Fascicolo 3/2008 - Rdes.it

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18 Wladimir Andreff Dollari 30 billion entrance fee). An open question is how to find a regulation which would avoid such distortion of the market or parasitic interference strategy adopted by those big MNCs involved in sports business. TABLE 1: AUDIENCE OF MAJOR GLOBAL SPORT EVENTS Sport events Cumulative overall Number of Broadcasting audience * Countries Grand Prix Formula 1, 2000 53,3 206 Football World Cup, 2002 30 220 Football European Championship, 2000 10,7 170 Motor racing World Championship, 2003 5,1 208 Track & fields World Championship, 2003 4,5 200 Summer Olympics, 2004 3,9 220 Rugby World Cup, 2003 3,5 180 Roland-Garros International, 2004 2,7 194 Cycling Tour de France, 2004 1,2 170 * In bn TV viewers. Source: J.F. Bourg, J.J. Gouguet (2005). 2. International economic flows in a global sports economy Trade in sports goods is partly globalized. Chain stores in sports such as Decathlon and others have spread throughout a large number of countries. Besides, foreign markets are supplied with exports from home countries where aforementioned distribution networks and sports goods producers have based their headquarters. Economic research on international trade in sports goods remained unheeded for a long time. A pioneering paper 12 had shown that France benefited from an excess trade balance in sports goods. This was explained by the French net imports of ‘trite’ sports goods – goods which one can use in different sport practices such as sportswear, sport suit, some sport footwear – being more than compensated for by France’s net exports of ‘equipment-intensive’ sports goods, which are goods quite specific to a single sport practice like Alpine skis, cross country skis, windsurfs, boats, etc. There was no follow up on this study. A first research on international trade in sports goods led at a global level has recently been published. 13 It provides ____________________ 12 W. ANDREFF, L’internationalisation économique du sport, in W. Andreff, (ed.), Economie politique du sport, Dalloz, Paris, 1989, 203-36. 13 J. HARVEY, M. SAINT-GERMAIN, Sporting goods trade, international division of labor, and the
Globalization of the sports economy 19 to this report, the major partners of EU countries in sports goods trade were other EU countries in 1994; major partners of NAFTA countries were other NAFTA countries while the ten most exporting Asian countries imported 50% of their overall sports goods imports from the same sample of Asian countries. The latter were nearly all net exporters of sports goods (except Japan) whereas the three NAFTA countries were net importers. Most of the European countries were net importers but a few were net exporters (such as Finland, France, Ireland, and Italy). However, the paper by Harvey and Saint-Germain does not tackle the issue of international specialization among trade partners participating in global trade in sports goods. International specialization of major trading countries is addressed in a recent work. 14 Table 2, clearly demonstrates that NAFTA countries, in particular the US, are net importers of sports goods. To a lesser extent EU countries are also net importers whereas Asia’s´ emerging countries, especially China, are net exporters in 2004. TABLE 2–GLOBAL TRADE IN SPORTS GOODS BY AREA AND SOME SIGNIFICANT COUNTRIES (IN % OF TOTAL) 1994 1999 2004 Area Export Import Export Import Export Import NAFTA 13,6 36,6 15,3 34,6 10,6 32,1 European Union * 34,8 37,9 34,7 40,8 33,1 44,8 Transition countries 2,8 0,6 3,7 1,3 3,5 2,6 Asia 44,9 24,2 42,4 22,4 49,1 19,7 other emerging countries 3,8 0,7 3,8 0,9 3,8 0,8 Countries Export Import Export Import Export Import United States 9,9 32,0 10,2 29,4 7,0 27,2 Germany 5,0 12,5 5,0 9,9 4,8 8,5 Italy 7,5 3,1 7,0 3,9 5,8 5,2 Czech Republic 0,6 0,2 0,6 0,5 0,9 0,7 China 16,7 0,4 21,6 0,5 33,6 0,7 Tunisia 2,0 0,2 2,3 0,3 2,7 0,2 * Plus Switzerland Source: M. Andreff, W. Andreff (2009). ____________________ unequal hierarchy of nations, Sociol. of Sport J., 18, 2001, 231-46. 14 M. ANDREFF, W. ANDREFF, Global Trade in Sports Goods: International Specialisation of Major Trading Countries, Europ. Sport Man. Quart., 2009, forthcoming.
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