机械工程材料

()

()

,1999 ,
1997 ( )
:
,
,
,
(CIP)
2 :
,20017
ISBN 7 - 04 - 009342 - 1
. . .- :
- .TH14
CIP (2001)01008
( )
55 100009
010 - 64054588 010 - 64014048
http:www .hep .edu .cn
http:www .hep .com .cn
7871092 1 16
13
300 000
1150
,

,
,
, , ,
, 1999
( ) (
) , , ,
, ,
500 , 5
23 ,
,
, ; 23
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2000 4 3

, 1999
, 1997 (
)
, :
1,
; , ; ,
,
2, ,
3, ,
4 ,
,
5,
, ,
( , , ) , (
, , ) , ( , ) , (
)( , , , ) ,
(, , ) ,
,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
2000 12

1
3
3
5
8
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() 51
59
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113
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1

168
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186
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196
196
197
197
198
199
200
2

, ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
, : () ,
; ( ) ,
, 90%
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, 1939 , ,
875 kg, , ( 1562 1066 ) ,
, , ,
1 800 ,
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2

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,
; ,
,
(,
- ):
,
, ,
1
,
, 1 - 1 d0
( mm) , l0 ( mm )
GB 639786 :
, l0
1 - 1
= 10 d0 ; l0 = 5 d0
, , , ,
F
, l , - , 1 - 2
Fe (OE ) , ,
, , ,
Fe , , Fs ,
() , , ,
Fs , , Fb ,
, , , ,
3

(K )
2
,
,
:
(1 )
, e , MPa
e = Fe
A0
Fe, N;
A0 , mm 2
1 - 2
-
(2 ) , ( ) ( )
, s , MPa
Fs, N
s = F s
A0
, s, GB 1062389 ,
, 02% ,
, r 02
s r 02
, s
(3 ) , b ,
MPa
b = Fb
A0
Fb , N
b s b , ,
, ,
b
1
, , ,
= l k
- l0
l0
100%
4

l0 , mm;
lk , mm
10 , ; 5
5 > 10 ,
2
, ,
,
= A 0 - Ak
A0
100%
A k, mm 2
,
,
, , ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
1 - 3 aD ,
F , , , d
A , , HB
, HBS; , HBW
HBS( HBW) =
F = F
A Dh =
2 F
D( D - D 2 - d 2 ) kgfmm2 (F kgf)
2 F
HBS( HBW) = 0102
D( D - D 2 - d 2 ) kgfmm2 ( F N)
A , mm 2 ;
dDh, mm
d , d ,
1 - 3 b d ,
5

HBS (HBW ) =
(a) ( b )
1 - 3
2 F
D 2 1 - 1 - sin 2
kgfmm 2 ( F kgf)
2
, , FD 2
025 D < d < 06 D
,
, ,
GB 23184 , ( 10 mm 5 mm 25 mm 2 mm
1 mm) ; FD 2 (30 15 10 5 25 125 1 ) ,
FD 2 , 1 - 1:10 15 s, 30 s,
35 60 s
1 - 1 FD 2
FD 2
< 140 10
140 30
< 35 5
35 130 10
> 130 30
< 35 25 (125)
35 80 10( 5 15 )
> 80 10
125 ( 1 )
: 1 , 10 mm
2 , FD 2
, d d ,
; d , , : HBS
HBW , (1015 s
), 120HBS101 00030 10 mm , 1 000 kgf( 9807 kN)
, 30 s 120
, ,
, , HBS 450
6

; HBW 650
, ,
1 - 41201588 mm
, ( + ) , ,
, ,
(
,
)
0 - 0 ;
1 - 1 10 kgf ( 9807 N) ,
a b , b
(
) ; 2 - 2 ,
c ; 3 - 3 ,
,
1 - 4
d , ,
bd( bd )bd , bd , ; ,
, , K bd (
0002 mm ) , HR
HR = K -
bd
0002
, K 100;, K 130
,
, GBT 23091 , HRA HRB HRC ,
HRC : , 62HRC 85HRA
1 - 2
1 - 2
F kgf( N)
HRA 120 60( 5884 ) 70 88 ,
HRB 1588 mm 100 ( 9807) 20 100 ,
HRC 120 150( 1 4711 ) 20 70 ,
: = +
, , , ,
, , ,
7

,
136 , F ,
, , ,
d1 d2 , , , 1 - 5
,
HV , kgfmm 2
,
GB 434084 ,
: HV , H V
( 1015 s ) 640H V3020,
30 kgf(2942N) , 20 s
640
, , , 1 - 5
,
(49039807 N) ,
,
,
, ,
,
,
GBT 229
1994( U V )
, ,
1 - 6
,
( 1 - 7 a) , h1
, mgh1 , ,
, h2 ( 1 - 7 b ) ,
1 - 6 U
8

mgh2 ,
, , AK
( U AK U V A K V ) ,
AK = mgh1 - mgh2 = mg( h1 - h2 ) J
A K ,
, , aK
A, cm 2
, J cm 2
aK = A K
A
, 1 - 8 , A K
, , ,
,
(a) ( b)
1 - 7
1 - 8
,
,
, , ,
, ,
, AK
AK
, ,
, , (
), , ,
, N 1 - 9
, , ,
9

, , - 1
, , ;
, ,
,
10 7 , 10 8
,
,
1 - 9
1? ? ?
2GBT 6991999 ,15 : b 375 MPa s
225 MPa 5 27 % 55 % 15 d 0 = 10 mm , : F b =
3381 kNF s = 2068 k N l k = 65 mmd k = 6 mm ,15 ?
3 1 0 5 30% , ?
? ?
4? :
( 1) ; (2) ; ( 3) ; (4 ) ; ( 5)
; (6)
5? ?
( 1) 1215HRC; (2 ) 550600 HBS ; ( 3 ) 7075HRC; ( 4 ) HRC50kgfmm 2 ; ( 5 ) 230 260HBW; ( 6 ) 800
850 HV
6( ) ,?
71 - 10 - ( ) : 45 , ,
35 ,,:
( 1) = 300 MPa , ?
(2 ) 35 ( w C = 035 % ) ,
, 45 ( w C = 045% )
, ?
, ?
8? ?
95 - 6 10 20 30 40 50
60 70 b s 5 A K U ,
,
?
10 ?
1 - 10 7
10

, ,
, ,
1
(2 - 1 a) ,
,
, ,
( a) ( b ) ( c)
2
2 - 1
, , ()
, (2 - 1 b)
,
, (
2 - 1 c)
a b c( , 1 = 10 - 8 cm ) , a b c
,
11

1
, ,
, 2 - 2 a = b = c ( Cr) ( W )
( Mo)(V )
2 - 2
2
,
, 2 - 3(Al)( Cu)( Ni)(Au)(Ag)
2 - 3
3
,
, , 2 - 4 ( Mg )( Zn )
2 - 4
12

( Be)- Ti
, ( )
68% , 74 %
,
() ,
, ,
, , ,
(3040 ) , 2 - 5 ,
, , ()
2 - 5
10 - 1 10 - 3
2 - 6
mm ,
,
,
, (
), ,
, :
1
,
, 2 - 6, ,
,
2
(, ),
13

,
, 2 - 7, ABCD EFGH ,
( a) ( b )
2 - 7
EF , ABCD , ,
EF , ,
, , , , ,
= L V cm - 2
V, cm 3 ;
L, cm
, 10 6 10 8 cm - 2 , , ,
10 11 10 12 cm - 2 , ,
3
( , )
2 - 8
2 - 9
14

, ,
3040 , 510 , 2 - 8
, , ,
(23 ), , ,
2 - 9 , ,
, ,
, ,
( ) ,
( )
, ,
,
,
, ,
, , ,
,
1
,
, ,
(1 )
, 2 - 10 a
, ,
, ; wZn 39% ,
15

wZn > 39% , ,
, , ,
, ,
(2) ,
2 - 10 b
,
r r 059,
,
( 2 - 11 ) , ,
,
(a) ( b )
2 - 10
2
( a) ( b)
2 - 11
,
,
(1 ) ,
, , Mg2 SiMg2 SnMg2 Pb Cu2 Se
(2 ) , (
)
, 32 , , , CuZn Cu3 Al ;
21 13 , , , Cu5Zn8 Cu31 Sn8 ;
7 4 , , , CuZn3 Cu3 Sn
(3 )
,
, :
1) < 059 ,
, , TiCWC VC
2)
16

059 , , Fe3 C
Mn3 C Cr7 C3 Cr23 C6
Fe3 C ,
, 061Fe3 C
(2 - 12) , 1 227 , (1 000 HV) ,
,
,
,
, ,
1:
2 - 12 Fe 3 C
, , ,,,,, , , , , , , ,
,
2?
3? ?
4? ?
5,?
6? ?
7:
( 1) ;
( 2) ;
( 3) ( 232 ) ;
( 4)
17

, ,
3 - 1a ,
, , -
(a) ( b)
3 - 1
1 , , , , T 0
, ,
, , ( T 0 )
, ,
, , T1
T 0 (3 - 1 2 ) ,
18

T , , T = T 0 - T1
,
, ,
, 3 - 2
, , , ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, ( )
3 - 2
,
, ,
,
,
, , ,
() , ( ) ,
, , 3 - 3
3 - 3
, ( )
19

, ,
N ( ) G( )
, , ,
, :
(1 ) , , ( N ) ( G) ,
, 3 - 4 , ; ,
, ,
(2 ) , (
) , , , , ,
(3 ) , ,
, ,
,
,
, , ,
3 - 5
1
3 - 4 N G
T
( a) ( b)
3 - 5
1 ; 2 ;
3
20

, , ,
,
2
, , , ,
, , ,
3
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, ,
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,
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, ,
, ,
,
, , ,
,
,
,
,
1
(,
), ,
,
, ,
, , 3 - 6b
2
Cu - Ni :
21

( 1) - :wC u = 100% ; w Cu = 80% , w Ni = 20% ;w Cu
= 60 % , wN i = 40% ;wCu = 40% , w Ni = 60% , wC u = 20 % , w Ni = 80 % ;wN i = 100%
(2 ) , 3 - 6a ,
, ,
, ,
( a) Cu - Ni ( b ) Cu - Ni
3 - 6 Cu - Ni
(3 ) - , ( A 1 2
3 4B), ( A 1 2 3 4B) ,
Cu - Ni , 3 - 6b
, X
1
,
Cu - Ni Fe - Cr Au - Ag Cu - Ni
(1 ) 3 - 7, A (1 083 ); B (1 452 ) ; 1
, 2 , 1 2 , 0% 100% ,
100% 0% Aa1 B ; Ab3 B ( L
) , ; , () , ,
; ( L +)
22

(a) Cu - Ni
( b)
3 - 7 Cu - Ni
(2 ) Cu Ni ,
Cu - Ni w Ni = 60 % Cu - Ni
w Ni = 60% Cu - Ni a1 b3
,
t1 , , , ,
t 3 , , , ,
, 3 - 7b
, , L a1
a3 , b1 b3 t 1 , a1
b1 ,w Ni = 85 % ;t 2 , a2 b2
,wNi = 75% , w N i = 45% ;
t3 ,w Ni = 60 %
(3 ) ( ) ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, ( )
,
2
, ,
Al - Si Pb - Sn Pb - Sb Ag - Cu Pb - Sn
(1 ) 3 - 8a, A (327 .5 ) , B ( 232 ) , C
(183 , w Sn = 61 .9% ) ACB , ; AECFB
23

, Pb - Sn ,
, E ( 183 , w Sn = 19 .2 % ) F
(183 , w P b = 2 .5% )
, ED FG
,
( a)
( b)
3 - 8 Pb - Sn
:( L) : L + L ++
( L ++ )ECFC ( L C ) ECF
, E ( E ) F ( F ) ,
:
24

L C
183
E + F
, ,
,
, ( C )C
ECF
C ; E C ; C F
(2 ) :
1) Sn E I( w Sn = 10% ),3 - 9
1 , ,
, AE ; , AC 2
, 2 3 ,
ED 3 ,
3 , , ,
( ) ,
() , , ED ,
FG +( 3 - 8b) , 3 -
10,
ED , , + ,
, E ,
3 - 9 I
3 - 10 w S n = 10 % Pb - Sn
F G , , +
2) ( w Sn = 61 .9% ) 3 - 11
C ( 183) 3 - 8 , C
AC BC , AECA , C L C E
25

E , BCFB , L C F F ,
E F ()
, C ,
, , , E
F ED FG ,
,
, ,
(+) (3 - 8b) , 3 - 12
,
3 - 11
3 - 12 Pb - Sn
3) (E C ) ( w Sn = 39% ) ,
3 - 13
1 , ,
, AC ;, AE 2 ( 183 ),
E , C , ,
, ( E + F )
2 , , (
)
, ( )
, ,
,
+ + (+ )
3 - 14, , (+ ) ,
E C ,
+
+ (+ ) (3 - 8b) , , , C ,
, (+ )
4) (C F ) ( w Sn = 70% ) ,
3 - 15
26

3 - 13
3 - 14
3 - 15
3 - 16
, ,
, + + (+) (3 - 8b ) ,
3 - 16, , (+) ,
C F ,
+
(+ ) , , ,
(+)
, Pb - Sn
, 3 - 8a
, , ,
27

, ,
, 3 - 8b Pb - Sn
(+)
(3 ) , ,
, ,
,
,
, , ;
; , ,
,
, ( )
, ,
,
,
3 - 17
, ,
, , ,
, ,
3 - 17
28

, , ,
, ,
()
3 - 18 ,
, , ,
, ,
3 - 18
1? ? ?
2? ?
( 1) ;
( 2) , ;
( 3)
3? ?
4,?
5? ?
6Pb - Sb 3 - 1, : (1 ) Pb - Sb ; ( 2)
29

3 - 1 Pb - Sb
w%
Pb
Sb
1 100 0 327 .5 327 .5
2 95 5 296 253
3 90 10 260 253
4 88 12 253 253
5 80 20 280 253
6 50 50 485 253
7 20 80 570 253
8 0 100 630 630
3 - 19 7
3 - 20 10
7Al - Si (3 - 19) :
( 1) ;
( 2) w Si = 5% w Si = 12 .6 % w Si = 60 %
8Cu - Ni ? ?
9?
103 - 20 A - B :
( 1) ;
( 2) Z
30

()
,
,
, ,
, ,
1
, ( )
, F f
, 4 - 1 ,
,
4 - 2
, ( 4 - 2a) ,
(4 - 2b) , , ,
, , ;
,
, (4 - 2c)
, ,
, ( 4 - 2d) ; , 4 - 1
,
, , ,
()
31

( a) ( b) (c) ( d)
4 - 2
, ,
4 - 3 , - ( ) ,
( a2 ) , , - (
) , ( a 2 ) , ,
()
4 - 3
4 - 4
,
, ,
4 - 4, ,
, ,
, ,
( 4 - 5) , ,
, ( ) ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
2
32
, ( )(

4 - 5
) ( ) , 4 - 6
,
( )
,
,
: ,
,
, ;
, ,
, 5
35 MNm 2 , 083 MNm 2 ,
,
4 - 6
()
,
,
, , ,
, 45
, ,
,
,
, ,
4 - 7
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, ,
4 - 7 ,
, , , , ,
33

, , ,
, , , ,
,
, ( ) ,
() , , ,
, 4 - 8 , , (
)( )
( a) ( b ) ( c)
4 - 8
( )
, ,
, , ,
, , , ,
,
, ,
,
, , ,
4 - 9
, ,
4 - 9
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
34

, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
( )
, ( >
70 % ) , , , ,
,
,
,
, , ,
, 4 - 10 ,
,
, ,
4 - 10
, ,
,
,
() ;
() ; ( )
(90% ), (10% )
, , ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
35

,
,
, ,
,
4 - 11, :
( )
[ (02503) T , K] ,
, ,
, , ,
,
, 4 - 11
,
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, , , ,
260 , , 200300
,
, , ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
() ,
, , ,
, (4 - 12) , :
:
T , K;
T , K
T 0 .4 T
() , ,
, 450 , ,
36

500650
,
; , ,
, ,
,
, ,
100200
,
1
, , ,
, 4 - 13, , , ,
4 - 12
4 - 13
2
4 - 14, , , ,
2 % 10 % , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
90% , ,
, ,
(4 - 15 )
37

4 - 14
4 - 15
, ,
, ,
,
, 4 - 16
( a) ( b ) , ( c)
,
4 - 16
, ,
, , ,
, ,
,
;
, 1 200 , 1 200
38

; ,
, ,
, ,
,
(), ,
, ,
,
,
:
(1 ) , 4 - 17
;
, , , , 4 - 17
4 - 1 45 ()
4 - 1 45 ( )
b M Pa
s M Pa
%
%
A K J
715 470 175 628 496
675 440 10 31 24
, ,,
,,,
4 - 18 4 - 19 , (4 - 18a
4 - 19a),
(4 - 18b 4 - 19b) ,,
( a)
( b)
4 - 18
( a)
(b )
4 - 19
(2 ) , ,
39

(3 ) ,
, 4 - 2
4 - 2 ( w C = 0 .3% )
b
M Pa
s M Pa
%
%
A K J
500 280 15 27 28
530 310 20 45 56
, ,
,
, , ;
, ,
1? ?
2
3: ,?
4?
5? ?
6? ?
7, ? ?
8660 , 950 ,
9?
?
10, ?
11,? ?
( 1) ; (2 ) ; (3 )
12, ,, ?
,,? ?
13, , ? ?
14,
40

, ,
,
, , ,
, ( ),
, , ,
5 - 1, , , , - Fe ;
1 394 , , , - Fe ;
912 , , , - Fe
:
- Fe 1 394 - Fe 912 - Fe
( ) ( ) ( )
,
,
, ,
,
1 .
, F
5 - 1
, , 600 wC = 0 .006 % ,
41

, , 727 , wC = 0 .021 8% ,
, , ( b = 180280 MPa s = 100 170 MPa= 30%
50 % = 70% 80% AK = 128160 J 5080HBS)
, 5 - 2
2 .
( ) , A
, , 727 wC = 0 .77% ,
, 1 148 , wC = 2 .11 % ,
( b = 400 MPa= 40% 50 % 170220HBS) ,
5 - 3
, , ,
5 - 2
5 - 3
3 .
, Fe3 C ,
2 - 12
w C = 6 .69% , ( 1 000HV) , ,
1 227
, ,
, ( P )( Ld)
() , ,
( Fe3 C Fe2C FeC) , wC > 6 .69%
, , Fe3 C , ,
42

Fe - Fe3 C , 5 - 4 ,
5 - 4 Fe - Fe 3 C
Fe - Fe3C
Fe - Fe3C , wC = 0% , ;
wC = 6 .69% , Fe3 C, S , wC =
0 .77 % ( w Fe = 99 .23% )
1 . Fe - Fe3C
5 - 1 Fe - Fe3 C ,
5 - 1 Fe - Fe 3 C
t w C %
A 1 538 0
C 1 148 4 .3 , L C
1 148
Ld ( A E + Fe 3 C)
D 1 227 6 .69
E 1 148 2 .11
G 912 0 ,- Fe 912 - Fe
43

t w C %
P 727 0 .021 8
S 727 0 .77 , A S
727
P( F
P
+ Fe 3
C)
Q 600 0 .006
2 . Fe - Fe3C
Fe - Fe3C Fe - Fe3 C
5 - 2
Fe - Fe3C , ,
,
5 - 2 Fe - Fe 3 C
( L ) , AC ,
A CD
( A) ; CD , ,
( Fe 3 C )
A ECF
, ,
E CF
w C > 2 .11 % , (1 148 ) , ,
( L d)
P S K
( A 1 )
w C > 0 .021 8 % , ( 727 ) , ,
( P)
E S
A cm
1 148 , w C = 2 .11 % ( E ) , ,
, 727 , w C
= 0 .77 % ( S ) w C
> 0 .77 % ,
, , ( Fe 3 C ) ,
,
PQ
727 , w C
= 0 .021 8 % ( P ) , ,
, 600 , w C = 0 .006 % ( Q ) , 727 ,
, ( Fe 3 C )
G S
A 3
w C < 0 .77 % , , ;
,
44

;
1 .
Fe - Fe3 C ,
(1 ) wC0 .021 8% ,
(2 ) 0 .021 8% < wC2 .11% , :
wC = 0 .77 % , ;
0 .021 8 % < wC < 0 .77 % , + ;
0 .77 % < wC 2 .11 % , +
(3 ) 2 .11% < wC6 .69% , :
wC = 4 .3% , ;
2 .11% < wC < 4 .3% , + +
4 .3% < wC6 .69% , +
2 .
(1 ) 5 - 4 wC = 0 .77% 1
( L) , AC 1 , ( A) ,
, AE , , AC
2 , 2 3 (S )
3 ( 727 ), , P
K , , , P ,
A S
727
P ( F P + Fe3C K )
, ,
, ; ,
;
,
3 , PQ , ( Fe3C)
, , , ,
5 - 5, , ,
, ( b = 770 M Pa 180HBS = 20 % 35 % AK = 2432 J)
, ,
, 5 - 6a; , ,
5 - 6b
(2 ) 5 - 4 wC = 0 .45% 3
3 GS 3 ,
, , GP , ,
45

5 - 5
( a) ( b)
5 - 6
GS , 3 4 4 ,
( w C = 0 .77% ) , ,
, ,
5 - 7
5 - 7
,
, , 5 - 8,
,
(3 ) 5 - 4 wC = 1 .2% 3
3 ES 3 ,
, ( Fe3C ) , ,
, , ES PS K
4 , ( wC = 0 .77 % ) , ,
,
5 - 9
46

(a) w C = 0 .1 % ( b) w C = 0 .25 %
(c) w C = 0 .45 %
5 - 8
5 - 9
,
, 5 - 10,
,
(4 ) 5 - 4
wC = 4 .3% 1 ( C )
1 ( 1 148 ) , ,
E
F
5 - 10
47

, , Ld ,
L C
1 148
Ld( A E + Fe3 CF ) , ,
, , ES ,
2 , , , ,
, ( )
, ( Ld )5 - 115 - 12,
, ( , )
5 - 11
(5 ) 5 - 4
wC = 3 .0% 1
AC 1 ,
, , ,
AE , , AC
ECF 2 ( 1 148 ),
( wC = 4 .3% ) ,
, 2 3 ,
E S , , PS K
3 , ,
5 - 12
, +
5 - 13
+ , P + Fe3 C + Ld 5 - 13,
5 - 14, , ,
,
+ +
, ,
48

5 - 14
(6 ) 5 - 4 wC = 5 .0%
1 1 , ,
, , , DC , 2 (1 148 ),
, , 2 3 ,
, 3 ( 727 ) ,
,
5 - 15, 5 - 16 , ,
5 - 15
,
1 .
,
, , , ,
, , :
F F + P P P + Fe3 C P + Fe3 C + LdLdLd+ Fe3CFe3 C
2 .
5 - 17, wC < 0 .9 % , , ,
49

5 - 16
5 - 17
, , ; w C > 0 .9%
, , , ,
, , 1 .3% wC
> 2 .11 % , , , , ,
,
1 .
,
, , ; ,
, 0 .25% 0 .55% ;
, 0 .55 % ; (
) ,
2 .
Fe - Fe3 C , 50100
, , , ,
, ,
wC = 0 .15% 0 .6% , , ,
3 .
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
, , , ,
, , ,
4 .
50
, (

)Fe - Fe3 C
,
, :
, ,
, , Fe - Fe3 C ; Fe - Fe3 C
, ;
, , ,
, ,
()
, 2 .11% , GBT
1330491 ,
wC2 .11% ,
, ,
1 .
( ) , FeO ,
; MnS, ;
, ,
wM n = 0 .25% 0 .8 % , ,
2 .
FeO , FeO ;
, (
) wSi = 0 .1% 0 .4% , ( ) wSi = 0 .03%
0 .07 % , ,
3 .
, FeS FeS Fe
, 985 , , 1 0001 200 ,
, , , ,
, ( 1 620 ) MnS,
4 .
, ,
( ) , ,
51

, , ,
, :
(1 ) :
0 .021 8 % < wC < 0 .25 % ;
0 .25 % wC 0 .6% ;
0 .6% < wC2 .11%
(2 ) :
1)
:
2) ()
, ( ,
) , , ( ,
) , ( ) :
3) : (
):
(3 ) :
1)
2)
, , ; ,
1 .
GB 70088 , Q( )
A( w S 0 .050% w P 0 .045 % ) B( w S
0 .045% w P 0 .045 % ) C ( wS 0 .040% w P 0 .040% ) D( w S 0 .035% w P 0 .035 % )
:FbZTZ
, ZTZ Q235 - A s235 M Pa , A
5 - 3
Q195 Q215 ( A1 A2 ) , (
) , 08F 10
Q235 ( A3 ) ,
52

, Q235 - C Q235 - D ,
Q255 Q275 ( A4 A5 ) ,
,
2 .
, , ,
( A) ( E ) ;
( UP )( UC) , ( U HP )
( UF ) ( UCD)5 - 4
5 - 4
w P %
w S %
0 .035 0 .035
0 .030 0 .030
0 .025 0 .020
, 40 ,
wC = 0 .40 % ( wM n = 0 .7% 1 .2 % ),
Mn , 65Mn , wC = 0 .65% , ( w M n = 0 .9% 1 .2 % )
A ; E ;
F ; b
() 5 - 5 5 - 6
5 - 5 ()( GBT 6991999)
w%
C Si Mn
Cr Ni Cu
08F 0 .05 0 .11 0 .03 0 .250 .50 0 .10 0 .30 0 .25
15F 0 .12 0 .18 0 .07 0 .250 .50 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
08 0 .05 0 .11 0 .17 0 .37 0 .350 .65 0 .10 0 .30 0 .25
10 0 .07 0 .13 0 .17 0 .37 0 .350 .65 0 .15 0 .30 0 .25
15 0 .12 0 .18 0 .17 0 .37 0 .350 .65 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
20 0 .17 0 .23 0 .17 0 .37 0 .350 .65 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
25 0 .22 0 .29 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
30 0 .27 0 .34 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
35 0 .32 0 .39 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
40 0 .37 0 .44 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
54

w%
C Si Mn
Cr Ni Cu
45 0 .42 0 .50 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
50 0 .47 0 .55 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
55 0 .52 0 .60 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
60 0 .57 0 .65 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
65 0 .62 0 .70 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
70 0 .67 0 .75 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
85 0 .82 0 .90 0 .17 0 .37 0 .500 .80 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
15Mn 0 .12 0 .18 0 .17 0 .37 0 .701 .00 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
35Mn 0 .32 0 .39 0 .17 0 .37 0 .701 .00 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
50Mn 0 .48 0 .56 0 .17 0 .37 0 .701 .00 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
65Mn 0 .62 0 .70 0 .17 0 .37 0 .901 .20 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
70Mn 0 .67 0 .75 0 .17 0 .37 0 .901 .20 0 .25 0 .30 0 .25
5 - 6 ( ) (GBT 6991999 )
mm
b
M Pa
s
M Pa
5 % %
A KU J
HBS103000
08 F 25 930 295 175 35 60 131
15 F 25 920 355 205 29 55 143
08 25 930 325 195 33 60 131
10 25 930 335 205 31 55 137
15 25 920 375 225 27 55 143
20 25 910 410 245 25 55 156
25 25 900 870 600 450 275 23 50 71 170
30 25 880 860 600 490 295 21 50 63 179
35 25 870 850 600 530 315 20 45 55 197
40 25 860 840 600 570 335 19 45 47 217 187
45 25 850 840 600 600 355 16 40 39 229 197
50 25 830 830 600 630 375 14 40 31 241 207
55

mm
b
M Pa
s
M Pa
5
% %
A KU
J
HBS103000
55 25 820 820 600 645 380 13 35 255 217
60 25 810 675 400 12 35 255 229
65 25 810 695 410 10 30 255 229
70 25 790 715 420 9 30 269 229
85 820 480 1 130 980 6 30 302 255
15Mn 25 920 410 245 26 55 163
35Mn 25 870 850 600 560 335 18 45 55 229 197
50Mn 25 830 830 600 645 390 13 40 31 255 217
65Mn 25 830 735 430 9 30 285 229
70Mn 25 790 785 450 8 30 285 229
: 1 . 25 mm ,
2 . 30 min, ; 30 min, 70 80 85 ,
; 1 h
08F , , ,
; 10 25 , ,
, , ( ),
, ,
;30 55 40Mn 50Mn , , ,
, 40 45 ; 60 85 60Mn 65Mn
70Mn , , ,
,
3 .
wC = 0 .65% 1 .35 % ,
, ,
T ()
T8 , wC = 0 .8 % A ,
, T10A T10
5 - 7
56

5 - 7 (GB 129886)
w%
C Mn Si
T 7
T7A 0 .650 .74 0 .40 0 .35 0 .030
0 .020
S
P
0 .035
0 .030
HBS
( t)
HR C
187 800820 62
,
,
,
T 8
T8A 0 .750 .84 0 .40 0 .35 0 .030
0 .020
0 .035
0 .030
187 780800 62
,
,
T8Mn 0 .800 .90 0 .40 0 .60 0 .35 0 .030 0 .035 187 780800 62
T 9 0 .850 .94 0 .40 0 .35 0 .030 0 .035 192 760780 62
T10
0 .030
T10A 0 .951 .04 0 .40 0 .35 0 .020
0 .035
0 .030
197 760780 62
T 8
, ,
,
,
,
T12
T12A 1 .151 .24 0 .40 0 .35 0 .030
0 .020
0 .035
0 .030
207 760780 62
,
4 .
wC = 0 .15% 0 .6 % ,
ZG ()GBT 56131995 ,
: ( GB 1135289 ) , ZG
, ,
ZG340 - 640 , s340 MPa, b 640 MPa ; , ZG
(w C > 1% , w C < 0 .1% ,
0 ) ,
ZG15Cr1Mo1V , w C = 0 .15% wCr = 1% w M o = 1% w V < 0 .9 %
57

(w V < 0 .9 % )
5 - 8
5 - 8 ( GB 1135289)
w%
C Si Mn P S
s
(
M Pa
r0 .2
)
b
MPa
%
%
A KV J
( a K J cm - 2 )
ZG200 - 400 0 .20 0 .50 0 .80 0 .04 200 400 25 40 30 ( 60 )
ZG230 - 450 0 .30 0 .50 0 .90 0 .04 230 450 22 32 25 ( 45 )
ZG270 - 500 0 .40 0 .50 0 .90 0 .04 270 500 18 25 22 ( 35 )
ZG310 - 570 0 .50 0 .60 0 .90 0 .04 310 570 15 21 15 ( 30 )
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
,
ZG340 - 640 0 .60 0 .60 0 .90 0 .04 340 640 10 18 10 ( 20 )
, ,
, ,
: 1 . 100 mm
2 . A KV V ; a K U
(
) , 5 - 18
58
5 - 18

,
1 . ? ?
2 . , :
3 . ?
4 . Fe - Fe 3 C ,,
5 . 20 45 T8 T12 , ,
6 . Fe - Fe 3 C ,
t
20 770
45 500
T8 650
T12 750
t
20 920
45 770
T 8 790
T 12 950
7 . , wC = 0 .2% wC
?
8 . Fe - Fe 3 C :
( 1) , 1 0001 250 ;
( 2) ;
( 3) 1 100 , wC = 0 .4% ,wC = 4 .0% ;
( 4) w C = 0 .9 % w C = 1 .2% ;
( 5) 70 T10 T12 20 30 ,;
= 0 .65 % wC = 4 .0% ,
( 6) ( ) ,(60 65 70 )
9 . ? ?
10 . ? 20 45 60 Q215 - A Q235 - B T8 T10A
T12 ZG310 - 570 ,12
11 . , ? ?
12 . w C > 0 .6 % , w C < 0 .6 % , w C = 4 .3 %
?
59

,
,
, 60% 70%
, 70% 80 %
, 100%
,
, :
(1)
:
(2 ) ,
:
6 - 1
(3 )
:
, ,
, 6 - 1, , ( )
Fe - Fe3 C , A1 A3 Ac m ,
, ,
A1 A3 Ac m , 6 - 2 Ac1 A 3
Accm ; A r1 Ar3 A rc m
Ac3 Ac1 , ,
1 .
, A1 ,
, A1 wC = 0021 8% ;, w C = 669% Ac1 ,
60

, w C = 077% ,
,
, 6 - 3
(a) A ( b) A ( c) Fe 3 C ( d ) A
6 - 2 Fe - Fe 3 C
6 - 3
(1 ) ( 6 - 3a b)
,
,
, ,
, , ,
,
(2 ) ( 6 - 3c) ,
, , ,
,
(3 ) ( 6 - 3d) ,
, , , ,
,
, , ,
,
,
, , ,
, Ac3 , Acc m ,
2 .
(1 ) , , ,
(2 ) 6 - 4, ( v2 > v1 ) , ( t2 > t1 ) ,
( t 2 > t 1 ) , ( 2 < 1 ) ,
61

(3 ) , ,
, , ,
,
1 . ()
(Ac3 , Ac1 Acc m )
,
6 - 4
6 - 5
, , , 6 - 5
, , (6 - 5, 1 ) ,
, , ,
(6 - 5, 2 ), ,
, ,
Al2 O3 AlN , , , ,
,
,
2 .
(1 ) , ,
(2 ) , , ,
,
(3 ) ,
() ,
, , ,
62

, , , 6 - 1
, , Fe - Fe3 C
() ,
,
6 - 1 45 ( 840 )
b M Pa
s MPa
%
%
HBS
530 280 325 493 160
670 720 340 15 18 4550 210
1 100 720 7 8 1214 5260 HRC
:
, , ( Ar1
Ar3 ) ,
6 - 6 1; ,
,
, 6 - 6 2
1 .
6 - 6
1 ; 2
, , A1 ;
, ; -
, ,
, 6 - 7aC, C
, , 6 - 7b
, A1 , A1
, A1 ,
,
, , , ( )550 ,
, , Ms ( Ms ) , ,
, M f
( M f ) , A (
) ,
63

( a) ( b)
6 - 7 ( C )
2 .
(1 ) A1 550 ,
,
A1 , (6 - 8a) ,
,
, ( 6 - 8b) ,
, ,
(6 - 8c)(6 - 8d e) ,
(6 - 8f)
(a) ( b) (c) ( d) (e) ( f)
6 - 8
A1 650 ,
, , 500 ( 5
- 6 ) ;650600 , , , ,
, S, 8001 000 , 6 - 9;
600550 , , , ,
, T, , 6 - 10
, , , ,
, , ,
64

6 - 9
( )
6 - 10
()
(2 ) 550 Ms ,
B,
, ,
, ( B) ( B)
550350
( 6 - 11 ) ,
, , 6 - 12
6 - 11
6 - 12
350 Ms,
5565 , 6 - 13
, 6 - 14
, , ,
, , , , ,
, ,
,
Ms , ,
,
65

6 - 13
6 - 14
3 . C
( 1) 6 - 15, , ,
, C (
6 - 15a)( 6 - 15b)
( a) C ( b) C
6 - 15 C
, C ,
, C , ; , C
, ; C ,
(2 ) , ,
C ( ) C , C
(3 ) , , ,
, , , C
1 .
66

, ,
6 - 16 ,
C , ,
, C
Ps ; P f
; K
, K ,
, Ms
v K ,
( ) ,
v K , 6 - 16
2 . C
, C , ,
C
, C , C ,
, 6 - 17v1 ( ) , C
6 - 17
67

, , 170220HBS; v2 (
) , , 2535HRC; v3 ( ) , C
550 , , Ms ,
, Ms ,
, 4555HRC; v4 ( ) ,
C , Ms , , , 5565HRC
3 .
v K , Ms ,
, , - Fe - Fe ,
- Fe , - Fe
, , M
() ,
wC > 10 % , , , ,
, , ,
, ,
, 6 - 18a6 - 18bwC < 025% ,
, , ,
, 6 - 19a
6 - 19bwC025% 10% ,
( a) ( b )
6 - 18
6 - 20,
, wC > 060% ,
,
, ( , ) , ,
, , , ,
68

(a) ( b)
6 - 19
, ; Ms M f
, Ms
M f ,
, ,
; Ms M f ,
, , Ms
M f , 6 - 21 wC > 6 - 20
050 % , M f , 100% ,
, , 6 - 22
6 - 21 Ms Mf
6 - 22
, ,
, , , (
) , ( +
- 78 , - 183 ) , , ( )
69

, ,
:
(1 ) ( Ac3 3050 ) ,
, , 600 ,
, ; , ,
;, , , ( )
, ,
,
Acc m , ,
, , Ac3 ( Ac1 ) ,
, ,
,
, , 1 3,
6 - 23
6 - 23
(2 ) Ac1 2030 ,
, , Ar1 , ,
, 6 - 24
, ,
, , ,
,
70

, , 6 - 25 ,
, ,
6 - 24 T10
6 - 25
(3 ) ( ) (
100200 ) , ( 1015 h) , ,
, , ;
, ,
(4 ) ,
, 500600 ,
, 300200 A1 ,
, 50% 80 % ,
( a) ( b)
6 - 26
71

, , ,
, , , ,
(170230HBS ) ; ,
, ; ,
;, ,
,
, 6 - 26
, ,
, ()
, ,
1 .
Fe - Fe3 C , 6 - 27
Ac3 3050 , ,
Ac1
Ac3 ,
, ,
Ac3 + ( 30 50 ) , ,
, , ,
Ac1
30
50 , (
) ,
, Acc m
6 - 27
, , , Ms , ,
, , , ,
Ac1 , ,
, ,
2 .
72

:
t, min;
, minmm;
D, mm
D
3 .
t = D
,
, C ,
: 650
, ,
, ; 650400 ,
(C ) ,
, ; 300200
, ,
6 - 28
,
(1 ) 650400 ,
; 300200 ,
6 - 28
,
, , 40
650400 , (5 % 10% ) () ( )
, ,
,
(2 ) 300200 ,
, 650400 , ,
, 40100
1 . ()
() , , ( )
, 6 - 29,
,
2 . ()
, ,
, 6
- 29, ,
73

,
3 . ()
,
Ms , ,
,
, 6 - 29
, ,
( < 12 mm )
4 . ()
,
,
, 6 - 29 6 - 29
, ,
,
, Ac1
,
, ; ,
;
() ,
,
1 . (100350 )
100 , Fe24 C ( )
, , 350 , ,
,
, 6 - 30 ,
, ,
2 . (200300 )
200 , 300 ,
, , ,
3 . (250400 )
250 , 400
, ,
74

, ,
, 6 - 31, ,
6 - 30
6 - 31
4( > 400 )
400 , , 600
, 450 , ( )
, ,
6 - 32,
, , ,
, , ,
, , , 6 - 33,
6 - 32
6 - 33 40
, ,
, :
75

1( < 250 )
, ( 58
64HRC)
2(250500 )
3550HRC
3( > 500 )
,
200350HBS
() ,
, , 6 - 2
,
6 - 2 45 (2040 mm)
b M Pa
% A K J HBS
750 850 2025 64 96 210250
700 800 1520 40 64 163220 +
6 - 34: 350
, ,
, , 250 ,
, , ,
250350 400500
,
,
400550 ,
,
, ,
,
(400550 ) ,
6 - 34
, ,
76

( )
, ,
, ,
, , ,
()
, ,
, ,
,
,
, , ,
,
, GB 22588
6 - 35a, ( 25 mm100 mm) ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, , 6 - 35b45 40Cr
( a) ( b ) ( c)
6 - 35
77

, 40Cr 45 6 - 35c6 - 35b
,
J HRC J , d , HRC
d
, J 42 5 mm 42HRC , ,
5
( Dc ) ,
, , 6 - 3
6 - 3
D c mm D c mm
45 1018 6 8 50 % M
60 2025 9 15 50 % M
40Cr 2036 12 24 50 % M
20CrMn Ti 3250 12 20 50 % M
T8 T12 1518 5 7 95 % M
GCr15 30 35 95 % M
9SiCr 40 50 95 % M
Cr12 200 90 % M
, ,
, 6 - 36a
,
, ( s ) ( AK )
, 6 - 36b c
,
( a) ( b) ( c)
, ,
6 - 36
; () (
) , , , ;
, , , ;
, ,
78
,

,
,
,
1
6 - 37, ( )
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
,
, :
(1 ) 200300 kHz,
05 2 mm
(2 ) 2 5008 000 Hz,
210 mm
(3 ) 50 Hz,
1020 mm(
)
2
6 - 37
, ( ) , (
Ac3 100200 ) ; , ,
23HRC, ; , ,
20% 30% ; , , ;
, , ,
,
(40 45 )(40Cr 40MnB ) ,
, ,
,
79

- ( )
, , 6 - 38
26 mm
, , ,
, ,
(
)
6 - 38
, ,
: ,
; , ,
; ,
:
,
,
,
,
: ,
1
6 - 39, , (
) , ( ) , ( 900950 ) ,
(CO CO2 H2 CH4 )
C,
CH4 2H2 + C
2CO CO2 + C
CO + H2
H2 O + C
C ,
0205 mmh
80

, , , ,
, ,
2
6 - 40, , 900950 ,
15% 20% (BaCO3 Na2 CO3 )
, :
BaCO3
BaO + CO2
CO2 + C 2CO
2CO CO2 + C
6 - 39
6 - 40
CO , , C,
01 mmh
, , , ,
3
w C = 085 % 105 % , 6 - 41 ,
() , ( ) ,
() , ( ),
( wC = 04% )
, 0525 mm
:
(1 ) Ar3 ,
(6 - 42a)
, , , , ,
81

6 - 41
, , , ,
,
(2 ) , ( 6 - 42b )
, Ac3 (6 - 42b, ) , ,
; , , Ac1 3050 ,
,
(3 ) ,
Ac3 3050 ,
, Ac1 3050 ( 6 - 42c) , ,
, ,
( a) ( b ) (c)
6 - 42
(150200 ),
5864HRC, ,
, 137183HBS ,
82

3545HRC, ,
( )
:
1
( NH3 ), 500570 , N, :
2NH3 3H2 + 2N
N,
38CrMoAl ,
(CrNMoN AlN) , ( 1 0001 200HV ,
72HRC) , 600 , ,
, ( 25 % 35 % ) ;
, ; , ;
( < 060070 mm ) , , ,
, , (0305 mm , 3050 h) ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
2()
110 5 Pa(10 - 1 10 - 3 Pa) , ( )
,
, 133321 3332 Pa , ( ) ( )
(400700 V), ,
( 450650 ) , , , ,
: , ( 1 512 ) ; ,
, ; , , ; ,
,
, ,
, ,
83

,
(820860 ) , , CH4
CO , ,
CH4 + NH3 HCN + 3H2
CO + NH3
HCN + H2 O
2HCN H2 + 2C+ 2N
0308 mm ,
, , , , , ,
()
,
520570 , 24 h, 002006 mm
, , , ,
( ) ,
,
,
, :
, Ac1
( 500600 )
(50% 75% ) , ,
, , ,
3070 MPa, 100 MPa
, , (
) , , , ,
,
(10% 30% , 40% 50% ) ,
,
84

: ( CVD)( PVD)
1( CVD)
, (
) , ,
2( PVD)
,
,
,
, , 110 Pa, (
)15 kV ,
, , , ( )
, ,
CVD PVD ,
, , , , ,
(TiN TiC ) ( Al Cr Ni ) ( MoS2 WS2 CaF2
),
, ,
TiC TiN ,
, ,
, , , ,
( ) ; , ;
, ; , (
20% ) ; , ;
110 5 Pa( 10 - 1 10 - 3 Pa)
; , , ;
85

, , , ;
,
, ; ,
,
1
,
, ,
,
, , , ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
,
2
,
,
, ; ,
,
, , ,
, : ;
;
, , ,
,
86

:
1
, ,
6 - 43
6 - 43
2,
, ,
, , , , ,
, 6 - 44
( a) ( b )
( c)
6 - 44
3
, , 6 - 45,
, , , (
) , ,
4
6 - 46, , ,
,
87

6 - 45
6 - 46
5
, ,
(6 - 47a) , () , (6 - 47b) ,
, ,
6 - 47
, , : (
) ,
(, 3040 ,
5 ), 220250HBS, 4045HRC
, , ,
,
, ,
,
, , :
88

1
: , ,
,
(1 ) (
) , ,
:
()
(2 ) ,
, ,
, ,
:
() () ()
, , ,
, ,
2
: ,
, ,
(1 )
1) :
() ( )()
2) :
() ( )
, ,
(2 ) ,
()
() :
()
(3 ) , , , ,
, ,
, ,
,
:
()
89

1(6 - 48 )
,
: 45
:, 4045HRC
:
2(6 - 49 )
, , ,
,
: 40Cr
:260300HBS, ,
: ()
6 - 48
6 - 49
3(6 - 50 )
, ,
:45
:4550 HRC, ,
220250HBS
:
4(6 - 51 )
6 - 50
,
: T12A
:, 6064HRC
:
, ,
90

6 - 51
5(6 - 52 )
,
: Q235 - A
: 0405 mm ,4045HRC,010 mm
6 - 52
: ( 380420 )
1? ?
2Ac 1 Ac 3 Ac cm Ar 1 A r 3 Ar cm
3,, ( C )
4A 1 Ms ,
5? ?
6? ?
7760 , , 6 - 53
, ?
?
?
8
9 ?
10,?
1145 T8 600 760 840 ,
, ?
? ?
12 , ?
?
13 ?
?
6 - 53 7
14,: ( 1) , ? (2 )
,,?
15? ? ?
91

1645 T12 700 770 840 , ? 45
770 T12 770 ?
17, ?
18? , ?
1945 ( 4348HRC) 20 T12 , 45
, ? ?
20() ,
,
21, , ?
?
22,? ?
23? ?
( 1) ,; (2 ) ; (3 )
, ; ( 4) , ; ( 5)
,, ; (6 ) ,
,
24T10 , 6064HRC45 T10 , T10 ,
? ?
25,
(1 ) 15 ; (2 ) ZG270 - 500 ; ( 3) 60 ; ( 4)
T12
26
( 1) 20 ; (2 ) 45 ; (3) T12
2745 ( 15 mm10 mm) ,,
( 1) 700 ,,; (2 ) 840 , ,
; (3) 1 100 , , ?
, ? ?
2845 , 220250 HBS , ,
,
2945 240 HBS ,200 ,? ? 45
57HRC, 560 ,? ?
3045 , ( 03 s) ; (
400 s)? ?
31,
( 1) 45 () ; (2 ) 60 ; (3) T12
32? ,? ?
33? ? ?
34? ? ?
35? ? ?
36? ?
37,?
92

38, ( > 50HRC) , ( A K > 40 J) 45
,20 45 ,: ( 1) 45 ;
(2) 20 ,? ?
396 mm T12 ,780 180 , 63HRC, ,
6 - 54 : (1 ) , ; ( 2)
, ; (3) ,
6 - 54 39
4020 ,:
: ( 1) ; ( 2) ( ) ; ( 3)
41T10 ,:
: ( 1 ) ; (2 ) ( ) ;
(3)
42, ,
( 1 ) , m = 4 ,,,45 ; (2 ) ,
, 5055 HRC, 45 ; ( 3) ,
,, ,, 38CrMoAl
43,
93

, , , , ,
()
,
,
1 .
,
7 - 1 , ,
( wM n < 15% , w Si < 06% ) , ,
;, ; ( w Cr 2% w N i 5 % ) ,
, ,
( a) ( b)
7 - 1
94

,
2 .
, ;
,
, ,
, VC TiC , ,
, , ,
, , Cr7 C3 Cr23 C6 Fe3 W3C Fe3 Mo3C ,
, , , ( Fe,
W) 3C ( Fe , Cr) 3 C , ,
, ( Fe, Mn) 3C Fe3 C
, , ; ,
, , ,
Fe - Fe3 C
1 .
GS , , 7 - 2a
, ,
GS , ,
7 - 2b , ,
,
(a)
( b)
7 - 2 Fe - Fe 3 C
95

2 . SE
S E S ,
, 12 % , S wC = 04 %
, w C = 04% ; E ,
, wC < 211% ,
SE , 7 - 3
, , ,
7 - 3
1 .
,
, ,
, ( ),
, , ,
,
(), (
) , , ,
, ,
2 .
(),
, C , C , ,
96

7 - 4a; C , C , 7 -
4b
, , ,
, , (
), ,
(a)
( b )
7 - 4 C
Ms M f ( ) Ms
M f , (7 - 5) , ( 7 - 6 )
7 - 5 Ms
7 - 6
3 .
(1 ) ( )
() , ,
, ,
97

7 - 7, 9SiCr T10 ,9SiCr
(2 ) , 500600
, , Cr7 C3 Mo2 CW2 C VC
, , , 7 - 8
, 500600 ,
, ,
7 - 7 9SiCr T10
7 - 8 ( w C = 035% )
1 .
(1 ) ( ws0045 % w P 0045% )
, :
, ,
(2 ) ( )
(
, , ) , ,
() , ,
: , ,
, , , , ,
(3 ) ( wS 0020 % w P 0020% )
( )
98

:, , ,
2 .
, , , ,
,
1 .
, Q390 s 390 MPa
2 .
Y
, Mn , Y40Mn wC = 04% , ( wM n <
15% )
1 .
wC
02% , , w Me < 3%
,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, Q345 ( 16Mn) , 105
125 ; , Q345 15 %
,
Q345
7 - 1 7 - 2
2 .
,
MnS , , , ,
MnS , , , ,
, , ,
,
99

7 - 1 (GBT 159194)
C
Mn
Si
P
w Me %
S
V Nb T i
Al
Cr
Ni
Q295 A 0 .16 0 .801 .50 0 .55 0 .045 0 .045 0 .020 .15 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20
B 0 .16 0 .801 .50 0 .55 0 .040 0 .040 0 .020 .15 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20
A 0 .20 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .045 0 .045 0 .020 .15 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20
B 0 .20 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .040 0 .040 0 .020 .15 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20
Q345 C 0 .20 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .035 0 .035 0 .020 .15 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015
D 0 .18 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .030 0 .030 0 .020 .15 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015
E 0 .18 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .025 0 .025 0 .020 .15 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015
A 0 .20 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .045 0 .045 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .30 0 .70
B 0 .20 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .040 0 .040 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .30 0 .70
Q390 C 0 .20 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .035 0 .035 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015 0 .30 0 .70
D 0 .20 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .030 0 .030 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015 0 .30 0 .70
E 0 .20 1 .001 .60 0 .55 0 .025 0 .025 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015 0 .30 0 .70
A 0 .20 1 .001 .70 0 .55 0 .045 0 .045 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .40 0 .70
B 0 .20 1 .001 .70 0 .55 0 .040 0 .040 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .40 0 .70
Q420 C 0 .20 1 .001 .70 0 .55 0 .035 0 .035 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015 0 .40 0 .70
D 0 .20 1 .001 .70 0 .55 0 .030 0 .030 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015 0 .40 0 .70
E 0 .20 1 .001 .70 0 .55 0 .025 0 .025 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015 0 .40 0 .70
C 0 .20 1 .001 .70 0 .55 0 .035 0 .035 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015 0 .70 0 .70
Q460 D 0 .20 1 .001 .70 0 .55 0 .030 0 .030 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015 0 .70 0 .70
E 0 .20 1 .001 .70 0 .55 0 .025 0 .025 0 .020 .20 0 .015 0 .060 0 .02 0 .20 0 .015 0 .70 0 .70
7 - 2 (GBT 159194)
b MPa
5 % s M Pa
A K J
Q295
A
B
390570
390570
23
23
295
295
34 ( 20 )
, , ,
, , ,
Q345
A
B
C
D
E
470630
470630
470630
470630
470630
21
21
22
22
22
345
345
345
345
345
34 ( 20 )
34 ( 0 )
34( - 20 )
27( - 40 )
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
A
490650
19
390
B
490650
19
390
34 ( 20 )
, , ,
Q390
C
490650
20
390
34 ( 0 )
,
D
490650
20
390
34( - 20 )
,
E
490650
20
390
27( - 40 )
100

MPa
5 % s M Pa
A K J
A
520680
18
420
B
520680
18
420
34 ( 20 )
Q420
C
520680
19
420
34 ( 0 )
D
520680
19
420
34( - 20 )
E
520680
19
420
27( - 40 )
C
550720
17
460
34 ( 0 )
Q460
D
550720
17
460
34( - 20 )
E
550720
17
460
27( - 40 )
, , ,
, ,
,
,
,
7 - 3
7 - 3 ( GB 873188)
w%
( )
C Si Mn S P b M Pa
5 % %
HBS
Y12
0 .08
0 .16
0 .15
0 .35
0 .70
1 .00
0 .10
0 .20
0 .08
0 .15
390
540
22 36 170
Y12 Pb
0 .08
0 .16
0 .15
0 .70
1 .10
0 .15
0 .25
0 .05
0 .10
Pb
0 .15
0 .35
390
540
22 36 170
Y12,
Y15
0 .10
0 .18
0 .15
0 .80
1 .20
0 .23
0 .33
0 .05
0 .10
390
540
22 36 170
Y12,
Y30
0 .27
0 .35
0 .15
0 .35
0 .70
1 .00
0 .08
0 .15
0 .06
510
655
15 25 187
,
,
Y40Mn
0 .37
0 .45
0 .15
0 .35
1 .20
1 .55
0 .20
0 .30
0 .05
590
735
14 20 207
,
Y45Ca
0 .42
0 .50
0 .20
0 .40
0 .60
0 .90
0 .04
0 .08
0 .04
Ca
0 .002
0 .006
600
745
12 26 241
Y40Mn,
: Y12 Y15 Y30
101

3 .
,
() , ,
,
09CuPCrNi - A 09CuPCrNi - B 09CuP
,
1 .
(1 ) ,
:
0035%
(2 )
:
2 .
, , , , ,
1 .
(1 ) ( )
()
, ,
(< 15 % , ;
15% 2 .4% 2 .5% 3 .4% , 2 3)
( ) ( A )
(E ) , 7 - 420CrMnTi , wC = 0 .2% , wC rwM n w Ti <
1 .5% ( ) , ; 25Cr2Ni4WA , wC = 0 .25 % , wC r = 2% ,
w Ni = 4% , wW < 1 .5% ,A, ,
(2 ) , ZG
Mn, , ZGMn13 - 1
w M n = 13% , 1
102

7 - 4 ( GBT 30771999 )
w P
w S
0 .035 0 .035
0 .025 0 .025
2 .
0 .025 0 .015
G Cr
, GCr15 wCr = 1 .5%
, , GCr15SiMn wCr = 1 .5% wSi wM n <
15%
3 .
: w C < 1% , ,
;w C1% , , 9Mn2V wC
= 0 .9% w M n = 2% w V < 1 .5 % ; , CrWMn w C 1 % (
) , wCrw W wM n < 1 .5%
4 .
, w C <
1% , , W18Cr4V w W = 18% w Cr = 4% w V < 1 .5%
, wC = 0 .7 % 0 .8%
5 .
, 4Cr13
wC = 0 .4% wCr = 13% w C0 .03% wC 0 .08% ,
000, 00Cr17Ni14Mo2 0Cr18Ni11 Ti
1 .
, ,
, ,
,
(1 ) wC = 0 .10% 0 .25% ,
, ,
, ,
103

, ,
(2 ) ,
, ( 180200 )
wC = 0 .85% 1 .0% ,
, 6062HRC, , 4048HRC;
, , 2540HRC, AK 48 J
(3 ) :
1) ,
20MnV 20Cr
2) , ( b 1 0001 200 MPa)
, 20CrMnTi 20MnVB
3) , ,
1 175 MPa ,
20Cr2Ni4 18Cr2Ni4WA
7 - 5
2 .
,
(1 ) w C = 0 .25% 0 .50% , , ,
;, ,
, , , ,
, ,
(2 ) ,
, ,
,
,
wC0 .30% ,
, , ,
, ,
, , 7 - 6
(3 ) :
, , ,
40Cr 40MnB 42SiMn
, ,
, 40CrMn 35CrMo 38CrMoAl 40CrNi
104

7 - 5 ( GBT 30771999 )
w%
C Si Mn Cr
b MPa
s M Pa
5 % %
A K J
HBS
15Cr
012 017040070
018 037 070 100
880
780
820
200
735 490 11 45 55 179
,
20Cr
018 017050070
024 037 080 100
880
780
820
30 mm
200
835 540 10 40 47 179 ,
20MnV
017 017130
024 037 160
V:
007012
880
200
785 590 10 40 55 187 ,
450 475 ,
,
20Mn2
017 017140
024 037 180
880
20Cr
440
785 590 10 40 47 187 ,
20CrMn Ti
017 017080100
023 037 110 130
Ti:
004010
880
870
30 mm ,
200
1 080 850 10 45 55 217
,
105

w%
C Si Mn Cr
b MPa
s M Pa
5 % %
A K J
HBS
20 Mn VB
017 017120
023 037 160
B:
0000 5
0003 5
860
,
200
1 080 885 10 45 55 207
,
20CrMnMo
017 017090110
023 037 120 140
Mo:
020030
850
,
200
1 180 885 10 45 55 217
20Mn TiB
017 017130
024 037 160
B:
0000 5
0003 5
Ti:
004010
860
20CrMn Ti
200
1 130 930 10 45 55 187 ,
20Cr2Ni4
017 017030125
023 037 060 165
Ni:
325365
880
780
200
1 180 1 080 10 45 63 269 ,
,
18Cr2Ni4 WA
013 017030135
019 037 060 165
Ni:
40 450
W:
080120
950
850
200
1 180 835 10 45 78 269 ,
: 15 mm
106

7 - 6
b M Pa
s MPa
5 % A K J
40 870 25 580 340 19 48
40Cr 860 60 740 450 21 72
40 870 , 600 25 620 450 20 72
40Cr 850 , 550 25 960 800 13 68
, ,
40CrMnMo 25Cr2Ni4WA
7 - 7
3 .
,
, , ,
, , ,
( s b )
(1 ) w C = 0 .5% 0 .7% ,
, ,
, , ,
(2 ) ,
10 mm , ,
5080 , ,
, 4048HRC,
810 mm,
, :
: , 500550 , ,
, , 200
300 , , ,
: ,
200300 , ,
: , ,
, , ,
(3 ) 60Si2Mn ,
, 50CrVA 60Si2Mn
, ,
7 - 8
107

40Cr
40 Mn2
42SiMn
0 .37
0 .44
0 .37
0 .44
0 .39
0 .45
7 - 7 ( GBT 30771999 )
w%
C Si Mn Cr
0 .17
0 .37
0 .17
0 .37
1 .10
1 .40
0 .50
0 .80
1 .40
1 .80
1 .10
1 .40
0 .80
1 .10
MPa b
850
840
880
s MPa
5 % % A K U J
HBS
520
980 785 9 45 47 207 ,
540
885 735 12 45 55 217 , , ,
,
;
590
885 735 15 40 47 229
,
40MnB
0 .37
0 .44
0 .17
0 .37
1 .10
1 .40
B :
0 .000 5
0 .003 5
850
40Cr
500
, 980 785 10 45 47 207 ,
40MnVB
0 .37
0 .44
0 .17
0 .37
1 .10
1 .40
V :
0 .050 .10
B :
0 .000 5
0 .003 5
850
40Cr
520
, 980 785 10 45 47 207
,
35CrMo
0 .32
0 .40
0 .17
0 .37
0 .40
0 .70
0 .80
1 .10
Mo:
0 .150 .25
850
,
550
, 980 835 12 45 63 229 ,
,
108

w%
C Si Mn Cr
MPa b
s MPa
5 % % A K U J
HBS
40CrMn
0 .37
0 .45
0 .17
0 .37
0 .90
1 .20
0 .90
1 .20
840
550
, 980 835 9 45 47 229
30CrMnSi
0 .27
0 .34
0 .90
1 .20
0 .80
1 .10
0 .80
1 .10
880
520
, 1 080 885 10 45 39 229 ,
40Cr Ni
0 .37
0 .44
0 .17
0 .37
0 .50
0 .80
0 .45
0 .75
Ni:
1 .001 .40
820
500
, 980 785 10 45 55 241 ,
38CrMoAl
0 .35
0 .42
0 .20
0 .45
0 .30
0 .60
1 .35
1 .65
Mo:
0 .150 .25
Al:
0 .701 .10
,
940 640
, , 980 835 14 50 71 229
,
40CrMnMo
40CrNiMoA
0 .37
0 .45
0 .37
0 .44
0 .17
0 .37
0 .17
0 .37
0 .90
1 .20
0 .50
0 .80
0 .90
1 .20
0 .60
0 .90
Mo:
0 .200 .30
Mo:
0 .150 .25
Ni:
1 .251 .65
850
850
600
, 980 785 10 45 63 217 , 8 t
,
600
, 980 835 12 55 78 269
250 mm
25Cr2Ni4WA
0 .21
0 .28
0 .17
0 .37
0 .30
0 .60
1 .35
1 .65
W :
0 .801 .20
Ni:
4 .004 .50
850
200 mm
550
, 1 080 930 11 45 71 269
: 38CrMoAl 30 mm , 25 mm
109

7 - 8 (GB 122284)
w%
C Si Mn Cr
Ni Cu P S
MPa s b MPa
5 % 10 % %
55Si2Mn
55Si2MnB
60Si2Mn
55SiMnVB
0 .52
0 .60
0 .52
0 .60
0 .56
0 .64
0 .52
0 .60
1 .50
2 .00
1 .50
2 .00
1 .50
2 .00
0 .70
1 .00
0 .60
0 .90 0 .35 0 .35 0 .25 0 .035 0 .035 870
0 .60
0 .90
0 .35 0 .35 0 .25 0 .035 0 .035
B 0 .000 5
0 .004
480 1 177 1 275 6 30
, ,
, ,
250
870
0 .60
0 .90 0 .35 0 .35 0 .25 0 .035 0 .035 870
V 0 .08
1 .00
1 .30 0 .35 0 .35 0 .25 0 .035 0 .035 0 .16
B 0 .000 5
0 .003 5
480 1 177 1 275 6 30 55Si2Mn
480 1 177 1 275 5 25 55Si2Mn
60Si2Mn
860
460 1 226 1 373 5 30
60Si2CrA
0 .56
0 .64
1 .40
1 .80
0 .40
0 .70
0 .70
1 .00
0 .35 0 .25 0 .030 0 .030
300
870
420 1 569 1 765 6 20 350
,
55CrMnA
0 .52
0 .60
0 .17
0 .37
0 .65
0 .95
0 .65
0 .95
0 .35 0 .25 0 .030 0 .030
830
860
460
510
r0 .2
1 079
1 226 9 20
50CrVA
30 W4Cr2 VA
0 .46
0 .54
0 .26
0 .34
0 .17
0 .37
0 .50
0 .80
0 .80
1 .10
0 .17
0 .37 0 .40 2 .00
2 .50
0 .35 0 .25 0 .030 0 .030
0 .35 0 .25 0 .030 0 .030
V 0 .10
0 .20
V 0 .50
0 .80
W 4 .00
4 .50
850
500 1 128 1 275 10 40 < 350
1 050
500 ,
600 1 324 1 471 7 40
1 100
: 80 mm
110

4 .
w C =
0 .9% 1 .5 % , w M n = 11 % 14% , ,
, ,
, 1 0001 100 , ,
, , ( 180
230HBS) , , ,
, , (5256HRC )
, ,
,
ZGMn13 - 1
ZGMn13 - 4
7 - 9
7 - 9 ( GB 568085)
w%
C Si Mn S P
b
5
MPa % J
A K
HBS
ZGMn13 - 1
1 .00
1 .50
0 .30
1 .00
11 .00
14 .00
0 .050
0 .090
1 060
1 100
637 20 229
ZGMn13 - 2
1 .00
1 .40
0 .30
1 .00
11 .00
14 .00
0 .050
0 .090
1 060
1 100
637 20 118 229
,
ZGMn13 - 3
0 .90
1 .30
0 .30
0 .80
11 .00
14 .00
0 .050
0 .080
1 060
1 100
686 25 118 229
ZGMn13 - 4
0 .90
1 .20
0 .30
0 .80
11 .00
14 .00
0 .050
0 .070
1 060
1 100
735 35 118 229
,
(),
, ,
,
,
, , ,
111

1 .
w C = 0 .90% 1 .10% , w C r = 0 .40% 1 .65% ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
( w S < 0 .025% w P < 0 .03% ) , ,
2 .
, ( 180
207HBS ) , ,
,
, ,
, 6165HRC
, , ( - 60- 80 ) ,
, , ( 120130 , 10
15 h ) ,
3 .
GCr15 , ,
GCr15SiMn ,
, GSiMnV GSiMnMoV GCr15 7 - 10
7 - 10
w%
C Cr Mn Si Mo V R E S P
HRC
GCr9
1 .00
1 .10
0 .90
1 .20
0 .20
0 .40
0 .15
0 .35
0 .025
810
830
150
170
62
66
1020 mm
GCr15
0 .95
1 .05
1 .30
1 .65
0 .20
0 .40
0 .15
0 .35
0 .025
825
845
150
170
62
66
20 mm
, < 50 mm
GCr15SiMn
0 .95
1 .05
1 .30
1 .65
0 .90
1 .20
0 .40
0 .65
0 .025
820
840
150
170
62
> 30 mm
, 50
100 mm
GSiMnV
0 .95
1 .10
1 .30
1 .80
0 .55
0 .80
0 .20
0 .30
0 .03
780
810
150
170
62
GCr15
112

w%
C Cr Mn Si Mo V R E S P
HRC
GSiMnVRE
0 .95
1 .10
1 .10
1 .30
0 .55
0 .80
0 .20
0 .30
0 .1
0 .15
0 .03
780
810
150
170
62
GCr15
GCr15 SiMn
GSiMnMoV
0 .95
1 .10
0 .75
1 .05
0 .40
0 .65
0 .20
0 .40
0 .20
0 .30
770
810
165
175
62
GCr15SiMn
: , R E
1 .
(1 ) ( )
, , , ( 62
65HRC) ,
, ,
, - 80 , ,
, , , ,
( ) ,
T10A T12A , , 50 60 65Mn , ,
15 20 ( ) ,
GCr15 CrWMn CrMn 9SiCr ,
CrWMn, 3Cr13
(2 ) ( ) ,
, ( 500600 ) ,
, :
: 60HRC,
, ,
, , ,
: ,
113

, ,
w C = 0 .80% 1 .50 % ,
WC VC V4 C3
,
, ,
, 6065HRC
9SiCr , , 300350
( )CrWMn ,
, ( )7 - 11
7 - 11 (GB 129985)
w%
C Mn Si Cr P S
HR C
HRC
9SiCr
0 .850 .301 .200 .95
0 .95 0 .60 1 .60 1 .25
0 .03
820
860
62
180
200
60
62
8MnSi
0 .750 .800 .30
0 .85 1 .10 0 .60
0 .03
800
820
60
Cr06
1 .30
1 .45
0 .40
0 .40
0 .50
0 .70
0 .03
780
810
64
Cr2
0 .95
1 .10
0 .40
0 .40
1 .30
1 .65
0 .03
830
860
62
,
9Cr2
0 .80
0 .95
0 .40
0 .40
1 .30
1 .70
0 .03
820
850
62
2 .
:
(1 ) ,
, ,
, w C = 1 .0% 2 .0% ,
,
, 6062HRC
Cr12 , Cr12MoV Cr12 Cr12MoV
(1 820H V)
114

7 - 12
7 - 12 ( GB 129985 )
w%
C Si Mn Cr W Mo V
P
S
HRC
()
HBS
Cr12
2 .00
2 .30
0 .40
0 .40
11 .50
13 .00
0 .03 0 .03
217
269
950
1 000
60
,
Cr12MoV
1 .45
1 .70
0 .40
0 .40
11 .00
12 .50
0 .40
0 .60
0 .15
0 .30
0 .03 0 .03
207
255
950
1 000
58
Cr4 W2 MoV
1 .12
1 .25
0 .40
0 .7
0 .40
3 .50
4 .00
1 .90
2 .60
0 .80
1 .20
0 .80
1 .10
0 .03 0 .03
960
980
1 020
269
1 040
60
Cr12 Mo
Cr12 ,
CrW Mn
0 .90
1 .05
0 .40
0 .80
1 .10
0 .90
1 .20
1 .20
1 .60
0 .03 0 .03
207
255
800
830
62
,
6 W6 Mo5Cr4 V
0 .55
0 .65
0 .40
0 .60
3 .70
4 .30
6 .00
7 .00
4 .50
5 .50
0 .70
1 .10
0 .03 0 .03
1 180
1 200
269
60
(2 ) ( )
, ,
, , (
), (4050HRC) ,
, , ,
w C = 0 .3% 0 .6% ,
, ; , ,
, ;
, , , , ,
( ), ( ) ,
115

, 3039HRC, ( )
, 3448HRC
5CrMnMo 5CrNiMo , ,
,
5CrMnMo ,
3Cr2 W8V 4Cr5W2VSi 7 - 13
7 - 13 ( GB 129985 )
w%
C Si Mn Cr W Mo V
P
S
()
HBS
5CrMnMo
0 .50
0 .60
0 .25
0 .60
1 .20
1 .60
0 .60
0 .90
0 .15
0 .30
0 .03 0 .03
197
241
820
850
(
300 400 mm )
5Cr NiMo
0 .50
0 .60
0 .40
0 .50
0 .80
0 .50
0 .80
0 .15
0 .30
0 .03 0 .03
197
241
830
860
( >
400 mm )
3Cr2W8 V
0 .30
0 .40
0 .40
0 .40
2 .20
2 .70
7 .50
9 .00
0 .20
0 .50
0 .03 0 .03
207
255
1 075
1 125
,
,
4Cr5 W2VSi
0 .32
0 .42
0 .80
1 .20
0 .40
4 .50
5 .50
1 .60
2 .40
0 .60
1 .00
0 .03 0 .03
229
1 030
1 050
,
,
4Cr5MoSiV
0 .33
0 .43
0 .80
1 .20
0 .20
0 .50
4 .75
5 .50
1 .10
1 .60
0 .30
0 .60
0 .03 0 .03
235
790 ,
1 000
1 010 ( 3Cr2W8V
) ,
515 min 500
, 550
5Cr4 W5Mo2V
0 .40
0 .50
0 .40
0 .40
3 .40
4 .40
4 .50
5 .30
1 .50
2 .10
0 .70
1 .10
0 .03 0 .03
269
1 100
1 150
,
3Cr2W8V
(3 )
, ,
, :
( 2835HRC ) , ,
, 45HRC
116

,
( Ra010 .01 m ,
Ra 0 .005 m ,
4555HRC ,
,
,
, ,
,
, T7A T8A 12CrMo CrWMn 20Cr 40Cr
Cr2 ,
3Cr2Mo AISI ,
650 MPa, 15% ; 22
32HRC, 30 % 50% ,
, , , Ra
0 .025 m , ,
3Cr2Mo ,
,
3Cr2NiMo 3Cr2NiMo 3Cr2Mo ,
, Ra 00250015 m;
; 3236HRC, ; 800825 , 58
62HRC; 1 000HV ,
Y55CrNiMnMoV( SM1) Y20CrNi3AlMnMo( SM2 )
(Y )Y55CrNiMnMoV , Y20CrNi3AlMnMo ,
, , Ra
0 .05 m ,
5NiSCa , ,
, 3035HRC, 45
, 45HRC , Ra 0100 .05 m ,
, ,
PMS , 3845HRC,
PMS , Ra
0 .008 mPMS
, , , ,
PMS
718 718 , 3Cr2Mo , Ra
0 .006 m , 5055HRC718
117

, ,
PCR PCR , , 3235HRC,
, , Ra = 0 .2 m , PVD , 1 600 HV
, 4Cr5MoSiV Cr12MoV 18CrMnT i 12CrNi3A 2Cr13 3Cr13
, 7 - 14
, , 600 ,
,
1 .
wC = 070% 125% , ,
,
, , , , 560
, , , 1% 2%
, w Cr = 4% , ,
VC, (2 010HV) , ,
,
2 .
, , 7 - 9
( a) ( b)
7 - 9 (W18Cr4 V )
, , ,
, , ,
, , (7 - 10 ) , 207
118

7 - 10 ( W18Cr4V )
255HBS, , 7 - 11a
, ,
, , 800850 , ,
, ( 500 600 ,
800850 ) , , (
W18Cr4V 1 2701 280 ) , , 7
- 11b ( 20% 30 % ) , 7 - 12
, ( ) 7 - 11c,
( a) ( b ) (c)
7 - 11 (W18Cr4 V )
20 % 30 % 1% 2% , ( W2 C, VC)
, , ,
, Ms , , ,
, 7 - 13, 6365HRC
120

7 - 12 ( W18Cr4V )
7 - 13 ( W18Cr4V )
3 .
W18Cr4V , , ,
, (
)W6Mo5Cr4V2 W18Cr4V , W18Cr4V , W6Mo5Cr4V2
, , ,
, , ,
()
(W18Cr4V2Co8 W6Mo5Cr4V2Al ) ,
W18Cr4V W6Mo5Cr4V2 , ,
(600 ) , ,
,
7 - 15
7 - 15 (GB 994388)
w%
C Mn Si Cr W V Mo
HR C
HRC
W18Cr4V
0 .70
0 .40 0 .40 3 .80 17 .50
0 .80
4 .40
19 .00
1 .00
1 .40
1 260
1 280
63
550
570
( )
63
66
9W18Cr4V
0 .90
0 .40 0 .40 3 .80 17 .50
1 .00
4 .40
19 .00
1 .00
1 .40
1 260
1 280
63
570
580
( )
67 .5
,
121

w%
C Mn Si Cr W V Mo
HR C
HRC
W6Mo5Cr4 V2
0 .80
0 .35 0 .30 3 .80 5 .50
0 .90
4 .40
6 .75
1 210
1 .754 .50
2 .20
5 .50
1 230
63
540
560
( )
63
66
,
W6Mo5Cr4 V3
1 .10
0 .35 0 .30 3 .80 5 .75
1 .25
4 .40
6 .75
2 .804 .75
3 .30 5 .75
1 200
1 220
63
540
560
( )
> 65
,
,
,
:
1 .
wC < 012% , w Cr = 16% 18% , , ,
, ,
1Cr17
2 .
wC = 010% 040% , , ,
, w Cr = 12% 18%
, ,
1Cr13 3Cr13
3 .
wCr = 18% , w N1
= 8% 11% , 18 - 8
,
, , , 1 0501 150 ,
, ,
, , ,
122

, ( 850 880 , 6 h ) ,
( Cr Fe) 23 C6 , , ,
, , ( Cr Fe)23 C6 ,
, ,
,
1Cr18Ni9 1Cr18Ni9Ti , 1Cr18Ni9Ti
7 - 16
,
, ,
(Cr3 O2 SiO2 Al2 O3 ) ,
( ) ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
1 .
< 3 % 5% , 15CrMo 12CrMoV
25Cr2MoVA 35CrMoV ,
< 600
2 .
Cr13
, < 650 ,
, , 1Cr13
1Cr11MoV
3 .
,
650 700 ,
1Cr18Ni9Ti 4Cr14Ni14W2Mo 1Cr18Ni9 Ti ,
,
4 .
, 900
, 1Cr17 , 1Cr17 580650
7 - 17
123

1 . ,?
2 . ?
3 . ?
4 . ?
5 . :
( 1) ; ( 2)
; ( 3) w C 040% w Cr = 12 % ,w C = 150 % w Cr = 12%
; (4) ( ),
6 . ?
7 . 20Cr MnTi 20MnVB
8 . ?
( 1) 40Cr ; (2 ) 60Si2Mn ; ( 3) GCr15 15% ; (4) 1Cr13
1 % ; (5 ) W18Cr4V 1 %
9 . 20CrMnTi , 40 40Cr , ? ?
10 . ? ? ?
11 . ? ?
12 . ? ?
13 . ? ?
14 . ?
15 . ?
? ?
16 . ? ?
?
17 . ? 12% ?
18 . ?
19 . ZGMn13 - 1 ?
20 . , ; ( 900 )
, ?
21 . 35 mm200 mm ,20 ,920 180 , 58
62HRC;20 CrMnTi , 920 , - 80 180 , 60
64HRC,? ?
22 . 1 280 , 560 ? 560 ? ?
23 . ?
( 1) 40Cr ,; ( 2) 20Cr2 Ni4 ,
; ( 3) T12A ; (4) CrWMn ; (5 ) W18Cr4V
24 . ? ,12
Q345 ,20CrMnTi , 40Cr , GCr15 , 60Si2Mn , ZGMn13 - 2 , W18Gr4V , 1Cr18Ni9 , 1Cr13
, 9SiCr , Cr12 , 5CrMnMo , CrWMn , 38CrMoAl , W6Mo5Cr4V2 , 4Cr9Si2 , 9Mn2V , 1Cr17
127

,3Cr2Mo , 40CrMnNiMo
25 . :
,, ,
,
128

, ,
( ) ( G)
, :
(1 ) ,
, ,
, , , ,
(2 ) ,
, , ,
, ,
50% 70% , 60% 90% ,
, ,
(3 ) , ,
,
, , ( )
,
( G) , 8 - 1 ,
(142 ) , ( 340 ) ,
, , ,
, , 3HBS
( )
,
8 - 1
129

, , Fe3C 3Fe + C( G)
, Fe - Fe3 C (
Fe3 C )Fe - C( G) , -
, 8 - 2Fe - Fe3 C , Fe - C ( G)
,
8 - 2 -
Fe - C( G), :
: ( ) 1 154
( L C
1 154
A E+ G )
: ( 1 154738 ) , E S
: 738 , ( A S
738
F P+ G )
, , , ,
A + G , (
) , ,
, F + G ; , F + P + G ;
, P + G
, ,
130

; , ; ,
,
1 .
, ,
, , , ; ,
, , ,
, , ,
wC = 2 .5% 4 .0% , w Si = 1 .0% 2 .5%
, ,
, w S < 0 .15%
, ,
, w M n = 0 .5% 1 .4 %
w P > 0 .3% ,
, , , ,
, w P < 0 .12% , , 05%
, w P < 0 .3%
2 .
, , ,
,
(669% ) (100 % )( 25% 40 % )
,
, , ; , ; ,
8 - 3 , , , ,
8 - 3 w ( C + Si) (
)
131

, ,
80%
: w C = 2 .5 % 4 .0% , w Si = 1 .0% 2 .5% , w M n = 0 .5% 1 .4% ,
w P 0 .3% , wS 0 .15%
: ;
- ; 8 - 4
(a)
( b ) -
(c)
8 - 4
,
, , ,
, ,
,
132

, ,
34 ,
, , ; -
, :
(1 ) ( )
, ,
(2 ) , , ,
10
(3 ) ,
,
(4 ) , , ,
(5 ) ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
, ,
(8 - 1) , ,
8 - 1 ( GB 943988 )
mm
b
MPa
HBS
H T100
2510
1020
2030
3050
130
100
90
80
110166
93140
87131
82122
,
-
H T150
2510
1020
2030
3050
175
145
130
120
137205
119179
110166
105157
,
133

mm
b MPa
HBS
2510
220
157236
H T200
1020
2030
3050
195
170
160
148222
134200
129192
,
H T250
4010
1020
2030
270
240
220
175262
164247
157236
3050
200
150225
1020
290
182272
H T300
2030
250
168251
,
3050
230
161241
, , ,
1020
340
199298
,
H T350
2030
290
182272
3050
260
171257
: , , ;
, ,
w Si = 75 % wSi = 60% 65% , wCa = 40% 35%
, 02%
07%
HT ( ) ,
30 mm( MPa) 8 - 1 ,
, ,
,
1 .
, , ,
500600 , , 200
150 ,
2 . ,
134

850 900 , 25 h, Fe3 C , 500
400 ,
3 .
, ,
, 11
25 mm , 50 HRC
8 - 5, (
) , ( 2
5 V)(400750 A) ,
, ,
0203 mm,
, 5561HRC 8 - 5
, , , 15
, ,
, ,
, 004% 008% ,
(1 120 ) ( 1738 g cm 3 ) , , , 5%
10 % , , , ,
, ,
, , ,
w Si = 75%
, wC = 36% 40% , w Si = 2 .0% 2 .8% ,
w M n = 0 .6% 0 .8% , w S 0 .07 % , wP < 0 .1% , wR E = 0 .02% 0 .04% , wM g = 0 .03 %
0 .05 %
, -
() , 8 - 6
,
, ,
, ( r0 .2 b )0708 , ,
135

( a) ( b) -
(c)
( d)
8 - 6
,
, ; , , ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
136

QT (),
QT600 - 3 b 600 MPa3%
8 - 2
8 - 2 ( GB 134888 )
b MPa
r0 .2 M Pa
%
HBS
Q T 400 - 18 400 250 18 130180
Q T 400 - 15 400 250 15 130180
Q T 450 - 10 450 310 10 160210
,
,
, ,
, , ,
,
Q T500 - 7 + 500 320 7 170230
Q T600 - 3 + 600 370 3 190270
Q T700 - 2 700 420 2 225305
Q T800 - 2
800 480 2 245335
,
,
, ,
, ,
,
Q T900 - 2
900 600 2 280360
, ,
,
,
45 35CrMo
;
, ,
,
1 .
(1 ) , ,
500600 , 28 h
(2 ) ,
, 700760 , 28 h,
, 600 ,
137

(3 ) , ,
900950 , 25 h, ,
600 ,
2 .
,
:
(1 ) ( ) 880950 , 13 h,
, , ,
,
(2 ) ( ) 820860 , 14 h ,
, , ,
, ,
, , (
)
3 .
, ,
860920 , , , 550600
(46 h) , ,
, , ,
4 .
, ,
, 860900 , 250
350 3090 min,
,
, 1 2001 500 MPa, 3850HRC,
A K = 2464 J
,
,
: , ( ) ,
, ,
, : wC = 2 .3% 2 .8% , w Si =
138

1 .0% 1 .6 % , wM n = 0 .3% 0 .8% , wS 0 .2% , w P 0 .1%
, :
(1 )
,
900980 ,
, ( 30 h ),
,
,
, ,
( 760720 ) , ,
700650, ( 8 - 7 ) ,
8 - 7
, ,
8 - 8a, (100 h )
(8 - 7 ) , , ,
8 - 8b
(a)
8 - 8
( b)
(2 ) (
),
, , ,
,
, ,
, ,
139

8 - 3KT ,
HZ,
8 - 3 (GB 944088)
mm
b M Pa r0 .2 MPa
%
HBS
K T H300 - 06
K T H330 - 08
K T H350 - 10
K T H370 - 12
K TZ450 - 06
K TZ550 - 04
K TZ650 - 02
K TZ700 - 02
12
15
12
15
300 6
330 8
350 200 10
370 12
450 270 6
550 340 4
650 430 2
700 530 2
150
150 200
180 250
210 260
240 290
,
, ,
,
, , , ,
, 8 - 9
, , ,
,
,
,
: w C = 3 .5%
3 .90% , w Si = 2 .2% 2 .8% , w M n
0 .8% , w P < 0 .1% , wS < 0 .1%
= 0 .4%
,
,
,
, , ,
8 - 9
RuT ( ) ,
140

8 - 4
8 - 4 ( JB 440387 )
b MPa
r0 .2 M Pa
%
HBS
RuT 260 260 195 3 121197 ,
RuT 300 300 240 1 .5 140217
RuT 340 340 270 1 .0 170249 , , , ,
RuT 380 380 300 0 .75 193274
RuT 420 420 335 0 .75 200280
20 80 ,
, , ,
( ), ,
(),
,
1 .
, :
(1 ) ,
, , ,
, ,
, , , , ,
() , ,
,
,
, ,
, ( wCr = 15% ) , Cr7 C3 , Cr7C3
Fe3 C, ,
,
(wM n = 5 .0% 9 .5 % , wSi = 3 .3% 5 .0% ) ,
, ,
, ,
(2 ) , ,
, ,
141

, , ,
, 035% 065% ,
Fe3 P, Fe3 P , ,
, ,
, , ,
2 .
,
, Fe3C
, ,
Al2 O3 SiO2 Cr2 O3 , , ,
,
, Fe3 C ,
, , ,
,
, ,
3 .
, ,
Cr2 O3 SiO2 Al2 O3 ,
, ( wSi =
14 % 18 % ), Fe3 Si2
SiO2 ,
, SiO2
,
, ( w N i = 0 .8% 1 .0 % ) ( wCr = 0 .6 % 0 .8% ) ,
wC u = 6 .5% 8 .5% ,
,
1 . ? ?
2 . :
3 . ? ?
4 . , ?
5 . ? ? ,
142

? ?
6 . ,? ?
7 . ? ?
8 . ,? ?
9 . 5 mm 20 mm ,52 mm , b = 150 MPa, HT150
,?
10 . ? ?
HT150 QT450 - 10 KT H300 - 06 KTZ550 - 04 RuT300
11 . ? ?
( 1) , ; (2 ) ,
; ( 3) , ; (4 ) , ,
?
12 . ?
13 . ?
,
14 . ,
15 . ? ? ,
?
143

( ) ,
, ,
, , ,
660 , 27 g cm 3 , , ,
64% , Al2 O3 , ,
( b = 80100 M Pa 20HBS ) , (= 50% , = 80 % )
( b = 150250 M Pa)(= 50% 60% )
wA l = 98 .0 % 99 .0% , , ,
L1 L2 L3(1070 1060 1050) ,L
, , , ,
LG1 LG2 LG5 ( 1A85 1A90
1A99 ),LG, LG ,
,
, , ,
() , ,
1 .
, 9 - 1 , D ,
, , ,
: F , , ,
; F D, ,
144

, D , , ,
, ,
2 .
9 - 2, w Cu = 4% , ,
, ( CuAl2 ), ,
, ,
, ,
, , ( ) ,
; ,
9 - 1
9 - 2 -
9 - 3, , ( 2 h ) ,
, , (
), , 515 h , 45
, , wC u = 4% b = 200 MPa, b = 250
M Pa, 45 , b 400 MPa
, , ,
, ,
(- 50 ) , 9 - 4 , 150 ,
, , ,
9 - 3 wC u = 4 %
9 - 4
X : , (
) ,
145

, GP ,
, ( ) , , ,
GP , ,
, , , GP ,
, () ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, 200250 ( 23 min) ,
, , , , ,
,
3 .
(1 ) : Al - Mn Al - Mg ,
, , ,
, LF ()
, LF5 LF21
,
(2 ) :
1) Al - Cu - Mg ,
, b 420 MPa, ,
, ,
LY(), LY1 LY10 LY12
LY1 LY10 , , , LY11 ,
, ,
LY12 , , , ,
2) Al - Cu - Mg - Zn ,
, , > 120
LC(), LC4 LC6
,
3) Al - Cu - Mg - Si ,
, , LD( )
, LD6 LD10
, 300200
,
GBT 164741996 ,
146

, , 1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9
; , 0 A
,19 BY ; ,
9 - 1
9 - 1
( GB 319082 GB 1056989 GBT 164741996)
w%
Cu Mg Mn Zn
b MPa % HBS
LF5 5A05 0 .10 4 .85 .5 0 .30 .6 0 .20 O 280 20 70
LF11 5A11 0 .10 4 .85 .5 0 .30 .6 0 .20
T i V
002 015
O 280 20 70
LF21 3A21 0 .20 0 .05 1 .01 .6 0 .10 T i0 .15 O 130 20 30
L Y11
2A11 3 .8 4 .8 0 .40 .8 0 .40 .8 0 .30
L Y1 2A01 2 .2 3 .0 0 .20 .5 0 .20 0 .10 T i0 .15 T4 300 24 70
Ni0 .10
T i0 .15
T4 420 15 100
L Y12 2A12 3 .8 4 .9 1 .21 .8 0 .30 .9 0 .30 T i0 .15 T4 470 12 105
Cr
L C4 7A04 1 .4 2 .0 1 .82 .8 0 .20 .6 5 .0 7 .0
0 .10 .25
T6 600 12 150
L D5 2A50 1 .8 2 .6 0 .40 .8 0 .40 .8 0 .30 Si0 .701 .2 T6 420 13 105
L D7 2A70 1 .9 2 .5 1 .41 .8 0 .20 0 .30
Ni1 .01 .5
Ti0 .02 0 .1
Fe1 .0 1 .5
T6 440 12 120
L D10 2A14 3 .9 4 .8 0 .40 .8 0 .41 .0 Si0 .51 .2 T6 480 10 135
: O ; T 4 + ; T6 +
4 .
100
,
< 150
,
,
,
, ,
Al - Si Al - Cu Al - Mg Al - Zn
147

ZL( )
:1- ,2- ,3- ,4- ;
, ZL102 ZL401
Z
A, YZ
9 - 2
(1 ) Al - Si (
, ) , ,
ZL102( w Si = 10 % 13 % ) , ,
(+ Si) ,
, ( 9 - 5a , , ) ,
, ,
2% 3% (2 3NaF + 1 3NaCl ) ,
, , , ,
( 9 - 5b, , ),
, b = 140 MPa= 3 % , b = 180 MPa ,= 8% ZL102
,
(a)
( b)
9 - 5 ZL102
, ( ) ,
,
ZL102 ZL104 ZL105
(2 ) wC u = 4% 14% ,
, ,
ZL201 ZL202 ZL203
148

( 3) ( < 2 .55 g cm 3 ),
ZL301 ZL302
(4 ) , , ,
ZL401
ZL402
, 89 g cm 3 , 1 083 , ,
, (= 40% 50% ) , ( b = 230
250 MPa) , ( 3040HBS) , , , ,
50% , b = 400430 MPa, 100200HBS, = 1%
2%
wCu = 99 .95 % 99 .5 % , , ,
,
T ( ) ( ) , : T1T2
T3 , ,
,
, ,
,
;
1 .
,
;
(1)
,
9 - 6
, wZn
< 32% , ,
, , ,
, ; wZn
= 32 % 45% ,
( CuZn
) , , ,
150
9 - 6

, , , ; wZn > 45% ,
, (Cu5 Zn8 ) , , ,
wZn < 7 % , , wZn > 7% ,
, , , ( )
,
H( ) ,
, H68 w Cu = 68% ,
H70 H68, , , ,
, ; H62 H59 (+ ) , ,
, , ,
Z()
ZCuZn38 wZ n = 38 % , ,
,
9 - 3
9 - 3
(GB 523285 GB 117687 GB 204189)
Cu Zn
w%
b M Pa
%
HBS
H70 68 .5 71 .5
H68 67 .0 70 .0
320 53
660 3 150
320 55
660 3 150
,
,
,
H62 60 .5 63 .5
H59 57 .0 60 .0
ZCuZn38 60 63
330 49 56
600 3 164
390 44
500 10 163
S 295 30 590
J 295 30 685
,
,
: 600 ; 50 % ; S ; J
(2 )
,
, ;
; ;
, ,
151

H( )
, HSn62 - 1 w Sn = 1% wC u = 62% ,
Z ( )
, ZCuZn31Al2 wZ n = 31% wA l = 2% ,
9 - 4
9 - 4
(GB 523285 GB 117687 GB 204189)
w%
Cu Zn
b M Pa %
HBS
HSn62 - 1 61 .0 63 .0 Sn0 .7 1 .1 700 4
HRB
95
,
H Pb59 - 1 57 60 Pb0 .8 1 .9 650 16
HRB
140
HAl59 - 3 - 2
57 60
Al2 .53 .5
Ni2 .03 .0
650 15 155
HMn58 - 2 57 60 Mn1 .0 2 .0 700 10 175
ZCuZn16Si4 79 81 Si2 .54 .5
S 345 15 88 .5
J 390 20 98 .0
45 M Pa 250
ZCuZn40 Pb2
58 63
Pb0 .5 2 .5
Al0 .20 .8
S 220 15 78 .5
J 280 20 88 .5
,
ZCuZn40Mn3Fe1
53 58
Mn3 .0 4 .0
Fe0 .5 1 .5
S 440 18 98 .0
J 490 15 108 .0
,
300 ,
ZCuZn40Mn2 57 60 Mn1 .0 2 .0
S 345 20 78 .5
J 390 25 88 .5
( 300 )
: 600 ; 50 % ; S ; J
2 .
(- ) , ,
152

()
,
Q()
, QSn4 - 3 wSn = 4% wZn = 3% ,
, Z()
, ZCuSn10Zn2 wSn = 10% wZn = 2% ,
(1 ) ,
, , 9 - 7 :
w Sn < 7% , , , ,
; w Sn > 7% ,
(Cu31 Sn8
) , ,
, ; w Sn
> 20% ,
, , , ,
w Sn = 3% 14%
,
, ,
,
,
, , ,
, ,
,
(2 ) ( )
1)
9 - 7
wA l = 85% 11% ,
, , , ,
wA l = 5% 7 % , , ; wAl 10 % , ,
;
,
2) wBe = 1 .7% 2 .5%
,
, ,
,
,
9 - 5
153

9 - 5 ()
( GB 523385 GB 117687 GB 204889 GB 204389)
( )
w%
Sn Cu
b MPa
5 %
QSn4 - 3 3 .54 .5 Zn 2 .7 3 .3
QSn6 .5 - 0 .4 6 .07 .0 P 0 .260 .40
QSn4 - 4 - 2 .5 3 .05 .0
Zn 3 .0 5 .0
Pb1 .53 .5
, ,
, 350 40
, ,
,
750 9
, 650 3
ZCuSn10Zn2 9 .011 .0 Zn 1 .0 3 .0
ZCuSn10 Pb1 9 .011 .5 Pb 0 .5 1 .0
240 12
245 6
220 3
310 2
,
ZCuAl10Fe3Mn2
Al 9 .0
11 .0
Fe 2 .0 4 .0
Mn 1 .0 2 .0
490 13
540 15
,
QAl7 Al 6 .08 .0
QBe2 Be 1 .8 2 .1 Ni 0 .20 .5
637 5
, ,
, 500 30
ZCuPb30
Pb 27 .0
33 .0
, ( 45 g cm 3 ) , ( 1 668 ) , ,
, (= 40 % = 60% ) , ( b = 290 MPa 100HBS )
,
, , 8825
- T i,882 .5 - Ti
, ,
TA (T ) , ,
154

TA1 TA2 TA3 ,
350 ,
, (+) ,
TA TB TC ()
1 .
, ,
, ,
, , , TA4
TA5 TA6 TA7 TA8 TA7 , 500 , ,
,
2 .
, ,
, , ,
TB1 TB2 , 350 (
)
3 . (+ )
,
(+ ), (+) , ,
, 50% 100% , , TC1 TC2
TC10TC4 , , , 400 ,
, , , 400
, ,
, ( ) ,
, , 3001 000 ,
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
, , ,
155

, , , , , ,
, , :
(1 ) ,
(2 ) , ,
(3 ) , ,
(4 ) , ,
(5 ) , ,
,
1 .
( ,
15% 30 % ) , 9 - 8 ,
, , ,
, ,
,
,
()
2
9 - 8
() ,
,
Z()
() , ZSnSb11Cu6 w Sb = 11% wC u = 6%
1()
,
9 - 9,
( ) , 30
HBS; SnSb
( , 110HBS )
Cu3 Sn Cu6 Sn5 () , Cu3 Sn
,
SnSb ,
,
, ,
, < 150
156
9 - 9 ( ZSnSb11Cu6)

9 - 6
9 - 6 ( GBT 117492 )
w%
b
M Pa
%
HBS
Sb Cu Pb Sn
ZSnSb12Pb10Cu4 110 130 2550 90 110 29
ZSnSb12Cu6Cd1 100 130 4568 015 34
,
ZSnSb11Cu6 100 120 5565 035 90 60 27
1 500 kW
, 400
kW
ZSnSb8Cu4 70 80 3040 035 80 106 24
,
,
ZSnSb4Cu4 40 50 4050 035 80 70 20
2()
,
9 - 10,
(+ ) ( , 7
8HBS ) , ,
SnSb ,
( ) Cu2 Sb (
)
, ,
, < 120
,
9 - 7
9 - 10 (ZPbSb16Sn16Cu2)
157

9 - 7 ( GBT 117492 )
w%
Sb Sn Cu Pb
b MPa
%
HBS
ZP bSb16Sn16Cu2 150170 150 170 1520 78 02 30
120
ZPbSb15Sn5Cu3Cd2 140160 50 60 2530 68 02 32
, 250 k W
ZPbSb15Sn10 140160 90 110 07 60 18 24
ZP bSb15Sn5 140155 40 55 0510 02 20
ZP bSb10Sn6 90110 50 70 07 80 55 18
: ,
3
() ,
ZCuPb30 , ,
, , , 250
, ,
4
, , , , ,
(ZAlSn6Cu1Ni1)
, wS n = 20 % w Cu = 1 % , ,
08 ,
, ,
, ( 13 m s)( 3 200 MPa) ,
, ( < 2 m s)
,
,
, ,
, ,
(
)( , ) ( Al2 O3 - Cu
)
158

(),
,
1
: ( ):
(1 ) ( WC) YG(
), , YG6 wC o = 6% ,
(2 ) ( TiC )YT(
), , YT15
w Ti C = 15% ,
(3 ) ( )
() YW ()
, YW1
9 - 8
9 - 8 ( YST 40094)
w%
WC TiC TaC Co
(g cm - 3 )
HRA
b
M Pa
YG3X
96 .5
< 0 .5
3
15 .015 .3
91 .5
1 079
YG6
94 .0
6
14 .615 .0
89 .5
1 422
YG6X
93 .5
< 05
6
14 .615 .0
91 .0
1 373
YG8
92 .0
8
14 .514 .9
89 .0
1 471
YG8N
YG11C
91 .0
89 .0
1
8
11
14 .514 .9
14 .014 .4
89 .5
86 .5
1 471
2 060
YG15
85 .0
15
13 .014 .2
87
2 060
YG4C
96 .0
4
14 .915 .2
89 .5
1 422
YG6A
92 .0
2
6
14 .615 .0
91 .5
1 373
YG8C
92 .0
8
14 .514 .9
88 .0
1 716
Y T 5
85 .0
5
10
12 .513 .2
89 .5
1 373
Y T 15
7 .0
15
6
11 .011 .7
91 .0
1 150
Y T 30
66 .0
30
4
9 .39 .7
92 .5
883
Y W1
Y W2
8485
8283
6
6
34
34
6
8
126135
124135
915
905
1 177
1 324
: X ;C ; ;N NbC ;A
T aC
2
159

(1) , 8693HRA ( 69 81HRC ) ; ( 900
1 000 ) ; 47 , 580 50
HRC
(2 ) ( 6 000 MPa) , ( 1 31 2 ) ,
(30% 50% )
(3 ) ( )
(4 ) ,
, (
),
3
GB 207587 , ,
PM K (9 - 9) ,
, , P01M10 K20
, , ,
9 - 9 ( GB 207587 )
P ,
P01
P10
P20
P30
P40
P50
Y T30YN10
Y T15
Y T14
Y T5
M
M10
M20
M30
M40
YW1
YW2
K
,
K01
K10
K20
K30
K40
YG3X
YG6X YG6A
YG6 YG8N
YG8 NYG8
4
(1 ) ,
, , ,
, YT YG ,
YG , YG , YT
160

, ,
(2 ) ,
, YG6 YG8 , YG15
(3 ) , ,
, , ,
,
(TiCWC), ()
, , ,
, , ,
()
, ,
, ( 12% 30 % ) , ,
, ; , ,
, , ,
,
FZ , (
1, 2 )FZ1360, ,
5762 g cm 3
- ( w = 0 .5% 3% ) - ( w s = 0 .5%
1% ) - ( w = 1% 2% ) ( > 40% ) + +
( < 5% ) + + , 30110HBS ,
, , 3570HBS
, 2040HBS
,
, ,
( ) ,
,
, ,
F TG ,
161

F TG60 - 20 , w C = 0 .4% 0 .7% , b = 200 MPa
; FTG60Cu3Mo - 40, w C = 0 .4 % 0 .7% , wC u = 2 %
4% w M o = 0 .5% 1 .0% , b = 400 MPa ; F TG60Cu3Mo - 40 ( 55 R)
b = 550 MPa
, , ,
, , , ,
,
, , , , ,
,
,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
FM ,
(1, 2) SGFM101S,
01 ; F M203G , 03
() ( )
;
,
, , , ,
, 5% 25 %
, , SiO2 SiC
Al2 O3 , ,
, ,
1,?
2?
162

3? ?
4?
5?
( 1) ; ( 2) ; (3 ) ; (4 ) ; ( 5) ;
(6)
6LY11 ,? ?
7?
8H62 ? H68 H62 ?
9,?
10? (+)
11?
12
13,?
14W18Cr4 V 9SiCr T12A ,
? P01 ?
15? ?
16( ) ,,
L2 , LF21 , LY11 , LC4 , ZL102, ZL301, T2 , H68 , HPb59 - 1, ZCuZn16Si4, QSn65 - 4, QBe2 , TA7, TC4,
ZCuAl10Fe3 Mn2, ZSnSb12Pb10Cu4 , ZPbSb16Sn16Cu2 , FZ1360, FTG60 - 20 , FTG60Cu3Mo - 40 , FTG60Cu3 Mo -
40( 55R) , FM101S, FM203G
163

,
, ,
, , ,
,
,
,
,
, , ,
, ,
() ,
, ,
, ,
164

,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , 5% ,
,
, ; ,
, , ,
,
1 .
,
, ,
, , , ,
, ; ,
, , ,
Cr2 O3 Al2 O3
, , ,
, ( )
,
2 .
, ( ) ,
10 - 1, ( ) (
H2 SO4 ), ,
() , , ,
() , ,
,
10 - 1 Zn - Cu
165

, , , ,
, , , ( )
, , ,
, , , ,
, ,
1 . ,
,
,
, , ,
, , w Cr >
12 % , - 056 V0 .2 V
,
, , , ,
2 .
,
:
(1 ) ( ) - NaOH NaNO3
140 , ,
, ( ) Fe3 O4
, 060 .8 m , ,
,
(2 ) ( ) ,
, ,
, ( H2 S )
,
3 .
, ,
, ( ), ()
4 .
() ,
(1 ) , ,
, :
166

,
, , ;
; , ,
, , ,
,
, ,
, ; ,
,
, ,
, ,
,
,
(2 ) :
, , ,
, ,
, 510 , ,
, ,
, ; ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
:
,
,
, ( ) , , ,
,
, , ,
167

,
, , ,
,
1 .
,
2 .
,
3 . ()
, , ,
,
, , , ,
, ,
() ,
,
,
1 . ?
2 . ?
3 . ? ?
4 . ?
5 . ? ?
6 . ,, ,
7 . , ?
8 . - ?
9 . ,?
10 . , ?
11 . , ? ?
12 . ? ?
168

, , ,
,
1 .
, 5 000, 1 000
,
:
,
,
2 .
,
, (
),
n CH2 = CH2
( )
,
CH2 CH2 n
, , () , ,
, CH2 CH2 ,
, ( n )
( M ) ( m ) ( n) , M = nm
169

()
, ,
1 .
, , (
),
,
, , ,
, ,
,
2 .
, 6
,
,
, ,
,
(
)
,
(11 - 1a) , (11 - 1b)
11 000, , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
(11 - 1c), ( ) , ,
170

, , , ,
(a) ( b ) (c) ( )
11 - 1
,
,
,
, 11 - 2
1 .
,
< T g ( T g ) ,
, , ,
,
,
(< 1% ) , , ,
2 .
11 - 2
, , > T g ,
-
,
, , , ,
T g ( T g = - 40- 120 ) , ,
, - 70 , ,
3 .
Tf , , ,
, , ,
,
, Tf ,
,
171

1 .
,
, ,
, :
(1 ) ,
, ;
,
(2 ) , ,
(3 ) ( ) ,
,
,
2 .
(1 ) ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , < 120
, , ,
, , , , ,
, , , ,
(2 )
(75% )
( )
, ,
3 .
(1 ) 092 .2 g cm 3 , 1 81 4, 1 2
0 .01 g cm 3 , ,
,
(2 )
172

(3 ) ,
(4 ) , , (
)
(5 )
(6 ) , ,
(7 ) 100 , 200 ;
, ; , (
, , ) ; ,
5001 600 ; , 310
4 .
(1 ) 11 - 1
11 - 1
( )
( PE)
( P VC)
( P P )
( PS )
( )
( PA )
,
, ;
; ,
,
, , , - 15 60 ;
; , ,
, , - 1560
, ,
,
( 0 .9 0 .92 g cm 3 ) , , ; ,
, , ; ,
, , , , ; , ,
, , 100 120
, , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
< 80
6 66 610 1010
, , , ,
, ( 1 100 ) , ;
, , < 100
( )
( PMMA )
( A)
(B) ( S )
( ABS )
( POM )
,
, ,
, , , - 60 , ,
100
, ,
, , , , , ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, - 40 100
, , ,
173

( )
( )
( F - 4)
( , , , ,
) , , , ,
, , - 195
250 , ,
,
( PC)
, , , ,
, , , ,
- 60 120
(2 ) 11 - 2
11 - 2
( )
( )
( P F )
( ) , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , > 100 ,
( )
( EP )
, , , ,
, , , ,
, - 80 155
,
( )
, , ,
, < 80
,
1 .
,
,
,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
174

, 800% 1 000% , ; ;
; ;
2 .
, ; ,
, ,
11 - 3
( )
b
MPa
%
11 - 3
t
( NR)
17 35 650900 - 70110
( SBR )
(BR )
( C R)
15 20 500600 - 50140
18 25 450800 - 70120 V
( ) , ,
25 27 800 1 000 - 35130
,
( NBR )
15 30 300800 - 35175
( UR )
( FP M)
20 35 300800 - 3080
, ,
20 22 100500 - 50300
410 50500 - 100300
,
(),
, ( )
()
, , , , , ,
, ,
,
11 - 4
175

11 - 4
A
B
S
-
:
-
-
-
-
,
1 .
, ( ) ( ) ; ,
( )
,
,
,
2 .
(1 ) , > 1 500HV , 500800HV ,
< 20HV ; , , ; ,
, , ; ,
(2 ) , , , ,
,
(3 )
11 - 5
176

11 - 5
, , , , ,
, , 200 ,
, 1 200
; ;
Al 2 O 3 , 26 ; ( ) , ;
( ) ; Al 2 O 3 ; ( ) ;
1 600 , ; ;
1 980 , ;
; ; ,
, , ( , ,
) ; , , ,
; , ; , , ,
; ,
8 400 h,
, 1 400 , ,
500 600 MPa ; , , , ,
( 2 000 ) ; , , ,
, ; , , ,
, ,
,
, , ,
, ,
, (
):
(1 ) ,
(2 ) ,
(3 ) ,
,
,
1 .
, ( ) ,
177

, 8 , 3 ( 11 - 6 )
,
11 - 6
g cm - 3
b MPa
EM Pa
b
E
7 .8 1 010 206 10 3 129 26 10 3
2 .8 461 74 10 3 165 26 10 3
4 .5 942 112 10 3 209 25 10 3
2 .0 1 040 39 10 3 520 20 10 3
1 .45 1 472 137 10 3 1 015 95 10 3
1 .6 1 050 235 10 3 656 147 10 3
PRD 1 .4 1 373 78 10 3 981 56 10 3
2 .1 1 344 206 10 3 640 98 10 3
2 .65 981 196 10 3 370 74 10 3
2 .
, ,
, ,
, -
70% 80% ,
30% 50 %
11 - 3
3 .
,
, ,
11 - 3
, , ,
, 9 s
, 2 .5 s
4 . 400500 , ,
, ,
, 1 000
, , , ,
5 . ,
, ,
,
,
: ,
, , , , ,
178

,
1 .
11 - 7
11 - 7
,
;
, , ;
23 , 2 4 , 2 5 ;
,
,
, ,
, ;
, ; ;
( 110 1 5 ) , (
200 ) ,
,
, ,
, ,
; , ,
, , , ,
, , X
( )
, 5
10 ,
,
;
,
1 400
,
40 , 5 12
, , 1 200
1 500
, , , ,
, ,
,
,
500
400 5 ,
179

2 .
:
(1 ) , (
) ,
, ,
,
, - - ,
( 2) - SF
, ,
, 11 - 4
,
,
,
11 - 4 SF
,
20 , 50 , 75% ,
(140 MPa)(270 )( - 195 )
(3 ) ( )
, ,
,
,
: , ; ,
; ,
, ;
, ,
3 .
,
,
() ()
, ,
0010 .1 m
180

, ,
; , , ,
, ,
,
WC
- ,
,
1 . :
, ,,,,,,,
2 . ?
3 . ? ?
4 . ,66
5 .
6 . ? ?
7 . ? ?
8 . ? ?
9 . ? ? ?
181

, ,
,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
; ; ,
, , , ,
, , ,
:
(1 ) ,
(2 )
, ,
(3 ) , ,
,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
182

1
, ( )
, ,
2
, ,
,
3
, , ,
4
, ; ,
,
, :
; ;
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
,
1
,
,
(1 ) ,
,
; ( , ) ; ;
; ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
(2 )
1) s (
r0 .2 )
b - 1 , s
, s ,
, s
183

, s , ; , s
b , - 1 , , b
1 400 M Pa , - 1 0 .5 b
s b , , ,
, s b = 0 .50 .6, s b = 0 .650 .85
2)
, , ,
AK
,
, , ,
3) , ,
b AK - 1 , , ,
, ,
, b HBS 0 .35 ; ;
, ; ,
, , (
AK ) , , ;
, , ; , , ,
(3 )
, , :
1) , , ,
;
2) ,
, ,
( ) ,
, ,
3) , ,
4) ,
, ,
, ,
2
,
, , , ,
184

, ,
, :
(1 ) ,
, ,
(2 ) , , ,
; , , , ,
,
(3 ) w CEwCE < 0 .4% , ,
, ,
,
(4 ) Ra
, 170230HBS ,
(5 )
, , , , ,
, , , ,
3
,
, ,
,
, , ,
,
,
,
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
; ,
,
1
, ,
, , ,
(1 ) , ,
( b - 1
AK ) , , ,
185

(2 ) ,
,
,
, , ;
, , ,
, , ;
, ,
(3 ) , :
1) , , , ,
, ,
2) , ,
, , ,
, , ,
; ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
2
(1 ) , ( ) ,
,
(2 ) ,
,
(3 ) , ,
(4 ) ,
(5 )
(6 ) ( )
(7 ) ,
, ,
, ,
,
1
186

,
,
(1 ) , ,
; ;
, ; ,
, ,
(2 ) , : (
)()
2
(1 ) , :
, ;
, , ;
, ,
; ,
(2 ) :
1) ,
, Q275 40 40Cr 45 40MnB
, , ,
, ; , 20 20Cr
20CrMnTi 20MnVB 18Cr2Ni4WA , ,
, ,
2) (> 400600 mm) , ,
, ZG270 - 500 ZG310 - 570
, , ; ,
3) ,
HT200 HT250 HT300
, QT600 - 3
QT500 - 7
4) , ,
,
5) , ( ) ,
ABS
, : ,
, , ,
,
187

12 - 1 ,
12 - 1
Q255 150180 HBS
45 170200 HBS
H T200
H T250
Q T500 - 5
Q T600 - 3
170 230HBS
170 240HBS
170 207HBS
197 269HBS
45 170200 HBS 35 150 180HBS
ZG310 - 570 200250 HBS ZG270 - 500 190 230HBS
45 3848HRC 35, ZG270 - 500 35 40HR C
45 220250 HBS 35, ZG270 - 500 190 230HBS
45 3848HRC 35 35 40HR C
40Cr
45, 50 220 250HBS
40MnB
40MnVB
230280 HBS
ZG270 - 500 180 230HBS
35, 40 190 230HBS
45
3848HRC 35 35 40HR C
4550HRC 45 220 250HBS
40Cr
40MnB
3542HRC 35, 40 35 40HR C
40MnVB
5256HRC 45, 50 45 50HR C
40Cr
40MnB
40MnVB
3542HRC 35, 40 35 40HR C
5256HRC 45, 50 45 50HR C
20Cr
20Mn2B
20MnVB
20CrMnT i
5662HRC
ZG310 - 570 160 210HBS
35 190 230HBS
20Cr
20 MnVB
56 62HR C
: ; ,
188

3 .
(1 ) , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
,
1) 12 - 1 ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
40Cr , :
,
, , ,
, ,
,
,
,
12 - 1
( )
m ;
z
, ,
,
2) (2552015 mm) ,
45 , , , , ,
(314 20 24 mm ) , ,
(1 440 rmin) 40 Cr , , 15 MPa( 15 kgf cm 2 )
, , ,
,
(2 )
,
, , , ,
, ,
12 - 2 (8 t) ,
189

12 - 2 ( )
, ,
, ,
, , , ( 20 CrMnTi
):
, ,
(5862HRC) , 3045HRC,
, ,
1
, ( )
,
, , ,
:
2
(1 ) , :
; ; ,
; , ; ; ,
, , ; ,
(2 )
35 40 45 50 , 45 ,
, Q235 Q275
190

, , 20Cr
40Cr 40CrNi 20CrMnTi 40MnB ,
,
,
, ( ) ,
, , , , 45
40Cr 40MnB ; ( ) ,
, , ; ,
; , ,
52HRC
3
(1 ) 12 - 3 C6132 , ,
, , ,
; ,
, 220250HBS
12 - 3 C 6132 ()
, 45 , , 220250HBS ;
, 4550HRC; , 4853HRC
:
() ( )
() ( )
45 , ,
, ,
, , ,
12 - 2
191

12 - 2
1
( 1 )
( 2 ) ,
( 3 )
( 4 )
45 220250 HBS
4045HRC
2
( 1 )
( 2 ) ,
( 3 )
( 4 )
45
+
229HBS ( )
220250 HBS
( )
4651HRC
( )
3
( 1 )
( 2 ) ,
( 3 )
( 4 ) ,
45
229HBS ( )
220250 HBS
( )
4657HRC
( )
CB3463CA6140
C61200
4045HRC
4
( 1 )
( 2 ) ,
( 3 )
( 4 )
40 Cr
40 MnB
40 MnVB
220250 HBS
( )
4651HRC
( )
5
( 1 )
( 2 ) ,
( 3 )
( 4 )
40 Cr
40 MnB
40 MnVB
220280 HBS
( )
4655HRC
( )
M7475B
6
( 1 )
( 2 )
50Mn2 241HBS
7
( 1 )
( 2 )
(3 )
( 4 )
( 5 ) ,
65Mn
250280 HBS
( )
5661HRC
( )
5055HRC
( )
M1450
8
,
GCr15
9Mn2 V
250280 HBS
( )
59HR C( )
M Q1420 MB1432A
9
( 1 )
( 2 ) ,
( 3 )
( 4 )
38Cr MoAl
260HBS ( )
850H V
( )
, T68 , T4240A
, C2150 6
10
( 1 )
( 2 ) ,
( 3 )
( 4 )
20CrMn Ti
59HR C
( )
Y7163
CG1107 SG8630
192

(2 ) ,
,
, ;
, ,
,
, 35
40 45 35Mn2 40Cr 35CrMo (ZG230 - 450)
(QT600 - 3 QT700 - 2 )(KTZ450 - 06 KTZ550 - 04 )
, , , ,
45
12 - 4 175A , 75 mm ,
2 2002 600 rmin, 44 kW (6 ) ,
, b
750 MPa, 240260HBS , 625HV ,2% , AK 12 J
12 - 4 175A ( )
, QT600 - 3 , :
(950 ) ,
( 560 ) ( 570 )
,
,
(12 - 5 ), (12 - 6)
(5964HRC) , ( ) ,
(4045HRC)
193

12 - 5
12 - 6
, , ,
T10A T12A , ; , ( 8
10 mmin) , , 9SiGr 9Mn2V CrWMn ,
; ( 25 55 mmin ) , , W18Cr4V
W6Mo5Cr4V2 ,
M12 , T12 , :
() ()
( 600 ) () ()
, 45 ,
, ,
, , ; ,
; ,
, ,
, , , ,
,
, , ,
, , , ,
, ,
, ,
,
, , ,
1? ? ?
2? , ?
3
4 30 mm300 mm ,5355HRC,30 ,
( ),,,
194

520CrMnTi , , (12 - 7 ) ,
ABC , ,:
w C
%
A 1 .0 S + 30 HRC
B 0 .8 S 26 HRC
C 0 .2 F + S 86HRB
:
,
6 . , ( 15 45
20Cr 40Cr ), ?
7:
( 1 ) , 1 800 rmin ,4 kW ,
5355HRC, 220240HBS,
; (2) ,850 HV ,260280HBS,
,; (3 ) 185 ,
59 kW(8 ) ,2 200 rmin,
8,:
12 - 7 5
(1 ) , ; ( 2) , ; (3 )
, ( ) ; ( 4) , , (
)
9:
(1) M8 ; ( 2 ) 10 mm ; ( 3 ) 35 mmin ; ( 4 )
150 mmin,
10T10 ( 10 mm ) , ,
?
11,
195

( GBT 1330491)
%
Al < 0 .10 0 .10
B < 0 .000 5 0 .000 5
Bi < 0 .10 0 .10
Cr < 0 .30 0 .30 < 0 .50 0 .50
Co < 0 .10 0 .10
Cu < 0 .10 0 .10 < 0 .50 0 .50
Mn < 1 .00 1 .00 < 1 .40 1 .40
Mo < 0 .05 0 .05 < 0 .10 0 .10
Ni < 0 .30 0 .30 < 0 .50 0 .50
Nb < 0 .02 0 .02 < 0 .06 0 .06
Pb < 0 .40 0 .40
Se < 0 .10 0 .10
Si < 0 .50 0 .50 < 0 .90 0 .90
Te < 0 .10 0 .10
Ti < 0 .05 0 .05 < 0 .13 0 .13
W < 0 .10 0 .10
V < 0 .04 0 .04 < 0 .12 0 .12
Z r < 0 .05 0 .05 < 0 .12 0 .12
La (
)
< 0 .02 0 .02 < 0 .05 0 .05
( S P CN
)
< 0 .05 0 .05
: La ,
196

Ac 1 Ac 3 Ar 1 HBS HBS
35 724 802 680 850 880 187 860890 191
45 724 780 682 800 840 197 840870 226
45Mn2 715 770 640 810 840 217 820860 187241
40Cr 743 782 693 830 850 207 850870 250
35CrMo 755 800 695 830 850 229 850870 241
40MnB 730 780 650 820 860 207 850900 197207
40Cr Ni 731 769 660 820 850 < 600 870900 250
40CrNiMoA 732 774 840 880 229 890920
65 Mn 726 765 689 780 840 229 820860 269
60Si2Mn 755 810 700 830860 254
50CrVA 752 788 688 850880 288
20 735 855 680 890920 156
20Cr 766 838 702 860 890 179 870900 270
20CrMn Ti 740 825 650 950970 156207
20Cr MnMo 710 830 620 850 870 217 870900
38CrMoAl 800 940 730 840 870 229 930970
Ac 1 A cm A r 1 HBS HBS
T8A 730 700 740 760 650680 187 760 780 241302
T10A 730 800 700 750 770 680700 197 800 850 255321
T12A 730 820 700 750 770 680700 207 850 870 269341
9Mn2V 736 765 652 760 780 670690 229 870 880
9SiCr 770 870 730 790 810 700720 197241
CrWMn 750 940 710 770 790 680700 207255
GCr15 745 900 700 790 810 710720 207229 900 950 270390
Cr12MoV 810 760 850 870 720750 207255
W18Cr4V 820 760 850 880 730750 207255
W6 Mo5Cr4 V2 845 880 805740 850 870 740750 255
5CrMnMo 710 760 650 850 870 680 197241
5CrNiMo 710 770 680 850 870 680 197241
3Cr2 W8V 820 1100 790 850 860 720740
197

( )
GBT 159194
Q295
Q345
Q390
Q420
09 MnV 09MnNb 09Mn2 12Mn
GB 159188
12 MnV 14MnNb 16Mn
MnR E 18 Nb
15 MnV 15Mn Ti 16MnNb
15 MnVN 14MnV Ti RE
199

1 : ,1992
2 : ,1991
3 : ,1992
4 , : , 1995
5 , : ,
1984
6 : ,2000
7 : ,1986
8 , : , 1996
9 : ,1999
10 : ,1987
11 Robert MBrick : ,
1983
12 Richard AFlinn Paul KTrojan :
, 1986
13 [ ] HW : , 1988
14 [ ]AM , ():
, 1990
15 : ,1987
16 : ,1982
17 : ,1994
18 : ,
1993
19 , 200: ,1990
20 , :
, 1993
21 : ,1996
200