genderi - kulturuli da socialuri konstruqti - Center for Social Sciences
Share Embed Flag
Download ePaper

genderi - kulturuli da socialuri konstruqti - Center for Social Sciences

genderi - kulturuli da socialuri konstruqti - Center for Social Sciences genderi - kulturuli da socialuri konstruqti - Center for Social Sciences

ucss.ge
03.11.2014 Views

socialur mecnierebaTa seria genderi - kulturuli da socialuri konstruqti saleqcio kursi socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis mzia wereTeli Tbilisi 2006

socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />

<strong>genderi</strong> - <strong>kulturuli</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>konstruqti</strong><br />

saleqcio kursi<br />

<strong>socialuri</strong> mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis<br />

mzia wereTeli<br />

Tbilisi<br />

2006

socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />

mTavari re<strong>da</strong>qtori:<br />

enobrivi re<strong>da</strong>qtori:<br />

marine CitaSvili<br />

lia kaWarava<br />

<strong>da</strong>kabadoneba, ydis dizaini:<br />

giorgi bagrationi<br />

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006<br />

© <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>, 2006<br />

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10<br />

el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge<br />

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge<br />

wigni momzadebulia <strong>da</strong> gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa<br />

centris~ (<strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>) mier, fondis OSI – Zug,<br />

bu<strong>da</strong>peStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT<br />

The book has been published by the <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>,<br />

sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foun<strong>da</strong>tion and the Higher Education<br />

Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Bu<strong>da</strong>pest.<br />

ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 1 – 8

sarCevi<br />

kursis zogadi <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba: mizani, amocanebi,<br />

studentTa swavlebisa <strong>da</strong> Sefasebis meTodebi 5<br />

Tema #1 — <strong>genderi</strong> - socialur-<strong>kulturuli</strong> <strong>konstruqti</strong>.<br />

genderul-roluri ideologia. genderuli stereotipebi.<br />

maskulinoba-feminuroba. kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> kvlevebi. 7<br />

genderuli kvlevebis warmoSoba <strong>da</strong> misi adgili<br />

socialur mecnierebaTa Soris sqesi <strong>da</strong> <strong>genderi</strong><br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s ZiriTadi kategoriebi <strong>da</strong> kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> kvlevebi<br />

ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi<br />

seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma<br />

ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi literatura<br />

Tema #2 - genderuli identifikaciisa <strong>da</strong> genderuli<br />

rolebis aTvisebis Teoriebi (fsiqodinamikuri,<br />

socialur-kognituri, kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriebi,<br />

androginiis koncefcia, genderul-roluri<br />

transcendenciis stadiebis <strong>da</strong> genderuli sqemis Teoria) 17<br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s gageba froidis fsiqoanalizur TeoriaSi<br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s gageba pirovnebis socialur-kognitur TeoriaSi<br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s gageba kognituri ganviTarebis TeoriaSi<br />

androginiis koncefcia<br />

transcendentuli genderuli tipirebis Teoriebi:<br />

genderuli rolis transcendenciis stadiebis Teoria<br />

genderuli sqemis Teoria<br />

ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi<br />

seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma<br />

ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi literatura<br />

Tema #3 - sqesis socializacia <strong>da</strong> misi institutebi.<br />

kulturis roli genderul socializaciaSi 33<br />

socializaciis cneba, diferencialuri socializacia <strong>da</strong> misi meqanizmebi<br />

gansxvavebuli samuSaos <strong>da</strong>valeba<br />

bavSvebis movla <strong>da</strong> maTze zrunva<br />

Tanatolebi<br />

ganaTleba<br />

masmedia<br />

saTamaSoebi<br />

ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi<br />

seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma<br />

ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi literatura<br />

Tema #4 - genderuli rolebi <strong>da</strong> stereotipebi.<br />

kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> monacemebi 40<br />

kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> monacemebi genderuli rolebisa <strong>da</strong> stereotipebis Sesaxeb<br />

umcrosebze zrunva<br />

agresia<br />

ufrosebTan siaxlove <strong>da</strong> moRvaweobis xasiaTi<br />

sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba<br />

mamakacurobis ideologia<br />

3

ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi<br />

seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma<br />

ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi literatura<br />

Tema #5 - ojaxi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba. qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs<br />

Soris urTierTobebi. kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> gansxvavebebi 52<br />

ojaxis cneba. ojaxi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba<br />

ojaxis tipebi<br />

ojaxis funqciebi, misi struqtura <strong>da</strong> dinamika<br />

colqmruli urTierToba <strong>da</strong> misi stilebi<br />

qorwinebis Tanamedrove paternebi<br />

ojaxuri Sromis sqesis niSniT ganawileba<br />

ojaxis kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> sxvaobebi<br />

ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi<br />

seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma<br />

ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi literatura<br />

Tema #6 - genderuli stratifikaciis paternebi.<br />

Sromis bazris genderuli aspeqtebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturaSi 64<br />

genderuli stratifikaciis paternebi<br />

Sromis bazris genderuli aspeqtebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturaSi<br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmis Teoria<br />

ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi<br />

seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma<br />

ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi literatura<br />

Tema #7 - genderuli asimetria: diskriminacia Tu norma.<br />

genderuli Tanasworobis cneba. kultura <strong>da</strong> genderuli<br />

Tanasworobis modelebi 78<br />

genderuli asimetriis warmoSobis mokle istoria<br />

genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba<br />

genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis amocanebi <strong>da</strong> RonisZiebebi<br />

Gender Mainstreaming—i. misi modelebi<br />

ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi<br />

seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma<br />

ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi literatura<br />

Tema #8 - qali samxreT kavkasiis kulturaSi.<br />

qarTuli kulturis genderuli analizi 88<br />

samxreT kavkasieli qalis statusis zogadi <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba<br />

qali azerbaijanul kulturaSi)<br />

qali somxur kulturaSi<br />

qali qarTul kulturaSi<br />

sqesobrivi urTierTobebis <strong>for</strong>omebi saqarTvelos mTaSi<br />

genderuli cvlilebebi samxreT kavkasiaSi<br />

ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi<br />

seminaris struqtura; seminarisaTvis mozadebis gegma<br />

ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi literatura<br />

GENDER: CULTURAL RESEARCHES (GENDER, CULTURE AND SOCIETY) 103<br />

4

kursis xangrZlivoba <strong>da</strong> ganrigi: 96 sT (8 kvira);<br />

maT Soris:<br />

saauditorio muSaoba: 32 sT;<br />

studentTa <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli samecniero muSaoba: 64sT;<br />

saauditorio muSaoba moicavs:<br />

leqciebs praqtikuli ilustraciebiT (roluri TamaSebebi, SemTxvevis ganxilva<br />

<strong>da</strong> a.S.) — 16 sT;<br />

seminar-diskusiebs - 16 sT;<br />

studentTa <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli samecniero muSaoba moicavs:<br />

studentTa mier ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mxmare literaturis wakiTxva-<strong>da</strong>muSavebas, TiToeuli<br />

studentis mier esses — 18-20 gv.-is moculobis sabiblioTeko-kvleviTi<br />

statiis momzadebas <strong>da</strong> seminarze prezentacias; studentebis mcire jgufebis mier<br />

jgufuri proeqtis momzadebas SemTxvevis Seswavlasa <strong>da</strong> prezentaciaSi. TiToeuli<br />

jgufis mier Seswavlili SemTxvevebi warmodgenili, ganxiluli <strong>da</strong> Sefasebuli<br />

iqneba jgufSi.<br />

kursis aRwera: <strong>genderi</strong>, rogorc socialur-<strong>kulturuli</strong> <strong>konstruqti</strong>. genderulroluri<br />

ideologia, genderuli stereotipebi <strong>da</strong> maskulinoba-feminuroba kros<strong>kulturuli</strong><br />

TvalsazrisiT. genderuli identifikaciisa<strong>da</strong> genderuli rolebis aTvisebis<br />

Teoriebi (fsiqodinamikuri, socialur-kognituri, kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriebi,<br />

androginiis koncefcia, genderul-roluri transcendenciis <strong>da</strong> sqemis Teoria). sqesis<br />

socializacia <strong>da</strong> misi institutebi. kulturis roli genderul socializaciaSi.<br />

genderuli rolebi <strong>da</strong> kros-<strong>kulturuli</strong> monacemebi am mimarTulebiT. sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong><br />

ojaxi. qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris urTierTobebi. genderuli gansxvavebebi qcevaSi<br />

kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> TvalsazrisiT. genderuli stratifikaciis paternebi. Sromis bazris<br />

genderuli aspeqtebi kulturaTa TvalsazrisiT. genderuli asimetria: diskriminacia<br />

Tu norma. genderuli Tanasworobis cneba. kultura <strong>da</strong> genderuli Tanasworobis<br />

modelebi. qali samxreT kavkasiis kulturaSi. qarTuli kulturis genderuli analizi.<br />

kursis mizani: studentma un<strong>da</strong> SeiZinos safuuZvliani codna <strong>genderi</strong>s, rogorc<br />

socialur-<strong>kulturuli</strong> <strong>konstruqti</strong>s, misi Camoyalibebisa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis meqanizmebis<br />

Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> agreTve, kulturaTaSorisi genderuli sxvaobebis Sesaxeb. studentma un<strong>da</strong><br />

icodes Tanamedrove Teoriuli <strong>da</strong> empiriuli kvlevebi am mimarTulebiT. studentma<br />

un<strong>da</strong> ganiviTaros genderul kvlevebSi samecniero in<strong>for</strong>macis mopovebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mu-<br />

Savebis unarebi. man un<strong>da</strong> SeZlos genderuli Teoriebisa <strong>da</strong> empiriuli monacemebis<br />

safuZvelze codnis sistematizireba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli genderuli kvlevis warmoeba.<br />

studentTa Sefasebis meTodebi:<br />

gamoc<strong>da</strong><br />

• testi (werilobiT) — 2 sT;<br />

• jgufuri proeqti SemTxvevis Seswavlasa <strong>da</strong> prezentaciaSi. Seswavlili SemTxvevebi<br />

warmodgenili <strong>da</strong> ganxiluli iqneba jgufSi. TiToeuli jgufi Seafasebs <strong>da</strong>narCen<br />

jgufebs Semdegi kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT: dizaini, SemoqmedebiToba, problemis<br />

gaazrebis siRrme, prezentaciis unar-Cvevebi;<br />

• esses Sefaseba;<br />

• seminarebze gamarTul diskusiebSi aqtiuroba.<br />

5

Sefasebis sistema:<br />

Sefaseba xdeba jamuri maCveneblis (seminarebi, esse, testi, jgufuri proeqti) safuZvelze,<br />

TiToeuli komponentis Semdegi procentuli woniT: seminarebze gamarTul<br />

diskusiebSi aqtiuroba - 20%, esse - 30%, testi — 25%, jgufuri proeqti — 25%.<br />

Sefasebis principi Semdegia:<br />

85% -100% - 5 (friadi);<br />

75%-84,9% - 4 (kargi);<br />

65%-74,9% - 3 (<strong>da</strong>mak.);<br />

0 — 64,9% - 2(ara<strong>da</strong>mak.).<br />

6

kvira #1<br />

leqcia - 2 sT<br />

Tema #1 — <strong>genderi</strong> - socialur-<strong>kulturuli</strong> <strong>konstruqti</strong>.<br />

genderul-roluri ideologia. genderuli stereotipebi.<br />

maskulinoba-feminuroba. kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> kvlevebi.<br />

saleqcio kursis SesavalSi mocemuli iqneba <strong>genderi</strong>s, rogorc mecnieruli kvlevis<br />

obieqtad Camoyalibebisa <strong>da</strong> genderuli kvlevebis warmoSobis mokle istoria.<br />

gansazRvruli iqneba genderuli kvlevebis adgili socialur mecnierebaTa Soris.<br />

Tanamedrove msoflioSi demokratiuli <strong>da</strong> humanisturi Rirebulebebis <strong>da</strong><br />

faseulobebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis procesebma msoflio socialur-politikuri cvlilebebi<br />

gamoiwvia, ramac uamravi axali, problemuri sakiTxi <strong>da</strong>sva mecnierebis winaSe.<br />

gansakuTrebiT gafarTov<strong>da</strong> socialur <strong>da</strong> humanitarul mecnierebaTa sfero. mravalma<br />

movlenam axali socialur-ekonomikuri moTxovnebis zegavleniT cvlileba ganica<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> axli <strong>socialuri</strong> Tu sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong>tvirTva SeiZina. am cvlilebebma bunebrivad<br />

gamoiwvia <strong>socialuri</strong> mecnierebebis winaSe axali problemuri sakiTxebis <strong>da</strong>sma <strong>da</strong><br />

zogierT SemTxvevaSi mecnierebis axali <strong>da</strong>rgebis Camoyalibebac.<br />

genderuli kvlevebi, rogorc <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli disciplina, swored am gziT<br />

Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. genderma, rogorc socialurma movlenam Tavisi aqtualoba feministuri<br />

moZraobis zegavleniT SeiZina. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad igi kacobriobis yuradRebis centrSi<br />

moeqca, rogorc qalTa diskriminaciis <strong>socialuri</strong> instituti. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />

dReisaTvis genderuli kvlevebi Sors gasc<strong>da</strong> mxolod qalTa problemebis Seswavlas,<br />

politikosebisa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso samarTlis institutebisaTvis <strong>genderi</strong> dRemde<br />

inarCunebs politikur <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas. igi qveynebis (sazogadoebebis) demokratiulobisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis donis ganmsazRvrel erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumia. genderuli<br />

kvlevebi <strong>da</strong> genderuli midgoma gaTvaliswinebulia mravali progresuli qveynis (aSSs,<br />

kanadis, skandinaviis qveynebis <strong>da</strong> sxv.) <strong>socialuri</strong> politikis agebisas, rac<br />

iTvaliswinebs genderuli realizaciisaTvis Tanabari pirobebis Seqmnas. amdenad,<br />

genderuli kvlevebis erT-erTi mizania <strong>genderi</strong>s ara mxolod mecnieruli Seswavla,<br />

aramed safuZvlis momzadeba genderuli Tanasworobis modelebis Sesaqmnelad. magram,<br />

amave dros, <strong>genderi</strong>, rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sazogadoebaSi mimdinare <strong>da</strong> momqmedi movlena,<br />

cxadia mecnierebis kvlevis sagnad iqca <strong>da</strong> dReisaTvis ise gafarTov<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

mecnierebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebel disciplinad _ genderul kvlevebad (Gender Study), Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>.<br />

igi moicavs a<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>socialuri</strong> moRvaweobis yvela aspeqts, iseve, rogorc im<br />

faseulobebsa <strong>da</strong> monapovrebs, romlebic mTeli am moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSia <strong>da</strong>grovili.<br />

amitom genderuli kvlevebi, rogorc disciplina mWidrod ga<strong>da</strong>ikveTa <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> humaniratuli mecnierebis yvela <strong>da</strong>rgTan. Sesabamisad gamoikveTa <strong>da</strong> genderuli<br />

kvlevebis calkeul mimarTulebebad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> ojaxis, <strong>socialuri</strong> rolebis, Sromis<br />

bazris, ekonomikis, politikis, ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> sxva sistemebis genderuli aspeqtebi.<br />

genderuli kvlevebis centrSi moeqca, agreTve, kulturis sociologiis, fsiqologiis,<br />

filosofiis <strong>da</strong> enis genderuli aspeqtebi. amdenad, genderulma kvlevebma sruliad<br />

samarTlianad interdisciplinaruli <strong>da</strong>rgis kvalifikacia SeiZina.<br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s, rogorc socialur-<strong>kulturuli</strong> <strong>konstruqti</strong>s gansazRvrebisTvis mniSvnelovania<br />

treminebs `sqesi~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>genderi</strong>~ Soris gansxvavebis gageba.<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebebi, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva siZlieriT usvamen xazs<br />

7

sqesTa Soris gansxvavebebs: zogierTi maTgani Zlier aqcents akeTebs am gansxvavebebze,<br />

zogierTi ki - naklebad aqcevs yuradrebas. sqesTa Soris gansxvavebulobis xazgasma<br />

miuTiTebs imaze, rom sqesi a<strong>da</strong>mianis qcevis mniSvnelovani determinantia. amasTan<br />

mniSvnelovania, rom anatomiurad <strong>da</strong> fiziologiurad qalsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacs Soris<br />

gacilebiT ufro meti msgavsebaa, vidre gansxvaveba. kroskulturulma genderulma<br />

gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom sqesi, rogorc <strong>socialuri</strong> faqtori metad mcire zemoqmedebas<br />

axdens fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis farTe sferoze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturul<br />

sferoSi. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs sruliad Tavisuflad SeuZliaT<br />

SeaTavson erTmaneTi garkveul socialur rolze. marTlac, gamokvlevebi aCvenebs,<br />

rom umravles SemTxvevebSi qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Tanabrad SeswevT unari ganxorcielon<br />

erTnairi qceva, maT aqvT Tanabari potenciali Sesrulon esa Tu is <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

roli Tu samuSao. cxadia, arsebobs, erTi mniSvnelovani gamonaklisi, romelSic sqesebi<br />

erTmaneTs ver Seenacvlebian. es aris qalis reproduqciuli (Svilebis gaCenis) unari.<br />

mecnieruli kvlevis aseTi monacemebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, nebismier sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong><br />

kulturaSi arsebobs met-naklebi simkacriT gansazRvruli <strong>da</strong> miRebuli qalisa <strong>da</strong><br />

mamakacisTvis aucilebeli qcevis normebi, xasiaTis Taviseburebebi, agreTve, qalisa <strong>da</strong><br />

mamakacisaTvis miuRebeli qcevis normebi, manerebi, Taviseburebebi <strong>da</strong> sxv. ufro<br />

metic, sazogadoeba adgens saqmianobis qalur an mamakacur sferoebs, qalur <strong>da</strong><br />

mamakacur profesiebs <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

tradiciulad sqesis gageba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia fiziologiuri <strong>da</strong> morfologiuri<br />

gansxvavebebis gamovlenasTan. sqesi ganisazRvreba biologiuri faqtorebiT. gar<strong>da</strong><br />

amisa, arsebobs gansxvavebebi a<strong>da</strong>mianTa saqmianobebSi, qcevebSi, socialur rolebSi,<br />

mentalur <strong>da</strong> emocionalur maxasiaTeblebSi, romlebic biologiurad <strong>da</strong> fiziologiurad<br />

ar aris determinirebuli. isini ganpirobebulni arian <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>kulturuli</strong><br />

faqtorebiT. termini <strong>genderi</strong> qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis swored socialurad naswavli<br />

qcevebis, Tvisebebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis aRsaniSnava<strong>da</strong>a mecnierebaSi Semotanili.<br />

<strong>genderi</strong> gulisxmobs socialur maxasiaTeblebs, romlis meSveobiTac a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />

gansazRvraven cnebebs `qali~ <strong>da</strong> `mamakaci~.<br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s cneba pirvelad anTropologma geil rubinma (1975w.) Semoitana mecnierebaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> gansazRvra, rogorc `SeTanxmebaTa kompleqsi, romelic rogorc sazogadoebrivi<br />

moRvaweobis sagani, aregulirebs biologiur sqess~. Tanamedrove kvlevebSi<br />

yvela avtori eyrdnoba <strong>genderi</strong>s, rogorc <strong>socialuri</strong> sqesis gagebas. sqesi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />

qalsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacs Soris fizikur, sxeulebriv gansxvavebebTan, cneba `<strong>genderi</strong>~<br />

ki miuTiTebs maT fsiqologiur, socialur <strong>da</strong> kulturul Taviseburebebze.<br />

Tuki sqesi biologiurad aris determinirebuli, maSin <strong>genderi</strong> aris socialurad <strong>da</strong><br />

kulturulad mocemuli. <strong>genderi</strong> — es aris sqesTaSorisi gansxvavebebis <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

organizacia: qcevis kulturologiuri maxasiaTebeli, romelic Seesabameba sqess<br />

mocemul droSi <strong>da</strong> mocemul sazogadoebaSi; <strong>genderi</strong> warmoadgens socio-sqesobrivi<br />

rolebis mimarTebaTa sistemis socialur konstruqcias. <strong>genderi</strong> mniSvnelovanwilad<br />

apirobebs qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis fsiqikur Tvisebebs, unarebs, moRvaweobis sferoebs,<br />

profesiebs <strong>da</strong> saqmianobebs, samarTlebriv <strong>da</strong> eTikur normebs~.<br />

<strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>nve bavSvi ganekuTvneba biologiur kategorias _ sqess, Sesabamisad<br />

mdedrobiTs an mamrobiTs. SemdgomSi ganviTarebis procesSi orive sqesi msgavsia<br />

fiziologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT, iseve, rogorc fsiqologiuri TaviseburebebiT<br />

(TviTSefaseba, inteleqtis done, leqsikis maragi, siarulis <strong>da</strong>wyeba, kbilebis amosvla<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxv.). magram sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sqesis bavSvebi iReben sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanair gamocdilebas <strong>da</strong><br />

aRzr<strong>da</strong>s, rac gansazRvravs maTi cxovrebis stils <strong>da</strong> miznebs, maT funqciebs <strong>da</strong><br />

rolebs.<br />

8

<strong>genderi</strong> gulisxmobs fsiqologiur atributebs, maxasiaTeblebs <strong>da</strong> qcevebs, romel-<br />

Ta SeZena xdeba socialur konteqstSi, rac <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia sqesobrivi kategoriebis<br />

socialur gagebasTan. yovel sazogadoebaSi genderuli gansxvavebebi vlindeba<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianTa qcevis <strong>for</strong>mebSi. magaliTad, ra samuSaos asruleben, rogor icmeven <strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />

amdenad, <strong>genderi</strong> gvevlineba <strong>socialuri</strong> urTierTobebis sazomad ama Tu im kulturaSi.<br />

<strong>genderi</strong> aris socialurad <strong>da</strong> kulturulad mocemuli, igi aRniSnavs <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>kulturuli</strong> normebis erTianobas, romelTa Sesrulebasac sazogadoeba miawers a<strong>da</strong>mianebs<br />

maTi biologiuri sqesi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare. <strong>genderi</strong>s cneba socialur mecnierebaSi<br />

gamoiyeneba a<strong>da</strong>mianis sqesobrivi mikuTvnebulobis socialur-<strong>kulturuli</strong> aspeqtis<br />

gamosaxatavad.<br />

moyvanili gansazRvrebebis Sedegad moxdeba Sejameba <strong>da</strong> <strong>genderi</strong>s erTiani koncefciis<br />

Camoyalibeba. gamoiyofa genderuli kvlevebis ori mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba:<br />

genderuli cnobierebis kvleva <strong>da</strong> genderuli midgoma.<br />

<strong>genderi</strong> — es aris garkveul kulturul (socialur, ekonomikur, politikur <strong>da</strong><br />

kulturul) klimatSi qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis <strong>socialuri</strong> rolebisa <strong>da</strong> funqciis Sefasebis<br />

fsiqikaSi asaxvisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis socialur, politikur, ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> kulturul<br />

institutebSi am Sefasebis Sesatyvisi asaxvis erToblioba.<br />

amgvarad, erTis mxriv <strong>genderi</strong>, rogorc socialur SefasebiTi movlena (fenomeni)<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis cnobierebis <strong>da</strong> aracnobieris nayofia <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa <strong>da</strong> saerTod sazogadoebis<br />

fsiqikaSi arsebobs fsiqikuri warmonaqmnis, fsiqikuri struqturis saxiT, xolo meores<br />

mxriv, ki <strong>genderi</strong>, rogorc socialur-SefasebiTi fenomenis sazogadoebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

institutebSi asaxvis Sedegi, arsebobs gare samyaroSi obieqturi saxiT, rogorc<br />

sazogadoebrivi sistemebis moqmedebis erT-erTi meqanizmi <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>socialuri</strong> produqti.<br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s zemoT moyvanil gansazRvrebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT SeiZleba gamoiyos gender-<br />

Tan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli kvlevebis ori ZiriTadi klasi: 1) es aris genderuli cnobierebis<br />

(genderuli <strong>socialuri</strong> rolebi, maskulinoba-feminuroba, genderuli stereotipebi,<br />

Rirebulebebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.) kvleva. <strong>da</strong> 2) sazogadoebis socialur, politikur, ekonomikur<br />

<strong>da</strong> kulturul institutebSi <strong>genderi</strong>s movlenis asaxvis Seswavla. swored am tipis<br />

kvlevebma warmoSva termini — genderuli midgoma, romelic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mecnierebebSi<br />

(an maTi Seswavlis sferoebSi) <strong>genderi</strong>s, rogorc fsiqikuri <strong>konstruqti</strong>s zegavlenis<br />

Sedegebis Seswavlas gulisxmobs. ase magaliTad, <strong>genderi</strong>s politikuri aspeqtebi,<br />

genderuli midgoma pe<strong>da</strong>gogikaSi, ojaxis genderuli aspeqtebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

savarjiSo: <strong>genderi</strong>s cnebis ukeT gagebisa <strong>da</strong> gaSinagnebis mizniT (e.w. genderuli<br />

mgrZnobelobis ganviTarebisaTvis) studentebs vTxovT CamoTvalon qalisa <strong>da</strong><br />

mamakacis funqciebis, <strong>socialuri</strong> rolebis, Tvisebebisa <strong>da</strong> saqmianobis magaliTebi.<br />

studentebma leqtoris <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT un<strong>da</strong> gansazRvron romeli maTgania sqesiT<br />

ganszRvruli <strong>da</strong> romeli <strong>genderi</strong>T.<br />

savarjiSos Sesrulebis Semdeg ganisazRvreba genderuli kvlevebis Semdegi<br />

terminebi _ sqesobriv-roluri ideologia, genderuli stereotipebi, maskulinoba/feminuroba<br />

kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> kvlevebis magaliTze.<br />

praqtikulad yvela sazogadoebaSi qalebs ekisrebaT meti movaleoba moRvaweobis<br />

im saxeebSi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia saxlTan. xolo mamakacebs — saxls gareT.<br />

pan<strong>kulturuli</strong> msgavsebis es Tvisebebi Tavis sawyiss iRebs sqesebs Soris biologiur<br />

9

gansxvavebebSi <strong>da</strong> pirvel rigSi qalebis unarSi gaaCinon Svilebi <strong>da</strong> mouaron maT. Tumca<br />

ki un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos isic, rom bolo dros sul ufro met sazogadoebaSi qalebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

mamakacebis es movaleobebi erTad sruldeba. kacebi sul ufro metad ebmebian ojaxur<br />

saqmianobaSi, xolo qalebi - saxls gareT saqmeebSi.<br />

mkvlevrebis umravlesoba sqesobriv-roluri (genderul-roluri) ideologiis<br />

klasifikacias akeTeben tradiciuli<strong>da</strong>n Tanamedrovemde kontiniumis saxiT.<br />

tradiciuli ideologiebi gulisxmoben, rom mamakaci ufro `mniSvnelovania~, vidre —<br />

qali, rom mamakacs un<strong>da</strong> qondes Zalaufleba qalze <strong>da</strong> marTavdes mas. Tanamedrove<br />

ideologiebi warmoadgenen egalitarul midgomas, romelsac zogjer feminstur<br />

midgomasac uwodeben, radganac isini qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis mniSvnelobas sazogadoebaSi<br />

erTnairad afaseben <strong>da</strong> uaryofen erTi sqesis meoreze dominirebas.<br />

sqesobrivi rolebi farTod iyo Seswavlili indoeTSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c erTdroulad Tanaaarseboben<br />

tradiciuli <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove genderul-roluri ideologiebi. rodesac indoel<br />

<strong>da</strong> amerikel studentebs ekiTxebodnen, Tu ra Tvisebebi un<strong>da</strong> hqondes maTi<br />

kulturis qals, indoeli studenti qalebi iZleodnen ufro tradiciul pasuxebs, vidre<br />

- amerikelebi. sainteresoa, rom qalebi orive jgufSi ufro Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong><br />

liberalurebi aRmoCndnen, vidre - mamakacebi. aratradiciuli sqesobriv-roluri ideologiis<br />

matarebeli studenti qalebi nuklearuli ojaxebi<strong>da</strong>n aRmoCndnen, maT hyav<strong>da</strong>T<br />

ganaTlebuli dedebi <strong>da</strong> apirebdnen <strong>da</strong>uflebodnen profesias <strong>da</strong> gaekeTebinaT<br />

kariera.<br />

ganaTlebis done <strong>da</strong> profesiul-administraciuli samsaxuri warmoadgens sakmaris<br />

safuZvels sqesovriv-roluri ganwyobebis prognozirebisaTvis, rogorc iaponel,<br />

aseve amerikel qalebTan. amerikeli qalebi, romlebsac aqvT samsaxuri (ara aqvs<br />

mniSvneloba, rogori) ufro egalitaruli urTierTobis momxreni arian, vidre isini,<br />

visac samsaxuri saerTod ara aqvs. rac Seexeba iaponel qalebs, aq egelitaruli<br />

ideologia <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia mxolod im qalebisTvis, romlebsac ufro prestiJuli<br />

samsaxuri aqvs.<br />

mkvlevarTa jgufma gamoikvlia mozardebis genderuli ganwyobebi <strong>da</strong> rolebis<br />

ganawileba ojaxSi. gamokvlevaSi monawileobdnen 46 sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis warmomadgeneli<br />

mozardebi, romlebic holandiis skolebSi swavlobdnen. warmoSobis qveynebi or<br />

jgufad iyo <strong>da</strong>yofili hofstedes <strong>kulturuli</strong> Rirebulebebis mixedviT. pirvel<br />

jgufSi Sediodnen ufro mdi<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> ufro individualisturi qveynebi, xolo meore<br />

jgufi moicav<strong>da</strong> ufro Rarib <strong>da</strong> ufro koleqtivistur qveynebs. gamokvlevis Sedegad<br />

meore jgufis Sesatyvisi qveynebis warmomadgenel moswavleebs ufro tradiciuli<br />

Sexedulebebi aRmoaCn<strong>da</strong>T, vidre - pirveli jgufisas. rac Seexeba sqesTa Soris<br />

gansxvavebebs, aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom gogonaTa pasuxebi naklebi tradiciulobiT gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong><br />

biWebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />

bevr kvlevaSi amerikelebi warmoadgendnen referentul jgufs <strong>da</strong> amitom isini<br />

Cveulebriv ufro liberalurebi Candnen, rac iwvev<strong>da</strong> azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />

amerikelebi am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze liberalurebi arian. magram uialiamsis <strong>da</strong><br />

bestis (Williams & Best) mier Caatarebulma 14 qveyanis sqesobriv-roluri ideologiis<br />

gamokvlevam aCvena, rom es ase ar aris. yvelaze Tanamedrove sqesobriv-roluri<br />

ideologia aRmoCenili iyo evropul qveynebSi - holandiaSi, germaniSi, fineTSi,<br />

inglisSi <strong>da</strong> italiaSi. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi siis SuaSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, xolo<br />

yvelaze tradiciuli ideologiebi gamovlin<strong>da</strong> aziisa <strong>da</strong> afrikis qveynebSi - nigeriaSi,<br />

pakistanSi, indoeTSi, iaponiaSi <strong>da</strong> malaiziaSi. yvela qveyanaSi zoga<strong>da</strong>d qalebis<br />

Sexedulebebi ufro Tanamedrove iyo, vidre — kacebisa. Tumca gamovlin<strong>da</strong> zogierTi<br />

gamonaklisic, sa<strong>da</strong>c sawinaaRmdego Sedegebi miiRes, magaliTad, malaiziasa <strong>da</strong><br />

10

pakistanSi. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos isic, rom am gamokvlevis mixedviT, gamovlin<strong>da</strong> TiToeul<br />

qveyanaSi qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis Sexedulebebis Sesabamisobis maRali xarisxi.<br />

amgvarad, gamokvlevam aCvena, rom genderul-rolur ideologiaze kultura ufro did<br />

zegavlenas axdens, vidre — sqesi. amas gar<strong>da</strong>, gamokvlevis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong> aSkarad<br />

gamoxatuli kavSiri qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis sqesobriv-rolur ideologiasa <strong>da</strong><br />

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dones Soris, kerZod, sqesobriv-roluri<br />

ideologia, Cveulebriv, ufro Tanamedrovea ufro metad ganviTarebul qveynebSi. igi<br />

ufro metad Tanamedrovea, agreTve, ufro qristianizirebul qveynebSi <strong>da</strong><br />

urbanizaciis maRali donis mqone qveynebSi.<br />

amgvarad, ekonomikaSi <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebaSi progress Tan axlavs mamakacebis, rogorc<br />

dominantebis ganxilvis tendenciis Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiTi Semcireba. sxvagavarad rom vTqvaT,<br />

rac ufro ganviTarebulia ekonomika <strong>da</strong> maRalia ganaTlebis done qveyanaSi, miT ufro<br />

mcirdeba tendencia kacebi ganixilebodnen rogorc ufro Zlierebi <strong>da</strong> aqtiurebi,<br />

vidre - qalebi. Tumca un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos isic, rom kvlevebi a<strong>da</strong>sturebs am tendenciis<br />

mxolod Semcirebas <strong>da</strong> ara mis srul gaqrobas.<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>socialuri</strong> arsebaa. igi izrdeba sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong> Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT iTvisebs<br />

masSi arsebul stereotipebs — ama Tu im sazogadoebisTvis mocemul istoriul<br />

periodSi mdgrad Sexedulebebs qalsa <strong>da</strong> kacs Soris gansxvavebebze, maT socialur<br />

rolebze, funqciebze, qcevis normebze. iglis (Eagly) mixedviT, genderuli strereotipebi<br />

arsebiTad <strong>socialuri</strong> normebia, xolo bernis (Bern) mixedviT, stereotipebi — es<br />

aris ZiriTadi wesebi, romlebic gansazRvraven a<strong>da</strong>mianis qcevas sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong> amave<br />

dros, isini fsiqikuri energiis ekonomikis funqcias asruleben. es imas niSnavs, rom<br />

stereotipebi warmoadgenen qalebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> mamakacebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel TvisebaTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qcevis modelTa krebuls, romelic gvexmareba in<strong>for</strong>maciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebasa <strong>da</strong><br />

adekvatur urTierTobebSi.<br />

amgvarad, genderuli stereotipebi — es aris fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi <strong>da</strong><br />

qceva, romelic ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi (an kulturaSi) mocemul istoriul periodSi<br />

iTvleba erTi romelime sqesisTvis metad <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTeblad. ase magaliTad: `kacebi<br />

metad agresiulebi arian~ an `kacebi ufro Wkvianebi arian~, `qalebi zedmetad<br />

emociurebi arian~, `qalebs ar SeuZliaT manqanis marTva kargad~ an `kacebma namdvili<br />

megobroba ician, qalebs ki ar SeuZliaT namdvili megobroba~ <strong>da</strong> a.S. stereotipebi xels<br />

uwyoben sqesobrivi rolebis SeTvisebas <strong>da</strong> warmoadgenen socializaciis modelebs<br />

bavSvebisTvis.<br />

gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom arsebobs genderuli stereoripebis maRali xarisxiT<br />

kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> msgavseba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, keTdeba <strong>da</strong>skvna, rom fsiqologiuri<br />

maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic qalisa Tu mamakacis sqesTan asocirdebian, pankulturul<br />

modelSi lagdebian. xolo specifikuri <strong>kulturuli</strong> faqtorebi apirobeben umniSvnelo<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>xrebs am zogadi modeli<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

genderuli stereotipebis <strong>for</strong>mirebis uiliamsis <strong>da</strong> bestis (Williams & Best) modeli<br />

efuZneba im mosazrebas, rom biologiur gansxvavebebs (mag.: qali aCens Svilebs, kacebs<br />

ki meti fizikuri Zala aqvT) mivyavarT Sromis iseT ganawilebamde, romlis drosac<br />

qalebs aqvT pasuxismgebloba bavSvebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>ze <strong>da</strong> movlaze, kacebs ki — pasuxismgebloba<br />

ojaxis uzrunvelyofaze <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvaze. uiliamsi <strong>da</strong> besti Tvlian, rom<br />

genderuli stereotipebi yalibdebo<strong>da</strong>, raTa uzrunveleyoT aseTnairad Camoyalibebuli<br />

Sromis ganawilebis ganmtkiceba. stereotipi gulisxmobs, rom Sesabamisi sqesis<br />

warmomadgenels aqvs an SeuZlia rom ganaviTaros misTvis mikuTvnebuli rolis<br />

Sesabamisi Tviseba. erTxel Camoyalibebuli stereoripebi socializaciis modelebis<br />

funqcias arsuleben. isini aiZuleben biWebs iyvnen ufro <strong>da</strong>moukideblebi <strong>da</strong><br />

11

gabedulebi, xolo gogonebs — mzrunvelebi <strong>da</strong> kontaqturebi. amgvarad, gasagebi xdeba,<br />

rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturaTa farTo diapazonis farglebSi midian iqamde, rom<br />

maxasiaTeblebis erTi nakrebi asocirdeba mamakacis sqesTan, xolo meore nakrebi —<br />

asocirdeba qalTa sqesTan.<br />

qalisaTvis an kacisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli — aseTia maskulinoba/feminurobis<br />

cnebaTa wyvilTa ZiriTadi mniSvneloba. pirovneba SeiZleba iyos qaluri an mamakacuri<br />

sruliad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva aspeqtebSi, romelic moicavs rogorc Cacmis manaeras, aseve<br />

moqcevis stils an xmis tons. maskulinoba/feminurobis gansazRvreba Semoifargleba<br />

`me”-koncefciebiT <strong>da</strong> im xarisxiT, romliTac aseTi koncefciebi moicaven qalis an<br />

mamakacis sqesTan asocirebul maxasiaTeblebs (Tvisebebs). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ama<br />

Tu im pirovnebis maskulinoba/feminurobis xarisxi gaizomeba am pirovnebis TviTa-<br />

RqmaSi, `me”-s xatSi Semavali maskulinuri Tu feminuri Tvisebebis raodenobiT. imisaTvis,<br />

rom konkretuli pirovnebis maskulinoba-feminuroba ganisazRvros, cxadia, aucilebelia,<br />

rom Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad <strong>da</strong>dgindes mocemul kulturaSi maskulinoba-feminurobis<br />

zogadi modeli anu is maxasiaTeblebi, romelebic am kulturaSi miRebulia<br />

rogorc qaluri an rogorc - mamakacuri. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva avtorebis mier maskulinobafeminurobis<br />

Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva meTodebi, rogoricaa, mag. TviT-<br />

Sefasebis kiTxvari, socialurad sasurveli maxasiaTeblebis an sqesTan asocirebuli<br />

maxasiaTeblebis kiTxvari <strong>da</strong> sxv. maskulinoba-feminurobis gazomvisas metad mniSvnelovania<br />

emikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturul-specifikuri mosazrebebis gaTvaliswineba. uiliamsama<br />

<strong>da</strong> bestma gamoiyenes kulturul-specifikuri parametrebi maskulinoba-feminurobis<br />

kvlevaSi 14 qveynis universitetis studentebTan. yoveli studenti winaswar mocemuli<br />

300 zedsarTavis safuZvelze aRwer<strong>da</strong> Tavis Tavs <strong>da</strong> Tavis ideals. es aRwerebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>rdebo<strong>da</strong> adgilobriv (qveynis Sesabamisad) genderul stereotipebs, romlebic adre<br />

iyo gamokvleuli. aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom yvela qveyanaSi mamakacebi iZlevian maskulinobis<br />

ufro maRal maCvenebels, vidre qalebi, rac sulac ar aris gasakviri. magram aRsaniSnavia<br />

is, rom idealuri `me”-s aRwerisas orive sqesi cdilob<strong>da</strong> Tavis TavisTvis miewera<br />

gacilebiT ufro maRali xarisxis maskulinoba, vidre es realur `me”-Si hqon<strong>da</strong>. es,<br />

rogorc Cans, mamakacebis dominirebiT <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad maskulinuri Tvisebebis meti<br />

RirebulebiT un<strong>da</strong> aixsnas.<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturul jgufebSi feminuroba/maskulinobis specifikuri<br />

gagebis gaTvaliswinebiT qalebi <strong>da</strong> kacebi erTnairad (erTi <strong>da</strong> igive xarisxiT)<br />

qalurebi arian yvela kulturaSi, xolo mamakacebi — erTnairad mamakacurebi. magram,<br />

amave dros, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, me-koncefciaSi feminuroba-maskulinobis TvalsazrisiT<br />

arsebobs garkveuli <strong>kulturuli</strong> variaciebi.<br />

genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs midis (M.<br />

Mead) kvlevebs kulturis mier qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis pirovnebebis Camoyalibebis<br />

Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, kulturis gavlena pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze ar<br />

niSnavs konstitucionalurad determinirebuli individualuri gansxvavebebis uaryofas,<br />

magram sqesebs Soris stan<strong>da</strong>rtul pirovnul gansxvavebebs mainc <strong>kulturuli</strong><br />

modelebi ayalibeben, romelsac iZulebulia <strong>da</strong>emorCilos yvela Taobis orive sqesi.<br />

ase magaliTad, rodesac omSi wasvla di<strong>da</strong>d fasobs sazogadoebaSi, maSin mamrobiTi<br />

sqesis yvela bavSvi cdilobs CaaxSos SiSis nebismieri gamovlineba Tavis TavSi <strong>da</strong><br />

SeiZinos is Tvisebebi (gambe<strong>da</strong>oba, vaJkacoba, Tavganwirva), rac <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />

mamakacuri saqmianobisTvis, rac identificirdeba mamakacur pirovnebasTan. xolo is<br />

Tvisebebi, romlebic moCneulia Zlier komponentebad zogierTi pirovnebisaTvis,<br />

SemdgomSi viTardeba rogorc norma yvelasaTvis (rogorc maskulinuri pirovnebis<br />

ZiriTadi elementebi). asevea qalebSic. magaliTad, Tu kulturaSi didi mniSvneloba<br />

12

aqvs qalis zrunvas bavSvze, kultura gamoyofs am Tvisebas <strong>da</strong> feminuri pirovnebis<br />

ZiriTad komponentad miiCnevs. midma, ikvlia ra sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tomebi, aRmoaCina sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

kulturis zegavleniT ganpirobebuli mkveTri gansxvaveba qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis rolebsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> stereotipebSi. ase, magaliTad, miCneulia, rom saSiSroebis atana ufro maskulinuri<br />

maxasiaTebeli iyo. patara bavSvebic ki Tavs ikavebdnen gamoemJRavnebinaT<br />

iseTi Tviseba, rogoricaa SiSi, radgan isini <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli iyvnen, rom sawinaaRmdegod<br />

moqcevisas maT miawerdnen qalur Tvisebebs.<br />

mkvlevrebi, romlebic qcevaSi gamovlenil genderul sxvaobebs swavloben, xSirad<br />

imowmeben sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturaTa msgavsebas, rogorc genebisa <strong>da</strong> hormonebis rolis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sabuTebas <strong>da</strong> amiT varaudoben srul genetikur <strong>da</strong> biologiur determinizms.<br />

biologiuri determinizmi amodis iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom sqesTa Soris Seucvleli gansxvavebebis<br />

<strong>for</strong>mirebas iwveven yovelTvis raime biologiuri faqtorebi an ga<strong>da</strong>xrebi, rac biologias<br />

warmoadgens rogorc aucilebels <strong>da</strong> sakmaris pirobas sqesTa gansxvavebisTvis.<br />

Tumca un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom didi xnis diskusiam bunebisa Tu aRzrdis prioritetulobaze,<br />

romelic asakobriv fsiqologiaSi mimdinareobs, aCvena, rom biologia ar gansazRvravs<br />

qcevas <strong>da</strong> aseTi warmodgena sakmaod naivuria. gamokvlevebma (Hoyenga &<br />

Hoyenga, 1983; Stewart, 1988) <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura, rom sqesobrivi qromosomebi an sqesobrivi<br />

hormonebi ar warmoadgens arc aucilebel <strong>da</strong> arc sakmaris pirobas qcevis gansazRvrisaTvis.<br />

isini ubralod amcireben an zrdian garkveuli qcevis ganxorcielebis<br />

albaTobas. gotiebis (Gottlieb, 1983) gamokvlevam gamoavlina, rom genebi toveben<br />

SesaZleblobas sawinaaRmdego tipis qcevisTvis. a<strong>da</strong>mianebi garkveuli xarisxiT<br />

memkvidreobiT iReben genebs, magram amasTanave, cxovroben ra mWidro kavSirSi<br />

mSoblebTan <strong>da</strong> naTesavebTan, a<strong>da</strong>minebs SeuZliaT `memkvidreobiT~ miiRon garemocvac.<br />

akvirdebodnen ra biologiisa <strong>da</strong> garemos urTierTqmedebas, sociobiologebma,<br />

evoluciuri fsiqologiis <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri anTropologiis specialistebma ivaraudes,<br />

rom gansazRvruli qceviTi meqanizmebi yalibdeba rogorc reaqcia ga<strong>da</strong>rCevis<br />

faqtorebis zewolaze. roluri sxvaobebi, romlebic sqesTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />

asaxavs im faqts, rom gansxvavebul garemoebebs mivyevarT gansxvavebul qceviT<br />

reaqciebamde, romelTagan TiToeulic winaswar gansazRvrulia biologiurad.<br />

gilmori (Gilmore, 1990) varaudobs, rom mamakacis qceva `maCos~ stilSi warmoadgens<br />

a<strong>da</strong>ptacias maRali donis riskTan, romelic saWmlis mopovebasTan <strong>da</strong> sicocxlisTvis<br />

aucilebeli pirobebis mopovebasTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. gilmors Tavisi hipoTezis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sa<strong>da</strong>stureblad magaliTad moyavs is mkveTri gansxvaveba sqesTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul<br />

rolur ganwyobebs Soris, romelic arsebobs wynari okeanis or kunZuls — truksa <strong>da</strong><br />

taitis Soris. orive kunZulze Tavs Tevzis WeriT irCenen <strong>da</strong> am saqmianobiT mamakacebi<br />

arian <strong>da</strong>kavebulni. magram kunZul trukis mamakaci — es aris TavzexelaRebuli, mu<strong>da</strong>m<br />

saomrad ganwyobili, seqsSi uxeSi <strong>da</strong> ganurCeveli. am kunZulze iTvleba, rom qalebi<br />

momTmenni <strong>da</strong> pasiurni un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen. isini ar un<strong>da</strong> ewinaaRmdegebodnen mamakacebs, maT ki,<br />

Tavis mxriv, un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>icvan qalebi. taitis kunZulis kacebi ki ar iRwvian materialuri<br />

miRwevisa <strong>da</strong> konkurenciisaTvis, isini pasiurebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>myolebi arian, maSin roca maTi<br />

qalebi, rogorc wesi, aqtiurebi arian. gilmori am gansxvavebebs saWmlis mopovebis<br />

gansxvavebuli pirobebiT xsnis. taitis mkvidrni Tevzs iWeren did lagunebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

maT aranairi safrTxe ar emuqrebaT <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c bevri Tevzia. trukis macxovreblebi ki<br />

Tevzs Ria zRvaSi iWeren, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>Rupvis riski didia. gilmoris azriT, `maCos~ stili<br />

SeiZleba warmoadgendes riskTan a<strong>da</strong>ftaciis im <strong>for</strong>mas, romelic exmareba mamakacebs<br />

winaaRmdegoba gauwios saSiSroebebs.<br />

biologia ar gansazRvravs beds, magram biologiur faqtorebs, ueWvelad, mniSvnelovani<br />

wvlili Seaqvs genderuli sxvaobebis <strong>for</strong>mirebaSi. termini `biologiuri~<br />

13

xSirad ixmareba, roca mxedvelobaSi aqvT genebi, am mocemul SemTxvevaSi sqesobrivi<br />

qromosomebi, magram cneba `biologiuri~ un<strong>da</strong> moicavdes agreTve, im pirobebis<br />

zegavlenas, romelSic organizmi aris (mdebareobs) muclis periodSi mucladyofinisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> postnataluri ganviTarebisas. xSirad am periodSi moqmedeba (an cxovreba) ganisaz-<br />

Rvreba kulturiT. magaliTad, Zilis periodis xangrZlivoba SeiZleba varirebdes<br />

kulturiT determinirebuli dedis dRis reJimis mixedviT, xolo siarulisa <strong>da</strong> jdomis<br />

Cvevebis SeZena <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia am kulturebisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli bavSvebis movlis<br />

praqtikaze.<br />

gamokvlevebi (Eaton & Enns, 1986; Rosenberg & Sutton-Smith, 1972; Tanner, 1961, 1970)<br />

aCvenebs, rom axal<strong>da</strong>badebuli biWebi gogonebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro didebi <strong>da</strong> aqtiurebi<br />

arian, ufro maRali nivTierebaTa cvlis done aqvT, tkivilis SegrZnebis ufro maRali<br />

zRurbli aqvT <strong>da</strong> ufro kargad aqvT ganviTarebuli muskulatura. mozardobis<br />

asakamde (3-10 ww.) sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi morfologiaSi <strong>da</strong> hormonalur statusSi<br />

didi ar aris, magram <strong>da</strong>kvirvebadi gansxvavebebi Seesabameba sqesobriv dimorfizms,<br />

romelic mogvianebiT vlindeba. zr<strong>da</strong>sruli mamakacebi ufro maRlebi arian, ufro<br />

masiuri ConCxi aqvT, sisxlis JangbadiT kvebis ufro maRali done aqvT, meti Tma aqvT<br />

sxeulze, amasTanave, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sqesis warmomadgenlebs gansxvavebuli pirveladi <strong>da</strong><br />

meoradi sqesobrivi niSnebi aqvT. gansxvavebis I jgufi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia mamakacis met<br />

ZalasTan <strong>da</strong> gamZleobasTan. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos isic, rom es gansxvavebebi, cxadia, ZalaSia<br />

umravles SemTxvevebSi, radgan zogierTi konkretuli qali ufro Ronieria, vidre<br />

zogierTi konkretuli kaci.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom biologia mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens qcevaze, qcevis <strong>da</strong><br />

misi ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan determinants warmoadgens socialur-<strong>kulturuli</strong><br />

faqtorebi. am mosazrebebs a<strong>da</strong>sturebs rigi mkvlevrebis naSromebi (Best &Williams, 1993;<br />

Monroe &Munroe, 1975/1994; Rogjff, Gauvain &Ellis, 1984). kultura Rrma zegavlenas axdens<br />

qcevaze, gansazRvravs ra gvaris gagrZelebas, imas, Tu rogor xdeba bavSvebis<br />

socializacia, rogor acmeven bavSvebs, romeli qveva iTvleba sworad <strong>da</strong> gonivrulad,<br />

ras aswavlian bavSvebs, ra funqciebs iReben Tavis Tavze zr<strong>da</strong>sruli qalebi <strong>da</strong><br />

mamakacebi. bavSvis SesaZleblobebi <strong>da</strong> qcevis Camoyalibeba ganisazRvreba kulturiT,<br />

maSinac ki, roca es qceva ganixileba, rogorc biologiuri faqtorebiT determinirebuli.<br />

sqesTa Soris sxvaobebis kulturul universaliebs xSirad xsnian xolme<br />

socializaciis praqtikebis msgavsebiT, maSin roca kulturul gansxvavebulobebs<br />

miakuTvneben xolme socializaciis procesis gansxvavebulobebs.<br />

sqesTan mikuTvnebulobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli qcevis <strong>kulturuli</strong> TaviseburebebiT<br />

gansazRvrulobis yvelaze cnobili magaliTia margaret midis (Mead, 1935) mier<br />

Catarebuli klasikuri gamokvleva axali gvineis sam tomze. midis gamokvlevebSi<br />

gamovlin<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>da</strong>savluri Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad, am sazogadoebebSi qalebsac <strong>da</strong><br />

kacebsac aqvT rogorc maskulinoba, aseve feminurobac <strong>da</strong> maTi qceva ar Seesabameba<br />

miRebul seqsualur-rolur orientacias.<br />

sqesobrivi sxvaobebis Rrma bunebis kargi magaliTia 1920-ian wlebSi <strong>da</strong>arsebuli<br />

israeleli kibucebis istoria. es iyo mizanmimarTuli mcdeloba Seqmniliyo<br />

egalitaruli sazogadoeba (Rosner, 1967; Snarey & Son, 1986; Spiro, 1956). Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad iq<br />

ar iyo Sromis ganawileba sqesobrivi niSniT. qalebic <strong>da</strong> kacebic muSaobdnen<br />

mindvrebSi, marTavdnen traqtorebs, muSaobdnen samzareuloSi <strong>da</strong> samrecxaoSi. dro<br />

gadio<strong>da</strong>. amaRl<strong>da</strong> Sobadoba <strong>da</strong> gamoirkva, rom qalebma veRar SeZles Tavis Tavze aeRoT<br />

fizikuri samuSaos bevri saxe, romlebsac akeTebdnen kacebi. male, qalebma Tavis Tavze<br />

aiRes swored is funqciebi, romelTaganac undo<strong>da</strong>T Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad gaTavisufleba —<br />

saWmlis momzadeba, recxva, bavSvebis swavla <strong>da</strong> maTi movla. aSkaraa, rom kibucebis<br />

14

mcdelobas, moexdinaT Sromis Tanabari ganawileba, didi gavlena ar mouxdenia<br />

bavSvebze. karlsoni <strong>da</strong> barnesi (Carlsson & barnes, 1986) ikvlevdnen qalebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

mamakacebis Sexedulebebs tipur seqsualur-rolur qcevaze <strong>da</strong> sakuTari sqesobrivi<br />

mikuTvnebulobis aRqmas. maT ver aRmoaCines <strong>kulturuli</strong> an sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi<br />

Sved bavSvebsa <strong>da</strong> kibucebSi gazrdil bavSvebs Soris.<br />

saleqcio kursis bolos studentebs miecemaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:<br />

sqesi - gansazRvravs qalsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacs Soris anatomiur <strong>da</strong> fiziologiur sxvaobebs <strong>da</strong><br />

am sxvaobaTa kavSirs reproduqciis unarTan. sqesi biologiurad aris determinirebuli.<br />

<strong>genderi</strong> - gamoiyeneba qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis gansxvavebuli TaviseburebebisTvis,<br />

romelic aqcents akeTebs socialur <strong>da</strong> kulturul faqtorebze <strong>da</strong> ara biologiurze.<br />

sqesobriv-roluri ideologia — gansazRvravs sqesebs Soris adekvatur ganwyobebs <strong>da</strong><br />

varirebs tradiciuli antifeministuri midgomi<strong>da</strong>n, romelic mamakacis sqesis dominirebas<br />

gulisxmobs, Tanamedrove anu egelitarul midgomamde, romlis mixedviTac<br />

qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis mniSvneloba Tanabaria <strong>da</strong> uaryofilia erTi sqesis dominireba<br />

meoreze.<br />

genderuli stereotipebi — es aris fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi <strong>da</strong> qceva, romelic<br />

iTvleba erTi romelime sqesisTvis metad <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTeblad (mag. `kacebi metad agresiulebi<br />

arian, qalebi ki metad emociurebi~). stereotipebi xels uwyobs sqesobrivi<br />

rolebis SeTvisebas <strong>da</strong> warmoadgens socializaciis modelebs bavSvebisTvis.<br />

maskulinoba-feminuriba (m/f) — warmoadgens im xarisxs, romliTac qalebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

mamakacebis TviTaRqma Seicavs Tvisebebs, romlebic maT kulturaSi ganixileba<br />

rogorc qalebiTvis an kacebisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli.<br />

genderuli cnobiereba — warmoadgens <strong>socialuri</strong> cnobierebis nawils, romelic<br />

qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris Tanacxovrebisa <strong>da</strong> urTierTobebis wesis matarebelia.<br />

pirveli leqciis Semdeg studntebi airCeven esses Temebs (saleqcio kursis Temebis<br />

mixedviT), romlebic maT un<strong>da</strong> moamzadon ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi literaturis<br />

gamoyenebiT <strong>da</strong> warmoadginon seminarze. studentebs <strong>da</strong>evalebaT individualuri<br />

muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil droSi moamzadon saswavlo kursis savaldebulo samecniero<br />

literaturaSi (riderSi) warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis masalebi.<br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s, rogorc socialur-<strong>kulturuli</strong> <strong>konstruqti</strong>s ukeT Seswavlis mizniT, maT<br />

miecemaT, agreTve <strong>da</strong>valeba Sesarulon praqtikuli samuSao. kerZod, 1 ). TiToeulma<br />

studentma seminarisaTvis un<strong>da</strong> moamzados (Caiweros <strong>da</strong> warmoadginos) sul mcire 10<br />

genderuli qcevis norma. 2). SemTxveviTad gaxsenebuli 10-15 ojaxis magaliTze<br />

aRricxos qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis profesiebi, <strong>da</strong>saqmebis sferoebi, Tanamdeboba,<br />

<strong>socialuri</strong> statusi.<br />

seminari #1 (Tema # 1 ) — 2 sT<br />

seminarze moxdeba studentebis mier Sesrulebuli kvlevis Sedegebis jgufuri<br />

Sejameba <strong>da</strong> analizi. gaimarTeba diskusia <strong>genderi</strong>s konstruirebaSi <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>kulturuli</strong> faqtorebis zegavlenis Sesaxeb (1 sT); seminarze moxdeba studentis mier<br />

15

momzadebuli esses prezentacia; gaimarTeba diskusia seminaris Temaze (1 sT). kerZod ,<br />

<strong>da</strong>smuli iqneba Semdegi tipis kiTxvebi:<br />

1. ra gansxvavebaa sqessa <strong>da</strong> genders Soris? moiyvaneT sqessa <strong>da</strong> genders Soris<br />

gansxvavebis magaliTebi.<br />

2. rogor gansazRvraven sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva avtorebi genders?<br />

3. ras niSnavs genderuli stereotipebi <strong>da</strong> maskulinoba/feminuroba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

kulturebSi?<br />

4. riTi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vasabuToT, rom <strong>genderi</strong> warmoadgens socialur-kulturul<br />

konstruqts?<br />

5. ra saxiT vlindeba genderuli cnobiereba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi?<br />

6. ra xarisxiT arian invariantuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturaSi genderuli Taviseburebebi,<br />

rolebi, stereotipuli qcevebi <strong>da</strong> Sexedulebebi?<br />

7. rogor gansxvavdebian isini <strong>kulturuli</strong> faqtorebis zegavlenis Sedegad?<br />

8. ratom aris <strong>genderi</strong>s Seswavla mniSvnelovani <strong>socialuri</strong> mecnierebebisaTvis?<br />

saxelmwifosaTvis?<br />

ZiriTadi literatura:<br />

1. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, p.: 13-55;<br />

2. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, Second<br />

Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, p.: 199-204;<br />

3. Unger R., Craw<strong>for</strong>d M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University Press,<br />

Philadelphia,1992, p.: 17-23;<br />

4. Juanita H. Williams, Psychology of Women, W.W.Norton & Company, N.Y.,1987, p.:, 135-137.<br />

<strong>da</strong>matebiTi literatura:<br />

1. Burn S.M. The Socal Psychology of Gender, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1996, gv.: 21-28, 238-266;<br />

2. Best D. L., Williams I. E. Gender and culture. – in Culture and Psychology, edited by David Matsumoto.<br />

Ox<strong>for</strong>d University press, 2001, gv.: 316-322;<br />

3. Judith Batler, Gender Trouble, Feminism and the subversion of identity, Routledge, Chapman & Hall,<br />

Inc., 1990, gv.:1-34;<br />

4. zurikaSvili f. maRraZe g. WaniSvili n. xuciSvili g. jorbenaZe r. konfliqti,<br />

<strong>genderi</strong> <strong>da</strong> mSvidobis mSenebloba, gaeros ganviTarebis fondi qalTaTvis, Tb., 2003,<br />

nawili II;<br />

5. m. wereTeli, <strong>genderi</strong>, rogorc fsiqikuri <strong>konstruqti</strong> — d. uznaZis sax. fsiqologiis<br />

institutis SromaTa krebuli, 2004, Tb., gv.:185-188;<br />

6. avaliani e. Zveli samyaros `feministuri~ kulturebi, - kr.-Si `qali politikur <strong>da</strong><br />

socialur cxovrebaSi~, bakur sulakauris gamomc., 1998, gv.: 95-103.<br />

16

kvira #2<br />

leqcia— 2 sT<br />

Tema #2 - genderuli identifikaciisa <strong>da</strong> genderuli rolebis<br />

aTvisebis Teoriebi (fsiqodinamikuri, socialur-kognituri,<br />

kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriebi, androginiis koncefcia,<br />

genderul-roluri transcendenciis stadiebis <strong>da</strong> genderuli<br />

sqemis Teoria).<br />

leqciaze ganxiluli iqneba TiToeuli Teoriis ZiriTadi principebi , <strong>genderi</strong>s<br />

gageba am TeoriaTa farglebSi, agreTve, maTi kritikuli Sefaseba <strong>da</strong> mniSvneloba<br />

genderuli kvelvebis ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s gageba froidis fsiqoanalizur TeoriaSi. genderul kvlevebze, kerZod<br />

ki, genderuli identifikaciisa <strong>da</strong> genderuli sxvaobebis gagebaze udidesi gavlena<br />

moaxdina z. froidis (Freud) fsiqoanalizurma Teoriam. froidi iyo pirveli fsiqologi,<br />

romelmac pirovnebis Teoriis centrSi moaqcia biologiuri sqesi <strong>da</strong> xazi gausva<br />

mis mniSvnelovan rols ganviTarebis procesSi.<br />

marTalia, froidi <strong>genderi</strong>s mkvlevarTa ricxvs ar miekuTvneba <strong>da</strong> TviT <strong>genderi</strong>s<br />

mecnieruli terminic ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> am droisaTvis, magram man pirvelma axsna pirovnebis<br />

sqesobrivi identifikaciisa <strong>da</strong> sqesobrivi sxvaobebis Camoyalibebis procesi.<br />

amdenad, froidma mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra <strong>genderi</strong>s fenomenis mecnierTa<br />

yuradRebis centrSi moqceva. misma Sexedulebebma safuZveli Cauyara <strong>genderi</strong>s<br />

mecnieruli kvlevis obieqtad Camoyalibebas. swored amitom, mniSvnelovnia<br />

sqesobrivi identifikaciis meqanizmis froidiseuli gagebis ganxilva.<br />

z. froidis midgoma sqesobrivi identifikaciisadmi efuZneba bavSvis fsiqoseqsualuri<br />

ganviTarebis mis mier gamoyofil stadiebs. kerZod, froidis Teoriis mixedviT<br />

sqesobrivi identifikaciisa <strong>da</strong> sqesobrivi sxvaobebis <strong>for</strong>mirebis meqanizmi bavSvis<br />

fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis procesSia Cadebuli. sqesobrivi identurobis ganviTareba<br />

mimdinareobs stadiebis seriebis mixedviT. yoveli etapi xasiaTdeba libiduri<br />

(seqsualuri) energiis koncentraciiT sxeulis garkveul nawilSi. fsiqoseqsualuri<br />

ganviTarebis I etapze — oralur stadiaze bavSvi aRwevs primitiul seqsualur<br />

<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas wovis saSualebiT. II etapze — analur stadiaze siamovneba miiRweva<br />

defekaciiT <strong>da</strong> bavSvi koncentrirebulia ganavlis Sekavebasa <strong>da</strong> gamoyofaze. froidis<br />

mixedviT, biWebisa <strong>da</strong> gogonebis fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTareba erTnairad<br />

mimdinareobs am ori sawyisi stadiis ganmavlobaSi.<br />

falosur stadiaze, romelic <strong>da</strong>axloebiT sami<strong>da</strong>n eqvs wlamde mimdinareobs, bavSvis<br />

libiduri energia fokusirdeba genitaliebze. swored am etapze xdeba sqesi <strong>da</strong> <strong>genderi</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti bavSvis ganviTarebisTvis. igi acnobierebs, rom qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs<br />

gansxvavebuli sasqeso organoebi aqvT.<br />

am stadiamde siyvarulisa <strong>da</strong> erotikuli mimzidvelobis pirveli obieqti rogorc<br />

gogonebisaTvis, aseve biWebisaTvis, de<strong>da</strong>a. Tumca, rodesac bavSvebi miaRweven<br />

falosur stadias, maTi urTierTobebi de<strong>da</strong>sTan rTuldeba. biWebSi dedis mimarT<br />

siyvaruli incestad iqceva <strong>da</strong> viTardeba oidipos kompleqsi. patara biWebis survili<br />

`flobdnen~ de<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> masTan urTierTobaSi `Caanacvlon~ mama, iwvevs kastraciis SiSs.<br />

swored am SiSiT gamowveuli stresi <strong>da</strong> SfoTva biWis Semdgomi ganviTarebis<br />

mamoZravebeli Zlieri Zalaa. biWebi Tavs arTmeven kastraciis SiSs dedis mimarT<br />

seqsualuri ltolvisa <strong>da</strong> mamasTan mtruli <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis gandevniT (aracno-<br />

17

ierSi). es xorcieldeba mamasTan identifikaciis gziT. biWebi cdiloben moawonon<br />

mamas Tavi <strong>da</strong> gaiziaron misi Rirebulebebi. mamasTan identifikacia biWebs saSualebas<br />

aZlevs `flobdes~ de<strong>da</strong>s, Tumca ara realurad, aramed — gaSualebulad (Canacvlebulad).<br />

mamasTan identifikaciis gziT <strong>da</strong>iZleva oidipos kompleqsi <strong>da</strong> viTardeba<br />

superego — moraluri normebis sistema.<br />

gogonebis ganviTareba sxvagvarad mimdinareobs. falosur stadiaze gogonebis mier<br />

gakeTebuli aRmoCena, rom maT akliaT penisi, froidis mixedviT, gogonaTa<br />

ganviTarebisTvis ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti momentia. gogonas uviTardeba e.w. `penisis Suri~. es<br />

ukanaskneli gogonebis TviTSefasebas did <strong>da</strong>rtymas ayenebs <strong>da</strong> maT arasrulfasovnebis<br />

kompleqss uyalibebs. Tumca de<strong>da</strong> aris gogonebis siyvarulis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli obieqti,<br />

magram isini swored de<strong>da</strong>s a<strong>da</strong>naSauleben penisis arqonaSi <strong>da</strong> uars amboben dedis<br />

siyvarulze. TavianT siyvaruls isini mamebisken mimarTaven, romelTac aqvT is organo,<br />

romelic maT <strong>da</strong> maT `defeqtur~ dedebs arasodes eqnebaT. gogonebis `penisis flobis~<br />

survili mamisken siyvarulis warmarTviT ar aris srulad <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebuli. igi<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba mamisgan bavSvis yolis survilad <strong>da</strong> mogvianebiT, bavSvis yolis survilad<br />

sakuTari meuRlisgan. froidis mixedviT, qali sruliad realizirdeba vaJiSvilis<br />

gaCenis SemTxvevaSi, radgan igi aseTnairad, bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos, aRwevs didi xnis<br />

sasurveli `penisis flobas~. amgvarad, patara gogo, romelic `patara kaci~ iyo<br />

fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis preoidipalur stadiaze, falosuri stadiis gavlis<br />

Sedegad xdeba pasiuri, mgrZnobiare <strong>da</strong> ganayofierebis momlodine qali.<br />

froidis azriT, gansxvavebiT biWebisgan, gogonebi Cveulebriv, warumateblobas<br />

ganicdian srulad ga<strong>da</strong>wyviton oidipos kompleqsi (am situacias, gogonebis Sem-<br />

TxvevaSi SeiZleba eleqtras kompleqsi ewodos). gogonebs aqvT krizisi maT mier penisis<br />

ar flobis gamo <strong>da</strong> maTi incesturi moTxovnileba mamis mimarT aris penisis mopovebis<br />

mcdeloba. biWebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic kastraciis SfoTviT arian motivirebulni<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>Wran iodipos kompleqsi, gogonebi TavianT Tavs ukve kastrirebulad<br />

ganixilaven <strong>da</strong> amdenad, nakleb SfoTvas ganicdian. amitom qalebs Cveulebriv aqvT<br />

naklebad ganviTarebuli moralurobis grZnobaTa sistema anu superego.<br />

z. froidis mixedviT, gogonebSi iodipos kompleqsis nawilobrivi an arasruli<br />

<strong>da</strong>Zleva xdeba. es ki iwvevs tipur qalur Tvisebebis Camoyalibebas, iseTebs, rogoricaa,<br />

pasiuroba <strong>da</strong> dedobis survili. froidi aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom ganayofierebis survili aseve<br />

miuTiTebs mazoxizmze <strong>da</strong> siamovnebaze tkivilisa <strong>da</strong> tanjvisagan, radganac seqsualuri<br />

urTierTobebi <strong>da</strong> Svilebis gaCena SeiZleba tkivilTan iyos <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />

amgvarad, froidis mixedviT, `penisis Suri~ <strong>da</strong> misi `flobis~ survili normaluri<br />

qalurobis Camoyalibebis mamoZravebeli Zalaa. biWisaTvis normaluri mamakacurobis<br />

Camoyalibebis mamoZravebeli Zala ki kastraciis SiSia. rac Seexeba sqesis identifikaciis<br />

meqanizms, igi, froidis mixedviT, oidipos kompleqsis <strong>da</strong>Zlevasa <strong>da</strong> igive sqesis<br />

mSobelTan identifikaciaSi mdgomareobs.<br />

z. froidis Teoriam udidesi zegavlena moaxdina ara mxolod <strong>genderi</strong>s, aramed,<br />

saerTod a<strong>da</strong>mianis Sesaxeb mecnieruli azris ganviTarebaze. Tumca, isic un<strong>da</strong><br />

aRiniSnos, rom misi Teoria mkacri kritikis sagani gax<strong>da</strong>. yvelaze seriozuli kritika<br />

anTropologebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n modio<strong>da</strong>, romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom es Teoria <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />

kulturis CarCoebiT aris SezRuduli. kerZod, malinovski miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom oidipos<br />

kompleqsi ar aris universaluri fenomeni, rogorc amas froidi varaudob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

malinovski aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom ojaxis sabazo struqtura (mama, de<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Svili), romelzec<br />

agebulia oidipos kompleqsi, ar aris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli bevri kulturisTvis. magali-<br />

Tad, trobrianis kunZulebze (papua — axali gvinea) ojaxis ufrosi ara mama, aramed —<br />

biZaa dedis mxri<strong>da</strong>n. amasTan mkacri tabu incestze <strong>da</strong>debulia ara bavSvebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

18

mSoblebis urTierTobebze, aramed Zmebsa <strong>da</strong> debs Soris urTierTobebze. malinovski<br />

aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom aseT pirobebSi oidipos kompleqss sruliad sxvagavari saxe un<strong>da</strong> miscemo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

marTlac, trobrianis kunZulebis miTebis Seswavlisas malinovskim aRmoaCina,<br />

rom maT safuZvels warmoadgens debsa <strong>da</strong> Zmebs Soris urTierTobebis mkacri tabu.<br />

Tumca malinovski akritikeb<strong>da</strong> froids oidipos kompleqsTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, magram<br />

igi sruliad iziareb<strong>da</strong> misi Teoriis ZiriTad principebs. malinovski iziareb<strong>da</strong><br />

froidis Sexedulebas imis Sesaxebac, rom gandevnili survilebi proeqciebSi (miTebSi,<br />

folklorSi <strong>da</strong> a. S.) vlindeba, im gansxvavebiT, rom es proeqciebi universaluri ki ar<br />

aris, aramed gansxvavdeba kulturaTa mixedviT.<br />

froidis ideebma normaluri feminuri <strong>da</strong> maskulinuri pirovnebis Sesaxeb metad<br />

farTe gavrceleba pova rogorc mis studentebSi, aseve fsiqologebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebSi. misi midgoma genderuli identifikaciisa <strong>da</strong><br />

genderuli tipirebis Sesaxeb mravali interpretaciis <strong>da</strong>sayrdeni gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />

z. froidis Teoriis mimdevaris helen <strong>da</strong>Cis azriT, gogonas ganviTarebis<br />

mamoZravebel Zalas `penisis Suris~ universaluri kategoria ki ar warmoadgens, aramed<br />

yvela a<strong>da</strong>mianisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli Suri imisa, rac sxvas aqvs.<br />

erik eriqsonma ganavrco froidis ganviTarebis Teoria. eriqsonis <strong>da</strong>msaxurebaa<br />

bavSvis ganviTarebaSi <strong>da</strong> identifikaciaSi biologiur impulsebTan erTad <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

faqtorebis zegavlenis mniSvnelobis xazgasma. amasTan, eriqsonis mixedviT, qalis<br />

genderuli identifikaciis safuZvels penisis uqonloba ki ar warmoadgens, aramed —<br />

saSvilosnos qona. eriqsonma xazi gausva Sinagani sivrcis cnebas. igi akvirdebo<strong>da</strong> 10-12<br />

wlis bavSvebis TamaSs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>adgina, rom Sinagani sivrce gavlenas axdens sqesis<br />

identifikaciaze. bavSvebs eZleo<strong>da</strong>T a<strong>da</strong>mianebisa <strong>da</strong> cxovelebis miniaturuli figurebi.<br />

maT sTxovdnen, rom aegoT kinos (filmis) scena. gogos tipuri scena Sedgebo<strong>da</strong><br />

interieris scenisagan a<strong>da</strong>mianebiT <strong>da</strong> avejiT. biWis tipuri scena iyo saxls gareT,<br />

morTuli kedlebiT, fasadebiT <strong>da</strong> boZebiT. gogonebis scenebi mSvidi <strong>da</strong> statikuri<br />

iyo, xolo biWebisa — aqtiurobisken orientirebuli. eriqsonma paraleli gaavlo<br />

genderul <strong>konstruqti</strong>ul TamaSebs Soris gansxvavebebsa <strong>da</strong> sqesTabiologiur gansxvavebebs<br />

Soris (qalis Sinagani faqizi organoebi <strong>da</strong> kacis garegani, aqtiuri organoebi).<br />

swored es gansxvavebuli organoebi gansazRvraven, eriqsonis mixedviT, bavSvebis<br />

gansxvavebul Sinagan sivrces, romlic maTi sqesobrivi identifikaciis safuZvelia.<br />

alfred adleri Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom a<strong>da</strong>miani upirvelasad <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara seqsualuri<br />

arsebaa. <strong>da</strong> amdenad, misi qceva motivirebulia ara biologiuri instiqtebiT, aramed -<br />

<strong>socialuri</strong> interesebiT. misi azriT, maskulinuri dominantoba ar aris bunebrivi<br />

movlena. igi gamowveulia kacebisa <strong>da</strong> biWebis ufro meti <strong>socialuri</strong> RirebulebiT<br />

ojaxsa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi.<br />

karen horni Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom froidis monacemebi qalis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb asaxavs<br />

patara biWis azrebs qalis anatomiis Sesaxeb. Tumca patara biWi SeiZleba uyurebdes<br />

patara gogos <strong>da</strong> fiqrobdes, rom man <strong>da</strong>karga penisi, magram aranairi safuZveli ara<br />

gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom gogoc ase fiqrobs. horni ar eTanxmebo<strong>da</strong> froids, rom `penisis<br />

Suri~ <strong>da</strong> kastraciis kompleqsi qalis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani meqanizmia. igi<br />

aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom icnob<strong>da</strong> zustad imdenive kacs, romlebsac qalis saSvilosnosi<br />

Sur<strong>da</strong>T, ramdensac qals, romlebsac kacis penisis Sur<strong>da</strong>T. igi Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom zogierTi<br />

kacis akviatebuli swrafva miRwevisaken gamoxatavs qalebis unikaluri<br />

SesaZleblobebis (reproduqciuli unaris) zekompensacias. sxvagavarad rom vTqvaT,<br />

hornis azriT, saSvilosnos Surs mivyevarT feminur kompleqsamde.<br />

hornis azriT, ar arsebobs qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris biologiurad determinitebuli<br />

fsiqologiuri sxvaobebi. isini ganpirobebulia genderul<br />

19

identifikaciaze <strong>kulturuli</strong> faqtorebis <strong>da</strong> qalis susti bunebis Sesaxeb ideologiebis<br />

didi zegavlenis gamo.<br />

biologiuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>kulturuli</strong> faqtorebis genderul identifikaciaze gavlenis<br />

Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania m. midis kvlevebi. axli gvineis 3<br />

ganxsvavebuli tomis Seswavlis Sedegad, man <strong>da</strong>adgina, rom qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis<br />

stereotipuli Tvisebebi yovelTvis ar aris biologiuri sqesiT ganpirobebuli.<br />

seriozuli kritikis sagani gax<strong>da</strong>, agreTve qalisa <strong>da</strong> qalurobis fenomenis<br />

froidiseuli gageba. feministuri moZraobis mimdevrebi amtkicebdnen, rom froidis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba qalebisadmi viqtorianuli epoqis Sexedulebebis asaxvaa. klara<br />

tompsonis azriT, froidis Sexedulebebis SezRuduloba yvelaze kargad Cans `penisis<br />

Suris~ mis koncefciaSi. klara tompsoni aRiarebs, rom gogonebs SurT biWebis, magram<br />

misi azriT, es Suri qalebis biologiuri arasrulfasovnebiT ki ar aris gamowveuli<br />

(rogorc es froids aqvs gagebuli), aramed im privilegiebiT, romlebiTac gansxvavebiT<br />

gogonebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebisagan, sargebloben sazogadoebaSi biWebi <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi.<br />

froidis Teorias akritikeben empiriuli monacemebis simwiris gamoc. kerZod, sxva<br />

mkvlevarTa mravalricxovani empiriuli monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom zneobrivi<br />

grZnobebi bavSvebs ar uyalibdebaT sxeulebrivi <strong>da</strong>zianebebis miRebis SiSis gamo<br />

(iqneba es kastraciis SiSi Tu sxva tipis fizikuri <strong>da</strong>sja). moraluri grZnobebi bavSvs<br />

uviTardeba maSin, roca igi siyvaruliT aris garSemortymuli <strong>da</strong> cdilobs<br />

SeinarCunos es siyvaruli. es monacemebi exeba rogorc biWebs, aseve gogonebs.<br />

fsiqoanalizis feministuri mimarTulebis zogierTi warmomadgeneli Tvlis, rom<br />

froidis Teoria zedmetad individualisturia <strong>da</strong> mowyvetilia socialur garemos.<br />

nensi Codorou <strong>da</strong> jesika benJamini aRniSnavdnen, rom SeuZlebelia SeviswavloT<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani izolirebulad <strong>da</strong> mxolod misi ltolvebi <strong>da</strong> egofunqciebi gaviTvaliswinoT.<br />

maTi azriT, mniSvnelovania, rom genderuli identifikaciisa <strong>da</strong> genderuli Tvisebebis<br />

Camoyalibebis modelis agebisas gaTvaliswinebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan<br />

urTierTobebic.<br />

froidis Teoria gakritikebuli iyo imis gamoc, rom misi debulebebi exeba bavSvis<br />

ganviTarebas, misi <strong>da</strong>mamtkicebeli empiriuli sabuTebi ki zr<strong>da</strong>sruli a<strong>da</strong>mianebis<br />

kvlevis Sedega<strong>da</strong>a mopovebuli.<br />

zogierTi fsiqologis azriT, froidis Teorias aranairi Rirebuleba ara aqvs, radgan<br />

igi Zalian bundovani <strong>da</strong> araerTmniSvnelovania. kerZod, kritika exeba am Teoriis<br />

safuZvelze bavSvis ganviTarebis prognozirebis SesaZleblobebs. am avtorebis azriT,<br />

xSir SemTxvevebSi mas mivyevarT erTi <strong>da</strong> igive movlenis urTierTsawinaaRmdego<br />

interpretaciebamde. magaliTad, frustraciam analur stadiaze SeiZleba gamoiwvios<br />

xasiaTis iseTi Tvisebebis ganviTareba, rogoricaa, akuratuloba, sisufTave <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>mjeroba an piriqiT — amboxisa <strong>da</strong> areulobisaken midrekileba.<br />

amgvarad, <strong>da</strong>skvnisaTvis SeiZleba iTqvas, rom z. froidis Teoriis farglebSi<br />

genderuli identifikaciis gagebis kritika efuZneba Semdeg argumentebs: empiriuli<br />

masalis simwire; pirovnebis biologiuri fsqtorebiT determinirebuloba; qalis<br />

moralurobisa <strong>da</strong> Tvisebebis Camoyalibebis modelis sisuste; pirovnebis socialur<br />

garemosgan mowyvetili gageba; <strong>kulturuli</strong> Rirebulebebisa <strong>da</strong> maT Soris ojaxisa <strong>da</strong><br />

urTierTobebis <strong>kulturuli</strong> praqtikebis gauTvaliswinebloba.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad mravalricxovani <strong>da</strong> seriozuli kritikisa, froidis Teoriam udidesi<br />

gavlena moaxdina <strong>genderi</strong>s gagebaze <strong>da</strong> misi, rogorc mecnieruli koncefciis<br />

ganviTarebaze. rogorc zemoT <strong>da</strong>vrwmundiT, froidis bevri kritikosis Sexeduleba<br />

swored misi Teorii<strong>da</strong>n iRebs saTaves: maTi umetesoba iziarebs sqesis identifikaciis<br />

froidiseuli gagebis ZiriTad principebs. Tumca ki, froidis kritikosebi avseben <strong>da</strong><br />

20

anviTareben mis models, sqesis identifikaciis meqanizmSi <strong>da</strong>matebiTi, <strong>kulturuli</strong><br />

faqtorebis Semotanis gziT. amdenad, froidis Teoria un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT, rogorc<br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s fsiqologiis ganviTarebis erT-erTi stimuli, mamoZravebeli Zala <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s Tanamedrove gagebis mecnieruli winapiroba.<br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s gageba pirovnebis socialur-kognitur TeoriaSi.<br />

pirovnebis socialur-kognituri Teoriis(Bandura, Mishell) mixedviT qcevis<br />

asaxsnelad sakmarisi ar aris mxolod a<strong>da</strong>mianis Sinagani realobis gaTvaliswineba.<br />

mniSvnelovania, agreTve, <strong>kulturuli</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong> faqtorebic, romelic zegavlenas<br />

axdens pirovnebis ganviTarebaze. banduras mixedviT, a<strong>da</strong>mianis fsiqikuri funqcionirebis<br />

meqanizmi qcevis, SemecnebiTi sferos <strong>da</strong> garemos uwyveti urTierTzemoqmedebis<br />

terminebSi un<strong>da</strong> iyos agebuli.<br />

socialur-kognituri Teoria genderul-roluri orientaciis <strong>for</strong>mirebas<br />

ganixilavs, rogorc gamocdilebis SeZenis rezultats. mSoblebi, maswavleblebi,<br />

Tanatolebi <strong>da</strong> socializaciis sxva agentebi ayalibeben bavSvebis genderul-rolurad<br />

orientirebul qcevas, adekvaturi <strong>da</strong> araadekvaturi qcevis ganmtkicebiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sjiT,<br />

modelirebiT, molodinebiT, saTamaSoebis SerCeviT <strong>da</strong> sxva momentebiT, romelic<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia gansxvavebuli moqceviT gogonebTan <strong>da</strong> biWebTan.<br />

socialur-kognituri Teoria biheviorizmi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> swavlis eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

iRebs saTaves. am Teoriis mixedviT, a<strong>da</strong>mini swavlobs qcevis paternebs<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT iseve, rogorc cxoveli, magram im gansxvavebiT, rom am SemTxvevaSi<br />

gamomwvevi mizezi ar aris yovelTvis iseTi konkretuli, rogorc cxovelisaTvis<br />

sakvebi. bavSvis qceva yalibdeba mozrdilebis yuradRebiTa <strong>da</strong> waxalisebiT. rogorc<br />

angeri aRniSnavs, mSoblebi ar <strong>da</strong>yvebian TavianT patara gogonas <strong>da</strong> yovelTvis, roca is<br />

Tojinas aiRebs xelSi saTamaSod, ar aZleven kanfetebs waxalisebis mizniT. aseve ar<br />

ubrazdebian yovelTvis, roca manqaniT TamaSobs. magram Tu mama periodulad Sexe<strong>da</strong>vs<br />

mas Tbili RimiliT, roca is fanqrebiT rveulSi xatavs, gogona xSirad gaimeorebs am<br />

qcevas. axlad naswavli qceva SeiZleba gavrceldes sxva situaciebzec — gogona<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyebs xatvas ara mxolod saxlSi, aramed — sabavSvo baRSic. ufro zoga<strong>da</strong>d, gogonam<br />

SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>iswavlos, rom `wynari~ TamaSi ukeTesia, vidre — `aqtiuri~.<br />

am Teoriis farglebSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom<br />

bavSvi cxovelebisgan gansxvavebiT swavlobs sxvebze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT, modelirebiT <strong>da</strong><br />

maTi qcevis imitirebiT. socialur-kognituri Teoriis amosavals warmoadgens<br />

debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom qcevis axali <strong>for</strong>mebis Camoyalibeba SesaZlebelia uSualo<br />

garegani ganmtkicebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic. qcevis aTviseba SesaZlebelia<br />

magaliTis saSualebiTac. Cven vakvirdebiT, Tu rogor iqcevian sxvebi <strong>da</strong> Semdeg<br />

vimeorebT maT qcevas. amgvarad, bandura aqcents akeTebs ara pir<strong>da</strong>pir ganmtkicebaze,<br />

aramed — swavlaze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebisa <strong>da</strong> magaliTis gziT. aseTnairad a<strong>da</strong>mianebs<br />

uyalibdebaT garkveuli qcevis kognituri modeli, romelic verbaluri <strong>da</strong> kognituri<br />

reprezentaciebis saxiT inaxeba mexsierebaSi <strong>da</strong> momaval qcevaSi orientiris funqcias<br />

asrulebs. kerZod, qcevis am kognitur modelebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT xorcieldeba momavali<br />

qcevis Rirebulebis kognituri Sefaseba <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi misi <strong>da</strong>debiTi Tu<br />

uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis ganWvreta.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom qcevis kognituri modeli am Teoriis farglebSi samodelo qcevis<br />

xatia, romelic SemdgomSi Sesabamisi an Seusabamo qcevis prototipad gamoiyeneba.<br />

qcevis <strong>da</strong> maT Soris genderuli qcevis prototipis Camoyalibeba swavlis procesSi<br />

mimdinare Sesabamisi qceviTi magaliTebis, in<strong>for</strong>maciis verbaluri ga<strong>da</strong>cemis,<br />

imitaciisa <strong>da</strong> modelirebis Sedegia.<br />

21

imitacia an modelireba spontanurad vlindeba bavSvSi. isini manerebis, laparakis<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva mravali qcevis imitacias axdenen. magaliTad, patara biWuna saTamaSo saparsiT<br />

iparsavs, roca mamamisi namdvil saparss iyenebs, de<strong>da</strong> axalSobils aWmevs, patara<br />

gogona ki - Tavis Tojinas. imitacia xSirad vlindeba TamaSebSi, iseTebSi, rogoricaa,<br />

`saxlobana~, omobana~, de<strong>da</strong>-Svilobana~, `skolobana~ <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

swavla xSirad <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis Sedegia, Tumca igi SeiZleba maSinve ar gamovlindes<br />

imitaciis saxiT. magaliTad, gogona SeiZleba akvirdebodes de<strong>da</strong>s, romelic did dros<br />

uTmobs Tavis garegnobas, kosmetikas, tansacmels <strong>da</strong> swavlobdes, rom mimzidveloba<br />

qalis aucilebeli kategoriaa. amave dros, man es codna SeiZleba ara maSinve, aramed<br />

garkveuli drois gavlis Semdeg, mxolod mozrdilobisas gamoiyenos. banduras<br />

mixedviT, aTvisebuli genderulad tipiuri qceva mexsierebaSi inaxeba <strong>da</strong> gamoiyeneba<br />

maSin, rodesac mosalodnelia am qcevis sazogadoebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>debiTi ganmtkiceba<br />

(waxaliseba).<br />

bavSvis unari winaswar ganWvritos momavali qcevis Sedegebi (kognituri struqturebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> funqciebis gamoyenebiT) saSualebas aZlevs mas Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicilos arasasurveli<br />

qceva <strong>da</strong> amgvarad iswavlos, Tu romeli qcevaa misaRebi misi sqesisTvis <strong>da</strong><br />

romeli qcevaa miuRebeli.<br />

amgvarad, rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, am Teoriis mixedviT, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kognituri<br />

procesebis monawileobas qcevis modelirebaSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, socialurkognituri<br />

Teoria xazs usvams <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>kulturuli</strong> faqtorebis mniSvnelovan<br />

rols sqesis identifikaciis procesSi. igi ganixilavs am faqtorTa zegavlenis 2 dones:<br />

uSualo qcevis dones (qcevis ganmtkicebas pir<strong>da</strong>piri gamocdilebis safuZvelze) <strong>da</strong><br />

Teoriuli qcevis dones (qcevis ganmtkicebas <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis, modelirebisa <strong>da</strong> qcevis<br />

Sedegebis kognituri Sefasebis, ganWvretis gziT).<br />

amgvarad, socialur-kognitur TeoriaSi kognituri kategoriebi <strong>da</strong> codna<br />

warmoadgens erT-erT <strong>da</strong>matebiT mniSvnelovan (a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis specifikur) faqtors<br />

genderuli identifikaciisa <strong>da</strong> tipirebis procesSi. amdenad, genderuli qcevis<br />

kognituri kategoria — prototipi, am TeoriaSi ufro genderuli identifikaciisa <strong>da</strong><br />

tipirebis procesis meqanizmis amxsneli cnebaa, vidre — uSualo <strong>da</strong>sja-waxalisabisa Tu<br />

momavali qcevis rezultatebis Sefasebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli fsiqikuri<br />

<strong>konstruqti</strong>sa.<br />

qcevis genderuli tipireba (bavSvis mier gernderul-roluri orientaciebis aTviseba)<br />

ufro advilad mimdinareobs, roca mSoblebi ise awyoben garemocvas, rom zogi<br />

qcevis ganxorcieleba ufro iyos mosalodneli (an mosaxerxebeli) vidre — sxvisa.<br />

magaliTad, Tu biWis oTaxi savsea sportuli <strong>da</strong>nadgarebiT, ufro metia imis albaToba,<br />

rom is ufro uxeSi TamaSebiT iqneba gatacebuli, vidre misi <strong>da</strong>, romlis oTaxic naz<br />

ferebSi <strong>da</strong> nazi atributebiTaa mowyobili.<br />

arsebobs <strong>da</strong>majerebeli kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> sabuTebi, rom <strong>socialuri</strong> faqtorebi<br />

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs genderul-roluri orientaciebis aTvisebaSi. <strong>da</strong>valebebi,<br />

romlebsac bavSvebs aZleven, agreTve, roluri modelebi, romlebsac gvTavazobs<br />

kultura, ufro farTe planSi, aZlevs bavSvebs saSualebas aiTvisos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva rolebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> qcevis tipebi.<br />

genderul identifikaciaze <strong>da</strong> tipirebaze <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>kulturuli</strong> faqtorebis<br />

mniSvnelovan zegavlenas a<strong>da</strong>stureben sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva avtorTa mier Catarebul kroskulturul<br />

kvlevebi. marTalia, yvela es kvleva <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>swavlis Teoriis farglebSi<br />

ar Catarebula, magram TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgens bavSvebis genderul identifikaciaze<br />

<strong>da</strong> tipirebaze <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>kulturuli</strong> faqtorebis zegavlenis ilustracias.<br />

amdenad, es kvlevebi socialur-kognituri Teoriis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebel sabu-<br />

22

Tebad SeiZleba miviCnioT.<br />

amgvarad, socialur-kognituri Teoria xazs usvams <strong>kulturuli</strong> Zalebis mniSvnelobas<br />

bavSvebis mier genderuli identifikaciisa <strong>da</strong> genderul-roluri orientaciebis<br />

aTvisebaSi. socialur-kognituri Teoria <strong>socialuri</strong> gavlenebis Teoriaa. igi<br />

genderul identifikaciasa <strong>da</strong> genderul tipirebas ganixilavs ara rogorc<br />

biologiurad determinirebuls, aramed rogorc bavSvisa <strong>da</strong> misi garemos (mSoblebi,<br />

momvlelebi, media, skola, Tanatolebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.) yoveldRiuri interaqciis Sedegs.<br />

amasTan, am Teoriis mixedviT, genderuli identifikacia <strong>da</strong> tipireba imdenad <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

garemos mxri<strong>da</strong>n ganxorcielebuli uSualo (pir<strong>da</strong>piri) ganmtkicebis Sedegi ki<br />

ar aris, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c SesaZlo qcevis Rirebulebis, misi ganmtkicebis SesaZleblobis<br />

kognituri Sefasebis Sedegia. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, am Teoriis farglebSi<br />

Semotanilia specifikuri struqtura — kognituri modeli, romelic gamocdilebis<br />

procesSi modelirebuli qcevebis verbaluri <strong>da</strong> xatovani reprezentaciebis saxiT<br />

inaxeba mexsierebaSi. es kognituri modeli, romelsac prototipis saxe aqvs,<br />

genderuli identifikaciis meqanizmis erT-erTi rgolia: igi momavali qcevis Sefasebis<br />

nimuSad gamoiyeneba.<br />

socialur-kogniturma Teoriam didi zegavlena moaxdina genderuli kvlevebis<br />

ganviTarebaze. gansakuTrebiT didia misi wvlili am TvalsazrisiT empiriuli masalis<br />

mopovebaSi. kerZod ki, genderuli identifikaciis procesSi <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>kulturuli</strong><br />

faqtorebis zegavlenis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebeli empiriuli monacemebis <strong>da</strong>grovebaSi.<br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s gageba kognituri ganviTarebis TeoriaSi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Teoria,<br />

romelic exeba genderul-roluri orientacis aTvisebas, aris kognituri ganviTarebis<br />

Teoria. igi efuZneba Jan piaJes gamokvlevebs. man <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura, rom bavSvebi gadian<br />

kognituri ganviTarebis etapebs. gamokvlevebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, man aCvena, rom zogierTi<br />

koncefciis gaazreba bavSvisaTvis SeuZlebelia, sanam igi ar miaRwevs ganviTarebis<br />

garkveul kognitur etaps. bavSvis mier sakuTari sqesis gagebac icleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

etapze. l. kolbergis (Kohlberg) kognituri ganviTarebis koncefciis mixedviT, genderuli<br />

identifikacia <strong>da</strong> genderul-roluri orientaciebis aTviseba aris bavSvis <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> fizikuri samyaros aqriuri Seqmnis, Camoyalibebis (struqturirebis) Sedegi.<br />

bavSvebi mudmivad ikvleven garemos, cdiloben mis gaazrebas <strong>da</strong> am procesSi isini<br />

aqtiurad ageben axal <strong>da</strong> ufro rTul struqturebs, romlebic garemosTan kontaqtis<br />

saSualebas iZlevian. amgvarad, es Teoria xazs usvams garegani faqtorebis rols sqesobriv-roluri<br />

orientaciis <strong>for</strong>mirebaSi. Tumca am faqtorebis zegavlena ganisaz-<br />

Rvreba bavSvis kognituri struqturebis <strong>for</strong>mirebiT. bavSvebi gadian Tavis ganviTarebaSi<br />

sqesTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis aTvisebis gansazRvrul etapebs <strong>da</strong> maT<br />

mier SeZenili gamocdileba struqturirdeba gagebis misawvdomi donis Sesabamisad.<br />

arsebuli empiriuli monacemebi a<strong>da</strong>sturebs, rom kognituri ganviTarebis<br />

faqtorebi dominantur rols TamaSoben genderuli warmodgenebis <strong>for</strong>mirebis<br />

procesSi. ase magaliTad, 2-3 wlis bavSvi swor pasuxebs iZleva sakuTar sqesTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT <strong>da</strong>smul kiTxvaze. Tumca bavSvs sjera, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebs SeuZliaT sakuTari<br />

sqesis Tmis varcxnilobasTan an tansacmelTan erTad Secvla.<br />

slebi <strong>da</strong> frei (Slaby & Frey) gamoyofen amerikeli bavSvebis mier sqesTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebis gagebis oTx dones. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad bavSvebi ar ansxvaveben<br />

sqesebs, meore etapze bavSvebi iwyeben sqesTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli kategoriebis gamoyenebas,<br />

magram isini efuZnebian ze<strong>da</strong>pirul fizikur maxasiaTeblebs. bolo or etapze,<br />

romelic <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 4,5-5 wlis asakSi iwyebs mimdinareobas, bavSvebi Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT<br />

midian imis gagebamde, rom sqesi warmoadgens myar <strong>da</strong> Seucvlel Taviseburebas.<br />

23

. monro, Simini <strong>da</strong> monro (R.H. Munroe, Shimmin & Munroe) ikvlevdnen kulturul<br />

sxvaobebs qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis sqess Soris am oTxi etapis mimdinareobaSi. rogorc<br />

navaraudevi iyo, maRali doneebis (me-3 <strong>da</strong> me-4 done) miRweva Zlierad varireb<strong>da</strong><br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturebis mixedviT. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom genderuli cnebebis<br />

aTviseba ufro nela mimdinareobs im kulturebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c bavSvebs naklebi<br />

urTierTobebi aqvT mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebTan, rac xSirad xdeba<br />

tradiciul kulturebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c bavSvebze zrunviT ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d de<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavebuli.<br />

besim (Bussey) aRmoaCina, rom sqesis Seucvlelobis Sesaxeb warmodgena ar aris<br />

mniSvnelovani wanamZRvari sqesobrivi mikuTvnebulobiT gansazRvruli qcevis<br />

<strong>for</strong>mirebisTvis. biWebis qcevis modeli moicavs 2 process, romelic erTis mxriv,<br />

maskulinuri qcevis aTvisebaSi mdgomareobs, meores mxriv ki feminuri qcevis<br />

miuReblobaSi. gogonebisTvis analogiuri modeli moicavs mxolod erT process:<br />

qalTa sqesTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli qcevis aTvisebas, sawinaaRmdego sqesis qcevis ar miRebis<br />

gareSe. amis Sedegad, patara gogonebisTvis qala-biWa qceva sruliad misaRebia, maSin<br />

roca `dedikos Svilis~ qceva miuRebelia biWisTvis.<br />

genderuli rolebi yalibdeba qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis sqesebs Soris gansxvavebis<br />

Sesaxeb stereotipuli <strong>kulturuli</strong> Sexedulebebis konteqstSi. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs,<br />

rom bavSvebs cxovrebis pirvel or weliwadSi uyalibdebaT qalur <strong>da</strong> mamakacur<br />

sawyisTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli stereotipebi, xolo ukve 3-4 wlis asakSi bavSvebi am<br />

stereotipebs iyeneben saTamaSoebis kategoriis, saqmianobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxisa <strong>da</strong><br />

profesiebis gansasazRvrad. gamokvlevebis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>, agreTve, rom bavSvebis<br />

mier im stereotipebis aTviseba, romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia saTamaSoebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

moRvaweobis sferoebis genderul <strong>da</strong>yofasTan, win uswrebs qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis<br />

xasiaTis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb stereotipuli Sexedulebebis SeTvisebas.<br />

kolbergis kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriis mixedviT, zedmet <strong>da</strong>jildoebebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>sjas ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba ara aqvs genderul tipirebis procesSi. <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>sja <strong>da</strong> waxaliseba am Teoriis farglebSi gzamkvlevebis rols asruleben bavSvis<br />

kignituri ganviTarebis procesSi. amdenad, kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriis<br />

principebi ar uaryofs <strong>da</strong>swavlis Teorias, aramed avsebs mas.<br />

kolbergis mixedviT, genderuli identifikacia genderul-roluri orientaciebis<br />

aTvisebis Sedegia. sanam bavSvi miaRwevs stabilur genderul identifikacias, man un<strong>da</strong><br />

moaxdinos sakuTari Tavis socializacia Sesatyvis genderul rolTan, radgan is<br />

motivirebulia iyos kargi gogo an kargi biWi. gogonebisaTvis es imas niSnavs, rom<br />

feminurobis misaRwevad maT jer un<strong>da</strong> moaxdinon feminurobis rolis identifikacia.<br />

Tumca feminuri roli sazogadoebaSi naklebad prestiJulia, vidre — maskulinuri.<br />

rodesac gogonebi ecnobian feminurobisa <strong>da</strong> maskulinobis kategoriebs, maT aseve<br />

un<strong>da</strong> gaacnobieron maTi upiretesobebi. rogor xdeba, rom gogonebi irCeven <strong>da</strong><br />

iTviseben sakuTar sazogadoebaSi ara<strong>da</strong>fasebul rols? kolbergi varaudobs, rom<br />

gogonebi feminurobaSi pouloben iseT aspeqtebs (mag. sinaze), romlebic urCevniaT<br />

maskulinur aspeqtebs (mag. agresia). gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, asakiT ufros qalebs ufro meti<br />

Zalaufleba aqvT, vidre patara gogonebs <strong>da</strong> esec SeiZleba gaxdes maTTan<br />

identifikaciis mizezi.<br />

androginiis koncefcia. sqesis identiikaciisa <strong>da</strong> tipirebis Sesaxeb arsebuli<br />

Sexedulebebis umravlesoba feminurobasa <strong>da</strong> maskulinobas ganixilavs, rogorc<br />

kontiniumis or urTierTsawinaaRmdego poluss. am Teoriebis farglebSi a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />

SeiZleba iyos maskulinuri an feminuri, magram ara orive erTdroulad, radgan ufro<br />

metad maskulinoba niSnavs ufro nakleb feminurobas. es debuleba efuZneba<br />

24

feminuroba-maskulinobis mraval tests. amgvarad, pirovnebis tradiciuli Teoriebi<br />

iziareben tradiciuli genderuli tipirebis universalurobis ideas. amis gamo,<br />

nebismieri bavSvi, romelic ar avlen<strong>da</strong> genderulad tipirebul qcevas, ganixilebo<strong>da</strong><br />

rogorc normi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>xra. tradiciuli fsiqologiuri Terapia exmareba maT genderuli<br />

rolebis morgebaSi. pirovnebis Teoriebis mixedviT, genderuli ganviTareba<br />

mTavrdeba maSin, roca aSkarad vlindeba agresiuli domonanturi mamakacoba <strong>da</strong> nazi,<br />

pasiuri qaloba.<br />

Tumca arseboben iseTi a<strong>da</strong>mianebic, romlebsa TiTqmis erTnairad axasiaTebT<br />

maskulinobisa <strong>da</strong> feminurobis niSnebi. magaliTad, qali, romlic aTleturi<br />

aRnagobisaa <strong>da</strong> uyvars bavSvebi an mamakaci, romelic gulCvilia <strong>da</strong> gulkeTilia <strong>da</strong><br />

amavdroulad kargad aqvs ganviTarebuli logikuri azrovneba.<br />

bolo periodSi genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebasTan erTad <strong>da</strong>grov<strong>da</strong> didi<br />

empiriuli masala <strong>da</strong> gaCn<strong>da</strong> mravali alternatiuli Sexeduleba genderuli<br />

identifikaciisa <strong>da</strong> tipirebis Sesaxeb.<br />

erT-erTi aseT axali midgomaa androginiis koncefcia. androginia — sityva, romel-<br />

Sic erTmaneTs erwymis berZnuli andro (kaci) <strong>da</strong> gyn (qali), aRniSnavs maskulinobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

feminurobis balanss a<strong>da</strong>mianSi. am koncefciis fesvebi klasikuri miTologii<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

literaturi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> religii<strong>da</strong>n modis. fsiqologiaSi es idea gamoyenebuli iqna iungis<br />

(Jung) animas koncefciaSi (kacSi feminuri nawili) <strong>da</strong> animusis koncefciaSi<br />

(maskulinuri nawili qalSi). iungs miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom pirovnebis srulyofilebisaTvis<br />

aucilebelia am ori nawilis erTianoba.<br />

gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisis feministuri moZraobis erT-erTi idea<br />

gaxl<strong>da</strong>T azri imis Sesaxeb, rom tradiciuli genderuli rolebi aferxeben pirovnul<br />

ganviTarebas <strong>da</strong> masSi Cadebul potencials. am ideam safuZveli Cauyara sandra bemis (S.<br />

Bem) koncefcias androginiis Sesaxeb. androginiis cnebis mixedviT, yovel a<strong>da</strong>mians,<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblad biologiuri sqesisa, SeiZleba hqondes rogorc maskulinobis, aseve<br />

feminurobis Tvisebebi <strong>da</strong> aerTianebdes sakuTar TavSi rogorc tradiciul mamakacur<br />

Tvisebebs, aseve — tradiciul qalur niSnebs. es a<strong>da</strong>mianebs saSualebas aZlevs naklebad<br />

mkacrad <strong>da</strong>icvan genderul-roluri normebi <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflad ga<strong>da</strong>inacvlon<br />

tradiciuli qaluri saqmianobi<strong>da</strong>n tradiciul mamakacur saqmianobaze.<br />

amgvarad, androginiis idea kvlav gacocxl<strong>da</strong> feministi fsiqologebis gamokvlevebis<br />

Sedegad. fsiqologiuri androginia aris iseTi fsiqologiuri niSnebis balansi,<br />

romlebic maskulinurad an feminurad arian stereotipizebuli. androginiis gansaz-<br />

RvrebasTan erTad, es koncefcia gansazRvravs imasac, Tu ra ar aris androginia: 1)<br />

androginia ar aris qalTa liberaluri pozicia sazogadoebaSi. a<strong>da</strong>miani SeiZleba<br />

miiCnevdes sakuTar Tavs, rogorc sazogadoebaSi naklebad genderulad tipizebuls<br />

sxvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong> amavdroulad, gaaCndes genderTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli tradiciuli<br />

Sexedulebebi; 2) androginia ar aris seqsualur orientaciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. homoseqsualuri<br />

an biseqsualuri orientacia aris a<strong>da</strong>mianis seqsualuri midrekilebebis<br />

<strong>for</strong>ma, rac aranair kavSirSi ar aris fsiqologiuri androginiasTan <strong>da</strong> bolos 3) androginia<br />

ar aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli fizikur, seqsualur an masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul<br />

maxasiaTeblebTan.<br />

s. bemma SeimuSava specialuri kiTxvari maskulinobisa <strong>da</strong> feminurobis gansazRvrisaTvis.<br />

amasTan am kiTxvarSi feminuroba <strong>da</strong> maskulinoba moiazrebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc<br />

erTmaneTisgan <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli pirovnebis ganzomilebebi. misi kiTxvaris mixedviT,<br />

qalebisa <strong>da</strong> kacebis gazomva SesaZlebelia <strong>da</strong>bali <strong>da</strong> maRali gamoxatulebis oTxi<br />

Semdegi parametris mixedviT: maskulinoba, feminuroba, androginia, aradiferencirebuloba.<br />

pirovneba fasdeba Zlier maskulinurad, Tu igi aRwers sakuTar Tavs,<br />

25

ogorc <strong>da</strong>moukidebels, agresiuls <strong>da</strong> uemocio a<strong>da</strong>mians. pirovneba fasdeba Zlier<br />

feminurad, Tu igi aRwers Tavs, rogorc — <strong>da</strong>ucav <strong>da</strong> naz arsebad. mxolod a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />

mcire jgufi Sefasebul iqna rogorc aradiferencirebuli, maT orive stereotipSi<br />

mcire qulebi <strong>da</strong>agroves. studentTa Soris Catarebuli farTemasStabiani gamokvlevis<br />

Sedegad aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom studentTa 1/3 androginulebi arian.<br />

androginis kvlevebma gviCvenes, rom genderul tipirebaSi arsebobs individualuri<br />

variabilurobis didi raodenoba. amdenad, gasarkvevia sakiTxi, arsebobs Tu ara<br />

androginiasa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis (qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis) qcevas, pirovnul niSnebs, Taviseburebebs,<br />

Sexedulebebsa Tu cxovrebis stils Soris kavSiri. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad mravalricxovani<br />

kvlevebisa, es sakiTxi dRemde erTmniSvnelovnad ar aris ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili.<br />

Tumca un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom gederulad tipirebul <strong>da</strong><br />

androginul a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Soris gansxvaveba arsebobs fleqsibilobaSi. maskulinurad<br />

tipirebuli a<strong>da</strong>miani moxerxebulad grZnobs Tavs situaciaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c saWiroa aqtivoba,<br />

<strong>da</strong>Jineba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba <strong>da</strong> ara sinaze, TanagrZnoba <strong>da</strong> emociuroba. meores mxriv,<br />

feminurad tipirebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebi kom<strong>for</strong>tulad grZnoben Tavs situaciebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

saWiroa interpersonaluri urTierTobebis, sinazis, sikeTis gamovlena. sandra bemma<br />

ivarau<strong>da</strong>, rom androginuli pirovnebebi kom<strong>for</strong>tulad igrZnoben Tavs orive<br />

situaciaSi. androginuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebis Zlieri a<strong>da</strong>ftaciis unari Semowmebuli iqna<br />

mravali kvlevis Sedegad. <strong>da</strong>dgenili iyo, agreTve, androginiis kavSiri maRal<br />

TviTpativiscemis <strong>da</strong> miRwevis motivis maRal xarisxTan.<br />

transcendentuli genderuli tipirebis Teoriebi: genderuli rolis<br />

transcendenciis stadiebis Teoria. genderuli rolis transcendenciis stadiebis<br />

Teoris (Rebecca, Hefner, Oleshancky, Forisha, Sedney) mixedviT, genderulad tipirebuli<br />

qceva <strong>da</strong> azrovneba ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT mxolod Sua stadiaa. igi Camoyalibebulia<br />

magram ar aris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT saboloo wertili. am Sexedulebis<br />

mixedviT, genderuli ganviTarebis sawyisi etapebi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia mowifulobasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> logikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebasTan kolbergis kognituri ganviTarebis<br />

etapebis msgavsad mimdinareoben. bavSvebma Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad <strong>genderi</strong>s arseboba ar<br />

ician (I etapi), Semdeg aqtiurad iTviseben Sesabamis stereotipul rols <strong>da</strong> ukuagdeben<br />

Seusabamos (II etapi). magram genderuli ganviTareba SeiZleba III etapamdec gagrZeldes,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c II etapze miRebuli codnis reorganizacia xdeba unikaluri <strong>da</strong> individualuri<br />

gziT. individi aRar aris <strong>da</strong>R<strong>da</strong>smuli maskulinobisa <strong>da</strong> feminurobis sazogadoebaSi<br />

miRebuli kanonebiT <strong>da</strong> mas SeuZlia gamoamJRavnos sakuTari unikaluri <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebuli<br />

maxasiaTeblebi.<br />

es Teoria androginias ganixilavs, ara rogorc individSi maskulinuri <strong>da</strong> feminuri<br />

niSnebis balanss, aramed rogorc pirovnebis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisa <strong>da</strong> Camoyalibebis process,<br />

romelic orientirebulia TviTaqtualizaciaze. genderul-rolurad transcendentulma<br />

pirovnebam SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>agrovos maskulinuri, feminuri an androginuli qulebi,<br />

magram es ganzomilebebi irelevanturni iyvnen misi identurobis mimarT.<br />

transcedentuli a<strong>da</strong>miani arc feminuria <strong>da</strong> arc maskulinuri maskulinoba an<br />

feminuroba, erTad an cal-calke ar arian transcedentuli pirovnebis samyaros<br />

nawili.<br />

transcedencia miCneulia genderuli rolis swavlis (aTvisebis) umaRles etapad.<br />

igi gulisxmobs sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> me-s (selfis) resinTezirebas <strong>da</strong> reintegracias.<br />

amgvarad, kognitur <strong>da</strong> emociur mowifulobas a<strong>da</strong>miani, rogorc wesi, ver aRwevs<br />

zr<strong>da</strong>srulobamde. iseTi bavSvebic ki, romelTa mSoblebi tradiciuli genderuli<br />

rolebis transcendencias axdenen, ar amJRavneben TavianT androginul zr<strong>da</strong>s, sanam ar<br />

26

gaivlian gederuli tipirebis 2 etaps. I- <strong>da</strong>n II-ze ga<strong>da</strong>svla <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia socialur<br />

zewolasTan. II-<strong>da</strong>n III etapze ga<strong>da</strong>svlis dros ki <strong>socialuri</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera Zalian sustia<br />

<strong>da</strong> swored amitomaa, rom arc ise bevri a<strong>da</strong>miani axerxebs <strong>genderi</strong>T gansazRvruli<br />

qcevisa <strong>da</strong> azrovnebis transcedencias. magram isini vinc amas axerxeben, srulfasovan<br />

pirovnebebad yalibdebian.<br />

am TeoriaSi nacadia genderuli tipirebis problemis ganxilva pirovnebis Teoriis<br />

WrilSi, romelic iTvaliswinebs, rogorc <strong>socialuri</strong> garemos zegavlenas, aseve —<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebsac. mniSvnelovania, rom es Teoria moicavs,<br />

ara mxolod genderuli identifikaciisa <strong>da</strong> tipirebis zogad kanonzomierebebs<br />

(rogorc es aqamde ganxilul TeoriebSi iyo), aramed xazs usvams pirovnuli arCevanis<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis rols genderuli tipirebis procesSi. amdenad, TviTon tipirebasac<br />

igi rogorc e.w. yalibs ki ar ganixilavs, romelic uSvebs feminuri, maskulinuri an<br />

Tun<strong>da</strong>c androginuli <strong>da</strong> aradiferencirebuli tipis arsebobas, aramed am <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

yalibis modificirebas pirovnuli interesebis, motivebis <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebis<br />

WrilSi. sxvagavrad rom vTqvaT, es Teoria iTvaliswinebs pirovnebaTSoris individualur<br />

gansxvavebebs. swored amitom igi metad mniSvnelovania genderuli kvlevebis<br />

ganviTarebisaTvis. magram, gender-roluri transcendenciis stadiebis Teoria Zalian<br />

zogadia <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis ganviTarebis ufro fun<strong>da</strong>mentur principebs gamoxatavs. misi<br />

naklia empiriuli masalaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT gamovlenili ZiriTadi principebis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebel<br />

konkretuli kanonzomierebebis ararseboba. am Teoriis farglebSi ar aris<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili, agreTve, genderuli cnobierebis (genderulad normatiulad tipirebulis<br />

Tu transcendentulis), rogorc <strong>konstruqti</strong>s raobisa <strong>da</strong> misi moqmedebis<br />

meqanizmebis problema. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, swored genderuli tipirebisa <strong>da</strong> genderuli<br />

rolis transcendenturma midgomam <strong>da</strong>sva mecnierTa winaSe genderTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis <strong>da</strong> misi gamoyenebis sakiTxi. am sakiTxze pasuxis gacema<br />

nacadia genderuli sqemis TeoriaSi.<br />

genderuli sqemis Teoria. genderuli sqemis TeoriaSi <strong>genderi</strong> ganxiluli iqna<br />

rogorc kognituri kategoria.<br />

movlenebis ubralo gagebac <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia mexsierebaSi codnis didi raodenobiT<br />

arsebobaze. sqemis kognituri Teoriis mixedviT, martivi wina<strong>da</strong>debis gasaazrebla<strong>da</strong>c<br />

ki aucilebelia, rom am wina<strong>da</strong>debis Sinaarsi gavataroT sqemaSi. sqemebi SeiZleba iyos<br />

globaluri <strong>da</strong> ufro specifikuri. in<strong>for</strong>maciis gageba xdeba Sinaarsis swor sqemasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebisa <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebis gziT.<br />

sxva sqemebis msgavsad, <strong>genderi</strong>s sqema aris zogadi codnis asociaciebis qseli,<br />

romelsac individi iyenebs gagebisa <strong>da</strong> azrovnebis procesSi. am Teoriis mixedviT,<br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s sqemis Seswavla iwyeba adreul bavSvobaSi. sqema exmareba a<strong>da</strong>mians gaxdes<br />

genderulad tipirebuli. genderuli tipireba Sedegia a<strong>da</strong>mianis mzadyofnis ga<strong>da</strong>amuSaos<br />

in<strong>for</strong>macia genderuli sqemis safuZvelze. me-koncefcia asimilirdeba<br />

genderul sqemasTan. genderuli sqemis Teoriis avtori s. bemi aRniSnavs, rom `rodesac<br />

bavSvebi swavloben sazogadoebis genderul sqemas, isini swavloben agreTve, Tu<br />

romeli atributi un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli maT sqesTan <strong>da</strong> masaSa<strong>da</strong>me, maTTan~.<br />

genderuli sqemis Teoriis mixedviT, genderuli tipireba aris samyaros Sesaxeb<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis genderuli terminebiT ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis mzadyofna. ase, rom genderulad<br />

Zlierad <strong>da</strong> sustad tipirebul a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom maT aqvT<br />

Sesabamisad metad an naklebad ganviTarebuli genderuli sqema. genderulad Zlierad<br />

tipirebul a<strong>da</strong>mianebs aqvT mzadyofna samyaros Sesaxeb codna genderuli sqemis<br />

mixedviT ga<strong>da</strong>amuSaon. bemis sityvebiT, maT genderuli linzebi ukeTiaT. genderulad<br />

sustad tipirebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ki in<strong>for</strong>maciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebisas ufro metad sxva<br />

27

sqemebs eyrdnobian.<br />

am Teoriis mixedviT, a<strong>da</strong>mianebis umravlesobas aqvs mdi<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> mravalferovani<br />

genderuli sqemebi. genderul sqemasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia iseTi koncefciebic, romlebic<br />

SeiZleba meta<strong>for</strong>ulad ukavSirdebodes genders (iseTebi, rogoricaa, ferebis<br />

genderuli aRqma, mTvaris am mzis genderuli gaazreba <strong>da</strong> sxv.).<br />

genderuli sqemis Teoriis mixedviT, arsebuli sxvaobebi in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebaSi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia a<strong>da</strong>mianTa genderulad tipirebis xarisxTan.<br />

genderuli rolis transcendenciis stadiebis Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT genderuli<br />

sqemis Teoria ar aRiarebs genderuli tipirebis maRal xarisxs momwifebis ganuyofel<br />

nawilad. am Teoriis mixedviT, bavSvebi ufro genderulad tipirebulni xdebian,<br />

radgan ufrosebi aswavlian maT samyaros sqesis mixedviT <strong>da</strong>yofas. saxlSi, gogonebs<br />

eZaxian `lamazs~ <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, bavSvebSi silamazis cneba qalebTanaa<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. skolaSi, xSirad biWebi erT rigSi arian gamwkrivebulni, gogonebi ki —<br />

meoreSi. am Teoriis mixedviT, ufrosebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n aseTi qceva iwvevs genderuli sqemis<br />

ganviTarebas bavSvebSi. socializaciis mniSvneloba xazgasmulia genderuli sqemis<br />

TeoriaSi im debulebiTac, romlis mixedviTac, bavSvebis aRzr<strong>da</strong> SesaZlebelia ise, rom<br />

minimumamde <strong>da</strong>viyvanoT genderuli sqema <strong>da</strong> Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aviciloT genderuli<br />

stereotipuli azrovneba.<br />

amgvarad, sqema Sexedulebebis kompleqsia, romelic gamoiyeneba in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />

organizebisTvis, axali in<strong>for</strong>maciis filtraciisTvis <strong>da</strong> kognituri moRvaweobis<br />

mimarTulebis micemisTvis. genderuli sqemis Teoria varaudobs, rom genderuli<br />

prioriteti konkretuli kulturis sazRvrebSi in<strong>for</strong>maciis organizaciis<br />

safuZvelia.<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, genderuli sqemis Teoria kognituri ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> socialurkognituri<br />

Teoriis modifikaciaa.<br />

amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom genderuli sqemis Teoria erTaderTi fsiqologiuri<br />

Teoriaa, romlic ara mxolod bavSvebis mier genderuli identifikaciisa <strong>da</strong><br />

genderuli tipirebis procesis meqanizmebs swavlobs, aramed im kognituri struqturebis<br />

Camoyalibebisa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis meqanizmebsac, romlebic genderuli identifikaciisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> tipirebis Sedegad yalibdeba cnobierebaSi. sxvagavarad rom vTqvaT,<br />

genderuli sqemis Teoria mimarTulia axsnas genderuli cnobierebis meqanizmebic.<br />

genderuli sqemis Teoria gamoyofs genderuli identifikaciisa <strong>da</strong> tipirebis or<br />

ZiriTad socialur-fsiqologiur meqanizms. es aris normatiuli <strong>da</strong> in<strong>for</strong>maciuli<br />

zewola. termini `normatiuli~ zewola aRwers meqanizms, Tu rogor xdeba a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

`iZuleba~ Seewyos sazogadoebriv an jgufur molodinebs, raTa sazogadoebam ar<br />

uaryos igi. `normatiuli~ zewolis meqanizmi am sazogadoebaSi miRebuli qcevis<br />

normebis waxalisebaSi <strong>da</strong> am sazogadoebaSi miuRebeli qcevis normebis e.w. `<strong>da</strong>sjaSi~<br />

gamoixateba. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom genderuli rolis Seusabamo qceva<br />

gansakuTrebul zians ayenebs popularobas biWebs Soris <strong>da</strong> rom mSoblebi uaryofiTad<br />

reagireben TavianTi bavSvebis im TamaSebze, romlebic <strong>da</strong>maxasiTebelia sawinaaRmdego<br />

sqesisaTvis. ase magaliTad, Tu biWi TojinebiT TamaSobs, mas de<strong>da</strong> eubneba - `ara<br />

grcxvenia, gogo xom ara xar?!~, xolo <strong>da</strong>narCeni bavSvebi <strong>da</strong>scinian <strong>da</strong> qalaCunas<br />

eZaxian. Tu gogona saxls ar alagebs an Tavis nivTebs yris, mSoblebi mas xSirad ase<br />

mimarTaven - `sircxvilia, Sen xom gogo xar <strong>da</strong> mowesrigrbuli un<strong>da</strong> iyo~ <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciul zewolaSi moiazreba is, rom a<strong>da</strong>miani afarToebs ra Tavis codnas<br />

sakuTari Tavis <strong>da</strong> samyaros Sesaxeb, amave dros, igebs imasac, Tu ra pozicia un<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>iWiros ama Tu im socialur sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, Tu ra poziciaa miRebuli <strong>da</strong><br />

mowonebuli mis sazogadoebaSi. am SemTxvevaSi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d eyrdnobian ara<br />

28

sakuTar gamocdilebas, Sexedulebas, pirad azrs an intesess, aramed in<strong>for</strong>macias,<br />

romelsac iReben sxvebisgan. ase magaliTad, bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> mozardebi mSoblebisgan, naTesavebisgan<br />

an sxva avtoritetuli pirovnebebisgan (an jgufebisagan) arkveven, Tu<br />

rogor un<strong>da</strong> moiqcnen ama Tu im cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, magaliTad, qorwilSi,<br />

panaSvidze <strong>da</strong> sxva mraval yofiT situaciaSi, romelic a<strong>da</strong>mianTa urTierTobebs<br />

moicavs.<br />

marTalia, a<strong>da</strong>mianebi TviTon qmnian socialur normebs, Rirebulebebs, wes-Cveulebebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> a.S., magram, amave dros, TiToeuli a<strong>da</strong>miani akvirdeba sxvas <strong>da</strong> Tavis qcevas<br />

afasebs marTebulad manam, sanam igi Tavisi relevanturi jgufis msgavsad iqceva. amas<br />

<strong>socialuri</strong> Semowmeba hqvia.<br />

amgvarad, <strong>genderi</strong> Zlieri zegavlenis qveS imyofeba rogorc <strong>kulturuli</strong> normebis<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n, romelic adgens, Tu ra un<strong>da</strong> gaakeTon mamakacebma <strong>da</strong> qalebma, aseve<br />

<strong>socialuri</strong> in<strong>for</strong>maciis mxri<strong>da</strong>nac, romelic STaagonebs a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, Tu raoden didi<br />

gansxvavebaa qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris. genderul-roluri socializacia procesia,<br />

romlis drosac a<strong>da</strong>mianebi swavloben, Tu ra aris socialurad miRebuli qalebisTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong> ra — mamakacebisTvis.<br />

S. berns <strong>genderi</strong>s, rogorc kognituri kategoriis sailustraciod moyavs Semdegi<br />

magaliTi: erTxel mxatvarma <strong>da</strong>xata patara komiqsi: ori personaJi sicivisgan<br />

gawiTlebuli yurebiT dgas quCaSi zamTris civ amindSi. erTi ambobs: `raSi mWirdeba<br />

qudi, me sicivis ar meSinia~. meore ki pasuxobs: `me quds ar vatareb, radgan<br />

varcxnilobas mifuWebs~. <strong>da</strong>smul kiTxvaze, Tu romeli maTgania gogo <strong>da</strong> romeli — biWi,<br />

bernis azriT, pasuxis gacema aravis ar gauWirdeba, radgan orive fraza asaxavs<br />

saerTod miRebul stereotips.<br />

Siga<strong>da</strong>Sig Cven vxvdebiT a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, romelTa sqesis gansazRvrac gviWirs. Cveulebriv<br />

aseTi situaciebi garkveuli <strong>da</strong>fiqrebisa <strong>da</strong> msjelobis sagani xdeba xolme.<br />

berns moyavs Tavisi TanamSromlis klifis magaliTi, romelic studentobis dros<br />

restoranSi muSaob<strong>da</strong> oficiantad. igi specialurad icvam<strong>da</strong> iubkas, frCxilebze<br />

isvam<strong>da</strong> laqs <strong>da</strong> ikeTeb<strong>da</strong> makiaJs. garSemomyofi a<strong>da</strong>mianebis umravlesobas ar SeeZlo am<br />

ambis mSvi<strong>da</strong>d yureba. bernis azriT, amis mizezi klifis mier sazogadoebaSi miRebuli<br />

normebis <strong>da</strong>rRveva ki ar iyo, aramed is, rom maT ar icodnen, rogor moqceuliyvnen<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianTan, romlis sqesic gaurkvevelia.<br />

fsiqologebis krosis <strong>da</strong> markusis (Cross, Markus) azriT, aseTi SemTxvevebi<br />

gansakuTrebuli interesis Rirsia, radgan isini xazs usvamen <strong>genderi</strong>s, rogorc<br />

<strong>socialuri</strong> kategoriis mniSvnelobas. maT magaliTad moyavT gaurkveveli sqesis mqone<br />

petis istoria satelevizio Sou<strong>da</strong>n. isini aRniSnaven, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic<br />

naxulobdnen scenebs am personaJis monawileobiT, ganicdidnen Sinagan diskom<strong>for</strong>ts,<br />

radgan ar icodnen, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> aReqvaT am a<strong>da</strong>mianis qceva misi genderuli<br />

mikuTvnobulobis Sesaxeb in<strong>for</strong>maciis ararsebobis gamo.<br />

imisaTvis, rom gasagebi gaxdes, Tu ra didi miSvneloba aqvs genders a<strong>da</strong>mianis Sesaxeb<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebisas, genderuli sqemis Teoriis warmomadgenlebi aRniSnaven,<br />

rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ar aqceven yuradRebas a<strong>da</strong>mianis Tvalebis an Tmis fers, aviwydebaT Tu<br />

rogor iyo igi Cacmuli, an ra erqva mas, magram praqtikulad yovelTvis axsovT qali iyo es<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani Tu kaci. magaliTad, greidim (Grady) <strong>da</strong>adgina, rom metros mgzavrebi, romlebsac<br />

sTxovdnen aReweraT molare, romelmac maT bileTi miyi<strong>da</strong>, pirvel rigSi an meoreSi mainc,<br />

asaxelebdnen mis sqess. amgvarad, am tipis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebebze <strong>da</strong> eqsperimentebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT,<br />

genderuli sqemis Teoris warmomadgenlebi asabuTeben, rom sqesi warmoadgens<br />

umniSvnelovanes socialur kategorias, romlis saSualebiTac Cven vaxdenT garSemomyofi<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianebis Sesaxeb in<strong>for</strong>maciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebas.<br />

29

am TeoriaSi, iseve, rogorc zoga<strong>da</strong>d kognitur fsiqologiaSi, ismeba sakiTxi<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis sistemebis gamtarunarianobisa <strong>da</strong> in<strong>for</strong>maciis kodirebis<br />

Sesaxeb. sqemis Teoriis warmomadgenlebi aRiareben fsiqikuri energiis ekonomizmis<br />

princips <strong>da</strong> aRniSnaven, rom Cven ar vaxdenT mTeli Semosuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebas. Cveni samyaro savsea a<strong>da</strong>mianTa, saganTa <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvar situaciaTa<br />

uTvalavi raodenobiT. Cven SeiZleba gavgiJebuliyaviT, rom SegvemCnia <strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>gvemuSavebina Semosuli sruli in<strong>for</strong>macia gamonaklisis gareSe. sinamdvileSi Cven<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>vamuSavebT mxolod imas, rasac vamCnevT. magram ra gvaiZulebs yuradReba<br />

mivaqcioT swored am movlenebs? kognituri sqemis Teoria am sakiTxze pasuxis<br />

gasacemad gamoyofs iseT parametrebs, rogoricaa zoma, feri, intensivoba <strong>da</strong> siaxle<br />

(uCveuloba). amave dros, aranakleb rols TamaSobs a<strong>da</strong>mianis wina gamocdilebac <strong>da</strong><br />

agreTve, a<strong>da</strong>mianis gaTviTcnobierebuloba imaSi, Tu ra aris mniSvnelovani mocemul<br />

situaciaSi <strong>da</strong> ra — ara (sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, codna imisa, Tu ramdenad<br />

mniSvnelovania, ramdenad Rirebulia ama Tu im in<strong>for</strong>maciis (an parametris) SemCneva <strong>da</strong><br />

am situaciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis saerTo kognitur procesSi CarTva). imisaTvis, rom Cveni<br />

mravalsaxovani gare samyaro <strong>da</strong>viyvanoT kogniturad aRqmad <strong>for</strong>mamde, Cven<br />

vanawilebT Semosul in<strong>for</strong>macias calkeul kategoriebad. amgvarad <strong>for</strong>mirdeba<br />

gansakuTrebuli kognituri kategoriebi, romlebsac sqemebs uwodeben. sqemebi<br />

gavlenas axdenen imaze, Tu rogor xdeba Semosuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis aRqma, Senaxva <strong>da</strong><br />

aRdgena. mokled, sqemebi warmarTaven in<strong>for</strong>maciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis process. fiskesa <strong>da</strong><br />

teiloris (Fiske & Taylor) mixedviT, Cveulebriv, Cven gvaqvs winaswar momzadebuli<br />

kognituri kategoriebi <strong>socialuri</strong> situaciebis (movlenebis sqemebi) umravlesobisTvis,<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianebisaTvis, romlebsac vicnobT (pirovnuli sqemebi) <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

jgufebisaTvis, romelTa identifikaciac <strong>genderi</strong>s, eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis <strong>da</strong><br />

moRvaweobis saxeebis (roluri sqemebi) safuZvelze xdeba. msgavsi kategoriebi<br />

marTaven a<strong>da</strong>mianebisa <strong>da</strong> situaciebis Sesaxeb Semomavali in<strong>for</strong>maciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebas.<br />

amgvarad, genderuli sqemis Teoria <strong>genderi</strong>s struqturirebaSi iTvaliswinebs<br />

rogorc <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> kulturul faqtorebs, aseve kognituri ganviTarebis<br />

SesaZleblobebsa <strong>da</strong> kognituri funqciebis Taviseburebebs. amitom, erTi SexedviT, es<br />

Teoria universalura<strong>da</strong>c SeiZleba mogveCvenos. magram Tu yuradRebiT gavaanalizebT<br />

mas, aRmovaCenT, rom igi adekvaturad ver asaxavs <strong>genderi</strong>s, rogorc socialur<strong>kulturuli</strong><br />

<strong>konstruqti</strong>s raobas. saqme isaa, rom sqemis Teoriis mixedviT, <strong>genderi</strong><br />

kognituri kategoriaa <strong>da</strong> amdenad, igi mxolod codnis matarebeli <strong>konstruqti</strong>a.<br />

sinamdvileSi ki <strong>genderi</strong> moicavs emociur, SefasebiT <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebasac, romelic<br />

mWidrod aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli Sinaarsobriv mxaresTan <strong>da</strong> Rrma mTlian pirovnebiseul<br />

xasiaTs atarebs.<br />

es Teoria ver iTvaliswinebs, agreTve, genderuli cnobierebis Camoyalibebis<br />

aracnobier meqanizmebsac. saqme isaa, <strong>genderi</strong>s <strong>konstruqti</strong> (iqneba es genderuli<br />

Rirebulebebi, stereotipebi Tu sxv. ) umeteswilad a<strong>da</strong>mianebis mier cxovrebiseuli<br />

gamocdilebis SeZenis procesSi yalibdeba <strong>da</strong> igi xSirad aracnobieri swavlis Sedegia.<br />

saleqcio kursis bolos studentebs miecemaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:<br />

genderuli identifikacia — sakuTari Tavis ama Tu im sqesisadmi mikuTvnebuloba.<br />

genderuli tipireba - procesi, romelic mdedrsa <strong>da</strong> mamrs gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis feminur an<br />

maskulinur arsebad (e.i. qalad <strong>da</strong> mamakacad) cnobilia, rogorc sqesad tipirebis (an<br />

genderuli tipirebis) procesi.<br />

30

modelireba — swavlis <strong>for</strong>ma sxvis swor qcevaze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis saSualebiT.<br />

prototipi - prototipis cneba farTed gamoiyeneba kognitur fsiqologiaSi, kerZod,<br />

ki in<strong>for</strong>maciis amocnobis, ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebisa <strong>da</strong> Senaxvis modelebSi. prototipi<br />

warmoadgens ama Tu im obieqtis (an movlenis) arsebiTi niSnebis krebuls, romelic<br />

saukeTesod <strong>da</strong> srulad asaxavs am obieqtebs (an movlenebs) an maT klasebs. in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />

identifikacia anu `kognituri Zieba~ Semosuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis prototipTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebis<br />

gziT mimdinareobs.<br />

androginia - androginiis cnebis mixedviT, yovel a<strong>da</strong>mians, <strong>da</strong>moukideblad<br />

biologiuri sqesisa, SeiZleba hqondes rogorc maskulinobis, aseve feminurobis<br />

Tvisebebi <strong>da</strong> aerTianebdes sakuTar TavSi rogorc tradiciul mamakacur Tvisebebs,<br />

aseve — tradiciul qalur niSnebs.<br />

kognituri modeli — meta<strong>for</strong>a, romelic dfuZnebulia <strong>da</strong>kvirvebebze <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>skvnebze<br />

<strong>da</strong> aRwers in<strong>for</strong>maciis Semosvlis, Senaxvis <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebis procesebs.<br />

kognituri Teoria — Teoria, romelic gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis ga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebel sistemebs. igi a<strong>da</strong>mians ganixilavs rogorc in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebel sistemas.<br />

verbaluri <strong>da</strong> kognituri reprezentaciebi — in<strong>for</strong>maciis Senaxvis <strong>for</strong>ma, romelic<br />

miiReba obieqturi in<strong>for</strong>maciis pirovnuli gamocdilebisa <strong>da</strong> interesebis WrilSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis Sedegad.<br />

genderuli sqema - hipoTeturi kognituri struqtura, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba<br />

genderTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis aRqma, ga<strong>da</strong>muSaveba <strong>da</strong> gamoyeneba.<br />

leqciis Semdeg studentebs <strong>da</strong>evalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil<br />

droSi moamzadon saswavlo kursis riderSi warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis<br />

masalebi.<br />

seminari #2 (Tema # 2 ) — 2 sT<br />

seminarze moxdeba studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia; gaimarTeba<br />

jgufuri diskusia seminaris Temaze. kerZod, <strong>da</strong>smuli iqneba Semdegi tipis kiTxvebi:<br />

1. rogoria froidis mixedviT, genderuli identifikaciis meqanizmi?<br />

2. ra mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> froidis Teorias genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebisTvis?<br />

3. ratom akritikebdnen feministebi froids? rogoria maTi argumentebi?<br />

4. rogoria socialur-kognituri Teoriis mixedviT, genderuli identifikaciisa <strong>da</strong><br />

tipirebis meqanizmi?<br />

5. rogoria socialur-kognituri Teoriis roli <strong>genderi</strong>s, rogorc socialurkognituri<br />

<strong>konstruqti</strong>s Tanamedrove gagebaSi?<br />

6. ratom aris mniSvnelovani kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> kvlevebisTvis kognituri ganviTarebis<br />

Teoria?<br />

7. rogoria androginiis koncefciis mecnieruli <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli mniSvneloba?<br />

8. rogor aris gagebuli genderul-roluri transcendenciis stadiebis TeoriaSi<br />

androginia?<br />

9. ratom aris es Teoria mniSvnelovani genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebisTvis?<br />

10. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs genderul identifikaciisa <strong>da</strong> tipirebis meqanizms<br />

31

genderuli sqemis Teoriis mixedviT?<br />

11. rogor aris gagebuli am TeoriebSi genderuli cnobiereba?<br />

12. seminaris bolos studentebi gaecnobian maskulinoba-feminuribs s. bemis kiTxvaris<br />

principiT i. gendevaniSvilis mier qarTvel studentebze Catarebul gamokvlevis<br />

monacemebs. studentebs saSualeba eqnebaT agreTve, gamoikvlion sakuTari Tavi am<br />

mimarTulebiT.<br />

ZiriTadi literatura:<br />

1. Juanita H. Williams, Psychology of Women, W.W.Norton & Company, N.Y.,1987, gv.: 28-96;<br />

2. genderuli Teoriebis anTologia, Semdgeneli n. berekaSvili, bakur sulakauris<br />

gamomc., 2003, gv: 15-38, 49-60, 63-79;<br />

3. Unger R., Craw<strong>for</strong>d M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University Press,<br />

Philadelphia,1992, gv.: 27-60.<br />

<strong>da</strong>matebiTi literatura:<br />

1. Judith Batler, Gender Trouble, Feminism and the subversion of identity, Routledge, Chapman & Hall,<br />

Inc., 1990, gv.: 35-78;<br />

2. Jacklin, C.N. (1989). Female and male: Issues of Gender. American Psychologist, 44, gv. :127-133;<br />

3. Bussey K. & Bandura, A. (1984). Influence of Gender Constancy and social power on sex-linked<br />

modeling. Journal of Personality and <strong>Social</strong> psychology, 47, gv.:1292-1302;<br />

4. Bern, S. L. (1981). Gender Schema theory: A cognitive account of sex-typing. Psychological Review, 88,<br />

gv.:354-364;<br />

5. Best D. L., Williams I. E. Gender and culture. – in Culture and Psychology, edited by David Matsumoto.<br />

Ox<strong>for</strong>d University press, 2001, gv.: 337–339;<br />

6. Burn S.M. The Socal Psychology of Gender, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1996, T. I, V;<br />

7. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, Second<br />

Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, gv.: 199-204, 218-131;<br />

8. Liben, L.S. & Signorella, M. L. (1980). Gender Related Schemata and constructive memory in Children,<br />

Child Development, 51, gv.:11-17.<br />

32

kvira #3<br />

leqcia—2 sT<br />

Tema #3 - sqesis socializacia <strong>da</strong> misi institutebi.<br />

kulturis roli genderul socializaciaSi.<br />

leqciaze ganxiluli iqneba socializaciis cneba, diferencialuri socializacia<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi meqanizmebi. ganxiluli iqneba, agreTve, socializaciis ZiriTadi institutebi<br />

— ojaxi, mSoblebis qceva, gansxvavebuli samuSaos <strong>da</strong>valeba, bavSvebis movla <strong>da</strong> maTze<br />

zrunva, Tanatolebi, ganaTlebis sistema (saxelmZRvaneloebi, seqsizmi, feisizmi)<br />

masmedia, saTamaSoebi <strong>da</strong> sxv. kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> kvlevebis monacemebi am TvalsazrisiT.<br />

genderuli stereotipebis aTviseba xdeba bavSvobis asaki<strong>da</strong>n socializaciis procesSi.<br />

socializacia gulisxmobs yvela im procesebis erTianobas, romelTa meSveobiTac<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani iTvisebs cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas, swavlobs yoveldRiuri<br />

cxovrebis normebs, stils, wesebs <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebs, romlebic mocemul sazogadoebaSia<br />

miRebuli. socializaciis meqanizmis Sesaswavlad sociologma e. gidensma<br />

Caatara Semdegi saxis eqsperimenti: qalebis jgufs aCvenes vardisfer mosaxvevSi<br />

gaxveuli patara bavSvi vardisferi qudiT. am bavSvze qalebi yvelaze xSirad ase<br />

reagirebdnen: `rogori pataraa~, `namdvili mzeTunaxavia~, `ra nazi xma aqvs~ <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

Semdeg qalebis amave jgufs aCvenes igive bavSvi, oRond amjerad bavSvi cisferebSi iyo<br />

gamowyobili. qalebma ar icodnen, rom pirveli <strong>da</strong> meore bavSvi erTi <strong>da</strong> igive iyo. e.w.<br />

meore bavSvze Semdegi reaqciebi <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong>: `Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve etyoba, rom Zlieri mamakaci<br />

iqneba~ an `xe<strong>da</strong>v, rogori boxi xmiT tiris, etyoba, rom Tavisas yovelTvis gaitans~.<br />

qalebs Zalian gaukvir<strong>da</strong>T, roca gaiges, rom maT orive SemTxvevaSi erTi <strong>da</strong> igive bavSvi<br />

warudgines.<br />

genderze zegavlenas axdens rogorc <strong>kulturuli</strong> normebi, romlebic adgens, Tu ra<br />

un<strong>da</strong> gaakeTon qalebma <strong>da</strong> ra mamakacebma, aseve <strong>socialuri</strong> in<strong>for</strong>maciac, romelic<br />

STaagonebs a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, Tu ramdenad didia qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris sxvaobebi.<br />

genderul-roluri socializacia procesia, romlis drosac a<strong>da</strong>mianebi swavloben, Tu<br />

ra aris socialurad miRebuli qalebisTvis <strong>da</strong> ra — mamakacebisTvis.<br />

gogonebsa <strong>da</strong> biWebs Soris bevri gansxvaveba aixsneba socializaciaSi gansxvavebiT.<br />

bari, bekoni <strong>da</strong> Caildi (Barry, Bacon & Child, 1957) ikvlevdnen 100-ze meti qveynis<br />

socializaciis praqtikebs. maT aRmoaCines, rom biWebs Cveulebriv aswavlian miaRwios<br />

mizans, hqondes sakuTari Zalebis imedi, iyos <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli, maSin roca gogonebs<br />

Cveulebriv aswavlian izrunon sustebze, hqondeT pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba <strong>da</strong> iyvnen<br />

<strong>da</strong>mjerebi.<br />

litonma <strong>da</strong> romnim (Lytton & Romney, !991) ikvlies Crdilo amerikaSi Catarebuli 158<br />

socializaciis kvleva metaanalizis saSualebiT. maT aRmoaCines, rom xelSesaxebi<br />

rezultatebi miRweuli iyo mxolod sqesiT gasazRvruli qcevis waxalisebis dros.<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebSi Catarebuli 17 gamokvlevis Sedegebi ki gviCveneben, rom<br />

arsebobs gamoxatuli sxvaobebi bavSvis sqessa <strong>da</strong> mSoblebis mier maT aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si<br />

fizikuri <strong>da</strong>sjis gamoyenebis sixSires Soris. amasTan, biWebTan fizikuri <strong>da</strong>sja ufro<br />

mkacri iyo, vidre - gogonebTan. gansxvavebebi biWebsa <strong>da</strong> gogonebTan moqcevaSi<br />

mcirdebo<strong>da</strong> asakis matebasTan erTad.<br />

diferencialuri socializacia - es aris procesi, romlis drosac a<strong>da</strong>miani iTvisebs<br />

Tavisi sqesis Seabamis qcevis modelebs, Rirebulebebs <strong>da</strong> a.S. diferencialuri<br />

socializaciis Canasaxebi vlindeba jer kidev bavSvis <strong>da</strong>badebamde. mSoblebs un<strong>da</strong>T<br />

33

winaswar icodnen gogo eyolebaT maT Tu biWi, radgan amazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli Tu ras<br />

<strong>da</strong>arqmeven mas, rogor saTamaSoebs <strong>da</strong> tansacmels uyidian <strong>da</strong> rogor gazrdian mas.<br />

magaliTad, meqsikaSi gogonebs <strong>da</strong>badebisTanave uxvritaven yurebs <strong>da</strong> ukeTeben<br />

sayureebs, rom garSemomyofebs ar SeeSaloT maTi sqesi. amerikaSi axalSobil gogonebs<br />

ukeTeben lentebs <strong>da</strong> babTebs. saqarTveloSi miRebulia gogosaTvis vardsferi <strong>da</strong><br />

biWisaTvis cisferi tansacmlisa <strong>da</strong> atributebis SeZena. am monacemebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom<br />

<strong>genderi</strong> Zalian mniSvnelovani <strong>socialuri</strong> kategoriaa <strong>da</strong> mSoblebi cdiloben<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveladve moaxdinion, bavSvTa sqesis mixedviT, diferenciacia.<br />

diferencialuri socializaciis ori ZiriTadi meqanizmia cnobili: diferencialuri<br />

gaZliereba <strong>da</strong> diferencialuri mibaZva (modelireba). diferencialuri<br />

gaZliereba muSaobs maSin, roca misaRebi genderuli qcevis waxaliseba xdeba, xolo<br />

miuReblis — <strong>da</strong>sja (im pirobiT, rom garkveuli qcevis modelis <strong>da</strong>sja-waxaliseba<br />

Seesabameba mis biologiur sqess). ase magaliTad, peris (Perry) <strong>da</strong> misi kolegebis kvlevam<br />

aCvena, rom aSS-Si me-4-<strong>da</strong>n me-7 klasis biWebi gogonebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebad<br />

elodebian mSoblebisgan gakicxvas agresiuli qcevisaTvis.<br />

empiriuli kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom 7 wlis asakisTvis, zogjer ki 4-5 wlis<br />

asakisTvis bavSvebi aRweven genderul konstantobas. amasTanave, <strong>da</strong>wyebiT skolaSi<br />

wasvlamde bavSvebs ukve aqvT myari Sexedulebebi saTamaSoebSi, tansacmelSi,<br />

moqmedebebSi <strong>da</strong> saqmianobis sferoebSi genderuli sxvaobebis Sesaxeb.<br />

rogorc ki sruldeba genderuli identifikacia, bavSvi avlens gansakuTrebul<br />

interess im roluri modelebisadmi, romlebic Seesabameba maT sqess. es interesi<br />

ganpirobebulia surviliT iyos saukeTeso gogo an biWi. am movlenas diferencialuri<br />

mibaZva an diferencialuri modelireba ewodeba. banduras mixedviT, biWebis umravlesoba<br />

(iseve, rogorc gogonebi) 2 wlis asakSi akvirdeba dedis qcevas <strong>da</strong> cdilobs<br />

gaimeoros igi: icvams quslian fexsacmelebs, isvams frCxilebze laqs <strong>da</strong> a.S. magram,<br />

rodesac genderuli identifikaciis procesi sruldeba, muSaobas iwyebs diferencialuri<br />

modelirebis meqanizmi <strong>da</strong> biWi ukve cdilobs mibaZos mamas. diferencialuri<br />

mibaZvis safuZvelze SeiZleba aixsnas is, Tu ratom xdeba, rom qalebs Cveulebriv<br />

moswonT maRaziebSi siaruli, dResaswaulebisTvis mzadeba, xolo mamakacebi cdiloben<br />

am saqmianobisTvis Tavis aridebas. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Sina meurneobazec anu<br />

diasaxlisobaze. diferencialuri socializaciiT SeiZleba aixsnas, agreTve,<br />

mamakacebis <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad biWebis midrekileba uyuron sportul telege<strong>da</strong>cemebs.<br />

socializaciis umTavres wyaroebad miCneulia ojaxi (mSoblebi), Tanatolebi,<br />

masmedia (gansakuTrebiT televizia), ganaTlebis sistema. Cven ganvixilavT<br />

socializaciis institutebis kvlevebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturebis magaliTze. es kvlevebi<br />

naTlad gviCvenebs <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>kulturuli</strong> faqtorebis rols genderuli tipirebis<br />

procesSi.<br />

gansxvavebuli samuSaos <strong>da</strong>valeba. im pirobaTa Seswavla, romelSic xdeba bavSvebis<br />

swavleba <strong>da</strong> aRzr<strong>da</strong>, saSualebas iZleva ukeT gavigoT Tu rogor axdenen zegavlenas<br />

<strong>kulturuli</strong> gansxvavebebi socializaciis procesSi bavSvebis ganviTarebaze.<br />

mecnierebi (Edvards & Whiting, 1974; Minturn &Lambert, 1964; E. Whitting & Edvards, 1973)<br />

akvirdebodnen bavSvTa aRzrdis pirobebs 6 kulturis kvlevis procesSi. kvleva<br />

exebo<strong>da</strong> bavSvebis qcevas, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo agresiasTan, umcrosebze<br />

zrunvasTan, pasuxismgeblobasTan, <strong>da</strong>xmarebis Ziebasa <strong>da</strong> yuradRebasTan. gamokvlevaSi<br />

monawileobdnen 3-11 wlis bavSvebi kunZul okinava<strong>da</strong>n, meqsiki<strong>da</strong>n, filipinebi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

indoeTi<strong>da</strong>n, kenii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi<strong>da</strong>n. umniSvnelo genderuli<br />

sxvaobebi aRmoCenili iyo sam SerCevaSi (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, filipinebi,<br />

34

kenia), romlebSic rogorc gogonebs, aseve biWebs <strong>da</strong>axloebiT erTnairi samuSao<br />

evalebo<strong>da</strong>T. <strong>da</strong>narCen sam SerCevaSi (indoeTi, meqsika <strong>da</strong> okinava) gogonebs <strong>da</strong> biWebs<br />

eqceodnen gansxvavebulad <strong>da</strong> gogonebs gacilebiT ufro xSirad sTxovdnen moearaT<br />

umcrosi <strong>da</strong>-ZmisTvis <strong>da</strong> gaekeTebinaT saxlis samuSao. rac Seexeba ojaxuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>valebebis Sesrulebebis sixSires, es maCvenebeli yvelaze mcire iyo amerikul<br />

SerCevaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c arc gogonebi <strong>da</strong> arc biWebi ar iRebdnen gansakuTrebul monawileobas<br />

ojaxur saqmianobebSi <strong>da</strong> umcrosebis movlaSi.<br />

bredlim (Bredley, 1993) gamoikvlia bavSvTa Sroma 91 kulturaSi stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli<br />

kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> SerCevis magaliTze. man miiRo Semdegi rezultatebi: 6 wlamde<br />

bavSvebi asruleben mcire samuSaos yvela kulturaSi. 6 welze ufrosi asakis bavSvebi<br />

asruleben iseT samuSaos, romelic faqtiurad Seesabameba (uaxlovdeba) misi<br />

Sesatyvisi sqesis ufrosis samuSaos. Tumca rogorc gogonebi, aseve biWebi, ufro<br />

xSirad asruleben qalur samuSaos (mag. wylis motana), vidre mamakacurs (mag.<br />

nadiroba). amasTan, bavSvebi xSirad asruleben iseT samuSaos, romelsac ufrosebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>mamcireblad an arakvalificiurad miiCneven. bavSvTa Sromas Tvals adevneben<br />

qalebi, rac xels uwyobs bavSvebis mier <strong>kulturuli</strong> normebis aTvisebas <strong>da</strong> amsubuqebs<br />

dedis Sromas. amgvarad, bredli Tvlis, rom is vinc zrdis bavSvs, ara mxolod zrdis<br />

Tavis momaval <strong>da</strong>sayrdens sibereSi, aramed, amave dros, aqvs saSualeba isargeblos<br />

bavSvTa Sromis nayofiTac.<br />

bavSvebis movla <strong>da</strong> maTze zrunva. vaisnernma <strong>da</strong> galimorma (Weisner & Gallimore, 1977)<br />

gaaanalizes 186 sazogadoebis monacemebi <strong>da</strong> mividnen im <strong>da</strong>skvnamde, rom Cvili<br />

bavSvebis movliT pirvel rigSi <strong>da</strong>kavebulni arian dedebi, ufrosi naTesavi qalebi <strong>da</strong><br />

gogonebi. Tumca ki, rogorc ki patarebi izrdebian, maTi aRzrdis pasuxismgeblobas<br />

iReben ara mxolod maTi debi, aramed — Zmebic. 2-4 wlis bavSvebi aseT `ZiZebTan~<br />

yoveldRiurad drois 70% atareben im sazogadoebebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c dedebi Tavis drois<br />

umetesi nawili sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis warmoebiTi saqmianobiT arian <strong>da</strong>kavebulni <strong>da</strong> mTel<br />

dros dedobrivi movaleobis Sesrulebas ar axmaren. Tumca ki yvela kulturaSi<br />

bavSvebi xe<strong>da</strong>ven de<strong>da</strong>Si imas, vinc maTze pasuxs agebs.<br />

80 gamokvleuli kulturi<strong>da</strong>n (Katz & Konner, 1981; West & Konner, 1976) faqtiurad 20%-<br />

Si mamebi iSviaTad, an arasodes ar arian <strong>da</strong>kavebulni Cvil bavSvebze zrunviT. mamis<br />

axlo urTierToba CvilebTan gamovlenili iyo mxolod kulturaTa 4 %- Si, magram<br />

aseTi siaxlovis drosac ki mamebi CvilebTan Tavisi drois mxolod 14 %-s xarjavdnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofdnen maTi moTxovnilebebis mxolod 6%-s. monros (R.L. Munroe &<br />

Monroe, 1994) gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom umetes sazogadoebebSi mamis bavSvTan<br />

urTierToba — es aris mxolod TamaSi.<br />

rig gamokvlevebSi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong> (Katz & Konner, 1981; Segall, 1988, B.B. Whiting, 1965), rom<br />

mamis aryofna (ararseboba) ukavSirdeba zedmet agresias an hipermaskulinur qcevas.<br />

xolo sxva gamokvlevebSi (Gronseth, 1957; Lynn & Sawrey, 1959) <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>, rom mamis<br />

xangrZlivi aryofnis dros, magaliTad, omis gamo an zRvaS gasvlis gamo<br />

hipermaskulinur qcevasTan erTad vaJiSvilebi iqcevian aSkarad aravaJkacurad <strong>da</strong><br />

avlenen <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebis maRal dones, zedmetad giJur fantazias.<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgenilia, rom TiTqmis yvela kulturaSi mamebi nakleb dros uTmoben<br />

qaliSvilebs, vidre - vaJiSvilebs. amasTanave, isini, ufro metad, vidre — dedebi,<br />

axaliseben gogonebis iseT qcevas, romelic sqesobriv-roluri orientaciiT aris<br />

gansazRvruli (Lytton & Romney, 1991). dedis aRmzrdelobiTi roli erTnairad<br />

mniSvnelovania rogorc gogonebisTvis, aseve — biWebisTvis. magram mama Cveulebriv<br />

35

ufro mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs vaJisSvilis aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si (Rohner & Rohner, 1982). maki <strong>da</strong><br />

dei (Mackey, 1985; Mackey & Day, 1997) akvirdebodnen bavSvTa <strong>da</strong> mSobelTa qcevas<br />

sazogadoebriv adgilebSi 10 sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturaSi <strong>da</strong> aRmoaCines, rom gogonebi ufro<br />

xSirad iyvnen iseT jgufebSi (sazogadoebaSi), sa<strong>da</strong>c ar arian zr<strong>da</strong>sruli mamakacebi,<br />

maSin roca biWebi ufri xSirad arian iseT jgufebSi, romlebic mTlianad<br />

mamakacebisgan Sedgebian. aRsaniSnavia, rom es gansxvavebebi asakTan erTad matulobs.<br />

Tanatolebi. bavSvobaSi <strong>da</strong> ymawvilobisas socializaciaSi mniSvnelovan rols<br />

TamaSoben Tanatolebi. Tanatolebis zegavlena izrdeba bavSvTa zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad,<br />

axdens ra bavSvobi<strong>da</strong>n zr<strong>da</strong>srulobisken ga<strong>da</strong>svlis struqturirebas.<br />

2-10 wlis bavSvTa TanatolebTan urTierTobis analizma, romelic xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong><br />

6 kulturis <strong>da</strong> 6 <strong>da</strong>matebiTi SerCevis farglebSi mkvlevarTa jgufis mier (Edwards,<br />

1992; Edwards &Whting, 1993), aCvena sakuTari sqesis warmomadgenlebisadmi upiratesobis<br />

miniWebis kros-<strong>kulturuli</strong> TvalsazrisiT universalurad mdgradi tendencia,<br />

romelic vlindeba <strong>da</strong>wyebuli 2 wlis asaki<strong>da</strong>n. ufro ufros bavSvebSi sqesis mixedviT<br />

segregacia gxvdeba Zalian xSirad. edvardsi gamoTqvams varauds, rom Tavis msgavsisken<br />

swrafva SeiZleba sakuTari Tavis SecnobiT iyos ganpirobebuli, Tanatolebi ki —<br />

yvelaze kargi sarkea. bavSvisTvis Tanatolebi — es arian isini, visac aqvT misi msgavsi<br />

Sexedulebebi <strong>da</strong> gansazRvruli moRvaweobis <strong>da</strong> qcevis upiratesobis miniWebis<br />

msgavseba. magram Tanatolebi, aseve, uzrunvelyofen SesaZleblobebs Sejibrisa<br />

(konkurenciisa) <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebisaTvis, rac normalur farglebSi ganviTarebis<br />

safuZvelia.<br />

mozardTa iniciaciis ritualebi vlindeba bevr kulturaSi <strong>da</strong> miznad isaxavs<br />

CamoaSoron inicirebuli axloblebs (mSoblebs); moamzados igi seqsualobisTvis,<br />

domonirebisa <strong>da</strong> agresiisaTvis (im doziT, rogorc is micemul kulturaSia misaRebi);<br />

ganamtkicos politiluri kavSirebi. edvardsis gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom<br />

koleqtiuri ritualebi ufro gavrcelebulia biWebTan mimarTebaSi, vidre —<br />

gogonebTan <strong>da</strong> xSired gvxvdeba meomarTa sazogadoebebSi, romlebic aqcents akeTeben<br />

qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel saqmianobebze.<br />

gansakuTrebiT xazi un<strong>da</strong> gaesvas im garemoebas, rom <strong>da</strong>savluri ganaTlebis miRebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> gavrcelebas sazogadoebaSi iniciaciis ritualebis cvlileba mohyveba, magram isini<br />

ukvalod ar qrebian <strong>da</strong> mainc axdenen gavlenas gogonebisa <strong>da</strong> biWebis socializaciaze.<br />

ganaTleba. bavSvTa mier genderuli rolebis aTvisebaze aseve did zegavlenas axdens<br />

ganaTlebis sistemac. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ganaTlebis sistema erTiania gogonebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

biWebisaTvis, iseve, rogorc am sistemaSi codnasTan <strong>da</strong> qcevasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />

oficialuri moTxovnebi, gamokvlevebi a<strong>da</strong>sturebs, rom arsebobs mniSvnelovani<br />

gansxvaveba skolis literaturaSi warmodgenil qceviT nimuSebSi biWebisTvis <strong>da</strong><br />

gogonebisTvis <strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gogebis urTierTobaSi orive sqesis warmomadgenlebTan.<br />

ganaTlebis pirobebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens bavSvebis socializaciaze.<br />

iaponiisa <strong>da</strong> amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis me-5 klaselebze Catarebuli <strong>da</strong>kvirebebi<br />

(Hamilton, Blumenfeld, Akhon & Miura, 1991) aCvenebs, rom maswavleblebi orive qveyanaSi met<br />

yuradRebas aqceven biWebs, amasTan afaseben maT uaryofiTad. amave dros, meti<br />

yuradReba veranairad ver aixsneba cudi moqceviT an <strong>da</strong>valebis SeusruleblobiT.<br />

genderuli rolebis aTvisebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs, agreTve, skolis<br />

saxelmZRvaneloebi <strong>da</strong> maTSi moTavsebuli ilustraciebi. aq warmodgenili qalis <strong>da</strong><br />

gogonas personaJebi tradiciuli stereotipuli Tvisebebis matarebelia: maT<br />

mamakacebi <strong>da</strong> biWebi icaven, Sevlian, aswavlian an mfarveloben. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />

36

skolis saxelmZRvaneloebi, rogorc socializaciis modelebi xels uwyobs tradiciuli<br />

genderul-roluri ideologiis ganmtkicebas <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi stereotipuli<br />

Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebas.<br />

sabavSvo literaturaSi seqsizmis gamosavlenad genderuli mkvlevrebi akeTebdnen<br />

teqstebis Sinaarsis analizss. kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> kvlevebis umravlesobaSi <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom im wignebis kiTxva, romlebSic SeimCneva sqesobriv-roluri stereotipizacia, xels<br />

uwyoben bavSvebis TamaSebis sqesobriv-rolur tipizacias.<br />

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi bolo dros Catarebuli wignebis analizi uCvenebs,<br />

rom 1980 wlis Semdeg gamocemuli sabavSvo literatura sagrZnoblad Seicvala, magram<br />

biblioTekebSi jer kidev arsebobs seqsizmiT gaJRenTili wignebi. am literaturaSi<br />

qalebi warmodgenilni arian rogorc ojaxuri keris mfarvelebi, maSin roca mamakacebs<br />

aqvT sruli SesaZlebloba sakuTari Tavis realizacia saxls gareT moaxdinon. es<br />

istoriebi (moTxrobebi) gogonebs aswavlian, rom maTi funqciaa bavSvebis movla <strong>da</strong><br />

ojaxuri meurneobis gaZRola, sxva rolebi ki mamakacTa privilegiaa. sabavSvo<br />

literaturis umetesobaSi gogonebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis ilustraciebi saojaxo nivTebTan<br />

aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. magaliTad, gogonas uWiravs cocxi, de<strong>da</strong>s exmareba WurWlis<br />

recxvaSi <strong>da</strong> sxv. biWebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis ilustraciebi ki amave literaturaSi iseT<br />

Sromis iaraRebTan (instrumentebTan <strong>da</strong> atributebTan) aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, romlebic<br />

saWiroa saxls gareT samuSaod.<br />

mSobelTa ganwyobebs moswrebis mimarT aseve SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani gavlenis<br />

moxdena bavSvTa miRwevebze. serpelma (Serpell, 1993) aRmoaCina, rom zambiaSi iTvleba,<br />

rom ganaTleba ufro mniSvnelovania biWebisTvis, vidre — gogonebisaTvis. amitom<br />

skolaSi swavlebaze pasuxismgeblobas ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d iRebs mama, de<strong>da</strong> ki bavSvebis movliT<br />

aris <strong>da</strong>kavebuli. CineTSi, iaponiaSi <strong>da</strong> amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi dedebi Tvlian,<br />

rom biWebi ufro kargad un<strong>da</strong> iTvisebdnen maTematikas, gogonebi ki — kiTxvas (Lummis &<br />

Stevenson, 1990), Tumca ki, realobaSi gogonebic <strong>da</strong> biWebic erTnairi warmatebiT<br />

iTviseben orive sagans.<br />

masmedia. gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, bolo dros televizia konkurencias uwevs<br />

mSoblebisa <strong>da</strong> maswavleblebis mier warmodgenil qceviT modelebs. televizia myari<br />

sqesobriv-roluri ideologiis matarebelia <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad qmnis qalebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

mamakacebis stereotipul saxeebs.<br />

mkvlevrebis mier satelevizio programebis analizma aCvena, rom umravles<br />

kulturebSi teleekranebze mamakacebi ufro xSirad Canan, vidre - qalebi. amasTan,<br />

mamakacebi warmodgenilni arian, rogorc ufro Zlierni <strong>da</strong> aqtiurni, xolo qalebi ki -<br />

rogorc gulisxmierni <strong>da</strong> emociurni.<br />

reklamebSic mamakacebi dominantur rolSi gamodian. qalebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d iseT<br />

reklamebSi monawileoben, romlebic saojaxo saqmianobas an saojaxo nivTebs exeba. es,<br />

ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, Zlier zegavlenas axdens tradiciuli genderul-roluri ideologiis<br />

Camoyalibebaze.<br />

rigi gamokvlevebisa (Archer) gviCveneben, rom qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis<br />

gamosaxulebebSi saxe warmodgenilia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xarisxiT. am movlenas feisizmi<br />

ewodeba. kerZod, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad,<br />

gamovlin<strong>da</strong>, rom fotoebi presaSi mamakacebis SemTxvevaSi xazs usvamen saxes, xolo<br />

qalebis SemTxvevaSi — maT sxeuls. mamakacebi, Cveulebriv, warmodgenilni arian<br />

kisri<strong>da</strong>n zemoT, xolo qalebi — mTlianad. es faqti, arCeris azriT, miuTiTebs imaze,<br />

rom masmedia mamakacebis saxis upiretesi CvenebiT xazs usvams mamakacebis pirovnebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> maT mniSvnelobas sazogadoebaSi. arCerisa <strong>da</strong> misi kolegebis mier gamokvleuli iyo<br />

37

12 qveynis beWvdiTi gamocemebi. yvela qveyanaSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong> feisizmis movlena.<br />

saTamaSoebi. saTamaSoebi asruleben mniSvnelovan rols diferencialuri socializaciis<br />

procesSi. arsebobs saTamaSoebis mkveTri diferenciacia, genderuli niSniT.<br />

kerZod, gogonebis saTamaSoebad yvela kulturaSi miiCneva Tojinebi, saojaxo<br />

saqmianobaSi gamosadegari nivTebis modelebi (e.w. saeqimo inventari, WurWeli, bavSvis<br />

movlasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sagnebi, logini, etli, sabani <strong>da</strong> sxv.). biWebis saTamaSoebad<br />

miCneulia manqanebis modelebi TviTmfrinavis <strong>da</strong> manqanebis konstruqtorebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />

msgavsi genderuli stereotipebi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo saTamaSoebTan,<br />

gamovlenili iyo rogorc <strong>da</strong>savlur kulturebSi, aseve afrikaSic, sa<strong>da</strong>c gogonebi<br />

TamaSobdnen TojinebiT, biWebi ki — manqanebis konstruqtorebiT <strong>da</strong> iaraRebis modelebiT.<br />

gogonebisa <strong>da</strong> biWebis saTamaSoebis gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom gogonebi<br />

gadian e.w. `praqtikas~ <strong>da</strong> emzadebian momavali rolebisaTvis —diasaxlisobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

dedobisaTvis. genderulad tipirebuli saTamaSoebi uviTareben maT urTierTobebis<br />

unarebsac. biWebis saTamaSoebi ki mimarTulia SemoqmedebiTobis, garSemomyofi samyaros<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>saxvis unaris, maTematikuri unarebis, logikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaze.<br />

biWebis saTamaSoebi iwveven, agreTve, Sejibrze <strong>da</strong> liderobaze mimarTuli qcevebis<br />

waxalisebas.<br />

amgvarad, nebismieri saTamaSoebis maRaziis analizi gviCvenebs, rom arsebobs gogonebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> biWebis saTamaSoebi. isini diferencialuri socializaciis instrumentebia.<br />

amasTan, saTamaSoebis genderul mikuTvnebulobaze miuTiTebs ara matro maTi<br />

funqcia, aramed saxeli <strong>da</strong> SefuTvis kolofic.<br />

amgvarad, arsebobs pan<strong>kulturuli</strong> tendencia bavSvebs aswavlon, maT ki aiTvison<br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s Sesatyvisi qceva, Tumca kulturaTa Soris mciredi sxvaoba vlindeba TviT<br />

swavlebis SinaarsSi.<br />

saleqcio kursis bolos studentebs miecemaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:<br />

diferencialuri gaZliereba — socializacis procesi, romlis drosac mocemuli<br />

sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi qcevis waxaliseba xdeba, xolo miuReblis — <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>sja.<br />

diferencialuri imitacia (modelireba) — socializaciis procesi, romlis drosac<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani irCevs rolur modelebs misTvis Sesatyvis jgufSi miRebuli normebis<br />

mixedviT <strong>da</strong> cdilobs mibaZos maT.<br />

genderuli konstantoba — bavSvis mier imis gageba, rom sqesi mudmivia <strong>da</strong> misi Secvla<br />

SeuZlebelia.<br />

metaanalizi — es aris statistikuri teqnika, romlis mizania jgufTa Soris sxvaobis<br />

saerTo Sefaseba <strong>da</strong>dgena ramdenime gamokvlevi<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis kombinaciis<br />

gziT.<br />

seqsizmi — winaswari ganwyobebi <strong>da</strong> madiskriminirebeli qceva ama Tu im sqesis<br />

warmomadgenlis mimarT.<br />

feisizmi — qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis gamosaxulebaSi saxisa <strong>da</strong> sxeulis gansxvavebuli<br />

xarisxiT warmoCenis tendencia.<br />

38

leqciis msvlelobisas moyvanili iqneba konkteruli magaliTebi yoveldRiuri<br />

cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>nac, rac xels Seuwyobs studentebis mier genderuli socializaciis<br />

institutebis zegavlenis ukeT gacnobierebas <strong>da</strong> kulturis rolis gaazrebas am<br />

procesSi.<br />

socializaciis yoveli wyaros ganxilvisas gaTvaliswinebulia, agreTve, studentebis<br />

aqtiuri monawileoba leqciis procesSi. maT moeTxovebaT gaixsenon SemTxvevebi,<br />

roca maTi an maTi nacnobebis mier am institutebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n mowodebuli genderuli<br />

qcevis nimuSebis modelireba (imitacia) xdebo<strong>da</strong> an iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca genderulad<br />

Seusabamo qcevas mSoblebis, ufrosebis an Tanatolebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n uaryofiTi<br />

Sefaseba mohyva.<br />

leqciis Semdeg studentebs <strong>da</strong>evalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil<br />

droSi moamzadon saswavlo kursis riderSi warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis<br />

masalebi. studentebs, agreTve, <strong>da</strong>evalebaT seminarisaTvis gaakeTon e.w. qalebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

mamakacebis Jurnalebis analizi. kerZod, gansazRvron, maTi Tematika, ikvlion<br />

seqsizmisa <strong>da</strong> feisizmis movlena; gaanalizon, Tu rogor vlindeba genderuli<br />

stereotipebi mocemul publikaciebSi.<br />

seminari #3 (Tema # 3 ) — 2 sT<br />

seminarze moxdeba studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia; gaimarTeba jgufuri diskusia<br />

seminaris Temaze. kerZod, Semowmdeba masalis aTvisebis (socializaciis institutebis<br />

codna, ZiriTadi cnebebis floba) xarisxi; <strong>da</strong>smuli iqneba Semdegi tipis kiTxvebi:<br />

1. <strong>da</strong>asaxeleT is faqtorebi, romlebic gansazRvraven qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris<br />

genderul sxvaobebs.<br />

2. socializaciis romeli institutebi iciT? mokled <strong>da</strong>axasiaTeT TiToeuli maTgani .<br />

3. axdens Tu ar gansxvavebul zegavlenas socializacia niWier gogonebze <strong>da</strong> niWier<br />

biWebze?<br />

4. ra zegavlenas axdenen <strong>kulturuli</strong> tradiciebi socializaciis Sedegbze?<br />

5. ra <strong>da</strong> ra sferoebSi vlindeba genderuli diferencialuri socializaciis Sedegebi?<br />

6. rogoria diferencialuri socializaciis meqanizmebi?<br />

7. seminarze moxdeba Sesrulebuli <strong>da</strong>valebis warmodgena, Sedegebis jgufuri<br />

Sejameba <strong>da</strong> analizi.<br />

ZiriTadi literatura:<br />

1. Unger R., Craw<strong>for</strong>d M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University Press,<br />

Philadelphia,1992, p.: 144-188;<br />

2. Handbook of Marriage and the family, edited by Marrin B. Sussman & Suzann K. Steinmetz, Plenum<br />

Press, 1988, p.: 327-370;<br />

3. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, p.: 123-144;<br />

4. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, Second<br />

Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, p.: 204-207.<br />

<strong>da</strong>matebiTi literatura:<br />

1. Burn S.M. The Socal Psychology of Gender, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1996, gv.: 29-82;<br />

2. Best D. L., Williams I. E. Gender and culture. – in Culture and Psychology, edited by David Matsumoto.<br />

Ox<strong>for</strong>d University press, 2001, gv.: 329-332;<br />

3. Families in Multicultural Perspective, edited by Bron B. Ingoldsby, Suzanna Smith, The Guil<strong>for</strong>d Press, 1992, T.: 8;<br />

4. Juanita H. Williams, Psychology of Women, W.W.Norton & Company, N.Y.,1987, gv.:, 198-226.<br />

39

kvira #4<br />

leqcia —2 sT<br />

Tema #4 - genderuli rolebi <strong>da</strong> stereotipebi.<br />

kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> monacemebi.<br />

leqciaze ganxiluli iqneba stereotipebis raoba <strong>da</strong> maTi warmoSobis kanonzomierebebi,<br />

agreTve, maTi funqcionirebis konkretuli magaliTebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

kulturebSi. moyvanili iqneba iluzoruli korelaciebis cneba <strong>da</strong> misi SesaZlo<br />

axsnebi. ganxiluli iqneba genderuli rolebi <strong>da</strong> maTi kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> sxvaobebi<br />

umcrosebze zrunvis, ufrosebTan siaxlovis, agresiis gamovlenis <strong>da</strong> sakuTaris<br />

Rirsebis grZnobis TvalsazrisiT. ganxiluli iqneba tradiciuli qaluri <strong>da</strong><br />

tradiciuli mamakacuri rolebi <strong>da</strong> agreTve, is SezRudevebi, romlebsac es rolebi<br />

uweseben qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs.<br />

genderuli rolebi yalibdeba qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis sqesebs Soris gansxvavebis<br />

Sesaxeb stereotipuli <strong>kulturuli</strong> Sexedulebebis konteqstSi. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs,<br />

rom bavSvebs cxovrebis pirvel or weliwadSi uyalibdebaT qalur <strong>da</strong> mamakacur<br />

sawyisTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli stereotipebi, xolo ukve 3-4 wlis asakSi bavSvebi am<br />

stereotipebs iyeneben saTamaSoebiis kategoriis, saqmianobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxisa <strong>da</strong><br />

profesiebis gansasazRvrad. gamokvlevebis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>, agreTve, rom im<br />

stereotipebis aTviseba bavSvebis mier, romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia saTamaSoebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

moRvaweobis sferoebis genderul <strong>da</strong>yofasTan, win uswrebs qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis<br />

xasiaTis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb stereotipuli Sexedulebebis SeTvisebas.<br />

uiliamsma <strong>da</strong> bestma ikvlies 25 qveynis 5 <strong>da</strong> 8 wlis asakis bavSvebi. yvela qveyanaSi<br />

stereotipebis procenti izrdebo<strong>da</strong> asakis matebasTan erTad. kerZod, 5 wlis<br />

bavSvebTan stereotipizaciis done 60% iyo, xolo 8 wlis bavSvebSi — 70%. iseTi<br />

zedsarTavi saxelebi, rogoricaa Zlieri, agresiuli, ulmobeli, gabeduli -<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo mamakacTa sqesTan. xolo iseTi zedsarTavi saxelebi, rogoricaa<br />

susti, nazi, <strong>da</strong>mTmobi, keTili - <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo qalTa sqesTan.<br />

stereotipizaciis TvalsazrisiT, gogonebisa <strong>da</strong> biWebis maRali monacemebi<br />

miRebuli iyo axal zelandiaSi <strong>da</strong> inglisSi, gansakuTrebiT ki — pakistanSi. Zalian<br />

<strong>da</strong>bali monacemebi iqna miRebuli braziliaSi, taivanSi, genmaniaSi <strong>da</strong> safrangeTSi.<br />

Tumca qveynebs Soris arsebobs sxvaobebi swavlebis tempebSi, magram, saerTod,<br />

stereotipebis aTviseba iwyeba 5 wlis asaki<strong>da</strong>mde, misi tempi izrdeba <strong>da</strong>wyebiT klasebSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> sabolod sruldeba Wabukobis periodSi.<br />

gogonebi <strong>da</strong> biWebi stereotipebs erTnairi tempiT iTviseben. Tumca arsebobs<br />

kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> sxvaobebi maT mier qalisa Tu mamakacis stereotipebis aTvisebis<br />

rigiTobaSi. rogorc Cans, qalis stereotipi iqneba aTvisebuli pirvelad, Tu mamakacis,<br />

es <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia mocemul kulturaSi qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis stereotipizaciis<br />

simkveTris xarisxze, maTi xatis met-nakleb diferencirebulobaze. ase magaliTad,<br />

genmaniaSi, braziliaSi, portugaliaSi <strong>da</strong> venesuelaSi bavSvebis mier qalis genderuli<br />

stereotipi ufro adre iyo aTvisebuli, vidre — mamakacisa.<br />

bavSvebis mier stereotipiebis aTviseba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia, agreTve, mocemul<br />

kulturaSi qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis stereotipizaciis <strong>da</strong> maTi Tvisebebis gamijvnis<br />

xarisxze. islamur kulturebSi 5 wlis bavSvebis gamokvlevam aCvena, rom isini ufro<br />

mkacr sazRvrebs avleben qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis stereotipul Tvisebebs Soris. amasTan,<br />

islamur qveynebSi sxva qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT stereotipebis aTviseba ufro<br />

adreul asakSi mimdinareobs.<br />

40

alberti <strong>da</strong> porteri (Albert & Porter, 1986) ikvlevdnen genderul stereotipebs farTe<br />

mniSvnelobiT (<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel Tvisebebs <strong>da</strong> rolur ganwyobebs). maT kvlevaSi<br />

monawileobdnen 4-<strong>da</strong>n 6 wlamde asakis bavSvebi amerikis SeerTebul Statebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreT afriki<strong>da</strong>n. mkvlevrebma <strong>da</strong>adgines, rom stereotipebis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebi<br />

farTovdeba asakTan erTad. amasTan, samxreT afrikel bavSvebs ufro mkafio<br />

warmodgena hqon<strong>da</strong>T mamakacis stereotipul rolze, vidre _ amerikel bavSvebs. qalis<br />

stereotipuli rolis mimarT sxvaobebi kulturaTa Soris ar gamovlin<strong>da</strong>.<br />

intons-petersonis (Intons-Peterson, 1988) kvlevam aCvena, rom Svedi bavSvebi (11-18 ww.)<br />

qalebs miaweren ufro met mniSvnelovan Tvisebebs, vidre — amerikeli bavSvebi.<br />

bavSvebSi gamovlenili aseTi Sedegebi gansazRvra iman, rom stereotipuli<br />

Sexedulebebi qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis Sesaxeb ufro axlosaa erTmaneTTan SvedeTSi,<br />

vidre — amerikaSi. amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis prioritetebi<br />

profesiis arCevaSi SvedeTSi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. qalebi upiratesobas aniWeben<br />

momsaxureobis sferos, xolo mamakacebi — bizness. amerikaSi ki piriqiT, profesiuli<br />

prioritetebi qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris erTmaneTs emTxveva. amasTan orive jgufi<br />

upiratesobas aniWebs eqimis <strong>da</strong> advokatis profesias <strong>da</strong> xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobas.<br />

uiliamisis <strong>da</strong> bestis, <strong>da</strong>, agreTve, sxva mkvlevarTa mier ganxorcielebuli<br />

kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> kvlevebi miuTiTebs, rom genderuli stereotipebi universalur<br />

xasiaTs atareben. amasTan kultura zegavlenas axdens maTi aTvisebis tempsa <strong>da</strong><br />

araarsebiT Sinaarsobriv aspeqtebze. amgvarad, genderuli stereotipebi SeiZleba<br />

ganvixiloT im universaliebis rangSi, romlebic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

<strong>for</strong>miT vlindebian.<br />

mravali kvlevis Sedegi miuTiTebs, rom in<strong>for</strong>macia, romelic Cvens genderul<br />

stereotipebs Seesabameba ufro metad (xSirad) iqneba SemCneuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xsomebuli,<br />

vidre in<strong>for</strong>macia, romelic maT ar Seesabameba.<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebaze genderuli stereotipebis zegavlena farTed aris<br />

nakvlevi genderuli sqemis TeoriaSi. igi stereotipebs ganixilavs rogorc <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

jgufebis socialur kategorias (sqemas). stereotipebi — es aris identificirebuli<br />

jgufis wevrebis msgavsebis Sesaxeb farTed gavrcelebuli azri. stereotipebi<br />

muSaoben rogorc sqemebi am jgufebis aRqmis dros. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, iseve,<br />

rogorc nebismieri sxva sqema, isini zegavlenas axdenen aRqmasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xsomebaze.<br />

teilori (Taylor) aRniSnavs, rom iseTi parametrebi, rogoricaa rasa an sqesi,<br />

gamoiyeneba diskriminaciuli paternebis saxiT Cvens garSemo myofi a<strong>da</strong>mianebis Sesaxeb<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis <strong>da</strong>jgufebisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebisaTvis. a<strong>da</strong>mianebis gansakuTrebulad<br />

ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebani, iseTebi, rogoricaa sqesi, eTnikuri mikuTvnebuloba,<br />

kilo — `aaqtiureben~ saWiro sqemebs <strong>da</strong> SemdgomSi in<strong>for</strong>maciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSaveba am jgufis<br />

calkeuli wevrebis Sesaxeb am sqemebiT imarTeba. kognituri sqemebis mier in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis marTvis sailustraciod S. berns (Bern) moyavs Semdegi magaliTi: `Tu<br />

Tqven ar xarT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxreTis macxovrebeli, me ki Tqven<br />

mogmarTeT samxreTuli gamoTqmiT (kiloTi) <strong>da</strong> gatyobinebT, rom vizrdebodi<br />

konfederaciis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi (riCmondi, virjiniis Stati), es gamoiwvevs Tqvens<br />

cnobierebaSi garkveul stereotipebs, romlebic zegavlenas moaxdenen imaze, Tu ras<br />

miaqcevT CemSi yuradRebas <strong>da</strong> ras <strong>da</strong>ixsomebT Cems Sesaxeb samu<strong>da</strong>mod. aseTi<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis miRebis gareSe Cemi qcevis <strong>da</strong> garegnobis zogierTi <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />

Tviseba SeumCneveli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>umaxsovrebeli <strong>da</strong>grCebo<strong>da</strong>T~.<br />

kohenis (Cohen, 1981) mier Catarebul gamokvlevaSi cdispirebs aCvenebdnen<br />

videoCanawers, romelic erTi qalis <strong>da</strong>badebis dRes asaxav<strong>da</strong>. im a<strong>da</strong>mianebma,<br />

romlebsac eubneodnen, rom es qali oficiantia, <strong>da</strong>imaxsovres, rom igi svam<strong>da</strong> luds <strong>da</strong><br />

41

uyureb<strong>da</strong> televizors, xolo im a<strong>da</strong>mianebma, romlebsac igi rogorc bibilioTekari<br />

warmoudgines, <strong>da</strong>imaxsovres, rom igi saTvales atareb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> usmen<strong>da</strong> klasikur musikas.<br />

mkvlevari askvnis, rom oficiantis `xatma~ gamoiwvia erTi sqemis muSaoba, xolo<br />

`biblioTekaris~ xatma — meore sqemisa. wveulebis Sesaxeb in<strong>for</strong>maciis Semdgomi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebac imarTebo<strong>da</strong> am mimarTulebebiT.<br />

markusis <strong>da</strong> zaioncis (Markus & Zajonc) gansazRvrebiT, mzamzareuli sqemebiT<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSaveba araCveulebrivia im TvalsazrisiT, rom is `ekonomiuria~,<br />

radgan warmodgenili rTuli <strong>socialuri</strong> garemocva <strong>da</strong>yavs azrobrivi kategoriebis<br />

kontrolirebad ricxvebamde. isini arasakmarisi in<strong>for</strong>maciis konpensirebis<br />

saSualebas iZlevian <strong>da</strong> gvexmarebian gavideT mocemuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis sazRvrebs gareT.<br />

ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, in<strong>for</strong>maciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis aseT process Tavisi naklic aqvs. rogorc<br />

fiske <strong>da</strong> teilori miuTiTeben, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa kategoriebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>grovili zogadi<br />

codna saSualebas ar gvaZlevs sworad (samarTlianad) Sevafasod pirovnebaTa<br />

unikaluri Tvisebebi. ase magaliTad, bernis azriT, Setyobinebam misi amerikis<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis samxreTi<strong>da</strong>n warmoSobis Sesaxeb moaxdina misi aRzrdis,<br />

pirobiTad rom vTqvaT, `provinciuli~ sqemis gaSveba (amuSaveba). es sqema Seicavs iseT<br />

elementebs, rogoricaa `gauzrdeli~, `ukulturo~, `rasisti~. SemdgomSi es sqema<br />

gaaZlierebs aRmqmelis mgrZnobelobas misi nebismieri moqmedebebis an gamoTqmebis<br />

mimarT, romlebic gakvriT mainc SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulni iyvnen provincialobis<br />

sqemasTan. isini zedmetad miiqceven yuradRebas <strong>da</strong> iqcevian misi pirovnebis aRqmis<br />

ZiriTad safuZvlad, im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca isini ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos misi<br />

pirovnebisaTvs <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTeblad.<br />

amgvarad, stereotipebi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad gavlenas axdenen imaze, Tu ras aRviqvamT,<br />

Semdgom ki imaze, Tu ras vimaxsovrebT. fiske <strong>da</strong> teilori (Fiske & Taylor) aRniSnavdnen,<br />

rom aseTi wyoba gansxvavdeba aRqmis Sesaxeb Cveni Cveulebrivi warmodgenisagan. isini<br />

werdnen, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebis umravlesoba Tvlis, rom aRqma — es aris obieqturi<br />

monacemebis pir<strong>da</strong>piri kopireba, maTi pir<strong>da</strong>piri asli. sinamdvileSi ki, ase ar aris.<br />

sqemebis koncefcia <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia im debulebaze, rom sqematizirebuli winaswari<br />

codna (sqemebi) zegavlenas axdens <strong>socialuri</strong> realobis aqtiur konstruirebaze. maSin,<br />

roca obieqturi minacemebi ayalibebs imas, rasac Cven aRviqvamT, Tqveni Sexedeulebebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> molodinebi gansazRvraven imas, Tu rogor xe<strong>da</strong>vT Tqven am monacemebs.<br />

Tanamedrove kvlevebSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba genderuli sxvaobebis<br />

meqanizmis axsnas. genderuli sqemis Teoriis mixedviT, <strong>genderi</strong>s safuZvelze<br />

kategorizaciis Cveni swrafva marTavs in<strong>for</strong>maciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis procesebs <strong>da</strong> iwvevs<br />

imas, rom Cven vxedevT qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebSi gacilebiT ufro met gansxvavebebs, vidre<br />

isini arseboben sinamdvileSi. saqme isaa, rom gamokvlevebis rezultatebi a<strong>da</strong>sturebs,<br />

rom ar arsebobs mkveTrad gamoxatuli, arsebiTi gansxvavebebi qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs<br />

Soris. miuxedevad amisa, Cven jiutad vagrZelebT maTi, rogorc sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairebis<br />

xedvas <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, veqceviT maT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad. gavrcelebuli stereotipebi<br />

warmoadgenen mamakacebs aqtiurebad, agresiulebad <strong>da</strong> efeqtianad momqmedebad, qalebs<br />

ki — pasiurebad, <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebad <strong>da</strong> emociurebad. hofmans <strong>da</strong> hersts (Hoffman, Hurst)<br />

moyavT gamokvlevis rezultatebi, romlebic gviCveneben, rom sqesTaSoris<br />

gansxvavebebis umravlesoba Zalian umniSvneloa imisaTvis, rom movelodeT maT<br />

regularul gamovlenas. es avtorebi miuTiTeben, rom rogorc Cans, arsebobs mxolod<br />

umniSvnelo korelacia sqesTa Soris sxvaobis xarisxsa <strong>da</strong> im masStabs Soris, romliTac<br />

igi vlindeba stereotipebSi.<br />

martinis (Martin) eqsperimentebma kidev erTxel <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura Cveni tendencia<br />

<strong>da</strong>vinaxoT qalebi <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi ufro gansxvavebulad, vidre es aris sinamdvileSi. am<br />

42

gamokvlevaSi qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs sTxovdnen aReniSnaT, warmodgenili Tvisebebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

romeli aqvT maT. am TvisebaTa CamonaTvalSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> `tipuri mamakacuri~, `tipiuri<br />

qaluri~ <strong>da</strong> `neitraluri~ Tvisebebi. meore jgufs sTxoves ganesazRvraT, maTi azriT,<br />

mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis ramdeni procenti flob<strong>da</strong> TiToeul CamoTvlil Tvisebas.<br />

kvlevis Sedegad gamoirkva, rom mamakacebis <strong>da</strong> qalebis pasuxebi, romlebic sakuTar<br />

Tavs afasebdnen, gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod xuTi punqtis mixedviT, maSin roca meore<br />

jgufis monacemebma qalebi <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi sruliad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad warmogvidgines 40<br />

punqti<strong>da</strong>n TiToeulSi. gamokvlevis Sedegebi a<strong>da</strong>stureben, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebi qalebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

mamakacebs aRiqvamen rogorc `sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sqesis warmomadgenlebs~. am garemoebis<br />

asaxsnelad genderuli sqemis warmomadgenlebs mohyavT Semdegi argumentebi: qalebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mamakacebis gansxvavebuli <strong>socialuri</strong> rolebi gvaiZuleben vivaraudoT maTSi<br />

gansxvavebuli fsiqologiuri niSnebisa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebis arseboba. amasTan, Cvens<br />

sazogadoebaSi Zalian xSirad saubroben qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris fun<strong>da</strong>mentur<br />

gansxvavebebze. <strong>da</strong> rac mTavaria, CvenTvis <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis strategiebi aseve SeiZleba xels uwyobdes qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris<br />

arsebuli sxvaobebis masStabebis ga<strong>da</strong>metebas. yvelafer amas aqvs uSualo kavSiri<br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s socialur SemecnebasTan. genderuli stereotipebi warmoadgenen genderul<br />

sqemebs (genderuli stereotipebi aq genderuli sqemebis rols TamaSoben). genderuli<br />

sqemebi — es aris genderuli kognituri kategoriebi. isini ise marTaven Semosuli<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis process, rom Cven viwyebT mis aRqmas, <strong>da</strong>maxsovrebas <strong>da</strong><br />

interpretacias genderze Cveni Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad. radganac sqemebi<br />

yuradRebas mimarTavs iseTi SemTxvevebisken, romelic a<strong>da</strong>sturebs (amarTlebs) Cvens<br />

molodinebs, Cven or rames Soris kavSiri ufro mdgra<strong>da</strong>d (myarad) SeiZleba aRviqvaT,<br />

vidre es aris sinamdvileSi. am movlenas iluzorul korelaciebs uwodeben. isini<br />

warmoiqmneba nawilobriv imis gamoc, rom sqemebi Cvens yuradRebas mimarTavs iseTi<br />

SemTxvevebisken, romelic a<strong>da</strong>sturebs Camoyalibebul stereotipebs. meores mxriv,<br />

iluzoruli korlaciebis <strong>for</strong>mirebaze SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos in<strong>for</strong>maciiis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis procesis sxva tendenciebmac. Cven genderul gansxvavebebs aRviqvamT<br />

ufro di<strong>da</strong>d, vidre es aris sinamdvileSi, radganac sqemebi zegavlenas axdens imaze, Tu<br />

ras vamCnevT pirvel rigSi. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, in<strong>for</strong>macia romelic Cvens sqemebs Seesabameba<br />

ufro advilad kodirdeba Cvens mexsierebaSi (anu kodireba martivdeba, roca Cven<br />

ubralod koreqturas ukeTebT arsebul sqemas <strong>da</strong> ar vqmniT axals). magaliTad, biWebic<br />

<strong>da</strong> gogonebic gacilebiT ukeT ixseneben a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, romlebic ganasaxiereben<br />

garkveuli sqesis stereotips <strong>da</strong> maT qcevebs, vidre iseT mamakacebs <strong>da</strong> qalebs,<br />

romelTa xatebi <strong>da</strong> qcevebi ar Seesabamebian stereotipebs. amasTan mexsierebis aseTi<br />

arCeviToba gacilebiT ufro Zlieria iseT bavSvebTan, romlebsac aqvT mdgradi<br />

genderuli stereotipi.<br />

amgvarad, mamakaci, romelsac miaCnia, rom xelmZRvaneli Tanamdeboba qalisTvis<br />

Seusabamoa, xelmZRvaneli qalis yovel konfliqtSi Tavis xelqveiTTan xe<strong>da</strong>vs imis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sabuTebas, rom qalebs ara aqvT emociuri simyare, romelic aucilebelia<br />

xelmZRvanelobisTvis. meores mxriv, mamakaci xelmZRvanelis analogiuri qceva misTvis<br />

sruliad misaRebia. Tavis mxriv, qali, romelic <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulia, rom mamakacebs ara<br />

aqvT emociebis Zlierad gamoxatvis unari, Zalian advilad ixsenebs Tavis nacnob<br />

mamakacebs, romlebic Seesabamebian mocemul stereotips <strong>da</strong> warumateblobas ganicdis<br />

emociuri mamakacis gaxsenebis mcdelobisas.<br />

movlenas, romelic sqesTa Soris realurad arsebuli sxvaobebis gacilebiT didi<br />

masStabis genderul sxvaobebad gar<strong>da</strong>saxvaSi mdgomareobs, rogorc zemoT iyo<br />

aRniSnuli, iluzorul korelacias uwodeben <strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad am Temaze gamarTuli<br />

43

aqtiuri diskusiisa, misi warmoSobis mizezebis mecnieruli <strong>da</strong>sabuTeba genderuli<br />

sqemis Teoriis farglebSi ver xerxdeba. saWirod migvaCnia genderuli iluzoruli<br />

korelaciebis Cveneuli axsnis aq moyvana. saqme isaa, rom gamokvlevebi, romlebic<br />

genderTa Soris gansxvavebebs exeba, umravles SemTxvevebSi, kiTxvarebis, Tavisufali<br />

reproduqciis (Tavisufali gaxsenebis) an iseTi eqsperimentebis saxiT momdinareobs,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c cdis pirebma un<strong>da</strong> gamoTqvan TavianTi azri qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis ama Tu im<br />

fsiqikuri Tu fizikuri maxasiaTeblis Sesaxeb. swored aseT gamokvlevebSi vlindeba<br />

mniSvnelovani genderTaSorisi gansxvavebebi. meores mxriv, ki gamokvlevebSi,<br />

romlebSic xorcieldeba garkveuli fsiqikuri Tvisebebis Tu funqciebis ufro zusti<br />

<strong>da</strong> obieqturi gazomva specialuri testebis saSualebiT, sruliad sawinaaRmdego<br />

Sedegebs iZleva. kerZod, am gamokvlevaTa mixedviT, sqesTaSorisi gansxvavebebi<br />

umniSvneloa. am ori tipis kvlevebs Tu Seva<strong>da</strong>rebT erTmaneTs, aRmovaCenT, rom meore<br />

tipis kvlevebi emsaxureba e.w. realurad arsebuli sqesTa Soris sxvaobebis<br />

gamovlenas. pirveli tipis kvlevebi ki mimarTulia <strong>genderi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> genderuli sxvaobebis<br />

gamosavlenad. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, isini ikvleven sqesTa reprezentaciebsa <strong>da</strong> maT<br />

sxvaobebs Cvens cnobierebaSi anu Cvens mexsierebaSi Senaxul cnebebs `qali~ <strong>da</strong><br />

`mamakaci~. qarTuli fsiqologiuri skolis _ ganwyobis fsiqologiis farglebSi Cvens<br />

mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>dgenil iqna mexsierebaSi semantikuri<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis Senaxvis <strong>for</strong>mebisa <strong>da</strong> meqanizmebis kanonzomierebebi. es<br />

kanonzomierebiebi naTels hfens e.w. `iluzoruli korelaciis~ meqanizms. saqme isaa,<br />

rom cnebebi `qali~ <strong>da</strong> `mamakaci~ warmoadgenen tipur bunebriv cnebebs <strong>da</strong> enis<br />

sistemaSi funqcionireben. amdenad, iseve, rogorc yvela bunebrivi cneba, isini<br />

Camoyalibdnen a<strong>da</strong>mianis individualuri <strong>da</strong> istoriuli gamocdilebis procesSi.<br />

amasTan es bunebrivi cnebebi mexsierebaSi struqturirebulia ara logikis<br />

principebiT, ara arsebiTi niSnebis mixedviT, rogorc es logikuri mecnieruli<br />

cnebebis SemTxvevaSia, aramed im praqtikuli funqciis niSnis mixedviT, romelsac<br />

asruleben maTSi nagulisxmevi obieqtebi (am SemTxvevaSi qalebi <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi)<br />

socialur garemoSi. mexsierebaSi maTi struqturirebis meqanizms mTlian pirivnuli<br />

<strong>konstruqti</strong> -fiqsirebuli ganwyoba warmoadgens, romelSic asaxulia <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulia qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis xSiri <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani (individualuri <strong>da</strong><br />

istoriuli TvalsazrisiT) funqciebi, romlebsac isini asrulebdnen Tanacxovrebis<br />

dros ama Tu im kulturaSi. amgvarad, bunebrivi cnebebi `qali~ <strong>da</strong> `mamakaci~ anu sqesTa<br />

genderuli reprezentaciebi funqcionalurad struqturirebulni arian. swored<br />

amitom isini gansxvavdebian logikuri cnebebisagan `qali~ <strong>da</strong> `mamakaci~, romelTac<br />

ikvlevs sqesTaSorisi sxvaobebis gasazomi instrumentebi (realuri inteleqti,<br />

realuri fizikuri Zala, emociuroba, agresiuloba Tu ConCxisa <strong>da</strong> kunTebis sistemis<br />

siZliere).<br />

erT-erT cnobil gamokvlevaSi, romelic kondrim <strong>da</strong> kondrim Caatares (Condry,<br />

Condry), cdispirebs aCvenebdnen, films cxra Tvis bavSvze. amasTan mayureblebis<br />

naxevars eubnebodnen, rom es bavSvi biWia, xolo meore naxevar ki — rom bavSvi gogoa. es<br />

umartivesi manipulacia iwvev<strong>da</strong> erTi <strong>da</strong> igive qcevis sruliad gansxvavebul Sefasebas.<br />

magaliTad, erT-erT naCveneb epizodSi bavSvi iwyeb<strong>da</strong> yvirils, mas Semdeg rac<br />

kolofi<strong>da</strong>n zambara amoagdebs saTamaSos. is a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom bavSvi<br />

biWia, aRiqvamdnen mas `gabrazebulad~, xolo is a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom<br />

bavSvi gogoa, aRiqvamdnen mas `SeSinebulad~.<br />

kondrim <strong>da</strong> rosma (Condry, Ross) aseve <strong>da</strong>adgines, rom bavSvis <strong>genderi</strong> zegavlenas<br />

axdens imaze, rom Tu rogor aRiqvamen mas ufrosebi. maT mier Catarebul kvlevaSi<br />

cdispirebs aCvenebdnen videokameraze Caweril bavSvTa TamaSis epizods. ori bavSvi<br />

44

TamaSob<strong>da</strong> TovliT <strong>da</strong>farul moe<strong>da</strong>nze. erTnairi kostiumebi maTi sqesis gansazRvris<br />

saSualebas ar iZleo<strong>da</strong>. naCveneb epizodSi erTi bavSvi mudmivad xels krav<strong>da</strong> meores,<br />

axtebo<strong>da</strong> mas <strong>da</strong> esro<strong>da</strong> gundebs. mayurebelTa erT nawils eubnebodnen, rom orive<br />

bavSvi gogoa, meores - rom orive bavSvi biWia, mesames - rom agresori biWia, xolo<br />

meoTxes - rom agresori gogoa. mas Semdeg, rac mayureblebs auxsnes, rom agresia<br />

warmoadgens winaswar ganzraxul qmedebas, romelmac SeiZleba ziani moutanos meore<br />

bavSvs, maT sTxovdnen SeefasebinaT bavSvis agresiis xarisxi. mayureblebma, romlebic<br />

<strong>da</strong>rwmunebulni iyvnen, rom orive bavSvi biWia, miiCnies naCvenebi sqema naklebad<br />

agresiulad <strong>da</strong>narCeni jgufebis SefasebasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. mkvlevrebi mividnen im<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvnamde, rom <strong>genderi</strong>s kognituri kategoria — genderuli sqema mimarTavs<br />

molodinebsa <strong>da</strong> Sefasebebs garkveuli mimarTulebiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, radgan<br />

biWebis TamaSis ramdenadme agresiuli gamovlineba normalur movlenad iTvleba,<br />

amitom es agresiulad ar fasdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

teilorisa <strong>da</strong> misi kolegebis mier Catarebuli kvlevis rezultatebi aseve<br />

a<strong>da</strong>sturebs, rom genderuli stereotipebi mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis procesze. imisaTvis, rom ukeT gaerkviaT, Tu rogor axdens<br />

gavlenas <strong>genderi</strong> aRqmasa <strong>da</strong> in<strong>for</strong>maciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebaze, teilori <strong>da</strong> falkone<br />

eqsperimentis monawileebs asmeninebdnen eqvsi politikuri diskusiis Canawers,<br />

romlebic miyav<strong>da</strong>T sam qalsa <strong>da</strong> sam mamakacs. gamosvlebi amomrCevelTa Sexvedrebze<br />

iwerebo<strong>da</strong> magnitofonze, sa<strong>da</strong>c TiToeuli kandi<strong>da</strong>ti gamoTqvam<strong>da</strong> eqvs konkretul<br />

SemoTavazebas. mkvlevrebma ise <strong>da</strong>gegmes gamokvleva, rom yvela SemoTavazeba<br />

(wina<strong>da</strong>deba) iyo Tanabrad sasargeblo. maTi arCevani (mkvlevarebis) efuZnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

msgavsi wina<strong>da</strong>debebis SefasebaTa farTo analizs. yvela gamoTqmuli wina<strong>da</strong>debi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

SeirCa 36 debuleba, romlebmac <strong>da</strong>axloebiT erTnairi reitingi miiRo. 13 wuTiani<br />

diskusiis mosmenis Semdeg cdis pirebs un<strong>da</strong> SeefasebinaT, politikurad ramdenad<br />

gonieri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>marwmunebeli iyo TiToeuli kandi<strong>da</strong>ti, ramdenad sasiamovno <strong>da</strong><br />

saintereso iqnebo<strong>da</strong> maTTan muSaoba <strong>da</strong> ramdenad efeqtianad SeZleb<strong>da</strong> igi mxaris<br />

(raionis) xelmZRvanelobas. Sedegad, 5 Sefasebis kriteriumi<strong>da</strong>n 4-Si mamakacebma miiRes<br />

ufro maRali Sefaseba (ar iyo gansxvaveba mxolod sasiamovnoebis kriteriumiT<br />

Sefasebisas). Tumca ufri gviandel eqsperimentSi, romelic bovem <strong>da</strong> spensma (Bauvais,<br />

Spence) Caatares, eqsperimentis monawileTa umravlesobas aseTi keTilganwyoba<br />

mamakacebis mimarT ar gamouvlenia. gaurkvevelia rasTan aris es cvlileba<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli: 1982 wli<strong>da</strong>n (roca teilorma <strong>da</strong> falkonem Caatares eqsperimenti) <strong>da</strong><br />

1987 wlamde (roca bovem <strong>da</strong> spensma Caatares eqsperimenti) ganwyobebis cvlilebebTan,<br />

Tu ufro gviani eqsperimentis monawileebi cdilobdnen gaemarTlebinaT<br />

eqsperomentatorebis molodinebi. ar aris gamoricxuli, agreTve, rom rezultatebze<br />

gavlena iqonia eqsperimentis Catarebis mciredma meTodologiurma sxvaobebmac.<br />

Tumca teilor-falkones <strong>da</strong> bove-spensis kvlevebis rezultatebi gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

mamakacebis mimarT zedmetad keTilganwyobis xarisxiT, magram orive kvlevam<br />

<strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura, rom biologiuri sqesi gamoiyeneba sqemis saxiT in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis procesSi. orive eqsperimentSi monawileebi met Secdomebs uSvebdnen<br />

erTi sqesis farglebSi, vidre — sqesTaSoris Secdomebs anu maT ufro xSirad<br />

eSlebo<strong>da</strong>T, Tu romel qals ekuTvno<strong>da</strong> esa Tu is gamonaTqvami <strong>da</strong> iSviaTad uSvebdnen<br />

iseT Secdomebs, roca gamonaTqvami qals ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>, maT ki mamakacisa egonaT an<br />

piriqiT. arsebobs sxva eqsperimentebic, romlebic miuTiTeben, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebi sxva<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianebis kategorizacias pirvel rigSi sqesis mixedviT axdenen. ase magaliTad,<br />

fiskem <strong>da</strong>adgina, rom eqsperimentis monawileebi xSirad ureven erTmaneTSi erTi <strong>da</strong><br />

igive sqesis, rasis an iseT a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, romlebic erTi <strong>da</strong> igive socialur rols<br />

45

asruleben an iseT a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, romlebsac erTi <strong>da</strong> igive saxeli hqviaT. stangorma<br />

(Stangor, 1986) <strong>da</strong>adgina, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebi kategorizacias ufro xSirad sqesis mixedviT<br />

axdenen, vidre - rasisa.<br />

fiske <strong>da</strong> teilori miuTiTebdnen, rom genderul sqemaTa aqtivacia nawilobriv<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad didi xnis win aqtivirdnen isini bolos <strong>da</strong> ramdenad<br />

xSirad iyvnen isini gamoyenebuli adre. rac ufro xSirad xdebo<strong>da</strong> sqemaTa aqtivacia<br />

warsulSi, miT ufro misawvdomia isini mexsierebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> miT ufro xSirad iqnebian<br />

gamoyenebulni. es movlena praimingis efeqtis saxelis matarebelia. amgvarad, un<strong>da</strong><br />

movelodeT, rom axalgazrdebi <strong>da</strong> mozardebi, romlebic did yuradRebas aqceven<br />

sqesis problemas, gansakuTrebiT xSirad aRiqvamen sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebs maTi <strong>genderi</strong>s<br />

TvalsazrisiT. teilorisa <strong>da</strong> fiskes azriT, xSirad gamoiyenebuli sqema momarTul<br />

(mzadyofnis) mdgomareobaSia. Cvens sazogadoebaSi masmediis saSualebebi zedmetad<br />

xSirad amaxvileben yuradRebas <strong>genderi</strong>s problemebze. sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom<br />

aseT mimarTebas mivyvarT iqamde, rom Cveni genderuli sqemebi momarTul<br />

mdgomareobaSi arian <strong>da</strong> mzad arian meyseuli aqtivaciisaTvis. rogorc bemi aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>:<br />

`genderuli sqemis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>JinebiTi gaxseneba<br />

genderuli sqemas kidev ufro kogniturad misawvdomad aqcevs~.<br />

mravalricxovani gamokvlevebis rezultatebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom <strong>genderi</strong> is<br />

mniSvnelovani kognituri kategoriaa, romelic a<strong>da</strong>mianis aRqmisas gamoiyeneba. Tumca<br />

ki zogjer SeiZleba SevxvdeT iseT a<strong>da</strong>mianebsac, romlebic <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulni arian, rom<br />

maT mier a<strong>da</strong>mianebis aRqma genderze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli ar aris. marTlac, arsebobs,<br />

individualuri gansxvavebebi <strong>genderi</strong>s, rogorc in<strong>for</strong>maciis mniSvnelovani<br />

`parametris~ gamoyenebaSi sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebis aRqmisas. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli,<br />

bemis mixedviT, a<strong>da</strong>miani SeiZleba CaiTvalos <strong>genderi</strong>s sqemis gamomyeneblad, Tuki mas<br />

aqvs mzadyofna a<strong>da</strong>mianTa ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebebis <strong>da</strong> maT Sesaxeb in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />

sortireba moaxdinos <strong>genderi</strong>s safuZvelze. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, igi ekuTvnis im<br />

individebs, romlebic ar iyeneben genderul sqemebs. bemis azriT, is a<strong>da</strong>mianebi,<br />

romlebic gamoxatul qalur an mamakacur sawyisebs floben, metad SeiZleba<br />

mivakuTvnoT genderuli sqemis gamomyeneblebs.<br />

genderuli sqemis Teoria genderuli sqemis warmoSobis sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisas<br />

eyrdnoba im mosazrebas, rom Cven <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n gvaxasiaTebs kategorizaciisaken<br />

midrekileba, romelic mimdinareobs garegani stimulirebis ganmasxvavebeli<br />

Taviseburebebis safuZvelze (rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianis, aseve sagnebis SemTxvevaSi).<br />

garSemomyofi samyaros aseTi <strong>da</strong>yofa Semadgenel elementebad ukve bavSvobi<strong>da</strong>n iwyeba<br />

<strong>da</strong> warmoadgens kognituri ganviTarebis procesis arss. bavSvoba — es aris swrafi<br />

sqematuri ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xvewis periodi. bavSvis cxovrebis ZiriTadi nawili<br />

swored gare samyaros Sesaxeb in<strong>for</strong>maciis SeTvisebas xmardeba.<br />

imisaTvis, rom Seimsubuqon uamravi in<strong>for</strong>maciis SeTviseba, bavSvebi mimarTven<br />

kategorizacias. `qaluri~ <strong>da</strong> `mamakacuri~ warmodgenen diqotomiur amomwurav<br />

ganmasxvavebel bunebriv kategoriebs, romlebsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />

eniWeba, rogorc zr<strong>da</strong>srulebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n, aseve bavSvebis, Tanatolebis mxr<strong>da</strong>nac.<br />

<strong>genderi</strong> kategorizaciis mniSvnelovani kriteriumia nawilobriv imitomac, rom<br />

Cvens sazogadoebaSi mudmivad laparakoben genderuli sxvaobebis mniSvnelovan<br />

rolzec. rogorc ukve adre iyo naTqvami, televizia, literatura <strong>da</strong> folklori<br />

Zalian xSirad warmosaxaven qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs iseT arsebebad, romelTa Sorisac<br />

didi gansxvavebaa <strong>da</strong> romlebic sruliad ar gvanan erTmaneTs. mSoblebi, maswavleblebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tanatolebi aseve xSirad ubiZgeben bavSvebs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcion<br />

genders <strong>da</strong> rogorc Sedegi, maT uyalibdebaT azri, rom qali <strong>da</strong> mamakaci mxolod<br />

46

genitaliebiT ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. bavSvebi amCneven, rom qalebi <strong>da</strong><br />

mamakacebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad icvamen d cdiloben sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva rameebi gaakeTon. msgavsi<br />

Sexeduleba uyalibdebaT maT sazogadoebis iseTi warmomadgenlebis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebisas,<br />

rogoric arian magaliTad, maTi mSoblebi. iglis (Egly) <strong>socialuri</strong> rolebis Teoriis<br />

mixedviT, socialurma rolebma SeiZleba biZgi misces <strong>socialuri</strong> stereotipebis<br />

Camoyalibebas. is faqti, rom <strong>socialuri</strong> rolebis umravlesoba qalebis an kacebis mier<br />

sruldeba, SeiZleba xels uwyobdes <strong>genderi</strong>s kognitur diqotomizacias. martini <strong>da</strong><br />

halversoni (Martin, Halverson) werdnen, rom radgan qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris<br />

<strong>da</strong>ikvirveba amdeni gansxvaveba, bavSvebi xvdebian, rom genderul kategoriebSi<br />

gaTviTcnobierebuloba Zalian sasargebloa garSemomyofTa qcevis<br />

winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis.<br />

ganvixiloT sqesTa Soris gansxvavebis oTxi kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> sfero: umcrosebze<br />

zrunva, agresia, ufrosebTan siaxlove <strong>da</strong> sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba.<br />

umcrosebze zrunva: edvardsma <strong>da</strong> uaitingma (Edwards &Whiting, 1980) eqvsi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

kulturi kvlevis Se<strong>da</strong>gad aRmoaCines, rom 5-<strong>da</strong>n 12 wlamde asakobriv SualedSi<br />

genderuli gansxvavebebi vlindeba ufro Tanmimdevrulad im CvilTa <strong>da</strong> bavSvTa mimarT<br />

qcevaSi, romlebic siaruls swavloben, vidre didebisa <strong>da</strong> ufroso asakis bavSvebis<br />

mimarT. radganac Cvilebi met zrunvas iTxoven, vidre ufrosi bavSvebi, gogonebi,<br />

romlebic CvilebTan did dros atareben, ufro met swrafvas avlenen umcrosebze<br />

zrunvis, videre - biWebi, romlebic ase di<strong>da</strong>d ar arian <strong>da</strong>kavebulni patara bavSvebiT.<br />

barim, bekonma <strong>da</strong> Caildma (Barry, Bacon & Child) aRmoaCines, rom biWebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,<br />

gogonebs metad amzadeben umcrosebze zrunvisTvis (kulturaTa 82%-Si), imisTvis, rom<br />

iyvnen ufro <strong>da</strong>mjerni (kulturaTa 35%-Si) <strong>da</strong> ufro pasuxismgebliani (kulturaTa<br />

61%-Si). biWebs ki Tavis mxriv, aswavlian miznis miRwevas (kulturaTa 87%-Si) <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblobas (kulturaTa 85%-Si).<br />

uelCma, peijma <strong>da</strong> martinma (Welch, Page & Martin, 1981) 108 kulturis kvlevis Sedegad<br />

aRmoaCines, rom biWebis roluri orientaciebi metad limitirebulia, gogonebis<br />

<strong>socialuri</strong> orientaciebisgan gansxvavebiT. am ukanasknelTa <strong>socialuri</strong> orientaciebi<br />

gamoirCeva didi mravalferovnebiT. amasTanave, biWebs ufro mkacrad moeTxovebaT<br />

miRebuli rolisadmi Sesatyvisoba, videre — gogonebs.<br />

agresia: im bavSvTa kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> gamokvlevebi, romlebmac jer ar miaRwies<br />

sqesobriv momwifebas, aCveneben, rom biWebs gogonebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro metad<br />

axasiaTebT agresia, meqiSpeobis (Sejibris) suli, dominirebisken swrafva <strong>da</strong> CxubTan <strong>da</strong><br />

brZolasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli TamaSebi. uaitingisa <strong>da</strong> edvardsis (B.B. Whiting & Edvards,<br />

1981) mier eqvsi kulturisa <strong>da</strong> afrikis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi SerCevis Seswavlis Sedegad<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom sqesebs Soris arsebobs gansxvaveba agresiulobisa <strong>da</strong> dominirebisaken<br />

swrafvis TvalsazrisiT. <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>, agreTve, rom agresia ar mcirdeba asakis<br />

momatebasTan erTad, aramed piriqiT, igi ufro gamoxatuli xdeba ufrosi asakis<br />

biWebSi. <strong>da</strong>kvirvevbebi, romlebic omarkma, omarkma <strong>da</strong> edelmanma (Omark, Omark & Edelman,<br />

1975) Caatares eTiopiis, Sveicariis <strong>da</strong> amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saTamaSo<br />

moednebze, aCveneben, rom biWebi ufro agresiulad iqcevian, videre - gogonebi.<br />

warmoebis TvalsazrisiT, CamorCenili oTxi kulturis Seswavlisas monrom <strong>da</strong> misma<br />

kolegebma (Munroe, ... 2000) aRmoaCines, rom agresiis gamovlineba biWebTan ufro xSiria,<br />

vidre — gogonebTan. rodesac gogonebi <strong>da</strong> biWebi ikribebian erTgvarovan sqesobriv<br />

jgfufebad, agresiis epizodebi ufro xSirad gvxvdeba biWebTan, vidre — gogonebTan.<br />

eqvsi kulturis kvlevam aCvena, rom dedebi, Cveulebriv, erTnairad reagireben<br />

agresiis gamovlenaze biWebisa Tu gogonebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n. xolo mama mniSvnelovan rols<br />

47

asrulebs agresiulobis aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si, gansakuTrebiT ki - biWebSi. <strong>da</strong>dgenilia, rom<br />

agresiis xarisxze Zlier zegavlenas axdens aRzrdis <strong>kulturuli</strong> sistema <strong>da</strong> am<br />

sistemaSi mamakacisa Tu qalis agresiulobisTvis miwerili valentoba. ase magaliTad,<br />

Seswavlis Sedegad aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom okinavaze <strong>da</strong> amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad udgebian gogonebTan <strong>da</strong> biWebTan agresiulobis aRzr<strong>da</strong>s.<br />

qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n agresiis mimReblobis xarisxi <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis<br />

qveynebSi erTnairia, Tumca gansxvavdeba qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis mier agresiis<br />

gamovlenis <strong>for</strong>mebi. mamakacebi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad Zalian TavSekavebulad iqcevian,<br />

Tumca Semdeg ufro meti siSmage euflebaT, maSin roca qalebi ufro emociurebi arian<br />

<strong>da</strong> aqvT midrekileba Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve mimarTon yvirils an sityvier kinklaobas.<br />

ufrosebTan siaxlove <strong>da</strong> moRvaweobis xasiaTi: fridmani (Ftedman, 1976)<br />

akvirdebo<strong>da</strong> 5-7 wlis bavSvebis TamaSs rva kulturaSi (avstralieli aborigenebi,<br />

balis, taivanis, ceilonis, kikuitus, iaponiis macxovreblebs, navahos tomis<br />

warmomadgenlebs <strong>da</strong> penjabebi). man aRmoaCina, rom biWebi TamaSis dros grovdebian did<br />

jgufebSi, did manZilebs gadian <strong>da</strong> ufro metad arian TamaSis fizikuri saxeobebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavebulni, maSin roca gogonebi ufro metad iseTi TamaSebiT erTobian, romlebic<br />

garkveuli moqmedebebis gameorebasTan <strong>da</strong> laparakTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. gar<strong>da</strong><br />

amisa, gogonebi, Cveulebriv, naklebad Sordebian saxls. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom<br />

genderul gansxvavebaTa gaRrmavebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs is prioritetebi,<br />

romlebic garkveul qcevebs eniWebaT biWebisa Tu gogonebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

biWebi metad eswragvian sxva biWebTan urTierTobebs, xolo gogonebi upiratesobas<br />

aniWeben ufrosebTan urTierTobas. sqesis mixedviT segregacias asaxaven, agreTve,<br />

bavSvebis naxatebic. maTi analizi gviCvenebs, rom biWebi ufro xSirad xataven biWebs,<br />

xolo gogonebi — gogonebs. bavSvebis naxatebSi genderuli gansaxvavebebis gamovlenad<br />

miiCneva, agreTve, isic, rom biWebi ufro xSirad xataven manqanebs, urCxulebs <strong>da</strong><br />

agresiasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul scenebs, movlenebs Tu sagnebs, xolo gogonebi<br />

upiratesobas aniWeben yvavilebis <strong>da</strong>xatvas. sqesis mixedviT bavSvTa naxatTa aseT<br />

gansxvavebebi gamovlin<strong>da</strong> gamokvleuli cxra sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturi<strong>da</strong>n yvelaSi.<br />

sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba: gamokvlevebis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>dgenilia, rom TiTqmis yvela<br />

kulturaSi gogonebi naklebad kmayofilni arian imiT, rom isini gogonebi arian, vidre<br />

biWebi imiT, rom isini biWebi arian. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, gogonebis Tavisi sqesiT aseTi<br />

ukmayofileba yovelTvis ar gamoixateba <strong>da</strong>bal TviTSefasebaSi. ase magaliTad,<br />

gogonebi filipinebSi, nepalSi, avstraliaSi <strong>da</strong> nigeriaSi Tvlian, rom isini biWebTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebad niWierebi arian fizikasa <strong>da</strong> maTematikaSi. amave dros, gogonebs<br />

avstraliaSi <strong>da</strong> nigeriaSi miaCniaT, rom maTi miRwevebi kiTxvaSi gacilebiT ufro<br />

didia, vidre — biWebis warmatebebi am saganSi. nigerieli biWebi ki Tvlian, rom isini<br />

gogonebze ufro Wkvianebi arian.<br />

amgvarad, gogonebsa <strong>da</strong> biWebs Soris arsebobs myarad gamoxatuli gansxvavebebi<br />

umcrosebze zrunvaSi, agresiaSi <strong>da</strong> mobilurobaSi <strong>da</strong> es gansxvavebebi vlindeba yvela<br />

kulturaSi. kultura ayalibebs bavSvTa socialur qcevas, gansazRvravs im a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />

wres, romelTa garemocvaSic bavSvi imyofeba. kultura gansazRvravs, agreTve, im<br />

saqmianobebis saxeebsac, romlebiTac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sqesis bavSvebi arian <strong>da</strong>kavebulni.<br />

mamakacebis <strong>socialuri</strong> roli <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia maTi bunebis, rogorc `Semomtanis~<br />

gagebasTan <strong>da</strong> umravles kulturaSi mijnavs qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis funqciebs.<br />

feministebis did nawils miaCnia, rom ar aris saWiro mamakacis <strong>socialuri</strong> rolebis<br />

Seswavla, radgan es gvaSorebs mTavar problemas _ qalis diskriminaciul<br />

mdgomareobaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas. magram faqtia, rom kultura uwesebs<br />

48

mamakacebs garkveul socialur SezRudvebs iseve, rogorc qalebs <strong>da</strong> amitom<br />

mniSvnelovania am SezRudvebis Seswavla.<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom dReisaTvis arsebobs sakmaod mwiri empiriuli masala, romelic<br />

eZRvneba tradiciuli mamakacuri rolebis Seswavlas. es genderuli kvlevebis<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT axali <strong>da</strong> naklebad ganviTarebuli sferoa.<br />

mamakacuri genderuli rolebis aTvisebis meqanizmi iseTivea, rogorc qaluri genderuli<br />

rolisa (diferencialuri socializacia, modelebze <strong>da</strong>kvirveba, <strong>kulturuli</strong> arxebis<br />

saSualebiT zegavlena) mamakacebi, iseve rogorc qalebi mudmivi in<strong>for</strong>maciuli <strong>da</strong><br />

normatiuli zewolis zegavlenis qveS imyofebian. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi biWebi <strong>da</strong><br />

mamakacebi <strong>socialuri</strong> in<strong>for</strong>maciis didi nakadis zemoqmedebis qveS imyofebian. maTi qceva<br />

isjeba, rogorc ki igi ga<strong>da</strong>uxvevs tradiciulad `mamakacuri~ qcevis normebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

`mamakacurobis~ Sesaxeb warmodgenebs biWebi iTviseben kulturis <strong>da</strong> socializaciis sxva<br />

institutebis meSveobiT. am SexedulebaTa sistemas plekma (Pleck) <strong>da</strong> misma kolegebma<br />

mamakacurobis ideologia uwodes. faqtiurad es aris <strong>socialuri</strong> normebis krebuli<br />

mamakacebisTvis. tompsonma <strong>da</strong> plekma mamakacuri genderuli roli gansazRvres, rogorc<br />

<strong>socialuri</strong> normebi, romelic Seicavs nebarTvebsa <strong>da</strong> akrZalvebs imis Taobaze, Tu ra un<strong>da</strong><br />

igrZnos <strong>da</strong> akeTos mamakacma <strong>da</strong> ra -ara. tompsonmma <strong>da</strong> plekma gamokvlevis Se<strong>da</strong>gad <strong>da</strong>adgines,<br />

rom mamakacTa roluri normebis struqtura Sedgeba sami mniSvnelovani faqtorisgan:<br />

pirveli — es aris molodinebi imis Taobaze, rom mamakacebi miaRweven maRal statuss <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>imsaxureben garSemomyofTa pativiscemas (statusis norma); meore — mdgradobis norma,<br />

romelic gansazRvravs mamakacebisgan gonrbrivi, emociuri <strong>da</strong> fizikuri mdgradobis<br />

molodins; mesame _ es aris molodini imisa, rom mamakacma Tavi un<strong>da</strong> aaridos stereotipulad<br />

qalur saqmianobebs (antiqalurobis norma). zogierT sazogadoebaSi am normas iseTi Zlieri<br />

zegavlenis Zala aqvs, rom igi zogjer mamakacSi femifobiis saxiTac vlindeba.<br />

mamakacis stereotipuli normebi did zegavlenas axdens maT yoveldRiur<br />

cxovrebaze. ubralo magaliTebic ki cxadyofs, rom umravles sazogadoebebSi mamakaci<br />

— mamakaci ar aris, Tu is fuls ar Soulobs, Tu igi emociuria, fizikurad sustia, ar<br />

SeuZlia kompetenturi rCevebis mocema an qaluri saqmianobebiT aris <strong>da</strong>kavebuli.<br />

bernma <strong>da</strong> leverma (Burn & Laver, 1994) aRmoaCines, rom amerikeli qalebi <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi<br />

srulad eTanxmebodnen erTmaneTs imaSi, rom mamakacma kariera un<strong>da</strong> gaikeTos.<br />

amasTanave, umravlesoba maTgani iziareb<strong>da</strong> im azrsac, rom mamakacma bevri fuli un<strong>da</strong><br />

iSovos. statusis stereotipis mamakacis mimarT moqmedebas a<strong>da</strong>sturebs igive<br />

avtorebis sxva kvlevac, romelSic gaanaliz<strong>da</strong> amerikuli Jurnalebis e.w. `paemnebis~<br />

nawili. aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom qalebi, gansxvavebiT mamakacebisagan, sasurveli partnioris<br />

amorCevisas prioritets mis statussa <strong>da</strong> finansur mdgomareobas aniWebdnen.<br />

statusisa <strong>da</strong> warmatebulobis norma garkveul problemebs uqmnis mamakacebs. saqme<br />

isaa, rom maT umravlesobas ar Seswevs unari 100%-iT <strong>da</strong>akmayofilos igi. es ki maTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>bali TviTSefasebis safuZveli xdeba. Zalian cota mamakacs aqvs sakmarisi fuli,<br />

Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> pativiscema sazogadebaSi, radgan yovelTvis moiZebneba a<strong>da</strong>miani,<br />

romelic socialur kibeze ufro maRla dgas.<br />

sazogadoebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n mamakacebis Sefasebas maTi Semosavlebis mixedviT xSir<br />

SemTxvevaSi mivyevarT TviTaqtualizaciis xarisxis <strong>da</strong>cemamde. kerZod, mamakaci<br />

iZulebulia akeTos saqme, romelic ar ainteresebs, ar uyvars <strong>da</strong> igi muSaobs mxolod<br />

imitom, rom es samuSao kargad anazRaurebadia.<br />

finansuri zewola gansakuTrebiT mZimea iseTi mamakacebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebsac<br />

diasaxlisi colebi hyavT. rodesac mamakaci Semosavlis erTaderTi wyaroa, mas xSirad<br />

aRiqvamen rogorc fulis tomaras <strong>da</strong> yvela cdilobs am tomri<strong>da</strong>n fulis amoRebas.<br />

kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom rac ufro izrdeba mamakacis Semosavali, miT ufro<br />

49

klebulobs misi wvlili bavSvebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si. iaponiaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mamakacurobis norma<br />

gulisxmobs sruli <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT muSaobas, mamebi saSualod bavSvebTan 3 wT-s<br />

urTierToben samuSao dReebSi, xolo uqme dRes ki maTi bavSvebTan urTierTobis<br />

xangrZlovoba 19 wT-s Seadgens.<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom mamakacurobis gagebaSi arsebobs garkveuli variaciebi,<br />

romlebic Seaqvs garkveul rasas, nacionalobas, <strong>socialuri</strong> klasisadmi an kulturisadmi<br />

mikuTvnebulobas, seqsualur orientacias <strong>da</strong> sxv. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mamakacurobis zemoT CamoTvlili normebi universaluria.<br />

mamakacebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>wesebuli <strong>kulturuli</strong> normebi Zalian xSirad maTTvis<br />

konfliqtisa <strong>da</strong> steresis safuZveli xdeba. xSir SemTxvevebSi isini aryeven mamakacTa<br />

fizikur <strong>da</strong> fsiqikur janmrTelobas, zogjer ki maTi mxri<strong>da</strong>n qalebisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis<br />

mimarT uxeSobisa <strong>da</strong> Zaladobis safuZvelic SeiZleba gaxdnen.<br />

leqciis msvlelobisas moyvanili iqneba konkteruli magaliTebi yoveldRiuri<br />

cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>nac. rac xels Seuwyobs studentebis mier mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis<br />

genderuli normebis moqmedebis meqanizmebis ukeT gacnobas. gansakuTrebiT xazi<br />

gaesmeba tradiciul mamakacur rolebs <strong>da</strong> normebs. gaanalizebuli iqneba genderuli<br />

stereotipebis funqciebi <strong>da</strong>, agreTve, stresi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti, romelsac iwvevs<br />

tradiciuli qaluri <strong>da</strong> mamakacuri rolebi Tanamedrove pirobebSi.<br />

saleqcio kursis bolos studentebs miewodebaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:<br />

genderuli rolebi — es aris <strong>socialuri</strong> rolebi, romlebiTac qalebi <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi<br />

arian araerTgvarovnad <strong>da</strong>kavebulni ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> profesiuli moRvaweobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

sferoSi, <strong>da</strong> agreTve, Tavisufali drois ganmavlobaSi.<br />

iluzoruli korelacia - cnebaTa Soris kavSiris simyaris xarisxis zedmetad maRali<br />

Sefaseba an mcdeloba <strong>da</strong>adgino igi iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c kavSiri saerTod ar arsebobs. <strong>genderi</strong>s<br />

SemTxvevaSi moCvenebiTi an ga<strong>da</strong>metebuli kavSiri xSirad moiazreba gendersa <strong>da</strong><br />

garkveul Tvisebebs, Cvevebs <strong>da</strong> qcevebs Soris.<br />

genderuli sxvaobebi — sxvaobebi qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel<br />

TvisebaTa <strong>da</strong> qcevaTa Soris, romelic socialur-kulturul xasiaTs atarebs.<br />

praimingis efeqti - procesi, romlis Sedega<strong>da</strong>c cotaxniswinandeli gancdebi <strong>da</strong><br />

procesebi aZliereben ama Tu im in<strong>for</strong>maciis misawvdomobas.<br />

statusis/warmatebulobis norma _ genderuli stereotipi, romlis mixedviTac<br />

mamakacis <strong>socialuri</strong> Rirseba ganisazRvreba misi Semosavlis sididiT <strong>da</strong> warmatebis<br />

xarisxiT samsaxurSi.<br />

fizikuri siZlieris norma _ mamakacurobis stereotipi, romlis mixedviTac<br />

mamakacs un<strong>da</strong> hqondes didi fizikuri Zala <strong>da</strong> maRali biologiuri aqtivoba.<br />

gonebrivi siZlieris norma — mamakacurobis stereotipi, romlis mixedviTac mamakaci<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos mcodne <strong>da</strong> kompetenturi.<br />

emociuri mdgradobis norma — mamakacurobis stereotipi, romlis mixedviTac<br />

mamakacs un<strong>da</strong> hqondes naklebi grZnobebi <strong>da</strong> SeeZlos ga<strong>da</strong>wyvitos Tavisi emociuri<br />

problemebi <strong>da</strong>moukideblad.<br />

antiqalurobis norma — stereotipi, romlis mixedviTac mamakacma Tavi un<strong>da</strong> aaridos<br />

specifikurad qalur saqmianobebs <strong>da</strong> qcevis modelebs.<br />

femifobia - es aris mamakacis SiSi, rom igi ar iqnes garSemomyofebisgan Sefasebuli,<br />

rogorc qaluri.<br />

50

leqciis Semdeg studentebs <strong>da</strong>evalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil droSi<br />

moamzadon saswavlo kursis riderSi warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis masalebi.<br />

seminari #4 (Tema # 4 ) — 2 sT<br />

seminarze moxdeba studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia; gaimarTeba<br />

jgufuri diskusia seminaris Temaze. kerZod, <strong>da</strong>smuli iqneba Semdegi tipis kiTxvebi:<br />

1. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs genderuli stereotipebis Camoyalibebas?<br />

2. ra zegavlenas axdens genderuli stereotipebi a<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis<br />

cxovrebaSi?<br />

3. ras niSnavs genderulad tipirebuli a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong> riTi gansxvavdeba igi genderulad<br />

aratipirebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianisagan?<br />

4. rogor vlindeba qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis gansxvavebuli <strong>socialuri</strong> rolebi?<br />

5. ra SezRudvebs uweserbs tradiciuli ideologia mamakacebs?<br />

6. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs mcire sqesTaSoris sxvaobebis did genderul<br />

sxvaobebad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas?<br />

7. rogor xsnis genderuli sqemis Teoria genderul iluzorul korelaciebs?<br />

8. rogor ixsneba genderuli iluzoruli korelaciebi qarTuli fsiqologiuri<br />

skolis poziciebi<strong>da</strong>n?<br />

9. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs gansxvavebul genderul rolebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

kulturebSi?<br />

seminarze gamoyenebuli iqneba, agreTve, SemTxvevis ganxilvis meTodi. kerZod,<br />

studentebs <strong>da</strong>urigdebaT kanadis a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis fondis 22-e saerTaSoriso<br />

sesiis masalebSi warmodgenili SemTxvevis aRwera: `sabediswero mdinaris istoria~,<br />

romelic ama Tu im kulturaSi genderuli stereotipebis <strong>da</strong> genderuli rolebis<br />

Sefasebas eZRvneba. studentebi individualurad gaecnobian istorias <strong>da</strong> Semdeg<br />

Seafaseben iq warmodgenil personaJebs specialuri Sefasebis kiTxvaris safuZvelze.<br />

moxdeba Sedegebis jgufuri ganxilva <strong>da</strong> Sejameba. jgufuri Sefasebis Semdeg<br />

studentebs eZlevaT instruqcia Secvalon sapirispiroTi yoveli personaJis sqesi <strong>da</strong><br />

amis Semdeg, kidev erTxel Seavson Sefasebis kiTxvari. miRebuli Sedegebi kvlev<br />

ganixileba <strong>da</strong> Sejamdeba erToblivi muSaobis gziT. gakeTdeba genderuli<br />

stereotipebis analizi pirveli <strong>da</strong> meore Sefasebis urTierTSe<strong>da</strong>rebis safuZvelze.<br />

ZiriTadi literatura:<br />

1. Male/Femaile Roles, Jonatan S. petrikin (ed.), Greenhaven press, Inc., 1995, gv.:17-82;<br />

2. Unger R., Craw<strong>for</strong>d M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University Press,<br />

Philadelphia,1992, gv.: 102-144.<br />

<strong>da</strong>matebiTi literatura:<br />

1. Best D. L., Williams I. E. Gender and culture. – in Culture and Psychology, edited by David Matsumoto.<br />

Ox<strong>for</strong>d University press, 2001, gv.: 334-337;<br />

2. Burn S.M. The Socal Psychology of Gender, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1996, gv.: 196-218;<br />

3. Male/Femaile Roles, Jonatan S. petrikin (ed.), Greenhaven press, Inc., 1995, gv.: 252-294;<br />

4. Handbook of Marriage and the family, edited by Marrin B. Sussman & Suzann K. Steinmetz, Plenum<br />

Press, 1988, gv.: 535-560;<br />

5. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, Second<br />

Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, T. VII;<br />

6. zurikaSvili f. maRraZe g. WaniSvili n. xuciSvili g. jorbenaZe r. konfliqti, <strong>genderi</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> mSvidobis mSenebloba, gaeros ganviTarebis fondi qalTaTvis, Tb., 2003, nawili II.<br />

51

kvira #5<br />

leqcia (2 sT)<br />

Tema #5 - ojaxi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba. qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris<br />

urTierTobebi. kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> gansxvavebebi.<br />

leqciaze mocemuli iqneba ojaxis mokle istoria, misi gansazRvreba, ojaxisa <strong>da</strong><br />

sazogadoebis sxva institutebis mimarTeba, ojaxis struqtura , dinamika <strong>da</strong> funqciebi,<br />

colqmruli urTierToba <strong>da</strong> misi stilebi. ganxiluli iqneba ojaxis tipebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

klasifikaciebi. mokled ganxiluli iqneba qorwinebis Tanamedrove paterebi <strong>da</strong><br />

agreTve, qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris urTierTobebi germanul, koreul, amerikul <strong>da</strong><br />

Svedur ojaxebSi.<br />

ojaxi <strong>da</strong> qorwineba warmoiSva jer kidev pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi — Sua<br />

paleoliTSi. sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad ojaxmac ganvlo ganviTarebis<br />

araerTi etapi, romlebSic ZiriTadia e.w. wyviladi ojaxi, patriarqalur-monogamuri<br />

ojaxi <strong>da</strong> monogamur-elitaruli ojaxi. mecniereba Tvlis, rom ojaxi sazogadoebis<br />

kval<strong>da</strong>kval icvleba, magram mas, agreTve, aqvs konservatuli xasiaTic; radgan<br />

meyseulad sazogadoebaSi warmoqmnili axali movlenebi maSinve ki ar aisaxeba masSi,<br />

aramed _ Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT. konservatuloba gamoixateba imaSic, rom yoveli axali<br />

periodis azrovneba mistiris wina periodis ojaxis funqcionirebas <strong>da</strong> ufro<br />

srulyofilad miiCnevs mas. azrovneba Znelad iRebs axals. cvlilebis yvela tendencia<br />

aRiqmeba, rogorc krizisis, ga<strong>da</strong>gvarebis maCvenebeli. maS rodis iyo ojaxi yvela<br />

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT (Sobadoba, bavSvebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>, qorwinebis sakiTxebi<br />

mogvareba, ojaxis wevriTa ufleba—movaleobebis ganawileba <strong>da</strong> sxv.) yvelaze<br />

srulyofili? aseTi wiaRsvliT Cven mivadgebiT patriarqalur ojaxs <strong>da</strong> Tanac<br />

despoturs! ra gamodis? erTis mxriv yvelaze srulyofili <strong>da</strong> organizebuli<br />

patriarqalur—despoturi ojaxi, meores mxriv, ki dRevandeli Cveni epoqisTvis misi<br />

sruli miuRebloba. amitomac ar aris gasakviri, rom dRes ojaxis Sesaxeb SromaTa<br />

umetesoba iwyeba ojaxis masStaburi kriziis aRiarebiT.<br />

ojaxis gansazRvreba. ra aris ojaxi, rogor ganisazRvreba igi aravisTvis sa<strong>da</strong>vo ar<br />

aris, rom ojaxi <strong>socialuri</strong> institutia; zusti ganmartebisTvis mivmarToT<br />

filistimikas — ojaxis Sesaxeb mecnierebas. mravali ganmartebi<strong>da</strong>n saxelmZRvanelod<br />

miRebulia, Semdegi: `ojaxi aris qorwinebisa <strong>da</strong> sisxlis naTesaobis nia<strong>da</strong>gze Seqmnili<br />

<strong>socialuri</strong> sistema — mcire jgufi, romlis wevrebi erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli arian<br />

yofa-cxovrebis erTianobiT, moraluri urTierTpasuxismgeblobiT <strong>da</strong><br />

urTierT<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT.<br />

magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Tanamedrove tendenciebs <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis sazogadoebis realobas, maSin SeiZleba ufro sagulisxmod gveCvenos<br />

Semdegi ganmarteba: `ojaxi aris <strong>da</strong>qorwinebuli meuRleebi SvilebiT an maT gareSe, an<br />

martoxela mSobeli SviliT~. amgvarad, ojaxi aris sazogadoebis ujredi (mcire<br />

<strong>socialuri</strong> jgufi) <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli col-qmrul kavSirsa <strong>da</strong> naTesaur urTierTobebze,<br />

anu igi moicavs colqmars Soris, mSoblebsa <strong>da</strong> Svilebs Soris, debsa <strong>da</strong> Zmebs Soris <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva naTesavebs Soris urTierTobebs, urTierTobebs im a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Soris, romlebic<br />

erTad cxovroben <strong>da</strong> uZRvebian saerTo meurneobas. ojaxi asrulebs udides rols,<br />

rogorc calkeuli pirovnebis, aseve mTeli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi.<br />

52

ojaxi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba. ojaxi socialur—biologiuri warmonaqmnia. mas ganapirobeben,<br />

rogorc <strong>socialuri</strong>, aseve biologiuri moTxovnilebebi (sqesobrivi instiqtebi).<br />

swored biofsiqo<strong>socialuri</strong> moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>mTxvevam warmoqmna <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

instituti — qorwineba. qorwineba <strong>da</strong> ojaxi sazogadoebis keTildReobis <strong>da</strong> simSvidis<br />

garantia. igi sazogadoebis seqsualuri cxovrebis momwesrigebelia, mozardi Taobis<br />

socializaciis saSualebaa. Tavis mxriv ki, sazogadoeba uzrunvelyofs ojaxis<br />

normaluri funqcionireba- ganviTarebis pirobebs <strong>da</strong> mis <strong>da</strong>culobas. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

sazogadoebebi aregulirebs qorwinebas <strong>da</strong> ojaxs, kerZo urTierTobebs wyvilebs<br />

Soris. kanoni <strong>da</strong> kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs imas, Tu vis visTan SeuZlia qorwineba.<br />

magaliTad, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sqesis a<strong>da</strong>mianebis gar<strong>da</strong>, zogierT qveyanaSi erTi sqesis<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianebsac aqvT amis ufleba. kanoni gansazRvravs qorwinebis minimalur asaksac.<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebis <strong>da</strong> kulturebis kanonmdebloba <strong>da</strong>, agreTve, religia gansazRvravs<br />

imasac, Tu ramdeni coli SeiZleba yavdes mamakacs, an ramdeni qmari SeiZleba hyavdes<br />

qals, agreTve, gayrisa <strong>da</strong> xelaxali qorwinebis SesaZleblobas. zogi sazogadoeba<br />

qorwinebis farglebs gareT sqesobrivi kavSirisaTvisac mkacrad gansjis pirovnebas.<br />

amis magaliTebia aRmosavleTis poligamia, afrikis zogierT qveynebSi (magaliTad,<br />

burkino fsasoSi) gavrcelebuli poliandria, <strong>da</strong>savleTis erTsqesiani ojaxebi. agreTve<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom aRmosavleTis qveynebSi qorwineba gacilebiT axalagazr<strong>da</strong>a, vidre —<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTSi. aRmosavleTSi qorwinebis saSualo asaki (qalebis) 18 welia. amerikaSi ki — 25<br />

weli. evropis zog qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong> skandinaviis qveynebSi ki _ kidev ufro xan<strong>da</strong>zmuli.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom radgan qorwinebis instituts istoriulad mkacrad patriarquli<br />

xasiaTi aqvs, amitom gvari <strong>da</strong> tituli ga<strong>da</strong>icema mamakacuri xaziT; es saerToa TiTqmis<br />

yvela kulturisaTvis.<br />

ojaxis tipebi. cnobilia, rom ojaxis mravali tipologia arsebobs. umetesad<br />

tipologiis ZiriTadi kriteriumebia saqorwino wyvilis (ojaxis birTvis) <strong>da</strong>yofa<br />

arseboba-ararsebobis mixedviT <strong>da</strong> maTi raodenobis mixedviT. gamoyofen patara anu<br />

nuklearul (erTi <strong>da</strong>qorwinebuli wyvili SvilebiT (SviliT) an uSvilod) <strong>da</strong> rTul<br />

ojaxs. rTuli ojaxi arTianebs Semdeg qvetipebs:<br />

1. erTi <strong>da</strong>qorwinebuli wyvili SviliT (SvilebiT) an uSvilod <strong>da</strong> erT—erTi meuRlis<br />

mSobeli;<br />

2. erTi <strong>da</strong>qorwinebuli wyvili SviliT (SvilebiT) an uSvilod, erTi meuRlis mSobeli<br />

(an mis gareSe) <strong>da</strong> sxva naTesavebi;d <strong>da</strong> sxva naTesavebi (an mis gareSe);<br />

3. de<strong>da</strong> SviliT (SvilebiT) <strong>da</strong> erT-erTi mSobeli;<br />

4. mama SviliT (SvilebiT) <strong>da</strong> erT-erTi mSobeli;<br />

5. <strong>da</strong>narCeni ojaxebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c arian <strong>da</strong>-Zmebi, bebia-babuebi, sxva naTesavebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

ojaxis klasifikaciis erT-erTi parametria _ ojaxuri marTvis (xelmZRvanelobis)<br />

stili. es ukanaskneli specialur literaturaSi ganisazRvreba, rogorc mSoblebis im<br />

qmedebis ragvaroba, romelic miznad isaxavs bavSvebis swor gzaze <strong>da</strong>yenebas. am<br />

klasifikaciis mixedviT, ojaxi oTx ZiriTad tipad (avtoritetuli, avtoritaruli,<br />

liberaluri <strong>da</strong> indiferentuli) iyofa. es klasifikacia xorcieldeba mSoblebis<br />

Svilebisadmi gamovlenili kontrolis <strong>da</strong> maT<strong>da</strong>mi gamoxatuli siTbos mixedviT.<br />

mokled <strong>da</strong>vaxasiaTod TiToeuli maTgani.<br />

indiferentuli mSobeli gamoirCeva Svilebisadmi kontrolis <strong>da</strong>bali doniT, maT<strong>da</strong>mi<br />

siTbos naklebobiT <strong>da</strong> ugulisyurobiT. aseTi mSoblebi TavianTi SvilebisTvis ar<br />

adgenen TiTqmis aranair SezRudvebs, rac SesaZloa maTi yoveldRiuri problemebiT <strong>da</strong><br />

Svilebisadmi arasakmarisi interesiT aris ganpirobebuli.<br />

53

avtoritetuli mSoblebi axorcieleben Svilebze maRali donis kontrols <strong>da</strong> amave<br />

dros, maTTan aqvT Tbili urTierTobebi. avtoritetuli mSoblebi adgenen TavianTi<br />

SvilebisaTvis SezRudvebs <strong>da</strong> mkacrad icaven maT mier SemuSavebul wesebs, Tumca isini<br />

uxsnian TavianT Svilebs am SezRudvis mizezebs, ris gamoc mSoblis qceva Svils ar<br />

eCveneba Zalismierad <strong>da</strong> usamarTlod. avtoritetuli mSoblebis Svilebs aqvT maRali<br />

TviT<strong>da</strong>rwmunebis done, mTlianad akontroleben sakuTar Tavs, arian socialurad<br />

kompetenturebi. aseTi mSoblebis Svilebs aqvT maRali TviTSefaseba. maT aqvT maRali<br />

akademiuri moswrebis donec.<br />

liberaluri mSoblebi axorcieleben Svilis mimarT nakleb kontrols (SezRudvebs)<br />

<strong>da</strong> aqvT Svilisadmi sakmaod Tbili urTierTobebi. isini TiTqmis saerTod ar zRu<strong>da</strong>ven<br />

Svilis qcevas <strong>da</strong> avlenen maT<strong>da</strong>mi e.w. `upirobo siyvaruls~, maSinac ki, roca<br />

liberaluri mSoblebi gabrazebulni arian TavianTi Svilis qceviT, cdiloben<br />

TavSekavebas. maT axasiaTebT SvilebTan Ria, SeuZRu<strong>da</strong>vi urTierTobebi.<br />

avtoritaruli mSoblebi Svilebze axorcieleben Zlier kontrols (adgenen mkacr<br />

moTxovnebs <strong>da</strong> mkacrad moiTxoven maT mier <strong>da</strong>dgenili wesebis Sesrulebas), rasac Tan<br />

erTvis SvilebTan maTi gulwrfelobis <strong>da</strong> sulieri siaxlovis araseboba <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad,<br />

ufro civi urTierTobebi. avtoritaruli mSoblebi gacemen brZanebebs <strong>da</strong> moelian,<br />

rom es brZanebebi zustad <strong>da</strong> usityvod iqneba Sesrulebuli maTi Svilebis mier. aseTi<br />

mSoblebis Svilebi, Cveulebriv, Caketilebi, pasiuriebi <strong>da</strong> nerviulebi arian. umravles<br />

SemTxvevebSi, isini imeoreben mSobelTa marTvis stils Tavis momaval ojaxebSi.<br />

rogorc vTqviT, ojaxi sazogadoebis birTvia, umniSvnelovanesi <strong>for</strong>maa piradi<br />

yofisa, romelic <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia col—qmaris kavSirze <strong>da</strong> naTesavebis urTierTobebze<br />

e.i. colis, qmris, mSoblebis, Svilebis, debis, Zmebis <strong>da</strong> sxva naTesavebis<br />

urTierTobebze, romlebic erTad cxovroben <strong>da</strong> erT meurneobas ewevian. ojaxi udides<br />

rolis TamaSobs, rogorc sazogadoebis, agreTve, calkeuli pirovnebis cxovrebaSi.<br />

msoflios mTeli mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 90% cxovrebis am <strong>for</strong>mas — ojaxi<br />

mimarTavs.<br />

ojaxis funqciebi, misi struqtura <strong>da</strong> dinamika. ojaxis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia:<br />

misi funqciebi, struqtura <strong>da</strong> dinamika.<br />

ojaxis funqciebi. funqcia ewodeba ojaxis cxovelqmedebas, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />

misi wevrebis moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebasTan. ojaxs imdeni funqcia aqvs, ramden<br />

moTxovnilebasac (mdgradi, ganmeorebiTi <strong>for</strong>miT) igi akmayofilebs. ojaxis ZiriTadi<br />

funqciebia;<br />

1. aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia. is gamoixateba dedobis <strong>da</strong> mamobis individualur<br />

moTxovnilebaSi, bavSvebTan kontaqtis moTxovnilebaSi. am funqciis Sesrulebas<br />

ojaxi uzrunvelyofs mozardi Taobis socializacias;<br />

2. sameurneo yofiTi funqcia. es funqcia mdgomareobs ojaxis materialuri<br />

moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebaSi (sakvebi, sacxovrebeli, tansacmeli <strong>da</strong> a.S.) am<br />

funqciis SesrulebiT ojaxi axdens Sromis dros <strong>da</strong>xarjuli fizikuri Zalebis<br />

aRdgenas;<br />

3. emociuri funqcia es aris urTierTpativiscemis, siTbos, siyvarulis, <strong>da</strong>culobis,<br />

simpaTiis <strong>da</strong> aRiarebis moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba. am funqciis SesrulebiT<br />

ojaxi sazogadoebis wevrTa emociur stabilurobas uzrunvelyofs;<br />

4. pirveladi <strong>socialuri</strong> kontrolis funqcia. am funqciis meSveobiT ojaxi uzrunvelyofs<br />

ojaxis wevrebis mier <strong>socialuri</strong> normebis Sesrulebas. gansakuTrebiT es<br />

54

exeba ojaxis im wevrebs, romelTac <strong>da</strong>moukideblad ar SeuZlia amis ganxorcieleba<br />

asakobrivi Tu avadmyofobis <strong>da</strong> sxva mizezebis gamo;<br />

5. seqsualur-erotikuli funqcia. es aris ojaxis wevrTa seqsualuri moTxovnilebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis funqcia. am funqciis Sesruleba mniSvnelovania, radgan<br />

uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis biologiur kvlavwarmoebas.<br />

rac Seexeba ojaxis funqciebis moSlas, mas SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos mravalma<br />

faqtorma _ ojaxis wevrTa pirovnulma Taviseburebebma <strong>da</strong> wevrTa Soris<br />

urTierTobebma, yofiTma problemebma, mSobelTa gaurkvevlobam (uvicobam) aRzrdis<br />

sakiTxebSi, gareSe pirTa Carevam ojaxis saqmeebSi <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

ojaxis struqtura. ojaxis struqturaSi Sedis: ojaxis wevrebis raodenoba, maTi<br />

erTianoba <strong>da</strong> urTierTobebi. struqturis analizi gvaZlevs in<strong>for</strong>macias imis Sesaxeb,<br />

Tu ra saxiT xdeba ojaxis funqciaTa realizeba — vin xelmZRvanelobs <strong>da</strong> vin<br />

eqvemdebareba, rogor aris ganawilebuli movaleobebi ojaxSi. struqturis mixedviT,<br />

ganasxvaveben erTi piris xelmZRvanelobis qveS myof ojaxebs <strong>da</strong> ojaxebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c wevrebi<br />

Tanabar monawileobas iReben marTvaSi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi ojaxis avtoritarul<br />

sistemaze laparakoben, meore SemTxvevaSi ki — demokratiulze. ojaxebs ganasxvaveben,<br />

agreTve, wevrTa Soris movaleobaTa ganawilebis mixedviT. am TvalsazrisiT,<br />

gamoyofen ojaxebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c movaleobebi Tanabara<strong>da</strong>a ganawilebuli wevrTa Soris <strong>da</strong><br />

ojaxebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c ojaxis erT wevrs sxvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Warbi movaleobebi gaCnia.<br />

ojaxis struqturis rRvevis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes ojaxis wevrebs Soris<br />

movaleobebis ganawilebaSi mkveTri asimetriuloba, radgan zedmeti <strong>da</strong>tvirTva<br />

mavnebelia fizikuri <strong>da</strong> fsiqikuri janmrTelobisTvis (ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTvis Sedegad SeiZleba<br />

veRar moxerxdes am Zalebis aRdgena).<br />

ojaxis dinamika. ojaxis funqciebi <strong>da</strong> struqtura SeiZleba icvlebodes (Seicvalos)<br />

cxovelqmedebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapebze. arsebobs ojaxis sasicocxlo mTliani ciklis<br />

etapebis gamoyofis gansxvavebuli sistemebi. gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia<br />

`stadiebis~ sistema, sa<strong>da</strong>c stadiebis gamoyofis kriteriumad ojaxSi bavSvebis<br />

arseboba <strong>da</strong> maTi asaki aris miCneuli. arsebobs mTeli rigi periodizaciebisa,<br />

magaliTad, W.Cove—es (1973) <strong>da</strong> A.Barcai (1981)—is Raush—is (1974). Cven SevCerdebiT<br />

diuvalis (Duvall E.M. - 1957) periodizaciaze.<br />

diuvalma ojaxis sasicocxlo ciklSi gamoyo Semdegi fazebi:<br />

1. CarTuloba. meuRlesTan Sexvedra <strong>da</strong> emociuri miziduloba;<br />

2. mSoblis axali rolis miReba <strong>da</strong> ganviTareba;<br />

3. axali pirovnebis miReba ojaxSi. diaduri urTierTobebi<strong>da</strong>n samkuTxa<br />

urTierTobebze ga<strong>da</strong>svla;<br />

4. bavSvebis Seyvana ojaxis gare institutebSi;<br />

5. mozardobis xanis miReba;<br />

6. <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis eqsperimenti;<br />

7. bavSvebis ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n wasvlis faqtis miRebisTvis mzadeba;<br />

8. bavSvebis ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n wasvla <strong>da</strong> meuRleebis marto <strong>da</strong>rCena;<br />

9. pensiaze gasvlis faqtis <strong>da</strong> siberis miReba.<br />

un<strong>da</strong> avRniSnoT, rom ojaxis ganviTarebis yovel fazaze SeiZleba aRmocendes mZime<br />

qronikuli avadmyofoba an sikvdili, rac did zegavlenas axdens ojaxis<br />

funqcionirebaze.<br />

rac Seexeba ojaxis disfunqcionirebas (funqcionirebis moSlas), amis mizezebi<br />

SeiZleba iyos: partnioris araswori arCeva, mSoblebis ojaxTan zedmetad mWidro kavSiri<br />

(yvela sakiTxebis SeTanxmeba) Ralati <strong>da</strong> <strong>kulturuli</strong> normebis Seusabamoba <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />

55

colqmruli urTierToba <strong>da</strong> misi stilebi. warmatebuli qorwineba lederesis <strong>da</strong><br />

jeksonis azriT, xasiaTdeba Semdegi niSnebiT: tolerantuloba, urTierTpativiscema,<br />

patiosneba, erTad yofnis survili, interesebisa <strong>da</strong> faseulobaTa sistemis Tanxvedra.<br />

colqmruli (wyvilTa) urTierTobebis ganviTareba-Camoyalibebas gaaCnia fazebi.<br />

mecnieruli literaturis analizis Sedegad SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi fazebi: 1)<br />

partnioris arCeva, 2) urTierTobebis romantizireba (roca wyvili mxolod Rirsebebs<br />

xe<strong>da</strong>vs erTmaneTSi), 3) colqmruli urTierTobis stilis individualizacia: urTier-<br />

Tobebis wesebis <strong>for</strong>mireba. (es wesebi gansazRvraven Semdgom urTierTobebs <strong>da</strong><br />

qmedebebs ojaxSi), 4) urTierTobaTa stabiluroba/cvalebadoba. mravali gamocdis<br />

Sedegad meuRleebi cdiloben wonasworobis miRwevas. normalur ojaxebSi stabilurobis<br />

tendencia wonaswordeba cvalebadobis tendenciiT <strong>da</strong> 5) egzistencialuri<br />

Sefaseba (erToblivi cxovrebis Sefaseba (ojaxuri cxobrebiT <strong>da</strong> urTierTobebiT<br />

kmayofileba—ukmayofileba).<br />

bolo drois publikaciebSi gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgeba ojaxis krizisis sakiTxi,<br />

ganixilaven mis SesaZlo mizezebs. wyvilTa Soris urTierTobebis cvlilebebs aqvs<br />

Zalian rTuli <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi. frangi mkvlevris elizabed badenteris<br />

azriT, es imitom xdeba, rom: `arasodes ar yofilan mamakacebi <strong>da</strong> qalebi ase msgavsebi<br />

rogorc dRes. sqesebs Soris arasodes ar yofila aseTi mcire kontrasti~.<br />

qorwinebis Tanamedrove paterebi. Tanamedrove mdgomareobas (situacias) Tu<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, aRmovaCenT, rom qorwinebaSi Tanaarsebobis bevri paterni (modeli)<br />

arsebobs. am paternebis klasificireba SeiZleba sam ZiriTad tipad. esenia:<br />

tradiciuli, modernuli <strong>da</strong> egalitaruli. aseTi tipizacia eyrdnoba sam ZiriTad<br />

maxasiaTebels: Zalauflebis ganawiolebas, specialuri rolebis gansazRvras <strong>da</strong><br />

ojaxSi aqtivobis wvlilis dozas.<br />

tradiciulia ojaxi, Tu orive col—qmari Tanaxmaa,rom qmars hqondes meti<br />

Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> avtoriteti anu, sxvagvarad, rom vTqvaT qmari iyos ojaxis `Tavi~.<br />

modernulia ojaxi, Tu coli muSaobs ojaxis gareTac, magram urTierTSeTanxmebis<br />

safuZvelze misi saqmianoba nakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre qmris qmari mainc mTavari<br />

Semomtania, xolo qali exmareba ojaxis ekonomikas.<br />

egalitarulia ojaxi, Tu col—qmars aqvs Tanabari Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxis gareT<br />

saqmianobac, xSirad Tanabaria. isini erTmaneTs uTanxmeben yvelafers, bavSvebis<br />

aRzr<strong>da</strong>Sic Tanabrad monawileoben. eseTi ojaxebi ufro iSviaTia.<br />

gansakuTrebuli yuradrebis Rirsia ojaxebi ayvanili bavSvebiT <strong>da</strong> Svilobilad<br />

ayvanili bavSvebiT. arsebobs bevri wyvili, romlebic dedobis <strong>da</strong> mamaobis krizisis<br />

winaSe dganan (magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yoveli eqvsi wyvili<strong>da</strong>n erTi<br />

unayofoa). es krizisi romelime maTganis an orives unayofobis gamo Cndeba.<br />

unayofobis mizezebi mravalgvaria. Tanamedrove msoflioSi arsebobs misi <strong>da</strong>Zlevis<br />

gzebic (saSualebebic): meuRlis spermis xelovnuri ga<strong>da</strong>nergva, donoris spermiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>orsuleba, in-vitro ganayofiereba, xelovnuri embrionalizacia <strong>da</strong> surogatuli<br />

dedebis <strong>da</strong>xmareba. Tu yvela es saSualeba uSedegoa an arasasurvelia, wyvils SeuZlia<br />

mimarTos sxva gzas — es aris bavSvis ayvana (Svileba). unayofo wyvilebi am gzas xSirad<br />

mimarTaven. am gzas mimarTaven isinic, visac surT ojaxis gafarToeba <strong>da</strong> sakuTari<br />

Svilebis gar<strong>da</strong> ayvanili Svilebis gazr<strong>da</strong>c.<br />

bolo wlebSi bavSvebis ayvanaze gacilebiT ufro meti moTxovnilebaa, vidre aseTi<br />

56

avSvebi arseboben realurad (es, cxadia, exeba ganviTarebul qveynebs). bavSvTa ayvanis<br />

ZiriTadi, legaluri wyaro bavSvTa saxlebia. am saxlebSi umetesad iseTi bavSvebi<br />

xvdebian, romlebsac dedebi qorwinebis gareSe aCenen.<br />

bavSvis ayvanis procesi sakmaod rTul procedurebs moicavs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom<br />

bavSvis gaSvilebis Sesaxeb saboloo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas bavSvis biologiuri mSoblebi (an<br />

de<strong>da</strong>, mamis aryolis SemTxvevaSi) iReben. arsebobs bavSvTa ayvanis specialuri<br />

komitetebi. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis monacemebiT, yovel wels 2 milion wyvils<br />

aqvs bavSvis ayvanis survili, realurad amis ganxorcielebas ki 50 aTasi wyvili<br />

axrexebs. sirTule mxolod bavSvis ayvanis procesSi ar mdgomareobs. SemdgomSi<br />

mSoblebs ga<strong>da</strong>sawyveti uxdebaT kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi — uTxran Tu ara<br />

bavSvs maTi biologiuri mSoblebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, anu gaagebinon Tu ara, rom isini<br />

ayvanilni arian. Tumca bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis mixedviT, bavSvs aqvs ufleba<br />

icodes, Tu vin arian misi biologiuri mSoblebi.<br />

problemuria, agreTve, sakiTxi _ bavSvisaTvis maTi biologiuri mSoblebis Sesaxeb<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis miwodebisaTvis swori asakisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>for</strong>mis SerCeva.<br />

Svilobilobis instituti Svilad ayvanisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli<br />

institutia. saqme isaa, rom Svilad ayvanis dros bavSvi ojaxis sruluflebiani wevri<br />

xdeba rogorc uflebrivad, aseve iuridiulad (mas aqvs memkvidreobis ufleba,<br />

atarebis ojaxis gvars <strong>da</strong> a.S.). rac Seexeba Svilobilobis instituts, igi <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia<br />

bavSvis uflebaze gaizardos ojaxSi. miCneulia, rom es instituti bavSvTa saxlTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ukeTesad axerxebs bavSvis am uflebis realizacias. bavSvi garkveuli<br />

procedurebis gavlis Semdeg bavSvTa saxli<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>ecema ojaxs aRsazrdelad <strong>da</strong> amiT<br />

igi uzrunvelyofilia ojaxuri garemoTi. magram mas ar aqvs am ojaxis memkvidreobaze<br />

iuridiuli ufleba.<br />

ojaxuri Sromis sqesis niSniT ganawileba. istoriulad ise Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>, rom qalebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> mamakacebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saqmes asruleben. samuSao mTel msoflioSi sqesis niSniT aris<br />

ganawilebuli, magram sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturebSi Sromis ganawileba sqesTa Soris<br />

gansxvavebulia. genderulad ganawilebul SromiT saqmianobaSi CarTva mozardobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

iwyeba: magaliTad, meqsikaSi, salvadorSi, argentinaSi, peruSi, samxreT afrikaSi,<br />

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi <strong>da</strong> pakistanSi: gogonebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>T amzadeben saWmels,<br />

alageben, recxaven, uvlian patara bavSvebs; biWebi ki — <strong>da</strong>kavebuli arian `quCis~ saqmiT:<br />

exmarebian ezoSi, baRSi. rogorc aRvniSneT, Sromis ganawileba sqesis niSniT<br />

erTgvarovani ar aris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi, ase magaliTad, senegalSi brinjis<br />

mindvrebs qalebi uvlian, siera—lioneSi ki — mamakacebi. centralur afrikaSi soflis<br />

meurneobiT qalebi arian <strong>da</strong>kavebuli, laTinur amerikaSi ki — mamakacebi.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad am gansxvavebebisa, nebismier sazogadoebaSi saxlis saqmes ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

mainc qalebi asruleben. agreTve, bavSvis movla-aRzrdiTac umetesad qalebi arian<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavebuli.<br />

mTels msoflioSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa saxlis gareT momuSave qalebis mier<br />

saojaxo saqmis sakuTar Tavze aRebac. es gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad <strong>da</strong>ikvirveba yofili<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, izraelSi, saberZneTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

SveicariaSi.<br />

ojaxis kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> sxvaobebi. ojaxis struqturis, dianmikis, colqmrul<br />

urTierTobebis kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> gansxvavebebis gasarkvevad mivmarToT: germaniis,<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis, koreis <strong>da</strong> SvedeTis magaliTebs.<br />

57

germania. 50—70—ian wlebSi, germaniaSi <strong>da</strong>ingra qali — diasaxlisis myari stereotipi,<br />

romelic <strong>da</strong>myarebuli iyo wina periodis ideologiaze, romlis mixedviTac qalis<br />

funqcia gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong> sami К—Ti (samzareulo, bavSvebi, eklesia. germanulad samive<br />

sityva К asoTi iwyba). Zveli stereotipis msxvreva mox<strong>da</strong> qveynis industrializaciis<br />

<strong>da</strong> mravali samuSao adgilis gaCenis Sedegad. am TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovani<br />

iyo, agreTve, feministuri moZraobis pirveli talRac. axali aqtivoba qalebs aZlev<strong>da</strong><br />

TviTrealizaciis, sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

saSualebas. magram es yvelaferi qalebisaTvis didi tvirTi iyo, radgan ojaxis movla<br />

kvlavac qals awva mxrebze. qali ormagi <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT Sromobs, ojaxis Tavi <strong>da</strong> mTavari<br />

marCenali ki kvlav mamakacia.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom germania aris industriuli <strong>da</strong> umaRles doneze urbanizebuli<br />

saxelmwifo. urbanizaciam <strong>da</strong>, agreTve, saxelmwifo <strong>socialuri</strong> uzrunvelyofis rolis<br />

zr<strong>da</strong>m Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT 70—ian wlebi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli, mraval socialur fenas mouxsna<br />

ekonomikuri problemebi. amitom moixsna gafarTovebuli ojaxis saWiroeba, romelic<br />

ekonomikuri funqciis Sesasruleblad iyo mizanSewonili. amis Sedegad yvela Taobas<br />

gauCn<strong>da</strong> calke cxovrebis moTxovnileba <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebloba. nuklearuli ojaxis<br />

magivrad Cdeba ojaxis sxva variantebi: arasruli dedobrivi an mamobrivi ojaxi (erTi<br />

mSobeli <strong>da</strong> erTi an ramodenime Svili) meore (ganmeorebiT) qorwinebis ojaxi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

axali wyvili cxovrobs wina qorwinebis SvilTan an SvilebTan erTad, uSvilo ojaxi.<br />

gaxSir<strong>da</strong>, agreTve, iseTi ojaxebic, romlebsac Secvlili sqesobriv—realuri<br />

ganwyobebi axasiaTebT (sa<strong>da</strong>c qali muSaobs <strong>da</strong> ojaxis marCenalia, qmari ki <strong>da</strong>kavebulia<br />

saojaxo saqmianobiT). magram un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom rolebis aseTi cvlileba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>T<br />

droebiT xasiaTs atarebs, radgan maT safuZvlad udevs praqtikuli motivebi — cols<br />

karieris ukeTesi Sansi aqvs <strong>da</strong> bavSvis gaCenisas qmari iRebs diasaxlisis funqcias,<br />

raTa es Sansi ar <strong>da</strong>ikargos.<br />

Tanamedrove germaniaSi partniorebs Soris jer kidev qorwinebamde yalibdeba <strong>da</strong><br />

Tanmdeba momavali ojaxuri cxovrebis perspeqtivebi. germanul ojaxSi partnioruli<br />

urTierTobebis ramdenime varianti arsebobs, amaTgan yvelaze gavrcelebulia (bolo<br />

aTwleulebSi), ojaxuri urTierTobebis iseTi <strong>for</strong>ma, roca meuRleebi, orive muSaoben<br />

<strong>da</strong> bavSvis movlas <strong>da</strong> ojaxur saqmes Tanabrad inawileben. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom es<br />

modeli yvelaze optimaluria<br />

konfliqtebis <strong>da</strong> stresebis asacileblad. un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas isic, rom misi<br />

ganxorcieleba germaniaSi imitom aris SesaZlebeli, rom saojaxo yofa aq uaRresad<br />

meqanizirebulia sayofacxovrebo teqnikis saSualebiT. arsebobs partnioruli<br />

urTierTobis iseTi variantic, roca qalic <strong>da</strong> mamakacic Tanabrad aris <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli,<br />

rogorc samsaxurSi, aseve ojaxSic, magram ojaxis saqme TiToeulisTvis mkacrad<br />

gansazRvrulia, e.i. ojaxis yvela wevri TavisTvis irCevs garkveul saqmes. arsebobs,<br />

mesame, patriarqalur-tradiciuli variantic, sa<strong>da</strong>c qali <strong>da</strong> mamakaci gansxvavebul<br />

funqciebs asruleben; mamakaci — ojaxis materialurad uzrunvelmyofelia, qali ki —<br />

de<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> diasaxlisia. Tanamedrove germaniaSi ojaxis samive varianti arsebobs.<br />

aqve yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> gavamaxviloT germanul axalgazrdobaSi bolo dros arsebul<br />

tendenciaze. es aris faseulobiTi orientaciis Secvla. axalgazrdebi uars amboben<br />

ufrosi Taobis faseulobebze <strong>da</strong> materialuri keTildReobisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi<br />

statusis nacvlad TviTaqtualizaciasa <strong>da</strong> TviT<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas aRiareben. isini `Tavad<br />

zrdian sakuTar Tavs~. dRes axalgazr<strong>da</strong> germaneli qalebi ar Tvlian, rom ojaxi ufro<br />

prioritetulia, vidre kariera, romelic maT avtonomiurobas aZlevs mSoblebis <strong>da</strong><br />

qmris mimarT.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom germaniaSi bolo dros Zalian gaxSir<strong>da</strong> gviani qorwinebebi (30—40<br />

58

wlis asakSi) ojaxs qmnian karieris <strong>da</strong> materialuri siZlieris Semdgom, rac TavisTavad<br />

gavlenas axdens Sobadobaze.<br />

korea. gavrcelebuli mosazrebis mixedviT, koreuli ojaxi Zalian konservatuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> stabiluri institutia. (saSualo asakis mosaxleobis 99% <strong>da</strong>ojaxebulia, Zalian<br />

iSviaTia gayris SemTxvevebi) un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos rom keTildReobisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis<br />

harmoniuli ganviTarebis es suraTi Zalian Sors aris idealurisagan, radgan<br />

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom ojaxi koreaSi konfuciuri ideologiis modelis<br />

Sesabamisad arsebobs, sa<strong>da</strong>c umcrosi mkacrad eqvemdebareba ufross.<br />

gamoyofen e.w. koreul tradiciul ojaxs, sa<strong>da</strong>c qmris <strong>da</strong> misi mSoblebis<br />

mbrZanebloba mkacrad aris <strong>da</strong>culi. aseT ojaxSi akrZalulia col-qmris gayrac. aseTi<br />

ideologia koreaSi Cosonis dinastiis bolosaTvis (1392—1910) <strong>da</strong>myar<strong>da</strong>. manamde ki,<br />

rogor mecnierebi mogviTxroben, ojaxi gacilebiT ufro msubuqi (Tavisufali) iyo.<br />

magaliTad, cols <strong>da</strong>qvrivebis SemTxvevaSi SeeZlo qmris qoneba mieRo <strong>da</strong> xelmeored<br />

gaTxoviliyo. <strong>da</strong>Svebuli iyo poligamiac. es viTareba SeSfoTebis iwvev<strong>da</strong> mezobel<br />

Cinel komfucianelebs Soris, amitomac maTi ZalixmeviT <strong>da</strong> Cosonis dinastiis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT 1392 wli<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli, koreaSi situacia Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan Seicvala. <strong>da</strong>wes<strong>da</strong><br />

axali kanonebi, romelTa meSveobiTac koreuli ojaxi sabolood moeqca komfucianuri<br />

modelis CarCoebSi.<br />

mecnierebi <strong>da</strong> mkvlevrebi XX saukunis koreeli qalis funqcias utoleben<br />

STamomavlobis Semqmnel instruments. koreel qals yvelanairi Cagvra <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mcireba<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aetana qmrisgan <strong>da</strong> misi mSoblebisgan. sazogadoebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n isjebo<strong>da</strong> is qmaric,<br />

romelic loialuri iyo colis mimarT.<br />

dRevandel, Tanamedrove koreaSi Zaladobis suraTi sagrZnoblad Seicvala.<br />

qveyanaSi Seiqmna (gaCn<strong>da</strong>) Zaladobis msxverplTa reabilitaciis centrebi. koreeli<br />

qali CaerTo samsaxurSi, Tumca garkveuli SezRudviT — gaTxovebamde <strong>da</strong> Svilebis<br />

zr<strong>da</strong>sruli asakis miRwevis Semdeg.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 60—80—iani wlebis koreis respublikaSi mox<strong>da</strong> tradiciuli<br />

ojaxis struqturis ngreva <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyo qmari—coli = morCilebas sibrtyi<strong>da</strong>n Tanabari<br />

partniorobis sibrtyeze Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT ga<strong>da</strong>svla.<br />

amerikis SeerTebul Statebi. tradiciulad amerikel mamakacebs konkurentuli<br />

xasiaTis Tvisebebi moewerebo<strong>da</strong>T: ambiciuroba, avtoritaruloba, Zalauflebis<br />

moyvareoba, Seupovroba, <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba, Tav<strong>da</strong>jerebuloba, TviTkontroli,<br />

aqtiuroba, warmatebis survili, gambe<strong>da</strong>oba, logikuri azrovneba <strong>da</strong> uxeSi xasiaTi.<br />

gansakuTrebiT fasob<strong>da</strong> mamakaci, romelmac `TviTon Seqmna Tavis Tavi~ (Self-made man).<br />

etalonis Sesabamisad mamakacis emociuri sfero <strong>da</strong>iyvanebo<strong>da</strong> imaze, rom mas SeeZlo<br />

mxolod qalis mxri<strong>da</strong>n gamovlenili grZnobebis miReba, Tavad ki ar yofiliyo amis<br />

iniciatori.<br />

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, gansakuTrebiT ki 30-<br />

ian wlebSi, didi depresiis dros, mox<strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani cvlileba, gaCn<strong>da</strong> umuSevar<br />

mamakacTa didi armia, ramac Searyia Zlieri mamakacis stereotipi. gaxSir<strong>da</strong> gayrebi.<br />

saxlSi <strong>da</strong>rCenilma umuSevarma mamakacebma <strong>da</strong>iwyes saojaxo saqmeebSi meti<br />

monawileobis miReba, gansakuTrebiT ki _ bavSvebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si.<br />

meore msoflio omis Semdgomma ekonomikurma warmatebebma Sveba moutanes Semdgom<br />

Taobebs. magram mamakacis tradiciuli stereotipi ukve Seryeuli iyo, amis Sedegad ki<br />

warmoiSva mamakacebis Semdegi `tipaJebi~: Zlieri mdumare mama, rbili galanturi `don—<br />

Juani~, meocnebe mamakaci <strong>da</strong> moxdenili warmatebaze orientirebuli `biWunebi~ wina<br />

Taobi<strong>da</strong>n nasesxebi TvisebebiT. 50—iani wlebis amerikeli mamakacebis orientacia iyo<br />

59

profesionaluri warmatebis <strong>da</strong> materialuri keTildReobis miRweva. amerikeli<br />

mamakaci isev ojaxis ufrosi <strong>da</strong> marCenali iyo, sa<strong>da</strong>c samsaxuri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>brunebuls,<br />

mosiyvarule col-Svili xvdebo<strong>da</strong>. petersonis azriT, 50-iani wlebis amerikuli,<br />

kapitalisturi ojaxis funqcionirebis optimaluri modelia — `instrumentaluri~<br />

mama <strong>da</strong> `eqspresiuli~ de<strong>da</strong>.<br />

60—iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n, rogorc m. midi aRniSnavs, amerikeli mamakacis roli ganicdis<br />

cvlilebas. mamakaci metad erTveba ojaxis saqmianobaSi, gansakuTrebiT bavSvebis<br />

aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si. yalibdeba Tanabari mSoblobis idea. amerikeli mamakacis Tasnamedrove<br />

stereotipSi aucilebel kolmponentad Sedis `kargi mamoba~.<br />

70—80—iani wlebSi aRmocen<strong>da</strong> axali, mgrZnobiare <strong>da</strong> eqspresuli mamakacis<br />

koncefciac. es ganwyoba dResac grZeldeba. am dros amerikelebis cxovrebiseul<br />

(yofiT) filosofiaSi Semovi<strong>da</strong> androginulobis cnebac. genderuli stereotipebis<br />

cvlilebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana mZlavrma feministurma moZraobamac.<br />

90—iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli, amerikeli qalebi sul ufro metad momTxovni<br />

xdebian kacebis mimarT. ojaxis institutSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri am mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amerikeli ojaxebis umetesoba Tavis keTildReobas mainc mamakacis (qmris)<br />

samuSao statusis mixedviT afasebs. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom qals (cols) SeiZleba meti<br />

Semosavali qondes, Tanamedrove amerikaSi ojaxis ekonomiur mdgomareobaze<br />

pasuxismgebloba kvlavac mamakacis prioritetia.<br />

sainteresoa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wlebSi Catarebuli<br />

gamokvlevebis Sedegebis Se<strong>da</strong>reba. kerZod, 1938 wlis monacemebiT yoveli xuTi<br />

gamokiTxuli<strong>da</strong>n mxolod erTs miaCn<strong>da</strong> misaRebad, rom `gaTxovil qals emuSava biznesSi<br />

an warmoebaSi, isic im pirobiT, rom mis qmars SeuZlia misi Senaxva~. 1993 wels<br />

niuportis (Newport) mier Catarebuli gamokvlevis monacemebis mixedviT, qalis aseTi<br />

tipi misaRebad miaCn<strong>da</strong> gamokiTxuli amerikelebis 83%-s. amasTan, mniSvnelovania 1990<br />

wels catarebuli gamokvlevis monacemebi, romlis mixedviTac respodentebis erT<br />

mesameds miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom bavSvebisaTvis `idealuri ojaxuri situaciaa, roca mama muSaobs,<br />

de<strong>da</strong> ki saxlSia <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis movliT aris <strong>da</strong>kavebuli~. 1967 wels Catarebuli<br />

gamokvlevis Sedegebi gviCveneben, rom amerikeli pirvelkurselebis 57% <strong>da</strong>eTanxma<br />

debulebas, rom `ukeTesi iqneba, Tu qalis saqmianoba Semofargleba saxliTa <strong>da</strong><br />

ojaxiT~, xolo 1994 wels am debulebas <strong>da</strong>eTanxma amerikeli pirvelkurselebis<br />

mxolod 25%.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikaSi ar moqmedebs ojaxTa <strong>da</strong> bavSvTa uzrunvelyofis iseTi<br />

sistemebi, rogorica saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmarebebi bavSvebze, specialuri Svebulebebi <strong>da</strong><br />

sxv. amitom Tanamedrove amerikaSi ojaxis Seqmnasa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis yolas didi<br />

sifrTxiliT ekidebian. Cveulebriv ojaxs qmnian karieris <strong>da</strong> materialuri siZlieris<br />

Semdgom. aq gavrcelebulia sakmaod gviani qorwinebebi (35—40 wlis asakSi). es ki<br />

TavisTavad gavlenas axdens Sobadobaze.<br />

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia SvedeTis ojaxi <strong>da</strong> XIX s. bolos misi tradicii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

egalitalurisken ganviTarebis faqtorebi. jer kidev XIX s. <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi Sveduri<br />

sazogadoeba ojaxSi genderuli rolebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT tradiciuli<br />

wyobis iyo. qalebi <strong>da</strong>kavebulni iyvnen diasaxlisobiT <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis aRzrdiT. SvedeTSi<br />

am droisaTvis qorwineba oficialuri kanonmdeblobiT <strong>da</strong> uklesiiT <strong>da</strong>mowmebuli iyo.<br />

gameorebiTi qorwineba, isic iSviaTad, meuRlis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

xdebo<strong>da</strong>. mcire iyo, agreTve, gayrebis ricxvic. ojaxebi cxovrobdnen did ganuyofel<br />

ojaxebSi (mSoblebi, Svilebi, SviliSvilebi) didi ojaxi erTad muSaob<strong>da</strong> fermebSi.<br />

SvedeTSi warmoebis ganviTarebam <strong>da</strong> industrializaciis procesma gamoiwvia did<br />

60

qalaqebSi samuSao Zalis gadineba. Sedegad mamakacebma qalaqebs miaSures <strong>da</strong> mTeli<br />

saojaxo meurneoba qalebis anabara <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />

Svedi mkvlevrebis TvalsazrisiT, bolo dros ojaxis institutma Zlieri saxecvla<br />

ganica<strong>da</strong>. es pirvel rigSi ganpirobebulia qveyanaSi mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri<br />

cvlilebebiT. XX s. 90-iani wlebisaTvis Sveduri ojaxi, rogorc wesi, Sedgeba momuSave<br />

mSoblebisgan <strong>da</strong> bavSvebisgan. XXI s. <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi gaCenili bavSvebis 90%-s dedebi<br />

diasaxlisebi hyav<strong>da</strong>T, maSin roca XX s. bolosaTvis momuSave dedebis ricxvma 90%-s<br />

miaRwia. es aris evropaSi yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli qalebis <strong>da</strong> saxlis gareT<br />

<strong>da</strong>saqmebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />

Sveduri ojaxis aseT trans<strong>for</strong>macias xeli Seuwyo ojaxis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weraze<br />

mimarTulma saxelmwifo politikam. pirvel rigSi, es mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera mdgomareob<strong>da</strong><br />

bavSvebis movlis saxelmwifo sistemis (baga—baRebi, gaxangrZlivebuli klasebi<br />

skolaSi <strong>da</strong> sxv.) <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>zRvevis sistemis (sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Semweobebis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis,<br />

maT Soris bavSvTa <strong>da</strong>xmarebis) CamoyalibebSi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca<br />

martoxela dedebis mxardWeris programebs; mcirewlovani bavSvebis mSoblebisaTvis<br />

SemoRebul iqna moqnili samuSao grafiki <strong>da</strong> sxv. am faqtorebma ganapiroba Sobadobis<br />

mkveTri zr<strong>da</strong> SvedeTSi.<br />

amgvarad, Sved qalebs SeeqmnaT muSaobisa <strong>da</strong> materialuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebulobisaTvis<br />

keTilsasurveli pirobebi. aman ki Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia tradiciuli Sveduri ojaxis<br />

trans<strong>for</strong>macia, <strong>da</strong> tradiciuli colqmruli urTierTobebis egalitarulisken<br />

cvlileba.<br />

Tanamedrove SvedeTSi gavrcelebulia iseTi ojaxebic, romlebSic coli <strong>da</strong> qmari<br />

oficialurad qorwinebaSi ar imyofebian. aseTi ojaxebi sambos (sambo -<br />

Tanamcxovreblebis) saxeliTaa cnobili. sambos tipis ojaxebi <strong>da</strong> maTSi gazrdili<br />

Svilebi sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro normalur movlenad iTvleba SvedeTSi. isini ufro xSirad<br />

gvxvdeba axalgazrdebSi <strong>da</strong> did qalaqebSi. zoga<strong>da</strong>d SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove<br />

SvedeTSi arsebobs oficialurad <strong>da</strong>registrirebuli qorwinebebis Semcirebis<br />

tendencia. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom oficialuri <strong>da</strong> sambos tipis ojaxebi<br />

Tanasworuflebiani <strong>da</strong> TanabarmniSvnelovania rogorc saxelmwifosTvis, aseve<br />

sazogadoebisTvis.<br />

es mxolod mcire nawilia im saxesxvaobebisa, romelic ojaxuri cxovrebis<br />

(mowyobis) stilebs Soris arsebobs msoflio kulturebSi.<br />

saleqcio kursis bolos studentebs miewodebaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:<br />

filistimika — mecniereba ojaxis Sesaxeb;<br />

monogamia — erTcolianoba;<br />

polgamia — mravalcolianoba;<br />

poliandria — mravalqmrianoba;<br />

nuklearuli ojaxi — ojaxis tipi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mTavari birTvi <strong>da</strong>uSlelia (col—qmari).<br />

rTuli ojaxi — ojaxis tipi, romelic moicavs ramdenime Taobas <strong>da</strong> maT ojaxebs.<br />

egalitaruli ojaxi — ojaxi, sa<strong>da</strong>c qalebi <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi Tanabari uflebebiT<br />

sargebloben <strong>da</strong> maT Tanabari pasuxismgeblobebi aqvT ojaxur cxovrebaSi;<br />

61

tradiciulia ojaxi _ ojaxi, romelSic orive col—qmari Tanaxmaa,rom qmars hqondes<br />

meti Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> avtoriteti.<br />

modernulia ojaxi _ ojaxi, romelSic coli muSaobs ojaxis gareTac, magram<br />

urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze misi saqmianoba nakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre qmris<br />

qmari mainc mTavari Semomtania, xolo qali exmareba ojaxis ekonomikas.<br />

indiferentuli tipis ojaxi - mSobelebi gamoirCevian Svilebisadmi kontrolis<br />

<strong>da</strong>bali doniT, maT<strong>da</strong>mi siTbos naklebobiT <strong>da</strong> ugulisyurobiT.<br />

avtoritetuli tipis ojaxi - mSoblebi axorcieleben Svilebze maRali donis<br />

kontrols <strong>da</strong> amave dros, maTTan aqvT Tbili urTierTobebi.<br />

liberaluri tipis ojaxi - mSoblebi axorcieleben Svilis mimarT mcire donis<br />

kontrols (SezRudvebs) <strong>da</strong> aqvT Svilisadmi sakmaod Tbili urTierTobebi.<br />

avtoritaruli tipis ojaxi - mSoblebi Svilebze axorcieleben maRali donis<br />

kontrols, rasac Tan erTvis SvilebTan maTi gulwrfelobis <strong>da</strong> sulieri siaxlovis<br />

araseboba.<br />

komfucionalisturi — Cineli filosofosis komfuciis moZRvrebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobili<br />

ideologia.<br />

eqspresiuli roli — <strong>socialuri</strong> roli, romelic Cveulebriv qalebs miewerebaT <strong>da</strong> is<br />

ojaxis emociuri klimatis balansSi, ojaxis wevrebis mimarT gamovlenil zrunvasa <strong>da</strong><br />

siyvarulSi gamoixateba.<br />

instrumentuli roli - roli, romelic Cveulebriv mamakacebs miewerebaT <strong>da</strong> is<br />

sakuTari ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>socialuri</strong> jgufebis urTierTobebis mogvarebaSi, ojaxis<br />

Senaxvasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvaSi vlindeba.<br />

leqciis Semdeg studentebs <strong>da</strong>evalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil<br />

droSi moamzadon saswavlo kursis riderSi warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis<br />

masalebi. maT, agreTve, miecemaT Semdegi <strong>da</strong>valebebi seminarisTvis: 1) nebismieri 5—10<br />

ojaxi Sea<strong>da</strong>reT erTmaneTs, gansazRvreT ra tipisaa. 2) ganixileT sakuTari ojaxi<br />

sqesTa Soris Sromis ganawilebis mixedviT. 3) Tqveni nacnobi ramdenime axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />

wyvilis urTierTobebi ganixileT <strong>da</strong> miakuTvneT romelime models.<br />

seminari #5 (Tema # 5) — 2 sT<br />

seminarze moxdeba studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia; gaimarTeba<br />

jgufuri diskusia seminaris Temaze. kerZod, <strong>da</strong>smuli iqneba Semdegi tipis kiTxvebi:<br />

1. ra mimarTebaa ojaxsa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebas Soris?<br />

2. CamoTvaleT ojaxis ZiriTadi funqciebi.<br />

3. ojaxis ra <strong>da</strong> ra tipebi iciT? ra principebze SeiZleba iyos agebuli ojaxis<br />

klasifikacia?<br />

4. ra gansxvavebaa ojaxebs Soris marTvis stilis mixedviT?<br />

5. ra ZiriTad fazebad SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>iyos ojaxis sasicoxlo cikli?<br />

6. moiyvaneT sqesTa Soris Sromis ganawilebis araerTgvarovnebis magaliTebi<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturaSi.<br />

7. ra tipis ojaxebi gvxvdeba Tanamedrove germaniaSi?<br />

62

8. ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdebo<strong>da</strong> XIX—XX sauk. koreuli ojaxi?<br />

9. ra mimarTulebiT Seicvala 60—iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n amerikuli mamakacis roli?<br />

10. ra tipis ojaxebia gavrcelebuli SvedeTSi?<br />

11. ra faqtorebma Seuwyves xeli SvedeTSi ojaxis institutis trans<strong>for</strong>macias?<br />

seminarze moxdeba, agreTve, Sesrulebuli <strong>da</strong>valebis ganxilva.<br />

ZiriTadi literatura:<br />

1. Handbook of Marriage and the family, edited by Marrin B. Sussman & Suzann K. Steinmetz, Plenum<br />

Press, 1988, p.:13-38, 309-327, 439-474;<br />

2. Leslie G. R., Korman S.K. The Family in <strong>Social</strong> Context, NY . Ox<strong>for</strong>d University Press, 1989, p.: 81-<br />

111, 462-470;<br />

<strong>da</strong>matebiTi literatura:<br />

1. Families in Multicultural Perspective, edited by Bron B. Ingoldsby, Suzanna Smith, The Guil<strong>for</strong>d Press,<br />

1992, gv.: 205-236;<br />

2. Best D. L., Williams I. E. Gender and culture. – in Culture and Psychology, edited by David Matsumoto.<br />

Ox<strong>for</strong>d University press, 2001, gv.: 323-326, 332-334;<br />

3. Burn S.M. The Socal Psychology of Gender, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1996, gv.: 100-122;<br />

4. Unger R., Craw<strong>for</strong>d M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University Press,<br />

Philadelphia,1992, gv.: 313-336; 336-400;<br />

5. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, Second<br />

Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, T. VII;<br />

6. Juanita H. Williams, Psychology of Women, W.W.Norton & Company, N.Y.,1987, T. 8;<br />

7. Barbara Reskin, Irene Pa<strong>da</strong>vic, Women and Men at Work, Pine Forge Press, 1994, gv.: 165-180;<br />

63

kvira #6<br />

leqcia (2 sT), seminari (2 sT)<br />

Tema #6 - genderuli stratifikaciis paternebi.<br />

Sromis bazris genderuli aspeqtebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturaSi.<br />

leqciaze ganxiluli iqneba genderuli stratifikaciis paternebi. kerZod ,<br />

mocemuli iqneba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebis monacemebi qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis,<br />

qalTa pilitikuri aqtivobis <strong>da</strong> Sromis bazarze maT warmomadgenlobis TvalsazrisiT,<br />

moyvanili iqneba qalTa <strong>da</strong>bali Semosavlebis mizezebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gavrcelebuli<br />

axsnebi. ganxiluli iqneba genderuli stratifikaciis faqtorebi. moyvanili iqneba<br />

<strong>socialuri</strong> samarTlianobis koncefcia. `SuSis Weris~ (Glass ceiling) cneba <strong>da</strong> qalTa<br />

<strong>da</strong>bali statusis axsnis gavrcelebuli variantebi. ganxiluli iqneba genderuli<br />

sociluri <strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmis Teoria <strong>da</strong> misi mecnieruli wanamZRvrebi, <strong>genderi</strong>s<br />

gageba am Teoriis farglebSi <strong>da</strong> misi politikuri miznebi.<br />

me-20 saukuneSi qalebma miaRwies xmis uflebas arCevnebSi, aseve bevr qveyanaSi maT<br />

moipoves ufleba iyvnen arCeulni arCeviT Tanamdebobebze, Tun<strong>da</strong>c potenciurad.<br />

qalebma miaRwies maTi uflebebis ganmtkicebas sakanonmdeblo donezec. qalebma<br />

miaRwies imasac, rom maTTvis gaizar<strong>da</strong> ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> jan<strong>da</strong>cvis xelmisawvdomoba.<br />

qalTa uflebebis CamoyalibebiTa <strong>da</strong> maTi a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebTan mierTebiT miaRwies<br />

imasc, rom msoflio ganviTarebis politikaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs genderul<br />

problematikas. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom arsebobs mkveTrad<br />

gamoxatuli qalTa uTanasworoba yvelaferSi, rac exeba samuSaos, Sromis<br />

anazraurebas, statuss <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebas sazogadoebaSi.<br />

genderuli normebi zegavlenas axdens genderul urTierTobebze <strong>da</strong> genderul<br />

rolebze. gamokvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis mier<br />

Sesrulebuli <strong>socialuri</strong> rolebi gansxvavdebian rigi parametrebis mixedviT.<br />

genderul cnobierebaze did zegavlenas axdens kulturis iseTebi aspeqtebi,<br />

rogoricaa, qalTa mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi, sqesis mixedviT Sromis ganawileba,<br />

Sesrulebuli samuSaos nairsaxeoba, samuSaos anazRaureba, statusi, Zalaufleba,<br />

religiuri Sexedulebebi, Rirebulebebi, ekonomikuri faqtorebi <strong>da</strong>, agreTve, qalTa<br />

monawileobis xarisxi politikaSi. Zalian mokled ganvixiloT es faqtorebi.<br />

qalebis 40% mTel Tavis dros saxlSi atarebs. amasTan, es qalebi saSualod saojaxo<br />

samuSaoSi xarjaven 48 sT-<strong>da</strong>n 70 sT-mde kviraSi. zoga<strong>da</strong>d, saxls gareT muSaoba<br />

momgebiania ara mxolod ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. misi saSualebiT kmayofildeba<br />

iseTi <strong>socialuri</strong> moTxovnilebebi, rogoricaa aRiarebis, miRwevis, statusis <strong>da</strong><br />

pativiscemis moTxovnilebebi. a<strong>da</strong>miani, romelic mTeli dRe saxlSia, am moTxovnilebebs<br />

ver ikmayofilebs. fri<strong>da</strong>nis (Frie<strong>da</strong>n) monacemebis mixedviT, <strong>da</strong>ukmayofileblobis<br />

grZnoba aqvT im qalebsac ki, romlebic mTeli cxovreba ocnebobdnen colisa <strong>da</strong><br />

dedis rolze. problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aseTi qalebi emsaxurebian sxvisi<br />

moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>kamayofilebas <strong>da</strong> sakuTar pirovnebas kargaven. meore problema,<br />

romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia qalis `ojaxuri keris mfarvelis~ rolTan isaa, rom<br />

diasaxlisi `TamaSgare~ mdgomareobaSi aris, igi ar monawileobs sazogadoebriv<br />

cxovrebaSi <strong>da</strong> amitom arasrulfasovan a<strong>da</strong>mianad grZnobs Tavs.<br />

feris (Feree) azriT, diasaxlisebSi izolaciis gancdis warmoSobas xels uwyobs<br />

iseTi faqtorebis arsebobac, rogoricaa, ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis SezRudva, mudmivi<br />

yuradRebam, romelsac bavSvebis aRzr<strong>da</strong> moiTxovs <strong>da</strong> momuSave qalebis didi<br />

64

aodenoba garSemo. amasTan, diasaxlisebis <strong>da</strong>ukmayofileblobas sakuTari saqmianobiT<br />

xels uwyobs momuSave qalebSi farTed gavrcelebuli azri, rom maTgan gansxvavebiT<br />

diasaxlisebi u<strong>da</strong>rdelad <strong>da</strong> uproblemod cxovroben. zogierTi mkvlevris<br />

azriT, diasaxlisebis <strong>da</strong>bali TviTSefaseba swored am faqtorTa erToblivi<br />

zemoqmedebiT aixsneba. amgvarad, faqtia, rom saojaxo Sroma <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad,<br />

diasaxlisis roli erTgvarovani, <strong>da</strong>mRleli <strong>da</strong> araprestiJulia.<br />

244 sazogadoebis eTnografiuli masalebis Seswavlis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>ndradma (D’Andrade,<br />

1966) gaarkvia, rom mamakacebi yvelgan <strong>da</strong>kavebulni iyvnen nadirobiT, iaraRis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mzadebiT <strong>da</strong> Tavisi samuSaos procesSi isini metad scildebodnen saxls, maSin<br />

rodesac qalebis saqmianoba saxlTan iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, isini pasuxs agebdnen sarCosanovagis<br />

Senaxvaze, saWmlis momzadebaze, zrunavdnen tansacmelze <strong>da</strong> iseTi nivTebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mzadebaze, romlebic saojaxo meurneubaSi moixmarebo<strong>da</strong>. qalebi <strong>da</strong>kavebulni iyvnen<br />

bavSvebis movliTa <strong>da</strong> maTi aRzrdiT, maSin rodesac mamakacebi bavSvebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si<br />

monawileobas iRebdnen gamokvleuli kulturebis mxolod 10%-Si.<br />

tradiciuli Sexedulebebi gulisxmoben, rom mamakaci CarTuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, aqtiurobdes biznesSi, politikaSi <strong>da</strong> kulturaSi, qali ki<br />

saxlSi un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong> bavSvebs <strong>da</strong> ojaxs uvlides. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove<br />

kros<strong>kulturuli</strong> kvlevebi avlens aseTi dixotomiis Sesustebas faqtobriv doneze.<br />

qalebi sul ufro aqriurad ebmebian muSaobasa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi saxls<br />

gareT, mamakacebi ki sxva saqmeebTan erTad saojaxo saqmeebiTac arian <strong>da</strong>kavebulni.<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom axalgazr<strong>da</strong> TaobaSi SeimCneva qalis rolis Sesaxeb Sexedulebis<br />

gafarToeba. kerZod, qalis roli moicavs rogorc saxlis saqmeebis Sesrulebas, aseve -<br />

samsaxursac. am mosazrebas a<strong>da</strong>sturebs gibonsisa (Gibbons et al.., 1991/1993) <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

kolegebis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi oTx sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturaSi mozardebze. qalis<br />

rolis Sesaxeb mozardTa Sexedulebebi asaxaven qalis cxovrebis pirobebisa <strong>da</strong> mis<br />

mimarT <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis Secvlas mTels msoflioSi.<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgenilia, rom egaliteruli Sexedulebebi mamakacebSi vlindeba ganaTlebis<br />

maRali donisa <strong>da</strong> maRali <strong>socialuri</strong> statusis proporciulad. Tumca isic un<strong>da</strong><br />

aRiniSnos, rom qalebisaTvis samsaxuris arCevanis SesaZleblobebis gafarToeba an<br />

ganaTlebis donis amaRleba ar iwvevs sqesTa Soris uTanasworobis saboloo<br />

aRmofxvras. devisisa <strong>da</strong> robinsonis (Davis &Robinson, 1991) mier oTx qveyanaSi (amerikis<br />

SeerTebul Statebi, didi britaneTi, germania <strong>da</strong> avstria) Catarebulma kvlevam<br />

gamoavlina Semdegi kanonzomiereba: a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, romlebsac aqvT sakmaod maRali<br />

ganaTlebis done <strong>da</strong>, agreTve, qalebs, romlis qmrebic muSaoben, naklebad awuxebT<br />

sqesTa Soris diskriminaciis arseboba <strong>da</strong> naklebad zrunaven mis aRmosafxvrelad.<br />

xolo mosaxleobis is nawili, romelsac ganaTlebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>bali done aqvs <strong>da</strong><br />

agreTve, qalebi, romlebsac ara hyavT marCenali qmrebi, ufro metad iswrafvian<br />

genderuli uTanasworobis aRmosafxvrelad.<br />

qalis mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi izomeba mravali parametriT, romelTa Sorisac<br />

mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri maCveneblebi, <strong>socialuri</strong> avtoriteti <strong>da</strong> gerderulroluri<br />

ideologiis sxva parametrebi, qalTa monawileoba politikaSi <strong>da</strong> a.S. qalisa<br />

Tu kacisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi <strong>da</strong> qcevis normebi kulturul<br />

variaciebs eqvemdebareba, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, arsebobs <strong>kulturuli</strong> unversaliebic am<br />

TvalsazrisiT: garkveuli xarisxiT yoveli sazogadoeba gansazRvrul Tvisebebs <strong>da</strong><br />

moRvaweobis saxeebs akavSirebs gansazRvrul sqesTan. amave dros, TiTqmis arc erT<br />

sazogadoebaSi qals ara aqvs ufro maRali statusi, vidre — mamakacs.<br />

qalis diasaxlisis roli mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvrulia genderuli<br />

stereotipebiT <strong>da</strong> diferencialuri socializaciiT. qalis diasaxlisis rols xSirad<br />

65

gansazRvravs, agreTve, qalis Sromis ufro mcire anazRaureba mamakacTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />

mas Semdeg, rac qali imuSavebs samsaxurSi, igi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom meore cvlaSi<br />

muSaobs saxlSi. es meore cvla qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis <strong>da</strong>svenebis drois gansxvavebis<br />

mizezia. Seltonisa <strong>da</strong> jonis (Shelton & Jhon,1993) monacemebis mixedviT, colebTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Savkaniani kacebi akeTeben saojaxo saqmeebis _ 40%-s, TeTrkaniani<br />

mamakacebi — 34%-s, espanuri warmoSobis mamakacebi _ 36%. bolo drois monacemebi<br />

gviCvenebs, rom qmrebs saojaxo saqmianobaSi sul ufro meti wili SeaqvT, magram<br />

momuSave qali saSualo ojaxuri saqmeebis 69%-s akeTebs. im drois gazr<strong>da</strong>m, romelsac<br />

qali uTmobs saxls gareT muSaobas, gamoiwvia ojaxur saqmianobaze <strong>da</strong>xarjuli drois<br />

mxolod mcire<strong>da</strong>d Semcireba.<br />

Tanamedrove droSi Zalian bevri qali muSaobs imisTvis, rom Seinaxos ojaxi.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, isini kvlav asruleben tradiciul qalur movaleobebsac ojaxSi, rac<br />

qalebis ormag <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas iwvevs. qalis rolis Semcireba saojaxo meurneobaSi ar<br />

mox<strong>da</strong> im sazogadoebebSic ki, sa<strong>da</strong>c qalebi warmoadgenen saerTo samuSao Zalis<br />

umetesobas. ase magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, SveicariaSi, kana<strong>da</strong>Si,<br />

italiaSi, poloneTSi <strong>da</strong> rumineTSi saojaxo saqmeebis udides nawils qalebi<br />

asruleben, imisgan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad, ewevian Tu ara isini profesiul saqmianobas.<br />

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 3000 ojaxuri wyvilis gamokvlevis Sedegebis<br />

analizis safuZvelze bleri <strong>da</strong> lixteri (Bliar & Lichter,1991) mividnen im <strong>da</strong>skvnamde, rom<br />

qalebi ojaxSi muSaobdnen gacilebiT ufro didxans, vidre — mamakacebi (Sesabamisad 33<br />

sT. <strong>da</strong> 14sT.). amasTan saojaxo saqmeebi mkveTrad gamijnulia sqesobrivi niSniT. qaluri<br />

saqmeebia isini, romelTa keTebac aucilebelia sistematurad (sadili, WurWlis<br />

recxva, bavSvebze zrunva <strong>da</strong> sxv.), maSin roca mamakacTa saqmeebis sistematuri<br />

yoveldRiuri xasiaTi ara aqvs (baRSi muSaoba, raimes SekeTeba <strong>da</strong> a.S). sainteresoa<br />

Seltonis <strong>da</strong> jonis (Shelton & Jhon,1993) gamokvlevis Sedegebi. maT aRmoaCines, rom<br />

Savkanian amerikelTa ojaxebSi ojaxuri saqmianobebi ase mkveTrad ar aris<br />

ganawilebuli sqesobrivi niSniT. gamokvlevebi aseve aCvenebs, rom ojaxis biujetis<br />

ganmkargavic ufro qalia, vidre _ mamakaci.<br />

gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom momuSave qals ojaxSi ufro meti Zalaufleba aqvs,<br />

vidre — diasaxliss. ojaxSi Zalauflebis Teoriis moxedviT, visac meti Semosavali<br />

(ekonomikuri) aqvs, imas aqvs meti Zalaufleba ojaxSi.<br />

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi momuSave qali iRebs Tavis SromaSi <strong>da</strong>axloebiT kacis<br />

xelfasis 70%-s. amasTan Sromis bazari gayofilia genderuli niSniT <strong>da</strong> arsebobs<br />

qaluri <strong>da</strong> mamakacuri profesiebi. ufro prestiJuli profesiebi <strong>da</strong> Tanamdebobebi<br />

mamakacebs ukaviaT, qalebi Zalian sustad arian warmodgenili mTavrobaSi <strong>da</strong> maRal<br />

Tanamdebobebze msxvil organizaciebSi. amas nawilobriv gansazRvravs gavrcelebuli<br />

stereotipebi, rom qalebi cudi liderebi arian. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, qalis karieras yvela<br />

qveyanaSi xels uSlis ojaxuri <strong>da</strong> dedobrivi movaleobebi.<br />

Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom dResac, bevr qveyanaSi qalebi<br />

ekonomikur diskriminacias ganicdian. isini iReben ufro <strong>da</strong>bal xelfass, vidre - maTi<br />

kolega mamakacebi igive Tanamdebobaze. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos isic, rom umetes qveynebSi<br />

qalebi dResac upiratesobas aniWeben moRvaweobis tradiciul sferoebs <strong>da</strong>, agreTve,<br />

iseT samsaxurs, romelic a<strong>da</strong>mianebis did wresTan urTierTobis saSualebas iZleva.<br />

mamakacebi ki upiratesad irCeven ufro maRalanazRaurebad samuSaos, romelic,<br />

amasTanave, perspeqtiulicaa samsaxureobrivi karieris TvalsazrisiT.<br />

genderul-rolur ideologiaze did zegavlenas axdens, agreTve, religiuri<br />

Sexedulebebi <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebi. bevr kulturaSi (magaliTad, laTinuri amerikisa <strong>da</strong><br />

axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi) sazogadoebis Rirebulebebi <strong>da</strong> idealebi<br />

66

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia pirad <strong>da</strong> ojaxis prestiJTan, romlebic moicaven mamakacis vaJkacobasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qalis seqsualur siwmindes. aseT kulturebSi gaTxovili qali, romelic<br />

sazogadoebrivi saqmeebiT aris <strong>da</strong>kavebuli, negatiur Sefasebas iwvevs. im SemTxvevaSi<br />

Tu qali muSaobs, maSin misi kontaqtebi mamakacebTan minimumamde un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong>yvanili.<br />

ekonomikuri faqtorebic metad mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens genderul-rolur<br />

ideologiaze. zogadi kanonzomierebis mixedviT, colad SerTvis dros gamosyidvis<br />

instituti am qveynebSi muSaobs, sa<strong>da</strong>c qalis saojaxo Sroma mniSvnelovania ojaxis<br />

bijetisaTvis. mziTvs ki, Cveulebriv, qals atanen im kulturebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c qalis Sromis<br />

wili ojaxSi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcirea.<br />

politikur procesebSi monawileoba yvela kulturaSi mamakacebisaTvis ufro<br />

xelmisawvdomia, vidre — qalebisTvis. ganuviTarebeli warmoebis mqone 90<br />

sazogadoebis gamokvlevam aCvena, rom qalebis monawileoba politikaSi ufro maRalia<br />

maSin, roca gare konfliqtebis <strong>da</strong> omebis saSiSroeba mcirea, magram arsebobs Si<strong>da</strong><br />

sazogadoebrivi konfliqtebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba.<br />

genderuli mkvlevrebis umravlesoba varaudobs, rom tradiciuli genderuli<br />

rolebi aferxeben pirovnebis ganviTarebas <strong>da</strong> iwveven socialur uTanasworobas.<br />

Tanamedrove msoflios demokratiul nawilSi qalTa problematikam <strong>da</strong> aseve<br />

genderulma sakiTxebma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina ganviTarebis konteqstSi.<br />

yuradRebis centrSi moeqca ara mxolod ganviTarebadi qveynebis mZime mdgomareobaSi<br />

myofi qalebi, romlebic moklebulni arian samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong> politikur uflebebs,<br />

aramed ganviTarebul qveynebSi jer kodev mravlad arsebuli genderuli uTanasworobis<br />

problemebi. qalTa problemaTagan gansakuTrebiT mwvavea imunodeficitis<br />

infeqciis gansakuTrebiT farTe gavrceleba qalebSi, qalebiT vaWroba, qalebis gamoyeneba<br />

seqsis industriaSi <strong>da</strong> sxv. Tumca arsebobs qalTa mravali sxva, ufro yofiTi<br />

problemebic, romelTa mogvarebac aranakleb mniSvnelovania sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />

mTels msoflioSi gabatonebulia genderuli diskriminacia cxovrebis<br />

bevr sferoSi. Tumca diskriminaciis <strong>for</strong>mebi, zomebi <strong>da</strong> xarisxi gansxvavebulia<br />

rogorc regionebs, aseve qveynebs Sorisac. ganviTarebadi msoflios arc erT qveyanaSi<br />

qalebi ar arian gaTanabrebuli mamakacebTan iuridiuli (subieqturi), <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

ekonomikuri uflebebis TvalsazrisiT. didia genderuli gansvlebi resursebis<br />

xelmisawvdomobisa <strong>da</strong> maTi gankargvis sferoSi, ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis<br />

sferoSi <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong> interesebis warmomadgenlobiT sferoSi.<br />

uflebebi.uflebebSi asimetria gavrcelebulia sasamarTlo kanonmdeblobaSi,<br />

sazogadoebebis yofiT samarTalSi, ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> meurneobebis cxovrebaSi.<br />

asimetria arsebobs saqorwino kanonmdeblobaSic, ojaxis zomis gansazRvraSi (Svilebis<br />

gaCena-argaCena <strong>da</strong> maTi raodenobis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta) qonebis memkvidreobaSi, <strong>da</strong> mis<br />

marTvaSi, Si<strong>da</strong> meurneobaSi Sromis ganawilebaSi, Semosaval-gasavlebSi, ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis<br />

TavisuflebaSi.<br />

samxreT afrikis <strong>da</strong> afrikis bevr qveyanaSi qalebi TavianTi qmrebis mudmivi<br />

ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis qveS imyofebian. maT ara aqvT ufleba <strong>da</strong>moukideblad marTon<br />

sakuTreba. afrikis zogierT qveyanaSi mamakacs aqvs ufleba isargeblos qalis Sromis<br />

SedegebiT, magaram qals ara aqvs igive ufleba mamakacis Sromis nayofis mimarT.<br />

boliviaSi, gvatemalaSi <strong>da</strong> siriaSi mamakacebs aqvT ufleba SezRudon TavianTi colebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> ar miscen maT ufleba imuSaon saxls gareT. egvipteSi <strong>da</strong> gvatemalaSi qalebs<br />

sWirdebaT TavianTi meuRleebis nebarTva mogzaurobisa <strong>da</strong> mgzavrobisaTvis. zogierT<br />

arabul qveyanaSi qalebs un<strong>da</strong> hqondeT meuRleebis nebaTrTva pasportis miRebisTvis,<br />

maSin roca qmrisTvis colis mxri<strong>da</strong>n aseTi nebarTvis miReba saWiro ar aris.<br />

67

monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom arc erT qveyanaSi qalebs ara aqvT mamakacebTan<br />

gaTanabrebuli uflebebi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi<br />

qalTa Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi statusis TvalsazrisiT regionebis mixedviT. saSualod, qalebs<br />

evropaSi <strong>da</strong> Sua aziaSi yvelaze meti Tanasworoba aqvT, xolo samxreT aziaSi, afrikis<br />

qveynebSi (samxreTSi), axlo aRmosavleTSi <strong>da</strong> Crdilo afrikaSi — ufro naklebi. un<strong>da</strong><br />

aRiniSnos, rom im qveynebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c politikuri <strong>da</strong> iuridiuli Tanasworoba<br />

oficialurad miRweulia, igi ar muSaobs sinamdvileSi.<br />

XX saukunis meore naxevarSi sagrZnoblad gaumjobes<strong>da</strong> genderuli Tanasworobis<br />

mdgomareoba ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesobaSi: amaRl<strong>da</strong> qalTa ganaTlebis done.<br />

samxreT aziaSi, saqaras samxreTiT mdebare afrikis qveynebSi, axloaRmosavleTis<br />

qveynebSi <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebSi <strong>da</strong>wyebiT skolaSi Caricxul gogonaTa ricxvi<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT orjer gaizar<strong>da</strong>. qalebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gogonebis janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong>cvis sistemebSi<br />

kapital<strong>da</strong>bandebis Sedegad, 1990 wels qalebi samxreT aziis istoriaSi pirvelad<br />

ufro didxans cocxloben, vidre - mamakacebi. gaizar<strong>da</strong> qalTa <strong>da</strong>saqmebis ricxvic.<br />

laTinur amerikaSi <strong>da</strong> samxreT aziaSi 1970 wli<strong>da</strong>n qalTa <strong>da</strong>saqmebis procentuli maCvenebeli<br />

15 punqtiT gaizar<strong>da</strong>. Semcir<strong>da</strong> genderuli sxvaobebi Sromis anazraurebaSic.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad aseTi miRwevebisa, ganviTarebadi qveynebis umaravlesobaSi kvlav narCundeba<br />

genderuli uTanasworeoba uflebebSi, resursebis xelmisawvdomobaSi <strong>da</strong> sakuTari<br />

interesebis gamoxatvis SesaZleblobebSi. ganviTarebad qveynebis arc erT regionSi<br />

qalebs ara aqvT mamakacTan Tanabari <strong>socialuri</strong>, iuridiuli d ekonomikuri uflebebi.<br />

amasTan yvela kulturisaTvis (rogorc ganviTarebad, aseve ganviTarebul qveynebSi)<br />

saerToa is, rom qals mamakacze naklebi statusi aqvs. gaeros monacemebis Tanaxmad:<br />

1. qalebi asruleben ZiriTad saojaxo saqmes;<br />

2. qalebs moyavT msoflios sakvebi produqtebis (soflis meurneobis) naxevari;<br />

3. qalebi Seadgenen msoflios muSaxelis erT mesameds, magram <strong>da</strong>saqmebulni arian<br />

mcire<strong>da</strong>nazraurebad samuSaoze;<br />

4. qalebi Sesrulebul samuSaoSi analogiur samuSaoSi mamakacebisTvis ga<strong>da</strong>xdili<br />

xelfasis sam meoTxedze naklebs iReben;<br />

5. qalebi mcired arian warmodgenilni Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong> mmarTvelobis organoebSi.<br />

amgvarad, Tanamedrove samyaros sazogadoebaTa umravlesoba genderulad<br />

stratificirebuli sistemebia. stratifikaciis umtavresi paternebia: <strong>da</strong>saqmebis,<br />

ekonomikuri, politikuri <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, umravles<br />

SemTxvevaSi stratifikaciis mimarTuleba erT <strong>da</strong> igivea: mamakacebi dominanturebi<br />

arian, qalebi ki — <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebulni.<br />

cnobilia asimetria Sromis anazraurebaSi qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris (amerikeli<br />

qali mamakacis xelfasis 68%-s iRebs, afrikeli — 61%-s, laTinoamerikeli —<br />

TeTrkaniani mamakacis xelfsis 53%-s, xolo TeTrkaniani qalis xelfasis 78%-s).<br />

Savkaniani <strong>da</strong> espanurenovani mamakacebi ufro maRal anazraurebas iReben, vidre<br />

Savkaniani <strong>da</strong> espanurenovani qalebi (gansxvaveba maT SemosavlebSi Sesabamisad 84%-s <strong>da</strong><br />

82%-s Seadgens). Tumca un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas isic, rom Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT 1979 welTan, roca qalis<br />

saSualo xelfasi mamakacis saSualo xelfasis mxolod 60%-s Sedgen<strong>da</strong>, qalTa samuSaos<br />

Rirebuleba gaizar<strong>da</strong> (amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi). magram qalebi, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />

araevropuli warmomavlobis qalebi, dRemde <strong>da</strong>balanazRaurebad samuSaoze arian<br />

<strong>da</strong>saqmebulebi. ufro metic, isini iReben ufro naklebs, vidre igive samuSaoSi<br />

aiRebdnen mamakacebi. arsebobs qalebisa mamakacebis anazRaurebis gansxvavebis ori<br />

yvelaze gavrcelebuli axsna. pirvelis mixedviT, qalebs mamakacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

68

naklebs uxdian imitom, rom isini TviTon irCeven <strong>da</strong>balanazraurebad samsaxurs. meore<br />

Sexedulebis mixedviT, qalebs mamakacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebs uxdian imitom, rom<br />

isini warmoadgenen naklebad Rirebul samuSao Zalas, radganac maT akliaT<br />

gamocdileba <strong>da</strong> kvalifikacia. arsebobs mesame mosazrebac: qalebs mamakacebTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT samuSaoSi uxdian naklebs imitom, rom isini moelian, rom cotas ga<strong>da</strong>uxdian<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tanxmdebian ufro mcire xelfass. ganvixiloT TiToeuli mosazreba cal-calke.<br />

pirvel mosazrebas, romlis arsic isaa, rom qalebi <strong>da</strong>kavebulebi arian<br />

tradiciulad `qaluri~ samuSaoTi, xolo mamakacebi _ `mamakacuriT~ <strong>da</strong> es<br />

ukanaskneli ufro maRalanazRaurebadia, xSirad uwdeben makompensirebeli sxvaobebis<br />

safuZvelze axsnas. es mosazreba eyrdnoba debulebas, rom qalebi, irCeven ra<br />

<strong>da</strong>balanazRaurebad samuSaos, amiT isini samagierod iReben Sromis ukeTes pirobebs:<br />

karg socialur klimats, ufro moqnil samuSao grafiks (magliTad gamodgeba pe<strong>da</strong>gogi<br />

qalebi saqarTveloSi. gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, pe<strong>da</strong>gogoba qalebisTvis kargia,<br />

radgan is mxolod naxevar dRes muSaobs) an ufro advil samuSaos.<br />

samuSao Zala gayofilia sqesis mixedviT anu profesiebis umravlesoba yvela<br />

kulturaSi <strong>da</strong>yofilia sqesis mixedviT. ase magaliTad, saqarTveloSi Catarebuli<br />

kvlevis mixedviT (n. javaxiSvili, 2000), gamovlin<strong>da</strong> tipuri qaluri <strong>da</strong> tipuri<br />

mamakacuri profesiebi saqarTveloSi. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1993 wlis<br />

monacemebiT mdivnebis 90%-s qalebi arian. monacemebi a<strong>da</strong>sturebs imasac, rom is<br />

profesiebi <strong>da</strong> samuSao, romlebiTac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturaSi mamakacebi arian<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavebulni, ufro maRalanazraurebadia, vidre isini, romlebiTac qalebi arian<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavebulni. ase magaliTad, bernis (Burn) monacemebiT, kali<strong>for</strong>niis politeqnikur<br />

universitetSi mRebavis sastarto xelfasi ufro maRalia, vidre meddis an mdivansaqmeTmwarmoeblis<br />

xelfasi.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa jakobsisa <strong>da</strong> steinbergis gamokvleva (Jacobs &<br />

Steinberg, 1990). miRebuli monacemebis mixedviT, ama Tu im profesiaSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebul qalTa<br />

wili zegavlenas axdens am sferoSi arsebuli xelfasis saerTo doneze. kerZod, rac<br />

ufro metia qali, miT ufro <strong>da</strong>balia Sromis anazRaureba.<br />

sainteresoa, ratom xdeba, rom qalebi iSviaTad arian <strong>da</strong>kavebulni `tradiciulad~<br />

mamakacuri samuSaoTi? xom ar aris amis mizezi tradiciulad `qaluri~ samuSaos<br />

siadvile an aseTi samuSaos pirobebSi dedobrivi funqciebis paraleluri Sesrulebis<br />

SesaZlebloba? statistikuri monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom es ase ar aris. `qaluri~<br />

samuSaoebi sinamdvileSi sulac ar gulisxmoben ufro moqnil grafiks, samuSaos<br />

siadviles an nakleb <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas. piriqiT, arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT, rac ufro<br />

meti qalia koleqtivSi, miT ufro mkacria ufrosos mxri<strong>da</strong>n moTxovnebi. 1600<br />

profesiis analizis Sedegebi gviCveneben, rom `qaluri~ profesiebi ufro xSirad<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia e.w. Znel klientebTan, <strong>da</strong>lagebasTan (WuWyTan) meqanikurad<br />

gameorebad moqmedebebTan <strong>da</strong> avtonomiis (anu sakuTari samuSaos <strong>da</strong>gegmvisa <strong>da</strong><br />

warmarTvis) ararsebobasTan.<br />

gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom qalebis mier tradiciulad `mamakacuri~ profesiebis<br />

arCevas win eRobeba mravali barieri. esenia: <strong>da</strong>qiravebis dros iseTi moTxovnebis<br />

wayeneba (magaliTad, ama Tu im Tvisebebis qona), romelic qals ara aqvs. ase magaliTad,<br />

cnobilia, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi policiis erT-erTi akademiis misaRebi<br />

gamocdebis moTxovna iyo 170 sm simaRlis qona, romelic qalebs gansakuTrebulad<br />

zRu<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, mniSvnelovania is <strong>da</strong>Zabulobac, romelic qals eufleba, roca<br />

igi mamakacTa koleqtivSi muSaobs. <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis gamomwvev faqtorTa Soris SeiZleba<br />

<strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT miuRebloba, stereotipebi, patara Secdomaze araadekvaturad mkacri<br />

reagireba <strong>da</strong> sxv. samsaxurSi miRebis dros diskriminacia genderuli diskriminaciis<br />

69

erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli <strong>for</strong>maa. igi safuZvels qmnis SendgomSi Sromis<br />

bazris genderuli stratifikaciisaTvis. amasTan, sainteresoa, rom genderuli diskriminacia<br />

samsaxurSi miRebis dros mxolod qalebs ar exeba. igi iseTive ZaliT moqmedebs<br />

im mamakacebis mimarTac, romlebsac tradiciulad `qalur~ samuSaoze un<strong>da</strong>T moxvedra.<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qalebis umravlesobas survili ara aqvs Seasrulos<br />

tradiciulad `mamakacuri~ samuSao. gamokvlevebis mixedviT, amis erT-erT mizezad<br />

saxeldeba qalebis azri imis Sesaxeb, rom `mamakacuri~ samuSao maT <strong>da</strong>ukargavs qalur<br />

momxibvlelobas.<br />

meore mosazreba, romelic cdilobs axsnas genderuli asimetria Sromis bazarze,<br />

varaudobs, rom qalebs ufro naklebanazraurebadi samuSao imitom aqvT, rom qalebi<br />

mamakacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebad Rirebuli muSakebi arian. saqme isaa, rom qalebs<br />

mamakacebze naklebs uxdian maSinac ki, roca isini igive samuSaos asruleben, rasac _<br />

mamakacebi. ase magaliTad, qali kompiuteruli programistebi amerikis SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi iReben mamakaci kompiuteruli programistebis xelfasis 83%-s, qali<br />

finansuri menejerebi igive profesiis mamakacebis xelfasis 67%-s, <strong>da</strong>wyebiTi<br />

swavlebis skolebis pe<strong>da</strong>gogi qalebi igive profesiis mamakacebis xelfasis 89%-s <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

erTi <strong>da</strong> igive samuSaoSi qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis xelfasebs Soris aseTi gansxvavebis<br />

erT-erTi axsna efuZneba a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitalis Sefasebis princips. am midgomis<br />

mixedviT, individis Sromis anazRaureba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia ganaTlebaSi <strong>da</strong> profesiul<br />

momzadebaSi mis mier Cadebul investiciebze. iTvleba, rom qalebi gamoimuSaveben<br />

naklebs, radgan maT naklebi ician, naklebad ganaTlebulebi arian, an naklebi<br />

gamocdileba aqvT <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad maTi Sroma naklebad Rirebulia. gamokvlevebi<br />

aCvenebs, rom, umravles SemTxvevebSi, erTnair Tanamdebobebze <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli qalebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mamakacebis monacemebi arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, keTdeba<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvna, rom Sromis bazarze genderuli asimetriis umTavresi mizezi mainc<br />

gavrcelebul stereotipebSi un<strong>da</strong> veZeboT.<br />

mesame mosazrebis mixedviT, qalebi winaswar moelian <strong>da</strong>bal xelfass <strong>da</strong> swored<br />

amitom aqvT maT aseTi <strong>da</strong>bali anazraureba. es mosazreba <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong><br />

eqsperimentula<strong>da</strong>c. aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom qalebi mamakacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT marTlac ufro<br />

nakleb anazraurebas iTxovdnen igive samuSaoSi. es Sedegebi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong> studentebze<br />

Catarebul kvlevebSic, sa<strong>da</strong>c erTi <strong>da</strong> igive specialobis mdedrobiTi <strong>da</strong> mamrobiTi<br />

sqesis studentebs ekiTxebodnen, Tu rogori iyo maTi molodinebi momavali<br />

Semosavlebis Sesaxeb. mkvlevrebis (Jackson, Major, Forcey <strong>da</strong> sxv.) azriT, es, erTis mxriv,<br />

SeiZleba aixsnas qalebis mier samuSaosTan erTad dedubrivi movaleobis Sesrulebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, meores mxriv, ki imiT, rom qalebs aqvT sakuTari SesaZleblobebis <strong>da</strong><br />

codnis <strong>da</strong>weuli Sefaseba. asea Tu ise, qalebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n naklebi molodinebi maTi<br />

Sromis <strong>da</strong>bali anazraurebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezia.<br />

sainteresoa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi niuportis (Newport) mier Catarebuli<br />

gamokvlevebis Sedegebi. am monacemebis mixedviT, 1975 wels gamokiTxuli amerikelebis<br />

32% a<strong>da</strong>stureb<strong>da</strong>, rom amerikaSi mamakacebi ukeT cxovroben, vidre — qalebi. 1989 wels<br />

es debuleba <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura gamokiTxulTa 49%-ma, xolo 1923 wels ki — 60%-ma. 1975 wlis<br />

monacemebis mixedviT, gamokiTxul amerikelTa 48% Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom qalebs <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs<br />

<strong>da</strong>saqmebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebi aqvT. 1989 wlis gamokvlevis mixedviT, am<br />

debulebas <strong>da</strong>eTanxma gamokiTxul amerikelTa 42%, xolo 1993 wels ki _ gamokiTxulTa<br />

39%. 1993 wels gamokiTxuli amerikeli qalebis mxolod 30% Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom maT aqvT<br />

mamakacebTan Tanabari <strong>da</strong>saqmebis SesaZleblobebi, xolo maTi 70% ki Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

mamakacebs ukeTesi sastarto pirobebi aqvT amerikul Sromis bazarze.<br />

imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, Tu ramdenad samarTliania Sromis anazraureba<br />

70

(ga<strong>da</strong>xdili gasamrjelo) Cven, Cveulebriv, va<strong>da</strong>rebT Cvens Tavs sxvas. samuSaosTan<br />

mimarTebaSi es debuleba ase JRers: Cven garkveul Zalisxmevas (dros, energias,<br />

kvalifikacias, unarebs <strong>da</strong> a.S.) vdebT Cvens samuSaoSi <strong>da</strong> viRebT garkveul<br />

anazRaurebas. amaSi mdgomareobs a<strong>da</strong>msis (A<strong>da</strong>ms) samarTlianobis Teoriis arsi.<br />

amgvarad, imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, Tu ramdenad samarTliania es ukanaskneli, Cven<br />

va<strong>da</strong>rebT Cvens mier Cadebuli Zalisxmevisa <strong>da</strong> anazRaurebis mimarTebas sxvis mier<br />

Cadebul Zalisxmevisa <strong>da</strong> mis anazraurebas Soris mimarTebas. aseT sxvebs, Cveulebriv,<br />

`Sesa<strong>da</strong>rebel jgufs~ uwodeben. aRsaniSnavia, rom imis <strong>da</strong> mixedviT, Tu vin arian<br />

Sesa<strong>da</strong>rebgeli jgufis wevrebi, Cven Tavs an <strong>da</strong>Cagrulad an kmayofilad vgrZnobT.<br />

gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom qalebi, Cveulebriv, ar ganaxilaven mamakacebs<br />

`Sesa<strong>da</strong>rebeli jgufis~ rangSi. isini sakuTar Tavs sxva qalebs a<strong>da</strong>reben <strong>da</strong> sanam erTi<br />

romelime qalis Zalisxmevisa <strong>da</strong> Semosavlebis mimarTeba Seesabameba sxva qalebis aseT<br />

mimarTebas, am qals aqvs samarTlianobis <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, kmayofilebis ganc<strong>da</strong>. erTi<br />

sqesis SigniT Se<strong>da</strong>rebis ganxorcielebas Tavisi fsiqologiuri fsqtorebi aqvs<br />

(magaliTad, Se<strong>da</strong>reba msgavsebis safuZvelze). amasTan, gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom<br />

sakuTar sqesTan Se<strong>da</strong>reba xdeba maSin, roca samuSao tradiciulad genderul <strong>da</strong>mRas<br />

atarebs. maSin ki roca samuSao tradiciulad neitraluria, Se<strong>da</strong>rebis dros sqesis<br />

faqtoris ignorireba xdeba.<br />

samarTlianobis Teoriis mixedviT, Tu a<strong>da</strong>mians aqvs usamarTlobis ganc<strong>da</strong> Tavis<br />

xelfasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, maSin igi cdilobs aRadginos samarTlianoba. qalebs ki,<br />

rogorc zemoT <strong>da</strong>vrwmundiT, samarTlianobis aRdgenis es moTxovnileba ar uCndebaT,<br />

radgan maT `Sesa<strong>da</strong>rebel jgufSi~ iseTive <strong>da</strong>bali xelfasia. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos isic, rom<br />

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi arsebobs kanoni Tanaswori ananzRaurebis Sesaxeb. rogorc<br />

moyvanili gamokvlevebis monacemebi gviCvenebs, es kanoni realurad ar<br />

xorcieldeba.<br />

qalTa procentuli Semadgenloba msoflios Sromisunarian mosaxleobaSi ganviTarebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT aseTia: 1950 wlis monacemebiT CrdiloeT amerikaSi <strong>da</strong> ekonomikurad<br />

ganviTarebul qveynebSi (maT Soris avstraliaSi) 30 %, samxreT amerikis qveynebSi<br />

— 18%, samxreT afrikasa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebad qveynebSi — 30%, CrdiloeT afrikis<br />

nawilSi — 9%. 1985 wlis monacemebiT CrdiloeT amerikaSi <strong>da</strong> ekonomikurad ganvi-<br />

Tarebul qveynebSi (maT Soris avstraliaSi) 38 %, samxreT amerikis qveynebSi — 27%,<br />

samxreT afrikasa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebad qveynebSi — 39%, CrdiloeT afrikis nawilSi — 9%.<br />

2000 wlis monacemebiT CrdiloeT amerikaSi <strong>da</strong> ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi<br />

(maT Soris avstraliaSi) 38 %, samxreT amerikis qveynebSi — 28%, samxreT afrikasa <strong>da</strong><br />

ganviTarebad qveynebSi — 37%, CrdiloeT afrikis nawilSi — 17%. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT,<br />

qalTa <strong>da</strong>saqmebis ricxvi ixrdeba wli<strong>da</strong>n wlamde. magram, amasTanave, zrdis tendencia<br />

Zalia mcirea <strong>da</strong> igi Zalian Sorsaa Sromis bazarze genderuli Tanasworobis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisagan.<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom qalebs aqvT mamakacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>bali xelfasebi, maT aseve<br />

aqvT mamakacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>bali statusic. ase magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi yvelaze prestiuli profesiebiT mamakacebi arian <strong>da</strong>kavebulni: mamakaci<br />

mecnier-muSakTa Soris 80%-ia, eqimebs Soris — 84%, universitetebisa <strong>da</strong> kolejebis<br />

profesorebs Soris _ 61%. Tumca pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa Soris Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRalia qalTa ricxvi,<br />

magram maT Soris maRal statusze (mudmivi profesorebi) mxolod 10%-ia. advokatebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> mosamarTleebs Soris 78% mamakacia, arqiteqtorebs Soris 87% mamakacia, xolo<br />

inJinrebs Soris _ 94%.<br />

arsebobs mravali monacemic, romelic TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs, rom qalebs<br />

mamakacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebi Zalaufleba aqvT. maT iSviaTad ukaviaT Tanamdebobebi<br />

71

<strong>da</strong> politikaSic mcired arian warmodgenilni. amasTan rac ufro maRalia Zalauflebis<br />

ierarqiuli safexuri, miT ufro mcirea qalTa warmomadgenloba.<br />

aswleulebis manZilze miuRebeli iyo nebismier politikur <strong>for</strong>maciaSi qalebis<br />

monawileoba. sul axlaxansac, qalTa minawileoba politikaSi <strong>da</strong>gmobili iyo, radgan<br />

gavrcelebuli stereotipuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, qalis pilitikaSi CarTva ojaxisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>Slas gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong>. dRes Tanamedrove msoflios bevr qveyanaSi<br />

qalebi aqtiurad monawileoben politikur cxovrebaSi, gaizar<strong>da</strong> maTi aseTi<br />

saqmianobebis mimReblobis xarisxi ara mxolod skandinaviisa, amerikis SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi <strong>da</strong> demokratiis wamyvan qveynebSi, aramed tradiciuli kulturebis<br />

matarebel qveynebSic. magaliTad, m. wereTlis 2002-2003 wlebSi Caterebuli<br />

gamokvlevebis monacemebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi qalis politikaSi moRvaweobis<br />

faqts gamokiTxulTa ori mesamedi nawili <strong>da</strong>saSvebad afasebs.<br />

kacobriobis politikuri ganviTarebis istorias Tu gavaanalizebT, <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT,<br />

rom politikur cxovrebas metwilad egelitaruli wre qmni<strong>da</strong>: mefeebi didgvrovanni,<br />

aristokratia <strong>da</strong> a.S. mas Semdeg, rac politikiT <strong>da</strong> qveynis mmarTvelobiT Cveulebrivi<br />

xalxi <strong>da</strong>kav<strong>da</strong>, politikis sferoSi arsebuli genderuli asimetria kidev uro<br />

gamokveTili gax<strong>da</strong>. politikuri uflebebi pirvel rigSi mamakacebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T. amerikis<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi <strong>da</strong> evropis wamyvan qveynebSi politikuri <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo<br />

uflebebi, kerZod, ki saarCevno uflebebi qalebma me-20 saukunis 40-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

moipoves.<br />

saqarTveloSi momqmedi qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciis `WomenAid international”-<br />

is monacemebis mixedviT, XXI saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi<br />

politikaSi qalTa monawileobis Semdegi suraTi gvaqvs:<br />

qalTa warmomadgenloba parlamentSi (procentuli Semedgenloba TiToeul jgufSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>klagebulia sididis mixedviT):<br />

40-50% qali parlamentarebi qveyanaSi — SvedeTi;<br />

35-39,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi —<strong>da</strong>nia, fineTi, norvegia,<br />

holandia;<br />

30-34,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — islandia, genmania, axali<br />

zelandia, mozambiki;<br />

25-29,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — samxreT afrika, bosnia, kuba,<br />

avstria, argentina, TurqmeneTi;<br />

20-24,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — belgia, avstralia, CineTi,<br />

espsneTi, xorvatia;<br />

15-19,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — kana<strong>da</strong>, inglisi, estoneTi<br />

litva, CexeTi;<br />

10-14,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — slovakeTi, poloneTi,<br />

israeli, azerbaijani, italia, safrangeTi, bulgareTi, yazaxeTi slovenia;<br />

5-9,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — yirgizeTi, ungreTi,<br />

monRoleTi, ukraina, ruseTi, rumineTi, saqarTvelo, saberZneTi, iaponia;<br />

3-4,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — belorusia, TurqeTi korea,<br />

irani, somxeTi;<br />

0,1-2,9% qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — egvipte, nigeria;<br />

0 % qali parlamentarebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi — quveiTi, arabTa emiretebi.<br />

gaeros monacemebiT, 2000 wlisaTvis qalebi msoflios 190 qveyni<strong>da</strong>n mxolod 9<br />

saxelmwifoSi arian meTaurebi <strong>da</strong> mTavrobis Tavmjdonmareebi:<br />

bangladeSi, fineTi, irlandia, latvia, axali zelandia, panama, san marino, Sri-<br />

72

lanka. am sias bolo dros <strong>da</strong>emata saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> ukraina.<br />

studentebs <strong>da</strong>evalebaT internetis saSualebiT moipovon uaxlesi in<strong>for</strong>macia am<br />

sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />

qalebi msoflios 190 qveyni<strong>da</strong>n saxelmwifo meTaurebisa <strong>da</strong> mTavrobis Tavmjdomareebis<br />

moadgileebi arian Semdeg qveynebSi: albaneTi, avstria, belgia, kosta-rika,<br />

xorvatia, <strong>da</strong>nia, fiji, hondurasi, indonezia, irlandia.<br />

msoflios regionebis mixedviT, qalTa xelisuflebaSi monawileobis suraTi Semdegia:<br />

skandinaviis qveynebi _ 38,8%, evropis qveynebi (skandinaviis qveynebis CaTvliT)<br />

_ 15,2%, amerika _ 15,2%, azia _ 14,2%, evropis qveynebi (skandinaviis qveynebis<br />

gamoklebiT) _ 13,4%, xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebi _ 13,5%, afrikis saqaris samxreTiT<br />

mdebare qveynebi _ 11,75, arabeTis saxelmwifoebi _ 3,5%.<br />

iseve, rogorc politikur organizaciebSi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis struqturebSi,<br />

mamakacebs aqvT ufro meti Zalaufleba biznessa <strong>da</strong> warmoebaSi. amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis menejerebis 39% qalia, magram rac ufro zemoT iwevs samsaxureobrivi<br />

ierarqiuli kibe, miT ufro nakalebi qali gvxvdeba. komerciul organizaciebSi <strong>da</strong><br />

msxvil kompaniebSi xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebis mxolod 1-2% ukaviaT qalebs.<br />

jekobsis (Jacobs, 1992) gamokvlevis monacemebis mixedviT, amerikis SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi 1988 wels Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT 1970 welTan qalTa raodenoba xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze<br />

mkveTrad gaizar<strong>da</strong>, kerZod, 18%-<strong>da</strong>n 40%-mde. magram amasTan, qali menejerebis<br />

xelfasi <strong>da</strong> avtoriteti kvlevac ufro <strong>da</strong>balia, vidre igive Tanamdebobebze <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli<br />

mamakaci menejerebisa.<br />

qalebi, romlebsac un<strong>da</strong>T karieris gakeTeba ejaxebian e.w. `SuSis Wers~. es aris<br />

meta<strong>for</strong>a imis Sesaxeb, rom organizaciaTa umravlesobaSi arsebobs e.w. uxilavi Weri,<br />

romlis zemoTac qalebi <strong>da</strong>, agreTve, araevropuli warmoSobis amerikelebi, ubralod<br />

ver adian. lin martinma `SuSis Weri~ gansaxRvra, rogorc xelovnurad Seqmnili<br />

barierebi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulni arian organizaciis SigniT arsebul crurwmenebze.<br />

es saSualebas ar aZlevs kvlalificiur muSakebs waiwion win samsaxureobriv<br />

kibeze <strong>da</strong> gaikeTon kariera. kvlalificiuri specialisti qalebi <strong>da</strong> umciresobebis<br />

warmomadgenlebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi, swored am uxilavi kibis qveS aRmoCndebian,<br />

xolme. maT mxolod is <strong>da</strong>rCeniaT, rom qvemo<strong>da</strong>n adevnen Tvali imas, Tu rogor miiweven<br />

win sxva TanamSromlebi.<br />

afrikoamerikeli <strong>da</strong> laTinoamerikeli qalebi warmoadgenen amerikis SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi arsebul qal menejerTa mxolod 4%-s. amitom, zogierTi mecnieri amasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT aRniSnavs, rom am jgufis qalebisTvis ar Tu `SuSis~, aramed _ `betonis<br />

Weria~.<br />

gansakuTrebiT un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom umciresobebis warmomadgeneli qalebi ormagi<br />

diskriminaciis qveS imyofebian. es aris rasobrivi <strong>da</strong> sqesobrivi diskriminacia.<br />

rogorc zemoT iyo ganxiluli, erT-erTi Sexedulebis mixedviT, qalebs eSiniaT<br />

maRali Tanamdebobebis, radgan maT isini qalurobasTan SeuTavseblad miaCniaT <strong>da</strong><br />

amitom TviTon amboben uars karieris gakaTebaze. magram 70-iani <strong>da</strong> 80-iani wlebis Sua<br />

periodSi socialurma fsiqologebma sabolood uaryves es Sexeduleba. cxadi gax<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom qalis sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong>bali statusis axsna SeuZlebelia mxolod qalis<br />

pirovnebaze centrirebuli pozicii<strong>da</strong>n. kanteris (Kanter, 1977) naSromis gamosvliT<br />

safuZveli Caeyara axal, situaciaze centrirebul midgomas. es midgoma eurdnobo<strong>da</strong><br />

iseT axsnebs, rogoricaa diskriminaciuli politika, romelsac axorcieleben<br />

calkeuli pirovnebebi Tu organizaciebi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi stereotipebi.<br />

sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong> institutebis genderuli stratifikaciis ukeT<br />

gaazrebisaTvis mniSvnelovania am sakiTxze zogierTi feministuri Sexedulebis<br />

73

ganxilva, kerZod, ki Cven mokled ganvixilavT <strong>genderi</strong>s <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmis<br />

Teorias.<br />

genderuli <strong>socialuri</strong> konstruirebis momxreebi eWvqveS ayeneben im mosazrebas,<br />

rom yvelaferi <strong>socialuri</strong> biologiurzea <strong>da</strong>sfuZnebuli <strong>da</strong> amitom iTvleba<br />

bunebrivad <strong>da</strong> normalurad. am debulebiT isini akritikeben im mimarTebebs, romlebic<br />

Tanamedrove samyaroSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> biologiur sqessa <strong>da</strong> maT socialur reprezentaciebs,<br />

genderul rolebsa <strong>da</strong> funqciebs Soris.<br />

<strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmis feeministi mimdevrebi akritikeben, erTis mxriv, e.w.<br />

`saRi azris“ pozicias, meores mxriv, sociologiuri Teoriis ZiriTad mimarTulebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> mesame _ im feministur mimarTulebebs, romlebic genders ganixilaven rogorc<br />

biologiuri sqesisgan kulturis mier nawarmoebs.<br />

`saRi azris~ poziciis kritikisas, <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmis warmomadgenlebi<br />

acxadeben, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis buneba dualisturia, masSi bunebrivad Cadebulia rogorc<br />

qaluri, aseve — mamakacuri. amitom qalebad <strong>da</strong> mamakacebad xdebian <strong>da</strong> ara — ibadebian.<br />

<strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmis momxreebi akritikeben <strong>genderi</strong>s Sromis ganawilebaze<br />

<strong>da</strong> civilizaciis ganviTarebaze agebul Sexedulebebs, romelsac emil diurkgeimi<br />

aviTareb<strong>da</strong>. talkot parsonsis azriT, sqesTa Soris urTirTobebSi wamyvania maTi<br />

funqcionaluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva. am Sexedulebam rolebis Teoriis anu sqesobriv-roluri<br />

midgomis saxeli <strong>da</strong>imkvidra. am mosazrebis mixedviT, qali asrulebs eqspresiul rols<br />

kaci ki _instrumentuls (ix. mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qakis rolebi amerikul ojaxSi)<br />

eqspresiuli roli mdgomareobs zrunvis gamovlenaSi, ojaxis emociur mxar<strong>da</strong>WeraSi,<br />

siyvarulSi, ojaxSi <strong>da</strong>debiTi emociuri klimatis SenarCunebaSi. es aris diasaxlisis<br />

monopoliuri <strong>socialuri</strong> roli. rac Seexeba instrumentul rols, igi mamakacis<br />

monopoliaa <strong>da</strong> pirvel rigSi, vlindeba Tavis ojaxsa <strong>da</strong> sxva socialur jgufebs Soris<br />

urTierTobebis uzrunvelyofaSi. es aris Semomtanisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mcvelis <strong>socialuri</strong> roli.<br />

rolebis aTviseba qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n socializaciisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

normebis interiorizaciis (gaTavisebis, gaSinagnebis) procesSi xdeba. rolis swori<br />

Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa xdeba <strong>da</strong>sjisa <strong>da</strong> waxalisebis <strong>socialuri</strong> sistemebis<br />

muSaobiT, <strong>da</strong>debiTi <strong>da</strong> uaryofiTi ganmtkicebiT. gofmanis (Goffman) dramaturgiuli<br />

intraspeqcionizmi iTvleba genderuli urTierTobebis socialur-<strong>konstruqti</strong>vistuli<br />

interpretaciis amosavlad. Tumca ki, misi Sromebi gamsWvalulia esencialisturi<br />

TezisebiT: sqesobrivi sxvaobebi, romlebic <strong>socialuri</strong> urTierTmimarTebis doneze<br />

ganixileba, warmoadgenen individebis sqesobrivi arsis bunebriv gamovlinebas;<br />

`genderuli TamaSi~, Tumca socialurad aris organizebuli, magram igi warmoadgens<br />

bunebrivi sqesis gamovlinebas.<br />

am SexedulebaTa sawinaaRmdegod, 70-iani wlebis feministebis naSromebSi<br />

genderuli urTierTobebi Tavisufldeba sqesiT determinizaciisagan <strong>da</strong> Semdegnairad<br />

ganisazRvreba: genderuli urTierTobebi es aris Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobis<br />

socialurad organizebuli urTierTobebi. amgvarad, <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmis<br />

farglebSi genderuli urTierTobebis aseTi gageba Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

<strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmi uaryofs, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, adreuli feminizmis erT-erT<br />

amosaval debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom `qalad ibadebian~. es aris Tezisi, romlis<br />

mixedviTac, <strong>genderi</strong> aris sqesze (biologiaze) <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli <strong>kulturuli</strong> <strong>konstruqti</strong>.<br />

es Tezisi gabatonebuli iyo feministebSi 70-ian wlebamde.<br />

socialur-<strong>konstruqti</strong>vistuli feministuri kritikis zegavleniT, eWv qveS dgeba<br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s sqesiT (anatomiurad <strong>da</strong> biologiurad) gansazRvruloba. sakiTxi sxvagvari<br />

kuTxiT ganixileba <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, <strong>genderi</strong>c axleburad isazRvreba: <strong>genderi</strong><br />

warmoadgens sazogadoebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n gakontrolebuli yoveldRiuri urTierTmoq-<br />

74

medebis mizezsa <strong>da</strong> Sedegs.<br />

biologiuri determinizmi miuRebeli xdeba feministebisaTvis politikuri mosazrebebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinarec, radgan feminizmi orientirebulia socialur cvlilebebze<br />

anu genderulad stratificirebuli sistemebis cvlilebebze. amdenad, maTTvis<br />

miuRebelia biologiuri determinizmi. amgvarad, <strong>genderi</strong>s socialur <strong>konstruqti</strong>vistuli<br />

Teoria moicavs politikur motivs <strong>da</strong> mimarTulia politikur Sedegze. <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

<strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmis Teoria sam ZiriTad Teorias efuZneba. es aris bergerisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> lukmanis socialur- <strong>konstruqti</strong>uli midgoma, garfinkelis eTnomeTodologia <strong>da</strong><br />

gofmanis dramaturgiuli intraspeqcionizmi.<br />

Cven ar SevudgebiT am SexedulebaTa detalur ganxilvas. Cven mokled ganvixilavT<br />

mxolod <strong>genderi</strong>s sociluri <strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmis Teoriis ZiriTad debulebebs.<br />

<strong>genderi</strong> <strong>da</strong> Zalaufleba. <strong>genderi</strong>s sociluri <strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmis erT-erT mniSvnelovani<br />

Tezisia ZalauflebiTi urTierTobebSi <strong>genderi</strong>s inkorporirebulobis Sesaxeb.<br />

am debulebis mixedviT, <strong>socialuri</strong> realobis genderuli organizebis safuZvels<br />

ZalauflebiTi urTierTobebi warmoadgens. maT mixedviT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi<br />

qalursa <strong>da</strong> mamakacurs Soris mimarTeba - es aris im gansxvavebebis mimarTeba, romlebic<br />

SesaZleblobebis uTanasworobas warmoadgens. urTierTobaTa asimetria Sefarulia<br />

genderuli displeiT, romelic genderul diskriminacias genderul sxvaobebad<br />

warmogvidgens. <strong>genderi</strong>s sociluri <strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmis Sexeduleba uars ambobs<br />

socialur-sqesobrivi urTierTobebis adre arsebul or Sexedulebaze: <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

rolebis (genderuli rolebis) koncefciaze <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri sqesobrivi sxvaobebis<br />

koncefciaze. <strong>konstruqti</strong>vistebis mixedviT, <strong>genderi</strong> ar SeiZleba moviazroT, rogorc<br />

<strong>socialuri</strong> roli. <strong>genderi</strong> sabazo identobaa. am TvalsazrisiT, <strong>genderi</strong> aris<br />

eTnikurobis msgvsi kategoria, radgan igi aseve apirobebs im konstruqts, romelsac<br />

iZenen konkretuli rolebi pirovnebisa Tu <strong>socialuri</strong> jgufebisaTvis. <strong>genderi</strong>s<br />

<strong>da</strong>yvana fsiqologiur niSnebze (maskulinurze an feminurze) ar SeiZleba. <strong>genderi</strong>s<br />

fsiqologizacia, <strong>genderi</strong>s sociluri <strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmis warmomadgenlebis moxedviT,<br />

xels uSlis imis analizs, Tu rogor xdeba, rom <strong>socialuri</strong> institutebi genderulad<br />

stratificirebulni xdebian. genderuli urTierTobebi, rogorc sqesis mixedviT<br />

uTanasworobis <strong>socialuri</strong> urTierTobebi Cazrdilia <strong>socialuri</strong> wyobaSi iseTnirad,<br />

rom fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis miwera warmoadgens am urTierTobaTa mxolod<br />

erT aspeqts. amgvarad, <strong>genderi</strong>s sociluri <strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmis Teoriis moxedviT,<br />

<strong>genderi</strong> — es ar aris arc roli <strong>da</strong> arc fsiqologiur niSan-TvisebaTa erToblioba.<br />

genderuli urTierTobebis safuZvels ZalauflebiTi urTierTobebi warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong><br />

amitom _ es aris stratifikaciis safuZveli. am mosazrebebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, <strong>genderi</strong>s<br />

sociluri <strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmis warmomadgenlebi miznad isaxaven konkretul amocanebs<br />

genderuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad.<br />

saleqcio Temis ukeT gazrebis mizniT , gamoyenebuli iqneba roluri TamaSis<br />

meTodi. kerZod, Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad jgufis TiToeuli wevri patara baraTebze cal-calke<br />

Camowers dRevandel saqarTveloSi qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakcebisTvis gankuTvnil<br />

movaleobebs ojaxsa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi. Semdeg jgufi<strong>da</strong>n amoirCeva studenti gogona<br />

<strong>da</strong> vaJi, romlebic gamovlen oTaxis centrSi. TiTTeuli studenti waikiTxavs yovel<br />

movaleobas rigrigobiT <strong>da</strong> sqesis Sesabamisad ga<strong>da</strong>scems gamosul students baraTs <strong>da</strong><br />

am mizniT winaswar momzadebul tvirTs (savaraudod wigns). saboloo jamSi jgufi<br />

<strong>da</strong>inaxavs, Tu ramdeni movaleoba aqvs Cvens sazogadoebasi qals <strong>da</strong> ramdeni mamakacs,<br />

rogoria maTi Tanafardoba. studentebma un<strong>da</strong> ifiqron imaze, Tu ratom aris aseTi<br />

75

uTanasworoba <strong>da</strong> ra gziT SeiZleba misi gamosworeba. es TamaSi amave dros safuZvels<br />

moamzadebs Semdegi Temis ukeT gaazrebisaTvis.<br />

studentebs <strong>da</strong>evalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil droSi<br />

moamzadon saswavlo kursis savaldebulo samecniero literaturSi (riderSi)<br />

warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis masalebi.<br />

leqciis bolos studentebs miewodebaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:<br />

samarTlianobis Teoria (A<strong>da</strong>ms) _ Cven garkveul Zalisxmevas (dros, energias,<br />

kvalifikacias, unarebs <strong>da</strong> a.S.) vdebT Cvens samuSaoSi <strong>da</strong> viRebT garkveul anazRaurebas.,<br />

imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, Tu ramdenad samarTliania es ukanaskneli, Cven<br />

va<strong>da</strong>rebT Cvens mier Cadebuli Zalisxmevisa <strong>da</strong> anazRaurebis mimarTebas `Sesa<strong>da</strong>rebeli<br />

jgufis~ mier Cadebul Zalisxmevisa <strong>da</strong> mis anazraurebas Soris mimarTebas.<br />

`SuSis Weri~ _ es aris meta<strong>for</strong>a imis Sesaxeb, rom organizaciaTa umravlesobaSi<br />

arsebobs e.w. uxilavi Weri, romlis zemoTac qalebi <strong>da</strong> agreTve, araevropuli<br />

warmoSobis amerikelebi, ubralod ver adian.<br />

<strong>genderi</strong>s sociluri <strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmi _ feministuri Teoria, romlis mixedviTac<br />

<strong>genderi</strong> ar aris biologiurad determinirebuli, aramed igi socialurad konstruirebulia<br />

Zalauflebis asimertiuli ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis gamo.<br />

genderuli urTierTobebi (<strong>genderi</strong>s sociluri <strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmis mixedviT) _ es<br />

aris Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobis socialurad organizebuli urTierTobebi.<br />

ZiriTadi literatura:<br />

1. Craw<strong>for</strong>d M., Unger R., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, The McGraw-hill, 2004, p.: 359-395;<br />

2. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, p.: 194-224;<br />

3. Women 2000: Gender Equality, Development and Peace <strong>for</strong> the 21st Century, "Beijing+5" (2000) - 23rd<br />

Special Session of the General Assembly, New York, 5-9 June 2000 – www.un.org/womenwatch/<br />

4. sapiro v. qali <strong>da</strong> politika, - kr.-Si `qali politikur <strong>da</strong> socialur cxovrebaSi~,<br />

bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, 1998, gv.: 40-75.<br />

<strong>da</strong>matebiTi literatura:<br />

1. Fourth World Conference on Women (1995) -Beijing, China, 4-15 September 1995 -–<br />

www.un.org/womenwatch/<br />

2. qalTa <strong>da</strong>saqmebis sakiTxebi, kr., gaeros ganviTarebis programa ”qalebi<br />

ganviTarebis procesSi~, Tb., 1998;<br />

3. Women, Economic Development and Conflict,UNDP “Women in Development”, Tbilisi, 1998;<br />

4. Barbara Reskin, Irene Pa<strong>da</strong>vic, Women and Men at Work, Pine Forge Press, 1994, p.: 1-13, 57-79<br />

5. Superwomen and The Double Burden (Women’s experience of change in central and eastern Europe and<br />

the <strong>for</strong>mer Soviet Union ), edited by Cris Corrin, Scavlet Press,1992, p.: 1-179<br />

6. Families in Multicultural Perspective, edited by Bron B. Ingoldsby, Suzanna Smith, The Guil<strong>for</strong>d Press,<br />

1992, c.: 11<br />

7. Women, Economic Development and Conflict,UNDP “Women in Development”, Tbilisi, 1998.<br />

seminari # 6<br />

Tema # 6 (2 sT)<br />

seminarze moxdeba studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia; seminarze<br />

gaimarTeba diskusia ZiriTad sakiTxTa garSemo. kerZod <strong>da</strong>smuli iqneba Semdegi tipis<br />

76

kiTxvebi:<br />

1. ras niSnavs genderuli stratifikacia?<br />

2. <strong>da</strong>asaxeleT genderuli stratifikaciis paternebi. Sea<strong>da</strong>reT isini erTmaneTs.<br />

3. rogoria genderuli stratifikaciis paternebis mimarTuleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

kulturebSi?<br />

4. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs sazogadoebis genderul stratipikacias?<br />

5. rogoria Sromis bazris genderuli aspeqtebi?<br />

6. rogoria qalTa monawileobis xarisxi politikaSi?<br />

7. rogor <strong>da</strong> ra sferoebSi vlindeba gansxvavebebi qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa uflebebSi?<br />

8. ra aris genderuli <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmis arsi?<br />

9. ra Teoriulma <strong>da</strong> politikurma wanamZRvrebma gansazRvra genderuli <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

<strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmis aRmoceneba?<br />

10. rogor aris gagebuli genderuli <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>konstruqti</strong>vizmis TeoriaSi <strong>genderi</strong>?<br />

77

kvira #7<br />

leqcia —2 sT<br />

Tema #7 - genderuli asimetria: diskriminacia Tu norma.<br />

genderuli Tanasworobis cneba.<br />

kultura <strong>da</strong> genderuli Tanasworobis modelebi.<br />

leqciaze ganxiluli iqneba genderuli asimetriis warmoSobis mokle istoria.<br />

sakiTxi ganxiluli iqneba rogorc religiur WrilSi, aseve, antikuri filosofiuri<br />

azris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiTac. kerZod, ganxiluli iqneba platonisa <strong>da</strong><br />

aristoteles mosazrebebi qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis funqciebze <strong>da</strong> rolebze sazogadoebaSi.<br />

ganxiluli iqneba genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba,<br />

genderuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad mniSvnelovani amocanebi <strong>da</strong> RonisZiebebi .<br />

ganxiluli iqneba, agreTve, Gender Mainstreaming –i <strong>da</strong> misi ganxorcielebis modelebi<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi.<br />

mTlianobaSi Tu moviazrebT yvela im SesaZlo mizezebs, romelic ganapirobebs<br />

qalis <strong>da</strong>bal statuss, maTi sakmaod farTo speqtri arsebobs: sazogadoebriv<br />

cnobierebaSi gamj<strong>da</strong>ri stereotipebi qalis tradiciuli rolis <strong>da</strong> marTvis unarebis<br />

uqonlobis Sesaxeb, organizaciebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi arsebuli normebi, romlis<br />

mixedviT mamakacs eniWeba upiratesoba. TviTon qalebSi arsebuli ganwyobebi, <strong>da</strong>bali<br />

statusis molodini <strong>da</strong> mimRebloba.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom qalis <strong>da</strong>bali statusi zogadi tendencia yvela kulturis-<br />

Tvis saerToa, kulturaTa Soris arsebuli variaciebi mainc sakmaod mravalferovania<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia: sazogadoebis kulturis <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis doneze.<br />

Cven patriarqalur samyaroSi vcxovrobT <strong>da</strong> Cveni cnobierebac amis Sesabamisia.<br />

jari, industria, teqnologia, universitetebi, mecniereba, politikuri <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi,<br />

finansebi, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, yvelaferi rac Zalauflebas ukavSirdeba mamakacTa<br />

xelSia. am fenomenis aRsaniSnavad XX saukuneSi Cndeba axali cnebac — androcentrizmi.<br />

rogorc Sarlot perkins gilmani ambobs: `mamakacis Seqmnili samyaro, anu Cveni<br />

androcentruli kultura~. am kulturis Tanaxmad, ki mamakaci ganasaxierebs<br />

kacobriobas, qali ki erTgvari <strong>da</strong>matebaa, mamakacs <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli <strong>da</strong>mxmarea.<br />

androcentrizms <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad qalis diskriminacias xangrZlivi istoria aqvs,<br />

Tumca kacobriobisTvis es eTgvari `norma~ iyo. XIX saukunis meore naxevramde TiTqos<br />

mTeli msoflio <strong>da</strong> maT Soris amerikelebic, Tavisuflebis flamgmanebi — TiTqos ver<br />

amCnevden gansvlas Tavisuflebis idealis erTgulebasa <strong>da</strong> qalTa uflebebis uaryofs<br />

(diskriminacias) Soris. amaze maT Tvalebi feministuri moZraobis pirvelma talRam<br />

auxila.<br />

60-iani wlebis feminizmis meore talRam win wamowia `seqsizmis~ <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

cnobiereba yvela im ideologiur <strong>da</strong> praqtikul sferoSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c diskriminacia sqesis<br />

safuZvelze xdebo<strong>da</strong>. feministebma naTeli gaxades, rom qalisTvis naklebi samuSaos,<br />

(Tanac, <strong>da</strong>bali statusis mqone) miecema <strong>da</strong> naklebi anazRaureba, swore<strong>da</strong>c rom<br />

diskriminacia iyo, romelic mxolod dromoWmul kulturul stereotipebs<br />

efuZnebo<strong>da</strong>. (amis Semdeg TviT reaqciulma politikosebmac ki <strong>da</strong>uWires mxari Tanabari<br />

xelfasis ideas).<br />

magram bolo periodSi sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong> cnobierebaSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri cvlilebebis<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom sqesisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>genderi</strong>s Sesaxeb arseabuli stereotipuli<br />

Sexedulebebi Zalian farTod iyo gamj<strong>da</strong>ri rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianis fsiqikaSi, aseve<br />

78

socialur institutebSi, rac mamakacTa Zalauflebis mudmiv kvlavwarmoebas iwvev<strong>da</strong>.<br />

`androcentrizms~ Tavisi didi istoria aqvs, is maSin iwyeba, roca <strong>da</strong>iwyo qal-<br />

RmerTis mamrobiTi RmerTiT Secvlis procesi <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad qalis arasrulfasovan<br />

<strong>da</strong> macdur arsebad gamocxadeba. manamde ki iyo xana, sa<strong>da</strong>c adidebdnen `zeciur diad<br />

dedofals~, memkvidreoba qalis xaziT ga<strong>da</strong>ecemo<strong>da</strong> Taobi<strong>da</strong>n Taobas, kaci ar<br />

akontroleb<strong>da</strong> qals; sufev<strong>da</strong> matriarqati. mesopotamiuri wyaroebi savsea diad<br />

qalRmerTze miTiTebebiT. Sumeruli locvebi adideben didebul dedofals — nanas,<br />

rogorc Zlevamosil qalbatonsa <strong>da</strong> Semoqmeds.<br />

qalRmerTis Zalauflebas yvelaze Zolierad <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> iu<strong>da</strong>izmi, mama—<br />

RmerTis ideiT. es iyo me—17 saukuneSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde, roca abraamma iahvesTan<br />

`xelSekruleba~ <strong>da</strong>do. ase <strong>da</strong>iwyo mTels axlo aRmosavleTSi qalRmerTis mamrobiTi<br />

RmerTiT Secvlis procesi. cnobierebaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> mamrobiTi sqesis RmerTis —<br />

Sesabamisad ki srulfasovani mamakacis <strong>da</strong> arasrulfasovani qalis stereotipi,<br />

romelic acdunebs mamakacs, rom WeSmariti gzi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>axvevinos.<br />

qalRmerTis sruli uaryofisTvis ebraelebma samyaros Seqmnis axlebuli versia<br />

wamoayenes, romelic gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> aRmosavluri versiebisagan, sa<strong>da</strong>c ZalauflebisTvis<br />

brZola mdedrobiT <strong>da</strong> mamrobiT RvTaebebs Soris mimdinareobs. iahves<br />

mimdevrebi saerTod uaryofdnen sxva RmerTebis arsebobas <strong>da</strong> yvela diad saqmes<br />

mxolod iahves miawerdnen (samyaros Seqmnas). amrigad qalRmerTis sruli uaryofa<br />

xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amis Semdeg ki mamakaci, rogorc samyaros Semoqmedi <strong>da</strong> misi STamomavali, sazRvravs<br />

qalTan, rogorc `sxvasTan~ <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebasa <strong>da</strong> urTierTobas.<br />

androcentruli TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba gamoiyos mamakacis qalTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />

sami aspeqti: 1) qali, rogorc arasrulfasovani universalur stan<strong>da</strong>rtTan<br />

mimarTebaSi, romelTanac mamakacs sakuTari Tavi aqvs identificirebuli. 2) qals<br />

mxolod saojaxo <strong>da</strong> reproduqciuli funqciebi aqvs ojaxSi, romlis ufrosa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

mamakaci sakuTar Tavs miiCnevs. 3) qals aqvs unari aRZras <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>akmayofilos mamakacis<br />

seqsualuri ma<strong>da</strong>, romelic mamakacisTvis erTdToulad amaRelvebelicaa <strong>da</strong> saSiSic.<br />

es ideebi warmodgenilia samyaros Seqmnis bibliur versiaSic. magaliTad, a<strong>da</strong>ms<br />

uflisgan miniWebuli aqvs gansakuTrebuli ufleba sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr saxeli<br />

mianiWos yovel qmnilebas, maT Soris qalsac; amasTan RmerTis xatad mxolod a<strong>da</strong>mi aris<br />

Seqmnili. `RmerTma ZilquSi mohgvara a<strong>da</strong>ms <strong>da</strong> ra <strong>da</strong>eZina, gamouRo erTi nekni <strong>da</strong> mis<br />

adgilas xorci Caudo. im neknisagan, a<strong>da</strong>ms, rom gamouRo, de<strong>da</strong>kaci Seqmna ufalma<br />

RmerTma <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>ms miuyvana. Tqva a<strong>da</strong>mma: es ki marTlac Zvalia Cemi ZvalTagani <strong>da</strong> xorci<br />

Cemi xorcTagani; de<strong>da</strong>kaci erqvas mas, radgan kacisagan aris gamoRebuli~. (<strong>da</strong>badeba<br />

2:18—23).<br />

amrigad, bibliis mixedviT, eva aris arasrulfasovani, meoradi qmnileba, mamakacis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mxmared Seqmnili. is ar aris `saxelebis <strong>da</strong>mrqmevi~.<br />

qalis arasrulfasovnebaze miuTiTebs codviT <strong>da</strong>cemis istoriac.l gvelma imitom<br />

<strong>da</strong>iyolia eva. gaasinja akrZaluli xis nayofi, rom igi arasrulfasovan arsebad <strong>da</strong><br />

RmerTTan naklebad <strong>da</strong>axloebulad CaTvala.<br />

codviT <strong>da</strong>cemis ambavSi, agreTve, kargad Cans qalis macduri buneba; roca eva<br />

<strong>da</strong>iTanxmebs a<strong>da</strong>ms gaakeTos is, rac mas ufalma aukrZala. saukuneebis manZilze<br />

interpretatorebi a<strong>da</strong>mis codvas evas macdurobas miawerdnen.<br />

<strong>da</strong> bolos, bibliaSi moTxroblia im sasjelis Sesaxebac, romelsac qali iRebs<br />

reproduqciuli <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri funqciis SesrulebiT. qali ise<strong>da</strong>c mamakacis <strong>da</strong>mxmared<br />

iyo Seqmnili, magram codvis <strong>da</strong>cemis Semdgom kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli <strong>da</strong><br />

tanjuli gax<strong>da</strong>. RmerTma uTxra de<strong>da</strong>kacs: `satanjvels gagimravleb <strong>da</strong> gagiZneleb<br />

79

orsulobas, tanjviT Sob Svilebs. qmrisken geqneba ltolva, is ki ibatonebs Senze~.<br />

qalis arasrulfasovnad, meorexarisxovnad Sefasebis tendencia grZeldeba <strong>da</strong><br />

Rrmavdeba qristianobaSic. qristianebi, romlebic ebraelTa RmerTs — iahves — qristes<br />

mamad miiCnevdnen, <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad monoTeizms <strong>da</strong> RmerTis mamrobiToba aRiarebdnen.<br />

aranaklebi mondomebiT cdilobdnen biblii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> axali aRTqmi<strong>da</strong>n qalis RvTaebriobis<br />

niSanwyalis aRmofxvras. qristianebi kategoriulad <strong>da</strong>upirispirdnen gnostikosebis<br />

Sexedulebebs, romelTa azriT, bibliis <strong>da</strong>badebis teqstSi arsebuli muxlis<br />

`Seqmna RmerTma kaci, Tavis xatad Seqmna igi; mamakacad <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>kacad Seqmna igi~<br />

(<strong>da</strong>badeba 1:27) — interpretireba saSualebas iZleva mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis Tanasworobis<br />

<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad Tanasoruflebianobis aRiarebisa. orTodoqsma qristianebma kategoriuli<br />

miuRebloba gamoucxades gnostikosTa Sexedulebebs, maTi azrebi eretikulad<br />

gamoacxades <strong>da</strong> Semdegom gnostikosTa teqstebi saerTod gaanadgures.<br />

bibliuri istoria mTeli <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciisTvis qalis Sesaxeb koncefciis<br />

safuZvels qmnis. magram am koncefciis CamoyalibebaSi <strong>da</strong>savluri azrovneba ara<br />

mxolod bibliur istorias eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong>, aramed antikur filosofiur <strong>da</strong> politikur<br />

tradiciebsac, romlebic saTaves Zvel saberZneTSi iReben.<br />

istorikosebi antikuri xanis berZnebs <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis <strong>da</strong>mfuZneblad<br />

miiCneven. maT Seqmnes pirovnuli Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> samarTlianobis tradiciebi, maTi<br />

xelovneba <strong>da</strong> mecniereba <strong>da</strong>savluris fun<strong>da</strong>mentia, magram am <strong>da</strong>debiTi wvlilis gar<strong>da</strong><br />

maTve Seqmnes mizoginiis (qalTmoZuleobis) tradiciac, romelic SemdgomSi <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />

qalis koncefciis ganmsazRvreli gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Zalze mniSvnelovania platonis <strong>da</strong> aristoteles azrebi <strong>da</strong> gansazRvrebebi qalis<br />

bunebis Sesaxeb. maTi Sexedulebebi Zalian axlosaa iudeur <strong>da</strong> qristianul<br />

SexedulebebTan, Tumca platonis <strong>da</strong> aristoteles TxzulebebSi qali ar iyo<br />

ganxiluli, rogorc macdunebeli <strong>da</strong> qalis seqsualoba maTTvis angariSgasawevi<br />

fenomeni ar iyo.<br />

platonis azriT, a<strong>da</strong>mianis buneba ori saxisaa, sa<strong>da</strong>c mamakacebi `upiratesi rasaa~.<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli Seqmna, saerTod ar Seicav<strong>da</strong> qalebs. Seiqmnen mxolod mamakacebi,<br />

romelTa sulebi calkeulvarskvlavebtan iyvnen <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulni <strong>da</strong> vin am qveynad<br />

wesierad cxovrob<strong>da</strong>, isev Tavis varskvlavze brunedebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>locvili <strong>da</strong> araCveulebrivi<br />

cxovrebisTvis. codvili mamakacebi ki, meored <strong>da</strong>badebisas qalad<br />

evlinebodnen samyaros <strong>da</strong> Tu am saxiTac ver Seikavebdnen Tavs borotebisgan,<br />

SemdgomSi ukve sazarel arsebebad ga<strong>da</strong>iqceodnen. Seqmnis am miTis Tanaxmad qali<br />

mamakacisgan aris warmoqmnili, iseve, rogorc bibliaSi <strong>da</strong> metic, qali Seqmnilia<br />

codvili, mx<strong>da</strong>li <strong>da</strong> uRirsi mamakacisagan. is ki, vinc qalad yofnisasac agrZeleb<strong>da</strong><br />

uRirs cxovrebas, m<strong>da</strong>bal mankier cxovelad iqceo<strong>da</strong> xelaxali <strong>da</strong>badebisas.<br />

platonma, rogorc socialurma vizionerma, ori qalaqis aRwerilobac mogvca:<br />

idealuri qalaqi — sa<strong>da</strong>c mTel sakuTrebas erTad flobs `mcvelebis~ elitaruli<br />

jgufi, romelTac ar amoZavebs piradi interesebi <strong>da</strong> meore idealuri qalaqi — sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

sakuTreba ar aris saerTo. platonis pirvel idealur qalaqSi anu sazogadoebaSi iyo<br />

yovelgvari kerZo — ojaxic, Svilic <strong>da</strong> colic.<br />

platonis idealur sazogadoebaSi qals uCveulo roli eniWebo<strong>da</strong>; mas iseve un<strong>da</strong><br />

Seesrulebina `mcvelis~ roli, rogorc mamakacs. amisTvis ki isini un<strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>emzadebinaT, Tumca amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, qali, savaraudod, mainc uaresad<br />

Seasruleb<strong>da</strong> am rols, radgan ar flob<strong>da</strong>, im umaRles Tvisebebs, rasac - mamakaci.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom iseTi xedviT qalis erTmeo<strong>da</strong> seqsualuri atributika.<br />

Zveli berZnebis ganmartebaSi qals tradiciuli androcentruli elementebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

erTi aklia, es aris qali, rogorc seqsualuri, saSiSi arseba — macduri. xolo<br />

80

platonis mier kerZo ojaxis ideis uaryofiT (kerZo colis, Svilis) qalma <strong>da</strong>karga<br />

kidev erTi tradiciuli elementi — qali, rogorc <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli patriarqalur<br />

ojaxSi.<br />

magram platonis meore idealur ojaxSi qalis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuloba <strong>da</strong> metic<br />

diskriminacia kvlav gamoCn<strong>da</strong>. aq qalebi moklebulni arian ZiriTad samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong><br />

kanonier uflebebs, maT Soris: sakuTrebis uflebas, memkvidreobis uflebas <strong>da</strong><br />

sasamarTloSi mowmed yofnis uflebas. maT mxolod yoveldRiuri, rutinuli samuSaos<br />

Sesruleba uwevT — saojaxo saqme, bavSvebis mrovla <strong>da</strong> meTvalyureoba — bavSvebis<br />

aRzr<strong>da</strong> ganaTlebaze zrunvac ki ar Sedis maT funqciebSi, radgan es funqciebi,<br />

rogorc inteleqtualuri <strong>da</strong> prioritetuli, mamakacebs ekuTvnis.<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom Tu platoni pirveli idealuri qalaqis Sesaxeb msjelobisas,<br />

mainc uSvebs qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis gaTanabrebis SesaZleblobas, aristotele am SesaZleblobas<br />

saerTod gamoricxavs.<br />

aristotelesTvis samyaro erTiani struqturaa, sa<strong>da</strong>c Semadgeneli nawilebi<br />

ierarqiulad aris organizebuli, mxolod saukeTesosa <strong>da</strong> upiratess aqvs racionaluri<br />

arsebobis principi, xolo yvela <strong>da</strong>narCeni misi xelSewyobis funqcias asrulebs.<br />

asevea qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis mimarTebaSic. mamakaci ierarqiis saTaveSia, rogorc<br />

srulyofili <strong>da</strong> unariani, xolo qali, rogorc bunebrivi naklis mqone Tavisze<br />

`upiratesis~ sasargeblod arsebobs.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom Zveli berZnebis <strong>da</strong>Svebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom bunebrivi<br />

gansxvavebebi qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris amarTlebs politikur uTanasworobas<br />

SeuTavsebeli iyo a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis saerTaSoriso enasTan, maT mainc SeaRwies<br />

ganmanaTlebeli Teoretikosebis naSromebSi <strong>da</strong>, agreTve, Tanamedrove demokratiul<br />

konstituciebSic. (magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul Statebis konstituciaSic yvelaze<br />

ZiriTad uflebas — xmis uflebas — feradkanianebTan erTad moklebuli iyvnen qalebic.<br />

Jan—Jak ruso mgznebared gamodio<strong>da</strong> yovelgvari politikuri uTanasworobis<br />

winaaRmdeg, man bunebrivi gansxvavebebis <strong>da</strong> politikuri uTanasworobis gamo Zveli<br />

berZnebis sawinaaRmdego azri gamoTqva, magram es exebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod mamakacebs <strong>da</strong><br />

qalebis Sesaxeb mas sityvac ar <strong>da</strong>uZravs.<br />

Tuki es filosofiuri <strong>da</strong> religiuri ideebi ganapirobebden aTasi wlis winandel<br />

androcentrizms, arsebobs ideebic, romlebic uaxles, Tanamedrove androcentrizms<br />

<strong>da</strong>edo safuZvlad. amjerad mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs androcentrizmis asi wlis winandeli<br />

gamocdileba, romelmac kidev ufri gaamyara Zveli stereotipebi. man, agreTve,<br />

mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba a<strong>da</strong>mianuri bunebis gageba <strong>da</strong>savlur kulturaSi <strong>da</strong> Tamamad<br />

SeiZleba miviCnioT qalis Tanamedrove koncefciis ZiriTad qvakuTxe<strong>da</strong>d. — es aris<br />

zigmund froidis Sexedulebebi qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis Sesaxeb.<br />

Tuki iu<strong>da</strong>istebis <strong>da</strong> qristianebis Tanaxmad, mamakacebs <strong>da</strong> qalebs RmerTma mianiWa<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve gansxvavebuli buneba, Tu berZeni filosofosebis Tanaxmad, sqesTa Soris<br />

gansxvavebebi bunebam ganapiroba, z. froidis Teoriis Tanaxmad (rogorc zemoT<br />

<strong>da</strong>vinaxeT), mamakacebsa <strong>da</strong> qalebs Soris fsiqologiuri gansxvavebebi, ganviTarebis<br />

procesSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>.<br />

fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis procesSi, garkveuli etapebis gavTliT mamakacebsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qalebs gansxvavebuli xasiaTis Strixebi uyalibdebaT, sa<strong>da</strong>c mamakacebis <strong>da</strong> qalebis<br />

fsiqologiuri portretebi mkveTrad asimetriulia, xolo qalis portreti sakmaod <strong>da</strong><br />

meorexarisxovani arasrulfaysovani magaliTad: mamakaci — dominanturi, aqtiuri,<br />

mamaci, gonieri <strong>da</strong> a.S. qali ki— pasiuri, eWviani, narcisuli, crumorwmune <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad kerZo <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv cnobierebis aseTi xangrZlivi ganpirobebulobisa,<br />

bolo dros sazogadoebaSi icvleba ganwyobebi genderuli Tanasworobis ideis<br />

81

sasargeblod (qalis sazogadoebrivi statusis gazrdisa <strong>da</strong> gamyarebis momxreTa<br />

ricxvi rom sagrZnoblad gaizar<strong>da</strong>, amaze metyvelebs oskampis (Oskamp, 1991) kvlevebic.<br />

am kvlevebis mixedviT, qalis prezidentobis kandi<strong>da</strong>turas 1937 wels — 33% — uWer<strong>da</strong><br />

mxars 1987 wels ki — 82%).<br />

Tanamedrove msoflioSi mniSvnelovnad gaxSir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gaZlier<strong>da</strong> qalis uflebebis-<br />

Tvis brZola <strong>da</strong> qalebs statusis gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebi (konferenciebi,<br />

seminarebi, aqciebi, programebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.) — es im procesis Sedegs warmoadgenen, rasac<br />

feministurma moZraobebma <strong>da</strong>udes saTave.<br />

gaeros egidiT qalTa konferenciebi Catar<strong>da</strong>: mexikoSi (1975), kopenhagenSi (1980) <strong>da</strong><br />

nairobiSi (1985). am konferenciebze mox<strong>da</strong> qalis statusis Sefaseba <strong>da</strong> qalTa<br />

ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong> winsvlis strategiebis <strong>da</strong>saxva. 80—90—ian wlebSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis<br />

warmomadgenelma qalebma wamowies a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sakiTxi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>JinebiT moiTxoves<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis koreqcia <strong>da</strong> qalis uflebebis, integracia;<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis ganxilva Seicav<strong>da</strong> im ormagi stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis analizsac,<br />

romelic a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebsa <strong>da</strong> qalis cxovrebis realobas Soris arsebobs. qalebma<br />

farTo sazogadoebas <strong>da</strong>anaxves, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis ganxorcielebas genderuli<br />

elferi <strong>da</strong>hkravs <strong>da</strong>, agreTve, moiTxoves, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebis uflebebis struqtura<br />

srulfasovnad iTvaliswinebdes kacobriobis meore naxevris — qalebis gamocdilebas.<br />

qalis a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis moxmobiT qali uaryofs a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis iseT<br />

ierarqias, sa<strong>da</strong>c politikuri <strong>da</strong> moqalaqis uflebebi an socialur—ekonomikuri uflebebi<br />

ganixileba, rogorc upiratesi. amis sapirispirod, qalebi amtkiceben, rom<br />

politikuri stabiloba ar ganxorcieldeba manam, sanam ar mogvardeba qalis <strong>socialuri</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri uflebebis sakiTxi; mdgradi ganviTareba SeuZlebelia politikur<br />

procesebSi qalis <strong>kulturuli</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong> rolis CarTvisa <strong>da</strong> mis mimarT<br />

pativiscemis gareSe. Tanasworoba ver <strong>da</strong>myardeba ekonomikuri samarTlianobis <strong>da</strong><br />

politikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis yvela doneze qalis monawileobis gareSe.<br />

mTeli msoflios qalebi xangrZlivi drois granmavlobaSi cdilobdnen yuradRebis<br />

centrSi <strong>da</strong>eyenebinaT qalTa diskriminaciis sakiTxi; agreTve, ayenebdnen sakiTxs imis<br />

Sesaxeb, Tu ratom aqvs qalis uflebebs a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis mimarT <strong>da</strong>mxmare statusi.<br />

am mcdelobam 90—iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi garkveuli winsvla ganica<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1993 wels venaSi gamarTuli gaeros saerTaSoriso konferenciai a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

uflebebis Sesaxeb, ga<strong>da</strong>iqca qalTa mier SemuSavebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis axali<br />

xedvisa <strong>da</strong> praqtikis gatarebis saSualebad. am konferenciaze qalTa uflebebis<br />

saerTaSoriso kampaniam gaitana peticia, romelic msoflio konferencias mouwodeb<strong>da</strong><br />

yvela doneze gaeTvaliswinebina qalis a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi <strong>da</strong> eRiarebina genderuli<br />

Zaladoba, rogorc sayovelTao fenomeni (Tumca ki yvela kulturaSi specifikuri<br />

<strong>for</strong>miT gamovlenili). qalebma gaagrZeles am sakiTxis lobireba <strong>da</strong> 1994 wels kairoSi<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis konferenciaze gamorCeulad aRiarebuli iqna qalTa reproduqciuli<br />

uflebebi. 1995 wels pekinSi ki, qalTa msoflio konferenciaze SeimuSaves<br />

moqmedebis plat<strong>for</strong>ma. amiT niSani mieca qalTa uflebebis a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebad<br />

oficialur aRiarebas. marTalia am konferenciaze miRweul SeTanxmebebs iuridiuli<br />

Zala ara aqvs; Tumca maT namdvilad aqvT eTikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri wona.<br />

yvela es mcdeloba mimarTulia qalsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacs Soris Tanasworobis <strong>da</strong>samyareblad.<br />

sqesTa Soris TanasworobaSi ki igulisxmeba: Tanabari mdgomareoba (<strong>socialuri</strong>),<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukidebloba, sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong> kerZo cxovrebis yvela sferoSi Tanabari<br />

monawileoba <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgebloba.<br />

Tanasworobis cneba gulisxmobs qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis yovlismomcveli monawileobis<br />

princips sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. Zvelad (zogjer exlac, Tanamedrove droSic,<br />

82

vxvdebiT xolme aseT viTarebas) evropaSi sqesTa Tanasworoba ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong><br />

mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis deiure uflebebiT aRWurviT. Cvens droSi aRiarebulia, rom<br />

deiure uflebebs aucileblad ar mivyevarT defaqto viTarebisaken. realurad<br />

mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis cxovrebis pirobebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.<br />

amgvarad, Tanamedrove gansazRvrebiT, genderuli Tanasworoba an sqesTa<br />

Tanasworoba — es aris Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe, SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworoba,<br />

romelic moicavs a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitalisa <strong>da</strong> warmoebis sxva resursebis Tanaswor xelmisawvdomobas,<br />

agreTve, Tanasworobas Sromis anazRaurebaSi <strong>da</strong> interesebis<br />

gamoxatvis <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis Tanasworobas.<br />

sqesTa Tanasworoba ar niSnavs urTierT<strong>da</strong>msgavsebasa <strong>da</strong> identurobas. Tanasworoba<br />

arc mamakacisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli cxovrebis wesis normad <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas<br />

gulisxmobs. Tanasworobis arsis garkvevaSi mTavari mniSvneloba or aspeqts aqvs:<br />

sqesis socialur struqturas <strong>da</strong> sqesTa Soris urTierTobebs.<br />

qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis genderad, socialur sqesad <strong>da</strong>yofa qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis<br />

<strong>socialuri</strong> identifikaciis aRmocenebis droi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs. <strong>genderi</strong>, romelic<br />

biologiuri sqesis <strong>socialuri</strong> anabeWdia <strong>da</strong> ganpirobebulia sazogadoebaSi TiToeuli<br />

sqesis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli funqciebisa <strong>da</strong> rolebis ganawilebaze. es ganawileba, romelsac<br />

pirvel rigSi <strong>kulturuli</strong> xasiaTi aqvs, varirebs (cvalebadobas ganicdis) droisa <strong>da</strong><br />

adgilis Sesabamisad. aseTi saxiT gansazRvrul <strong>genderi</strong>s struqturas aqvs individualuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong> ganzomileba. aRsaniSnavia, rom orive es faqtori erTnairad<br />

mniSvnelovania.<br />

TavianTi sicocxlis (cxovelqmedebis) ganmavlobaSi manZilze a<strong>da</strong>mianebi individualurad<br />

ayalibeben sqesobriv rolebs <strong>da</strong> normebs, magram, amave dros, <strong>genderi</strong>,<br />

agreTve, politikur <strong>da</strong> institucionalur planSi un<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodes. politikuri <strong>da</strong><br />

sazogadoebriv—politikuri struqturebi pirvelxarisxovan rolis TamaSoben<br />

cxovrebis pirobebis modelirebaSi <strong>da</strong> xSirad ganapirobeben ama Tu im sqesis statusis<br />

ZalaSi <strong>da</strong>rCenas, romelic <strong>da</strong>dgenilia mocemiuli sazogadoebis pirobebSi. diskriminaciis<br />

xangrZlivi istoria (ama Tu im sqesis mimarT) uxilavad <strong>da</strong> uneblied axdens<br />

zemoqmedebas a<strong>da</strong>mianTa yoveldRiur qcevebsa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebze.<br />

radgan tradiciulad aRiarebulia, rom Cveni sazogadoebis RerZi mamakacuria, es<br />

imas niSnavs, rom norma, romelic mamakacebisTvis aris miRebuli, normaa mTeli<br />

sazogadoebisTvis, rac aisaxeba sazogadoebis struqturaSi <strong>da</strong> politikur ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebSi,<br />

<strong>da</strong> rac xSirad, Tumca ara aucileblad ganzraxulad, aaSkaravebs sqesTa<br />

Soris uTanasworobas.<br />

sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis idea gvaiZulebs SevafasoT mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis rolebs<br />

Soris gansxvaveba. Tanasworobis principi Seicavs gansxvavebulobis uflebas, rac<br />

gulisxmobs aucileblobas gaviTvaliswinoT is ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebebi (Strixebi),<br />

rac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>socialuri</strong> klasis, politikuri Sexedulebebis, religiuri Sexedulebebisa,<br />

eTnikuri jgufis <strong>da</strong> seqsualuri orientaciis qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs axasiaTebT.<br />

Tanasworobis principi imazec gvafiqrebinebs, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> mivaRwioT warmatebas,<br />

cvlilebebis Sesatanad im sazogadoebriv struqturebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ZalauflebiTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebi qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris ar aris <strong>da</strong>balansebuli. Tanasworobis<br />

principi gvafiqrebinebs, agreTve, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>myardes wonasworoba garkveul<br />

faseulobebsa <strong>da</strong> prioritetebs Soris, romlebic sqesebs aqvT.<br />

Tanasworobis koncefcia gviCvenebs, rom sqesTa <strong>socialuri</strong> identifikacia gvaZlevs<br />

saSualebas qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris gansxvavebebisaTvis. amasTan, ise, rom am<br />

dros ar <strong>da</strong>veyrdnoT ierarqiis princips (romelic mamakacs maRla ayenebs). es iTxovs<br />

sqesebs Soris partniorobis gacnobierebas (Segnebas) <strong>da</strong> faseulobebis iseT gana-<br />

83

wilebas, rom likvidirebul iqnes wonasworobis <strong>da</strong>rRveva kerZo, Tu sazogadoebriv<br />

cxovrebaSi. saqme exeba TiToeuli a<strong>da</strong>mianis codnisa <strong>da</strong> talantis gamoyenebas imis<br />

misaRwevad, rom qalebi <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi Tanasworad monawileobdnen sazogadoebis mSeneblobaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> rekonstruqciaSi. sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis <strong>da</strong>samyareblad <strong>da</strong><br />

SesanarCuneblad aucilebeli xelaxali gaazrebisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>fasebis mudmivi, uwyveti<br />

procesi.<br />

arsebobs rigi RonisZiebebisa, romlebic cxovrebis yvela sferoSi <strong>da</strong> doneze qalTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mamakacTa Tanasworobis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisaTvis un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>tardes. yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

miznebi, romlebic dRes am mimarTulebiT un<strong>da</strong> iqnes miRweuli aris:<br />

1. qalTa uflebebis, romlebic aseve a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis ganuyofeli nawilia —<br />

sruli miReba <strong>da</strong> pativiscema; agreTve, im zomebis gatareba, romlebic saSualebas<br />

miscems qalebs realuriad gamoiyenon sakuTari uflebebi;<br />

2. demokratiuli reprezentatiulobis ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> gaumjobeseba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad qalis<br />

pirobebis gaumjobesebisa, TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi arasakmarisi reprezentatiulobaa.<br />

anu qalis monawileobis ararsebobaa ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis yvela<br />

doeneze;<br />

3. ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba amis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia: Sromis<br />

Tanabari anazRaurebis <strong>da</strong>weseba, kreditebis miRebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebi;<br />

Sromis bazarze Tanabari pirobebis Seqmna;<br />

4. ganaTleba. igi Zlieri instrumentia — sqesTa Tanasworobis sferoSi, rameTu<br />

ganaTlebis wyalobiT sazogadoeba Taobi<strong>da</strong>n Taobas ga<strong>da</strong>scems rolebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

normebis Sesaxeb codnas. agreTve misi meSveobiT SeiZleba arsebuli ierarqiuli<br />

sistemis koreqtireba;<br />

5. orive sqesis erToblivi moqmedeba. Zalze mniSvnelovania orive sqesis SeTanxmeba,<br />

arsebuli <strong>socialuri</strong> disproporciebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> erToblivi moqmedeba mis<br />

gamosasworeblad. mniSvnelovania pasuxismgeblobisa <strong>da</strong> Zalisxmevis ganawileba;<br />

gaeros, qalTa problemebisadmi miZRvnili, mesame konferenciis (naiobi, 1985)<br />

Semdgom sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi gamoCn<strong>da</strong> sqesTa Tanasworobisadmi<br />

kompleqsuri midgomis axali koncefcia.<br />

meinstrimingi (Mainstreaming) — kompleqsuri midgoma sqesTa Tanasworobis<br />

problemisadmi, Znelad saTargmnia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva enebze. magram es midgoma gulisxmobs<br />

sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis sakiTxebis integrirebis mcdelobas sazogadoebrivi<br />

cxovrebis konteqstSi. amgvarad, is SeiZleba CamovayaliboT aseTnairad: `qalTa <strong>da</strong><br />

mamakacTa Tanasworobis problemisadmi midgoma~. aRsaniSnavia, rom sqesTa Soris<br />

Tanasworobis kompleqsuri midgomis mimarT specialistTa erToblivi azri,<br />

konsensusi jer kidev ar arsebobs. kompleqsuri midgomis momxreebi Tvlian, rom yvela<br />

qveyanaSi sqesTa Tanasworobis koncefcia un<strong>da</strong> detalurad ganimartos <strong>da</strong> aixsnas,<br />

raTa gaTvaliswonebuli iyos qveynis specifika (pilitikuri wyoba, mmarTvelobis<br />

struqtura, tradiciebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.)<br />

rac Seexeba zoga<strong>da</strong>d `Mainstriming”-is koncefcias, misTvis amosavali wertili aris<br />

sazogadoeba mTlianad (mTlianobaSi).<br />

mokled ganvixiloT rogoria `Mainstriming”-is midgoma sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi.<br />

CrdiloeT qveynebis ministrTa sabWom aamuSava proeqti, romlis mizani iyo<br />

meTodebis <strong>da</strong> instrumentebis amoqmedeba qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa Tanasworobis problemis<br />

integraciis mizniT Sromismowyobis <strong>da</strong> axalgazr<strong>da</strong>Ta saqmeebis politikaSi. proeqtis<br />

struqtura iyo `qolgis~ msgavsi <strong>da</strong> moicav<strong>da</strong> moqmedebis rig sferoebs.<br />

amoqmed<strong>da</strong> Semdegi nacionaluri proeqtebi:<br />

84

<strong>da</strong>niaSi ringstedis komunam aamoqme<strong>da</strong> proeqti, romlis mizani iyo genderuli<br />

Tanasworobis problemis integracia sakadro politikaSi. misi mizani iyo, agreTve,<br />

genderuli Tanasworobis problematikis integracia komunis administraciis muSaobaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis procesSi;<br />

fineTma proeqtis ganxorcieleba <strong>da</strong>iwyo samTavrobo doneze. yoveli saministro<br />

proeqtis farglebSi gamoimuSaveb<strong>da</strong> meTodebsa <strong>da</strong> instrumentebs genderuli Tanasworobis<br />

problematikis sakuTar sferoSi integraciisaTvis;<br />

islandiaSi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> ori proeqti: erTi q. reikiavikSi, meore q. akureirSi.<br />

Tavisufali drois organizaciis municipaluri komisiebis farglebSi tardebo<strong>da</strong><br />

eqsperimentebi, romelic problemis mogvarebis gzebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> meTodebs avlen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

komisiebi TanamSromlobdnen sportul <strong>da</strong> kulturul organizaciebTan, raTa maT<br />

moexdinaT resursebis (drois, sportuli moednebis, finansebis <strong>da</strong> a.S.) samarTliani<br />

ganawileba qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris;<br />

norvegiaSi amoqmed<strong>da</strong> ori proeqti — erTi nacionalur doneze, meore ki — regionalurze.<br />

Tavis Cveul saqmianobaSi am problemis integrireba moaxdina ojaxisa <strong>da</strong><br />

bavSvebis saqmeebis saministrom. mimdinareobs saxelmwifo moxeleebis momzdeba, romlebic<br />

CaerTvebian saqmeSi <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblebi iqnebian sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis<br />

sakiTxebze;<br />

SvedeTma aamoqme<strong>da</strong> ori proeqti (orive regionalur doneze). regionaluri Zalovani<br />

struqturebis yvelaze maRali donis moxeleebi TanamSromlobdnen am proeqtebTan.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanasworobis problemiT SeSfoTebulobis donis gasarkvevad<br />

Sromismowyobis biuroSi mox<strong>da</strong> testireba (3 R meTodiT). am proeqtis farglebSi mox<strong>da</strong><br />

Tavisufali drois organizatori administraciuli struqturis samuSao procesSi<br />

Tanasworobis axali meTodebiT integrireba.<br />

fareris kunZulebze ki maswavebelTa momzadebis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaSi xorcieldeba proeqti,<br />

romlis mizania genderuli Tanasworobis problematikis integracia skolamdeli<br />

asakis bavSvebis maswavebelTa momzadebis procesSi.<br />

portugaliuaSi 1997 wels qveynis premier ministris TaosnobiT mox<strong>da</strong> genderuli<br />

Tanasworobis gamyarebis gegmis SemuSaveba, romelSic yvela saministro iReb<strong>da</strong><br />

monawileobas. gegmis ZiriTad elementebs warmoadgendnen Semdegi aspeqtebi: im<br />

sakiTxebis integracia saskolo programebSi, romlebic genderul Tanasworobas exeba,<br />

axal samuSao adgilTa Seqmnis programebi, mosamsaxureTa ideuri momzadeba<br />

genderuli Tanasworobis ideis mimReblobisaTvis. statistikuri monacemebis<br />

xelaxali analizi <strong>da</strong> am monacemTa <strong>da</strong>lageba sqesobrivi niSniT;<br />

axal zelandiaSi 1995 wels qalTa saqmeebis saministrom gamoaqveyna saxelmZRvanelo<br />

analizisTvis, romelic iTvaliswinebs qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTvebel yvela<br />

kritetiums. am saxelmZRvanelos (faqtiurad gzamkvlevis) mizania, rom <strong>da</strong>exmaros<br />

yvelas, vinc amzadebs proeqtebs genderuli Tanasworobis problematikasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli mTavrobis politikuri miznebis praqtikuli ganxorcielebisaTvis.<br />

Tumca isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom saxelmZRvanelos ZiriTadi debulebebi exeba ara mxolod<br />

samTavrobo seqtors, aramed _ kerZo organizaciebsac.<br />

85

aRsaniSnavia, rom ganviTarebis saqmeebSi TanamSromlobis SvedeTis saerTaSoriso<br />

saagento _ SIDA, 1980 wli<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli muSaobs qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa Tanasworobis<br />

problemisadmi kompleqsuri midgomis sakiTxebis TanamSromlobis sferoSi <strong>da</strong><br />

ganviTarebis saqmeSi gamoyenebisaTvis. axal programaSi, romlebic exeba qalTa <strong>da</strong><br />

mamakacTa Tanasworobis waxalisebis moqmedebebs partnior qveynebSi (1997)<br />

kompleqsuri midgoma aris gansaxRvruli, rogorc mTavari midgoma.<br />

leqciis Semdeg studentebs miecemaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:<br />

androcentrizmi — mamakacze orientirebuli.<br />

genderuli Tanasworoba — Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe, SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworoba,<br />

romelic moicavs a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitalisa <strong>da</strong> warmoebis sxva resursebis Tanaswor<br />

xelmisawvdomobas, agreTve, Tanasworobas Sromos anazraurebaSi <strong>da</strong> interesebis<br />

gamoxatvis <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis Tanasworobas.<br />

genderuli meinstrimingi - qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa Tanasworobis problemisadmi midgoma<br />

studentebs <strong>da</strong>evalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil droSi moamzadon<br />

saswavlo kursis riderSi warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis masalebi.<br />

seminari #7<br />

Tema #7 (2 sT)<br />

seminarze moxdeba studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia. seminarze<br />

gaimarTeba diskusia ZiriTad sakiTxTa garSemo. kerZod, <strong>da</strong>smuli iqneba Semdegi tipis<br />

kiTxvebi:<br />

1. ras niSnavs androcentrizmi?<br />

2. sai<strong>da</strong>n iRebs androcentrizmi saTaves?<br />

3. rogori iyo plstonisa <strong>da</strong> aristoteles Sexedulebebi qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis<br />

funqciebze? maT Tanasworobaze?<br />

4. ra mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> froidis fsiqoanalizur Teorias androcentrizmis<br />

ganmtkicebaSi? ratom?<br />

5. ra aris genderuli Tanasworoba gansazRvrebis moxedviT? axseniT Tqveni sitvebiT.<br />

moiyvaneT magaliTebi;<br />

6. ra aris genderuli meinstrimingi <strong>da</strong> riTi gansxvavdeba igi genderuli<br />

Tanasworobisagan?<br />

7. rogoria genderuli Tanasworobis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis mcdelobis modelebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

qveynebSi? moiyvaneT konkretuli magaliTebi;<br />

8. qveynisaTvis genderuli Tanasworobis politikis SemuSavebisas mniSvnelovania Tu<br />

ara am qveynis <strong>kulturuli</strong> faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba? ratom?<br />

9. qveynisaTvis genderuli Tanasworobis politikis SemuSavebisas, Tqveni azriT , ra<br />

faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebaa mniSvnelovani? ratom?<br />

amasTanave, seminarze SemuSavebuli iqneba genderuli Tanasworobis qarTuli<br />

modelis studenturi varianti. amisaTvis maT <strong>da</strong>evalebaT (leqciis Semdeg) winaswar<br />

gansazRvron <strong>da</strong> seminarze warmoadginon: ZiriTadi sferoebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c sqesTa<br />

uTanasworoba gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia, ZiriTadi faqtorebi, romlebic, maTi<br />

azriT, gansazRvraven movlenaTa aseT viTarebas (pirovnuli, <strong>kulturuli</strong>,<br />

politikuri), ZiriTadi nabijebi, romlebic un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>idgas Tanasworobis misaRwevad,<br />

86

ZiriTadi sferoebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c un<strong>da</strong> gatrdes struqturuli cvlilebebi, uaxloesi<br />

Sedegebi <strong>da</strong> samomavlo prognozebi.<br />

ZiriTadi literatura:<br />

1. genderuli Teoriebis anTologia, Semdgeneli nana berekaSvili, bakur sualakauris<br />

gamomcemloba, 2003, gv.: 15-62;<br />

2. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World, Second<br />

Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, gv.: 211-237;<br />

3. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, gv.: 282-303.<br />

4. Gender Mainstriming - – www.un.org/womenwatch/<br />

<strong>da</strong>matebiTi literatura:<br />

1. qalis a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi nabij-nabij, re<strong>da</strong>qtor-gamomcemlebi: Suleri m.a. Tomasi<br />

d.q., Tb., gamomc.: logos presi, 2001.<br />

2. Burn S.M. The Socal Psychology of Gender, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1996, gv.: 267-303<br />

3. m. wereTeli, qalTa uflebebi maTi Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT (mon.), Tb., 2000,<br />

gv.: 6-32;<br />

4. Barbara Reskin, Irene Pa<strong>da</strong>vic, Women and Men at Work, Pine Forge Press, 1994, p.: 31-43<br />

5. Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference, edited by Deborah L. Rhode, Yale University press,<br />

1990, p.: 239-257<br />

6. http://www/unhchr.ch/women/genderequality.html<br />

87

kvira #8<br />

leqcia - 2 sT<br />

Tema #8 - qali samxreT kavkasiis kulturaSi.<br />

qarTuli kulturis genderuli analizi<br />

leqciaze warmodgenili iqneba azerbaijanel, somex <strong>da</strong> qarTvel xalxTa<br />

tradiciuli kulturis genderuli analizi. kerZod, ganxiluli iqneba saojaxo yofa ,<br />

qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis qonebrivi <strong>da</strong> uflebrivi statusi ojaxsa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi, Sromis<br />

genderuli ganawileba, qorwinebis genderuli analizi. ganxiluli iqneba, agreTve,<br />

saqarTvelos mTaSi gavrcelebuli sqesobrivi urTierTobebis wawlobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

sworfrobis institutebi. mokled warmodgenili iqneba, agreTve, samxreT kavkasiaSi<br />

mimdinare genderuli cvlilebebi rogorc ojaxis, aseve sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva doneebze.<br />

kavkasiis saxelmwifoTa (azerbaijani, somxeTi, saqarTvelo) <strong>da</strong> ruseTis samxreT<br />

nawilis (Crdilo kavkasia) xalxTa kultura koleqtivisturi tipisaa <strong>da</strong> sqesobrivgenderuli<br />

ideologiac tradiciulia. tradiciulad qali aq dedisa <strong>da</strong> ojaxis<br />

diasaxlisis roliT iyo SezRuduli. misi ZiriTadi funqcia iyo bavSvebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>,<br />

ojaxis movla <strong>da</strong> Sina mrewveloba, agreTve, tradiciebis <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong> axali TaobebisaTvis<br />

maTi ga<strong>da</strong>cema. tradiciuli mentalitetis mixedviT qals, gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, mSvidobis<br />

myofelis funqciac eniWebo<strong>da</strong>, rac istoriulad ojaxebs Soris arsebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirispirebebis mogvarebis tradiciul xerxebSi vlindebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

kavkasiuri normaa ojaxis uxucesi qalis instituti. mas ebara ojaxis mier mTeli<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi moweuli sursaT-sanovagis <strong>da</strong> fuladi saxsrebis Senaxva, saWmlis<br />

momzadeba, sanovagis <strong>da</strong> Sromis Tanabari ganawileba rZlebisa <strong>da</strong> Svilebis<br />

ojaxebisTvis misi suladobis, asakis <strong>da</strong> sqesis mixedviT.<br />

qalis statusi regulirdebo<strong>da</strong> tradiciuli samarTlis normebiT (a<strong>da</strong>TebiT,<br />

uxucesTa sabWoebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebiT, musulmanur nawilSi —SariaTiT) <strong>da</strong><br />

oficialuri samarTlis normebiT -samarTlis wignebiT (<strong>da</strong>wyebuli me-11 s. -<strong>da</strong>n).<br />

samarTlis normebSi detalurad iyo gansazRvruli qalis ojaxuri <strong>da</strong> qonebrivi<br />

uflebebi. mTaSi qalis memkvidreobis ufleba ar hqon<strong>da</strong>, mas aZlevdnen mziTvs,<br />

romelic Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong> qalis tansacmliT <strong>da</strong> xelsaqmis yuTiT. barSi, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

SeZlebul ojaxebSi qals memkvidreobaSi aZlevdnen miwas. Cveulebriv qali<br />

sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebaSi ar monawileob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Tumca saqarTvelos oqros xanaSi 12s. — Si qveyanas qali (Tamar mefe) marTav<strong>da</strong>. gar<strong>da</strong><br />

amisa, kavkasiaSi Zalian xSirad dedofalTa <strong>da</strong> Tavadis qalTa pirovnuli<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> qveynis bedsa <strong>da</strong> politikur<br />

cxovrebas. amdenad, istoriulad kavkasieli qali religiis, zneobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCunebis funqcias atarebs. maRali wris qalebis<br />

sarwmunoebis, enisa <strong>da</strong> eris ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis Cadenili gmirobebis istoriuli <strong>da</strong><br />

istoriul-literaturuli magaliTebi kavkasiaSi axali Taobebis aRzrdis erT-erTi<br />

mniSvnelovani istoriuli institutia.<br />

samxreT kavkasiaSi qalis yofiTi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Sesaswavlad<br />

mniSvnelovania kavkasiuri ojaxis ganxilva, radgan swored ojaxi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>,<br />

Cveulebriv, qalis moRvaweobis erTaderT asparezs. zogadkavkasiuri ojaxis tipi<br />

moicavs rig Tvisebebs: ojaxis `ufrosi mamakacis~ ganusazRvreli uflebebi anu ojaxis<br />

marTvis avtoritaruli <strong>for</strong>ma, ufros-umcrosobis instituti, ojaxis wevrTa<br />

statusis ierarqiuloba, qalis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli mdgomareoba, `ufrosi qalis~<br />

88

Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong>narCen qalebze, Sromis mkacri sqesobriv-asakobrivi ganawileba,<br />

`ganridebisa~ <strong>da</strong> `umZraxobis~ wes-CveulebaTa <strong>da</strong>cva. qalis uflebriv mdgomareobis<br />

erT aspeqts `ufrosi qalis~ maRali statusi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, xolo meores _ ki<br />

<strong>da</strong>narCeni qalebis uufleboba. SeiZleba vilaparakoT `ufrosi qalis~ saerTokavkasiur<br />

modelze, romelsac axasiaTebs rigi saerTo niSnebi. esenia: `ufrosi qalis~<br />

nakleb<strong>da</strong>saqmebuloba ojaxSi, qalebis SromiTi saqmianobis organizeba,<br />

aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia, tradiciebisa <strong>da</strong> sawesCveulebo ritualebis Sesrulebis<br />

xelmZRvanloba. `ufrosi qali~ iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> erTmmarTvelad mxolod Si<strong>da</strong> saojaxo<br />

saqmianobis sferoSi. `ufrosi qalis~ uflebrivi mdgomareobis gamoxatulebis<br />

simbolo iyo saojaxo sursaTis Sesanaxi saTavsos gasaRebis mudmivad Tan tareba <strong>da</strong><br />

sursaT-sanovagis ganawileba ojaxis wevrebs Soris. ojaxis `ufrosi qalis~ funqcia<br />

iyo, agreTve, ojaxuri tradiciebis Taobi<strong>da</strong>n Taobaze ga<strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong> amdenad, Senaxva.<br />

`ufrosi qalis~ uflebebi vlindebo<strong>da</strong> saojaxo xalxur etiketSic: mamakacebi mas<br />

pativs scemdnen, igi saojaxo saqmeebis garCevaSi monawileob<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>vo situaciaSi mis<br />

azrs ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti Tu ara, gasaTvaliswinebeli mniSvneloba mainc eniWebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Cveulebriv, `ufrosi qali~ iyo is erTaderTi qali (gar<strong>da</strong> bavSvebisa), visTanac<br />

urTierTob<strong>da</strong> ojaxis `ufrosi mamakaci~. `ufrosi qali~ imdenad mniSvnelovani figura<br />

iyo ojaxSi, rom misi statusi <strong>da</strong> avtoriteti mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong><br />

saerTod ojaxis statussa <strong>da</strong> avtoritets.<br />

me- 20 saukunemde azerbaijanSi gabatonebuli iyo ojaxis mkveTrad gamoxatuli<br />

patriarqaluri wyoba. ojaxis ufrosi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> ojaxis moZravi <strong>da</strong> uZravi qonebis<br />

erTpirovnul mflobelsa <strong>da</strong> sruluflebian mmarTvels. ojaxis SigniT arsebuli<br />

qonebrivi urTierTobebi mTlianad <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli iyo ojaxis ufrossze.<br />

<strong>da</strong>oblebul arasrulwlovan bavSvebs uniSnavdnen meurves — umetaswilad biZas<br />

mamis an dedis mxri<strong>da</strong>n. ojaxis ufrosis anderZis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi qoneba<br />

iyofo<strong>da</strong> SariaTis kanonebis mixedviT. vaJSvils orjer ufro meti wili ergebo<strong>da</strong><br />

saerTo qonebi<strong>da</strong>n, vidre — qaliSvils. gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili ojaxis ufrosis qvrivi iReb<strong>da</strong><br />

mTeli qonebis erT merved nawils <strong>da</strong> aseve im qonebas, romelic pira<strong>da</strong>d mas ekuTvno<strong>da</strong><br />

saqorwino SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad.<br />

azerbaijanul ojaxSi mniSvnelovani adgili ekava soflis uxucesebis — aRsakalebis<br />

instituts. maT rCevas ekiTxebodnen <strong>da</strong> maTi azri metad mniSvnelovani iyo sofelSi<br />

romelime ojaxSi garkveuli problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisas. aRsakalebi a<strong>da</strong>Tis mimdevarni,<br />

<strong>da</strong>mcvelni <strong>da</strong> gamtarebelni iyvnen. isini a<strong>da</strong>Tisa <strong>da</strong> SariaTis safuZvelze<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetdnen sazogadoebriv <strong>da</strong> saojaxo problemebs. isini saqmebis gansaxilvelad<br />

meCeTTan ikribebodnen saRamos locvis Semdeg. Cveulebriv, am Sekrebas molac<br />

eswrebo<strong>da</strong>. axalgazrdebs <strong>da</strong> bavSvebs <strong>da</strong>, aseve, qalebsac am SekrebebSi monawileobis<br />

ufleba ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T. Zalian iSviaTad Sekrebas eswrebodnen is moxuci qalebi, romlebic<br />

gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen sazogadoebaSi. maTi mowveva krebaze<br />

mxolod maSin xdebo<strong>da</strong>, roca gansaxilveli sakiTxi qals exebo<strong>da</strong> an qaliSvilis bedTan<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. amgvarad, qalis sazogadoebrivi cxovreba SezRuduli iyo. igi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis procesSi ar monawileob<strong>da</strong>. ufro metic, qalis uflebebi<br />

SezRuduli iyo ojaxSic.<br />

ojaxur urTierTobebSi batonob<strong>da</strong> umcrosebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n ufrosebis sruli<br />

morCileba. vaJiSvils ar hqon<strong>da</strong> ufleba Sepasuxebo<strong>da</strong> (SekamaTebo<strong>da</strong>) an ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>morCilebo<strong>da</strong> mamas, miTumetes ki papas. amgvarad, mamis an papis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas ama<br />

Tu im ojaxuri an sameurneo sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT kanonis Zala hqon<strong>da</strong> ojaxis<br />

umcrosi wevrebisaTvis. ufrosebis pativiscema dRemde warmoadgens azerbaijaneli<br />

xalxis saojaxo <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mniSvnelovan elements.<br />

89

istoriulad azerbaijanSi mamakacs qalTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT privilegirebuli mdgomareoba<br />

ekava. es upiratesoba vrceldebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc sazogadoebriv doneze, aseve<br />

ojaxur cxovrebaSic. mSobliur saxlSi qaliSvili srulad emorCilebo<strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong><br />

bebias. qaliSvils ar hqon<strong>da</strong> ufleba Sepasuxebo<strong>da</strong> ufrosebs an gamoexata raime<br />

ukmayofileba, gansakuTrebiT ki, mamisa <strong>da</strong> papis Tan<strong>da</strong>swrebiT. gaTxovili qali yvela<br />

sakiTxSi emorCilebo<strong>da</strong> ojaxis ufros diasaxliss — de<strong>da</strong>mTils an ufrosi mazlis<br />

cols. Tu axal<strong>da</strong>qorwinebulebi cxovrobdnen qmris mSoblebTan erTad, maSin<br />

axalgazr<strong>da</strong> qali un<strong>da</strong> moridebo<strong>da</strong> yvela mamakacs ojaxSi. mas ar hqon<strong>da</strong>, agreTve, im<br />

oTaxSi Sesvlis uflebac, sa<strong>da</strong>c ufrosebi isxdnen <strong>da</strong> Tu saxlSi calke oTaxi ar iyo,<br />

igi udides dros samzareuloSi atareb<strong>da</strong>. axalgazr<strong>da</strong> rZali movale iyo saRamos<br />

savele samuSaoebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>brunebuli ojaxis yvela mamakacisaTvis fexebi <strong>da</strong>ebana.<br />

amasTan qals saxe <strong>da</strong>faruli un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong>. Tu ki ojaxSi rZali ar iyo, maSin am<br />

movaleobas qaliSvili asruleb<strong>da</strong>. azerbaijanuli wes-Cveulebebis mixedviT, axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />

rZals pirveli Svilis gaCenamde ufleba ar hqon<strong>da</strong> uSualod miemarTa ojaxis<br />

romelime ufrosi wevrisaTvis an maT mier <strong>da</strong>smul SekiTxvaze epasuxa. amitom, icav<strong>da</strong><br />

ra a<strong>da</strong>Ts, ojaxis ufrosi wevri TviTonac eridebo<strong>da</strong> rZalTan Sexvedras <strong>da</strong><br />

SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad ar elaparakebo<strong>da</strong> mas. axalgazr<strong>da</strong> qali movale iyo ojaxis yvela<br />

mamakacisgan <strong>da</strong>emala rogorc saxe, aseve Tmebic. ufrosi qalebis garemocvaSi ki mas<br />

mxolod piri, nikapi <strong>da</strong> yeli un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>efara TavSalis boloTi. miuReblad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

agreTve, qalis mxri<strong>da</strong>n xmamarali saubari <strong>da</strong> xSiri sicili. axalgazr<strong>da</strong> qals ar hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

ufleba qmris <strong>da</strong> ufrosi diasaxlisis nebarTvis gareSe wasuliyo mSobliur saxlSi,<br />

gasuliyo baRSi an mezobelTan stumrad.<br />

bavSvebis movla mTlianad qalis movaleobas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. mama ara Tu ar<br />

monawileob<strong>da</strong> bavSvebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si, aramed igi mSobliuri grZnobebis gamovlenisganac<br />

ki ikaveb<strong>da</strong> Tavs. es gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli iyo ucxoebis garemocvaSi. Tu ki mama<br />

mainc gamoavlen<strong>da</strong> mSobliur siyvaruls Svilis mimarT, es, Cveulebriv, vaJiSvilis<br />

rogorc memkvidrisa <strong>da</strong> gvaris gamgrZeleblis mimarT xdebo<strong>da</strong>. vaJiSvilis<br />

mdgomareoba ojaxSi mkveTrad gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> qaliSvilis mdgomareobisgan. biWebs<br />

bavSvobi<strong>da</strong>nve unergavdnen qedmaRlur, privilegirebul <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas qalebis<br />

mimarT. 6-7 wli<strong>da</strong>n biWebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>s xels hkideb<strong>da</strong> papa, mama <strong>da</strong> misi ufrosi Zma. amave<br />

asaki<strong>da</strong>n iwyebo<strong>da</strong> bavSvebis religiuri aRzr<strong>da</strong>c. warsulSi azerbaijanel xalaxTan<br />

gabatonebuli iyo endogamia. Cveulebriv, sofeli Sedgebo<strong>da</strong> ramdenime ubnisagan,<br />

romelTaganac TiToeulSi naTesavebi cxovrobdnen. qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

upiratesoba eniWebo<strong>da</strong> ubnis Si<strong>da</strong> kavSirebs. SeuRleba pirvel rigSi xdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

biZaSvil-mami<strong>da</strong>SvilebTan <strong>da</strong> dei<strong>da</strong>SvilebTan (RviZli Zmebis <strong>da</strong> debis SvilebTan),<br />

Semdgom mesame Taobis naTesavebTan <strong>da</strong> ase Soreuli naTesavebiT gaTavebuli.<br />

akrZaluli iyo RviZl <strong>da</strong>-Zmebs Soris qorwineba. SeuRleba xdebo<strong>da</strong> aranaTesavebTanac,<br />

pirvel rigSi TanasoflelebTan, Semdeg mezobeli soflebis <strong>da</strong> qalaqebis<br />

macxovreblebTan (amasTan aucileblad <strong>da</strong>culi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo naTesauri siaxlovis<br />

rigiToba). SariaTis mixedviT, neba<strong>da</strong>rTuli iyo, agreTve, SeuRleba sxva nacionalobis,<br />

oRond musulmanuri aRmsareblobis, warmomadgenelTan. magram, un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom<br />

warsulSi aseTi ojaxebi Zalian iSviaTi iyo.<br />

azerbaijanSi gavrcelebuli iyo mravalcolianoba, iseve, rogorc yvelgan, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

es SariaTiT neba<strong>da</strong>rTuli iyo. magram umeteswilad igi gvxvdebo<strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis<br />

SeZlebul nawilSi. is vinc mdi<strong>da</strong>ri ar iyo, Cveulebriv, am wess ar iyeneb<strong>da</strong>. gamonakliss<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> SemTxveva, roca pirveli colisgan ar hyav<strong>da</strong>T Svilebi. rac Seexeba<br />

gaWrvebul fenas, maT xSirad erTi colis SerTvac ki uWir<strong>da</strong>T, radgan qorwineba<br />

tradiciulad xarjebTan iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />

90

qorwinebis wes-CveulebebSi metad sainteresoa soriratisa <strong>da</strong> leviratis wesebi.<br />

Tu axalgazr<strong>da</strong> qali gar<strong>da</strong>icvlebo<strong>da</strong>, misi meuRle, garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg<br />

colad irTav<strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili qalis umcros <strong>da</strong>s. specialistebis azriT, es wesi<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo xelmeore qorwilis xarjebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebasTan. Tu ojaxebs<br />

Soris kargi urTierTobebi iyo, maSin mSoblebi yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe<br />

atandnen TavianT meore qaliSvils <strong>da</strong>qvrivebul siZes. magram am SemTxvevaSi,<br />

gansxvavebiT Cveulebrivi qorwinebisgan, qaliSvils winaswar acnobebdnen <strong>da</strong><br />

uTanxmebdnen momaval qorwinebas. soriratis wesTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli azerbaijanSi<br />

farTed gavrcelebuli an<strong>da</strong>za: `colis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba im mamakacma iglovos, visac<br />

colis <strong>da</strong> ara hyavso~.<br />

soritarTan erTad, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, agreTve, leviratis wesic.<br />

leviratiuli qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi saWiro iyo orive mxaris Tanxmoba, amasTan qvrivi<br />

qalis Tanxmoba warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> aucilebel winapirobas. umcrosi Zmis qorwineba ufrosi<br />

Zmis qvrivze farTod iyo gavrcelebuli mosaxleobis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT SeZlebul fenaSi.<br />

specialistebis azriT, leviratis wesi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo ojaxisaTvis im zaralis<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>n asacileblad, romelic qvrivi rZlis mSobliur ojaxSi <strong>da</strong>bruneba gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong>.<br />

saqme isaa, rom am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, mas ojaxis saerTo qonebis<br />

erTi mervedi nawili ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>, mis sakuTrebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> agreTve mis mier<br />

mziTvis saxiT ojaxSi Semotanili qoneba. soriratisa <strong>da</strong> leviratis wesebi Tumca<br />

Tanamedrove azerbaijanSi aRar aris miRebuli, magram erTeuli SemTxvevebis saxiT<br />

(gansakuTrebiT soflebSi) axlac gvxvdeba.<br />

tradiciulad qals aTxovebdnen 14-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde. vaJi qorwindebo<strong>da</strong> 18-<strong>da</strong>n 22<br />

wlamde. iyo ufro gviani qorwinebis SemTxvevebic, rac ukiduresi siRaribiT iyo<br />

gamowveuli. arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>nve niSnobis wesic, rodesac ojaxebi winaswar<br />

Tanxmdebodnen TavianTi Svilebis qorwinebis Sesaxeb. moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> jer ar gaCenili<br />

Svilebis qorwinebis SeTanxmebis wesic.<br />

Cveulebriv, axalgazrdebs momaval qorwinebas ar uTanxmebdnen xolme <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas<br />

mSoblebi iRebdnen. axalgazr<strong>da</strong> qalebs ara Tu ar uTanxmebdnen momaval<br />

qorwinebas, aramed arc ki atyobinebdnen mis Sesaxeb. sacoles axalgazr<strong>da</strong> kacisaTvis,<br />

Cveulebriv, misi de<strong>da</strong> an <strong>da</strong> amoirCev<strong>da</strong>. Tu momavali sacole moewonebo<strong>da</strong>T ojaxis<br />

sxva wevrebs, pirvel rigSi papas, mamas <strong>da</strong> ufros Zmas, maSin am ojaxis qalebi midiodnen<br />

gogos de<strong>da</strong>sTan araoficialurad xelis saTxovnelad, xolo ukve amis Semdeg, mamasTan<br />

oficialurad midiodnen xelis mTxovneli ojaxis mamakacebi.<br />

am ceremonials eswrebodnen soflis uxucesebic — aRsakalebic. isini monawileobdnen<br />

agreTve, qorwinebaze SeTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi, ojaxTa Soris <strong>da</strong>moyvrebisas<br />

gankuTvnili ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis mexrisa <strong>da</strong> baSligis odenobaze molaparakebebSic. mexri<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> im ga<strong>da</strong>saxads, romelic meuRles un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>exa<strong>da</strong> colisTvis Tavisi<br />

iniciativiT gayris SemTxvevaSi. xolo baSligi iyo ga<strong>da</strong>saxads patarZlisaTvis,<br />

romelsac iReb<strong>da</strong> misi mama qaliSvilis qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi.<br />

TviT qorwinebis rituali moicav<strong>da</strong> sam etaps: 1) winaswari SeTanxmeba, roca<br />

Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi, vaJis mxare maSinve aZlev<strong>da</strong> qals beWeds, abreSumis Tavsafars<br />

<strong>da</strong> tkbileuls 2) niSnoba, am dRes saqmros sacolisTvis moaqvs samkaulebi, kabisaTvis<br />

qsovili <strong>da</strong> misi ojaxisTvis tkbileuli 3) sakuTriv qorwili, romelsac Tan axl<strong>da</strong><br />

saqorwilo saCuqrebi.<br />

tradiciulad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, agreTve, sacolis motacebac. es gansakuTrebiT miRebuli<br />

iyo gaWirvebul fenebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ar iyo materialuri SesaZlebloba qorwilis<br />

rTuli ritualis Catarebisa, amitom xSirad, sacolis motaceba ojaxebis Tanxmobis<br />

fonzec ki mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

91

ogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, axalgaTxovil qals faqtiurad aranairi uflebebi<br />

ar hqon<strong>da</strong>. mxolod Svilis gaCenis Semdeg mas eZleo<strong>da</strong> neba saxlSi moexa<strong>da</strong> Tavsafari <strong>da</strong><br />

esaubra uaxloes naTesavebTan.<br />

amgvarad, gaTxovili qalis poziciebi myardebo<strong>da</strong> ojaxSi pirveli Svilis gaCenis<br />

Semdeg. biWis gaCenas, gogosagan gansxvavebiT gansakuTrebuli nadimiT aRniSnavdnen.<br />

amasTan, axal<strong>da</strong>badebuli vaJis Wiplars marxavdnen sajiniboSi an meCeTis ezoSi. es<br />

rituali gadmocemis mixedviT, imitom tardebo<strong>da</strong>, rom momaval mamakacs yvarebo<strong>da</strong><br />

saqoneli an <strong>da</strong>uflebo<strong>da</strong> codnas, xolo axal<strong>da</strong>badebuli gogos Wiplars ki karebTan<br />

axlos marxavdnen, raTa igi saxli<strong>da</strong>n Sors ar wasuliyo.<br />

amgvarad, qorwinebis, agreTve, masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli tradiciuli ritualis <strong>da</strong><br />

bavSvebis gaCenis analizi naTlad gviCvenebs azerbaijanul kulturaSi gabatonebul<br />

genderul uTanasworobas, romelic qalis mimarT gansakuTrebuli asimetriulobiT<br />

gamoirCeva.<br />

tradiciul azerbaijanul kulturaSi qalTa uflebaTa SezRudva kargad Cans,<br />

agreTve, gayros wesebSic. tradiciulad gayris ufleba mxolod mamakacs hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Tumca ki am SemTxvevaSi qmars colisTvis un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>exa<strong>da</strong> winaswar niSnobis SeTanxmebuli<br />

sazRauri — mexri, gayris mizezebs aravin ar kiTxulob<strong>da</strong>. gayris rituali<br />

erTi <strong>da</strong> igive frazis (am SemTxvevisTvis specialurad <strong>da</strong>wesebuli) saxalxod samjer<br />

gameorebaSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>. igive gzisTvis SeeZlo miemarTa qalsac, magram am<br />

SemTxvevaSi igi gayras miaRwev<strong>da</strong> mxolod Tavisi mziTvis <strong>da</strong>kargvis fasad. am gzas qali<br />

mxolod Zalian iSviaTad, gausaZlis pirobebSi mimarTav<strong>da</strong>, radgan am SemTxvevaSi igi<br />

yovelgvari saxsrebis gareSe rCebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

azerbaijanul ojaxSi qali SinameurneobiT iyo <strong>da</strong>kavebuli. saojaxo saqmeebs, iseve<br />

rogorc zoga<strong>da</strong>d kavkasiur ojaxSi, xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong> `ufrosi qali~.<br />

mTels azerbaijanSi qali Cadrs atareb<strong>da</strong>, magram Cadri gansakuTrebiT<br />

gavrcelebuli iyo qalaqebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c saxli<strong>da</strong>n gamosvlisas qali valdebuli iyo mTeli<br />

sxeuli CadriT <strong>da</strong>efara. soflebSi Cadrs Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT iSviaTad xmarobdnen,<br />

umeteswilad is gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong>, roca qali mezobel sofelSi an soflis gareT gadio<strong>da</strong>,<br />

soflis SigniT ki igi, Cveulebriv, mxolod cxvirs <strong>da</strong> pirs malav<strong>da</strong>. SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom qals mamakacisagan gansxvavebiT ar hqon<strong>da</strong> sazamTro, Tbili tansacmeli. es<br />

ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom qalis mier saxlis didxans <strong>da</strong>toveba ar iyo miRebuli.<br />

amgvarad, tansacmeli, iseve, rogorc yofiTi kulturis sxva elementebi <strong>da</strong> wes—<br />

Cveulebebi naTlad gviCveneben azerbaijanul tradiciul sazogadoebaSi gabatonebul<br />

genderul uTanasworobas.<br />

jer kidev XIX s—Si somxebTan gavrcelebuli iyo saojaxo satvistomo — ger<strong>da</strong>stani,<br />

romelic aerTianeb<strong>da</strong> ramodenime Taobas, romelsac uxucesi uZRvebo<strong>da</strong>. erT<br />

ojaxad cxovrobdnen mSoblebi zr<strong>da</strong>sruli SvilebiT, romelTac, Tavis mxriv, hyav<strong>da</strong>T<br />

Svilebi <strong>da</strong> SviliSvilebi. Rrma provinciaSi aseT ger<strong>da</strong>stanSi SeiZleba yofiliyo 50—<br />

mde a<strong>da</strong>miani, romelic erT Wer qveS cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. Tumca ki samxreT kavkasiaSi zoga<strong>da</strong>d,<br />

es iSviaTi movlena iyo. me-20 saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisisTvis Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT <strong>da</strong>iwyo aseTi didi<br />

saTvistomoebis rRveva <strong>da</strong> ojaxi ukve Sedgebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod mSoblebisgan <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />

vaJebisgan, romlebsac meuRle <strong>da</strong> mcirewlovani Svilebi hyav<strong>da</strong>T. <strong>da</strong>iwyo me-3 Taobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Svilebiani ojaxebis gamoyofis procesi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, es ojaxebi cdilobdnen<br />

erTmaneTTan axlo <strong>da</strong>saxlebas. ase, rom mTeli kvartlebi atareb<strong>da</strong> erTi ojaxis gvars.<br />

erTi ojaxis SigniT, bavSvebi, romelic Zmisac ar un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyvnen, Tanabar<br />

pirobebSi iyvnen, isini yvelani iTvlebodnen <strong>da</strong>-Zmebad. miuRebeli iyo, rom romelime<br />

de<strong>da</strong>s Tavisi mazlebis SvilebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Tavisi RviZli Svilebis mimarT meti<br />

siyvaruli gamoevlina. yvela bavSvisadmi erTnairi mzrunveloba un<strong>da</strong> gamoeCinaT<br />

92

ojaxis ufrosebsac — saxlis patronsa <strong>da</strong> diasaxliss. eqvs-Svid wlamde bavSvebi<br />

(gogonebic <strong>da</strong> biWebic) Tavisi drois udides nawils ezoSi TamaSSi atarebdnen. Semdeg<br />

iwyebo<strong>da</strong> maTi aRzr<strong>da</strong> TavianTi sqesis Sesatyvisi saqmianobis aTvisebis mizniT.<br />

gogonebs aswavlidnen saojaxo saqmianobas, xSirad isini uvlidnen umcros <strong>da</strong>-Zmas,<br />

Semdeg maT aswavlidnen ojaxis wevrebisa <strong>da</strong> stumrebisaTvis momsaxureobas, xelsaqmes.<br />

biWebs aswavlidnen batknis <strong>da</strong> xbos mwyemsvas, saqonlis sadgomSi Serekvas, Semdeg ki<br />

isini ojaxis mamakacebs savele samuSaoebSic exmarebodnen.<br />

amgvarad, 7-8 wlis asaki<strong>da</strong>n somxur ojaxebSi bavSvebi aqtiurad erTvebodnen<br />

genderulad tipirebul saqmianobebSi.<br />

saxlis patroni erTpirovnulad marTav<strong>da</strong> mTels meurneobas <strong>da</strong> aravis ar abareb<strong>da</strong><br />

angariSs Tavisi saqmianobis Sesaxeb. Tumca ojaxisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisas mas SeeZlo rCeva ekiTxa ojaxis ufrosi wevrebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki,<br />

Tavisi ZmebisTvis, Tu isini maTTan erTad erT ojaxad cxovrobdnen.<br />

ojaxSi mkveTrad iyo sameurneo funqciebi gayofili sqesis mixedviT. yvela savele<br />

samuSaos mamakacebi asrulebdnen, saojaxos ki — qalebi. samuSao winaswar nawildebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

rodesac ojaxi savaxSmod ikribebo<strong>da</strong> saRamos, isini ufrosobis mixedviT sxdebodnen.<br />

TiToeauli ojaxis wevri moaxseneb<strong>da</strong>, Tu ra gaakeTa dRis ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong> maSinve<br />

iReb<strong>da</strong> axal <strong>da</strong>valebas. ojaxis yoveli wevris piradi Semosavali saerTo meurneobaSi<br />

idebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ojaxur saqmeebs xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong> ufrosi qali, diasaxlisi anu tantikini. is,<br />

Cveulebriv, ojaxis ufrosis meuRle iyo, magram Tu igi qmarze adre gar<strong>da</strong>icvlebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

maSin misi uflebebi ga<strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong> ufrosobis mixedviT Semdegi mamakacis (ufrosi Zmis an<br />

ufrosi vaJiSvilis) colze. aseTi `ufrosi qalis~ avtoriteti aRiarebuli iyo<br />

rogorc ojaxis ufrosis, aseve sxva wevrebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n. igi am SemTxvevaSi uflebrivi<br />

TvalsazrisiT ufro maRla idga, vidre misi meuRle, radgan es ukanaskneli ojaxis<br />

Cveulebriv, <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul wevrs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. saxlSi yvela emorCilebo<strong>da</strong><br />

tantikinis mier <strong>da</strong>dgenil wesebs. mas saxlis sazRvrebSi emorCilebo<strong>da</strong> ufrosi<br />

mamakacic. tantikinis ufleba iyo agreTve, axalgazr<strong>da</strong> kacisTvis sacolis SerCevac.<br />

tantikins mimarTavdnen ojaxSi axalgazr<strong>da</strong> qalis mTxovnelebic, Tumca<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebisas is rCevas ekiTxebo<strong>da</strong> qmars <strong>da</strong> ufros Zmas.<br />

tantikini iyo erTaderTi qali ojaxSi, vinc mimarTav<strong>da</strong> ojaxis ufros mamakacs<br />

kiTxviT, rCeviT an problemiT. mdedrobiTi sqesis ojaxis <strong>da</strong>narCen wevrebs saxlis<br />

patronisTvis mimarTvis ufleba ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T. tantikinis uflebebi gamorCeuli iyo<br />

sufrasTanac, igi iyo is erTaderTi qali, romelsac ufleba hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mj<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />

sufrasTan mamakacebis gverdiT.<br />

tantikinis xelmZRvanelobiT <strong>da</strong> misi uSualo ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobiT mimdinareob<strong>da</strong><br />

mTeli saojaxo saqmianoba. saukuneebis manZilze <strong>da</strong>dgenili iyo qalTa funqciebi<br />

ojaxSi, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli ufrosi rZli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli umcrosamde. ufrosi rZali<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> diasaxlisis TanaSemwes <strong>da</strong> iTavseb<strong>da</strong> xolme mis funqciebs, rodesac<br />

tantikini saxlSi ar iyo an midio<strong>da</strong> zafxulSi SviliSvilebTan erTad saZovrebze.<br />

axali rZali Tavsaburavs ramdenime weli atareb<strong>da</strong> ojaxSi <strong>da</strong> Tu rodis miecemo<strong>da</strong> mas<br />

misi moxsnis ufleba, amas tantikini gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> erTpirovnulad. diasaxlisis<br />

funqcia iyo, agreTve, bavSvebisaTvis zRaprebis moyola.<br />

rZals neba ar hqon<strong>da</strong> esaubra `ufrosebTan~ maTTvis mas miniSnebebiT (niSnebiT)<br />

un<strong>da</strong> miemarTa. amgvarad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> niSnebis garkveuli sistema, romlebiTac<br />

sargeblobdnen rZlebi, roca saWiro iyo miemarTaT ufrosi mamakacebisTvis,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ki, mamamTilisa <strong>da</strong> ufrosi mazlisTvis. TavianT naTlias isini mTeli<br />

cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi CurCuliT elaparakebodnen. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aucilebeli<br />

93

iyo raimes Tqma <strong>da</strong> axlomaxlo ar iyvnen bavSvebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong><br />

saTqmelis ga<strong>da</strong>cema, maSin rZali mimarTav<strong>da</strong> bavSvs akvanSi, an katas an raime Sinaur<br />

cxovels <strong>da</strong> maT eubnebo<strong>da</strong>, rom ga<strong>da</strong>ecaT saTqmeli magaliTad, iseTi rogoricaa,<br />

mezoblis Txovna. mamakacisTvis tradiciul somxur ojaxSi qalis cema did<br />

sircxvilad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. Tumca diasaxliss — tantikins hqon<strong>da</strong> ufleba gaertya<br />

rZlisaTvis, magram mis Svils anu qalis qmars amis ufleba ar hqon<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong> Tu es mainc<br />

moxdebo<strong>da</strong>, rZals hqon<strong>da</strong> ufleba miemarTa diasaxlisisTvis saCivriT.<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, somxur ojaxSi <strong>da</strong>culi iyo mkveTri genderuli uflebrivi<br />

ierarqia. mamakacebi qalebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT privilegirebulni iyvnen, Tumca diasaxlisi —<br />

tantikini ojaxis ufrosTan TiTqmis Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblob<strong>da</strong>, magram es ar<br />

exebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCen qalebs.<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos isic, rom uflebrivi ierarqia agebuli iyo rogorc sqesobrivi<br />

faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve ufros—umcrosobis safuZvlzec. uflebriv<br />

ierarqiaSi am orive faqtoris rolze miuTiTebs agreTve, somxur tradiciul<br />

kulturaSi arsebuli <strong>da</strong>Zinebis (mosvenebis) wesic. yvelaze adre <strong>da</strong>saZineblad wvebo<strong>da</strong><br />

ufrosi mamakaci — (tanteri) Semdeg rigrigobiT ojaxis sxva mamakacebi ufrosobis<br />

mixedviT. Semdeg wvebo<strong>da</strong> `ufrosi qali~ <strong>da</strong> mas mosdevdnen sxva qalebi aseve ufros—<br />

umcrosobis gaTvaliswinebiT. amgvarad, umcrosi rZali yvelaze gvian wvebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amasTanave, igi yvelaze adre iRviZeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ierarqiis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT<br />

Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT iRviZebdnen ojaxis sxva wevrebi: jer Zalebi, Semdeg ki — mamakacebi.<br />

yvelaze gvian logini<strong>da</strong>n dgebo<strong>da</strong> ojaxis `ufrosi mamakaci~.<br />

Zilis win umcrosi rZali an umcrosi qaliSvili ojaxis yvela mamakac wevrs fexebs<br />

ban<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> umSraleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

roca ojaxi Zalian farTovdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> SeuZlebeli xdebo<strong>da</strong> erTad cxovreba, didi<br />

ojaxi iSlebo<strong>da</strong>, magram erToblivi RonisZiebebis (qorwili, <strong>da</strong>krZalva <strong>da</strong> sxv.) dros<br />

ufrosumcrosobis instituti SenarCunebuli iyo.<br />

ojaxis qonebis pir<strong>da</strong>pir memkvidreebad mamakacebi iTvlebodnen, qaliSvilebs ki,<br />

Tu Zmebi cocxlebi hyav<strong>da</strong>T, araferi ar ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

am kulturis genderuli analizisaTvis sainteresoa naTesauri mimarTebebic.<br />

kerZod, mamis mxri<strong>da</strong>n naTesavebs somxebi azRakans uwodebdnen, rac sityvasityviTi<br />

TargmaniT naTesavs, mogvares niSnavs, xolo dedis mxri<strong>da</strong>n naTesavs ki — barekamas, rac<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>piri TargmaniT keTilismsurvels aRniSnavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad qalisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> kacis mxri<strong>da</strong>n naTesavebisadmi aseTi araTanaswori <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebisa, qorwilebisa<br />

an sxva saerTo Tavyrilobebis dros, orive mxaris <strong>da</strong>swreba-<strong>da</strong>patiJeba savaldebulod<br />

iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sainteresoa SeuRlebis wes—Cveulebebic. naTesavebs Soris qorwineba neba<strong>da</strong>rTuli<br />

iyo ara uaxloes 7 Taobisa, somxebi tradiciulad qorwindebodnen Zalian adreul<br />

asakSi. moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> akvanSi <strong>da</strong>niSvnis wesic.<br />

qorwinebis iniciativa <strong>da</strong> patarZlis arCeva momdinareob<strong>da</strong> `ufrosi qalisagan~ an<br />

vaJis dedisgan, romelic winaswar uTanxmeb<strong>da</strong> Tavis arCevans qmars <strong>da</strong> naTesavebs.<br />

somxebi maWanklis saSualebiT arkvevdnen <strong>da</strong>Tanxmdebo<strong>da</strong> Tu ara qalis ojaxi<br />

qorwinebaze. gogos de<strong>da</strong> rCevas ekiTxebo<strong>da</strong> Tavis Zmebs. mama ki am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaSi<br />

monawileobas ar iReb<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>debiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi gogos mSoblebTan midiodnen<br />

sasiZos mSoblebi naTesavebTan erTad, raTa ga<strong>da</strong>ecaT niSnobis beWedi. niSanis<br />

funqcias, Cveulebriv, beWedi an raime sxva samkauli asruleb<strong>da</strong>. am dRi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />

qaliSvili <strong>da</strong>niSnulad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

niSnobi<strong>da</strong>n qorwilamde zogjer ramdenime weliwadi gadio<strong>da</strong>. magram niSnobis<br />

Semdeg ojaxebi ukve <strong>da</strong>moyvrebulad iTvlebodnen <strong>da</strong> yvelanairad exmarebodnen<br />

94

erTmaneTs.<br />

saqorwino rituali, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom sasomxeTis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxeSi<br />

gansxvavebebs moicavs, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d erTnairad mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. somxuri qorwinebisTvis<br />

specifikuria garkveuli Tanxis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> vaJis mSoblebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n patarZlis<br />

dedisTvis. am Tanxas wiwagins uwodeben, romelic pir<strong>da</strong>piri mniSvnelobiT `ZuZus<br />

fass~ anu im rZis safasurs aRniSnavs, romliTac de<strong>da</strong>m Tavisi qaliSvili gamokveba.<br />

somxur kulturaSi tradiciulad iTvleba, agreTve, mziTvis gataneba qaliSvilisTvis,<br />

romlis ragvaroba <strong>da</strong> sididec aseve winaswari SeTanxmebis sagania. Cveulebriv,<br />

mziTevSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> loginis TeTreuli, saqorwilo far<strong>da</strong>, WurWeli, zogjer ki<br />

pirutyvic. sainteresoa, rom Zroxas somxeTSi arasodes ar atandnen mziTevSi. xalxuri<br />

gadmocemis mixedviT, es imiT aixsneba, rom ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n mdedrobiTi sqesis ori wevri ar<br />

gasuliyo. patarZlis saqorwilo tansacmelze zrunva sasiZos movaleoba iyo.<br />

iseve, rogorc sxva samxreT kavkasiur kulturebSi (azerbaijani, saqarTvelo)<br />

qorwili aqac Semodgomaze imarTebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

somxeTSic, iseve rogorc azerbaijanSi moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> ubiwobis instituti. orivegan<br />

did sircxvilad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, Tu pirvel saqorwilo Rames patarZali ubiwo ar iyo.<br />

magram somxeTSi sruldebo<strong>da</strong> Semdegi ritualic. rogorc ki gairkveo<strong>da</strong>, rom qmari<br />

`<strong>da</strong>eufla~ qaliSvils, am faqtis aRsaniSnad Tofs isrodnen, xolo Semdeg patarZlis<br />

de<strong>da</strong>s ugzavnidnen <strong>da</strong>klul qaTams, saqorwilo Ramis zewars <strong>da</strong> milocvebs. am ritualis<br />

Semdeg iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, rom qorwineba bednieri iqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

qorwinebis <strong>da</strong>rRveva miuRebeli iyo. cols RalatisaTvis Tmebs kreWdnen, virze<br />

ukuRma svamdnen <strong>da</strong> atarebdnen quCa-quCa, igivenairad eqceodnen mamakacebsac,<br />

romlebic cols uRalatebdnen.<br />

somexi qalisaTvis yvelaze did ubedurebad uSviloba iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, orsul qals<br />

ekrZalebo<strong>da</strong> uSvilos gverdze <strong>da</strong>jdoma, raTa es seni ar ga<strong>da</strong>sdebo<strong>da</strong>. fexmZime qals<br />

ekrZalebo<strong>da</strong> mSobliur saxlSi stumrobac. mSobiarobis Semdeg qali midio<strong>da</strong> xolme<br />

mSobliur saxlSi dedis mosanaxuleblad, oRond mxolod maSin, roca mama saxlSi ar<br />

iyo. amasTan mas bavSvi arasodes Tan ar miyav<strong>da</strong>. es gaxl<strong>da</strong>T ganridebis wes-Cveulebis<br />

erT-erTi gamovlineba, msgavsi wesi moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSic.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom somxur kulturaSic biWis <strong>da</strong>badeba ufro sasixarulo iyo, vidre<br />

— gogosi. biWis <strong>da</strong>badebis SemTxvevaSi qalTan moqon<strong>da</strong>T tkbileuli (Tafli), misi<br />

saxlis win ukrav<strong>da</strong> musika, Tvis saxli ki morTuli iyo mwvane totebiT, romelic gvaris<br />

gagrZelebis simbolod iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

qarTuli ojaxi zogadkavkasiuri ojaxis tips warmoadgens. amitom qarTul ojaxSi<br />

misi wevrebis ufleba-movaleobebi sxva kavkasiur ojaxebSi arsebuli uflebrivi<br />

sistemebis msgavsia. saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc somxeTsa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanSi<br />

moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> ojaxis wevrebs Soris ufros-umcrosobis ierarqiuli instituti, `ufrosi<br />

qalis~ instituti, `umZraxobisa~ <strong>da</strong> `ganridebis~ wesebi. ufros qals, Cveulebriv,<br />

ufrosi de<strong>da</strong> anu de<strong>da</strong>mTili warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. misi funqciebi iyo ojaxis tradiciebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong>, agreTve, Senaxva <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>cema axali TaobebisaTvis, sursaT-sanovagis<br />

ganawileba didi ojaxis Semadgeneli patar-patara ojaxebisaTvis suladobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

patara bavSvebis raodenebis mixedviT. qals, feo<strong>da</strong>lur saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc<br />

sxva kavkasiur kulturebSi, memkvidreoba ar ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>. umetes SemTxvevaSi mis<br />

qonebas Seadgen<strong>da</strong> mziTvi, romelic Cveulebriv, loginis TeTreulisgan,<br />

tansacmlisgan, WurWelisgan <strong>da</strong> pirutyvisgan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>. mTaSi qals mxolod sakuTari<br />

tansacmlsa <strong>da</strong> xelsaqmis yuTs atandnen mziTvSi. patarZlis saqorwilo tansacmelze<br />

zrunva sasiZos movaleoba iyo. sasiZos mxares un<strong>da</strong> ezruna, agreTve, patarZlis Cacmaze<br />

qorwili dRes.<br />

95

saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli genderuli urTierTobebis Sesaxeb metad saintereso<br />

masalebs gvawvdis saqorwino wes-Cveulebebis analizi.<br />

saqorwino wes-Cveulebebi saqarTveloSi sami ZiriTadi etapisgan Sedgeba. esaa<br />

winasaqorwino periodi, TviTon qorwili <strong>da</strong> qorwilis Semdgomi periodi. qorwinebis<br />

rituali ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d xuT cikls Seicav<strong>da</strong>: qalis SerTvis saSualebebi (<strong>da</strong>niSvna),<br />

niSnoba, periodi niSnobi<strong>da</strong>n qorwilamde, qorwili <strong>da</strong> qorwilis Semdgomi periodi.<br />

saqarTveloSi naTesavTa Soris egzogamia <strong>da</strong>culia manam, sanam naTesaoba STamomavalTa<br />

mexsierebaSi aris Senaxuli. amasTan egzogamia <strong>da</strong>culia iyo ar mxolod naTesavTa<br />

Soris, aramed erTi soflis an erTi Temis SigniTac, romelTa mkvidrnic erTi salocavis<br />

(xatis) mfarvelobis qveS imyofebodnen (magaliTad, mTaSi). qorwineba ikrZalebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

agreTve, mosisxle gvarebs Sorisac, imis Semdegac ki, roca gvarebi Serigdebodnen.<br />

akrZalva ZalaSi iyo manam, sanam es STamomavalTa mesxierebaSi arsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

vaJiSvilisaTvis meuRlis arCeva mSoblebis movaleobas <strong>da</strong> uflebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

<strong>da</strong>saqorwinebeli wyvilis SerCevisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceo<strong>da</strong> sapatarZlos<br />

dedis, rogorc diasaxlisis reputacias, radgan iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, rom qali ara mxolod<br />

swavlob<strong>da</strong> dedisagan diasaxlisobas, aramed memkvidreobiT iReb<strong>da</strong> misgan pirovnul<br />

niSan-Tvisebebsac. vaJis SemTxvevaSi, aseve, arkvevdnen mis <strong>da</strong> misi winaprebis fizikur<br />

<strong>da</strong> gonebriv sijansaRes, saojaxo <strong>da</strong> sameurneo saqmianobis gaZRolis unars, zneobas <strong>da</strong><br />

sxv. saqarTveloSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> qalis <strong>da</strong>niSvnis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wesebi: <strong>da</strong>badebamde <strong>da</strong>niSvna,<br />

akvanSi <strong>da</strong>niSvna, `xelis <strong>da</strong>kvriT~ <strong>da</strong>niSvna <strong>da</strong> sxv. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani calcalke.<br />

saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSi gavrcelebuli iyo bavSvis <strong>da</strong>badebamde <strong>da</strong>niSvnis<br />

wesi. <strong>da</strong>naTesavebis mizniT, ojaxebi Tanxmdebodnen momavali Svilebis qorwinebis<br />

Sesaxeb. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli iyo akvanSi <strong>da</strong>niSvnis wesic. am wesis mixedviTac,<br />

bavSvebis momavali bedi wydebo<strong>da</strong> mSoblebis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

akvanSi mwoliare <strong>da</strong>niSnul gogos miutandnen xolme saCuqars (TavSals, beWeds), xolo<br />

mis ojaxs ZRvens puris, saklavis, sasmelis <strong>da</strong> sxva saxiT. samkauls akvanze kidebdnen <strong>da</strong><br />

es iyo momavali qaliSvilis <strong>da</strong>niSvnis niSani. iseve rogorc pirvel SemTxvevaSi, akvanSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSvnis drosac, <strong>da</strong>niSnuli vaJis mSoblebi movaleni iyvnen qorwinebis asakis<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgomamde garkveuli periodulobiT (magaliTad, weliwadSi erTxel) qaliSvilis<br />

ojaxSi saCuqrebi mietanaT. SesaZlebeli iyo zr<strong>da</strong>srulobisas qaliSvils uari eTqva<br />

qorwinebaze, magram am SemTxvevaSi mis ojaxs e.w. `<strong>da</strong>naxarji~ un<strong>da</strong> aenazraurebina<br />

vaJiSvilis ojaxisaTvis. amgvarad, <strong>da</strong>niSvnis es wesebi, TvalnaTliv gviCveneben qalis<br />

uuflebobas feo<strong>da</strong>lur saqarTveloSi.<br />

saqarTvelos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxeebSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>niSvnis sxva saxeebic. metad sainteresoa<br />

qalis <strong>da</strong>niSvnis wesi, romelic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d xevsureTSi <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi gvxvdeba <strong>da</strong><br />

romelsac `xelis <strong>da</strong>kvriT~ <strong>da</strong>niSvna ewodeba. aseTi wesiT <strong>da</strong>niSvna SeiZleba momx<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />

TavSeyris adgilebSi. es rituali SemdegSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>. qals vaJis mama, biZa an sxva<br />

mamrobiTi sqesis axlo naTesavi mxarze xels <strong>da</strong>krav<strong>da</strong>, rac imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom qali<br />

`xel<strong>da</strong>krulia~, `xelmokidebulia~ <strong>da</strong> mas sxvagan gaTxovwebis ufleba aRar hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

saqarTvelos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxeebSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> qalis <strong>da</strong>niSvnis sxva wesic. igi qalis<br />

nivTebiT <strong>da</strong>niSvnis wesis saxeliTaa cnobili. ojaxSi mosuli stumari (mamakaci) ojaxSi<br />

toveb<strong>da</strong> raime nivTs (saTuTunes, maTraxs, fuls <strong>da</strong> a.S.), rac imis niSani iyo, rom<br />

stumars am ojaxSi qaliSvili moewona sacoled an sarZlod. am dros maspinZeli<br />

araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar ifiqreb<strong>da</strong>, rom es SemTxveviT mox<strong>da</strong>. ori dRis Semdeg,<br />

qaliSvilis ojaxs ugzavnidnen Suamavlebs. aseTi wesiT qalis <strong>da</strong>niSvnis Semdeg<br />

qorwilze uaris Tqma did Seuracyofad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

arsebob<strong>da</strong> qalis <strong>da</strong>niSvnis kidev sxva wesebic, magaliTad, cekvis dros qudis<br />

96

srolis wesi.<br />

saqarTvelos zogierT nawilSi farTed iyo gavrcelebuli colis SerTva<br />

motacebis gziT. es wesi metad popularuli iyo afxazeTSi <strong>da</strong> samegreloSi.<br />

specialistebis azriT, qalis motacebis mizezebi qorwinebastan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />

materialuri <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebaSi un<strong>da</strong> veZeboT. xSirad motaceba xdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

axalgazrdebis SeTanxmebiTac, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, roca qaliSvils saqmro hyav<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> iwuneb<strong>da</strong>. zogierTi specialistis azriT, qalis motaceba gamowveuli iyo<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>lur saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli `pirveli Ramis~ wesiT, romlis mixedviTac<br />

patarZalTan pirveli Ramis gatarebis ufleba batons hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Tu gamtaceblebs mdevari gamoedevnebo<strong>da</strong>, maSin vaJis ojaxs mdevrisaTvis saxlis<br />

karebTan saklavi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>exvedrebina Semosarigeblad. Tu qali winaaRmdegi iyo, maSin<br />

mas sruli ufleba hqon<strong>da</strong> ukan gayolo<strong>da</strong> mdevars. amgvarad, motacebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

qalis azrs ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba eniWebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

garigebiT <strong>da</strong>niSvna mTels saqarTveloSi farTed gavrcelebuli wesi iyo. igi<br />

dRemde SemorCa mosaxleobis garkveul fenebSi. garigebaSi mTavari momqmedi gmiri iyo<br />

`maWankali~ an misi Semcvleli axlo naTesavi. `maWankali~ saqarTvelos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

kuTxeSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva motivebiT moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>. zogan is ubralod axlo naTesavi an<br />

keTilmosurne iyo <strong>da</strong> amitom misTvis gasamrjelos an saCuqris SeTavazeba did<br />

Seuracyofad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. zogan igi saCuqars iReb<strong>da</strong>, zogan ki igi gasamrjelosaTvis<br />

irjebo<strong>da</strong>. amasTan, am SemTxvevaSi gasamrjelos odenoba mziTvis odenobis<br />

proporciulad izrdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

niSnoba warmoadgens saqorwino mxareebis SeTanxmebis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebis gamomxatvel<br />

rituals. niSnobis ritualiTvis mniSvnelovania beWdis an raime sxva samkaulis ga<strong>da</strong>cema.<br />

niSnobis Semdeg ojaxebi ukve <strong>da</strong>naTesavebulad iTvlebodnen. <strong>da</strong>niSvnis Semdeg<br />

qali faqtiurad gaTxovilad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi Txova sxva pirisagan miuRebeli iyo.<br />

sainteresoa `kveTilSi Casmis~ rituali. es rituali maSin sruldebo<strong>da</strong>, roca qali<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwuneb<strong>da</strong> Tavis <strong>da</strong>niSnul saqmros. am SemTxvevaSi saqmro qals `kveTilSi svam<strong>da</strong>~, rac<br />

imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom vaJi ramdenime wliT ukrZalav<strong>da</strong> qals gaTxovebas an usaxeleb<strong>da</strong> im<br />

soflebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c mas gaTxoveba ar SeeZlo.<br />

saqarTveloSi niSnobi<strong>da</strong>n qorwinebamde, Cveulebriv, erTi weli gadio<strong>da</strong>. Tumca es<br />

periodi SeiZleba ufro gagrZelebuliyo. es <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli iyo ojaxebis materialur<br />

mdgomareobaze <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>niSnuli wyvilis asakze. niSnobi<strong>da</strong>n qorwilamde peroidSi,<br />

Cveulebriv, qal-vaJs erTmaneTis naxvis ufleba ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T. <strong>da</strong>niSnuli qali<br />

moridebulad un<strong>da</strong> moqceuliyo, saxli<strong>da</strong>n iSviaTad un<strong>da</strong> gasuliyo. miuRebeli iyo,<br />

agreTve, misi stumroba sxva soflebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, saqmros sofelSi. zogierT<br />

kuTxeSi am periods `sapatarZlos tyveobis~ periodsac uwodeben. saintersoa, rom<br />

tradiciis mixedviT, erT-erTi <strong>da</strong>niSnulis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis SemTxvevaSi, meore mas ise<br />

igloveb<strong>da</strong>, rogorc namdvili meuRle, Tumca ki erTmaneTi SeiZleba nanaxic ki ar<br />

hyav<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

qorwili saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc mTels samxreT kavkasiaSi or etapad mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>:<br />

qorwili qalis mamis saxlSi <strong>da</strong> qorwili vaJis mamis saxlSi. amasTan, saqarTveloSic<br />

qalis mamis saxlSi gamarTuli qorwili ufro mcirericxovani iyo. rogorc viciT,<br />

es rituali dRemde arsebobs samxreT kavkasiaSi. qorwilis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani<br />

rituali iyo jvriswera, romelic, Cveulebriv, sapatarZlos sofelSi arsebul<br />

eklesiaSi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. qalis cxovreba axal ojaxSi moicav<strong>da</strong> rig ritualebs,<br />

romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo rogorc rZlis ojaxSi miRebasTan, aseve qalis mier axal<br />

ojaxsa <strong>da</strong> Tavisi mSoblebis ojaxs Soris naTesavuri kavSirebis ganmtkicebasTan.<br />

saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> col-qmris gayris specialuri wesic. Tu<br />

97

mamakaci <strong>da</strong>iwuneb<strong>da</strong> cols anu gayras ga<strong>da</strong>wyvet<strong>da</strong>, maSin mas colisaTvis `namaSvrali~<br />

un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>exa<strong>da</strong>. `namaSvrali~ imdeni saqonlis micemas gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> colisTvis, ramdeni<br />

welic qali cxovrob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> muSaob<strong>da</strong> qmris ojaxSi, pirveli <strong>da</strong> bolo wlebis gamoklebiT.<br />

saqarTveloSi qalis statusis gasaanalizeblad metad sainteresoa sqesobrivi<br />

urTierTobebis <strong>for</strong>mebi, romlebic gavrcelebuli iyo saqarTvelos mTian nawilSi<br />

(xevsureTSi <strong>da</strong> fSavSi). mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs fSavuri wawlobisa <strong>da</strong> xevsuruli<br />

sworfrobis insitutebi.<br />

wawloba fSavelTa Soris gavrcelebuli seqsualuri xasiaTis Cveulebaa. wawlobas<br />

nadob-naZmobasac uwodebdnen xolme. wawloba iwyeba fSaveli qal-vaJis sqesobrivi<br />

simwifis periodi<strong>da</strong>n (ToTxmeti wli<strong>da</strong>n). rac ufro meti wawali hyav<strong>da</strong> ymawvil qalsa Tu<br />

vaJs, miT ufro pativcemuli iyo igi. Tu qaliSvils an vaJiSvils ar yav<strong>da</strong> wawlebi, maSin is<br />

fSavSi `uxeirod~ iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. miRebuli iyo, rom axalgazr<strong>da</strong> ise un<strong>da</strong> moqceuliyo, rom<br />

miezi<strong>da</strong> wawlebi. wawloba niSnavs naTesav <strong>da</strong> ucxo qal-vaJs Soris sqesobrivi<br />

urTierTobebis wes-Cveulebas fSavSi. es Cveuleba <strong>da</strong>culia xatis sjuliTa <strong>da</strong> wesebiT.<br />

qal-vaJis sqesobrivi urTierTobebi garkveuli uflebebiTa <strong>da</strong> SezRudvebiT xasiaTdeba.<br />

kerZod, wawloba <strong>da</strong>Svebulia rogorc naTesavTa, aseve - ucxo pirTa Soris. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

amisa, fSavSi naTesavTa Soris wawlobas eridebian. saqmes isaa, rom wawlobis wes-Cveulebis<br />

mixedviT, sqesobrivi urTierTobebi qal-vaJs Soris SezRudulia xvevna-kocniT <strong>da</strong> wels<br />

zeviT alersiT. wawlis orsuloba did sircxvilad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. wawlebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n wesis<br />

<strong>da</strong>rRveva maTi Temi<strong>da</strong>n gandevniT isjebo<strong>da</strong>. es wesi gansakuTrebiT mkacrad moqmedeb<strong>da</strong><br />

naTesav wawalTa Soris, romlebic sisxlis aRrevis gamo ara Tu Temi<strong>da</strong>n gandevniT, aramed<br />

sikvdiliTac SeeZloT <strong>da</strong>esajaT. amdenad, rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, naTesavTa Soris <strong>da</strong>saSvebia<br />

wawloba, magram qorwineba miuRebelia. erTi Temis wawlebs xatisgan akrZaluri hqon<strong>da</strong>T<br />

SeuRleba, SesaZlebeli iyo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Temis wawlebis SeuRleba.<br />

wawloba, cxadia, urTierTmowonebaze <strong>da</strong> ltolvaze iyo <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli. qaliSvili <strong>da</strong><br />

vaJiSvili urTierTmowonebis SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs nadob-naZmobas ucxadebdnen <strong>da</strong><br />

amis Semdeg mimarTavdnen wawlobis wesis Sesrulebas anu erTad wolas.<br />

fSavSi miRebulia, rom <strong>da</strong>niSnul adgilas qaliSvilTan vaJi mivides. es adgili<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad saxli<strong>da</strong>n moSorebiT mdebareobs (tyeSi nabdis qveS, sabZelSi, boselSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> a.S.). garkveuli siaxlovis <strong>da</strong>myarebis Semdeg vaJi midis qaliSvilis saxlSi ise, rom<br />

misma mSoblebma ar gaigon. Tu mSoblebi mainc SeamCneven TavianTi qaliSvilis wawalis<br />

stumrobas, wesisamebr ise moiqcevian, rom viTom araferi gaugiaT.<br />

wawloba, Cveulebriv, Rame mimdinareobs <strong>da</strong> mamlis yivilamde grZeldeba.<br />

fSavSi gavrcelebulia mravalwawlianoba. SesaZlebelia xuTi an aTi wawlis yola.<br />

eTnografiuli masalebi<strong>da</strong>n cnobilia oci wawlis yolis SemTxvevebic. es, cxadia,<br />

warmoSobs naZmobTa (wawali vaJi) Soris qiSpobis SemTxvevebs. mtrobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

konfliqtebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>regulireba qalis saqmea. man ise un<strong>da</strong> moawyos<br />

Sexvedra, rom misi sxva wawali amas ar Seeswros (magaliTad, qali mxolod erT wawals<br />

uSvebs saxlSi anu mxolod maSin uRebs karebs vaJs, winaswar setanxmebuli specialuri<br />

niSnis, stvenis an kakunis Semdeg, Tu igi sxva wawalTan <strong>da</strong>kavebuli ar aris).<br />

fSaveli qalis gaTxovebas sruliad ar uSli<strong>da</strong> xels wawloba. piriqiT, wawloba xels<br />

uwyob<strong>da</strong> gaTxovwebas. saqme isaa, rom fSavelTa SexedulebiT, rac ufro meti wawali<br />

hyavs qaliSvils, miT ufro Rirseul <strong>da</strong> pativcemul qalad iTvleba igi. miRebuli iyo,<br />

rom rodesac nadobi (wawali qali) Txovdebo<strong>da</strong>, mas mayrebad Tan mihyvebodnen naZmobni<br />

(wawlebi). amasTan nadobis (wawali qalis) qorwilis dros naZmobebis (wawali<br />

mamakacebis) mayarSi wayola <strong>da</strong> maTi simravle qalisaTvis saamayod iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> trfoba-alersisa, wawlobis instituti moicav<strong>da</strong> wyvilis mier erTmaneTisTvis<br />

saCuqrebis gakeTebis wes-Cveulebasac: ase magaliTad, qali uqsov<strong>da</strong> vaJs<br />

98

Wrel windebs, ukerav<strong>da</strong> saTambaqoes, xolo vaJi Cuqni<strong>da</strong> qals kalaTas windebisTvis,<br />

TiTis tarebs <strong>da</strong> xelsaqmis sxva instrumentebs.<br />

xSirad wawloba wyvils Soris maTi gaTxoveba/colis SerTvis Semdegac grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

zogi qmari qals gaTxovebis Semdeg wawlobis uflebas ar aZlev<strong>da</strong>. amitom qali xSirad eyrebo<strong>da</strong><br />

anu gaurbo<strong>da</strong> qmars. fSavuri ojaxis keTildReoba qalze iyo <strong>da</strong>myarebuli. mamakaci,<br />

Cveulebriv, ar muSaob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ojaxur meurneobas mTlianad qali uZRvebo<strong>da</strong>. qali mki<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

Tibav<strong>da</strong> yanas, mwyemsav<strong>da</strong> Zroxebs, amzadeb<strong>da</strong> rZis nawarms. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, qali uvli<strong>da</strong> ojaxs,<br />

qsov<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kerav<strong>da</strong> tansacmels. amgvarad, qalze iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli ojaxis ekonomikuri<br />

siZliere. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, qalis ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n wasvla ar iyo sasurveli. ufro metic, es<br />

SesaZlebelia ojaxis sruli ganadgurebiTac <strong>da</strong>srulebuliyo. amitom mamakaci iZulebuli<br />

iyo Seguebo<strong>da</strong> qalis wawlobas. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, colis gaqceva fSavSi did sircxvilad<br />

iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. aseT kacze gaTxovba qalebs aRar undo<strong>da</strong>T. am garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />

qmari, Cveulebriv, eguebo<strong>da</strong> qalis wawlobas. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, igi TviTonac wawlob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

xevsureTSi gavrcelebuli iyo qal-vaJTa sqesobrivi urTierTobebis msgavsi wesi,<br />

romelic sworfrobis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. xevsureTis sworfroba urTierToba-<br />

Ta ZiriTadi principiT fSavuri wawlobis msgavsia. sworfrobis ritualSic akrZalulia<br />

qal-vaJis urTierTobaSi <strong>da</strong>wesebuli zRvris ga<strong>da</strong>laxva. Tumca ki arsebobs rigi<br />

gansxvavebebisa maT Soris: fSavSi qalTan vaJi midis, xevsureTSi ki, piriqiT, qali midis<br />

vaJTan. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, xevsureTSi Zmobili Tavis sworfer qals stumars uwvens<br />

pativiscemis niSnad.<br />

rogorc sworfrobis, aseve wawlobis wes-Cveulebis genezisi <strong>da</strong> funqciebi dRemde<br />

ar aris sabolood garkveuli.<br />

me-19 s.-is meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n kavkasiaSi kapitalizmis SemoWrasTan erTad qals ukve<br />

kanoniT ekuTvno<strong>da</strong> momkvidreobi<strong>da</strong>n wili. es iyo mcire miwis nakveTi. amave dros,<br />

kavkasiis mTian sasazRvro <strong>da</strong> gzispira regionebSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> wesi — gaTxovebisas<br />

qalisaTvis ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n mcire kapitalis gataneba (saqarTveloSi — `saTavno~, somxeTSi —<br />

`arnegini~). am ukanasknels an pirutyvis an fulis saxe hqon<strong>da</strong>, romlisganac miRebul<br />

mogebasc (rZis, yvelis, matylis <strong>da</strong> sxv. gayidviT an mevaxSoebiT) qalis pirad<br />

sakuTrebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. amdenad, qali am qonebas sakuTari neba-survilis mixedviT<br />

gankargav<strong>da</strong>. `saTavnosa~ <strong>da</strong> `arneginis~ wesi qals Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT finansur Tavisuflebas<br />

aZlev<strong>da</strong> ojaxSi. amdenad, qali ukve aRar iyo iseTi SezRuduli ojaxSi, rogorc es<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>luri wyobis dros iyo.<br />

me-19s.-Si <strong>da</strong>iwyo, agreTve, metad mZlavri qalTa saqvelmoqmedo <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo<br />

moZraoba, romelsac saTaveSi maRali wris qalebi edgnen. misi mizani iyo <strong>da</strong>bali<br />

fenebisaTvis qvelmoqmedeba, wera-kiTxvisa <strong>da</strong> xelsaqmis swavleba.<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa Tanasworoba oficialuri<br />

ideologiiT propagandirebuli <strong>da</strong> kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicebuli iyo. mmarTvelobis<br />

umaRles organoSi — umaRles sabWoSi qali deputatebisaTvis 38-40%-iani kvota<br />

arsebob<strong>da</strong>; sabWoTa kavSirSi 1948 wli<strong>da</strong>n arsebob<strong>da</strong> oficialuri <strong>da</strong> erTaderTi qalTa<br />

organizaciac — qalTa sabWo, romelsac centralizirebuli mmarTveloba <strong>da</strong> qseluri<br />

struqrura hqon<strong>da</strong>. qalisaTvis mamakacTan Tanasworad xelmisawvdomi iyo ganaTlebis<br />

sistemis yvela safexuri, nebismieri profesia <strong>da</strong> moRvaweobis sfero. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />

qalis intagracia sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mainc <strong>for</strong>malur xasiaTs atareb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

radganac realuri polirikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis mimReb Tanamdebobebze qalebi ar<br />

iniSnebodnen. qalis mier arCeul profesia <strong>da</strong> moRvaweobis sfero mainc tradiciul<br />

CarCoebSi rCebo<strong>da</strong>. arsebob<strong>da</strong> tradiciuli mentalitetiT gansazRvruli qalis<br />

prestiJuli profesiebi, rogoricaa magaliTad, aRmzrdeli, pe<strong>da</strong>gogi, eqimi.<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg kavkasiis qveynebSi demokratiis mSeneblobis<br />

99

procesi <strong>da</strong>iwyo. 1991 wli<strong>da</strong>n kavkasiaSi Seiqmna qalTa pirveli arasamTavrobo organizaciebi,<br />

romlebic postsabWoTa periodSi mkveTri politikur-ekonomikuri cvlilebebis<br />

fonze aRmocen<strong>da</strong>. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad qalTa organizaciebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d qalTa tradiciuli<br />

funqciis gaZlierebiT iyvnen <strong>da</strong>kavebulni <strong>da</strong> maTi moRvaweoba saqvelmoqmedo,<br />

mSvidobis myofeli an <strong>da</strong>ucvel fenaTa <strong>da</strong>xmarebis programebiT Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1995 wels kavkasiis yvela qveyana SeuerT<strong>da</strong> konvencias `qalis mimarT<br />

diskriminaciiis yvela <strong>for</strong>mis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~. (CEDAW). Seiqmna mudmivmomqmedi<br />

specialuri saxelmwifo komisiebi, romelTa funqciaa saxelmwifo genderuli<br />

politikis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> gatareba. qalTa moZraobis sagrZnobi gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia<br />

aseve bolo wlebSi <strong>da</strong>savleTTan kontaqtebis zr<strong>da</strong>m, ucxouri fondebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebam <strong>da</strong><br />

samoqalaqo kulturis ganviTarebam. dRes kavkasiis qveynebSi arsebobs mZlavrad<br />

ganviTarebuli qalTa organizaciebi (<strong>da</strong>ax. 150-170 momqmedi organizacia), romlebic<br />

qalTa sakiTxis TiTqmis yvela sferos moicaven.<br />

bolo 3-4 weliwadia, rac kavkasiis wamyvan umaRles saswavleblebSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>genderi</strong>s<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva aspeqtebis swavleba, magram jerjerobiT es sfero mainc nakleba<strong>da</strong>a<br />

ganviTarebuli. kavkasiis did qalaqebSi arsebobs <strong>genderi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> qalTa uflebebis<br />

samecniero-kvleviTi centrebic.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad qalTa arasamTavrobo seqtoris, saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso fondebis<br />

didi Zalisxmevisa kavkasiaSi qalTa moRvaweoba feministuri moZraobis saxiT ar<br />

Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. regionSi kvlav Zlieria tradiciuli kulturis gavlena <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis<br />

qveynebi jer kidev Sorsaa genderuli Tanasworobisagan. marTalia kavkasieli qalebi<br />

gascdnen qalis tradiciul rols <strong>da</strong> aqtiurad CaerTnen sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi,<br />

magram Sromisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis bazarze, iseve, rogorc qveynis mmarTvelobis struqturebSi<br />

maTTvis naklebad misawvdomia ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis mimRebi Tanamdebobebi. Tumca<br />

kavkasiis erT-erT qveyanaSi — saqarTveloSi, 2002-2004 wlebSi parlamentis Tavmjdomare<br />

<strong>da</strong> Semdeg ki prezidentis movaleobis Semsrulebeli qali iyo (nino burjanaZe,<br />

romelic dRemde parlamentis Tavmjdomarea), magram qalTa CarTva ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />

miRebis procesSi sistemur xasiaTs ar atarebs (ase, mag. kavkasiis qveynebis<br />

parlamentSi qali deputatebi saSualod 12%-s Seadgenen). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom TviT<br />

kavkasieli qalebis umetesoba gamokiTxvisas prioritets mainc tradiciul rolebs<br />

aniWebs. gamonakliss warmoadgens axalgazr<strong>da</strong> Taoba, romelisTvisac prioritetulia<br />

sakuTari profesionalizmi <strong>da</strong> ganviTareba. genderuli uTanasworoba <strong>da</strong> qalTa<br />

uflebebis diskriminacia gansakuTrebiT Zlieria kavkasiis musulmanur nawilSi,<br />

agreTve, provinciebSi <strong>da</strong> konfliqtis zonebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c qalebis umravlesoba jer kidev<br />

tradiciuli genderuli rolebiTaa Semofargluli <strong>da</strong> xSirad xdebian Zaladobis —<br />

colad SerTvis mizniT motacebis, vaWrobis, ojaxuri Zaladobisa <strong>da</strong> a.S. msxverplni.<br />

leqciis bolos studentebs miecemaT ZiriTad terminTa gansazRvrebebi:<br />

ojaxis `ufrosi qali~ — didi ojaxis ufrosi de<strong>da</strong> an de<strong>da</strong>mTili;<br />

ojaxis `ufrosi mamakaci~ — didi ojaxis ufrosi mama an mamamTili;<br />

`ganridebis~ wesi — kavkasiuri wes-Cveuleba, romlis mixedviTac umcrosebi<br />

eridebodnen ufrosebs, qalebi ufrosebs <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs, rac magaliTad, gulisxmob<strong>da</strong><br />

rogorc fizikur moridebas, agreTve, orsuli qalis moridebas (<strong>da</strong>malvas) rogorc<br />

mSobel mamasTan, aseve qmris ojaxis mamakacebTan <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />

`umZraxobis~ wesi - kavkasiuri wes-Cveuleba, romlis mixedviTac qalebs ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T<br />

ojaxis ufros mamakacebTan <strong>da</strong>laparakebis ufleba.<br />

100

SariaTi — musulmanuri samarTali, religiuri <strong>da</strong> iuridiuli normebis krebuli,<br />

romelic <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia yuranze.<br />

endogamia — qorwineba erTi garkveuli jgufis wevrebs Soris, ase, magaliTad, tomis,<br />

kastis an religiuri saTvistomos SigniT. leqciaSi ganxilul azrebaijanis<br />

SemTxvevaSi sisxliT naTesavTa Soris. endogamiis tendencia aqvT Tanamedrove<br />

xalxebis did nawilsac, rac maT mier erTi nacionalobis an erTi religiis SigniT<br />

ganxorcielebuli qorwinebis saxiT vlindeba.<br />

egzogamia _ sazogadoebriv-gvarovnuli wyobis wesi, romelic krZalavs erTi<br />

garkveuli jgufis wevrebs Soris qorwinebas. magaliTad, tomis, kastis an naTesavTa<br />

(sisxliT an mironiT) SigniT.<br />

sorirati — gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili colis umcrosi dis colad SerTvis wesi azerbaijanSi;<br />

levirati — umcrosi Zmis qorwinebis wesi azerbaijanSi ufrosi Zmis qvrivze;<br />

baSligi _ ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi patarZlisaTvis azerbaijanSi, romelsac iReb<strong>da</strong> misi mama<br />

qaliSvilis qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi.<br />

mexri _ ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi, romelic meuRles un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>exa<strong>da</strong> colisTvis Tavisi iniciativiT<br />

gayris SemTxvevaSi azerbaijanSi.<br />

wiwagini - Tanxis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> vaJis mSoblebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n patarZlis dedisTvis somxeTSi.<br />

tanteri — ufrosi mamakaci somxur did ojaxSi;<br />

tantikini — ufrosi qali somxur did ojaxSi;<br />

gerdestani — ramdenime Taobisgan Sedgenili didi ojaxi somxeTSi;<br />

wawloba - naTesav <strong>da</strong> ucxo qal-vaJs Soris sqesobrivi urTierTobebis wes-Cveuleba<br />

fSavSi. igi SezRudulia xvevna-kocniT <strong>da</strong> wels zeviT alersiT.<br />

sworfroba - sqesobrivi urTierTobebis wes-Cveuleba xevsureTSi.<br />

studentebs <strong>da</strong>evalebaT individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil droSi moamzadon<br />

saswavlo kursis riderSi warmodgenili leqciis Tematikis Sesatyvis masalebi <strong>da</strong> maT<br />

safuZvelze gaakeTon qalis statusis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi analizi kavkasiur kulturebSi.<br />

amasTanave, studentebs miecemaT Semdegi <strong>da</strong>valebebi: 1) maT un<strong>da</strong> gamoikiTxon erTi an<br />

ori gaTxovili qali <strong>da</strong> gaarkvion (Sesabamisi instruqciis mixedviT) misi qonebrivuflebrivi<br />

statusi ojaxSi. 2) maT un<strong>da</strong> ifiqron imaze, Tu rogor vlindeba<br />

`umZraxobisa~ <strong>da</strong> `ganridebis~ wes-Cveulebebi Tanamedrove kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong> moiyvanon<br />

konkretuli magaliTebi saqarTvelos Tanamedrove cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

seminari #8 (Tema # 8 ) — 2 sT<br />

seminarze gaimarTeba diskusia ZiriTad sakiTxTa garSemo. kerZod, <strong>da</strong>smuli iqneba<br />

Sendegi kiTxvebi:<br />

1. rogoria qalis yofa azerbaijanul kulturaSi?<br />

2. rogoria qalis yofa somxur kulturaSi?<br />

3. rogoria qalis yofa qarTul kulturaSi?<br />

4. ra gansxvavebaa qarTul, azernbaijanul <strong>da</strong> somxur kulturebs Soris qalis<br />

qonebriv-uflebrivi statusis mixedviT?<br />

5. ra <strong>da</strong>skvnebi SeiZleba gavakeToT qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>niSvnis<br />

wes-Cveulebebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare?<br />

6. ramdenad Tanabari iyo qaliSvilebisa <strong>da</strong> vaJiSvilebis uflebebi qorwinebis dros<br />

101

tradiciulad samxreT kavkasiaSi?<br />

7. rogor vlindeba `umZraxobisa~ <strong>da</strong> `ganridebis~ wes-Cveulebebi Tanamedrove kavkasiaSi?<br />

moiyvaneT konkretuli magaliTebi saqarTvelos Tanamedrove cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

8. rogoria qalis qonebriv-uflebrivi statusi dRevandel saqarTveloSi?<br />

9. rogori iyo qalis uflebrivi statusi saqarTvelos mTaSi wawlobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

sworfrobis institutebis arsebobis fonze?<br />

seminarze ganxiluli iqneba, agreTve, Sesrulebuli <strong>da</strong>valeba <strong>da</strong> misi Sedegebi. moxdeba<br />

studentis mier momzadebuli esses prezentacia.<br />

ZiriTadi literatura:<br />

1. Exploring Gender Issues in the Caucasus, edited by Pauline M. hallam and Barbara J. Merguerian, Civic<br />

Education Project, Yerevan, Armenia, 2000, gv.: 31-47, 97-102;<br />

2. Superwomen and The Double Burden (Women’s experience of change in central and eastern Europe and<br />

the <strong>for</strong>mer Soviet Union ), edited by Cris Corrin, Scarlet Press,1992, gv.: 180-236;<br />

3. n. cincaZe, socializaciis tradiciuli normebis asaxva axal garemoSi, kr.- Si:<br />

usafrTxoebis strategiis eTnikuri aspeqtebi (pankisis krizisi), Tb., 2002, gv.: 238-265;<br />

4. T. ivelaSvili, saqorwilo wes-Cveulebani saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1999, gv.: 263-286, 99-130;<br />

5. n. cincaZe. qalis yofiTi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi roli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eTnikur jgufebSi. -<br />

kr.-Si: konfliqturi situaciebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi, Tb., mSvidobis,<br />

demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, 1998, gv.: 218-237;<br />

6. surmaniZe l. qali qarTul mentalitetSi, kr.-Si, gaeros ganviTarebis<br />

programa ”qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi~, Tb., 1998, gv.: 3-28;<br />

7. ser. makalaTia, fSavuri wawloba <strong>da</strong> xevsuruli sworfroba (eTnografiuli masalebi),<br />

tfilisi, s.m.u.s. poligraftrestis ganyofilebis me-3 stamba, 1935, gv.: 3-5; 23-26.<br />

<strong>da</strong>matebiTi literatura:<br />

1. Culture of Peace: Democracy and Dialogue of Cultures, Yerevan (Materials of International conference),<br />

Association of Women with University Education, 1999<br />

2. Women and Society . Gender Equality in the perspective of DemocraticDevelopment, (The materials of<br />

thr third international conference), Armenia, Association of Women with University Education, 1999;<br />

3. abaSiZe T. Jvania i. qalTa mdgomareobis socialur-fsiqologiuri gamokvleva saqar-<br />

TveloSi, gaeros ganviTarebis programa ”qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi~, Tb., 1998;<br />

4. meliqiSvili l. qonebrivi urTierTobis zogierTi <strong>for</strong>mis Sesaxeb mTiuleTSi —<br />

saTavno, kr.- Si kavkasiis eTnografiuli krebuli, naw. III , 1971 w, gv.: 160-173;<br />

5. qalTa mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi, gaeros ganviTarebis programa, genderuli<br />

ganviTarebis asociacia, gam., `nekeri~, 2000;<br />

6. CitaSvili m. kandelaki a. qalTa RirebulebaTa orientaciebi dRevandel saqar-<br />

TveloSi, - kr.-Si `qali politikur <strong>da</strong> socialur cxovrebaSi~, bakur sulakauris<br />

gamomc., 1998, gv.: 112-124;<br />

7. zurikaSvili f. devnili qali <strong>da</strong> eTnokonfliqtebi saqarTveloSi, - kr.-Si `qali<br />

politikur <strong>da</strong> socialur cxovrebaSi~, bakur sulakauris gamomc., 1998, gv.: 145-155;<br />

8. javaxiSvili m. qalebi qristianul religiaSi, kr.-Si, gaeros ganviTarebis<br />

programa ”qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi~, Tb., 1998, gv.: 3-14;<br />

9. m.wereTeli qalTa uflebebi maTi Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT, Tb., 2000;<br />

10. n. baliauri, sworfroba xevsureTSi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

gamomcemloba, Tb., 1991.<br />

saleqcio kurisis bolos studentebi <strong>da</strong>urigdebaT kursis Sefasebis furceli.<br />

102

Mzia Tsereteli<br />

GENDER: CULTURAL RESEARCHES<br />

(GENDER, CULTURE AND SOCIETY)<br />

COURSE DESCRIPTION<br />

Course duration and timetable: 96 hours (8 weeks)<br />

Of which<br />

Classroom work: 32 hours<br />

Student’s independent research work: 64 hours<br />

Classroom work includes:<br />

Lectures with practical illustrations (role play, case study, etc.,):16 hours<br />

Seminar-discussions: 16 hours<br />

Student’s Independent Research Work consists of:<br />

Core and reference literature reading and study by students, preparation and presentation of a<br />

library -research article (18-20 pages).<br />

Course description: Gender as a social-cultural construct; gender-role ideology, gender<br />

stereotypes and masculinity-femininity from cross-cultural point of view; Gender identification and<br />

gender type theories (psychodynamic, social learning, cognitive development theories, androgyny<br />

theory, stages of gender-role transcendence and scheme theory). Sex socialization and its<br />

institutions; Culture role in gender socialization; Gender roles and cross-cultural <strong>da</strong>ta in this<br />

direction; Society and family; Relationships between men and women; Gender differences from<br />

cross-cultural point of view; Patterns of gender stratification; Gender aspects of labor market from<br />

multicultural point of view. Gender asymmetry: Discrimination or norm; Gender equality; Culture<br />

and Gender equality models; Women in south Caucasian culture; Gender analysis of Georgian<br />

culture.<br />

Course goal: Students will have to gain fun<strong>da</strong>mental knowledge on gender as a social-cultural<br />

construct, its establishing and acting mechanisms, and also gender differences in various cultures.<br />

Students will have to become familiar with modern theoretical and empiric researches in this field.<br />

Students have to develop research skills and learn how to retrieve scientific in<strong>for</strong>mation and <strong>da</strong>ta.<br />

Candi<strong>da</strong>te has to be able to provide an independent research and systemization of gender<br />

theories and empirical <strong>da</strong>ta.<br />

Students’ grading system:<br />

Examination<br />

-Test (written)-2 hours<br />

-Written examination (the student has to choose 3 questions from given 10)-2 hours<br />

-Essay evaluation<br />

-Participation in seminar-discussions<br />

103

Grades:<br />

Grades are made of sum of seminars, essays, tests, written tests and percentage weight of each<br />

component below: seminar-20%, essey-25%, test-25%, written test-30%<br />

Grading principles:<br />

90% -100% - 5<br />

74% - 89.9% - 4<br />

65% - 73.9% - 3<br />

0 - 64.9% - failure<br />

Course structure:<br />

Week #1, Lecture- 2 hours, Seminar – 2 hours<br />

Topic #1- Gender, as a <strong>Social</strong> and Cultural Construct; Gender Role Ideology;<br />

Gender Stereotypes, Masculinity-Femininity, Cross-Cultural Researches.<br />

The Introduction will deal with a brief history of establishment of gender as a scientific<br />

research object and origin of gender studies. The place of gender researches among social<br />

sciences will be determined. To define gender as a social-cultural construct, it is important to make<br />

distinction between “sex” and “gender”.<br />

The difference between genders is differently highlighted in various societies, various<br />

countries, hence, proving that sex is an important determinant of a human’s behavior. Note,<br />

anatomically and physiologically there is more similarity than difference between women and men.<br />

In the majority of cases women and men are equally capable of carrying out similar behavior, have<br />

equal potential to conduct this or that social role or work. Despite this, any society and culture have<br />

more or less strictly determined and approved man<strong>da</strong>tory behavioral norms, jobs, professions <strong>for</strong><br />

women and men, etc.<br />

Traditionally understanding of sex depends on identification of physiological and<br />

morphological differences. The term of gender was introduced in the science to denote socially<br />

learnt behaviors, features and attitudes. The concept of gender is used to express socio-cultural<br />

aspect of sex belonging.<br />

Two main groups of gender research could be singled out: 1. study of gender conscious<br />

(gender social roles, masculinity – femininity, gender stereotypes, values, etc.); and 2. study of<br />

gender reflection in social, political, economical and cultural institutes of the society. Such kind of<br />

studies created the term – gender approach, which in various sciences means study of impact<br />

consequences of gender as a psychic construct. For example, political aspects of gender, gender<br />

approach in pe<strong>da</strong>gogy, family gender aspects, etc.<br />

Exercise: To better understand the term of gender, students are asked to name the examples of<br />

the functions, social roles, features and activities of women and men. The students together with<br />

the lecturer shall have to define which of them is determined by sex and which - by gender.<br />

The following terms of gender research will be defined: sexual-role ideology, gender<br />

stereotypes, masculinity/femininity.<br />

Sex-role (gender-role) ideology is classified as a continuum from traditional to modern.<br />

Traditional ideologies indicate that a man is more “important”, than a woman; that a man should<br />

have power over a woman and control her. Modern ideologies represent egalitarian approach,<br />

sometimes called feministic approach, since these ideologies attach equal importance to men and<br />

women in the society and reject domination of one sex by another.<br />

104

Gender stereotypes – are psychological characteristics and behavior, which at a certain historical<br />

period in this or other society (culture) is considered as more characteristic <strong>for</strong> one sex. For<br />

example: “Men are too aggressive” or “Men are cleverer”, “Women are too emotional”, “Women<br />

cannot drive well” or “Men could be real friends, but women could not”, etc. Stereotypes facilitate to<br />

learning gender roles and represent socialization models <strong>for</strong> children.<br />

Masculinity-femininity – is an extent of certain features in self-perception of women and men,<br />

which in their culture are considered as more characteristic either <strong>for</strong> men or women.<br />

Cross-cultural researches show that the main factors of gender-role ideology change from<br />

traditional to egalitarian are: education level, urbanization level, economical level of a country,<br />

family, individualization of a society and religion.<br />

The results of study of gender-role ideology in 14 countries carried out by Williams and Best<br />

showed that the most modern ideology is in European countries – the Netherlands, Germany,<br />

Finland, England and Italy. The USA was found in the middle of the list, as to the most traditional<br />

ideologies, they were found in Asian and Africal countries – Nigeria, Pakistan, India, Japan amd<br />

Malasya.<br />

<strong>Social</strong> roles theory by Eagly, <strong>for</strong>mation of gender stereotype models by Williams & Bestand<br />

and heir <strong>da</strong>ta of cross-cultural survey, also obsrvations by Gilmore and M. Mead will be also<br />

discussed.<br />

For every seminar each student will have: 1. to prepare (write down and present) at least 10<br />

gender behavior norms; 2. to record professions, employment fields, positions, social status of men<br />

and women on the examples of randomly recollected families.<br />

Reference:<br />

1. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, p.: 13-122<br />

2. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World,<br />

Second Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, pp.: 199-204<br />

3. Unger R., Craw<strong>for</strong>d M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University<br />

Press, Philadelphia,1992, pp.: 17-23<br />

4. Juanita H. Williams, Psychology of Women, W.W.Norton & Company, N.Y.,1987, pp.:, 135-<br />

137<br />

Week #2<br />

Lecture – 2 hours, seminar – 2 hours.<br />

Topic #2 Gender Identification and Gender Typing Theories (Psychodynamics, <strong>Social</strong><br />

Learning, Cognitive Development Theories, Androgyny Theory, Gender-Role<br />

Transcen<strong>da</strong>nce Stages and Gender Scheme Theory<br />

Freud was the firs psychologist who explained the sexual identification process of a person. The<br />

mechanism of sexual identification and sexual difference <strong>for</strong>mation are ingrained in psycho-sexual<br />

development process of a child. “Envy <strong>for</strong> penis” and desire “to own” it are driving <strong>for</strong>ce <strong>for</strong> the<br />

development of a normal femininity. Such driving <strong>for</strong>ce <strong>for</strong> a boy to develop normal masculinity is<br />

“freight of castration”. As regards the sex identification mechanism, it is revealed through<br />

overcoming Oedipus complex and identifying oneself with the parent of the similar sex.<br />

Freud does not belong to gender researchers and even its scientific term of gender didn’t<br />

exist then, but Freud’s theory had an immense influence on the development of scientific idea of<br />

105

gender. Freud’s critics (Malinowski, Mead, Deutsch, Erikson, Horney, Thompson, Adler, Chodorov,<br />

Bendjamin, etc.) fill in and further develop his model by introducing additional cultural factors in the<br />

sex identification mechanism. Hence, Froyd’s theory should be considered as one of the stimulus<br />

<strong>for</strong> the development of gender psychology and scientific prerequisite of to<strong>da</strong>y’s understanding of<br />

gender.<br />

<strong>Social</strong>-cognitive theory. Formation of gender-role orientation is defined by Bandura,<br />

Mishell as a result of experience acquisition. The socialization agents <strong>for</strong>m children’s gender-role<br />

orientation behavior by strengthening adequate and inadequate behavior and punishment.<br />

Unlike animals a child learns by watching others, modelling and imitating others behavior.<br />

People tend to develop cognitive model of certain behavior, which in the <strong>for</strong>m of verbal and<br />

cognitive representations are kept in the memory and which acquire a checkpoint function in the<br />

future behavior. Behavioral cognitive model represents a model behavior image later used as<br />

either adequate or inadequate behavior prototype. Ability to <strong>for</strong>esee the consequences of the<br />

future behavior enables the child to avoid undesirable behavior and hence, learn which behavior is<br />

acceptable <strong>for</strong> his/her gender and which – unacceptable.<br />

According to L. Kohlberg’s cognitive development theory, gender identification and<br />

mastering of gender-role orientations are the result of creation, <strong>for</strong>mation (structuring) of the child’s<br />

social and physical world. In their development children go through certain stages of mastering sex<br />

in<strong>for</strong>mation and the experience acquired by them is structured in compliance with their level of<br />

understanding.<br />

Slaby & Frey single out four levels of understanding of problems connected with sex in<br />

American children. At the initial stage children do not make any distinction between sexes, at the<br />

following stage they begin to use certain categories in regard with sex based on superficial<br />

physical characteristics. On the last two stages which starts approxilmately at the age of 4- 4,5,<br />

little by little children begin to understand that gender is stable and unchangeable pecularity.<br />

According to cross-cultural study by R.H. Munroe, Shimmin & Munroe, achievement of 3 rd<br />

and 4 th stages significantly varies from culture to culture. Perception of gender concepts is slower<br />

in traditional cultures, where children have less contact with men and basically mothers take care<br />

of their children.<br />

Bussey discovered that model of gender typing <strong>for</strong> boys comprises two processes:<br />

mastering masculine behavior and unaccaptability of feminine behavior. The model <strong>for</strong> the girls<br />

comprises only one process: mastering behavior connected with women sex without unaccepting<br />

behavior of the opposite sex. As a result the behavior of a boyish girl is quite acceptable, while the<br />

behavior of a “mother’s son” is unacceptable <strong>for</strong> boys.<br />

Personality traditional theories recognize universality of gender typing into<br />

masculinity/femininity. Due to this any child not revealing gender typing behavior was considered<br />

as a deviation from the norm. Though an alternative opinion on gender identification and typing –<br />

Androgyne concept (S.Bem) also exists. It (in Greek andro means man and gyne - woman)<br />

recognizes balance of masculinity and femininity in a human.<br />

S. Bem developed a special questionnaire measuring the four following parameters in men<br />

and women: masculinity, femininity, androgyny, nondifferentiality. As a result of large scale survey<br />

conducted among the students revealed that 1/3 of the students are androgenic.<br />

According to gender-role transcendence stage theory Rebecca, Hefner, Oleshancky,<br />

Forisha, Sedney gender typing behavior and thinking from the development point of view belong<br />

to middle stage and not the final point. Children have no idea about gender at the beginning (I<br />

stage), then they start to learn actively adequate steretype role and reject inadequate (II stage).<br />

But gender development could continue until III stage when the knowledge acquired on the II stage<br />

is reorganized specifically and individualy. The individual is no more marked in terms of the laws<br />

106

adopted by the society of masculinity and femininity and s/he can show own originalityand different<br />

features. Trnscendental person is neither feminine nor masculine, masculinity or femininity<br />

together or seperately is the part of a transcendental person’s world.<br />

In gender scheme theory gender will be defined as a cognitive category. Gender scheme<br />

is a association network of general knowledge used by an individual in the process of<br />

understanding and thinking. Study of gender scheme begins in early childhood. The scheme helps<br />

the person to become gender typed. Gender typing is the result of a human’s readiness to process<br />

in<strong>for</strong>mation by means of gender scheme. I-concept is associated with gender scheme. Author of<br />

gender scheme S.Bem says that “when children learn gender scheme of the society, they also<br />

study which attribute is connected with their sex and, hence, with them.”<br />

Gender identification and typing occur by means of two main social-psychological<br />

mechanisms – normative and in<strong>for</strong>mational pressure.<br />

Researches by Cross & Markus; Burn; Grady; Fiske & Taylo proving the importance of<br />

gender as a social category in the process of in<strong>for</strong>mation processing will be discussed.<br />

The students will be given definition of the main terms: gender identification, gender typing,<br />

modelling, prototype, androgyne, cogntive model, cognitive theory, verbal and cognitive<br />

reprezentations, gender scheme. Student will be asked to prepare within a period assigned <strong>for</strong><br />

individual work material on the topic of the lecture presented in the course reader. At the seminar<br />

the group discussions around the basic issues will be held. Students will become familiar with the<br />

survey <strong>da</strong>ta conducted on Georgian students by I. Gedevanishvili using the principle of S. Bem’s<br />

questionnaiore. Students will be able to look into themselves in this direction.<br />

Reference:<br />

1. Juanita H. Williams, Psychology of Women, W.W.Norton & Company, N.Y.,1987, pp.: 28-<br />

96.<br />

2. Anthology of Gender Theories, compiled by N. Berekashvili, Bakuri Sulakauri Publishing<br />

House, 2003, pp.: 15-38, 49-60, 63-79.<br />

3. Unger R., Craw<strong>for</strong>d M., Women and Gender. A Feminist Psychology, Temple University<br />

Press, Philadelphia,1992, pp.: 27-60<br />

Week #3<br />

Lecture – 2 hours, seminar – 2 hours.<br />

Topic #3 – Gender <strong>Social</strong>ization and Its Institutes. Culture Role in Gender <strong>Social</strong>ization.<br />

Learning of gender stereotypes occurs during the socialization from childhood age. Gender<br />

is influenced by cultural norms defining what women should do and what men, and social<br />

in<strong>for</strong>mation inspiring people the extent of difference between women and men. Gender role<br />

socialization is a process when people learn what is socially acceptable <strong>for</strong> women and what - <strong>for</strong><br />

men. Differentiated socialization is a process when a human masters the behavior models, values,<br />

etc. adequate <strong>for</strong> his/her gender. Rudiment of differential socializations are already revealed prior<br />

to the child’s birth (by selecting name, cloths’ color, toys, etc). Two known basic mechanisms of<br />

differential socialization are: differential rein<strong>for</strong>cement and differential modeling.<br />

Cross-cultural researches by Barry, Bacon & Child, Lytton & Romney, Perry, etc. will be<br />

discussed.<br />

Main sources of socialization are family (parents, their views, assignment different tasks to<br />

children, peculiarities of child-care and nurture), peers (rituals of initiation), media (especially TV),<br />

education system (text-books, attitudes of teachers and parents, expectations), toys.<br />

107

Cross-cultural researches conducted by various authors (Edvards & Whiting; Mintur &<br />

Lambert; E. Whitting & Edvards; Bredley; Weisner & Gallimore; Katz & Konner; Segall; Whiting;<br />

Lytton & Romney; R.L. Munroe & Munroe; Rohner & Rohner; Mackey; Mackey & Day; Edwards;<br />

Edwards &Whting; Hamilton, Blumenfeld, Akhon & Miura; Serpell; Lummis & Stevenso; Archer)<br />

will be seperately discussed.<br />

Students will be given definition of the terms: gender socialization, differential<br />

enhancement, differential imitation (modeling), gender constancy, meta-analysis, sexism, faceism.<br />

While discussing each source of socialization, it is envisaged <strong>for</strong> the students to recollect such<br />

cases, when they observed among themselves or their acquaintances modeling (imitating) of<br />

gender behavior samples dictated by these institutes, or such cases when inadequate gender<br />

behavior resulted in negative appraisal from parents, adults or peers.<br />

Student will be asked to prepare within a period assigned <strong>for</strong> individual work material on the<br />

topic of the lecture presented in the course reader. They will be also asked to analyse so called<br />

local magazines <strong>for</strong> women and men <strong>for</strong> the seminar: to define their topics, gender stereotypes,<br />

look into the phenomenon of sexism and feisism.<br />

Reference:<br />

1. Unger R., Craw<strong>for</strong>d M., Women and Gender. A Feminist Psychology, Temple University<br />

Press, Philadelphia,1992, pp.: 144-188<br />

2. Handbook of Marriage and the Family, edited by Marrin B. Sussman & Suzann K.<br />

Steinmetz, Plenum Press, 1988, pp.: 327-370<br />

3. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994,pp.: 123-144<br />

4. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World,<br />

Second Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, pp.: 204-207<br />

Week #4<br />

Lecture – 2 hours, seminar – 2 hours.<br />

Topic #4 –Gender Roles and Stereotypes. Cross-cultural Data<br />

The studies show that children tend to establish stereotypes connected with feminine and<br />

masculine origin within first two years, from the age of 3-4 they start to use these stereotypes to<br />

define the category of toys, activities and professions.<br />

Williams and Best studied 5 and 8 year-old children in 25 countries. In all the countries the<br />

percentage of stereotypes went up with the age. Particularly, the stereotyping level among 5 yearold<br />

children was 60%, while among 8 year-old children – 70%.<br />

From stereotyping point of view high <strong>da</strong>ta of girls and boys were collected in New Zealand<br />

and England, especially in Pakistan. The <strong>da</strong>ta were low in Brazil, Taiwan, Germany and France.<br />

Though due to education pace there are certain differences among the countries, but in general<br />

mastering of stereotypes begins be<strong>for</strong>e the age of 5, its pace goes up at primary classes and finally<br />

finishes in adolescence.<br />

Both girls and boys master stereotypes at the same pace. Though there are cross-cultural<br />

differences in the sequence of mastering feminine or masculine stereotypes. Obviously whether<br />

feminine stereotype or masculine will be mastered first depends on the extent of vividness of<br />

feminine or masculine stereotyping in the given culture, on more or les differentiation of their<br />

image.<br />

These factors will be briefly discussed. To illustrate these <strong>da</strong>ta on gender role distribution<br />

in various cultures will be given (Frie<strong>da</strong>n; Feree; D’Andrade; Shelton & Jhon; Bliar &<br />

Lichter;Gibbons et al..;Davis & Robinson; Shelton & Jhon).<br />

108

Peculiarities and behavioral norms characteristic <strong>for</strong> women or men are subject to cultural<br />

variations. Nevertheless there are cultural universalities too. At a certain extent each society links<br />

certain features and activities to a certain gender. At the same time, almost in none society has a<br />

woman higher than a man status. <strong>Social</strong> role of men is connected with their nature as “an earner”<br />

and in many cultures makes distinction between men and women’s functions. To<strong>da</strong>y empiric<br />

material dedicated to the study of traditional masculine roles is very scarce. This is a relatively new<br />

and less developed field of gender research.<br />

Mastering mechanism of masculine gender roles is the same as of the feminine role: Pleck<br />

and Thompson called opinion system of “masculinity” masculinity ideology. In fact these are social<br />

norms comprising permissions and prohibitions on what a man should feel and do. The structure of<br />

men’s role norms consists of three important factors: status/success norm, sustainability and antifemininity<br />

norm.<br />

Each norm will be separately discussed. Concrete examples from every<strong>da</strong>y life will be given<br />

helping students to better familiarize the mechanisms of gender norms of men and women.<br />

Traditional masculine roles and norms will be especially highlighted. Gender stereotype functions,<br />

also stress and conflicts caused by traditional feminine and masculine roles in modern conditions<br />

will be analyzed.<br />

Students will be given definition of basic terms: gender roles, illusive correlation, gender<br />

differences, priming effect, status/success norm, physical strength norm, intelligence strength<br />

norm, emotional stability norm, anti-femininity norm, femifobia.<br />

Students will be asked to prepare within a period assigned <strong>for</strong> individual work material on<br />

the topic of the lecture presented in the course reader. At the seminar the group discussions<br />

around the basic issues will be held.The essay prepared by students will be presented; case study<br />

method will be also applied: students will become familiar with the case described in the materials<br />

of 22 nd International Session of the Human Rights Cana<strong>da</strong> Foun<strong>da</strong>tion: Story of Fatal River<br />

dedicated to the evaluation of gender stereotypes and gender roles in various cultures.<br />

Reference<br />

1. Male/Femaile Roles, Jonatan S. Petrikin (ed.), Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1995, pp.:9-82<br />

2. Unger R., Craw<strong>for</strong>d M., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, Temple University<br />

Press, Philadelphia,1992, pp.: 102-144<br />

Week #5 – Lecture – 2 hours, seminar – 2 hours<br />

Topic #5 – Family and society. Relations between Men and Women. Cross-cultural<br />

Differences.<br />

Family is a social institute, system made up as a result of marriage and based on blood<br />

consanguinity. Family and marriage are guarantors of society wellbeing and quiet; It arranges<br />

sexual life and socialization of the adolescent generation. Society provides conditions <strong>for</strong> normal<br />

functioning and protection of the family. Civil law determines the age <strong>for</strong> marriage, eligibility of<br />

marriage between sexes and number of spouses.<br />

Basic characteristics of the family are: functions, structure and dynamic. Function is<br />

viability connected with satisfaction of needs of the family members. Functions of the family are: 1.<br />

nurturing 2. economic-life 3. emotional 4.primary social control 5.sexual-erotic.<br />

Structure comprises number of family members, their unity and relations. The analysis of<br />

the family structure provides us with the in<strong>for</strong>mation on how family functions are realized – who is<br />

the leader and who - subordinate; how duties are distributed in the family.<br />

109

Dynamic is expressed in the fact that the family structure and its functions could vary at<br />

various stages of family life cycle whether it is newly married, pregnancy, child birth, teenager<br />

child, leaving of the family by a child, after spouses stay alone (empty nest) or accepting old age<br />

stage.<br />

There are many family typologies. The typology criteria are: number of married couples,<br />

existence-nonexistence, number of children in the family, characteristic management style. There<br />

are big nuclear and reduced families, also complex families. According to the management style,<br />

authoritarian, authoritative, liberal and indifferent families are distinguished. According to family<br />

borders, there are open, close and chaotic families. Note, monogamy, polygamy and polyandry<br />

families. Among many models of spouse relations three main types are singled out: traditional,<br />

modern and egalitarian. Classifications are also made in regard with heterosexuality and<br />

homosexuality of the couples.<br />

Examples of German, Canadian, American and Sweden families will be discussed.<br />

In German the stable stereotype of a woman – housewife was destroyed in 50-70-ies,<br />

according to which the main function of a woman was – kitchen, children and church. To<strong>da</strong>y’s<br />

Germany is highly industrial and urban country where women are as involved in work as men.<br />

Government policy, also economic development and mechanization of housework greatly<br />

contributed to it. In modern Germany traditional, modern and egalitarian families co-exist. Single<br />

parents, childless families, families with changed gender roles are also in abun<strong>da</strong>nce there.<br />

Korean family is one of the most conservative and stable families. Under the influence of<br />

Confucian ideology the family was framed within strict borders. Woman had no rights and<br />

experienced all sorts of oppression and humiliation. Husband and his parents were completely<br />

dominating her. Society also punished husbands loyal to their wives. In to<strong>da</strong>y’s Korea the picture of<br />

violence has significantly changed. Women are involved in office work but until she gets married or<br />

if she has grown up children. It could be said that starting from the 60-80-ies a traditional family<br />

began to collapse and move towards equal gender plane.<br />

American men traditionally used to have dominant role in the family. As a result of Great<br />

Depression a huge army of unemployed men appeared and undermined the stereotype of a strong<br />

man. Men in the families started to get more involved in family affairs. “Good <strong>da</strong>ddy” is an<br />

important component of the stereotype of the modern American man. Feministic movement of the<br />

70-ies significantly contributed to the destruction of a man stereotype. In the 30-ies only one out of<br />

five had positive attitude toward women working either in business or enterprise, in the 70-ies 57%<br />

of the interviewed students was <strong>for</strong> limiting housewife’s role of a woman, and at the end of XX<br />

century only 25% favors this opinion.<br />

Swedish family and its development process from traditional to egalitarian at the end of XX<br />

century seems very interesting: economic development of the country and implementation of<br />

government policy supporting family contributed to lightening housework of women and increasing<br />

in their employment outside the house. Working parents and children is a typical family <strong>for</strong>m in<br />

modern Sweden. Families (Sambo) with spouses not under official wedlock are also widely spread<br />

in modern Sweden. Both official and Sambo-type families enjoy equal rights and have equal value<br />

<strong>for</strong> both the country and society.<br />

Students will be given definition of the basic terms: monogamy, polygamy, polyandry,<br />

extended family, nuclear family, Confucian. Students will be asked to prepare within a period<br />

assigned <strong>for</strong> individual work material on the topic of the lecture presented in the course reader.<br />

Students will be assigned 1. to compare family systems of different cultures based on the material<br />

given in the reader; 2. to discuss their families from the point of labor distribution between sexes.<br />

At the seminar the group discussions will be held around the basic issue;.3. compare any 5-10<br />

families. Define their types.<br />

110

Reference:<br />

1. Handbook of Marriage and the family, edited by Marrin B. Sussman & Suzann K.<br />

Steinmetz, Plenum Press, 1988, pp.:13-38, 309-327, 439-474.<br />

2. Leslie G. R., Korman S.K. The Family in <strong>Social</strong> Context, NY . Ox<strong>for</strong>d University Press,<br />

1989, pp.: 81-111<br />

Week #6 – Lecture- 2hours, Seminar – 2 hours<br />

Topic #6 – Gender Stratification Patterns. Labor Market Gender Aspects in Various<br />

Cultures.<br />

In the 20 th century women obtained the right to vote in the elections. In addition in many countries<br />

they also acquired the right to be elected to the elective positions, at least potentially. Their rights<br />

were enhanced on the legislative level. Nevertheless, the studies reveal acute inequality at work, in<br />

remuneration, status and authority.<br />

Gender norms influence gender relations and gender roles. The research results show that social<br />

roles accomplished by women and men differ in several parameters. Such culture aspects as<br />

women’s status in the society, labor distribution by sex, variety of per<strong>for</strong>mance, remuneration,<br />

status, authority, religion views, values, economic factors and the extent of women participation in<br />

politics significantly affect gender consciousness.<br />

Frie<strong>da</strong>n and Feree’s opinion in regard with a woman’s role as a “family hearth patron”, also the<br />

results of studies of D’Andrade ( 1966) ethnographic materials of 244 society, Bliar & Lichte,<br />

(1991), Shelton & Jhon (1993) , etc will be discussed.<br />

Most of gender researchers assume that traditional gender role hinders person’s development and<br />

results in social inequality. In the democratic part of the modern world women’s problems and<br />

gender issues acquired special importance in the develipment context. Not only the women in hard<br />

conditions of the developing countries, women deprived of civil and political rights came under the<br />

limelight, but also gender inequality problems in the developed countries, which are still in<br />

abun<strong>da</strong>nce. In the second half of the 20 th century the condition of gender equality significantly<br />

improved in most of the developing countries: the level of women education increased. The<br />

number of girls’ enrollment in primary schools in South Africa, African countires in the south of the<br />

Sahara, middle east countries and North African countries doubled. As a result of capital<br />

investments in the healthcare of women and girls in 1990, <strong>for</strong> the first time in the history of South<br />

Asia, women’s life span is longer than men’s. The number of women employees has also<br />

increased. In Latin America and South Asia women employment indicator has increased by 15<br />

points since 1970. Gender differences in remuneration have also reduced. Despite such<br />

achievements, in the majority of the developing countries gender inequality in rights, resource<br />

availability and possibilities of expressing own interests still remain. Not in a single region of the<br />

developing countries do women have equal with men social, legal and economic rights.<br />

Furthermore, all cultures (both in developing and developed countries) share the similarity in the<br />

fact that a woman has lower than a man status. According to the UN <strong>da</strong>ta<br />

1. basic housework is done by women;<br />

2. half of the world’s food (agricultural) products is produced by women;<br />

3. one third of human resources is made of women, but they are employed in low-salary jobs;<br />

4. women get less than three fourth of men remuneration paid <strong>for</strong> the same kind of work;<br />

5. women are less presented in power organs.<br />

Hence, most of the societies of the modern world represent gender stratified systems. The<br />

main stratification patterns are: employment, economic, political and legal. In the majority of cases<br />

111

stratification directions are the same: men are dominant, women – subordinate. Asymmetry in<br />

remuneration between men and women is well-known (an American woman gets 68% of a man’s<br />

salary, African – 61%, Latino-American – 53%). This fact has several explanations: 1. women earn<br />

less than men because they choose less paid work – mainly traditionally feminine work, such as<br />

cleaning ladies, nurses, etc; 2. women are less valuable employees due to their inexperience and<br />

low qualification; 3. they have fewer expectations and accept lower pay.<br />

Low status of women is also well-known. Prestigious professions in the society are basically<br />

occupied by men (according to US <strong>da</strong>ta among scientific researchers 80% are men, among<br />

doctors – 84%, lawyers – 78%). A lot of <strong>da</strong>ta also prove less power of women in comparison with<br />

men. They seldom have key positions and their presence in politics is also insignificant.<br />

Furthermore, the higher the power hierarchy level, the lower the presence of women.<br />

The concept of Glass Ceiling will be discussed, as well as widely spread explanations of low<br />

status of women.<br />

The picture of women participation in politics in various countries as given in<br />

WomenAidinternational <strong>da</strong>ta will be presented.<br />

To better understand the issue, role playing method will be applied. Partilularly, each group<br />

memebr will write down the duties of women and men in the family and society in to<strong>da</strong>ys’ Georgia<br />

on seperate small cards. Then a girl and a boy will be chosen from the group who will come out<br />

into the room center. Each student will read each duty in turn and will pass a card to the students<br />

in the center in compliance with the gender and a burden prepared in advance specially <strong>for</strong> this<br />

purpose (presumably - a book). Eventually the group will see how many duties does a woman<br />

have in our society, how many – a man, what is their ratio. Students will have to think about the<br />

reasons <strong>for</strong> such inequality and the ways to improve it. Such a role- play will prepare grounds <strong>for</strong><br />

the better understanding of the following topic.<br />

Students will be assigned to prepare materials <strong>for</strong> the lecture topic presented in the course<br />

reader in the assigned <strong>for</strong> individual work time. The discussions around the basic issue will be held<br />

at the seminar.<br />

Reference:<br />

1. Craw<strong>for</strong>d M., Unger R., Women and Gender. A feminist Psychology, The McGraw-hill,<br />

2004, pp.: 359-395;<br />

2. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, pp.: 194-224;<br />

3. Women 2000: Gender Equality, Development and Peace <strong>for</strong> the 21st Century,<br />

"Beijing+5" (2000) - 23rd Special Session of the General Assembly, New York, 5-9 June<br />

2000 – www.un.org/womenwatch/<br />

4. V. Sapiro. Woman and Politics, Collection of articles Woman in Political and <strong>Social</strong> Life,<br />

Bakur Sulakauri Publishing House, 1998, pp. 40-75<br />

Week #7 – Lecture – 2 hours, Seminar – 2 hours.<br />

Topic #7 – Gender Asymmetry: Discrimination or Norm. Concept of Gender Equality.<br />

Culture and Gender Equality Models.<br />

The fact that a woman has lower than a man status is common <strong>for</strong> all cultures: seldom do<br />

women have power, their work is less paid, they seldom have prestigious professions, they seldom<br />

happen to have key positions, jobs in government systems, etc.<br />

Some of the scientists explain the low status of women in the society from a personcentered<br />

position – women themselves do not have features and skills relevant <strong>for</strong> high status;<br />

112

some scientists – from a situation-oriented position – certain persons and organizations apply<br />

discriminatory policy against women. But the most efficient is the explanation lying in androcentering<br />

of our consciousness, which has long and important prerequisites <strong>for</strong> its development.<br />

Andro-centered or masculine-centered has been considered as a norm <strong>for</strong> a long time. Asymmetric<br />

attitude towards gender, moreover, the existence of women discrimination was revealed by the first<br />

wave of feminism and turned into an acute social and political issue.<br />

A man “became a king” when Ju<strong>da</strong>ic religion opposed a goddess cult spread in the Middle<br />

East and offered an idea of Father-God as a world creator. Gradually stereotypes of a perfect man<br />

and imperfect woman were established (in compliance with almighty god).<br />

Orthodox Christians also significantly contributed to the enhancement of a man cult who by<br />

means of Bible versions declared a woman as a secon<strong>da</strong>ry creature created from a man. She was<br />

also proclaimed as a tempting, devilish <strong>for</strong>ce.<br />

Hence, evaluation stereotypes of a woman comprised the following features: a woman is a<br />

secon<strong>da</strong>ry, imperfect creature; she is a seducer and threat to a man’s power.<br />

In addition to biblical story, antique philosophy and political traditions originated in the<br />

Ancient Greece also influenced the concept of gender inequality. In this regard Plato’s and<br />

Aristotle’s views are very important.<br />

According to Plato a human has two natures in which men belong to “a superior race”. At<br />

the beginning creation of a woman was not considered, only - men. Women were supposed to be<br />

born by sinned men, after the latter’s rebirth. In his doctrine on ideal city Plato also defined social<br />

role of a woman. In his opinion, in the society free of private property, a woman should have same<br />

as a man role, or a role of a Guard. For this purpose women should be trained but still they won’t<br />

be able to accomplish this function as perfectly as men could.<br />

Unlike Plato, who more or less admits the possibility of equality between men and women,<br />

Aristotle considers the world as a single structure in which components are hierarchically<br />

organized. Only the best and advantageous have the principle of rational existence, the rest act as<br />

facilitators. Correspondingly, a woman exists in favor of a man.<br />

In addition, <strong>for</strong> a hundred years androcentrism has been fed by one of the most powerful<br />

theory from the point of view of influence on public consciousness - Z. Freud’s psycho-analytic<br />

theory. According to this theory psycho-types of a man and a woman are <strong>for</strong>med through psychosexual<br />

development stages and are strongly asymmetric. A woman’s portrait in this theory is<br />

discriminated and imperfect.<br />

Despite such a long-term conditionality of private and public consciousness, attitudes of<br />

modern society dramatically change in favor of gender equality idea (the number of supporters of<br />

woman’s status increase and its strengthening goes up). In the modern world fights <strong>for</strong> women’s<br />

rights have significantly increased and strengthened. Women conferences under UN were held.<br />

They evaluated women’s status and set goals of objectives to improve women’s legal conditions<br />

and strengthen their status.<br />

Action Plat<strong>for</strong>m was developed at the Women’s World Conference In Beijing in 1995. This<br />

helped to establish recognition of women’s rights as human rights.<br />

Every endeavor (women’s conferences, activities, special programs, etc.) aims at<br />

establishing equality between men and women. Under equality we mean: equal social status,<br />

independence, equal participation and responsibilities in all fields of social and private life. The<br />

term of equality means the principle of comprehensive participation of both woman and man in<br />

social life. Sex equality does not mean mutual similarity and identity. But equality does not mean<br />

establishing man’s lifestyle as a norm.<br />

The idea of sex equality <strong>for</strong>ces us to evaluate the difference between man and woman<br />

roles. Equality principle comprises the right of being different. This means that those distinguishing<br />

113

features which are characteristic <strong>for</strong> different social classes, political and religious views, ethnical<br />

groups and sexual orientation of women and men should be taken into consideration by all means.<br />

Equality principles make us think about how we could achieve success in introducing changes in<br />

the public structure where authority relations between sexes are not balanced. Equality conception<br />

requires perception of equality between a man and woman. Establishing equality is a constant,<br />

continues process requiring reevaluation and re-realization of values.<br />

To realize equality conception the following goals are very important to achieve:<br />

1. recognition and respect of women’s rights;<br />

2. improvement of democratic representation;<br />

3. economic independence;<br />

4. high education level;<br />

5. joint endeavor of both genders;<br />

After the III UN Conference dedicated to women’s problems, a new conception of complex<br />

approach to gender equality emerged in various international documents. This new conception is<br />

known as Gender Mainstreaming.<br />

National projects of the Netherlands, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Belgium on Gender<br />

Mainstreaming Policy will be discussed. Students will be given definitions of basic terms:<br />

androcentrism, gender equality, Gender Mainstreaming.<br />

Students will be assigned to prepare materials <strong>for</strong> the lecture topic presented in the course<br />

reader in the assigned <strong>for</strong> individual work time. The discussions around the basic issue will be held<br />

at the seminar. In addition, students’ version of Georgian mode ofl gender equality will be worked<br />

out. For this students will have to predetermine and present at the seminar: main fields in which<br />

gender ineqaulity is especially obvious, main factors which in their opinion determine such a<br />

condition of events (personal, cultural, political), main steps to be taken to achieve equality, main<br />

fields, in which structural changes should be introduced, recent results and future <strong>for</strong>ecasts.<br />

Reference:<br />

1. Anthology of Gender Theories, compiled by Nana Berekashvili, Bakur Sulakauri<br />

Publishing House, 2003, pp.: 15-62<br />

2. George J. Bryjak, Michael P. Soroka, Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World,<br />

Second Edition, Fllin and Bacon, 1994, pp..: 221-237<br />

3. Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, Yale University Press, 1994, pp..: 282-303<br />

4. Gender Mainstriming - – www.un.org/womenwatch/<br />

Week #8 – Lecture – 2 hours, Seminar – 2 hours<br />

Topic #8 – Women in South Caucasus Culture. Gender Analysis of Georgian Culture<br />

States of Caucasian peoples (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia) and Southern part of Russia (North<br />

Caucasus) tend to enjoy collectivist type of culture and, hence, gender-role ideology is also<br />

traditional.<br />

In feu<strong>da</strong>listic Caucasus a woman was confined to only family activities and her functions were<br />

bringing up children, taking care of the family and housekeeping. The elderly woman institute in the<br />

family is a Caucasian norm. The elderly woman was responsible <strong>for</strong> safeguarding the whole family<br />

food products and money means, cooking, equal distribution of food and labor among <strong>da</strong>ughter-inlaws<br />

and sons’ families in terms of the number of members, age and gender . Furthermore, in<br />

114

terms of traditional mentality, woman also was given the function of peace-maker historically<br />

revealed in traditional means of settling opposition between the families.<br />

Woman’s status was regulated by means of traditional legal norms (customs, decisions of the<br />

elderly councils, in the Muslim part – by Shariat) and official legal norms – legal books (starting<br />

from XI century). Woman’s family and property rights were determined in detail by legal norms,<br />

according to which a woman did not have any right <strong>for</strong> the legacy, she was given dowry consisting<br />

only women clothing and fancy-work box. In the plain regions women from relatively well-off<br />

families were given plot in heredity. Women, generally, did not take part in either community and<br />

political life or decision making. Nevertheless, in the period of renaissance in XII century the king of<br />

the country was a woman (Tamar). In addition, very often personal decisions of queens and noble<br />

ladies in the Caucasus unanimously determined the country’s fate and political life. Hence,<br />

historically Caucasian women bore the function of retention of religion, decency and statehood.<br />

Historical and historical-literary examples of heroical deeds conducted by high society women to<br />

protect religion, language and nation are one of the important historical institutions <strong>for</strong> bringing up<br />

new generations in the Caucasus.<br />

Starting from the second half of the 19-th century with the advance of capitalism in the Caucasus<br />

women legally acquired the right on a share from the heredity. In addition in mountainous bordery<br />

and road side regions of the Caucasus a rule came up – to provide a woman upon wedding with a<br />

small part of the capital (in Georgia “Satavno”, in Armenia “Arnegini”). The latter was granted in the<br />

<strong>for</strong>m of a domestic animal or cash, profit from which (sale of milk, cheese, wool, etc. or pawn<br />

brokering) could have been disposed by the woman on her accord .<br />

In the 19-th century a powerful charity and enlightenment movement headed by women from the<br />

high society was launched. It aimed at charity activities in favor of the lower layers of the society,<br />

and teaching them literacy and fancy work.<br />

During the Soviet period equality between women and men was advocated by the official<br />

ideology and enhanced by the legislation. The highest management body had 38-40% of quotas<br />

<strong>for</strong> women deputation in the Supreme Soviet. Starting from 1948 the only official women<br />

organization – women council - having centralized administrative and network structure, also<br />

existed. Any education stage, profession or career was equally accessible <strong>for</strong> men and women.<br />

And yet women’s integration into the community life was still conventional, since women were not<br />

appointed on the positions where actual political decisions were made. The profession selected by<br />

a women and the career remained within traditional framework. The professions of a doctor,<br />

caretaker, teacher were the ones considered prestigious by traditional mentality.<br />

After the dismantling of the Soviet Union the process of democratic construction began in the<br />

Caucasian countries. From 1991 the first women NGO-s started to appear. Initially women NGO-s<br />

were busy enhancing traditional women functions and their activities were confined to charity,<br />

peace-making or protection of vulnerable layers of the population programs.<br />

In 1995 all the Caucasian countries joined the convention “Elimination of All Forms of<br />

Discrimination against Women” (CEDAW). Permanently operating special women state<br />

committees were also set up. To<strong>da</strong>y women organizations in the Caucasian countries are<br />

powerfully developed (approx. 150-170 acting organizations) encompassing almost all the fields of<br />

women activities. In the higher educational institutions various gender aspects are being taught.<br />

Scientific research centers on gender and women rights are also operating.<br />

Despite the endeavor of the women non-governmental sector, government and international<br />

foun<strong>da</strong>tions, the activities of the women organizations in the Caucasus have not acquired the<br />

shape of feministic movement.<br />

Modern Caucasian women went ahead of women’s traditional role and are actively involved in<br />

the community life, but on the labor and employment market, as well as in the public administration<br />

115

structures decision-making positions are less accessible <strong>for</strong> them. Though in one of the Caucasian<br />

countries – Georgia - in 2002-2004 the Speaker of the Parliament, then the interim president was<br />

a woman (Nino Burjanadze is still Parliament Chairperson), but women’s involvement in the<br />

process of the decision-making does not have a regular character (the average proportion of<br />

women deputation in the Caucasian countries is 12%). Note, most of the Caucasian women<br />

respondents give the priority to the traditional roles, except the young generation <strong>for</strong> whom<br />

professionalism and development is the most vital. Gender inequality and women’s rights<br />

discrimination are especially strong in the Moslem part of the Caucasus, also in the provinces and<br />

conflict zones, where most women are yet limited to traditional gender roles and are often become<br />

victims of violence – abduction <strong>for</strong> getting married, bargaining, family violence , etc.<br />

Family life of women and their property and right status in Azerbajanian, Armenian and<br />

Georgian culture will be discussed. Marriage and wedding customs will be analyzed. Student will<br />

be given definitiion of terms: custom, Shariat, endogamy, tantikin, levirat, sororat, tavani, arnegin.<br />

Student will be asked to prepare within a period assigned <strong>for</strong> individual work material on the topic<br />

of the lecture presented in the course reader and on the basis of these materials do comparative<br />

analysis in Caucsian cultures. Students will be assigned to interview one married woman and<br />

determine (in terms of the appropriate gudelines) her property right status in the family.<br />

Reference:<br />

1. Exploring Gender Issues in the Caucasus, edited by Pauline M. hallam and Barbara J.<br />

Merguerian, Civic Education Project, Yerevan, Armenia, 2000, gv.: 31-47, 97-102<br />

2. N. Tsintsadze, Describing Traditional Norms of <strong>Social</strong>ization in a New Environment,<br />

collection of articles: Etrhnic Aspects of Security Starategy (Pankisi Cfisis), Tbilisi, 2002,<br />

pp.:238-265<br />

3. T. Ivelashvili, Wedding Customs in Georgia, Tbilisi, 1999, pp.:263-286, 99-130<br />

4. N. Tsintsadze. Women’s Every<strong>da</strong>y and <strong>Social</strong> Role in Different Ethnic groups. Collection of<br />

Articles: Conflict Situations in Polyethnic Society, Tbilisi, Caucasus Institute of Peace,<br />

Democracy and Development, 1998, pp.: 218-237<br />

5. L. Surmanidze. Woman in Georgian Mentality, Collection of articles, UN Development<br />

Program “Women in Developing Process”, Tbilisi, 1998, pp.: 3-28<br />

116

logo

Prodotti

Risorse

Aziende

Terms of service
Privacy policy
Cookie policy
Cookie settings
Imprint
Change language
Made with love in Switzerland
© 2024 Yumpu.com all rights reserved

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!