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,1999 , <br />
1997 ( ) <br />
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: <br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
(CIP) <br />
2 : <br />
,20017<br />
<br />
ISBN 7 - 04 - 009342 - 1<br />
. . .- : <br />
- .TH14<br />
CIP (2001)01008 <br />
( )<br />
<br />
<br />
55 100009<br />
010 - 64054588 010 - 64014048<br />
http:www .hep .edu .cn<br />
http:www .hep .com .cn<br />
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(3 ) , b , <br />
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1 mm) ; FD 2 (30 15 10 5 25 125 1 ) , <br />
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15
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2) <br />
16
059 , , Fe3 C<br />
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21
( 1) - :wC u = 100% ; w Cu = 80% , w Ni = 20% ;w Cu<br />
= 60 % , wN i = 40% ;wCu = 40% , w Ni = 60% , wC u = 20 % , w Ni = 80 % ;wN i = 100% <br />
(2 ) , 3 - 6a , <br />
, , <br />
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<br />
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3 - 6 Cu - Ni <br />
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Cu - Ni , 3 - 6b<br />
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<br />
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<br />
(1 ) 3 - 7, A (1 083 ); B (1 452 ) ; 1 <br />
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100% 0% Aa1 B ; Ab3 B ( L <br />
) , ; , () , , <br />
; ( L +)<br />
22
(a) Cu - Ni <br />
( b) <br />
3 - 7 Cu - Ni <br />
(2 ) Cu Ni , <br />
Cu - Ni w Ni = 60 % Cu - Ni <br />
w Ni = 60% Cu - Ni a1 b3<br />
, <br />
t1 , , , , <br />
t 3 , , , , <br />
, 3 - 7b<br />
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b1 ,w Ni = 85 % ;t 2 , a2 b2<br />
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t3 ,w Ni = 60 % <br />
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Al - Si Pb - Sn Pb - Sb Ag - Cu Pb - Sn <br />
<br />
(1 ) 3 - 8a, A (327 .5 ) , B ( 232 ) , C<br />
(183 , w Sn = 61 .9% ) ACB , ; AECFB <br />
23
, Pb - Sn , <br />
, E ( 183 , w Sn = 19 .2 % ) F <br />
(183 , w P b = 2 .5% ) <br />
, ED FG <br />
, <br />
( a)<br />
( b)<br />
3 - 8 Pb - Sn <br />
:( L) : L + L ++<br />
( L ++ )ECFC ( L C ) ECF <br />
, E ( E ) F ( F ) , <br />
:<br />
24
L C<br />
183 <br />
E + F<br />
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, <br />
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ECF <br />
C ; E C ; C F <br />
<br />
(2 ) :<br />
1) Sn E I( w Sn = 10% ),3 - 9<br />
1 , ,<br />
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, 2 3 ,<br />
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3 , , , <br />
( ) , <br />
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FG +( 3 - 8b) , 3 -<br />
10, <br />
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, E , <br />
3 - 9 I <br />
<br />
3 - 10 w S n = 10 % Pb - Sn <br />
<br />
F G , , +<br />
2) ( w Sn = 61 .9% ) 3 - 11<br />
C ( 183) 3 - 8 , C <br />
AC BC , AECA , C L C E <br />
25
E , BCFB , L C F F , <br />
E F () <br />
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, , , E<br />
F ED FG , <br />
, <br />
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, <br />
<br />
3 - 11 <br />
3 - 12 Pb - Sn <br />
3) (E C ) ( w Sn = 39% ) , <br />
3 - 13<br />
1 , , <br />
, AC ;, AE 2 ( 183 ),<br />
E , C , , <br />
, ( E + F ) <br />
2 , , ( <br />
)<br />
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, , <br />
, <br />
+ + (+ ) <br />
3 - 14, , (+ ) , <br />
<br />
E C , <br />
+<br />
+ (+ ) (3 - 8b) , , , C , <br />
, (+ )<br />
4) (C F ) ( w Sn = 70% ) , <br />
3 - 15<br />
26
3 - 13 <br />
3 - 14 <br />
<br />
3 - 15 <br />
<br />
3 - 16 <br />
<br />
, , <br />
, + + (+) (3 - 8b ) , <br />
3 - 16, , (+) , <br />
<br />
<br />
C F , <br />
+<br />
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(+)<br />
, Pb - Sn <br />
, 3 - 8a <br />
, , , <br />
27
, , <br />
, 3 - 8b Pb - Sn <br />
<br />
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(+)<br />
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, , <br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
3 - 17 <br />
28
, , , <br />
, , <br />
() <br />
<br />
3 - 18 , <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
, , <br />
3 - 18 <br />
<br />
1? ? ?<br />
2? ?<br />
( 1) ;<br />
( 2) , ;<br />
( 3) <br />
3? ?<br />
4,?<br />
5? ?<br />
6Pb - Sb 3 - 1, : (1 ) Pb - Sb ; ( 2) <br />
29
3 - 1 Pb - Sb <br />
<br />
w%<br />
Pb<br />
Sb<br />
<br />
1 100 0 327 .5 327 .5<br />
2 95 5 296 253 <br />
3 90 10 260 253 <br />
4 88 12 253 253 <br />
5 80 20 280 253 <br />
6 50 50 485 253 <br />
7 20 80 570 253 <br />
8 0 100 630 630 <br />
<br />
3 - 19 7 <br />
3 - 20 10 <br />
7Al - Si (3 - 19) :<br />
( 1) ;<br />
( 2) w Si = 5% w Si = 12 .6 % w Si = 60 % <br />
8Cu - Ni ? ?<br />
9?<br />
103 - 20 A - B :<br />
( 1) ;<br />
( 2) Z <br />
30
() <br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1<br />
, ( ) <br />
<br />
, F f <br />
, 4 - 1 , <br />
,<br />
<br />
4 - 2 <br />
, ( 4 - 2a) , <br />
(4 - 2b) , , , <br />
, , ; <br />
, <br />
, (4 - 2c) <br />
, , <br />
, ( 4 - 2d) ; , 4 - 1 <br />
, <br />
<br />
, , , <br />
() <br />
31
( a) ( b) (c) ( d) <br />
4 - 2 <br />
, , <br />
4 - 3 , - ( ) , <br />
( a2 ) , , - ( <br />
) , ( a 2 ) , , <br />
() <br />
4 - 3 <br />
4 - 4 <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
4 - 4, , <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
( 4 - 5) , , <br />
, ( ) , <br />
, , <br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
, , , <br />
2<br />
32<br />
, ( )(
4 - 5 <br />
) ( ) , 4 - 6 <br />
, <br />
( ) <br />
,<br />
, <br />
<br />
: , <br />
, <br />
, ; <br />
, , <br />
<br />
, 5<br />
35 MNm 2 , 083 MNm 2 ,<br />
, <br />
4 - 6 <br />
()<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
, 45 <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
4 - 7 <br />
<br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
, , , , <br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
4 - 7 , <br />
, , , , , <br />
33
, , , <br />
, , , , <br />
<br />
, <br />
, ( ) , <br />
() , , , <br />
, 4 - 8 , , ( <br />
)( )<br />
( a) ( b ) ( c) <br />
4 - 8 <br />
( )<br />
, , <br />
, , , <br />
, , , ,<br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
4 - 9 <br />
<br />
<br />
, , <br />
<br />
4 - 9 <br />
<br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
, , ,<br />
, ,<br />
34
, , <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
, <br />
, , <br />
( )<br />
, ( ><br />
70 % ) , , , , <br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
, 4 - 10 , <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
4 - 10 <br />
, ,<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
() ; <br />
() ; ( ) <br />
(90% ), (10% ) <br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
, , <br />
35
, <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
4 - 11, :<br />
( )<br />
[ (02503) T , K] , <br />
, , <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
, 4 - 11 <br />
, <br />
<br />
, , <br />
, , , <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
, , <br />
, , , <br />
, , , , <br />
260 , , 200300 <br />
, <br />
<br />
, , , <br />
, ,<br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
() , <br />
, , , <br />
, (4 - 12) , : <br />
:<br />
T , K;<br />
T , K<br />
T 0 .4 T <br />
() , , <br />
, 450 , ,<br />
36
500650 <br />
, <br />
; , , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
100200 <br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
1<br />
, , , <br />
, 4 - 13, , , , <br />
<br />
4 - 12 <br />
<br />
4 - 13 <br />
<br />
2<br />
4 - 14, , , , <br />
2 % 10 % , , , <br />
, , , ,<br />
<br />
, , , , <br />
90% , , <br />
, , <br />
(4 - 15 ) <br />
<br />
37
4 - 14 <br />
<br />
4 - 15 <br />
<br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, 4 - 16<br />
( a) ( b ) , ( c) <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
4 - 16 <br />
, , <br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
; <br />
, 1 200 , 1 200 <br />
38
; , <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
(), , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
<br />
, <br />
:<br />
(1 ) , 4 - 17 <br />
; <br />
<br />
, , , , 4 - 17 <br />
<br />
4 - 1 45 () <br />
4 - 1 45 ( ) <br />
<br />
b M Pa<br />
s M Pa<br />
%<br />
%<br />
A K J<br />
715 470 175 628 496<br />
675 440 10 31 24 <br />
, ,, <br />
,,,<br />
4 - 18 4 - 19 , (4 - 18a<br />
4 - 19a), <br />
(4 - 18b 4 - 19b) ,, <br />
( a) <br />
( b) <br />
4 - 18 <br />
( a) <br />
(b ) <br />
4 - 19 <br />
(2 ) , , <br />
39
(3 ) , <br />
, 4 - 2<br />
4 - 2 ( w C = 0 .3% ) <br />
<br />
b<br />
M Pa<br />
s M Pa<br />
%<br />
%<br />
A K J<br />
500 280 15 27 28<br />
530 310 20 45 56<br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, , ; <br />
, , <br />
<br />
1? ?<br />
2<br />
3: ,?<br />
4? <br />
5? ?<br />
6? ?<br />
7, ? ?<br />
8660 , 950 , <br />
<br />
9? <br />
?<br />
10, ?<br />
11,? ?<br />
( 1) ; (2 ) ; (3 ) <br />
<br />
12, ,, ? <br />
,,? ?<br />
13, , ? ?<br />
14,<br />
40
, , <br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
, , , <br />
, ( ), <br />
, , , <br />
5 - 1, , , , - Fe ; <br />
1 394 , , , - Fe ; <br />
912 , , , - Fe <br />
:<br />
- Fe 1 394 - Fe 912 - Fe<br />
( ) ( ) ( )<br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
, , <br />
, <br />
<br />
1 . <br />
<br />
, F <br />
5 - 1 <br />
<br />
, , 600 wC = 0 .006 % , <br />
41
, , 727 , wC = 0 .021 8% , <br />
, , ( b = 180280 MPa s = 100 170 MPa= 30% <br />
50 % = 70% 80% AK = 128160 J 5080HBS)<br />
, 5 - 2<br />
2 . <br />
( ) , A <br />
<br />
, , 727 wC = 0 .77% ,<br />
, 1 148 , wC = 2 .11 % ,<br />
( b = 400 MPa= 40% 50 % 170220HBS) , <br />
<br />
5 - 3<br />
, , , <br />
5 - 2 <br />
<br />
5 - 3 <br />
<br />
3 . <br />
, Fe3 C , <br />
2 - 12<br />
w C = 6 .69% , ( 1 000HV) , , <br />
1 227 <br />
, , <br />
<br />
, ( P )( Ld)<br />
<br />
() , , <br />
<br />
( Fe3 C Fe2C FeC) , wC > 6 .69% <br />
, , Fe3 C , , <br />
42
Fe - Fe3 C , 5 - 4 , <br />
<br />
5 - 4 Fe - Fe 3 C <br />
Fe - Fe3C <br />
Fe - Fe3C , wC = 0% , ; <br />
wC = 6 .69% , Fe3 C, S , wC =<br />
0 .77 % ( w Fe = 99 .23% )<br />
1 . Fe - Fe3C <br />
5 - 1 Fe - Fe3 C , <br />
<br />
5 - 1 Fe - Fe 3 C <br />
t w C % <br />
A 1 538 0 <br />
C 1 148 4 .3 , L C<br />
1 148 <br />
Ld ( A E + Fe 3 C)<br />
D 1 227 6 .69 <br />
E 1 148 2 .11 <br />
G 912 0 ,- Fe 912 - Fe<br />
43
t w C % <br />
P 727 0 .021 8 <br />
S 727 0 .77 , A S<br />
727 <br />
P( F<br />
P<br />
+ Fe 3<br />
C)<br />
Q 600 0 .006 <br />
2 . Fe - Fe3C <br />
Fe - Fe3C Fe - Fe3 C<br />
5 - 2<br />
Fe - Fe3C , ,<br />
, <br />
5 - 2 Fe - Fe 3 C <br />
<br />
( L ) , AC , <br />
A CD <br />
<br />
( A) ; CD , , <br />
( Fe 3 C )<br />
A ECF <br />
<br />
, , <br />
<br />
E CF <br />
<br />
w C > 2 .11 % , (1 148 ) , , <br />
( L d)<br />
P S K <br />
<br />
( A 1 )<br />
w C > 0 .021 8 % , ( 727 ) , , <br />
( P)<br />
E S <br />
A cm <br />
1 148 , w C = 2 .11 % ( E ) , , <br />
, 727 , w C<br />
= 0 .77 % ( S ) w C<br />
> 0 .77 % , <br />
, , ( Fe 3 C ) ,<br />
, <br />
PQ <br />
727 , w C<br />
= 0 .021 8 % ( P ) , , <br />
, 600 , w C = 0 .006 % ( Q ) , 727 , <br />
, ( Fe 3 C )<br />
G S <br />
A 3 <br />
w C < 0 .77 % , , ; <br />
, <br />
44
;<br />
<br />
1 . <br />
Fe - Fe3 C , <br />
(1 ) wC0 .021 8% , <br />
(2 ) 0 .021 8% < wC2 .11% , :<br />
wC = 0 .77 % , ;<br />
0 .021 8 % < wC < 0 .77 % , + ;<br />
0 .77 % < wC 2 .11 % , + <br />
(3 ) 2 .11% < wC6 .69% , :<br />
wC = 4 .3% , ;<br />
2 .11% < wC < 4 .3% , + + <br />
4 .3% < wC6 .69% , + <br />
2 . <br />
(1 ) 5 - 4 wC = 0 .77% 1 <br />
( L) , AC 1 , ( A) , <br />
, AE , , AC <br />
2 , 2 3 (S ) <br />
3 ( 727 ), , P <br />
K , , , P , <br />
A S<br />
727 <br />
P ( F P + Fe3C K )<br />
, , <br />
, ; , <br />
; <br />
, <br />
3 , PQ , ( Fe3C) <br />
, , , , <br />
5 - 5, , ,<br />
, ( b = 770 M Pa 180HBS = 20 % 35 % AK = 2432 J)<br />
, , <br />
, 5 - 6a; , , <br />
5 - 6b<br />
(2 ) 5 - 4 wC = 0 .45% 3 <br />
3 GS 3 , <br />
, , GP , , <br />
45
5 - 5 <br />
( a) ( b) <br />
5 - 6 <br />
GS , 3 4 4 , <br />
( w C = 0 .77% ) , , <br />
, , <br />
5 - 7<br />
5 - 7 <br />
, <br />
, , 5 - 8, <br />
, <br />
(3 ) 5 - 4 wC = 1 .2% 3 <br />
3 ES 3 , <br />
, ( Fe3C ) , , <br />
, , ES PS K <br />
4 , ( wC = 0 .77 % ) , , <br />
, <br />
5 - 9<br />
46
(a) w C = 0 .1 % ( b) w C = 0 .25 %<br />
(c) w C = 0 .45 %<br />
5 - 8 <br />
5 - 9 <br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
, 5 - 10,<br />
, <br />
<br />
(4 ) 5 - 4 <br />
wC = 4 .3% 1 ( C ) <br />
1 ( 1 148 ) , ,<br />
E <br />
F <br />
5 - 10 <br />
47
, , Ld , <br />
L C<br />
1 148 <br />
Ld( A E + Fe3 CF ) , , <br />
, , ES , <br />
2 , , , , <br />
, ( ) <br />
, ( Ld )5 - 115 - 12, <br />
, ( , ) <br />
5 - 11 <br />
(5 ) 5 - 4 <br />
wC = 3 .0% 1 <br />
AC 1 , <br />
, , ,<br />
AE , , AC<br />
ECF 2 ( 1 148 ), <br />
( wC = 4 .3% ) , <br />
, 2 3 , <br />
E S , , PS K<br />
3 , , <br />
5 - 12 <br />
, + <br />
5 - 13 <br />
+ , P + Fe3 C + Ld 5 - 13, <br />
5 - 14, , , <br />
, <br />
+ + <br />
, , <br />
48
5 - 14 <br />
<br />
(6 ) 5 - 4 wC = 5 .0% <br />
1 1 , , <br />
, , , DC , 2 (1 148 ), <br />
, , 2 3 , <br />
, 3 ( 727 ) , <br />
, <br />
5 - 15, 5 - 16 , , <br />
<br />
5 - 15 <br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
1 . <br />
, <br />
, , , , <br />
, , :<br />
F F + P P P + Fe3 C P + Fe3 C + LdLdLd+ Fe3CFe3 C<br />
2 . <br />
5 - 17, wC < 0 .9 % , , , <br />
49
5 - 16 <br />
5 - 17 <br />
, , ; w C > 0 .9% <br />
, , , , <br />
<br />
, , 1 .3% wC<br />
> 2 .11 % , , , , ,<br />
, <br />
<br />
1 . <br />
, <br />
, , ; , <br />
, 0 .25% 0 .55% ; <br />
, 0 .55 % ; ( <br />
) , <br />
2 . <br />
Fe - Fe3 C , 50100 <br />
, , , , <br />
, , <br />
wC = 0 .15% 0 .6% , , , <br />
3 . <br />
, , , <br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
, , , , <br />
, , , <br />
4 . <br />
50<br />
, (
)Fe - Fe3 C <br />
, <br />
, :<br />
, , <br />
, , Fe - Fe3 C ; Fe - Fe3 C <br />
, ; <br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
()<br />
, 2 .11% , GBT<br />
1330491 , <br />
<br />
wC2 .11% , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
1 . <br />
( ) , FeO ,<br />
; MnS, ; <br />
, , <br />
wM n = 0 .25% 0 .8 % , , <br />
2 . <br />
FeO , FeO ; <br />
, ( <br />
) wSi = 0 .1% 0 .4% , ( ) wSi = 0 .03% <br />
0 .07 % , , <br />
3 . <br />
, FeS FeS Fe <br />
, 985 , , 1 0001 200 , <br />
, , , , <br />
, ( 1 620 ) MnS, <br />
<br />
4 . <br />
, , <br />
( ) , , <br />
51
, , , <br />
<br />
, :<br />
(1 ) :<br />
0 .021 8 % < wC < 0 .25 % ;<br />
0 .25 % wC 0 .6% ;<br />
0 .6% < wC2 .11% <br />
(2 ) :<br />
1) <br />
: <br />
2) () <br />
, ( , <br />
) , , ( , <br />
) , ( ) : <br />
<br />
<br />
3) : ( <br />
): <br />
<br />
(3 ) :<br />
1) <br />
2) <br />
, , ; , <br />
<br />
<br />
1 . <br />
GB 70088 , Q( ) <br />
A( w S 0 .050% w P 0 .045 % ) B( w S <br />
0 .045% w P 0 .045 % ) C ( wS 0 .040% w P 0 .040% ) D( w S 0 .035% w P 0 .035 % ) <br />
:FbZTZ <br />
, ZTZ Q235 - A s235 M Pa , A <br />
<br />
5 - 3<br />
Q195 Q215 ( A1 A2 ) , ( <br />
) , 08F 10 <br />
Q235 ( A3 ) , <br />
52
, Q235 - C Q235 - D , <br />
Q255 Q275 ( A4 A5 ) , <br />
, <br />
2 . <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
( A) ( E ) ; <br />
( UP )( UC) , ( U HP )<br />
( UF ) ( UCD)5 - 4<br />
5 - 4 <br />
<br />
w P %<br />
<br />
w S %<br />
0 .035 0 .035<br />
0 .030 0 .030<br />
0 .025 0 .020<br />
, 40 ,<br />
wC = 0 .40 % ( wM n = 0 .7% 1 .2 % ), <br />
Mn , 65Mn , wC = 0 .65% , ( w M n = 0 .9% 1 .2 % ) <br />
A ; E ; <br />
F ; b<br />
() 5 - 5 5 - 6<br />
5 - 5 ()( GBT 6991999)<br />
w%<br />
<br />
C Si Mn<br />
Cr Ni Cu<br />
<br />
08F 0 .05 0 .11 0 .03 0 .250 .50 0 .10 0 .30 0 .25<br />
15F 0 .12 0 .18 0 .07 0 .250 .50 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
08 0 .05 0 .11 0 .17 0 .37 0 .350 .65 0 .10 0 .30 0 .25<br />
10 0 .07 0 .13 0 .17 0 .37 0 .350 .65 0 .15 0 .30 0 .25<br />
15 0 .12 0 .18 0 .17 0 .37 0 .350 .65 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
20 0 .17 0 .23 0 .17 0 .37 0 .350 .65 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
25 0 .22 0 .29 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
30 0 .27 0 .34 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
35 0 .32 0 .39 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
40 0 .37 0 .44 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
54
w%<br />
<br />
C Si Mn<br />
Cr Ni Cu<br />
<br />
45 0 .42 0 .50 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
50 0 .47 0 .55 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
55 0 .52 0 .60 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
60 0 .57 0 .65 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
65 0 .62 0 .70 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
70 0 .67 0 .75 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
85 0 .82 0 .90 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
15Mn 0 .12 0 .18 0 .17 0 .37 0 .701 .00 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
35Mn 0 .32 0 .39 0 .17 0 .37 0 .701 .00 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
50Mn 0 .48 0 .56 0 .17 0 .37 0 .701 .00 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
65Mn 0 .62 0 .70 0 .17 0 .37 0 .901 .20 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
70Mn 0 .67 0 .75 0 .17 0 .37 0 .901 .20 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25<br />
5 - 6 ( ) (GBT 6991999 )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
mm<br />
<br />
b<br />
M Pa<br />
s<br />
M Pa<br />
5 % %<br />
A KU J<br />
HBS103000<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
08 F 25 930 295 175 35 60 131<br />
15 F 25 920 355 205 29 55 143<br />
08 25 930 325 195 33 60 131<br />
10 25 930 335 205 31 55 137<br />
15 25 920 375 225 27 55 143<br />
20 25 910 410 245 25 55 156<br />
25 25 900 870 600 450 275 23 50 71 170<br />
30 25 880 860 600 490 295 21 50 63 179<br />
35 25 870 850 600 530 315 20 45 55 197<br />
40 25 860 840 600 570 335 19 45 47 217 187<br />
45 25 850 840 600 600 355 16 40 39 229 197<br />
50 25 830 830 600 630 375 14 40 31 241 207<br />
55
mm<br />
<br />
b<br />
M Pa<br />
s<br />
M Pa<br />
5<br />
% %<br />
A KU<br />
J<br />
HBS103000<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
55 25 820 820 600 645 380 13 35 255 217<br />
60 25 810 675 400 12 35 255 229<br />
65 25 810 695 410 10 30 255 229<br />
70 25 790 715 420 9 30 269 229<br />
85 820 480 1 130 980 6 30 302 255<br />
15Mn 25 920 410 245 26 55 163<br />
35Mn 25 870 850 600 560 335 18 45 55 229 197<br />
50Mn 25 830 830 600 645 390 13 40 31 255 217<br />
65Mn 25 830 735 430 9 30 285 229<br />
70Mn 25 790 785 450 8 30 285 229<br />
: 1 . 25 mm , <br />
2 . 30 min, ; 30 min, 70 80 85 , <br />
; 1 h <br />
08F , , , <br />
; 10 25 , , <br />
, , ( ), <br />
, , <br />
;30 55 40Mn 50Mn , , , <br />
, 40 45 ; 60 85 60Mn 65Mn <br />
70Mn , , , <br />
, <br />
3 . <br />
wC = 0 .65% 1 .35 % , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
T () <br />
T8 , wC = 0 .8 % A , <br />
, T10A T10 <br />
5 - 7<br />
56
5 - 7 (GB 129886)<br />
<br />
w%<br />
C Mn Si<br />
T 7<br />
T7A 0 .650 .74 0 .40 0 .35 0 .030<br />
0 .020<br />
S<br />
P<br />
<br />
0 .035<br />
0 .030<br />
<br />
<br />
HBS<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( t)<br />
<br />
HR C<br />
187 800820 62<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
,<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
T 8<br />
T8A 0 .750 .84 0 .40 0 .35 0 .030<br />
0 .020<br />
0 .035<br />
0 .030<br />
187 780800 62<br />
, <br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
T8Mn 0 .800 .90 0 .40 0 .60 0 .35 0 .030 0 .035 187 780800 62<br />
T 9 0 .850 .94 0 .40 0 .35 0 .030 0 .035 192 760780 62<br />
T10<br />
0 .030<br />
T10A 0 .951 .04 0 .40 0 .35 0 .020<br />
0 .035<br />
0 .030<br />
197 760780 62<br />
T 8 <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T12<br />
T12A 1 .151 .24 0 .40 0 .35 0 .030<br />
0 .020<br />
0 .035<br />
0 .030<br />
207 760780 62<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
4 . <br />
wC = 0 .15% 0 .6 % , <br />
<br />
ZG ()GBT 56131995 ,<br />
: ( GB 1135289 ) , ZG <br />
, , <br />
ZG340 - 640 , s340 MPa, b 640 MPa ; , ZG<br />
(w C > 1% , w C < 0 .1% , <br />
0 ) , <br />
ZG15Cr1Mo1V , w C = 0 .15% wCr = 1% w M o = 1% w V < 0 .9 %<br />
57
(w V < 0 .9 % )<br />
5 - 8<br />
5 - 8 ( GB 1135289)<br />
w%<br />
<br />
<br />
C Si Mn P S<br />
s<br />
( <br />
M Pa<br />
r0 .2<br />
)<br />
b<br />
MPa<br />
%<br />
%<br />
A KV J<br />
( a K J cm - 2 )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ZG200 - 400 0 .20 0 .50 0 .80 0 .04 200 400 25 40 30 ( 60 )<br />
ZG230 - 450 0 .30 0 .50 0 .90 0 .04 230 450 22 32 25 ( 45 )<br />
ZG270 - 500 0 .40 0 .50 0 .90 0 .04 270 500 18 25 22 ( 35 )<br />
ZG310 - 570 0 .50 0 .60 0 .90 0 .04 310 570 15 21 15 ( 30 )<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
, , <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
ZG340 - 640 0 .60 0 .60 0 .90 0 .04 340 640 10 18 10 ( 20 )<br />
<br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
: 1 . 100 mm <br />
2 . A KV V ; a K U <br />
( <br />
) , 5 - 18 <br />
58<br />
<br />
5 - 18
, <br />
<br />
1 . ? ? <br />
2 . , : <br />
3 . ? <br />
4 . Fe - Fe 3 C ,,<br />
5 . 20 45 T8 T12 , , <br />
<br />
6 . Fe - Fe 3 C , <br />
t <br />
20 770<br />
45 500<br />
T8 650<br />
T12 750<br />
t <br />
20 920<br />
45 770<br />
T 8 790<br />
T 12 950<br />
7 . , wC = 0 .2% wC<br />
?<br />
8 . Fe - Fe 3 C :<br />
( 1) , 1 0001 250 ;<br />
( 2) ;<br />
( 3) 1 100 , wC = 0 .4% ,wC = 4 .0% ;<br />
( 4) w C = 0 .9 % w C = 1 .2% ;<br />
( 5) 70 T10 T12 20 30 ,;<br />
= 0 .65 % wC = 4 .0% ,<br />
( 6) ( ) ,(60 65 70 ) <br />
9 . ? ?<br />
10 . ? 20 45 60 Q215 - A Q235 - B T8 T10A <br />
T12 ZG310 - 570 ,12 <br />
11 . , ? ?<br />
12 . w C > 0 .6 % , w C < 0 .6 % , w C = 4 .3 % <br />
?<br />
59
, <br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
, 60% 70% <br />
, 70% 80 % <br />
, 100% <br />
, <br />
, :<br />
(1) <br />
:<br />
(2 ) , <br />
:<br />
6 - 1 <br />
(3 ) <br />
:<br />
, , <br />
, 6 - 1, , ( ) <br />
<br />
<br />
Fe - Fe3 C , A1 A3 Ac m , <br />
, , <br />
A1 A3 Ac m , 6 - 2 Ac1 A 3 <br />
Accm ; A r1 Ar3 A rc m <br />
<br />
Ac3 Ac1 , , <br />
1 .<br />
, A1 , <br />
, A1 wC = 0021 8% ;, w C = 669% Ac1 ,<br />
60
, w C = 077% , <br />
, <br />
, 6 - 3<br />
(a) A ( b) A ( c) Fe 3 C ( d ) A <br />
6 - 2 Fe - Fe 3 C<br />
<br />
6 - 3 <br />
(1 ) ( 6 - 3a b) <br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
(2 ) ( 6 - 3c) ,<br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
(3 ) ( 6 - 3d) , <br />
, , , , <br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
, Ac3 , Acc m , <br />
<br />
2 . <br />
(1 ) , , , <br />
<br />
(2 ) 6 - 4, ( v2 > v1 ) , ( t2 > t1 ) , <br />
( t 2 > t 1 ) , ( 2 < 1 ) , <br />
61
(3 ) , , <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
1 . ()<br />
(Ac3 , Ac1 Acc m ) <br />
, <br />
6 - 4 <br />
6 - 5 <br />
, , , 6 - 5 <br />
, , (6 - 5, 1 ) , <br />
, , , <br />
(6 - 5, 2 ), , <br />
, , <br />
Al2 O3 AlN , , , , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
2 . <br />
(1 ) , , <br />
<br />
(2 ) , , , <br />
, <br />
(3 ) , <br />
() , <br />
, , , <br />
62
, , , 6 - 1 <br />
, , Fe - Fe3 C <br />
() , <br />
, <br />
6 - 1 45 ( 840 )<br />
<br />
b M Pa<br />
s MPa<br />
<br />
%<br />
%<br />
HBS<br />
530 280 325 493 160 <br />
670 720 340 15 18 4550 210 <br />
1 100 720 7 8 1214 5260 HRC<br />
: <br />
, , ( Ar1<br />
Ar3 ) , <br />
6 - 6 1; , <br />
, <br />
, 6 - 6 2<br />
<br />
1 . <br />
<br />
<br />
6 - 6 <br />
1 ; 2 <br />
, , A1 ; <br />
, ; - <br />
, , <br />
, 6 - 7aC, C <br />
, , 6 - 7b <br />
, A1 , A1 <br />
, A1 , <br />
<br />
, <br />
, , , ( )550 , <br />
, , Ms ( Ms ) , ,<br />
, M f <br />
( M f ) , A ( <br />
) , <br />
63
( a) ( b)<br />
6 - 7 ( C )<br />
2 . <br />
(1 ) A1 550 , <br />
, <br />
A1 , (6 - 8a) , <br />
, <br />
, ( 6 - 8b) , <br />
, , <br />
(6 - 8c)(6 - 8d e) , <br />
(6 - 8f)<br />
(a) ( b) (c) ( d) (e) ( f) <br />
6 - 8 <br />
A1 650 , <br />
, , 500 ( 5<br />
- 6 ) ;650600 , , , , <br />
, S, 8001 000 , 6 - 9;<br />
600550 , , , , <br />
, T, , 6 - 10<br />
, , , , <br />
, , , <br />
64
6 - 9 <br />
( )<br />
6 - 10 <br />
()<br />
(2 ) 550 Ms , <br />
B, <br />
, , <br />
, ( B) ( B) <br />
550350 <br />
( 6 - 11 ) , <br />
, , 6 - 12<br />
6 - 11 <br />
6 - 12 <br />
350 Ms,<br />
5565 , 6 - 13 <br />
, 6 - 14<br />
, , , <br />
, , , , ,<br />
, , <br />
, <br />
Ms , , <br />
, <br />
65
6 - 13 <br />
6 - 14 <br />
3 . C <br />
( 1) 6 - 15, , ,<br />
, C ( <br />
6 - 15a)( 6 - 15b)<br />
( a) C ( b) C <br />
6 - 15 C <br />
, C , <br />
, C , ; , C <br />
, ; C , <br />
(2 ) , , <br />
C ( ) C , C <br />
<br />
(3 ) , , , <br />
, , , C <br />
<br />
1 . <br />
66
, , <br />
<br />
6 - 16 , <br />
C , , <br />
, C <br />
<br />
Ps ; P f <br />
; K <br />
, K , <br />
, Ms <br />
v K , <br />
( ) , <br />
v K , 6 - 16 <br />
<br />
2 . C <br />
, C , , <br />
C <br />
, C , C , <br />
, 6 - 17v1 ( ) , C <br />
6 - 17 <br />
67
, , 170220HBS; v2 ( <br />
) , , 2535HRC; v3 ( ) , C<br />
550 , , Ms , <br />
, Ms , <br />
, 4555HRC; v4 ( ) , <br />
C , Ms , , , 5565HRC<br />
3 . <br />
v K , Ms , <br />
, , - Fe - Fe , <br />
- Fe , - Fe <br />
, , M<br />
() , <br />
wC > 10 % , , , , <br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
, 6 - 18a6 - 18bwC < 025% , <br />
, , , <br />
, 6 - 19a <br />
6 - 19bwC025% 10% , <br />
( a) ( b )<br />
6 - 18 <br />
6 - 20, <br />
, wC > 060% , <br />
, <br />
<br />
, ( , ) , , <br />
, , , , <br />
<br />
68
(a) ( b)<br />
6 - 19 <br />
<br />
, ; Ms M f <br />
, Ms <br />
M f , <br />
, , <br />
; Ms M f ,<br />
, , Ms <br />
M f , 6 - 21 wC > 6 - 20 <br />
050 % , M f , 100% , <br />
, , 6 - 22<br />
6 - 21 Ms Mf <br />
6 - 22 <br />
, , <br />
, , , ( <br />
) , ( + <br />
- 78 , - 183 ) , , ( )<br />
69
, , <br />
:<br />
(1 ) ( Ac3 3050 ) , <br />
, , 600 , <br />
<br />
, ; , , <br />
;, , , ( ) <br />
, , <br />
<br />
, <br />
Acc m , , <br />
, , Ac3 ( Ac1 ) ,<br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, , 1 3, <br />
6 - 23 <br />
6 - 23 <br />
(2 ) Ac1 2030 , <br />
, , Ar1 , , <br />
, 6 - 24<br />
, , <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
70
, , 6 - 25 , <br />
, , <br />
6 - 24 T10 <br />
6 - 25 <br />
(3 ) ( ) ( <br />
100200 ) , ( 1015 h) , , <br />
, , ; <br />
, , <br />
(4 ) , <br />
, 500600 , <br />
, 300200 A1 , <br />
, 50% 80 % , <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( a) ( b) <br />
6 - 26 <br />
71
, , , <br />
, , , , <br />
(170230HBS ) ; , <br />
, ; , <br />
;, , <br />
, <br />
, 6 - 26<br />
<br />
, , <br />
<br />
<br />
, () <br />
, , <br />
<br />
<br />
1 . <br />
Fe - Fe3 C , 6 - 27 <br />
Ac3 3050 , , <br />
Ac1<br />
Ac3 , <br />
, , <br />
Ac3 + ( 30 50 ) , , <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
Ac1<br />
30<br />
50 , ( <br />
) , <br />
, Acc m <br />
6 - 27 <br />
, , , Ms , ,<br />
, , , , <br />
Ac1 , , <br />
<br />
, , <br />
2 . <br />
72
:<br />
t, min;<br />
, minmm;<br />
D, mm<br />
D <br />
3 . <br />
t = D<br />
, <br />
, C ,<br />
: 650 <br />
, , <br />
, ; 650400 , <br />
(C ) , <br />
, ; 300200<br />
, , <br />
6 - 28<br />
, <br />
(1 ) 650400 , <br />
; 300200 , <br />
6 - 28 <br />
, <br />
, , 40 <br />
650400 , (5 % 10% ) () ( )<br />
, , <br />
, <br />
<br />
(2 ) 300200 , <br />
, 650400 , , <br />
, 40100 <br />
<br />
1 . () <br />
() , , ( ) <br />
, 6 - 29, <br />
, <br />
2 . ()<br />
, , <br />
, 6<br />
- 29, , <br />
73
, <br />
3 . ()<br />
, <br />
Ms , ,<br />
, <br />
, 6 - 29 <br />
, , <br />
( < 12 mm ) <br />
<br />
4 . ()<br />
, <br />
, <br />
, 6 - 29 6 - 29 <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
<br />
, Ac1<br />
, <br />
<br />
, ; ,<br />
;<br />
<br />
() , <br />
, <br />
1 . (100350 )<br />
100 , Fe24 C ( )<br />
, , 350 , ,<br />
, <br />
, 6 - 30 , <br />
, , <br />
2 . (200300 )<br />
200 , 300 , <br />
, , , <br />
3 . (250400 )<br />
250 , 400 <br />
, , <br />
74
, , <br />
, 6 - 31, , <br />
6 - 30 <br />
6 - 31 <br />
4( > 400 )<br />
400 , , 600 <br />
, 450 , ( )<br />
, , <br />
6 - 32, <br />
, , , <br />
, , , <br />
, , , 6 - 33, <br />
6 - 32 <br />
6 - 33 40 <br />
, , <br />
<br />
, :<br />
75
1( < 250 )<br />
, ( 58 <br />
64HRC)<br />
2(250500 )<br />
<br />
3550HRC<br />
3( > 500 )<br />
, <br />
200350HBS <br />
() , <br />
, , 6 - 2<br />
, <br />
6 - 2 45 (2040 mm) <br />
<br />
b M Pa<br />
<br />
% A K J HBS<br />
<br />
750 850 2025 64 96 210250 <br />
700 800 1520 40 64 163220 + <br />
<br />
<br />
6 - 34: 350 <br />
, , <br />
, , 250 , <br />
, , ,<br />
250350 400500 <br />
, <br />
<br />
,<br />
<br />
400550 , <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
(400550 ) , <br />
6 - 34 <br />
, , <br />
<br />
76
( ) <br />
<br />
<br />
, , <br />
<br />
, , <br />
, , , <br />
() <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
<br />
, GB 22588 <br />
6 - 35a, ( 25 mm100 mm) , <br />
, , , , <br />
, , , <br />
, , 6 - 35b45 40Cr <br />
( a) ( b ) ( c) <br />
6 - 35 <br />
<br />
77
, 40Cr 45 6 - 35c6 - 35b <br />
, <br />
J HRC J , d , HRC <br />
d<br />
, J 42 5 mm 42HRC , , <br />
5<br />
( Dc ) , <br />
, , 6 - 3<br />
6 - 3 <br />
D c mm D c mm <br />
45 1018 6 8 50 % M<br />
60 2025 9 15 50 % M<br />
40Cr 2036 12 24 50 % M<br />
20CrMn Ti 3250 12 20 50 % M<br />
T8 T12 1518 5 7 95 % M<br />
GCr15 30 35 95 % M<br />
9SiCr 40 50 95 % M<br />
Cr12 200 90 % M<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
, , <br />
, 6 - 36a <br />
, <br />
, ( s ) ( AK )<br />
, 6 - 36b c <br />
,<br />
( a) ( b) ( c) <br />
, , <br />
6 - 36 <br />
; () ( <br />
) , , , ; <br />
, , , ; <br />
, , <br />
<br />
78<br />
,
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
1<br />
6 - 37, ( )<br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
, ,<br />
, ,<br />
, <br />
, ,<br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, :<br />
(1 ) 200300 kHz, <br />
05 2 mm <br />
<br />
(2 ) 2 5008 000 Hz,<br />
210 mm <br />
<br />
(3 ) 50 Hz, <br />
1020 mm( <br />
)<br />
2<br />
6 - 37 <br />
, ( ) , ( <br />
Ac3 100200 ) ; , , <br />
23HRC, ; , , <br />
20% 30% ; , , ; <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
(40 45 )(40Cr 40MnB ) ,<br />
<br />
, , <br />
, <br />
79
- ( ) <br />
, , 6 - 38 <br />
26 mm<br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
( <br />
)<br />
6 - 38 <br />
<br />
, ,<br />
<br />
: , <br />
; , , <br />
; , <br />
: <br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
: , <br />
1<br />
6 - 39, , ( <br />
) , ( ) , ( 900950 ) ,<br />
(CO CO2 H2 CH4 ) <br />
C, <br />
CH4 2H2 + C<br />
2CO CO2 + C<br />
CO + H2<br />
H2 O + C<br />
C , <br />
0205 mmh<br />
80
, , , , <br />
, , <br />
2<br />
6 - 40, , 900950 , <br />
15% 20% (BaCO3 Na2 CO3 ) <br />
, :<br />
BaCO3<br />
BaO + CO2<br />
CO2 + C 2CO<br />
2CO CO2 + C<br />
6 - 39 <br />
6 - 40 <br />
CO , , C, <br />
01 mmh<br />
, , , , <br />
<br />
3<br />
w C = 085 % 105 % , 6 - 41 , <br />
() , ( ) , <br />
() , ( ), <br />
( wC = 04% ) <br />
, 0525 mm<br />
:<br />
(1 ) Ar3 , <br />
(6 - 42a)<br />
, , , , ,<br />
81
6 - 41 <br />
, , , , <br />
, <br />
(2 ) , ( 6 - 42b ) <br />
, Ac3 (6 - 42b, ) , , <br />
; , , Ac1 3050 , <br />
, <br />
(3 ) , <br />
Ac3 3050 , <br />
, Ac1 3050 ( 6 - 42c) , , <br />
, , <br />
( a) ( b ) (c) <br />
6 - 42 <br />
(150200 ), <br />
<br />
5864HRC, , <br />
, 137183HBS , <br />
82
3545HRC, , <br />
( )<br />
<br />
: <br />
1<br />
<br />
( NH3 ), 500570 , N, :<br />
2NH3 3H2 + 2N<br />
N, <br />
38CrMoAl , <br />
(CrNMoN AlN) , ( 1 0001 200HV ,<br />
72HRC) , 600 , ,<br />
<br />
, ( 25 % 35 % ) ; <br />
, ; , ; <br />
( < 060070 mm ) , , , <br />
, , (0305 mm , 3050 h) , <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
2()<br />
110 5 Pa(10 - 1 10 - 3 Pa) , ( ) <br />
, <br />
, 133321 3332 Pa , ( ) ( ) <br />
(400700 V), , <br />
( 450650 ) , , , , <br />
<br />
: , ( 1 512 ) ; , <br />
, ; , , ; , <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
<br />
, , <br />
<br />
83
, <br />
(820860 ) , , CH4 <br />
CO , , <br />
CH4 + NH3 HCN + 3H2<br />
CO + NH3<br />
HCN + H2 O<br />
2HCN H2 + 2C+ 2N<br />
<br />
0308 mm , <br />
<br />
, , , , , , <br />
<br />
<br />
()<br />
, <br />
520570 , 24 h, 002006 mm<br />
, , , , <br />
( ) , <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
, : <br />
, Ac1<br />
( 500600 ) <br />
(50% 75% ) , ,<br />
, , , <br />
3070 MPa, 100 MPa <br />
<br />
, , ( <br />
) , , , , <br />
, <br />
(10% 30% , 40% 50% ) , <br />
, <br />
84
: ( CVD)( PVD)<br />
1( CVD)<br />
, ( <br />
) , , <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
2( PVD)<br />
, <br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , 110 Pa, ( <br />
)15 kV , <br />
, , , ( )<br />
, , <br />
CVD PVD , <br />
, , , , , <br />
(TiN TiC ) ( Al Cr Ni ) ( MoS2 WS2 CaF2<br />
), <br />
, , <br />
TiC TiN , <br />
<br />
<br />
, , <br />
, , , , <br />
<br />
( ) ; , ; <br />
, ; , ( <br />
20% ) ; , ;<br />
<br />
<br />
110 5 Pa( 10 - 1 10 - 3 Pa) <br />
<br />
; , , ; <br />
85
, , , ; <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
, ; , <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
1<br />
, <br />
, , <br />
<br />
, <br />
, , , , <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
, <br />
2<br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
, ; ,<br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
, : ; <br />
; <br />
<br />
, , ,<br />
, <br />
86
: <br />
1<br />
, , <br />
6 - 43<br />
6 - 43 <br />
2, <br />
, , <br />
, , , , , <br />
, 6 - 44<br />
( a) ( b ) <br />
( c) <br />
6 - 44 <br />
3<br />
, , 6 - 45, <br />
, , , ( <br />
) , , <br />
4<br />
6 - 46, , , <br />
, <br />
87
6 - 45 <br />
6 - 46 <br />
5<br />
, , <br />
(6 - 47a) , () , (6 - 47b) , <br />
, , <br />
6 - 47 <br />
<br />
<br />
, , : ( <br />
) , <br />
(, 3040 , <br />
5 ), 220250HBS, 4045HRC <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
, , <br />
<br />
, <br />
, , :<br />
88
1<br />
: , , <br />
, <br />
(1 ) ( <br />
) , , <br />
:<br />
() <br />
(2 ) , <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
:<br />
() () ()<br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
2<br />
: , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
(1 ) <br />
1) :<br />
() ( )()<br />
2) :<br />
() ( ) <br />
, , <br />
(2 ) , <br />
() <br />
<br />
() :<br />
()<br />
<br />
<br />
(3 ) , , , , <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
:<br />
() <br />
<br />
89
1(6 - 48 )<br />
, <br />
: 45 <br />
:, 4045HRC<br />
: <br />
2(6 - 49 )<br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
: 40Cr <br />
:260300HBS, ,<br />
: ()<br />
6 - 48 <br />
6 - 49 <br />
3(6 - 50 )<br />
, , <br />
<br />
:45 <br />
:4550 HRC, , <br />
220250HBS<br />
: <br />
<br />
4(6 - 51 )<br />
6 - 50 <br />
, <br />
<br />
: T12A <br />
:, 6064HRC<br />
: <br />
<br />
, , <br />
<br />
90
6 - 51 <br />
5(6 - 52 )<br />
, <br />
: Q235 - A <br />
: 0405 mm ,4045HRC,010 mm<br />
6 - 52 <br />
: ( 380420 )<br />
<br />
1? ? <br />
2Ac 1 Ac 3 Ac cm Ar 1 A r 3 Ar cm <br />
3,, ( C ) <br />
<br />
4A 1 Ms , <br />
5? ?<br />
6? ?<br />
7760 , , 6 - 53 <br />
, ? <br />
?<br />
?<br />
8<br />
9 ? <br />
10,?<br />
1145 T8 600 760 840 , <br />
, ? <br />
? ?<br />
12 , ? <br />
?<br />
13 ? <br />
?<br />
6 - 53 7 <br />
14,: ( 1) , ? (2 ) <br />
,,?<br />
15? ? ?<br />
91
1645 T12 700 770 840 , ? 45 <br />
770 T12 770 ?<br />
17, ?<br />
18? , ? <br />
<br />
1945 ( 4348HRC) 20 T12 , 45 <br />
, ? ?<br />
20() , <br />
,<br />
21, , ? <br />
?<br />
22,? ?<br />
23? ?<br />
( 1) ,; (2 ) ; (3 ) <br />
, ; ( 4) , ; ( 5) <br />
,, ; (6 ) , <br />
, <br />
24T10 , 6064HRC45 T10 , T10 , <br />
? ?<br />
25, <br />
(1 ) 15 ; (2 ) ZG270 - 500 ; ( 3) 60 ; ( 4) <br />
T12 <br />
26<br />
( 1) 20 ; (2 ) 45 ; (3) T12 <br />
2745 ( 15 mm10 mm) ,,<br />
( 1) 700 ,,; (2 ) 840 , , <br />
; (3) 1 100 , , ? <br />
, ? ?<br />
2845 , 220250 HBS , , <br />
, <br />
2945 240 HBS ,200 ,? ? 45 <br />
57HRC, 560 ,? ?<br />
3045 , ( 03 s) ; ( <br />
400 s)? ?<br />
31,<br />
( 1) 45 () ; (2 ) 60 ; (3) T12 <br />
32? ,? ?<br />
33? ? ?<br />
34? ? ?<br />
35? ? ?<br />
36? ?<br />
37,?<br />
92
38, ( > 50HRC) , ( A K > 40 J) 45 <br />
,20 45 ,: ( 1) 45 ;<br />
(2) 20 ,? ?<br />
396 mm T12 ,780 180 , 63HRC, , <br />
6 - 54 : (1 ) , ; ( 2) <br />
, ; (3) ,<br />
6 - 54 39 <br />
4020 ,:<br />
<br />
: ( 1) ; ( 2) ( ) ; ( 3) <br />
<br />
41T10 ,:<br />
<br />
: ( 1 ) ; (2 ) ( ) ;<br />
(3) <br />
42, ,<br />
( 1 ) , m = 4 ,,,45 ; (2 ) , <br />
, 5055 HRC, 45 ; ( 3) , <br />
,, ,, 38CrMoAl <br />
43,<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
93
, , , , , <br />
()<br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1 . <br />
,<br />
7 - 1 , , <br />
( wM n < 15% , w Si < 06% ) , , <br />
;, ; ( w Cr 2% w N i 5 % ) , <br />
, , <br />
( a) ( b) <br />
7 - 1 <br />
94
, <br />
<br />
2 . <br />
, ; <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, VC TiC , , <br />
, , , <br />
, , Cr7 C3 Cr23 C6 Fe3 W3C Fe3 Mo3C , <br />
, , , ( Fe,<br />
W) 3C ( Fe , Cr) 3 C , , <br />
, ( Fe, Mn) 3C Fe3 C <br />
, , ; , <br />
, , , <br />
Fe - Fe3 C <br />
1 . <br />
GS , , 7 - 2a<br />
, , <br />
GS , , <br />
7 - 2b , , <br />
<br />
, <br />
(a) <br />
( b) <br />
7 - 2 Fe - Fe 3 C <br />
95
2 . SE <br />
S E S , <br />
, 12 % , S wC = 04 %<br />
, w C = 04% ; E , <br />
, wC < 211% , <br />
<br />
SE , 7 - 3<br />
, , , <br />
<br />
7 - 3 <br />
<br />
1 . <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, ( ), <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
(), (<br />
) , , , <br />
, ,<br />
<br />
2 . <br />
(), <br />
, C , C , , <br />
96
7 - 4a; C , C , 7 -<br />
4b<br />
, , , <br />
, , ( <br />
), , <br />
(a) <br />
( b ) <br />
7 - 4 C <br />
Ms M f ( ) Ms <br />
M f , (7 - 5) , ( 7 - 6 )<br />
7 - 5 Ms <br />
7 - 6 <br />
3 . <br />
(1 ) ( ) <br />
() , , <br />
, , <br />
97
7 - 7, 9SiCr T10 ,9SiCr <br />
(2 ) , 500600 <br />
, , Cr7 C3 Mo2 CW2 C VC <br />
, , , 7 - 8 <br />
, 500600 , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
7 - 7 9SiCr T10 <br />
7 - 8 ( w C = 035% ) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1 . <br />
(1 ) ( ws0045 % w P 0045% ) <br />
, : <br />
, , <br />
(2 ) ( ) <br />
( <br />
, , ) , , <br />
() , , <br />
: , , <br />
, , , , , <br />
(3 ) ( wS 0020 % w P 0020% ) <br />
( ) <br />
98
:, , , <br />
<br />
2 . <br />
, , , , <br />
, <br />
<br />
1 . <br />
, Q390 s 390 MPa<br />
<br />
2 . <br />
Y <br />
, Mn , Y40Mn wC = 04% , ( wM n <<br />
15% ) <br />
<br />
1 . <br />
wC <br />
02% , , w Me < 3% <br />
, <br />
, , ,<br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, , , , <br />
, , , , <br />
, Q345 ( 16Mn) , 105 <br />
125 ; , Q345 15 % <br />
, <br />
Q345 <br />
7 - 1 7 - 2<br />
2 . <br />
, <br />
MnS , , , , <br />
MnS , , , , <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
99
7 - 1 (GBT 159194)<br />
<br />
<br />
C<br />
<br />
Mn<br />
Si<br />
<br />
P<br />
<br />
w Me %<br />
S<br />
<br />
V Nb T i<br />
Al<br />
<br />
Cr<br />
<br />
Ni<br />
<br />
Q295 A 0 .16 0 .801 .50 0 .55 0 .045 0 .045 0 .020 .15 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 <br />
B 0 .16 0 .801 .50 0 .55 0 .040 0 .040 0 .020 .15 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 <br />
A 0 .20 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .045 0 .045 0 .020 .15 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 <br />
B 0 .20 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .040 0 .040 0 .020 .15 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 <br />
Q345 C 0 .20 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .035 0 .035 0 .020 .15 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015<br />
D 0 .18 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .030 0 .030 0 .020 .15 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015<br />
E 0 .18 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .025 0 .025 0 .020 .15 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015<br />
A 0 .20 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .045 0 .045 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .30 0 .70<br />
B 0 .20 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .040 0 .040 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .30 0 .70<br />
Q390 C 0 .20 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .035 0 .035 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015 0 .30 0 .70<br />
D 0 .20 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .030 0 .030 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015 0 .30 0 .70<br />
E 0 .20 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .025 0 .025 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015 0 .30 0 .70<br />
A 0 .20 1 .001 .70 0 .55 0 .045 0 .045 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .40 0 .70<br />
B 0 .20 1 .001 .70 0 .55 0 .040 0 .040 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .40 0 .70<br />
Q420 C 0 .20 1 .001 .70 0 .55 0 .035 0 .035 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015 0 .40 0 .70<br />
D 0 .20 1 .001 .70 0 .55 0 .030 0 .030 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015 0 .40 0 .70<br />
E 0 .20 1 .001 .70 0 .55 0 .025 0 .025 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015 0 .40 0 .70<br />
C 0 .20 1 .001 .70 0 .55 0 .035 0 .035 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015 0 .70 0 .70<br />
Q460 D 0 .20 1 .001 .70 0 .55 0 .030 0 .030 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015 0 .70 0 .70<br />
E 0 .20 1 .001 .70 0 .55 0 .025 0 .025 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015 0 .70 0 .70<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
7 - 2 (GBT 159194)<br />
b MPa<br />
<br />
5 % s M Pa<br />
A K J<br />
<br />
Q295<br />
A<br />
B<br />
390570<br />
390570<br />
23<br />
23<br />
295<br />
295<br />
<br />
34 ( 20 )<br />
, , , <br />
, , , <br />
Q345<br />
A<br />
B<br />
C<br />
D<br />
E<br />
470630<br />
470630<br />
470630<br />
470630<br />
470630<br />
21<br />
21<br />
22<br />
22<br />
22<br />
345<br />
345<br />
345<br />
345<br />
345<br />
<br />
34 ( 20 )<br />
34 ( 0 )<br />
34( - 20 )<br />
27( - 40 )<br />
, , , , , ,<br />
, , , , <br />
<br />
<br />
A<br />
490650<br />
19<br />
390<br />
<br />
B<br />
490650<br />
19<br />
390<br />
34 ( 20 )<br />
, , ,<br />
Q390<br />
C<br />
490650<br />
20<br />
390<br />
34 ( 0 )<br />
, <br />
D<br />
490650<br />
20<br />
390<br />
34( - 20 )<br />
, <br />
E<br />
490650<br />
20<br />
390<br />
27( - 40 )<br />
100
MPa<br />
<br />
5 % s M Pa<br />
A K J<br />
<br />
A<br />
520680<br />
18<br />
420<br />
<br />
B<br />
520680<br />
18<br />
420<br />
34 ( 20 )<br />
Q420<br />
C<br />
520680<br />
19<br />
420<br />
34 ( 0 )<br />
D<br />
520680<br />
19<br />
420<br />
34( - 20 )<br />
E<br />
520680<br />
19<br />
420<br />
27( - 40 )<br />
C<br />
550720<br />
17<br />
460<br />
34 ( 0 )<br />
Q460<br />
D<br />
550720<br />
17<br />
460<br />
34( - 20 )<br />
E<br />
550720<br />
17<br />
460<br />
27( - 40 )<br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
7 - 3<br />
7 - 3 ( GB 873188)<br />
w%<br />
( )<br />
<br />
C Si Mn S P b M Pa<br />
5 % %<br />
<br />
HBS<br />
<br />
<br />
Y12<br />
0 .08 <br />
0 .16<br />
0 .15<br />
0 .35<br />
0 .70<br />
1 .00<br />
0 .10 <br />
0 .20<br />
0 .08 <br />
0 .15<br />
390 <br />
540<br />
22 36 170<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Y12 Pb<br />
0 .08 <br />
0 .16<br />
0 .15<br />
0 .70<br />
1 .10<br />
0 .15 <br />
0 .25<br />
0 .05 <br />
0 .10<br />
Pb<br />
0 .15<br />
0 .35<br />
390 <br />
540<br />
22 36 170<br />
Y12, <br />
<br />
Y15<br />
0 .10 <br />
0 .18<br />
0 .15<br />
0 .80<br />
1 .20<br />
0 .23 <br />
0 .33<br />
0 .05 <br />
0 .10<br />
390 <br />
540<br />
22 36 170<br />
Y12, <br />
<br />
<br />
Y30<br />
0 .27 <br />
0 .35<br />
0 .15<br />
0 .35<br />
0 .70<br />
1 .00<br />
0 .08 <br />
0 .15<br />
0 .06<br />
510<br />
655<br />
15 25 187<br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Y40Mn<br />
0 .37 <br />
0 .45<br />
0 .15<br />
0 .35<br />
1 .20<br />
1 .55<br />
0 .20 <br />
0 .30<br />
0 .05<br />
590<br />
735<br />
14 20 207<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
Y45Ca<br />
0 .42 <br />
0 .50<br />
0 .20<br />
0 .40<br />
0 .60<br />
0 .90<br />
0 .04 <br />
0 .08<br />
0 .04<br />
Ca<br />
0 .002 <br />
0 .006<br />
600<br />
745<br />
12 26 241<br />
Y40Mn, <br />
<br />
: Y12 Y15 Y30 <br />
101
3 . <br />
, <br />
() , , <br />
, <br />
09CuPCrNi - A 09CuPCrNi - B 09CuP <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
1 . <br />
(1 ) , <br />
<br />
: <br />
0035% <br />
(2 ) <br />
<br />
: <br />
<br />
2 . <br />
, , , , , <br />
<br />
<br />
1 . <br />
(1 ) ( ) <br />
() <br />
, , <br />
(< 15 % , ; <br />
15% 2 .4% 2 .5% 3 .4% , 2 3) <br />
( ) ( A ) <br />
(E ) , 7 - 420CrMnTi , wC = 0 .2% , wC rwM n w Ti <<br />
1 .5% ( ) , ; 25Cr2Ni4WA , wC = 0 .25 % , wC r = 2% ,<br />
w Ni = 4% , wW < 1 .5% ,A, , <br />
(2 ) , ZG<br />
Mn, , ZGMn13 - 1 <br />
w M n = 13% , 1 <br />
102
7 - 4 ( GBT 30771999 )<br />
<br />
w P<br />
<br />
w S<br />
0 .035 0 .035<br />
0 .025 0 .025<br />
2 . <br />
0 .025 0 .015<br />
G Cr <br />
, GCr15 wCr = 1 .5% <br />
, , GCr15SiMn wCr = 1 .5% wSi wM n <<br />
15% <br />
3 . <br />
<br />
: w C < 1% , , <br />
;w C1% , , 9Mn2V wC<br />
= 0 .9% w M n = 2% w V < 1 .5 % ; , CrWMn w C 1 % ( <br />
) , wCrw W wM n < 1 .5% <br />
4 . <br />
, w C <<br />
1% , , W18Cr4V w W = 18% w Cr = 4% w V < 1 .5% <br />
, wC = 0 .7 % 0 .8% <br />
5 . <br />
, 4Cr13 <br />
wC = 0 .4% wCr = 13% w C0 .03% wC 0 .08% , <br />
000, 00Cr17Ni14Mo2 0Cr18Ni11 Ti <br />
<br />
<br />
1 . <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
(1 ) wC = 0 .10% 0 .25% , <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
103
, , <br />
(2 ) , <br />
, ( 180200 ) <br />
wC = 0 .85% 1 .0% , <br />
, 6062HRC, , 4048HRC; <br />
, , 2540HRC, AK 48 J<br />
(3 ) :<br />
1) , <br />
20MnV 20Cr <br />
2) , ( b 1 0001 200 MPa)<br />
, 20CrMnTi 20MnVB <br />
<br />
3) , , <br />
1 175 MPa , <br />
20Cr2Ni4 18Cr2Ni4WA <br />
7 - 5<br />
2 . <br />
, <br />
<br />
(1 ) w C = 0 .25% 0 .50% , , , <br />
;, , <br />
, , , , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
(2 ) , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
wC0 .30% , <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
, , <br />
, , 7 - 6<br />
(3 ) :<br />
, , ,<br />
40Cr 40MnB 42SiMn <br />
, , <br />
, 40CrMn 35CrMo 38CrMoAl 40CrNi <br />
104
7 - 5 ( GBT 30771999 )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
w% <br />
C Si Mn Cr <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
b MPa<br />
<br />
s M Pa<br />
5 % %<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
A K J <br />
<br />
HBS<br />
<br />
15Cr<br />
012 017040070 <br />
018 037 070 100<br />
880<br />
<br />
780<br />
820<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
200<br />
735 490 11 45 55 179 <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
20Cr<br />
018 017050070 <br />
024 037 080 100<br />
880<br />
<br />
780<br />
820<br />
<br />
30 mm <br />
<br />
<br />
200<br />
835 540 10 40 47 179 ,<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
20MnV<br />
017 017130<br />
024 037 160<br />
V:<br />
007012<br />
880<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
200<br />
785 590 10 40 55 187 , <br />
450 475 , <br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
20Mn2<br />
017 017140<br />
024 037 180<br />
880<br />
<br />
20Cr <br />
<br />
440<br />
785 590 10 40 47 187 , <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
20CrMn Ti<br />
017 017080100 <br />
023 037 110 130<br />
Ti:<br />
004010<br />
880<br />
<br />
870<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
30 mm , <br />
200<br />
1 080 850 10 45 55 217 <br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
105
w% <br />
C Si Mn Cr <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
b MPa<br />
<br />
s M Pa<br />
5 % %<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
A K J <br />
<br />
HBS<br />
<br />
20 Mn VB<br />
017 017120<br />
023 037 160<br />
B:<br />
0000 5 <br />
0003 5<br />
860<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
200<br />
1 080 885 10 45 55 207 <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
20CrMnMo<br />
017 017090110 <br />
023 037 120 140<br />
Mo:<br />
020030<br />
850<br />
<br />
, <br />
200<br />
1 180 885 10 45 55 217 <br />
<br />
<br />
20Mn TiB<br />
017 017130<br />
024 037 160<br />
B:<br />
0000 5 <br />
0003 5<br />
Ti:<br />
004010<br />
860<br />
<br />
20CrMn Ti <br />
200<br />
1 130 930 10 45 55 187 , <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
20Cr2Ni4<br />
017 017030125 <br />
023 037 060 165<br />
Ni:<br />
325365<br />
880<br />
<br />
780<br />
<br />
<br />
200<br />
1 180 1 080 10 45 63 269 , <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
18Cr2Ni4 WA<br />
013 017030135 <br />
019 037 060 165<br />
Ni:<br />
40 450<br />
W:<br />
080120<br />
950<br />
<br />
850<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
200<br />
1 180 835 10 45 78 269 , <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
: 15 mm<br />
106
7 - 6 <br />
<br />
b M Pa<br />
<br />
s MPa<br />
5 % A K J<br />
<br />
<br />
40 870 25 580 340 19 48<br />
40Cr 860 60 740 450 21 72<br />
40 870 , 600 25 620 450 20 72<br />
40Cr 850 , 550 25 960 800 13 68<br />
, , <br />
40CrMnMo 25Cr2Ni4WA<br />
<br />
7 - 7<br />
3 . <br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
, , , <br />
( s b )<br />
(1 ) w C = 0 .5% 0 .7% , <br />
, , <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
(2 ) , <br />
10 mm , , <br />
5080 , ,<br />
, 4048HRC, <br />
810 mm, <br />
, :<br />
: , 500550 , , <br />
, , 200<br />
300 , , , <br />
: , <br />
200300 , , <br />
: , , <br />
<br />
, , , <br />
(3 ) 60Si2Mn , <br />
, 50CrVA 60Si2Mn <br />
, , <br />
<br />
7 - 8<br />
107
40Cr<br />
40 Mn2<br />
42SiMn<br />
0 .37<br />
<br />
0 .44<br />
0 .37<br />
<br />
0 .44<br />
0 .39<br />
<br />
0 .45<br />
7 - 7 ( GBT 30771999 )<br />
w% <br />
C Si Mn Cr <br />
0 .17<br />
<br />
0 .37<br />
0 .17<br />
<br />
0 .37<br />
1 .10<br />
<br />
1 .40<br />
0 .50<br />
<br />
0 .80<br />
1 .40<br />
<br />
1 .80<br />
1 .10<br />
<br />
1 .40<br />
0 .80<br />
<br />
1 .10<br />
<br />
MPa b<br />
<br />
850<br />
<br />
840<br />
<br />
880<br />
<br />
s MPa<br />
5 % % A K U J<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
HBS<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
520<br />
980 785 9 45 47 207 , <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
540<br />
885 735 12 45 55 217 , , ,<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
; <br />
590<br />
885 735 15 40 47 229 <br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
40MnB<br />
0 .37<br />
<br />
0 .44<br />
0 .17<br />
<br />
0 .37<br />
1 .10<br />
<br />
1 .40<br />
B :<br />
0 .000 5<br />
0 .003 5<br />
850<br />
<br />
40Cr <br />
<br />
500<br />
, 980 785 10 45 47 207 , <br />
<br />
<br />
40MnVB<br />
0 .37<br />
<br />
0 .44<br />
0 .17<br />
<br />
0 .37<br />
1 .10<br />
<br />
1 .40<br />
V :<br />
0 .050 .10<br />
B :<br />
0 .000 5<br />
0 .003 5<br />
850<br />
<br />
40Cr <br />
520<br />
, 980 785 10 45 47 207 <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
35CrMo<br />
0 .32<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
0 .17<br />
<br />
0 .37<br />
0 .40<br />
<br />
0 .70<br />
0 .80<br />
<br />
1 .10<br />
Mo:<br />
0 .150 .25<br />
850<br />
<br />
,<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
550<br />
, 980 835 12 45 63 229 ,<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
108
w% <br />
C Si Mn Cr <br />
<br />
MPa b<br />
<br />
s MPa<br />
5 % % A K U J<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
HBS<br />
<br />
40CrMn<br />
0 .37<br />
<br />
0 .45<br />
0 .17<br />
<br />
0 .37<br />
0 .90<br />
<br />
1 .20<br />
0 .90<br />
<br />
1 .20<br />
840<br />
<br />
<br />
550<br />
, 980 835 9 45 47 229 <br />
<br />
<br />
30CrMnSi<br />
0 .27<br />
<br />
0 .34<br />
0 .90<br />
<br />
1 .20<br />
0 .80<br />
<br />
1 .10<br />
0 .80<br />
<br />
1 .10<br />
880<br />
<br />
<br />
520<br />
, 1 080 885 10 45 39 229 , <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
40Cr Ni<br />
0 .37<br />
<br />
0 .44<br />
0 .17<br />
<br />
0 .37<br />
0 .50<br />
<br />
0 .80<br />
0 .45<br />
<br />
0 .75<br />
Ni:<br />
1 .001 .40<br />
820<br />
<br />
<br />
500<br />
, 980 785 10 45 55 241 , <br />
<br />
<br />
38CrMoAl<br />
0 .35<br />
<br />
0 .42<br />
0 .20<br />
<br />
0 .45<br />
0 .30<br />
<br />
0 .60<br />
1 .35<br />
<br />
1 .65<br />
Mo:<br />
0 .150 .25<br />
Al:<br />
0 .701 .10<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
940 640<br />
, , 980 835 14 50 71 229 <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
40CrMnMo<br />
40CrNiMoA<br />
0 .37<br />
<br />
0 .45<br />
0 .37<br />
<br />
0 .44<br />
0 .17<br />
<br />
0 .37<br />
0 .17<br />
<br />
0 .37<br />
0 .90<br />
<br />
1 .20<br />
0 .50<br />
<br />
0 .80<br />
0 .90<br />
<br />
1 .20<br />
0 .60<br />
<br />
0 .90<br />
Mo:<br />
0 .200 .30<br />
Mo:<br />
0 .150 .25<br />
Ni:<br />
1 .251 .65<br />
850<br />
<br />
850<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
600<br />
, 980 785 10 45 63 217 , 8 t <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
600<br />
, 980 835 12 55 78 269 <br />
250 mm <br />
<br />
<br />
25Cr2Ni4WA<br />
0 .21<br />
<br />
0 .28<br />
0 .17<br />
<br />
0 .37<br />
0 .30<br />
<br />
0 .60<br />
1 .35<br />
<br />
1 .65<br />
W :<br />
0 .801 .20<br />
Ni:<br />
4 .004 .50<br />
850<br />
<br />
200 mm <br />
550<br />
, 1 080 930 11 45 71 269 <br />
<br />
: 38CrMoAl 30 mm , 25 mm<br />
109
7 - 8 (GB 122284)<br />
w% <br />
<br />
C Si Mn Cr<br />
Ni Cu P S<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
MPa s b MPa<br />
<br />
5 % 10 % %<br />
<br />
<br />
55Si2Mn<br />
55Si2MnB<br />
60Si2Mn<br />
55SiMnVB<br />
0 .52<br />
0 .60<br />
0 .52<br />
0 .60<br />
0 .56<br />
0 .64<br />
0 .52<br />
0 .60<br />
1 .50<br />
2 .00<br />
1 .50<br />
2 .00<br />
1 .50<br />
2 .00<br />
0 .70<br />
1 .00<br />
0 .60<br />
0 .90 0 .35 0 .35 0 .25 0 .035 0 .035 870<br />
0 .60<br />
0 .90<br />
0 .35 0 .35 0 .25 0 .035 0 .035<br />
B 0 .000 5<br />
0 .004<br />
480 1 177 1 275 6 30 <br />
<br />
, ,<br />
<br />
, , <br />
250 <br />
<br />
870<br />
<br />
0 .60<br />
0 .90 0 .35 0 .35 0 .25 0 .035 0 .035 870<br />
<br />
V 0 .08 <br />
1 .00<br />
1 .30 0 .35 0 .35 0 .25 0 .035 0 .035 0 .16<br />
B 0 .000 5<br />
0 .003 5<br />
480 1 177 1 275 6 30 55Si2Mn <br />
480 1 177 1 275 5 25 55Si2Mn <br />
60Si2Mn <br />
<br />
860<br />
460 1 226 1 373 5 30 <br />
<br />
<br />
60Si2CrA<br />
0 .56<br />
0 .64<br />
1 .40<br />
1 .80<br />
0 .40<br />
0 .70<br />
0 .70<br />
1 .00<br />
0 .35 0 .25 0 .030 0 .030<br />
<br />
300<br />
870<br />
420 1 569 1 765 6 20 350 <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
55CrMnA<br />
0 .52<br />
0 .60<br />
0 .17<br />
0 .37<br />
0 .65<br />
0 .95<br />
0 .65<br />
0 .95<br />
0 .35 0 .25 0 .030 0 .030<br />
830<br />
<br />
860<br />
<br />
460<br />
510<br />
r0 .2<br />
1 079<br />
1 226 9 20<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
50CrVA<br />
30 W4Cr2 VA<br />
0 .46<br />
0 .54<br />
0 .26<br />
0 .34<br />
0 .17<br />
0 .37<br />
0 .50<br />
0 .80<br />
0 .80<br />
1 .10<br />
0 .17<br />
0 .37 0 .40 2 .00<br />
2 .50<br />
0 .35 0 .25 0 .030 0 .030<br />
0 .35 0 .25 0 .030 0 .030<br />
V 0 .10 <br />
0 .20<br />
V 0 .50 <br />
0 .80<br />
W 4 .00 <br />
4 .50<br />
<br />
<br />
850<br />
500 1 128 1 275 10 40 < 350 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1 050<br />
500 ,<br />
<br />
600 1 324 1 471 7 40 <br />
1 100<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
: 80 mm <br />
110
4 . <br />
w C =<br />
0 .9% 1 .5 % , w M n = 11 % 14% , , <br />
, , <br />
, 1 0001 100 , , <br />
, , ( 180 <br />
230HBS) , , , <br />
, , (5256HRC ) <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
ZGMn13 - 1 <br />
ZGMn13 - 4 <br />
7 - 9<br />
7 - 9 ( GB 568085)<br />
w%<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
C Si Mn S P<br />
b<br />
5<br />
<br />
MPa % J<br />
<br />
<br />
A K<br />
HBS<br />
<br />
<br />
ZGMn13 - 1<br />
1 .00<br />
<br />
1 .50<br />
0 .30<br />
<br />
1 .00<br />
11 .00<br />
<br />
14 .00<br />
<br />
0 .050<br />
<br />
0 .090<br />
1 060<br />
<br />
1 100<br />
637 20 229<br />
<br />
<br />
ZGMn13 - 2<br />
1 .00<br />
<br />
1 .40<br />
0 .30<br />
<br />
1 .00<br />
11 .00<br />
<br />
14 .00<br />
<br />
0 .050<br />
<br />
0 .090<br />
1 060<br />
<br />
1 100<br />
637 20 118 229<br />
, <br />
<br />
ZGMn13 - 3<br />
0 .90<br />
<br />
1 .30<br />
0 .30<br />
<br />
0 .80<br />
11 .00<br />
<br />
14 .00<br />
<br />
0 .050<br />
<br />
0 .080<br />
1 060<br />
<br />
1 100<br />
686 25 118 229<br />
<br />
<br />
ZGMn13 - 4<br />
0 .90<br />
<br />
1 .20<br />
0 .30<br />
<br />
0 .80<br />
11 .00<br />
<br />
14 .00<br />
<br />
0 .050<br />
<br />
0 .070<br />
1 060<br />
<br />
1 100<br />
735 35 118 229<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
(), <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
111
1 . <br />
w C = 0 .90% 1 .10% , w C r = 0 .40% 1 .65% ,<br />
, , <br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
( w S < 0 .025% w P < 0 .03% ) , , <br />
<br />
2 . <br />
, ( 180 <br />
207HBS ) , , <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, 6165HRC<br />
, , ( - 60- 80 ) , <br />
, , ( 120130 , 10 <br />
15 h ) , <br />
3 . <br />
<br />
GCr15 , , <br />
GCr15SiMn , <br />
, GSiMnV GSiMnMoV GCr15 7 - 10<br />
7 - 10 <br />
w%<br />
<br />
<br />
C Cr Mn Si Mo V R E S P<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
HRC<br />
<br />
GCr9<br />
1 .00<br />
<br />
1 .10<br />
0 .90<br />
<br />
1 .20<br />
0 .20<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
0 .15<br />
<br />
0 .35<br />
<br />
0 .025<br />
810<br />
<br />
830<br />
150<br />
<br />
170<br />
62<br />
<br />
66<br />
1020 mm <br />
<br />
GCr15<br />
0 .95<br />
<br />
1 .05<br />
1 .30<br />
<br />
1 .65<br />
0 .20<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
0 .15<br />
<br />
0 .35<br />
<br />
0 .025<br />
825<br />
<br />
845<br />
150<br />
<br />
170<br />
62<br />
<br />
66<br />
20 mm <br />
, < 50 mm <br />
<br />
GCr15SiMn<br />
0 .95<br />
<br />
1 .05<br />
1 .30<br />
<br />
1 .65<br />
0 .90<br />
<br />
1 .20<br />
0 .40<br />
<br />
0 .65<br />
<br />
0 .025<br />
820<br />
840<br />
150<br />
<br />
170<br />
62<br />
> 30 mm <br />
, 50 <br />
100 mm<br />
GSiMnV<br />
0 .95<br />
<br />
1 .10<br />
<br />
1 .30<br />
<br />
1 .80<br />
0 .55<br />
<br />
0 .80<br />
<br />
0 .20<br />
<br />
0 .30<br />
<br />
<br />
0 .03<br />
780<br />
<br />
810<br />
150<br />
<br />
170<br />
62<br />
GCr15 <br />
112
w%<br />
<br />
<br />
C Cr Mn Si Mo V R E S P<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
HRC<br />
GSiMnVRE<br />
0 .95<br />
<br />
1 .10<br />
<br />
1 .10<br />
<br />
1 .30<br />
0 .55<br />
<br />
0 .80<br />
<br />
0 .20<br />
<br />
0 .30<br />
0 .1<br />
<br />
0 .15<br />
<br />
0 .03<br />
780<br />
<br />
810<br />
150<br />
<br />
170<br />
62<br />
GCr15 <br />
GCr15 SiMn <br />
GSiMnMoV<br />
0 .95<br />
<br />
1 .10<br />
<br />
0 .75<br />
<br />
1 .05<br />
0 .40<br />
<br />
0 .65<br />
0 .20<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
0 .20<br />
<br />
0 .30<br />
<br />
<br />
770<br />
<br />
810<br />
165<br />
175<br />
62<br />
GCr15SiMn<br />
<br />
: , R E <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1 . <br />
(1 ) ( ) <br />
, , , ( 62 <br />
65HRC) , <br />
, , <br />
, - 80 , , <br />
, , , , <br />
( ) , <br />
T10A T12A , , 50 60 65Mn , , <br />
15 20 ( ) , <br />
GCr15 CrWMn CrMn 9SiCr , <br />
CrWMn, 3Cr13 <br />
(2 ) ( ) , <br />
, ( 500600 ) , <br />
, :<br />
: 60HRC, <br />
, , <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
: , <br />
<br />
113
, , <br />
w C = 0 .80% 1 .50 % , <br />
WC VC V4 C3 <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, 6065HRC<br />
9SiCr , , 300350 <br />
( )CrWMn , <br />
, ( )7 - 11<br />
7 - 11 (GB 129985)<br />
<br />
w%<br />
C Mn Si Cr P S<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
HR C <br />
HRC<br />
9SiCr<br />
0 .850 .301 .200 .95<br />
0 .95 0 .60 1 .60 1 .25<br />
<br />
0 .03<br />
820<br />
860<br />
<br />
62<br />
180<br />
200<br />
60<br />
62<br />
<br />
<br />
8MnSi<br />
0 .750 .800 .30<br />
0 .85 1 .10 0 .60<br />
<br />
0 .03<br />
800<br />
820<br />
<br />
60<br />
<br />
<br />
Cr06<br />
1 .30<br />
1 .45<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
0 .50<br />
0 .70<br />
<br />
0 .03<br />
780<br />
810<br />
<br />
64<br />
<br />
<br />
Cr2<br />
0 .95<br />
1 .10<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
1 .30<br />
1 .65<br />
<br />
0 .03<br />
830<br />
860<br />
<br />
62<br />
, <br />
<br />
9Cr2<br />
0 .80<br />
0 .95<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
1 .30<br />
1 .70<br />
<br />
0 .03<br />
820<br />
850<br />
<br />
62<br />
<br />
<br />
2 . <br />
: <br />
(1 ) , <br />
, , <br />
, w C = 1 .0% 2 .0% , <br />
, <br />
<br />
, 6062HRC<br />
Cr12 , Cr12MoV Cr12 Cr12MoV <br />
(1 820H V) <br />
114
7 - 12<br />
7 - 12 ( GB 129985 )<br />
w%<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
C Si Mn Cr W Mo V<br />
P<br />
S<br />
HRC<br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
HBS<br />
<br />
<br />
Cr12<br />
2 .00<br />
<br />
2 .30<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
11 .50<br />
<br />
13 .00<br />
0 .03 0 .03<br />
217<br />
<br />
269<br />
950<br />
1 000<br />
<br />
60<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Cr12MoV<br />
1 .45<br />
<br />
1 .70<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
11 .00<br />
<br />
12 .50<br />
0 .40<br />
<br />
0 .60<br />
0 .15<br />
<br />
0 .30<br />
0 .03 0 .03<br />
207<br />
<br />
255<br />
950<br />
1 000<br />
<br />
58<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Cr4 W2 MoV<br />
1 .12<br />
<br />
1 .25<br />
0 .40<br />
<br />
0 .7<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
3 .50<br />
<br />
4 .00<br />
1 .90<br />
<br />
2 .60<br />
0 .80<br />
<br />
1 .20<br />
0 .80<br />
<br />
1 .10<br />
0 .03 0 .03<br />
960<br />
980<br />
<br />
1 020<br />
<br />
<br />
269<br />
1 040<br />
<br />
60<br />
Cr12 Mo <br />
Cr12 , <br />
<br />
<br />
CrW Mn<br />
0 .90<br />
<br />
1 .05<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
0 .80<br />
<br />
1 .10<br />
0 .90<br />
<br />
1 .20<br />
1 .20<br />
<br />
1 .60<br />
0 .03 0 .03<br />
207<br />
<br />
255<br />
800<br />
830<br />
<br />
62<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
6 W6 Mo5Cr4 V<br />
0 .55<br />
<br />
0 .65<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
<br />
0 .60<br />
3 .70<br />
<br />
4 .30<br />
6 .00<br />
<br />
7 .00<br />
4 .50<br />
<br />
5 .50<br />
0 .70<br />
<br />
1 .10<br />
0 .03 0 .03<br />
1 180<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1 200<br />
269<br />
<br />
60<br />
<br />
<br />
(2 ) ( ) <br />
, , <br />
, , ( <br />
), (4050HRC) , <br />
, , ,<br />
<br />
w C = 0 .3% 0 .6% , <br />
, ; , , <br />
, ; <br />
<br />
, , , , , <br />
( ), ( ) , <br />
115
, 3039HRC, ( ) <br />
, 3448HRC<br />
5CrMnMo 5CrNiMo , , <br />
, <br />
5CrMnMo , <br />
3Cr2 W8V 4Cr5W2VSi 7 - 13<br />
7 - 13 ( GB 129985 )<br />
<br />
w%<br />
C Si Mn Cr W Mo V<br />
P<br />
S<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
()<br />
HBS<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
5CrMnMo<br />
0 .50<br />
<br />
0 .60<br />
0 .25<br />
<br />
0 .60<br />
1 .20<br />
<br />
1 .60<br />
0 .60<br />
<br />
0 .90<br />
0 .15<br />
<br />
0 .30<br />
0 .03 0 .03<br />
197<br />
<br />
241<br />
820 <br />
850<br />
<br />
( <br />
300 400 mm )<br />
5Cr NiMo<br />
0 .50<br />
<br />
0 .60<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
0 .50<br />
<br />
0 .80<br />
0 .50<br />
<br />
0 .80<br />
0 .15<br />
<br />
0 .30<br />
0 .03 0 .03<br />
197<br />
<br />
241<br />
830 <br />
860<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( ><br />
400 mm )<br />
3Cr2W8 V<br />
0 .30<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
2 .20<br />
<br />
2 .70<br />
7 .50<br />
<br />
9 .00<br />
0 .20<br />
<br />
0 .50<br />
0 .03 0 .03<br />
207<br />
<br />
255<br />
1 075<br />
1 125<br />
<br />
, <br />
,<br />
<br />
4Cr5 W2VSi<br />
0 .32<br />
<br />
0 .42<br />
0 .80<br />
<br />
1 .20<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
4 .50<br />
<br />
5 .50<br />
1 .60<br />
<br />
2 .40<br />
0 .60<br />
<br />
1 .00<br />
0 .03 0 .03<br />
<br />
229<br />
1 030<br />
1 050<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
4Cr5MoSiV<br />
0 .33<br />
<br />
0 .43<br />
0 .80<br />
<br />
1 .20<br />
0 .20<br />
<br />
0 .50<br />
4 .75<br />
<br />
5 .50<br />
1 .10<br />
<br />
1 .60<br />
0 .30<br />
<br />
0 .60<br />
0 .03 0 .03<br />
<br />
235<br />
790 ,<br />
1 000 <br />
1 010 ( 3Cr2W8V <br />
) , <br />
515 min 500 <br />
, 550 <br />
<br />
5Cr4 W5Mo2V<br />
0 .40<br />
<br />
0 .50<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
<br />
0 .40<br />
3 .40<br />
<br />
4 .40<br />
4 .50<br />
<br />
5 .30<br />
1 .50<br />
<br />
2 .10<br />
0 .70<br />
<br />
1 .10<br />
0 .03 0 .03<br />
<br />
269<br />
1 100<br />
1 150<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
3Cr2W8V <br />
<br />
(3 ) <br />
, , <br />
, :<br />
( 2835HRC ) , , <br />
, 45HRC <br />
116
, <br />
( Ra010 .01 m ,<br />
Ra 0 .005 m , <br />
4555HRC , <br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, T7A T8A 12CrMo CrWMn 20Cr 40Cr<br />
Cr2 , <br />
<br />
3Cr2Mo AISI , <br />
650 MPa, 15% ; 22<br />
32HRC, 30 % 50% , <br />
, , , Ra<br />
0 .025 m , ,<br />
3Cr2Mo , <br />
, <br />
3Cr2NiMo 3Cr2NiMo 3Cr2Mo , <br />
, Ra 00250015 m; <br />
; 3236HRC, ; 800825 , 58<br />
62HRC; 1 000HV , <br />
Y55CrNiMnMoV( SM1) Y20CrNi3AlMnMo( SM2 ) <br />
(Y )Y55CrNiMnMoV , Y20CrNi3AlMnMo , <br />
, , Ra<br />
0 .05 m , <br />
<br />
5NiSCa , , <br />
, 3035HRC, 45<br />
, 45HRC , Ra 0100 .05 m , <br />
, , <br />
PMS , 3845HRC, <br />
PMS , Ra<br />
0 .008 mPMS <br />
, , , , <br />
PMS <br />
<br />
718 718 , 3Cr2Mo , Ra <br />
0 .006 m , 5055HRC718 <br />
117
, , <br />
<br />
PCR PCR , , 3235HRC, <br />
, , Ra = 0 .2 m , PVD , 1 600 HV<br />
, 4Cr5MoSiV Cr12MoV 18CrMnT i 12CrNi3A 2Cr13 3Cr13 <br />
<br />
, 7 - 14<br />
<br />
, , 600 ,<br />
, <br />
1 . <br />
wC = 070% 125% , , <br />
, <br />
, , , , 560 <br />
, , , 1% 2% <br />
, w Cr = 4% , , <br />
VC, (2 010HV) , , <br />
, <br />
2 . <br />
, , 7 - 9 <br />
( a) ( b)<br />
7 - 9 (W18Cr4 V ) <br />
, , , <br />
, , , <br />
, , (7 - 10 ) , 207<br />
118
7 - 10 ( W18Cr4V ) <br />
255HBS, , 7 - 11a <br />
, , <br />
, , 800850 , , <br />
, ( 500 600 , <br />
800850 ) , , ( <br />
W18Cr4V 1 2701 280 ) , , 7<br />
- 11b ( 20% 30 % ) , 7 - 12 <br />
, ( ) 7 - 11c, <br />
( a) ( b ) (c) <br />
7 - 11 (W18Cr4 V ) <br />
20 % 30 % 1% 2% , ( W2 C, VC) <br />
, , , <br />
, Ms , , , <br />
<br />
, 7 - 13, 6365HRC<br />
120
7 - 12 ( W18Cr4V ) <br />
7 - 13 ( W18Cr4V ) <br />
3 . <br />
W18Cr4V , , , <br />
, ( <br />
)W6Mo5Cr4V2 W18Cr4V , W18Cr4V , W6Mo5Cr4V2 <br />
, , , <br />
, , , <br />
() <br />
(W18Cr4V2Co8 W6Mo5Cr4V2Al ) , <br />
W18Cr4V W6Mo5Cr4V2 , ,<br />
<br />
(600 ) , ,<br />
, <br />
7 - 15<br />
7 - 15 (GB 994388)<br />
w%<br />
<br />
<br />
C Mn Si Cr W V Mo<br />
<br />
<br />
HR C<br />
<br />
<br />
HRC<br />
<br />
W18Cr4V<br />
0 .70 <br />
0 .40 0 .40 3 .80 17 .50<br />
<br />
0 .80<br />
4 .40<br />
19 .00<br />
1 .00<br />
1 .40<br />
1 260<br />
<br />
1 280<br />
<br />
63<br />
550 <br />
570<br />
( )<br />
<br />
63 <br />
<br />
66<br />
<br />
9W18Cr4V<br />
0 .90 <br />
0 .40 0 .40 3 .80 17 .50<br />
<br />
1 .00<br />
4 .40<br />
19 .00<br />
1 .00<br />
1 .40<br />
1 260<br />
<br />
1 280<br />
<br />
63<br />
570 <br />
580<br />
( )<br />
67 .5<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
121
w%<br />
<br />
<br />
C Mn Si Cr W V Mo<br />
<br />
<br />
HR C<br />
<br />
<br />
HRC<br />
<br />
W6Mo5Cr4 V2<br />
0 .80 <br />
0 .35 0 .30 3 .80 5 .50<br />
<br />
0 .90<br />
4 .40<br />
6 .75<br />
1 210<br />
1 .754 .50 <br />
2 .20<br />
5 .50<br />
1 230<br />
<br />
63<br />
540 <br />
560<br />
( )<br />
<br />
63 <br />
66<br />
, <br />
<br />
W6Mo5Cr4 V3<br />
1 .10 <br />
0 .35 0 .30 3 .80 5 .75<br />
<br />
1 .25<br />
4 .40<br />
6 .75<br />
2 .804 .75 <br />
3 .30 5 .75<br />
1 200<br />
<br />
1 220<br />
<br />
63<br />
540 <br />
560<br />
( )<br />
> 65<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:<br />
1 . <br />
wC < 012% , w Cr = 16% 18% , , , <br />
, , <br />
1Cr17 <br />
2 . <br />
wC = 010% 040% , , , <br />
, w Cr = 12% 18% <br />
, , <br />
1Cr13 3Cr13 <br />
3 . <br />
wCr = 18% , w N1<br />
= 8% 11% , 18 - 8 <br />
, <br />
<br />
, , , 1 0501 150 ,<br />
, , <br />
, , , <br />
122
, ( 850 880 , 6 h ) , <br />
( Cr Fe) 23 C6 , , , <br />
, , ( Cr Fe)23 C6 , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
1Cr18Ni9 1Cr18Ni9Ti , 1Cr18Ni9Ti <br />
<br />
7 - 16<br />
<br />
, <br />
, , <br />
(Cr3 O2 SiO2 Al2 O3 ) , <br />
( ) , <br />
, , , <br />
, , , , <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
1 . <br />
< 3 % 5% , 15CrMo 12CrMoV<br />
25Cr2MoVA 35CrMoV , <br />
< 600 <br />
2 . <br />
Cr13 <br />
, < 650 , <br />
, , 1Cr13<br />
1Cr11MoV <br />
3 . <br />
, <br />
650 700 , <br />
1Cr18Ni9Ti 4Cr14Ni14W2Mo 1Cr18Ni9 Ti , <br />
, <br />
4 . <br />
, 900 <br />
, 1Cr17 , 1Cr17 580650 <br />
7 - 17<br />
123
1 . ,?<br />
2 . ?<br />
3 . ?<br />
4 . ?<br />
5 . :<br />
( 1) ; ( 2) <br />
; ( 3) w C 040% w Cr = 12 % ,w C = 150 % w Cr = 12% <br />
; (4) ( ),<br />
6 . ?<br />
7 . 20Cr MnTi 20MnVB <br />
8 . ?<br />
( 1) 40Cr ; (2 ) 60Si2Mn ; ( 3) GCr15 15% ; (4) 1Cr13 <br />
1 % ; (5 ) W18Cr4V 1 % <br />
9 . 20CrMnTi , 40 40Cr , ? ?<br />
10 . ? ? ?<br />
11 . ? ?<br />
12 . ? ?<br />
13 . ? ?<br />
14 . ?<br />
15 . ? <br />
? ?<br />
16 . ? ? <br />
?<br />
17 . ? 12% ?<br />
18 . ?<br />
19 . ZGMn13 - 1 ?<br />
20 . , ; ( 900 )<br />
, ?<br />
21 . 35 mm200 mm ,20 ,920 180 , 58<br />
62HRC;20 CrMnTi , 920 , - 80 180 , 60 <br />
64HRC,? ?<br />
22 . 1 280 , 560 ? 560 ? ?<br />
23 . ?<br />
( 1) 40Cr ,; ( 2) 20Cr2 Ni4 , <br />
; ( 3) T12A ; (4) CrWMn ; (5 ) W18Cr4V <br />
<br />
24 . ? ,12 <br />
Q345 ,20CrMnTi , 40Cr , GCr15 , 60Si2Mn , ZGMn13 - 2 , W18Gr4V , 1Cr18Ni9 , 1Cr13<br />
, 9SiCr , Cr12 , 5CrMnMo , CrWMn , 38CrMoAl , W6Mo5Cr4V2 , 4Cr9Si2 , 9Mn2V , 1Cr17<br />
127
,3Cr2Mo , 40CrMnNiMo <br />
25 . : <br />
,, , <br />
, <br />
128
, , <br />
<br />
<br />
( ) ( G) <br />
, :<br />
(1 ) , <br />
, , <br />
, , , ,<br />
<br />
(2 ) , <br />
, , ,<br />
, , <br />
50% 70% , 60% 90% , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
(3 ) , , <br />
, <br />
, , ( ) <br />
, <br />
<br />
( G) , 8 - 1 , <br />
(142 ) , ( 340 ) , <br />
, , , <br />
, , 3HBS<br />
( ) <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
8 - 1 <br />
129
, , Fe3C 3Fe + C( G)<br />
, Fe - Fe3 C ( <br />
Fe3 C )Fe - C( G) , -<br />
, 8 - 2Fe - Fe3 C , Fe - C ( G) <br />
, <br />
8 - 2 - <br />
Fe - C( G), :<br />
: ( ) 1 154 <br />
( L C<br />
1 154 <br />
A E+ G ) <br />
: ( 1 154738 ) , E S<br />
: 738 , ( A S<br />
738 <br />
F P+ G )<br />
, , , ,<br />
A + G , ( <br />
) , , <br />
, F + G ; , F + P + G ;<br />
, P + G <br />
, , <br />
130
; , ; , <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
1 . <br />
, , <br />
, , , ; , <br />
, , , <br />
, , , <br />
wC = 2 .5% 4 .0% , w Si = 1 .0% 2 .5% <br />
, , <br />
, w S < 0 .15% <br />
, , <br />
, w M n = 0 .5% 1 .4 % <br />
w P > 0 .3% , <br />
, , , , <br />
, w P < 0 .12% , , 05% <br />
, w P < 0 .3% <br />
2 . <br />
, , ,<br />
, <br />
(669% ) (100 % )( 25% 40 % )<br />
, <br />
, , ; , ; , <br />
<br />
8 - 3 , , , , <br />
<br />
8 - 3 w ( C + Si) (<br />
) <br />
131
, , <br />
80% <br />
<br />
: w C = 2 .5 % 4 .0% , w Si = 1 .0% 2 .5% , w M n = 0 .5% 1 .4% ,<br />
w P 0 .3% , wS 0 .15% <br />
: ;<br />
- ; 8 - 4<br />
(a) <br />
( b ) - <br />
(c) <br />
8 - 4 <br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
132
, , <br />
34 , <br />
, , ; - <br />
<br />
, :<br />
(1 ) ( ) <br />
, , <br />
(2 ) , , , <br />
10 <br />
(3 ) , <br />
, <br />
(4 ) , , , <br />
<br />
(5 ) , <br />
<br />
<br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
(8 - 1) , , <br />
8 - 1 ( GB 943988 )<br />
mm<br />
b<br />
MPa<br />
<br />
<br />
HBS<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
H T100<br />
2510<br />
1020<br />
2030<br />
3050<br />
130<br />
100<br />
90<br />
80<br />
110166<br />
93140<br />
87131<br />
82122<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
-<br />
<br />
<br />
H T150<br />
2510<br />
1020<br />
2030<br />
3050<br />
175<br />
145<br />
130<br />
120<br />
137205<br />
119179<br />
110166<br />
105157<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
133
mm<br />
b MPa<br />
<br />
<br />
HBS<br />
<br />
2510<br />
220<br />
157236<br />
<br />
H T200<br />
1020<br />
2030<br />
3050<br />
195<br />
170<br />
160<br />
148222<br />
134200<br />
129192<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
H T250<br />
4010<br />
1020<br />
2030<br />
270<br />
240<br />
220<br />
175262<br />
164247<br />
157236<br />
<br />
<br />
3050<br />
200<br />
150225<br />
1020<br />
290<br />
182272<br />
H T300<br />
2030<br />
250<br />
168251<br />
, <br />
3050<br />
230<br />
161241<br />
<br />
<br />
, , , <br />
1020<br />
340<br />
199298<br />
, <br />
H T350<br />
2030<br />
290<br />
182272<br />
<br />
3050<br />
260<br />
171257<br />
: , , ; <br />
, , <br />
w Si = 75 % wSi = 60% 65% , wCa = 40% 35% <br />
, 02% <br />
07% <br />
<br />
HT ( ) , <br />
30 mm( MPa) 8 - 1 , <br />
<br />
<br />
, , <br />
, <br />
<br />
1 . <br />
, , , <br />
500600 , , 200 <br />
150 , <br />
2 . , <br />
134
850 900 , 25 h, Fe3 C , 500<br />
400 , <br />
3 . <br />
, , <br />
<br />
, 11<br />
25 mm , 50 HRC<br />
8 - 5, (<br />
) , ( 2 <br />
5 V)(400750 A) , <br />
, ,<br />
<br />
0203 mm, <br />
, 5561HRC 8 - 5 <br />
, , , 15 <br />
<br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
, 004% 008% , <br />
(1 120 ) ( 1738 g cm 3 ) , , , 5% <br />
10 % , , , , <br />
<br />
, , <br />
, , , <br />
w Si = 75% <br />
<br />
, wC = 36% 40% , w Si = 2 .0% 2 .8% ,<br />
w M n = 0 .6% 0 .8% , w S 0 .07 % , wP < 0 .1% , wR E = 0 .02% 0 .04% , wM g = 0 .03 % <br />
0 .05 % <br />
, - <br />
() , 8 - 6<br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, ( r0 .2 b )0708 , , <br />
135
( a) ( b) - <br />
(c) <br />
( d) <br />
8 - 6 <br />
, <br />
, ; , , , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
136
QT (), <br />
QT600 - 3 b 600 MPa3% <br />
8 - 2<br />
8 - 2 ( GB 134888 )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
b MPa<br />
r0 .2 M Pa<br />
<br />
%<br />
HBS<br />
<br />
Q T 400 - 18 400 250 18 130180<br />
Q T 400 - 15 400 250 15 130180<br />
Q T 450 - 10 450 310 10 160210<br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
Q T500 - 7 + 500 320 7 170230<br />
<br />
<br />
Q T600 - 3 + 600 370 3 190270<br />
Q T700 - 2 700 420 2 225305<br />
Q T800 - 2<br />
<br />
<br />
800 480 2 245335<br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
Q T900 - 2<br />
<br />
<br />
900 600 2 280360<br />
, ,<br />
, <br />
, <br />
45 35CrMo <br />
; <br />
<br />
, , <br />
, <br />
<br />
1 . <br />
(1 ) , , <br />
500600 , 28 h <br />
(2 ) , <br />
, 700760 , 28 h, <br />
, 600 , <br />
137
(3 ) , , <br />
900950 , 25 h, , <br />
600 , <br />
2 . <br />
, <br />
:<br />
(1 ) ( ) 880950 , 13 h, <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
(2 ) ( ) 820860 , 14 h , <br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
, , ( <br />
)<br />
3 . <br />
, , <br />
860920 , , , 550600 <br />
(46 h) , , <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
4 . <br />
, , <br />
, 860900 , 250<br />
350 3090 min, <br />
, <br />
<br />
, 1 2001 500 MPa, 3850HRC, <br />
A K = 2464 J<br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
: , ( ) , <br />
, , <br />
, : wC = 2 .3% 2 .8% , w Si =<br />
138
1 .0% 1 .6 % , wM n = 0 .3% 0 .8% , wS 0 .2% , w P 0 .1% <br />
, :<br />
(1 ) <br />
, <br />
900980 , <br />
, ( 30 h ), <br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
( 760720 ) , ,<br />
700650, ( 8 - 7 ) ,<br />
8 - 7 <br />
, , <br />
8 - 8a, (100 h ) <br />
(8 - 7 ) , , , <br />
8 - 8b<br />
(a) <br />
8 - 8 <br />
( b) <br />
(2 ) ( <br />
), <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
<br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
139
8 - 3KT , <br />
HZ, <br />
8 - 3 (GB 944088)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
mm<br />
b M Pa r0 .2 MPa<br />
<br />
%<br />
HBS<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
K T H300 - 06<br />
K T H330 - 08<br />
K T H350 - 10<br />
K T H370 - 12<br />
K TZ450 - 06<br />
K TZ550 - 04<br />
K TZ650 - 02<br />
K TZ700 - 02<br />
12<br />
<br />
15<br />
12<br />
<br />
15<br />
300 6<br />
330 8<br />
350 200 10<br />
370 12<br />
450 270 6<br />
550 340 4<br />
650 430 2<br />
700 530 2<br />
<br />
150<br />
150 200<br />
180 250<br />
210 260<br />
240 290<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, , , , <br />
<br />
<br />
, 8 - 9 <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
: w C = 3 .5%<br />
3 .90% , w Si = 2 .2% 2 .8% , w M n<br />
0 .8% , w P < 0 .1% , wS < 0 .1% <br />
= 0 .4% <br />
,<br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , ,<br />
<br />
8 - 9 <br />
RuT ( ) , <br />
140
8 - 4<br />
8 - 4 ( JB 440387 )<br />
<br />
<br />
b MPa<br />
r0 .2 M Pa<br />
<br />
%<br />
HBS<br />
<br />
RuT 260 260 195 3 121197 , <br />
RuT 300 300 240 1 .5 140217 <br />
RuT 340 340 270 1 .0 170249 , , , , <br />
RuT 380 380 300 0 .75 193274<br />
RuT 420 420 335 0 .75 200280<br />
<br />
20 80 , <br />
, , , <br />
( ), , <br />
<br />
(), <br />
, <br />
1 . <br />
<br />
, :<br />
(1 ) , <br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
, , , , , <br />
() , , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, ( wCr = 15% ) , Cr7 C3 , Cr7C3<br />
Fe3 C, , <br />
, <br />
(wM n = 5 .0% 9 .5 % , wSi = 3 .3% 5 .0% ) , <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
(2 ) , , <br />
, ,<br />
141
, , , <br />
, 035% 065% , <br />
Fe3 P, Fe3 P , , <br />
, ,<br />
, , , <br />
<br />
2 . <br />
, <br />
, Fe3C <br />
, , <br />
Al2 O3 SiO2 Cr2 O3 , , , <br />
, <br />
, Fe3 C , <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
, , <br />
3 . <br />
<br />
, , <br />
Cr2 O3 SiO2 Al2 O3 , <br />
, ( wSi =<br />
14 % 18 % ), Fe3 Si2 <br />
SiO2 , <br />
, SiO2<br />
, <br />
, ( w N i = 0 .8% 1 .0 % ) ( wCr = 0 .6 % 0 .8% ) , <br />
wC u = 6 .5% 8 .5% , <br />
, <br />
<br />
1 . ? ?<br />
2 . :<br />
<br />
3 . ? ?<br />
4 . , ?<br />
5 . ? ? , <br />
142
? ?<br />
6 . ,? ?<br />
7 . ? ?<br />
8 . ,? ?<br />
9 . 5 mm 20 mm ,52 mm , b = 150 MPa, HT150<br />
,?<br />
10 . ? ?<br />
HT150 QT450 - 10 KT H300 - 06 KTZ550 - 04 RuT300<br />
11 . ? ?<br />
( 1) , ; (2 ) , <br />
; ( 3) , ; (4 ) , ,<br />
<br />
?<br />
12 . ? <br />
13 . ? <br />
, <br />
14 . , <br />
15 . ? ? , <br />
?<br />
143
( ) , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
, , , <br />
660 , 27 g cm 3 , , , <br />
64% , Al2 O3 , ,<br />
<br />
( b = 80100 M Pa 20HBS ) , (= 50% , = 80 % ) <br />
( b = 150250 M Pa)(= 50% 60% )<br />
wA l = 98 .0 % 99 .0% , , , <br />
<br />
L1 L2 L3(1070 1060 1050) ,L <br />
, , , , <br />
LG1 LG2 LG5 ( 1A85 1A90 <br />
1A99 ),LG, LG , <br />
<br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
() , , <br />
<br />
1 . <br />
, 9 - 1 , D , <br />
, , , <br />
: F , , , <br />
; F D, , <br />
144
, D , , ,<br />
, , <br />
2 . <br />
9 - 2, w Cu = 4% , , <br />
, ( CuAl2 ), , <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
, , ( ) , <br />
; , <br />
9 - 1 <br />
9 - 2 - <br />
9 - 3, , ( 2 h ) , <br />
, , ( <br />
), , 515 h , 45 <br />
, , wC u = 4% b = 200 MPa, b = 250<br />
M Pa, 45 , b 400 MPa<br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
(- 50 ) , 9 - 4 , 150 ,<br />
, , , <br />
9 - 3 wC u = 4 %<br />
9 - 4 <br />
X : , ( <br />
) , <br />
145
, GP , <br />
, ( ) , , ,<br />
GP , , <br />
, , , GP , <br />
, () ,<br />
, , , <br />
, , , <br />
, , , <br />
, 200250 ( 23 min) , <br />
, , , , , <br />
, <br />
<br />
3 . <br />
(1 ) : Al - Mn Al - Mg , <br />
, , , <br />
, LF ()<br />
, LF5 LF21 <br />
<br />
, <br />
(2 ) :<br />
1) Al - Cu - Mg , <br />
, b 420 MPa, , <br />
, , <br />
LY(), LY1 LY10 LY12 <br />
LY1 LY10 , , , LY11 ,<br />
, , <br />
LY12 , , , , <br />
<br />
2) Al - Cu - Mg - Zn ,<br />
, , > 120 <br />
LC(), LC4 LC6 <br />
, <br />
3) Al - Cu - Mg - Si , <br />
, , LD( ) <br />
, LD6 LD10 <br />
, 300200 <br />
, <br />
GBT 164741996 , <br />
146
, , 1 2 3<br />
4 5 6 7 8 9 <br />
; , 0 A <br />
,19 BY ; ,<br />
<br />
9 - 1<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
9 - 1 <br />
( GB 319082 GB 1056989 GBT 164741996)<br />
<br />
w%<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Cu Mg Mn Zn <br />
b MPa % HBS<br />
LF5 5A05 0 .10 4 .85 .5 0 .30 .6 0 .20 O 280 20 70<br />
LF11 5A11 0 .10 4 .85 .5 0 .30 .6 0 .20<br />
T i V<br />
002 015<br />
O 280 20 70<br />
LF21 3A21 0 .20 0 .05 1 .01 .6 0 .10 T i0 .15 O 130 20 30<br />
<br />
L Y11<br />
<br />
<br />
2A11 3 .8 4 .8 0 .40 .8 0 .40 .8 0 .30<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
L Y1 2A01 2 .2 3 .0 0 .20 .5 0 .20 0 .10 T i0 .15 T4 300 24 70<br />
Ni0 .10<br />
T i0 .15<br />
T4 420 15 100<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
L Y12 2A12 3 .8 4 .9 1 .21 .8 0 .30 .9 0 .30 T i0 .15 T4 470 12 105<br />
<br />
Cr<br />
L C4 7A04 1 .4 2 .0 1 .82 .8 0 .20 .6 5 .0 7 .0<br />
<br />
0 .10 .25<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T6 600 12 150<br />
L D5 2A50 1 .8 2 .6 0 .40 .8 0 .40 .8 0 .30 Si0 .701 .2 T6 420 13 105<br />
L D7 2A70 1 .9 2 .5 1 .41 .8 0 .20 0 .30<br />
Ni1 .01 .5<br />
Ti0 .02 0 .1<br />
Fe1 .0 1 .5<br />
T6 440 12 120<br />
L D10 2A14 3 .9 4 .8 0 .40 .8 0 .41 .0 Si0 .51 .2 T6 480 10 135<br />
: O ; T 4 + ; T6 + <br />
4 . <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
100 <br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
< 150 <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
, , <br />
Al - Si Al - Cu Al - Mg Al - Zn <br />
147
ZL( ) <br />
:1- ,2- ,3- ,4- ; <br />
, ZL102 ZL401 <br />
Z <br />
A, YZ<br />
9 - 2<br />
(1 ) Al - Si ( <br />
, ) , , <br />
ZL102( w Si = 10 % 13 % ) , , <br />
(+ Si) , <br />
, ( 9 - 5a , , ) , <br />
, , <br />
2% 3% (2 3NaF + 1 3NaCl ) , <br />
, , , , <br />
( 9 - 5b, , ), <br />
, b = 140 MPa= 3 % , b = 180 MPa ,= 8% ZL102<br />
, <br />
(a) <br />
( b) <br />
9 - 5 ZL102 <br />
, ( ) , <br />
<br />
, <br />
ZL102 ZL104 ZL105 <br />
(2 ) wC u = 4% 14% , <br />
, , <br />
ZL201 ZL202 ZL203 <br />
148
( 3) ( < 2 .55 g cm 3 ),<br />
ZL301 ZL302 <br />
(4 ) , , , <br />
ZL401<br />
ZL402 <br />
<br />
<br />
, 89 g cm 3 , 1 083 , , <br />
, (= 40% 50% ) , ( b = 230 <br />
250 MPa) , ( 3040HBS) , , , ,<br />
50% , b = 400430 MPa, 100200HBS, = 1% <br />
2% <br />
wCu = 99 .95 % 99 .5 % , , ,<br />
, <br />
T ( ) ( ) , : T1T2<br />
T3 , , <br />
, <br />
<br />
, , <br />
, <br />
; <br />
<br />
1 . <br />
, <br />
; <br />
<br />
(1) <br />
, <br />
9 - 6 <br />
, wZn<br />
< 32% , , <br />
, , , <br />
, ; wZn<br />
= 32 % 45% , <br />
( CuZn <br />
) , , ,<br />
150<br />
<br />
9 - 6
, , , ; wZn > 45% , <br />
, (Cu5 Zn8 ) , , , <br />
<br />
wZn < 7 % , , wZn > 7% , <br />
, , , ( )<br />
, <br />
H( ) , <br />
, H68 w Cu = 68% , <br />
H70 H68, , , , <br />
, ; H62 H59 (+ ) , , <br />
, , , <br />
Z() <br />
ZCuZn38 wZ n = 38 % , ,<br />
, <br />
9 - 3<br />
9 - 3 <br />
(GB 523285 GB 117687 GB 204189)<br />
Cu Zn<br />
w%<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
b M Pa<br />
<br />
%<br />
<br />
HBS<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
H70 68 .5 71 .5 <br />
H68 67 .0 70 .0 <br />
320 53<br />
660 3 150<br />
320 55<br />
660 3 150<br />
<br />
, <br />
,<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
H62 60 .5 63 .5 <br />
H59 57 .0 60 .0 <br />
ZCuZn38 60 63 <br />
330 49 56<br />
600 3 164<br />
390 44<br />
500 10 163<br />
S 295 30 590<br />
J 295 30 685<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
,<br />
<br />
<br />
: 600 ; 50 % ; S ; J <br />
(2 ) <br />
, <br />
, ; <br />
; ; <br />
<br />
, , <br />
151
H( ) <br />
, HSn62 - 1 w Sn = 1% wC u = 62% ,<br />
Z ( ) <br />
, ZCuZn31Al2 wZ n = 31% wA l = 2% , <br />
<br />
9 - 4<br />
9 - 4 <br />
(GB 523285 GB 117687 GB 204189)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
w%<br />
Cu Zn<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
b M Pa %<br />
<br />
HBS<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
HSn62 - 1 61 .0 63 .0 Sn0 .7 1 .1 700 4<br />
HRB<br />
95<br />
,<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
H Pb59 - 1 57 60 Pb0 .8 1 .9 650 16<br />
HRB<br />
140<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
HAl59 - 3 - 2<br />
57 60<br />
Al2 .53 .5<br />
Ni2 .03 .0<br />
650 15 155 <br />
HMn58 - 2 57 60 Mn1 .0 2 .0 700 10 175<br />
<br />
<br />
ZCuZn16Si4 79 81 Si2 .54 .5 <br />
S 345 15 88 .5<br />
J 390 20 98 .0<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
45 M Pa 250 <br />
<br />
<br />
ZCuZn40 Pb2<br />
58 63<br />
Pb0 .5 2 .5<br />
Al0 .20 .8<br />
<br />
S 220 15 78 .5<br />
J 280 20 88 .5<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ZCuZn40Mn3Fe1<br />
53 58<br />
Mn3 .0 4 .0<br />
Fe0 .5 1 .5<br />
<br />
S 440 18 98 .0<br />
J 490 15 108 .0<br />
, <br />
300 ,<br />
<br />
<br />
ZCuZn40Mn2 57 60 Mn1 .0 2 .0 <br />
S 345 20 78 .5<br />
J 390 25 88 .5<br />
<br />
( 300 ) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
: 600 ; 50 % ; S ; J <br />
2 . <br />
(- ) , , <br />
152
() <br />
, <br />
Q()<br />
, QSn4 - 3 wSn = 4% wZn = 3% , <br />
, Z()<br />
, ZCuSn10Zn2 wSn = 10% wZn = 2% , <br />
(1 ) , <br />
, , 9 - 7 : <br />
w Sn < 7% , , , , <br />
; w Sn > 7% , <br />
(Cu31 Sn8<br />
) , , <br />
, ; w Sn<br />
> 20% , <br />
, , , , <br />
w Sn = 3% 14% <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
(2 ) ( )<br />
1) <br />
9 - 7 <br />
<br />
wA l = 85% 11% , <br />
, , , , <br />
wA l = 5% 7 % , , ; wAl 10 % , , <br />
<br />
; <br />
, <br />
<br />
2) wBe = 1 .7% 2 .5% <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
9 - 5<br />
153
9 - 5 () <br />
( GB 523385 GB 117687 GB 204889 GB 204389)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( )<br />
w%<br />
Sn Cu <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
b MPa<br />
5 %<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
QSn4 - 3 3 .54 .5 Zn 2 .7 3 .3<br />
QSn6 .5 - 0 .4 6 .07 .0 P 0 .260 .40<br />
QSn4 - 4 - 2 .5 3 .05 .0 <br />
Zn 3 .0 5 .0<br />
Pb1 .53 .5<br />
, ,<br />
, 350 40 <br />
<br />
, ,<br />
, <br />
750 9 <br />
, 650 3 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ZCuSn10Zn2 9 .011 .0 Zn 1 .0 3 .0<br />
ZCuSn10 Pb1 9 .011 .5 Pb 0 .5 1 .0<br />
240 12<br />
245 6<br />
220 3<br />
310 2<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ZCuAl10Fe3Mn2<br />
Al 9 .0 <br />
11 .0<br />
<br />
Fe 2 .0 4 .0<br />
Mn 1 .0 2 .0<br />
490 13<br />
540 15<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
QAl7 Al 6 .08 .0 <br />
QBe2 Be 1 .8 2 .1 Ni 0 .20 .5<br />
<br />
637 5 <br />
<br />
, ,<br />
, 500 30 <br />
<br />
ZCuPb30<br />
Pb 27 .0 <br />
33 .0<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
, ( 45 g cm 3 ) , ( 1 668 ) , , <br />
, (= 40 % = 60% ) , ( b = 290 MPa 100HBS ) <br />
, <br />
, , 8825 <br />
- T i,882 .5 - Ti<br />
, , <br />
TA (T ) , , <br />
154
TA1 TA2 TA3 , <br />
350 , <br />
<br />
, (+) , <br />
TA TB TC ()<br />
1 .<br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
, , , TA4<br />
TA5 TA6 TA7 TA8 TA7 , 500 , , <br />
, <br />
2 .<br />
, , <br />
, , , <br />
TB1 TB2 , 350 ( <br />
)<br />
3 . (+ )<br />
, <br />
(+ ), (+) , , <br />
, 50% 100% , , TC1 TC2<br />
TC10TC4 , , , 400 , <br />
, , , 400 <br />
, , <br />
<br />
, ( ) , <br />
, , 3001 000 , <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
, ,<br />
, , <br />
<br />
, , , , <br />
, , , <br />
155
, , , , , , <br />
, , :<br />
(1 ) , <br />
(2 ) , , <br />
(3 ) , , <br />
(4 ) , , <br />
(5 ) , , <br />
<br />
, <br />
1 . <br />
( , <br />
15% 30 % ) , 9 - 8 , <br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
() <br />
2<br />
9 - 8 <br />
() , <br />
, <br />
<br />
Z() <br />
() , ZSnSb11Cu6 w Sb = 11% wC u = 6% <br />
<br />
1()<br />
, <br />
9 - 9, <br />
( ) , 30<br />
HBS; SnSb <br />
( , 110HBS ) <br />
Cu3 Sn Cu6 Sn5 () , Cu3 Sn <br />
, <br />
SnSb , <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, < 150 <br />
156<br />
<br />
9 - 9 ( ZSnSb11Cu6)
9 - 6<br />
9 - 6 ( GBT 117492 )<br />
w%<br />
<br />
<br />
b<br />
M Pa<br />
%<br />
HBS<br />
<br />
Sb Cu Pb Sn<br />
<br />
ZSnSb12Pb10Cu4 110 130 2550 90 110 29<br />
ZSnSb12Cu6Cd1 100 130 4568 015 34<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
ZSnSb11Cu6 100 120 5565 035 90 60 27<br />
1 500 kW <br />
, 400<br />
kW <br />
<br />
ZSnSb8Cu4 70 80 3040 035 80 106 24<br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
ZSnSb4Cu4 40 50 4050 035 80 70 20<br />
<br />
<br />
2()<br />
, <br />
9 - 10, <br />
(+ ) ( , 7<br />
8HBS ) , , <br />
SnSb , <br />
( ) Cu2 Sb ( <br />
)<br />
<br />
, , <br />
, < 120 <br />
, <br />
<br />
9 - 7<br />
9 - 10 (ZPbSb16Sn16Cu2)<br />
<br />
157
9 - 7 ( GBT 117492 )<br />
w%<br />
<br />
<br />
Sb Sn Cu Pb<br />
b MPa<br />
%<br />
<br />
HBS<br />
<br />
ZP bSb16Sn16Cu2 150170 150 170 1520 78 02 30<br />
120 <br />
<br />
ZPbSb15Sn5Cu3Cd2 140160 50 60 2530 68 02 32<br />
, 250 k W <br />
<br />
ZPbSb15Sn10 140160 90 110 07 60 18 24 <br />
ZP bSb15Sn5 140155 40 55 0510 02 20<br />
<br />
<br />
ZP bSb10Sn6 90110 50 70 07 80 55 18 <br />
: , <br />
3<br />
() , <br />
ZCuPb30 , , <br />
, , , 250 <br />
, , <br />
4<br />
, , , , , <br />
(ZAlSn6Cu1Ni1) <br />
, wS n = 20 % w Cu = 1 % , ,<br />
08 , <br />
, , <br />
, ( 13 m s)( 3 200 MPa) , <br />
<br />
, ( < 2 m s)<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
(<br />
)( , ) ( Al2 O3 - Cu<br />
)<br />
158
(), <br />
, <br />
1<br />
: ( ):<br />
(1 ) ( WC) YG( <br />
), , YG6 wC o = 6% , <br />
<br />
(2 ) ( TiC )YT(<br />
), , YT15 <br />
w Ti C = 15% , <br />
(3 ) ( ) <br />
() YW () <br />
, YW1 <br />
9 - 8<br />
9 - 8 ( YST 40094)<br />
w%<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
WC TiC TaC Co<br />
<br />
(g cm - 3 )<br />
HRA<br />
<br />
b<br />
M Pa<br />
YG3X<br />
96 .5<br />
<br />
< 0 .5<br />
3<br />
15 .015 .3<br />
91 .5<br />
1 079<br />
YG6<br />
94 .0<br />
<br />
<br />
6<br />
14 .615 .0<br />
89 .5<br />
1 422<br />
YG6X<br />
93 .5<br />
<br />
< 05<br />
6<br />
14 .615 .0<br />
91 .0<br />
1 373<br />
YG8<br />
92 .0<br />
<br />
<br />
8<br />
14 .514 .9<br />
89 .0<br />
1 471<br />
<br />
YG8N<br />
YG11C<br />
91 .0<br />
89 .0<br />
<br />
<br />
1<br />
<br />
8<br />
11<br />
14 .514 .9<br />
14 .014 .4<br />
89 .5<br />
86 .5<br />
1 471<br />
2 060<br />
YG15<br />
85 .0<br />
<br />
<br />
15<br />
13 .014 .2<br />
87<br />
2 060<br />
YG4C<br />
96 .0<br />
<br />
<br />
4<br />
14 .915 .2<br />
89 .5<br />
1 422<br />
YG6A<br />
92 .0<br />
<br />
2<br />
6<br />
14 .615 .0<br />
91 .5<br />
1 373<br />
YG8C<br />
92 .0<br />
<br />
<br />
8<br />
14 .514 .9<br />
88 .0<br />
1 716<br />
Y T 5<br />
85 .0<br />
5<br />
<br />
10<br />
12 .513 .2<br />
89 .5<br />
1 373<br />
<br />
Y T 15<br />
7 .0<br />
15<br />
<br />
6<br />
11 .011 .7<br />
91 .0<br />
1 150<br />
Y T 30<br />
66 .0<br />
30<br />
<br />
4<br />
9 .39 .7<br />
92 .5<br />
883<br />
<br />
Y W1<br />
Y W2<br />
8485<br />
8283<br />
6<br />
6<br />
34<br />
34<br />
6<br />
8<br />
126135<br />
124135<br />
915<br />
905<br />
1 177<br />
1 324<br />
: X ;C ; ;N NbC ;A<br />
T aC<br />
2<br />
159
(1) , 8693HRA ( 69 81HRC ) ; ( 900 <br />
1 000 ) ; 47 , 580 50<br />
HRC <br />
(2 ) ( 6 000 MPa) , ( 1 31 2 ) , <br />
(30% 50% )<br />
(3 ) ( )<br />
(4 ) , <br />
, ( <br />
), <br />
3<br />
GB 207587 , , <br />
PM K (9 - 9) , <br />
, , P01M10 K20 <br />
, , , <br />
9 - 9 ( GB 207587 )<br />
<br />
<br />
P , <br />
P01<br />
P10<br />
P20<br />
P30<br />
P40<br />
P50<br />
Y T30YN10<br />
Y T15<br />
Y T14<br />
Y T5<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M10<br />
M20<br />
M30<br />
M40<br />
<br />
<br />
YW1<br />
YW2<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
K<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
K01<br />
K10<br />
K20<br />
K30<br />
K40<br />
YG3X<br />
YG6X YG6A<br />
YG6 YG8N<br />
YG8 NYG8<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
4<br />
(1 ) , <br />
, , , <br />
, YT YG , <br />
YG , YG , YT <br />
160
, , <br />
(2 ) , <br />
, YG6 YG8 , YG15 <br />
(3 ) , , <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
, <br />
(TiCWC), () <br />
, , , <br />
, , , <br />
()<br />
<br />
, , <br />
, ( 12% 30 % ) , , <br />
, ; , ,<br />
, , , <br />
<br />
, <br />
FZ , ( <br />
1, 2 )FZ1360, , <br />
5762 g cm 3 <br />
- ( w = 0 .5% 3% ) - ( w s = 0 .5% <br />
1% ) - ( w = 1% 2% ) ( > 40% ) + + <br />
( < 5% ) + + , 30110HBS , <br />
, , 3570HBS<br />
, 2040HBS <br />
, <br />
, ,<br />
( ) , <br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
, ,<br />
<br />
F TG , <br />
<br />
161
F TG60 - 20 , w C = 0 .4% 0 .7% , b = 200 MPa <br />
; FTG60Cu3Mo - 40, w C = 0 .4 % 0 .7% , wC u = 2 %<br />
4% w M o = 0 .5% 1 .0% , b = 400 MPa ; F TG60Cu3Mo - 40 ( 55 R)<br />
b = 550 MPa<br />
, , ,<br />
, , , , <br />
, <br />
, , , , , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
<br />
, , <br />
, <br />
FM , <br />
(1, 2) SGFM101S, <br />
01 ; F M203G , 03 <br />
<br />
() ( ) <br />
; <br />
, <br />
, , , , <br />
<br />
, 5% 25 % <br />
, , SiO2 SiC<br />
Al2 O3 , , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1,?<br />
2? <br />
162
3? ?<br />
4? <br />
5?<br />
( 1) ; ( 2) ; (3 ) ; (4 ) ; ( 5) ;<br />
(6) <br />
6LY11 ,? ?<br />
7? <br />
8H62 ? H68 H62 ?<br />
9,?<br />
10? (+)<br />
11? <br />
12<br />
13,?<br />
14W18Cr4 V 9SiCr T12A ,<br />
? P01 ?<br />
15? ?<br />
16( ) ,, <br />
L2 , LF21 , LY11 , LC4 , ZL102, ZL301, T2 , H68 , HPb59 - 1, ZCuZn16Si4, QSn65 - 4, QBe2 , TA7, TC4,<br />
ZCuAl10Fe3 Mn2, ZSnSb12Pb10Cu4 , ZPbSb16Sn16Cu2 , FZ1360, FTG60 - 20 , FTG60Cu3Mo - 40 , FTG60Cu3 Mo -<br />
40( 55R) , FM101S, FM203G<br />
163
, <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
, , <br />
, , ,<br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
<br />
() ,<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
164
, <br />
, , <br />
<br />
<br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
, , 5% , <br />
<br />
, <br />
, ; , <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
1 . <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, , , , <br />
, ; , <br />
, , , <br />
Cr2 O3 Al2 O3 <br />
, , ,<br />
, ( ) <br />
, <br />
2 . <br />
<br />
, ( ) , <br />
<br />
<br />
10 - 1, ( ) ( <br />
H2 SO4 ), , <br />
() , , ,<br />
() , , <br />
, <br />
10 - 1 Zn - Cu <br />
<br />
165
, , , ,<br />
, , , ( ) <br />
, , , <br />
, , , , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
1 . , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
, , w Cr ><br />
12 % , - 056 V0 .2 V<br />
, <br />
, , , , <br />
<br />
2 . <br />
, <br />
:<br />
(1 ) ( ) - NaOH NaNO3 <br />
140 , , <br />
, ( ) Fe3 O4<br />
, 060 .8 m , ,<br />
, <br />
(2 ) ( ) , <br />
, , <br />
, ( H2 S ) <br />
, <br />
3 . <br />
, , <br />
, ( ), () <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
4 . <br />
() , <br />
(1 ) , , <br />
, :<br />
166
, <br />
, , ; <br />
; , , <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, ; , <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
(2 ) :<br />
<br />
, , , <br />
<br />
, ,<br />
, 510 , , <br />
, , <br />
, ; , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
, , <br />
<br />
, , <br />
: <br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
, ( ) , , , <br />
<br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
167
, <br />
<br />
<br />
, , ,<br />
, <br />
1 . <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
2 . <br />
, <br />
3 . () <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
, , , ,<br />
<br />
, , <br />
() , <br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
1 . ?<br />
2 . ? <br />
3 . ? ?<br />
4 . ?<br />
5 . ? ?<br />
6 . ,, ,<br />
<br />
7 . , ? <br />
8 . - ?<br />
9 . ,?<br />
10 . , ?<br />
11 . , ? ? <br />
12 . ? ? <br />
168
, , , <br />
<br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
1 . <br />
<br />
, 5 000, 1 000 <br />
, <br />
: <br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
2 . <br />
, <br />
, ( <br />
), <br />
n CH2 = CH2<br />
( )<br />
, <br />
<br />
CH2 CH2 n<br />
<br />
, , () , , <br />
<br />
, CH2 CH2 , <br />
<br />
, ( n ) <br />
( M ) ( m ) ( n) , M = nm <br />
169
() <br />
, , <br />
<br />
1 . <br />
<br />
, , ( <br />
), <br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
, , <br />
, <br />
2 . <br />
<br />
<br />
, 6 <br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
( <br />
)<br />
, <br />
(11 - 1a) , (11 - 1b) <br />
11 000, , , <br />
, , , , <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
, , , <br />
(11 - 1c), ( ) , , <br />
170
, , , , <br />
<br />
(a) ( b ) (c) ( )<br />
11 - 1 <br />
, <br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
, <br />
, 11 - 2<br />
1 . <br />
, <br />
< T g ( T g ) , <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
(< 1% ) , , , <br />
<br />
2 . <br />
11 - 2 <br />
, , > T g , <br />
- <br />
, <br />
, , , , <br />
T g ( T g = - 40- 120 ) , , <br />
, - 70 , , <br />
3 . <br />
Tf , , ,<br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
, Tf , <br />
, <br />
171
1 . <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
<br />
, :<br />
(1 ) , <br />
, ; <br />
, <br />
(2 ) , , <br />
<br />
(3 ) ( ) , <br />
<br />
, <br />
, <br />
2 . <br />
(1 ) , <br />
, , , <br />
, , , , <br />
, , < 120 <br />
, , , <br />
, , , , , <br />
, , , , <br />
(2 ) <br />
(75% ) <br />
<br />
( ) <br />
, , <br />
<br />
3 . <br />
(1 ) 092 .2 g cm 3 , 1 81 4, 1 2 <br />
0 .01 g cm 3 , , <br />
, <br />
(2 ) <br />
172
(3 ) , <br />
(4 ) , , ( <br />
) <br />
(5 ) <br />
(6 ) , , <br />
(7 ) 100 , 200 ; <br />
, ; , ( <br />
, , ) ; , <br />
5001 600 ; , 310 <br />
4 . <br />
(1 ) 11 - 1<br />
11 - 1 <br />
( ) <br />
<br />
( PE)<br />
<br />
( P VC)<br />
<br />
( P P )<br />
<br />
( PS )<br />
<br />
( )<br />
( PA )<br />
, <br />
, ; <br />
; , <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
, , , - 15 60 ; <br />
; , ,<br />
, , - 1560 <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
( 0 .9 0 .92 g cm 3 ) , , ; , <br />
, , ; , <br />
, , , , ; , , <br />
, , 100 120 <br />
<br />
, , , , , , ,<br />
, , , , , <br />
< 80 <br />
6 66 610 1010<br />
, , , ,<br />
, ( 1 100 ) , ; <br />
, , < 100 <br />
<br />
<br />
( )<br />
( PMMA )<br />
( A) <br />
(B) ( S )<br />
( ABS )<br />
<br />
( POM )<br />
, <br />
, , <br />
, , , - 60 , , <br />
100 <br />
, ,<br />
<br />
, , , , , , <br />
, , , <br />
, ,<br />
, ,<br />
, - 40 100 <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
173
( ) <br />
<br />
<br />
( )<br />
( F - 4)<br />
( , , , ,<br />
) , , , , <br />
, , - 195 <br />
250 , ,<br />
, <br />
<br />
( PC)<br />
, , , , <br />
, , , , <br />
- 60 120 <br />
(2 ) 11 - 2<br />
11 - 2 <br />
( ) <br />
( )<br />
( P F )<br />
( ) , , , ,<br />
, , , , , <br />
, , , > 100 , <br />
<br />
<br />
( )<br />
( EP )<br />
, , , , <br />
, , , ,<br />
, - 80 155 <br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
( )<br />
, , , <br />
, < 80 <br />
, <br />
<br />
1 . <br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
<br />
, , <br />
<br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
<br />
174
, 800% 1 000% , ; ;<br />
; ; <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
2 . <br />
, ; , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
11 - 3<br />
<br />
( )<br />
b<br />
MPa<br />
%<br />
11 - 3 <br />
<br />
t<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( NR)<br />
17 35 650900 - 70110 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( SBR )<br />
<br />
(BR )<br />
<br />
( C R)<br />
15 20 500600 - 50140 <br />
18 25 450800 - 70120 V <br />
( ) , ,<br />
25 27 800 1 000 - 35130 <br />
, <br />
<br />
( NBR )<br />
15 30 300800 - 35175 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( UR )<br />
<br />
( FP M)<br />
20 35 300800 - 3080 <br />
, , <br />
20 22 100500 - 50300 <br />
<br />
410 50500 - 100300 <br />
<br />
, <br />
(), <br />
, ( ) <br />
()<br />
<br />
, , , , , , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
11 - 4<br />
175
11 - 4 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
A<br />
B<br />
S<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
- <br />
<br />
: <br />
<br />
<br />
- <br />
- <br />
- <br />
<br />
- <br />
<br />
, <br />
<br />
1 . <br />
, ( ) ( ) ; , <br />
<br />
( ) <br />
, <br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
2 . <br />
(1 ) , > 1 500HV , 500800HV , <br />
< 20HV ; , , ; , <br />
, , ; , <br />
(2 ) , , , , <br />
, <br />
(3 ) <br />
<br />
11 - 5<br />
176
11 - 5 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
, , , , ,<br />
, , 200 , <br />
, 1 200 <br />
; ; <br />
<br />
Al 2 O 3 , 26 ; ( ) , ; <br />
( ) ; Al 2 O 3 ; ( ) ;<br />
1 600 , ; ; <br />
1 980 , ; <br />
; ; , <br />
<br />
, , ( , , <br />
) ; , , , <br />
; , ; , , , <br />
; , <br />
<br />
8 400 h, <br />
, 1 400 , , <br />
500 600 MPa ; , , , , <br />
<br />
<br />
( 2 000 ) ; , , , <br />
, ; , , , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
, ( <br />
):<br />
(1 ) , <br />
<br />
(2 ) , <br />
(3 ) , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
1 . <br />
, ( ) , <br />
177
, 8 , 3 ( 11 - 6 ) <br />
, <br />
11 - 6 <br />
<br />
<br />
g cm - 3<br />
<br />
b MPa<br />
<br />
EM Pa<br />
<br />
b <br />
<br />
E<br />
7 .8 1 010 206 10 3 129 26 10 3<br />
2 .8 461 74 10 3 165 26 10 3<br />
4 .5 942 112 10 3 209 25 10 3<br />
2 .0 1 040 39 10 3 520 20 10 3<br />
1 .45 1 472 137 10 3 1 015 95 10 3<br />
1 .6 1 050 235 10 3 656 147 10 3<br />
PRD 1 .4 1 373 78 10 3 981 56 10 3<br />
2 .1 1 344 206 10 3 640 98 10 3<br />
2 .65 981 196 10 3 370 74 10 3<br />
2 . <br />
<br />
, ,<br />
, ,<br />
, - <br />
70% 80% , <br />
30% 50 % <br />
11 - 3<br />
3 . <br />
, <br />
, , <br />
11 - 3 <br />
<br />
, , , <br />
, 9 s <br />
, 2 .5 s<br />
4 . 400500 , , <br />
, , <br />
, 1 000 <br />
<br />
, , , , <br />
5 . , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
: , <br />
, , , , , <br />
178
, <br />
<br />
1 . <br />
11 - 7<br />
11 - 7 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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179
2 . <br />
<br />
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:<br />
(1 ) , ( <br />
) , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
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<br />
( 2) - SF <br />
, , <br />
, 11 - 4<br />
, <br />
, <br />
, <br />
11 - 4 SF <br />
, <br />
20 , 50 , 75% , <br />
(140 MPa)(270 )( - 195 ) <br />
<br />
(3 ) ( ) <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
: , ; , <br />
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3 . <br />
<br />
, <br />
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() () <br />
, , <br />
0010 .1 m<br />
180
, , <br />
; , , , <br />
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WC <br />
- , <br />
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1 . :<br />
, ,,,,,,,<br />
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181
, , <br />
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182
1<br />
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4<br />
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1) s (<br />
r0 .2 )<br />
b - 1 , s <br />
, s , <br />
, s <br />
183
, s , ; , s<br />
<br />
b , - 1 , , b<br />
1 400 M Pa , - 1 0 .5 b <br />
s b , , , <br />
, s b = 0 .50 .6, s b = 0 .650 .85<br />
2) <br />
, , , <br />
AK<br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
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3) , , <br />
b AK - 1 , , , <br />
, , <br />
, b HBS 0 .35 ; ; <br />
, ; , <br />
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4) , <br />
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2<br />
, <br />
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184
, , <br />
, :<br />
(1 ) , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
(2 ) , , , <br />
; , , , , <br />
, <br />
(3 ) w CEwCE < 0 .4% , ,<br />
, , <br />
, <br />
(4 ) Ra <br />
, 170230HBS , <br />
(5 ) <br />
, , , , , <br />
<br />
, , , , <br />
3<br />
, <br />
, , <br />
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1<br />
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( b - 1 <br />
AK ) , , , <br />
185
(2 ) , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
, , ; <br />
, , , <br />
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1) , , , ,<br />
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(5 ) <br />
(6 ) ( )<br />
(7 ) , <br />
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1<br />
186
, <br />
, <br />
(1 ) , , <br />
; ; <br />
, ; , <br />
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)()<br />
2<br />
(1 ) , :<br />
, ; <br />
, , ; <br />
, , <br />
; , <br />
(2 ) :<br />
1) , <br />
, Q275 40 40Cr 45 40MnB <br />
, , , <br />
, ; , 20 20Cr <br />
20CrMnTi 20MnVB 18Cr2Ni4WA , ,<br />
, , <br />
<br />
2) (> 400600 mm) , , <br />
, ZG270 - 500 ZG310 - 570 <br />
, , ; , <br />
<br />
3) , <br />
HT200 HT250 HT300 <br />
, QT600 - 3<br />
QT500 - 7 <br />
4) , , <br />
, <br />
5) , ( ) , <br />
ABS<br />
, : , <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
187
12 - 1 , <br />
12 - 1 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Q255 150180 HBS<br />
45 170200 HBS<br />
H T200<br />
H T250<br />
Q T500 - 5<br />
Q T600 - 3<br />
<br />
170 230HBS<br />
170 240HBS<br />
170 207HBS<br />
197 269HBS<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
45 170200 HBS 35 150 180HBS<br />
ZG310 - 570 200250 HBS ZG270 - 500 190 230HBS<br />
45 3848HRC 35, ZG270 - 500 35 40HR C<br />
45 220250 HBS 35, ZG270 - 500 190 230HBS<br />
45 3848HRC 35 35 40HR C<br />
<br />
40Cr<br />
45, 50 220 250HBS<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
40MnB<br />
40MnVB<br />
<br />
230280 HBS<br />
ZG270 - 500 180 230HBS<br />
35, 40 190 230HBS<br />
<br />
45<br />
3848HRC 35 35 40HR C<br />
4550HRC 45 220 250HBS<br />
<br />
<br />
40Cr<br />
40MnB<br />
3542HRC 35, 40 35 40HR C<br />
40MnVB<br />
5256HRC 45, 50 45 50HR C<br />
<br />
<br />
40Cr<br />
40MnB<br />
40MnVB<br />
3542HRC 35, 40 35 40HR C<br />
5256HRC 45, 50 45 50HR C<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
20Cr<br />
20Mn2B<br />
20MnVB<br />
20CrMnT i<br />
<br />
5662HRC<br />
ZG310 - 570 160 210HBS<br />
35 190 230HBS<br />
20Cr<br />
20 MnVB<br />
56 62HR C<br />
: ; , <br />
188
3 . <br />
(1 ) , ,<br />
, , , <br />
, , , , <br />
, <br />
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<br />
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( )<br />
m ;<br />
z<br />
, , <br />
, <br />
2) (2552015 mm) ,<br />
45 , , , , , <br />
<br />
(314 20 24 mm ) , , <br />
(1 440 rmin) 40 Cr , , 15 MPa( 15 kgf cm 2 ) <br />
, , , <br />
, <br />
(2 ) <br />
, <br />
, , , , <br />
, , <br />
<br />
12 - 2 (8 t) ,<br />
189
12 - 2 ( )<br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
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):<br />
<br />
, , <br />
(5862HRC) , 3045HRC, <br />
, , <br />
<br />
1<br />
, ( ) <br />
, <br />
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2<br />
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(2 ) <br />
35 40 45 50 , 45 , <br />
, Q235 Q275 <br />
190
, , 20Cr<br />
40Cr 40CrNi 20CrMnTi 40MnB , <br />
, <br />
, <br />
, ( ) ,<br />
, , , , 45 <br />
40Cr 40MnB ; ( ) , <br />
, , ; , <br />
; , , <br />
52HRC <br />
3<br />
(1 ) 12 - 3 C6132 , , <br />
, , , <br />
; , <br />
, 220250HBS<br />
12 - 3 C 6132 ()<br />
, 45 , , 220250HBS ; <br />
, 4550HRC; , 4853HRC <br />
:<br />
() ( )<br />
() ( )<br />
45 , , <br />
, , <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
12 - 2<br />
191
12 - 2 <br />
<br />
1<br />
( 1 ) <br />
( 2 ) , <br />
( 3 ) <br />
( 4 ) <br />
45 220250 HBS <br />
<br />
4045HRC<br />
2<br />
( 1 ) <br />
( 2 ) , <br />
( 3 ) <br />
( 4 ) <br />
45<br />
+<br />
<br />
229HBS ( )<br />
220250 HBS<br />
( )<br />
4651HRC<br />
<br />
<br />
( )<br />
3<br />
( 1 ) <br />
( 2 ) , <br />
( 3 ) <br />
( 4 ) , <br />
45<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
229HBS ( )<br />
220250 HBS<br />
( )<br />
4657HRC<br />
( )<br />
CB3463CA6140<br />
C61200 <br />
<br />
4045HRC<br />
4<br />
( 1 ) <br />
( 2 ) , <br />
( 3 ) <br />
( 4 ) <br />
40 Cr<br />
40 MnB<br />
40 MnVB<br />
<br />
<br />
220250 HBS<br />
( )<br />
4651HRC<br />
( )<br />
<br />
<br />
5<br />
( 1 ) <br />
( 2 ) , <br />
( 3 ) <br />
( 4 ) <br />
40 Cr<br />
40 MnB<br />
40 MnVB<br />
<br />
<br />
220280 HBS<br />
( )<br />
4655HRC<br />
( )<br />
M7475B <br />
<br />
6<br />
( 1 ) <br />
( 2 ) <br />
50Mn2 241HBS <br />
7<br />
( 1 ) <br />
( 2 ) <br />
(3 ) <br />
<br />
( 4 ) <br />
( 5 ) , <br />
<br />
65Mn<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
250280 HBS<br />
( )<br />
5661HRC<br />
( )<br />
5055HRC<br />
( )<br />
M1450 <br />
8<br />
, <br />
<br />
GCr15<br />
9Mn2 V<br />
<br />
<br />
250280 HBS<br />
( )<br />
59HR C( )<br />
M Q1420 MB1432A <br />
<br />
9<br />
( 1 ) <br />
( 2 ) , <br />
( 3 ) <br />
( 4 ) <br />
38Cr MoAl<br />
<br />
260HBS ( )<br />
850H V<br />
( )<br />
<br />
, T68 , T4240A <br />
, C2150 6<br />
<br />
10<br />
( 1 ) <br />
( 2 ) , <br />
( 3 ) <br />
( 4 ) <br />
20CrMn Ti<br />
<br />
59HR C<br />
( )<br />
Y7163<br />
<br />
CG1107 SG8630 <br />
<br />
192
(2 ) , <br />
, <br />
, ; <br />
<br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, 35 <br />
40 45 35Mn2 40Cr 35CrMo (ZG230 - 450) <br />
(QT600 - 3 QT700 - 2 )(KTZ450 - 06 KTZ550 - 04 ) <br />
, , , , <br />
45 <br />
12 - 4 175A , 75 mm , <br />
2 2002 600 rmin, 44 kW (6 ) , <br />
, b <br />
750 MPa, 240260HBS , 625HV ,2% , AK 12 J<br />
12 - 4 175A ( )<br />
, QT600 - 3 , :<br />
<br />
(950 ) , <br />
( 560 ) ( 570 ) <br />
, <br />
, <br />
<br />
(12 - 5 ), (12 - 6) <br />
(5964HRC) , ( ) , <br />
(4045HRC) <br />
193
12 - 5 <br />
12 - 6 <br />
, , ,<br />
T10A T12A , ; , ( 8<br />
10 mmin) , , 9SiGr 9Mn2V CrWMn , <br />
; ( 25 55 mmin ) , , W18Cr4V <br />
W6Mo5Cr4V2 , <br />
M12 , T12 , :<br />
() ()<br />
( 600 ) () ()<br />
, 45 , <br />
<br />
<br />
, , <br />
, , ; , <br />
; , <br />
, , <br />
, , , , <br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
, , , , <br />
, , <br />
, , <br />
, <br />
, , , <br />
<br />
1? ? ?<br />
2? , ?<br />
3<br />
4 30 mm300 mm ,5355HRC,30 ,<br />
( ),,,<br />
194
520CrMnTi , , (12 - 7 ) , <br />
ABC , ,:<br />
w C<br />
% <br />
A 1 .0 S + 30 HRC<br />
B 0 .8 S 26 HRC<br />
C 0 .2 F + S 86HRB<br />
:<br />
<br />
, <br />
6 . , ( 15 45 <br />
20Cr 40Cr ), ?<br />
7:<br />
( 1 ) , 1 800 rmin ,4 kW ,<br />
5355HRC, 220240HBS, <br />
; (2) ,850 HV ,260280HBS,<br />
,; (3 ) 185 , <br />
59 kW(8 ) ,2 200 rmin,<br />
8,:<br />
12 - 7 5 <br />
(1 ) , ; ( 2) , ; (3 )<br />
, ( ) ; ( 4) , , ( <br />
) <br />
9:<br />
(1) M8 ; ( 2 ) 10 mm ; ( 3 ) 35 mmin ; ( 4 ) <br />
150 mmin, <br />
10T10 ( 10 mm ) , , <br />
? <br />
11, <br />
195
( GBT 1330491)<br />
<br />
%<br />
<br />
Al < 0 .10 0 .10<br />
B < 0 .000 5 0 .000 5<br />
Bi < 0 .10 0 .10<br />
Cr < 0 .30 0 .30 < 0 .50 0 .50<br />
Co < 0 .10 0 .10<br />
Cu < 0 .10 0 .10 < 0 .50 0 .50<br />
Mn < 1 .00 1 .00 < 1 .40 1 .40<br />
Mo < 0 .05 0 .05 < 0 .10 0 .10<br />
Ni < 0 .30 0 .30 < 0 .50 0 .50<br />
Nb < 0 .02 0 .02 < 0 .06 0 .06<br />
Pb < 0 .40 0 .40<br />
Se < 0 .10 0 .10<br />
Si < 0 .50 0 .50 < 0 .90 0 .90<br />
Te < 0 .10 0 .10<br />
Ti < 0 .05 0 .05 < 0 .13 0 .13<br />
W < 0 .10 0 .10<br />
V < 0 .04 0 .04 < 0 .12 0 .12<br />
Z r < 0 .05 0 .05 < 0 .12 0 .12<br />
La ( <br />
)<br />
< 0 .02 0 .02 < 0 .05 0 .05<br />
<br />
( S P CN<br />
)<br />
< 0 .05 0 .05<br />
: La , <br />
196
Ac 1 Ac 3 Ar 1 HBS HBS<br />
35 724 802 680 850 880 187 860890 191<br />
45 724 780 682 800 840 197 840870 226<br />
45Mn2 715 770 640 810 840 217 820860 187241<br />
40Cr 743 782 693 830 850 207 850870 250<br />
35CrMo 755 800 695 830 850 229 850870 241<br />
40MnB 730 780 650 820 860 207 850900 197207<br />
40Cr Ni 731 769 660 820 850 < 600 870900 250<br />
40CrNiMoA 732 774 840 880 229 890920<br />
65 Mn 726 765 689 780 840 229 820860 269<br />
60Si2Mn 755 810 700 830860 254<br />
50CrVA 752 788 688 850880 288<br />
20 735 855 680 890920 156<br />
20Cr 766 838 702 860 890 179 870900 270<br />
20CrMn Ti 740 825 650 950970 156207<br />
20Cr MnMo 710 830 620 850 870 217 870900<br />
38CrMoAl 800 940 730 840 870 229 930970<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Ac 1 A cm A r 1 HBS HBS<br />
T8A 730 700 740 760 650680 187 760 780 241302<br />
T10A 730 800 700 750 770 680700 197 800 850 255321<br />
T12A 730 820 700 750 770 680700 207 850 870 269341<br />
9Mn2V 736 765 652 760 780 670690 229 870 880<br />
9SiCr 770 870 730 790 810 700720 197241<br />
CrWMn 750 940 710 770 790 680700 207255<br />
GCr15 745 900 700 790 810 710720 207229 900 950 270390<br />
Cr12MoV 810 760 850 870 720750 207255<br />
W18Cr4V 820 760 850 880 730750 207255<br />
W6 Mo5Cr4 V2 845 880 805740 850 870 740750 255<br />
5CrMnMo 710 760 650 850 870 680 197241<br />
5CrNiMo 710 770 680 850 870 680 197241<br />
3Cr2 W8V 820 1100 790 850 860 720740<br />
197
( )<br />
GBT 159194<br />
Q295<br />
Q345<br />
Q390<br />
Q420<br />
09 MnV 09MnNb 09Mn2 12Mn<br />
GB 159188<br />
12 MnV 14MnNb 16Mn<br />
MnR E 18 Nb<br />
15 MnV 15Mn Ti 16MnNb<br />
15 MnVN 14MnV Ti RE<br />
199
1 : ,1992<br />
2 : ,1991<br />
3 : ,1992<br />
4 , : , 1995<br />
5 , : ,<br />
1984<br />
6 : ,2000<br />
7 : ,1986<br />
8 , : , 1996<br />
9 : ,1999<br />
10 : ,1987<br />
11 Robert MBrick : ,<br />
1983<br />
12 Richard AFlinn Paul KTrojan : <br />
, 1986<br />
13 [ ] HW : , 1988<br />
14 [ ]AM , ():<br />
, 1990<br />
15 : ,1987<br />
16 : ,1982<br />
17 : ,1994<br />
18 : ,<br />
1993<br />
19 , 200: ,1990<br />
20 , : <br />
, 1993<br />
21 : ,1996<br />
200