mariam CxartiSvili

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saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis departamenti ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti mariam CxartiSvili saxeebi saqarTvelos warsulidan meomris biblioTeka #23 Tbilisi 2008

saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi

J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis

departamenti

ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da

eTnologiis instituti

mariam CxartiSvili

saxeebi saqarTvelos

warsulidan

meomris biblioTeka #23

Tbilisi

2008

Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ ocdamesame wigni; seria

iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli

saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.

seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli aRzrda

da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia popularuli,

magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es patara, magram

tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa udides mefe daviTs,

Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi warmoebul mTavar da

gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel oficrebs, saqarTvelosa

da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da a.S.

seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.

didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos

yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.

seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom

brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.

unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoris mier mravali dakvirveba (mag.: farsman qvelis

nacvlad farsman avazis win wamoweva; ganTqmuli Zeglis `qebai da didebai qarTulisa

enisai~-s ioane zosimes nacvlad revisaTvis miwera da a.S.) ar aris gaziarebuli

qarTuli istoriografiis mier. amisdamiuxedavad, vfiqrobT, saintereso iqneba

avtoris naazrevis gacnoba.

vaJa kiknaZe

seriis saredaqcio kolegia:

istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori

istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori

vaJa kiknaZe

Tamaz beraZe

recenzenti:

istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lleila xurcia

ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe

redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe

teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili

damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo

departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis

topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.

q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20

tel.: +995 32 91-19-83

faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83

winaTqma

fermwers Tvalwin gadaSlili sinamdvile SeuZlia asaxos peizaJiT,

naturmortiT, portretiT. asevea istorikosic. warsuls igi xan zogadi

problemis kvleviT warmoaCens, xan _ sagnobriv-konkretuliT, xan ki _

pirovnebis biografiiT, istoriuli moTxrobis yvela es forma Tanabrad

faseulia mecnierebisaTvis. isini gardasuli epoqebis sxvadasxva mxares

gvixatavs da srulyofili istoriuli rekonstruqciisaTvis gviqmnis

safuZvels. Tu romel JanrSi muSaobas irCevs istorikosi, es misi

stilis, misi xedvis gamovlenaa.

CemTvis gansakuTrebiT axlobelia masalis warmodgenis biografiuli

forma anu istoriuli portretis Janri. humanitaruli kvlevis

saboloo mizani xom adamianis sulis Secnoba da gamoxatvaa. portretiT

ki es yvelaze ukeTaa SesaZlebeli.

miuxedavad imisa, rom istoriuli portreti, rogorc sityvieri

portreti, waagavs literaturuls, pirveli Tvisobrivad gansxvavebulia

ukanasknelisagan. mwerali Tavad qmnis personaJis saxis Strixebs.

istorikosma ki unda moiZios mis mier warmosaxuli pirovnebis

portretis uklebliv yvela detali. aRniSnulis ganxorcieleba, cxadia,

Znelia, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac erTi suraTis fragmentebi

mimofantulia drosa da sivrceSi anu roca informacia qronologiurad

daSorebul da tipobrivad araigiveobriv istoriul wyaroebSia daculi.

`JamTaaRmwereli imavdroulad poetic unda iyos~ _ wers erTgan

novalisi * . am azris WeSmariteba gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia istoriuli

portretis werisas. ra Tqma unda, es sityvebi imas ar niSnavs, rom

istoriul portretSi raime SeiZleba poeturi warmosaxvis nayofi iyos.

cxadia, ara. istoriuli portreti Tavidan bolomde dokumenturi

Txrobaa. poezia istorikoss `movlenaTa urTierTdakavSirebis natif

xelovnebas~ (isev novalisi) aswavlis, uadvilebs mas moZiebuli

Strixebis sworad ganlagebas.

Txrobis qronologiuri CarCo sakmaod didia: Zv.w. IV-III saukunidan

axali welTaRrocxvis VII saukunis dasawyisamde. warmodgenilia Zveli

saqarTvelos (rogorc winare qristianuli xanis, aseve qristianuli

epoqis) mefeebis, samefo ojaxis wevrebis, aseve qarTlis erT-erTi

yvelaze TvalsaCino erismTavaris stefanoz I portretebi. me yuradRebas

mivapyrob farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis SedarebiT naklebad cnobil

istoriul personaJebs an ukve sakmaod popularul mefeTa cxovrebis

aqamde ucnob detalebs.

farnavazi

`... ixila farnavaz sizmari:

reca igi saxlsa Sina ukacursa,

da egulveboda ganvla da ver ganvida.

maSin Semovida sarkumelsa missa Suqi mzisa

da moertya welTa missa mzisa,

da ganiyvana sarkmelsa mas.

da viTar ganvida, ixila mze que-mdablad,

mihyo xeli misi, mohxoca cuari pirsa mzisasa

da icxo pirsa missa...~

`cxovreba farnavazisi~

cnobebi farnavaz mefis Sesaxeb Semogvinaxes feodaluri xanis

qarTuli istoriografiis umTavresma Zeglebma: `moqcevai qarTlisaim~ da

`qarTlis cxovrebam~. pirvel maTganSi farnavazis moRvaweobasTan

dakavSirebuli sul oriode faqtia aRniSnuli, meoreSi ki mas eZRvneba

mTeli Txzuleba _ `cxovreba farnavazisi~. dasaxelebul ZeglTa

monacemebi martooden informaciis moculobiT ar gansxvavdeba, isini

igiveobrivi ar arian Sinaarsis mxrivac. orive geneturad ukavSirdeba

uZveles qarTul istoriografiul tradicias, oRond TiToeulSi am

tradiciis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva fazaa aRbeWdili. ufro adreuli,

safiqrebelia, Tavdapirveli, etapi dafiqsirebulia `moqcevai

qarTlisaiSi~. SedarebiT gviandeli Cans `qarTlis cxovrebis~

`farnavaziani~, romelSic istoriuli faqtebis folklorizaciis sakmaod

Rrma process vxedavT, Tumca am ukanasknelis warmoSobac, rogorc es

dRes specialur literaturaSi damajerebladaa naCvenebi, ax. w. VI s. ar

gadmoscildeba.

qvemoT aRniSnul wyaroTa monacemebis urTierTSejerebisa da

kritikuli analizis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SevecdebiT epoqis

fonze gamovkveToT farnavazis saxe.

X X X

Zv. w. IV s. II naxevari: didi saerTaSoriso Zvrebis xana. aleqsandre

makedonelis laSqrobaTa Sedegad irRveva warsulSi Zlevamosili

aqemeniduri iranis imperia. makedonelis laSqris erT-erTma marbielma

nawilma amierkavkasiaSic moaRwia da iranis gavlenisagan gaaTavisufla

arian-qarTli. * arian-qarTlis winamZRolis Zem, azom isargebla Seqmnili

viTarebiT, makedonelTagan zurgmomagrebulma ilaSqra CrdiloeTSi da

gamefda mcxeTaSi. azosTan brZolas Seewira mcxeTis mamasaxlisi samara

da misi Zma.

male azom SeierTa dasavlurqarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi

gaerTianebac, xarki daado kavkasiel mTielebs. mTel Semdgom

moRvaweobaSi ki igi cdilobda Seeqmna erTiani saxelmwifo, sastikad

ebrZoda adgilobriv xelisufalTa damoukideblobas, `yovelTa qarTlisa

qalaqTa moarRvivna zRudeni~.

Tavisi politikis gatarebas azo arian-qarTlidan moyvanil, masTan

mWidrod dakavSirebul pirebze dayrdnobiT Seecada. amasTan, yovelmxriv

aviwroebda mcxeTelebs, sdevnida maT Soris rCeulT, ukrZalavda iaraRis

tarebas, riTac xazs usvamda, cxadia, am ukanasknelTa, rogorc

moqalaqeTa meorexarisxovnebas, arian-qarTvelebTan SedarebiT. mcxeTel

qarTvelTa religiur grZnobebs uTuod Seuracxyofda azos mier

mcxeTaSi motanili misi sagvareulo kerpebis _ gacisa da gas

Tayvaniscemis dakanonebac.

am `Zneli da mesisxle~ kacis uxeS Zaladobaze damyarebulma

mmarTvelobam, miuxedavad imisa, rom TiTqmis meoTxedi saukune gastana,

nayofi ver gamoiRo. qveynis gamTlianeba ver moxerxda. azos mier

ganxorcielebulma diskriminaciam ki, mosaxleobis farTo fenebSi mZafri

ukmayofileba gamoiwvia.

swored aseT viTarebaSi mcxeTaSi farulad movida mamasaxlis

samaras Zmiswuli farnavazi, romelic mamis daRupvis Semdeg, sami wlis

asakidan dedasTan da or dasTan erTad mTebSi imaleboda. farnavazis

dabruneba, romelic am xanisaTvis ukve mowifuli vaJkaci Cans, ra Tqma

unda, SemTxveviTi ar iyo: mas Suri unda eZia mamisa da biZisaTvis,

amasTan, rogorc STamomavals `TavTa maT qarTlisaTa~, TviT hqonda

qarTlis gamgeblobaze pretenzia.

mematianes miniSnebiT, gangebis nebiT farnavazma ganZi ipova.

axalgazrda taxtis maZiebels am simdidriT jaris daqiraveba SeeZlo.

amiT gamxnevebulma, man qujis mimarTa, Cans, aseve Seviwroebul egrisel

(e. i. dasavlelqarTvel) xelisufalTa STamomavals da azos winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi mokavSireoba SesTavaza. qujim iTava egrisidan uricxvi jaris

Sekrebis praqtikuli saqme. Zali moirTes xarkiT Sewuxebul kavkasiel

mTielTagan, Tanamoazreni iSoves TviT azos uaxloes pirTa Sorisac.

gadamwyvet momentSi es ukanasknelni ganudgnen azos iseve, rogorc

mTeli danarCeni mosaxleoba. amitom iyo, rom azo SeTqmulTaTvis

winaaRmdegobis gauwevlad, samxreTSi gaiqca da Tavis mamulSi gamagrda.

farnavazi gaxda mTeli qarTlis gamgebeli, klarjeTis, e. i. azos

mamulis, gamoklebiT. meore wels berZnebisagan gaZlierebulma azom

Semoutia farnavazs, magram farnavazma uxmo qujis, mTielebs, aseve

moiSvelia ucxoelebi. azo damarcxda da am brZolaSi daiRupa.

farnavazma ki `daipyra klarjeTi da warmovida mcxeTad sixaruliTa

didiTa, xolo simdidresa zeda missa daerTo xuastagi * azonisca.~

ra Tqma unda, farnavazma aRadgina mcxeTel qarTvelTa Selaxuli

uflebebi, Tumca es ar gaukeTebia arian-qarTvelTa daCagvris xarjze.

arian-qarTvelebi man saxelmwifos srulfasovan moqalaqeebad datova,

razedac is metyvelebs, rom oficialurad aRiarebul RmerTTa

panTeonidan ar ganudevnia maTi kerpebi _ gaci da ga. Aarian-qarTvelTa

erTi nawili ki, kerZod isini, romlebmac azos winaaRmdeg brZolaSi

mxari dauWires, privilegirebul fenad aqcia, `ipyrna keTilad~.

Tvisebrivad Secvala urTierToba kavkasiel mTielebTan. mexarkeebis

magier isini mokavSireebad gaixada, razedac danaTesaveba miuTiTebs am

xalxebTan: erTi da CrdiloeTSi gaaTxova, TviTonac `moiyvana coli

durZukelTa, naTesavi kavkasisi;~ daakmayofila adgilobrivi

xelisufalnic, aRadgina saerisTaoebi, `yovelni qalaqni da cixeni~,

guluxvad daajildova quji; mas misca `queyana egris wyalsa da rions

Sua, zRviTgan mTamde, romelsa Sina ars egrisi da suaneTi, da daamtkica

igi erisTavad~. dainaTesava egrisis erisTavic. `meore dai Tvisi misca

`qujis colad~.

amgvarad, farnavazis moRvaweobis dasawyisi TiTqos aCvenebda, rom

azos politikis sapirispiro politikas axali mefe iwyebda, ufro

sworad, ubrundeboda mamasaxlisobis periodis mmarTvelobis tips. amis

Taobaze molaparakeba farnavazsa da mis momxreebs Soris Tavidanve unda

yofiliyo. etyoba, amitomac iyo rom, azos mefobiT Sewuxebulni misi

gulSematkivrebi gaxdnen. amasTan, Tavidanve gansazRvruli yofila

ufros-umcrosobac: farnavazs, rogorc `Svils TavTa maT qarTlisaTa~

ekuTvnoda gamgebloba. ai, ras eubneba quji farnavazs jer kidev

brZolis dawyebamde: `ukeTu mogueces Zleva, Sen xar ufali * Cueni~.

magram politikis radikaluri cvlileba mxolod moCvenebiTi

STabeWdileba iyo: farnavazs xeli ar auRia azos mizanze _ moeqcia

mTeli qarTuli miwebi erTiani saxelmwifos farglebSi; realurad man

daamyara mmarTveloba, romlis drosac adgilobriv xelisufalTa

mdgomareoba sruliadac ar emsgavseboda mamasaxalisobis periodSi maT

statuss. amaze TvalsaCinod metyvelebs farnavazis gardacvalebisTanave

dawyebuli qarTvel erisTavTa ajanyeba. farnavazis reJimiT maTi

ukmayofileba imdenad didi yofila, rom ajanyebulT misi Zis, saurmagis

mokvlac ki hqoniaT gadawyvetili, raTa Zveli viTareba aRedginaT: `ara

keTil ars Cuenda (e. i. ivargebs _ m. C.), raTamca vmsaxurebdeT naTesavsa

Cuensa, aramed viyoT erTad da movklaT Cuen saurmag, da viyveniT Cuen

Tavisufal, viTarca viyveniT pirvel (e. i. Tavdapirvelad _ m. C.)~.

rogorc Cans, farnavazis mefobas maTi imedebi ver gaumarTlebia,

uflebebi SezRudviaT.

`Tueni gazafxulisani da sTulisa * arisani dayvnis (farnavaz – m. C.)

mcxeTas, samefosa qalaqsa; da Tueni zamTrisani dayvnis gaCianTa, xolo

Tueni zafxulisani – wundas. da JamiTi-Jamad mividis egriss da

klarjeTs, da moikiTxnis megrelni (gviandeli formaa, igulisxmeba

egriselni _ m. C.) da klarjni, da ganagis yoveli saqme daSlili~.

aSkaraa, rom Tavisi xangrZlivi (samocdaxuTwliani) mmarTvelobis

bolosaTvis farnavazma mainc SeZlo Seeqmna erTiani qarTuli

saxelmwifo. am rTuli amocanis gadaWrisas, man marTalia, didad

isargebla Tavisi damarcxebuli winamorbedis monapovrebiT (qarTli,

klarjeTi, egrisi politikurad gaerTianebuli iyo, adgilobriv

xelisufalTa Zliereba ki, represiebis Sedegad Seryeuli), magram

qveyanas sruliad axali sunTqva STabera, azos xelSi umoZrao

saxelmwifoebrivi meqanizmi, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom saocari simsubuqiT

aamuSava.

es iyo ZvelaRmosavluri tipis qveyana, gaRmerTebuli monarqiT

saTaveSi: `da amanve farnavaz Seqmna kerpi didi saxelsa zeda Tvissa: ese

ars armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqva. amarTa kerpi igi

armazi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa da mieriTgan ewoda armazi kerpsa

misTvis.~

mefis xelisuflebis RvTaebrivi warmoSobis idea, tradiciuli

imdroindeli msofliosaTvis, adreve iCens Tavs farnavazis cxovrebaSi.

amis dasturia zemoT epigrafad moyvanili misi sizmari, romlis

mixedviT, farnavazi `mziscvarcxebulia.~ farnavazis warmatebuli

mefobis bolosaTvis ki, qarTlSi ukve aRaravis epareboda eWvi imaSi,

rom gvirgvinosani sve-bedisa, e. i. zegardmo Zalebis, movlenili iyo:

`iyo gansueneba da sixaruli yovelsa qarTlsa zeda mefobisaTvis

farnavazisa da ityodes amas yovelni: vmadlobT suesa (beds _ m. C.)

Cuensa, rameTu mogueca Cuen mefe naTesavTagan mamaTa CvenTasa~.

farnavazma TvistomTagan yvelaze uwinaresad qarTuli eTnosi

moiazra rogorc gansakuTrebuli, sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli, fenomeni,

amitomac saxelmwifo SenobisaTvis duRabad gamoiyena qarTuli ena,

romelic gaavrcela qveynis mTel teritoriaze da aqcia sayovelTaod:

`ganavrco ena qarTuli da arRara izraxeboda * sxua ena qarTlsa Sina

Tvinier * qarTulisa~. amgvarad, dRevandeli sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

qarTuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebis procesi, romelic mis dromde ukve

dawyebuli iyo, Seuqcevadi gaxada da es faqti werilobiT daafiqsira.

`ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe mxedari da mwignobari, qarTuli

RmerTis pirvelmxilveli, mis samsxverploze pirvelmwirveli, qarTuli

enis Sematkbobari~... ase daaxasiaTa epoqa arCil sulakaurma. aSkaraa, rom

`mziscvarcxebuli~ farnavaziT iwyeba qarTveli xalxis istoriuli

ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi etapi!

moyvanili faqtebi naTlad warmoaCens farnavazs ara marto rogorc

saxelmwifo moRvawes, aramed rogorc pirovnebasac. ra Tqma unda,

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mematiane gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs

farnavazis svlas xelisuflebisaken. farnavazs xom samefo taxti

mamisagan ar miuRia memkvidreobiT, brZoliT moipova. am brZolaSi Cans

igi swored mTeli sigrZe-siganiT – gonieri da energiuli, Zlieri

suliT, Cauqi fizikurad, mizanswrafuli...

farnavazs hqonda didi politikuri alRo, realizmis gamaxvilebuli

grZnoba. misTvis ucxo iyo gaboroteba, uazro sisxlisRvris survili.

gambedaoba eZleoda ara marto brZolaSi gaxurebuls, SeeZlo civi

gonebiT sikvdilisaTvis TvalebSi Caexeda: mcxeTaSi dabrunebuli

dauaxlovda mosisxle mters daundobel azos, masTan erTad nadirobda,

Tumca yovel wams SeiZleboda gamxeliliyo misi vinaoba. Tamami miznebisa

da poeturi sizmrebis miuxedavad, idelisti ar iyo, kargad esmoda, rom

did politikas didi materialuri saxsaric sWirdeboda. mematianis

mixedviT, mas SeeZlo am saxsris Sovnac, misi racionaluri gamoyenebac.

`ese farnavaz iyo kaci gonieri, mxedari SemmarTebeli da monadire

xelovani... ese yoveli aRasrula farnavaz sibrZniTa da siqueliTa,

simxniTa da simdidriTa~.

da ai, am Tvisebebis mqone pirovnebam `yovelni dReni misni rai

dajda, mSvidobiT dayvna, da aRaSena da ganavso qarTli~.

X X X

leonti mrovelis cnobiT, qarTlis pirvelma qristianma mefem,

mirianma Tavisi moRvaweobis dasawyisSive `Seamko saflavi farnavazisi~.

qveynis bedze sagangebod dafiqrebuli, mis axal gzaze gamomyvani

pirovnebis aRniSnuli qmedeba araa SemTxveviTi iseve, rogorc ar

SeiZleba SemTxveviTi iyos Tavad faqti – ax. w. IV s. damdegamde Zv. w.

IV-III ss. mijnaze moRvawis saZvalis Senaxva. ukve maSin, farnavazi

qarTvelobis simbolod aRiqmeboda. misi samudamo gansasveneblis

Tayvaniscema, eris winaSe dadebuli Taviseburi fici iyo...

`dafles winaSe armazisa kerpisa~ _ gvamcnobs mematiane. samwuxarod,

dRes zustad aRar viciT es adgili, unda movniSnoT miaxloebiT;

araviTari sagangebo Semkoba saWiro ar iqneba. Zvirfasi saflavisaTvis

ubralo qvaa sakmarisi, epitafia ki mzad aris:

`ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qarTlisa Sina qarTlosisa

naTesavTagani. aman ganavrco ena qarTuli, da arRara izraxeboda sxua ena

qarTlsa Sina TÂnier qarTulisa. da aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli~.

Ffarsman qveli da farsman avazi

`dasxdian mgosanni glovisani~

`moqcevai qarTlisais~ e. w. Satberduli redaqcia qarTlis warmarT

mefeTa qronikiT iwyeba, romelic moicavs Zv.w. IV – ax.w. IV saukuneebs.

qronikis pirvelwyarodan momdinareoba eWvs ar iwvevs, magram ramdenadme

mTliani istoriuli suraTis Seqmna martooden masze dayrdnobiT

SeuZlebelia, Txrobis metismeti simoklis gamo. `moqcevai qarTlisais~

aRniSnuli monakveTi Cvens cnobismoyvareobas ufro aRvivebs, vidre

akmayofilebs. aviRoT Tund Semdegi mcire teqsti: `da mefobda imier

farsman qveli da amier 1 farsman avaz~. vin iyvnen es pirovnebani,

romelTa metsaxelebi saukuneT SemorCa?

`avazi~, `vefxi~, `jiqi~ ZvelqarTulSi sinonimuri gamoyenebis

sityvebia. `wmida werilSi~ winaswarmetyvelebi xSirad miuTiTeben am

mtacebel cxoveliTa Tvisebebze, kerZod, aRniSnaven maT araCveulebriv

siswrafes, Cveulebas muxanaTurad Causafrdes msxverpls,

sisxlismsmelobas, sisastikes. daniel winaswarmetyvelis mixedviT (VII,

6), `avazi~ Zalauflebis simboloa. ieremia winaswarmetyvelTan (XIII, 23)

igi gvevlineba gausworebeli borotebis saxed. ioanes `gamocxadebaSi~

(XIII, 2), aRniSnuli cxoveli warmodgenilia, rogorc antiqriste.

amgvarad irkveva, rom `avazi~ _ esaa Zveli epoqis Rrma simboluri

Sinaarsis mqone sityva. amitom, rogorc epiTeti, igi saocrad metyvelia.

misi meSveobiT cocxlad warmogvidgeba `amier~ moRvawe farsmani:

muxanaTi da daundobeli, sastiki, sisxlis moyvare, Zalauflebis moyvare

mmarTveli. fizikurad mkvircxli da Cauqi.

`qveli~ ZvelqarTulad `mamaci~, `guladi~, `mxne~, agreTve, `keTili~,

safiqrebelia, rom `imier~ mefis epiTetSi aqcentirebulia sityvis

ukanaskneli mniSvneloba, rom `farsman qveli~ igivea, rac `farsman

keTili~, radgan aSkaraa: Tanadroulad, faqtobriv erTmaneTis

gverdigverd moRvawe sexniaTa metsaxelebi am pirovnebaTa ganmasxvavebel

niSnebs unda wamoswevdes. sainteresoa, rom qristianuli kulturis

konteqstSi bunebrivia Sepirispireba: avazi aviwroebs qurciks, romelic

uwyinaria da, amdenad, sikeTis simboloa.

amrigad, erTi farsmani yofila uwyinari da keTili, meore –

ukeTuri, daundobeli. amasTan, simamace, fizikuri mxneoba arcerTi

maTganisaTvis ar gamoiricxeba; orive epiTeti amasac gulisxmobs. aseTia

is informacia, romelic mocemulia zemoT citirebul mikroteqstSi,

1

`imier~ da `amier~ am SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs mtkvris gaRma, gamoRma or

rezidencias, mcxeTas da armazs.

epiTetebSi `qveli~ da `avaz~. axla vnaxoT ra monacemebs Seicavs sxva

wyaroebi CvenTvis saintereso kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad.

leonti mroveli XI s. istorikosi, romelsac `qarTlis

cxovrebaSi~ ekuTvnis Sesabamisi istoriuli periodis aRweriloba,

farsman avazs saerTod ar axsenebs. farsman qvelis Sesaxeb ki, vrclad

gvesaubreba. misi sityviT, es mefe iyo `kaci keTili da uxuad

momniWebeli da Semndobeli, asakiTa Suenieri, taniTa didi da Zlieri,

mxne mxedari da SemmarTebeli brZolisa, uSiSari viTarca uxorco~.

igi ijda qalaq armazSi. misi Tanamedrove mcxeTeli mefis,

mirdatis qveSevrdomebic ufro metad farsman qvels emxrobodnen.

mirdati ki yofila `kaci urvili * da mesisxle~. mas Caufiqrebia

mzakvruli gegma: surda Turme muxanaTurad moekla farsman qveli

wveulebaze. farsman qvelisaTvis droulad ucnobebiaT xifaTis Sesaxeb.

igi mirdats ganerida, magram aRniSnuli faqtis Semdeg metoqeTa Soris

samxedro dapirispireba garduvali gamxdara. farsman qvels somxebi

momxreobdnen, mirdats – sparselebi. mravaljer iZlia es ukanaskneli,

ganidevna qveynidan pirvelis mier. farsman qvels, metoqes dadevnebuls,

sparseTis rbevac dauwyia. mtrebs pirispir brZoliT misTvis veraferi

mouxerxebiaT, amitom mousyidiaT mzareuli, romelmac farsmani mowamla.

`gansakuTrebiT tipiuria istoria farsman qvelisa, romelic

Setanilia leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSi da romelic calke

damTavrebul epikur * moTxrobas warmoadgens, dawerils sagmiro romanis

kolorituli stiliT~ _ SeniSnavs pavle ingoroyva. marTlac, udavoa,

rom leontis teqstis am monakveTs etyoba folkloruli arqetipis *

Zlieri gavlena. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom farsman-mirdatis omebi

gamoWrilia epikur bumberazTa Serkinebis tradiciul Targze. amis

gamoZaxili unda iyos xalxis sayvareli gmiris mowamvlis motivic.

xalxur SemoqmedebasTan, kerZod, e. w. `natirlebTan~ kavSirs pirdapir

miuTiTebs farsman qvelze leontis moTxrobis bolo frazebi: `da esreT

mokla farsman mefe queli, maSin iqmna glova da tirili da tyeba

yovelTa zeda qarTvelTa warCinebuliTgan vidre glaxadmde. da ityebdes

(TavSi irtyamdenen _ m. C.) yovelni TavTa TvsTa yovelTa Sina qalaqTa

da dabnebTa, rameTu dasxdian mgosanni glovisani da Sekrbian yovelni da

axsenebdian simxnesa da siquelesa da siSuenieresa da saxierebasa farsman

quelisasa~.

aRniSnuli tipis teqsti, rogorc cnobilia, warmoiSveba istoriuli

movlenis safuZvelze. igi istoriuli movlenis uSualo gamoZaxilia;

magram droTa viTarebaSi teqstSi dafiqsirebul detalTa erTi nawili

ikargeba, nawils ki faqtebis epikuri poetizaciis Sedegad imdenad

ecvleba saxe, rom sakontrolo masalis gareSe, martooden maTze

dayrdnobiT, SeuZlebeli xdeba warsuli sinamdvilis aRdgena.

saqme isaa, rom (es garkveulia specialur literaturaSi) xalxis

mexsierebisaTvis arsebiTia moTxrobis emociuri mxare, igi SedarebiT

Tavisuflad eqceva, am TvalsazrisiT, meorexarisxovan monacemebs.

amitomaa, rom eposi, arcTu iSviaTad, iCens ra araistoriul midgomas

droisadmi, erT siuJetSi aTavsebs sxvadasxva epoqis movlenebs.

niSandoblivia, rom specialistebs uZneldebaT leontiseuli farsman

qvelis konkretul istoriul pirTan gaigiveba da mas antikuri xanis

qarTlis Zlevamosil mefeTa krebiT saxed miiCneven.

amrigad, aSkaraa, rom dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, miuxedavad

sakmao moculobisa, leonti mrovelis mier mowvdili informacia

kritikuli Sefasebis gareSe ar gamogvadgeba. `qarTlis cxovrebiseuli~

farsman qveli epikuri saxea da ara istoriuli portreti. aq, rogorc

iTqva, SeiZleba daculi iyos zogierTi namdvili faqti, magram aseT

monacemTa gamovlena da mTlian konteqstSi Casma Tavad moiTxovs

damatebiT cnobebs.

Cveulebriv, `moqcevai qarTlisais~ warmarT mefeTa qronikis

informaciis Sesavsebad, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ garda, mimarTaven berZnullaTinur

wyaroebs. farsman avazis am ZeglebSi moxseniebul analogiuri

saxelis mqone pirebTan gaigivebis problema, Cvens mecnierebaSi arasodes

dasmula. farsman avazi specialistTa yuradRebis miRma darCa. rac

Seexeba farsman qvels, pavle ingoroyvas azriT, esaa qarTlis is mefe

(farsman III), romelic II s. 30-ian wlebSi moxseniebuli hyavT romael

avtorebs flavius arianes, dion kasiuss, elius spartianes, iulius

kapitolines. es pirovneba romis imperatorebis adrianesa (117-138 ww.)

da antonine piusis (138-161 ww.) Tanamedrove iyo.

amJamadac, arsebiTad es Tvalsazrisia gaziarebuli. oRond aRniSnul

wyaroebSi dadasturebul mefes Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi ixsenieben,

rogorc farsman II. es pirovneba Zlevamosili xelisufalia. igi roms

kadnierad ar emorCileba, atarebs misgan damoukidebel sagareo

politikas, ris Sedegadac, afarToebs kidec qveynis sazRrebs. misi

nagvianevi viziti romSi did movlenad aRiqmeba; aq mas sagangebo pativs

miageben. serafitis cnobil orenovan (arameul-berZnuli) epitafiaSi mefe

farsmani moxseniebulia, rogorc `mZleTa mZleveli.~ mas aRusrulebia is

saqmeni, rac ver moaswro pirveli qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifos

Semqmnelma mefe farnavazma 2

magram Cveni azriT, zeviT dasaxelebul ucxour wyaroebSi

moxseniebuli farsmanis gaigiveba `moqcevai qarTlisais~ warmarT mefeTa

siis farsman qvelTan ar SeiZleba. amas mafiqrebinebs ori garemoeba.

Uupirveles yovlisa, esaa romaul wyaroebSi, erTi mxriv, da meore

mxriv, `moqcevai qarTlisaiSi~ warmodgenili pirovnebebis gansxvavebuli

2

aRniSnuli Zeglis axali interpretacia ekuTvnis akademikos grigol giorgaZes.

politikuri saxe. naTqvamis ganmartebisaTvis ramdenadme vrclad SevexoT

epoqas.

rogorc aRiniSna, farsman qveli da farsman avazi Tanamefeni arian.

maTi moRvaweoba ukavSirdeba antikuri qarTlis istoriis im specifikur

periods, romelic samecniero literaturaSi ormefobis saxelwodebiT

aris cnobili. `moqcevai qarTlisais~ mixedviT, ormefoba qarTlSi

daiwyo Zv.w. II s. I naxevarSi. 3 erTi mefe ijda armazSi, meore _

mcxeTaSi. dasaxelebulia `TanamefeTa~ eqvsi wyvili. mexuTe wyvilia

CvenTvis saintereso farsmanebi. rogorc iTqva, farsman qveli armazelia,

farsman avazi – mcxeTeli:

`da mefobda rok, romelman raiTurTiT mcxeTai gaiSora da mefobai

orad gaiyo. orni mefeni dasxdes imier da amier.

da mefobda qarZam armazs da mcxeTas bratman. da amaTTa JamTa

huriani movides mcxeTasa da dasxdes.

da mefobda imier farsman da amier kaoz.

da mefobda imier arsok da amier amazaer.

da mefobda imier amazasp da amier deruk.

da mefobda imier farsman qveli da amier farsman avaz.

da mefobda imier rok da amier mirdat. da amis ze moaklde armazi

sameufoida mcxeTas oden iyo mefobai.

da mefobda Radami da dRe :k:.

da farsman~.

mkvlevrebi yuradRebas aqceven im garemoebas, rom Zvelsomxur

TxzulebaSi, e.w. `somxur geografiaSi~ (VII s.) gogarenes sazRvrebi,

erTi mxriv, zustad imeorebs berZeni avtoris, strabonis (Zv.w. I – ax.w.

I ss.) TxzulebaSi aRwerili Zv.w. II s. I naxevarSi somxeTis raionebis

sazRvrebs, meore mxriv, emTxveva armazis samefos teritorias, rogorc

mas moxazavs leonti mroveli (`armaziT kerZo qalaqi, mtkuarsa samxriT

qarTli xunaniTgan vidre Tavadmde mtkuarsa da klarjeTi yoveli~).

amrigad, qarTlSi ormefobis dasawyisi, droSi Tanxvdeba gogarenes (igive

iberiis) sapitiaxSos Seqmnis faqts, armazis samefos sazRvrebi

igiveobrivia am sapitiaxSos sazRvrebisa. es damTxvevebi, cxadia,

SemTxveviTi ar SeiZleba iyos. aSkaraa, rom sxvadasxva wyaroSi

dafiqsirebul erTi da imave movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. ormefrba Zvel

qarTlSi unda gavigoT, rogorc qarTlis teritoriaze somxeTTan

dakavSirebuli politikuri erTeulis Camoyalibeba, adgilobrivi

3 am TariRis gamoTvla ekuTvnis akademikos giorgi meliqiSvils. saqme isaa, rom

`moqcevai qarTlisai~ pirdapir qronologiur monacemebs ar Seicavs da am rigis

informaciis amoReba misgan SesaZlebelia specialuri kvlevis Sedegad.

dinastiis warmomadgeneli mmarTvelebiT saTaveSi. 4 Zveli qarTuli

istoriografiis mier, aRniSnuli movlenis gaazreba sruliad

logikuria: qarTvelTaTvis mefoba, marTlac, orad gaiyo: armazeli

xelisufali mcxeTaSi mefes aRar emorCileboda.

am msjelobis Semdeg, cxadi xdeba, rom farsman qveli, faqtobriv,

monapire pitiaxSia. SeuZleblad mimaCnia, rom saerTaSoriso

TvalsazrisiT, es umniSvnelo politikuri moRvawe gavaigivoT qarTlis

im `mZleTa mZlevel~ xelisufalTan, romelsac romSi qandakeba daudges.

tradiciuli gaigivebis sawinaaRmdegod metyvelebs qronologiac.

rogorc iTqva, `moqcevai qarTlisais~ istoriul qronikas TariRebi ar

axlavs. calkeul mefeTa zeobis daaxloebiT gansazRvra iribi

monacemebiT xerxdeba. `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ vrcel redaqciaSi

miTiTebulia, rom qristes jvarcmis Tanamedrove mcxeTeli mefe iyo

amazaeri. rogorc zemoT moyvanili citatidan Cans, es amazaeri

`TanamefeTa~ mesame wyvilis erT-erTi wevria da CvenTvis saintereso

farsmanebs sul erTi wyviliT uswrebs win. amrigad, `moqcevai

qarTlisais~ mixedviT, farsman qveli (iseve rogorc farsman avazi) I s.

Sua xanebis moRvawea. am faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve SeuZlebelia

farsman qvelis gaigiveba romis imperatorebis, adrianesa da antonine

piusis Tanamedrove qarTlis mefe farsmanTan.

ucxouri wyaroebi qarTlis mefes saxelad farsman axseneben I s.

Sua xanebSic, 30-50-ian wlebSi. es farsmani iseTi Zlevamosili araa,

rogorc II s. I naxevarSi moRvawe misi sexnia, magram arc ise susti Cans,

rom igi armazel mefed anu monapire pitiaxSad warmovidginoT. marTalia,

garkveuli sifrTxiliT, magram daJinebiT es farsmani cdilobs romisagan

damoukidebeli politikis gatarebas. rac Seexeba somxeTs, am qveynis

taxtis dauflebisaTvis is xangrZlivad da Seupovrad ibrZvis. mis erTerT

Zes miTridate hqvia. swored es miTridate xdeba farsmanis taxtis

memkvidre.

am monacemebis mixedviT, migvaCnia, rom ucxour wyaroebSi farsmani

igive `moqcevai qarTlisais~ mier dasaxelebuli `amier~ gamefebuli

farsman avazia. rogorc vTqviT, farsman avazic I s. Sua xanebis moRvawea.

Cveni azriT, rac Seexeba farsman qvels, misi xseneba romaul

wyaroebSi ar Cans. es ioli asaxsnelia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom

realurad farsman qveli umniSvnelo politikuri figura iyo. misi

Zlevamosilobis Sesaxeb Txroba, folklorul wyaroze dayrdnobiT unda

Seeqmna leonti mrovels. am Txrobis gavleniTaa, rom Tanamedrove

qarTvelologiaSi, farsman qvelad SecdomiT miiCneven im pirovnebas,

romlis dros antikuri qarTli Tavis Zlierebis zenits aRwevs.

4

es Tvalsazrisi ekuTvnis d. abaSiZes. analogiuri Sexeduleba aqvs gamoTqmuli g.

mamulias.

`aq vaJkacebia, iq ki – davla~

romaeli istorikosi tacitusi (55-116 ww.) warmogvidgens I s. Sua

xanebSi moRvawe qarTlis mefis farsmanis STambeWdav daxasiaTebas. am

cnobebis safuZvelze vrwmundebiT, raoden zustia qarTul sinamdvileSi

am pirovnebisaTvis Serqmeuli metsaxeli `avaz~.

Tavdapirvelad tacitusi farsmans axsenebs somxeTSi misi Zmis

miTridates romaelTa mxardaWeriT gamefebis faqtze saubrisas,

romaelebi gamosulan Zmebis Serigebis iniciativiT. e. i. safiqrebelia,

rom maT maincdamainc kargi urTierToba am droisaTvis ar hqondaT. esaa

I s. 30-iani wlebi. somxeTis mimarT TavianTi pretenziebi hqondaT

parTelebs, somxeTis taxti miTridatemde Tavisufali ar iyo.

qarTvelebi SeiWrebian somxeTSi, daipyroben mis garkveul nawils.

parTiis * mefe artabani Tavis Zes, orods daavalebs samagiero miagos

momxdurT. orive mxare, damxmare Zalad daiqiravebs sarmatebs, * magram

farsmani CrdiloeTidan mxolod Tavis momxre sarmatebs SemouSvebs,

orodi damxmare Zalis gareSe rCeba. tacitusi gviCvenebs, rom

gadamwyveti saomari moqmedebis dawyebamde, farsmani qmnida saTanado

fsiqologiur atmosferos. Aai, ras mogviTxrobs tacitusi: `amasobaSi,

mokavSires moklebul orods damxmare jariT gaZlierebuli farsmani

sabrZolvelad iwvevs da raki igi Tavs ikavebs, Tavs esxmis. amxedrebuli

miadgeba banaks, arbevs safuraJe adgilebs da xSirad alyis msgavsad

artyams saguSagoebs, vidre parTelebma veRar aitanes Seuracxyofa,

Semoexvivnen mefes da moiTxoves brZola.~ mokled, farsmani sulierad

aZabunebs mters, Tavisi brZolis gegmas axvevs mas Tavs da aiZulebs omi

daiwyos araxelsayrel pirobebSi. parTelebi cxenosnebi iyvnen. farsmans

ki qveiTi jaric hyavda. igi kargad icnobda garemos. tacituss moaqvs

farsmanis sityvis fragmenti, romelic warmoTqmuli iyo laSqris winaSe

brZolis dawyebamde. Tavis meomrebs miuTiTebda ra oqroqsoviliT

Semosil parTelTa jarze, farsmani ambobda: `aq vaJkacebia, iq ki –

davla~ (am frazis Targmani momyavs p. ingoroyvas mixedviT _ m. C.).

parTelebma ver SeZles TavianTi taqtika ganexorcielebinaT.

sarmatebis dawyebul saqmes qarTvelebi da qarTvelTa jarSi myofi

albanelebi * aboloveben. orodica da farsmanic mowinave xazze ibrZodnen

da meomrebs amxnevebdnen. uceb, maT erTmaneTi SeniSnes da xmamaRali

SeZaxiliT gaeqanen SesaWideblad. farsmanma daaswro, gaupo orods

muzaradi da daWra, magram amis Semdeg daWrili cxenma gaaqana da Tanac,

umamacesma mxedrebma daifares. farsmanma ganmeorebiTi dartyma veRar

SeZlo. marTalia, orodi gadarCa, magram xma gavrcelda rom parTelTa

mxedarTmTavari daiRupa. aman imoqmeda jaris sabrZolo ganwyobaze,

parTelebi damarcxdnen.

aseTad warmogvidgeba farsmani brZolaSi. rogorc vxedavT, igi

moqnilia, swrafi, Seupovari.

tacitusi gvamcnobs, rom farsmans SemdgomSic mouwia brZolam

somxeTisaTvis. saqme isaa, rom I s. 40-ian wlebSi romaelebma miTridate

daapatimres. miTridatesaTvis somxeTis dapyroba xelaxla gaxda saWiro.

man Zmas mimarTa. miTridate, marTlac, farsmanis daxmarebiT kvlav

daeufla somxeTis taxts. magram urTierToba Zmebs Soris kvlav daiZaba.

amis mizezi gaxda farsmanis Ze radamisti, romelic, tacitusis sityviT,

gamorCeuli iyo fizikuri ZaliTa da momxibvlelobiT, agreTve

ganaTlebiT. igi didi popularobiT sargeblobda ara marto Tavis

qveyanaSi, aramed mezoblebSic. radamisti aSkarad gamoTqvamda

ukmayofilebas mamis mmarTvelobis gamo, miuTiTebda, rom moxucebuli

mefis xelSi qarTls ar hqonda Tavisi Sesaferi dideba.

tacitusis Semdgomi monaTxrobi gvafiqrebinebs, rom radamistis

gamomwvevi qceva politikuri TamaSi iyo, romelic TviT farsmanis mier

iyo dagegmili. mas aSinebda `xalxis mxardaWeriT Segulianebuli~

sakuTari Ze da cdilobda misi energia sxva qveynis taxtis mopovebisaken

miemarTa: farsanma `Wabuks sxva imedi STaagona da armeniisaken miuTiTa,

gaixsena ra, (rom _ m. C.) parTiis gaZevebis Semdeg, TviT manve rom misca

igi (armenia _ m. C.) mirdats; oRond Svils urCia Zalis gamoyenebisagan

Tavi SevikavoT, ufro mzakvroba gamoviyenoT, raTa udardelad myofi

mirdati anazdeuli TavdasxmiT davamarcxoTo. amgvarad, radamisti,

romelsac viTomcda mamasTan uTanxmoeba mouvida, radgan dedinacvlis

siZulvils veRar gauZlo, biZas miaSurebs. miTridatma didi alersiT

miiRo igi, rogorc sakuTari Svili. aman ki armenielTa warCinebulebs

dauwyo Segulianeba saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mosaxdenad ise, rom

mirdatma araTu veraferi Seityo, aramed ufro meti pativiTac

epyroboda. viTomcda Serigeba mindao, radamisti mamasTan dabrunda da

acnoba, rac mzakvrobiT SeiZleba gakeTebuliyo, gakeTebulia, danarCeni

iaraRiT unda aRsruldeso. amasobaSi farsmanma omis sababic moigona:

`albanTa mefis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi romaelebis dasaxmareblad rom

movuwode, Zmam winaaRmdegoba gamiwia da am wyenisaTvis vilaSqreb mis

dasarbevado da amasTan erTad, vaJiSvils didi laSqari misca~.

rogorc vxedavT, farsmani moqnilia ara marto xelCarTul

brZolaSi. mas SeuZlia dagegmos mravalsvliani politikuri avantiurebi.

magram davubrundeT Cveni saubris Temas.

moulodnelobisagan Tavzardacemulma miTridatem garnisis * cixesimagres

Seafara Tavi, romelsac romaelTa garnizoni icavda. radamists

cixe-simagris ZaliT aReba ar SeeZlo. sxvaTaSoris, tacitusi SeniSnavs,

rom erTaderTi, rasac ver axerxeben barbarosebi * , cixe-simagreTa aRebaa.

amitom, radamisti cdilobs moisyidos cixis prefeqti. centurioni

(cixis ufrosi _ m. C.) sastikad ewinaaRmdegeba amas. igi gaeSureba

farsmanTan da moiTxovs misgan, rom romaelTa mfarvelobis qveS myof

miTridates Tavi daanebos. farsmani mas ayovnebs bundovani,

keTilganwyobili pasuxebiT, Cumad ki Tavisi wargzavnilebis piriT,

Svils saqmis Cqara gaTavebas sTxovs. radamisti zrdis qrTamis odenobas.

bolos da bolos miTridate, romelic gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda

(romaelTa garnizonis mxardaWera aRar aqvs _ m. C.), ijerebs ZmiSvilis

SemonaTvals _ uvneblad datovebis Sesaxeb da nebdeba. radamisti jer

tkbilad miiRebs biZas (igi misi siZec da simamric iyo), mere ki

muxanaTurad da cinikurad moakvlevinebs. ar daindobs arc miTridates

meuRles (e. i. sakuTar das), arc diSvilebs.

am sisxliani angariSsworebis Semsrulebeli da uSualo monawile,

marTalia, farsmani ar yofila, magram yovelive rom misi dasturiT

xdeboda, saeWvo ar aris. aRniSnul faqtTan dakavSirebiT, tacitusis

SeniSvna aseTia: `farsmans samefos Cagdebis wadilma Zma da qaliSvili

daaTmobina da gulSi ukve mzad iyo boroti moqmedebis CadenisaTvis. is

ki ivarauda, rom es saqme mis Tvalwin ar momxdariyo da isini mis

winaSe ar daexocaT~.

farsmanma sabolood arc radamisti Seicoda. igi mamas mouklavs

rogorc gamcemi, rom amiT romaelTaTvis erTguleba daedasturebina.

amrigad, farsmani gaemijna radamistis qmedebebs, anu saqmes, romelic

TviTon STaagona Svils da romelis ganxorcielebisaTvis materialuri

saxsari da energia ar dazoga.

daundobeli da sastiki, muxanaTi, Zalauflebisa da sisxlis moyvare,

swrafi da Cauqi, moqnili xelCarTul brZolasa Tu diplomatiaSi – ai,

epiTetebi, romlebiTac SeiZleba daxasiaTdes tacitusTan warmodgenili

qarTlis mefis saxe. rogorc iTqva, sityviT `avaz~ SeiZleba yovelive

amis gamoxatva.

`dRe :k:~

axla davubrundeT moyvanil citatas `moqcevai qarTlisaidan~.

mirdat farsman avazis Zis zeobis aRniSvnas, aq mosdevs aseTi

informacia: `da mefobda Radami da dRe :k:~.

cnobilia, aso-niSnebs Zvel kulturul teqstebSi iyenebdnen

ricxvebis aRsaniSnavadac. :k:-s Sesatyvisi qarTul anbanSi aris ricxvi

20. gamodis, `moqcevai qarTlisaiSi~ Radamis zeoba 20 dRiT aris

gansazRvruli. aseTi ram arabunebrivad miaCniaT mkvlevarT da

gansaxilvel cnobas asworeben leonti mrovelis monacemebis mixedviT,

romelTanac sami welia miTiTebuli; magram leonti wyaroTa

interpretatoria da zogjer, amis gamo, ramdenadme arazusti. Tanac

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom `moqcevai qarTlisais~ istoriuli qronika

monacemebs zeobis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb saerTod ar Seicavs. RadamTan

dakavSirebuli SemTxveva erTaderTia da es gamonaklisi swored

dafiqsirebuli faqtis uCveulobiT (mefoba oci dRiT?!) unda iyos

gamowveuli. qronists aucileblad miuCnevia aReniSna Radamis mefobac,

magram aqve gviCvenebs realurad ra Sinaarsi aqvs am faqts. ase rom,

`moqcevai qarTlisais~ monacemi ukugdebul ki ar unda iqnes, saWiroa

SevecadoT mis ganmartebas.

oci dRiT zeoba miuTiTebs: Zvel qarTlSi adgili hqonda

xelisuflebis uzurpaciis faqts. Tumca, mxolod am cnobiT ar Cans

uzurpatori vin iyo: Tavad Radami, romelic warumateblad Seecada

mirdat farsmanis Zis damxobas, Tu Radamis momdevno farsmani, romelmac,

piriqiT, warmatebulad moaxdina saxelmwifo gadatrialeba da wina

xelisufali sul oc dRes amefa.

am problemis gadawyvetis saSualebas gvaZlevs pavle ingoroyvas

dakvirveba imis Taobaze, rom saxelebi `radamisti~ (Rhadam-ist) da

`Radami~ erTi da igivea. aRniSnuli azri, romelic mkvlevars mokle

SeniSvnis saxiT aqvs mocemuli, SemdgomSi arc Tavad mas, arc romelime

momdevno specialistis istoriul rekonstruqciaSi ar gamoyenebulia.

arada, igi ueWvelia da gvexmareba SevavsoT is istoriuli suraTi,

romlis moxazva zemoT ukve vcade `moqcevai qarTlisaisa~ da tacitusis

urTierTSejerebis safuZvelze.

aSkaraa, rom roca farsman avazma gaamefa misTvis sasurveli mirdati

(miTridate), ganawyenebulma ufrosma Zem (Svilma pirveli colisagan)

Radamma (radamistma) moawyo saxelmwifo gadatrialeba. magram misi cda,

ZaliT egdo taxti xelT, warumatebeli aRmoCnda. amaze zeobis

xanmokleoba metyvelebs. rogorc Cans, es iyo Radamis (radamistis)

sabediswero nabiji. tacitusis cnobebze dayrdnobiT varaudi imis

Taobaze, rom radamistis mkvlelobis mizezi taxtis xelSi Cagdebis cda

unda yofiliyo, gamoTqmuli aqvs akademikos giorgi meliqiSvils.

`moqcevai qarTlisais~ informaciis gaTvaliswineba, am varauds, myar

sabuTze damyarebul daskvnad aqcevs.

araa gamoricxuli, rom umcrosi Zmis gamefebiT Seuracxyofili

ufliswuli Tavidan TviT farsman avazis momxreebis mier iqmna

waqezebuli am nabijis gadasadgmelad da mere maTganve iolad damxobili.

farsmanisaTvis xom aucilebeli iyo arasasurveli Zis problemis

erTxel da samudamod gadawyveta, mousvenari taxtis maZieblisagan

gaTavisufleba. sxvagvarad, mis rCeul mirdats mSvidi mefobis saSualeba

ar eqneboda. Radam//radamistis sikvdiliT dasasjelad ki mas

dasWirdeboda mZime braldebani, romlebic SeiZleboda uxvad

dagroviliyo saxelmwifos marTvis dros. rogorc tacitusis Txzulebis

zemoT citirebuli adgilidan Cans, Zmis winaaRmdeg gasalaSqreblad

farsmanma mniSvnelovani politikuri sababi moigona, Semdgom ki misi

ojaxis ganadgurebaSi uSualo monawileobis miRebas moerida. amgvari

faqtebi ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi. farsman avazi, Cans, iTvaliswinebda

mis mier ganzraxul saqmeTa mosalodnel sazogadoebriv rezonanss, maT

ganxorcielebas imgvarad cdilobda, rom aSkara damnaSaved ar

gamoCeniliyo. Radamis dasjac, unda vivaraudoT, man ise dagegma, rom

sikvdili TviT msxverplis brali yofiliyo.

zogadad, ukve aRvniSneT is sisxliani aqcia, romelic ganaxorciela

Radamma somxeTSi. am garegnulad momxiblveli axalgazrdis xasiaTis

bolomde wvdomisaTvis aucilebelia mivuTiToT detalebze. rogorc

iTqva, uimedo mdgomareobaSi myofi miTridate man cixe-simagridan

gamoityua da Tavidan pativiT miiRo: `arwmunebda arc maxvils, arc

Sxamis Zalas ar gamoviyeneb Sens winaaRmdego~. ficis dadebis dros,

Radamis (radamistis) erT-erTi kaci viTom SemTxveviT waiqca,

miTridates fexebze moexvia da isic waaqcia. maSin sxvebma borkilebi

daades da xalxis winaSe gaatares, rogorc sastiki da metad saZulveli

mefe. ukan mtirali meuRle da bavSvebi misdevdnen. cal-calke urmebSi

Casves da farsmanis brZanebas elodebodnen. `radamistma, aqaoda dadebuli

fici maxsovso, marTlac, arc maxvili da arc Sxami ar ixmara disa da

biZis winaaRmdeg, aramed miwaze daawvina isini da zemodan mravali mZime

samosis dayriT moaSTobina. daxoces miTridates vaJiSvilebic, romlebic

mSoblebis daRupvas xmamaRla tirodnen~.

da kidev erTi suraTi, romelic aseve Semogvinaxa tacitusma:

rodesac parTelebisagan devnili Radami somxeTidan gamoiqca, mas Tan

hyavda fexmZime coli. cxeniT xangrZliv Seusvenebel rbolas qalma

veRar gauZlo, qmars evedreboda moekla. tacitusi aRwers Radamis

tanjvas: erTi mxriv, mas enaneboda coli, meore mxriv, agiJebda azri, Tu

cocxals datovebda, sxvas Cauvardeboda xelSi. bolos mainc

`mkvlelobaSi gawafuli xeliT~ maxviliT gangmira da mdinareSi

gadaagdo. Znelia amovicnoT ra wyaros eyrdnoba tacitusi, roca

TviTmxilveliviT cxovelmyofelad gvixatavs Radamis sulier

mdgomareobas saSineli aucileblobis ganxorcielebis win. SesaZloa

istorikoss es afiqrebina im faqtma, rom zenobia (ase erqva qals)

gadarCa. e. i. Cveni varaudiTac, Radams mainc aukankalda brZolebSi

gawafuli xeli, radgan misi dartyma ar aRmoCnda sasikvdilo.

zenobia mwyemsebma ipoves. mdidrulma samosma miaxvedra isini, rom

didgvarovanTan hqondaT saqme. dedaqalaqSi waiyvanes. bolos swored

Radamis gamarjvebul metoqesTan moxvda, romelmac Seuracxyofa ar

ikadra, qals ise `moeqca rogorc dedofals~.

sisxlSi gasvril xelmocarul politikur avantiurists bedi

dascinoda. mamisagan moZulebuli da mamisave msxverpli Radam//radamisti

udavod Cveni istoriis erT-erTi yvelaze tragikuli personaJia.

Cveni azriT, farsman qvelis metoqe mcxeTeli mirdati igive farsman

avazis Zmaa, romelic tacitusis mixedviT, SemdgomSi miTridate

armenieli anu somxeTis mefe gaxda. mirdat mcxeTelic sastikia da

qveSevrdomTaTvis saZulveli, miseuli brZolis meTodebi ki Seesabameba

farsman avazis brZanebaTa suliskveTebas. amitom vfiqrobT, rom, vidre

somxeTSi xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdebas Seecdeboda, mirdati farsmanis

davalebiT ibrZoda armazis samefos winaaRmdeg.

ratom ganawesa Zma am saqmeze farsmanma? rogorc vnaxeT, mas

axasiaTebda sakuTar taxtze pretenziebis mqone pirTa energiis

warmarTva metoqisaken. amave dros, farsman avazi erideboda mis mier

dagegmil uzneo saqmeebSi uSualo monawileobis miRebas. armazsa da

mcxeTas Soris SuRlis gaCaReba ki, Cans, im epoqaSi moraluri

TvalsazrisiT, dadebiTad ar fasdeboda. leonti mrovelis cnobiT,

armazeli da mcxeTeli mefeebi naTesavebi iyvnen da mirdatamde sruli

TanxmobiT zeobdnen (`aqamomde ese mefeni yovelni or-orni iyvnes

moyurobasa zeda: erTgan moyureni visnime da erTgan mterni visnime~). ase

rom, am SemTxvevaSi, farsman avazs Zmis zurgs ukan dgoma rom

emjobinebina, gasakviri araa.

leonti mrovelis wyaro afiqsirebda farsman qvelis da amgvarad,

mcxeTis winaaRmdeg, mtrul qmedebaTa uSualo ganmaxorcieblis, e. i.

mirdatis saxels. amis gamo, aRniSnul qmedebaTa realuri

sulisCamdgmeli leontisaTvis uCinari darCa. moqnilma farsman avazma

`moaxerxa dasxltomoda~ leonti mrovelis mzeras. Tanamedrove

mkvlevarTac ar SeuniSnavT igi aqamde.

`zeTisxilovan mdinaresTan~

`mefe mihrdat, didi mefe, Ze farsmanisa, didi mefisa. me var Cargasi

Ze zevax ufrosisa. mec Cargas, pitiaxSi var mihrdat~ _ ase iwyeba

arameuli warwera 1940 wels mcxeTa-armazis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis

dros aRmoCenili erT-erTi stelisa, e. w. `armazis monolingva~. esaa

Znelad amosakiTxi da gasaSifri teqsti, amitom specialistebi zemoT

citirebulis momdevno nawilis Sinaarss zogadad gadmogvcemen.

akademikos giorgi wereTelis, dRes sayovelTaod gaziarebuli,

SexedulebiT, aq laparakia im gamarjvebebze, romlebic pitiaxS Cargass

mihrdat mefisaTvis moupovebia, qarTlis mosazRvre qveynebis

dalaSqvraze, cixe-simagreTa aRebaze. am konteqstSi naxsenebia somxeTi

da raRac amboxeba. warweris sazeimo toni afiqrebinebs akademikos

grigol giorgaZes, rom es Zegli, Tavis droze, saflavis qva ki ar unda

yofiliyo, rogorc iTvleboda, aramed gamarjvebis stela.

pitiaxSi Cargasi mamamiss anu zevaxs ixseniebs `ufrosis~ epiTetiT.

es niSnavs: warweris gakeTebis droisaTvis arsebobs umcrosi zevaxic

(pavle ingoroyvas azriT, saxelis uZvelesi qarTuli formaa Wevaxi), e.

i. Cargasis Ze, ufrosi zevaxis SviliSvili. armazisxevSi aRmoCenil

orenovan (arameul-berZnul) warweraSi, e. w. `armazis bilingvaSi~,

marTlac, ixsenieba zevax umcrosi – udrood gardacvlili serafitis

mama: `me var serafiti, asuli zevax mcirisa, farsman mefis pitiaxSisa,

meuRle iodmanganisa, romelic imarjvebda da amravlebda adre gakeTebul

sagmiro saqmeebs da aris ezosmoZRvari qsefarnug mefisa, Ze agripasi,

ezosmoZRvrisa farsman mefisa, romelmac sZlia mZlevelni, rac

farnavazma ver daasrula. da ase, serafiti iyo keTili da lamazi,

romlis msgavsi aravin iyo silamaziT da gardaicvala 21 wlisa~

(akademikos konstantine wereTlis Targmani).

amrigad, armazisxevSi aRmoCenili epigrafikuli Zeglebis mixedviT,

mefe mihrdatis Tanamedrove pitiaxSis, Cargasis memkvidre aris pitiaxSi

zevax mcire – mefe farsmanis Tanamedrove. e. i. mefe mihrdatis

memkvidrea mefe farsmani. es erTi mxriv.

meore mxriv, mihrdat `didi mefe Ze farsmanisa~ is moRvawea, romlis

dros qarTli warmatebebs aRwevs somxeTTan dapirispirebaSi. orive am

faqtiT aSkaraa, rom `armazis monolingvis~ mihrdati igive farsman

avazis Ze mirdatia. rogorc `moqcevai qarTlisais~ zemoT citirebuli

teqsti gviCvenebs, am mirdatis memkvidrec farsmania da misi moRvaweobac

somxeTze politikuri revanSiT xasiaTdeba. somxeTze gamarjvebas

gamoxatavs mirdat farsmanis Zis dros ormefobis dasrulebis faqti,

rac niSnavs somxuri eqspansiis Sedegebis likvidacias, somxeTis

gavlenis qveS, garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi myofi armazis samefos

(rogorc adreve ganvmarteT, es igivea, rac iberiis sapitiaxSo) qarTlis

mefisaTvis damorCilebas.

amrigad, farsman avazis energiuli cda, moespo qveynis dayofa, mis

rCeul Zes warmatebiT ganuxorcielebelia da gaerTianebuli qarTlis

xelisufali gamxdara sataxto qalaqiT mcxeTaSi. es iyo didi movlena.

gasul saukuneSi, mcxeTis maxloblad samuSaoebis Catarebisas

SemTxveviT aRmoCnda TiTqmis kvadratuli qva Cvidmetstriqoniani

berZnuli warweriT. esaa daxelovnebuli kaligrafis mier, berZnuli

asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli, CarCoTi Semoxazuli teqsti qarTlis

mimarT romaelTa mier gamovlenili megobruli Jestis, dedaqalaqis

galavnis gamagrebis Sesaxeb. moxseniebul istoriul pirTa biografiuli

monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRniSnuli epigrafikuli Zegli, ukve

pirveli mkvlevrebis mier, daTariRebul iqna I s. 70-iani wlebiT.

warwera sakmaodaa dazianebuli. miuxedavad amisa, misi dasawyisi

nawilis gageba specialistebSi davas arasodes iwvevda. Tavidanve cxadi

Seiqmna, rom aq mocemulia keisrebis: vespasianes, titesa da domicianes

sayovelTaod cnobili titulatura. sxvagvari viTarebaa adresatebis

Taobaze informaciis Semcveli bolo striqonebis kvlevasTan

dakavSirebiT. teqstis am monakveTis amokiTxvis da ganmartebis Taobaze

gamoTqmulia mravali Tvalsazrisi. maTi kritikuli ganxilvis Sedegebis

aq warmodgena Zalian dagvacilebs istoriuli portretis Seqmnis

dasaxul mizans. amitom, me-13-17 striqonebis Cveni redaqciis Targmans

warmovadgenT. warwera gvamcnobs, rom TviTmpyrobelma keisarma vespasiane

sebastosma da misma vaJebma vipatosebma titem da domicianem `iberiis

mefes miTridates – mefe farsmanis Zes da amazasps – (sefe)wuls,

keisris megobars da romaelTa moyvare xalxs galavani gaumagres~.

farsman avazis Ze mirdati I s. 50-iani wlebis miwurulisaTvis

ikavebs taxts. es Cans tacitusis mixedviT. I s. 70-ian wlebSi am

warweraSi moxseniebuli iberTa mefe miTridate farsmanis Ze, aSkarad

igive pirovnebaa.

aq yuradRebas iqcevs garemoeba: iberTa mefe moxseniebulia

Semamkobeli epiTetis gareSe (sapirispirod, sxvaTa Soris, romaelebisa),

qarTlis am mefes ki hqonda pretenzia wodebul yofiliyo, rogorc

`didi mefe~. amas aCvenebs misi qveSevrdomis, Cargas pitiaxSis sityvebi.

e. i. imis Tqma minda, rom, miuxedavad megobrobis deklarirebisa,

romaelebi agrZnobineben qarTlis mefes, rom es araTanabarTa megobrobaa.

am STabeWdilebas kidev ufro mimZafrebs is garemoeba, rom keisris

pirad megobrad dasaxelebulia ara qarTvelTa uzenaesi xelisufali,

e. i. mefe, aramed samefo ojaxis wevri (sefewuli) amazaspi. swored

rogorc keisris daaxloebuli piri, amazaspi iRebs romaelTagan miZRvnas

mefisa da mTeli qarTveli xalxis Tanabrad. yvelafer amas, Cveni azriT,

dafaruli cinizmis kvali atyvia.

miTridate mefe da princi amazaspi ixseniebian gasul saukuneSi

romSi aRmoCenil berZnul epigrafikul ZeglSi. esaa amazaspis epitafia

leqsad:

`mefis saxelovani Ze amazaspi, miTridate mefis Zma, romlis

mSobliuri miwac aris kaspiis bWesTan, iberi, iberis Ze, aq marxia wminda

qalaqTan, romelic aago nikatorma migdonis zeTisxilovan mdinaresTan.

gardaicvala Tanamgzavri avzonTa winamZRoli meufisa mosuli

parTelebTan sabrZolvelad. gardaicvala uwin, vidre gaisvrida xels,

vai, rom Zlier xels, mtris sisxlSi, Subsa, mSvildze da maxvilis

pirze. iyo qveiTica da mxedaric, TviT – morcxvi qalwulebis msgavsi~

(akademikos TinaTin yauxCiSvilis Targmani).

epitafia TariRdeba 114-115 wlebiT. mcxeTis galavnis zemoT

ganxiluli warwerisagan mas acilebs oTxi aTeuli weli. es

qronologiuri manZili kidev amdenivec rom davumatoT, ar aRemateba

adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivobas. ueWvelia, rom orive ZeglSi

ixseniebian erTi da igive pirovnebebi. sefewuli amazaspi, rogorc

gamoirkva, miTridates Zma yofila, e. i. farsman avazs hyolia mesame

vaJic. 114-115 wlebisaTvis igi salaSqrodaa da rogorc epitafia

gviCvenebs, karg fizikur formaSicaa. e. i. I s. 70-iani wlebis Sua

xanebSi, roca pirvelad vxvdebiT mis saxels wyaroebSi, amazaspi yofila

sruliad axalgazrda. swored am Wabukis pirad megobrad aris

moxseniebuli am droisaTvis Svid aTeul wels mitanebuli vespasiane

keisari. es niuansi damaxasiaTebelia romis diplomatiis realuri

Sinaarsis amosacnobad. aSkaraa, rom misi mesveurni qarTlis mefis Zmas

ganixilavdnen, rogorc politikur kozirs, romelsac Sesaferis

pirobebSi warmatebiT gaiTamaSebdnen. 114-115 wlebis warweraSi mirdat

farsmanis Zis xseneba mis xangrZliv mefobaze miuTiTebs. amasve miuTiTebs

iribad pitiaxS Cargasis gamarjvebis stelac, romlis mixedviT, rogorc

aRiniSna, mirdatis dros pitiaxSTa ori Taoba zeobda.

II s. 10-iani wlebis Sua xanebisaTvis, e. i. maSin, roca gaurkvevel

viTarebaSi gardaicvala amazaspi, mirdati udavod sakmaod asakovania.

aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom am dros sasurveli

memkvidrisaTvis (ra Tqma unda, aseTi SeiZleba yofiliyo Svili) taxtis

gadacema misTvis dgas, rogorc uaxloes momavlSi gadasaWreli amocana.

isic safiqrebelia, rom am amocanis dasaZlevad mas dabrkolebad miaCnia

romis mxardaWeriT zurgmocemuli misi umcrosi Zma amazaspi. Tavad xom

Zmasve, masze ufros Radams, Seecila Tavis droze taxts. zeTisxilovan

mdinaresTan gaWrili saflavi qarTlis mefes dinastiur saqmeebSi gareSe

Zalis Carevis safrTxisagan aTavisuflebda. amitom vfiqrobT, rom

amazaspis moulodnel gardacvalebaSi mirdatis xeli eria. usamxilod,

Sors ucxoeTSi metoqis mokvdineba farsman avazis politikis warmatebiT

gamgrZeleblis xelwerisaTvis unda iyos damaxasiaTebeli.

magram aRniSnuli, rogorc iTqva, mainc eWvia, movlenaTa ganviTarebis

mxolod erT-erTi savaraudo modeli. radgan zemoT moyvanili msjeloba

logikurad dasaSvebia, igi unda gvqondes mxedvelobaSi, magram cxadia,

srulebiTac ar gamoiricxeba, rom mirdati Zmis sikvdilSi ar eria,

politikuri scenidan amazaspis droul gasvlaSi SemTxveviTobam iTamaSa

roli.

II s. 30-50-ian wlebSi, rogorc iTqva, romaeli avtorebis mixedviT,

qarTlis samefo taxtze vxedavT farsmans. arsad misi mamis saxeli

miTiTebuli araa, magram ueWvelia (upirvelesad qronologiis gamo) igi

aris mirdatis Ze, farsman avazis SviliSvili. swored mas, rogorc

mZleTa mZlevels da farnavazis saqmeTa damagvirgvinebels, ixseniebs

serafitis epitafia, agreTve `moqcevai qarTlisai~, romlis mixedviT

aRniSnuli mefe qarTlis rigiT mecxramete uzenaesi xelisufalia.

umcrosi farsmani Cveni istoriis erT-erT yvelaze TvalsaCino

figuras warmoadgens. mis laR gamoxedvas erTbaSad gamoarCevT Zlieri

politikuri partniorebis wyalobis Semyure qarTveli mefeebis

portretTa galereaSi. qarTuli saxelmwifo, mis dros, Tvisebriv sxvaa,

vidre papis, Tundac mamamisis zeobaSi. farsman mirdatis Ze romsa da

parTias erTdroulad emetoqeba. qarTvelTa jari, misi winamZRolobiT,

alanTa meomrebTan erTad aris Zala, romelsac SeuZlia Seqmnas amindi

politikur samyaroSi. amas wers romaeli istorikosi dion kasiusi (153-

235 ww.).

CrdilokavkasielTa razmebis gamoyeneba axali ar iyo qarTlis

mesveurTa politikisaTvis. isini, rogorc cnobilia, akontrolebdnen

alanTa kars da saTanadod sargeblobdnen kidec amiT. gavixsenoT farsman

warmatebuli brZola parTeli ufliswulis, orodis winaaRmdeg

sarmatTa damxmare ZaliT. magram farsman umcrosi, ufrosi farsmanisagan

gansxvavebiT, erTdroulad upirispirdeba ramdenime qveyanas, ar eSinia

maTi erTiani frontis, ar eZebs mokavSireebs.

farsman mirdatis Ze roms aviwroebs kolxeTSi, nawilobriv, devnis

kidec mas aqedan da sakuTari qveynis sazRvrebs gadaswevs Sors,

dasavleTiT, Sav zRvamde. amrigad, saxelmwifo, romelsac is udgas

saTaveSi, moicavs qarTul miwebs rogorc aRmosavleTSi da dasavleTSi.

ase rom, farnavazis Semdeg, qarTvelTa konsolidaciis TvalsazrisiT,

gansakuTrebuli etapi swored farsman II zeobis xanaa.

farsmani grZnobs Zalas da moiTxovs, rom misdami mopyrobac am

Zalis Sesabamisi iyos. Tavi mas damoukideblad da qedmaRlurad uWiravs,

vasaliviT rodi cxaddeba imperator adrianes karze. mis ZRvens

ZRveniTve upasuxebs, riTac aSkarad xazs usvams, rom miiRo igi, rogorc

megobruli saCuqari da ara rogorc wyaloba. niSandoblivia, adrianes

aRSfoTeba am faqtiT. farsmanis TavmomwoneobisaTvis rom daecina,

oqroqsovili iberiuli wamosasxamebiT man amfiTeatris arenaze gasuli

samasi damnaSave Semosa. amiT gamoxata, rom ar utolebda Tavs farsmans.

magram ukve adrianes momdevno imperatorma antonine piusma, iberiisa

da misi mefis mimarT damokidebuleba mkveTrad Secvala. mxolod amis

mere ewvia farsmani roms didi amaliT, meuRliTa da vaJiSviliT.

imperatorma scno qarTlis gafarToebuli sazRvrebi da stumars

kapitoliumSi msxverplis Sewirvis pativi miages. romSi, marsis moedanze

misi qandakebac daidga.

qarTlis politikur ambicias, romelsac ase gamoxatuli saxe aqvs

farsman mirdatis Zis zeobis dros, anu farsman avazis xelisuflebis

xanaSi caeyara safuZveli. sxvas ras unda niSnavdes Radamis sinanuliani

sityvebi, qarTlis umniSvnelo saxelmwifod yofnis gamo. rogorc vnaxeT,

Radami (igive radamisti) mamis mier iyo marTuli. is laparakobda imas,

risi gacxadebac diplomatiur mosazrebaTa gamo, Tavad farsman avazs ar

SeeZlo.

Kkidev meti: serafitis epitafia gviCvenebs, rom arsebobda

saxelmwifoebrivi ideologia anu aRsasrulebel saqmeTa garkveuli

koncefcia qveynis sazRvrebis gafarToebisaTvis. am saxelmwifoebrivi

programis sisruleSi moyvana, TviT TanamedroveTa TvalsazrisiT, wilad

xvda farsman II.

aoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, am mefis zeoba `moqcevai

qarTlisais~ istoriul qronikaSi warmodgenilia sul ori sityviT: `da

farsman~. saqme isaa, rom `moqcevai qarTlisais~ qristiani avtori

sagangebod mokled gadmogvcems warmarTul periods, Tanac faqtebs krebs

SerCeviT; igi ZiriTadad afiqsirebs kultis, rwmenis istoriis

TvalsazrisiT, saintereso cnobebs. informaciis amgvari simwire farsman

II dros warmarTuli ideologiis krizisis mauwyebelia. farsman

mirdatis Ze, es `mZleTa mZleveli~ xelisufali odnavadac ar garjila

kerpTa aRmarTvisaTvis. sainteresoa, rom ukve misi memkvidris

STamomavali revi, qristianuli istoriografiis mier marTlad

wodebuli, axdens warmarTul wes-CveulebaTa gadasinjvas. igi

qristianobas gacnobili axorcielebs uaRresad mniSvnelovan aqts –

krZalavs adamianis msxverplad Sewirvas kerpTaTvis.

revma uari Tqva gaekeTebina is, rasac saukuneTa manZilze RmerTis

saxeliT akeTebdnen misi mama-papani.

`cxovrebis maswavlebeli~

wyaroebi, romelsac emyareba es gamokvleva, didi xania cnobilia

specialistebisaTvis. maT Cvens kvlevamdec farTod iyenebdnen istoriul

rekonstruqciaSi. oRond naTlad danaxuli ar iyo is kavSiri, romelic

arsebobs, erTi mxriv, `moqcevai qarTlisais~, `qarTlis cxovrebis~

cnobebs, da meore mxriv, romaeli avtorebisa da epigrafikuli * Zeglebis

informaciebs Soris. amitomac arasodes ucdiaT am masalis gamoyeneba

istoriuli portretisaTvis. mas Semdeg, rac es kavSiri cxadi gaxda

(rogorc vnaxeT, bednieri SemTxveviTobis wyalobiT im Soreuli epoqis

erTi da imave pirTa Sesaxeb SemogvrCa ramdenime, informaciulad metad

tevadi, wyaro), dagrovda saxasiaTo StrixTa sakmao raodenoba da

istoriul personaJTa portretebi gamoCnda mkafiod da xelSesaxebad.

periodi farsman avazidan mis SviliSvil farsmanis moRvaweobamde, e.

i. I s. 30-iani wlebidan II s. Sua wlebamde, aris qarTlis samefos

TandaTan gaZlierebis xana, roca qveynis mesveurebi iwyeben brZolas

damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi politikisaTvis da aRweven kidec amas.

aseTi periodebi Cveni mcirericxovani eris istoriaSi arcTu bevria.

amitom, vfiqrobT, farsman avazis ojaxis istorias didi interesiTa da

Sinagani RelviT adevnebs Tvalyurs mkiTxveli. zogma epizodma mas

uTuod siamaye agrZnobina. Tumca, amasTan erTad, mkiTxvels xinjad rCeba

zemoT aRwerili sisxliani dapirispirebani xelisuflebisaTvis, mamasa da

Svilebs, Zmebs Soris araadamianuri urTierTobebi. ra Tqma unda, CvenTvis

cxadia, rom obieqturad yovelive amas ganapirobebda monarqiuli

wyobileba. rogorc cnobilia, igi moiTxovs politikuri TamaSis

garkveul wesebs; vinc maT zustad icavs, Tavs agebs. farsman avazs rom

ar daeswro, TviTon mas gauswordebodnen aranakleb sastiki metoqeebi.

sagangebod Zabavda viTarebas gareSe Zalac. imisaTvis, raTa aqtiurad

Careuliyo qarTlis saSinao saqmeebSi, romi erTmaneTs upirispirebda

samefo ojaxis wevrebs, xels uwyobda maT Soris zneobrivad yvelaze

saxelgatexilis aRzevebas. am TvalsazrisiT, Zalian sainteresoa

tacitusis msjeloba Radamis somxeTSi gamefebasTan dakavSirebiT. romis

politikosebs ganuxilavT misi sisxliani aqcia da dauskvniaT: `ucxoTa

yovel borotmoqmedebas, sixaruliT unda SevegeboT. siZulvilis Teslic

ki unda davTesoT.... dae, radamisti SeZulebuli, saxelgatexili

flobdes borotad mopovebul xvedrs; vinaidan es ufro xelsayrelia

CvenTvis, vidre is, rom mas saxelianad da didebiT hqondes miRebuli

Zalaufleba~-o.

Tumca, sistemis xasiaTi uzneobis gamarTleba sulac araa. adamians

yovelTvis rCeba arCevani iyos keTili an boroti. imave monarqiuli weswyobilebis

pirobebSi, Cven viciT samefo ojaxis wevrTa urTierTobis

sruliad sapirispiro magaliTi: saocrad znekeTilni,

urTierTsiyvaruliT iyvnen gamsWvalulni farsman avazis Soreuli

STamomavalni IV-V ss. revianebi, romelTa Rvawli qarTuli kulturis

istoriaSi ganuzomlad didia...

ciceroni gvarwmunebs: `istoria cxovrebis maswavlebelia.~ es,

albaT, marTlac asea. iqneb am monaTxrobma gvaswavlos kidec, rogor

vicxovroT, an piriqiT, davinaxoT, rogor ar Rirs cxovreba...

ufliswuli rev mirianis Ze

saxeli revi qarTul sinamdvileSi xSiri ar aris. `moqcevai

qarTlisai~ am saxelis mqone sul sam pirovnebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.

erT-erTi III s. Sua xanebSi moRvawe qarTlis mefe rev marTalia,

romelic icnobda `wminda werils~ da romelmac ganaxorciela qarTveli

eris istoriaSi udidesi humanuri aqti – akrZala adamianis msxverplad

Sewirva kerpTaTvis. rev (//levi) iyo pirveli qristiani mefis mirianis

mama, revi erqva mirianis Zesac, romlis meuRle, uZvelesi qarTuli

hagiografiuli Txzulebis avtori dedofali salome uJarmelia (an

ujarmeli). swored am ukanasknels eZRvneba Cveni Semdgomi Txroba.

rev mirianis Zis Sesaxeb informacias vpoulobT `moqcevai

qarTlisais~ yvela nawilSi. `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ mcire redaqciaSi is

ixsenieba sajvare xis SerCevis RonisZiebasTan dakavSirebiT, agreTve wm.

ninos gardacvalebis epizodSi: revis brZanebiT moiWra xe, revi Tavs

adga momakvdav qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebels. `wm. ninos cxovreb~-is vrcel

redaqciaSi revi warmogvidgeba mirianis anderZis erT-erT adresatad.

qarTlis qristianizaciis saqmis bolomde miyvanas ubarebs mas mama. am

edaqciis erT-erT (patiosani jvris aRmarTebisadmi miZRvnili) _ me-14

TavSi revs vxedavT sneuli Svilis gamojansaRebisaTvis mlocvels.

gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa istoriuli qronikis monacemebi revis

Sesaxeb. aqedan vigebT, rom mirianis Semdeg misi SviliSvili bakur

revis Ze gamefebula, TviT revi ki sulis sacxonebeli saqmeebiT yofila

am dros dakavebuli: patiosani jvrisaTvis gumbaTi gaukeTebia,

gaumzadebia Tavis samudamo gansasvenebelic `quemosa eklesiasa~ (e. i.

sveticxovlis eklesiaSi), sadac meuRliTurT dakrZalula kidec.

aRniSnuli faqtebi cxadyofs, rom revi ar iyo aqtiuri politikuri

moRvaweobisaken midrekili adamiani. igi Rrmadmorwmune pirovnebad

warmogvidgeba, romelic uars ambobs samefo taxtze, raTa mTeli saaqao

cxovreba gardacvalebisaTvis samzadisad aqcios. qronikis mSrali

cnobebi gvimJRavnebs revis saxis erT moulodnel Strixsac – siTamames,

ufro zustad, ambiciurobas. saqme isaa, rom mamamisma ver gabeda samare

gaekeTebina `quemosa eklesiasa~ 5 saswaulTmoqmedi cxoveli svetis

siaxloves, Tumca es guliT ewada. mirians sakuTari codvilianobis

Segneba abrkolebda. magram is, rac ver gabeda adamianma, romelsa

qarTvelTa xsnis saqmeSi udavod gansakuTrebuli Rvawli miuZRoda, revma

gaakeTa. swored am fonzea mkafiod TvalsaCino revis siTamame.

revis pirovnebaze saubrisas ar SeiZleba ar movixsenioT erTi

mistikuri werili, romelsac, Cveni azriT, SecdomiT, X saukunis

avtors ioane zosimes ukavSireben da leqsad miiCneven. sinamdvileSi es

aris prozauli teqsti da ioane zosime misi ara avtori, aramed

gadamweria.

am Zeglis dedaarss qarTuli enis gansakuTrebulobis mtkiceba

warmoadgens, rac gamovlindeba meored mosvlis Jams: maSin qarTuli

mesiis ena iqneba. ufalTan qarTuli enis sxvebze meti siaxlove rom

TvalsaCino gaxados, avtori eZiebs analogias da `saxarebaSi~ mis

Sesatyvisad, qristes usayvarles mowafesa da megobars, lazares

asaxelebs. werilSi xazgasmulia, rom qarTuli enis arseba cxadyofili

ar aris, amis gamo, is arc saTanadodaa dafasebuli, magram qarTuli rom

namdvilad uflis mier rCeuli enaa, amis damadasturebeli faqtebi

awmyoSive gveZleva saswaulebis saxiT.

werili TariRdeba IV s. Sua xanebiT (r. patariZe, g. narsiZe da

sxva) da kriptografiulad * (`r~ inicialiT) aris xelmowerili (e.

WeliZe). TvalSisacemia avtoris yuradRebis koncetrireba arayofiT

faqtebze, RvTismosaobasTan Sexamebuli uCveulo ambiciuroba. es

yovelive moRvaweobis drois, inicialis, fsiqologiuri tipis

5

ase ewodeboda im xis eklesias, romelic pirvelad aigo mcxeTaSi. SemdgomSi am

eklesiis adgilas vaxtang gorgasalma aRmarTa qvis taZari. dRes am adgilas aris

sveticxovlis taZari, romelic aigo XI saukuneSi.

igiveobriobasTan erTad qmnis safuZvels imisaTvis, raTa vivaraudoT:

xsenebuli werilis avtori, Cveni azriT, revia.

qristianobas qarTvelTa TvalsawierSi Semohyavda sxva erebi,

Semohqonda axali kulturuli faseulobani. erovnulisa da

zogadkacobriulis Serwyma pirvel xanebSi mtkivneuli procesi unda

yofiliyo. Cans, amiT ixsneba zemoT miTiTebul werilSi gamoxatuli

gamZafrebuli erovnuli grZnoba, avtorisa da misi Tanamoazris fiqri

qarTvelTa adgilze qristianul samyaroSi.

revsa da salomes, rogorc es `moqcevai qarTlisaisa~ da zogi sxva

qarTuli Tu ucxouri wyaros SejerebiT irkveva, hyavdaT sami vaJi –

bakuri, Trdati, arCili da erTi asuli, romlis saxeli ucnobia.

bakursac, Trdatsac, arCilsac morigeobiT ekavaT samefo taxti, samive

uaRresad morwmune pirovneba iyo. zogjer es morwmuneoba (magaliTad,

arCilis SemTxvevaSi) ukiduresi asketizmis formas Rebulobda.

aRniSnul mefeTagan, mxolod Trdats hyavda Svilebi. bakur Trdatis Ze

is `friad sarwmuno bakuria~, romelmac gelasi kesarielsa da rufinus

akvilevels qarTvelTa gaqristianebis istoria mouTxro. es iyo

uaRresad harmoniuli pirovneba, SesaniSnavi mxedarTmTavari da

filosofosi, windaxeduli saxelmwifo moRvawe. meoTxe Taobis revianebs

Soris ki mxolod erTs vxedavT. esaa bakuris diSvili murvanosi, igive

petre iberi – imdroindel saqristianoSi saxelganTqmuli, palestinaSi

moRvawe asketi. zogi mkvlevari (S. nucubiZe, e. honigmani) am pirovnebas

fsevdo-dionise areopagelis saxeliT cnobili Txzulebis avtorad

miiCnevs. petre bavSobidanve iyo gagzavnili bizantiaSi (papis – bakur

revis Zisa da biZis – bakur Trdatis Zis msgavsad) im imediT, rom

ganaTlebisa da saxelmwifo moRvaweobaSi gamocdilebis miRebis Semdeg

samSobloSi dabrundeboda da qveynis sadaveebs Caibarebda. didi sulieri

tkivilis miuxedavad, petrem uari Tqva samSobloSi dabrunebaze, berad

aRikveca da mTeli saaqao cxovreba Tavisi didi papis – revis msgavsad,

saiqio cxovrebis samzadisad aqcia. rev mirianis Zis pirovnebis gageba

garkveulwilad petre iberis saSualebiT SeiZleba; Tavis mxriv, revic

adasturebs petres Rrma fesvebs qarTuli qristianuli kulturis

wiaRSi.

mefe bakuri Ze revisi

IV s. 30-ian wlebSi qristianobis saxelmwifo ideologiad

damkvidrebas mohyva sivrcis sakralizebis * grandiozuli programis

ganxorcieleba, romelic materialurad gamoixateboda axali sakulto

nagebobebis SeqmniT. wyaroebSi uxvad gvxvdeba cnobebi qarTveli

qristiani mefeebis iniciativiT warmoebul eklesiaTa mSeneblobis

Sesaxeb. maT Soris erT-erTi uZvelesi wilknis eklesia iyo.

`aman bakur daiwyo wilknisa eklesiisa (Seneba _ m. C.), da ganiSora

ocdameaTxuTmetesa welsa~ _ vkiTxulobT `moqcevai qarTlisais~

Satberdul redaqciaSi. WeliSuri redaqcia mSeneblobis xangrZlivobas

ocdaTerTmeti wliT gansazRvravs.

bakuri, romelic moyvanil nawyvetSia naxsenebi, qarTlis pirveli

qristiani mefis, mirianis SviliSvili da misi uSualo memkvidrea.

`moqcevai qarTlisais~ mixedviT, igi mefobs IV s. II naxevarSi. XI s.

istorikosi leonti mroveli bakurs (//baqars) mirianis Svilad miiCnevs.

am SemTxvevaSi, `moqcevai qarTlisais~ cnoba unda iyos swori. saqme is

aris, rom am ZeglisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia faqtebis fiqsacia-Senaxva,

rac faqtebis damaxinjebis SesaZleblobas amcirebs maSin, roca leonti

interpretatoria, kritikulad udgeba wyaroebs da xSirad cvlis maT

monacemebs. Mman, Cans, arabunebrivad miiCnia uSualod papis Semdeg

SviliSvilis gamefeba, es faqti CaTvala, rogorc pirvelwyaros Secdoma

da gaakeTa Sesabamisi Sesworeba.

mamis – revis sicocxleSi bakuris taxtze asvlis mizezi, `moqcevai

qarTlisais~ istoriuli qronikis monacemebis mixedviT aSkara xdeba.

revs ar izidavda aqtiuri politikuri moRvaweoba. misi mTeli saaqao

cxovreba warmoadgenda samzadiss gardacvalebisaTvis, amitom araa

gasakviri, rom amgvari ganwyobis pirovnebas nebayoflobiT uari eTqva

taxtze, rogorc, cota mogvianebiT, amas akeTebs aseve araamqveyniuri

sazrunaviT moculi revis SviliSvili, petre iberi.

bakuris dedaa salome uJarmeli – wminda ninos Sesaxeb

TviTmxilvelTa mogonebebis Semdgeneli anu `wm. ninos cxovrebis~

uZvelesi redaqciis avtori. arsebiTad ucvleli kompoziciiT es

Txzuleba Semogvinaxa `moqcevai qarTlisaim.~ qarTuli qristianuli

mwerlobis es pirveli mravalmxriv samagaliTo Zegli bakuris zeobaSia

Seqmnili.

bakurs hyavda ori Zma Trdati da arCili. mogvianebiT maT vxedavT

samefo taxtze. Cans, bakuri ufrosi iyo. misi gamefeba pirvelad amaze

metyvelebs. hyavdaT dac, romlis saxeli ucnobia.

bakur revis Ze iyo biZa berZnul-laTinur wyaroebiT kargad

cnobili, `friad sarwmuno bakurisa~, fizikuri da sulieri simSvenieriT

gamorCeuli im pirovnebisa, romelmac IV s. miwurulSi bizantiel

istorikosebs qarTvelTa gaqristianebis Sesaxeb mouTxro. ucxoeTSi

moRvawe saxelganTqmul qarTvel askets, petre ibers bakur revis Ze

ergeboda papad; zustad igi iyo petres papis Zma dedis xaziT. petre

iberis siriul `cxovrebaSi~ (VI s.) bakuri ixsenieba epiTetiT _ `didi~.

akur revis Zis mefoba sakmaod xangrZlivi Cans: sam aTeul welze

meti wilknis eklesia uSenebia, mSeneblobas ki taxtze asvlis Semdgom

garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdgom Sedgomia.

bakurs memkvidreebi ar darCenia. amaze metyvelebs is, rom mis

Semdgom, gamefda misi Zma Trdati. sainteresoa, rom Trdatis orive

Svilis saxeli (bakuri da bakurduxti) mis ufros Zmas anu bakurs

ukavSirdeba. es faqti ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi. igi revis ojaxis

wevrTa Soris saTuTi urTierTobis maCvenebelia.

bakuri daukrZalavT `quemosa eklesiasa~ _ pirvel qarTul

qristianul taZarSi (dRevandeli sveticxovlis adgilas). aq revma

saZvale Seqmna saswaulmoqmedi svetis siaxloves da ganisvenebda

meuRlesTan erTad. Cans, mSoblebis gverdiT daukrZalavT bakuri.

bakur revis Zis saSinao politikis mTavari mimarTuleba iyo qveynis

qristianizaciis procesis gaRrmaveba, eris Semdgomi konsolidacia

ideologiuri erTianobis safuZvelze. mirianis dros gaZnelda mTielTa

moqceva, aucilebeli gaxda Zalis gamoyeneba. amitom iyo, rom revs

miriani kavkasianTa Soris kerpTayvanismcemlobis aRmofxvras ubarebda

anderZad. es anderZi ganaxorciela bakurma da `umravlesni kavkasianni~

man moaqcia, Cans, swored imis gamo, rom qarTlis gaqristianeba erTi

qveynis istoriis faqtidan eqcia regionuli mniSvnelobis faqtad.

swored amis gamo, petre iberis siriuli `cxovrebis~ avtors igi miaCnia

qarTlis pirvel qristian mefed. Cans, aRniSnuli movlenis gamo, misi

moRvaweoba, ucxoelis TvaliT ase aRiqmeboda.

mTielTa moqcevisaTvis gaweul RonisZiebaTa dagvirgvineba da

logikuri Sedegi iyo eklesiis mSenebloba wilkanSi. wilknelebi iyvnen

maT Soris, romelnic sul cota xnis win kerpebis erTgulni `iRrWendes

kbilTa maTTa wmidisa ninosaTvis~. eklesia afuZnebda axal sakralur

centrs, axal sazRvars saqristianosa da sawarmarTos Soris.

bakurs qveyanaSi `mRvdelni da diakonni~ gaumravlebia. mis dros,

mTavarepiskoposis saydarze, wm. ninos anderZis Tanaxmad, asula

ganmanaTleblis uaxloesi TanamoRvawe iakobi, romelic safiqrebelia,

iyo mefis saeklesio politikis aqtiuri gamtarebeli.

moqnilobiT, gonierebiT gamoirCeva bakur revis Zis sagareo

politika. gamefebamde igi, faqtobrivad, mZevlad imyofeboda bizantiaSi:

mis dabrunebas samSobloSi leonti mroveli ganixilavs, rogorc or

qveyanas Soris ndobis damkvidrebas. qristianuli sarwmunoebis niadagze,

bunebrivia, vifiqroT, rom bakurs Semdgomac kargi urTierToba hqonda

bizantiasTan. Tumca, rogorc irkveva, arc sparselebTan wyvetda

urTierTobas. maTac `ezraxa~ Turme da saSinao saqmeTa mogvarebas

cdilobda ori mtruli Zalis SemweobiT `SuamdgomlobiTa berZenTa

mefisa da sparsTa mefisaTa.~

politikur samyaroSi bakuris mniSvnelobas kargad aCvenebs faqti,

romelic arwerili aqvs petre iberis siriuli `cxovrebis~ avtors.

sparsTa laSqarSi samokavSireo xelSekrulebiT myofma bakurma, yvela

sxva sardlisagan gansxvavebiT, Tayvani ar sca mzes da amis mizezad

Tavisi qristianoba daasaxela. amgvari gulaxdilobiT gancvifrebulni da

Seuracxyofilni darCenilan sparselebi, magram iZulebulni gamxdaran

moeTminaT `es aris bakuriosi da Cven is gvWirdeba, ra unda vuyoT mas~,

– uTqvams sparsTa mefes TavisianebisaTvis.

`yovelni dReni cxovrebisa misisani didsa sarwmunoebasa Sina

aRasrulna~ – ase ajamebs bakurze monaTxrobs leonti mroveli. petre

iberis biografi, am TvalsazrisiT, konkretul, metad STambeWdav

faqtebs gvawvdis. igi mogviTxrobs, rom bakuri zedmiwevniT misdevda

marxvas, locvas, mowyalebis gacemas. kviraSi samjer sakuTari xeliT

gvida qalaqis eklesias, Tavis damcirebad ar Tvlida sasaxleSi

emzadebina saWmeli da TviTonve waeRo RaribTa TavSesafarSi.

aseTi iyo bakur revis Ze: axloblebTan urTierTobaSi mosiyvarule,

politikur partniorebTan mimarTebaSi – moqnili, principuli,

Rirseuli, RmerTis winaSe – morCili.

mefe bakuri Ze Trdatisi

bakuri, romelsac es werili eZRvneba, qarTlis pirveli qristiani

mefis mirianis Zis _ revis SviliSvilia. salome uJarmeli – wmida

ninosadmi miZRvnil mogonebaTa krebulis Semdgeneli – misi didedaa.

salomesa da revs oTxi Svili hyavdaT: sami vaJi: bakuri, Trdati,

arCili da erTi asuli, romlis saxeli ucnobia, SuaTana vaJis –

Trdatis Zea bakuri, V saukunis I ocwleulSi vxedavT mas qarTlis

samefos taxtze.

bakur Trdatis Zis Sesaxeb cnobebi Semogvinaxes qarTulma, somxurma,

bizantiurma (berZnul-laTinurma), asurulma, informaciulobis

TvalsazrisiT, metad maRali Rirebulebis wyaroebma. miuxedavad amisa,

qarTlis am mefes farTo mkiTxveli TiTqmis ar icnobs. amis mizezi is

aris, rom bakuris Sesaxeb arsebuli sxvadasxva wyaroebis monacemebi

saTanadod sistematizebuli da erTianobaSi gaazrebuli ar yofila.

X X X

pirvelad, istoriul wyaroebSi bakuri 378 wels momxdar

adrianopolis brZolasTan dakavSirebiT gvxvdeba. mas ixseniebs IV

saukunis bizantieli istorikosi amiane marcelini. am dros bakuri ukve

sardalia, e. i. bavSvi aRar aris, Tumca arc Wabukuri asakidan Cans

gamosuli. amaze metyvelebs is araCveulebrivi, mematianis sityviT,

TavSeukavebeli sificxe, rasac bakuri am brZolaSi iCens. aqedan

gamomdinare, periodi, roca bakuris dabadeba unda vivaraudoT, IV

saukunis 50-60-iani wlebis mijniT ganisazRvreba.

aseve miaxloebiT SegviZlia laparaki bakuris gardacvalebis

TariRzec: 416 wlis Semdgom, igi wyaroebSi aRar Cans. 422 wels ki

qarTlis samefos taxtze ukve vxedavT arCils. mas da bakurs Soris,

`moqcevai qarTlisai~ kidev or mefes – farsmansa da mirdats asaxelebs.

amgvarad, am mokle qronologiur monakveTSi (416-422 ww.) Tavsdeba

bakuris mmarTvelobis bolo periodi, farsmanisa da mirdatis mefoba

mTlianad, arCilis mefobis dasawyisi. aqedan cxadia, rom bakuri 60

wels mitanebuli, 416 wlisTvis gardacvlila. V saukunis dasawyisSi

ki, maSin, rocdesac mis mier taxtis dakavebaa safiqrebeli, igi oTx

aTeul welze cota meti xnis unda iyos.

gamefebamde xangrZlivi dro (IV saukunis bolo meoTxedi) bakurma

bizantiaSi gaatara. taxtis memkvidris garkveuli xniT bizantiaSi yofna

bizantia-qarTlis megobruli urTierTobis aRmniSvneli politikuri

Jesti Cans. ase iyo adre gagzavnili keisris karze bakuris biZa – bakur

revis Ze (ucxouri wyaroebis mixedviT `didi bakuri~), mogvianebiT ki

bakuris diswuli murvanosi, berad aRkvecis Semdeg, palestinaSi moRvawe

petre iberi.

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, qarTveli ufliswuli, romlis bizantiaSi

yofnas diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobis mniSvnelobac hqonda, dgamda

saTanado nabijebs. maSin, roca mazdeanuri iranis Semoteva amierkavkasiis

qristianul qveyanaze gansakuTrebulad saSiS xasiaTs iRebs da qarTls

esaWiroeba Tanadgoma, bakuri bizantiis mowinave sazogadoebriobas

axsenebs qarTvelTa gaqristianebis istorias da Tan daJinebiT usvams

xazs qarTlis mier gadadgmuli am nabijis politikur mniSvnelobas, mis

sargeblianobas bizantiisaTvis. cxadia, es aqcenti qarTveli diplomatis

monaTxrobSi SemTxveviTi ar aris: bakuri cdilobs bizantiis

mxardaWeris mopovebas da awmyoSi TanamSromlobisaTvis istoriul

winamZRvrebs warmoaCens.

bizantiaSi yofna qarTveli ufliswulisaTvis uTuod didi skola

iyo: Tvalsawieris gafarToeba, mravalmxrivi samzadisi misi momavali

saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis. bakurs aq araerTi saomari

operaciis monawiled vxedavT, sadac mas Tavisi mxedruli Tu

mxedarTmTavruli Zalis gamocdis saSualeba eZleva. amave dros, mas

axlo megobruli urTierToba aqvs bizantiis – imdroindeli msoflios

kulturuli centris inteleqtualur elitasTan.

bakuris cxovrebis swored am periodis Sesaxeb Semogvinaxa cnobebi

bizantiurma istoriulma wyaroebma. am masalebidan Cans, rom bakuri

mSvenieri iyo rogorc suliT, aseve sxeuliT: brZenma da Cauqma ar

icoda brZolaSi SiSi, iyo ganaTlebuli da RvTismosavi. sailustraciod

ramdenime amonawers moviyvan. ai, rogor damokidebulebas amJRavnebs

bakurisadmi cnobili bizantieli istorikosi rufinusi, visac bakurma

qarTvelTa gaqristianebis istoria mouTxro: `rom yvelaferi ase moxda,

Cven gviambo friad sarwmuno kacma bakurma, TviT am xalxis mefem,

romelic CvenSi iyo domestikTa * komsi * . igi uaRresad zrunavda rogorc

morwmuneobaze, ise WeSmaritebaze, rodesac CvenTan erTad cxovrobda

srulis erTsulovnebiT ierusalimSi. maSin is iyo palestinis

sazRvrebis sardali~.

V saukunis bizantieli istorikosis zosimes cnobiT, 394 wels,

saomari operaciebis dros, `sardalTa Soris umamacesi bakuri yvela

Tavisianze ufro win ibrZoda~. bakuris simamaces brZolaSi, giorgi

amartolic (IX saukune) xazgasmiT aRniSnavs. amasTan igi aRniSnavs, rom

bakuri iyo `kaci yovlad Rirseuli rogorc rwmeniT da saTnoebiT, ise

sulieri da xorcieli sikeTiT~.

qarTveli ufliswulis saxe yvelaze STambeWdavad mainc cnobili

moazrovnis, libaniosis werilSi Cans. am werilis adresati Tavad

bakuria. ai, ras vkiTxulobT am wyaroSi: `Seni werili Seicavda iseT

azrebs Sens Sesaxeb, rogorsac, Cveulebriv, megobrebis wreSi

gamovTqvamT xolme, radgan did siamovnebas ganvicdiT im qebaTagan,

romelsac gZens Seni bunebrivi niWi. zogi aqebs Sens samarTlianobas...

zogi ki adidebs Sens zomierebas da imas, rom ufro metad brZaneblob

vneba-survilebs, vidre jariskacebs. sxva kidev aqebs Sens sibrZnes,

romlis wyalobiT imarjveb brZolaSi. iyo iseTic, romelic ambobda, rom

Sens suls ar mihkarebia araviTari SiSi raime safrTxis winaSe. me ki

Sens RirsebaTagan yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad meCveneba is, rom Sen

giyvars logosebi (e. i. mecniereba – m. C.) da isinic, vinc logosebs

misdeven~.

aseTia axalgazrda bakuri. eWvi araa, igi ganekuTvneboda adamianTa im

tips, romlebic sazogadoebaSi sargebloben gansakuTrebuli simpaTiiT.

simamacis, siCauqis, sificxis Sexameba saTnoebasTan, RvTismoSiSebasTan,

maRal inteleqtTan anu jansaRi sxeulisa da jansaRi sulis harmonia,

ase iSviaTi yovel droSi, aris bakuriT amgvari aRfrTovanebis mizezi;

xibli, romelic uTuod hqonda bakurs, ra Tqma unda, misi

individualuri, pirovnuli maxasiaTebelia, magram ucxoelTa winaSe

gamorCeuli RirseulobiT Tavis daWeraSi, ueWvelad mJRavndeba xasiaTis

zogadqarTuli Strixic. istoriis sxvadasxva monakveTSi uZvelesi

droidan dRemde, samSoblosagan Sors moRvawe qarTvelebSi xSirad

gansakuTrebuli simZlavriT iCens Tavs qarTveli kacis erT-erTi

umTavresi Tviseba – Tavmomwoneoba. saxelis siyvaruli (xom faqtia:

udidesi qarTvelis azri imis Sesaxeb, rom `sjobs saxelisa moxveWa

yovelsa mosaxveWelsa~, _ qarTvelTagan aravis eCveneba paradoqsulad!).

amitom, vfiqrob, rom sxvis omSi TavganwirviT mebrZoli, Tu sakuTar

vneba-survilTa damTrgunavi qarTveli ufliswulis qceva erovnuli

fsiqikiTac iyo didwilad ganpirobebuli.

bakuris mmarTvelobis xana, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos

istoriis mZime periodze modis. aRmosavlur-qarTuli saxelmwifos

mesveurTa winaSe kvlav mTeli sigrZe-siganiT dgas iranTan urTierTobis

sakiTxi, romlis Semoteva amierkavkasiis qristianul qveynebze sul

ufro saSiS xasiaTs iRebs. bakuris uSualo winamorbedis _ varazbakuris

dros, iranelebi qarTlis Suagulamdec ki aRweven da xarks

adeben qveyanas. qarTls imedis Tvali bizantiisaken aqvs mipyrobili,

magram bizantia, dakavebuli Tavisi problemebiT, amierkavkasiis

dasaxmareblad ver iclis. iranTan urTierTobis gamwvaveba bizantias arc

awyobs. amgvarad, Zlieri mtris pirispir qarTli, Tu ar CavTvliT Tavad

SeWirvebul somxeTsa da albaneTs, martoa da Tan erT muStadac araa

Sekruli: gvaqvs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom swored am dros ikveTeba

qvemo qarTlis mmarTveli Zlieri feodaluri saxlis separatizmi,

romelic mogvianebiT, V saukunis II naxevarSi, ase TvalsaCinod

gamoikveTeba, mkiTxvelisaTvis kargad cnobili, varsqen pitiaxSis mier

gadagmul nabijebSi. bakuri ki, miuxedavad yovelive amisa, axerxebs

viTarebis stabilizacias; sainteresoa, rogor?

Tavis moRvaweobas bakuri eklesiis agebiT iwyebs. esaa bolnisis

sioni – qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino Zegli.

is faqti, rom qarTlisaTvis didi sagareo safrTxis pirobebSi, bakurma,

pirvel rigSi, qristianuli taZris mSenebloba ganizraxa, gviCvenebs: mas

kargad esmoda iranTan uTanasworo brZolaSi qarTlisaTvis

ideologiuri iaraRis – qristianobis mniSvneloba. amasTan, bakuris mier

wamowyebuli, moculobiTac da xarisxiTac grandiozuli mSenebloba

qvemo qarTlSi xazs usvamda mcxeTeli mefis uflebebs separatistulad

ganwyobili pitiaxSis sagamgebloSi. ase, rom `eklesiai bolniss~

RvTismosavi mefis martooden sulier moTxovnilebaTa

dasakmayofileblad gaRebuli xarki ar aris. am nabijs saSinao Tu

sagareo politikis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani datvirTva eniWeba

bakuris samoRvaweo programaSi.

`imier ganvida da ganaaxlna armazni sparsTa SiSisaTÂs~ _ `moqcevai

qarTlisais~ es cnoba, romelic naTlad aCvenebs, rom bakuri marto

salocavebze ar amyarebda imedebs, cixeebis gamagrebazec zrunavda,

gansakuTrebul komentars ar saWiroebs. mkiTxvelis yuradRebas, am

SemTxvevaSi, mxolod erT moments mivaqcevdi: igi, vis sulsac `ar

mihkarebia SiSi araviTari safrTxis winaSe~, visac `ficxi ieriSiT

TavSeukaveblad~ brZolis wina xazze gaWriT sakuTari sicocxlis

safrTxeSi Cagdeba iolad SeeZlo, ra frTxili da windaxedulia, roca

saqme mTeli qveynis beds Seexeba.

dasasruls, minda aRvniSno faqti, romelic Cveni azriT, bakuris

pirovnebis warmosaCenad gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. esaa, mis mier jer

kidev warmarTul epoqaSi Seqmnili qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis

SenarCuneba.

saqme isaa, rom V saukunis dasawyisSi, mazdeanuri eqspansiis

safrTxis sapasuxod, mTel amierkavkasiaSi Zlierdeba qristianizaciis

procesi. am, Tavisi arsiT, politikur moZraobas saTaveSi udgebian

somexi moRvaweebi, rogorc iranisagan gansakuTrebiT Seviwroebuli

qveynis warmomadgenlebi. isini warmarTobis jer kidev Zlieri naSTebis

aRmofxvras isaxaven miznad. daaxloebiT 416 wlisaTvis qarTlSi Camodis

cnobili somexi qristiani moRvawe mesrop maSToci, romlis aq samoqmedo

programis erT-erTi mTavari punqtia qarTuli asomTavrulis, rogorc

warmarTuli epoqis araTu naSTis, aramed cocxali nawilis, axliT

Secvla. mefe bakuri am avtoritetul pirovnebas misTvis Sesaferi

pativiT iRebs, muSaobisaTvis saTanado pirobebs uqmnis, magram mis mier

SemoTavazebul anbans ar amkvidrebs. amas is garemoeba adasturebs, rom

mecnierTa azriT, asomTavrulSi gansaxierebulia warmarTuli

msoflmxedveloba, rac, bunebrivia, gamoricxavs imas, rom igi

warmarTobis winaaRmdeg sagangebod mebrZoli qristiani moRvawis

naxelavi SeiZleba iyos.

Aaq unda gavixsenoT Semdegic: sanimuSo qristiani bakuri xom, amave

dros, warmarTi filosofosis, libaniosis megobari iyo. amasTan, es aris

misi erT-erTi umTavresi damsaxureba: bakuris mefobis dros miRebuli

swored am marTebuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegia, rom qarTuli

asomTavruli anbani _ qarTveli eris istoriis warmarTuli da

qristianuli epoqebis SemakavSirebeli es xidi ar dairRva da igi

mTliani qarTuli kulturis xerxemlad gvevlineba.

bakurs ar ganuvrcelebia saqarTvelo `nikofsiidan darubandamde~,

rogorc daviT aRmaSenebels; mis dros sakmaod SeWirvebulia Cveni

samSoblo, magram xanmokle Sesveneba, romelic bakuris mmarTvelobam

moitana, sasicocxlod aucilebeli iyo brZolebiT daRlili qveynisaTvis

sulmosaTqmelad, da Tan am `friad sarwmuno kacma~ dagvitova bolnisis

sioni, qarTuli jiSis xibli agrZnobina ucxoelT...

`neladre Sekrba qarTli~

`moqcevai qarTlisa~ aris ZvelqarTuli istoriuli Txzuleba,

romelic, rogorc amas saTauric aCvenebs, qarTvelTa gaqristianebas

eZRvneba. amasTan erTad, mokle qronikis saxiT aq moTxrobilia qarTlis 6

istoria Zv. w. IV saukunidan ax. w. VII saukunis Sua xanamde. am

qronikis erT adgils minda mivapyro mkiTxvelis yuradReba. saqme exeba

rTul istoriul movlenas – qarTlSi erovnuli uzenaesi saero

xelisuflebis (mefobis) Sewyvetas da garkveuli drois mere mis

erismTavrobis formiT aRdgenas:

`da Semdgomad misa mefoda bakur... da mis bakuris zeve daesrula

mefobai qarTlisai. maSin mcxeTai aTxeldeboda da tfilisi eSeneboda.

armazni Semcirdebodes da kalai * gandiddeboda. sparsni uflebdes

qarTls da somxeTs da sivnieTs * da guaspuragans * . da kaTalikosi iyo

samovel da neladre Sekreba qarTli. da ganaCines erisTavad guaram...~

`moqcevai qarTlisai~ pirdapir qronologiur monacemebs ar

Seicavs, amitom aRniSnuli faqtis daTariRebisTvis unda miemarToT sxva

wyaroebs. meore umniSvnelovanes ZvelqarTul istoriografiul ZeglSi

`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ SeniSnulia, rom mefe bakuri, romelic Semdgomac

qarTlSi `mefobai daesrula~, e. i. Sewyda, iyo sparseTis mefis,

`urmizdis~ Tanamedrove, esaa iranis Sahi hormizd IV, misi zeoba

ganisazRvreba 579-590 wlebiT. amrigad, uzenaesi saero xelisufleba

qarTlSi Sewyvetilia VI s. ukanasknel ocwleulSi.

`qarTlis cxovrebisave~ cnobiT, mefobis Sewyveta gamoiwvia iman,

rom bakurs gardacvalebis Semdeg mcirewlovani Svilebi darCa, `romelni

ipyrobda mefobasa~. amgvari ram, cxadia gamosaricxi ar aris, magram es

mainc ufro sababi Cans, vidre mizezi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, erTi ram

aSkaraa: `mefobis dasrulebas~ sparsTa xelisuflebis gaZliereba mohyva

qarTlSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom VI s. 80-iani wlebis bolos, irani Sida

politikur kriziss ganicdis da Sah xosro II farvizs (590-628 ww.)

bizantiis sasargeblod teritorialur daTmobebzec uxdeboda wasvla. am

dros, kerZod ki, 591 wlidan, qarTli Tbilisamde bizantiis

proteqtoratis qveSaa.

iranis gavlenis sferoSi qarTlis politikuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb

warmodgena SegviZlia SeviqmnaT qarTuli da ucxouri istoriuli

wyaroebis meSveobiT. qveyanas uSualod ganagebda Sahis didmoxele,

romelic iwodeboda marzpanad. igi Tavis Zalauflebas adgilebze

axorcielebda cixisTavis 7 (safiqrebelia, aseve iraneli moxelis,

saSualebiT. qveynis cxovrebaSi garkveul rols TamaSobdnen da

garegnulad iranelebTan TanamSromlobdnen qarTveli warCinebulebic.

6

qarTvelTa saxelmwifos aRmniSvneli Zveli saxelwodeba. dRes am terminiT

aRiniSneba mxolod erT-erTi kuTxe saqarTvelos aRmosavleT nawilSi.

7

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad termini cixisTavi qarTulia, safiqrebelia rom am

SemTxvevaSic iranel moxelesTan gvaqvs saqme.

maT moTaveobda ierarqTa sameuli _ qarTlis kaTalikosis, qarTlis

mamasaxlisis, qarTlis pitiaxSis SemadgenlobiT. pirveli maTgani,

rogorc vxedavT, qarTlis uzenaesi sasuliero xelisufalia,

ukanaskneli qvemo qarTlis sapitiaxSos – qarTlis erT-erTi SedarebiT

damoukidebeli provinciis gamgebeli. mamasaxlisis uflebamosileba

mkvlevarTa mier zustad gansazRvruli araa. rogorc varaudoben, igi

samefo saxlis anu gvaris ufrosi warmomadgeneli unda yofiliyo.

`mamasaxlisoba~ ufro sapatio movaleoba Cans, vidre realuri

Zalaufleba. Tumca, arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom qarTlis mamasaxliss,

garkveul sferoebSi, mTeli qveynis masStabiTac ganexorcielebina saero

xelisufleba, oRond ara uzenaesi. amas is gvafiqrebinebs, rom is

wyaroebSi kaTalikosis Semdgomaa dasaxelebuli.

CvenTvis ucnobia, uSualod mefobis SewyvetisTanave, konkretulad

vin winamZRvrobda qarTvel didgvarovanT. mxolod VII s. dasawyisidan

gvaqvs Sesabamisi cnobebi. qarTvel da somex umRles xelisufalTa

Soris, am periodSi mimdinare saeklesio politikuri mimoweris masalaTa

krebulidan, e. w. `epistoleTa wignidan~ (SemogvrCa somxur enaze), Cven

viciT saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi moRvawe kaTalikosis, mamasaxlisis

da pitiaxSis vinaoba. esenia: kirioni, adarnase, arSuSa. qarTuli

hagiografiuli qmnileba `wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~ ki

gvisaxelebs momdevno aTwleulSi maT Semcvlel pirT: samoel, grigol,

arSuSa. mesame wevri, rogorc vxedavT, igivea.

`moqcevai qarTlisai~, Cveulebriv, asaxelebs qarTlis mxolod

uzenaes saero da sasuliero xelisufalT. amitom adarnases, grigolisa

da arSuSas saxelTa Ziebas aq tyuilad daviwyebT. kirion qarTlis

kaTalikosi qronikaSi ratomRac gamorCenilia. igi naxsenebi unda iyos

iq, sadac mcxeTis `damcrobis~, Tbilisis `gandidebis~, sparsTa

gaZlierebis procesia dafiqsirebuli. samoeli ki swored is samovelia,

visi zeobis epoqasac qarTlis `neladre Sekrebis~ faqts ukavSirebs

Zveli istorikosi. kirioni Tavdadebuli erovnuli moRvawe Cans.

rogorc `epistoleTa wignidan~ xdeba CvenTvis cnobili, igi energiul,

Tumca diplomatiurad uaRresad SeniRbul nabijebs dgamda, romlebic

mimarTuli iyo qveynis Sinagani erTianobis ganmtkicebisa da iranisagan

Tavis daRwevisaken. bizantiasTan dasapirispireblad irani mfarvelobda

qristianobis aramarTlmadideblur mimdinareobebs, e. w. `somxur

sarwmunoebas~ (anu monofizitobas). kirionma daiwyo sparselTa

politikuri batonobis am ideologiuri iaraRisagan gamijvna. moaxerxa

kulturul-politikurad garkveulad gankerZoebul qvemo qarTlis

sapitiaxSoSi * mRvdelTmsaxurebaSi qarTuli mwignobrobis damkvidreba.

kirioni uaRresad moqnili politikosi iyo, magram mdgomareobas is

urTulebda, rom mis moqmedebebs somexTa mesveurebi Sahis karze

dauyovnebliv aZlevdnen saTanado Sefasebebs.

gamorCeul erovnul moRvawed warmogvidgeba samoelic. mis dros

qarTlSi imyofeboda sparseTidan mosuli mogvi gvirobandaki, romelic

swored qarTuli saeklesio cxovrebis zegavleniT gaqristianda da

moinaTla kidec samoelis xeliT. monaTvlis Semdeg mas ewoda `evstaTi~,

rac berZnulad `mtkiced mdgoms~ niSnavs. rwmenis Secvlis gamo,

sparselebi evstaTis sdevnidnen. samoeli yovelnairad cdilobda mis

mfarvelobas, mowameobrivi aRsasrulis Semdeg ki, zrunavda mis pativiT

dakrZalvaze. evstaTis gaqristianeba, misi ukompromiso brZola qristes

rjulisaTvis, qarTuli ideologiis, da upirvelesad, piradad samoelis

didi gamarjveba iyo.

kirionisa da samoelis zeoba emTxveva msoflio imperiebis –

bizantiisa da iranis xangrZlivi, orive mxarisaTvis Zalagamomcleli

Widilis damamTavrebel etaps. riT iyo aRniSnuli epoqa qarTuli

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisaTvis xelsayreli? es iyo

zesaxelmwifoTa `mouclelobis~ xana, ramac Tavis apogeas * miaRwia VII

s. 10-ian wlebis dasasrulsa da 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. iranma

bizantias puriT mdidari egvipte waarTva (619 w.), riTac faqtobrivad

sasicocxlo arteria dauxSo. magram amis Semdeg, sul oriode

weliwadSi, anu 622 wels gadamwyveti gamarjveba moipova bizantiam.

swored mowinaaRmdegeTa ukiduresi daZabulobis es dro – iranis

ukanaskneli gamarjvebidan mis pirvel damarcxebamde qarTlSi erovnuli

xelisuflebis aRdgenis xanad moiazreba.

amrigad, erTi mxriv, eris mesveurTa gonieri mizanmimarTuli

moRvaweoba qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis, meore mxriv, xelsayreli

saerTaSoriso pirobebi, SesaZlebels xdian guaramis `ganCenas~

erismTavrad. sainteresoa, rom qronisti aqcents Sida procesze akeTebs,

da mas Tvlis gadamwyvetad. `tfilisisa mkvidrTa didsa eklesiasa

(Seneba _ m. C.) daiwyes. naxevarsa iqmoda yoveli eri, naxevarsa

erisTavni~ _ SeniSnavs igi Tbilisis sionis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebiT.

es, albaT, arcaa SemTxveviTi: istorikosi aSkarad cdilobs

gvagrZnobinos erovnuli Tanxmobis is atmosfero, romelmac, Cans,

mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba darRveuli saxelmwifoebrivi organizmis

aRdgena.

iranelTa garnizoni kvlav idga TbilisSi da dampyrobTagan

sabolood gaTavisuflebamdec jer kidev mZime dReebi iyo gadasatani,

magram es iyo qarTlis TandaTanobiT Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis xana.

erismTavari stefanoz I

`didi stefanoz~ _ ase ixseniebs `moqcevai qarTlisais~ istoriuli

qronika qarTlis rigiT meore erismTavars stefanoz guaramis Zes.

epiTeti `didi~ aRniSnul ZeglSi (moicavs periods Zv. w. IV saukunidan

ax. w. VII s. Sua wlebamde), stefanozis garda, mxolod vaxtang

gorgasals ewodeba. amrigad, qronistis azriT, xsenebuli erismTavari,

saxelovani mefis rangis saxelmwifo moRvawea. es garemoeba stefanozis

mimarT interess gviRvivebs.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT `moqcevai qarTlisais~ istoriuli qronikis

lakonur * stils sazogadod, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom teqstis monakveTi

miZRvnili stefanozis erismTavrobis epoqisadmi, sakmaod vrcelia. Tumca

uSualod stefanozs, aq sul ori winadadeba eTmoba _ Txrobis

dasawyisSi (`da misa Semdgomad erisTavobda stefanoz, Ze misi, Zmai

demetresi da iqmoda eklesiasa juarisasa~) da boloSi (`da erisTavobda

igive didi stefanoz da kaTalikosi iyo barTlome meore~).

mcxeTis pirispir, iq, sadac aragvi mtkvars erTvis, mTidan ulamazes

velebs gadmohyurebs mcxeTis jvris eklesia – Cveni erovnuli

kulturis ganZi da siamaye. aq, rogorc gvauwyebs uZvelesi qarTuli

hagiografiuli qmnileba `wm. ninos cxovreba~, jer kidev qarTlis

gaqristianebis xanaSi aRmarTes saswaulmoqmedi xisagan damzadebuli

`jvaripatiosani.~ im dRidan moyolebuli, es adgili iqceva qarTvelTa

(da ara marto qarTvelTa; jvris Tayvanis sacemad aq kavkasiis sxvadasxva

mxaridanac modiodnen) uwmindes salocavad. qarTlis pirveli qristiani

mefis, mirianis Ze revi Ria cis qveS myof jvars gumbaTiT gadaxuravs

sneuli Svilis gankurnebisaTvis madlierebis niSnad. aseve uaRresi

mowiwebisa da sasoebis gamo, stefanoz erismTavari xis jvarpatiosans

ukeTebs budes. qvajvris Seqmnis faqtze metyvelebs misi SemorCenili

kvarcxlbeki, romlis warweraSi ixsenieba stefanozi Zma demetresTan da

vaJTan, adarnersesTan erTad: `ese juari qristesi aRemarTa salocvelad

stefanos qarTlisa patrikiosisa * , demetre vipatosisa * . adarnerse

vipatosisa. sulTa da xorcTa maTTa meoxad da yovlisa saxlisa

mcvelad~. amavdroulad, stefanozi agrZelebda mamis mier wamowyebuli

jvris eklesiis mSeneblobas, romelic ZiriTadad, swored stefanozis

zeobaSi aigo.

taZris aRmosavleTis fasadze, sakurTxevlis afsidTan * datanebuli

sarkmelebis zemoT mocemulia samsuraTiani kompozicia anu triptixi,

romlis centralur nawils warmoadgens qristes winaSe muxlmoyrili

stefanozi. macxovris marjvena erismTavars Tavze adevs. `juaro

macxovrisao, stefanos qarTlisa patrikiosi Seiwyale~ _ vkiTxulobT

reliefis Tanadroul warweraSi. marjvniv _ miqael mTavarangelozis

winaSe daCoqili demetrea (`wmidao miqael mTavarangelozo. demetre

vipatossa meox-eyav~), marcxniv _ adarnerse ZiTurT, msasoebeli gabriel

mTavarangelozisa (`wmidao gabriel mTavarangelozo, adarnerses

vipatossa, meox-eyav~).

amrigad, eklesiis fasadis warweraSic igive istoriul pirebs

vxedavT, romelnic ixseniebian jvris kvarcxlbekis warweraSi. pirveli

adgili aqac ukavia stefanozs – kompoziciis centrSi, meore _

demetres marjvniv, mesame – adarnerses, igi marcxnivaa bareliefze,

magram, etyoba, eklesiis fasadis warwerebi ufro gviandelia. Tu

qvajvris damzadebis dros yvelani cocxlebi Canan, eklesiis reliefebis

gakeTebisas stefanozi gardacvlili unda iyos. amaze, nawilobriv, mis

mimarT gamoyenebuli vedrebis formula _ `Seiwyale~ metyvelebs,

gansxvavebiT demetresa da adarnerses warwerebis _ `meox-eyav~-isagan.

gamosaxulebac am azrs gvimtkicebs. stefanozi Sewyalebulia, macxovars

mis Tavze udevs xeli. amgvari Sexeduleba ki SeiZleba hqondeT

cocxlebs gardacvlilze da ra Tqma unda, ara Tavad cocxal adamians.

amasTan, adarnerse warmodgenilia ZiTurT. memkvidris warmoCineba, niSnavs

imas, rom erismTavari am dros ukve adarnersea da taZris dasrulebis

Semdgom, cdilobs mamis Rvawlis saTanado dafiqsirebas. amrigad,

mcxeTis jvris eklesia da stefanozis saxeli ganuyrelad ukavSirdebian

erTmaneTs.

magram davubrundeT `moqcevai qarTlisais.~ rogorc iTqva, masSi

CvenTvis saintereso erismTavarze saubari mxolod teqstis Sesabamisi

monakveTis Tavsa da boloSia. rac Seexeba Sua nawils, aq Txroba

mTlianad eZRvneba bizantiis keisris _ herakles laSqrobebs qarTlSi.

cnobilia, rom iranze pirveli gadamwyveti SetevisaTvis heraklem airCia

amierkavkasiis fronti. brZolebi gaCaRda Tbilisis misadgomebTan.

upirvelesad, qronisti yuradRebas swored bizantielebisa da maTi

mokavSire xazarebis mier Tbilisis alyis faqtze amaxvilebs. igi

mogviTxrobs, rom Tavidan, Tbilisis aReba mokavSireebma ver SeZles.

mxolod cota mogvianebiT, roca herakle ukve albaneTSi iyo gadasuli,

xazarTa xakanma jibRum SeZlo daemarcxebina Tbilisis garnizoni.

erTxans amis Semdeg bizantielebi aRar gamoCenilan qarTlSi. es periodi

herakles gamouyenebia iranze gadamwyveti dartymebisaTvis. mxolod Svidi

wlis mere Semobrunebula herakle. am droisaTvis, Tbilisis sionis

mSenebloba, dawyebuli jer kidev stefanozis mamis, guaramis zeobaSi,

dasrulebuli yofila, jvris eklesias ki, cotaRa hklebia. samxedro

saqmeSi warmatebis miRwevis Semdgom herakles ideologiuri Setevisaken

miumarTavs Tavisi Zalisxmeva. qarTlis mosaxleobis gamazdeanebul

nawils, naTlisReba ar mousurvebia da eklesiaSi eSmakobiT, qristianebs

Sereula. herakles maxvili aRumarTavs urCebze. represiebs `rjulis

ganwmendisaTvis~ masobrivi da da sastiki xasiaTi hqonia: `eklesiaTa Sin

mdinareni sisxlisani diodes~.

roca qarTlis teritoriaze urTierTs samkvidro-sasicocxlo

eWideboda ori msoflio imperia, ori samyaro – dasavleTi da

aRmosavleTi, ra unda eqna am dros patara qveynis xelisufals?

bunebrivia, cdiliyo omis bedis saboloo gadawyvetamde daekavebina

orWofuli, gaurkveveli pozicia. amitom qronistis uCveulo dumili

aRniSnul dramatul movlenebSi stefanozis raime monawileobaze

SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. am dros, qarTli, SeiZleba iTqvas, imperiaTa

omis wina xazs warmoadgenda. erismTavris moRvaweoba, marTlac, mxolod

imaSi vlindeboda, rom RmerTs taZars ugebda, Tumca politikisagan

ganze mdgomi ar yofila, yovelives saqmis kursSi rom iyo, esec

ueWvelia: herakles qarTlidan wasvlis Semdegac, mas taxtze vxedavT.

aSkaraa, rom stefanozma droulad gaakeTa arCevani gamarjvebuli mxaris

sasargeblod.

qronikis ganxiluli monakveTi sagulisxmo informacias gvawvdis

stefanozis zeobis qronologiis Taobazec. qronisti wlebs, marTalia,

ar uTiTebs, magram msoflio istoriis kargad cnobil movlenaTa mis

mier Tanamimdevruli ganlageba cxadyofs, rom igi sworad orientirebs

istoriul epoqaSi. Tbilisis alyas 627-628 wlebSi hqonda adgili. ase

rom, xelmeored 635 wlisaTvis mosula herakle qarTlSi. Sesabamisad,

stefanozis zeoba VII s. 20-30-iani wlebiT unda ganvsazRvroT.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ saSualebiT ki, CvenTvis sacnauri xdeba

stefanozis saSinao politikis kidev erTi mxare – misi brZola

qarTlSi centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebisaTvis. aRniSnulis

Taobaze, dasaxelebuli Zegli pirdapir rodi gvauwyebs, aramed iribad.

saqme isaa, rom juanSeriani, istorikosi, romelsac ekuTvnis `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ krebulis Sesabamisi monakveTi, stefanozs axasiaTebs

mkveTrad uaryofiTad, saxavs mas urwmunod, sparselTa mokavSired:

jvris eklesiis mSeneblobaSi mis monawileobas sruliad uaryofs.

stefanozis sagareo politikis amgvari interpretacia, misi urwmunoebis

mtkiceba, miT umetes, jvris mSeneblobaSi misi damsaxurebis uaryofa,

cxadia, aRniSnuli politikuri moRvaweobisadmi istorikosis

tendenciuri damokidebulebis Sedegia. magram vin aris juanSeri? mas,

saukunis Semdeg mcxovreb pirovnebas, ratom unda dasWirveboda esoden

muqi ferebiT warmoeCina stefanozi?

juanSer juanSeriani, rogorc es misive Txzulebidan viciT, erTerTia

qarTlis erisTavTagan, romelsac qveynis imdroindelma

dasustebulma xelisuflebam da kerZod, ki mefe arCilma samoxeleo

miwebi `mkvidrobiT~ daumtkica. istorikosi xazs usvams im garemoebas,

rom amgvarad, e. i. samamuled miwebs erisTavebi ukve stefanozis mamis

dros flobdnen; aseve yofila misi memkvidreebis zeobaSic. stefanozs

mefobis pretenziac hqonia. aqedan unda momdinareobdes juanSeris

uaryofiTi damokidebulebac stefanozisadmi. SesaZloa, SemTxveviTi arc

isaa, rom `moqcevai qarTlisai~ stefanozs erisTavs uwodebs, juanSeri

ki _ erisTavTa mTavars. qarTlis warCinebulTa im elitaruli

wrisaTvis, romelsac ganekuTvneboda istorikosi stefanozi, mTeli eris

winamZRvari ki araa, aramed mxolod erisTavTa Soris pirveli.

centralur xelisuflebasTan dapirispirebul ZalebTan stefanozis

brZolis Sesaxeb, azrs gvimtkicebs wm. Sio mRvimelis saswaulTa

krebulSi Setanili erTi hagiografiuli novelac. am Zeglis mixedviT,

stefanozi iyo `kaci ampartavan da borot~. igi aRuSfoTebia imas, rom

SiomRvimeSi masze upiratesi pativiT kaTalikosi miuRiaT, ris gamoc

adre Sewiruli miwebi monastrisaTvis waurTmevia. stefanozis

RvTismoyvareoba, novelis avtoris azriT, moCvenebiTi iyo. eklesiaTa

mSeneblobas mxolod mas Semdeg Sesdgomia, rac monastris

SeviwroebisaTvis wm. Sios misTvis sasjeli mouvlenia. aqac vxvdebiT

stefanozis qedmaRlul gancxadebas imis Taobaze, rom `mefeTa saydarze *

zis~; aqac Cans ersmTavris mier xelisuflebis monopolizaciisaTvis

brZolis anarekli. misTvis eklesia Tavisi politikuri Tu ekonomikuri

gavleniT, am mxriv, gamonaklisi ar aris. brZolis sirTulze da

xangrZlivobaze politikuri opoziciis siZliere metyvelebs. kerZod ki,

am ukanasknelis mier, es vlindeba marTalia, mogvianebiT, magram mainc,

sakuTari istoriuli koncefciis `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ dafiqsirebis

faqti.

stefanozis mier, samoneto politikis ganxorcielebas mowmobs

Cvenamde moRweuli draqma – sasanuri vercxlis fulis adgilobrivi

minabaZi. monetis Sublze, asomTavruliT `stefanozia~ warwerili,

zurgze ki, iq, sadac originalur monetebze mazdeanobis simbolo

cecxlia gamosaxuli, jvars vxedavT. cxadia, es is droa, roca qarTli

sasanuri iranisagan ukve Tavisufalia politikurad, magram ekonomikuri

kavSirebi jer kidev Zlieria da mimoqcevaSi myofi ZiriTadi fuladi masa

kvlav iranulia. amitomac originalur samoneto tips ver vxedavT.

aseTia, Cvens mier danaxuli, qarTlis meore erismTavris, stefanoz I

saxe.

boloTqma

warmodgenili portretebi gardasul epoqebSi mcxovreb,

erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebul adamianebs ekuTvniT. TiToeulma

maTganma qarTveli xalxis istoriul ganviTarebas sakuTari kvali

daaCnia. Aamitom, maT Sesaxeb, STamomavlobam unda icodes. warsulTan

azrobrivi kontaqti, ris saSualebasac istoriuli mecniereba,

gansakuTrebiT ki, swored istoriuli moTxrobis biografiuli forma

iZleva, sasicocxlod aucilebelia Cveni qveynis Tanamedrove

ganviTarebisaTvis: `istoria sxva araa Tu ar gamorkveva, Tu ar axsna,

awmyosi warsulisagan~.

meorec, gardasuli sinamdvilis Secnoba TavisTavad uaRresad

sainteresoa da dadebiTi muxtis momcemia pirovnebisaTvis.

cnobili frangi istorikosis, mark blokis sityviT, `istoria

adamianTa Sexvedrebia saukuneebSi.~ es marTlac asea: saqme isaa, rom

amgvari `Sexvedrebi~, erTmaneTisagan raoden daSorebuli epoqis

adamianebs ar unda exebodes sityva, gadamwyvet rols asrulebs

momavlis CamoyalibebaSi.

ganmatrebiTi leqsikoni *

albaneTi _ qveyana, romelic saqarTvelos aRmosavleTidan emezobleboda.

misi asimilacia mogvianebiT mosuli ucxo (Turquli modgmis) xalxis

mier moxda.

apogea _ berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs mTvaris orbitis wertils,

romelic yvelaze metad aris daSorebuli dedamiwisagan. gadataniTi

mniSvnelobiT igi niSnavs ganviTarebis umaRles wertils. swored am

azriT aris aq es sityva gamoyenebuli.

arian-qarTli _ Cveni azriT, ase iwodeboda samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTveloSi mdebare qarTuli saxelmwifo.

arqetipi _ Tavdapirveli forma anu pirvelsaxe, romlisagan

momdinareobs yvela Semdgomi varianti.

afsidi _ (absidi) berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs wriuli an

mravalwaxnagovani moxazulobis gadaxurvas. taZris afsidSi

moTavsebulia sakurTxevlis nawili.

barbarosebi _ ase uwodebdnen berZnebi yvela araberZens, usvamdnen ra

xazs TavianT kulturul upiratesobas.

garnisis cixe _ garni, istoriuli cixe da qalaqi dRevandeli somxeTis

CrdiloeT nawilSi.

guaspuragani (vaspuragani) _ somxuri samTavro.

domestikosi _ maRali samxedro Tanamdeboba bizantiaSi. ase uwodebdnen

konstantinopolis gvardiuli nawilebis meTaurebs. domestikosi

mTavarsardalic iyo.

epigrafika _ magar masalaze, ZiriTadad qvaze naweri teqsti.

epikuri _ momdinareobs sityvidan eposi. Ees ukanaskneli aRniSnavs

xalxur sagmiro simRerebs, Tqmulebebs.

vipatosi _ bizantiis samefo karis sapatio tituli.

Tvinier _ Zveli qarTuli sityvaa, axalqarTulad Seesatyviseba gareSe.

izraxeboda _ zraxva, laparaki, xmareba.

kala _ Tbilisis deda-cixe.

komsi _ xelmZRvaneli, meTauri.

kriptograma _ ewodeba saidumlo niSnebiT Caweril teqsts.

lakonizmi _ azris gamoTqma mokled da mkafiod. am TvisebiT ganTqmulni

iyvnen Zveli spartelebi, peloponesis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilis _

lakoniis mcxovreblebi.

novalisi _ (1772-1801 ww.) germaneli poeti da filosofosi, adreuli

germanuli romantizmis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli.

parTia _ saxelmwifo axlandeli iranis teritoriaze.

patrikiosi _ bizantiis samefo karis sapatio tituli.

sTueli _ Semodgoma.

sakraluri _ niSnavs wmindas. sivrcis sakralizacia Sesabamisad

miuTiTebs garemos wmindad gaazrebaze da Sesabamisad mis mowyobaze.

sapitiaxSo _ qarTlis saerisTavoebs Soris ase mxolod qvemo qarTlis

saerisTavo iwodeboda, misi mmarTveli ki _ pitiaxSad.

sarmatebi _ ewodebodaT iranulenovan tomebs, romlebmac Zv.w. III-II ss-

Si aiTvises Crdilo kavkasia.

saydari _ ZvelqarTulad niSnavs taxts .

sivnieTi _ somxuri samTavro (igive `siuniki~).

urvili _ mwuxare, SeWirvebuli.

ufali _ Zvel qarTulSi gamoiyeneboda ara marto RmerTis

mniSvnelobiT. igi gamoiyeneboda Zalauflebis mqone pirovnebis mimarTac.

am SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli sityva swored am ukanaskneli azriT aris

naxmari.

xuastagi _ alafi.

gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:

• moqcevai qarTlisai. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis

Zeglebi, I. teqstebi gamosca avtorTa koleqtivma ilia abulaZis

xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1963.

• qarTlis cxovreba. I. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi

xelnaweris mixedviT gamosca s. yauxCiSvilma. Tbilisi, 1955.

• tacitusis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. laTinuri teqsti

qarTuli TargmaniT, Sesavali narkveviTa da komentarebiT gamosca

a. gamyreliZem, Tbilisi, 1973.

• d. abaSiZe, ormefoba Zvel qarTlSi, ciskari, #11, 1988.

• g. giorgaZe, armazis bilingva: `farnavazi~ Tu `farnavaziani~?

mnaTobi #10, 1986.

• p. ingoroyva, Zveli qarTuli matiane `moqcevai qarTlisai~ da

antikuri iberiis mefeTa sia Txz. 7 tomad, 1978, t. IV.

• g. mamulia, klasobrivi sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba

Zvel qarTlSi. Tb., 1979.

• m. CxartiSvili, qarTuli hagiografiis wyaroTmcodneobiTi

Seswavlis problemebi (`cxorebai wmidisa ninoisi~). Tbilisi, 1987.

• m. CxartiSvili, `martvilobai da moTminebai wmidisa evstaTi

mcxeTelisai~. `cxovrebai da moqalaqobai wmidisa serapion

zarzmelisai~ (wyaroTmcodneobiTi gamokvleva), Tbilisi, 1994.

• m. CxartiSvili, mcxeTis galavnis berZnuli warweris (I s.) axali

interpretacia. varlam donduas xsovnisadmi miZRvnili samecniero

sesia, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tbilisi, 1996.

• m. CxartiSvili, `wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~ da VI-VIIss

saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi. polemikuri narkvevi.

Tbilisi, 2005.

• k. wereTeli, SeniSvnebi armazis bilingvis arameul teqstze,

Tbilisi, 1992.

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