuri umciresoba Seadgen<strong>da</strong> mTeli mosaxleobis 29,87%.<br />
yvelaze didi iyo somxuri saTvistomo (437 aTasi a<strong>da</strong>miani, 8,1%); rusuli (341 aTasi,<br />
6,3%); azerbaijanuli (307,6 aTasi, 5,7%), osuri (164,1 aTasi, 3,5%), berZnuli (100,3<br />
aTasi, 1,8%).<br />
eqspertTa SeafsebiT, 2002 wlisaTvis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba 4,6 milion<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianamde Semcir<strong>da</strong> (afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> cxinvalis regionis gareSe — 4,3 milionamde).<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos <strong>mosaxleoba</strong> 1/5-iT Semcir<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qarTvelebis ricxvi saqarTveloSi 1989 wels 3,7 milions udri<strong>da</strong> — 83,8%), bolo<br />
aRweramde ki (2002 w.) 3,3%-iT Semcir<strong>da</strong>, anu saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kleba<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sxva erovnebebis xarjze mox<strong>da</strong>. amitom satitulo eris wili saerTo<br />
maCvenebelSi 70,1%-<strong>da</strong>n 83,8%-mde gaizar<strong>da</strong>. eTnikuri umciresobebis procentuli<br />
raodenobac 15,9%-mde Semcir<strong>da</strong>. maT Soris somxebi Seadgenen 220 aTass (5,5%), rusebi<br />
85 aTass (2,1%), azerbaijanelebi 200 aTass (5,0%), osebi 38 aTass (0,9%), berZnebi 21<br />
aTass (0,5%). 2004 wlis ivlisisaTvis saqarTvelos <strong>mosaxleoba</strong> Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 4.693.892<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mians, aqe<strong>da</strong>n qarTvelebi _ 70,1%, somxebi — 8,1%, rusebi — 6,3%, azerbaijanelebi —<br />
5,7%, osebi — 3%, afxazebi — 1,8%, sxvebi — 5%.<br />
gansxvavebulia qarTvelebis xvedriTi wili saqarTvelos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mxareSi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos provinciebSi qarTvelTa xvedriTi wili Zalian maRalia, iseve<br />
rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zogierT raionSi. samcxeSi aRniSnuli maCvenebeli<br />
73%-ia, qvemo qarTlSi — 44%, javaxeTSi ki — mxolod 3%. 2002 wlis monacemebiT,<br />
saqarTvelos iurisdicqiaSi myofi 59 raioni<strong>da</strong>n qarTvelebi umravlesobas<br />
Seadgendnen 53-Si. axlaqalaqisa <strong>da</strong> ninowmindis raionebSi, agreTve walkaSi (berZnebis<br />
emigraciis Semdeg) didi umravlesoba somxebia, xolo marneulis, bolnisisa <strong>da</strong><br />
dmanisis raionebSi — azerbaijanelebi.<br />
cxinvalisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis cnobili movlenebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi 286 aTasi<br />
iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli piria. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n 100 aTasamde ltolvili<br />
saqarTvelos farglebs gareT cxovrobs.<br />
qarTvelebs ara aqvT mravalricxovani <strong>da</strong> Zlieri diasporebi sazRvargareT. 1989<br />
wels sxva sabWoTa respublikebSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong> 194 aTasi qarTveli. mokavSire<br />
respublikebi<strong>da</strong>n yvelaze meti qarTveli cxovrob<strong>da</strong> ruseTSi (130 aTasi), ukrainaSi (23<br />
aTasi), azerbaijanSi (14 aTasi, aqe<strong>da</strong>n 12 aTasi saingiloSi, Tumca am maCvenebelSi<br />
igulisxmeba mxolod qristiani ingiloebi, _ muslimi ingiloebi, romelTa raodenoba<br />
gacilebiT metia, azerbaijanelebad iwerebian).<br />
TurqeTsa <strong>da</strong> iranSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa raodenobis <strong>da</strong>dgena SeuZlebelia, radgan<br />
iq mosaxleobis aRwera erovnebis <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebas ar iTvaliswinebs. varaudoben, rom<br />
TurqeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa raodenoba (lazebTan erTad) 500 aTasi un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
(igulisxmeba isini, romelTac SenarCunebuli aqvT ena <strong>da</strong> Tavs Turqebad ar Tvlian).<br />
fereidneli qarTvelebis saerTo raodenoba 225 aTasi un<strong>da</strong> iyos. evropasa <strong>da</strong> amerikaSi<br />
mcxovreb qarTvelTa raodenoba 1990-ian wlebamde 5-6 aTas kacs ar aRematebo<strong>da</strong>. 90-ian<br />
wlebSi qveyana, savaraudod, 350-400 aTasma qarTvelma <strong>da</strong>tova.<br />
7
qarTvelebi sami ZiriTadi subeTnikuri jgufisagan Sedgeba — qarTebis, megrelebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> svanebisagan. meoTxe jgufi — lazebi — dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze<br />
cxovrobs.<br />
qarTebi ramdenime eTnografiul jgufad arian warmodgenili. <strong>da</strong>savleT saqar-<br />
TveloSi aseTi jgufebia imerlebi, gurulebi, aWarlebi, raWvelebi <strong>da</strong> leCxumlebi;<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi — qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, mTiulebi, moxeveebi, fSavelebi,<br />
xevsurebi <strong>da</strong> TuSebi. eTnografiul jgufebSi kidev gamoyofen ufro mcire, subeTnografiul<br />
jgufebs: kaxelebisagan — qiziyelebs, mTiulebisagan — gu<strong>da</strong>mayrelebs,<br />
ingiloebSi ganarCeven qristian <strong>da</strong> muslim ingiloebs, mesxebSi — marTlmadideblebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kaTolikeebs. calke un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT wova-TuSebi (bacbebi), romelTac gansxvavebuli<br />
ena aqvT (igi qarTvelur enaTa jgufs ar miekuTvneba <strong>da</strong> CaCnur-inguSuri enebis<br />
monaTesavea), magram religiiT, kulturiT, tradiciebiTa <strong>da</strong> gvarebiT ar gansxvavdebian<br />
qarTvelebisagan.<br />
qarTvelebis gar<strong>da</strong>, afxazebi erTaderTi xalxia Cvens qveyanaSi mcxovreb xalxTa<br />
Soris, romelTac saqarTvelos gareT samSoblo ar gaaCniaT.<br />
sabWoTa kavSirSi mosaxleobis konfesiuri Semadgenloba ar aRiricxebo<strong>da</strong>, ris<br />
gamo oficialuri statistika aRmsareblobis Sesaxeb ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>. saqarTveloSi<br />
mosaxleobis konfesiuri struqtura pirvelad 2002 wels <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong> 1 . aRweris Tanaxmad,<br />
mosaxleobis 88,6% qristianuli aRmsareblobisaa, 9,9% mahmadiania, 0,1% _ iudeveli,<br />
sxvebi 0,8% Seadgenen, 0,6% arc erT aRmsareblobas ar miakuTvnebs Tavs.<br />
saqarTvelo erT-erTi uZvelesi qristianuli qveyanaa, romlis mosaxleobis<br />
ZiriTadi aRmsarebloba istoriulad marTlmadideblobaa. dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi<br />
mcxovreb qristianTa ZiriTadi nawili — 83,9% marTlmadidebelia. maTi saerTo wili<br />
<strong>mosaxleoba</strong>Si Seadgens 83,8%.<br />
qarTveli marTlmadideblebi mosaxleobis 65% Seadgenen, muslimebi — 11%, rusi<br />
marTlmadideblebi — 10%, somexi grigorianelebi — 8%, sxvebi — 6%.<br />
2002 wlis monacemebiT, morwmune qarTvelebis 94% marTlmadidebelia, 3,8 % _<br />
muslimi, 0,3% _ kaTolike. sxva aRmsareblobaTa mimdevrebis raodenobis Sesaxeb<br />
monacemebi ar aris. 28 aTasi kaci ar aRiarebs arc erT religias.<br />
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sxva erovnebebi<strong>da</strong>n qristianobas aRiareben rusebi<br />
(ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d — marTlmadideblobas, nawili seqtantebia — malaknebi, duxoborebi,<br />
staroverebi), somxebi (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d monofiziti-grigoriznelebi, mcire nawili —<br />
kaTolikebi), berZnebi (marTlmadideblebi), aisorebi (nestorianelebi <strong>da</strong> kaTolikebi),<br />
polonelebi (kaTolikebi), germanelebi (protestanti-luTeranebi). azerbaijanelebi<br />
muslimi Siitebi arian (mcire nawili — suniti).<br />
osebi marTlmadidebeli qristianebi arian, afxazTa nawili aseve marTlmadidebeli<br />
qristiania, nawili ki _ mahmadiani. orive am xalxSi Zlieria warmarTobis tradiciebi.<br />
1997 wels afxazeTis msoaxleobis anketireba Catar<strong>da</strong>, romelmac aCvena, rom<br />
mosaxleobis didi nawili Tavs morwmuned Tvlis. maTi umravlesoba marTlmadideblur<br />
eklesiebSi inaTleba, magram maTi qristianoba <strong>for</strong>malur xasiaTs ar scdeba morwmune<br />
marTlmadidebelTa did nawils bundovani warmodgena aqvs sarwmunoebis Sinaarsobriv<br />
mxaresa <strong>da</strong> yvelaze didi qristianuli dResaswaulebis mniSvnelobazec ki. es is xalxia,<br />
vinc aRiarebs, rom arsebobs yovlisSemamneli RmerTi, magram ar esmiT wmin<strong>da</strong> samebis<br />
mniSvneloba, ar kiTxuloben saxarebas, biblias, ar marxuloben. did qristianul<br />
dResaswaulebzec ki, eklesiebSi wirvaze misul morwmuneTa ricxvi did ar aris. am<br />
dResaswaulebis aRniSvnis ritualSi mkafiod iCens Tavs warmarTuli elementebi.<br />
1<br />
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 2002 wlis pirveli sayovelTao erovnuli aRweris ZiriTadi Sedegebi.<br />
saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti. Tb., 2004.<br />
8
qristiani afxazebis gverdiT, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d gu<strong>da</strong>uTis raionSi, muslimi afxazebic<br />
cxovroben, magram Tanmimdevrul <strong>da</strong> gaazrebul morwmuneebad verc isini CaiTvlebian.<br />
maT bundovani warmodgena aqvT yuranze <strong>da</strong> di<strong>da</strong>d arc mis swavlas eswrafvian. ar icaven<br />
marxvas, arc Wama-smaSi aqvT <strong>da</strong>wesebuli SezRudvebi. gamonakliss Seadgenen muhajirTa<br />
STamomavlebi, romlebic afxazeTSi omis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>brundenen axlo aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
muslimi afxazebi sunitebi arian. marTalia, maTi ricxvi sul ramdenime aseulia, magram<br />
maTi TxovniT soxumsa <strong>da</strong> gu<strong>da</strong>uTaSi samlocvelo saxlebi <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong>: soxumSi — 2000<br />
wels, gu<strong>da</strong>uTaSi — 2004 wels. afxaz muslimTa sasuliero sammarTvelo soxumSi 1999<br />
wels <strong>da</strong>registrir<strong>da</strong>. maTi lideria afxaz muhajirTa STamomavali adel gablia.<br />
afxazeTSi cxovroben kaTolikebic. afxazeTi dRes krasno<strong>da</strong>ris mxaris samxreT<br />
nawilSi Semavali kaTolikuri eklesiis SavizRvispira samrevlos SemadgenlobaSi<br />
Sedis. afxazeTis kaTolikur samrevlos saTaveSi soWis kaTolikuri eklesiis qsenZi,<br />
poloneli bog<strong>da</strong>n severini udgas, romelic ruseTSi gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi<br />
Cavi<strong>da</strong>. qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis saomari fazis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg severinma defaqto<br />
xelisuflebisagan oficialuri nebarTva miiRo, ezruna kaTolikuri eklesiis<br />
ganaxlebaze. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad RvTismsaxureba soxumis botanikuri baRis klubSi<br />
aRevlinebo<strong>da</strong>, Semdeg kaTolikeebs <strong>da</strong>ubrunes Zveli 1930 wels CamorTmeuli eklesia,<br />
romelic mrevlis TaosnobiT SekeT<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 1996 wels iq pirveli RvTismsaxureba<br />
aRevlina. dReisaTvis afxazeTSi kaTolikeTa ricxvi 150 aRwevs. maTi umravlesoba<br />
polonelebi <strong>da</strong> somxebi arian. eklesiis ori uxucesi swored am erovnebebis<br />
warmomadgenlebi arian. maT specialuri momzadebis kursi gaiares <strong>da</strong> roca qsenZi<br />
soWi<strong>da</strong>n Camosvlas ver axerxebs, wirvas isini atareben.<br />
afxazeTis kaTolikur mrevls regularulad ugzavnis humanitarul <strong>da</strong>xmarebas<br />
ruseTSi poloneTis saelCo, poloneTis sazogadoebrivi kaTolikuri eklesia<br />
`kari<strong>da</strong>si~.<br />
rac Seexeba seqtebs. afxazeTSi aqtiur saqmianobas ewevian kriSnaidebi, romlebmac<br />
jer kidev 1989 wels, pirvelad sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze, soxumSi aRniSnes<br />
TavianTi erT-erTi religiuri dResaswauli. maT SemadgenlobaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva erovnebis<br />
axalgazrdebi Sedian. Tumca maTi moRvaweoba ramdenadme Senel<strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg, rac 1995<br />
wels soxumSi maTi savaWro sawyobi <strong>da</strong>wves <strong>da</strong> sami dRis Semdeg kriSnaidebis lideri<br />
igor qorTua mokles 2 .<br />
sxva seqtebi<strong>da</strong>n afxazeTSic, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>narCen teritoriaze,<br />
aqtiurad saqmianoben baptistebi <strong>da</strong> ieRovelebi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi arc erTi erovneba ar aris monokonfesiuri.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> sakuTari tradiciuli aRmsareblobisa, yvela eTnosSi gvxvdebian sxva<br />
Zveli Tu axali aRmsareblobis mimdevrebi.<br />
nebismier koloniur qveyanaSi nacionalizmis aRmavloba, rogorc wesi, iwvevs tradiciuli<br />
religiuri institutebisadmi sazogadoebis interesis zr<strong>da</strong>s. marTlmadidebloba<br />
saqarTveloSi, tradiciulad, ganixileba rogorc erovnulobis, qarTvelobis atributi.<br />
qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis marTlmadidebeli eklesia <strong>da</strong> aRmsarebloba faseulia, pirvel<br />
rigSi, swored erovnuli identifikaciis TvalsazrisiT. sabWoTa reJimis winaaRmdeg<br />
brZola 1980-iani wlebis miwuruls religiuri atributikisa <strong>da</strong> ritorikis sistematuri<br />
gamoyenebiT mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. amoqmed<strong>da</strong> araerTi Zveli eklesia, aSen<strong>da</strong> axali. gaizar<strong>da</strong><br />
sasuliero saswavlebelTa ricxvi, gaixsna sasuliero akademia. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri<br />
avtokefaluri eklesia 35 eparqiad iyofa.<br />
mTlianobaSi, somxuri eklesiisagan gansxvavebiT, romelmac zesaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
institutis funqciebi SeiZina, qarTuli eklesia naklebad iyo CarTuli politikur <strong>da</strong><br />
2 religiebi, konfesiebi <strong>da</strong> seqtebi afxazeTSi. — gaz. “afxazeTis axali xma”, 19-26. 03.2005, gv 12.<br />
9
saxelmwifoebriv procesebSi. igi ufro CrdilSi yofnas amjobineb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> adgils<br />
uTmob<strong>da</strong> politikur liderebs (ssrk-s <strong>da</strong>Slisa <strong>da</strong> religiuri identurobis Ziebis<br />
procesis <strong>da</strong>wyebis Semdegac ki). amave dros, mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze, rodesac<br />
qveynis politikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli sazRvrebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri<br />
siWrelec bunebrivi movlena iyo, swored religia iyo barieri ucxoTa kulturuli<br />
eqspansiisa <strong>da</strong> asimilaciis gzaze, erovnuli konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciis efeqturi iaraRi.<br />
rac Seexeba umciresobebs, saqarTveloSi aris 11 somxuri samociqulo, 3 somxuri<br />
kaTolikuri, 8 rusuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia, 3 kaTolikuri taZari, 15<br />
muslimuri meCeTi, 14 sinagoga.<br />
eTnikuri umciresobebis kulturul ganviTarebas uzrunvelyofs 361 skola <strong>da</strong> 190<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saskolo seqtori mSobliuri enis swavlebiT. universitetebSi<br />
arsebobs arsaxelmwifo enaze moqmedi fakultetebi; 4 saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> 5 saxalxo<br />
Teatri. eTnikur umciresobaTa enaze gamoicema 21 gazeTi <strong>da</strong> 4 Jurnali.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom eTnikur saTvistomoebSi araerTgvarovani situaciaa. magaliTad,<br />
qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanelebi ganaTlebas ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d azerbaijanul enaze<br />
iReban, Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlisa — qarTul enaze. Tbilissi mcxovrebi somxebi integrirebuli<br />
arian qarTul sazogadoebaSi, rasac ver vityviT mesxeT-javaxeTis somxebze, romelTa<br />
umravlesoba qarTul enas ar flobs. berZnuli diaspora iyofa berZnulenovan <strong>da</strong><br />
Turqulenovan nawilad, ebraelebi — qarTulenovan <strong>da</strong> aSkenaz (rusulenovan evropel)<br />
ebraelebad <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
qveyanaSi arsebobs 120-ze meti arasamTavrobo organizacia, romlebic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
eTnikur Tems warmoadgens. maTi nawili, faqtobrivad, romelime politikuri partiis<br />
<strong>da</strong>namatia, nawili ki, umoqmedoa. maTi monawileobis xarisxi qveynis sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaSi maRali ar aris, Tumca ukanaskneli 2-3 wlis manZilze garkveuli winsvla<br />
SeimCneva.<br />
somxebi saqarTveloSi yvelaze msxvil eTnikur umciresobas Seadgenen. isini<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> istoriuli javaxeTis raionebSi cxovroben. somxebi<br />
saqarTveloSi kompaqturad bolo 170 wlis manZilze arian <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli, ruseT-<br />
TurqeTis 1828-1829 ww. omis Semdeg.<br />
1989 wlis aRweris mixedviT, saqarTveloSi somxebis raodenoba 437 aTass aRematebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
maTi umravlesoba javaxeTsa <strong>da</strong> mesxeTSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
eTnokonfesiuri TvalsazrisiT, mesxeT-javaxeTi saqarTvelos erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
gamorCeuli regionia. igi gamoirCeva, agreTve, samxedro-strategiuli mniSvnelobiT.<br />
samcxe-javaxeTi samxreT saqarTvelos mxarea, romelic TurqeTsa <strong>da</strong> somxeTs<br />
esazRvreba. <strong>da</strong>narCeni saqarTvelosagan mcire kavkasionis qedi yofs. 1989 w. aRweris<br />
mixedviT, <strong>mosaxleoba</strong> 231,649 kacs Seadgens. aerTianebs 6 raions: axalcixes, adigens,<br />
axalqalaqs, aspinZas, borjomsa <strong>da</strong> ninowmin<strong>da</strong>s. administraciuli centria qalaqi<br />
axalcixe.<br />
mosaxleobis udides nawils qarTvelebi <strong>da</strong> somxebi Seadgenen. saqarTveloSi<br />
mcxovreb somexTa umravlesoba — 200 000 _ swored mesxeT-javaxeTSi cxovrobs. 1989<br />
wlis aRweris monacemebiT, javaxeaTis <strong>mosaxleoba</strong>Si somxebi 53,7% Seadgendenen,<br />
amJamad maTi Sefardeba mniSvnelovnad gaizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 90% (somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT —<br />
97%) miaRwia, mesxeTSi ki — 1/3-s.<br />
saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs sxva regioni, sa<strong>da</strong>c eTnikuri umciresoba ase<br />
kompaqtura<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli.<br />
eTnikur mravalferovnebas religiuric emateba. qarTvelebis umravlesoba marTlmadidebelia,<br />
somxebisa — monofozoti-grigorianeli. Tumca aq istoriulad Zlieria<br />
rogorc qarTuli, ise somxuri kaTolicizmi. rusuli mosaxleobis (romelic bolo<br />
10
TxuTmet weliwadSi sagrZnoblad Semcir<strong>da</strong>) umravlesobas Seadgens duxoborebis<br />
qristianuli seqta, romelic ninowmindis raionis or sofelSi cxovrobs. erovnuli<br />
moZraobis wlebSi aWari<strong>da</strong>n gadmoasaxles stiqiuri ubedurebiT <strong>da</strong>zaralebuli<br />
qarTveli muslimebi. arian, agreTve, baptistebi, ormoc<strong>da</strong>aTianelebi, ieRovas mowmeebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva mcire religiuri jgufebi.<br />
saukuneebis manZilze es regioni qarTuli, somxuri <strong>da</strong> osmalur-Turquli<br />
samyaroebis ga<strong>da</strong>kveTaze mdebareob<strong>da</strong>. Sesabamisad, eTnokonfesiuri suraTis sirTulec<br />
mas istoriulad mosdgams. istoriuli mexsiereba gavlenas axdens eTnokonfesiuri<br />
jgufebis dRevandel ganwyobasa <strong>da</strong> qcevaze.<br />
1828 wels, roca ruseTma samcxe-javaxeTi samxedro gziT <strong>da</strong>ipyro <strong>da</strong> Tbilisis<br />
guberniis Semadgenlobasi Seiyvana, mosaxleobis umravlesobas muslimebi Seadgendnen,<br />
qarTuli <strong>da</strong> somxuri qristianuli Temebis umetesoba ki, kaTolike iyo. muslimi<br />
mosaxlebis eTnikuri warmomavloba mecnierTa <strong>da</strong>vis sagania. nawili maT did nawils<br />
warmoSobiT Turqad Tvlis, sxvebis azriT ki, isini gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi arian.<br />
ruseTTan SeerTebis dros maTi didi nawili osmaleTisadmi ufro loialuri iyo,<br />
vidre ruseTisadmi. am sababiT, generalma paskeviCma `arasando~ muslimi <strong>mosaxleoba</strong><br />
osmaleTSi gandevna, maT nacvlad ki anatolieli somxebi Camoasaxla. dRevandeli<br />
javaxeTis somxebis didi nawili swored maTi STamomavalia.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili muslimi rCebo<strong>da</strong>. 1944 wlis 15<br />
noembers mxaris mTeli muslimi <strong>mosaxleoba</strong> — 90 aTasze meti a<strong>da</strong>miani, TurqeTTan<br />
faruli TanamSromlobis braldebiT, centralur aziaSi ga<strong>da</strong>asaxles <strong>da</strong> maT adgilas<br />
saqarTvelos sxva regionebi<strong>da</strong>n (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d zemo imereTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> raWi<strong>da</strong>n) <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
30 aTasamde qarTveli Camoasaxles.<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom 1999 wels, evropis sabWoSi Sesvlisas, saqarTvelom aiRo<br />
valdebuleba, 12 wlis va<strong>da</strong>Si ga<strong>da</strong>ewyvita deportirebulTa repatriaciis problema.<br />
magram es sakiTxi azrTa did sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobas iwvevs.<br />
1988 wels mTian yarabaRSi <strong>da</strong>wyebulma movlenebma javaxeTis somxebs erovnuli<br />
moZraobis <strong>da</strong>wyebisaken ubiZga. mTian yarabaRsa <strong>da</strong> javaxeTs bevri ram aqvT saerTo:<br />
orive somxeTs emezobleba, orive regionSi somxebi mosaxleobis umravlesobas<br />
Seadgenen. bevri axalqalaqeli somexi aqtiurad monawileob<strong>da</strong> yarabaRis omSi.<br />
javaxeTis somxebs Zlieri eTnikuri TviSegneba aqvT. 1988 wels adgilobrivma somxebma<br />
Seqmnes moZraoba `javaxki~ (javaxeTis somxuri saxelwodebis mixedviT). misi<br />
oficialuri mizani iyo somxebis kulturuli TviTmyofadobis <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong> regionis<br />
ganviTareba. namdvil miznad ki avtonomiis Seqmna iqca, rasac periodulad enacvlebo<strong>da</strong><br />
somxeTTan gaerTianebis moTxovna.<br />
`javaxkis~ nacionalisturad ganwyobilmma frTam Camoayaliba politikuri partia<br />
`virki~ (saqarTvelos istoriuli saxelwodeba somxur enaze), romlis orientacia<br />
prorusuli <strong>da</strong> antiTurqulia. misi mizania saqarTvelos federaluri mowyoba <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
SemadgenlobaSi javaxeTis <strong>da</strong>moukideblad CarTva.<br />
javaxeTSi ruseTis samxedro bazebis arseboba <strong>da</strong> mesxeTSi sacxovreblad<br />
<strong>da</strong>brunebis mosurne `Turqi mesxebis~ problema kidev ufro Zabavs viTarebas.<br />
azerbaijanis respublika mdebareobs samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> samxreT-aRmosavleT<br />
nawilSi. mas esazRvreba: CrdiloeTiT — ruseTis federacia (<strong>da</strong>Restani), Crdilo<strong>da</strong>savleTiT<br />
— saqarTvelo, samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTiT — somxeTi <strong>da</strong> TurqeTi, samxreTiT —<br />
irani, aRmosavleTiT — kaspiis zRva.<br />
teritoria — 86.600 kvadratuli kilometri. de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi _ baqo.<br />
mosaxleobis raodenoba 7.770.000 kacia, maT Soris: azerbaijaneli — 83%, rusi —<br />
5,6%, lezgebi — 2,4%, somxebi — 2%, xunZebi — 0,6%, ukrainelebi — 0,4%, TaTrebi — 0,4%.<br />
11
kaxis, zaqaTalisa <strong>da</strong> belaqnis raionebSi kompaqturad arian <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli qarTvelebi;<br />
lenqoranis <strong>da</strong>blobze cxovroben TaliSebi.<br />
TviT cneba `azerbaijani~ im teritoriasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic XX s. 20-ian<br />
wlebSi azerbaijanis ssr SemadgenlobaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong>, mxolod XX s. <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi gaCn<strong>da</strong>, xolo<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> 1918 w. 28 maiss azerbaijanis demokratiuli respublikis gamocxadebis<br />
Semdeg.<br />
azerbaijanis saxelmwifoebrioba amJamindel sazRvrebSi <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa ruseTsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> TurqeTs Soris moskovis 1921 w. 16 martis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze.<br />
religiuri sfero azerbaijanSi garkveul aRmavlobas ganicdis. es, pirvel rigSi,<br />
exeba dominirebad konfesias — islams. Tumca aRmavloba <strong>da</strong> ganviTareba azerbaijanisaTvis<br />
sxva tradiciul religiebsac Seexo. amasTan, gaCn<strong>da</strong> aratradiciuli, adre<br />
ucnobi mimdinareobebic. es, garkveulwilad, aixsneba wina 70 wlis mdgomareobiT,<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis saWirboroto sakiTxebze pasuxebis ZiebiT konfesiur sferoSi,<br />
gareSe Zalebis gaqtiurebiT.<br />
iseve rogorc TiTqmis yvelgan, politikuri Zalebi religias iyeneben rogorc<br />
masebze zemoqmedebisa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari gavlenis ganmtkicebis instruments, gareSe Zalebi<br />
— aseve sakuTari gavlenis gaZlierebisaTvis.<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, azerbaijanSi ZiriTadi religia islamia, Tumca gavrcelebulia<br />
qristianoba <strong>da</strong> iu<strong>da</strong>izmic. muslimTa umravlesoba azeria, TiTqmis yvela isini Siitebi<br />
arian.<br />
qveyana SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>iyos or `muslimur zonad”: samxreTi moicavs teritorias baqo-<br />
Semaxa-evlaxi-ganja-gazaxi-naxWevnis xazi<strong>da</strong>n samxreTisaken, iranis sazRvramde. aq<br />
morwmuneTa ZiriTadi nawili Siitia: azerebi, TaliSebi, TaTebi, qurTebis nawili. arian<br />
sunitebic: axiska, TaTrebi, qurTebis nawili. aq cxovroben marTlmadidebeli qristianebic<br />
— rusebi, ukrainelebi, belorusebi, qarTvelebi; rusi raskolnikebi <strong>da</strong><br />
seqtantebi; germanelebi — kaTolikeni <strong>da</strong> luTeranebi; udebi — monofizitebi; somexigrigorianebi;<br />
iudevelebi — juuri (mTis ebraelebi), aSkenazebi (evropeli ebraelebi),<br />
qarTveli ebraelebi. XX-XXI ss. mijnaze gaCn<strong>da</strong> aratradiciuli mimdinareobebi:<br />
muslimuri — vahabitebi <strong>da</strong> nursistebi, nakSbandielebi, feizulistebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.;<br />
induisti-kriSnaitebi; protestantuli Temebi (qristianuli) 3 .<br />
CrdiloeTi zona mdebareobs ufro CrdiloeTiT — saqarTvelosTan <strong>da</strong> ruseTTan<br />
sazRvrisken. mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili sunitia: lezgebi <strong>da</strong> avarelebi, krizebi <strong>da</strong><br />
waxurelebi, budugebi <strong>da</strong> xinalugebi, ingiloTa nawili <strong>da</strong> azerebi. qristianebi<br />
warmodgenili arian rusebiT (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d raskolnikebi <strong>da</strong> seqtantebi), udinebiT<br />
(monofizitebi), marTlmadideblebiT — ingiloTa nawili, iudevelebiT — juuriT 4 .<br />
ssr kavSiris Seqmnis win azerbaijanSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> 2000-mde meCeTi, romelTa didi<br />
nawili 1930-ian wlebSi <strong>da</strong>angries an <strong>da</strong>xures. marTalia, meore msoflio omis wlebSi<br />
zogierTi meCeTi kvlav amoqmed<strong>da</strong>, rac ganpirobebuli iyo stalinis politikiT —<br />
nebismieri, maT Soris religiuri faqtoris gamoyenebiT moexdina sabWoTa xalxis<br />
mobilizacia nacisturi germaniis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.<br />
1976 wels azerbaijanSi 16 registrirebuli meCeTi (14 Siituri <strong>da</strong> ori sunituri,<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n 7 — baqoSi) <strong>da</strong> madrasa arsebob<strong>da</strong>, sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis droisaTvis maTi<br />
ricxvi 200-mde avi<strong>da</strong> (araregistrirebulebis CaTvliT). sxva wyaros monacemiT, 1994<br />
wlisaTvis arsebob<strong>da</strong> 84 religiuri <strong>da</strong>wesebuleba, meCeTebis CaTvliT, romlebic<br />
3 Гусейн-Заде Р. А. Религия и политика: Взаимоотношения на азербайджанском фоне. – В журн.: Центральная Азия и<br />
Кавказ. № 3 (33), 2004, c.149.<br />
4<br />
iqve.<br />
12
xSirad aralegalurad an naxevrad legalurad moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> 5 .<br />
2004 w. <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis qveyanaSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> 1300 moqmedi meCeTi <strong>da</strong> islamis sxva<br />
sakulto obieqti; sxva konfesiaTa 40-ze meti sakulto nageboba. baqoSi dRes sami<br />
marTlmadidebluri taZaria. respublikaSi aris raskolnikebisa <strong>da</strong> seqtantebis<br />
samlocveloebi, Svidi sinagoga, maTgan erTi, romelic baqoSi mdebareobs <strong>da</strong> yvelaze<br />
didia kavkasiaSi, aigo 2003 wels `joinTis~ saxsrebiT. de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi rekonstruirebulia<br />
kaTolikuri eklesia, kidev erTs safuZveli Caeyara 2003 wels, azerbaijanSi<br />
romis papis vizitis dros.<br />
azerbaijanSi dRes arsebobs saswavlo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi <strong>da</strong> kursebi tradiciul<br />
konfesiaTa safuZvlebis Sesaswavlad: baqos islamuri universiteti filialebiT<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva raionSi; madrasebi — saSualo saswavlo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebani, meCeTebTan, eklesiebTan,<br />
sinagogebTan Seqmnilia saswavlo kursebi.<br />
faqtia, rom postsabWoTa azerbaijanSi `religiuri renesansi~ erovnuli<br />
TviTSegnebis zrdis paralelurad mimdinareobs. baqos ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> politikur<br />
kvlevaTa centris monacemebiT, 90-iani wlebis bolos azerbaijanelebis mxolod 4-6%<br />
Tu iyo `aqtiuri~ morwmune <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mcveli religiuri miTiTebebisa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis wesisa,<br />
87-92% ki iseT kategorias Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, romelic acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom muslimi iyo, Tumca<br />
naklebad an saerTod ar asruleb<strong>da</strong> religiur ritualebs. <strong>da</strong>narCen 3%-s aTeistebi<br />
warmoadgendnen. azerbaijanelebis umravlesoba aqtiurad stumrobs meCeTs religiur<br />
dResaswaulebze, Tumca aSuras uqme dRes, rodesac muhamedis SvilTaSvils husein ibn<br />
alis glovoben <strong>da</strong> TviTgvemis ritualebic tardeba, sagrZnoblad pasiuroben. rogorc<br />
am sakiTxebis mkvlevari raul motika askvnis, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> qveynebSi islami istoriulad<br />
ganpirobebul adgilobriv TaviseburebaTa <strong>garemo</strong>Si ganviTar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mowy<strong>da</strong><br />
saerTaSoriso muslimur moZraobebsa Tu mimdinareobebs. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad, sazRvris<br />
gaxsnis Semdeg, mravali axalgazr<strong>da</strong> ewvia TanamoZme TurqeTis saswavleblebs. Tumca<br />
90-iani wlebis bolosaTvis oficialur <strong>da</strong> naxevradoficialur saswavleblebs<br />
azerbaijanelebi ukve amreziT uyurebdnen, <strong>da</strong>inaxes ra, rom ucxoeTSi swavlamiRebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> samSobloSi <strong>da</strong>brunebuli axalgazrdebi ukve Riad qa<strong>da</strong>gebdnen sunitur ideebs <strong>da</strong><br />
arc `Sahsei-vahseis~ tradiciis gmobas eridebodnen. 6 .<br />
<strong>for</strong>maluri niSniT, meCeTebi ar iyofa Siitur <strong>da</strong> sunitur meCeTebad (vahabitTa<br />
meCeTebis gamoklebiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c mxolod am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi <strong>da</strong>dian).<br />
2004 w. <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis savaldebulo registracia gavlili hqon<strong>da</strong> 230 konfesiur<br />
Tems, maT Soris: 201 muslimurs, <strong>da</strong>narCens — qristianuls — rusul <strong>da</strong> qarTul<br />
marTlmadideblurs, luTeranuls, romaul-kaTolikurs, axalsamociqulos,<br />
moloknebs, meSvide dRis adventistebs, ormoc<strong>da</strong>aTianelebs, ieRovas mowmeebs,<br />
iudevelTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mimdinareobas <strong>da</strong> sxv 7 .<br />
vahabizmi azerbaijanSi ar aris `mebrZoli~, Semtevi xasiaTisa. morwmuneebs igi<br />
izi<strong>da</strong>vs `religiaSi ubraloebis~ ideebiT. sainteresoa, rom man mimdevrebi pova adgilobriv<br />
eTnoreligiur umciresobebSi — lezgebSi, avarelebsa <strong>da</strong> waxurebSi, romelTac<br />
amiT gamoxates protesti maTi samoqalaqo uflebebis SezRudvis winaaRmdeg.<br />
ufro zogadi TvalsazrisiT, aratradiciuli mimdinareobaTa gaCena gareSe<br />
Zalebis metoqeobis Sedegia, romlebic sakuTari gavlenis gaZlierebisaTvis nebismier<br />
saSualebas iyeneben, maT Soris — konfesiursac. aratradiciuli mimdinareobani xels<br />
uwyoben religiis, pirvel rigSi, ZiriTadis — islamis — politizacias.<br />
5 Саттаров Р. Ислам как политический фактор в постсоветском Азербайджане. – В журн.:Центральная Азия и Кавказ. 2004,<br />
№ 4 (34), с.9.<br />
6<br />
xinCagaSvili S. eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> religiuri situaciis dinamika kavkasiaSi (postsabWoTa periodi). —<br />
saqarTvelos mecn.akad. politologiis institutis weliwdeuli — 2003. Tb., 2003, gv.71.<br />
7 iqve, gv.151.<br />
13
amdena<strong>da</strong>c azerbaijani upiratesad Siituria, gansakuTrebiT mkafiod Cans `iranis<br />
kvali~. Teirani moqmedebs Tavisi diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebis, religiursaqvelmoqmedo<br />
organizaciebis, misionerebis, masobrivi in<strong>for</strong>maciis saSualebaTa,<br />
agreTve `gavlenis agentebis~ meSveobiT, gansakuTrebiT — samxreT zonaSi. aSkaraa<br />
iranis konfesiuri aqtivobis politizacia. magram is faqti, rom azerbaijanSi arc<br />
erTi iranuli meCeTi ar aris, am ukanasknelis sust religiur gavlenaze metyvelebs.<br />
1990 wlis zamTarSi azerbaijanelebma, kerZod, naxWevanelebma iranis sasazRvro<br />
simagreebi <strong>da</strong>angries, iq mcxovreb TanamoZmeebTan didi xniT gawyvetili urTierToebebis<br />
aRdgenis niSnad (CrdiloeT iranSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri azerbaijanelebi iranis<br />
mosaxleobis 1/3 Seadgenen <strong>da</strong> 2-3-jer metni arian, vidre TviTon azerbaijanSi.<br />
paralelurad, 1918-20 ww. azerbaijanis mmarTveli partiis musavatis lozungi `Turqizmi,<br />
modernizacia <strong>da</strong> islami~ kvlav popularuli gax<strong>da</strong>. dRes azerbaijanuli<br />
sazogadoebis nawili azerbaijanul nacionalizms <strong>da</strong> TviTmyofadobas mxolod did<br />
Turqul kulturul konteqstSi ganixilavs, im dros, roca meore nawili panTurqizms<br />
`azerbaijanizmis~ sawinaaRmdego doqtrinad Tvlis <strong>da</strong> qemal aTaTurqis midgomas<br />
yvelaze misaReb gamosavlad miiCnevs. amavdroulad, sazogadoebis orive nawilisTvis<br />
miuRebelia proiranuli ideologiuri orientacia, ris mizezi ara marto sabWoTa<br />
mediis xangrZliv antiiranul propagan<strong>da</strong>Si un<strong>da</strong> veZioT, aramed yarabaRis<br />
konfliqtSic, sa<strong>da</strong>c irani somxeTis partniorad aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>. un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT<br />
aseve iranSi mcxovrebi azerbaijanuli diasporis mZime uflebrivi mdgomareoba,<br />
romelic kidev ufro laxavs iranis imijs azerbaijanelis TvalSi.<br />
sekularuli TurqeTi moqmedebs religiur organizaciaTa oficialuri struqturebis<br />
meSveobiT, pirvel rigSi — baqosa <strong>da</strong> naxWevanSi. de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi gaxsnilia<br />
Turquli universiteti `kavkasia~.<br />
marTalia, TurqeTi sunituri qveyanaa, magram mas azerbaijanSi ufro myari<br />
poziciebi <strong>da</strong> samoqmedo areali aqvs, agreTve hyavs meti `gavlenis agenti~, vidre irans.<br />
amas ramdenime mizezi aqvs: 1) azerebis mexsierebaSi <strong>da</strong>leqilia is faqti, rom sparsuli<br />
saxelmwifoebi 2500 welia cdiloben arasparselTa deeTnizacias, anu atareben<br />
eTnocidis politikas. 1960-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi iranis saxelmwifos politika<br />
mkafiod Camoayaliba mohamed reza-Sah fexlevim: erTi qveyana, erTi istoria, erTi<br />
eTnosi, erTi kultura, erTi religia, erTi ena. 2) Turquli <strong>da</strong> azerebis enebi erT<br />
jgufs ekuTvnis. 3) irani aqtiurad TanamSromlobs somxeTTan, romelsac azerbaijanis<br />
teritoriis 16% aqvs mitacebuli, mxars uWers mTiani yarabaRis aralegitimur respublikas.<br />
4) iranSi keTilganwyobiT ekidebian adgilobriv somxur Tems: Tumca am<br />
Teokratiul saxelmwofiSi moqmedebs `mSrali kanoni~, magram somxebs aqvT arayis<br />
gamoxdis ufleba; erT-erTi somxuri eklesia gamocxadebulia `arqiteqturis faseul<br />
istoriul Zeglad~ <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culia saxelmwifos mier. mexuTe, TurqeTi azerbaijans<br />
samxedro <strong>da</strong> politikuri TvalsazrisiT exmareba; misi teritoria azerbaijanisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTisaken gasasvleli erT-erTi `derefania~ — wina aziis muslimuri samyarosaken,<br />
euTo-sa <strong>da</strong> nato-saken.<br />
mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>ikava suniturma arabulma aRmosavleTmac.<br />
vahabizmi islamis oficialuri <strong>for</strong>maa muslimuri samyaros erT-erT umdidres<br />
qveyanaSi — saudis arabeTSi, romelic amave dros aSS strategiuli partnioria. amitom<br />
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom vahabizmis gavrcelebas azerbaijanSi ara mxolod<br />
konfesiuri, aramed politikuri xasiaTic aqvs.<br />
vahabizmi aRwevs CrdiloeT kavkasii<strong>da</strong>nac — <strong>da</strong>Restni<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> CeCneTi<strong>da</strong>n. pirvel<br />
SemTxvevaSi `mediatoris~ rolSi gamodian azerbaijanSi mcxovrebi lezgebi, avarelebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> waxurebi. meoreSi — CeCnebi, romlebic moZraoben azerbaijans, saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong><br />
14
CrdiloeT kavkasias Soris, an <strong>da</strong>mkvidrdnen azerbaijanSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c gadian mkurnalobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> reabilitaciis kurss, zogi maTgani adgilobriv umaRles saswavlebelSic swavlobs.<br />
qristianuli <strong>da</strong>savleTi aseve iyenebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva arxs, maT Soris — konfesiursac.<br />
maT mier tardeba religiuri mimarTulebis konferenciebi <strong>da</strong> seminarebi.<br />
200 welze metia, azerbaijanSi mcxovreb ingiloTa Soris Tavis saqmianobas eweva<br />
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesia, romelmac qristianad moaqcia am eTnoreligiuri<br />
jgufis nawili. amgvar prozelitebs uqmnian swavlis pirobebs saqarTveloSi,<br />
aZleven qarTul saxelebsa <strong>da</strong> gvarebs. samSobloSi isini brundebian rogorc `gavlenis<br />
agentebi~.<br />
1990 wli<strong>da</strong>n periodulad Cndebian emisrebi vatikani<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom islamis aratradiciuli mimdinareobebi popularulia axalgazrdobaSi,<br />
aratradiciul mimdinareobebTan brZola ufro politikuri xasiaTisaa, vidre<br />
religiuri.<br />
amrigad, politikuri xelisufleba akontrolebs situacias konfesiur sferoSi.<br />
misi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba uaryofiTia aratradiciuli mimdinareobebis mimarT.<br />
somxeTis respublika samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> mTianeTSi mdebareobs. teritoria — 29,8<br />
aTasi kvaretuli kilometri. de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi — erevani.<br />
CrdiloeTiT esazRvreba saqarTvelo, aRmosavleTiT — azerbaijani, <strong>da</strong>savleTiT —<br />
TurqeTi, samxreTiT — irani.<br />
somexi xalxis istoriul bedSi somxeTis respublikis Tanamedrove teritorias XX<br />
s. <strong>da</strong>sawyisamde ganmsazRvreli roli ar Seusrulebia. somxeTis didi nawili Sedio<strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c somexTa raodenoba <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 2,5 mln<br />
Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. maTi umravlesoba aRmosavleTis 6 vilaieTSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. sakmaod<br />
mravalricxovani somxuri diaspora arsebob<strong>da</strong> ruseTSi <strong>da</strong> mis sazRvrebs gareTac.<br />
e.hobsbaumi wer<strong>da</strong>, rom Tanamedrove somxeTi — es aris yvelaferi is, rac <strong>da</strong>rCa mas<br />
Semdeg, rac yvela <strong>da</strong>narCen teritoriaze, sa<strong>da</strong>c adre somxebi cxovrobdnen, isini<br />
gawyvites an gandevnes iqi<strong>da</strong>n 8 .<br />
1998 wlis 1 ianvris monacemebiT, somxeTis <strong>mosaxleoba</strong> 3 793 200 mcxovrebs Seadgens,<br />
maTgan 95%-ze meti eTnikuri somexia. ena — somxuri, romelic indoevropuli ojaxis<br />
somxur jufs ganekuTvneba. ganarCeven aRmosavlur <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlur saliteraturo enas;<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur saliteraturo enaze somxuri diaspora metyvelebs, aRmosavlurze ki<br />
somxeTSi mcxovrebi somxebi laparakoben. somxur enas aqvs sakuTari <strong>da</strong>mwerloba,<br />
romelic 39 aso-niSans Seicavs.<br />
sakuTriv somxeTis gar<strong>da</strong>, eTnikuri somxebi cxovroben msoflios mraval qveyanaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> mZlavr <strong>da</strong> gavlenian somxur diasporas qmnian. sazRvargareT somxebis gansaxlebis<br />
ZiriTadi centrebia ruseTi (armaviri, rostovi, moskovi) — 800 000, saqarTvelo<br />
(javaxeTi <strong>da</strong> Tbilisi) — 500 000, TurqeTi (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d stamboli) — amJamad 85 000, aSS<br />
(ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d kali<strong>for</strong>nia)— 1 000 000, argentina — 85 000, safrangeTi — 500 000, libani —<br />
150 000, irani — 200 000, siria — 130 000, kana<strong>da</strong> — 60 000, avstralia — 30 000. sul somxuri<br />
diaspora msoflios 60 qveyanaSia gafantuli.<br />
somxeTSi cxovroben rusebis, iezidebis, berZnebisa <strong>da</strong> ebraelebis eTnikuri<br />
umciresobebi, agreTve aisorebi <strong>da</strong> ukrainelebi. somxeTSi mcxovreb azerbaijanelTa<br />
umravlesobam 1980-90-iani wlebis mijnaze <strong>da</strong>tova sacxovrebeli <strong>da</strong> Tavi azerbaijansa<br />
8 Хобсбаум Э. Нации и национализм после 1790 года. М., 1998, с.263.<br />
15
<strong>da</strong> ruseTs Seafara 9 .<br />
somxebis didi umravlesoba monofiziti qristiania. isini qveynis mosaxleobis 80%<br />
Seadgenen. sazRvargareT mcxovreb somexTa nawili kaTolike <strong>da</strong> protestantia. amJamad<br />
somxeTis samociqulo grigorianul eklesias saTaveSi udgas uzenaesi patriarqi <strong>da</strong><br />
sruliad somexTa kaTalikosi eCmiaZinisa garegin II.<br />
somxeTis samociqulo eklesia erT-erTi uZlieresi somxuri organizaciaa. kavkasiaSi<br />
qristianul eklesiebs Soris igi gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebelia.<br />
Seqmna ra eklesiaTa ganStoebuli qseli, eCmiaZini sabWoTa periodSic <strong>da</strong> axlac<br />
akontrolebs did somxur diasporas, rac saSualebas aZlevs, uSualod monawileobdes<br />
somexi xalxis cxovrebaSi, xSirad ki _ sagareo politikuri orientirebis firmirebaSic.<br />
imis <strong>da</strong>sturad, rom somxur eklesias did rols aniWeben rogorc Tavad<br />
somxeTis, aseve msoflios politikosebi, gamodgeba is faqti, rom 2001 w. zafxulSi aSS-<br />
Si vizitis dros somexTa amJamindeli kaTolikosi garegin II pira<strong>da</strong>d prezidentma<br />
jorj buSma miiRo. aseTi pativi ar RirsebiaT arc ilia II, arc samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
muslimTa sulier liders (Seix ul-islams) alah-Sukur faSazades 10 .<br />
ukanaskneli ramdenime saukunis manZilze somxuri eklesia ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli<br />
rgolia somxeTsa <strong>da</strong> mis ucxour diasporas Soris.<br />
rTuli istoriuli viTarebis gamo, somxuri eklesiis centri xSirad icvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad igi vaharSapatSi mdebareob<strong>da</strong>, Semdeg — dvinsa <strong>da</strong> anisSi, Semdeg —<br />
amasiasi <strong>da</strong>kilikiis somxeTSi. 1441 wels somxuri eklesiis centri gax<strong>da</strong> eCmiaZini 11 .<br />
grigorianuli eklesiis struqtura 4 ZiriTad elements moicavs: 1) eCmiaZinis<br />
yovelTa somexTa sakaTalikoso, romelic grigorianuli eklesiis centrad iTvleba;<br />
misi meTauri uzenaesi patriarqisa <strong>da</strong> araratis saerToerovnuli de<strong>da</strong>-eklesiis<br />
kaTalikosos tituls atarebs <strong>da</strong> yovelTa somexTa laTalikosad moixsenieba; 2)<br />
kilikiis didi saxlis sakaTalikoso — rezidenciiT antiliasSi; 3) ierusalimis<br />
sapatriarqo — rezidenciiT ierusalimSi <strong>da</strong> 4) konstantinopolis sapatriarqo —<br />
rezidenciiT stambolSi. ukanaskneli sami centri de<strong>da</strong>-eklesiis iurisdiqciaSia,<br />
magram sargeblobs Sinagani administraciuli avtonomiiT.<br />
IX saukuni<strong>da</strong>n, mas Semdeg, rac somxuri <strong>mosaxleoba</strong> mTel msoflioSi mimoifanta,<br />
somxuri eklesiis mniSvneloba metad gaizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> man universaluri xasiaTi SeiZina.<br />
gansxvavebuli kulturisa <strong>da</strong> religiis qveynebSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, eklesiam<br />
SeinarCuna organizaciuli <strong>da</strong> dogmaturi mTlianoba.<br />
1986 wlis mdgomareobiT, somxeTSi 29 registrirebuli <strong>da</strong> 34 araregistrirebuli<br />
religiuri organizacia moRvaweob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1997 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis religiur saqmeTa komitetma registraciaSi gaatara 16<br />
konfesia <strong>da</strong> religiuri gaerTianeba: somxeTis samociqulo eklesia, warmarTebi,<br />
iezidebi, kaTolikuri eklesia, iudevelTa Temi, ruseTis marTlmadidebluri eklesia,<br />
kriSnaitebi, bahaistebi, meSvide dRis adventistebi, evangelist-ormoc<strong>da</strong>aTianelebi,<br />
baptistebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
somxeTSi didi gavrceleba pova religiurma seqtebma, romlebic registrirebuli<br />
arian rogorc saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi.<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, kavkasiaSi warmodgenilia oTxive msoflio klasikuri religia:<br />
9<br />
giorgi xelaSvili. cnobari somxeTze. — saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis centri,<br />
35, 2000, ianvari, gv.3.<br />
10 Исмаилов Э., Полухов Э. Противостояние «старых» и «новых» игроков на политической карте Кавказа. – В журн.:<br />
Центральная Азия и Кавказ. 2004, № 4 (34), c.50.<br />
11 giorgi xelaSvili. cnobari somxeTze. — saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis centri,<br />
35, 2000, ianvari, gv.39.<br />
16
qristianoba samxreT kavkasiaSi ramdenime versiis saxiT gvxvdeba. misi mTavari<br />
sayrdenebia qarTuli marTlmadidebluri <strong>da</strong> somxuri monofizituri eklesiebi. osebis<br />
mniSvnelovani umravlesoba marTlmadidebeli qristiania, aseve rusebic, romlebic<br />
Seadgenen 3% somxeTSi, 4% azerbaijanSi <strong>da</strong> 6% saqarTveloSi, agreTve, CrdiloeT<br />
kavkasiaSi. afxazTa nawili qristiania, nawili — muslimi, Tumca orive Serwymulia<br />
warmarTul tradiciasTan. sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg kavkasiaSi gamoCndenen<br />
protestantuli misiebi, magram maT cota mimdevari hyavT (Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT meti warmateba<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>T somxeTSi), agreTve amerikuli organizacia `ieRovas mowmeebis~ mimdevrebi.<br />
kaTolikeni saqarTveloSi pirvelad 1230 wels gamoCndnen. pap ioane XXII<br />
ZalisxmeviT 1329 wlidn TbilisSi <strong>da</strong>arsebulma kaTolikeTa saepiskoposom saqar-<br />
Tvelos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva regionSi samisionero moRvaweoba gaaCaRa. XVII saukuneSi saqar-<br />
TveloSi moRvaweobdnen Teatineli misionerebi. XIX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi qarTvelma<br />
kaTolike berebma stambolSi qarTuli kongregacia <strong>da</strong>aarses. kaTolikoba yvelaze<br />
farTod gavrcel<strong>da</strong> samcxesa <strong>da</strong> SavSeTSi, axalcixeSi, gorSi, quTaisSi. 1845 wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
1993 wlamde saqarTvelos laTinur kaTolikeTa episkoposi ruseTSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>, 1993<br />
wels Seiqmna amier<strong>kavkasiis</strong> laTinuri wesis samociqulo administracia, romelic<br />
moicav<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos, azerbaijnisa <strong>da</strong> somxeTis laTin kaTolikeebs.<br />
2002 wlis aRweriT, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi kaTolikeni mosaxleobis 0,8%<br />
Seadgenen. maTi didi nawili mesxeT-javaxeTSi cxovrobs, maTi umravlesoba eTnikurad<br />
somexia.<br />
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi kaTolikeni tipikonis mixedviT 3 nawilad iyofian: 1)<br />
laTinuri tipikonisani, 2) somxuri tipikonisani, 3) siriul-qaldeuri tipikonisani.<br />
kaTolikeTa umravlesoba laTinur wess misdevs, maT Soris TbilisSi mcxovrebi<br />
somxebic.<br />
axal religiur situaciaSi kaTolikeni raime mniSvnelovan rols ar asruleben.<br />
luTeranebi saqarTveloSi XIX saukuneSi germaneli kolonistebis Camosaxlebis<br />
Semdeg gaCndnen. luTeranuli eklesia ki, saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis 40-iani wlebidn<br />
arsebobs.<br />
dRes somxuri samociqulo eklesia saqarTveloSi warmodgenilia Svidi eklesiiT:<br />
TbilisSi 2, baTumSi 1, <strong>da</strong>narCeni — mesxeT-javaxeTSi. isini erTi episkoposis sulieri<br />
mfarvelobis qveS imyofebian, misi kaTedra TbilisSia, wmin<strong>da</strong> giorgis eklesiaSi.<br />
saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis cnobiT, 2002 wlisaTvis<br />
saqarTveloSi somxur-grigorianuli aRmsareblobisa iyo mosaxleobis 3,9%.<br />
islamis mimdevarTa xvedriTi wili mosaxleobis 9,9% Seadgens. warmodgenilia<br />
orive versiis saxiT: azerbaijanelebis 75% Siitia, iseve, rogorc am qveyanaSi<br />
mcxovrebi TaliSebi Tu sxva erovnuli umciresoba. sunituri ganxra ki sakmaod<br />
Zlieria CrdiloeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> mosaxleobis umravlesobaSi, aseve aWaris avtonomiuri<br />
respublikis, azerbaijanis (25%), alaniisa (20-30%) <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis (35%) <strong>mosaxleoba</strong>Si;<br />
sunituri islami arsebobs rogorc Safiituri (<strong>da</strong>Restnis xalxebi), ise hanafituri<br />
(CeCneTi <strong>da</strong> inguSeTi, Cerqezebi, yaraCaebi <strong>da</strong> balyarebi, aWarlebi saqarTveloSi,<br />
azerbaijanelTa umciresoba — 15-25%, muslimi osebisa <strong>da</strong> muslimi afxazebis<br />
umciresoba _ 20-30% <strong>da</strong> 35%) skolebis saxiT 12 .<br />
religiisaken Semobrunebis saerTo tendenciam islamis gaaqtiurebazec imoqme<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gaizar<strong>da</strong> meCeTebisa <strong>da</strong> ucxoeTSi wargzavnil sasuliero pirTa ricxvi. aseTi tendencia<br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> qvemo qarTlSi, pankisSi, aWaraSi, guriasa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi. maT hyavT<br />
tradiciuli mrevli <strong>da</strong> gaaCniaT sxva religiebTn, gansakuTrebiT marTlmadideblobasTan<br />
TanamSromlobis saukunovani tradiciebi. amasTan, isalmi saqarTveloSic<br />
12 Svante E.Cornell. Small Nations and Great Powers. A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflicts in the Caucasus Curzon. 2001, p.21.<br />
17
ver asc<strong>da</strong> saerTo tendenciebs, aqac Tavi iCina fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmis niSnebma.<br />
iu<strong>da</strong>izmis mimdevaria 20 000-mde qarTveli ebraeli, aseve ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d azerbaijanSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>RestanSi warmodgenili TaTebis (mTis ebraelebis) sazogadoeba. arian aseve<br />
aSkenazi ebraelebi, romlebic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d baqoSi cxovrobdnen <strong>da</strong> romelTa didi nawili<br />
israelSi wavi<strong>da</strong> qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
diskriminaciis gamo.<br />
iudevelebis ricxvi bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi sistematurad mcirdebo<strong>da</strong>. erTi<br />
mxriv, amis mizezi isa, rom iu<strong>da</strong>izmi monoeTnikuri religiaa <strong>da</strong> masobriv prozelitizms,<br />
qristianobisa <strong>da</strong> islamisagan gansxvavebiT, iu<strong>da</strong>izmi ar eweva. meore mxriv,<br />
iudevelTa migracia wamyvani tendencia iyo msoflioSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg,<br />
sabWoTa kavSirSi ki — 70-ani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n. israelSi asvlis saerTo tendenciasTan erTad,<br />
saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n iudevelTa emigracias xeli Seuwyo bolo wlebSi Seqmnilma mZime<br />
socialurma <strong>da</strong> ekonomikurma viTarebam. dRes TbilisSi 2 sinagogaa. aseve sinagoga<br />
arsebobs yvelgan, sa<strong>da</strong>c ebraelebi kompaqturad saxloben: quTaisSi, baTumSi, soxumSi,<br />
qarelSi, onSi.<br />
budizmis mimdevrebi ki arian kalmuxebi, romlebic specialur literaturaSi<br />
xSirad arc moixsenieben kavkasiaSi mcxovrebTa Soris, Tumca maT (122 000 mosaxle)<br />
mWidro urTierToba aqvT samxreTiT mcxovreb <strong>da</strong>Restnel xalxebTan. isini <strong>da</strong>Restnis<br />
CrdiloeTiT, kaspiis zRvis Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleTiT cxovroben. maTi urTierToba<br />
kavkasielebTan sul ufro intensiuri xdeba.<br />
rac Seexeba religiur seqtebs, mahmadianobis SigniT arsebul mimdinareobebze,<br />
romlebic samxreT kavkasiaSi gvxvdeba, qvemoT visaubrebT. axla ki, qristianobis<br />
farglebSi arsebul seqtebs SevexoT.<br />
seqtantebis momravleba kavkasiaSi ruseTis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas ukavSirdeba. <strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
ruseTTan SeerTebis procesis paralelurad, SemoerTebul miwebze iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> rusuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxlebebi. es saSualebas iZleo<strong>da</strong>, Semcirebuliyo saokupacio jaris raodenoba <strong>da</strong><br />
misi Sesanaxi xarjebi, anu <strong>da</strong>suliyo isini Cveulebrivi samxedro garnizonebis<br />
odenobamde. es, agreTve, <strong>da</strong>aCqareb<strong>da</strong> SemoerTebuli miwebis aTvisebis process.<br />
aRniSnuli miznis ganxorcieleba, amave dros, ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n `gansakuTrebiT saSiS~<br />
seqtaTa gaZevebisa <strong>da</strong> marTlmadidebeli mosaxleobisagan maTi izolaciis xerxs<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ukve 1831 wels yarabaRis provinciaSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> donis kazakebi<strong>da</strong>n gamosuli duxoborebis<br />
pirveli <strong>da</strong>saxleba yizil-yiSlayi. momdevno wels naxWevnis guberniaSi<br />
molokanTa pirveli sofeli — bazar-Cai aRmocen<strong>da</strong>. gadmosaxlebuli seqtantebis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>, kavkasiaSi mravali seqtanti nebayoflobiTac modio<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kidev ufro adre, 1817 wels, saqarTveloSi gamoCndnen germaneli kolonistebi,<br />
romlebic <strong>da</strong>saxldnen Tbilisisa <strong>da</strong> elizavetopolis guberniebSi. 1830 wels maTi<br />
ricxvi <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 2000 kacs Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. yvela isini protestantebi iyvnen.<br />
general ermolovis dros, strategiuli mniSvnelobis punqtebSi Seqmnili<br />
garnizonebis gverdiT, iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> samxedro <strong>da</strong>saxlebani — e.w. Stab-binebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
jariskacebi, samxedro samsaxuris paralelurad, sakuTar meurneobasac misdevdnen <strong>da</strong><br />
ojaxebic hyav<strong>da</strong>T. ase gaCn<strong>da</strong> marTlmadidebelTa soflebi. maTTan erTad, izrdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
gadmosaxlebul seqtantTa raodenobac. maT asaxlebdnen magistralur<br />
mimarTulebebze, romelTac ruseTisaTvis strategiuli mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong>. erTi<br />
talRa <strong>da</strong>saxl<strong>da</strong> im trasis gaswvriv, romelic SemdgomSi ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> irans Soris<br />
ZiriTad savaWro magistralad iqca: Tbilisi-elizavetopoli (ganja)-yazaxi-deliJanielenovka<br />
(sevani)-axta (raz<strong>da</strong>ni)-erevani.<br />
meore talRa gansaxl<strong>da</strong> ruseTis jarebis TurqeTisaken moZraobis strategiulad<br />
18
mniSvnelovan trasaze: Tbilisi-aleqsandropoli (giumri)-yarsi-erzrumi. seqtantebis<br />
gverdiT, aqac iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> marTlmadidebelTa soflebic.<br />
1835 w. gaCn<strong>da</strong> subotnikebis seqtanturi <strong>da</strong>saxleba elenovka (sevani), 1842 wels —<br />
nikitino (fioletovo), Semdeg voroncovka, voskresenka <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
sul XIX s. 30-40-ian wlebSi amierkavkasiaSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> 30-ze meti rusuli <strong>da</strong>saxleba.<br />
TurqeTTan 1853-1856 ww. <strong>da</strong> 1877-1878 ww. omebis Semdeg farTo masStabiT mimdinareob<strong>da</strong><br />
TurqeTi<strong>da</strong>n amierkavkasiaSi somxebis gadmosaxleba, gansakuTrebiT erevnis<br />
guberniasa <strong>da</strong> SavizRvispireTSi. SemoerTebul miwebze rusebisa <strong>da</strong> somxebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxlebiT ruseTi am miwa-wylis saboloo Semomtkicebas cdilob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
seqtantebis mimarT nikoloz I represiuli politikis Sedegad, amierkavkasiaSi Tavi<br />
moiyara sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva seqtebma: duxoborebma, moloknebma, xlistebma, subotnikebma,<br />
skopcebma <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
rusuli administracia xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> seqtantebis gadmosaxlebis process.<br />
magaliTad, maT di<strong>da</strong>d mfarvelob<strong>da</strong> voroncovi. gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri iyo seqtantTa<br />
Casaxlebis procesi yarsis olqSi 1877-1878 ww. omis Semdeg. ukve XX s. <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis<br />
iq rusuli <strong>mosaxleoba</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 11.000 kacs Seadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erevnis guberniaSi rusebis ricxvi 4150 iyo, baqos guberniaSi — 11.500, Tbilisis<br />
guberniaSi — 3204, elizavetopolis guberniaSi — 2987.<br />
politikur-ekonomikurna <strong>da</strong> demografiulma procesebma garkveuli gavlena iqonia<br />
rus seqtantTa yofaze. drois Sesabamisad icvleba maTi cxovrebis wesi, faseulobani,<br />
orientacia. maTi mimdevrebis raodenoba klebulobs, radgan Temis axalgazr<strong>da</strong> wevrebi<br />
sacxovreblad ruseTis federaciaSi ga<strong>da</strong>dian. es procesi jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
dros <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong> dResac grZeldeba, Tumca es, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli, <strong>da</strong> ara religiuri SeuwynareblobiT. isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas,<br />
rom yofiT nia<strong>da</strong>gze SeiniSneba faruli <strong>da</strong>Zabuolba samcxe-javaxeTSi mcxovreb<br />
duxoborebsa <strong>da</strong> maT mezobel somxebs Soris.<br />
dRes staroverebi arian guriaSi (urek-malTayvis monakveTi), samegrelosa <strong>da</strong> zemo<br />
svaneTSi, aseve Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi, centri aqvT TbilisSi. staroverebi Camoyalibdnen<br />
eTnikur-religiur jgufad, magram, Sereuli qorwinebebis gamo, staroveroba<br />
gavrcel<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebSic. amasTan, isini ar ewevian prozelitizms <strong>da</strong> zemoT<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli SemTxvevebi erTeuli faqtebia. staroverebis, iseve rogorc<br />
duxoborebisa <strong>da</strong> moloknebis religiuri Temebis arseboba saqarTveloSi araviTari<br />
konfliqturi muxtis matarebeli ar aris.<br />
baptizmi saqarTveloSi 1867 wli<strong>da</strong>n vrceldeba. am wels germanelma kolveitma<br />
TbilisSi baptisturi wesiT monaTla molokanTa seqtis yofili wevri n.i.voronini.<br />
1895 wlisaTvis TbilisSi ukve arsebob<strong>da</strong> gavleniani baptisturi religiuri<br />
gaerTianeba, romelsac amierkavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> ruseTSi cnobili baptisti presviterebi<br />
ganagebdnen. didi xnis manZilze baptistTa TemebSi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d rusi erovnebis<br />
moqalaqeeebi yvnen gaerTianebuli. 1920 wli<strong>da</strong>n baptizmi gavrcelebas iwyebs qarTvel<br />
<strong>mosaxleoba</strong>Sic.<br />
baptistTa msoflio sabWos ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT, dRes Tbilisi miCneulia baptizmis<br />
gavrcelebis adgilad yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze. amJamad saqarTvelos<br />
yvela regionSi moqmedeben baptistTa samlocvelo saxlebi qarTuli, rusuli, osuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> somxuri religiuri TemebiT. farTovdeba qarTveli baptistebis kavSirebi<br />
baptistTa msoflio gaerTianebebTan. isini ufasod avrceleben religiur<br />
literaturas, exmarebian erTmorwmuneebs 13 .<br />
13<br />
gegeSiZe d. religiuri konfesiebi <strong>da</strong> denominaciebi saqarTveloSi (istoria <strong>da</strong> Tanamedroveoba). —<br />
saqarTvelos mecn. akademiis politologiis institutis weliwdeuli — 2002, Tb., 2002, gv.226-227.<br />
19
ormoc<strong>da</strong>aTianelTa seqtis mimdevrebi saqarTveloSi moRvaweobas meore msoflio<br />
omisa <strong>da</strong> momdevno periodSi iwyeben <strong>da</strong> TavianT moZRvrebas omis dros evakuirebuli<br />
rusi mosaxleobis erT nawilSi avrceleben. 1946-1952 wlebSi maT SeZles seqtis TemTa<br />
Semadgenlobis gazr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qarTveli erovnebis moqalaqeTa moqcevac. 1970-iani<br />
wlebi<strong>da</strong>n ormoc<strong>da</strong>aTianelTa saqmianoba gaaqtiur<strong>da</strong> qarTvel, somex <strong>da</strong> os<br />
<strong>mosaxleoba</strong>Si 14 .<br />
bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi yvelaze aqtiurad saqmianoben ieRovelTa seqtis<br />
warmomadgenlebi. es seqta ori mimarTulebis saxiTaa warmodgenili: pirveli<br />
mimarTuleba XIX s. 40-ian wlebSi warmoiSva ruseTSi, meore ki — 1884 wels amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi. ieRovelTa religiuri korporacia mtkice struqturiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
discipliniT gamoirCeva, rasac uzrunvelyofs bruklinis ieRovelTa religiuri<br />
centris aqtiuri <strong>da</strong> mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba 15 .<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>mavali periodi yvelaze xelsayreli <strong>garemo</strong>a aratradiciuli idea-<br />
Sexedulebebis gavrcelebisaTvis. sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg yofil sabWoTa<br />
sivrceSi, moxsnili akrZalvebis <strong>da</strong> sruli sakanonmdeblo anarqiis fonze, ukve moqmedi<br />
jgufebis gverdiT, intensiurad iwyes Semosvla axalma seqtebma <strong>da</strong> religiurma<br />
jgufebma. bunebrivia, maT Soris gansakuTRebuli aqtiurobiT gamoirCeodnen Zlieri<br />
finansuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris mqone jgufebi. seqtebis momZlavrebas xeli Seuwyo imanac, rom<br />
sabWoTa periodis aTeistur propagan<strong>da</strong>s ukvalod ar Cauvlia: misi erT-erTi Sedegi<br />
iyo tradiciuli religiuri codnis Sesusteba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nawevreba, rasac mohyva gaucxoeba<br />
sazogadoebasa <strong>da</strong> tradiciul religiur Sexedulebebs Soris. sabWoTa saxelmwifos<br />
ideologiuri manqana mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze negatiur sazogadoebriv azrs<br />
ayalibeb<strong>da</strong> religiaze; mTeli Taobebi aRizardnen mebrZoli aTeizmisa <strong>da</strong> tradiciuli<br />
religiebisadmi uaryofiTi ganwyobiT. axali ideebi ki, romlebic Tanamedroveobis<br />
Sesatyvisi <strong>for</strong>miT miewodebaT, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT misaRebi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. tradiciul seqtebTan<br />
erTad, axal religiur moZraobebs <strong>da</strong> aratradiciul seqtebs, romlebic `rkinis<br />
fardis~ arsebobis pirobebSic ki axerxebdnen sabWoTa kavSiris sivrceSi moqmedebas,<br />
aTeisturi <strong>da</strong> komunisturi idealebis sruli diskreditaciis Semdeg TavianTi<br />
Sexedulebebis Tavisuflad gavrcelebisa <strong>da</strong> axali sivrcis aqtiuri aTvisebis<br />
SesaZlebloba miecaT.<br />
saqarTveloSi moqmedi axali religiuri jgufebi<strong>da</strong>n umravlesoba qristianuli<br />
mimarTulebisaa ori ZiriTadi mizezis gamo: jer erTi, saqarTvelo qristianuli<br />
qveyanaa, meore, qristianoba erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli religiaa<br />
Tanamedrove msoflioSi.<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom farTod gamoyenebuli termini `axali religiebi~<br />
pirobiTia <strong>da</strong> gulisxmobs im mimdinareobebs, romlebic arsebobis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcire<br />
periods moiTvlian, Zvel tradiciebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, axal <strong>garemo</strong>sTan Sesatyvisad<br />
ganviTardnen <strong>da</strong> gavrceldnen. xSirad maT `axalgazrdul religiebad~, `seqtebad~ an<br />
`religiur-filosofiur msoflmxedvelobeba<strong>da</strong>c~ moixsenieben. literaturaSi aseve<br />
xSirad mimarTaven emociurad naklebad <strong>da</strong>tvirTul aRniSvnebs, magaliTad,<br />
`religiuri gansakuTrebuli jgufebi~, `axali religiuri moZraobebi~,<br />
`totalitaruli seqtebi~ <strong>da</strong> sxv. anglo-amerikul samyaroSi maT, Cveulebriv,<br />
`denominaciebs~ uwodeben, konfliqtis matarebel jgufebs ki _ `kultebs~ an<br />
`destruqciul kultebs” 16 .<br />
14<br />
iqve, gv.228.<br />
15 iqve, gv.229.<br />
16<br />
xuciSvili q. religiuri situaciis cvlileba <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis problema Tanamedrove sqarTveloSi. Tb.,<br />
2004, gv.18.<br />
20
Tu amgvar jgufebs Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong>vajgufebT, Semdeg suraTs<br />
miviRebT: 1. qarTuli jgufebi (sapatriarqo<strong>da</strong>n gamoyofili _ mkalaviSvilis jgufi,<br />
ivanovis jgufi, gankveTili moZRvrebi an axlad Seqmnili — mZleveli, promeTes<br />
cecxli); 2. ucxouri jgufebi (axalsamociqulo eklesia, ormoc<strong>da</strong>aTianelebi, ieRovelebi,<br />
meSvide dRis adventistebi, saxarebiseulad morwmuneni, xsnis kavSiri,<br />
WeSmariti qristianebi, bostonis jgufi, munizmi); aRmosavluri jgufebi (kriSnaizmi,<br />
rajneSizmi); islamuri jgufebi (vahabizmi, bahaizmi); gansakuTrebuli jgufebi<br />
(saiantologia, anTroposofia).<br />
kavkasiuri islamis fenomeni. kavkasiuri islami aris tradiciuli muslimuri<br />
religiis araseqtanturi, ordenebze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli erT-erTi, arcTu ise Zveli<br />
ganStoeba. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d or ordens vxvdebiT: `nakSbandias~ <strong>da</strong><br />
`kadirias~.<br />
nakSbandiis ordenis fuZemdeblad iTvleba Suaazieli muhamed baha al-din alnakSbandi<br />
(1328-1389), romlis moZRvrebam XVI-XVII saukuneebSi cvlilebebi ganica<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
TurqeTSi gavrcelebis Semdeg kavkasiaSic Semovi<strong>da</strong>. igi Semoitana CeCnebis pirvelma<br />
erovnulma gmirma, Seix mansurma. CeCen-<strong>da</strong>RestnelTa winaaRmdegobis gatexvis Semdeg<br />
es ordeni fexs CerqezeTSi ikidebs. Tanamedrove ruseTis teritoriaze misi<br />
ukanaskneli kvali 1917 w. revoluciis dros TaTar-baSkireTSi Cans. es sakiTxi<br />
safuZvlianad Seiswavla Telavivis universitetis profesorma moSe gamerma, romelmac<br />
didi yuradReba <strong>da</strong>uTmo Crdilokavkasielebis erovnul-gamaTavisuflebel moZraobas<br />
<strong>da</strong> TurqeTis, iranis, ruseTis <strong>da</strong> safrangeTis geopolitikuri interesebis Sejaxebas<br />
XIX saukunis kavkasiaSi. safuZvlianad ikvlevs ra zemoT xsenebuli qveynebis, aseve<br />
somxeTis, saqarTvelos, fineTis <strong>da</strong> sxva qveynebis saarqivo masalebs, mecnieri askvnis,<br />
rom regionSi miuridizmis <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, islamis gavrcelebas myari nia<strong>da</strong>gi swored<br />
carizmis ugunurma, aSkarad gamoxatulma antimuslimurma politikam Seuqmna. yazi<br />
muhamedisa <strong>da</strong> hamzaT-begis Semdeg, Samili rigiT mesame <strong>da</strong> yvelaze Zlieri imami<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, romelmac SeZlo <strong>da</strong>Restnelebis <strong>da</strong> vainaxebis gaerTianeba erT Teokratiul<br />
militaristul saxemwifoSi _ imamatSi. cnobilia, rom igi mkacrad icav<strong>da</strong><br />
orTodoqsul dogmebs <strong>da</strong> ukompromisod ebrZo<strong>da</strong> brma religiur fanatizms. im<br />
periodSi Sua azii<strong>da</strong>n kavkasiaSi specialurad igzavnebodnen Seixebi, romlebic<br />
agresiul <strong>da</strong> eqstremistul islams qa<strong>da</strong>gebdnen. am mimdinareobis wevrebs igi<br />
sikvdiliT sji<strong>da</strong> 17 .<br />
imam Samilis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg, XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>fuZnebas<br />
iwyebs kadiriis ordeni, romlis meTauri iyo mwyemsi xunta haji gaCievi. 1865 w.<br />
carizmma ar ordenis aRmofxvrac ca<strong>da</strong>, rac Crdilo-kavkasielebisaTvis tragikul<br />
emigraciul movlenebTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />
XX saukunis Sua wlebi<strong>da</strong>n iwyeba am ori ordenis xelaxla aRorZineba mTielebSi.<br />
1877-78 ww. bolo SeiaraRebuli gamosvlis Semdeg gar<strong>da</strong>texa xdeba CrdiloeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
sufistur saZmoSi. orive ordeni naxevradkonspiratiul moRvaweobas iwyebs <strong>da</strong><br />
droebiT xels iRebs RazavaTze. am periodi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli, 1917 wlamde, CeCneTinguSeTis<br />
mosaxleobis erTi nawili nakSbandiis ordens ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>, meore nawili _<br />
kadiriis. sabWoTa periodSi aranairi mniSvnelovani gar<strong>da</strong>texa ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra mTiel<br />
xalxTa sulier cxovrebaSi. wiTeli xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>myarebisTanave sasuliero<br />
elitam Tavi faqtiurad komunisteba<strong>da</strong>c gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>, magram am qmedebam aranairi<br />
gavlena ar iqonia bolSevikebis gegmebze, romelic nebismieri religiis aRmofxvras<br />
isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. 1944 wlis CeCnebis masiurma deportaciam Sua aziaSi xelaxla<br />
17<br />
xinCagaSvili S. vahabizmis problema kavkasiaSi. — kreb.: kulturis istoriisa <strong>da</strong> Teoriis sakiTxebi, XIV,<br />
Tb., 2003, gv. 20.<br />
21
aaRorZina sufisturi mimdinareobani mTielebSi. reabilitaciis Sedegad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>brunebul <strong>mosaxleoba</strong>s Tan kargad organizebuli, CrdiloeT<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong>Tvis ukve tradiciuli religiuri <strong>da</strong>jgufebebi mohyva 18 .<br />
maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, XIX saukuni<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli, kavkasiaSi islami ori ordenis _<br />
nakSbandiis <strong>da</strong> kadiriis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. ordenis meTauri iyo ara mola,<br />
aramed amira an Seixi _ gvariTa <strong>da</strong> wodebiT im teritoriaze yvelaze asakovani <strong>da</strong><br />
avtoritetuli pirovneba, teipis uxucesi. es yvelaferi imdenad iyo Serwymuli<br />
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebul nacionalur vainaxur tradiciebTan <strong>da</strong> mTis<br />
a<strong>da</strong>T-wesebTan, rom garkvevac ki Znelia, sad mTavrdeba erovnuli <strong>da</strong> sad iwyeba<br />
religiuri.<br />
vahabizmis gamowveva. vahabizmi, sunituri islamis erT-erTi ganStoeba, XVIII<br />
saukunis Sua periodSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> arabeTis naxevarkunZulze, nejdis provinciaSi.<br />
misi fuZemdebelia ibn abd al-vahabi (1703-1792), romelmac gaixsena <strong>da</strong> ganaviTara<br />
<strong>da</strong>viwyebas micemuli XIV saukunis moRvawis _ ibn teibis ideebi. es ukanskneli<br />
qa<strong>da</strong>geb<strong>da</strong> pirveladi, muhamedisdroindeli islamisa <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis wesisaken, `uma_Temisaken~ <strong>da</strong>brunebas: yurani erTaderTi wmin<strong>da</strong> wignia <strong>da</strong><br />
WeSmaritma muslimma mxolod misi miTiTebebis Sesabamisad un<strong>da</strong> icxovros. vahabizmis<br />
ideologebi uaryofdnen wmin<strong>da</strong> adgilebsa <strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong>nebs _ maTi azriT, mxolod alahia<br />
Tayvaniscemis Rirsi. meore maTi moTxovna iyo ritualebis maqsimaluri gamartiveba,<br />
aseve sasuliero ierarqiis absoluturi gauqmeba. muslims un<strong>da</strong> ecxovra erTgvari<br />
komunis tipis sazogadoebaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c erTaderTi sasuliero piri iyo mola.<br />
vahabis moRvaweoba garkveulwilad <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia <strong>da</strong>mpyrobTa winaaRmdeg<br />
mimarTul erovnul moZraobasTan. Tumca <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi misi politikuri arsi iyo msxvil<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>lTa <strong>da</strong> vaWarTa interesebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad arabTa tomebisa <strong>da</strong> wvrili samTavroebis<br />
gaerTianeba, feo<strong>da</strong>luri anarqiisa <strong>da</strong> tomobrivi ganxeTqilebis mospoba. XIX saukunis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi TiTqmis mTeli arabeTis naxevarkunZuli gaerTian<strong>da</strong> vahabitTa feo<strong>da</strong>lur<br />
saxelmwifod, romelic egviptelTa <strong>da</strong>pyrobis Semdeg (1811-1821 ww.) <strong>da</strong>iSala. 1821 w.<br />
vahabitebis saxelmwifo aRdga nejdis provinciis farglebSi <strong>da</strong> arsebob<strong>da</strong> XIX saukunis<br />
ukanasknel meoTxe<strong>da</strong>mde. XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi vahabitebis saxelwifo isev aRsdga<br />
ibn-saudis mmarTvelobis periodSi (1880-1953 ww.). 1931 wli<strong>da</strong>n oficialurad<br />
wodebuli saudis arabeTis saxelmwifo religia vahabizmia. Tanamedrove arabeTSi<br />
arsebuli vahabizmi mSvenivrad Seerwya mmarTveli fenis ekonomikur interesebs<br />
regionSi, rac axlo aRmosavleTSi navTobisa <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad gavlenis sferos<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebasTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />
vahabizmis ideebi gavrcel<strong>da</strong> indoeTSi, avRaneTSi, indoneziaSi <strong>da</strong> afrikis<br />
qveynebSi. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom saudis arabeTis sazRvrebs gareT, gansakuTrebiT<br />
Sua aziaSi aRmocenebuli vahabituri seqtebi absoluturad sxva saxis movlenaa. am<br />
organizaciebma fexi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis yofil koloniebSi moikides, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
socialuri mdgomareoba ukiduresad mZime iyo.<br />
kavkasiaSi vahabizmis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebaze saubrisas Znelia politikis sferosgan<br />
gamijvna. ingliseli politikuri mimomxilveli iaan sepi Cvens regionSi Seqmnili<br />
viTarebis Sefasebisas aRniSnavs, rom saqme politizebul islamTan gvaqvs. misi TqmiT,<br />
XX saukunis 30-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>nve vahabizmis ideiT gamudmebiT spekulireb<strong>da</strong><br />
komunisturi xelmZRvaneloba, romelic nebismieri saxis antisabWoTa moZraobas,<br />
romelic rame kavSirSi iyo mahmadianuri rwmenis matarebel <strong>mosaxleoba</strong>sTan,<br />
terorizmis, vahabizmisa <strong>da</strong> eqstremizmis gamovlinebad naTlav<strong>da</strong> 19 .<br />
18 iqve.<br />
19<br />
iqve, gv. 21.<br />
22
vahabizmis gaCena CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi uSualod ukavSirdeba mniSvnelovan<br />
politikur movlenebs. `perestroikis~ paralelurad, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi aSkarad<br />
gamoiRviZa erovnul-gamanTavisuflebelma moZraobam, romelTa Soris didi<br />
aqtiurobiT gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> vainaxuri sazogadoeba yofili disidentis _ isa kaZoevis<br />
meTaurobiT. am <strong>garemo</strong>ebam didi problemebi Seuqmna ruseTis axladgamoCekil<br />
federacias, romlis eTnikurad sakmaod Wrel <strong>mosaxleoba</strong>s CeCen-inguSTa politikuri<br />
zraxvebi cud magaliTad evlinebo<strong>da</strong>. ruseTis mmarTvel wreebSi ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong>, es problema<br />
adgilobrivi warmoSobis kadrebiT moegvarebinaT. marTalia, am meTodis gamoyenebam<br />
TaTrebis, CuvaSebis <strong>da</strong> kalmuxebis SemTxvevaSi gaamarTla, magram CeCneTSi du<strong>da</strong>evis<br />
gageneralebam sxva Sedegi moitana. SemdgomSi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad didi mcdelobisa, arc<br />
respublikis `Signi<strong>da</strong>n afeTqeba~ moxerx<strong>da</strong>. ruseTis mmarTvelma wreebma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites,<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong>aTvis vahabiti ideologebi SeesiaT.<br />
kavkasiaSi vahabituri ideologiis gavrcelebis sakiTxis ufro naTlad<br />
warmosaCenad saWiroa oriode sityviT SevexoT jihadis movlenas islamSi. Tavad<br />
muslimisaTvis religiaSi didi adgili ukavia RvTisadmi morCilebis princips. RvTis<br />
SiSi (“aT Tuka”) ar arsebobs jihadis gareSe, igi misi materialuri gamovlinebaa. Tumca<br />
Tavad termini `jihadi~, `jaha<strong>da</strong>~ sityvasityviT `alahis gzaze muyaiTs, muyaiTad<br />
mimavals~ niSnavs <strong>da</strong> savsebiT gamoricxavs sxva religiis winaaRmdeg brZolas. Tavad<br />
muslimi Teologebis mtkicebiT, misi ZiriTadi arsi pirovnuli Tavisuflebis <strong>da</strong>cvagafrTxilebaa<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaumarTlebelia religiuri devna an konfesiuri SuRlis gaCaReba am<br />
sityvis safarqveS. maTi azriT, Tavad islamis (arab. Tanxmoba, mSvidoba, morCileba)<br />
mimdevari valdebulia saTnoebiT moepyras sxva religias <strong>da</strong> swored aseTi saqcieliT<br />
warmoaCinos Tavisi rwmenis upiratesoba. vahabitur seqtebSi ki ibn-teibiseuli<br />
ideebis gaazrebam seriozuli <strong>da</strong>maxinjeba ganica<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saboloo jamSi rogorc<br />
erovnuli, ise wmin<strong>da</strong> islamuri tradiciebis srul uaryofaSi ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong>, romlis<br />
Sedega<strong>da</strong>c isini RazavaTs (igive jihads) ara marto qristianebs (rasac yurani arc<br />
qa<strong>da</strong>gebs), aramed sunitebsa <strong>da</strong> Siitebsac ucxadeben. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, vahabizmi<br />
bunebiT savsebiT ucxo <strong>da</strong> agresiuli seqtaa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivia, adgilobrivi religiuri<br />
xelmZRvaneloba Tu <strong>mosaxleoba</strong> mas didi winaaRmdegobiT Sexv<strong>da</strong>, Tumca uSualod rusi<br />
biznesmenebiT zurggamagrebuli eqstemistebi mainc agrZelebdnen moRvaweobas <strong>da</strong> 1999<br />
w. omis provocirebac moaxerxes ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> CeCenTs Soris. vainaxebma, saboloo jamSi,<br />
SeZles Tavsmoxveuli vahabituri mimdinareobisagan gaTavisufleba <strong>da</strong> sakuTari<br />
Zalebis konsoli<strong>da</strong>cia, Tumca amis gakeTeba sakmaod gvian _ omis periodSi mouwiaT.<br />
vahabituri moZraoba amjerad mTlianad <strong>kavkasiis</strong> regions emuqreba. am seqtis<br />
warmomadgenlebi 1990-iani wlebis bolos aqtiurad gamoCndnen balyarelebSi, Tumca<br />
maT mezobel xalxSi _ yabardoelebSi <strong>da</strong>sayrdeni ver naxes. faqtiurad, ukve feTqebadi<br />
viTarebaa yaraCai-CerqezeTSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c vahabituri razmebis Seqmnas yvela<br />
a<strong>da</strong>sturebs. xolo Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Cerqezebis, adiReelebisa <strong>da</strong> afxazebis<br />
eTnikur <strong>da</strong> geografiul siaxloves, ar aris gamoricxuli am teroristuli seqtis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidreba <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSic. vahabiturma ideologiam didi marcxi ganica<strong>da</strong><br />
inguSeTsa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanSi, rac am qveynebis xelmZRvanelebis, r. auSevisa <strong>da</strong> h. alievis<br />
piradi <strong>da</strong>msaxurebaa.<br />
vahabizmi, romelsac specialistebi islamis ukiduresad politizebul,<br />
militaristul fenomenad moixsenieben, qristianuli seqtebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
humanitarul saqmianobas warmatebiT uTavsebs teroristul moRvaweobas, ris gamoc<br />
mTavari katalizatoris rols TamaSobs im tragikul movlenebSi, rac 90-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
viTardeba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong> ris gamoc ucxoeli eqspertebi am regions<br />
`msoflios axali wesrigis uwesrigobas~ uwodeben. vahabizmma aRmosavleT kavkasias<br />
23
didi ubedureba <strong>da</strong>awia <strong>da</strong> arc samxreT kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
respublikebs uqadis ukeTes beds 20 .<br />
CrdiloeT <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasiad <strong>da</strong>yofis <strong>geografiuli</strong>,<br />
politikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli safuZvlebi<br />
kavkasia yovelTvis iyo rTuli regioni rogorc bunebriv-<strong>geografiuli</strong> pirobebiT,<br />
aseve mosaxleobis mravaleTnikuri <strong>da</strong> mravalkonfesiuri SemadgenlobiT.<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> (iseve rogorc evropis) calsaxa <strong>geografiuli</strong> gansazRvreba dReisaTvis<br />
ar arsebobs.<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> regions calkeul nawilebad yofs kavkasionis qedis ganStoebani.<br />
ukiduresad <strong>da</strong>nawevrebuli topografia gasagebs xdis <strong>kavkasiis</strong> TvalSisacem eTnikur<br />
mravalferovnebas. mniSvnelovani topografiuli barierebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xalxisa <strong>da</strong><br />
tomis farTo integraciis gzaze gvixsnis eTnikuri identifikaciis TvalsaCino<br />
fragmentaciasa <strong>da</strong> lokalizacias. arcTu iSviaTad Temuri, tomobrivi, adgilobrivi,<br />
regionuli identurobebi aranakleb mniSvnelobas iZendnen, vidre eTnonacionaluri<br />
identuroba. aman, Tavis mxriv, Seqmna pirobebi kulturaTa <strong>da</strong> enaTa didi<br />
mravalferovnebis SenarCunebisaTvis 21 .<br />
zogadi <strong>geografiuli</strong> gansazRvrebis mixedviT, kavkasia mTiani regionia Savi <strong>da</strong><br />
kaspiis zRvis sanapiroTa Soris. magram es martivi <strong>geografiuli</strong> gansazRvreba<br />
aucileblad moiTxovs <strong>da</strong>zustebas. magaliTad, Tu SevecdebiT regionis gansazRvras<br />
ukanaskneli 200 wlis istoriisa <strong>da</strong> demografiuli faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, Crdilo<br />
sazRvari bunebrivad gaivlis kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeT kalTebze an mis mosazRvre<br />
<strong>da</strong>blobebze, romlebic gamoyofs CrdiloeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> mkvidri mcire xalxebis<br />
sacxovrebel areals rusebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli CrdiloeTi miwebisagan. XX saukunis<br />
miwurulis politikuri terminologiiT, sazRvari emTxveva Crdilo <strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
avtonomiebis sazRvars karsno<strong>da</strong>risa <strong>da</strong> stavropolis mxareebTan, sai<strong>da</strong>nac iwyeba<br />
sakuTriv ruseTi. <strong>da</strong>savleTiT sasazRvro areals warmoadgens regioni, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
erTmaneTs xvdeba, erTi mxriv, Turquli, meore mxriv ki qarTuli <strong>da</strong> somxuri<br />
mosaxleobiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli teritoria. samxreTi sazRvari ufro Zneli gansasazRvria,<br />
radgan demografiuli TvalsazrisiT, mdinare araqsis (romelic politikur sazRvars<br />
warmoadgens) orive napiri azerbaijaneli TurqebiTaa <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli 22 .<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slamde <strong>kavkasiis</strong> regionis <strong>geografiuli</strong>, kulturuli <strong>da</strong><br />
eTnokonfesiuri kompozicia CrdiloeT kavkasiiTa <strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiiT iyo<br />
warmodgenili. 1990-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n, mas Semdeg, rac amier<strong>kavkasiis</strong> samma<br />
respublikam <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba moipova, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> geopolitikuri suraTi radikalurad<br />
Seicvala, radgan regionis <strong>da</strong>yofis rusulma modelma Tavisi Tavi amowura.<br />
kavkasia moicavs 400,000 kv.km, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 20 milionze meti mosaxleobiT.<br />
gansazRvras arTulebs isic, rom Crd. <strong>kavkasiis</strong> administraciuli erTeulebi ufro<br />
CrdiloeTiT vrceldeba, vidre satitulo erebis tradiciuli gansaxlebis areali.<br />
rogorc Cans, amgvari politikuri rukis uzrunvelyofa adreul sabWoTa periodSi<br />
miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> slavi mosaxleobis moqcevas am sazRvrebSi, demografiuli<br />
Semadgenlobis `ganzavebisaTvis~.<br />
20 xinCagaSvili S. vahabizmis problema kavkasiaSi. — kreb.: kulturis istoriisa <strong>da</strong> Teoriis sakiTxebi, XIV,<br />
Tb., 2003, gv. 23.<br />
21 Гаджиев К.С. Геополитика Кавказа. М.: Международные отношения, 2001, c.10.<br />
22 Svante E.Cornell. Small Nations and Great Powers. A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflicts in the Caucasus, p.19.<br />
24
niSandoblivia, rom rusi mkvlevrebis azriT, kavkasia, sityvis farTo gagebiT,<br />
moicavs ara mxolod amierkavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT kavkasias, aramed <strong>kavkasiis</strong> stepur<br />
mTiswineTsac (Предкавказье), romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis stavropolisa <strong>da</strong><br />
krasno<strong>da</strong>ris mxareebi <strong>da</strong> rostovis olqi. mkvlevarTa meore nawili, gamodis ra<br />
eTnodemografiuli kriteriumi<strong>da</strong>n, kavkasias im teritoriiT SemosazRvravs, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxlebulia mkvidri mTieli mosaxleobiT. isini Предкавказье-s, zogjer ki masTan<br />
erTad volgogradisa <strong>da</strong> astraxanis olqebs, agreTve yalmuxeTs, samxreT ruseTis<br />
regions uwodeben. maTi azriT, es, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, gar<strong>da</strong>mavali zonaa,<br />
romelic raRac niSnebiT ruseTs, raRaciT ki CrdiloeT kavkasias emsgavseba.<br />
migraciulma procesebma, romlebic mravali Taobis manZilze mimdinareob<strong>da</strong><br />
CrdiloeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreTs Soris, Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT Znelad gansasazRvri <strong>da</strong> pirobiTi<br />
gaxa<strong>da</strong> sazRvari Предкавказье-sa <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT kavkasias Soris. es ukanaskneli, Tavis<br />
mxriv, warmoadgens <strong>da</strong>makavSirebel rgols amierkavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> Предкавказье-s Soris 23 .<br />
termini `transkavkasia~ (amierkavkasia) rusuli `zakavkazie”-<strong>da</strong>n modis <strong>da</strong> niSnavs<br />
kavkasionis qeds miRma arsebuls, anu swored ruseTis xedvas asaxavs. dRes farTod<br />
gamoiyeneba ufro neitraluri termini — samxreT kavkasia. politikurad igi moicavs<br />
sam <strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifos — somxeTs, azerbaijans <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos.<br />
Tanamedrove geopolitikuri realobis amsaxveli kidev erTi warmodgeniT,<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> socialur-ekonomikuri sivrce moicavs CrdiloeT, centralur <strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />
nawilebs. Tu tradiciuli midgomis Tanaxmad, mocemul regionSi Sedis mxolod<br />
postsabWoTa teritoriebi (CrdiloeT kavkasia — avtonomiuri saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
warmonaqmnebi — <strong>da</strong> amierkavkasia — azerbaijani, saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> somxeTi), am<br />
warmodgenis Tanaxmad, masSi eqceva iranis Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleTi olqebi — samxreTaRmosavleTi<br />
kavkasia _ <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi olqebi (yarsi, ar<strong>da</strong>gani,<br />
arTvini <strong>da</strong> sxv.) _ samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTi kavkasia. es imiTaa motivirebuli, rom mravali<br />
saukunis manZilze, ruseTis mier <strong>kavkasiis</strong> <strong>da</strong>pyrobamde, es miwebi erTian socialekonomikur<br />
<strong>da</strong> eTnokulturul sivrces Sedgendnen, sa<strong>da</strong>c dResac cxovroben<br />
kavkasieli xalxebi. samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTi kavkasia (TurqeTi) <strong>da</strong> samxreT-aRmosavleT<br />
kavkasia (irani) erTad Seadgenen samxreT kavkasias 24 .<br />
dRevandeli politikuri rukis Tanaxmad, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> regioni moicavs sam<br />
saxelmwifos — somxeTs, azerbaijans <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos — <strong>da</strong> mesame saxelmwifos nawils,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c Crd. kavkasia ruseTis federaciis nawilia. CrdiloeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
teritoriuli erTeulebia (<strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n aRmosavleTisaken): adiRe, yaraCa-CerqezeTi,<br />
yabardo-balyareTi, CrdiloeT oseTi, inguSeTi, CeCneTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Restani. aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom afxazebi <strong>da</strong> samxreT osebi, romlebsac aqvT administraciuli erTeulebi<br />
saqarTvelos farglebSi, eTnikurad Crdilokavkasiel xalxebs enaTesavebian.<br />
mravali aswleulis ganmavlobaSi yvela kavkasieli xalxi<strong>da</strong>n mxolod qarTvelebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> somxebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T met-naklebad mkafiod gacnobierebuli eTnonacionaluri<br />
identuroba. Sua saukuneebSi <strong>da</strong> Semdegac eTnikur wamonaqmnebs Soris ar arsebob<strong>da</strong><br />
myari <strong>da</strong> mtkice kavSirebi, romlebic maT didi xniT gaaerTianeb<strong>da</strong>. aseTi<br />
warmonaqmnebis wevrebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T saerTo saxelwodeba, saerTo miTi warmoSobis, saerTo<br />
istoriisa <strong>da</strong> specifikuri kulturis Sesaxeb. maT hqon<strong>da</strong>T, agreTve, soli<strong>da</strong>robis<br />
grZnoba, oRond arasaxelmwifo-politikuri TvalsazrisiT (sityvis Tanamedrove<br />
gagebiT). magaliTad, Sua saukuneebis qarTvelebisa <strong>da</strong> somxebisaTvis identuroba,<br />
pirvel rigSi, religiuri terminebiT gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong>. aq sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom<br />
23 Гаджиев К.С. Геополитика Кавказа. М.: Международные отношения, c.44-45.<br />
24<br />
Исмаилов Э., Полухов Э. Противостояние «старых» и «новых» игроков на политической карте Кавказа. – В журн.:<br />
Центральная Азия и Кавказ. 2004, № 4 (34), c.48.<br />
25
Tamaris dros saqarTvelo warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> mravalerovnul saxelmwifos, romelSic<br />
Sediodnen somxebica <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mahmadiani xalxebic.<br />
qarTvelebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic kompaqturad cxovrobdnen TavianT<br />
istoriul teritoriaze, sam imperiaSi (osmalTa, sparseTisa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis) gafantuli<br />
somxebi arsad Seadgendnen kompaqtur umravlesobas, gar<strong>da</strong> erevnis irgvliv<br />
teritoriisa, sa<strong>da</strong>c ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdgomma migraciam saSualeba misca<br />
somxebs, gabatonebuli poziciebi moepovebinaT. XIV saukuneSi somxeTma <strong>da</strong>karga<br />
saxelmwifo-politikuri identuroba.<br />
eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri <strong>da</strong>nawevreba gansakuTrebiT <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia CrdiloeT<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong>aTvis. XIX s. <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis CrdiloeT kavkasia politikurad <strong>da</strong>qucmacebuli<br />
rCebo<strong>da</strong> mraval <strong>da</strong>moukidebel an naxevrad<strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifoebriv<br />
warmonaqmnad. mxolod <strong>da</strong>RestanSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> 10-ze meti feo<strong>da</strong>luri samflobelo <strong>da</strong><br />
sasoflo TemTa ramdenime aTeuli gaerTianeba.<br />
faqtobrivad, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> gaerTianeba, xangrZlivi istoriuli intervalis Semdeg,<br />
pirvelad ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kavkasiel mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> diqotomiur <strong>da</strong>yofas ruseTis<br />
(CrdiloeT) <strong>da</strong> araruseTis (samxreT) kavkasiad safuZvlad edo ruseTis politikosTa<br />
neba. aseTi <strong>da</strong>yofis Sedegad eTnokulturulma tradiciebma kavkasiaSi Rrma<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>macia ganica<strong>da</strong> 25 . amaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, keTdeba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>skvnebi imis<br />
Taobaze, rom a) istoriuli meTodi naklebad gamosayenebelia <strong>kavkasiis</strong> socialuri<br />
realobis Sesaswavlad, radgan <strong>kavkasiis</strong> kulturul-istoriul ganviTarebaSi<br />
Sewyvetilia memkvidreobiTi xazi, rac ruseT-<strong>kavkasiis</strong> oms (XIX s.) ukavSirdeba. man<br />
seriozuli ziani miayena kavkasiur genofonds, <strong>da</strong>angria aq istoriulad<br />
Camoyalibebuli cxovrebis wesi <strong>da</strong> regionis xalxTa unikaluri kultura. SemdgomSi ar<br />
momx<strong>da</strong>ra cxovrebis Zveli tradiciuli <strong>for</strong>mebis aRdgena, cxovreba moewyo im rusuli<br />
modelis mixedviT, romelic teqnogenuri civilizaciis principebs emyarebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ar<br />
iyo sakuTriv kavkasiuri socialur-kulturuli sistemis logikuri gagrZeleba 26 .<br />
cxadia, CrdiloeT <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasiad <strong>da</strong>yofas mxolod politikosTa neba ar<br />
gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> es arc XIX saukuneSi, kavkasiaSi ruseTis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis Semdeg<br />
momx<strong>da</strong>ra. am <strong>da</strong>yofas, gacilebiT Zveli politikuri mizezebis gar<strong>da</strong>, <strong>geografiuli</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturuli faqtorebic ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong>. isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom saukuneTa manZilze<br />
kavkasia, <strong>da</strong>yofis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, garkveul mTlianobas inarCuneb<strong>da</strong> — xan geopolitikuri,<br />
xan (garkveulwilad) kulturuli TvalsazrisiT. Tumca <strong>da</strong>yofis tendencia,<br />
istoriulad, erTianobis tendenciaze Zlieri iyo.<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> erTian geopolitikur <strong>da</strong> kulturul sivrced moazrebis SesaZleblobaze<br />
samecniero literaturaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Tvalsazriss vxvdebiT. magaliTad, j.kaSias<br />
azriT, `geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT, amierkavkasia <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT kavkasia TiTqos<br />
erTian sivrces ver un<strong>da</strong> qmnides kavkasionis qedis simaRlisa <strong>da</strong> `kedlurobis~ gamo. es<br />
sakiTxi am sivrcis iberokavkasiuri koncefciis sazRvrebSi moqcevis tradiciasTan<br />
ufro Cans <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, vidre seriozul integralur analizTan” 27 . gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,<br />
yuradRebas iqcevs kidev ori momenti: erTis mxriv, geopolitikuri <strong>da</strong> istoriuli<br />
pirobebi gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> zogadkavkasiuri kulturul-tipologiuri safuZvlebis<br />
Camoyalibebas, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> integraluri veqtorebis CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n samxreTisaken<br />
orientaciis fonze (am orientacias ki, j.kaSias azriT, safuZvlad edo kavkasionis<br />
25 Шадже А.Ю. Феномен кавказской идентичности. - Научная мысль Кавказа, Ростов-на-Дону, 2002, № 1 (29), с.36.<br />
26 Дамениа О.Н. Кавказская культурная общность: миф или реальность. – Научная мысль Кавказа, Ростов-на-Дону, 2002, №<br />
1, с.51.<br />
27 kaSia j. mijaWvuli saqarTvelo. _ Jurn.: iveria (qarTul-evropuli institutis Jurnali). 3, Tbilisibriuseli,<br />
1993, gv.6.<br />
26
CrdiloeTiT gaSlili sivrcis auTvisebloba <strong>da</strong> is <strong>garemo</strong>eba, rom am didi sivrcis<br />
aTviseba arc erT Crdilokavkasiel xalxs ar SeeZlo); meores mxriv, ara mxolod mTeli<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong>, aramed amier<strong>kavkasiis</strong> geopolitikuri konfiguraciac ki, misi Semadgeneli<br />
xalxebis kulturuli <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri Taviseburebebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
ambivalenturobiT xasiaTdeba 28 .<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, Cndeba kiTxva: XIX saukunemde aravis <strong>da</strong> arafers miuyenebia ziani<br />
kavkasielTa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli cxovrebis wesisaTvis <strong>da</strong> man uZvelesi<br />
droi<strong>da</strong>n XIX saukunemde uwyveti <strong>da</strong> erTgvarovani saxiT moaRwia? an es `cxovrebis wesi~<br />
mTeli <strong>kavkasiis</strong> masStabiT erTnairi iyo? marTalia, xazi esmeba <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxTa<br />
erTian istoriul beds, erTgvarovan socialur wyobas, sameurneo cxovrebis<br />
<strong>for</strong>mebisa <strong>da</strong> teqnologiebis erTgvarovnebas, magram, Tavi rom <strong>da</strong>vaneboT am<br />
erTgvarovnebis istoriuli <strong>da</strong>sabuTebis aucileblobas, rac aucileblad moiTxovs<br />
imis gaTvaliswinebas, rom kavkasiaSi mxolod mTielebi ar cxovroben <strong>da</strong> arsebobs baris<br />
<strong>mosaxleoba</strong>c, xom viciT, rom maT arseboba <strong>da</strong> ganviTareba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturulcivilizaciur<br />
<strong>garemo</strong>Si uxdebo<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> es <strong>garemo</strong> araerTxel Secvlila?<br />
samecniero TvalsazrisiT, miuRebelia orive ukiduresoba: erTi mxriv, CrdiloeT<br />
<strong>da</strong> samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis uaryofa, meore<br />
mxriv, maTTvis ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebebze Tvalis <strong>da</strong>xuWva.<br />
kulturisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciis cnebaTa samuSao definiciebi<br />
mocemuli kursis farglebSi<br />
lusien fevri aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom ama Tu im sityvis istoriis Seswavla arasodes iqneba<br />
amao Sroma, miT ufro, kulturis fenomenTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul terminebs Soris sul<br />
ramdenime moiZebneba iseTi, romlis Seswavla aucilebelia ara mxolod mkvlevareruditisaTvis,<br />
aramed swored istorikosisaTvis. aseTi terminebis Sinaarsi icvleba<br />
humanitaruli codnis ganviTarebis kval<strong>da</strong>kval. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maTi didi mniSvnelobisa,<br />
iSviaTad Tu romelime aseT termins miZRvnia sagangebo gamokvleva. cxadia, aseTi<br />
monografiis Seqmna metad rTulia. arc Cven visaxavT msgavs mizans, radgan es bevrad<br />
aRemateba Cveni kvlevis mizansac <strong>da</strong> kompetenciasac. mxolod mokled SevCerdebiT<br />
`kulturis~ <strong>da</strong> `civilizaciis~ cnebaTa e.w. `samuSao~ (an `operaciul”) gansaz-<br />
Rvrebebze.<br />
`kultura~ erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli sityvaa rogorc samecniero<br />
literaturaSi, ise yofiT metyvelebaSi. mas mravali mniSvneloba aqvs, rac TviT<br />
kulturis fenomenis sirTuliTa <strong>da</strong> mravalferovnebiTaa ganpirobebuli.<br />
Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT, termini `kultura~ XVII saukuni<strong>da</strong>n ixmareba. miCneulia,<br />
rom <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli leqsikuri erTeulis saxiT igi pirvelad gamoiyena germanelma<br />
iuristma <strong>da</strong> istorikosma semuel pufendorfma (1632-1694), romelic kulturas<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis bunebriv mdgomareobas upirispireb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amerikeli sociologebis a.krioberisa <strong>da</strong> k.klakhonis mier 1952 w. Catarebuli<br />
gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, 1871 wli<strong>da</strong>n 1919 wlamde kulturis cnebis sul 7 definicia iyo<br />
SemoTavazebuli (pirveli, rogorc iTvleba, cnobil inglisel mecniers e.b.tailors<br />
ekuTvnis); 1920-<strong>da</strong>n 1950 wlamde ki maT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva avtorTan igive cnebis 157<br />
gansazRvreba <strong>da</strong>Tvales 29 . 1963 wels krioberma <strong>da</strong> klakhonma xelaxla gamosces<br />
28<br />
kaSia j. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.8.<br />
29 Kroeber A., Kluckhohn C. Culture. A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. Cambridge. Massachusets, 1952.<br />
27
TavianTi naSromi. amjerad definiciaTa ricxvi gacilebiT didi iyo, radgan pirveli<br />
gamocemi<strong>da</strong>n gasuli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> kulturis cnebis axali<br />
interpretaciebi. kulturis gansazRvrebaTa es mimoxilva yvelaze sruli iyo imJamad<br />
arsebulTagan, Tumca zogierTi nakli mainc hqon<strong>da</strong>: avtorebi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, inglisuramerikul<br />
literaturaSi arsebuli midgomebiT ifarglebodnen <strong>da</strong> nakleb yuradRebas<br />
aqcevdnen germanul <strong>da</strong> frangulenovan literaturaSi arsebul mravalferovan<br />
gansazRvrebebsa <strong>da</strong> koncefciebs.<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> kulturis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari interpretacia:<br />
istoriuli, struqturuli, struqturul-funqciuri, sistemuri (f.boasi, k.levistrosi,<br />
b.malinovski, a.radklif-brauni, l.uaiti) <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
kulturis fenomeni sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mecnierebis Seswavlis obieqtia. TviT cnebis<br />
universaluroba <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcveloba saSualebas iZleva, ganvixiloT igi mraval<br />
aspeqtSi: rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sfero; socialuri instituti;<br />
pirovnebis ganviTarebis donis maxasiaTebeli; sazogadoebis maregulirebeli<br />
normebis sistema; socialuri gamocdilebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis meqanizmi; TviTdeterminaciis<br />
fenomeni <strong>da</strong> a.S. amdenad, sruliad bunebrivia gansazRvrebaTa zemoT naxsenebi<br />
simravlec.<br />
farTo azriT, kulturis cneba xazs usvams a<strong>da</strong>mianis gansxvavebas yvela sxva<br />
biologiuri arsebisagan. kulturaSi igulisxmeba ara calkeuli SemoqmedebiTi aqti,<br />
aramed Semoqmedeba rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianis universaluri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba samyarosadmi,<br />
romlis meSveobiT igi qmnis `axal samyaros~ <strong>da</strong> sakuTar Tavs. TiToeuli kultura<br />
ganumeorebeli samyaroa, romlis SigniT arsebobs a<strong>da</strong>mianis (a<strong>da</strong>mianTa) swored aseTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba <strong>garemo</strong>mcveli sinamdvilisa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari Tavisadmi.<br />
SeiZleba CamovTvaloT mravali saintereso <strong>da</strong> originaluri definicia, magram es<br />
Sors wagviyvans <strong>da</strong> Cveni kvlevis mizansac scildeba. kulturis cnebis nebismieri<br />
gansazRvreba moicavs am fenomenis erT an ramdenime mxares, avtoris interesisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kvlevis obieqti<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare. yovlismomcvelobisa <strong>da</strong> amomwuraobis pretenzia ki<br />
verc erTs ver eqneba. kvlevis procesSi vsargeblobT e.w. samuSao gansazRvrebebiT,<br />
romlebic Seesabameba Cveni konkretuli muSaobis mizans. am SemTxvevaSi, qarTul<br />
kulturaze saubrisas, <strong>da</strong>vkmayofildebiT im uzogadesi gansazRvrebiT, romelic<br />
saSualebas mogvcems, masSi vigulisxmoT qarTvelTa mier saukuneebis manZilze<br />
Seqmnili `meore buneba~, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Tavad ayalibeb<strong>da</strong> Taobebs <strong>da</strong><br />
ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebad maT TviTidentificirebas.<br />
kulturis kvlevis, misi saxis gansazRvris mcdelobisas mxedvelobaSi un<strong>da</strong><br />
gvqondes is <strong>garemo</strong>eba, rom, erTi mxriv, `sxva, Cveni kulturisagan gansxvavebuli<br />
kulturis a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan dialogi Tanamedrove cnobierebis ganuyofeli funqciaa” 30 ,<br />
meore mxriv ki, `kultura, yvelaze farTo mniSvnelobiT, aris is, ris gamoc Sen ucxod<br />
iqcevi, rogorc ki Sens saxls <strong>da</strong>toveb... roca imyofebi Sens jgufSi, im a<strong>da</strong>mianebs<br />
Soris, romlebTanac saerTo kultura gaqvs, Sen ar gixdeba fiqri sakuTar azrebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
qcevaze, radgan Senc <strong>da</strong> isinic, principSi, erTnairad xe<strong>da</strong>vT samyaros, iciT, ras<br />
SeiZleba moelodeT erTmaneTisagan. magram ucxo sazogadoebaSi ususurobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
dezorientirebulobis grZnoba geufleba” 31 . es exeba ara mxolod cocxal kontaqts<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Soris, aramed, agreTve, kulturis kvlevis process. Cven kiTxvebs vusvamT<br />
warsulSi an sxva kulturis farglebSi mcxovreb a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, vcdilobT, gavSifroT<br />
maT mier <strong>da</strong>tovebuli Tu mowodebuli in<strong>for</strong>macia. magram kiTxvebi, romlebze pasuxsac<br />
veZebT, gansazRvrulia Tanamedrove cnobierebiT, kulturiT, romlis matarebeli Cven<br />
30 Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М., 1984, с.5.<br />
31 Culture Shock. A Reader in Modern Cultural Anthropology. Ed. by Ph.K.Bock. N.Y., 1970, p.74.<br />
28
varT, situaciiT, romelSic Cven vimyofebiT. problemebi, romelTac istorikosTa<br />
mier muSavdeba, Cveni (sakuTari) kulturis aqtualuri problemebia.<br />
`sxva epoqaTa, sazogadoebaTa <strong>da</strong> kulturaTa a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Cven vusvamT `Cvens~<br />
kiTxvebs <strong>da</strong> vcdilobT, miviRoT maTgan `maTi~ pasuxebi, radgan dialogi mxolod am<br />
SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli” 32 .<br />
bunebrivia, Cven vxe<strong>da</strong>vT sxva kulturas (an sxva epoqis Cvensave kulturas) ara ise,<br />
rogorc igi sakuTar Tavs gaiazreb<strong>da</strong>. kulturis kategoriebi, maxasiaTeblebi,<br />
romlebiTac Cven masze vmsjelobT, `ar aris Tavad cocxali, xorcSesxmuli kultura;<br />
es mxolod kulturis cocxal sxeulze <strong>da</strong>debuli erTgvari koordinatTa sistemaa,<br />
romlis analizi ver Secvlis kulturis realuri funqciobisa <strong>da</strong> moZraobis<br />
Seswavlas” 33 .<br />
Cven vagebT mxolod models <strong>da</strong> es kulturis kvlevis erT-erTi gzaa, romlis<br />
absolutizacia iseTive Secdoma iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc misi ugulebelyofa. es swored is<br />
gzaa, romelsac iyenebs istoriuli kulturologia, gansxvavebiT `wmin<strong>da</strong>~ istoriuli<br />
mecnierebisagan, romelic am modelis realur funqciobas, mis dinamikas swavlobs. es<br />
ori gza avsebs <strong>da</strong> azustebs erTmaneTs. istoriul-kulturologiuri kvleva SesaZlebelia<br />
mxolod saistorio mecnierebis monacemebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. Tavis mxriv, amgvari<br />
kvlevis Sedegebis gaTvaliswineba istorikoss warsulis suraTis `gacocxlebis~,<br />
sakvlev sakiTxTa mkafiod gansazRvrisa <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xasiaTis aRrevaTa Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
acilebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.<br />
axla SevexoT civilizaciis cnebas.<br />
rogorc samecniero literaturaSi aRiniSneba, dRes `civilizacia~ dominirebad<br />
kulturul-istoriul kategoriad iqca. yuradReba xalxebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>tanil<br />
iqna ufro did struqturebsa <strong>da</strong> procesebze, romlebic civilizaciis<br />
masStabebSi Tavsdeba. o.anderles sityviT, kvlevis miznad iqceva ara imis garkveva, Tu<br />
ra xdebo<strong>da</strong>, aramed rogor xdebo<strong>da</strong>, anu procesebis warmmarTveli kanonzomierebebis<br />
Seswavla. <strong>da</strong>ukmayofileblobis grZnoba gveufleba imis gamo, rom viciT `sul ufro<br />
meti sul ufro naklebis Sesaxeb~, sakmaod viciT ra `xeebis~ Sesaxeb, sul ufro naklebi<br />
viciT `tyeze” 34 .<br />
izrdeba interesi lokaluri civilizaciebisadmi, romelTa urTierToba arsebiT<br />
gavlenas axdens msoflio istoriul procesze. interesis zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia, erTi<br />
mxriv, `civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis~ molodinTan, misi safrTxis gacnobierebasTan, meore<br />
mxriv _ sworxazobrivi civilizaciuri modelebis, maT Soris, marqsistuli <strong>for</strong>maciuli<br />
Teoriis kritikasTan.<br />
amdenad, civilizaciis fenomenisadmi interesis zr<strong>da</strong> ganpirobebulia rogorc<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> akademiuri, aseve praqtikuli interesiT.<br />
termin `civilizaciis~ <strong>da</strong>mamkvidreblis pativs dRemde erTmaneTs ecilebian<br />
frangebi <strong>da</strong> ingliselebi. orive enaSi zmna `civiliser~ — `to civilize~ <strong>da</strong> zmnize<strong>da</strong> `civilisé~ —<br />
`civilized~ Sesabamis arsebiT saxelze bevrad adre gaCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
im dros, roca warmoiSva termini `civilizacia~, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sazogadoebis istoriis<br />
Semecneba im safexurze idga, romelic ayalibeb<strong>da</strong> warmodgenas erTian <strong>da</strong> erTgvarovan<br />
sakacobrio civilizaciaze, <strong>da</strong> ara relativistur Tvalsazriss eTnikur an istoriulad<br />
arsebul civilizaciebze. mis safuZvlad <strong>da</strong> saTaved cxaddebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>grovili<br />
gamocdileba, miwis sakuTreba, a<strong>da</strong>mianis mijaWva miwaze, vaWroba, simdidris <strong>da</strong>groveba<br />
an romelime sxva faqtori, pirvel rigSi — a<strong>da</strong>mianis gonebis srulyofa. civilizaciis<br />
32 Гуревич А.Я. Указ. соч., с.8.<br />
33<br />
iqve, gv.12.<br />
34 Anderle O. Sorokin and Cultural Morphology. - Pitirim Sorokin in Review. Durham (NC), 1963, p. 96.<br />
29
maxasiaTeblebsa <strong>da</strong> saTaveebze kamaTobdnen, xan<strong>da</strong>xan — cxare<strong>da</strong>c, magram Sexeduleba<br />
civilizaciaze, rogorc saerTo-sakacobrio fenomensa <strong>da</strong> kacobriobis saerTo<br />
momavalze, eWvs ar iwvev<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Sotlandielma istorikosma <strong>da</strong> filosofosma a.fergiusonma (1723-1816) pirvelma<br />
gamoiyena civilizaciis cneba msoflio-istoriuli procesis gansazRvruli safexuris<br />
aRsaniSnavad 35 .<br />
XIX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi istoriis monisturi interpretacia pluralisturma Secvala.<br />
l.fevris Tanaxmad, sityva `civilizacia~ pirvelad mravlobiT ricxvSi 1819 wels iqna<br />
gamoyenebuli, rac civilizaciuri wyobis mravalferovnebis aRiarebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi iyo.<br />
`mogzaurobaTa epoqaSi~ <strong>da</strong>grovilma masalam cxadyo kulturaTa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciaTa<br />
mravalsaxeoba msoflioSi, agreTve, maTi ganviTarebis sasruloba. l.fevris moxdenili<br />
naTqvamiT, `a<strong>da</strong>mianebma, romlebmac gamoiares revolucia <strong>da</strong> imperia, gaiges is, razec<br />
warmodgena ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T maT winaprebs; maT gaiges, Tanac ara wignebi<strong>da</strong>n, rom civilizacia<br />
SeiZleba mokvdes 36 .~ mogvianebiT J.a. de gobino wer<strong>da</strong>: `civilizaciaTa <strong>da</strong>cema — yvelaze<br />
ucnauri <strong>da</strong>, amave dros, idumalebiT moculi ramaa istoriul fenomenTagan” 37 .<br />
mogzaurTa, lingvistTa, mecnierTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT, cneba `civilizaciis~<br />
Sinaarsi gamdidr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gamravalferovn<strong>da</strong>. restavraciis epoqaSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo civilizaciis<br />
met-naklebad mwyobri Teoriebis Camoyalibeba.<br />
XIX saukunis meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> civilizaciis raobis<br />
radikalurad gansxvavebuli gageba, romlis Tanaxmad, istoriul-eTnografiuli<br />
masalis mravalferovneba a<strong>da</strong>sturebs civilizaciis <strong>for</strong>maTa mravalgvarobas; ar<br />
arsebobs saerTo sakacobrio civilizacia, rogorc ganviTarebis umaRlesi safexuri,<br />
romelsac kacobriobis erTma nawilma miaRwia, meore ki misken miemarTeba. kacobriobis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nawili ganviTarebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gzas gadis <strong>da</strong> araviTari saerTo,<br />
sayovelTao xazi aq ar arsebobs. safuZveli Caeyara lokalur civilizaciaTa<br />
Teoriebs, romelTa warmomadgenlebi ar iziareben kacobriobis saerTo progresis<br />
ideas. es Teoriebi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> savsebiT logikur reaqcias evolucionizmsa <strong>da</strong><br />
evropocentrizmze, Tumca am ukanasknelT, cxadia, arseboba ar SeuwyvetiaT; SemdgomSi<br />
evolucionizmisa <strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT, neoevolucionizmis warmomadgenlebma araerTi<br />
saintereso argumentiT cades TavianTi Tvalsazrisis ganmtkiceba, lokalur<br />
civilizaciaTa Teoriebis Tanamedrove versiebi ki msoflios civilizaciuri xedvis<br />
saxiT Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>.<br />
dRes saubari SeiZleba civilizaciis cnebis sam ZiriTad interpretaciaze:<br />
1) lokalur-istoriuli (n.<strong>da</strong>nilevski, o.Spengleri, a.toinbi, s.hanTingtoni <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv.). <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli mkvlevrebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva raodenobisa <strong>da</strong> saxelwodebis<br />
civilizaciebs iTvlian <strong>da</strong> maTi urTierTobac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad warmoudgeniaT, Tumca<br />
maT aerTianebT civilizaciis erTgvarovani gageba.<br />
2) istoriul-stadiuri, romelic, ama Tu im kriteriumze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, ganarCevs<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis civilizaciebs: zepir, werilobiT, wignisa <strong>da</strong> ekranis; kosmogenur,<br />
teqnogenursa <strong>da</strong> anTropogenurs; tradiciulsa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedroves; evoluciursa <strong>da</strong><br />
inovaciur civilizaciebs <strong>da</strong> sxv. gvxvdeba iseTi terminebic, rogoricaa `Subis<br />
civilizacia~, `mSvild-isris civilizacia” 38 <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
3) msoflio-istoriuli, romlis Tanaxmad, lokalur civilizaciaTa urTierTobis<br />
garkveul safexurze Cndeba msoflio istoriis fenomeni. am interpretaciis farg-<br />
35 Олех Л.Г. К истории проблемы цивилизации, с.9.<br />
36<br />
Февр Л. Цивилизация: эволюция слова и группы идеи, с.269.<br />
37<br />
iqve.<br />
38 Маке Ж. Цивилизации Африки южнее Сахары. М., 1974.<br />
30
lebSi Tavsdeba civilizaciis gageba rogorc kacobriobis istoriuli ganviTarebis<br />
safexurisa, romelic mosdevs velurobisa <strong>da</strong> barbarosobis safexurebs (l.h.morgani,<br />
f.engelsi); sakacobrio civilizaciis sami talRis (agraruli, industriuli <strong>da</strong><br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciuli) koncefcia (u.rostou, d.beli, o.tofleri); agreTve kacobriobis<br />
istoriuli ganviTarebis sqemebi, SemuSavebuli k.iaspersisa <strong>da</strong> S.itos mier.<br />
civilizaciis gansazRvris sirTule ramdenime momentiTaa ganpirobebuli. jer<br />
erTi, rTulia Tavad civilizaciis Semadgenloba. TiToeul maTganSi mimdinareobs<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabuli Sinagani brZola bunebrivi <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianuri resursebisaTvis, hegemoniisaTvis<br />
ideologiisa <strong>da</strong> religiis sferoSi. amasTan, am brZolaSi calkeuli jgufebi Tu<br />
koaliciebi eZeben gareSe mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras civilizaciel TanamoZmeTa winaaRmdeg. amis<br />
magaliTs iZleva XX saukunis arabul-muslimuri civilizaciis istoria.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, civilizacias Sinagani dinamikuroba axasiaTebs. Zveli Taviseburebani<br />
qreba, Cndeba axali. Tavs iCens gare<strong>da</strong>n mosuli <strong>da</strong> Sinagani impulsebis, racionalizmisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> tradicionalizmis urTierTqmedebis rTuli procesi. icvleba civilizaciaTa<br />
sazRvrebi. isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom oikumena ar iyofa civilizaciebad naSTis gareSe. igi<br />
moicavs civilizaciis miRma, civilizaciaTaSoris <strong>da</strong> civilizaciaTa Tanxvedris<br />
arealebsac.<br />
rogorc Cans, am sirTuleebiTaa ganpirobebuli skeptikuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
civilizaciis koncefciebisadmi. amerikeli istorikosi h.morgenTau aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
es koncefciebi moklebulia empiriul mkafiobas, amitom SemTxveviTi araa, rom<br />
upiratesoba eniWeba istoriis kvlevas ufro politikuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>geografiuli</strong>, vidre<br />
civilizaciuri TvalsazrisiT, radgan isini ufro eqvemdebareba empiriul Semowmebas,<br />
vidre civilizacia. frangi sociologi r.aroni ufro Sorsac midio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> wer<strong>da</strong>: problemis<br />
arsi isaa, rom SeuZlebelia vupasuxoT kiTxvas _ arsebobs Tu ara civilizacia<br />
rogorc istoriuli realoba, Tu igi istoriul qimerad un<strong>da</strong> miviCnioT 39 .<br />
<strong>da</strong> mainc, bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze interesi civilizaciuri problematikisadmi<br />
mniSvnelovnad gaizar<strong>da</strong>. amitom civilizaciuri Teoriis saWiroeba eWvqveS<br />
naklebad dgeba.<br />
rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, sakvlev sakiTxze muSaobis dros CvenTvis amosavali<br />
iyo civilizaciis raobis lokalur-istoriuli interpretacia, msoflio istoriis<br />
civilizaciuri xedva.<br />
kavkasia — kulturaTa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zona<br />
(gzajvaredini). kulturaTa kontaqtis tipebi<br />
kacobriobis istoriis Sinaarss mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs kulturaTa <strong>da</strong><br />
civilizaciaTa urTierTobis procesi, romelic moicavs istoriis rogorc<br />
vertikalur, aseve horizontalur ganzomilebas _ iSleba drosa <strong>da</strong> sivrceSi.<br />
kavkasia yovelTvis asruleb<strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovan rols, rogorc <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli<br />
rgoli evropasa <strong>da</strong> azias Soris 40 .<br />
`amierkavkasia mu<strong>da</strong>m warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> ara mxolod <strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis<br />
<strong>da</strong>makavSirebel xids, aramed CrdiloeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreTis sakontaqto zonasac,<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mtruli, zogjer ki urTierTgamomricxavi civilizaciebis gzajvaredinsac.<br />
39 ix.: Хачатурян В.М. Проблема цивилизации в «Исследовании истории» А.Тойнби в оценке Западной историографи. – В<br />
сб.: Цивилизации. Вып.1. М., 1992, с.209.<br />
40 Encyclopedia Britannica (Ultimate Reference Suite 2003.<br />
31
igulisxmeba ara mxolod evropuli <strong>da</strong> aziuri civilizaciebi, aramed CrdiloeTis,<br />
aRmosavleTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreTis bina<strong>da</strong>r-samiwaTmoqmedo <strong>da</strong> momTabare samyaroebic 41 ~.<br />
Tavisi <strong>geografiuli</strong> mdebareobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> gavliT odiTgan<br />
moZraobdnen xalxebi, religiebi, kulturebi. kavkasia warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave<br />
dros, kulturaTa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciaTa gzaSesayarsac <strong>da</strong> gzagasayarsac, es iyo zemoT<br />
naxsenebi xidica <strong>da</strong> barieric.<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c kavkasia kulturaTa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zonaa, saWiroa<br />
SevexoT `civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zonisa~ <strong>da</strong> masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul zogierT problemas.<br />
Tanamedrove kulturologiur gamokvlevebSi ganasxvaveben mdgrad, klasikur<br />
civilizaciebs (romlebic tradiciuli kulturologiis Seswavlis ZiriTad obieqtebs<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>) <strong>da</strong> e.w. sasazRvro kulturebs, romelTa mimarT interesi sul ufro<br />
izrdeba.<br />
sazRvrulobis, zRvruli procesebisadmi interesis zr<strong>da</strong> XX s. bolosa <strong>da</strong> XXI s.<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi msoflioSi mimdinare procesebma ganapiroba. globalizaciasa <strong>da</strong> integracias<br />
Tan sdevs ara mxolod erTgvarovani struqturebis Seqmna, aramed<br />
fragmentacia <strong>da</strong> lokalizaciac. kulturuli sivrceebi, romlebic ar Sedian<br />
`sinTezSi~, qmnian mtkivneuli gaurkvevlobisa <strong>da</strong> ganusazRvrelobis zonebs.<br />
mecnierTa yuradRebis centrSi eqceva sazRvruli (zRvruli) procesebi<br />
civilizaciebs, xalxebs, qveynebs Soris. eTnikuri, konfesiuri, geopolitikuri,<br />
kulturul-istoriuli <strong>da</strong> sxva procesebi kveTen <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eSrevebian erTmaneTs, qmnian<br />
komunikaciuri sivrcis areals, romelsac axasiaTebs maRali sasazRvro energetika.<br />
sazRvrulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos kulturuli sivrceebi, romlebic civilizaciaTa<br />
ganapiras mdebareoben <strong>da</strong> uSualo kontaqti aqvT mezobeli civilizaciis periferiasTan.<br />
aseT arealebad iTvleba civilizaciaTa mijnebi (kontaqtis zonebi), marginaluri<br />
kulturebi/subkulturebi, socialur-kulturuli sazRvrebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
sazRvrulobis problemis, sasazRvro kulturis raobis kvlevis sferoSi mdi<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
<strong>da</strong> saintereso gamocdileba <strong>da</strong>grov<strong>da</strong> laTinoamerikanistikaSi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />
rom saqarTvelos teritoria, istoriulad <strong>da</strong> dResac, civilizaciaTa mijna, sazRvari,<br />
maTi kontaqtis zonaa, xolo qarTuli kulturis raobis gansazRvrisaTvis arsebiTi<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs imis garkvevas, warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> (an warmoadgens) Tu ara igi romelime<br />
civilizaciis sasazRvro (an ganapira) kulturas, naTeli gaxdeba, rom kvleva-Ziebis<br />
ukve <strong>da</strong>muSavebuli xerxebi <strong>da</strong> maTi meSveobiT miRebuli Sedegebi <strong>da</strong>gvexmareba<br />
qarTuli kulturis raobisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis<br />
problemebze muSaobaSi.<br />
qvemoT SevexebiT sazRvrulobis problemasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul zogierT termins,<br />
romelTac mniSvneloba aqvT CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis kvlevisaTvis.<br />
pirvel rigSi, cxadia, TviT `sazRvris~ cnebas un<strong>da</strong> SevexoT. sayovelTaod<br />
miRebuli mniSvnelobiT, igi aRniSnavs mijnas or mTels an mTelis or nawils Soris.<br />
swored ase iTargmneba laTinuri limes _ sazRvari, zRvari. Tumca dRes,<br />
sazRvrulobis problemisadmi interesis zrdis fonze, SemoTavazebulia sxvagvari<br />
mniSvnelobac. kerZod, i.kagramanovi aRniSnavs, rom romis praqtikul sityvaTxmarebaSi<br />
limes aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> ara sazRvars, aramed gar<strong>da</strong>maval zonas 42 .<br />
interesmoklebuli ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos sazRvris sami ZiriTadi funqciis gaxseneba: 1.<br />
barieruli (kavSiris gamaZnelebeli, <strong>da</strong>mabrkolebeli), 2. kontaqturi<br />
41 (musxeliSvili d. kavkasiuri politika Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi (XIII saukunemde). – qarTuli diplomatia<br />
(weliwdeuli), V. Tb., 1998, gv.5.<br />
42 Каграманов Ю. Переходная зона на Северном Кавказе. – В журн.: «Открытая политика», М., 1998, № 9-10 (33), с.70.<br />
32
(<strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli) <strong>da</strong> 3. filtraciuli (gacxrilvis, ga<strong>da</strong>rCevis) funqciebi.<br />
kulturis geografiaSi sazRvari ganixileba rogorc warmosaxviTi <strong>geografiuli</strong><br />
mijna. arsebiTad, esaa mentaluri kategoria, romelic moicavs realur geografiul<br />
sivrces <strong>da</strong> warmoadgens unikaluri kulturuli gamocdilebis warmoqmnis adgils.<br />
a.melos mtkicebiT, sazRvari erTaderTi kriteriumia Tanamedrove msoflios yvela<br />
saxis identurobisaTvis. faqtobrivad, yvela sivrce sazRvrulia, mdebareobs ra<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sivrceTa, droTa <strong>da</strong> warmodgenaTa Soris 43 .<br />
Tanamedrove kulturologiur literaturaSi farTod gamoiyeneba "sasazRvro<br />
kulturis" cneba.<br />
sasazRvro kulturaTa maxasiaTeblebad miCneulia: struqturirebis <strong>da</strong>bali done;<br />
Sinagani <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobani, rogorc mudmivi konstituciuri faqtori;<br />
sinkretuli dominantis arseboba; sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva istoriuli qronologiis fenomenTa<br />
Tanaarseboba; arqaul fenomenTa mudmivi aqtivizacia; TviTidentifikaciis problemis<br />
gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba <strong>da</strong> mtkivneuloba 44 . sasazRvro kulturebi `mudmivad<br />
<strong>da</strong>exetebian bundovani <strong>da</strong> utopiuri momavlis zonaSi mdebare identurobis<br />
labirinTebSi~, _ aRniSnavs v.zemskovi 45 .<br />
kidev erT maxasiaTeblad miCneulia sasazRvro kulturis mier mediaciuri<br />
funqciis Sesrulebis unari, misi Tviseba _ ga<strong>da</strong>vides axal mdgomareobaSi <strong>da</strong>, amave<br />
dros, rCebodes Tarjimnad kulturebs Soris 46 .<br />
sasazRvro kulturis mniSvnelovan Tvisebad iTvleba misi ambivalenturoba. am<br />
kulturis matarebeli a<strong>da</strong>miani ar ekuTvnis srulad arc erT kulturul sivrces.<br />
`arseboba sazRvarze, SemosazRvruli <strong>da</strong> gancalkevebuli kulturuli velis SigniT,<br />
mudmivad cvalebad identurobaTa mTlianobis SenarCunebis mcdeloba emsgavseba<br />
curvas ucnob, ucxo stiqiaSi, romelic bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos xdeba nacnobi, magram ara<br />
bolomde mSobliuri~, _ wers g.anzaldua 47 .<br />
radgan sasazRvro kulturaTa saxes, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, gansazRvravs msoflios civilizaciuri<br />
ganviTarebis ori nakadis _ <strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis _ Sejaxeba,<br />
aseTi kulturebi iqceva socialur-kulturuli, politikuri, ideologiuri Tu<br />
fsiqologiuri procesebis mSvidi mimdinareobis rRvevis mudmiv wyarod, `civilizaciuri<br />
morevebis~ warmomSobad 48 .<br />
s.semionovis azriT, sasazRvro kulturebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc bunebrivistoriuli<br />
xidebi <strong>da</strong>savleTsa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTs, CrdiloeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreTs Soris 49 .<br />
sazRvruloba xSirad ganixileba rogorc marginaloba, faseulobiTi <strong>da</strong> normatiuli<br />
ambivalenturobis produqti. argentinuli warmoSobis amerikeli mkvlevari<br />
maria lugonesi gvTavazobs `sasazRvro TamaSis~ models, romelSic xazgasmulia<br />
erTdroulad `or samyaroSi~ yofnis, kulturebiT `Jongliorobis~ unari 50 .<br />
v.biblerma kulturaTa sazRvris kidev erT mniSvnelovan funqciaze miuTiTa:<br />
farTo azriT, kultura SeiZleba arsebobdes <strong>da</strong> viTardebodes mxolod kulturaTa<br />
43 ix.: Замятин Д.Н. Феноменология географических образов. – В журн.: социологические исследования. М., 2001. № 3,<br />
с.15.<br />
44 Тлостанова М.Б. «Опограниченный» мир конца XX века: Основные культурные модели (Опыт традиции чиканос). – В<br />
журн.: Латинская Америка, М., 1999, № 10, с.93.<br />
45 Земсков В.Б. Культурный синтез в Латинской Америке: культурологическая утопия или культурообразующий механизм?<br />
- В журн.: Латинская Америка, М., 1999, № 4 б, с. 95.<br />
46 Documented-Undocumented. – Multicultural Literacy. Graywolf Press, 1988, p.127-134.<br />
47 Anzaldua G. Borderlands. – La Frontera. San Francisco, 1987, p.III.<br />
48 Шемякин Я.Г. Перспективы сравнительного изучения России и Ибероамерики. – В сб.: Цивилизационные исследования.<br />
М., 1996, с.30.<br />
49 Семенов С.И. Компаративные лонгитюдные исследования общего и особенного в пограничных цивилизациях Европы и<br />
Америки. – В сб.: Цивилизационные исследования. М., 1996, с.37.<br />
50 Lugones M. Playfulness, World-Travelling and Loving Perception. – The Woman that I Am. N.Y., 1994, p.637.<br />
33
zRvarze, sxva mTlianobebTan, kulturebTan erTdroulobaSi, maTTan mimarTebaSi 51 .<br />
mkvlevarTa nawili saubrobs ara sasazRvro kulturebze, aramed sasazRvro civilizaciebze.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul<br />
tradiciaTa urTierTqmedebis momenti <strong>da</strong> maTi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi analizi. amitom,<br />
rogorc wesi, mimarTaven civilizaciis iseT gansazRvrebas, romelic, universalur<br />
maxasiaTeblebTan erTad, moicavs parametrebs Se<strong>da</strong>rebisaTvis. i.g.Semiakini<br />
gvTavazobs civilizaciis gansazRvras rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianis arsebobis Zireul<br />
winaaRmdegobaTa ga<strong>da</strong>Wris xerxisa; esaa winaaRmdegobebi saero <strong>da</strong> sakralur sferoTa,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miansa <strong>da</strong> bunebas, individsa <strong>da</strong> sociums, kulturis tradiciul <strong>da</strong> inovaciur<br />
mxareebs Soris. am winaaRmdegobaTa ga<strong>da</strong>Wris gzebi, arCeuli ama Tu im erTobis mier,<br />
gansazRvravs mis sociogenetikur kods <strong>da</strong> istoriul saxes 52 . sasazRvro civilizaciebs<br />
ki axasiaTebs maTi ga<strong>da</strong>Wris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xerxis winaaRmdegobrivi Tanaarseboba erTi<br />
socialur-kulturuli erTobis farglebSi.<br />
yvela kultura Tu civilizacia Sedgeba warmoSobiTa <strong>da</strong> xasiaTiT erTmaneTisagan<br />
gansxvavebuli elementebisagan, amdenad, araerTgvarovania. magram, amave dros, isini<br />
mTliania. swored mTlianobis sawyisi gansazRvravs klasikur civilizaciaTa saxes.<br />
gansxvavebiT klasikuri civilizaciebisagan, romelTac aqvT erTiani, mTliani fun<strong>da</strong>menti<br />
_ pirvel rigSi, sulier-religiuri, sasazRvro civilizaciebSi upiratesia<br />
(Tumca ara absoluturi) mravalferovnebis sawyisi, ar arsebobs fun<strong>da</strong>mentis<br />
mTlianoba; maTi konstruqcia araerTgvarovania. am Tvalsazrisis momxreni klasikur<br />
civilizaciebs ganixilaven rogorc kulturuli sinTezis met-naklebad <strong>da</strong>srulebuli<br />
procesis Sedegs, sasazRvro civilizaciebs ki _ rogorc kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis<br />
sami tipis (konfrontacia, simbiozi, sinTezi) urTules kvanZs, romlis<br />
mudmivi maxasiaTebelia sinTezis <strong>da</strong>usrulebloba. maTSi erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>eSreveba <strong>da</strong><br />
ejaxeba kulturaTa kontaqtis samive tipi, romelTagan, i. Semiakinis azriT,<br />
strategiuli, ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs simbiozs 53 .<br />
`civilizacia yovelTvis ewinaaRmdegeba iseTi kulturuli Rirebulebis miRebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> SeTvisebas, romelic kiTxvis qveS ayenebs mis arqetipebs. mosazRvre kulturebTan<br />
an civilizaciebTan ganuwyveteli urTierTobis fonze esa Tu is civilizacia iTvisebs<br />
Tavisi mezoblebi<strong>da</strong>n garkveul Rirebulebebs, magram yovelTvis cdilobs mis<br />
gadmoTargmnas, anu imis reinterpretacias, risi asimilaciac xdeba an aqvs ganzraxuli.<br />
es procesi sakmaod xangrZlivia <strong>da</strong> Sedgeba cdisa <strong>da</strong> TavSekavebisagan, neli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebisagan <strong>da</strong> yovelTvis aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli ama Tu im movlenis ukidures<br />
sasazRvro mniSvnelobasTan” 54 , _ aRniSnavs j.kaSia.<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, sazRvruloba etapi ki ara, gansakuTrebuli istoriul-kulturuli<br />
Tvisebaa, <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli lokalur civilizaciaTa garkveuli saxeobisaTvis.<br />
sazRvruloba moiazreba rogorc civilizaciuri procesis gansakuTrebuli tipi. es<br />
procesi droSi gaWimulia <strong>da</strong> SeiZleba ramdenime aTaswleulsac ki moicavdes. amdenad,<br />
sazRvruloba droebiTi ki ara, konstanturi mdgomareobaa.<br />
b.kovalisa <strong>da</strong> s.semionovis sityviT, yvela sasazRvro civilizacia hgavs magnitur<br />
vels, warmoqmnils ramdenime polusis urTierTqmedebiT. sakmarisia erTi polusis<br />
`gamorTva~, rom energia Sewydes, civilizacia <strong>da</strong>iSalos. magaliTis saxiT mkvlevrebi<br />
asaxeleben inkebis Zveli civilizaciis mdgomareobas espanelTa mier <strong>da</strong>pyrobis win,<br />
51 Библер В. От наукоучения – к логике культуры: два философских введения в двадцать первый век. М., 1991, с.286.<br />
52 Шемякин Я.Г. Перспективы сравнительного изучения России и Ибероамерики, с.28.<br />
53<br />
iqve, gv.31.<br />
54<br />
kaSia j. <strong>da</strong>sax.naSr., gv.57-58.<br />
34
amac nia<strong>da</strong>gi moamza<strong>da</strong> peruelTa evangelizaciisaTvis 55 .<br />
sasazRvro civilizaciebad samecniero literaturaSi <strong>da</strong>saxelebulia iberoamerikuli,<br />
balkanuri <strong>da</strong> Crdilo-aRmosavleT evraziuli civilizaciebi, romelTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel niSnebad ganixileba heterogenuloba, mravalkulturuloba, labiluroba,<br />
Riaoba, elastiuroba, "sxvisi" gamocdilebis swrafi aTvisebis unari.<br />
mkvlevarTa azriT, sasazRvro civilizaciebs meti SesaZlebloba aqvT, winaaRmdegoba<br />
gauwion araxelsayrel sagareo faqtorebsa <strong>da</strong> Sinagan konfliqtebs 56 .<br />
sasazRvro kulturebis (civilizaciebis) aRsaniSnavad literaturaSi gvxvdeba<br />
kidev erTi termini _ limitrofi. v.cimburski am cnebiT aRniSnavs civilizaciaTa<br />
birTvul plat<strong>for</strong>mebs Soris arsebul Sualedur sivrceebs <strong>da</strong> miuTiTebs, rom<br />
civilizaciaTa urTierTqmedeba mimdebare eTnokulturul limitrofebTan civilizaciuri<br />
geopolitikis erT-erTi sayuradRebo problemaa. misi azriT, limitrofuloba<br />
ar warmoadgens mxolod negatiur "gamowvevas" xalxisa <strong>da</strong> kulturisaTvis; igi<br />
<strong>da</strong>winaurebis Sansicaa, romelic araerTxel yofila marjved gamoyenebuli ama Tu im<br />
eTnosis Tu saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnis (reC-pospolita, xorvatia) mier 57 .<br />
v.aruTiunova-fi<strong>da</strong>niani limitrofs ganmartavs rogorc teritorias, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
erTmaneTSi Seurevlad cxovroben eTnosebi <strong>da</strong> maTi kulturebi 58 . im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
limitrofuli teritoriebi qmnian ara mxolod saxelmwifo-politikur, aramed kulturul<br />
sivrcesac, romelSic arsebobs <strong>da</strong> viTardeba kulturaTa sinTezis Sedegad<br />
warmoSobili fenomenebi, limitrofi iqceva sakontaqto zonad _ polieTnikur<br />
teritoriad, im fenomenTa warmoSobis adgilad, romlebic kulturaTa ara mxolod<br />
Tanaarsebobis, aramed urTierTgavlenis Sedegia 59 . mkvlevris azriT, sakontaqto<br />
zonis magaliTad gamodgeba somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> bizantiis kontaqtis areali, romelic<br />
warmoiSva mWidro eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebrivi urTierTobis procesSi, bizantiis<br />
imperiis somex eTnosTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad 60 .<br />
kidev erTi termini, romelic gamoiyeneba sasazRvro kulturaTa aRsaniSnavad, aris<br />
`marginaluri kultura~.<br />
marginalobis (laT. margin) cnebiT, Cveulebriv, aRiniSneba is individebi Tu<br />
jgufebi, romelTa faseulobebi <strong>da</strong> qcevis modelebi zustad <strong>da</strong> mkafiod ar Tavsdeba<br />
romelime kulturul sivrceSi, aramed qmnis gar<strong>da</strong>maval safexurs am sivrceebs Soris.<br />
marginaloba, rogorc humanitaruli kvlevis sagani, scildeba erTi romelime<br />
disciplinis farglebs; es fenomeni disciplinaTSorisi kvlevis obieqtia 61 .<br />
kulturuli marginalobis problemis Seswavla <strong>da</strong>iwyo amerikul sociologiaSi XX<br />
saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, roca Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlis robert e. parkis mier<br />
SemoTavazebul iqna termini `marginaluri pirovneba~ _ imigrantTa kulturuli<br />
statusisa <strong>da</strong> TviTSegnebis aRsaniSnavad 62 . 30-ian wlebSi e.sTounkvistma sagangebo<br />
gamokvlevebi miuZRvna kulturuli marginalobis sakiTxebs eTnikur umciresobaTa<br />
magaliTze, romlebic marginalur mdgomareobaSi arian rogorc dominirebad<br />
kulturasTan (romelSic srulad ar arian CarTuli), ise maTTvis mSobliur, sawyis<br />
55 Коваль Б.И., Семенов С.И. Энергийная природа современных пограничных цивилизаций (Новый подход к человеческому<br />
измерению всемирной истории). – В журн.: Латинская Америка, М., 2000, № 11, с.7.<br />
56 Коваль Б.И., Семенов С.И. <strong>da</strong>sax.naSr., gv.8.<br />
57 Цымбурский В. Народы между цивилизациями. – В журн.: Россия и мусульманский мир. № 2 (68), М., 1998, с.89.<br />
58 Арутюнова-Фиданян В.А. Византия и Армения в X-XII вв.: Зона контакта. – В кн.: Византия между Западом и Востоком.<br />
Опыт исторической характеристики. СПб., 1995, с.380.<br />
59 iqve, gv.380-381.<br />
60<br />
Арутюнова-Фиданян В.А. <strong>da</strong>sax.naSr., gv.380.<br />
61 Атоян А.И. Социальная маргиналистика. О предпосылках нового междисциплинарного и культурно-исторического<br />
синтеза. – В журн.: Политические исследования, М., 1993, № 6, с.29.<br />
62 Milton M., Goldberg A.A. Qualification of the Marginal Men Theory. – American Sociological Review, VI, 1941, p.25.<br />
35
kulturasTan mimarTebaSi. SemdgomSi didi yuradReba eqceo<strong>da</strong> marginaluri subkulturebis<br />
(eTnikuri, konfesiuri <strong>da</strong> sxv.) Seswavlas.<br />
evropul literaturaSi termin `marginaluris~ gamoyeneba XX s. 60-70-iani<br />
wlebi<strong>da</strong>n iwyeba. aq igi ramdenadme sxva <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas iZens, misi semantika laTinur<br />
sityvas marginalis (ganapira, kideze mdebare) ukavSirdeba, romelic aRniSnav<strong>da</strong><br />
SeniSvnebs an naxatebs wignis mindvrebze 63 . Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan termini gasc<strong>da</strong> sociologiisa <strong>da</strong><br />
literaturaTmcodneobis farglebs <strong>da</strong> kulturologiuri mniSvneloba SeiZina.<br />
dReisaTvis samecniero literaturaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba `marginaluri<br />
kulturis~ cneba, Tumca misi Sinaarsi mkafiod gansazRvruli ar aris. xSirad mas<br />
ganixilaven marginaluri individis an subkulturis analogiiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
termini negatiur <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas iZens; aqcenti keTdeba marginaluri kulturis<br />
`gaorebul~, `kulturaTSoris~ xasiaTze, kulturuli TviTidentifikaciis procesis<br />
sirTuleze, TviTSemecnebis mTlianobis <strong>da</strong>rRvevaze, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, Sinagan<br />
diskom<strong>for</strong>tsa <strong>da</strong> mis Sesabamis qcevis <strong>for</strong>mebze, faseulobiT <strong>da</strong> normatul ambivalenturobaze,<br />
struqturul maxasiaTebelTa ekleqturobaze. marginaluroba miiCneva<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>maval mdgomareobad kulturisaTvis, romelic mTavrdeba kulturuli saxis<br />
gamokveTiTa <strong>da</strong> kulturuli TviTidentifikaciis problemis ga<strong>da</strong>WriT, Tumca arsebobs<br />
sxvagvari Tvalsazrisic. marginaloba gaiazreba ara ama Tu im jgufis<br />
`fiqsirebul~ maxasiaTeblad, aramed urTierTobaTa garkveul tipad, romelic gulisxmobs<br />
gansazRvrul <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas ama Tu im kulturis faseulobebisadmi 64 .<br />
`marginaluri kulturis~ cneba gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa civilizaciaTa mijnebze<br />
mcxovrebi xalxebisa <strong>da</strong> qveynebisaTvis, romlebic calsaxad ver gansazRvraven<br />
TavianT civilizaciur kuTvnilebas <strong>da</strong> romelTa kulturis saxis aRsaniSnavad<br />
gamoiyeneba, agreTve, `ganapirulobis~, `periferiulobisa~ <strong>da</strong> sxva cnebebi.<br />
mkvlevarTa nawili miiCnevs, rom `sasazRvro~, `periferiuli~, `marginaluri~ kulturis<br />
nacvlad, umjobesia gamoviyenoT termini `ganapira~ kultura, radgan igi, jer<br />
erTi, moklebulia SefasebiT <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas, meore, moicavs yvela zemoT naxseneb<br />
gansazRvrebas, <strong>da</strong> bolos, orientirebulia `ganapira~ kulturis kavSirze mis warmom-<br />
Sob kulturasTan, aqcents akeTebs maTi erTobis momentze 65 .<br />
`ganapiruloba~ ar <strong>da</strong>iyvaneba mxolod sivrciT-geografiul faqtorze; es<br />
kulturologiuri cnebaa <strong>da</strong> miuTiTebs mocemuli regionis kulturul specifikaze.<br />
`ganapiruloba~ gulisxmobs cvlilebebsa <strong>da</strong> trans<strong>for</strong>maciebs `didi~ kulturis<br />
sistemis farglebSi. iqmneba kulturis elementTa axali kombinaciebi, axali aqcentebi,<br />
icvleba elementTa urTierTqmedebis <strong>for</strong>mebi; raRac aqtualizdeba, raRac ukana<br />
planze ga<strong>da</strong>dis, magram yvelaferi es xdeba `didi~ kulturis principebis, kanonzomierebaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> tendenciaTa CarCoebSi.<br />
a.j.toinbiT <strong>da</strong>wyebuli _ dRemde, mkvlevrebi araerTxel aRniSnavdnen, rom<br />
zogjer, kulturis/civilizaciis mTeli sistemis krizisis dros, SeiZleba, `ganapira~<br />
tipis kulturam ufro mkafiod gamoxatos am sistemis arsi, kanonzomierebani <strong>da</strong><br />
tendenciebi, vidre `birTvma~, centrma. `didi~ kulturebis istoriis krizisul periodebSi<br />
misma centrebma SeiZleba `ganapiras~ ga<strong>da</strong>inacvlos. i.brodski erT-erT<br />
statiaSi wer<strong>da</strong>: ramdena<strong>da</strong>c civilizaciebi sasrulia, yoveli maTganis cxovrebaSi<br />
dgeba momenti, roca centri `veRar iWers~, veRar asrulebs SemakavSireblis, gamaer-<br />
Tianeblis rols; ase <strong>da</strong>emarTa roms, ufro adre — elinistur saberZneTs. aseT epoqebSi<br />
63 Шапинский В.А. Культурная маргинальность как социально-философская проблема. Автореф. диссерт. на соискание<br />
ученой степени канд.филос.наук. М., 1990, с.3.<br />
64<br />
iqve, gv.7.<br />
65 Субичус Б.Ю. Иберо-Америка в мировом цивилизационном процессе. - В журн.: Латинская Америка, М., 1999, № 7-8,<br />
с.139.<br />
36
SemakavSirebel samuSaos asruleben provincielebi, ganapira mxareebis a<strong>da</strong>mianebi.<br />
gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod, kulturis samyaro ar mTavrdeba ganapira<br />
mxares — igi swored iq `ixsneba” 66 .<br />
magaliTad, albaT, gamodgeba aRmosavleT qristianuli civilizacia, romlis<br />
centris, birTvis _ bizantiis _ <strong>da</strong>cemis Semdeg centrma Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan ruseTisaken _<br />
adre misi ganapira kulturisaken _ ga<strong>da</strong>inacvla, romelmac aRmosavleT qristianuli<br />
samyaros centrisa <strong>da</strong> bizantiis politikuri Tu kulturuli memkvidris rolze<br />
aSkarad ganacxa<strong>da</strong> pretenzia (moskovi _ mesame romi).<br />
ufro adre, XII saukunesa <strong>da</strong> XIII s. <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, bizantiis krizisis dros, aRmosavleT<br />
qristianuli samyaros centris, birTvis rolis Sesrulebis pretenzias saqarTvelo<br />
acxadeb<strong>da</strong>. erTxans man TiTqos aiRo kidec Tavis Tavze es funqcia, magram mxolod<br />
mcire xniT.<br />
ganarCeven `ganapira~ kulturis ramdenime qvetips: 1) `axalgazr<strong>da</strong>~ kulturebi, Tavis<br />
droze `gamotanili~ `didi~ kulturis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli sivrci<strong>da</strong>n, metropoliaTa<br />
yofili koloniuri variantebi (magaliTad, laTinuramerikuli <strong>da</strong> Crdiloamerikuli<br />
kulturebi); 2) `ganapira~ kulturebi Zveli avtoqtonuri tradiciiT (magaliTad,<br />
espanuri kultura) 67 .<br />
f. brodeli miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong> `ganapira~, `sasazRvro~ kulturaTa Seswavlis mniSvnelobaze.<br />
igi Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom aseTi kulturebis meSveobiT civilizaciaTa sazRvrebi<br />
ixsneba sxvebTan kontaqtisaTvis, maTSi mJRavndeba civilizaciaTa komunikaciuri<br />
SesaZleblobani. den <strong>da</strong>ineri aRniSnavs, rom civilizaciaTa TviTidentifikacia<br />
swored maT periferiaze yalibdeba, sxva civilizaciebTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis Sedegad 68 .<br />
mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT, sakontaqto zona warmoiSoba ara ganyenebuli <strong>da</strong> Soreuli<br />
kulturuli urTierTgavlenis Sedegad, rodesac urTierTobas safuZvlad udevs<br />
omebi, vaWroba an diplomatia, aramed mWidro eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebrivi urTier-<br />
Tobis procesSi. kontaqtis zona _ es aris organuli <strong>da</strong> sicocxlisunariani struqtura,<br />
Tavisi kanonebiTa <strong>da</strong> Taviseburi kulturuli saxiT 69 . aseTi, drosa <strong>da</strong> sivrceSi<br />
"gaSlili", zonis magaliTad avtori asaxelebs bizantiur-somxur sakontaqto zonas.<br />
kontaqtis zonebi yalibdeba, agreTve, civilizaciaTa sivrciTi gafarToebis procesSi,<br />
roca maT SemadgenlobaSi eqceva (mudmivad an droebiT) mezobeli kulturebi.<br />
v.d. koroliuki sakontaqto zonis cnebas iyenebs barbarosuli periferii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
imperiaze gar<strong>da</strong>mavali teritoriis aRsaniSnavad 70 . igi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs<br />
`sinTezur~ <strong>da</strong> `usinTezo~ sakontaqto zonebs; pirvelis magaliTad asaxelebs <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
evropas, romlis saxis CamoyalibebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti roli Seasrula antikurobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> barbarosobis eTnikur <strong>da</strong> socialur elementTa sinTezma, meorisa ki _ samxreTaRmosavleTi<br />
<strong>da</strong> centraluri evropis sakontaqto zonas, sa<strong>da</strong>c mox<strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />
calkeuli elementebis sinTezi <strong>da</strong> mas ar Seusrulebia arsebiTi roli <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />
regionis eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> socialur-ekonomikuri saxis <strong>for</strong>mirebaSi 71 .<br />
CvenTvis sainteresoa kidev erTi <strong>garemo</strong>eba: v.koroliuki miiCnevs, rom samxreTaRmosavleT<br />
evropis, rogorc tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT Taviseburi zonis Seswav-<br />
66<br />
ix.: Иберо-Америка в мировом цивилизационном процессе (Материалы дискуссии). – В журн.: Латинская Америка, М.,<br />
1999, № 7-8, с.139.<br />
67<br />
Субичус Б.Ю. Иберо-Америка в мировом цивилизационном процессе. - В журн.: Латинская Америка, М., 1999, № 7-8,<br />
с.140.<br />
68<br />
kopitersi b. saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> evropa: periferiis cneba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. — Jurn.:<br />
sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong> politika, II, Tb., 1999, gv.86.<br />
69 Арутюнова-Фиданян В.А. <strong>da</strong>sax.naSr., gv.382.<br />
70 Королюк В.Д. О так называемой «контактной зоне» в Юго-Восточной и Центральной Европе периода раннего<br />
средневековья. – В кн.: Юго-Восточная Европа в средние века. Кишинев, 1972, с.31-46.<br />
71 Королюк В.Д. О так называемой «контактной зоне» ..., gv.31-46.<br />
37
lis sferoSi <strong>da</strong>grovili gamocdileba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes `evropis sxva _<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong>saxelebulTan<br />
axlo mdgomi regionebis kvlevisaTvis. pirvel rigSi, saqme exeba amierkavkasiasa <strong>da</strong><br />
mimdebare teritoriebs” 72 (aqve SevniSnoT, rom, rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, v.koroliuki<br />
amierkavkasias evropis regionad ganixilavs).<br />
civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zonad miCneulia balkaneTi, rogorc romanul-germanuli,<br />
aRmosavleT qristianuli <strong>da</strong> muslimuri civilizaciebis urTierTSexvedris,<br />
urTierTgavlenisa <strong>da</strong> Sejaxebis regioni. ax.w. IV saukuni<strong>da</strong>n balkaneTis didi nawili<br />
aRmosavleT qristianuli civilizaciis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca, romelic, saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
TvalsazrisiT, bizantiis imperiis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. XIV saukuni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
islamis SeWram Sewyvita am regionis lokaluri ganviTareba zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />
civilizaciis farglebSi, aq erTmaneTs Sexv<strong>da</strong> marTlmadidebluri <strong>da</strong> muslimuri<br />
samyaroebi, romelTac didi gavlena iqonies erTmaneTze, Tumca balkaneTSi ar Camoyalibebula<br />
balkanur-muslimuri kulturul-istoriuli erToba 73 .<br />
marTlmadidebluri <strong>da</strong> muslimuri samyaroebis Sexvedris TvalsazrisiT, civilizaciaTa<br />
kontaqtis zonad SeiZleba ganvixiloT mTlianad kavkasia <strong>da</strong>, kerZod, saqar-<br />
Tvelo. XV s. meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n, bizantiis <strong>da</strong>cemis Semdeg, mas marTlac moux<strong>da</strong><br />
lokaluri ganviTareba, rogorc muslimuri civilizaciis farglebSi moqceul aRmosavleTqristianuli<br />
civilizaciis nawils. balkaneTisa ar iyos, arc aq Camoyalibebula<br />
qarTul-muslimuri (an kavkasiur-muslimuri) kulturul-istoriuli erToba. amdenad,<br />
kavkasia <strong>da</strong>, kerZod, saqarTvelo, sainteresoa civilizaciaTa kontaqtis Sedegis<br />
kuTxiT.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom kulturaTa/civilizaciaTa kontaqtis generaciul SesaZleblobaTa<br />
sakiTxi civilizaciur kvlevaTa erT-erTi aqtualuri problemaa. es aris<br />
sakiTxi kulturaTa/civilizaciaTa iseTi urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb, romelsac<br />
Sedegad mosdevs axali kulturuli realobis gaCena. warmoiSoba Tu ara kontaqtis<br />
zonebSi kulturebi, romlebic SeiZleba iqcnen axali civilizaciur-kulturuli<br />
tipis safuZvlad? samecniero (maT Soris, uaxles) literaturaSi am kiTxvis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvar pasuxs vxvdebiT. es sakiTxi metad saintereso <strong>da</strong> aqtualuria<br />
CvenTvisac, radgan qarTuli kultura swored civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zonaSi<br />
yalibdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi istoriis erT etapze mas, TiTqos, gauCn<strong>da</strong> axali civilizaciurkulturuli<br />
tipis safuZvlad qcevis Sansi (vgulisxmobT kavkasiur kulturul<br />
erTobas). am sakiTxze qvemoT gveqneba saubari.<br />
gamoiyofa kulturaTa/civilizaciaTaSorisi urTierTobis sami ZiriTadi tipi: 1.<br />
konfrontacia, 2. simbiozi, 3. sinTezi.<br />
pirveli tipi emyareba ucxo realobis srul uaryofas, sulieri gamocdilebis sxva,<br />
sakuTarisagan gansxvavebuli <strong>for</strong>mebis totalur miuReblobas. es gamocdileba<br />
ganixileba rogorc `ucxo~, `mtruli~, romelic calsaxad un<strong>da</strong> ganidevnos.<br />
meore tipi gulisxmobs viTarebas, roca TiToeuli urTierTmoqmedi mxare inar-<br />
Cunebs sakuTar saxes, ar warmoiSoba axali kulturuli Tvisobrioba, magram kontaqtSi<br />
myof kulturul realobaTa Soris Cndeba sistemuri kavSiri. `gareSe~ kulturuli<br />
realoba kontaqtis monawileTa mier bunebrivad aRiqmeba; aseTi arsebobis winaaRmdegobrioba<br />
ar gaiazreba. simbiozisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia urTierTmizidvisa <strong>da</strong><br />
urTierTganzidvis winaaRmdegobrivi Serwyma. pirvelis Zala sakmaod didia imisTvis,<br />
72 Королюк В.Д. Основные проблемы формирования контактной зоны в юго-восточной европе и бессинтезного региона в<br />
восточной и центральной Европе. – В кн.: Проблемы социально-экономических формаций. Историко-типологические<br />
исследования. М., 1975, с. 159.<br />
73 Вишняков Я.В. Балканы как цивилизационно-контактная зона (К постановке проблемы). –<br />
http://www.rami.ru/publications/gorchakov/vishniakov.rtf<br />
38
om Seiqmnas sistemuri kavSiri kontaqtis monawileebs Soris, amasTan, TiToeuli mxare<br />
meores aRiqvams rogorc `ucxos~. am ukanasknelis ganzidvis, moSorebis xarisxi ki<br />
sakmaod didia, raTa Seiqmnas mkacri zRvari gansxvavebul kulturul elementTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebis, Serwymisa <strong>da</strong> axal, kontaqtSi myofTagan gansxvavebul Tvisebriobad<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>maciisaTvis.<br />
simbiozSi myof eTnokulturul elementTa Tanafardoba SeiZleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari<br />
iyos: <strong>da</strong>wyebuli situaciiT, roca upiratesoba aqvs avtoqtonur sawyiss, xolo<br />
`mosuli~ kulturis elementebi arseboben cnobierebis periferiaze, <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli<br />
mdgomareobiT, roca msoflmxedvelobis RerZad faseulobaTa `motanili~ sistema<br />
gvevlineba 74 .<br />
mesame tipze _ sinTezze _ saubari SeiZleba maSin, Tu kontaqtis zonaSi Cndeba<br />
Tvisobrivad axali, kontaqtSi myof kulturul samyaroTagan gansxvavebuli<br />
kulturuli realoba. aseTi tipis magaliTad v.aruTiunova-fi<strong>da</strong>niani asaxelebs somexi<br />
qalkedonitebis kulturas, romelic, misi azriT, warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> sami tradiciis —<br />
somxuris, bizantiurisa <strong>da</strong> qarTulis — sinTezs, <strong>da</strong>myarebuls adgilobriv (somxur)<br />
safuZvelze 75 .<br />
i.Semiakinis azriT, simbiozi SeiZleba iyos axali kulturuli realobis Camoyalibebis<br />
pirveli stadia, kulturaTa sinTezis procesis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi. magram SeiZleba igi<br />
aseTad ar iqces _ im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis procesSi<br />
upiratesoba centri<strong>da</strong>nuli tendenciebis mxarezea, romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
destruqciuli konfrontaciis logikasTan 76 .<br />
saerTod, kulturaTa sinTezis SesaZleblobisadmi mkvlevarTa <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
umetesad skeptikuria, gansakuTrebiT _ Tu saubaria sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva civilizaciuri<br />
kuTvnilebis kulturaTa kontaqtze. skeptikosTa Tvalsazrisi, yvelaze mkafiod,<br />
Semdegnairad SeiZleba <strong>for</strong>mulirdes: `Cven ar gagvaCnia sarwmuno sabuTi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
civilizaciuri warmomavlobis kulturul sistemaTa pozitiuri, urTierTgamamdidrebeli<br />
urTierTqmedebis SesaZleblobis aRiarebisaTvis” 77 .<br />
kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis SesaZlebloba <strong>da</strong> Sedegi sxva terminebiTac<br />
aRiniSneba: 1. kulturuli mravalferovneba, gansxvavebaTa SenarCuneba (aqve Tavsdeba<br />
`civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis~ Teoria); 2. kulturuli konvergencia anu<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>msgavseba; 3. hibridizacia anu Sereva.<br />
kulturuli mravalferovnebis simyare aRiarebulia kulturuli relativizmis<br />
Teoriis mier, romelic kulturebs ganixilavs rogorc calkeul mTlianobebs an<br />
konfiguraciebs, isini misawvdomia mxolod `Signi<strong>da</strong>n~, sakuTari cnebebis meSveobiT.<br />
meore versiiT, kulturebi Ria sistemebia, romlebic mudmivad iTviseben axal<br />
elementebs.<br />
kulturuli konvergenciis Teoria gulisxmobs maTi homogenizaciis SesaZleblobas.<br />
am Teoriis mogviano variantebia modernizacia, vesternizacia, romlis <strong>for</strong>mad<br />
miiCneven amerikanizacias, `koka-kolonizacias~. am process `kulturuli imperializmis~<br />
saxeliTac ixsenieben.<br />
hibridizaciis yuradRebis centrSia metisi, kulturuli narevi, hibridi. kulturis<br />
hibridizacia aRiniSneba, agreTve, terminebiT _ sinkretizacia, kreolizacia,<br />
74 Шемякин Я.Г. Межцивилизационное взаимодействие и процесс культурогенеза в Латинской Америке. – Iberica<br />
Americans: Механизмы культурообразования в Латинской Америке. М., 1994, с.18-19.<br />
75 Арутюнова-Фиданян В.А. Византия и Армения в X-XII вв.: Зона контакта. – В кн.: Византия между Западом и Востоком.<br />
Опыт исторической характеристики. СПб., 1995, с.391.<br />
76 Шемякин Я.Г. К вопросу о характере взаимодействия испанского начала с автохтонными культурами в эпоху конкисты. –<br />
В сб.: Iberica Americans. Культуры Нового и Старого Света XVI-XVIII вв. в их взаимодействии. СПб., 1991, с.41.<br />
77<br />
Иноземцев В.Л., Кузнецова Е.С. Глобальный кoнфликт ХХI в. Размышления об истоках и перспективах<br />
межцивилизационных противоречий. – В журн.: Политические исследования, М., 2001, № 6, с.137.<br />
39
metisizacia, globaluri lokalizacia <strong>da</strong> lokaluri globalizacia.<br />
hibridizaciis versiis sawinaaRmdegod, miuTiTeben, rom Sereva <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
ufro kulturis enis, vidre kulturis gramatikis donisaTvis. `mogzauroben~ kulturis<br />
ze<strong>da</strong>piruli elementebi: sakvebi, tansacmeli, mo<strong>da</strong>, xelovneba, garTobis<br />
saSualebani <strong>da</strong> sxva, xolo ufro siRrmiseuli elementebi <strong>da</strong> faseulobani, kulturis<br />
struqturuli ansambli mWidro<strong>da</strong>a mijaWvuli konkretul konteqsts. aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, globalizacia ze<strong>da</strong>piruli movlenaa, radgan `siRrmeSi~ kacobrioba<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofili rCeba istoriulad Camoyalibebul kulturul regionebad 78 .<br />
kulturuli gavlenis, kulturul sesxebaTa problema kulturologiis erT-erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. igi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria kulturaTa Sexvedris regionebSi<br />
mcxovreb eTnosTaTvis, romelTa ricxvs Cvenc mivekuTvnebiT. kulturaTSorisi<br />
urTierTobis problemaTa kvlevisas pirvel rigSi pasuxis gacemas moiTxovs<br />
kiTxvebi: ra, rodis <strong>da</strong> ratom SeiZleba iqces sesxebis obieqtad <strong>da</strong> ra ar eqvemdebareba<br />
sesxebas? rogoria nasesxebisa <strong>da</strong> tradiciulis Tanafardoba kulturaSi? mudmivia es<br />
Tanafardoba, Tu igi icvleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva pirobebis zegavleniT?<br />
`sxva~ kulturebis aRqmis, kulturaTa urTierTobis meqanizmebi kulturologTa<br />
mudmivi interesis sagania. <strong>da</strong>savlelma mecnierebma, savele kvlevebis Sedegad, gamoyves<br />
`sxva~ kulturasTan kontaqtze ama Tu im kulturis reaqciis, `sxva~ kulturis<br />
aRqmis 2 ZiriTadi tipi: eTnocentruli <strong>da</strong> eTnorelatiuri. pirveli, Tavis mxriv,<br />
moicavs sami saxis reaqcias: 1) kulturaTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis uaryofa, 2)<br />
sakuTari kulturuli upiratesobis <strong>da</strong>cva, 3) gansxvavebaTa minimizacia; meore tipi<br />
aseve samgvar reaqcias aerTianebs: 1) kulturaTa gansxvavebis miReba-aRiareba, 2) axal<br />
kulturasTan a<strong>da</strong>ptacia, 3) integracia orive (mSobliur <strong>da</strong> axal) kulturaSi 79 .<br />
s.lurie gvTavazobs `eTnikuri konstantebis~ cnebas, romlebic, misi azriT,<br />
kulturuli tradiciis birTvs Seadgens. esaa aracnobier warmodgenaTa kompleqsi,<br />
romelic gansazRvravs samyaroSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis moqmedebis xasiaTs. eTnikuri konstantebi<br />
moicavs sikeTisa <strong>da</strong> borotebis wyaroTa lokalizaciis, borotebaze sikeTis<br />
gamarjvebis gzebisa <strong>da</strong> sxv. paradigmebs. maTi meSveobiT a<strong>da</strong>miani axdens samyaros<br />
racionalizacias ise, rom masSi SesaZlebeli iyos a<strong>da</strong>mianis aqtivoba, igi aigivebs<br />
sakuTar Tavs a<strong>da</strong>mianTa romelime erTobasTan, romlis farglebSi SesaZlebelia<br />
erToblivi moqmedeba. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eTnikur kulturas am erTobaze sakuTari warmodgena<br />
aqvs. samyaros eTnikuri saxe _ esaa eTnikuri konstantebisa <strong>da</strong> faseulobiTi<br />
orientaciis erToblioba. konstantebisa <strong>da</strong> orientaciis Tanafardoba SeiZleba ganvixiloT<br />
rogorc Tanafardoba moqmedebis pirobebsa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis mizans Soris 80 .<br />
kulturaTSorisi kontaqtebis procesSi SeTvisebuli yvela siaxle swored kulturuli<br />
tradiciisa <strong>da</strong> misi Semadgeneli eTnikuri konstantebis `cenzuras~ gadis, ris<br />
Semdeg maTi nawili `moergeba~ tradiciis struqturas, nawili _ ara. pirvel SemTxvevaSi<br />
xdeba sesxeba, Tumca sesxebac, Tavis mxriv, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad xorcieldeba.<br />
magaliTad, aziuri qveynebis vesternizebuli elita zogjer <strong>da</strong>savlur faseulobaTa<br />
imgvar a<strong>da</strong>ptirebas axerxebs, rom isini Znelad sacnobi xdeba mSobeli <strong>da</strong>savle-<br />
TisaTvis 81 .<br />
cxadia, kontaqtSi myof kulturaTagan TiToeuls aqvs sakuTari kulturis faseu-<br />
78 Питерсе Я.Н. Глобализация и культура: три парадигмы. – В кн.: Этнос и политика. Автор-составитель А.А.Празаускас.<br />
М., 2000, с.324.<br />
79 Иконникова Н.К. Механизмы межкультурного восприятия. – В журн.: Социологические исследования, М., 1995, № 11,<br />
с.27.<br />
80 Лурье С.В. Евразия: проблемы соседства культур и межкультурного взаимодействия. – В журн.: Вестник Евразии<br />
(Независимый научный журнал), М., 1999, № 1-2 (6-7), с.25.<br />
81<br />
iqve, gv.35.<br />
40
lobiTi safuZvliT ganpirobebuli qcevis nimuSebi, sxva kulturebTan urTierTobis<br />
normatiul-regulaciuri modelebi. mkvlevarTa nawili am modelebs kulturaTSorisi<br />
komunikaciis programebs uwodebs <strong>da</strong> miuTiTebs maTi Seswavlis did mniSvnelobaze,<br />
radgan, maTi azriT, es SesaZleblobas mogvcems, gamovavlinoT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vadginoT kulturaTSorisi<br />
komunikaciis programis universaluri, idealuri modeli 82 . magaliTad,<br />
amgvari idealuri modelebi SeiZleba moviZioT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xanis evropel moazrovneTa<br />
kulturfilosofiur koncefciebSi, romlebic gvaCveneben, rogor aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
fasdebo<strong>da</strong> evropelTa mier sxva kulturebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva epoqaSi 83 .<br />
TiToeul civilizacias aqvs Tavisi kulturul-eTnikur-geopolitikuri `birTvi~<br />
<strong>da</strong> `periferia~. aqe<strong>da</strong>n pirvelSi igulisxmeba, a.toinbis sityviT rom vTqvaT,<br />
civilizaciis warmoSobis areali, anu is sivrce, sa<strong>da</strong>c ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d yalibdebo<strong>da</strong> misi<br />
socialur-kulturuli saxe, faseulobaTa sistema, `periferia~ ki gulisxmobs am<br />
arealis gavrcelebis Sedegad mis farglebSi moqceul sivrces, romelsac msWvalavs<br />
faseulobaTa igive sistema <strong>da</strong> met-naklebad igive socialur-kulturuli saxe aqvs.<br />
periferiaze ganTavsdeba ganapira an sasazRvro kulturebi, romlebic ki ar<br />
`amTavreben~, `SemosazRvraven~ am civilizacias, aramed `gaxsnian~ mas sxvebTan kontaqtisaTvis;<br />
mezobel civilizaciaTa `periferiebi~ erTmaneTisagan mkacrad gamijnuli<br />
ar arian. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba gamoiyos civilizaciis `birTvuli~ <strong>da</strong> `periferiuli~<br />
an `ganapira~ kulturebi. am azriT, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom qarTuli kultura ar<br />
ganekuTvneba im kulturaTa ricxvs, romlebic yalibdebodnen rogorc romelime<br />
civilizaciis `birTvi~ (Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi<br />
kavkasiuri erTobis `birTvad~ qcevis ararealizebul perspeqtivas XI-XII saukuneebSi);<br />
Tavisi xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze igi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> erT-erTs im sasazRvro<br />
kulturaTagan, romlebic <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> aRmosavlur civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zonaSi<br />
mdebareoben.<br />
kulturologiaSi periferiuloba-ganapirulobis, birTvisa <strong>da</strong> periferiis cnebebi<br />
sxva mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba, kerZod, faseulobiT-azrobrivi mniSvnelobiT. aseTi<br />
gagebiT, birTvi _ esaa simboloTa, faseulobaTa <strong>da</strong> SexedulebaTa wesrigis centri,<br />
romelic marTavs sazogadoebas. birTvis elementebs Seadgenen Sexedulebani <strong>da</strong><br />
faseulobani kulturis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sfero<strong>da</strong>n (magaliTad, sameurneo praqtika, religia,<br />
xelovneba <strong>da</strong> sxv.), rogorc `didi anu werilobiTi~, ise `mcire anu zepiri~<br />
tradiciis saxiT. umniSvnelovanes faqtorebad, romlebic gansazRvraven civilizaciis<br />
birTvis <strong>for</strong>mirebas, miCneulia religia, xelovneba, filosofia 84 . civilizaciis<br />
birTvi, istoriuli dinamikis TvalsazrisiT, myari elementebisagan Sedgeba, magram igi<br />
arc ucvlelia <strong>da</strong> arc monoliTuri. amis mizezi misi heterogenulobaa; misi<br />
Semadgeneli nawilebi (msoflmxedvelobrivi principebi, stereotipuli Sefasebani <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv.) birTvSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros integrirdebian, Tumca ar arian aRbeWdili konkretuli<br />
istoriuli epoqis niSniT.<br />
rac Seexeba periferias, masSi Tavs iyris elementebi, romlebic gamodis<br />
civilizaciis birTvis gareT. es ukanasknelni ar moicavs mTlianad <strong>da</strong> srulad<br />
faseulobebs, romlebic aRiarebulia sazogadoebaSi. arsebobs faseulobani, romlebic<br />
mxolod garkveul farglebSi vrceldeba. periferiulad SeiZleba migvevlinos:<br />
swrafwarmavali elementebi, romlebic Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mokle droSi (erTi-ori Taobis<br />
cxovreba) qreba; elementebi, romelTac ar SeuZeniaT universaluri, saerTociviliza-<br />
82 Яркова Е.Н. Межкультурная коммуникация: опыт теоретической систематизации (на материале киргизско-российских<br />
отношений). – Вестник Московского ун-та, сер.12. Политические науки. М., 1999, № 1, с.60.<br />
83 iqve, gv.61 .<br />
84 Шилз Э. Общество и общества: микросоциологический подход. – В кн.: Американская социология: перспективы,<br />
проблемы, методы. М., 1972, с.353.<br />
41
ciuri mniSvneloba, magram ganagrZoben funqcionirebas; inovaciuri elementebi,<br />
romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>mkvidrdnen an ar <strong>da</strong>mkvidrdnen, iqcnen an ar<br />
iqcnen birTvulad 85 .<br />
o.letimori periferias ganaxlebis wyarod miiCnevs, sai<strong>da</strong>nac cvlilebaTa impulsebi<br />
centrisaken miemarTeba. magaliTad, CineTSi feo<strong>da</strong>lizmis warmoSobas letimori<br />
centrze periferiis zemoqmedebiT xsnis. 86<br />
civilizaciis zogi seqtori metad periferiulia, zogi _ naklebad. rac ufro<br />
periferiulia maTi mdgomareoba, miT ufro naklebaa isini gamsWvaluli birTvuli<br />
elementebiT, nakleba<strong>da</strong>a moculi centraluri instituciuri sistemiT.<br />
periferiis socialur-kulturuli buneba araerTgvarovani <strong>da</strong> moZravia. erTi<br />
mxriv, periferia eqvemdebareba centrs, meore mxriv, man Tavad SeiZleba gavlena<br />
iqonios centrze, Caenacvlos an CamoSordes mas.<br />
`birTvi-periferiis~ cnebaTa kidev erTi interpretaciis mixedviT, civilizaciis<br />
kulturuli birTvi warmodgenilia faseulobebis, azrovnebis, stilis, qcevis nimuSTa<br />
sistemis saxiT, romelic safuZvlad udevs mTeli civilizaciis <strong>da</strong>narCen nimuSebs 87 .<br />
kulturuli birTvis upirvelesi matarebelia civilizaciis sazogadoeba-dominanti<br />
(an sazogadoeba-dominantebi). mis irgvliv ganlagebulia sazogadoeba-subdominantebi,<br />
romlebic dominantis nimuSTa recipientebia, amasTan, maTi civilizaciuri<br />
kuTvnileba calsaxad gansazRvrulia. magaliTad, n. rozovis azriT, evraziuli civilizaciis<br />
subdominantebia belorusi, aRmosavleT ukraina <strong>da</strong> ruseTis Siga erovnuleTnikuri<br />
warmonaqmnebis umravlesoba, agreTve saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> somxeTi, romelTac,<br />
rogorc mkvlevari aRniSnavs, TurqeTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> aSS-<strong>da</strong>n momdinare mizidulobis Zalebis<br />
zemoqmedebiT, marginalur zonebad qcevis safrTxe emuqreba 88 .<br />
civilizaciis gare wres qmnis sasazRvro (marginaluri) zona, romlis sazogadoebebi<br />
ganicdian mosazRvre civilizaciebis Tanabar an rigrigobiT gaZlierebad<br />
gavlenas. rac ufro <strong>da</strong>Sorebulia centri<strong>da</strong>n ganapira sazogadoebis teritoria, miT<br />
ufro <strong>da</strong>Sorebulia misi kultura civilizaciis kulturuli birTvisagan. radgan<br />
periferia (sasazRvro zona) rTuli Semadgenlobis movlenaa, mis ama Tu im segments<br />
SeiZleba gaaCndes <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli birTvuli kulturuli elementebi, rogorc es iyo,<br />
magaliTad, aRmosavleT qristianuli (marTlmadideblur-slavuri) civilizaciis<br />
periferiad warmodgenil saqarTveloSi, poloneTSi, litvaSi <strong>da</strong> sxv. n. rozovi Tvlis,<br />
rom poloneTi, litva <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT ukraina, romelTac mWidro <strong>da</strong> Rrma istoriulenobriv-genetikuri<br />
kavSiri hqon<strong>da</strong>T ruseTTan Tu <strong>da</strong>narCen slavur samyarosTan,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>sZala sxva birTvma, roca maT kaTolikoba miiRes 89 .<br />
erTiani kulturuli sivrcis cneba <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
mimarTeba kavkasiasTan (samxreT kavkasiasTan).<br />
saerTokavkasiuri (samxreTkavkasiuri) identurobis problema<br />
Cndeba kiTxva: SeiZleba Tu ara kavkasia CaiTvalos gansakuTrebul civilizaciad, an<br />
erTian kulturul-civilizaciur arealad, an SeiZleba laparaki gansakuTrebul<br />
85 iqve, gv.353.<br />
86 Лэттимор О. Периферия как источник обновления. – В кн.: Этнос и политика. Автор-сост. А.А.Празаускас. М., 2000,<br />
с.210-213.<br />
87<br />
Розов Н.С. Структура цивилизации и тенденции мирового развития. Новосибирск, 1992, с.39.<br />
88 iqve, gv.128-129.<br />
89<br />
Розов Н.С. На пути к синтезу макроисторических парадигм. – В журн.: Философия и общество, М., 1998, № 4, с.129.<br />
42
kavkasiur civilizaciaze? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad un<strong>da</strong> ganisazRvros, rogor<br />
gaigeba civilizacia kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
amis garkveva miT ufro aucilebelia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT gaugebrobebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
mouwesrigeblobas `civilizaciis~ cnebis gamoyenebisas, romelic <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
Cveni samecniero literaturisaTvis mas Semdeg, rac 80-iani wlebis meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> e.w. `civilziaciuri midgoma~.<br />
kavkasiuri identurobis Tema friad sayuradReboa, Tumca mis gaazrebas xels<br />
uSlis, erTi mxriv, politikuri koniunqtura, meore mxriv ki, _ terminTa Sinaarsis<br />
<strong>da</strong>udgenloba <strong>da</strong> maTi xSiri urTierTaRreva. ruseTis kavkasiaTmcodneobaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg gaZlierebuli tradiciiT,<br />
CrdiloeTi <strong>da</strong> samxreTi kavkasia erTmaneTisagan mowyvetiT ganixileba. Tavis droze am<br />
<strong>garemo</strong>ebas xeli ar SeuSlia uzarmazari empiriuli masalis <strong>da</strong>grovebisaTvis, magram am<br />
masalis Teoriuli ganzogadeba ki sagrZnoblad <strong>da</strong>abrkola. dRes am faqts rusi <strong>da</strong><br />
kavkasieli mkvlevarebi aRiareben, magram mxolod sityvierad, mis <strong>da</strong>Zlevaze ki naklebad<br />
zrunaven. ufro metic, mSvenivrad iyeneben mas sakuTari, politikuri elferis<br />
mqone Tvalsazrisebis argumentad. rogorc wesi, istoriuli realiebi gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
ar aris.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebisa <strong>da</strong> xalxebis nebismier erTobaSi, romelic romelime civilizacisa<br />
ekuTvnis, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT ideaTa, idealTa, faseulobaTa <strong>da</strong> normaTa garkveuli<br />
kompleqsi, romelTa erToblioba qmnis erTgvar sulier RerZs, romliskenac<br />
iswrafvian — gansakuTrebiT centrSi — am erTobis umniSvnelovanesi komponentebi.<br />
saubaria, arsebiTad, am civilizaciis fuZemdeblur paradigmaze an msoflmxedvelobriv<br />
sistemaze, romelic gansazRvravs cxovrebis wesis, TviTSegnebis, qcevis stereotipebis,<br />
socialuri regulaciis parametrebs. istoriuli civilizaciebis umetesobaSi<br />
ganmsazRvrel rols religia asruleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
am azriT, kavkasia pirobiTad SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc garkveuli kulturulcivilizaciuri<br />
wre, romelic Sedgeba mravali elementisagan, rogorc ganviTarebis<br />
donis, ise sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eTnokulturuli, regionuli, konfesiuri <strong>da</strong> sxva plastebis<br />
arsebobis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
SevecadoT, sakiTxi ori ZiriTadi kiTxvis saxiT CamovayaliboT: 1) <strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
kulturebi Tu kavkasiuri kultura? (am SemTxvevaSi mxolobiT Tu mravlobiT ricxvs<br />
principuli mniSvneloba aqvs); 2) arsebob<strong>da</strong> an arsebobs Tu ara raime saxis kavkasiuri<br />
kulturul-civilizaciuri erToba, romlis saxelwodeba SeiZleba iyos kavkasiuri<br />
kultura, kavkasiuri civilizacia, subcivilizacia, an erTiani kulturuli sivrce?<br />
samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, garkveul<br />
kriteriumebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, SeiZleba visaubroT kavkasiaze, rogorc Tavisebur<br />
subcivilizaciaze. es kriteriumebi istoriulad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> — Sua saukuneebSi an<br />
ufro adre.<br />
Tu kavkasia subcivilizaciad CaiTvleba, maSin saWiroa gairkves sxva subcivilizaciebTan,<br />
mezobel civilizaciebTan, agreTve im civilizaciasTan misi urTierTobis<br />
sakiTxi, romelTan mimarTebaSi igi subcivilizaciad miiCneva.<br />
k.kacitaZem es sakiTxi Semdegnairad ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita: kavkasiuri subcivilizacia miiCnia<br />
marginalur zonad mezobel civilizaciebs Soris, riTac dRis wesrigi<strong>da</strong>n moxsna<br />
romelime civilizaciis farglebSi am subcivilizaciis moazrebis saWiroeba. manve<br />
<strong>da</strong>uSva am subcivilizaciis ganviTarebis ramdenimegvari perspeqtiva: 1. SenarCundeba<br />
dRevandeli gaurkveveli situacia, roca TvalnaTliv Cans <strong>kavkasiis</strong> calkeuli<br />
xalxebis kuTvnileba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva civilizaciisadmi; 2. es xalxebi Seerwymian sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
civilizacias, riTac gaqreba is mcirericxovani niSnebi, romlebic kavkasiur subci-<br />
43
vilizaciaze saubris saSualebas iZleva; 3. kavkasiuri subcivilizaciis niSnebi ufro<br />
mkafio xasiaTs miiRebs <strong>da</strong> maSin mwvaved <strong>da</strong>dgeba arsebul civilizaciebTan am<br />
subcivilizaciis mimarTebis sakiTxi 90 .<br />
samecniero literaturaSi gvxvdeba `sasazRvro civilizaciis~ cneba, romlis<br />
magaliTad saxeldeba ibero-amerikuli, balkanuri <strong>da</strong> Crdilo-aRmosavleT evraziuli<br />
civilizaciebi 91 . maT <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel niSnebad ganixileba heterogenuloba, polikulturuloba,<br />
labiluroba, Riaoba, elastiuroba, `sxvisi~ gamocdilebis swrafi<br />
aTvisebis unari. aseTi civilizaciebi miCneulia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturis<br />
mravalsaukunovani simbiozisa <strong>da</strong> sinTezis Sedegad. am TvalsazrisiT, kavkasiuri<br />
civilizacia (subcivilizacia), SeiZleba, sasazRvro civilizaciad CavTvaloT.<br />
mkvlevrebi, romlebic miiCneven, rom, garkveul kriteriumebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT,<br />
SeiZleba visaubroT kavkasiaze, rogorc Tavisebur subcivilizaciaze, cxadia,<br />
gamoricxaven erTian kavkasiur kulturaze msjelobis SesaZleblobas.<br />
kavkasiuri erTobis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba kidev erTi — `erTiani kulturuli<br />
sivrcis~ — cneba, rogorc istoriuli, ise Tanamedrove realobis aRsaniSnavad. swored<br />
aq naTlad un<strong>da</strong> gairkves terminis Sinaarsi, raTa Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aviciloT bundovaneba,<br />
romelsac vxvdebiT, magaliTad, amerikel mkvlevar ronald sunisTan. igi aRniSnavs,<br />
rom `erovnuli kulturebis kval<strong>da</strong>kval istoriulad xdebo<strong>da</strong> regionuli<br />
kulturebis ganviTarebac... amgvarad, SegviZlia visaubroT centralur aziur,<br />
kavkasiur, baltiispirul, aRmosavleT slavur kulturul sivrceebze. Tavisi<br />
istoriis manZilze kavkasia xalxTa migraciisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis mravali SemTxvevis<br />
mowme gamx<strong>da</strong>ra. am migraciuli procesebis dros xdebo<strong>da</strong> xalxTa aRreva <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri<br />
sazRvrebis gaqroba, ramac unikaluri mravalerovnuli kavkasiuri kulturis<br />
warmoSoba ganapiroba. es kultura metad mravalferovania <strong>da</strong>, amave dros, sakmaod<br />
gansxvavdeba sxva kulturebisagan” 92 . gamodis, rom es `unikaluri mravalerovnuli<br />
kultura~ erTiani sistemaa, romelSic integrirebulia qarTuli, somxuri,<br />
azerbaijanuli, Crdilo <strong>kavkasiis</strong> mravalricxovani xalxebis kulturebi.<br />
`erTiani kulturuli sivrcis~ cnebas kulturologiaSi sruliad konkretuli<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs. kerZod, miCneulia, rom ori an ramdenime mezobeli kultura<br />
bunebriv-aracnobieri mibaZvis procesSi, an kidev savsebiT gaazrebul racionalur<br />
safuZvelze, erTmaneTisagan iTvisebs raRac elementebs, moargebs <strong>da</strong> Seusabamebs maT<br />
sakuTar moTxovnilebebs. saerTo bedma, istoriam, arsebobis erTnairma pirobebma (maT<br />
Soris, bunebriv-landSafturma) SeiZleba ganapirobos saerTo niSnebis warmoSoba; ase<br />
iqmneba erT regionSi mdebare kulturebis garkveuli saerTo `tonaloba~, `aqcenti” 93 .<br />
aseTi saerTo niSnebis arseboba, erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros, iluzorulicaa <strong>da</strong> realuric.<br />
iluzoruli _ imitom, rom ar warmoiSoba araviTari erTiani, saerTo kultura,<br />
rogorc <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli mravalfunqciuri sistema. realoba ki isaa, rom es saerTo<br />
niSnebi Tu elementebi qmnian erTobis garkveul atmosferos, romelic zemoqmedebs<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturis a<strong>da</strong>mianTa cxovrebaze, aiolebs maT Tanaarsebobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
urTierTgagebas. es exeba ara marto erTi civilizaciis an erTiani kulturuli<br />
sivrcis Semadgenel kulturebs, aramed, pirvel rigSi, swored imaT, romlebic, Tumca<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva civilizacias ekuTvnian, magram am civilizaciaTa periferiaze mdebareobis<br />
90 kacitaZe k. saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>kavkasiis</strong> civilizaciuri mikuTvnebulobisaTvis. — postkomunisturi<br />
demokratiuli gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebi <strong>da</strong> geopolitika amierkavkasiaSi. konferenciis masalebi. 17-18 oqtomberi,<br />
1997 weli. Tb., 1998, gv.87.<br />
91<br />
Коваль Б.И. , Семенов С.И. Энергийная природа современных пограничных цивилизаций (Новый подход к<br />
человеческому измерению всемирной истории). – В журн. Латинская Америка, М., 2000, № 11, с.6-8.<br />
92 suni r. samxreT kavkasia: erTiani kulturuli sivrcis problemebi. _ saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa<br />
saministros sagareo politikis kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> analizis centris biuleteni. Tb., 2000, 7, gv.8.<br />
93 Иберо-Америка в мировом цивилизационном процессе. – В журн.: Латинская Америка. М., 1999, № 7-8, с.140.<br />
44
gamo, erTmaneTTan ufro axlo <strong>da</strong> mWidro kontaqti aqvT, vidre civilizaciurad<br />
monaTesave sxva kulturebTan. amrigad, erTiani kulturuli sivrce srulia<strong>da</strong>c ar<br />
niSnavs erTian kulturas, isini erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian, pirvel rigSi,<br />
homogenuriba-heterogenulobis xarisxiT. erTiani kultura met-nakleb homogenurobas<br />
gulisxmobs, erTiani kulturuli sivrce ki aseT homogenur kulturaTa<br />
erTobliobaa.<br />
kavkasiaze, rogorc erTian kulturul sivrceze saubari swored am konteqstSi<br />
SeiZleba iyos marTebuli. am sivrcis Semadgeneli nawilebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva civilizaciis<br />
nawilebad rCebian.<br />
k.gajievi Tvlis, rom SeiZleba laparaki kavkasiur kulturul-istoriul erTobaze,<br />
romelsac axasiaTebs mravali urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, zogierT aspeqtSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli (<strong>da</strong> konfliqturic ki) subkulturis arseboba. am TvalsazrisiT igi<br />
gansxvavdeba axloaRmosavluri an centraluraziuri kulturul-istoriuli erTobisagan,<br />
<strong>da</strong> igi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>xasiaTdes ufro rogorc fragmentuli <strong>da</strong> konfliqturi,<br />
vidre erTiani <strong>da</strong> mTliani. gansxvavebiT <strong>da</strong>savlur qristianulisagan, romelic<br />
emyareba erTian istoriul-kulturul <strong>da</strong> religiur infrastruqturas, mravalferovneba<br />
<strong>da</strong> texilebi aq TviT kavkasiuri kulturul-istoriuli wris infrastruqturaSi<br />
Zevs. rogorc Cans, swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli regionSi konfliqturi,<br />
centri<strong>da</strong>nuli, dezintegraciuli <strong>da</strong> separatistuli sawyisis upiratesoba konsensusisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> integraciis sawyisebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT 94 .<br />
rusi Tu Crdilokavkasieli mecnierebisa <strong>da</strong> politikosebis nawilisaTvis kavkasiuri<br />
civilizaciis arseboba ueWveli faqtia. mis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad SeiZleba<br />
CaiTvalos `mravali unikaluri kulturisa <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis yvela msoflio religiis intensiuri<br />
urTierTqmedeba~. r.abdulatipovi am civilizaciis 95 maxasiaTeblebad asaxelebs<br />
`a<strong>da</strong>Tobrivi samarTlis msgavs normebs; Zmadnaficobis instituts, romelmac ganaviTara<br />
kavkasiel eTnosTa arasisxlismieri naTesaoba; agreTve kavkasiur etikets 96 .<br />
kavkasiuri etiketis gansakuTrebul rolze laparakobs x.txagapsoevic, romelic<br />
Tvlis, rom swored es etiketia kavkasiuri kulturis gamWoli komunikaciuri<br />
meqanizmi, kulturuli mentalobis kavkasiuri invarianti, romelic saTaves (ratom-<br />
Rac) narTebis eposi<strong>da</strong>n (?!) iRebs 97 .<br />
kavkasiuri civilizaciis arsebobis ideas qarTvel mkvlevarTa nawilic iziarebs.<br />
magaliTad, e.kopaliani <strong>da</strong> j.kviciani Tvlian, rom `kavkasiuri civilizaciis arseboba<br />
aravis eWvs ar un<strong>da</strong> iwvevdes~, ris umTavresi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxTa tradiciul<br />
kulturaSi saerTokavkasiuri elementebis arseboba (stumarTmoyvareoba, ufrosis<br />
pativiscema, ojaxSi uflebebis gamijvna, mamakacis cxovrebis mxedruli wesi <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv). maTi azriT, erTiani kavkasiuri civilizaciis arsebobis faqtis gaazrebasa <strong>da</strong> aRiarebas<br />
xels uSlis is <strong>garemo</strong>eba, rom kavkasia tradiciulad warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> didi mezobeli<br />
qveynebis interesebisa <strong>da</strong> brZolis asparezs; am brZolis procesSi, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> `xelSi<br />
CagdebisaTvis xdebo<strong>da</strong> xSirad kavkasieli xalxebisa <strong>da</strong> misi mTlianobis <strong>da</strong>nawevreba” 98 .<br />
tradiciul kulturaSi saerTo elementebis arseboba Znelia miviCnioT mTavar<br />
civilizaciur maxasiaTeblad (civilizaciaTa arc erT klasifikaciaSi amgvari<br />
kriteriumi SemoTavazebuli ar aris). didi mezobeli qveynebis kavkasiuri interesebi<br />
marTlac uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxTa kulturul-civilizaciur gaTiSvas (<strong>da</strong> ara<br />
94 Гаджиев К.С. Геополитика Кавказа. М.., 2001, c.41.<br />
95<br />
r. abdulatipovi ar ganmartavs, rogor esmis mas civilizacia.<br />
96<br />
Абдулатипов Р.Г. Кавказская цивилизация: самобытность и целостность. – Научная мысль Кавказа, Ростов-на-Дону, 1995,<br />
№ 1, c.56.<br />
97<br />
ix.: Шадже А.Ю. Феномен кавказской идентичности. - Научная мысль Кавказа, Ростов-на-Дону, 2002, № 1 (29), с.41.<br />
98 kopaliani e., kviciani j. kavkasia XX saukuneSi (zogierTi social-kulturuli problema). Tb., 2001, gv.6..<br />
45
erTiani kavkasiuri civilizaciis arsebobis faqtis gaazrebasa <strong>da</strong> aRiarebas), rasac<br />
Tavisi Sedegebi mohyva.<br />
kavkasiur kulturaze saubrobs o.<strong>da</strong>menia 99 , romelic miiCnevs, rom amis safuZvels<br />
iZleva kavkasiuri socialur-kulturuli arqetipis arseboba. swored misi meSveobiT<br />
ganasxvavebs igi `kavkasiur kulturas~ <strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>da</strong> aRmosavluri kulturebisagan. am<br />
gansxvavebas igi friad Taviseburi <strong>da</strong>, cota ar iyos, ucnauri saxiT afiqsirebs,<br />
kerZod, Tvlis, rom <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis a<strong>da</strong>mianis qvecnobierSi ar aris<br />
TviTkmaroba, srulyofilebis ZiebaSi igi mimarTavs gare samyaros. aRmosavleli<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani srulyofilebas eZebs ara gare samyaroSi, aramed sakuTar TavSi, radgan<br />
arsebuli msoflwesrigi, misi azriT, ar eqvemdebareba cvlilebebs, igi erTxel <strong>da</strong><br />
samu<strong>da</strong>mod mocemulia. rac Seexeba kavkasiur kulturas, aq a<strong>da</strong>miani kmayofilia<br />
sakuTari TaviTa <strong>da</strong> samyaroTi, igi Tavs aRiqvams universalur arsebad, mas ara aqvs<br />
moTxovnileba, eZios yofierebis srulyofileba, romelic mas ukve miRweuli aqvs. am<br />
sxvaobebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, gansxvavebulia droisa <strong>da</strong> sivrcis aRqma <strong>da</strong>savlur,<br />
aRmosavlur <strong>da</strong> kavkasiur kulturebSi. <strong>da</strong>menias azriT, drois aRqmis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
kavkasiuri kultura aRmosavlurs emsgavseba (cikluri dro).<br />
Cndeba kiTxva: raRa ganasxvavebs misgan? rac Seexeba socialuri sivrcis aTvisebas,<br />
aq, <strong>da</strong>menias azriT, gansakuTrebiT mkafiod vlindeba kavkasiuri kulturis<br />
gansxvavebuloba: `misTvis ucxo iyo miswrafeba sasicocxlo sivrcis gafarToebisaken,<br />
sxvisi teritoriis mitacebisaken, misi mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>monebisaken~, _ aRniSnavs igi.<br />
amis mizezi yofila is, rom eTnikuri sazRvrebi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, emTxveo<strong>da</strong> ekologiur<br />
niSebs Soris arsebul sazRvrebs, xolo gansakuTrebul rols asruleb<strong>da</strong> `eTnosis<br />
xazgasmulad sakraluri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba Tavisi sacxovrebeli <strong>garemo</strong>sadmi” 100 . magram<br />
ra vuyoT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxTa Soris <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis, teritoriebisaTvis brZolis<br />
istoriul faqtebs? iqneb aseTi faqtebis moZebnaa Zneli (istoriulad an dRes)?<br />
vfiqrobT, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxebi, am mxriv, namdvilad ar iyvnen unikalurni <strong>da</strong> es<br />
kriteriumi maSinve gamogvecleba xeli<strong>da</strong>n, rogorc ki istoriul faqtebs mivmarTavT.<br />
raRa <strong>da</strong>rCeba kavkasiuri arqetipi<strong>da</strong>n?<br />
kavkasiuri identurobis problemaze saintereso, Tumca winaaRmdegobrivi<br />
msjelobi<strong>da</strong>n moulodneli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>usabuTebeli <strong>da</strong>skvna gamoaqvs o.Sajes: `<strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
polieTnikuroba ar gamoricxavs aq erTiani socialur-kulturuli mTlianobis —<br />
kavkasiuri kulturis — arsebobas. kavkasiuri kultura rTuli istoriul-kulturuli<br />
fenomenia, romelic arc <strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> arc aRmosavleTis kulturaTa<br />
igiveobrivi ar aris” 101 . mkvlevari am gancxadebiT kmayofildeba <strong>da</strong> ar cdilobs pasuxis<br />
gacemas kiTxvebze, romlebic logikurad Cndeba, kerZod: 1) igi ramdenjerme xazgasmiT<br />
aRniSnavs eTnikuri identurobis rols kavkasiaSi; eTnikuri identifikacia ki, im<br />
kulturasTan identifikacias niSnavs, romlis Semqmneli <strong>da</strong> matarebeli romelime<br />
eTnosia. rogorc Cans, avtorisaTvis cxadia polieTnikuri <strong>kavkasiis</strong> polikulturulobis<br />
faqtic. rogor uTavsdeba amas erTiani kavkasiuri kulturis cneba? 2) <strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
yvela xalxis kultura Tanabar mimarTebaSia <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> aRmosavlur<br />
kulturebTan? magaliTad, qarTuli <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanuli, an somxuri <strong>da</strong> vainaxuri? 3) <strong>da</strong><br />
bolos, ramdenad Seswavlilia <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxTa kulturebis tipologiuri raoba?<br />
99<br />
rogorc Cans, o.<strong>da</strong>menia aq civilizacias gulisxmobs. cota zemoT igi iZleva kulturis <strong>da</strong> civilizaciis<br />
cnebaTa ganmartebas: “kultura <strong>da</strong> civilizacia gamoxataven a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sazogadoebis evoluciis<br />
procesSi mimdinare gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs... sazogadoebis istoriuli evoluciis<br />
procesSi xdeba kulturis trans<strong>for</strong>macia civilizaciad”. aq saqme gvaqvs istoriis evolucionistur,<br />
progresistul xedvasTan, magram zemoT naxseneb konteqstSi termini lokalur-civilizaciuri<br />
mniSvnelobiT aris gamoyenebuli, Tumca amis aRniSvnis gareSe.<br />
100 Дамениа О.Н. К проблеме идентификации кавказской культуры. – Вестник Адыгейского ун-та. Майкоп, 1998, № 1, с.54.<br />
101<br />
Шадже А.Ю. Феномен кавказской идентичности. - Научная мысль Кавказа, Ростов-на-Дону, 2002, № 1 (29), с.43.<br />
46
us mkvlevarTa nawili mizanSewonilad Tvlis CrdiloeT <strong>da</strong> samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
cal-calke kulturul-civilizaciur <strong>da</strong> regionul erTeulebad ganxilvas. magali-<br />
Tad, a.avqsentievi aRniSnavs, rom CrdiloeT kavkasia dRes regionogenezis etapzea <strong>da</strong><br />
momavalSi es SeiZleba iqces wanamZRvrad cxovrebis saerTo <strong>for</strong>mebis CamoyalibebisaTvis,<br />
romlebis SeiZleba aRiniSnos rogorc Crdilokavkasiuri civilizacia. rac<br />
Seexeba `raRac kavkasiur civilizacias~, masze msjeloba mecnierul kritikas ver uZlebs,<br />
Turme, imitom, rom kavkasia `mudmivi kroskulturuli urTierTqmedebis<br />
arealia” 102 .<br />
avqsentievTan erTad, s.tatunci im mcirericxovan mkvlevarTa ricxvs ekuTvnis,<br />
romlebic mkafiod mijnaven erTmaneTisagan CrdiloeT <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasias<br />
kulturul-civilizaciuri TvalsazrisiT, <strong>da</strong> kvlevis procesSic mxolod CrdiloeT<br />
kavkasiiT ifarglebian. `m.m.kovalevskis drosac <strong>da</strong> dResac, _ wers igi, _ mkvlevarTa<br />
(istorikosTa, eTnografTa, sociologTa, lingvistTa, fsiqologTa, arqeologTa)<br />
didi nawilis azriT, Crdilokavkasiuri regioni warmoadgens erTi <strong>geografiuli</strong><br />
regionis mcxovrebi eTnikuri jgufebis ara ubralo meqanikur jams, aramed xalxTa<br />
istoriul-sociokulturul erTobas” 103 .<br />
sruliad gaugebar <strong>da</strong> sakuTari msjelobisave sawinaaRmdego azrs gamoTqvams<br />
a.Saje. amjerad saqme eTnikurobas exeba. misi azriT, eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> saerTokavkasiuri<br />
identuroba ar gamoricxavs `identurobas ruseTis kulturasTan, iseve rogorc<br />
ruseTelobis SegZneba ar niSnavs eTnikuri grZnobis <strong>da</strong>kargvas. realurad Cven yvela<br />
ruseTelebi varT” 104 .<br />
sainteresoa, vin `Cven”? statiis saTauris mixedviT, Saje mTeli <strong>kavkasiis</strong> identurobis<br />
sakiTxs ganixilavs, Sesabamisad, mTeli kavkasia ruseTelebi varT? miT umetes,<br />
dRes?<br />
kavkasiaSi marTlac arsebobs TviTidentifikaciis ramdenime done: individualuri,<br />
eTnikuri, subeTnikuri, konfesiuri, <strong>da</strong> bolos, zeeTnikuri. kavkasielebad TviTidentifikacia<br />
am ukanasknels emTxveva. igi konkretul sasicocxlo sivrceze <strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
xalxTa xangrZlivi Tanacxovrebis pirobebSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. magram ratom un<strong>da</strong> mivides<br />
kavkasiuri identurobis aRiareba mainca <strong>da</strong> mainc erTiani kulturis aRiarebamde? miT<br />
ufro, rom is mkvlevrebic ki, romlebic <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT eZeben erTiani kavkasiuri<br />
kulturis arsebobis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebel faqtebs, xazgasmiT aRniSnaven maT mier erTian<br />
kulturad monaTluli fenomenis erT Taviseburebas, kerZod, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxebma<br />
(yovelma maTganma) SeinarCunes sakuTari eTnikuri identuroba; isini ar Serevian<br />
erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong> ar SeuqmniaT axali erTobebi 105 . ra aris eTnikuri identurobis<br />
safuZveli, Tu ara kultura? xolo Tu eTnikuri kulturebi arseboben, maSin raRaa<br />
erTiani kavkasiuri kultura?<br />
identurobis cneba, garkveulwilad, ukavSirdeba geokulturis cnebas _<br />
kulturaSi arsebul sakuTar geografiul saxesa <strong>da</strong> mis gaazrebas. es termini<br />
ukanasknel xans <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> naTlad asaxavs civilizaciur <strong>da</strong> geopolitikur<br />
kvlevaTa urTierTga<strong>da</strong>jaWvis tendencias. iqneb, marTebuli iyos saubari ara<br />
kavkasiur kulturaze, aramed kavkasiur geokulturaze <strong>da</strong> geokulturul sivrceze?<br />
identurobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva donis kvlevaSi mdi<strong>da</strong>ri gamocdilebaa <strong>da</strong>grovili<br />
102 Авксентьев В.А. Теоретические аспекты изучения этнических процессов на Северном Кавказе. – Этнические процессы<br />
накануне ХХI века. Материалы науч. конференции, Ставрополь, 199, c.11.<br />
103 Татунц С.А. Уроки М.М.Ковалевского и Российский Кавказ. – Вестник Московского ун-та. Сер. 18. Социология и<br />
политика. М., 2001. № 2, с.43.<br />
104 Шадже А.Ю. Феномен кавказской идентичности. - Научная мысль Кавказа, Ростов-на-Дону, 2002, № 1 (29), с.38.<br />
105 Дамениа О.Н. Кавказская культурная общность: миф или реальность. – Научная мысль Кавказа, Ростов-на-Дону, 2002, №<br />
1, с.55.<br />
47
<strong>da</strong>savlur samecniero literaturaSi. magaliTad, araerTi sayuradRebo naSromi<br />
eZRvneba evropuli identurobis safuZvlebis kvlevas. radgan kavkasiuri identurobis<br />
problemis Seswavla mxolod pirvel nabijebs dgams. am gamocdilebis gamoyeneba saqmes<br />
mxolod waadgeba. araseriozuli Cans mtkiceba, TiTqos `sxva megakulturul<br />
generaciebTan misi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi analizi 106 aCvenebs, rom kavkasia <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli ar aris<br />
arc <strong>da</strong>savlur, arc aRmosavlur kulturul warmonaqmnebTan, Tumca Tavis TavSi<br />
atarebs rogorc erTis, ise meoris <strong>da</strong> kidev sxva mravalis (?) niSnebs. sxvagvarad rom<br />
vTqvaT, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> socialur-kulturuli erTobis Tavisebureba ver aixsneba sxva metakulturul<br />
warmonaqmnTa meSveobiT~. Tavi rom <strong>da</strong>vaneboT motanili <strong>da</strong>skvnis pirveli<br />
nawilis winaaRmdegobriobas (<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli ar aris _ Tavis TavSi atarebs), misi<br />
meore nawili Zalian hgavs ara<strong>da</strong>savlel mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis warumatebel<br />
mcdelobas, <strong>da</strong>asabuTon adgilobrivi (indigenuri) mecnierebis Seqmnis aucilebloba,<br />
romelic efuZneba konkretuli kulturis faseulobebs, konceptebs, specifikur<br />
maxasiaTeblebs, radgan <strong>da</strong>savluri konceptebi SeiZleba Seusabamo <strong>da</strong> gamousadegari<br />
iyos ara<strong>da</strong>savluri kulturebisaTvis 107 .<br />
Cven SeiZleba gvxiblavdes <strong>kavkasiis</strong> erTianobis idea. magram saWiroa,<br />
erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaoT nebismier sferoSi mWidro TanamSromlobis, politikur<br />
asparezze erTiani plat<strong>for</strong>miT gamosvlis, an samomavlod amisaken svlis survili, <strong>da</strong>,<br />
meore mxriv, realoba, romelic survils naklebad an sruliad ar emTxveva. sxvagvarad<br />
rom vTqvaT, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia politikuri (erTi mxriv) <strong>da</strong> kulturulcivilizaciuri<br />
(meore mxriv) realiebi, orientaciebi, gamocdileba.<br />
ver gaviziarebT ra e.kopalianisa <strong>da</strong> j.kvicianis zemoT ganxilul Tvalsazriss<br />
erTiani kavkasiuri civilizaciis arsebobis Taobaze, savsebiT veTanxmebiT maT azrs<br />
imis Sesaxeb, rom `kavkasiuri mentalitetisaTvis ufro misaRebia Zveli induri<br />
sibrZnis Tezisi _ `erToba mravalferovnebaSia” 108 .<br />
interesmoklebuli ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos imis aRniSvna, rom zemoT moxseniebul `mravalferovan<br />
erTobaze~ xSirad saubroben evropasTan mimarTebaSi, aRniSnaven ra evropeli<br />
xalxebis saerTo memkvidreobis arsebobas. magram mkvlevarTa nawili marTebulad<br />
miiCnevs evropis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebas ara rogorc `mravalferovani erTobis~, aramed rogorc<br />
`kulturaTa ojaxisa~, romlis Camoyalibebas xangrZlivi dro <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> romelic<br />
Zalian hgavs `nakuwebisagan Sekeril sabans~.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, Cveni azriT, kavkasiuri identurobis arseboba<br />
ar niSnavs erTiani kavkasiuri kulturis arsebobas, iseve rogorc, vTqvaT, evropuli<br />
identurobisa _ erTiani evropuli kulturis arsebobas. kavkasiuri civilizaciis<br />
Taobaze saubrisas ki naTlad un<strong>da</strong> gamoikveTos kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> misi Sedegebis analizis<br />
Teoriuli, meTodologiuri safuZveli, radgan evolucionisturi (<strong>for</strong>maciuli) <strong>da</strong><br />
lokalur-istoriuli midgomebis erTmaneTSi areva uTuod iwvevs bundovanebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
Secdomebs. <strong>da</strong> bolos, kidev erTxel xazgasmiT aRvniSnavdiT cnebebisa <strong>da</strong> terminebis<br />
Sinaarsis mkafiod gansazRvris aucileblobas.<br />
106<br />
avtori arafers ambobs imaze, Tu romelia es “sxva” megakulturuli generaciebi, vin <strong>da</strong> rodis Caatara<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi analizi, romeli meTodikis gamoyenebiT, ra <strong>da</strong>rdebo<strong>da</strong> erTmaneTs, sad gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong><br />
Sedegebi.<br />
107<br />
calkeuli kulturebisaTvis calke mecnierebis Seqmna arc saWiroa <strong>da</strong> arc safuZvliani. amgvari<br />
mcdelobani, Cveni azriT, ufro reaqciaa <strong>da</strong>savluri mecnierebis universalobis pretenziaze. ise ki,<br />
cxadia, didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom konkretuli kulturis tipologiuri raobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis gansazRvrisas Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aviciloT “orientalisturi” an “<strong>da</strong>savluri”<br />
ideologiuri sqemebis tyveobaSi moqcevis safrTxe.<br />
108<br />
kopaliani e., kviciani j. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.4.<br />
48
erTiani <strong>kavkasiis</strong> idea istoriul WrilSi: <strong>kavkasiis</strong> gaerTianebis<br />
mcdeloba XI-XII saukuneebSi, misi ideologiuri momzadeba <strong>da</strong><br />
praqtikuli ganxorcielebis gzaze ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabijebi. ideis<br />
perioduli gamococxleba momdevno saukuneebSi (XIV-XV ss., XVIII s.).<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> misi calkeuli nawilebis civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxze<br />
Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mosazrebas vxvdebiT. erTi<br />
Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, garkveul kriteriumebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, SeiZleba visaubroT<br />
kavkasiaze, rogorc Tavisebur civilizaciaze, subcivilizaciaze an kulturul<br />
erTobaze ufro gabedulni — ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, politikosebi an politikur wreebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulni — politikuri erTobis SesaZleblobebzec saubroben, romelsac<br />
safuZvlad kulturuli <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri erToba edo an SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>edos. magram<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxTa istoria ufro kavkasiuri erTobis gegmaTa ganxorcielebis<br />
warumatebel mcdelobebs warmogvidgens, vidre warmatebuls.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa saqarTvelos istoriis erTi monakveTis ganxilva,<br />
romelic swored gamonaklisia am warumatebel mcdelobaTa Soris. saubaria XI-XII<br />
saukuneebis politikur-kulturul viTarebaze; im dros, TiTqos, isaxeba is erToba,<br />
romelic SeiZleba erTiani kulturuli sivrcis saxeliT aRiniSnos. ufro metic, _<br />
xdeba am erTobis politikuri realizaciac. marTalia, es xanmokle periodia, magram<br />
igi did gavlenas axdens <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxTa Semdgom istoriaze.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, XI-XII saukuneebi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani periodia saqar-<br />
Tvelos istoriaSi. `am dros ara marto `saqarTvelo~ _ axali qveyana _ warmoiqmna,<br />
aramed Caisaxa kidev ufro didi samyaro _ kavkasia. mas jer istoriul-<strong>geografiuli</strong><br />
saxelic ki ar hqon<strong>da</strong>, magram yvelafri<strong>da</strong>n Can<strong>da</strong>, rom misi saxeli `saqarTvelove~<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong>... am qveyanaSi ara marto <strong>kavkasiis</strong> samxreTi <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTi (somxiTi, Sirvani),<br />
aramed mTis iqiTi kavkasionic (<strong>da</strong>Restan-CeCneTi, oseTi, CerqezeTi) aqtiurad monawileobdnen.<br />
iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> didi `msoflio~, romlis maorganizebeli centri saqarTvelo<br />
iyo” 109 .<br />
aRniSnul periodSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> cneba `saqarTvelo~, rogorc kulturulpolitikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> socialur-ekonomikuri erTobis aRmniSvneli termini. `saqarTvelo<br />
ewodebo<strong>da</strong> im teritorias, sa<strong>da</strong>c politikur <strong>da</strong> kulturul mflobelobasTan erTad,<br />
qarTveli xalxisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli socialur-ekonomikuri urTierTobani<br />
vrceldebo<strong>da</strong>” 110 , `qarTvelad~ ki moiazrebo<strong>da</strong> yvela is, `vinc, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad misi<br />
eTnikuri warmomavlobisa, aRiareb<strong>da</strong> qarTul (diofizitur) qristianobas, naziarebi<br />
iyo qarTul feo<strong>da</strong>lur urTierTobebs <strong>da</strong> moRvaweob<strong>da</strong> qarTul politikur <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturul sarbielze” 111 . am sarbielis farglebSi Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan mTeli kavkasia eqceo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
`axali qveynis~ gaerTianeba qarTuli enis safuZvelze mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>, romelic im<br />
periodSi <strong>kavkasiis</strong> masStabiT universaluri saRvTismsaxuro enis funqcias asruleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Tu paralels gavavlebT sxva kulturul erTobaTa (civilizaciaTa, subcivilizaciaTa)<br />
Camoyalibebis procesTan, un<strong>da</strong> gavixsenoT, rom, magaliTad, <strong>da</strong>savleTis,<br />
rogorc erTiani kulturuli sivrcisa <strong>da</strong> calke civilizaciis Camoyalibebas xeli<br />
Seuwyo laTinuris _ universaluri saeklesio enis _ primatma <strong>da</strong>savleT qristianuli<br />
qveynebisaTvis. swored aseve, SeiZleba arabuli enis analogiur rolze saubari muslimuri<br />
aRmosavleTisaTvis. rogorc Cans, qarTuli ena igive rolis Sesrulebas iwyeb<strong>da</strong><br />
kavkasiaSi. agiografiuli literaturis, matianeebis, epigrafikuli <strong>da</strong> xuroTmoZ-<br />
Rvruli Zeglebis Seswavla cxadyofs, rom XI-XII saukuneebSi qarTuli ena <strong>da</strong> kultura<br />
109 berZeniSvili n. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. w. VIII, Tb., 1975, gv.643.<br />
110<br />
iqve, gv.397.<br />
111<br />
iqve, gv.299.<br />
49
gavrcelebuli iyo <strong>kavkasiis</strong> (qalkedoniti somxebi, albanuri monofizituri <strong>mosaxleoba</strong>,<br />
CrdiloeT kavkasia) mosaxleobis ara mxolod warCinebulTa wreSi, aramed farTo<br />
fenebSic.<br />
is, rom kavkasia, Tanamedrove politikuri terminologiiT, erTiani geopolitikuri<br />
sivrce iyo, kargad hqon<strong>da</strong>T gacnobierebuli maSindel politikur <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturul moRvaweebs 112 . amis <strong>da</strong>sturia XI s. 70-ian wlebSi Seqmnili koncefcia,<br />
romelic leonti mrovels ekuTvnis 113 . mas un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>esabuTebina kavkasiuri samyaros<br />
erToba <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mmarTvelTa kursis safuZvlianoba, romelic <strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
gaerTianebisken iyo mimarTuli. amave dros, leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSi mkafiod<br />
vlindeba swored gaerTianebis procesSi warmoSobili Teoriuli interesi xalxTa<br />
klasifikaciisa <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>geografiuli</strong> gansaxlebis sakiTxebisadmi 114 . <strong>da</strong>axloebiT amave<br />
periodSi yalibdeba qarTuli mesianisturi idea, romelic emyarebo<strong>da</strong> rwmenas, rom<br />
qarTul enas gansakuTrebuli misia ekisreba; qristes kvarTi saqarTveloSia;<br />
saqarTvelo RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveyanaa; bagrationebi RvTiuri warmomavlobisani<br />
aran. es idea imave mizans emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>, rasac leonti mrovelis koncefcia <strong>da</strong><br />
did rols asruleb<strong>da</strong> XI-XII ss. saqarTvelos kulturul <strong>da</strong> politikur cxovrebaSi.<br />
mesianizmi ganekuTvneba politikuri azrovnebisa <strong>da</strong> qcevis mdgrad stereotipTa<br />
ricxvs, romlebic garkveul viTarebaSi yalibdeba <strong>da</strong> droSi praqtikulad ucvlelia.<br />
Tumca qarTuli mesianisturi idea `dRegrZelobiT~ swore<strong>da</strong>c rom ar gamoirCeva.<br />
enasTan erTad <strong>da</strong> enis meSveobiT, erTiani <strong>kavkasiis</strong> CamoyalibebaSi udides rols<br />
asruleb<strong>da</strong> sarwmunoeba. saqarTvelos — Camoyalibebadi erTobis centris — meSveobiT<br />
qristianoba vrceldebo<strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c arsebob<strong>da</strong> saepiskoposo<br />
kaTedrebi, mkvidrdebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos politikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli zegavlena.<br />
`qarTvel mefeebs mSvenivrad esmo<strong>da</strong>T ideologiis mniSvneloba, amiT aixsneba maTi<br />
mcdeloba, <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebli<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli, qalkedonur mrwamsze moeqciaT<br />
monofiziti somxebi” 115 .<br />
ra saxisa iqnebo<strong>da</strong> `didi samyaro _ kavkasia~, romelic saqarTvelos, rogorc<br />
birTvis, garSemo yalibdebo<strong>da</strong>, miiReb<strong>da</strong> Tu ara igi calke civilizaciis an<br />
subcivilizaciis saxes, Zneli saTqmelia, magram faqtia, rom erTiani geopolitikuri<br />
sivrcis Seqmnis mcdelobas Tan axl<strong>da</strong> misi ideologiuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli safuZvlebis<br />
uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli RonisZiebani, romlebic met-naklebi warmatebiT<br />
xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
samxreT <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> mravalerovani, mravalkulturuli <strong>da</strong><br />
multireligiuri saxelmwifos saqarTvelos irgvliv gaerTianeba metad mniSvnelovani<br />
faqtori iyo <strong>kavkasiis</strong> erTiani geopolitikuri sivrcisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis homogenizaciis<br />
Tu ara, erTgvari gamTlianebis TvalsazrisiT, <strong>da</strong> amave dros, yoveli Semadgeneli<br />
nawilis specifikurobis ganviTarebisaTvis 116 .<br />
magram kavkasiuri erTobis istoria xanmokle aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. rogorc l.tuxaSvili<br />
aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, saqarTvelom ver SesZlo ganexorcielebina eqspansiis ori yvelaze<br />
efeqturi <strong>for</strong>ma: ekonomikuri eqspansia _ ganviTarebuli savaWro kapitalis mier<br />
gavlenis qveS myofi provinciebis ekonomikuri aTviseba (am donisaTvis saqarTvelos<br />
112 musxeliSvili d. kavkasiuri politika Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi (XIII saukunemde). — qarTuli<br />
diplomatia (weliwdeuli), V, Tb., 1998, gv.13.<br />
113 leonti mroveli. cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa. — qarTlis cxovreba, I.. Tb., 1955.<br />
114 kekeliZe k. xalxTa klasifikaciisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>geografiuli</strong> ganrigebis sakiTxebi Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi. _<br />
kekeliZe k. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, I. Tb., 1956, gv.169-182.<br />
115 Лордкипанидзе М. К вопросу «Кавказского единого дома». - Caucasica (The Journal of Caucasian Studies). Volume 2.<br />
Tbilisi, 1998, с.168.<br />
116 kaSia j. mijaWvuli saqarTvelo – Jurn.: iveria (qarTul-evropuli institutis Jurnali), # 3, Tbilisibriuseli,<br />
1993, gv.7-8.<br />
50
jer ar mieRwia) <strong>da</strong> kulturuli eqspansia, romelic, rogorc zemoTac iTqva, Tumca ki<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo, magram misi gagrZelebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli dro saqarTvelos<br />
ar eyo 117 .<br />
XIII saukuni<strong>da</strong>n viTareba kavkasiaSi Zireulad Seicvala. monRolTa Semosevebis<br />
Semdeg saqarTvelos saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>sust<strong>da</strong>, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan fexi<br />
moiki<strong>da</strong> islamma. kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeTiT <strong>da</strong> samxreTiT Camoyalib<strong>da</strong><br />
erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli politikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli sistemebi. <strong>da</strong><br />
Tumca kavkasielTa Soris bevri ram <strong>da</strong>rCa saerTo, pirvel rigSi, swored kulturis<br />
sferoSi (yofiTi kultura, stumar-maspinZloba, TaobaTa Soris urTierToba,<br />
Zmadnaficoba <strong>da</strong> sxv.), gansxvaveba sul ufro sagrZnobi xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
XI saukuneSi Camoyalibebuli ideologiur-politikuri koncefcia momdevno saukuneebSic<br />
`gamococxldebo<strong>da</strong>~ xolme. magaliTad, erekle II dros gaCn<strong>da</strong> idea samxreT<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> gaerTianebisa erekles xelisuflebis qveS 118 . centrad am SemTxvevaSic<br />
saqarTvelo ivaraudebo<strong>da</strong>, Tumca viTareba absoluturad gansxvavebuli iyo <strong>da</strong> am<br />
erTobis ideas sagareo politikuri orientaciis sakiTxis simwvave gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amier<strong>kavkasiis</strong> gansakuTrebuli komiteti (ozakomi), komisariati, amier<strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
seimi. samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> gaerTianebis mcdeloba sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi.<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxTa erTgvari gaerTianeba mox<strong>da</strong> ruseTis imperiis farglebSi. <strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
samefisnacvlos SemadgenlobaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> rogorc samxreT, aseve CrdiloeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
administraciuli erTeulebi, administraciul centrsa <strong>da</strong> mefisnacvlis samyofels ki<br />
Tbilisi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. iranisa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis gavlenis sferoebad ramdenimesaukunovani<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofis Semdeg, erTian politikur sivrceSi amgvarma gaerTianebam<br />
xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmna <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxebs Soris tradiciuli kontaqtebis (maT<br />
Soris, kulturuli) gacxovelebisaTvis, Tumca am gzaze seriozul problemebs qmni<strong>da</strong><br />
`divide et impera”-s imperiuli principi.<br />
1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg ruseTis droebiTma mTavrobam samxreT<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> gamgeblobisaTvis Seqmna `amier<strong>kavkasiis</strong> gansakuTrebuli komiteti~.<br />
xelisuflebis saTaveSi bolSevikebis mosvlis Semdeg (1917 wlis oqtomberi) Seiqmna<br />
amier<strong>kavkasiis</strong> komisariati. 1918 wlis TebervalSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> amier<strong>kavkasiis</strong> seimi,<br />
romlis <strong>da</strong>Sla mis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris (saqarTvelo, azerbaijani, somxeTi)<br />
arsebulma winaaRmdegobebma <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis SesaZleblobis<br />
Seqmnam ganapiroba, rasac mohyva kidec saqarTvelos, somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifoTa gamocxadeba 1918 wlis maisSi. samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> erTian<br />
politikur organizmad Camoyalibebas safuZveli ar hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
sabWoTa xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>myarebis Semdeg, ruseTma kidev erTxel sca<strong>da</strong> erTiani<br />
administraciuli erTeulebis Seqmna CrdiloeT <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasiaSi: 1924-1936<br />
wlebSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> amier<strong>kavkasiis</strong> sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi respublika,<br />
1922-1924 wlebSi _ mTielTa avtonomiuri respublika rsfsr-s SemadgenlobaSi. arc am<br />
mcdelobas mohyolia warmateba.<br />
rogorc <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT, ama Tu im saxis kavkasiuri erTobis Seqmnis cdebs safuZvlad<br />
politikuri realiebi edo. ara mxolod politikuri qmedebani, aramed aseT erTobaTa<br />
SesaZlo an realuri arsebobis TviT ideebic ki ufro politikuri koniunqturi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare Cans, vidre wmin<strong>da</strong> mecnieruli analizi<strong>da</strong>n 119 .<br />
117 tuxaSvili l. narkvevebi qarTuli diplomatiis istorii<strong>da</strong>n. wigni I. Tb., 1994, gv.78-79.<br />
118 tuxaSvili l. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos urTierToba <strong>kavkasiis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maxlobeli aRmosavleTis xalxebTan me-<br />
18 saukunis meore naxevarSi. — kreb.: saqarTvelos feo<strong>da</strong>luri xanis istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1972;<br />
Мачарадзе В. Грузинские документы по истории грузино-курдско-ассирийско-русских взаимоотношений 60-70-х гг.<br />
XVIII века. Тбилиси, 1989.<br />
119 kopaliani e., kviciani j. kavkasia XX saukuneSi (zogierTi socialur-kulturuli problema). Tb., 2001, gv.6.<br />
51
`erTiani kavkasiuri saxlis~ idea <strong>da</strong> misi realizaciis<br />
mcdelobani XX s. 90-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi.<br />
`mSvidobiani <strong>kavkasiis</strong>~ idea rogorc s.hanTingtonis<br />
versiis alternativa. misi politikuri Seferiloba<br />
civilizaciaTa konfliqtis prognozis mixedviT, xalxebi, romlebic civilizaciaTa<br />
gamyof mijnebze cxovroben, ganwirulni arian civilizaciaTa Soris<br />
aRmocenebuli sisxlismRvreli brZolis velad qcevisaTvis. es arcTu saxarbielo<br />
perspeqtiva biZgs aZlevs identurobis problemaTa kvlevas. Tu imasac gavixsenebT,<br />
rom kulturaTa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciaTa gzajvaredinze mcxovreb xalxTa istoriuli<br />
warsuli, rogorc wesi, TviTga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis brZolis <strong>for</strong>maTa Ziebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi metnaklebad<br />
warmatebuli realizaciis saxiT warmogvidgeba, naTeli gaxdeba am xalxTa<br />
gansakuTrebuli interesi aRniSnuli problematikisadmi.<br />
dRes msoflioSi mimdinareobs, erTi mxriv, internacionalizaciis, universalizaciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> globalizaciis, meore mxriv ki, fragmentaciis, lokalizaciis, renacionalizaciis<br />
procesi. pirveli procesis farglebSi kulturuli <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri<br />
sxvaobani iSleba, erTdroulad ki mimdinareobs msoflios mravali xalxisa <strong>da</strong><br />
qveynisaTvis saerTo ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri institutebis <strong>for</strong>mireba. meore<br />
procesis arsi gulisxmobs qveynebs, regionebs, civilizaciebs SigniT nacionaluri,<br />
eTnikuri midrekilebebis aRorZinebas. rogorc bolo 10-15 wlis gamocdileba<br />
gvaCvenebs, kavkasiaSi am procesma ukiduresi <strong>for</strong>mebi miiRo.<br />
kavkasia is regionia, romlisTvisac mravali saukunis manZilze <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
iyo integraciuli <strong>da</strong> dezintegraciuli, centriskenuli <strong>da</strong> centri<strong>da</strong>nuli tendenciebis<br />
organuli Serwyma. es Zalebi dinamikur wonasworobaSi iyo.<br />
postsabWoTa periodis Tavisebureba isaa, rom mTel kavkasiur sivrceSi<br />
upiratesoba centri<strong>da</strong>nuli, dezintegraciuli procesebis mxares aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
istoriulad, ama Tu im saxis kavkasiuri erTobis Seqmnis cdebs safuZvlad<br />
politikuri realiebi edo. ara mxolod politikuri qmedebani, aramed aseT erTobaTa<br />
SesaZlo an realuri arsebobis TviT ideebic ki ufro politikuri koniunqturi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare Cans, vidre wmin<strong>da</strong> mecnieruli analizi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
erTiani <strong>kavkasiis</strong> ideas, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, politikuri momentebi rom ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong>, es<br />
XX saukunis miwurulis movlenebiTac <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong>. 90-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi `erTiani<br />
kavkasiuri saxlis~ koncefcia sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>SliT Seqmnilma axalma viTarebam <strong>da</strong><br />
ruseTTan konfrontaciis paTosma ganapiroba. Tavad es `saxli~ ideis avtorebs<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad warmoedginaT: saubari iyo xan `kavkasiur parlamentze~, xan<br />
evrogaerTianebis tipis erTobaze. magram mxedvelobis miRma rCebo<strong>da</strong> is <strong>garemo</strong>eba,<br />
rom aseTi tipis gaerTianeba emyareba saerTo msoflmxedvelobas (<strong>da</strong>fuZnebuls<br />
religiaze), saerTo faseulobebs, saerTo ekonomikur sistemas, saerTo in<strong>for</strong>maciul<br />
sivrcesa <strong>da</strong> sxva faqtorebs, romlebic <strong>kavkasiis</strong> SemTxvevaSi ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>. amitomac<br />
`erTiani kavkasiuri saxlis~ Seqmnis saqme deklaraciebis iqiT ar wasula.<br />
erTaderTi, ris xorcSesxmis mcdelobis mowmenic gavxdiT, 90-iani wlebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi Seqmnili <strong>kavkasiis</strong> mTiel xalxTa konfederacia gaxl<strong>da</strong>T, romelic maleve<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>keT<strong>da</strong> <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxTa konfederaciad. `perestroikis~ Semdgom periodSi samxreT<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> respublikebis saxiT imier<strong>kavkasiis</strong> mTielebs magaliTi miecaT <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis<br />
brZolaSi, Tumca imave xanebSi am moZraobas alternativa gamouCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1989 wlis 25-26 agvistos soxumSi Sedga <strong>kavkasiis</strong> mTieli xalxebis I yriloba,<br />
romlis mizani iyo federaluri respublikis Seqmna. yrilobam <strong>da</strong>afuZna `<strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
mTiel xalxTa asamblea~ romelsac saTaveSi Caudga yabardoeli musa (iuri) Sanibovi —<br />
yofili komkavSiruli <strong>da</strong> partiuli funqcioneri, imJamad yabardo-balyareTis<br />
52
universitetis leqtori. yrilobas `paraleluri parlamentis~ funqcia mieniWa.<br />
1991 wlis 1-2 noembers soxumSi gamarTul III yrilobaze asamblea `<strong>kavkasiis</strong> mTiel<br />
xalxTa konfederaciad~ iqca, romelic Tavs 1918 wlis 11 maiss gamocxadebuli mTiel<br />
xalxTa respublikis samarTalmemkvidred acxadeb<strong>da</strong>. es organizacia miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxebs Soris socialur-kulturuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri TanamSromlobis<br />
gaumjobesebas, eTnikuri Tu sxva saxis uTanxmoebebisa <strong>da</strong> konfliqturi situaciebis<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebas an mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebas <strong>da</strong> gareSe mtris Setevisagan saerTo,<br />
koordinirebuli Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis sistemis SemuSavebas. es yvelaferi, maTi azriT,<br />
SesaZlebeli gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg, rac ruseTis imperiis <strong>da</strong>Slis fonze rogorc<br />
CrdiloeTi, aseve samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> TiToeuli respublika Tu avtonomia <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
politikuri erTeulis statuss miaRwev<strong>da</strong>. es ukanaskneli Tezisi, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, sakmaod uxeSad iyo SemuSavebuli <strong>da</strong> ar iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> arc regionis<br />
istoriul warsuls, arc im dros regionSi arsebul sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>garemo</strong>ebas. isini<br />
ugulebelyofdnen Turquli warmoSobis xalxebis interesebs regionSi, ris gamoc maT<br />
mier soxumSi, nalCikSi, vladikavkazSi, groznosa Tu mahaCyalaSi gamarTuli<br />
konferenciebis miRma <strong>da</strong>rCnen balyarelebi, yaraCaelebi, yumuxebi, noRaelebi,<br />
lezgebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rgoelebi.<br />
axali konfederaciis struqtura Semdegnairad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>: mas saTaveSi edga<br />
prezidenti <strong>da</strong> saprezidenti sabWo, romelic CrdiloeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> yvela xalxis<br />
warmomadgenlisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>. parlamentSi TiToeuli xalxi sam-sami wevriT<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> warmodgenili. prezidentad musa Sanibovi airCies, romelmac ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
konfederacia Crdilo <strong>kavkasiis</strong> respublikebis xalxebisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
mTavrobebisagan.<br />
konfederacia 16 xalxisa <strong>da</strong> erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenlebs aerTianeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
yaraCaelebi, noRaelebi, yumuxebi <strong>da</strong> kazakebi masSi meTvalyuris statusiT<br />
monawileobdnen.<br />
konfederaciis wevrTa TvalTaxedva erTmaneTisagan friad gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
magaliTad, CeCnebi am organizacias <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis brZolis instrumentad<br />
ganixilavdnen, xelmZRvanelobas ki igi regionuli TanamSromlobis <strong>for</strong>umad<br />
esaxebo<strong>da</strong>. amis gamo konfederaciis wevrebi kavkasiaSi mimdinare movlenebs, maT Soris,<br />
konfliqtebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad exmaurebodnen 120 .<br />
1992 wlis 3 oqtombers groznoSi gamarTul sagangebo sxdomaze organizaciis<br />
saxeli Seicvala <strong>da</strong> mas <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxTa konfederacia ewo<strong>da</strong>, rac miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> mis<br />
SemadgenlobaSi kazakebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva xalxebis aqtiur CarTvas. magram konfederaciis<br />
mTavar sakiTxad kvlav misi erTianobis sakiTxi rCebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
metic, male cxadi Seiqmna am organizaciis ususuroba. imis gamo, rom kavkasiel<br />
xalxTa konfederaciis moqmedeba (afxazuri separatizmis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, rac<br />
faqtobrivad saqarTvelosadmi ruseTis agresiis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras niSnav<strong>da</strong>, CeCnuri<br />
gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobisadmi <strong>da</strong>pirispireba <strong>da</strong> a.S.) ZirSive ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong><br />
Tavis principebs. mas male saxeli gauty<strong>da</strong>, Tumca konfederaciis mier deklarirebuli<br />
moTxovnebi erTxans popularobiT sargeblob<strong>da</strong> <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxebSi. Tavad<br />
konfederaciis liderebi saerTaSoriso avtoritetis mopovebazec zrunavdnen. 1994<br />
wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi Sanibovi TurqeTs ewvia, sa<strong>da</strong>c sagareo saqmeTa saministrosa<br />
generaluri Stabis oficialur pirebsac Sexv<strong>da</strong>. vrceldebo<strong>da</strong> in<strong>for</strong>macia, TiTqos<br />
konfederaciis xelmZRvanelebTan Sexvedras aSS kongresis wevrebic moiTxovdnen 121 .<br />
120<br />
CrdiloeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxTa erToba: miTi <strong>da</strong> sinamdvile. _ saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros<br />
sagareo politikis kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> analizis centris biuleteni, 7 (16), Tb., 1999, gv.20-21.<br />
121<br />
iqve, gv.23.<br />
53
istoria mowmobs, rom integraciuli miswrafebebi kavkasiaSi, Tavisi arsiT,<br />
yovelTvis antirusul xasiaTs atareb<strong>da</strong>. amitom moskovi msgavsi miswrafebebis<br />
aRkveTiT iyo <strong>da</strong>interesebuli. magram, misi mxri<strong>da</strong>n, am procesebis ignorireba<br />
CeCneTis liderebisaTvis iniciativis <strong>da</strong>Tmobis tolfasi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. 1992 wlis Semdeg<br />
moskovma konfederacia saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg gamoiyena <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebac ki gauwia mas<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis sistemos SeqmnaSi. magram am sistemos mudmiv Zalad Camoyalibeba ar<br />
moxerx<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> male ideac <strong>da</strong>viwyebas mieca.<br />
niSandoblivia, rom im periodis ruseTis centraluri sain<strong>for</strong>macio saSualebani<br />
saqmes ise warmoaCendnen, TiTqos saubari iyo realurad arsebul warmonaqmnze Tavisi<br />
parlamentiT, prezidentiTa <strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebuli ZalebiTa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebriobis sxva<br />
atributebiT. yuradReba ar eqceo<strong>da</strong> imas, rom es iyo ara regionis xalxis mkafiod<br />
deklarirebuli neba, aramed CrdiloeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> inteligenciis calkeuli jgufebis<br />
mcdeloba, Camoeyalibebina <strong>da</strong> ganexorcielebina saxelmwifo mowyobis raRac proeqti,<br />
romelic mowyvetili iyo realobas. maT ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T araviTari legitimuroba, raime<br />
oficialuri man<strong>da</strong>ti, miRebuli arCevnebis gziT. niSandoblivia, rom konfederaciaze<br />
ufro mets wer<strong>da</strong> centraluri presa, vidre CrdiloeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> respublikebisa.<br />
Sesabamisi periodis <strong>da</strong>Restnis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mimarTulebis gazeTebSi TiTqmis ar<br />
gvxvdeba masalebi, romlebic konfederaciis Temas exeba. a<strong>da</strong>mianTa umravlesobas an<br />
saerTod araferi smeno<strong>da</strong> konfederaciaze, an friad bundovani warmodgena hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
masze. xolo im 5-10%-is <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, romelmac ico<strong>da</strong> konfederaciis miznebi <strong>da</strong><br />
amocanebi, meryeob<strong>da</strong> aSkara negatiuri<strong>da</strong>n aRfrTovanebamde 122 .<br />
konfederaciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli in<strong>for</strong>macia wina planze gamodio<strong>da</strong> maSinve,<br />
rogorc ki regionSi krizisuli situacia iqmnebo<strong>da</strong>. konfederaciis Sansebi izrdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
qveyanaSi arastabilurobis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad <strong>da</strong> piriqiT. amaze metyvelebs<br />
konfederaciis popularobis zr<strong>da</strong> ruseTis prezidentis mier CeCneTSi sagangebo<br />
mdgomareobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb brZanebis gamocemasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, agreTve,<br />
qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis dros.<br />
dReisaTvis cnobili ar aris CrdiloeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> respublikebis warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
an aRmasrulebeli organoebis raime SeTanxmeba, an ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba konfederaciis<br />
Seqmnis Taobaze, an raime referendumis an sxva aqciis Sesaxeb, rac SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong><br />
gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo konfederaciis legitimuri safuZveli. amas TviTon konfederaciis<br />
organizatorebic aRniSnavdnen. isini xazs usvamdnen, rom miznad isaxavdnen mTis<br />
xalxTa konsoli<strong>da</strong>cias, xolo <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli Crdilokavkasiuri saxelmwifos Seqmna,<br />
romelic Sedgebo<strong>da</strong> erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebisagan <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> ruseTisagan, ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc perspeqtiuli, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 10-15, an 20-30<br />
welze gaTvlili mizani 123 .<br />
konfederaciis umTavresi mizani — <strong>da</strong>vebis mSvidobiani ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis <strong>for</strong>umad<br />
Camoyalibeba — ganuxorcielebeli gax<strong>da</strong>. mis rigebSi yvela kavkasieli xalxis<br />
gaerTianeba ver moxerx<strong>da</strong>. gaCn<strong>da</strong> uTanxmoeba adiReuri warmoSobis xalxebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
konfederaciis <strong>da</strong>narCen wevrebs Soris, romlebic organizaciasi pirvelTa wamyvan<br />
rols eWvis TvaliT uyurebdenen. yaraCaelebma <strong>da</strong> balyarelebma, yumuxebTan <strong>da</strong><br />
noRaelebTan erTad, Turqulenovani xalxebis asamblea Seqmnes, romelsac mxars<br />
uWerdnen CeCneTi <strong>da</strong> azerbaijani.<br />
am organizaciis moRvaweobis Sedegi ki is gaxl<strong>da</strong>T, rom yovelgvar safuZvels<br />
moklebulma am ususurma warmonaqmnma mainc moaxerxa kavkasiur konfliqtebSi<br />
uaryofiTi rolis Sesruleba. Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleT kavkasiaSi man `saerTo-adiReuri~<br />
122<br />
Гаджиев К.С. Геополитика Кавказа. М., 2001, с.81.<br />
123<br />
iqve, gv.85.<br />
54
Sovinisturi ideebiT aRtkinebuli axalgazrdebi Sekriba afxazeTSi sabrZolvelad,<br />
riTac konfliqtis gamRviveblis roli iTamaSa.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, saerTokavkasiuri saxlis ideam, rigi mizezebis gamo, raime<br />
mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>tvirTva ver SeiZina, Tumca arc imis uaryofa SeiZleba, rom am ideas<br />
aqvs konfesiaTa <strong>da</strong> eTnokulturTa urTierTa<strong>da</strong>ptaciis garkveuli potenciali.<br />
aman politikosebs ubiZga saerTo kavkasiuri erTobis ararealizebuli ideis<br />
sasargeblo argumentebis Ziebisaken.<br />
s.hanTingtonis koncefciis pasuxisa <strong>da</strong> erTgvari alternativis saxiT mogvevlina<br />
`mSvidobiani <strong>kavkasiis</strong>~ idea. `kavkasiuri saxlisagan~ gansxvavebiT, igi gulisxmobs ara<br />
raime saxis gaerTianebas, aramed saerTo interesebis gamokveTasa <strong>da</strong> mSvidobiani<br />
Tanaarsebobis pirobebis Seqmnas molaparakebaTa <strong>da</strong> SeTanxmebaTa gziT.<br />
politikosTa iniciativa <strong>da</strong>edo safuZvlad saerTaSoriso konferenciebs,<br />
romlebic 1997-1998 wlebSi Catar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>kavkasiis</strong> geopolitikisa Tu erTiani<br />
kulturuli sivrcis problemebs mieZRvna. rogorc adre, axlac didi yuradReba<br />
eTmobo<strong>da</strong> <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxTa erTobis istoriul-kulturuli safuZvlebis Ziebas.<br />
movitanT erT <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel fragments Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi<br />
Catarebul konferenciaze saqarTvelos parlamentis maSindeli Tavmjdomaris, b-ni<br />
z.Jvanias gamosvli<strong>da</strong>n: `kavkasiuri erToba mxolod politikuri koncefcia ar aris.<br />
faqtobrivad, kavkasia — esaa mravalferovani <strong>da</strong> imavdroulad homogenuri<br />
warmonaqmni, fenomeni, romelic yalibdebo<strong>da</strong> saukuneTa <strong>da</strong> aTaswleulTa manZilze,<br />
romelsac gaaCnia mkafiod gansazRvruli auTenturi socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli<br />
institutebi... es saSualebas gvaZlevs visaubroT erTiani kavkasiuri civilizaciis<br />
fenomenze, romlis Semqmnelebi — <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxebi — religiuri <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri<br />
gansxvavebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, gaerTianebuli arian saerTo faseulobebiTa <strong>da</strong> erTnairi<br />
mentalobiT” 124 .<br />
saqarTvelos kulturis imJamindeli ministri imave konferenciaze aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>:<br />
`Cven, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxebi, erTi mTlianoba varT — istoriulad <strong>da</strong> geopolitikurad, Cven,<br />
arsebiTad, monaTesave xalxebi varT fsiqofizikuri wyobiT, `kavkasiuri xasiaTiT~,<br />
garegnobiT, temperamentiT, zneobrivi idealebiT” 125 .<br />
politikosTa Tvalsazrisi <strong>da</strong> misi safuZveli savsebiT gasagebia. magram<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebul konferenciaze mecnier-mkvlevrebi xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen kavkasionis<br />
qedis CrdiloeTiTa <strong>da</strong> samxreTiT xalxTa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoTa kardinalurad<br />
gansxvavebuli sistemebis arsebobas <strong>da</strong> am faqtis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobas<br />
erTiani kavkasiuri sivrcis (Tu civilizaciis) sakiTxze msjelobisas 126 . gansxvaveba<br />
TvalsaCinoa kavkasionis qedis erT mxares mcxovreb xalxTa Sorisac.<br />
SeiZleba, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> erTianobis idea friad momxiblavi iyos. magram saWiroa,<br />
erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaoT nebismier sferoSi mWidro TanamSromlobis, politikur<br />
asparezze erTiani plat<strong>for</strong>miT gamosvlis, an samomavlod amisaken svlis survili, <strong>da</strong>,<br />
meore mxriv, realoba, romelic survils naklebad an sruliad ar emTxveva. sxvagvarad<br />
rom vTqvaT, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia politikuri (erTi mxriv) <strong>da</strong> kulturulcivilizaciuri<br />
(meore mxriv) realiebi, orientaciebi, gamocdileba.<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> an misi romelime regionis erTianobis miRwevis idea, yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />
bolo ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi, arsebobs (<strong>da</strong>, albaT, SeiZleba arsebobdes)<br />
124 Zhvania Z. Georgia and the New Geopolitical Function of the Caucasus. - Caucasica (The Journal of Caucasian Studies). Volume<br />
2. Tbilisi, 1998, p.7.<br />
125 Асатиани В. Мирный Кавказ: Роль культуры в будущем Кавказа. – Caucasica (The Journal of Caucasian Studies). Volume 2.<br />
Tbilisi, 1998, p.37.<br />
126 Лордкипанидзе М. К вопросу «Кавказского единого дома». – Caucasica (The Journal of Caucasian Studies). Volume 2.<br />
Tbilisi, 1998, p.163.<br />
55
mxolod rogorc ideali, romliskenac iswrafvian iq mcxovrebi xalxebi. magram<br />
istoriuli panoramis ze<strong>da</strong>piruli Tvalis ga<strong>da</strong>vlebac ki sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>vrwmundeT interesTa raRac harmoniis <strong>da</strong> kavkasiel xalxTa erTobis Sesaxeb saubris<br />
usafuZvlobaSi .<br />
SemTxveviTi ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos, rom samecniero literaturaSic, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, saubaria<br />
CrdiloeT (<strong>da</strong> ara mTlianad) <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxTa kulturul erTobaze. magaliTad,<br />
v.tatunci aRniSnavs, rom, m.kovalevskis droi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli — dRemde, CrdiloeT<br />
kavkasia, istorikosTa, eTnografTa, sociologTa, lingvistTa, fsiqologTa,<br />
arqeologTa azriT, warmoadgens ara erT geografiul regionSi mcxovreb eTnikur<br />
jgufTa meqanikur jams, aramed xalxTa istoriul-kulturul erTobas 127 .<br />
amave dros, mecnierTa nawili iziarebs erTiani kavkasiuri civilizaciis arsebobis<br />
azrs. magaliTad, e.kopaliani <strong>da</strong> j.kviciani Tvlian, rom `kavkasiuri civilizaciis<br />
arseboba aravis eWvs ar un<strong>da</strong> iwvevdes” 128 , ris umTavresi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa <strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
xalxTa tradiciul kulturaSi saerTokavkasiuri elementebis arseboba (stumarTmoyvareoba,<br />
ufrosis pativiscema, ojaxSi uflebebis gamijvna, mamakacis cxovrebis<br />
mxedruli wesi <strong>da</strong> sxv) 129 . maTi azriT, erTiani kavkasiuri civilizaciis arsebobis<br />
faqtis gaazrebasa <strong>da</strong> aRiarebas xels uSlis is <strong>garemo</strong>eba, rom kavkasia tradiciulad<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> didi mezobeli qveynebis interesebisa <strong>da</strong> brZolis asparezs; am brZolis<br />
procesSi, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> `xelSi CagdebisaTvis xdebo<strong>da</strong> xSirad kavkasieli xalxebisa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
mTlianobis <strong>da</strong>nawevreba” 130 .<br />
rogor warmoudgeniaT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> `<strong>da</strong>nawevreba~ Tu `gamTlianeba~ Tanamedrove rus<br />
politologebs, naTlad warmogvidgeba erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili Tanamedrove rusi<br />
geopolitikosis a.duginis naazrevi<strong>da</strong>n. misi azriT, kavkasia <strong>da</strong>, kerZod, saqarTvelo<br />
eqvemdebareba mis mier SemoTavazebul amosaval geopolitikur principebs: `regionis<br />
ara politikuri, aramed eTnokulturuli diferenciacia~ <strong>da</strong> `eTnikuri regionebis<br />
meridianuli integraciisa <strong>da</strong> horizontaluri gamijvnis waxaliseba~. Sedegad,<br />
afxazeTi pir<strong>da</strong>pir un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ukavSirdes ruseTs, Seiqmnas `erTiani oseTi~, xolo<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCenil `marTlmadideblur saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>ekisros `kavkasiuri saxlis~ kontrolis<br />
funqcia. geopolitikur alyaSi moqceuli CeCneTi SeiZleba imarTos `marTlmadidebluri<br />
saqarTvelos mxri<strong>da</strong>n~. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, saqarTvelos un<strong>da</strong> `miebas, nawilobriv,<br />
<strong>da</strong>Restani <strong>da</strong> inguSeTi, rasac SeiZleba mohyves avtonomiuri Crdilokavkasiuri zonis<br />
Seqmna — ekonomikurad ganviTarebulis, magram strategiulad mTlianad ruseTis mier<br />
kontrolirebadis. dugins SesaZleblad miaCnia `<strong>kavkasiis</strong> federaciis~ Seqmnac,<br />
romelSic dRevandeli `dsT-s sam respublikasTan erTad, gaerTiandebian `Si<strong>da</strong>rusuli<br />
avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebic” 131 .<br />
ra <strong>da</strong>skvna SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes zemoTqmuli<strong>da</strong>n?<br />
rogorc z. kiknaZe aRniSnavs, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxebi gansxvavebuli religiebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
gansxvavebul qristianul konfesiaTa wiaRSi Camoyalibdnen. miviReT saxli, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
TiToeulma mosaxlem Tavisi arCevani gaakeTa. TiToeuli xalxis eTnogenezisi gansxvavebuli<br />
religiebisa <strong>da</strong> konfesiebis wiaRSi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. islami, marTlmadidebloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> monofizitoba ar aris mxolod aRmsarebloba, romelsac esa Tu is eri<br />
irCevs, arc mxolod politikuri kursis gamoxatulebaa. is amave dros Zlieri kulturogenuri<br />
faqtoria; es aris yofierebis wesi, mentaliteti, yvelaferi is, rac,<br />
127 Татунц С.А. Уроки М.М.Ковалевского и российский Кавказ. – Вестник Московского ун-та, сер. 18. Социология и<br />
политология. М., 2001, 2, с.43.<br />
128 kopaliani e., kviciani j., <strong>da</strong>sax.naSr., gv.6.<br />
129 iqve, gv.9.<br />
130 iqve, gv.6.<br />
131 Дугин А. Основы геополитики. Геополитическое будущее России. М., 1999.<br />
56
ogorc an<strong>da</strong>za ambobs, rjulze umtkicesia.<br />
`krizisebis xanaSi, rogorc dRes, gveCveneba, rom <strong>kavkasiis</strong> erTian politikur <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturul regionad warmosaxva iseTive miTia, rogorc XI saukuneSi Seqmnili miTi<br />
TargamosianTa erTobis Sesaxeb, an XX saukunis lingvisturi miTi iberiul-kavkasiuri<br />
enebis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli naTesaobis Sesaxeb” 132 .<br />
civilizaciaTa konfliqtis prognozi <strong>da</strong><br />
misi religiuri safuZvlebi.<br />
samxreT kavkasia am prognozis prizmaSi<br />
`civi omis~ <strong>da</strong>srulebam mkvlevarTa <strong>da</strong> politikosTa winaSe mwvaved <strong>da</strong>ayena<br />
momavali msoflios saxis problema. `civi omis~ <strong>da</strong>srulebam Zireulad Secvala<br />
saerTaSoriso viTareba <strong>da</strong> axali realobis gaazrebis saWiroeba warmoSva. gaCn<strong>da</strong> ersaxelmwifoTa<br />
epoqis aRorZinebisa Tu, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva faqtoris (traibalizmi, globalizmi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv.) zegavleniT, maTi saboloo aRsasrulis nairgvari versia. erTni<br />
erTpolusiani msoflios Camoyalibebas varaudobdnen <strong>da</strong> am polusis rolSi, ra Tqma<br />
un<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>savleTs, kerZod ki, aSS-s xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen; meoreni fiqrobdnen, rom sapirispiro<br />
polusis saxiT male Camoyalibdebo<strong>da</strong> romelime ara<strong>da</strong>savluri (magaliTad,<br />
konfuciuri) civilizacia, romelic seriozul winaaRmdegobas gauwev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTs;<br />
mesameni ki, mravalpolusiani msoflios Camoyalibebas winaswarmetyvelebdnen.<br />
civi omis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg `kulturis <strong>da</strong>bruneba~ saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa<br />
faqtad iqca.<br />
azrTa gansakuTrebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaoba gamoiwvia wamoWril kiTxvebze pasuxis<br />
gacemis orma yvelaze mniSvnelovanma mcdelobam, romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo<br />
amerikeli mecnierebis frensis fukuiamasa <strong>da</strong> semuel hanTingtonis saxelebTan.<br />
1989 wels satatiis, 1992 wels ki wignis saxiT gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> f.fukuiamas naSromi<br />
`istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasruli <strong>da</strong> ukanaskneli a<strong>da</strong>miani” 133 , romelmac saTave <strong>da</strong>udo<br />
inteleqtualTa diskusias imis Taobaze, Tu rogori iqneba msoflios momavali `civi<br />
omis~ <strong>da</strong>srulebisa <strong>da</strong> komunizmis ideologiis marcxis Semdeg.<br />
f.fukuiamam ca<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>esabuTebina, rom liberaluri demokratia a<strong>da</strong>mianTa modgmis<br />
ideologiuri evoluciis bolo safexuri, mmarTvelobis ukanaskneli <strong>da</strong> ucvleli<br />
<strong>for</strong>ma iqneba, riTac <strong>da</strong>sruldeba kidec istoria. `istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasrulSi~ avtori<br />
gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> ara xdomilebaTa rigis, movlenaTa qronologiuri Tanamimdevrobis Sewyvetas,<br />
aramed <strong>da</strong>sasruls im istoriisa, romelic gaiazreba erTian evoluciur procesad<br />
yvela xalxisa <strong>da</strong> yoveli drois erTobliobaSi. istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasruli niSnav<strong>da</strong> imas,<br />
rom momavalSi sazogadoebis amosavali principebi Tu institutebi aRar ganicdian<br />
saxecvlilebas, radgan umTavresi sakiTxebi mogvarebuli iqneba liberaluri demokratiis<br />
principebis farglebSi. f.fukuiamas azriT, dRes liberaluri demokratia<br />
erTaderTi gaazrebuli politikuri mimarTulebaa, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs<br />
de<strong>da</strong>miwis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva regionsa <strong>da</strong> kulturas. misma ekonomikurma principebma, anu<br />
`Tavisufali bazris~ cnebam yvelgan gaikvala gza <strong>da</strong> dovlaTis uCveulo siuxve Seqmna<br />
TviT e.w. `mesame samyaros~ qveynebSic ki. xolo liberaluri revolucia ekonomikur<br />
azrovnebaSi mu<strong>da</strong>m Tan sdev<strong>da</strong>, xan ki winac uswreb<strong>da</strong> politikuri Tavisuflebisaken<br />
svlas. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli procesi uzrunvelyofs momavalSi a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
132 kiknaZe z. religia <strong>da</strong> <strong>kavkasiis</strong> erTianoba. — z.kiknaZe. eklesia guSin, eklesia xval. Tb., 2002, gv.129.<br />
133<br />
fukuiama f. istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasruli <strong>da</strong> ukanaskneli a<strong>da</strong>miani. Tb., 1999.<br />
57
sazogadoebis sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro metad gaerTgvarovnebas, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maTi<br />
kulturuli memkvidreobisa Tu istoriuli fesvebisa.<br />
f.fukuiamas koncefciis erTgvar alternativad mogvevlina s.hanTingtonis mier<br />
1993 wels gamoqveynebuli statia `civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba?” 134 , romelsac mohyva misi<br />
sxva naSromebi <strong>da</strong> monografia `civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba <strong>da</strong> msoflio wesrigis<br />
Secvla” 135 .<br />
s.hanTingtonis aRniSnul naSromebs didi Teoriuli mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong>. maT<br />
ukavSirdeba civilizaciaTa Teoriis mimarT yuradRebis gamococxleba. s.hanTingtonma,<br />
faqtobrivad, safuZveli Cauyara axal mimarTulebas geopolitikaSi, miiCnia<br />
ra civilizacia geopolitikuri analizis mTavar mimarTulebad. am mimarTulebas<br />
SeiZleba civilizaciuri geopolitika vuwodoT.<br />
s.hanTingtonis Teoriis Tanaxmad, `civi omis~ <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis Semdeg, Camoyalibebis<br />
procesSi myofi msoflios saxes gansazRvravs 7-8 didi civilizaciis urTierTobis<br />
procesi. civilizaciuri identuroba, <strong>da</strong> ara ideologia an ekonomika (rogorc adre),<br />
safuZvlad edeba kacobriobis gamyof umniSvnelovanes sazRvrebs <strong>da</strong> iqceva<br />
konfliqtebis ZiriTad wyarod momaval msoflioSi. civilizacias hanTingtoni<br />
gansazRvravs rogorc umaRlesi rangis kulturul erTobas, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa kulturuli<br />
identurobis yvelaze vrcel dones. momdevno dones Seadgens ukve is, rac ganasxvavebs<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa modgmas cocxal arsebaTa sxva saxeobebisagan. civilizacia ganisazRvreba<br />
obieqturi xasiaTis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva niSnis (ena, istoria, religia, zne-Cveulebani,<br />
institutebi) arsebobiT, agreTve a<strong>da</strong>mianTa subieqturi TviTidentifikaciiT. s.hanTingtoni<br />
miuTiTebs faqtorebze, romlebmac ganapiroba civilizaciuri identurobis<br />
rolis zr<strong>da</strong>. maTgan umTavresad miCneulia is, rom `civi omis~ <strong>da</strong>mTavrebasTan erTad<br />
<strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso politikis ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>savluri faza; win wamoiwia<br />
urTierTobam <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlur civilizaciebs Soris. es ukanasknelni aRar<br />
kmayofildebian istoriis obieqtis roliT, romelsac tradiciulad asrulebdnen,<br />
aramed, <strong>da</strong>savleTis msgavsad, Tavad qmnian <strong>da</strong> warmarTaven sakuTar istorias.<br />
ideologiis `rkinis far<strong>da</strong>~ kulturis `xaverdis far<strong>da</strong>m~ Secvala. mecnieris <strong>da</strong>skvniT,<br />
Tvalsawier momavalSi ar Camoyalibdeba erTiani universaluri civilizacia (Tumca<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTSi bevrma irwmuna <strong>da</strong>savlur faseulobaTa universaluroba <strong>da</strong> maT safuZvelze<br />
msoflios gaerTgvarovnebis perspeqtiva), TiToeul civilizacias mouwevs<br />
sxvebTan Tanaarseboba. imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c civilizaciaTa Soris gansxvavebebi<br />
arsebiTi <strong>da</strong> myaria, s.hanTingtonis azriT, maTi Tanaarseboba cilizaciaTa Sejaxebis<br />
<strong>for</strong>mas miiRebs; rogorc dRevandeli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, yvelaze<br />
sisxlismRvreli konfliqtebi swored civilizaciaTa gamyof mijnebze warmoiSoba.<br />
s.hanTingtonis koncefcias diskusiaTa mTeli talRa mohyva. misi versia erTnairad<br />
miuRebeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> rogorc homogenuri, ise mravalpolaruli msoflios ideolog-<br />
TaTvis. niSandoblivia u.makbraidis Sefaseba, romelic hanTingtonis versias ganixilavs<br />
rogorc msoflios momavlis ori koSmaruli xedvi<strong>da</strong>n erT-erTs: pirvelisaTvis<br />
msoflio transanacionaluri kulturis (romelSic dominirebs upirvelesad<br />
amerikuli <strong>da</strong> naklebad — <strong>da</strong>savleTevropuli elementebi) hegemoniis pirobebSi<br />
Camoyalibebuli monoliTia, winaaRmdegobis ramdenime keriT, romlebic un<strong>da</strong> gaqres;<br />
meore xedvas ki saTave postmodernis filosofosebma (J.liotari <strong>da</strong> sxv.) <strong>da</strong>udes. es<br />
aris Tvalsazrisi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva msoflaRqmis araTanazomadobis Sesaxeb, romelmac<br />
gacilebiT naklebad filosofiuri, vulgaruli <strong>for</strong>miT xorci Seisxa hanTingtoniseul<br />
TezisSi civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis Sesaxeb. misi naSromis warmateba naTeli magali-<br />
134<br />
hanTingtoni s. civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba? Tb., 1997.<br />
135 Huntington S.P. The Clash of Civilizations and Remaking of the World Order. N.Y., 1996.<br />
58
Tia gamartivebuli, erTi SexedviT mkafio sqemis mimzidvelobisa, romelisac pretenzias<br />
acxadebs, erTi fraziT mTeli msoflio gamoxatoso, aRniSnavs u.makbraidi 136 .<br />
cnobili germaneli mkvlevari diter sengaasi hanTingtonTan kamaTSi aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom Sejaxebebi ufro xSirad kulturebs/civilizaciebs SigniT xdeba, <strong>da</strong> ara maT<br />
Soris. istoriulad, yvela civilizacias axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> Rrma Sinagani gansxvavebani, Tu<br />
ara konfliqtebi. igi Tvlis, rom gamyofi mijnebi kulturebs/civilizaciebs Soris <strong>da</strong><br />
maT SigniT socialur-ekonomikuri, <strong>da</strong> ara geokulturuli xasiaTisaa.<br />
iseve rogorc sxvebi, sengaasi hanTingtons religiis faqtoris ga<strong>da</strong>WarbebiT<br />
SefasebisaTvis akritikebs <strong>da</strong> aRniSnavs, rom, rogorc wesi, religiuri faqtori<br />
iSviaTad asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols konfliqtis eskalaciis sawyis etapze.<br />
gacilebiT mniSvnelovania sicialur-ekonimikuri faqtorebi. magaliTad, umciresobebi<br />
TavianTi uflebebisaTvis brZolas iwyeben ara imitom, rom gansxvavebuli<br />
aRmsareblobisa arian an sxva kulturis nawils warmoadgenen, aramed imis gamo, rom<br />
isini socialuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT marginalur mdgomareobaSi arian <strong>da</strong><br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamosavals ver xe<strong>da</strong>ven. magram politikis kulturalizeba an kulturis<br />
politizeba xdeba mxolod maSin, Tu es mdgomareoba aRiqmeba ara rogorc<br />
individualuri, aramed rogorc koleqtiuri problema 137 . konfliqtebis kulturuli<br />
xasiaTis uaryofa Znelia. magram kulturuli faqtorebi ar aris gansakuTrebiT<br />
mniSvnelovani konfliqtebis sawyis etapze. mxolod eskalaciam SeiZleba gamoiwvios<br />
maTi ga<strong>da</strong>qceva <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone faqtorad.<br />
sengaasi ar eTanxmeba hanTingtons arc civilizaciaTa gamyofi mijnebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
mniSvnelobis xedvaSi. misi azriT, aseTi mijnebi SeiZleba arsebobdes mikro-doneze,<br />
magram isini avtomaturad ar arian ganpirobebuli kulturuli gansxvavebebiT,<br />
rogorc, magaliTad, protestantebis, budistebis, muslimebis (erTi mxriv) <strong>da</strong><br />
kaTolikebis, induistebis <strong>da</strong> qristianebis SemTxvevaSi. maT safuZvlad udevs<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri mizezebi 138 .<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad seriozuli kritikisa <strong>da</strong> araerTi mkacri Sefasebisa, hanTingtonis<br />
naSromebis irgvliv gamarTulma diskusiebma gamoacocxla yuradReba civilizaciaTa<br />
Teoriisadmi <strong>da</strong> ubiZga msoflios civilizaciuri xedvis axali versiebis<br />
Camoyalibebas.<br />
s. hanTingtonis koncefciis irgvliv azrTa mwvave <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis Semdeg,<br />
civilizaciuri kvlevebis `mo<strong>da</strong>~, TiTqos, Cacxra. civilizaciaTa konfliqtis<br />
versiisadmi interesi Senel<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> masze saubari warsul droSi <strong>da</strong>iwyes, rogorc<br />
Teoriaze, romlis warmoSobis mizezebi mxolod politikisa <strong>da</strong> ideologiis (<strong>da</strong> ara<br />
mecnierebis) sferoSi iyo saZiebeli. magram, moulodnelad, civilizaciaTa konfliqtis<br />
Teorias axali impulsi mieca.<br />
civilizaciurma problematikam gansakuTrebuli simwvave SeiZina 2001 wlis 11<br />
seqtembris movlenaTa fonze, roca, TiTqos, realobad iqca civilizaciaTa<br />
urTierTobis hanTingtoniseuli modeli. mecnierTa <strong>da</strong> politikosTa pirveli reaqcia<br />
niu-iorkisa <strong>da</strong> vaSingtonis tragediaze erTgvarovani iyo: nuTu mesame msoflio omi<br />
iwyeba? ai, Turme, ras niSnavs civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba praqtikaSi!<br />
roca pirveli el<strong>da</strong> Cacxra, politikosTa <strong>da</strong> mkvlevarTa poziciebs Soris aSkarad<br />
gamoikveTa sxvaoba: pirvelebma scades civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis yvelasaTvis<br />
erTnairad arasasurveli perspeqtivis Canacvleba saerTaSoriso terorizmisa <strong>da</strong><br />
masTan brZolis arcTu axali TemiT (niSandoblivia is faqtic, rom gamonakliss<br />
136 Макбрайд У. Глобализация и межкультурный диалог. – В журн.: Вопросы философии, М., 2003, № 1, с.82.<br />
137 Dieter Senghaas. The Clash within Civilizations (Coming to terms with cultural conflicts). Routledge. London-N.Y. 2002, p.74.<br />
138 iqve, gv.75.<br />
59
Seadgendnen mxolod 11 seqtembris tragediis uSualo organizatorebi <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
TanamgrZnobni, romlebic <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT usvamdnen xazs civilizaciuri <strong>da</strong>pirispirebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Seurigeblobis Temas), ramac gamoxatuleba aSS-sa <strong>da</strong> misi mokavSireebis praqtikul<br />
qmedebaSi pova, mecnierebi ki, TviTrefleqsiisa <strong>da</strong> distancirebis gamocdili xerxiT,<br />
Seudgnen momx<strong>da</strong>ris mizezebis Zebnasa <strong>da</strong> gamosavlis Ziebas.<br />
<strong>da</strong>vubrundeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> Temas. 1996 wels s.hanTingtoni aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom `Tu Cven<br />
seriozulad vfiqrobT msoflios Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> aqtiura<strong>da</strong>c vmonawileobT masSi<br />
mimdinare procesebSi, aucilebelia realobis erTgvari gamartivebuli sqemis,<br />
Teoriis, koncefciis, modelisa Tu paradigmis arseboba~. es aucilebloba mwvaved<br />
igrZnoba kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSic. <strong>kavkasiis</strong> saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa interpretaciisaTvis<br />
samecniero literaturaSi ramdenime paradigmaa SemoTavazebuli:<br />
globalizacia, ZalTa wonasworoba (romelic gulisxmobs, rom saWiroa mWidro<br />
kavSirebis <strong>da</strong>myareba saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijans, an saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris),<br />
civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis Teoria <strong>da</strong> sxv. am ukanasknelma didi gavlena iqonia <strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
problemaTa samecniero <strong>da</strong> politikur analizze. am Teoriis ZiriTadi argumenti is<br />
aris, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi kulturas <strong>da</strong> identurobas ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba; identuroba ganmsazRvrel gavlenas axdens socialur qcevaze,<br />
misi roli mniSvnelovnad gaizar<strong>da</strong> `civi omis~ saerTaSoriso struqturis <strong>da</strong>Slis<br />
Semdeg, roca yvelaze mZafri identuroba civilizaciuri identurobaa. igi ganixileba<br />
rogorc <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens a<strong>da</strong>mianTa interesebis<br />
gansazRvrasa <strong>da</strong> maT Semdgom qmedebaze.<br />
magram arsebobs sxvagvari mosazreba, kerZod, mkvlevarTa nawili aRniSnavs, rom<br />
identuroba momgebian iaraRad maSin iqceva, rodesac misi gamoyeneba awyobT. igi<br />
Zlierdeba liderTa mier miTebis Seqmnis strategiis gamoyenebiT, masebis mobilizaciis<br />
mizniT, Zalauflebis zrdisa <strong>da</strong> misTvis kanonieri saxis misaniWeblad. amitom,<br />
SesaZloa, analizisaTvis Sesaferisi paradigma racionaluri arCevani <strong>da</strong> Zalis<br />
politika ufroa, vidre kulturisa <strong>da</strong> identurobis cnebebi 139 .<br />
saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>, mTlianad, kavkasia hanTingtonis cnobil naSromSi warmodgenilia<br />
rogorc civilizaciaTa gamyofi mijna, maTi kontaqtis zona: aq erTmaneTis pirispir<br />
dganan marTlmadidebluri qristianoba <strong>da</strong> islami, rasac emateba <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
ambiciebi. amis Sedegsa <strong>da</strong> gamoZaxils warmoadgens kavkasiuri konfliqtebi _ kerZod,<br />
yarabaRisa <strong>da</strong> CeCneTis. rac Seexeba afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis konfliqtebs, isini<br />
naklebad Tavsdeba civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis hanTingtoniseul versiaSi, amitom misi<br />
oponentebis mier isini xSirad saxeldeba erT-erT ZiriTad argumentad. aqve SeiZleba<br />
gavixsenoT yarabaRis konfliqtic, roca irani, garkveuli mizezebis gamo (TurqeTis<br />
gavlenis zr<strong>da</strong> misi CrdiloeTi sazRvris mimarTulebiT, azerbaijanuli nacionalizmis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong> iranis azerbaijanul umciresobaSi, ekonomikuri mogeba, rac bloka<strong>da</strong>Si<br />
myof somxeTTan vaWrobiT iyo SesaZlebeli, iranis SiSi azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> aSS<br />
mosalodneli <strong>da</strong>axloebis gamo <strong>da</strong> a.S.), pir<strong>da</strong>pir exmarebo<strong>da</strong> qristianul somxeTs<br />
muslimuri azerbaijanis winaamdeg.<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> konfliqtebis hanTingtoniseul Sefasebas ar iziarebs, magaliTad, Svedi<br />
mkvlevari svante korneli, romelic miiCnevs, rom civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis TeoretikosTa<br />
kavkasiuri xedva — esaa stereotipebi <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebis analizis metismeti<br />
gamartiveba. am regionSi ganmsazRvrel faqtors nacionalizmisa <strong>da</strong> erovnuli intere-<br />
139<br />
makfarleini n. “civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba”: kritikuli xedva. — saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa<br />
saministros sagareo politikis kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> analizis centris biuleteni, 11 (20), Tb., 1999, gv.14.<br />
60
sebis kombinacia warmoadgens, <strong>da</strong> ara religiur-civilizaciuri <strong>da</strong>pirispireba 140 .<br />
hanTingtonis oponentTa azriT, `civilizaciaTa konfliqtis~ miseuli modeli<br />
kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT bundovania <strong>da</strong> kritikas ver<br />
uZlebs. ufro metic — n.makfarleini Tvlis, rom es Teoria <strong>kavkasiis</strong> regionisaTvis<br />
erTgvari safrTxis matarebelia, radgan, mis Tanaxmad, subregionuli TanamSromlobis<br />
yovelgvari mcdeloba _ rogoricaa, magaliTad, `mSvidobiani kavkasia~ an `evraziuli<br />
derefani~, warumateblobisTvisaa ganwiruli 141 . makfarleini imasac aRniSnavs, rom<br />
hanTingtonis versia Tavad kavkasielebs mimzidvelad eCvenebaT, radgan, am koncefciis<br />
logikiT, regioni globaluri politikis yuradRebis fokuss warmoadgens 142 .<br />
s.hanTingtonis Teorias mravali mowinaaRmdege hyavs, <strong>da</strong> ara mxolod kavkasiasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi, magram Znelia, ar <strong>da</strong>eTanxmo mkvlevars <strong>kavkasiis</strong>, rogorc civilizaciaTa<br />
kontaqtis zonis, maTi gamyofi mijnis SefasebaSi. Tavisi arsebobis manZilze kavkasia<br />
<strong>da</strong>, kerZod, saqarTvelo, marTlac warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> aRmosavlur kulturaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zonas. rac Seexeba makfarleinis mier aRniSnul<br />
`samwuxaro samomavlo scenars~, romelsac hanTingtonis versia <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxebs<br />
uxatavs, rogorc Tavad hanTingtoni aRniSnavs, `paradigmis mniSvnelobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sandoobis Sefaseba imas rodi niSnavs, rom igi un<strong>da</strong> winaswarmetyvelebdes yvelafers,<br />
rac globalur politikaSi xdeba, aramed misi Sefaseba un<strong>da</strong> xdebodes imis mixedviT,<br />
gvTavazobs Tu ara igi ufro mniSvnelovan modelebs, vidre sxva paradigmebi” 143 .<br />
`mSvidobiani kavkasia~ <strong>da</strong> `evraziuli derefani~ swored globaluri politikis<br />
problemebia, civilizaciaTa konfliqtis Teoriis mniSvneloba ki imiTac <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom swored man ubiZga praqtikos politikosebs alternatiuli versiebis Ziebisaken. am<br />
Ziebis Sedegia rogorc `mSvidobiani <strong>kavkasiis</strong>~, ise `kulturaTa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciaTa<br />
dialogis~ iniciativebi.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos isic, rom s.hanTingtonis Tvalsazrisma gamoacocxla (Tu warmoSva)<br />
`sasazRvro misiis~ politikuri versia, romelsac saqarTvelo asrulebs aRmosavleTsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTs, CrdiloeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreTs Soris.<br />
s.hanTingtoni SeiZleba CaiTvalos civi omis Semdgom periodSi geopolitikuri<br />
kvlevebis erT-erTi axali mimarTulebis _ religiis geopolitikis _ warmomadgenlad.<br />
es mimarTuleba mWidro<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli civilizaciur geopolitikasTan,<br />
radgan religia civilizaciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTebla<strong>da</strong>a miCneuli.<br />
religiis geopolitikis ZiriTadi ideaa religiuri faqtoris gaTvaliswineba <strong>da</strong><br />
gamoyeneba politikuri kavSirebisa <strong>da</strong> blokebis Sesaqmnelad, saboloo jamSi ki<br />
sivrceze kontrolis mosapoveblad an SesanarCuneblad.<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> regionis specifiki<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare (aq uSualod xvdeba erTmaneTs<br />
ramdenime msoflio religia), religiis geopolitikas misTvis gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs.<br />
religiis geopolitiki<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelosaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />
marTlmadideblobis geopolitika, romelic saSualebas iZleva, gaviazroT saqar-<br />
Tvelos adgili marTlmadidebel samyaroSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCen samyarosTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
rusul marTlmadideblobis geopolitikaSi saqarTvelosTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul gaTvlebs<br />
arcTu ukanaskneli adgili ukavia. marTlmadideblobis faqtors aqtiurad iyeneben<br />
qarTul politikaSic — garkveuli miznebis, pirvel rigSi ki, sagareo politikuri<br />
140 korneli s. religiis faqtori <strong>kavkasiis</strong> konfliqtebSi. — Jurn.: civilizaciuri Ziebani, Tb., 2003, 1, gv.<br />
60-74.<br />
141<br />
makfarleini n. “civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba”: kritikuli xedva. — saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa<br />
saministros sagareo politikis kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> analizis centris biuleteni, 11 (20), Tb., 1999, gv.11-13.<br />
142<br />
iqve, gv. 11.<br />
143<br />
Huntington S.P. <strong>da</strong>sax.naSr., gv. 37-38.<br />
61
orientaciis <strong>da</strong>sasabuTeblad.<br />
interesi marTlmadideblobis geopolitikisadmi izrdeba ara marto marTlmadideblur<br />
qveynebSi. magaliTad, aqtiuri ganxilvis sagania is SesaZlo cvlilebebi, rac<br />
SeiZleba gamoiwvios evrokavSiris gafarToebis Sedegad masSi marTlmadidebeli<br />
qveynebis ricxvis gazr<strong>da</strong>m.<br />
moskovis sapatriarqos gamomcemloba `cerkovni vestnikis~ 2004 wlis seqtembris<br />
nomerSi avstriisa <strong>da</strong> venis episkoposi ilarioni (es eparqia moskovis sapatriarqos<br />
Semadgenlobasia) Seexo evrokavSiris qveynebze marTlmadideblobis mzardi zegavlenisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Taviseburebebis sakiTxs, agreTve imasac, Tu rogor SeuZlia ruseTis<br />
patriarqs amiT isargeblos 144 .<br />
am statias maSinve gamoexmaura cnobili amerikeli politologi pol gobli,<br />
romelmac gamoaqveyna statia niSandoblivi saTauriT: `marTlmadidebluri evrokav-<br />
Siri?~ goblis azriT, evrokavSirSi marTlmadideblobis gavlenis zr<strong>da</strong> sakuTari<br />
gavlenis gafarToebis SesaZleblobas miscems rusul marTlmadideblur eklesias, es<br />
ki mas <strong>da</strong>exmareba rogorc kontinentze sakuTari konfesiuri amocanebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi,<br />
ise ruseTis saxelmwifoa sagareo politikuri interesebis warmmarTvelis rolis<br />
mopovebaSic 145 .<br />
saqarTveloSi garkveuli Zalebi cdiloben gaavrcelon rusuli marTlmadideblobis<br />
geopolitikis wamyvani koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmad, ruseTi moiazreba marTlmadidebluri<br />
samyaros liderad, Tavad es samyaro ki _ <strong>da</strong>savleTTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul<br />
Zalad. meore mxriv, qarTul sinamdvileSi am Tvalsazrisis Semotanis mcdeloba<br />
radikalur sapasuxo reaqcias iwvevs, rac marTlmadideblobisadmi kritikul <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas<br />
ganapirobebs; <strong>da</strong>savleTTan sruli identificirebis sirvili gansazRvravs<br />
marTlmadideblobis re<strong>for</strong>mirebis survilsac, romelic <strong>da</strong>savluri orientaciis<br />
mowinaaRmdeged cxaddeba.<br />
rusul geopolitikaSi marTlmadideblobisadmi gaorebuli midgoma arsebobs.<br />
erTi mxriv, igi miiCneva faqtorad, romelmac xeli un<strong>da</strong> Seuwyos ruseTis poziciebis<br />
aRdgenas <strong>da</strong> SenarCunebas. meore mxriv, politikosebs afiqrebT ruseTis politikaSi<br />
marTlmadideblobis dominirebad faqtorad ga<strong>da</strong>qcevis safrTxe, rac, rogorc varaudoben,<br />
seriozul problemebs Seuqmnis ruseTs rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise<br />
saerTaSoriso arenaze.<br />
rusuli geopolitika ayalibebs saqarTvelos ruseTTan `reintegraciis~ nairnair<br />
variantebs. rus geopolitikosTa naSromebSi ar gvxvdeba msjeloba ruseTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelos strategiul partniorobaze.<br />
a. dugini — cnobili rusi geopolitikosi, romelsac ekuTvnis idea imis Taobaze,<br />
rom ruseTis brZola msoflio batonobisaTvis ar <strong>da</strong>mTavrebula <strong>da</strong> ruseTis imperia<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRdges sivrciT gacilebiT didi, vidre sabWoTa kavSiri iyo, <strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
geopolitikis ganxilvisas aRniSnavs: `marTlmadidebluri saqarTvelo yvelaze metad<br />
iyo antirusulad orientirebuli, magram aqac Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT iRviZebs religiurgeopolitikuri<br />
refleqsia <strong>da</strong> Tavs iCens evraziasTan aliansis aucileblobis<br />
Segneba” 146 .<br />
a. panarini SeniSnavs: gamokveTili RerZi kievi-baqo-Tbilisi, pirvel rigSi,<br />
uxifaTo ar aris TbilisisaTvis. rogorc ki saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>kargavs rusul garantiebs,<br />
misi mdgomareoba amier<strong>kavkasiis</strong> regionSi mkveTrad garTuldeba. xolo Tu<br />
144<br />
macaberiZe m. saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> “marTlmadideblobis geopolitika”. _ saqarTvelos mecn. akad.<br />
politologiis institutis weliwdeuli — 2003. Tb., 2003, gv.5.<br />
145 macaberiZe m. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.6.<br />
146 Дугин А. Основы геополитики. Геополитическое будущее России. М., 1999, с.213.<br />
62
gaviTvaliswinebT im reJimebis muslimuri radikalizaciis logikas, romlebic ruseTs<br />
scildebian, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ukve momdevno politikur TaobaSi (15-20 wlis<br />
Semdeg) muslimuri qveynebis mosazRvre aramuslimur qveynebs saqme eqnebaT agresiuli<br />
politikis gamtarebel reJimebTan 147 .<br />
s. samuilovis TvalsazrisiT, ruseTisaTvis prioritetuli un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes<br />
marTlmadideblur qveynebTan urTierToba, pirvel rigSi — somxeTTan <strong>da</strong> serbiasTan.<br />
xolo radgan ruseTs ara aqvs saerTo sazRvari am qveynebTan, maTTan urTierTobisaTvis<br />
Wirdeba `tranzituli qveynebi~ — saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> bulgareTi. radgan am ori<br />
marTlmadidebluri qveynis orientacia amJamad calsaxad <strong>da</strong>savluria, amitom ruseTma<br />
isini jerjerobiT un<strong>da</strong> SeinarCunos rogorc tranzituli teritoriebi, xolo mas<br />
Semdeg, rac ruseTi gaZlierdeba, xolo am qveynebis politikuri elitebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>rwmundebian <strong>da</strong>savluri receptebis araefeqturobaSi, SeiZleba moZraobis <strong>da</strong>wyeba<br />
partniorobi<strong>da</strong>n samokavSireo urTierTobisaken 148 .<br />
rusi politikosebi <strong>da</strong> politologebi aqtiurad cdiloben avtonomiis mqone<br />
umciresobebis problemaTa gamoyenebas. magaliTad, k. gajievi aRniSnavs afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
samxreT oseTis swrafvas ruseTisaken, agreTve, wuxs imis gamo, rom saqarTveloSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>Svebuli ar aris megruli <strong>da</strong> svanuri <strong>da</strong>mwerloba. gajievi msjelobs saqarTveloSi<br />
mcxovrebi umciresobebis separatistul ganwyobaze <strong>da</strong> Sesabamis perspeqtivebze.<br />
v. dergaCovis azriT, saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanSi, somxeTisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
SenarCunebulia tomuri <strong>da</strong> klanuri warmonaqmnebi. geopolitikuri wonasworobis<br />
SenarCuneba kavkasiaSi rTuldeba eris <strong>for</strong>mirebis procesis <strong>da</strong>umTavreblobiT<br />
saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanSi. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi, gar<strong>da</strong> yvelaze gavrcelebuli<br />
qarTulisa, aris sami monaTesave ena — megruli, lazuri <strong>da</strong> svanuri 149 .<br />
moskovis sapatriarqo iziarebs Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmad, dRes msoflioSi<br />
arsebobs ori polusi — <strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>da</strong> muslimuri. orive ganwirulia <strong>da</strong>saRupad. amitom<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Seiqmnas mesame — marTlmadidebluri civilizacia, romlis centri iqneba ruseTi.<br />
man un<strong>da</strong> Semoikribos yvela marTlmadidebeli xalxi (maT Soris — saqarTvelo) <strong>da</strong><br />
marTos isini.<br />
saqarTveloSic garkveuli Zalebi marTlmadideblobas politikur <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas<br />
aniWeben <strong>da</strong> Crdilouri orientaciis saWiroebas am umTavresi argumentis saxiT<br />
warmogvidgenen. maTi pozicia ramdenime Tezisze <strong>da</strong>iyvaneba: 1) qarTvelobis safuZveli<br />
marTlmadideblobaa; 2) <strong>da</strong>savleTi Cvengan marTlmadideblobis <strong>da</strong>Tmobas moiTxovs<br />
(seqtebis moRvaweoba). arsebuli xelisufleba amas xels uwyobs. qarTvelebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis gza mxolod ruseTTan umWidroes kavSirze gadis.<br />
magram politikur argumentad `marTlmadidebluri soli<strong>da</strong>robis~ moSvelieba<br />
saqarTveloSi bevrs miuReblad miaCnia <strong>da</strong> ufro metic, gaRizianebasac ki iwvevs.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg saqarTvelom <strong>da</strong>, mTlianad, kavkasiam gansakuTrebuli<br />
geopolitikuri mniSvneloba SeiZina. mis mimarT gazrdil interess safuZvlad<br />
is udevs, rom es eTnikur-religiurad araerTgvarovani <strong>da</strong> politikurad arastabiluri<br />
regioni civilizaciaTa sazRvarze mdebareobs. am teritorias v.dergaCovi<br />
`civilizaciaTa evraziul marginalur zonas~ (evramar-s) uwodebs <strong>da</strong> miiCnevs, rom misi<br />
kontroli gansazRvravs msoflio ganviTarebis gzas 150 .<br />
`evramarze~ gavlenis gavrceleba arsebiT mniSvnelobas iZens rogorc atlantistebisaTvis,<br />
ise evrazistebisaTvis. ukanasknel xans gaZlier<strong>da</strong> am regionis eTnikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
147 Панарин А. Реванш истории: Российская стратегическая инициатива в XXI веке. М., 1998, с.382.<br />
148 macaberiZe m. <strong>da</strong>sax.naSr., gv.13.<br />
149 Дергачев В. Геополитика. Киев, 2000, с.251-252.<br />
150 iqve, gv.106.<br />
63
konfesiuri niSniT <strong>da</strong>yofis tendencia, risi magaliTicaa kavkasia, balkaneTi Tu<br />
centraluri azia TavianTi lokaluri konfliqtebiT.<br />
atlantistTa mTavari ideologis z.bJezinskis mixedviT, kavkasia satransporto<br />
xazze mdebare <strong>da</strong> geopolitikurad metad mniSvnelovani `evraziuli balkaneTis~<br />
nawilia. igi mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri sivrcea masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli yvela xalxisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qveynisaTvis.regionSi strategiuli mdebareoba aqvs saqarTvelos, romelic<br />
uxsovari droi<strong>da</strong>n iyo aRmosavleTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis, CrdiloeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreTis<br />
<strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli xidi. z.bJezinskis mixedviT, swored SavizRvispireTze gadis<br />
evraziuli civilizaciis geopolitikuri <strong>da</strong> socialur-kulturuli sazRvrebi. aq<br />
ikveTeba bipolaruli RerZebi <strong>da</strong>savleTi _ aRmosavleTi <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeTi _ samxreTi 151 .<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> konfliqtebma didi politikur-ekonomikuri (kavkasiaSi arsebuli<br />
satransporto qselis rRveva, afxazeTis sarkinigzo bloka<strong>da</strong>) <strong>da</strong> socialur-eTnikuri<br />
(igulisxmeba, pirvel rigSi, migraciuli procesebi) gamoiwvia. ga<strong>da</strong>uWreli<br />
konfliqtebi aferxeben qveynebis politikur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas, iwveven<br />
arastabilurobas, biZgs aZleven organizebul <strong>da</strong>naSaulsa <strong>da</strong> terorizms. es Tavis<br />
mxriv, aisaxeb im did proeqtebze (navTobsadeni, traseka), romlebic kavkasiaSi un<strong>da</strong><br />
ganxorcieldes <strong>da</strong> romlebic am regionSi usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> stabilurobis garantad<br />
gvevlineba.<br />
am konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi CarTulia evrokavSiri, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saerTaSoriso<br />
organizacia. isini <strong>da</strong>interesebuli arian regionSi mSvidi <strong>da</strong> stabiluri situaciis<br />
SeqmniT. evrokavSiri amis miRwevas politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri saSualebebiT<br />
cdilobs, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ki _ politikuri <strong>da</strong> samxedro meTodebiT.<br />
aucilebelia imis aRniSvna, rom <strong>kavkasiis</strong> konfliqtebs diferencirebulad un<strong>da</strong><br />
mivudgeT. ar SieZleba CrdiloeT <strong>da</strong> samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> konfliqtebi erT prizmaSi<br />
moiazrebodes mxolod imitom, rom isini kavkasiaSi mimdinareobs. pirvel rigSi, es<br />
saerTaSoriso politikur sarbielze maT<strong>da</strong>mi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT aris<br />
ganpirobebuli. samxreT kavkasiaSi aqtiurad ikveTeba <strong>da</strong>svleTisa <strong>da</strong> aSS interesebi<br />
yvela sferoSi, maSin rodesac CrdiloeT kavkasia ruseTis ganuyofel nawilad<br />
aRiqmeba. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arsebuli politikuri koniunqturi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> erTian regionad ganxilva friad problemuria, Tumca<br />
politologebi ar gamoricxaven amgvar perspeqtivas, Tu ganxorcieldeba Semdegi<br />
pirobebi: 1) kavkasiaSi moqmedi eqstraregionuli Zalebi (ruseTi, irani, TurqeTi, aSS,<br />
evrokavSiri) ga<strong>da</strong>wyveten mWidro TanamSromlobas am regionSi; 2) ruseTis<br />
dezintegraciis procesi gagrZeldeba <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT kavkasiasac moicavs. sxva<br />
SemTxvevaSi CrdiloeT <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasia cal-calke subieqtebad <strong>da</strong>rCebian 152 .<br />
`pro<strong>da</strong>savlur, prorusul <strong>da</strong> pankavkasionistur Tu izolacionistur mimarTulebebs<br />
Soris brZolaSi mtkivneulad mimdinareobs saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri<br />
prioritetebis Camoyalibebis procesi” 153 . samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> saxelmwifoebs am Zalebs<br />
Soris arCevani ukve gakeTebuli aqvT. saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> azrbaijanis <strong>da</strong>savluri, xolo<br />
somxeTis gamokveTilad prorusuli orientacia, bunebrivia, gaaZnelebs <strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
saxelmwifoTa <strong>da</strong>axloebasa <strong>da</strong> erTian kavkasiaze saubars, miT umetes im viTarebaSi,<br />
roca am saxelmwifoebs ruseTisagan provocirebuli konfliqtebi ukve aTeuli welia<br />
mougvarebeli aqvT <strong>da</strong> amis gamo mravali problema aqvT ga<strong>da</strong>sawyveti (ltolvilebi,<br />
samSvidobo Zalebi, separatistuli reJimebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.). Tumca isic un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom<br />
151 Бжезинский З. Великая шахматная доска. М., 1998, с.69-73.<br />
152<br />
utiaSvili S. <strong>kavkasiis</strong> usafrTxoebis perspeqtivebi. “mSvidobiani kavkasia”? — saqarTvelos<br />
strategiuli kvlevevbisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis centris biuleteni, 41, 2000, agvisto, gv.38.<br />
153 iqve.<br />
64
samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xelsayreli geopolitikuri mdebareobis gamo, romelmac es regioni<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlelTa yuradRebis sferoSi moaqcia, igi, CrdiloeTisagan gansxvavebiT, ufro<br />
advilad `<strong>da</strong>usxlta~ xeli<strong>da</strong>n `did mezobels~ <strong>da</strong> meti Sansic aqvs <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifoebriobis sruli ganxorcielebis, demokratiuli sistemis aSenebisaTvis.<br />
amasTan, geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos unikaluroba isaa, rom igi<br />
saxmeleTo <strong>da</strong> sahaero komunikaciebis gzazecaa <strong>da</strong> sazRvao sanapirosac flobs, riTac<br />
kavSiri aqvs msoflio okeanesTan. amdenad, igi aziisa <strong>da</strong> evropis <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli<br />
umoklesi gzaa. amitom vinc flobs saqarTvelos, flobs kavkasiasac. ase iyo istoriula<strong>da</strong>c,<br />
ris gamo saqarTvelo yovelTvis iyo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>mpyroblis interesis sagani.<br />
igi Tavisi ekonomikuri sakontaqto funqciiT, saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobiT,<br />
Tavisufali vaWrobiT <strong>da</strong> in<strong>for</strong>maciis gacvliT warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> civilizaciaTa<br />
sazRvarze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eTnokulturuli tradiciis Sexvdris areals.<br />
aseTive funqcia aRidgina saqarTvelom sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg, rodesac<br />
igi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis strategiuli interesebis sferoSi<br />
moeqca. es saSualebas aZlevs saqarTvelos, gansazRvros Tavisi adgili msoflios<br />
politikur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur rukaze.<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> regionis globaluri mniSvnelobis aRniSvnasTn erTad, eqspertebi<br />
gansakuTrebiT amaxvileben yuradRebas mis eTnikur <strong>da</strong> konfesiur siWreleze, ris<br />
gamoc Znelia aq arsebuli eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> religiuri <strong>da</strong>pirispirebebis <strong>da</strong>regulireba.<br />
ufro metic, politologTa nawili pesimisturad uyurebs regionSi stabilurobis<br />
miRwevis SesaZleblobas, radgan, roca regionSi ori hegemoni ibrZvis gavlenisaTvis, iq<br />
konfliqti arasodes ga<strong>da</strong>wydeba 154 .<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> Sinaganad arastabilur qveynebs aqvT sasazRvro problemebi, CarTulni<br />
arian teritoriul, eTnikur <strong>da</strong> religiur areulobaSi. amave dros, msoflios<br />
usafrTxoebis sistema mniSvnelovanwila<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli kavkasiaSi mimdinare<br />
procesebsa <strong>da</strong> regionis stabilurobaze. aq ki, saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanesi roli<br />
ekisreba, rag<strong>da</strong>n mxolod mas aqvs istoriulad mWidro urTierTobis gamocdileba<br />
regionis yvela xalxTan <strong>da</strong> qveyanasTan.<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> momavalTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, tradiciulad, ori ZiriTadi varianti ganixileba.<br />
optimisturi versiis Tanaxmad, saqaTvelo, azerbaijani <strong>da</strong> somxeTi un<strong>da</strong><br />
mixvdnen, rom mWidro TanamSromloba <strong>da</strong> regionuli integracia saSualebas miscems,<br />
ufro srulad gamoiyenon geoekonomikuri potenciali <strong>da</strong> amiT ganimtkicon<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebloba <strong>da</strong> suvereniteti. pesimisturi versiiT, samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> sami<br />
saxelmwifo sakmarisad ganviTarebuli ar aris imisaTvis, rom airCion integraciisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kompromisebis gza <strong>da</strong> mihyvnen am gzas bolomde, gare Zalebis nebisagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad.<br />
isini saubroben kavkasiaSi ori metoqe aliansis (ruseTi-irani-somxeTi; saqarTveloazerbaijani-TurqeTi)<br />
wamoqmnaze gare Zalebis monawileobiT 155 .<br />
mkvlevarTa nawili xazgasmiT aRniSnavs <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxebis gansakuTrebul<br />
istoriul gamocdilebas civilizaciur-kulturuli TanamSromlobis sferoSi.<br />
magaliTad, poloneli Teologi, filosofosi <strong>da</strong> kulturologi avgust peter kirSi<br />
(1916-2002) gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebamde cota xniT adre wer<strong>da</strong>: `kavkasia aris is regioni, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
samma umTavresma kulturam, religiam, azrovnebis meTodma, mentalobam _ uZvelesma<br />
iu<strong>da</strong>izmma, evropulma qristianobam <strong>da</strong> aRmosavlurma islamma _ mSvidobiani<br />
Tanaarsebobis TvalsaCino <strong>da</strong> xelSesaxebi magaliTi misces kacobriobas. dRes, 2001<br />
154<br />
ix.: xuciSvili q. religiuri situaciis cvlileba <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis problema Tanamedrove sqarTveloSi.<br />
Tb., 2004, gv. 33.<br />
155<br />
utiaSvili S. <strong>kavkasiis</strong> usafrTxoebis perspeqtivebi. “mSvidobiani kavkasia”? — saqarTvelos<br />
strategiuli kvlevevbisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis centris biuleteni, 41, 2000, agvisto, gv.37.<br />
65
wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis fonze warmoCenili sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fobiis sawinaaRmdego<br />
efeqturi antidotis gamomuSaveba mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod kacobriobis kulturul<br />
monapovarSi iberul-kavkasiuri Rvawlis SeswavliT, saTanado <strong>da</strong>skvnebiTa <strong>da</strong> codniT<br />
SeiaraRebis SemTxvevaSi aris SesaZlebeli 156 .<br />
qarTvelTa kulturuli identurobis problema: istoriuli Wrili<br />
kulturuli, civilizaciuri <strong>da</strong> religiuri identurobis problema gansakuTrebiT<br />
aqtualuri gax<strong>da</strong> civi omis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdgom etapze. Tumca rogorc problema, igi,<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxeliTa <strong>da</strong> Sinaarsobrivi <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT, yovelTvis arsebob<strong>da</strong>. amitom<br />
interesmoklebuli ar iqneba, mikled mimovixiloT qarTvelTa kulturuli<br />
identurobis istoriuli dinamika.<br />
I. uZvelesi periodis qarTuli kulturis raobis Sesaxeb msjeloba Znelia ori<br />
ZiriTadi mizezis gamo: 1) es aris qarTuli kulturis Camoyalibebis periodi; 2) masze<br />
arsebuli codna emyareba arqeologiur masalas, ucxoel avtorTa TxzulebebSi<br />
Semonaxul cnobebs <strong>da</strong> mogviano xanis qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis in<strong>for</strong>macias.<br />
isini iZleva safuZvels <strong>da</strong>skvnisaTvis, rom ”saqarTvelos istoriis gariJraJi<strong>da</strong>n ...<br />
Cveni samSoblo wina aziis did kulturul wreSi Sedio<strong>da</strong>” 157 . uZveles periodSi<br />
qarTuli kulturis Camoyalibeba mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> axlo aRmosavleTis didi<br />
kulturebis (Suamdinaruli, asuruli, xeTuri, urartuli) ganapiras, maT periferiaze.<br />
cota ufro gvian igi ganviTarebas ganagrZob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri (berZnul-romauli) <strong>da</strong><br />
aRmosavluri (parTiul-sparsuli) kulturebis gzaSesayarze. jerjerobiT, vidre<br />
aRniSnuli periodis qarTuli kulturis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi Seswavlili ar aris<br />
(isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom, masalis simwiris gamo, am maxasiaTebelTa <strong>da</strong>fiqsireba rTuli<br />
saqmea), raime mkafio <strong>da</strong>skvnis gakeTeba Znelia. mxolod imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom<br />
qarTuli kulturis saxe sul ufro mkafiod ikveTeba orive samyaro<strong>da</strong>n momdinare<br />
kulturuli impulsebis aTviseba-ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis fonze.<br />
II. momdevno periodi _ IV-X saukuneebi. am dros qarTuli kultura qristianuli<br />
(<strong>da</strong>savluri) civilizaciis ganapira kulturad SeiZleba ganvixiloT. swored am<br />
periodSi `simbiozuri elinisturi kulturis qristianobasTan SerwymiT iqmneba<br />
bizantiuri kulturuli tradiciebi, romlis sferoSi Semodian agreTve aRmosavluri<br />
qristianobis arealSi moqceuli qveynebi, maT Soris, istoriuli saqarTveloc.<br />
elinisturi kulturuli tendenciebis safuZvelze aRmosavluri qristianobis wiaRSi<br />
yalibdeba axali kulturuli centrebi, sakuTari erovnuli <strong>da</strong>mwerlobebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
aRmosavlur-<strong>da</strong>savlur civilizaciaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli erovnuli kulturuli<br />
tradiciebiT” 158 .<br />
sainteresoa, rom Tavad qarTvelebi sakuTar Tavs swored am kulturuli sivrcis<br />
nawilad aRiqvamen. am mxriv niSandoblivia ioane sabanisZis ori fraza: `romelni ese<br />
varT yuresa amas queyanisasa~, _ ambobs erTgan avtori; `ara xolo Tu berZenTa<br />
sarwmunoebai ese RmrTisa mieri moipoves, aramed Cvenca, SorielTa amaT mkvidrTa~, _<br />
aRniSnavs meoregan 159 .<br />
156 gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”, 2. IX. 2003.<br />
157 qiqoZe g. qarTuli kulturis perspeqtivebi. _ rCeuli Txz. sam tomad, t.II, Tb., 1964, gv. 230.<br />
158 gamyreliZe T. saqarTvelo evropaa Tu azia? — “Academia” (istoriul-filologiuri Jurnali). t.1. Tb.,<br />
2001, gv.6.<br />
159 ioane sabanisZe. wamebai wmidisa <strong>da</strong> netarisa mowamisa qristesisa haboisi. — wignSi: Cveni saunje, t.1, Tb.,<br />
1960, gv.46-47.<br />
66
ogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, qarTvelebi Tavs garkveuli erTobis (samyaros, mTlianobis)<br />
nawilad, kerZod, mis periferiad moiazreben. romelia es erToba, amaze pasuxsac ioane<br />
sabanisZesTan <strong>da</strong> ufro adrindel erT wyaroSi vpoulobT. sabanisZe mkafiod<br />
SemosazRvravs saqarTvelos garesamyaros: `queyana mas Crdiloisasa, sa<strong>da</strong>-igi ars<br />
sadguri <strong>da</strong> sabanake ZeTa magogisTai, romel arian xazarni, kac velur, saSinel piriTa,<br />
mxecis buneba, sisxlis mWamel, romel Sjuli ara aqus”; aRmosavleTiT _ arabebi,<br />
agresiis saTave <strong>da</strong> wyaro; <strong>da</strong>savleTiT _ `sazRvar maT<strong>da</strong> ars zRuai igi pontoisai,<br />
samkvidrebeli yovladve qristeaneTai... <strong>da</strong> ars qalaqebi igi <strong>da</strong> adgilebi sabrZaneblad<br />
qristes msaxurisa ionTa mefisa, romeli mosaydre ars didsa mas qalaqsa<br />
konstantinepovlisasa” 160 . naTelia, rom CrdiloeTiT <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTiT<br />
saqarTvelosaTvis ucxo kulturuli samyaroa, <strong>da</strong>savleTiT ki _ swored is erToba,<br />
romlis nawilad (ganapirad, periferiad, anu, sabanisZis sityviT, `yured~, `Sorielad”)<br />
qarTvelebi Tavs moiazreben <strong>da</strong> romlis centri konstantinopolia.<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom <strong>da</strong>saxelebul periodSi qarTvelebi klasikur-elinuri<br />
kulturis elementebs arabeTis gziTac iTvisebdnen, sa<strong>da</strong>c es kultura, garkveuli<br />
istoriuli pirobebis gamo, k.kekeliZis sityviT rom vTqvaT, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT adre<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>barg<strong>da</strong> 161 .<br />
meore, ufro adrindeli wyaro gaxlavT fartaZis sityva kolx warCinebulTa cnobil<br />
krebaze, romlis Canaweri agaTia sqolastikosis Txzulebam Semogvinaxa. aqac<br />
mkafiod Cans qarTvelTa mier bizantiur samyarosTan erTobis gacnobierebis faqti. es<br />
erToba emyareba tradicias, anu, wyaros mixedviT, `mSobliur wesebs”; saerTo `sazogadoebriv<br />
kanonebs, saxelmwifo wyobilebasa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebas”; `marTlmorwmuneobas <strong>da</strong><br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> saidumloTa umwikvloebas”; `azrTa erTianobas~ bizantielebTan 162 .<br />
interesmoklebuli ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos imis aRniSvna, rom ama Tu im kulturuli erTobis<br />
ganapirulobis, periferiulobis ganc<strong>da</strong> dRemde myara<strong>da</strong>a fesvgadgmuli qarTul<br />
cnobierebaSi. 1915 wels g.qiqoZe wer<strong>da</strong>: `Cven, vinc evropaSi vcxovrobT an evropis<br />
sazRvarze, erTi uebari wamali gvaqvs uimedobis winaaRmdeg: Cven Seuryevlad gvwams<br />
progresis Zlevamosileba” 163 .<br />
qarTuli kulturis provincializmze, saerTaSoriso TvalsazrisiT Cvens `civilizaciur<br />
provincielobaze~, mkafio evropocentristuli pozicii<strong>da</strong>n, laparakob<strong>da</strong><br />
k.kapaneli 164 .<br />
Tanamedrove publicistikaSi aseve araerTxel yofila xazgasmuli Cveni periferiuloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganapiruloba. magaliTad, `evropelTa qedmaRlur <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaze<br />
ganapira kulturuli arealebis mimarT~, romelTa ricxvSi Cven SevdivarT, laparakobs<br />
iv.amirxanaSvili 165 . `saqarTvelo yvela SemTxvevaSi iyo msoflio imperiebis ukiduresi<br />
provincia~, _ aRniSnavs g.gvasalia; misi azriT, igi dResac `<strong>da</strong>savluri integraciis, am<br />
universaluri gaerTianebis ganapira subieqtad rCeba <strong>da</strong> evropeizmis ukidures<br />
provincias warmoadgens. saqarTvelos monapireoba mas mudmiv <strong>da</strong>ZabulobaSi<br />
amyofebs” 166 . isic un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi saubaria <strong>da</strong>savluri _<br />
160<br />
iqve, gv.54.<br />
161 kekeliZe k. didi qarTveli poeti <strong>da</strong> humanisti saSualo saukuneebisa. — kekeliZe k. etiudebi Zveli<br />
qarTuli literaturis istorii<strong>da</strong>n. I. Tb., 1956, gv.8.<br />
162 qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba. Zeglebi <strong>da</strong> masalebi. Sekriba, narkvevi waumZRvara <strong>da</strong> saZieblebi <strong>da</strong>urTo<br />
n.kandelakma. Tb., 1958 gv.111-114. isic un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom ama Tu im kulturuli erTobis<br />
ganapirulobis, periferiulobis ganc<strong>da</strong> dRemde myara<strong>da</strong>a fesvgadgmuli qarTul cnobierebaSi.<br />
163<br />
qiqoZe g. filosofiuri paradoqsebi. _ gaz. “ganaxlebuli iveria”, 16, 1 oqtomberi, 2001, gv.11.<br />
164 kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi. Tb., 1996,<br />
gv. 322, 324.<br />
165 amirxanaSvili iv. rekviemi Cemi saukunisaTvis. _ gaz. “literaturuli saqarTvelo”, 15-21 ivnisi, 2001.<br />
166 gvasalia g. ra aris dRes qarTuli kultura. _ gaz. “meridiani”, 2000, 25-27 oqtomberi, gv.8.<br />
67
izantiuri Tu evropuli (<strong>da</strong> ara aRmosavluri) samyaros mimarT Cvens ganapirulobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> periferiulobaze.<br />
III. XI-XII saukuneebSi qarTuli kultura kvlav rCeba qristianuli <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
aRmosavleTTan sasazRvro kulturad (qristianoba am dros mxolod iwyebs gaTiSvas<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> aRmosavlur qristianul samyarod, amitom SesaZlebelia mTlianobis<br />
saxiT misi gaazreba). am periodSi masSi yvelaze srulad <strong>da</strong> naTlad iyris Tavs<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTTan <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTTan xangrZlivi urTierTobis procesSi SeTvisebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
qarTul nia<strong>da</strong>gze ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebuli elementebi. amis ubrwyinvales magaliTebad<br />
SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT `sibrZne balavarisi~ <strong>da</strong> `vefxistyaosani~. k. kekeliZis sityviT,<br />
am dros `<strong>da</strong>savleTis elinuri <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis klasikuri poezia saqarTveloSi<br />
xvdebian erTmaneTs; <strong>da</strong>savleTSi homerosi, aRmosavleTSi firdousi, xolo SuaSi, maT<br />
mijnaze _ saqarTveloSi _ rusTaveli” 167 .<br />
qarTvel moazrovneTa (mTawmindelebi, efrem mcire, ioane petriwi, arsen<br />
iyalToeli) TxzulebebSi Tavmoyrilia qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis<br />
Camoyalibebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis mTeli gamocdileba, meore mxriv ki, rogorc geronti<br />
qiqoZe aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, `arasodes ar <strong>da</strong>axloebia saqarTvelo kulturulad iranul-arabul<br />
msoflios ise mWidrod, rogorc XII saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>uaxlov<strong>da</strong>” 168 . saqarTveloSi kargad<br />
icnobdnen <strong>da</strong> Targmnidnen kidec firdousis, gurganis, xakanisa <strong>da</strong> iranuli poeziis<br />
sxva klasikosTa Txzulebebs. ase Caisaxa CvenSi `mxatvruli saero literatura,<br />
romlis msgavsi arc erTma sxva saqristiano qveyanam am dros ar icis” 169 .<br />
amave periodSi qarTul kulturas gacilebiT metis pretenzia <strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria,<br />
SesaZleblobac uCndeba. igi axali, Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi kavkasiuri kulturuli<br />
erTobis birTvuli (centraluri) kulturis rolSi gamodis. es procesi<br />
ideologiura<strong>da</strong>c mzaddeba (leonti mroveli, giorgi merCule, qarTuli mesianisturi<br />
idea) <strong>da</strong> praqtikula<strong>da</strong>c xorcieldeba, Tumca bolomde ver midis <strong>da</strong> SemdgomSi mxolod<br />
ideis perioduli gamococxlebis faqtebiT gvaxsenebs Tavs.<br />
IV. calke perio<strong>da</strong>d SeiZleba gamoiyos XIII-XV saukuneebi, roca viwrovdeba ara<br />
marto qarTuli kulturis gavrcelebis areali (CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi fexs ikidebs<br />
islami; samxreTiT qarTuli miwa-wylis nawili osmalTa imperiis xelSi eqceva), aramed<br />
ikveceba mTlianad aRmosavlurqristianuli civilizaciis saarsebo teritoria, 1453<br />
wels ki, arsebobas wyvets am samyaros birTvi — bizantia, ris Semdeg saqarTvelo (Tanac<br />
politikurad <strong>da</strong>Slili) garSemortymuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> mahmadianuri saxelmwifoebiT.<br />
vidre es procesebi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos axali, mahmadianuri civilizaciuri<br />
<strong>garemo</strong>cva yalibdebo<strong>da</strong>, anu swored XIII-XV saukuneebSi, qarTuli kultura<br />
SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc marginaluri _ marTlmadidebel qristianul <strong>da</strong> muslimur<br />
samyaroTa Soris, rogorc `<strong>da</strong>savleTis aRmosavleTi~ <strong>da</strong> `aRmosavleTis <strong>da</strong>savleTi~<br />
(saqarTvelosaTvis <strong>da</strong>savleTad, rogorc zemoTac vTqviT, bizantia gamodis).<br />
V. XVI-XVII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos politikuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria,<br />
kulturuli kontaqtebi mkacrad SemosazRvrulia muslimuri samyaros farglebiT <strong>da</strong>,<br />
faqtobrivad, aRar arsebobs politikuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri arCevanis<br />
SesaZlebloba. amdenad, Znelia visubroT am periodis qarTuli kulturis marginalur<br />
mdgomareobaze romelime or kulturul Tu civilizaciur erTobas Soris, imitom rom<br />
saqarTvelos civilizaciuri <strong>garemo</strong>cva, rogorc vTqviT, calsaxad mahmadianuria.<br />
marTalia, mas CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan uaxlovdeba ruseTis marTlmadidebluri<br />
167 kekeliZe k. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.10.<br />
168 qiqoZe g. axali kulturis mijnaze. — qiqoZe g. rCeuli Txz. sam tomad, t.II, Tb., “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”,<br />
1964, gv.184.<br />
169 kekeliZe k. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.10.<br />
68
saxelmwifo, magram Tavad ruseTis kulturuli <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri raoba mxolod<br />
Camoyalibebis safexurzea; miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad saerTo marTlmadidebluri msoflmxedvelobrivi<br />
safuZvlisa, qarTuli kulturisaTvis ruseTi sruliad ucxo kulturuli samyaroa.<br />
erTmorwmuneoba politikuri orientaciis safuZveli ki xdeba, magram, kulturuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri <strong>garemo</strong>cvis TvalsazrisiT, es jerjerobiT verafers cvlis.<br />
amdenad, qarTuli kultura SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc ucxo (ara ucnob) kulturul<br />
<strong>garemo</strong>cvaSi moqceuli mTlianoba, romelic cdilobs, am axal gamowvevaze pasuxis<br />
moZebnis gziT SeinarCunos sakuTari saxe <strong>da</strong> ar iqces <strong>garemo</strong>mcveli kulturis<br />
nawilad. am dros mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, Tu SeiZleba ase ewodos, marginalobis<br />
gamocdileba, muSaobs kulturis maxasiaTeblebi, Camoyalibebuli marginalobis<br />
periodSi. yalibdeba a<strong>da</strong>ptaciuri meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiT qarTuli kultura XVIII<br />
saukunis bolo<strong>da</strong>n Camoyalibebul axal civilizaciur <strong>garemo</strong>cvas kvlav sakuTari<br />
(mahmadianurisagan gansxvavebuli, Tumca misiT mniSvnelovanwilad <strong>da</strong>R<strong>da</strong>smuli)<br />
maxasiaTeblebiT xvdeba.<br />
VI. XIX s. <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n 60-ian wlebamde saqarTvelos irgvliv Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT<br />
yalibdeba axali civilizaciuri <strong>garemo</strong> _ qristianul-marTlmadidebluri, mxolod<br />
axali birTviT — ruseTiT. <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli periodi masTan a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis xanaa. XVIII<br />
saukunis meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n, gansakuTrebiT ki XIX saukuni<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelo sul ufro<br />
axlos ecnobo<strong>da</strong> evropas, Tumca es nacnoboba, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, ruseTiT iyo gaSualebuli.<br />
rogorc k.kapaneli aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, `qarTuli kulturis diriJorad XIX s. pirvel naxevarSi<br />
isev rCeba aRmosavleTi, sparsuli gemovnebiTa <strong>da</strong> esTetiuri filosofiiT” 170 , magram<br />
evropis gavlena Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan sagrZnobi xdeba kulturis yvela sferoSi. k.kapaneli mamaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> SvilTa brZolasac qarTul kulturaSi <strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>da</strong> aRmosavluri tendenciebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebiT xsni<strong>da</strong> 171 .<br />
VII. XIX s. 60-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n, kavkasiaSi ruseTis gabatonebis Sedegad, saqarTvelo<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan mowy<strong>da</strong> misTvis kargad nacnob aRmosavlur-muslimur kulturas <strong>da</strong><br />
aRmosavlur qristianul civilizaciur <strong>garemo</strong>Si moeqca. oRond am civilizacias<br />
axali birTvi hqon<strong>da</strong> — ruseTi, romelic Tava<strong>da</strong>c TviT<strong>da</strong>dginebis stadiaze iyo <strong>da</strong><br />
romlis irgvliv periferiis Camoyalibeba politikuri, <strong>da</strong> ara kulturuli niSniT<br />
mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. amave dros, am civilizaciis birTvSic (ruseTi) <strong>da</strong> periferiazec<br />
(magaliTad, CevnSi) mZlavrad iWrebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri (evropuli) nakadebi. Sesabamisad,<br />
qarTul kulturis winaSe aqtiurad <strong>da</strong>dga <strong>da</strong>savlur qristianul <strong>da</strong> rusulmarTlmadideblur<br />
civilizaciaTa Soris sakuTari adgilis gansazRvris sakiTxi,<br />
romelic gansakuTrebul aqtualobas iZen<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos politikuri <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
periodebSi — 1918-1921 wlebSi <strong>da</strong> igive saukunis 90-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
dRes qarTuli kultura kvlav civilizaciuri identurobis problemis winaSe dgas.<br />
misi amJamindeli civilizaciuri <strong>garemo</strong>cva Semdegi saxiT warmogvidgeba:<br />
1) <strong>da</strong>savlursa <strong>da</strong> slavur-marTlmadideblur civilizaciebs Soris gaxleCili<br />
ruseTi, romlis politikuri nawilic saqarTvelo iyo XIX-XX saukuneebSi. ruseTis<br />
saxiT warmodgenil marTlamdideblur-slavur civilizaciasTan saqarTvelos<br />
bizantiuri (aRmosavleTqristianuli) kulturuli memkvidreobac akavSirebs, Tumca<br />
civilizaciur erTobaze saubari friad problemuria.<br />
2) <strong>da</strong>savlursa <strong>da</strong> muslimur civilizaciebs Soris gaxleCili TurqeTi <strong>da</strong>,<br />
mTlianad, mezobeli muslimuri civilizacia. saqarTvelos bolo ramdenime saukunis<br />
170 kapaneli k. qarTuli literaturis socialuri genezisi. — kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur<br />
saxeebSi. Tb., 1996, gv.108.<br />
171<br />
iqve, gv.121.<br />
69
istoria am civilizaciisagan mkafio gamijvnis niSniTaa aRbeWdili. mis calkeul<br />
nawilebTan qarTul kulturas mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze uSualo <strong>da</strong> mWidro<br />
kontaqti hqon<strong>da</strong>. am kontaqtis Sedegad masSi <strong>da</strong>ileqa mravali maxasiaTebeli, romelic<br />
qarTul kulturas aRmosavleTTan aaxloebs. magram igi arasdros axden<strong>da</strong> TviTidentifikacias<br />
aRmosavleTTan, mkafiod ganasxvaveb<strong>da</strong> Tavs aRmosavluri kulturebisagan.<br />
SesaZloa, amis mizezi swored mudmivi <strong>da</strong> metad mWidro kontaqti iyo.<br />
3) aqtualobas inarCunebs <strong>kavkasiis</strong> kulturuli <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri raobis<br />
problema, misi mTlianobad ganxilvis SesaZleblobisa Tu SeuZleblobis sakiTxi,<br />
romelic calke ganxilvis sagania. Sesabamisad, dgeba mTlianad <strong>kavkasiis</strong> an misi<br />
calkeuli nawilebis ama Tu im civilizaciasTan mimarTebis sakiTxebi.<br />
4) <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizacia, romlis nawilad yofnis <strong>da</strong>mtkicebas saqarTvelo,<br />
ramdenime saukunea, bejiTad cdilobs. XIX saukunis evropel inteleqtualTa azriT,<br />
SavizRvispireTSi mdebare kolxeTi evropisa <strong>da</strong> aziis <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli wertili iyo,<br />
misi mcxovrebni ki `kavkasiur, anu evropul toms ganekuTvnebodnen~ <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTTan<br />
iyvnen <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli 172 . wina azia iqca im zRurblad, winkarad, romlis gavliTac<br />
xvdebo<strong>da</strong> evropaSi is principebi, romlebic aq Canasaxis saxiT vlindebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
Camoyalibebul saxes ki, mxolod evropis mudmivad mSenebare nagebobaSi iReb<strong>da</strong>. magram<br />
JamTa msvlelobam evropis es saparado Sesasvleli Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan `qristianobis aziuri<br />
provinciis” 173 ukana karad aqcia, romelic ise <strong>da</strong>Sor<strong>da</strong> ZiriTad Senobas, rom lamis<br />
funqcia<strong>da</strong>kargul nangrevad iqca. mTeli Semdgomi istoriis manZilze qarTvelebi imis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkicebas cdilobdnen, rom es bizantiuri stilis, mSvenieri winkari aucilebeli <strong>da</strong><br />
organuli nawilia im evropuli nagebobisa, romelic qristianobam SeaduRaba. es iyo<br />
molodiniTa <strong>da</strong> imedgacruebiT aRsavse brZola evropaSi integraciis uflebis mosapoveblad,<br />
romelic dResac grZeldeba. saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> evropas Soris <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli,<br />
Sualeduri rgolis saxiT xan ruseTi ganixileba, xan — xmelTaSuazRvispireTi, romlis<br />
farglebSi mkvlevarTa nawili balkanur-kavkasiur tips gamoyofs.<br />
aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos erTi <strong>garemo</strong>ebac: <strong>da</strong>savlur samyarosTan (dRevandeli<br />
<strong>da</strong> masTan miaxloebuli gagebiT) Cveni mimarTebis problema, rogorc Cans, saTaves<br />
swored bizantiis <strong>da</strong>cemis Semdeg iRebs, radgan, jer erTi, Tavad <strong>da</strong>savleTis (evropis)<br />
saxe swored maSin <strong>da</strong> kidev ufro mogvianebiT yalibdeba; meore, bizantiis <strong>da</strong>cemiT<br />
arseboba Sewyvita im kulturulma erTobam, romlis farglebSi Tavs moiazreb<strong>da</strong><br />
qarTuli kultura. SeiZleba vTqvaT asec: bizantiis <strong>da</strong>cemiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT<br />
qristianuli civilizaciis arsebobis erTi etapi <strong>da</strong> saTave <strong>da</strong>edo meores, roca am<br />
civilizaciis centris, birTvis funqciam ruseTze ga<strong>da</strong>inacvla. masSi saqarTvelos<br />
kulturul-civilizaciuri integracia ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra, Tumca politikurad saqarTvelo<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan mis nawilad iqca. sruliad umarTebulo Cans Tvalsazrisi, TiTqos bizantiis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cemiT saqarTvelo mowy<strong>da</strong> evropas <strong>da</strong> dRes (<strong>da</strong> adrec _ magaliTad, ruseTTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebis gziT) Cven am istoriuli `uiRblobis~ gamosworebas vcdilobT. saqme<br />
isaa, rom SeuZlebelia mowyde imas, risi nawilic ar yofilxar. CvenTvis <strong>da</strong>savleTi<br />
bizantia iyo, <strong>da</strong> ara evropa.<br />
evropisadmi saqarTvelos istoriuli kuTvnilebis Tema dRes friad `moduria~,<br />
swored amitom aucilebelia, mkafiod gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan am problemis<br />
politikuri <strong>da</strong> mecnieruli aspeqtebi. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, sakiTxis ase<br />
<strong>da</strong>yeneba savsebiT gasagebia. rac Seexeba Cveni <strong>da</strong>savluri miswrafebis istoriuli<br />
safuZvlebis kvlevas, am mxriv gasakeTebeli gakeTebulze gacilebiT metia. problemis<br />
Seswavla diaqronul WrilSi, integraluri <strong>da</strong> komparativistuli analizis<br />
172 Hegel G.W.Fr. Vorlesungen uber dis Philosophie der Weltgeschichte. Berlin, 1970, p. 239, 414.<br />
173 Herder I.G. Ileen zur Philosophie der Geshischichte der Menschheit. Berlin. 1923, p.577.<br />
70
moSveliebiT saSualebas mogvcems, Tvali mivadevnoT Cveni kulturis Sinagan<br />
maxasiaTebelTa dinamikas <strong>da</strong> sxva kulturebTan/civilizaciebTan mis mimarTebas.<br />
amgvari muSaoba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>rgis mkvlevarTa erTobliv Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.<br />
mxolod am SemTxvevaSi iqneba <strong>da</strong>skvnebi <strong>da</strong>majerebeli.<br />
kulturuli <strong>da</strong> religiuri identurobis problemaTa<br />
aqtualizacia postsabWoTa xanaSi. eTnikurobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
religiurobis ideologizacia <strong>da</strong> politizacia<br />
Cveni kursis farglebSi, religiaSi igulisxmeba ara sakuTriv religiuri moZRvreba<br />
<strong>da</strong> instituti, aramed centraluri sistema, romelic axdens kulturis/civilizaciis<br />
konstruirebas. TviT religiis <strong>for</strong>mirebas mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs<br />
kultura/civilizacia TviTorganizaciis procesSi, rogorc `pasuxs~ <strong>garemo</strong>s `gamowvevaze~.<br />
religia ayalibebs faseulobaTa sistemas, romelsac efuZneba mis aRmsarebelTa<br />
individualuri <strong>da</strong> jgufuri faseulobani.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, qristianul-marTlmadideblurma sarwmunoebam didi roli<br />
Seasrula saqarTvelos istoriaSi. mas <strong>da</strong>efuZna qarTuli kultura, romlis saxis<br />
CamoyalibebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> aRmosavlur qristianul samyaroSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul normebs. rigi mizezebis gamo, romelTa Soris umTavresi iyo<br />
saqarTvelos politikuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri <strong>garemo</strong>, marTlmadidebloba<br />
erovnulobasTan gaigiv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>cva qveynis `gamoxsna-aRdgomis~ problemas<br />
<strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong>. erTmorwmune mokavSiris, Semdeg ki mfarvelis Zieba saukuneTa manZilze<br />
saqarTvelos sagareo politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo. politikuri<br />
orientaciis sakiTxi CvenSi kulturuli orientaciis problemad trans<strong>for</strong>mir<strong>da</strong>,<br />
islamur samyarosTan mravalsaukunovani <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis pirobebSi ki am arCevanma<br />
miiRo, agreTve, religiur-kulturuli arCevanis saxe.<br />
SemTxveviTi ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos is faqti, rom qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi Cveni<br />
mahmadiani mezoblebi umTavresad sarwmunoebrivi Sinaarsis matarebeli saxelebiT<br />
ixseniebian: `musulmanni~ (“istoriani <strong>da</strong> azmani SaravandedTani”), `musurmanni~ (basili<br />
ezosmoZRvari), `mohmadianni~ (iqve), `islemTa eri~ (iqve), `islemni~ (“istoriani <strong>da</strong><br />
azmani...“), `sarkinozni~ (iqve), Tumca gvxvdeba eTnikuri saxelebic 174 .<br />
aRniSnul sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, niSandoblivia saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />
respublikis cnobili moRvawis gr. lorTqifaniZis Tvalsazrisi. `saqarTvelos kulturuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri orientacia mtkiced iyo mimarTuli evropisaken. es<br />
politika qarTveli xalxis tradiciul-istoriuli swrafvaa, _ aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> igi. _<br />
aziaSi SeWrili saqarTvelo Tavis saqristiano kulturiT mu<strong>da</strong>m ufro evropis nawils<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, vidre aziisas. saqarTvelos Segnebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aqvs, rom jerjerobiT<br />
yovel SemTxvevaSi yvelaze uaresi evropa saukeTeso azias sjobia” 175 .<br />
magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTia politikuri <strong>da</strong>, Tun<strong>da</strong>c, sarwmunoebrivi<br />
orientacia, meore ki _ ama Tu im civilizaciisadmi kuTvnileba, romelic, politikur<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomikur interesebze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli kavSirebisagan gansxvavebiT, xangrZlivi<br />
drois manZilze yalibdeba <strong>da</strong> warmoadgens mravali sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>garemo</strong>ebis (zogjer _<br />
SemTxveviTisac) Sedegs. ingliseli mecnieri a.smiti aRniSnavs, rom religiuri<br />
174<br />
dondua v. “vefxistyaosani” <strong>da</strong> qarTveli istorikosebi. _ wignSi: saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi<br />
(rusTavelis 800 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili krebuli). Tb., 1968, gv.239.<br />
175<br />
lorTqifaniZe gr. <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelo. _ wignSi: lorTqifaniZe gr. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tb.,<br />
Tsu gamomc., 1995, gv.156-157.<br />
71
identuroba SeiZleba aZlierebdes sxva, maT Soris civilizaciur, identurobebs, <strong>da</strong><br />
SeiZleba asustebdes maT 176 .<br />
s. semionovis azriT, religiuri parametris miCneva civilizaciis ZiriTad msaz-<br />
Rvrelad, rac farTo<strong>da</strong>a gavrcelebuli istoriul-filosofiur literaturaSi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia meTodologiur reduqcionizmTan <strong>da</strong> saTaves evropocentrizmi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
iRebs: ukanaskneli saukuneebis <strong>da</strong>savleT evropuli civilizaciis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli<br />
aRiarebulia yvela civilizaciis umTavres determinantad 177 . magram es<br />
maxasiaTebeli Znelad Tu gamodgeba sasazRvro civilizaciebisa Tu kulturebisaTvis,<br />
romlebic warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis, CrdiloeTis <strong>da</strong> samxreTis<br />
samyaroTa aTaswlovani urTierTqmedebis Sedegs.<br />
mkvlevari aRniSnavs CvenTvis sayuradRebo kidev erT <strong>garemo</strong>ebas: konfesiurad<br />
Wrel regionebSi araiSviaTad yalibdeba kulturuli erTobebi, romlebic mravali<br />
saukunis manZilze arsebobs. kulturuli memkvidreobiToba aq mJRavndeba ara<br />
religiur sferoSi, aramed kulturis esTetikur <strong>da</strong> eTikur aspeqtebSi, miTologiaSi,<br />
fsiqologiasa <strong>da</strong> xasiaTSi 178 .<br />
kulturisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciis mTavar determinantad religiis aRiarebis kritikiT<br />
XX s. 50-ian wlebSi, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, gamovi<strong>da</strong> amerikeli kulturologi f.<br />
begbi, romelic xazgasmiT miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom religia zecivilizaciuri fenomeni ki ara,<br />
misi erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia, sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad. amitom savsebiT<br />
bunebrivia, rom qristianuli samyaros (ara civilizaciis) ori nawili arsebiTad<br />
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTqristianuli civilizacia met msgavsebas<br />
amJRavnebs aRmosavlur (muslimur) civilizaciasTan, vidre <strong>da</strong>savlurqristianulTan<br />
(evropulTan) 179 .<br />
interesmoklebuli ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos imis gaxseneba, rom jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi, roca<br />
i.g.herderi saqarTvelos `qristianobis aziur provinciad~ acxadeb<strong>da</strong> 180 . Sesabamisad,<br />
qristianad yofna misTvis evropelad yofnasTan ar igivdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kulturuli <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri identurobis sakiTxebma gansakuTrebuli aqtualuroba<br />
SeiZina. mecnierebTan erTad, isini sul ufro xSirad iqceva politikosTa<br />
interesis sagnad. identurobis kvleva, TeoriulTan erTad, praqtikul mniSvnelobasac<br />
iZens, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c sadReiso <strong>da</strong> samomavlo kulturul-politikuri orientirebis<br />
gansazRvris SesaZleblobas iZleva. civilizaciuri identurobis gansazRvra, arcTu<br />
iSviaTad, ganixileba im krizisi<strong>da</strong>n Tavis <strong>da</strong>Rwevis saSualebad, romelsac ganicdian<br />
Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi saxelmwifoebi.<br />
kulturuli <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri identurobis sakiTxebi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria<br />
e.w. mcire erebisa <strong>da</strong> xalxebisaTvis, romelTa mentaloba, Tu milan kunderas<br />
<strong>da</strong>vesesxebiT, gansazRvrulia sakuTari mniSvnelobis permanentuli ZiebiT. <strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
xalxebisaTvis, maT Soris, qarTvelebisaTvis, saqmes kidev ufro arTulebs kulturaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> civilizaciaTa mijnaze arsebobis faqtori. kavkasia, istoriula<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong> dResac,<br />
warmoadgens <strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis, CrdiloeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreTis <strong>da</strong>makavSirebel<br />
xids, civilizaciaTa gzajvaredins <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Zalis interesTa<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>kveTis areals. kavkasia is regionia, romlisTvisac saukuneebis manZilze <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
iyo integraciuli <strong>da</strong> dezintegraciuli tendenciebis organuli Serwyma <strong>da</strong><br />
dinamikuri wonasworoba.<br />
176 Смит А. Национальная идентичность и идея европейского единства. – В сб.: Актуальные проблемы Европы: экономика,<br />
политика, идеология, М.: ИНИОН, 1993, вып.1, с.120.<br />
177 Семенов С.И. Компаративные лонгитюдные исследования..., с.35.<br />
178<br />
iqve.<br />
179 Bagby Ph. Culture and History, p.176.<br />
180 Гердер И.Г. Идеи к философии истории человечества. М., 1977, с.491.<br />
72
civilizaciaTa konfliqtis prognozis mixedviT, xalxebi, romlebic civilizacia-<br />
Ta gamyof mijnebze cxovroben, ganwirulni arian civilizaciaTa Soris aRmocenebuli<br />
sisxlismRvreli brZolis velad qcevisaTvis. es arcTu saxarbielo perspeqtiva biZgs<br />
aZlevs identurobis problemaTa kvlevas. Tu imasac gavixsenebT, rom kulturaTa <strong>da</strong><br />
civilizaciaTa gzajvaredinze mcxovreb xalxTa istoriuli warsuli, rogorc wesi,<br />
TviTga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis brZolis <strong>for</strong>maTa Ziebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi met-naklebad warmatebuli<br />
realizaciis saxiT warmogvidgeba, naTeli gaxdeba am xalxTa gansakuTrebuli interesi<br />
aRniSnuli problematikisadmi.<br />
lokalur civilizaciaTa TeoriaSi religia civilizaciis erT-erT ZiriTad<br />
determinanta<strong>da</strong>a warmodgenili. gavixsenoT civilizaciaTa klasifikacia, mocemuli<br />
n.<strong>da</strong>nilevskis, a.toinbis, s.hanTingtonisa <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa mier. rogorc aRvniSneT, am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi religiaSi igulisxmeba ara sakuTriv religiuri moZRvreba <strong>da</strong> instituti,<br />
aramed centraluri sistema, romelic axdens civilizaciis konstruirebas socialurkulturuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT. TviT religiis <strong>for</strong>mirebas mniSvnelovanwilad gansaz-<br />
Rvravs civilizacia TviTorganizaciis procesSi, rogorc `pasuxs~ <strong>garemo</strong>s `gamowvevaze~.<br />
magram religiuri parametris ganxilva sxva maxasiaTebelTagan mowyvetiT srul<br />
(<strong>da</strong>, xSir SemTxvevaSi, swor) warmodgenas ver gviqmnis ama Tu im qveynis (xalxis,<br />
kulturis) civilizaciur raobaze. ufro metic — religiuri parametris miCneva ama Tu<br />
im kulturis civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis ZiriTad msazRvrelad SeiZleba safuZvlad<br />
<strong>da</strong>edos urTierTgamomricxav <strong>da</strong>skvnebs. am mxriv, niSandoblivia saqarTvelos civilizaciuri<br />
kuTvnilebis ori versia, romlebic, swored am parametrze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT,<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>skvnas gvTavazobs.<br />
erTi versiis Tanaxmad, swored religiur parametrze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, saqarTvelo<br />
aRmosavlur qristianuli civilizaciis SemadgenlobaSi moiazreba, romlis nawilebs<br />
warmoadgenen agreTve bizantia, somxeTi, ruseTi <strong>da</strong> kidev ramdenime erTeuli 181 . es<br />
Tvalsazrisi mocemulia a.toinbisTan, s.hanTingtonTan (romelic am civilizacias,<br />
ratomRac, marTlmadideblur-slavurs uwodebs — albaT, birTvuli kulturi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare), agreTve rig qarTvel <strong>da</strong> ucxoel mkvlevarebTan.<br />
magram ze<strong>da</strong>piruli analiziTac ki cxadia, rom aRmosavlur qristianuli samyaro<br />
civilizaciurad erTgvarovani ar aris <strong>da</strong> am samyarosTan religiuri erToba<br />
yovelTvis ar niSnavs masTan civilizaciur erTobasac. aRniSnuli samyaros erTi<br />
nawili — saqarTvelo — Znelia mivakuTvnoT imave civilizacias, romelsac meore<br />
nawili — vTqvaT, ruseTi, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi ugulebelvyofT `erTa Soris<br />
TvisebaTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobas~, romelic, rogorc jer kidev nikoloz baraTaSvilma<br />
SeniSna, aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre `sjulis erToba~.<br />
aq aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom saWiroa erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaoT<br />
civilizaciuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri orientacia <strong>da</strong> kuTvnileba. XIX saukuneSi saqarTvelo<br />
ruseTis imperiis politikur nawilad ki iqca, magram, kulturul-civilizaciuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT, ruseTi im dros misTvis gacilebiT ucxo sivrces warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, vidre,<br />
magaliTad, religiurad <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli irani. Znelia <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT iTqvas, rom<br />
ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi yofnam <strong>da</strong> masTan religiurma identurobam<br />
ganapiroba saqarTvelos qceva aRmosavlur qristianuli civilizaciis nawilad <strong>da</strong><br />
qarTuli kulturis maxasiaTebelTa <strong>for</strong>mireba, romelic mas am civilizaciis sxva<br />
kulturebis msgavsi eqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, religiuri maxasiaTebeli SeiZleba ucvleli iyos xangrZlivi drois<br />
ganmavlobaSi, magram sxva civilizaciuri maxasiaTeblebis cvlilebam gamoiwvios<br />
181 Тойнби А.Дж. Постижение истории. М.-СПб., 1993.<br />
73
civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis trans<strong>for</strong>macia. magaliTad, saqarTvelos religiuri<br />
maxasiaTebeli ucvlelia saukuneTa manZilze, magram misi civilizaciuri kuTvnileba,<br />
sxva maxasiaTeblebisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri <strong>garemo</strong>s cvlilebis gamo, mkafiobiT ar<br />
gamoirCeva.<br />
amave versiis farglebSi Tavsdeba saqarTvelos gaazreba evraziuli civilizaciis<br />
nawilad. aRniSnul Tvalsazriss momxreebi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, rus mkvlevarTa Soris <strong>da</strong><br />
qarTuli politikuri elitis nawilSi hyavs. rusi mkvlevari n.rozovi miiCnevs, rom<br />
Tavis droze saqarTvelo, somxeTTan erTad, bizantiuri civilizaciis ganapira mxares<br />
(kulturas) warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, dRes ki igi evraziuli civilizaciis subdominantia, magram<br />
TurqeTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> aSS-<strong>da</strong>n momdinare mizidulobis Zalebs SeuZliaT, saqarTvelo<br />
marginalur zonad aqcion 182 . qarTvel politikosTa nawilis azriT, saqarTvelo,<br />
rogorc marTlmadideblobaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli kulturis qveyana, civilizaciurad<br />
aRmosavleT qristianul samyaros ganekuTvneba, es samyaro ki dRes ruseTis saxiTaa<br />
warmodgenili, amitom saqarTvelo kulturul-civilizaciuri TvalsazrisiT<br />
ruseTTan erTobaSi un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT. am azris momxreTaTvis, rogorc zemoTac iTqva,<br />
amosavali religiur-sarwmunoebrivi argumentia.<br />
religiur-sarwmunoebriv arguments emyareba meore versiac, romlis Tanaxmad,<br />
qarTuli kultura <strong>da</strong>savlur (evropul) civilizacias ganekuTvneba, radgan igi iyo<br />
erT-erTi pirveli evropuli qveyana, sa<strong>da</strong>c qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad aRiares,<br />
xolo evropuli/<strong>da</strong>savluri samyaro swored qristianul faseulobebs <strong>da</strong>efuZna.<br />
qarTvel mkvlevarTa <strong>da</strong> politikosTa nawilisaTvis es ueWveli <strong>da</strong>skvnaa, meore nawili<br />
ki cdilobs, Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicilos sasurvelis realobad miRebis cduneba <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />
civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis Taobaze msjeloba ufro mkacri argumentebiT Seamagros.<br />
am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia axalgazr<strong>da</strong> mkvlevar q.kakitelaSvilis<br />
naSromi `<strong>da</strong>savleTi qarTul cnobierebaSi~, sa<strong>da</strong>c gaanalizebulia qarTuli kulturis<br />
maxasiaTeblebi <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> aRmosavlur kulturul sivrceebTan mimarTebaSi,<br />
agreTve Cveni `<strong>da</strong>savluri miswrafebis~ warmoSobis ganmapirobebeli faqtorebi.<br />
kerZod, avtori aRniSnavs im faqts, rom qarTvel tomTa Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli gansaxlebis<br />
arealad mcire azias, anu mogviano xanis qarTuli saxelmwifoebis <strong>da</strong>savleT mxares<br />
varaudoben, sa<strong>da</strong>c SemdgomSic ganagrZobdnen cxovrebas qarTveluri <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
monaTesave eTnikuri jgufebi. T.kakitelaSvili gvTavazobs varauds, rom, SesaZloa,<br />
swored am mizeziT, qarTvelebis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli sivrciTi orientacia geografiulad<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTisaken iyo mimarTuli. droTa ganmavlobaSi cnobier doneze, SeiZleba,<br />
<strong>da</strong>viwyebul iqna mizezi, ris gamoc mzera <strong>da</strong>savleTisaken iyo mimarTuli (iq<br />
egulebo<strong>da</strong>T Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli samSoblo <strong>da</strong> naTesavi), magram Tavad mimarTuleba ar<br />
gamqrala (gasaTvaliswinebelia genetikuri mexsierebis mniSvnelobac). SemdgomSi<br />
qarTvelTa mier monaTesave <strong>da</strong>savleTad aRqmuli mxare berZnuli kulturis mZlavri<br />
gavlenis qveS moeqca (kolonizacia), igive mox<strong>da</strong> CvenTanac, ramac gaaZliera<br />
kulturuli siaxlovis grZnoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTTan (igulisxmeba am cnebis geografiulsivrciTi<br />
mniSvneloba) ufro meti <strong>da</strong>axloeba ganapiroba. viTareba ar Secvlila arc<br />
elinistur <strong>da</strong> romaul periodSi 183 . rac Seexeba bizantiur xanas, qarTvelebs Tavi<br />
maSinac <strong>da</strong>savluri sivrcis nawilad egulebo<strong>da</strong>T, romlis centri iyo konstantinopoli.<br />
saqarTvelos evropisadmi (<strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi) kuTvnilebis argumentad qristianobis,<br />
rogorc saerTo religiur-sarwmunoebrivi safuZvlis moSvelieba verc politi-<br />
182 Розов Р.С. На пути к синтезу макроисторических парадигм. – В журн.: Философия и общество. М., 1998, № 4, c.128-<br />
129.<br />
183<br />
kakitelaSvili T. <strong>da</strong>savleTi qarTul cnobierebaSi. — Jurn: ena <strong>da</strong> kultura, 1, Tb., 2000, gv.52.<br />
74
kur sferoSi poulobs farTo gamoxmaurebas. rogorc b.kopitersi aRniSnavs, evropis<br />
sazogadoebriv azrSi did gamoZaxils ar povebs is argumenti, rom evropuli erToba<br />
saTaves iRebs Soreul warsulSi <strong>da</strong> saerTo religiur safuZvelzea aRmocenebuli.<br />
aRniSnulis <strong>da</strong>sturad mas mohyavs friad niSandoblivi faqti: evrosabWom SesaZleblad<br />
CaTvala specialuri stumris statusis miniWeba rogorc saqarTvelosaTvis, aseve<br />
azerbaijanisaTvis, rac naTlad a<strong>da</strong>sturebs sarwmunoebrivi argumentis ugulebelyofas<br />
184 .<br />
luqsemburgis evropuli kvlevebis institutis direqtorma armand klesim<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi wakiTxul leqciaze isaubra im kriteriumebis<br />
Sesaxeb, romlebic safuZvlad udevs evropul integracias. esenia <strong>geografiuli</strong>,<br />
politikuri, kulturuli, religiuri, strategiuli <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri kriteriumebi.<br />
<strong>geografiuli</strong> kriteriumis mixedviT, sa<strong>da</strong>oa, aris Tu ara saqarTvelo evropis nawili.<br />
politikuri kriteriumi, romelic evropis farglebSi aqcevs im saxelmwifoebs,<br />
romlebic <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebis politikur mrwamss iziareben, Cveni xelisuflebis<br />
mier deklarirebuli kursis gaTvaliswinebiT, evropis nawilad Cveni aRiarebis<br />
safuZvels iZleva. igive SeiZleba iTqvas kulturul kriteriumze. religiur<br />
kriteriumze, romelic, TiTqos, CvenTvis sasargeblo un<strong>da</strong> iyos, zemoT ukve gvqon<strong>da</strong><br />
saubari. strategiuli kriteriumi evropad moiazrebs saerTo strategiuli interesebis<br />
mqone qveynebis erTobliobas, amdenad, esec Cveni evropelobis sasargeblo<br />
argumentad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. rac Seexeba ekonomikur kriteriums, igi <strong>da</strong>savleTad<br />
warmoidgens ganviTarebuli industriuli qveynebis erTobliobas (am niSniT iaponiac<br />
evropuli erTobis wevrad moiazreba). am kriteriumiT, evropul sivrcesTan saerTo<br />
araferi gvaqvs.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli kriteriumebis nawili saqarTvelos evropis farglebSi<br />
aqcevs, meore nawilis mixedviT ki, igi aSkarad evropis miRma rCeba. Tavad<br />
a.klesis azriT, saqarTvelo ufro aRmosavluri qveyanaa, rac man Semdegnairad<br />
Camoayaliba: `Tqveni qveyana ufro rbili <strong>da</strong> araagresiulia, vidre <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebi.<br />
iq sazogadoeba kargad aris organizebuli, magram, Tqvengan gansxvavebiT, maT akliaT<br />
saidumloebis ganc<strong>da</strong>” 185 . es ukanaskneli niSani kulturologiur literaturaSi<br />
aRmosavlurobis tipur maxasiaTeblad iTvleba.<br />
evropuli identurobis sakiTxi problemuria ara mxolod wmin<strong>da</strong> kulturologiuri,<br />
aramed <strong>geografiuli</strong> TvalsazrisiTac. saqme exeba evropa-aziis <strong>geografiuli</strong><br />
sazRvris lokalizacias, romlis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari variantebiT saqarTvelo xan eqceva<br />
evropis geografiul sivrceSi, xan — ara.<br />
evropisa <strong>da</strong> aziis <strong>geografiuli</strong> sazRvris sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT saxeldeba xuTi<br />
(xan metic) savaraudo varianti, romlebic mecnierTa ganxilvis sagania. TiToeuli<br />
Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, kavkasia xan evropaa, xan azia, xan ki maT Soris arsebuli<br />
teritoria. mokled ganvixiloT isini cal-calke.<br />
pirveli versiiT, evropasa <strong>da</strong> azias Soris sazRvari gadis kuma-maniCis Rrmulze,<br />
amrigad mTeli kavkasia aziaSi eqceva. meore versiiT, sazRvari emTxveva kavkasionis<br />
mTavar wyalgamyof qeds; am versiis mimdevrebi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, klimaturi pirobebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
amodian. am SemTxvevaSic saqarTvelo, kavkasiasTan erTad, aziaSi xvdeba. mesame versiis<br />
Tanaxmad, sazRvari rionze <strong>da</strong> mtkvarze gadis, ase Tvli<strong>da</strong> jer kidev V saukunis<br />
istorikosi herodote. aseTi <strong>da</strong>yofiT, ara marto kavkasia, aramed saqarTveloc<br />
gayofilia evropul <strong>da</strong> aziur nawilebad. meoTxe versiis mixedviT, sazRvari gadis<br />
184<br />
kopitersi b. saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> evropa: periferiis cneba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. _ Jurn.:<br />
sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong> politika, Tb., 1999, gv.87-88.<br />
185<br />
saqarTvelo _ evropa Tu azia? _ gaz. “ganaxlebuli iveria”, Tb., 2001, 12.<br />
75
javaxeT-somxeTis vulkanuri mTianeTis CrdiloeT nawilze. es wmin<strong>da</strong> <strong>geografiuli</strong><br />
faqtori<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs _ <strong>kavkasiis</strong> umetes teritoriaze gvxvdeba evropuli<br />
tipis landSafti, rac ar gvxvdeba am mTianeTze. aqac <strong>kavkasiis</strong> nawili (maT Soris Cvenc)<br />
evropaSi eqceva, nawili ki aziaSi. mexuTe versiis Tanaxmad ki, sazRvari miuyveba<br />
saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> somxeTis samxreT sazRvrebs. am versiis Tanaxmad,<br />
mTeli kavkasia evropas miekuTvneba 186 .<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad <strong>kavkasiis</strong> qveynebis demokratizaciis sferoSi miRweuli<br />
garkveuli warmatebebisa, <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebi mainc sifrTxiliT ekidebian maT. aq<br />
saubaria ara a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebze, sityvis Tavisuflebaze, ekonomikis liberalizaciaze,<br />
aramed wmin<strong>da</strong> mentalur problemaze. <strong>da</strong>savleTis politikosebi ar aRiareben<br />
pontos sivrces Zveli kontinentis nawilad <strong>da</strong> Tvlian mas evropis Soreul <strong>da</strong> ucxo<br />
periferiad.<br />
XX saukunis bolo aTwleulebi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli, kulturis problematika,<br />
mecnierebTan erTad, sul ufro metad iqceva politikosTa yuradRebis sagnad. 1995 w.<br />
amerikeli mkvlevrebi l.lindstromi <strong>da</strong> j.m.uaiti aRniSnavdnen, rom Tu adre<br />
kulturis fenomenTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sakiTxebi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, akademiuri kvlevis sagans<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, dRes isini sul ufro xSirad iqceva aqtualur politikur problemad.<br />
politikuri reJimebi kulturis fenomenis gamoyenebiT cdiloben identurobis,<br />
politikuri avtonomiisa <strong>da</strong> sxva miznebis legitimacias. kulturis sakiTxebis<br />
ganxilvaSi erTvebian politikuri eqspertebi, biologebi Tu statistikosebi. aseT<br />
viTarebaSi kulturologebs uxdebaT TavianTi profesiuli interesis sferos<br />
gansazRvra <strong>da</strong> kulturis gamijvna misi politikuri fiqciisagan. amave mizezis gamo,<br />
zogjer, wmin<strong>da</strong> akademiuri kulturologiuri naSromi politikuri diskusiis sagnad<br />
iqceva xolme 187 . dRes kultura omia, romelsac veravin gaveqceviTo, askvnidnen<br />
l.lindstromi <strong>da</strong> j.uaiti 188 . aRsaniSnavia isic, rom civilizaciuri identurobis<br />
gansazRvra, arcTu iSviaTad, ganixileba im krizisi<strong>da</strong>n Tavis <strong>da</strong>Rwevis saSualebad,<br />
romelsac ganicdian Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi saxelmwifoebi.<br />
XX-XXI ss. mijnaze kulturuli <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri identurobis problemaTa<br />
aqtualobis zr<strong>da</strong>s, sxva <strong>garemo</strong>ebebTan erTad, xeli Seuwyo imanac, rom msoflios<br />
xalxebma — rogorc <strong>da</strong>savlelebma, ise ara<strong>da</strong>savlelebma — <strong>da</strong>iwyes pasuxis Zieba<br />
globalizaciis gamowvevaze. kulturis globalizaciis perspeqtiviT SeSfoTebulni<br />
arian rogorc ara<strong>da</strong>savluri samyaros warmomadgenlebi, romlebic globalizacias<br />
vesternizaciad aRiqvamen, ise Tavad <strong>da</strong>savlelebic, romelTac aranakleb aSfoTebT<br />
sakuTari kulturuli saxis <strong>da</strong>kargvis safrTxe.<br />
civilizaciaTa konfliqtis prognozma, romelic mkafiod Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> XX s. 90-ian<br />
wlebSi, axali biZgi misca eTnosTa kulturuli raobisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis<br />
problemaTa kvlevas, gansakuTrebiT — im xalxebisaTvis, romlebic civilizaciaTa<br />
gamyof mijnebze cxovroben <strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli prognoziT, ganwirulni arian<br />
civilizaciaTa Soris aRmocenebuli sisxlismRvreli konfliqtebis brZolis velad<br />
qcevisaTvis.<br />
iuneskos programis — `msoflios kulturuli proeqti~ — direqtori d.Saferi 1996<br />
wels aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom msoflio ekonomikuri saukuni<strong>da</strong>n kulturis saukuneSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis,<br />
romelsac mkvlevarTa nawili kulturaTa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis saukuned<br />
naTlavs; naTeli gax<strong>da</strong>, rom kulturis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis gareSe msoflios<br />
mowyobis nebismieri gegma warumateblobisTvisaa ganwiruli. Saferis azriT, swored<br />
186 gegeSiZe a. geopolitika. Tb., 1992, gv. 132-134.<br />
187 Lindstrom L., White G.M. Anthropology’s New Cargo: Future Horizons. - Ethnology. Pittsburg, 1995, vol.34, # 3, gv. 205.<br />
188 iqve.<br />
76
kulturologebs SeuZliaT, yvelaze avtoritetulad gansazRvron globaluri<br />
kulturuli sistemis ganviTarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi, Seqmnan momavali<br />
msoflio sistemis kulturuli `portreti” 189 .<br />
ase rom, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri identurobis sakiTxebis kvleva, TeoriulTan<br />
erTad, sul ufro metad iZens praqtikul mniSvnelobas.<br />
aRniSnuli sakiTxebisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT, saintereso viTareba<br />
Seiqmna postsabWoTa xanaSi. samecniero literaturaSi religiuri aRorZineba,<br />
Cveulebriv, ganixileba rogorc procesi, romelic Tan sdeevs an mosdevs axali<br />
nacionaluri identurobis <strong>for</strong>mirebas. igi miiCneva fenomenad, romelic <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
mravali tranzituli sazogadoebisaTvis postsabWoTa sivrceSi.<br />
am sazogadoebebSi religiisadmi interesi mkveTrad gaizar<strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, gaizar<strong>da</strong><br />
religiis rolic sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. arcTu iSviaTad religia eTnikuribas<br />
enacvleba <strong>da</strong> politikur rilsac asrulebs. es bunebrivicaa, radgan religia, rogorc<br />
eTnikuri TviTSegnebis erT-erTi umTavresi elementi, gansazRvravs Si<strong>da</strong>eTnikur<br />
konsoli<strong>da</strong>cias <strong>da</strong>, amave dros, eTnosebs Soris diferenciaciis processac.<br />
religiis roli gansakuTrebiT iseT polieTnikur sazogadoebebSi gaaqtiur<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
eTnikuri jgufebi gansaxvavebuli konfesiebis warmomadgenlebi arian. polieTnikur<br />
sazogadoebaSi arsebul binarul opozicias _ `Cven_isini~, socialur <strong>da</strong><br />
politikur problemebTan erTad, kidev ufro amwvavebs konfesiuri konfliqtebi. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebrivi stabiluroba mniSvnelovanwilad <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli xdeba<br />
religiuri aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> konfesiebs Soris TanamSromlobis<br />
xarisxze.<br />
imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, ra urTierTmimarTeba arsebobs kulturul (eTnikur)<br />
<strong>da</strong> religiur identifikaciebs Soris Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad TviT terminTa mniSvneloba<br />
ganvmartoT.<br />
sityva `identuroba~ modis laTinuri frazi<strong>da</strong>n Idem et Idem, rac sityvasityviT<br />
niSnavs `igive <strong>da</strong> igives~ anu `erTsa <strong>da</strong> igives~. identuroba aris a<strong>da</strong>mianis fsiqologiuri<br />
warmodgena sakuTar `me”-ze, rogorc subieqturad aRqmul mTlianobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
individualurobaze, romlis meSveobiT pirovneba sakuTar Tavs aigivebs garkveul<br />
tipologiur kategoriasTan (saxelmwifo, socialuri statusi, kultura, erovneba,<br />
asaki, sqesi, profesia <strong>da</strong> a.S.). Tavad procesis, dinamikis aRsaniSnavad amjerad ufro<br />
mosaxerxebeli iqneba gamoviyenoT termini `identifikacia~, romelic xmarebaSi<br />
pirvelad fsiqoanalitikurma skolam Semoitana. dRes sociologebi <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
fsiqologiis mkvlevarebi `identifikaciaSi~ gulisxmoben individis socializacias,<br />
socialuri rolebis miRebasa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>ptacias, socialur-kulturuli modelebis<br />
aTvisebis process 190 .<br />
sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebisaTvis cnobili kategoriebi<strong>da</strong>n CvenTvis amjerad<br />
sainteresoa religiuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli identurobis cnebebi <strong>da</strong> maTi ganxilva<br />
postsabWoTa <strong>kavkasiis</strong> sazogadoebebSi.<br />
met-naklebad naTelia, Tu ras gulisxmobs religiuri identuroba. gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
am terminis mravalgvari interpretirebis SesaZlebloba. pirovnebis<br />
konfesiuri kuTvnileba mWidro<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli religiuri erTobis ganc<strong>da</strong>sTan.<br />
amis magaliTia, Tun<strong>da</strong>c, muslimuri `umma~, `saqristiano~ (saerTo-qristianuli<br />
sivrce) <strong>da</strong> sxva cnebebi. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis mixedviT,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani qristianad SeiZleba miviCnioT, Tu igi Tavs qristianad Tvlis.<br />
189 Shafer D.P. Toward a new world system: a cultural perspective. – Dynamics of communication and cultural change. The role of<br />
networks. Zagreb, 1996, p.134-135.<br />
190 Культурология XX Век. Энциклопедия. Т.1, СПб., 1998, с.23.<br />
77
xazgasmiT un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve gansazRvruli un<strong>da</strong> iyos definiciis<br />
pirobiToba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi konfesiuri niSniT sazogadoebebis klasificireba<br />
kvlevis procesSi uxeS uzustobebamde migviyvans. muslimTa calkeuli jgufebi<br />
cdiloben xazi gausvan <strong>da</strong> axleburad gaiazron `ummasa~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>r al-islamis~ (“islamis<br />
miwa”) cnebebi. `arabi erTi eria <strong>da</strong> mas maradiuli misia aqvs~, _ ambobs siriis<br />
konstitucia, Tumca, kargad Tu <strong>da</strong>vakvirdebiT, TviT saudel <strong>da</strong> siriel arabebs<br />
Sorisac sakmaod did sxvaobas aRmovaCenT. muslimTa erTianobis miTi mahmadianTa<br />
masiuri piligrimobis adgilas _ meqaSive imsxvreva xolme yovelwliurad: hajis<br />
ritualis Sesasruleblad zu(a)l-hijas TveSi mosalocad Casuli aTobiT muslimi<br />
kvdeba Tanamorwmunis xeliT, uTanxmoebiT gamowveul SetakebebSi. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />
muslimuri samyaro, romlis nawilad Tavs miiCnevs kavkasielTa sakmaod didi nawili,<br />
sulac ar aris monoliTuri <strong>da</strong> isic, qristianobis msgavsad (am sityvis farTo <strong>da</strong><br />
zogadi gagebiT), uamravi, xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimdinareobisa <strong>da</strong> variaciis<br />
didi mozaikaa.<br />
rac Seexeba kulturul identurobas, mas Cven, faqtobrivad, eTnikuri identurobis<br />
farTo mniSvnelobiT vxmarobT, gamomdinare iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom eTnikuri identurobis<br />
safuZveli sxva araferia, Tu ara kultura.<br />
religiuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli identurobis sakiTxis simwvave mravalma mizezma<br />
ganapiroba. rogorc zemoT iTqva, pirovnebis identuroba mis mier erTdroulad<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialuri rolis SesrulebaSi gamoixateba. individis mier socialurkulturuli<br />
nimuSebis, normebis, Rirebulebebis aTviseba <strong>da</strong> gaziareba, sakuTari<br />
adgilis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba ar aris erTgvarovani procesi <strong>da</strong> garkveuli cvlilebebiTac<br />
xasiaTdeba. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, mecnierebi gamoyofen identurobis <strong>da</strong>kargvis,<br />
Selaxvis SesaZleblobas. am kriziss xSirad ganapirobebs socialur-kulturuli<br />
<strong>garemo</strong>s mkveTri Secvla. rodesac individis maidentificirebeli rolebi icvleba<br />
drosa <strong>da</strong> sivrceSi, maSin iwyeba krizisi, sakuTari Tavis xelaxla aRmoCenis,<br />
TviT<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis mtkivneuli problema. am procesma SeiZleba masStaburi xasiaTi<br />
miiRos. identurobis meqanizmi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols asrulebs socialuri struqturis,<br />
kulturuli tradiciebis SenarCunebisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>cemis procesSi. am sakiTxTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT mravali istoriuli magaliTis moZieba SeiZleba.<br />
eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> religiuri identurobis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT gamZafr<strong>da</strong> meore<br />
msoflio omis Semdeg, dekolonizaciis fonze. im droisaTvis orive banaki mixv<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
antikoloniuri ajanyebebis CaxSoba metismetad did resursebsa <strong>da</strong> sisxls iTxov<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
sjob<strong>da</strong>, aqcenti ideologiuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri eqspaniis gaZlierebaze gaekeTebinaT.<br />
1956 wlis suec-sinais samxedro kampaniis kraxma sabolood miaxvedra zesaxelmwifoebi<br />
am realobas. 50-iani wlebis bolosaTvis safrangeTic <strong>da</strong>rwmun<strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT afrikaSi<br />
franko-muslimuri sazogadoebis <strong>for</strong>mirebis utopiurobaSi _ alJireli aRarasodes<br />
CaTvli<strong>da</strong> Tavs frangad. samociani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n gaaqtiurebul ara<strong>da</strong>savlur centrebs<br />
samarTliani pretenzia gauCn<strong>da</strong>T sakuTari tradiciebisa <strong>da</strong> faseulobebis<br />
unikalurobaze <strong>da</strong>, rig SemTxvevebSi, universalurobazec ki. koloniuri sistemis<br />
rRvevam bevri moiyola nangrevebSi, imdroindel konfliqtebi mravalplaniani iyo:<br />
eTnikuri (1967-70 wlebis nigeria), teritoriuli konfliqtebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c religiuri<br />
identuroba mniSvnelovan rols TamaSob<strong>da</strong> (<strong>da</strong>pirispireba palestinis miwaze,<br />
indoeTis <strong>da</strong> pakistanis omebi 1948—49, 1965 <strong>da</strong> 1971 wlebSi), samoqalaqo (kviprosis<br />
krizisi 1960-ian wlebSi) <strong>da</strong>pirispirebani <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
SeiZleba garkveuli paralelis gavleba imdroindel afrika-aRmosavleTsa <strong>da</strong> 90-<br />
iani wlebis kavkasias Soris. orive SemTxvevaSi didi Zvrebi mox<strong>da</strong> msoflio politikaSi.<br />
90-ian wlebSi erTi imperiis adgilze erTbaSad TxuTmeti <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli respublikis<br />
78
gaCenam TviT <strong>da</strong>savleTis sazogadoebac Seafiqriana <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>abnia. sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
<strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg, iseve, rogorc mesame samyaroSi kolonializmis <strong>da</strong>sasruls, miviReT<br />
arastabiluri sazRvrebis mqone eri-saxelmwifoebi, romelTa sazogadoebebs<br />
sawinaaRmdego <strong>da</strong> xSirad urTierTgamomricxavi mizanswrafvebi gauCn<strong>da</strong>T sxva mezobel<br />
saxelmwifoebTan mimarTebaSi. amis mizezi is iyo, rom XX saukunis bolos mTeli rigi<br />
identurobebisa <strong>da</strong>ingra sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Tanadroulad: magaliTad, saxelmwofoebrivi<br />
kuTvnilebis identuroba, moqalaqeobrivi identuroba. aseT krizisul,<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodebSi gansakuTrebiT xSiria identurobis erTi tipis meoriT<br />
Canacvleba, erTis meoriT msxvreva an <strong>da</strong>Crdilva, gaqroba. es sakmaod swrafad xdeba <strong>da</strong><br />
erT dRes individma SeiZleba aRmoaCinos, rom misTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania<br />
eTnikuri identurobis sakiTxi, romelic SeiZleba dominirebdes socialur rolebze,<br />
saxelmwifoebriv loialurobasa Tu religiur rwmenaze.<br />
TviTgamorkvevisa Tu saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis brZolis dros<br />
kavkasielebs un<strong>da</strong> epasuxaT im droisaTvis yvelaze mTavari kiTxvisaTvis: `visi<br />
moqalaqe xar Sen? `romeli qveynis Svili xar?~ `vis <strong>da</strong> ras emsaxurebi?~ am kiTxvebs<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairi <strong>da</strong> urTierTgamomricxavi pasuxebic mohyva. ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viviwyoT, rom<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxebi aTwleulebis manZilze ucxo mmarTvelobis qveS iyvnen<br />
gaerTianebuli; im ers, romelsac Semdeg saxelmwifos mSeneblobis (Tun<strong>da</strong>c aRdgenis)<br />
pretenzia gauCn<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>viwyebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli mmarTvelobis tradiciebi,<br />
umciresobebisadmi tolerantobis saamayo tradicia totalitarizmis epoqaSi sul<br />
sxvagvarad iqna gaazrebuli. axladwarmoqmnili TviTgamocxadebuli respublikebi<br />
uaryofdnen koloniur warsuls, amave dros, ar iTvaliswinebdnen mis Sedegs.<br />
komunizmis marcxs XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi Tan axl<strong>da</strong> religiisaken mibruneba,<br />
Tumca sainteresoa, rom mibrunebis am <strong>for</strong>mas ungreli mkvlevari, filosofiis<br />
doqtori eva anCeli `religiur aTeizms~ uwodebs. <strong>kavkasiis</strong> religiuri sakiTxebis erTerTi<br />
avtoritetuli mkvlevari, amerikeli kent hili aRniSnavs, rom mtkiceba `me mwams<br />
RmerTis~ ufro aTeizmis uaryofis <strong>for</strong>mas warmoadgens, vidre WeSmarit aRmsareblobas<br />
191 ; praqtika mowmobs, rom socialuri TvalsazrisiT, `islamis mimdevrad~<br />
TviTidentificireba sakmarisia individis socialur-mobilizaciur procesebSi<br />
swrafi CarTvisaTvis.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleli eqspertebi miuTiTeben faqtze, romelsac, garkveulwilad, SeiZleba<br />
religiuri fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmic ewodos <strong>da</strong> romelic SeiniSneba, saerTod, yofil<br />
socialistur qveynebSi. aq mxolod islami ar igulisxmeba. aranaklebi yuradRebis<br />
sagania am qveynebSi marTlamdideblobisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos urTierTobis problemac.<br />
marTlmadidebloba ZiriTad religiur aRmsareblobas warmoadgens aT evropul<br />
qveyanaSi, romelTagan TiTqmis yvela (saberZneTis gamoklebiT) komunisturi reJimebis<br />
memkvidrea. aRmosavleT evropis marTlmadidebluri eklesia mWidro<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
postkomunisturi xanis nacionalizmTan. sayuradReboa marTlmadideblobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
nacionalizmis istoriuli urTierTmimarTebac. marTlmadidebluri eklesia Tavs<br />
miiCnevs erovnulobis, erovnuli faseulobebisa <strong>da</strong> TviTmyofadobis ga<strong>da</strong>mrCenad.<br />
marTlac, misi aqtiuri <strong>da</strong> Seupovari winaaRmdegobis gareSe Zneli iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
qristianobisa <strong>da</strong> qristianuli kulturis SenarCuneba <strong>kavkasiis</strong> Tu balkaneTis<br />
qristiani xalxebisaTvis. swored amitom nacionalizmi istoriulad yovelTvis mtkice<br />
<strong>da</strong>sayrdens poulob<strong>da</strong> marTlmadidbelobaSi. magaliTad, rogorc cnobilia,<br />
qristianul-marTlmadideblurma sarwmunoebam didi roli Seasrula saqarTvelos<br />
191<br />
Ханаху Р.А., Ляушева С.А., Цветков О.М. Ислам у Адыгов cеверо-западного Кавказа на рубеже тысячелетий. – В кн.:<br />
Мир культуры адыгов (Проблемы эволюции и целостности). Сост. и научный редактор Р.А.Ханаху. Майкоп, 2002,<br />
с.152-153.<br />
79
istoriaSi. mas <strong>da</strong>efuZna qarTuli kultura, romlis saxis CamoyalibebisaTvis didi<br />
mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> aRmosavlur qristianul samyaroSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul normebs. rigi<br />
mizezebis gamo, romelTa Soris umTavresi iyo saqarTvelos politikuri, kulturuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri <strong>garemo</strong>, marTlmadidebloba erovnulobasTan gaigiv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>cva<br />
qveynis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis, misi saxis SenarCunebis problemas ga<strong>da</strong>ejaWva.<br />
mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, rom marTlmdideblobas kaTolikuri socialuri doqtrinisagan<br />
gamoarCevs nacionalizmis, saxelmwifosTan TanamSromlobisa <strong>da</strong> koleqtivizmis<br />
kombinacia. mxolod amgvari mtkice dogmatizmis, instituciuri <strong>da</strong> istoriuli<br />
tradiciebis mqone religias SeeZlo Tanaarseboba komunisturi periodis oficialur<br />
aTeizmTan. im periodSi religia komunistebis mier ideologiuri manipulirebis<br />
obieqtad iqca. zogierTi reJimi (meore msoflio omis dros ruseTSi, CauSesku —<br />
runmineTSi, Jivkovi — bulgareTSi) anti<strong>da</strong>savlurobasa <strong>da</strong> antiindividualizms<br />
marjved iyeneb<strong>da</strong> nacionalisturi miswrafebebis legitimaciisaTvis. stalinis periodSi<br />
ruseTis marTlmadidebluri eklesia rusuli nacionalizmisa <strong>da</strong> imperializmis<br />
samobilizacio instrumentad gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong>. meore msoflio omis Semdgom sabWoTa<br />
eqspansias Tan sdev<strong>da</strong> eklesiis gavlenis zr<strong>da</strong>: <strong>da</strong>savleT belorusiis, mol<strong>da</strong>veTis,<br />
CrdiloeT bukovinisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT slovakiis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli eklesiebi, romlebic<br />
1940-ian wlebamde konstantinopolis uzenaesobas aRiarebdnen, moskovis sapatriarqos<br />
<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebasi moeqcnen. sakuTari arsebobis mimarT safrTxisa <strong>da</strong> instituciuri<br />
interesebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, marTlmadidebluri eklesiebi <strong>da</strong> maTi liderebi komunisturi<br />
mmarTvelobis periodSi mWidrod TanamSromlobdnen aTeistur mTavrobebTan. 1989<br />
wli<strong>da</strong>n eklesiis avtoritetis gamoyenebas eswrafodnen neokomunisturi mmarTvelobani.<br />
Tavis mxriv, eklesiamac miiRo Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi privilegiebi. 192<br />
socialisturi sistemis rRvevis Semdeg eklesiis nacionalizmisaken mibrunebam igi<br />
qveynebis axal mmarTvelebTan TanamSromlobis aucileblobis winaSe <strong>da</strong>ayena. am<br />
mmarTvelTa umravlesobas (ruseTis, ukrainis, rumineTis, bulgareTis sakanonmdeblo<br />
organoebSi) neokomunistebi (saxecvlili komunistebi an social-demokrtebi) an<br />
sulac Zveli komunistebi warmoadgendnen, romlebic xelisuflebis SesanarCuneblad<br />
alternatiul <strong>da</strong> legitimur ideologias eZebdnen. Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT Camoyalib<strong>da</strong><br />
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mier mxar<strong>da</strong>Werili eTnoreligiuri nacionalizmi.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom sabWoTa sistemis farglebSi moqceulma yvela sazogadoebam<br />
garkveuli cvlilebebi ganica<strong>da</strong> religiis sferoSi. islamSi momx<strong>da</strong>r am process<br />
filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtorma muxameTSinma `islamis deinteleqtualizacia~<br />
uwo<strong>da</strong>: mahmadianobis SenarCuneba Tavis Tavze aiRo mcire jgufma, romelsac aranairi<br />
saSualeba ar hqon<strong>da</strong> safuZvliani sasuliero ganaTlebis miRebisa <strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />
<strong>for</strong>maluri ritualuri RvTismsaxurebiT Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong> 193<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabulobis kerebSi, <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli erebis mexsierebaSi, Cveulebriv, ukan iwevs<br />
iseTi mniSvnelovani mxareebi, rogoricaa qristianobisa <strong>da</strong> islamis saerTo<br />
`abraamistuli~ tradicia, mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobisa <strong>da</strong> religiuri Semwynareblobis<br />
principi. konfliqtur kerebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c Zlieria eTnikuri SuRli, erTi religiisadmi<br />
kuTvnileba Semrigeblis rols ver TamaSobs. xSiria mcdeloba Tavad am konfesiur<br />
erTianobaSi Tu msgavsebaSi eWvis Setanisa, gansxvavebulis, rogorc uaryofiTis,<br />
warmoCenisa.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konfliqtur situaciebSi eTnikuri TviTidentifikacia ufro<br />
192 religia <strong>da</strong> politika postsocialistur sivrceSi. — saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros sagareo<br />
politikis kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> analizis centris biuleteni, 4 (13), Tb., 1999, gv.49.<br />
193 Мухаметшин Р.М. Ислам в России: Историко-методологические предпосылки исследования. – В сб.: Россия и<br />
мусульманский мир. Бюллетень реферативно-аналитической информации. Москва, 2002, с.39-40.<br />
80
did rols asrulebs, vidre religiuri erTobis grZnoba. amis mizezi, garkveulwilad,<br />
Tavad kavkasiuri islamis mravalmxrivobaa, rac eTnikurobiTaa gapirobebuli. meore<br />
mxriv ki, un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos Tavad erovnuli jgufebisadmi afilaciis tendencia,<br />
romelmac Tavi gansakuTrebiT XX saukuneSi, stalinis erovnuli politikis gatarebis<br />
periodSi <strong>da</strong> mis Semdgom iCina. manamde CrdiloeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxebSi ar arsebob<strong>da</strong><br />
myari eTnikuri TviTidentifikaciis ganc<strong>da</strong>, am terminis klasikuri gagebiT. batonob<strong>da</strong><br />
gvarovnuli erTianobisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli azrovneba. mas Semdeg, rac<br />
moskovis mTavari mizani gax<strong>da</strong> urTierTmonaTesave kavkasieli xalxebis gaTiSva, raTa<br />
maTi urTierToba moskovis gavliT warmarTuliyo, kavkasielebSi erovnuli grZnoba<br />
gansakuTrebiT gamwvav<strong>da</strong>. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom gasuli aTwleulebis manZilze<br />
religiuri Tu eTnikuri TviTgamorkveva <strong>kavkasiis</strong> regionSi mudmivad antirusuli<br />
ganwyobis fonze mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
SevecadoT zemoTqmulis ganxilvas azerbaijanis konkretuli magaliTis safuZvelze.<br />
azerbaijanSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>myarebis Semdeg religiuri faqtoris mniSvneloba<br />
TiTqmis nulamde <strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> Tumca ssrk <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg Seqmnili ideologiuri<br />
vakuumis Sevsebas cdilobdnen rigi muslimuri qveynebisa, gansakuTrebiT ki irani,<br />
raTa `<strong>da</strong>ebrunebinaT~ azerbaijanelebi rwmenis saTaveebTan, magram es ar mox<strong>da</strong>. ra<br />
Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, dRes islami respublikis mosaxleobis sulieri cxovrebis nawilia, magram<br />
igi ar trans<strong>for</strong>mir<strong>da</strong> realur politikur Zalad. rogorc rusi mkvlevari a.polonski<br />
aRniSnavs, `qveyanaSi mox<strong>da</strong> religiis erTgvari desakralizacia. TiTqmis arc erT<br />
socialurad mniSvnelovan sferoSi islami ar gamodis rogorc <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli Zala _<br />
mas pativs scemen, mas iyeneben, magram misiT ar xelmZRvaneloben” 194 .<br />
eqspertebi aRiareben, rom religiuri faqtori ar iqca ganmsazRvrelad baqos<br />
saSinao <strong>da</strong> sagareo politikaSi.<br />
rogorc samecniero literaturaSi aRiniSneba, gviansabWoTa periodis azerbaijan-<br />
Si religiuri aRorZineba Zireuli eTnosis axali nacionaluri identurobis Camoyalibebis<br />
Sedegi iyo. arsebobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva azri imis Taobaze, Tu ra faqtorebma Seuwyo<br />
xeli am TviTSegnebis ganviTarebas. bren<strong>da</strong> Saferis azriT, es procesi saTaves jer<br />
kidev perestroikamdel periodSi iRebs, roca saistorio <strong>da</strong> literaturuli nawarmoebebiT<br />
STagonebul azerbaijanis inteligenciaSi Tavs iCens axali koleqtiuri identurobis<br />
ideebi (Shaffer B. Borders and Brethen. Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity. London<br />
and Cambridge, 2002. P.6-7, 119). mark saroiani miiCnevs, rom azerbaijanelTa axali nacionaluri<br />
identurobis Camoyalibebas, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>, biZgi misca 80-iani wlebis bolos<br />
mTiani yarabaRis irgvliv ganviTarebulma movlenebma. rusi <strong>da</strong> azerbaijaneli mkvlevrebi<br />
Tvlian, rom axali nacionaluri TviTSegneba, marTalia, aisaxebo<strong>da</strong> mcirericxovani<br />
disidenturi <strong>da</strong> naxevraddisidenturi wreebis saqmianobaSi sabWoTa periodSi,<br />
magram ZiriTadi mainc yarabaRis konfliqti — e.w. `somxuri katalizatori~ iyo. 195<br />
rogorc Cans, es konfliqti aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> impulsi, romelmac biZgi misca ara marto<br />
azerbaijanis erovnul moZraobas, aramed respublikis mkvidri mosaxleobis religiuri<br />
TviTSegnebis Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiTi zrdis arapir<strong>da</strong>piri mizezic gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amasTan, es ufro kulturuli moZraoba iyo, vidre gacnobierebuli religiuri<br />
ideologia, romelic ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> azerbaijanelTa swrafvas TavianTi religiis<br />
`fesvebisaken~. xalxis umravlesobisaTvis, romlebic sabWoTa skolis aTeisturi<br />
194 Полонский А. Ислам в контексте общественной жизни современного Азербайджана. – История, июль 1999, № 28. С.10-<br />
13.<br />
195<br />
Саттаров Р. Ислам как политический фактор в постсоветском Азербайджане. – В журн.: Центральная Азия и Кавказ.<br />
2004, № 4 (34), с.8.<br />
81
aRzrdis `produqtebi~ iyvnen, islami rogorc ideologia araviTar rols ar<br />
asruleb<strong>da</strong>. amdenad, yarabaRis konfliqti imTaviTve ar aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc sarwmunoebisaTvis<br />
brZola. rogorc odri oltStadti aRniSnavs, `miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad masobrivi<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis saSualebaTa mier termin `muslimur-qristianuli~ konfliqtis xSiri<br />
gamoyenebisa <strong>da</strong> Siituri faqtoris moSveliebisa, azerbaijaneli Turqebi ar mimarTavdnen<br />
religiur ideologias. islami, romelic mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo kulturul<br />
<strong>da</strong> pirad sferoSi, azerbaijanSi arasdros gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> politikuri mobilizaciis<br />
mizniT, eris SekavSirebisaTvis an romelime mniSvnelovani politikuri Zalis<br />
CamoyalibebisTvis~ (Alstadt A. The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and IDentity Under Russian Rule.<br />
Stan<strong>for</strong>d: Hoover Instittution Press, 1992.p.209).<br />
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom religiuri aRorZineba gviansabWoTa azerbaijanSi,<br />
romelic mohyva nacionalur aRorZinebas, ar iyo ideologizebuli procesi, aramed<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> kulturul xasiaTs atareb<strong>da</strong>. es, pirvel rigSi, gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong> mkvidri<br />
(ZiriTadi) eTnosis interesis zrdiT islamisadmi, rogorc sakuTari kulturis<br />
nawilisadmi.<br />
islamis politizaciis sawyisad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 1990 wlis 20 ianvris movlenebi<br />
baqoSi, roca 100-ze meti sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva erovnebisa <strong>da</strong> religiuri aRmsareblobis a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />
<strong>da</strong>iRupa qalaqSi sabWoTa jarebis Seyvanis Sedegad. araoficialuri sababi jarebis<br />
SeyvanisaTvis iyo somexi mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>rbevebi, romlebmac piks 13 ianvars miaRwia.<br />
oficialuri moskovi ki am sisxlian angariSsworebas `muslimi fun<strong>da</strong>mentalistebis~<br />
winaaRmdeg brZolad naTlav<strong>da</strong>, romelTac, TiTqos, xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdeba<br />
sur<strong>da</strong>T. ase ganacxa<strong>da</strong> mimarTvaSi sabWoTa xalxisadmi m.gorbaCovma. swored maSin,<br />
pirvelad istoriaSi, samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> muslimTa sulieri lideri alah-Sukur<br />
faSazade aSkarad gamovi<strong>da</strong> moskovis kritikiT <strong>da</strong> brali <strong>da</strong>sdo uSualod m.gorbaCovs<br />
`sisxlian movlenaTa sanqcionirebaSi~. igi xazs usvam<strong>da</strong>, rom `islamis faqtoris~<br />
gamoyeneba baqoSi jarebis Seyvanis gasamarTleblad miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> muslimTa <strong>da</strong><br />
qristianTa Soris mtrobis Camogdebas.<br />
am tragediis msxverplTa <strong>da</strong>krZalva religiuri rituali<strong>da</strong>n politikur<br />
protestSi ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong>. 20 ianvars baqos quCebSi milionamde a<strong>da</strong>miani gamovi<strong>da</strong>, raTa<br />
pativi miegoT <strong>da</strong>RupulTa xsovnisadmi.<br />
amrigad, religiuri aRorZineba, romelic perestroikis periodSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo rogorc<br />
kulturuli moZraoba, 1990 wlis ianvris ambebma axal safexurze aiyvana, es iyo islamis<br />
politizaciis safexuri 196 .<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg (1991 w.) azerbaijanma <strong>da</strong>iwyo urTierTobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>myareba muslimuri samyaros qveynebTan. qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi islamis<br />
roli sul ufro TvalsaCino xdebo<strong>da</strong>. araerTi politikuri partia Tu organizacia<br />
Tavis saqmianobaSi muslimur ideologias eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong>. magram es ar iyo tipuri<br />
movlena im drois azerbaijanis politikuri wreebisaTvis. politikuri liderebis<br />
umravlesoba islamSi xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> mxolod gamaerTianebel kulturul sawyiss, romelic<br />
qveyanas <strong>da</strong>narCen muslimur samyarosTan <strong>da</strong>akavSireb<strong>da</strong>. amave dros, Znelia qveynis<br />
politikur cxovrebaSi islamis faqtoris rolis uaryofa. roca abulfaz elCibei<br />
respublikis meTauri gax<strong>da</strong>, pirvelad istoriaSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo religiuri simbolikis<br />
gamoyeneba oficialur ceremoniebze. Tavisi inauguraciis dros (1992 w. ivnisi)<br />
SemoiRo, konstituciasTan erTad, yuranze mTxvevis rituali, riTac erTmaneTs<br />
SeuTavsa religiuri <strong>da</strong> saero simbolika. TviTon elCibei saero SexedulebebiT<br />
gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> islamSi mxolod kulturul sawyiss xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>, magram es xels ar uSli<strong>da</strong>,<br />
196 Саттаров Р. Ислам как политический фактор в постсоветском Азербайджане. – В журн.: Центральная Азия и Кавказ.<br />
2004, № 4 (34), с.10.<br />
82
islamis faqtori Tavisi interesebisaTvis gamoeyenebina. inauguraciaze faSazades<br />
<strong>da</strong>swreba <strong>da</strong> axali prezidentis kurTxeva mis mier SeiZleba CaiTvalos religiis<br />
legitimaciis elementad. swored elCibeis prezidentobis dros (1992-1993) or mTavar<br />
muslimur dResaswauls — `yurban-bairams~ <strong>da</strong> `ramazan-bairams~ — saxelmwifo<br />
dResaswaulebis statusi miekuTvna. piradi simpaTiebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, elCibei<br />
aSkarad uWer<strong>da</strong> mxars respublikaSi Turquli organizaciebis saqmianobas 197 .<br />
Turqul organizaciebTan erTad, meCeTebis, religiuri skolebisa <strong>da</strong> centrebis<br />
mSeneblobaSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen iranis, saudis arabeTis, kuveitis<br />
sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebani. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia irani,<br />
romelic Tvlis, rom igi ufro axlosaa (sulieri TvalsazrisiT) azerbaijanSi<br />
upiratesad gavrcelebul Siitur kulturasTan, vidre misi suniti `konkurentebi~ —<br />
TurqeTi <strong>da</strong> saudis arabeTi 198 .<br />
elCibeis memkvidrem, hei<strong>da</strong>r alievma aseve gamoiyena religiuri atributika ficis<br />
<strong>da</strong>debis dros (1993 wlis oqtomberi). igi monawileob<strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi muslimuri<br />
kalendris yvela mniSvnelovan movlenaSi, iqnebo<strong>da</strong> es yurban-bairami, ramazan-bairami<br />
Tu aSura. 1994 w. saudis arabeTSi oficialuri vizitis dros mas Tan axldnen<br />
sasuliero pirebi Seix ul-islam faSazades meTaurobiT; alievma Seasrula muslimuri<br />
mcire molocvis (umra) rituali meqaSi.<br />
magram mas Semdeg, rac azerbaijanma xeli moawera navTobis `saukunis kontraqts~<br />
(1994) <strong>da</strong> orientaciis kursi ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> muslimuri aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>savleTisaken<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ixara, islamuri faqtoris roli politikur scenaze Semcir<strong>da</strong>. 1995 w. 12 noembers<br />
miRebul iqna axali konstitucia, romelSic xazgasmuli iyo qveynis saero mowyoba,<br />
religiisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos gamijvna. 1995 w. alievma kursi aiRo qveyanaSi islamuri<br />
orientaciis politikuri partiebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva organizaciebis saqmianobis aRkveTaze.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom religiuri aRorZineba grZeldebo<strong>da</strong> (1996 wels<br />
respublikaSi moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> 800 meCeTi), ukve 1990-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n iyo SemTxvevebi, roca<br />
zogierTi muslimi sxva sarwmunoebas iReb<strong>da</strong> an seqtaSi Sedio<strong>da</strong>. 1996 w. martSi milimejlisma<br />
miiRo kanoni, romelic ucxoelebs ukrZalav<strong>da</strong> religiur propagan<strong>da</strong>s<br />
respublikaSi. aseTive muxli Setanil iqna `kanonSi aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis<br />
Sesaxeb~, romelic elCibeis dros iyo miRebuli. es iyo xelisuflebis mcdeloba,<br />
SeezRu<strong>da</strong> ucxoel misionerTa, maT Soris muslimTa, saqmianoba, romelic xSirad<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo religiis politizaciasTan 199 .<br />
amrigad, religiuri aRorZinebis procesi respublikaSi gviansabWoTa periodSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo ZiriTadi eTnosis mier muslimobis, rogorc nacionaluri<br />
identurobis Zireuli komponentis ganc<strong>da</strong>sTan. islamis rogorc politikuri<br />
faqtoris rolis zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyo mxolod 1990 w. 20 ianvris Semdeg.<br />
mkvlevrebi askvnian, rom islamis politizacia azerbaijanSi uaxloes momavalSi<br />
ararealuria. Tumca <strong>garemo</strong>ebaTa garkveulma <strong>da</strong>mTxvevam fsevdoreligiur wreebs<br />
respublikaSi SeiZleba situaciis Tavis sasargeblod gamoyenebis saSualeba misces.<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom araerTgvarovania religiis gavlena CrdiloeT<br />
kavkasiazec, romelic ruseTis samxreTis administraciuli erTeulebis saxiTaa<br />
warmodgenili. ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi literaturaSi gamoiTqmo<strong>da</strong><br />
mosazreba, rom CrdiloeT kavkasia, kerZod, CeCneTi <strong>da</strong>, garkveulwilad, <strong>da</strong>Restani<br />
warmoadgenen politikuri an `saxelmwifo~ islamis ideaTa gavrcelebis centrs. 1990-<br />
iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi johar du<strong>da</strong>evma gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> SariaTis kanonebis uzenaesoba<br />
197 iqve, gv.10.<br />
198 iqve, gv.11.<br />
199 iqve, gv.14.<br />
83
espublikaSi. movlenaTa Semdgomma msvlelobam, maT Soris konfliqtis eskalaciam<br />
CeCneTsa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis federaciis centrs Soris aCvena, rom ganviTarebis islamuri<br />
modeli miuRebelia ara marto kremlisaTvis, aramed TviT regionis <strong>da</strong>narCeni<br />
nawilebisaTvis, romelTac uari Tqves mis masobriv mxar<strong>da</strong>Weraze. es arCevani ar scno<br />
arc msoflio sazogadoebam. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom CrdiloeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> religiuri<br />
kompozicia aranakleb Wrelia, vidre misi eTnikuri Semadgenloba, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT,<br />
rom muslimuri faqtori ar warmoadgens im SemakavSirebel safuZvels, romelsac<br />
SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>emyaros regionis momavali.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom kavkasiaSi Warboben islamis mimdevrebi, aq religiuri<br />
konfliqtebi ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra ssrk-s <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdegac ki. religia iqca ara dominirebad<br />
politikur faqtorad, romelic gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> regionis momavals, aramed <strong>da</strong>mxmare<br />
saSualebad axali identurobebis <strong>for</strong>mirebaSi, zog SemTxvevaSi ki, igi gamoyenebuli<br />
iyo instrumentad sagareo politikis gansazRvrisas an ucxoeTis saxelmwifoTa<br />
gavlenisaTvis kavkasiaSi.<br />
saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa eqspertebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom politikuri<br />
konfliqtebis mogvarebis saqmeSi religiam, SesaZloa, pozitiuri rolic Seasrulos.<br />
religia arc gaqreba <strong>da</strong> arc misi roli Semcirdeba msoflio politikaSi (es arc un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos sasurveli, radgan am SemTxvevaSi msoflio <strong>da</strong>ucveli aRmoCndeba kidev ufro<br />
destruqciuli saero totalitarizmis winaSe). mxolod politizebul religias, an<br />
religiur fanatizms, <strong>da</strong> ara romelime religias TavisTavad, Wirdeba meomrebi <strong>da</strong><br />
fanatikosebi, msxverpli <strong>da</strong> mSvidobis <strong>da</strong>mcvelebi 200 .<br />
religiis faqtori <strong>kavkasiis</strong> Tanamedrove konfliqtebSi.<br />
konfliqtebis mizezebi<br />
vidre <strong>kavkasiis</strong> konfliqtebSi religiis faqtoris mniSvnelobis ganxilvas SevudgebodeT,<br />
oriode sityviT SevexoT nacionalizmisa <strong>da</strong> religiuri fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmis<br />
urTierTmimarTebas, miTumetes imis fonze, rom <strong>kavkasiis</strong> regioni (gansakuTrebiT ki<br />
CrdiloeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> rigi erTeulebi), islamuri fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmis aRorZinebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
gamococxlebis adgilad gvevlineba. muslimebSi arsebobs sazogado tendencia imisa,<br />
rom politikaSi organizeba rwmenis safuZvelze moaxdinon. im qveynebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini<br />
umciresobaSi arian, uCndebaT moTxovna, rom muslimebi Camoyalibdnen calke<br />
politikur jgufad, gamoyofil er-saxelmwifod an saxelmwifod romelime<br />
saxelmwifos farglebSi (amis karg nimuSad kavkasiaSi CeCneTi gvevlineba). Tu <strong>kavkasiis</strong><br />
magaliTis paralelurad aziis magaliTs (indoeTi, pakistani) moviSveliebT, aq aSkaraa<br />
kavSiri muslimuri erTobis Seqmna-SenarCunebasa <strong>da</strong> politikur separatizms Soris.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom muslimebi politikaSi organizebas axdenen rwmenaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT,<br />
rac mxolod imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom muslimuri elitebi rwmenas aRiqvamen<br />
politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebisa Tu misi mopovebis yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad.<br />
nacionalizmsa <strong>da</strong> fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizms Soris mWidro kavSiri ganpirobebulia im<br />
faqtoriT, rom fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmi warmogvidgens detalur <strong>da</strong> konkretul programas,<br />
xolo nacionalizmi _ enasa <strong>da</strong> eTnikurobaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli fenomenia, romelic<br />
momavlisTvis araviTar `saxelmZRvanelos~ ar gvTavazobs. ase rom, isini kargad avseben<br />
200<br />
religia <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi. - saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros sagareo<br />
politikis kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> analizis centris biuleteni, 10 (19), gv.49.<br />
84
erTmaneTs.<br />
naTelia, rom dRes islamuri fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmi ufro metad politikuri moZraobaa,<br />
vidre religiuri. SesaZloa, amis mizezi nawilobriv Tavad islamSia, sa<strong>da</strong>c saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>da</strong> religia gaumijnavia. agresiuli, anti<strong>da</strong>savluri, antisemituri <strong>da</strong> antidemokraiuli<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmi dRes seriozul problemebs qmnis msoflioSi. rogorc TviTon<br />
muslimi fun<strong>da</strong>mentalistebi acxadeben, isini <strong>da</strong>savlur cifiliacias pirvelobas<br />
ecilebian. cnobilia maTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba <strong>da</strong>narCeni msofliosadmi: mTTvis miuRebelia<br />
yvelaferi is, rac maTi samyaros miRma xdeba. rogorc libanuri islamuri<br />
organizaciis `hamasis~ erT-erTma warmomadgenelma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, `islamuri kulturis<br />
leqsikonSi ar arsebobs iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa kompromisi an <strong>da</strong>Tmoba~. meore<br />
islamuri organizaciis `hezbolas~ sulieri winamZRvris sityviT ki, islamistebi<br />
islamuri sivrcis gafarToebas nebismieri saSualebiT ecdebian 201 . albaT, swored<br />
amitom acxadeb<strong>da</strong> iranuli opoziciis erT-erTi lideri, rom `zomieri<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>mentalisti ar arsebobs. es igivea, rom vilaparakoT zomier nacistze” 202 .<br />
eqstremistTa xelSi islami aris ara piradi rwmena, aramed mmarTvelobis mTelisistema.<br />
islamistebi islams aRiqvamen ara saukeTeso religiad, aramed saukeTeso<br />
ideologiad. es azri naTlad gamoxata malaiziel islamistTa liderma: `Cven ar varT<br />
socialistebi, Cven ar varT kapitalistebi, Cven varT muslimebi” 203 .<br />
islamistebi gansakuTrebeli SeurigeblobiT upirispirdebian <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
civilizacias. aiaTola xomeinis sityviT, maT ar eSiniaT arc ekonomikuri sanqciebis,<br />
arc samxedro intervenciis; maT <strong>da</strong>savluri universitetebis eSiniaT. es ufro<br />
kulturaTa Widilia, vidre politikuri qiSpi. iraneli radikalebi miiCneven, rom<br />
`<strong>da</strong>savleTs istoriulad gacnobierebuli aqvs: islamuri civilizacia sabolood<br />
Secvlis <strong>da</strong>savlurs~. niSnadoblivia, rom s.hanTingtonis gaxmaurebuli naSromi<br />
saswrafod iTargmna sparsulad <strong>da</strong> kargad iyo gamoyenebuli islamistur<br />
propagan<strong>da</strong>Si 204 .<br />
rogorc s.hanTingtoni aRniSnavs, konfliqti islamsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saleTs Soris XX<br />
saukunis bolos ramdenime faqtorma gaamwvava. jer erTi, muslimTa ricxvis zr<strong>da</strong>s<br />
mohyva umuSevarTa <strong>da</strong> ukmayofilo axalgazrdobis ricxvis zr<strong>da</strong>, romelTa rigebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
islamistebi seriozul Sevsebas iReben. isini axorcieleben zewolad mezobel<br />
saxelmwifoebze, saxldebian <strong>da</strong>savleTSi. meore, saerTod religiisa <strong>da</strong>, kerZod,<br />
islamis aRorZinebam mahmadianebi kidev erTxel <strong>da</strong>arwmuna sakuTari faseulobebis<br />
gansxvavebulobaSi, gansakuTrebulobaSi <strong>da</strong> upiratesobasi <strong>da</strong>savleTTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
mesame, <strong>da</strong>savleTis mudmivma mcdelobam, sayovelTaod <strong>da</strong> universalurad eqcia<br />
sakuTari faseulobebi <strong>da</strong> institutebi, SeenarCunebina samxedro <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri<br />
upiratesoba, agreTve, Careuliyo konfliqtebSi muslimuri samyaros SigniT muslimTa<br />
Zlieri aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. meoTxe, komunizmis kraxTan erTad gaqra <strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
islamis saerTo mteri; samagierod, TiToeuli maTgani iqca seriozul safrTxed<br />
meorisaTvis. mexuTe faqtors warmoadgens kontaqtis gaZliereba <strong>da</strong>savlelTa <strong>da</strong><br />
muslimTa Soris; maTi mWidro kontaqti orive mxares ganumtkicebs sakuTari<br />
identurobis SegrZnebas <strong>da</strong> imis Segnebas, rom es identuroba maT erTmaneTisagan<br />
ganasxvavebs <strong>da</strong> aSorebs.<br />
mWidro urTierTqmedebam gaaRrmava gansxvaveba im uflebaTa gagebaSi, romlebic<br />
aqvT erTi civilizaciis warmomadgenlebs im qveynebSi, romlebic meore civilizacias<br />
201<br />
islami _ religia Tu iaraRi eqstremistTa xelSi? _ saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros<br />
sagareo politikis kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> analizis centris biuleteni, 4, Tb., 1998, gv.3.<br />
202 iqve.<br />
203 iqve.<br />
204 iqve.<br />
85
ekuTvnian, an romlebSic meore civilizaciis warmomadgenlebi umravlesobas<br />
Seadgenen. amis naTeli magaliTia cota xnis win safrangeTSi atexili skan<strong>da</strong>li<br />
morwmuneTaTvis <strong>da</strong>wesebuli SezRudvis gamo. 80-90-ian wlebSi rogorc muslimur, ise<br />
qristianul sazogadoebebSi mkveTrad <strong>da</strong>qveiT<strong>da</strong> urTierTSemwynarebloba.<br />
rac Seexeba istorias, rogorc a. pireni aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, Tavis droze evropelTa Sexebam<br />
islamTan es ukanaskneli maTTvis `ucxos~ WeSmarit gansaxierebad aqcia, romlis<br />
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, Sua saukuneebi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli, SemarTuli iyo mTeli<br />
evropuli civilizacia. pireni miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong> muslimuri aRmosavleTis rolze evropuli<br />
civilizaciis CamoyalibebaSi: VII saukuneSi, islamis Semotevis Sedegad, <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
evropuli kulturis centris ga<strong>da</strong>nacvleba xmelTaSuazRvispireTi<strong>da</strong>n (romelic<br />
arabul provinciad iqca) CrdiloeTisaken. <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> romauli tradicia <strong>da</strong> saTave<br />
<strong>da</strong>edo TviTmyofad romanul-germanul civilizacias. evropa iqca did qristianul<br />
Tanamegobrobad, aRmosavleTi ki — misTvis kulturuli TvalsazrisiT ucxo, `sxva~<br />
samyarod 205 .<br />
erTi sityviT, aRmosavleTi iyo is `sxva~, romelic <strong>da</strong>exmara <strong>da</strong>savleTs (evropas)<br />
sakuTari raobis gansazRvraSi. aRmosavleTis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebis, misi gansazRvris fonze<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTma, romlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia kritikuli TviTrefleqsia,<br />
SeimuSava sakuTari maxasiaTeblebic, gansazRvra sakuTari saxe. a.a.mazruim yuradReba<br />
miaqcia <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis mimzidvelobisa <strong>da</strong> misadmi agresiuli ganwyobis<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>Srevebas <strong>da</strong>savleTTan ara<strong>da</strong>savluri samyaros urTierTobis procesSi:<br />
`mosuli kultura iwvevs erTdroulad aRfrTovanebasa <strong>da</strong> zizRs, mibaZvis survilsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> protestis grZnobas” 206 . sul ufro aSkarad ikveTeba ara<strong>da</strong>savlur civilizaciaTa<br />
miswrafeba sakuTari saxis, sakuTari faseulobebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisaken.<br />
iseTi STabeWdileba rom ar <strong>da</strong>gvrCes, TiTqos muslimuri samyaro calsaxad<br />
Seurigebelia <strong>da</strong>savlurisadmi, moviSvelieb im mkvlevarTa naazrevsac, romlebic ar<br />
arian radikalurni <strong>da</strong>savlur samyarosTan muslimuri aRmosavleTis urTierTobis<br />
Sedegebisa <strong>da</strong> perspeqtivebis SefasebaSi. magaliTad, iraneli literaturaTmcodne,<br />
doqtori abdulhusein zarinkubi, romelmac 1974 wels gamoaqveyna wigni friad<br />
niSandoblivi saTauriT: `arc <strong>da</strong>savluri, arc aRmosavluri _ a<strong>da</strong>mianuri~, miiCnevs,<br />
rom SeuZlebelia iranuli kulturis <strong>da</strong>konserveba, misi SenarCuneba Zveli tradiciebis<br />
farglebSi. igi un<strong>da</strong> viTardebodes, iTvisebdes axals _ aucilebelsa <strong>da</strong><br />
sasargeblos. problemas qmnis ara <strong>da</strong>savluris aTviseba _ es istoriuli aucileblobaa,<br />
radgan kapitalistur ekonomikasTan erTad xalxis cxovrebaSi iWreba garkveuli<br />
kulturuli faseulobani, _ aramed <strong>da</strong>savleTis winaSe qedis moxra, cxovrebis<br />
ucxo normebis Tavsmoxveva. sad aris gamosavali? mecnieris azriT, ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols<br />
Seasrulebs iranuli kulturis istoriuli gamocdileba, romelmac SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxa<strong>da</strong> enis, literaturisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis SenarCuneba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis zewolis<br />
pirobebSi 207 .<br />
istorikosi <strong>da</strong> literaturaTmcodne, Teiranis universitetis profesori<br />
mohama<strong>da</strong>li islami noduSani aRniSnavs, rom erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic<br />
mu<strong>da</strong>m zemoqmedeb<strong>da</strong> iranis istoriaze, aris misi mdebareoba aRmosavleTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTs Soris. geografiam gansazRvra CvenTvis erTaderTi gza _ wonasworobis<br />
SenarCuneba, anu sakuTar safuZvelze myarad dgomis unari, askvnis igi 208 . modernizacia<br />
205<br />
cit.naSromi<strong>da</strong>n: Said E.W. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.71.<br />
206 Mazrui A. World Federation of Cultures: an African Perspective. N.Y., 1976, p.457.<br />
207<br />
Китаянов Д.С. Иран и Запад: история и современный диалог. – В кн.: Восток-Запад: Притяжение, отталкивание. М.,<br />
1998, с.32-33. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom iranis islamuri revoluciis ideologebi am lozungs <strong>da</strong>esesxnen<br />
zarinkubs <strong>da</strong> igi Semdegnairad ga<strong>da</strong>akeTes: arc aRmosavluri, arc <strong>da</strong>savluri _ islamuri.<br />
208 Китаянов Д.С. <strong>da</strong>sax.naSr., gv.9.<br />
86
Tu tradicia? _ am kiTxvas noduSani Semdegnairad pasuxobs: `kargia Tu cudi,<br />
ganaxlebis tyveebi varT, mas versaiT gaveqceviT. roca bavSvs poliemielitis wveTebs<br />
vaylapebT, misi yiflibandi Tanamedrove mecnierebis wyalobiT magrdeba. ar SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong> ar gamova _ wveTebi ylapo <strong>da</strong> wamlis SuSa ki <strong>da</strong>amtvrio. modernizacias ver<br />
gaemijnebi — SeuZlebelia, misi meSveobiT sarCo moipovo, Sin ki ar SeuSva. Cven<br />
sakuTari Tavis rwmena un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vibrunoT, rac gvaqvs, imis yadri un<strong>da</strong> gavacnobieroT,<br />
xolo rac gvWirdeba, gonierebiT movipovoT. a<strong>da</strong>mianebi Tavisi drois Svilebad un<strong>da</strong><br />
iqcnen” 209 .<br />
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia ori urTierTsapirispiro tendencia <strong>da</strong>savleTisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savluri samyaros urTierTobaSi. erTis mxriv, <strong>da</strong>savluri faseulobebi,<br />
masobrivi kulturis saxiT, farTod vrceldeba mTel msoflioSi. am movlenas<br />
`koka-kolonizaciisa~ <strong>da</strong> `hamburgerizaciis~ efeqtis saxeliT ixsenieben. saqme ufro<br />
Sorsac midis. rogorc e.saidi aRniSnavs, Tanamedrove arabuli samyaro aSS-s<br />
politikur <strong>da</strong> kulturul satelitad gvevlineba. mimdinareobs gemovnebis farTomasStabiani<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtizacia, rac gamoixateba ara mxolod tranzistorebiT, jinsebiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> koka-koliT, aramed aRmosavleTis kulturuli saxeebiT, romelTac farTod<br />
avrcelebs masobrivi sain<strong>for</strong>macio saSualebebi <strong>da</strong> romlebic ukritikod moixmareba<br />
aRmosavleli masobrivi auditoriis mier. amis paradoqsuli Sedegi isaa, rom arabi<br />
sakuTar Tavs holivudis mier SemoTavazebuli saxiT aRiqvams 210 . azieli studentebi<br />
(<strong>da</strong> profesorebi) kvlav amjobineben, moikalaTon amerikel orientalistTa ferxTiT,<br />
Semdeg ki adgilobriv msmenelebs gaumeoron kliSeebiT gajerebuli orientalisturi<br />
dogmebi 211 .<br />
aqve xazi un<strong>da</strong> gavusvaT, rom aucilebelia erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT, erTi mxriv,<br />
islami, rogorc religia, romelic aerTianebs erT miliard a<strong>da</strong>mians, ormoc<strong>da</strong>aTze<br />
met qveyanas, islamur erTobebs 120-mde saxelmwifoSi <strong>da</strong>, meore mxriv, islamuri<br />
eqstremizmi, romelic warmoadgens politikur-konfesiuri xasiaTis agresiul<br />
moZraobas.<br />
rogorc zemoT iTqva, 90-iani wlebis konfliqtebi <strong>kavkasiis</strong> regionSi wmin<strong>da</strong> religiuri<br />
xasiaTisa ar iyo. rogorc Svedi mkvlevari, ankaris saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis<br />
axlo aRmosavleTis institutis TanamSromeli, filosofiis doqtori svante<br />
korneli aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, imisaTvis, rom konfliqts religiuri vuwodoT, saWiroa mravali<br />
<strong>garemo</strong>eba <strong>da</strong>fiqsirdes: erT-erTi mxaris mier <strong>da</strong>pirispireba religiur prizmaSi un<strong>da</strong><br />
ganixilebodes, un<strong>da</strong> SeimCneodes konfliqts gareT romelime jgufisadmi religiuri<br />
soli<strong>da</strong>robis niSnebi <strong>da</strong> a.S., rasac zemoT CamoTvlil yvela kavkasiur konfliqtze<br />
namdvilad ver vityviT. am eTnopolitikur konfliqtebSi religia xSirad asrulebs<br />
ori <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli mxaris gammijnavi faqtoris rols. radganac CeCenebi <strong>da</strong> rusebi,<br />
somxebi <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanelebi, inguSebi <strong>da</strong> osebi CarTulni arian erTmaneTTan omSi,<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva religiuri aRmsarebloba iqca im <strong>da</strong>matebiT faqtorad, ramac gazar<strong>da</strong><br />
ormxrivi SuRli <strong>da</strong> undobloba, anu religiuri niSani iyo eTnikurobis gansmazRvreli<br />
erT-erTi faqtori.<br />
metic, religiis, kerZod, islamis, faqtoris gamoyeneba omis propagandis dros<br />
yovelTvis warmatebuli ar yofila. bunebrivia, somxeTis <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis sulieri<br />
liderebi konfliqtis dros SeuerTdnen TavianTi xalxis moTxovnebs, Tumca es<br />
sakmaod gvian <strong>da</strong> aSkara sazogadoebrivi azris zewolis Semdeg gaakeTes. magram, yvela<br />
209 noduSani m.e. iranelTa TviTmyofadoba islamisSemdgom periodSi. _ gaz. “Cveni mwerloba”, 9 (139), 2003,<br />
7-12 marti, gv.4-5.<br />
210 Said E.W. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.322.<br />
211<br />
iqve, gv.323-324.<br />
87
SemTxvevaSi, somexTa kaTalikosis vazgen I-isa Tu samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> Seixis aiaTola<br />
alah-Sukur faSazades politikurad angaJirebuli werilebis gamo yarabaRis<br />
problema ar SeiZleba religiur omad Sefasdes. meore magaliTic moviyvanoT: 1994<br />
wels ruseT-CeCneTis konfliqtis gaCaRebisTanave generali du<strong>da</strong>evi cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />
jihadisaken mowodebiT kavkasieli muslimi xalxis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris mopovebas, Tumca<br />
gamoxmaureba mxolod tajikeTi<strong>da</strong>n iyo. aseT konfliqtur situaciebSi, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, eTnikuri TviTidentifikacia ufro did rols asrulebs, vidre religiuri<br />
erTobis grZnoba. magaliTad prigorodnis raionSi mcxovrebi osebi aviRoT, romelTa<br />
nawili sunituri aRmsareblobis iyo. maT, faqtobrivad, rusebis mxar<strong>da</strong>mxar genocidi<br />
mouwyves iq mcxovreb Tanamorwmune inguSebs. meore mxriv, muslimi adiRelebi qristian<br />
afxazebs exmarebodnen qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. amis mizezi, garkveulwilad,<br />
Tavad kavkasiur islamSi eTnikurobiT gapirobebuli mravalmxrivobaa. meore mxriv ki,<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos Tavad erovnuli jgufebisadmi afilaciis tendencia, romelmac Tavi<br />
gansakuTrebiT XX saukuneSi, stalinis erovnuli politikis gatarebis periodSi <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
Semdgom iCina.<br />
gamTiSveli politika, pirvel rigSi, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eTnikuri jgufis administraciul<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawevrebas gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>. amis magaliTia kavkasiuri ojaxis afxazur-adiRuri jgufi<br />
(Cerqezi xalxi, romlis TviTsaxelwodebaa `adiRe”), romelic ruseTis mfarvelobis<br />
qveS aTwleulobiT yofnis Sedegad sam respublikaSi iqna ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebuli (yabardoelebi<br />
_ yabardo-balyareTSi, Cerqezebi _ yaraCai-CerqezeTSi <strong>da</strong> adiRebi _ adiRes<br />
respublikaSi), sa<strong>da</strong>c isini ver qmnian erovnul umravlesobas. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs<br />
maTi Zlieri erovnuli grZnoba, Cerqezuli TviTidentifikacia. SeiZleba amanac<br />
ganapiroba is faqti, rom adiReelebis yovel mesame ojaxs afxazeTSi nabrZoli wevri<br />
hyavs <strong>da</strong>Rupuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom Cerqezebi cdiloben, ar gaaRizianon gverdiT<br />
mcxovrebi rusi, kazaki <strong>mosaxleoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> orientacia erovnuli konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciisaken ai-<br />
Ron, <strong>da</strong> ara reislamizaciisaken. amiT isini radikalurad gansxvavdebian vainaxebisagan.<br />
mTlianobaSi rom gavaanalizoT, 90-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi konfliqtebis religiuri<br />
safuZvlebi gansakuTrebiT susti <strong>da</strong> umniSvnelo iyo, aRaravis axsov<strong>da</strong><br />
Samiliseuli mowodeba wmin<strong>da</strong> omisaken, rac, garkveulwilad, aTeizmis aTwleulebiTac<br />
iyo gapirobebuli, Tumca SemdgomSi viTareba Seicvala. amis mizezi, rogorc adiRes<br />
respublikis prezidenti aRniSnavs, islamis mo<strong>da</strong>Si Semosvlaa. es ar SeiZleba mxolod<br />
vahabitur ideologias <strong>da</strong>vabraloT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom religiuri Tu eTnikuri<br />
TviTgamorkveva gasuli aTwleulebis <strong>kavkasiis</strong> regionSi mudmivad antirusuli<br />
ganwyobis fonze mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. amJamad ki, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris mmarTveloba<br />
warsuls Cabar<strong>da</strong>, am mmarTvelobisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli ideologia ar Secvlila yvelasaTvis<br />
saerTo regionuli alternativiT (Tun<strong>da</strong>c evropuli liberaluri modeliT).<br />
saerTo <strong>da</strong>bneulobis fonze ki, TiToeuli sazogadoeba kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>moukideblad<br />
eZiebs ideologiur partniors.<br />
ra iyo konfliqtebis realuri mizezebi?<br />
zemoT Cven ukve SevexeT mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis mosazrebas am sakiTxze.<br />
d.sengaasis azriT, isini socialur-ekonomikur viTarebaSi iZebneba. Tumca arsebobs<br />
sxvagvari axsnac.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom <strong>kavkasiis</strong> konfliqtebi<strong>da</strong>n TiToeuls garkveuli Taviseburebani<br />
axasiaTebs, naTlad Cans maTi warmoSobis wyaroebisa <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebis uSualo<br />
Sedegebis msgavseba. yvela konfliqti — gar<strong>da</strong> oseT-inguSeTisa _ warmoadgens<br />
SemTxvevas, roca sabWoTa periodis eTnikuri avtonomiebi aumxedrdnen Sesabamis<br />
centralur xelisuflebas liberalizaciisa <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis periodSi. es,<br />
TavisTavad, saintereso faqtia, radgan konfliqtebis Teoretikosebi avtonomias<br />
88
eTnikur uTanxmoebaTa kompromisuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis saSualebad miiCneven. sabWoTa<br />
kavSiri <strong>da</strong>, kerZod, kavkasia, mravali mizezis gamo, am saerTo tendencii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamonakliss warmoadgens. avtonomiuri umciresobani ajanydnen, araavtonomiurebTan<br />
ki aseTi niSnebi iSviaTad SeiniSnebo<strong>da</strong>. samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> konfliqtebis meore<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niSania ajanyebuli umciresobebis gare mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera. CeCneTi <strong>da</strong> oseTinguSeTi<br />
mainc gamonaklisia am TvalsazrisiT. marTalia, umetes SemTxvevaSi yvela<br />
konfliqti fasdeba rogorc `eTnikuri~ an `religiuri~, magram ze<strong>da</strong>piruli analizic<br />
ki cxadyofs aseTi martivi axsnis arasworobas. isini, pirvel rigSi, politikuri<br />
konfliqtebia teritoriaTa <strong>da</strong> maTi flobis uflebis gamo. sinamdvileSi es<br />
konfliqtebi eTnikurobis politizacias ukavSirdeba, ramac pirvelad aSkarad Tavi<br />
iCina 1987-89 ww., Tumca maTi saTaveebi gacilebiT adreul periodSi iZebneba.<br />
saWiroa mokled SevexoT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> konfliqtebis politikuri diskursis erT<br />
mxaresac, romelsac SeiZleba regionis politikuri orientaciis sakiTxic ewodos.<br />
Tumca isic gasarkvevia, marTebulia Tu ara saubari saerTo-kavkasiur (an, Tun<strong>da</strong>c,<br />
samxreTkavkasiur) politikur orientaciaze. samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> konfliqtebze<br />
msjelobisas saWiroa TviT samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> qveynebis marTebuli identifikacia.<br />
saWiroa maTi identuroba ufro mkafiod ganisazRvros, vidre amis saSualebas iZleva<br />
maTi moazreba postsabWouri sivrcis nawilad.<br />
konfliqtebis WeSmariti mizezebis gasarkvevad saWiro iqneba cota Soreul<br />
periods mivmarToT, kerZod, im xanas, roca ruseTi kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas iwyeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, samxreT kavkasiasi <strong>da</strong>samkvidreblad ruseTs XIX saukunis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n 70-ian wlebamde periodi <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>. paralelurad, igi CrdiloeT<br />
kavkasiaSi mZime oms awarmoeb<strong>da</strong>. Tavis gavlenas igi nacadi xerxiT — adgilobriv<br />
elitebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT amkvidreb<strong>da</strong>. es taqtika warmatebiT iqna gamoyenebuli saqar-<br />
Tvelosa <strong>da</strong> somxeTSi. qarTvelebsa <strong>da</strong> somxebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T nacionaluri identurobis<br />
ganviTarebuli grZnoba, rasac ver vityviT Tanamedrove azerbaijanze, romlis<br />
teritoria <strong>da</strong>yofili iyo iranis Sahebis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaSi myof saxanoebad.<br />
somxebi umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebdnen kavkasiaSi ruseTis batonobis mTel<br />
periodSi, iyvnen ra rusebis mokavSireebi <strong>da</strong> ekavaT mniSvnelovani Tanamdebobani<br />
administraciaSi. rogorc Tadeusz Swietochowski aRniSnavs, ruseTi mudmivad cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />
demografiuli viTarebis Secvlas samxreT kavkasiaSi, ubiZgeb<strong>da</strong> ra muslim azerbaijanelebs<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebisaken <strong>da</strong> xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> qristian somxebis didi raodenobis<br />
Semosvlas.<br />
Tumca azerbaijanuli ena XV saukuni<strong>da</strong>n ukve farTod iyo gavrcelebuli rogorc<br />
saliteraturo ena, erTiani saxelmwifos tradicia ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
TurqmanCais zavi tragedia iyo azerbaijaneli xalxisaTvis. man md. araqsiT gayo<br />
maTi teritoria, es sazRvari dResac yofs azebaijanel xalxs. es <strong>da</strong>yofa ar aris<br />
mxolod politikuri; ganvlili drois manZilze ori azerbaijanis sazogadoebebi <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturebi arsebiTad gansxvavebuli gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Tadeusz Swietochowski Tavis wignSi `ruseTi <strong>da</strong> azerbaijani~ svams marTebul kiTxvas:<br />
ramden xans SeiZleba esoden gansxvavebul imperiaTa SemadgenlobaSi moqceulma orad<br />
gayofilma xalxma SeinarCunos is, rac maT saerTo aqvT? pirveli aseTi elementi enaa.<br />
ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi myofi azerbaijanelebi Tavisuflad flobdnen rusul enas,<br />
imdenad, rom sabWoTa ganaTlebamiRebuli elitisaTvis rusuli iqca ZiriTad enad,<br />
mSobliurma enam ki meore adgili <strong>da</strong>ikava. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom aq `rusifikacias~ ar<br />
miuRwevia iseTi donisaTvis, rogorc CrdiloeT kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> centralur aziaSi,<br />
rusulma enam mainc didi zegavlena iqonia CrdiloeT azerbaijanze. araqsis samxreTiT<br />
aseTive pozicia aqvs sparsuls. <strong>da</strong> mainc, kulturisa <strong>da</strong> identurobis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
89
samxreT azerbaijanSi iranis gavlena ufro Zlieria, vidre ruseTisa _ CrdiloeTSi.<br />
magaliTad, bevri iraneli azerbaijaneli Tavs Tvlis iranela<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanela<strong>da</strong>c,<br />
im dros roca Zneli mosaZebni iqneba Crdilo azerbaijaneli, romelic Tavs<br />
rusad miiCnevs. es faqti SeiZleba aixsnebodes struqturuli gansxvavebiT sabWoTa <strong>da</strong><br />
iranis saxelmwifoebs Soris. irani yovelTvis unitaruli saxelmwifo iyo, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
azerbaijanelebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xarisxis kulturuli avtonomia <strong>da</strong> calkeul<br />
periodebSi dominirebdnen kidec politikur cxovrebaSi. sapirispirod, sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris struqtura federaluri iyo, azerbaijanelebs sakuTari respublika hqon<strong>da</strong>T,<br />
SeeZloT TavianTi identurobis Camoyalibeba, sakuTari enisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis ufro<br />
metad xelSewyoba, vidre iranis azerbaijanelebs. gansaxvavebaTa miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, azerbaijanelebma<br />
sazRvris orive mxares SeinarCunes TavianTi ena. bunebrivia, rusulma <strong>da</strong><br />
sparsulma sityvebma SeaRwia maTSi, magram amas ar miuRwevia iseTi donisaTvis, rom<br />
komunikacia gaeZnelebina.<br />
meore aspeqti religiaa. s.kornelis marTebuli SeniSvniT, <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba religiisadmi<br />
iransa <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSirSi, gansakuTrebiT 1979-1991 wlebSi, ise gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
erTmaneTisagan, rogorc ca <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>miwa. sabWoTa `saxelmwifo aTeizmis~<br />
sapirispirod, religia yovelTvis mniSvnelovan rols asruleb<strong>da</strong> iranis cxovrebaSi,<br />
1979 wlis Semdeg ki irani islamuri saxelmwifo gax<strong>da</strong>. iranis religiur moRvaweTa<br />
Soris warmoSobiT azerbaijanelebic iyvnen. CrdiloeTSi didi gavlena iqonia<br />
aTeizmma. amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom religia ori azerbaijanis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
gamyofi faqtoria. mkvlevarTa azriT, igi aseTad <strong>da</strong>rCeba uaxloes momavalSic<br />
212 .<br />
mniSvnelovani epizodi iyo sabWoTa kavSiris mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT Seqmnili azerbaijanis<br />
respublika CrdiloeT iranSi meore msoflio omis periodSi. 1941 w. agvistoSi wiTeli<br />
armia SeiWra CrdiloeT iranSi, britanelebi ki — samxreTSi. 1945 w. dekemberSi TavrizSi<br />
mowveul iqna azerbaijanis erovnuli kongresi <strong>da</strong> Seiqmna mTavroba. magram sabWoTa<br />
jarebma <strong>da</strong>toves irani 1946 wis maisSi, <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis demokratiuli respublika<br />
iranis armiam sul ramdenime TveSi gaanadgura. am epizodis mniSvneloba isaa, rom man<br />
warmoSva azerbaijanis miwebis gaerTianebis imedi, ganskuTrebiT sabWoTa azerbaijanSi.<br />
sxvaganac <strong>da</strong>gvWir<strong>da</strong> aRgveniSna, rom eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebi mxolod<br />
postsabWoTa sivrcisa <strong>da</strong> periodis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli movlena ar aris. 1960-iani<br />
wlebi<strong>da</strong>n isini iSviaTobas ar warmoadgenen msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva regionSi <strong>da</strong><br />
mkvlevarTa sul ufro mzard interess iwveven. afrikaSi, samxreT aziaSi, aRmosavleT<br />
evropisa <strong>da</strong> evraziis postkomunistur saxelmwifoebSi wamotivtiv<strong>da</strong> Zveli ukmayofilebani<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaCn<strong>da</strong> axali konfliqtebi eTnikurad gansazRvrul socialur jgufebs<br />
Soris. Sesabamisad, momravl<strong>da</strong> eTnikuri konfliqtebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis gzebisadmi<br />
miZRvnili gamokvlevebi. Ted R.Gurr-is <strong>da</strong>skvniT, saxelSekrulebo (negotiated)<br />
regionuli avtonomia efeqturi antidoti aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> eTnopolitikuri omebis winaaRmdeg<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> mesame samyaros qveynebSi. aseve, Kjell-Ake Nordquist-ma gamoikvlia,<br />
rom avtonomiis — TviTmmarTvelobis mqone Si<strong>da</strong>saxelmwifoebrivi regionis, rogorc<br />
konfliqtis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis meqanizmis Seqmna SeiaraRebuli Si<strong>da</strong> konfliqtebis dros<br />
Teoriuli <strong>da</strong>, xSirad, praqtikuli arCevania am regionebSi arsebuli partiebisTvis.<br />
magram postsabWoTa sivrcis gamocdileba am <strong>da</strong>skvnis gaziarebis safuZvels<br />
naklebad iZleva. amis mizezei, rogorc Cans, TviT federalizmis sabWouri modelis<br />
TaviseburebebSia saZiebeli. cnobilia, rom stalinma SesaniSnavad gamoiyena<br />
212<br />
iqve, gv.38.<br />
90
`nativizaciis~ (“korenizacia”) procesi 1920-ian wlebSi centraluri xelisuflebis<br />
gaZlierebisa <strong>da</strong> avtonomiebis realuri Zalauflebis SemcirebisaTvis. rogor?<br />
avtonomiuri struqturebi ar iZleo<strong>da</strong> realur avtonomias an politikur Zalauflebas,<br />
maTi uflebebi Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong> kulturuli <strong>da</strong> socialuri sferoebiT.<br />
realuri Zalaufleba moskovs rCebo<strong>da</strong>. s.kornelis sityviT, avtonomiebi arasodes<br />
iyvnen avtonomiurni 213 . meore strategia mdgomareob<strong>da</strong> erovnuli <strong>da</strong>yofis gamoyenebaSi<br />
uTanxmoebaTa gasaZliereblad — magaliTad, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxebSi, romelTa mimarT<br />
stalinis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba gansakuTrebiT araloialuri iyo; es SemdgomSi gamomRavn<strong>da</strong><br />
deportaciebiT meore msoflio omis dros.<br />
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi amis yvelaze mkafio magaliTia, erTi mxriv, Turquli modgmis<br />
yaraCa-balyarelebis, meore mxriv ki Cerqezuli modgmis yabardo-Cerqezebis <strong>da</strong>yofa.<br />
gamyofi xazis gatareba aRmosavleT-<strong>da</strong>savleTis mimarTulebiT <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, yaraCabalyareTisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> yabardo-CerqezeTis respublikebis arseboba sruliad logikuri<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan pirvelni faqtobrivad erTi xalxia <strong>da</strong> saerTo ena aqvT, meoreni aseve<br />
erTi xalxia <strong>da</strong> axlo monaTesave enebze laparkoben. magram stalinma amjobina am<br />
teritoriis gayofa CrdiloeT-samxreTis RerZis gaswvriv <strong>da</strong> Seqmna yaraCa-<br />
CerqezeTisa <strong>da</strong> yabardo-balyareTis respublikebi. maTi teritoriebi ganivrco<br />
CrdiloeTisaken, raTa maT SemadgenlobaSi moqceuliyo rusebisa <strong>da</strong> kazakebis didi<br />
raodenoba. radgan Cerqezuli <strong>da</strong> Turquli modgmis xalxebs ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T saerTo<br />
istoria <strong>da</strong> ramdenime saukunis Tanacxovrebis manZilze <strong>da</strong>ugrov<strong>da</strong>T urTierTwyena <strong>da</strong><br />
eWvebi, rusul <strong>mosaxleoba</strong>s SeeZlo lideris rolis Sesruleba am jgufebs Soris<br />
urTierTobaSi <strong>da</strong> centris winaaRmdeg kavkasielTa raime erTiani qmedebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
acileba. Cerqezebi, Tavis mxriv, sam nawilad <strong>da</strong>yofili aRmoCndnen — adiRebad,<br />
Cerqezebad <strong>da</strong> yabardoelebad; vainaxebi aseve xelovnurad <strong>da</strong>yves CeCnebad <strong>da</strong><br />
inguSebad. aseve moskovis survilisamebr xdebo<strong>da</strong> avtonomiuri regionebis<br />
ierarqiuli statusis Secvla, an maTi Seqmna Tu gauqmeba. magaliTi: afxazeTi 1931<br />
wlamde saxelSekrulebo respublika iyo, Semdeg ki saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebara;<br />
CeCnebsa <strong>da</strong> inguSebs Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad cal-calke respublikebi hqon<strong>da</strong>T, romlebic 1944<br />
wlis deportaciis dros gauqm<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 1957 wels aR<strong>da</strong> mcired Secvlili teritoriiT.<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi xelSekrulebebma sabWoTa kavSirsa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTs Soris Seqmna<br />
ruka, romelmac wamoSva konfliqtebi <strong>da</strong> uTanxmoebani, romlebic dRemde greldeba.<br />
azerbaijanSi Seiqmna mTiani yarabaRis avtonomiuri olqi, romelic mTlianad garSemortymuli<br />
iyo azerbaijanuli teritoriiT, somxeTSi ki — azerbaijanuli anklavi<br />
naxWevnis avtonomiuri respublikis saxiT. orive maTgani azerbaijanis ssr iurisdiqciaSi<br />
iyo. azerbaijanuli <strong>da</strong> somxuri umciresobebi — ricxobrivad sakmaod mniSvnelovani<br />
_ aresebobs samxreT-aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, azerbaijanuli umciresoba<br />
arsebobs <strong>da</strong>RestanSic, romelic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d Tavmoyrilia qalaq derbentis irgvliv.<br />
aseTive iyo sabWoTa xelisuflebis politika sxva regionebTan mimarTebaSic,<br />
magram kavkasia aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> dRemde rCeba regionad, romelic, iugoslaviasTan erTad,<br />
yvelaze metad moicva eTnopolitikurma konfliqtebma.<br />
Tu Tvals ga<strong>da</strong>vavlebT warsuls, stalinuri memkvidreoba isaa, rom avtonomiuri<br />
struqturebis mTeli ierarqia, romelic mTlianad sabWoTa kavSiris ierarqias<br />
imeoreb<strong>da</strong>, arasodes gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> TviTgamorkvevas periferiebisaTvis. sabWoTa<br />
sistemis totalitaruli <strong>da</strong> centralizebuli xasiaTi arasdros aZlev<strong>da</strong> avtonomiurobis<br />
realizaciis uflebas avtonomiur erTeulebs — iqnebo<strong>da</strong> es mokavSire<br />
respublikebi Tu ufro <strong>da</strong>bali safexuris erTobebi.<br />
amrigad, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi eTnikuri konfliqtebis avtonomiurobis gziT<br />
213 iqve, gv.43.<br />
91
mogvarebis gzaze mTavar sirTules qmnis sabWouri memkvidreoba. avtonomiis<br />
SeTavazeba <strong>da</strong> misi ganxorcieleba sulac ar aris erTi <strong>da</strong> igive — rogorc warsulSi,<br />
avtonomia SeiZleba deklarirebuli iyos, magram sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad mza<strong>da</strong>a<br />
centraluri xelisufleba <strong>da</strong>uSvas realuri, <strong>da</strong> ara mxolod Teoriuli avtonomiuri<br />
umciresobebis arseboba Tavis teritoriaze.<br />
dRes arsebuli konfliqtur regionebSi avtonomiis rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
mowyobis <strong>for</strong>mis mimarT undoblobas konfliqtis monawile yvela mxaris mxriv<br />
vawydebiT. afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> mTiani yarabaxis konfliqtebis mogvarebis erT-erTi<br />
mTavari sirTule isaa, rom azerbaijani <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT moiTxoven<br />
gandgomili teritoriebis <strong>da</strong>brunebas maTi iurisdiqciis qveS, avtonomiis axali<br />
gagebis safuZvelze, romelic gulisxmobs gacilebiT farTo <strong>da</strong> realur avtonomias,<br />
vidre warsulSi iyo; separatistebi ki kategoriulad ewinaRmdegebian am models. isini<br />
cdiloben saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mopovebas gamoyofisa <strong>da</strong> sruli TviTgamorkvevisaTvis.<br />
amrigad, isini uaryofen avtonomias rogorc ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas <strong>da</strong> sanacvlod<br />
gvTavazoben gamoyofas rogorc ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas. molaparakebaTa dros isini gamodian<br />
nebismieri iseTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis winaaRmdeg, romelic emyreba `vertikalur~ urTier-<br />
Tobebs — maT subordinacias azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelosadmi. maTi azriT,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta un<strong>da</strong> emyarebodes `horizontalur~ urTierTobebs statusiT TanasworTa<br />
Soris, erTnairi statusis mqone erTeulTa konfederacias.<br />
niSandoblivia erTi faqtic: azerbaijansa <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi cxovrobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
raodenobisa <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva problemis mqone araerTi umciresoba, magram ajanyebuli<br />
aRmoCndnen mxolod avtonomiuri statusis mqoneni. lezgebi, TaliSebi <strong>da</strong> qurTebi<br />
azerbaijanSi, somxebi <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanelebi saqarTveloSi, romelTac ar hqoniaT<br />
avtonomia, gacilebiT naklebaqtiurni iyvnen.<br />
rac Seexeba konfliqtebis mogvarebis realuri gzebis Ziebas, rogorc mkvlevarTa<br />
nawili miiCnevs, pirvel rigSi, aucilebeli iqneba gandgomil umciresobaTa <strong>da</strong>rwmuneba<br />
imaSi, rom miRweuli SeTanxmebebi <strong>da</strong>culi iqneba. samxreT kavkasiaSi eTnikuri<br />
umciresobani gacilebiT mcirericxovanni arian, vidre maTi mezoblebi <strong>da</strong> yofili<br />
siuzerenebi. mag., afxazebi 100,000 arian, qarTvelebi ki 4 milioni. yarabaxeli somxebi —<br />
150,000, azerbaijanelebi — 6 mln. faqti, rom am mcirericxovanma umciresobebma gaimarjves,<br />
aixsneba Si<strong>da</strong>areulobiT saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanSi, agreTve, umciresobebis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> somxeTis mier. am saxelmwifoTa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaTa<br />
stabilurobis pirobebSi, umciresobebs ar eqnebo<strong>da</strong>T maTTan SeiaraRebuli <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />
SeasaZlebloba. am logikiT, umciresobebs eSiniaT, rom maTi avtonomiuri<br />
statusi Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT Seicvleba zewoliT, gamomdinare maTi mcirericxovnebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
Tu namdvili mizezi esaa, maSin am dilemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta SeiZleba imiT, rom moiZebnos<br />
gzebi am umciresobaTa <strong>da</strong>rwmunebisaTvis, rom maTi uflebebi ar Seilaxeba. saerTa-<br />
Soriso garantiebis Tema kargad un<strong>da</strong> iyos gaazrebuli. jerjerobiT saerTaSoriso<br />
sazogadoeba ver asrulebs ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols regionSi, romelic ruseTis gavlenis<br />
sferod rCeba. amitom rogorc umciresobaTa liderebi, aseve centraluri mTavrobebi<br />
iZulebuli arian mimarTon ruseTs, rogorc garants; magram maT kargad moexsenebaT,<br />
rom ruseTi namdvilad ar aris <strong>da</strong>uinteresebeli <strong>da</strong> obieqturi garanti. igi sakuTari<br />
interesebis <strong>da</strong>cvas cdilobs. bolo wlebis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom igi <strong>da</strong>yofisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> batonobis principiT moqmedebs <strong>da</strong> sulac ar eswrafvis konfliqtebis grZelvadian<br />
mogvarebas 214 .<br />
religiis roli <strong>kavkasiis</strong> konfliqtebSi farTo diskusiis sagania <strong>da</strong>savleTSi.<br />
avtorTa nawili Tvlis, rom religiis rogorc stabilurobis ganmsazRvreli<br />
214 Svante E.Cornell. Small Nations and Great Powers. A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflicts in the Caucasus, p.47.<br />
92
cvladis roli xSirad ga<strong>da</strong>WarbebiT fasdeba <strong>da</strong>savlel mkvlevarTa mier. magaliTad,<br />
yarabaRis konfliqti warmodgenilia rogorc <strong>da</strong>pirispireba muslim azerbaijanelebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qristian somxebs Soris, aseve, CeCneTis omi — <strong>da</strong>pirispireba marTlmadidebel<br />
ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> muslim CeCnebs Soris. magram religia mxolod erT-erTia, <strong>da</strong> Tanac ara<br />
gamnsazRvreli, im faqtorTagan, romlebic gavlenas axdenen politikur <strong>da</strong> socialur<br />
cvlilebebze regionSi 215 . realurad ki, konfliqtebs am regionSi ganapirobebs rTuli<br />
saSinao, kulturuli, regionuli <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso faqtorebi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
yoveli situacia unikaluria, SeiZleba gamoiyos ramdenime faqtori, romlebic<br />
yvelgan moqmedebs. ZiriTad saSinao <strong>da</strong> kulturul faqtorTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba<br />
sabWoTa memkvidreoba, eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> religiuri gansxvavebani, tranziciis periodis<br />
sirTuleni, korufciis problema, rTuli ekonomikuri mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> keTildReobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali done, rasac xSirad mohyveba Sejibri bunebrivi resursebisaTvis brZolaSi 216 .<br />
swored amitom, avtorebi skeptikurad arian ganwyobili uaxloes momavalSi regionSi<br />
stabiluri situaciis Seqmnis SesaZleblobisadmi, SeniSnaven ra, rom es qveynebi<br />
cdiloben erTdroulad ramdenime urTulesi miznis miRwevas: axali ekonomikuri<br />
sistemis Seqmnas, demokratiuli politikuri institutebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas, axal<br />
nacionalur identurobaTa Camoyalibebas. <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebma es gza Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT,<br />
aTwleulebis <strong>da</strong>, xan<strong>da</strong>xan, saukuneebis manZilze ganvles, axali saxelmwifoebi ki amis<br />
miRwevas swrafad <strong>da</strong> erTbaSad cdiloben.<br />
mraval avtors eTnikuri mravalferovneba miaCnia ZiriTad saSinao faqtorad,<br />
romelic ganapirobebs <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis warmoSobas. sabWoTa periodSi konfliqtis iseTi<br />
potenciuri katalizatorebi, rogoricaa eTnikuri an religiuri mravalferovneba,<br />
Zlierad iTrgunebo<strong>da</strong>. postsabWoTa periodSi ki umciresobaTa mzardi konfliqturi<br />
ganwyobis mizezi diskriminacia ki ara, jgufuri identurobis gaZliereba iyo 217 .<br />
regionis saxelmwifoebi mravaleTnikuria. bevr maTgans sa<strong>da</strong>vo sazRvrebi aqvs,<br />
romlebic erTmaneTisagan yofen erTsa <strong>da</strong> igive erovnebebs (nationality).<br />
mravali konfliqtis mizezi sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slamdel periodSi iZebneba.<br />
<strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg Seqmnili axali saxelmwifoebi sustad momzadebuli iyvnen<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis. ama Tu im eTnikur jgufebs gauCn<strong>da</strong>T winaparTa miwi<strong>da</strong>n Sors<br />
yofnis SegrZneba. axal saxelmwifoTa sust centralur xelisuflebas ar SeeZlo am<br />
safrTxeebis kontrolireba. arastabiluroba regionSi axali ambavi ar iyo;<br />
separatistuli moZraobani <strong>da</strong> politikuri gamowvevebi arsebob<strong>da</strong> XX s. <strong>da</strong>sawyisSic.<br />
nacionalurma politikurma miTebma <strong>da</strong> istoriulma mexsierebam biZgi misca eTnikur<br />
konfliqtebs. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c eTnikuri tradiciebi kulturuli identurobis<br />
safuZvelia, imdenadve maT SeuZliaT destruqciuli rolis Sesruleba 218 . mravali<br />
saSinao <strong>da</strong> kulturuli faqtori gareSe ZalTa gavlenisa <strong>da</strong> Carevis SesaZleblobas<br />
qmni<strong>da</strong>, rac kidev ufro amwvaveb<strong>da</strong> konfliqtur situaciebs.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Sla <strong>da</strong> konfliqturi identurobebi. konfliqtebis erT-erTi<br />
TvalsaCino wyaro ara marto kavkasiaSi, aramed mTel meore msoflio omisSemdgom<br />
msoflioSi iyo Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli, Zveli identurobebis gamococxleba — rogoricaa tomi,<br />
eTnikuroba (ethnicity) an religia. es identurobebi arc Tan<strong>da</strong>yolilia <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
statikuri. isini mWidro<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli socialur <strong>da</strong> politikur <strong>garemo</strong>ebebTan;<br />
kerZod, maT gamococxlebaze did gavlenas axdens politikuri procesebi. eTnikuri<br />
mobilizacia, rogorc wesi, xdeba sxva erTobasTan konfliqtis atmosferoSi. am<br />
215 Crossroads and Conflict. Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Azia. Ed.by Gary K.Bertsch, Cassady Craft,<br />
Scott F.Jones, and Michael Beck. Routledge, New York-London, 2000, p.8.<br />
216<br />
iqve.<br />
217 iqve.<br />
218 iqve, gv.5.<br />
93
TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba visaubroT sarkisebur nacionalizmze: xalxi aRdgeba saerTo<br />
mtris winaaRmdeg, rac aZlierebs erTi jgufisadmi maTi mikuTvnebulobis SegrZnebas.<br />
saxelmwifos farglebSi erTobaTa Soris konfliqtebi warmoiSoba maSin, roca misi<br />
Semadgeneli erTi an ramdenime jgufi aRar axdens TviTidentificirebas saxelmwifosTan,<br />
romelsac miekuTvneba. es imis gamo xdeba, rom igi ganicdis diskriminacias,<br />
xdeba jgufuri identurobis politikuri mobilizacia, an, xSirad, am faqtorebis kombinaciis<br />
gamo, romlebic erTmaneTs ganapirobeben kidec. amis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n asacileblad,<br />
mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifoebis mmarTvelebi xSirad ubiZgeben eri-saxelmwifos<br />
mSneblobis (nation-building) process im mizniT, rom Caanacvlon tomobrivi an eTnikuri<br />
identuroba erovnuli (nation) identurobiT, romelic mesame samyaros mraval qveyanaSi<br />
xelovnuri <strong>da</strong> abstraqtuli cnebaa 219 .<br />
eTnikuri an jgufuri identurobebis gamodevnis meore, SesaZloa, ufro warmatebuli<br />
meTodia maTi Canacvleba ideologiiT. swored es meTodi iyo gamoyenebuli<br />
sabWoTa kavSirSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c komunistur ideologias un<strong>da</strong> waeSala gansxvavebani xalxebs<br />
Soris <strong>da</strong> Camoeyalibebina Tvisebrivad axali a<strong>da</strong>miani. sabWoTa saxelmwifos struqtura<br />
erovnul <strong>da</strong>yofas efuZnebo<strong>da</strong>. `erovnuli~ erTobebi, romelTagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong><br />
sabWoTa kavSiri, ar iyo eTnikurad homogenuri. am heterogenulobis Sedegi iyo<br />
`satitulo erovnebebis (nationality)~ mier umciresobaTa asimilaciis faruli Tu aSkara<br />
politika. umciresobebisaTvis pirovnuli <strong>da</strong> jgufuri identurobis sakiTxi friad<br />
rTuli gaxl<strong>da</strong>T. kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> centralur aziaSi am saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisamde xalxTa<br />
umravlesobaSi erovnuli identuroba ganuviTarebeli iyo. gamonakliss warmoadgendnen<br />
qarTvelebi <strong>da</strong> somxebi. azerbaijanelebisaTvisac ki, romelTac hqon<strong>da</strong>T xangrZlivi<br />
literaturuli tradicia (XVI saukuni<strong>da</strong>n), ZiriTadi identuroba iyo an<br />
suberovnuli (saxanoebi, regionebi, klanebi), an zeerovnuli (islami). igive SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas CrdiloeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> mTis mcire xalxebzec, romelTa sazogadoebebs arafeo<strong>da</strong>luri<br />
klanuri struqtura hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1920-ian wlebSi moskovi cdilob<strong>da</strong> ara marto gamaerTianebeli sabWoTa identurobis,<br />
aramed erovnuli identurobis Camoyalibebasac, gansakuTrebiT `korenizaciis~<br />
adreul periodSi, roca u<strong>da</strong>mwerlobo enebs <strong>da</strong>mwerlobebi Seuqmnes <strong>da</strong> maT<br />
gamoyenebas axalisebdnen. sovetologebi amtkicebdnen, rom es, SesaZloa, keTdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
imisaTvis, raTa Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aecilebinaT islamis droSiT kavkasieli xalxebis gaerTianeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegoba; sapirispirod, xazi esmebo<strong>da</strong> maT Soris arsebul gansaxvavebebs.<br />
faqti isaa, rom sabWoTa xelisufleba cdilob<strong>da</strong> eris cnebis Semotanasa <strong>da</strong> ama Tu<br />
im <strong>for</strong>miT <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas. am politikis Sedegi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT 1990-iani wlebis<br />
CeCneTis ajanyebaSi. Tu CrdilokavkasielTa wina ajanyebebi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> islamis<br />
saxeliT, rogorc wmin<strong>da</strong> omi — RazavaTi, romelsac mxars uWer<strong>da</strong> mTis xalxebis didi<br />
nawili, amJamindeli ajanyeba CeCeni eris saxeliT mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d,<br />
CeCneTiT Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong>. CeCnebi mxolod sityvier mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras iRebdnen mTielebisagan.<br />
sabWoTa periodSi komunisturi identuroba mkvidrdebo<strong>da</strong> yvelgan, magram meti<br />
warmatebiT, magaliTad, CrdiloeT oseTSi, vidre CeCneTSi. igulisxmebo<strong>da</strong>, rom es<br />
identuroba un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo ufro Rrma <strong>da</strong> Zlieri, magram sinamdvileSi es ase ar iyo:<br />
xalxi aRiareb<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa identurobas sakuTari jgufuri identurobis gverdiT,<br />
masTan erTad, <strong>da</strong> ara mis nacvlad. faqtia, rom erovnuli, religiuri, regionuli,<br />
klanuri, anu Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli, tradiciuli identurobis <strong>da</strong>Zleva xangrZlivi <strong>da</strong><br />
iZulebiTi procesia. amasTan, sabWouri klasobrivi identuroba gamousadegari iyo<br />
219 Svante E.Cornell. Small Nations and Great Powers. A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflicts in the Caucasus, p.48.<br />
94
kavkasieli xalxebisaTvis, romelTa nawils winafeo<strong>da</strong>luri struqtura hqon<strong>da</strong>. amitom<br />
kavkasielebisaTvis sabWoTa ideologia ufro Znelad gasagebi iyo, vidre sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris evropeli moqalaqeebisaTvis. magram am problemas didi mniSvneloba ar<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>, imitom rom sabWoTa identurobasTan erTad, erovnuli, eTnikuri identuroba<br />
waxalisebuli iyo centraluri xelisuflebis mier <strong>da</strong> arasodes iTrgunebo<strong>da</strong>. meore<br />
mxriv, sabWoTa identurobaze adrindelTagan yvelaze Zlieri — islamuri identuroba<br />
sistematuri zewolis qveS iyo. sabWoTa reJimi religias <strong>da</strong>, kerZod, islams safrTxed<br />
aRiqvam<strong>da</strong>, radgan mas ZaluZ<strong>da</strong> rogorc xalxis mobilizeba (rac naTlad aCvena<br />
ukanasknelma `wmin<strong>da</strong> omma~ — RazavaTma <strong>da</strong>RestanSi 1920-1922 ww.), aseve gansxvavebuli<br />
xalxebis gaerTianeba erTi droSis qveS.<br />
am identurobaTa Soris, zogierTi xalxi amjobineb<strong>da</strong> maTi respublikebis satituli<br />
erebis identurobis gaTavisebas. bevri lezgi, TaliSi <strong>da</strong> qurTi azerbaijanSi<br />
asimilirebul iqna azerbaijanul identurobaSi, rasac xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> maTTvis saerTo<br />
muslimuri identuroba. maTgan gansxvavebiT, es tendencia ar Sexebia azerbaijanelebs<br />
somxeTSi an somxebs azerbaijanSi, aseve afxazebs saqarTveloSi. Rrma lingvisturi,<br />
xan<strong>da</strong>xan religiuri gansxvavebebisa <strong>da</strong> am xalxebs Soris ormxrivi mtrobis gamo, maTi<br />
identurobebi SenarCunebul iqna 220 .<br />
Crd. kavkasiaSi 1920-iani wlebis `korenizaciis~ xanmokle <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti procesis<br />
Semdeg centraluri xelisuflebis politika rusifikacia iyo. Tumca am xalxebma<br />
SeinarCunes TavianTi identuroba, gansxvavebuli socialuri irganizaciisa <strong>da</strong> Zlieri<br />
muslimuri identurobis wyalobiT, magram rusebis didi raodenobiT cxovrebam am<br />
regionSi gavlena iqonia maTze, rusuli enis <strong>da</strong>uflebis aucileblobas ki ganaTlebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> karieris miznebi ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong> mainc, religiis mniSvneloba didi iyo: osebi,<br />
romelTa umravlesoba orTodoqsi qristiania, ufro metad <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebarnen<br />
rusifikacis, vidre sxvebi. identurobis sakiTxi metad mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong> rTuli iyo<br />
sabWoTa periodSi — erTi mxriv, <strong>kavkasiis</strong>, rogorc regionis Taviseburebisa <strong>da</strong>, meore<br />
mxriv, centaluri xelisuflebis politikis gamo.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis ZiriTadi Sedegi, identurobis sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxebSi sabWoTa identurobis gaqroba iyo. gamaerTianebeli identuroba,<br />
romelic akavSireb<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris xalxebs, aRar arsebob<strong>da</strong>. es iyo faqtori,<br />
romelmac ganapiroba Zaladobrivi konfliqtebis warmoSoba <strong>da</strong> romelic xSirad<br />
ugulebelyofili iyo am regionis konfliqtebis Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa mier.<br />
sabWoTa identuroba asusteb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amcireb<strong>da</strong> konfliqtebs sabWoTa kavSiris xalxebs<br />
Soris. Zmobisa <strong>da</strong> erTobis yovelmxriv waxalisebuli oficialuri ritorika, rogorc<br />
Cans, namdvilad axden<strong>da</strong> gavlenas sabWoTa moqalaqeebis azrovnebaze. Tumca<br />
konfliqtisaken midrekileba, u<strong>da</strong>od, arsebob<strong>da</strong> _ magaliTad, somxebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
azerbaijanelebs, an qarTvelebsa <strong>da</strong> afxazebs Soris, magram igi Sesustebuli iyo ara<br />
mxolod iZulebis gziT, aramed, aseve, saerTo sabWoTa identurobisa <strong>da</strong> misadmi<br />
mikuTvnebulobis gulwrfeli <strong>da</strong> Rrma gancdiT.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg yvelaferi Seicvala. praqtikula<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong><br />
Teoriula<strong>da</strong>c, yovlismomcveli saerTo identuroba gaqra: praqtikulad _ radgan<br />
sabWoTa kavSiri <strong>da</strong>iSala TxuTmet sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva respublikad, romelTagan oTxs<br />
teritoriebi hqon<strong>da</strong> kavkasiaSi (ruseTi, azerbaijani, somxeTi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo), xolo<br />
Teoriulad _ radgan kavSiris safuZveli, komunizmi, diskreditebul iqna <strong>da</strong>,<br />
faqtobrivad, arseboba Sewyvita. realurad, individualur doneze, cnobierad Tu<br />
qvecnobierad, <strong>da</strong>iwyo identurobis Zieba. individisaTvis am SemTxvevaSi ramdenime<br />
SesaZlebloba arsebob<strong>da</strong>: erTi nabijiT gamocalkeveba <strong>da</strong> im respublikis erovnuli<br />
220<br />
iqve, gv.50.<br />
95
identurobis miReba, sa<strong>da</strong>c is cxovrob<strong>da</strong>; fun<strong>da</strong>mentur doneze gamocalkeveba <strong>da</strong><br />
eTnikuri jgufis, tomis an <strong>da</strong>badebis adgilis identurobis arCeva; an iseTi<br />
zeerovnuli identurobis miReba, rogoricaa islami muslimi mosaxleobisaTvis.<br />
dRemde, rogorc Cans, umciresobaTa didi nawili winaRmdegia im respublikebis<br />
nacionaluri identurobis miRebisa, sa<strong>da</strong>c cxovrobs. zog SemTxvevaSi amas ufro<br />
rTuli <strong>for</strong>ma hqon<strong>da</strong>. magaliTad, ararealuri iqnebo<strong>da</strong> imis molodini, rom<br />
azerbaijanSi mcxovrebi somxebi uecrad azebaijanelebad igrZnobdnen Tavs. magram es<br />
ar mox<strong>da</strong> im SemTxvevebSic, roca gansxvaveba xalxebs Soris naklebad mniSvnelovnad<br />
SeiZleba mogveCvenos. magaliTad, lezgebi protests gamoTqvamen asimilaciis<br />
politikis winaaRmdeg, romlis safrTxesac azerebisagan grZnoben; megrelebma <strong>da</strong><br />
svanebma uecrad gaixsenes sakuTari gansxvavebuloba <strong>da</strong>narCeni qarTvelebisagan;<br />
CeCnebma <strong>da</strong> inguSebma, romlebic faqtobrivad erT xalxs warmoadgenen, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites<br />
gancalkeveba. Tumca, savaraudod, am ukanasknel SemTxvevas ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d politikuri<br />
safuZveli hqon<strong>da</strong>, radgan inguSebi fiqrobdnen, rom ruseTis farglebSi yofna<br />
aucilebeli iyo sruli teritoriuli reabilitaciisa <strong>da</strong> 1943 wli<strong>da</strong>n CrdiloeT<br />
oseTis mmarTvelobis qveS arsebuli prigorodnis raionis <strong>da</strong>brunebisaTvis.<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, eri-saxelmwifos mSeneblobis (nation-building) procesi <strong>kavkasiis</strong> respublikebSi<br />
dRemde warumatebeli iyo. mTavrobebma ver SeZles gaeRvivebinaT umciresobebSi<br />
imis ganc<strong>da</strong>, rom isini saxelmwifos Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenen. es<br />
imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom eTnikur konfliqtebi, romelic mTel regions moedo,<br />
umravles SemTxvevaSi win uswreb<strong>da</strong> sabWoTakavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slas. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, dezintegraciuli<br />
procesebi maSin <strong>da</strong>iwyo, rodesac jer kidev naadrevia saubari erisaxelmwifoebis<br />
mSeneblobis politikaze, romelic SemdgomSi respublikebSi sabWoTa<br />
identurobis rRvevisaken iyo mimarTuli.<br />
regionis axali politikuri struqturiT gamowveulma identurobis Ziebam<br />
mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia mSvidobaze regionSi. rogorc Ted gurma (Ted Gurr)<br />
aRniSna, arsebobs eTnikuri mobilizaciis ori winapiroba: Zlieri jgufuri<br />
identuroba <strong>da</strong> diskriminacia eTnikur safuZvelze 221 .<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> erovnebebSi (nationalities) koleqtiuri (communal) identurobis gancdis<br />
gaRvivebam ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti roli iTamaSa eTnikuri mobilizaciis Ria konfliqtad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>qcevaSi. eTnikur safuZvelze arsebuli Tu sabWoTa kavSirSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa<br />
sruli ugulebelyofiT gamowveuli diskriminaciis ganc<strong>da</strong> 1980-ian wlebze gacilebiT<br />
adre arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> bevr adgilas droTa ganmavlobaSi Sesust<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
1980-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sasruls umciresobaTa mzardi konfliqturi ganwyobis ZiriTadi<br />
mizezi ara diskriminacia, aramed jgufuri identurobis gancdis gamZafreba iyo. es<br />
viTareba SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT kofliqtebis umravlesobaSi, romlebic meore msoflio<br />
omis Semdgom periodSi msoflioSi mZvinvareb<strong>da</strong>. umciresobebi miiswrafodnen maTi<br />
imJamindeli statusis ga<strong>da</strong>xedvisaken <strong>da</strong> gamoTqvamdnen pretenzias sakuTari<br />
respublikis arsebobis uflebaze.<br />
ram ganapiroba es pretenziebi? SesaZloa gaCeniliyo azri, rom avtoritaruli<br />
sabWoTa sistemis <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg Seqmnilma Tavisufalma atmosferom manamde arsebuli<br />
faruli pretenziebi ze<strong>da</strong>pirze amoativtiva. jer kidev aTi wlis win sabWoTa kavSirSi<br />
mcxovrebi muslimebis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili mkvlevari aleqsandre benigseni<br />
(Alexandre Bennigsen) acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom, magaliTad, yaraCaelebsa <strong>da</strong> balyarebs ukiduresad<br />
susti erovnuli, magram Zlieri tomobrivi <strong>da</strong> lokaluri identurobis ganc<strong>da</strong> hqon-<br />
221 ix. Stephen Jones, “Georgia: A Failed Demotratic Tradition” Bremmer and Taras-is wignSi Nations and Politics in Soviet<br />
Successor States, pp. 288-310, p. 291.<br />
96
<strong>da</strong>T 222 . aseTi viTarebi<strong>da</strong>n erovnuli TviTgansazRvramde (self-determination) didi manZilia,<br />
romelic SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>Zleuliyo mxolod erTianobisa <strong>da</strong> jgufuri identurobis<br />
gamZafrebiT postsabWoTa epoqaSi. im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom kavkasiaSi ormoc<strong>da</strong>aTze<br />
meti sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eTnikuri jgufi cxovrobs, cxadia, rom Tun<strong>da</strong>c mcirericxovani<br />
amgvari SemTxveva sabediswero iqneba regionSi mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong> stabilurobisaTvis.<br />
<strong>da</strong>Restnis respublikaSi, romlis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT ormilionian <strong>mosaxleoba</strong>Si<br />
oc<strong>da</strong>aTze meti eTno-lingvisturi jgufia, saxalxo frontebi gaCn<strong>da</strong> bevr Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
did erovnebaSi (nationality), romlebic cdilobdnen privilegiebisa <strong>da</strong> keTilganwyobis<br />
mopovebas mxolod sakuTari jgufisaTvis. amgvari, xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego<br />
miswrafebebi, bunebrivia, seriozul safrTxes warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> advilad SeuZlia iseTi<br />
sazogadoebis faqizi mravaleTnikuri balansis <strong>da</strong>rRveva, rogoric <strong>da</strong>Restania. amave<br />
dros, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> omgamovlili qveynebis mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareoba mxolod<br />
amZimebs am feTqebad viTarebas.<br />
Ria <strong>da</strong> faruli konfliqtebis marTvis TvalsazrisiT, identurobaTa polarizacia,<br />
romelzec zemoT iyo saubari, gansxvavebuli gamowvevaa. man ukiduresad mZafri <strong>for</strong>ma<br />
miiRo im konfliqtebSi, romlebic urTierTsiZulvilSi ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong>. Sesabamisad,<br />
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom konfliqtSi CarTuli xalxebis Zlieri jgufuri (communal)<br />
identurobis SesustebisaTvis xangrZlivi dro iqneba saWiro. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
mraval SemTxvevaSi konfliqtebis gavrcelebis saSiSroeba realurad arsebob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> yvela Ria konfliqti (mTiani yarabaRi, samxreT oseTi, afxazeTi, prigorodnis<br />
raioni <strong>da</strong> CeCneTi) SeCerebul iqna. es ar niSnavs, rom maT gavlena ar iqonies<br />
mezobel xalxebze. ufro piriqiT, kavkasiaSi arsebulma mudmivad arastabilurma<br />
viTarebam <strong>da</strong> faqtma, rom regioni savsea yvela saxis iaraRiT, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo<br />
xeli eTnikuri mobilizaciis process <strong>da</strong> regionSi mcxovreb xalxebSi <strong>da</strong>ucvelobis<br />
SegrZnebs warmoSva. regionuli ekonomikis mZime mdgomareobam elementaruli saarsebo<br />
saSualebebis ukmarisoba ganapiroba; gaCn<strong>da</strong> saSiSroeba, rom mwiri resursebisaTvis<br />
brZola eTnikur jgufebs Soris <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis <strong>for</strong>mas miiReb<strong>da</strong>. aseTi saSiSroeba<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong> ruseTis federaciaSi 1998 wlis ekonomikuri krizisis Semdeg, gamomdinare<br />
iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom CrdiloeT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> respublikaTa umravlesobis Semosavlebi federaluri<br />
biujetis subsidiebzea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. regionuli gansxvaveba xSirad emTxveva<br />
eTnikur sazRvrebs; amasTan, gansxvavebani, romlebic, SeiZleba, arc iyos eTnikurad<br />
ganpirobebuli, xSirad swored aseTad aRiqmeba. Tu aseT SemTxvevaSi <strong>mosaxleoba</strong> ukve<br />
mobilizebulia Zlieri koleqtiuri identurobiT, eTnikuri konfliqti realur<br />
saSiSroebad iqceva.<br />
sxva mTavari faqtori, romelic SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>gvexmaros <strong>kavkasiis</strong> konfliqtebis<br />
arsis garkvevaSi <strong>da</strong> romelzec miuTiTebs, magaliTad, neil makfarleini (Neil<br />
MacFarlane), aris sruqturuli arastabiluroba. makfarleinis sityvebiT, sisuste<br />
saerTo <strong>da</strong> yvelaze TvalSisacemi maxsiaTebelia im saxelmwifoebisTvis, romlebic<br />
qmnian <strong>kavkasiis</strong> regionul sistemas. gar<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa teritoriuli <strong>da</strong>yofis<br />
memkvidreobisa, mkvlevari asaxelebs sxva mniSvnelovan faqtorebs, romlebic<br />
ganapirobeben politikur arastabilurobas <strong>kavkasiis</strong> qveynebSi. pirveli _ esaa<br />
sabWoTa memkvidreoba. sabWouri avtonomiisa <strong>da</strong> saerTod saxelmwifo struqturis<br />
arsebobis Sedegebis gar<strong>da</strong>, sabWoTa epoqam Sedegad moitana <strong>mosaxleoba</strong>s gaucxoeba<br />
Tanamonawileobis politikisagan, ufro metic, gaaRrmava undobloba saxelmwifos,<br />
xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong> institutebis mimarT, romlebic respublikebs marTavdnen.<br />
222 ix.Darrell Slider, “Crisis and Responce in Soviet Nationality Policy: The Case of Abkhazia”, Central Asian Survay, vol. 4, no. 4,<br />
1985, pp.51-68.<br />
97
politikuri kulturis naklebobam xeli Seuwyo eTnikuri politikisa <strong>da</strong> ”politikuri<br />
lozungomaniis~ zr<strong>da</strong>s. am fenomenze miuTiTebs nacionalisti politikosebis<br />
gavlenas zr<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi (zviad gamsaxurdia), azerbaijanSi (abulfaz elCibei,<br />
iskander hamidovi) <strong>da</strong> CeCneTSi (johar du<strong>da</strong>evi) <strong>da</strong> somxeTSi (orive prezidenti _ terpetrosiani<br />
<strong>da</strong> koCariani _ xelisuflebaSi yarabaRis talRaze movidnen) 1990-ian<br />
wlebSi.<br />
arastabilurobis warmomSobi sxva mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo ekonomikis<br />
katastrofuli <strong>da</strong>qveiTeba mTels regionSi. amaSi Tavisi wvlili miuZRvis sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris droindeli savaWro urTieTobebis moSlas regionis SigniT <strong>da</strong> yofili<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>narCen nawilebTan, rac, garkveulwilad, gamowveuli iyo regionSi<br />
arsebuli konfliqtebiT <strong>da</strong> rasac mohyva blokadebi <strong>da</strong> embargoebi. Tumca, amas, pirvel<br />
rigSi, sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikuri struqtura ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong>, romelic miznad<br />
isaxav<strong>da</strong> periferiuli respublikebis moskovze ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />
uzrunvelyofas. sabazro ekonomikaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlis procesi kidev erTi mizezia.<br />
mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba mxolod 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo, Tumca es<br />
aRmavloba Znelad Seedrebo<strong>da</strong> am aTwleulis pirveli naxevris ekonomikur vardnas.<br />
makfarleinis <strong>da</strong>skvniT, regionis yvela saxelmwifo sustia. maT ara aqvT SesaZlebloba,<br />
moipovon sakmarisi resursebi sakuTar sazogadoebebSi, raTa Tavi<br />
<strong>da</strong>imkvidron rogorc WeSmaritad suverenulma erTobebma. am qveynebis <strong>mosaxleoba</strong>s<br />
naklebi kavSiri aqvs sakuTar mTavrobebTan, romlebic ver akontroleben, Tu ra xdeba<br />
maT teritoriebze. isini Rrma ekonomikuri krizisis pirispir aRmoCndnen. es ki<br />
suverenul saxelmwifoebs Soris mSvidobiani urTierTobisaTvis an mezobeli Zlieri<br />
politikuri moTamaSeebisagan Tav<strong>da</strong>sacavad sakmaris safuZvels ver qmnis.<br />
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi kavkasiaSi warmodgenilia Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gare samkuTxedebis<br />
saxiT; mimdinareobs am ukanasknelis oTkuTxe<strong>da</strong>d gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis procesi. Si<strong>da</strong> samkuTxeds<br />
qmnis urTierToba sam samxreTkavkasiur saxelmwifos Soris. rogorc makfarleini<br />
aRniSnavs, am saxelmwifoebs Soris problemebi maT Soris arsebuli rTuli<br />
urTierTobebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs. urTierTobebis sirTule <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTTan<br />
nebayoflobiTi TanamSromlobis gamocdilebis nakleboba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes,<br />
rogorc destabilizaciis mTavari faqtori. faqtia, rom regionis ori saxelmwifo _<br />
saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> azerbaijani _ mesame qveyanas _ somxeTs _ mTavar safrTxed ganixilavs,<br />
rogorc sakuTari TavisTvis, aseve mTeli regionisaTvis. somxeTs<br />
teritoriuli pretenziebi aqvs orive qveyanasTan. es pretenziebi saqarTvelos<br />
SemTxvevaSi farulad gamoixateba, xolo azerbaijanis mimarT Riad vlindeba.<br />
es <strong>garemo</strong>eba SeiZleba CaiTvalos kavkasiaSi arastabilurobis gamomwvev erT-erT<br />
mizezad. am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, somxuri iredentizmi xels uSlis <strong>kavkasiis</strong> sam<br />
saxelmwifos Soris usafrTxoebis sferoSi TanamSromlobas, sanacvlod ki Sedegad<br />
moaqvs nulovani Sedegi somxeT-azerbaijanis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
saqarTvelo konfliqtSi neitralitets inarCunebs, mas kargi urTierToba aqvs<br />
azerbaijanTan, radgan orive qveyanas msgavsi problemebi aqvs teritoriuli<br />
mTlianobis SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT. ufro metic: somxur-azerbaijanuli<br />
”nulovani TamaSi~ saSualebas aZlevs ucxo qveynebs, regionSi TavianTi interesebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sacavad mxari <strong>da</strong>uWiron erT an meore mxares. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, Zlieria<br />
konkurencia gare samkuTxedSi Semaval TurqeTs, ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> irans Soris.<br />
sxva Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, regionSi usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT arsebuli<br />
rTuli viTarebis safuZveli saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis mTavrobebis mier TavianTi<br />
”miniimperiebis~ SenarCunebis jiut mcdelobebSi <strong>da</strong> maT mier xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis<br />
uflebis ignorirebaSia saZiebeli. am Sexedulebas, romelic popularulia somxeTSi,<br />
98
mxars uWers rusi analitikosebis nawili. Tumca, es Sexeduleba xan<strong>da</strong>xan<br />
winaaRmdegobrivad gamoiyureba, roca ruseTis teritoriuli mTlianobis <strong>da</strong>cva xdeba<br />
CeCnebis ajanyebis CaxSobiT, amave dros ki saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijans sayveduroben<br />
imis gamo, rom isini, rogorc s.miqoiani amtkicebs, yvelanairad cdiloben TavianT<br />
patara imperiebis xelSeuxeblobis <strong>da</strong>cvas.<br />
arsebobs diametrulad gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi kavkasiaSi arsebul problemaTa<br />
safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, sruliad aSkaraa, rom sam kavkasiur qveyanas<br />
Soris usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi konsesusis miuRwevloba gare samkuTxeds aqtiurobis<br />
saSualebas aZlevs.<br />
ramdenime saukunea, kavkasiur urTieTobebSi uSualod arian CarTulni ruseTi,<br />
TurqeTi <strong>da</strong> irani. am sam saxelmwifos Soris iseTive disbalansi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>, rogoric<br />
arsebobs sam kavkasiur qveyanas Soris. iranisa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis saerTo interesebi saSualebas<br />
aZlev<strong>da</strong> maT, kavSiri SeekraT TurqeTis winaaRmdeg. amiT orive qveyana<br />
cdilob<strong>da</strong> aRekveTa TurqeTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis gavlenis zr<strong>da</strong> kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> centralur<br />
aziaSi. am samkuTxedSi TurqeTis sasargeblod aSS CarTvam kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>amZima<br />
ise<strong>da</strong>c rTuli urTierTobebi. Sedegad, gaizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>kavkasiis</strong> geopolitikuri<br />
mniSvneloba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, gaarTula urTierTobebi <strong>kavkasiis</strong> saxelmwifoebs<br />
Soris. aman, mravali mizezis gamo, ufro Seaferxa vidre <strong>da</strong>aCqara regionSi arsebuli<br />
konfliqtebis mogvarebis procesi.<br />
pirvel rigSi, oTxive <strong>da</strong>interesebuli saxelmwifo ufro sakuTari interesebis-<br />
Tvis iRvwis, vidre regionSi konfliqtebis obieqturad <strong>da</strong> uangarod mogvarebisaTvis.<br />
mTiani yarabaRis maomari mxareebi ixseneben, roca iseTi qveynebi rogorebicaa SvedeTi<br />
<strong>da</strong> fineTi molaparakebebSi Suamavlebad CaerTvnen. meore mxriv, didi saxelmwifoebis<br />
azriT, konfliqtis mxareebs urCevniaT <strong>da</strong>icadon <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>elodon, vidre mowinaaRmdegesTan<br />
pirispir molaparakebebis gziT kompromisebs miaRweven. azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong><br />
somxeTis prezidentebis Sexvedram TiTqos <strong>da</strong>arRvia es tendencia, magram Sedegebi<br />
jerac ar Cans. imis magivrad, rom axla miaRwion kompromisebs, <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul mxareebs<br />
urCevniaT <strong>da</strong>elodon momavalSi, maSin, roca gaZlierdebian, ukeTesi SeTanxmebis<br />
SesaZleblobas. maTi azriT, amas romelime did saxelmwifosTan aliansis gziT moaxerxeben.<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kavkasiaSi didi saxelmwifoebis<br />
intersebisa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebebis kvlevas.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis <strong>da</strong> mimarTulebis sain<strong>for</strong>macio saSualebebis saerTaSoriso<br />
urTierTobis, an ufro xSirad, gazeTebis cxeli ambebis ganyofilebebSi, romlebic<br />
kavkasiur konfliqtebs exeba, iSviaTad Tu Sexvdebi statias, sa<strong>da</strong>c naxsenebi ar iqneba,<br />
rom konfliqti arsebobs `muslim azerbaijanelebsa <strong>da</strong> qristian somxebs~, an `qristianul<br />
ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> muslim CeCen meamboxeebs~ Soris. kidev ufro uares SemTxvevaSi,<br />
saubaria `qristian qarTvelebsa <strong>da</strong> muslim afxazebs Soris~ arsebul konfliqtze. am<br />
konfliqtebis religiur mizezebis xazgasmiT, nebsiT Tu uneblied, amartiveben maT<br />
arss. sxva sityvebiT, in<strong>for</strong>macia imis Sesaxeb, rom <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli mxareebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
religiis aRmsareblebi arian, SeiZleba sakmarisi aRmoCndes im mkiTxvelisTvis,<br />
romelsac ainteresebs, ra aris sinamdvileSi am konfliqtebis mizezebi; igi Tavisufldeba<br />
detalebSi CaZiebis saWiroebisagan.<br />
sainteresoa, ramdenad sworia konfliqtebis amgvari axsna: an, iqneb, gamoxatavs<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis survils, martivi axsna mouZebnos problemas, romelic sinamdvileSi<br />
sulac ar aris martivi an advilad gasagebi gauTvicnobierebeli moqalaqisTvis.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba arsebobdes survili, garkveuli Teoriis safuZvelze,<br />
konfliqtis imgvarad warmoCenisa, TiTqos igi, Tu mTlianad ara, mniSvnelovanwilad<br />
mainc religiuri faqtoriTaa ganpirobebuli. rogorc gairkva, is rom konfliqtSi<br />
99
monawile ori mxare sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva religiuri aRmsareblobisaa, sakmarisi safuZvels ar<br />
iZleva imis samtkiceblad, rom konfliqti religiuri xasiaTisaa. religia un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
konfliqtis mTavari ganmapirobebeli faqtori; religia un<strong>da</strong> iyos konfliqtis<br />
amosavali, an konfliqti, misi monawile mxareebi<strong>da</strong>n erT-erTis mier mainc, un<strong>da</strong><br />
gaiazrebodes mkafio religiuri cnebebiT. SeiZleba saubari sxva qveynebSi `religiur<br />
TanamoZmeTa~ <strong>da</strong>razmvaze, rogorc mimdinare konfliqtis pasuxze. religia konfliqtis<br />
ganmapirobebel faqtorad SeiZleba CaiTvalos maSin, Tu arsebobs CamoTvlil-<br />
Tagan erTi piroba mainc: 1) romelime mxare mimarTavs religiur azrovnebas konfliqtis<br />
legitimaciis mizniT; 2) mxareebis polarizacia efuZneba umTavresad religiur<br />
identurobas <strong>da</strong>/ an Teologiur gansjas.<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> konfliqtebis analizis dros <strong>da</strong> konfliqtis arsis garkvevis mcdelobisas<br />
cxadi xdeba, rom maTi mTavari mizezi teritoriaTa kontrolisaTvis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaa.<br />
rogorc ukve naCvenebi iqna, oTxi konfliqti mimdinareobs sabWoTa periodSi<br />
eTnikuri principiT Seqmnil avtonomiaTa teritoriebze, romlebic cdiloben<br />
gaTavisufldnen centraluri xelisuflebis kontrolisgan. yvelam isargebla sabWo-<br />
Ta kavSiris <strong>da</strong>SliT <strong>da</strong> konstituciuri vakuumis fonze <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba gamoacxa<strong>da</strong><br />
imave dros, roca amis Sesaxeb ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba miiRo TxuTmetma mokavSire respublikam.<br />
mxolod prigorodnis konfliqtis SemTxveva gansxvavdeba <strong>da</strong>narCenebisgan. es aris<br />
konfliqti ruseTis federaciaSi Semaval or respublikas Soris teritoriis nawilis<br />
gamo, romelsac adre inguSebi akontrolebdnen, magram 1944 wels xelSi Caigdo<br />
CrdiloeT oseTma. zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli xuTi konfliqti Tavisuflad SeiZleba<br />
eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebis jgufs mivakuTnoT. maT ar gaaCniaT ideologiuri<br />
komponenti, Tu nacionalizms ar miviCnevT ideologiad. ekonomika SeiZleba mxolod<br />
xelSemwyob faqtorad ganixilebodes. somxebis mtkicebiT, mTiani yarabaRi ekonomikur<br />
diskriminacias ganicdi<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa azerbaijanis mxri<strong>da</strong>n. mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar<br />
Tanxmdebian es erTobebi sxvebis kontrols saerTo teritoriaze, maT eTnikur kuTvnilebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva eTnosis mimarT siZulvilSia saZiebeli. Sesabamisad, arsebobs sxva<br />
jgufis wevrebis kontrolis qveS moqcevis SiSi. faqtobrivad, konfliqtebis mTavari<br />
ganmsazRvreli mizezi undoblobaze <strong>da</strong> SiSze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli usafrTxoebis dilemaa.<br />
SeiZleba, mizezad <strong>da</strong>saxeldes urTierTamreklavi, sarkiseburi (mirroring) nacionalizmi,<br />
romelic erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli, magram, amave dros,<br />
erTmaneTis gareSe ver arseboben. aseve advilad SeiZleba es konfliqtebi, romlebic<br />
eTnikurobis politizaciiTaa ganpirobebuli, eTnopolitikurad miviCnioT<br />
am eTnopolitikur konfliqtebSi religia xSirad asrulebs ori erTobis<br />
gammijnavi faqtoris rols. eTnikurobaze saubris dros aucilebelia imis garkveva,<br />
Tu ra gansxvavebaa or jgufs Soris. yvela SemTxvevaSi, mowinaaRmRege jgufebi<br />
gansxvavdebian imiT, rom saubroben sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva enaze, erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebiT<br />
cxovroben <strong>da</strong> aqvT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialuri struqtura. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, maT aqvT<br />
warsulis gansxvavebuli foni <strong>da</strong>, umravles SemTxvevaSi, erTmaneTis mimarT<br />
undoblobis xangrZlivi istoria. radganac vexebiT CeCnebsa <strong>da</strong> rusebs, somxebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
azerbaijanelebs, inguSebs <strong>da</strong> osebs, un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom maTi gansxvavebuli<br />
religiuri aRmsarebloba ueWvelad iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi faqtori maT Soris arsebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebisa <strong>da</strong> undoblobis.aTvis.<br />
eTnikurobis <strong>da</strong> ara religiis politizacia. sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> eTnikurobis, <strong>da</strong> ara religiis politizacia. am SemTxvevaSi religias, ubralod,<br />
Tavisi adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> eTnikuri identurobis sxva determinantebs Soris. amis kargi<br />
magaliTia saqarTvelo, sa<strong>da</strong>c sabWoTa periodSi sami avtonomiuri teritoria Sedio<strong>da</strong>:<br />
afxazeTi, aWara <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTi. mxolod aWaraSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c muslimi qarTvelebi<br />
100
cxovroben, arsebobs gamokveTili religiuri gansxvaveba. amasTanave, im faqtorma, rom<br />
aWarlebsa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebs aqvT saerTo ena <strong>da</strong> identurobis sxva mravali saerTo<br />
elementi, <strong>da</strong> gamonakliss mxolod religia warmoadgens, xeli Seuwyo Tbilissa <strong>da</strong><br />
baTums Soris konfliqtis eskalaciis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebas. meore mxriv, samxreT osebi<br />
orTodoqsi qristianebi arian, iseve rogorc afxazTa umravlesoba; Tumca maT<br />
qarTvelebisagan eTnikuri identurobis sxva determinantebi ganasxvavebs. am faqtoris<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, konfliqti saqarTvelos centralur xelisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> am teritoriebs<br />
Soris mwvave <strong>da</strong> sastiki iyo. omi afxazeTSi periodulad, TiTqos, mogvarebisken midis,<br />
magram xan<strong>da</strong>xan iseTive Znelad mosagvarebeli Cans, rogorc CeCneTisa <strong>da</strong> mTiani<br />
yarabaRis konfliqtebi. afxazeTi erTaderTia xuT konfliqts Soris, sa<strong>da</strong>c 1998 wlis<br />
maisSi saomari moqmedebebi ganaxl<strong>da</strong>.<br />
somxuri sazogadoebrivi azri, sxva kavkasieli erebis msgavsad, sakmaod mZime<br />
koloniuri warsuliT <strong>da</strong> mogonebebiT Seegeba axal, postsabWoTa epoqas. bunebrivia<br />
aqac gamZafr<strong>da</strong> nacionalisturi tendenciebi, romelic mu<strong>da</strong>m orientirebuli iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>karguli `didi armeniis~ aRdgenisaken; anu imdroindeli somxuri sazogadoeba<br />
TviTidentificirebas ufro fiqtiur, sul mcire, mravali Taobis win arsebulTan<br />
axden<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> ara im axladgamoCekil saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> mis sazRvrebTan, romlis<br />
farglebSic suverenuli qveynis mSenebloba un<strong>da</strong> warmarTuliyo. 1990 wlis pirveli<br />
saparlamento arCevnebic somxurma nacionalurma moZraobam moigo, romelmac<br />
`miacum”-is doqtrina, anu yarabaRisa <strong>da</strong> anatoliis SemoerTebis idea wamoayena.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, umetesi wili erovnuli TviTgamorkvevisa yarabaRis somxobis<br />
erovnuli interesebis <strong>da</strong>cvisaken iyo mimarTuli.<br />
Tavad arwaxis, igive yarabaRis sakiTxi somxeTis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebamde,<br />
1988 wels gamZafr<strong>da</strong>, rodesac adgilobrivma xelisuflebam azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> moskovis<br />
politikur centrebs avtonomiis sabWoTa somxeTSi gaerTianeba mosTxoves. am movlenam<br />
<strong>da</strong> misma Sedegebma, SeiZleba iTqvas, mTlianad gansazRvra somxuri sazogadoebis<br />
Semdgomi ganviTarebis xasiaTi. gansakuTrebiT esmebo<strong>da</strong> xazi 1921 w. stalinis<br />
meTaurobiT komunisturi mTavrobis mier yarabaRis teritoriis azerbaijanisTvis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemas, aseve 1915 wlis genocids, romelis msxverplis ricxvi, somxuri wyaroebiT,<br />
2,000,000-mde iyo gazviadebuli 223 . swored amis gamo, yarabaRis omSi somxis mier<br />
azerbaijaneli TurqTan iyo gaigivebuli <strong>da</strong> dRemde asea. mTiani yarabaRis avantiuram<br />
somxeTs cocxali Zalis didi <strong>da</strong>nakargi, ekonomikuri bloka<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri<br />
uperspeqtivoba moutana, aseve asobiT aTasi somxis emigraciaSi wasvla. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
amisa, 90-iani wlebis paTosi, Tun<strong>da</strong>c qarTuli sazogadoebisagan gansxvavebiT, dRemde<br />
SenarCunebulia. amaSi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols usafrTxoebis momenti TamaSobs: somexi<br />
sakuTari kulturuli TavisTavadobisa <strong>da</strong> memkvidreobis SenarCunebis umTavres<br />
garants, sakuTari identurobis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebas<br />
antiTurqul ZalaSi xe<strong>da</strong>vs, iqneba es qristianuli ruseTis federacia Tu (uares<br />
SemTxvevaSi) iranis islamur respublika. es, albaT, kvlav mZime koloniuri warsuliT<br />
azrovnebis nayofia, rac, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, mTeli regionisaTvisaa <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli.<br />
religiuri konfliqtebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis urTierTSe<strong>da</strong>rebisas, Znelia<br />
romelime konfliqtis gansazRvra romelime maTganiT. faqtia, rom arc erT Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, konfliqtSi monawile romelime mxare ar mimarTav<strong>da</strong> religiur azrovnebas<br />
konfliqturi qcevis legitimaciisaTvis. Tumca isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom meomar mxareTa<br />
garkveulma <strong>da</strong>jgufebebma mimarTes religiis eqstremistul interpretacias. es<br />
223<br />
arnold jozef toinbi, romelic im droisTvis britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa saministrosTvis<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>zvervo samuSaoebs atareb<strong>da</strong> regionSi, yvelaze sando in<strong>for</strong>matorad saxeldeba. misi<br />
gamoTvlebiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT, anatoliaSi 1915 wlisaTvis 1,800,000 somexs un<strong>da</strong> ecxovra.<br />
101
gansakuTrebiT iTqmis CeCneT-ruseTis omTan mimarTebaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c islami dro<strong>da</strong>dro<br />
gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> xalxis SesakavSireblad. amave dros, mravali mkvlevari aRniSnavs a<strong>da</strong>-<br />
Tis, CveulebiTi samarTlis upiratesobas islamis kanonebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. religias<br />
iyenebdnen rogorc politikur iaraRs, <strong>da</strong> ara rogorc TviTkmar faqtors. anatol<br />
lieveni (Anatol Lieven) 1994 wlis noemberSi imowmebs joxar du<strong>da</strong>evs, romelic<br />
aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom SariaTi, islamis kanonebi, iyo erT-erTi gza ruseTis agresiis<br />
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, magram Tu rusebi Sewyvetdnen agresias, SariaTi ukana<br />
planze ga<strong>da</strong>iwev<strong>da</strong>.<br />
somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis SemTxvevaSi, somxeTis eklesiis kaTolikosi <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis<br />
sulieri lideri SeuerTdnen TavianTi xalxis demonstraciebsa <strong>da</strong> moTxovnebs<br />
1988 wlis TebervalSi. vazgen I, sruliad somexTa kaTolikosma, 1988 wlis 25 Tebervals<br />
werili miswera gorbaCovs, sa<strong>da</strong>c sTxov<strong>da</strong>, gaeTvaliswebina mTiani yarabaRis<br />
moTxovnebi somxeTTan SeerTebis Taobaze. is aseve gamovi<strong>da</strong> somxeTis televiziiT <strong>da</strong><br />
mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira moTxovnebs. <strong>da</strong>axloebiT amave dros, sasuliero pirebi gamoCndnen<br />
erevanSi gamarTul Sekrebebze, sa<strong>da</strong>c moiTxovdnen mTiani yarabaRis aneqsias. 1989 wels<br />
vazgen I kidev erTi deklaracia gamoaqveyna, sa<strong>da</strong>c man <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura Tavisi pozicia<br />
mTiani yarabaRis TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />
1988 wlis miwuruls, asparezze gamoCn<strong>da</strong> samxreT <strong>kavkasiis</strong> Seix-ul-islami aiaTola<br />
alahSukur faSazade. es mas Semdeg mox<strong>da</strong>, rac is sastikad gaakritikes dumilis gamo.<br />
Tumca man azerbaijanis mTavrobas TavSekavebulobisaken mouwo<strong>da</strong>. muharamis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, romelic SiitebisTvis glovis Tvea, faSazadem <strong>da</strong>gmo<br />
`islamis mtrebi~ <strong>da</strong> morwmuneebs mobilizaciisaken mouwo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, sulieri liderebi arasdros iyvnen Sesabamisi moZraobebis wina<br />
rigebSi. maTi qmedebebi ganpirobebuli iyo ufro imis surviliT, rom ar <strong>da</strong>rCeniliyvnen<br />
movlenebs miRma; maTSi ar igrZnobo<strong>da</strong> religiuri aRtkineba mtris winaRmdeg.<br />
ufro metic, isini Seikribnen, raTa emsjelaT konfliqtis Taobaze <strong>da</strong> erTsulovnad<br />
gaemijnen Zaladobas. magaliTad, 1994 wels, vazgeni, faSazade <strong>da</strong> ruseTis marTlmadidebeli<br />
eklesiis meTauri erToblivad mouwodebdnen somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis<br />
liderebs `xelis CamorTmevisa~ <strong>da</strong> mSvidobisaken.<br />
konfliqtis adreul etapze liderTa mier gakeTebuli gancxadebebis ufro<br />
detaluri analizi gviCvenebs, rom isini `mxars uWerdnen~ saxalxo moZraobebs,<br />
mouwodebdnen ra `morwmuneTa mobilizaciisaken~, magram Riad ar mimarTavdnen<br />
mosaxleobis arc erTjgufs <strong>da</strong> ar ubiZgebdnen xalxs Zaladobisaken; piriqiT, isini<br />
TavianT mTavrobebs TavSekavebas urCevdnen. saerTod, sulieri liderebi naklebad<br />
iyvnen sabrZolvelad ganwyobili, vidre zoga<strong>da</strong>d <strong>mosaxleoba</strong> an politikosebi. es<br />
namdvilad ar aris is, rasac SeiZleba movelodeT `religiuri konfliqtis~ Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi.<br />
rac Seexeba islamur fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizms, Znelia mis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeraSi faSazades <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>naSauleba.<br />
amas naTeli <strong>da</strong>sturia misi pasuxi `Sun<strong>da</strong>y Telegraph”-is kiTxvaze: swams Tu ara<br />
mas SariaTis? _ `ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, me mwams SariaTis~, magram iqve RimiliT <strong>da</strong>sZina: `Seixi<br />
rom ar viyo, SesaZloa, sxvagvarad mepasuxa~. xalxs un<strong>da</strong> hqondes saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
<strong>for</strong>mis arCevis saSualeba 224 .<br />
amrigad, isev <strong>da</strong> isev SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mxareTa polarizacia eTnikur <strong>da</strong><br />
politikur, <strong>da</strong> ara religiur safuZvlebs emyarebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
axla oriode sityviT qarTul-osur <strong>da</strong> qarTul-afxazur konfliqtebs SevexoT.<br />
qarTuli identurobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi komponenti lingvisturi identurobaa,<br />
224 ix.: Svante E.Cornell. Small Nations and Great Powers. A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflicts in the Caucasus, p.52.<br />
102
xolo religia meore planzea ga<strong>da</strong>weuli. amrigad SesaZlebelia, rom <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
brZolis pirvel etapze qarTuli nacionalizmi lingvistur nacionalizmad <strong>da</strong>xasiaTdes.<br />
konfliqti osebTan <strong>da</strong> afxazebTan Tavi<strong>da</strong>n enis problemiT <strong>da</strong>iwyo. 1988 wlis<br />
kanons, romelic saqarTveloSi qarTuli enis poziciebs amyareb<strong>da</strong>, mRelvareba mohyva<br />
afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTSi.<br />
oseTTan <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1989 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, romelic kanonTa omis saxeliTaa<br />
cnobili. es 1988 wlis zemoT naxseneb kanons mohyva. osebma moiTxoves regionSi<br />
qarTuls, osursa <strong>da</strong> rusuls Tanabari statusi hqono<strong>da</strong>T, xolo SemdgomSi oficilur<br />
enad osuris gamocxadeba moisurves.<br />
analogiuri movlenebi aRiniSna afxazeTSi. marTalia, afxazebsa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebs<br />
Soris <strong>da</strong>pirispirebebi CaxSobil iqna sabWoTa periodSi, magram es mcdelobebi<br />
warmatebuli ar iyo. areulobebi iyo 1957 <strong>da</strong> 1967 wels, magram Riad gamovlin<strong>da</strong> 1977<br />
wels, breJnevis sakonstitucio re<strong>for</strong>mis dros. afxazebma es gamoiyenes <strong>da</strong> kampania<br />
gaaCaRes lingvisturi uflebebis mosapoveblad, Semdeg ufro Sorsac wavidnen, maT<br />
saqarTvelosagan gamoyofa moiTxoves.<br />
am sakiTxze rogorc afxazebTan, aseve osebTan, kompromisis miRweva SeuZlebeli<br />
iyo, radganac qarTvelebi afxazebsa <strong>da</strong> osebs ganixilavdnen ruseTis iaraRad, raTa mas<br />
moexdina destabilizacia saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> xeli SeeSala misi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom umciresobebis moTxovnebi lingvisturi <strong>da</strong> kulturuli<br />
uflebebisa saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebis analogiuri moTxovnebis msgavsi iyo,<br />
qarTveli nacionalistebi maT legitimurad ar miiCnevdnen. amasTanave un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos,<br />
rom am avtonomiur regionebSi rusuli ena TamaSob<strong>da</strong> did rols, <strong>da</strong> osebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
afxazebis mier rusuli enis ZiriTad enad gamocxadebam gaaZliera qarTvelebis eWvi<br />
maT ukan ruseTis dgomisa <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris Taobaze.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom osuri <strong>da</strong> afxazuri pretenziebi saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi<br />
lingvisturi nacionalizmis farglebs ar scdebo<strong>da</strong>, magram rigi mizezebis gamo, is<br />
seriozuli konfliqtis mizezad iqca. antikoloniuri <strong>da</strong> postkoloniuri (ruseTi am<br />
SemTxvevaSi) nacionalizmis talRaze awyobilma saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ver<br />
gaiTvaliswina is didi safrTxe, romelic am yovelives ukan imalebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kavkasiaSi mimdinare procesebis asaxsnelad, rigi mkvlevrebi <strong>da</strong> politikosebi<br />
xSirad mimarTaven hanTingtonis `civilizaciaTa konfliqtis~ Teorias. amasTan,<br />
mecnierul interess xSirad ga<strong>da</strong>faravs politikuri motivi, rodesac konfliqtSi<br />
monawile romelime mxare cdilobs `civilizaciur-religiuri SeuTavseblobis~ ideis<br />
gamoyenebas.<br />
SeiZleba Tu ara `civilizaciuri <strong>da</strong>razmvis~ (s.hanTingtoni) politikaze saubari<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> konfliqtebTan mimarTebaSi? erTi SexedviT, TiTqos, es SesaZlebelia:<br />
ruseTi marTebulad ganixileba azerbaijanis winaaRmdeg somxeTis, xolo inguSeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg CrdiloeT oseTis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWerad. ruseTi xSirad miiCneva antimuslimur<br />
Zalad, romelic mxars uWers muslimebis SezRudvas, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli bosnii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
kosovo<strong>da</strong>n, mTeli <strong>kavkasiis</strong> CaTvliT _ tajikeTamde.<br />
magram, amave dros, ruseTi mxars uWer<strong>da</strong> aWarlebsa <strong>da</strong> afxazebs saqarTvelos<br />
winaaRmdeg. <strong>kavkasiis</strong> qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n ruseTi yvelaze mtrulad ganwyobilia saqarTvelos<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara azerbaijanis mimarT. aq `civilizaciur soli<strong>da</strong>robaze~ laparakic zedmetia.<br />
muslimur samyaroSi Znelad Tu iarsebebs erTiani pozicia azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong><br />
CeCneTis mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad. marTalia, mraval muslimur qveyanaSi iyo demonstraciebi,<br />
mimarTuli CeCneTSi ruseTis politikis winaaRmdeg, magram CeCenTa amboxs yvelaze<br />
Zlieri mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera mxolod baltiis qveynebsa <strong>da</strong> poloneTSi hqon<strong>da</strong>. aseve, swored<br />
sekularuli TurqeTi, <strong>da</strong> ara islamisturi irani yvelaze seriozulad uWer<strong>da</strong> mxars<br />
103
azerbaijansa <strong>da</strong> CeCneTs konfliqtebis dros. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa iranis<br />
politika kavkasiaSi, romelic amasTanave mkafiod aCevnebs evraziul saerTaSoriso<br />
urTierTobebSi religiasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,eTnikurobis prioritetulobas. mravali<br />
mizezis gamo, romlebic, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia iranis SiSTan azerbaijanelTa<br />
iredentizmis (saxelmwifoTa Soris politikuri gayofa) gamo, imis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rom iranSi 20 milioni azerbaijaneli cxovrobs, irani agrZeleb<strong>da</strong> somxebis mxar<strong>da</strong>-<br />
Weras azerbaijanelTa winaaRmdeg omSi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom azerbaijani erTaderTi<br />
mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoa, sa<strong>da</strong>c, iranis msgavsad, mosaxleobis umravlesoba Siitia.<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi dResdReobiT saukeTeso ormxrivi urTierTobebi arsebobs<br />
azerbaijansa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Soris, maSin rodesac saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierToba<br />
bevrad ufro <strong>da</strong>Zabulia. zogierTi somexi mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom somxeTs<br />
azerbaijanTan omi rom ar hqono<strong>da</strong>, SeiZleba konfliqti yofiliyo saqarTvelosTan,<br />
romlis mizezi, albaT, saqarTveloSi, somxeTTan mosazRvre javaxeTis regionSi<br />
kompaqturad mcxovrebi somexi umciresoba iqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erTi sityviT, kavkasiaSi mimdinare procesebi<strong>da</strong>n zogierTi aSkarad ver jdeba<br />
hanTingtonis `civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis~ versiaSi. esenia: qarTul-osuri <strong>da</strong> qarTulafxazuri<br />
konfliqtebi; aseve _ azerbaijanis TurqeTTan kavSiris sapirispirod, qristianuli<br />
somxeTis <strong>da</strong>axloeba Siitur iranTan (90-iani ww., am dros saqme energosistemaTa<br />
integraciamdec ki mivi<strong>da</strong>); meore mxriv, ori Siituri saxelmwifos, azerbaijanisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> iranis civi urTierTobebi. 1992 wels, afxazeTis konfliqtis dros, saqarTvelos<br />
winaaRmdeg, Crd. kavkasiel muslimebTan erTad, ibrZodnen qristiani kazakebi. zviad<br />
gamsaxurdias kavSiri du<strong>da</strong>evTan, baqo-Tbilisi-kievis RerZis Seqmnis mcdeloba, kaspiis<br />
navTobis evropaSi transportireba ruseTis gverdis avliT, ruseT-iranis _ ori<br />
civilizaciurad gansxvavebuli qveynis _ <strong>da</strong>axloeba aseve ewinaaRmdegeba am Teorias.<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> faqtobrivi masalis ganxilvisas hanTingtonis koncefcias bevri mowinaaRmdege<br />
gamouCn<strong>da</strong>. magaliTad, nil makfarleinis azriT, s.hanTingtonis koncefcia<br />
kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi `konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT bundovani, empiriulad<br />
arazusti <strong>da</strong> regionisTvis erTgvarad safrTxis matarebelia” 225 . makfarleins eWvi Seaqvs<br />
TviT imaSi, Tu ratom aris civilizaciuri kuTvnileba yvelaze Zlieri faqtori,<br />
amis <strong>da</strong>mamtkicebeli argumentebi mas arcTu ise safuZvlianad eCveneba: hanTingtonTan<br />
civilizaciuri kuTvnileba ganixileba rogorc <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli faqtori, romelic<br />
gavlenas axdens a<strong>da</strong>mianebis interesTa gansazRvrasa <strong>da</strong> maT Semdgom qmedebaze. magram<br />
srulebiTac araa cxadi, ratom un<strong>da</strong> movaxdinoT civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis faqtoris<br />
amgvari interpretacia 226 .<br />
Zalze sainteresoa hanTingtonis Teoriis makfarleiniseuli analizi kavkasiasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi. ras uwinaswarmetyvelebs es Teoria kavkasias? am Teoriis Tanaxmad, savaraudoa<br />
kavSiri erTi mxriv, ruseTs, saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> somxeTs, rogorc qristianul<br />
qveynebs (hanTingtonisaTvis religia civilizaciuri identurobis ZiriTadi ganmsaz-<br />
Rvrelia), xolo, meore mxriv _ TurqeTs, irans, azerbaijansa <strong>da</strong> Crd. <strong>kavkasiis</strong> muslim<br />
xalxebs Soris 227 .<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> konfliqtebis mizezebi SeiZleba iZebnebodes politikur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur<br />
faqtorebSi. exeba ra azerbaijansa <strong>da</strong> somxeTs Soris konfliqtis sakiTxs, makfarleni<br />
aRniSnavs, rom irani pir<strong>da</strong>pir exmarebo<strong>da</strong> somxeTs <strong>da</strong> es ganpirobebuli iyo politikuri<br />
(TurqeTis gavlenis gaZliereba, azerbaijanuli nacionalizmis zr<strong>da</strong> iranis<br />
225 makfarleini n. “civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba”: kritikuli xedva. — saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros<br />
sagareo politikis kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> analizis centris biuleteni, 11 (20), Tb., 1999, gv.11.<br />
226 iqve, gv.13.<br />
227 makfarleini n. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.14.<br />
104
azerbaijanul umciresobaSi, SiSi aSS-azerbaijanis <strong>da</strong>axloebisa) <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri<br />
(ekonomikuri mogeba bloka<strong>da</strong>Si myof somxeTTan vaWrobiT, iranis wili energetikul<br />
ganviTarebaSi) mizezebiT 228 .<br />
am faqtebis fonze, Znelia <strong>da</strong>eTanxmo samuel hanTingtonisa <strong>da</strong> rusi analitikosebis<br />
mtkicebas imis Sesaxeb, rom `ara<strong>for</strong>maluri koaliciebi yalibdeba civilizaciuri<br />
xazebis gaswvriv. qristianuli somxeTi, saqarTvelo, mTiani yarabaRi <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT<br />
oseTi upirispirdebian muslimur azerbaijans, afxazeTs, CeCneTsa <strong>da</strong> inguSeTs~. mtkiceba,<br />
rom saqarTvelo oseTTan erTad upirispirdeba azerbaijans, cota ar iyos,<br />
ucnauria. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom saqarTvelos Tbili urTierToba hqon<strong>da</strong> du<strong>da</strong>evis<br />
CeCneTTan, z.gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis periodSi. Tavisi argumentis gansamtkiceblad<br />
hanTingtoni <strong>da</strong>sZens, rom `ruseTis federaciaSi mcxovrebi muslimebi<br />
SekavSirdnen CeCnebis meTaurobiT~, mibaZes ra CuvaSeTis respublikis magaliTs,<br />
romelmac moqalaqeeebi gaaTavisufla CeCneTSi samsaxurisagan~. CuvaSeTi erT-erTi im<br />
respublikaTagani iyo, romelmac protesti gamoTqva ruseTis qmedebaTa gamo. Cuva-<br />
SeTi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d qristianulia <strong>da</strong> iq mcire raodenobiT arian muslimebi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
xalxis Turquli warmoamvlobisa.<br />
CeCneTis irgvliv <strong>da</strong>razmvas mniSvnelovani masStabi ar miuRia. igi im CrdilokavkasielebiT<br />
Semoifargla (<strong>da</strong>Restansa <strong>da</strong> inguSeTSi), romelTac eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> religiuri<br />
kavSiri aqvT CeCnebTan; maT gamoxates protesti <strong>da</strong> Seecadnen ruseTis samxedro<br />
Semotevis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebas, maSin rodesac centraluri aziisa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis sxva<br />
muslimi xalxebi, kvlav dumdnen.<br />
`civilizaciuri <strong>da</strong>razmvis~ Tvalsazrisma gaarTula rogorc saqarTvelo-samxreT<br />
oseTis, aseve saqarTvelo-afxazeTis konfliqtis gageba. saqme isaa, rom afxazebi afxazeTSi,<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, ar arian muslimebi, gansxvavebiT TurqeTSi mcxovrebi afxazebisagan.<br />
civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis Teoriis <strong>da</strong>mcvelebi SecdomiT miiCneven afxazebs<br />
muslimebad, an, ubralod, ugulebelyofen am konfliqts, iseve rogorc 1990 wlis<br />
yirgizTa <strong>da</strong> uzbekTa konfliqts oSis regionSi <strong>da</strong> 1989 wels muslimi Turqi mesxebis<br />
wmen<strong>da</strong>s muslimur uzbekeTSi.<br />
imis mtkiceba, rom muslimebi SekavSirdnen <strong>kavkasiis</strong> romelime konfliqtis dros,<br />
sul mcire, gazviadeba iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. sainteresoa, rom am konfliqtebis warmosaxvam civilizaciaTa<br />
Sejaxebebad, iseve rogorc iugoslaviis konfliqtisa, didi STabeWdileba<br />
ver moaxdina muslimebze msoflio masStabiT. Tumca mas gacilebiT didi warmateba<br />
ergo <strong>da</strong>savleTSi, SesaZloa imitom, rom mediis roli iq ufro mniSvnelovania.<br />
faqtia, rom <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebma gasaocari <strong>da</strong>udevroba gamoiCines im SemTxvevebis<br />
mimarT, romlebic SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>xasiaTdes agresiul omebad qristianebsa <strong>da</strong> muslimebs<br />
Soris, rogorc es iyo bosniaSi, kosovoSi, mTian yarabaRSi, CeCneTsa <strong>da</strong> inguSeTSi.<br />
serbebis eTnikuri wmen<strong>da</strong> bosniaSi metismetad axlo iyo evropasTan imisaTvis, rom<br />
SesaZlebeli yofiliyo misi ugulebelyofa. amasTanave, es imdenad aSkara SemTxveva<br />
iyo, rom SeuZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>maxinjeba <strong>da</strong> arasworad gageba.<br />
amis sapirispirod, <strong>kavkasiis</strong> movlenebi, maT Soris 600.000 azerbaijanelis eTnikuri<br />
wmen<strong>da</strong> somxeTis mier okupirebul azerbaijanul teritoriebze, miCqmalul iqna, iseve<br />
rogorc omis kanonebisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis umagaliTo <strong>da</strong>rRveva CeCneTSi. <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
mediaSi gabatonebulma arasworma Sexedulebam <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebis gamartivebulma<br />
axsnam, misma Sedegebma <strong>da</strong>savleTis politikaze am regionSi warmoSva civilizaciaTa<br />
Sejaxebis scenaris axdenil winaswarmetyvelebad qcevis safrTxe.<br />
<strong>kavkasiis</strong> konfliqtebs Seswavla cxadyofs, rom religias arc erT maTganSi ar hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba. religiis roli Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong> eTnikuri identurobis<br />
228 iqve, gv.16.<br />
105
erT-erT determinantad yofniT. is <strong>garemo</strong>eba, rom religias, romelic SeiZleba<br />
gamoyenebul iqnes morwmuneTa SesakavSireblad konfliqturi situaciis dros, naklebad<br />
mimarTavdnen, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia sabWoTa aTeizmis 70 wlian batonobasTan,<br />
romelmac u<strong>da</strong>od SezRu<strong>da</strong> religiis roli yofili sabWoTa kavSiris yvela xalxis<br />
individualur <strong>da</strong> socialur cxovrebaSi. <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxebs Soris arsebuli mravalferovani<br />
urTierTobebi<strong>da</strong>n romelma Seasrula ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti faqtoris roli, ramac gavlena<br />
iqonia movlenebze? Cven ukve aRvniSneT eTnikuri politikis mniSvneloba, romelic<br />
mWidro<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli gareSe mtris winaaRnmdeg <strong>da</strong>razmvasTan. <strong>kavkasiis</strong> xalxebs<br />
Soris urTierTobis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria ara religiaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli civilizaciuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofa, aramed, ubralod, nacionalizmisa <strong>da</strong> nacionaluri interesebis<br />
kombinacia.<br />
106
Nino Chikovani<br />
CULTURE AND RELIGION IN SOUTH CAUCASUS<br />
Summary<br />
Geographical settings and population. Caucasus represents a mosaic of cultures,<br />
confessions, ethnoses and languages. Its location and geographical environment were major<br />
determine factors of the way of life, interrelations and the history of the Caucasian peoples.<br />
Caucasus is populated by more than 50 different peoples. Caucasian mounteen was called a<br />
“mounteen of languages” by the Arab geographers.<br />
The Caucasus, throughout its history, has been a borderland. It has been an area over which<br />
empires have competed, in which cultures, civilizations and religions met. It has served both as<br />
bridge and barrier to contact between north and south, and between east and west. Its crucial<br />
geopolitical location has the mixed results: more often than not, the Caucasian peoples ‘lost rather<br />
than gained from their important geopolitical position’.<br />
The Caucasus has been one of the regions of the Eurasian continent most affected by what in<br />
the last decade has come to be called “the enw world disorder”. Together with <strong>for</strong>mwer Yogoslavia,<br />
it is the area most gravely hit by ethnopolitical conflict and warfare.<br />
The South Caucasus is comparatively easy to map. It consists of three major peoples: the<br />
Azeris (6 million), Georgians (4 million) and Armenians (3,5 million in the Caucasus), as well as the<br />
number of less numerous peoples, some of which are indigenous. All the republics are multiethnic,<br />
although presently Armenia is developing towards a mono-ethnic state with over 95%<br />
Armenians. In Georgia the titular nationality comprises less than 70% of the population. The<br />
majority population itself, the Georgians or Kartvelians, compises several sub-groups such as<br />
Mingrelians and Svans. In Azrebaijan, the Azeri presently make up 83%.<br />
The North Caucasus presents a considerably more complicated population map. Its population<br />
is composed of several different groups of people. The first groupe are those which can be termed<br />
only as indigenous Caucasian peoples: the Vainakh peoples (composed of Chechens, Ingush and<br />
Tsova-Tush) and Dagestan peoples – Avars, lezgins, Dargins and Laks; Abkhaz and Circassian<br />
peoples (sub-divided somewhat artificially into Kabardins, Adyge and Cherkess).These people do<br />
not have an origin outside the Caucasus. The second group of peoples inhabiting the Caucasus<br />
are settlers of Turkic and Iranian origin.Ossetians and the Tats (Mountain Jews) are the only<br />
sizeable ethnic groups to claim Iranian origin. The Turkic people of the North Caucasus belong to<br />
the Kipchak family of languages, and consist of the Karachais ans Balkars (who are in fact one<br />
people speaking dialects of the same langiage) in the central North Caucasus, and the Kumyks<br />
and Nogais in Dagestan.<br />
The Caucasian peoples belong to the four langiage groups: Caucasian (or Paleocaucasian),<br />
Indoeuropean, Turkic and Semit. It is considered, that the people speaking Caucasian languages<br />
are indigenous, and others moved to Caucasus in different periods of history.<br />
Religions and ethnoses in the South Caucasus. Main confessions and their historical<br />
and territorial localization. Georgia is situated in the western part of the South Caucasus. The<br />
Black Sea <strong>for</strong>mes a western border of Georgia, Turkey – the south-western border, Armenia<br />
borders with Georgia from the south-eastern part, and Azerbaijan – from the north-eastern one.<br />
State language – Georgian – belongs to the Kartvelian group of the Iberian-Caucasian<br />
languages. In Abkhazia, the Abkhazian language has a state language status too.The Georgian<br />
alphabet is one of the 14 original alphabets in the world, it consists of 33 letters.<br />
107
Because of its geopolitical situation and history, Georgia traditionally is a poliethnic country.<br />
According to the <strong>da</strong>ta of the list of 1989, more than 90 nationalities were settled in Georgia.<br />
Poplulation – 5,4 million, 29,87%. In 2002 the number of population diminished to 4,6 million,<br />
ethnic minoroties – 15,9%. The georgians have no numerous and powerful diasporas abroad.<br />
The Georgians consist of three sub-ethnic groups – the Karts, the Mingrelians and the Svans.<br />
the fourth group – Lazs – live on the territory of Turkey.<br />
Orthodox Christians are 65% of the whole population, Muslims – 11%, Russian Orthodox<br />
Christians – 10%, Monophyzit Armenians – 8%, others – 6%. A part of the population are the<br />
sectants.<br />
Azerbaijan is situated in the South-Eastern part of the Southern Caucasus. The neighbours of<br />
Azerbaijan are: Russian Federation (Dagestan) from the North, Georgia from the North-West,<br />
Armenia and Turkey – from the South-West, Iran – from the South, the Caspian Sea – from the<br />
East.<br />
The main religion is Islam. Christianity and Ju<strong>da</strong>ism are also presented. Major part of Muslims<br />
are the Azeris, most of them – Shiits.<br />
The “religion Renaissance” in Azerbaijan has passed along with the proccess of increasing<br />
national self-consciousness. Government has controlled the situation in the confessional sphere.<br />
Armenia is situated in the mountainous region of the South Caucasus. It borders with Georgia<br />
(from the North), Azerbaijan (from the East), Turkey (from the West), Iran (from the South).<br />
Population (1998) – 3,7 million, over 95% of them are the Armenians. State language –<br />
Armenian, which belongs to the Indoeuropean group of languages. The original Armenian alphabet<br />
consists of 39 letters. Ethnic Armenians live also in many countries of the world and <strong>for</strong>m a<br />
powerful diaspora. Russians, Yezids, Greeks and Jews are the minorities in Armenia.<br />
Majority of Armenians are the Monophysit Cgristians – 80% of the population. The Armenian<br />
Church is one of the strongest, independent and active Christian churches.<br />
Followers of four major religions are found in the Caucasus.<br />
Christianity is present in the South Caucasus in variuos <strong>for</strong>ms. The main pillars of Christianity<br />
in the region are the Georgian Ortodox Church and the Armenien monophysite Church. Moreover,<br />
the cinsiderable majority of Ossetians are Orthodox Christians. The Abkhaz are also partly<br />
Christian, although the Abkhaz in general are equally weary of both Islam and Christianity – an<br />
interesting instance of the retention of pagan traditions, their amalgamation with Islam and<br />
Christianity, and a generally low religious profile. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union, a number<br />
of Protestant missions have reached the Caucasus from Western Europe, but have gained few<br />
followers, with some success only in Armrnia.<br />
Islam exists in both its versions. Shi’i Islam being majority religion of the Azeris (75-85%), of<br />
the Talysh of Azerbaijan, and a small number of Dagestani ethnic groups on the territory of<br />
Azrebaijan. The majority Sunni tradition exists both in its Shafi’i school, among the peoples of<br />
Dagestan, but predominantly in the Hanafi school, which is the religion of Chechnya and<br />
Ingushetia, of the Circassian peoples, the Turkic Karachais and Balkars, the Ajars of Georgia, as<br />
well as of the minority of Azeris that are Sunni and the minorities of Ossetians and Abkhazians tha<br />
are Muslim.<br />
Ju<strong>da</strong>ism is represented in the <strong>for</strong>m of indigenous Georgian Jews, as well as the Tats or<br />
Mountain Jews, who live in Azerbaijan and Dagestan. There were also Ashkenazi Jews living<br />
mainly in Baku, many of whom have migrated to Israel, as well as the Georgian Jews, more as a<br />
result of the generally difficult conditions in the countries than any discrimination.<br />
Budism is the religion of the Kalmyks, who live on the northwestern shore of the Caspian Sea,<br />
to the North of Dagestan. Kalmykia is not normally considered as a part of the Caucasus, but it is<br />
108
not part of any other Russian region and does border the Caucasus. Moreover, interaction<br />
between Kalmyks and the Caucasian peoples to their south are increasing.<br />
The grave chellenge <strong>for</strong> the Caucasian Islam comes from Vahabism – extreme politisized,<br />
militarist phenomenon of Islam.<br />
Geographic, political and cultural roots of the division of the North and South<br />
Caucasus. The geographical delimitation of the Caucasus, as that of Europe <strong>for</strong> that matter, has<br />
no generally accepted answer.<br />
In the light of history of the past 200 years and with regard to demographic factors, the logical<br />
northern border of the Caucasus would be the area originally in the foothills but later in the planes<br />
on the northern slope of the Caucasian moutains which saparates the area of habitation of the<br />
small peoples of the North Caucasus from the Russian-populated areas to their north. The<br />
delimitation is made difficult by the fact that the administrative units of the North Caucasus are<br />
drawn further north than the traditional places of residence of their titular nations. It seems safe to<br />
argue that the reason <strong>for</strong> drawing of the map dirong the early Soviet era was in order to include<br />
large Slavic populations in these territories, with the aim of diluting their demographic composition.<br />
Operational definitions of culture and civilization in the framework of the cource. The<br />
concept of culture is one of the most wide-used terms. We have to use an operational definition of<br />
the term, according to the aim of our cource. We consider culture as the “another nature”, created<br />
by he difefrent ethnoses during the centuries. The self-determination of the nation is determined by<br />
its culture.<br />
One can find two main interpretations of civilization in the scientific literature. During the last<br />
decades the theory of local civilizations became the subject of special interest. Relation between<br />
cultures and civilizations <strong>for</strong>m the model of the modern world. The growing interest to the<br />
phenomenon of civilization is determoned by academic and practical interests.<br />
The local-historical interpretation of the concept of civilization <strong>for</strong>ms the basis <strong>for</strong> our course.<br />
The Caucasus – the contact zone of cultures and civilizations. The Caucasus has always<br />
played an important role as a bridge between the East and the West, the North and the South.<br />
Due to the fact that the Caucasus is the contact zone of cultures and civilizations, we have to<br />
discuss some problems connected with its localization on the crossroad.<br />
The consept of the common cultural space and its correlation with the Caucasus. The<br />
problem of the Caucasian (South-Caucasian) identity. The problem discussed in our course<br />
can be <strong>for</strong>mulated in two questions: 1) Caucasian cultures or Caucasian culture? 2) The possible<br />
existence of cultural or civilizational unity of Caucasus in past or present. We suppose that there is<br />
no reason to consider the existence of common Caucasian culture or civilization, because in this<br />
case we’ll have to ignore a number of historical facts. It seems more convenient to use the notions<br />
of “Caucasian cultural space” and “Caucasian identity”. An idea of Caucasian unity may be<br />
attractive, but we have to distinguish reality from the political wishes, as the cultural and<br />
civilizational orientations and experiences not always coincide with the political ones.<br />
The idea of united Caucasus: historical viewpoint. The attempts of unification in the 11-<br />
12 th centuries, their ideologic background and practical steps towards the idea.<br />
Reappearence of the idea during the following centuries. We come across different viewpoints<br />
in modern scientific literature in regard to a civilizational belonging of Caucasus and its individual<br />
parts. According to one viewpoint, based on definite criteria, we can talk of Caucasus as a peculiar<br />
civilization, subcivilization or cultural unity. More courageous, mostly politicians or those close to<br />
the political circles, talk on the possibility of political unity, which had cultural and civilizational unity<br />
basis or may have such. But the history of the Caucasian peoples presents to us more failed<br />
ef<strong>for</strong>ts of implementing Caucasian unity than success of these ef<strong>for</strong>ts.<br />
109
An objective of the present article is to analyze the history of Caucasus and, namely, of one<br />
section of history, which is just an exception from these failed ef<strong>for</strong>ts. Here is meant the political<br />
and cultural situation of the 11 th -12 th centuries, when this unity was being outlined, which can be<br />
labelled as the united cultural space. Even more, a political realization of this unity is taking place.<br />
Though it is a short period, but it has a great influence on the further history of the Caucasian<br />
peoples.<br />
The 11 th -12 th centuries have been known as one of the most important periods in the history of<br />
Georgia. It is the period when not only “Georgia” - a new country was founded, but a greater<br />
<strong>for</strong>mation was being generated. It had not had its historical-geographical name as of yet, but<br />
everything pointed to its name being just the very “Georgia”. . . Active participants of this <strong>for</strong>mation<br />
were not only South and East of Caucasus (Armenia, Shirvan), but the other end of the Caucasus<br />
Range (Dagestan-Chechnya, Ossetia, Circassia). A great “world” was being <strong>for</strong>med, an organizing<br />
centre of which was Georgia.<br />
In the period mentioned above a concept “Georgia” was established as a term designating<br />
cultural-political and socio-economic unity. “Georgia was called the territory, in which, along with<br />
political and cultural possession, there were being spread socio-economic relations characteristic<br />
to the Georgian people”. The term “Georgian” implied all “who, despite their ethnic origin,<br />
recognized Georgian (diophysite) Christianity, to whom Georgian feu<strong>da</strong>l relations were common<br />
and who conducted their activities on the Georgian political and cultural field”. Within this field there<br />
was entire Caucasus gradually being involved.<br />
Consoli<strong>da</strong>tion of a “new country” was ongoing on the basis of the Georgian language, which in<br />
that period conducted the function of a universal language <strong>for</strong> church services throughout<br />
Caucasus. To make a parallel with the process of <strong>for</strong>ming other cultural unities (civilizations,<br />
subcivilizations), we should remember, that, <strong>for</strong> example, <strong>for</strong>mation of the West as a single cultural<br />
space and of individual civilizations, was promoted by the primacy of the Latin language, a<br />
universal language of the church, <strong>for</strong> the Western-Christian states. We can say the same about the<br />
role of the Arabian language <strong>for</strong> the Muslim East. It seems that the Georgian language was<br />
commencing to play the same role in Caucasus. Study of hagiographic literature, annals,<br />
epigraphic and architectural monuments clarifies that in the 11 th -12 th centuries the Georgian<br />
language and culture was spread not only in the elite circles of the Caucasian population<br />
(Chalcedonian Armenians, Albanian monophysite population, North Caucasus) but in public at<br />
large as well.<br />
Thus, Caucasus, in the present political terminology, was a single geopolitical space and the<br />
political and cultural figures were well aware of this. This is witnessed by the conception <strong>for</strong>med in<br />
the 70s of the 11 th century, which belongs to Leonty Mroveli. It should have substantiated the unity<br />
of the Caucasian world and substantiality of the course led by the Georgian rulers, directed at the<br />
consoli<strong>da</strong>tion of Georgia. At the same time, the work by Leonty Mroveli clearly reveals theoretical<br />
interest, generated just in the process of unification, in the issues in regard to people’s<br />
classification and their geographical settlement.<br />
In the same period Georgian messianic idea is being <strong>for</strong>med, which is based on the belief that<br />
the Georgian language has being endowed with a special mission; Christ’s chasuble is in Georgia;<br />
Georgia is a country of Our Lady; The Bagrations royal dynasty is of divine origin. The idea served<br />
the same objective as Leonty Mroveli’s conception and played an important role in the cultural and<br />
political life of Georgia in 11 th -12 th centuries. Messianism belongs to the number of stable<br />
stereotypes of political thought and behavior, which is being <strong>for</strong>med in certain situation and is<br />
practically unchanged in time. Though the Georgian messianic idea has not been characterized by<br />
a “long duration of existence”.<br />
110
Along with language and through the language, religion plays the greatest role in <strong>for</strong>ming<br />
single Caucasus. Through Georgia – a <strong>for</strong>ming unity centre – Christianity was being spread in<br />
North Caucasus, where there existed Episcopal cathedras and Georgia’s political and cultural<br />
impact was being established. The Georgian kings were well aware of the importance of ideology,<br />
this explains their ef<strong>for</strong>ts, starting from David Agmashenebeli’s period, to convert Monophisit<br />
Armenians to Chalcedonian belief.<br />
It is difficult to say what “the great world – Caucasus” will be like, which was being <strong>for</strong>med<br />
around Georgia, as a centre, whether it takes a <strong>for</strong>m of separate civilization or subcivilization. But it<br />
is a fact that an ef<strong>for</strong>t to <strong>for</strong>m a single geopolitical space was accompanied by the measures<br />
directed at providing its ideological and cultural fun<strong>da</strong>mentals, which were more or less<br />
successfully implemented.<br />
The scholars say that consoli<strong>da</strong>tion of multinational, multicultural and multireligious state of<br />
South and North Caucasus around Georgia was the most important factor from the viewpoint if not<br />
of homogenization of Caucasus’ single political space and culture, then of some integration and, at<br />
the same time, <strong>for</strong> developing peculiarity of each integral part.<br />
But the history of Caucasian unity had not been long. As L.Tukhashvili mentioned, Georgia<br />
failed to implement the two most efficient <strong>for</strong>ms of expansion: an economic expansion – economic<br />
mastering of the provinces being under the influence of developed commercial capital (Georgia<br />
had not reached this level as of yet) and a cultural expansion, which, as it had been said above,<br />
started but Georgia had not enough time <strong>for</strong> its continuation and development.<br />
From the 13 th century the situation in Caucasus has radically changed. Mongols’ raids resulted<br />
in weakening of Georgia’s state, Islam gradually spread in North Caucasus. To the north and south<br />
of the Caucasus Range there were <strong>for</strong>med political and cultural systems, essentially differing from<br />
one another. Though much common was left among the Caucasian peoples, firstly, just in the<br />
cultural sphere (ordinary culture, hospitality tradition, relations between the generations, brotherly<br />
friendship, etc), the difference was becoming distinct.<br />
The ideological-political conception <strong>for</strong>med in the 11 th century used “to reanimate” in the<br />
following centuries. For example, an idea appeared in the period of Erekle II to unite South<br />
Caucasus under the power of Erekle. Georgia was implied as the centre in this case as well,<br />
though the situation was absolutely different and the idea of unity was determined by the<br />
acuteness of <strong>for</strong>eign political orientation issue.<br />
Further on, some unification of the Caucasian peoples took place within the Russian Empire.<br />
The administrative units of both North and South Caucasus have joined the Caucasus’ vicegerency<br />
and Tbilisi was the place, where an administrative centre and vicegerent’s residence were located.<br />
After being divided into the spheres of Iran’s and Turkey’s influence <strong>for</strong> several-century long<br />
period, unification in a single political space <strong>for</strong>med favorable terms <strong>for</strong> reviving traditional contacts<br />
(among them cultural) among the Caucasian peoples, though the imperial principle “divide et<br />
impera” <strong>for</strong>med serious problems in this respect.<br />
After February 1917 revolution Russia’s government, with the aim of managing over South<br />
Caucasus, founded “Special Committee of Transcaucasus”, when the Bolsheviks came to power<br />
(October, 1917) there was <strong>for</strong>med the Transcaucasian Commissariat. In February 1918 the<br />
Transcaucasian Seym was founded, which was later disintegrated due to the contradictions among<br />
its integral parts (Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia) and the potentials to <strong>for</strong>m state independence.<br />
This was followed by declaring independence of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan in May, 1918.<br />
There was no basis <strong>for</strong> establishment of South Caucasus as a single political organism.<br />
After the Soviet power was established, Russia has once more tried to <strong>for</strong>m single<br />
administrative units in North and South Caucasus: in 1924-1936 there existed Transcaucasian<br />
111
Soviet Federative <strong>Social</strong>ist Republic, in 1922-1924 - Autonomous Republic of Mountain Peoples<br />
within the Russian Soviet Federative <strong>Social</strong>ist Republic. Neither this ef<strong>for</strong>ts had any success.<br />
As we see, the ef<strong>for</strong>ts to <strong>for</strong>m Caucasian unity in any <strong>for</strong>m were based on the political realities.<br />
Not only political activities, but even the very ideas of supposed or real existence of such unities<br />
seem to proceed more from the political situation than from pure scientific analysis.<br />
The idea of the “Common Caucasian House” and the attempts of its realization in 90s<br />
of the 20th century. The idea of the “peaceful Caucasus” as an alternative of S.Huntington’s<br />
theory. As we see, the ef<strong>for</strong>ts to <strong>for</strong>m Caucasian unity in any <strong>for</strong>m were based on the political<br />
realities. Not only political activities, but even the very ideas of supposed or real existence of such<br />
unities seem to proceed more from the political situation than from pure scientific analysis. That the<br />
idea of single Caucasus was mostly caused by the political moments is witnessed by the events of<br />
the end of the 20th century. In the beginning of the 90’s the conception of “single Caucasian<br />
house” was caused by the new situation <strong>for</strong>med after the Soviet Union dissolution and pathos of<br />
confrontation with Russia. The authors of the “house” idea imagined it in different ways: they talked<br />
now about “Caucasian Parliament”, then on the unity like that of European Union. But the situation<br />
remained out of sight that the union of this kind is based on common world outlook (based on<br />
religion), common in<strong>for</strong>mation space and other factors, which did not exist in case of Caucasus.<br />
That’s why <strong>for</strong>mation of “single Caucasian house” remained at the level of declarations.<br />
The only one the realization of which we witnessed was Confederation of Caucasian Mountain<br />
Peoples <strong>for</strong>med in the beginning of the 90’s. It soon was turned into the Confederation of<br />
Caucasian Peoples. It should be noted that Russian central mass media of that period presented<br />
the case as if the talk was in regard to a really existing <strong>for</strong>mation with its parliament, president and<br />
army (it was rarely mentioned about the problem of legitimacy) and the newspaper in Dagestan,<br />
being of different orientation, released no material, regarding the confederation.<br />
Lacking any basis, this feeble <strong>for</strong>mation still managed to play a negative role in the Caucasian<br />
conflicts. This <strong>for</strong>ced the politicians to search <strong>for</strong> the arguments in favour of unrealized idea of<br />
common Caucasian unity. The idea of “peaceful Caucasus” was a response and some alternative<br />
to S.Huntington’s conception. Unlike the “Caucasian house”, it implies not a union of some kind,<br />
but determination of common interests and <strong>for</strong>mation of terms <strong>for</strong> peaceful co-existence through<br />
talks and agreements.<br />
The politicians’ initiative was a basis <strong>for</strong> the international conferences, launched in 1997-1998<br />
and dedicated to the problems of common geopolitics and single cultural space of Caucasus. The<br />
same as earlier, now great attention was turned to the search <strong>for</strong> historical-cultural principles of<br />
Caucasian peoples’ unity. We’ll cite here one characteristic fragment from the speech delivered by<br />
the then Georgian Parliament chair Zurab Zhvania at the conference held in Tbilisi State<br />
University: “Caucasian unity is not only a political conception. In fact, Caucasus is a diverse and, at<br />
the same time, homogenous <strong>for</strong>mation, a phenomenon, which was being <strong>for</strong>med over centuries<br />
and millennia, which has distinctly determined authentic social and cultural institutions… This gives<br />
an opportunity to talk on single Caucasian civilization phenomenon the founders of which –<br />
Caucasian peoples – despite religious and ethnic differences are united by common values and<br />
similar mentality”.<br />
The then Minister of Culture of Georgia mentioned at the same conference: “We, Caucasian<br />
peoples, are one whole – historically and geopolitically, we, essentially, are kindred peoples by<br />
psychophysical order, “Caucasian character”, appearance, temperament, moral, ideals”.<br />
The politicians’ opinion and its basis are quite clear. But at the conference the scholars and<br />
researchers stressed the existence of essentially different systems of peoples and states to the<br />
North and South of the Caucasus Range and the need to take this fact into consideration while<br />
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discussing the issue of a single Caucasian space (or civilization). We should add that the<br />
difference is most vivid among the peoples living at one side of the Caucasus Range as well.<br />
We may be charmed by the idea of Caucasian unity. But it’s necessary to differentiate from<br />
one another the wish <strong>for</strong> close cooperation in any field, <strong>for</strong> having a single plat<strong>for</strong>m on the political<br />
arena or aspiration to have such in the future, and on the other part, the reality, which doesn’t or<br />
less coincide with the wish. To express in other words, political (on the one part) and culturalcivilizational<br />
(on the other part) realities, orientations, experience differ from one another.<br />
The idea of reaching unity of Caucasus or some of its regions, in any case, exists (and, most<br />
likely, may exist) over last centuries only as an ideal to which the people, living in it, strive. But to<br />
look at first sight at the historical panorama is quite enough to be convinced of the talk being<br />
groundless in regard to some harmony and unity of the Caucasian peoples.<br />
Actualization and politization of the problems of cultural and religious identity in the<br />
Post-Sovier era. Within the framework of our cource, religion intends not the theological doctrine<br />
or an institute, but the central system, which designs a civilization. On the other hand, <strong>for</strong>mation of<br />
religion is determined by the civilization, as a certain response to a chellenge of environment. The<br />
religion <strong>for</strong>ms a system of values, and the individual and group values are based on them.<br />
The issues of cultural and civilizational identity acquired special topicality. Along with the<br />
scientists, they are more often becoming an object of the politicians’ interest. Research of identity<br />
along with theoretical study acquires practical importance as well, because it gives an opportunity<br />
to determine the present-<strong>da</strong>y and future cultural-political reference points.<br />
Determination of civiliational identity, quite often, is considered to be a means <strong>for</strong> overcoming<br />
the crisis, experienced by the states being in the process of <strong>for</strong>ming.<br />
The problems of cultural and civilizational identity are most topical <strong>for</strong> the so-called small<br />
nations and peoples, whose mentality, according to Milan Kundera, is determined by a permanent<br />
search <strong>for</strong> their own importance. For the peoples of Caucasus, Georgians involved, the case<br />
becomes far more complicated by the factor of their being at the turn of cultures and civilizations.<br />
Caucasus, both historically and now, is a bridge connecting the West and the East, the North and<br />
the South, a crossroad of civilizations and, correspondingly, an area where the interests of various<br />
<strong>for</strong>ces intersect. Caucasus is that very region, which has been <strong>for</strong> centuries characterized by an<br />
organic merging of integrational and disintegrational tendencies and dynamic balance.<br />
By the prognosis of the conflicts of civilizations, the peoples, living on the boun<strong>da</strong>ry dividing<br />
civilizations, are destined to become a battlefield <strong>for</strong> bloody clashes between the civilizations. This<br />
rather unfavorable perspective instigates research of the problems of identity. Georgians belong to<br />
such peoples. If we remember that the historical past of the peoples living on the crossroad of<br />
cultures and civilizations is, as a rule, a search <strong>for</strong> the <strong>for</strong>ms of the fight <strong>for</strong> their surviving and a<br />
<strong>for</strong>m of more or less successful realization, it becomes clear that they have special interest in the<br />
problems mentioned above.<br />
According to the theories of local civilizations (N.Danilevski, A.Toynbee, S.Huntington, etc),<br />
religon is one of the main determinants of civilization. But it would not be right to consider religion<br />
as a single and most important parametre of the culture/civilization. It can bring us to the<br />
alternative conclusions. The example of Georgia is one of the most evident cases. It would be<br />
mentioned the two different versions of the civilizational belongingf Georgia, based on the<br />
abovemetioned characteristic ans resulting to the different conclusions.<br />
One of these viewpoints offers Georgia as a part of Western Christian civilization. The other<br />
parts of the same civilization are Byzantium, armenia, Russia snd some minor unities. But the<br />
East-Christian world is not homogenous and monotonous, and the religion belonging to this unity<br />
not always means the civilization coincidence. Furthermore, the religion parametre may be stable<br />
<strong>for</strong> a long time, but the changes of other civilizational characteristics may led to the trans<strong>for</strong>mation<br />
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of the civilizational identity. For example, the religion characteristic of Georgia has not changed<br />
during the centuries, but it is not easy to define its civilizational belonging, because of shifting of<br />
other characteristics and civilizational environment as well.<br />
The version of belonging of Georgia to the Euroasian civilization can be disposed in the same<br />
framework. This viewpoint is widespread among the Russian politicians and a part of the Georgian<br />
political ellite.<br />
Another version, based on the same parametre, assumes that Georgia is a part of the Western<br />
Civilization, because it was one of the first European countries, where Christianity was established<br />
as a state religion as early as in the 4 th century, and European civilization is based on the same<br />
Christian values. For the group of the Georgian researchers and politicians this opinion is a<br />
doubtless conclusion, but there is another group which prefers to find more convincing arguments.<br />
Religion often functions as a factor separating the two communities. The belligerenr groups are<br />
differentiated by speaking different languages, having leaved somewhat segregated from one<br />
another with different social organization. adherence of the conflicting groups to different religions<br />
has been an adiitional factor in their mutial hostility and distrust. Ethnicity, and not religion, has<br />
been politicized. In this framework, religion has merely ocuupied a place among other determinants<br />
of ethnic identity. Whenever religion has been used, it has been as a political tool rather then <strong>for</strong><br />
its own aims.<br />
Neither religious identity, and surely not theological perspecrives have been the primary<br />
factors inderpinning the politization of the parties. The polarization is based on ethnic and political<br />
grounds.<br />
Religion as a factor in the contemporary conflicts of the Caucasus. The roots of<br />
conflicts. It is not enough that the two communities in conflict hold different religious beliefsin<br />
order ti describe the conflict as religious in character. Religion must be on the agen<strong>da</strong> of the<br />
conflict; religiom must be an issue os the conflict or conflict must be understood in clearly religious<br />
terms by at least one os the sides. is has been advanced that one can speak of the involvment of<br />
religion in a conflict where at least one of the following conditions is met: 1) At least one party<br />
refers to a religious body of thinking to legitimize conflict behavior; 2) the polarization of partie is<br />
undrpinned by religious identity or theological perspectives.<br />
Since the 1960s in most perts of the world ethnopolitical conflicts has been an incresing source<br />
of concern in the international arena. One of the proncipal findings of research has been the<br />
effectiveness od solutions of regional autonomy. The scientists have observed that creating an<br />
autonomy as a conflict-solving mechanism is both a theoretical and a practical option <strong>for</strong> the<br />
perties. However, the record of autonomy in the empirical context of the <strong>for</strong>mer Soviet Union does<br />
not seem to corroborate the more posotive e[periences connected with autonomy in other parts of<br />
the world.<br />
In the Soviet Union the autonomous structures were given no actual autonomy or real political<br />
power. The power remained in Moscow. The autonomies never became autonomous. The second<br />
strategy was to use national delimitation to create sources of dissent among the Caucasian<br />
peoples. A number of borders between ethnic communities were drawn in such a way not to<br />
correspond with the demographic realities. The roots of conflicts in the Caucasus had been directly<br />
created by Sovier rule.<br />
The fact should me mentioned that there are numerous minoroties of various sizes and<br />
problems both in Georgia and Azerbaidjan, but only those that were the holders of an autonomous<br />
status actually rebelled. The ethnic minoroties (e.g. the Abkhaz, the Karabakh Armenians) weigh<br />
very much lighter demographically than their neighbours and <strong>for</strong>mer overlords.The fact tha despite<br />
these figures the conflict led to their relative victories was promarily due to internal disorder in<br />
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Azerbaijan and Georgia, and quite overt Russian and Armenian support <strong>for</strong> the ambitions of the<br />
minorotites.<br />
Some of the researcers nite, that the role of religion as a variable affecting stability is often<br />
overplayed by most Western analysts. For example, the conflicts in the Caucasus have been<br />
variously painted as a conflict between Muslim Azerbaijan and Christian Armenia, or the Muslim<br />
Checnya against Orthodox Russia. Religious affilation is but one of many variables influencing<br />
political and social changes. In and of itself, however, religion is not the critical variable deciding<br />
the future of the region.<br />
Many of the authors have identified ethnic diversity as a key factor of the conflicts. During the<br />
Soviet era, potential catalists of conflict, such as religious and ethnic diversity, were tightly<br />
suppressed. The resurgence of communal identitties among the Caucasian nationalities has been<br />
the decisive factor in allowingethnic mobilization to turn into outright conflict. The primary reason<br />
<strong>for</strong> the uncreasingly conflictual attitude of minorirties is the strengthening of group identity.<br />
One clear source of conflicts in the Caucasus has been the awakening of assumed promordial<br />
identities such as tribe, ethnicity or religion. These identities are very much tied to social and<br />
political circumstances. The ethnic mobilization usually takes place in an atmosphere of conflict<br />
with another communal group.<br />
Another method of obliterating ethnic identity is to impose an ideology in its place. In the case<br />
of the <strong>for</strong>mer Sovier Union, the Communist ideology was though to gradually erase differences<br />
between peiple and create a New Man. The “nationa”l units making up the USSR were not<br />
ethnically homogenous; the result of this hrterogeneity was an ezplicit or implicit policy of<br />
assimilation of minorities by the “titular nationality” of the units. For these minorities the question of<br />
personal anf group identity was highly comlicated.<br />
Although the Soviet identity was supposed to be strongest and deepest, that was often not the<br />
case: people adopted a Soviet identity at the side of, but not in place of, their communal identity.<br />
The primary, traditional identities of nation, religion or region is a process that can take place only<br />
gradually and very reluctantly. Furthermore, the Soviet class-inspired identity was largely<br />
inapplicable tj the Caucasian peoples.<br />
The main consequence of the dissolution of the Sovier Union was the withering away of the<br />
Soviet identity <strong>for</strong> the peoples of the Caucasus. The overlapping identity which held the peoples of<br />
the union together was no linger present. This constitutes a factor in the eruption of violent<br />
conflicts.<br />
The process of nation-building in the Caucasus has not been successful. The governments<br />
have been unable to make munorities feel a part of the state.<br />
Another main factor of the conflicts in the Caucasus is the strucrural instability. Beside the<br />
legasy of the Soviet territorial structure in the region, there are several other factors underlying the<br />
political instability of the Caucasian states. Beyond the concequences of the Soviet legacy <strong>for</strong> state<br />
structure, it has resulted in a population unfamiliar with participatory politics. Another crucial factor<br />
has been the dramatic decline in economic production.<br />
One of the factors is territoria control. Four of the Caucasian conflicts consist of an ethnically<br />
based autonomous area.<br />
S.Huntington, as well as Russian analysts claim that in<strong>for</strong>mal coalitions were developing along<br />
civilizational lines. The predominance of this kind of thinking led to difficulty in understanding of the<br />
Caucasian conflicts. The underlying factor determining the relations between Caucasian peoples is<br />
not a civilizational divide based on religion but simpy a combination of nationalism and national<br />
interests.<br />
The complex domestic, cultural, regional and international factors underlying many of the<br />
conflicts in the Caucasus. Although each situation is unique, several factors are at play in a<br />
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number of disputes. Key domestic and cultural elements include the Soviet legacy, ethnic and<br />
religious differences, instability of the current transnational period, the growing problem of<br />
corruption, and increasing economic inequalities caused by the uneven distribution of wealth,<br />
which often overlaps with competition of natural resources. International factors include the contest<br />
<strong>for</strong> political and economic influence in the region by Russia, Turkey, Iran and the West.<br />
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