mariam CxartiSvili
mariam CxartiSvili
mariam CxartiSvili
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saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro<br />
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi<br />
J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis<br />
departamenti<br />
ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da<br />
eTnologiis instituti<br />
<strong>mariam</strong> <strong>CxartiSvili</strong><br />
saxeebi saqarTvelos<br />
warsulidan<br />
meomris biblioTeka #23<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2008
Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ ocdamesame wigni; seria<br />
iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli<br />
saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.<br />
seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli aRzrda<br />
da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia popularuli,<br />
magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es patara, magram<br />
tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa udides mefe daviTs,<br />
Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi warmoebul mTavar da<br />
gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel oficrebs, saqarTvelosa<br />
da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da a.S.<br />
seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />
instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.<br />
didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos<br />
yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.<br />
seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom<br />
brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoris mier mravali dakvirveba (mag.: farsman qvelis<br />
nacvlad farsman avazis win wamoweva; ganTqmuli Zeglis `qebai da didebai qarTulisa<br />
enisai~-s ioane zosimes nacvlad revisaTvis miwera da a.S.) ar aris gaziarebuli<br />
qarTuli istoriografiis mier. amisdamiuxedavad, vfiqrobT, saintereso iqneba<br />
avtoris naazrevis gacnoba.<br />
vaJa kiknaZe<br />
seriis saredaqcio kolegia:<br />
istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori<br />
istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori<br />
vaJa kiknaZe<br />
Tamaz beraZe<br />
recenzenti:<br />
istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe<br />
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lleila xurcia<br />
ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe<br />
redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe<br />
teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili<br />
damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis<br />
gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo<br />
departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier<br />
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis<br />
topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.<br />
q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20<br />
tel.: +995 32 91-19-83<br />
faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83<br />
2
winaTqma<br />
fermwers Tvalwin gadaSlili sinamdvile SeuZlia asaxos peizaJiT,<br />
naturmortiT, portretiT. asevea istorikosic. warsuls igi xan zogadi<br />
problemis kvleviT warmoaCens, xan _ sagnobriv-konkretuliT, xan ki _<br />
pirovnebis biografiiT, istoriuli moTxrobis yvela es forma Tanabrad<br />
faseulia mecnierebisaTvis. isini gardasuli epoqebis sxvadasxva mxares<br />
gvixatavs da srulyofili istoriuli rekonstruqciisaTvis gviqmnis<br />
safuZvels. Tu romel JanrSi muSaobas irCevs istorikosi, es misi<br />
stilis, misi xedvis gamovlenaa.<br />
CemTvis gansakuTrebiT axlobelia masalis warmodgenis biografiuli<br />
forma anu istoriuli portretis Janri. humanitaruli kvlevis<br />
saboloo mizani xom adamianis sulis Secnoba da gamoxatvaa. portretiT<br />
ki es yvelaze ukeTaa SesaZlebeli.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom istoriuli portreti, rogorc sityvieri<br />
portreti, waagavs literaturuls, pirveli Tvisobrivad gansxvavebulia<br />
ukanasknelisagan. mwerali Tavad qmnis personaJis saxis Strixebs.<br />
istorikosma ki unda moiZios mis mier warmosaxuli pirovnebis<br />
portretis uklebliv yvela detali. aRniSnulis ganxorcieleba, cxadia,<br />
Znelia, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac erTi suraTis fragmentebi<br />
mimofantulia drosa da sivrceSi anu roca informacia qronologiurad<br />
daSorebul da tipobrivad araigiveobriv istoriul wyaroebSia daculi.<br />
`JamTaaRmwereli imavdroulad poetic unda iyos~ _ wers erTgan<br />
novalisi * . am azris WeSmariteba gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia istoriuli<br />
portretis werisas. ra Tqma unda, es sityvebi imas ar niSnavs, rom<br />
istoriul portretSi raime SeiZleba poeturi warmosaxvis nayofi iyos.<br />
cxadia, ara. istoriuli portreti Tavidan bolomde dokumenturi<br />
Txrobaa. poezia istorikoss `movlenaTa urTierTdakavSirebis natif<br />
xelovnebas~ (isev novalisi) aswavlis, uadvilebs mas moZiebuli<br />
Strixebis sworad ganlagebas.<br />
Txrobis qronologiuri CarCo sakmaod didia: Zv.w. IV-III saukunidan<br />
axali welTaRrocxvis VII saukunis dasawyisamde. warmodgenilia Zveli<br />
saqarTvelos (rogorc winare qristianuli xanis, aseve qristianuli<br />
epoqis) mefeebis, samefo ojaxis wevrebis, aseve qarTlis erT-erTi<br />
yvelaze TvalsaCino erismTavaris stefanoz I portretebi. me yuradRebas<br />
mivapyrob farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis SedarebiT naklebad cnobil<br />
istoriul personaJebs an ukve sakmaod popularul mefeTa cxovrebis<br />
aqamde ucnob detalebs.<br />
3
farnavazi<br />
`... ixila farnavaz sizmari:<br />
reca igi saxlsa Sina ukacursa,<br />
da egulveboda ganvla da ver ganvida.<br />
maSin Semovida sarkumelsa missa Suqi mzisa<br />
da moertya welTa missa mzisa,<br />
da ganiyvana sarkmelsa mas.<br />
da viTar ganvida, ixila mze que-mdablad,<br />
mihyo xeli misi, mohxoca cuari pirsa mzisasa<br />
da icxo pirsa missa...~<br />
`cxovreba farnavazisi~<br />
cnobebi farnavaz mefis Sesaxeb Semogvinaxes feodaluri xanis<br />
qarTuli istoriografiis umTavresma Zeglebma: `moqcevai qarTlisaim~ da<br />
`qarTlis cxovrebam~. pirvel maTganSi farnavazis moRvaweobasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli sul oriode faqtia aRniSnuli, meoreSi ki mas eZRvneba<br />
mTeli Txzuleba _ `cxovreba farnavazisi~. dasaxelebul ZeglTa<br />
monacemebi martooden informaciis moculobiT ar gansxvavdeba, isini<br />
igiveobrivi ar arian Sinaarsis mxrivac. orive geneturad ukavSirdeba<br />
uZveles qarTul istoriografiul tradicias, oRond TiToeulSi am<br />
tradiciis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva fazaa aRbeWdili. ufro adreuli,<br />
safiqrebelia, Tavdapirveli, etapi dafiqsirebulia `moqcevai<br />
qarTlisaiSi~. SedarebiT gviandeli Cans `qarTlis cxovrebis~<br />
`farnavaziani~, romelSic istoriuli faqtebis folklorizaciis sakmaod<br />
Rrma process vxedavT, Tumca am ukanasknelis warmoSobac, rogorc es<br />
dRes specialur literaturaSi damajerebladaa naCvenebi, ax. w. VI s. ar<br />
gadmoscildeba.<br />
qvemoT aRniSnul wyaroTa monacemebis urTierTSejerebisa da<br />
kritikuli analizis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SevecdebiT epoqis<br />
fonze gamovkveToT farnavazis saxe.<br />
X X X<br />
Zv. w. IV s. II naxevari: didi saerTaSoriso Zvrebis xana. aleqsandre<br />
makedonelis laSqrobaTa Sedegad irRveva warsulSi Zlevamosili<br />
aqemeniduri iranis imperia. makedonelis laSqris erT-erTma marbielma<br />
nawilma amierkavkasiaSic moaRwia da iranis gavlenisagan gaaTavisufla<br />
arian-qarTli. * arian-qarTlis winamZRolis Zem, azom isargebla Seqmnili<br />
4
viTarebiT, makedonelTagan zurgmomagrebulma ilaSqra CrdiloeTSi da<br />
gamefda mcxeTaSi. azosTan brZolas Seewira mcxeTis mamasaxlisi samara<br />
da misi Zma.<br />
male azom SeierTa dasavlurqarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
gaerTianebac, xarki daado kavkasiel mTielebs. mTel Semdgom<br />
moRvaweobaSi ki igi cdilobda Seeqmna erTiani saxelmwifo, sastikad<br />
ebrZoda adgilobriv xelisufalTa damoukideblobas, `yovelTa qarTlisa<br />
qalaqTa moarRvivna zRudeni~.<br />
Tavisi politikis gatarebas azo arian-qarTlidan moyvanil, masTan<br />
mWidrod dakavSirebul pirebze dayrdnobiT Seecada. amasTan, yovelmxriv<br />
aviwroebda mcxeTelebs, sdevnida maT Soris rCeulT, ukrZalavda iaraRis<br />
tarebas, riTac xazs usvamda, cxadia, am ukanasknelTa, rogorc<br />
moqalaqeTa meorexarisxovnebas, arian-qarTvelebTan SedarebiT. mcxeTel<br />
qarTvelTa religiur grZnobebs uTuod Seuracxyofda azos mier<br />
mcxeTaSi motanili misi sagvareulo kerpebis _ gacisa da gas<br />
Tayvaniscemis dakanonebac.<br />
am `Zneli da mesisxle~ kacis uxeS Zaladobaze damyarebulma<br />
mmarTvelobam, miuxedavad imisa, rom TiTqmis meoTxedi saukune gastana,<br />
nayofi ver gamoiRo. qveynis gamTlianeba ver moxerxda. azos mier<br />
ganxorcielebulma diskriminaciam ki, mosaxleobis farTo fenebSi mZafri<br />
ukmayofileba gamoiwvia.<br />
swored aseT viTarebaSi mcxeTaSi farulad movida mamasaxlis<br />
samaras Zmiswuli farnavazi, romelic mamis daRupvis Semdeg, sami wlis<br />
asakidan dedasTan da or dasTan erTad mTebSi imaleboda. farnavazis<br />
dabruneba, romelic am xanisaTvis ukve mowifuli vaJkaci Cans, ra Tqma<br />
unda, SemTxveviTi ar iyo: mas Suri unda eZia mamisa da biZisaTvis,<br />
amasTan, rogorc STamomavals `TavTa maT qarTlisaTa~, TviT hqonda<br />
qarTlis gamgeblobaze pretenzia.<br />
mematianes miniSnebiT, gangebis nebiT farnavazma ganZi ipova.<br />
axalgazrda taxtis maZiebels am simdidriT jaris daqiraveba SeeZlo.<br />
amiT gamxnevebulma, man qujis mimarTa, Cans, aseve Seviwroebul egrisel<br />
(e. i. dasavlelqarTvel) xelisufalTa STamomavals da azos winaaRmdeg<br />
brZolaSi mokavSireoba SesTavaza. qujim iTava egrisidan uricxvi jaris<br />
Sekrebis praqtikuli saqme. Zali moirTes xarkiT Sewuxebul kavkasiel<br />
mTielTagan, Tanamoazreni iSoves TviT azos uaxloes pirTa Sorisac.<br />
gadamwyvet momentSi es ukanasknelni ganudgnen azos iseve, rogorc<br />
mTeli danarCeni mosaxleoba. amitom iyo, rom azo SeTqmulTaTvis<br />
winaaRmdegobis gauwevlad, samxreTSi gaiqca da Tavis mamulSi gamagrda.<br />
farnavazi gaxda mTeli qarTlis gamgebeli, klarjeTis, e. i. azos<br />
mamulis, gamoklebiT. meore wels berZnebisagan gaZlierebulma azom<br />
Semoutia farnavazs, magram farnavazma uxmo qujis, mTielebs, aseve<br />
moiSvelia ucxoelebi. azo damarcxda da am brZolaSi daiRupa.<br />
5
farnavazma ki `daipyra klarjeTi da warmovida mcxeTad sixaruliTa<br />
didiTa, xolo simdidresa zeda missa daerTo xuastagi * azonisca.~<br />
ra Tqma unda, farnavazma aRadgina mcxeTel qarTvelTa Selaxuli<br />
uflebebi, Tumca es ar gaukeTebia arian-qarTvelTa daCagvris xarjze.<br />
arian-qarTvelebi man saxelmwifos srulfasovan moqalaqeebad datova,<br />
razedac is metyvelebs, rom oficialurad aRiarebul RmerTTa<br />
panTeonidan ar ganudevnia maTi kerpebi _ gaci da ga. Aarian-qarTvelTa<br />
erTi nawili ki, kerZod isini, romlebmac azos winaaRmdeg brZolaSi<br />
mxari dauWires, privilegirebul fenad aqcia, `ipyrna keTilad~.<br />
Tvisebrivad Secvala urTierToba kavkasiel mTielebTan. mexarkeebis<br />
magier isini mokavSireebad gaixada, razedac danaTesaveba miuTiTebs am<br />
xalxebTan: erTi da CrdiloeTSi gaaTxova, TviTonac `moiyvana coli<br />
durZukelTa, naTesavi kavkasisi;~ daakmayofila adgilobrivi<br />
xelisufalnic, aRadgina saerisTaoebi, `yovelni qalaqni da cixeni~,<br />
guluxvad daajildova quji; mas misca `queyana egris wyalsa da rions<br />
Sua, zRviTgan mTamde, romelsa Sina ars egrisi da suaneTi, da daamtkica<br />
igi erisTavad~. dainaTesava egrisis erisTavic. `meore dai Tvisi misca<br />
`qujis colad~.<br />
amgvarad, farnavazis moRvaweobis dasawyisi TiTqos aCvenebda, rom<br />
azos politikis sapirispiro politikas axali mefe iwyebda, ufro<br />
sworad, ubrundeboda mamasaxlisobis periodis mmarTvelobis tips. amis<br />
Taobaze molaparakeba farnavazsa da mis momxreebs Soris Tavidanve unda<br />
yofiliyo. etyoba, amitomac iyo rom, azos mefobiT Sewuxebulni misi<br />
gulSematkivrebi gaxdnen. amasTan, Tavidanve gansazRvruli yofila<br />
ufros-umcrosobac: farnavazs, rogorc `Svils TavTa maT qarTlisaTa~<br />
ekuTvnoda gamgebloba. ai, ras eubneba quji farnavazs jer kidev<br />
brZolis dawyebamde: `ukeTu mogueces Zleva, Sen xar ufali * Cueni~.<br />
magram politikis radikaluri cvlileba mxolod moCvenebiTi<br />
STabeWdileba iyo: farnavazs xeli ar auRia azos mizanze _ moeqcia<br />
mTeli qarTuli miwebi erTiani saxelmwifos farglebSi; realurad man<br />
daamyara mmarTveloba, romlis drosac adgilobriv xelisufalTa<br />
mdgomareoba sruliadac ar emsgavseboda mamasaxalisobis periodSi maT<br />
statuss. amaze TvalsaCinod metyvelebs farnavazis gardacvalebisTanave<br />
dawyebuli qarTvel erisTavTa ajanyeba. farnavazis reJimiT maTi<br />
ukmayofileba imdenad didi yofila, rom ajanyebulT misi Zis, saurmagis<br />
mokvlac ki hqoniaT gadawyvetili, raTa Zveli viTareba aRedginaT: `ara<br />
keTil ars Cuenda (e. i. ivargebs _ m. C.), raTamca vmsaxurebdeT naTesavsa<br />
Cuensa, aramed viyoT erTad da movklaT Cuen saurmag, da viyveniT Cuen<br />
Tavisufal, viTarca viyveniT pirvel (e. i. Tavdapirvelad _ m. C.)~.<br />
rogorc Cans, farnavazis mefobas maTi imedebi ver gaumarTlebia,<br />
uflebebi SezRudviaT.<br />
6
`Tueni gazafxulisani da sTulisa * arisani dayvnis (farnavaz – m. C.)<br />
mcxeTas, samefosa qalaqsa; da Tueni zamTrisani dayvnis gaCianTa, xolo<br />
Tueni zafxulisani – wundas. da JamiTi-Jamad mividis egriss da<br />
klarjeTs, da moikiTxnis megrelni (gviandeli formaa, igulisxmeba<br />
egriselni _ m. C.) da klarjni, da ganagis yoveli saqme daSlili~.<br />
aSkaraa, rom Tavisi xangrZlivi (samocdaxuTwliani) mmarTvelobis<br />
bolosaTvis farnavazma mainc SeZlo Seeqmna erTiani qarTuli<br />
saxelmwifo. am rTuli amocanis gadaWrisas, man marTalia, didad<br />
isargebla Tavisi damarcxebuli winamorbedis monapovrebiT (qarTli,<br />
klarjeTi, egrisi politikurad gaerTianebuli iyo, adgilobriv<br />
xelisufalTa Zliereba ki, represiebis Sedegad Seryeuli), magram<br />
qveyanas sruliad axali sunTqva STabera, azos xelSi umoZrao<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi meqanizmi, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom saocari simsubuqiT<br />
aamuSava.<br />
es iyo ZvelaRmosavluri tipis qveyana, gaRmerTebuli monarqiT<br />
saTaveSi: `da amanve farnavaz Seqmna kerpi didi saxelsa zeda Tvissa: ese<br />
ars armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqva. amarTa kerpi igi<br />
armazi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa da mieriTgan ewoda armazi kerpsa<br />
misTvis.~<br />
mefis xelisuflebis RvTaebrivi warmoSobis idea, tradiciuli<br />
imdroindeli msofliosaTvis, adreve iCens Tavs farnavazis cxovrebaSi.<br />
amis dasturia zemoT epigrafad moyvanili misi sizmari, romlis<br />
mixedviT, farnavazi `mziscvarcxebulia.~ farnavazis warmatebuli<br />
mefobis bolosaTvis ki, qarTlSi ukve aRaravis epareboda eWvi imaSi,<br />
rom gvirgvinosani sve-bedisa, e. i. zegardmo Zalebis, movlenili iyo:<br />
`iyo gansueneba da sixaruli yovelsa qarTlsa zeda mefobisaTvis<br />
farnavazisa da ityodes amas yovelni: vmadlobT suesa (beds _ m. C.)<br />
Cuensa, rameTu mogueca Cuen mefe naTesavTagan mamaTa CvenTasa~.<br />
farnavazma TvistomTagan yvelaze uwinaresad qarTuli eTnosi<br />
moiazra rogorc gansakuTrebuli, sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli, fenomeni,<br />
amitomac saxelmwifo SenobisaTvis duRabad gamoiyena qarTuli ena,<br />
romelic gaavrcela qveynis mTel teritoriaze da aqcia sayovelTaod:<br />
`ganavrco ena qarTuli da arRara izraxeboda * sxua ena qarTlsa Sina<br />
Tvinier * qarTulisa~. amgvarad, dRevandeli sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,<br />
qarTuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebis procesi, romelic mis dromde ukve<br />
dawyebuli iyo, Seuqcevadi gaxada da es faqti werilobiT daafiqsira.<br />
`ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe mxedari da mwignobari, qarTuli<br />
RmerTis pirvelmxilveli, mis samsxverploze pirvelmwirveli, qarTuli<br />
enis Sematkbobari~... ase daaxasiaTa epoqa arCil sulakaurma. aSkaraa, rom<br />
`mziscvarcxebuli~ farnavaziT iwyeba qarTveli xalxis istoriuli<br />
ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi etapi!<br />
7
moyvanili faqtebi naTlad warmoaCens farnavazs ara marto rogorc<br />
saxelmwifo moRvawes, aramed rogorc pirovnebasac. ra Tqma unda,<br />
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mematiane gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs<br />
farnavazis svlas xelisuflebisaken. farnavazs xom samefo taxti<br />
mamisagan ar miuRia memkvidreobiT, brZoliT moipova. am brZolaSi Cans<br />
igi swored mTeli sigrZe-siganiT – gonieri da energiuli, Zlieri<br />
suliT, Cauqi fizikurad, mizanswrafuli...<br />
farnavazs hqonda didi politikuri alRo, realizmis gamaxvilebuli<br />
grZnoba. misTvis ucxo iyo gaboroteba, uazro sisxlisRvris survili.<br />
gambedaoba eZleoda ara marto brZolaSi gaxurebuls, SeeZlo civi<br />
gonebiT sikvdilisaTvis TvalebSi Caexeda: mcxeTaSi dabrunebuli<br />
dauaxlovda mosisxle mters daundobel azos, masTan erTad nadirobda,<br />
Tumca yovel wams SeiZleboda gamxeliliyo misi vinaoba. Tamami miznebisa<br />
da poeturi sizmrebis miuxedavad, idelisti ar iyo, kargad esmoda, rom<br />
did politikas didi materialuri saxsaric sWirdeboda. mematianis<br />
mixedviT, mas SeeZlo am saxsris Sovnac, misi racionaluri gamoyenebac.<br />
`ese farnavaz iyo kaci gonieri, mxedari SemmarTebeli da monadire<br />
xelovani... ese yoveli aRasrula farnavaz sibrZniTa da siqueliTa,<br />
simxniTa da simdidriTa~.<br />
da ai, am Tvisebebis mqone pirovnebam `yovelni dReni misni rai<br />
dajda, mSvidobiT dayvna, da aRaSena da ganavso qarTli~.<br />
X X X<br />
leonti mrovelis cnobiT, qarTlis pirvelma qristianma mefem,<br />
mirianma Tavisi moRvaweobis dasawyisSive `Seamko saflavi farnavazisi~.<br />
qveynis bedze sagangebod dafiqrebuli, mis axal gzaze gamomyvani<br />
pirovnebis aRniSnuli qmedeba araa SemTxveviTi iseve, rogorc ar<br />
SeiZleba SemTxveviTi iyos Tavad faqti – ax. w. IV s. damdegamde Zv. w.<br />
IV-III ss. mijnaze moRvawis saZvalis Senaxva. ukve maSin, farnavazi<br />
qarTvelobis simbolod aRiqmeboda. misi samudamo gansasveneblis<br />
Tayvaniscema, eris winaSe dadebuli Taviseburi fici iyo...<br />
`dafles winaSe armazisa kerpisa~ _ gvamcnobs mematiane. samwuxarod,<br />
dRes zustad aRar viciT es adgili, unda movniSnoT miaxloebiT;<br />
araviTari sagangebo Semkoba saWiro ar iqneba. Zvirfasi saflavisaTvis<br />
ubralo qvaa sakmarisi, epitafia ki mzad aris:<br />
`ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qarTlisa Sina qarTlosisa<br />
naTesavTagani. aman ganavrco ena qarTuli, da arRara izraxeboda sxua ena<br />
qarTlsa Sina TÂnier qarTulisa. da aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli~.<br />
8
Ffarsman qveli da farsman avazi<br />
`dasxdian mgosanni glovisani~<br />
`moqcevai qarTlisais~ e. w. Satberduli redaqcia qarTlis warmarT<br />
mefeTa qronikiT iwyeba, romelic moicavs Zv.w. IV – ax.w. IV saukuneebs.<br />
qronikis pirvelwyarodan momdinareoba eWvs ar iwvevs, magram ramdenadme<br />
mTliani istoriuli suraTis Seqmna martooden masze dayrdnobiT<br />
SeuZlebelia, Txrobis metismeti simoklis gamo. `moqcevai qarTlisais~<br />
aRniSnuli monakveTi Cvens cnobismoyvareobas ufro aRvivebs, vidre<br />
akmayofilebs. aviRoT Tund Semdegi mcire teqsti: `da mefobda imier<br />
farsman qveli da amier 1 farsman avaz~. vin iyvnen es pirovnebani,<br />
romelTa metsaxelebi saukuneT SemorCa?<br />
`avazi~, `vefxi~, `jiqi~ ZvelqarTulSi sinonimuri gamoyenebis<br />
sityvebia. `wmida werilSi~ winaswarmetyvelebi xSirad miuTiTeben am<br />
mtacebel cxoveliTa Tvisebebze, kerZod, aRniSnaven maT araCveulebriv<br />
siswrafes, Cveulebas muxanaTurad Causafrdes msxverpls,<br />
sisxlismsmelobas, sisastikes. daniel winaswarmetyvelis mixedviT (VII,<br />
6), `avazi~ Zalauflebis simboloa. ieremia winaswarmetyvelTan (XIII, 23)<br />
igi gvevlineba gausworebeli borotebis saxed. ioanes `gamocxadebaSi~<br />
(XIII, 2), aRniSnuli cxoveli warmodgenilia, rogorc antiqriste.<br />
amgvarad irkveva, rom `avazi~ _ esaa Zveli epoqis Rrma simboluri<br />
Sinaarsis mqone sityva. amitom, rogorc epiTeti, igi saocrad metyvelia.<br />
misi meSveobiT cocxlad warmogvidgeba `amier~ moRvawe farsmani:<br />
muxanaTi da daundobeli, sastiki, sisxlis moyvare, Zalauflebis moyvare<br />
mmarTveli. fizikurad mkvircxli da Cauqi.<br />
`qveli~ ZvelqarTulad `mamaci~, `guladi~, `mxne~, agreTve, `keTili~,<br />
safiqrebelia, rom `imier~ mefis epiTetSi aqcentirebulia sityvis<br />
ukanaskneli mniSvneloba, rom `farsman qveli~ igivea, rac `farsman<br />
keTili~, radgan aSkaraa: Tanadroulad, faqtobriv erTmaneTis<br />
gverdigverd moRvawe sexniaTa metsaxelebi am pirovnebaTa ganmasxvavebel<br />
niSnebs unda wamoswevdes. sainteresoa, rom qristianuli kulturis<br />
konteqstSi bunebrivia Sepirispireba: avazi aviwroebs qurciks, romelic<br />
uwyinaria da, amdenad, sikeTis simboloa.<br />
amrigad, erTi farsmani yofila uwyinari da keTili, meore –<br />
ukeTuri, daundobeli. amasTan, simamace, fizikuri mxneoba arcerTi<br />
maTganisaTvis ar gamoiricxeba; orive epiTeti amasac gulisxmobs. aseTia<br />
is informacia, romelic mocemulia zemoT citirebul mikroteqstSi,<br />
1<br />
`imier~ da `amier~ am SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs mtkvris gaRma, gamoRma or<br />
rezidencias, mcxeTas da armazs.<br />
9
epiTetebSi `qveli~ da `avaz~. axla vnaxoT ra monacemebs Seicavs sxva<br />
wyaroebi CvenTvis saintereso kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad.<br />
leonti mroveli XI s. istorikosi, romelsac `qarTlis<br />
cxovrebaSi~ ekuTvnis Sesabamisi istoriuli periodis aRweriloba,<br />
farsman avazs saerTod ar axsenebs. farsman qvelis Sesaxeb ki, vrclad<br />
gvesaubreba. misi sityviT, es mefe iyo `kaci keTili da uxuad<br />
momniWebeli da Semndobeli, asakiTa Suenieri, taniTa didi da Zlieri,<br />
mxne mxedari da SemmarTebeli brZolisa, uSiSari viTarca uxorco~.<br />
igi ijda qalaq armazSi. misi Tanamedrove mcxeTeli mefis,<br />
mirdatis qveSevrdomebic ufro metad farsman qvels emxrobodnen.<br />
mirdati ki yofila `kaci urvili * da mesisxle~. mas Caufiqrebia<br />
mzakvruli gegma: surda Turme muxanaTurad moekla farsman qveli<br />
wveulebaze. farsman qvelisaTvis droulad ucnobebiaT xifaTis Sesaxeb.<br />
igi mirdats ganerida, magram aRniSnuli faqtis Semdeg metoqeTa Soris<br />
samxedro dapirispireba garduvali gamxdara. farsman qvels somxebi<br />
momxreobdnen, mirdats – sparselebi. mravaljer iZlia es ukanaskneli,<br />
ganidevna qveynidan pirvelis mier. farsman qvels, metoqes dadevnebuls,<br />
sparseTis rbevac dauwyia. mtrebs pirispir brZoliT misTvis veraferi<br />
mouxerxebiaT, amitom mousyidiaT mzareuli, romelmac farsmani mowamla.<br />
`gansakuTrebiT tipiuria istoria farsman qvelisa, romelic<br />
Setanilia leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSi da romelic calke<br />
damTavrebul epikur * moTxrobas warmoadgens, dawerils sagmiro romanis<br />
kolorituli stiliT~ _ SeniSnavs pavle ingoroyva. marTlac, udavoa,<br />
rom leontis teqstis am monakveTs etyoba folkloruli arqetipis *<br />
Zlieri gavlena. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom farsman-mirdatis omebi<br />
gamoWrilia epikur bumberazTa Serkinebis tradiciul Targze. amis<br />
gamoZaxili unda iyos xalxis sayvareli gmiris mowamvlis motivic.<br />
xalxur SemoqmedebasTan, kerZod, e. w. `natirlebTan~ kavSirs pirdapir<br />
miuTiTebs farsman qvelze leontis moTxrobis bolo frazebi: `da esreT<br />
mokla farsman mefe queli, maSin iqmna glova da tirili da tyeba<br />
yovelTa zeda qarTvelTa warCinebuliTgan vidre glaxadmde. da ityebdes<br />
(TavSi irtyamdenen _ m. C.) yovelni TavTa TvsTa yovelTa Sina qalaqTa<br />
da dabnebTa, rameTu dasxdian mgosanni glovisani da Sekrbian yovelni da<br />
axsenebdian simxnesa da siquelesa da siSuenieresa da saxierebasa farsman<br />
quelisasa~.<br />
aRniSnuli tipis teqsti, rogorc cnobilia, warmoiSveba istoriuli<br />
movlenis safuZvelze. igi istoriuli movlenis uSualo gamoZaxilia;<br />
magram droTa viTarebaSi teqstSi dafiqsirebul detalTa erTi nawili<br />
ikargeba, nawils ki faqtebis epikuri poetizaciis Sedegad imdenad<br />
ecvleba saxe, rom sakontrolo masalis gareSe, martooden maTze<br />
dayrdnobiT, SeuZlebeli xdeba warsuli sinamdvilis aRdgena.<br />
10
saqme isaa, rom (es garkveulia specialur literaturaSi) xalxis<br />
mexsierebisaTvis arsebiTia moTxrobis emociuri mxare, igi SedarebiT<br />
Tavisuflad eqceva, am TvalsazrisiT, meorexarisxovan monacemebs.<br />
amitomaa, rom eposi, arcTu iSviaTad, iCens ra araistoriul midgomas<br />
droisadmi, erT siuJetSi aTavsebs sxvadasxva epoqis movlenebs.<br />
niSandoblivia, rom specialistebs uZneldebaT leontiseuli farsman<br />
qvelis konkretul istoriul pirTan gaigiveba da mas antikuri xanis<br />
qarTlis Zlevamosil mefeTa krebiT saxed miiCneven.<br />
amrigad, aSkaraa, rom dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, miuxedavad<br />
sakmao moculobisa, leonti mrovelis mier mowvdili informacia<br />
kritikuli Sefasebis gareSe ar gamogvadgeba. `qarTlis cxovrebiseuli~<br />
farsman qveli epikuri saxea da ara istoriuli portreti. aq, rogorc<br />
iTqva, SeiZleba daculi iyos zogierTi namdvili faqti, magram aseT<br />
monacemTa gamovlena da mTlian konteqstSi Casma Tavad moiTxovs<br />
damatebiT cnobebs.<br />
Cveulebriv, `moqcevai qarTlisais~ warmarT mefeTa qronikis<br />
informaciis Sesavsebad, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ garda, mimarTaven berZnullaTinur<br />
wyaroebs. farsman avazis am ZeglebSi moxseniebul analogiuri<br />
saxelis mqone pirebTan gaigivebis problema, Cvens mecnierebaSi arasodes<br />
dasmula. farsman avazi specialistTa yuradRebis miRma darCa. rac<br />
Seexeba farsman qvels, pavle ingoroyvas azriT, esaa qarTlis is mefe<br />
(farsman III), romelic II s. 30-ian wlebSi moxseniebuli hyavT romael<br />
avtorebs flavius arianes, dion kasiuss, elius spartianes, iulius<br />
kapitolines. es pirovneba romis imperatorebis adrianesa (117-138 ww.)<br />
da antonine piusis (138-161 ww.) Tanamedrove iyo.<br />
amJamadac, arsebiTad es Tvalsazrisia gaziarebuli. oRond aRniSnul<br />
wyaroebSi dadasturebul mefes Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi ixsenieben,<br />
rogorc farsman II. es pirovneba Zlevamosili xelisufalia. igi roms<br />
kadnierad ar emorCileba, atarebs misgan damoukidebel sagareo<br />
politikas, ris Sedegadac, afarToebs kidec qveynis sazRrebs. misi<br />
nagvianevi viziti romSi did movlenad aRiqmeba; aq mas sagangebo pativs<br />
miageben. serafitis cnobil orenovan (arameul-berZnuli) epitafiaSi mefe<br />
farsmani moxseniebulia, rogorc `mZleTa mZleveli.~ mas aRusrulebia is<br />
saqmeni, rac ver moaswro pirveli qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifos<br />
Semqmnelma mefe farnavazma 2<br />
magram Cveni azriT, zeviT dasaxelebul ucxour wyaroebSi<br />
moxseniebuli farsmanis gaigiveba `moqcevai qarTlisais~ warmarT mefeTa<br />
siis farsman qvelTan ar SeiZleba. amas mafiqrebinebs ori garemoeba.<br />
Uupirveles yovlisa, esaa romaul wyaroebSi, erTi mxriv, da meore<br />
mxriv, `moqcevai qarTlisaiSi~ warmodgenili pirovnebebis gansxvavebuli<br />
2<br />
aRniSnuli Zeglis axali interpretacia ekuTvnis akademikos grigol giorgaZes.<br />
11
politikuri saxe. naTqvamis ganmartebisaTvis ramdenadme vrclad SevexoT<br />
epoqas.<br />
rogorc aRiniSna, farsman qveli da farsman avazi Tanamefeni arian.<br />
maTi moRvaweoba ukavSirdeba antikuri qarTlis istoriis im specifikur<br />
periods, romelic samecniero literaturaSi ormefobis saxelwodebiT<br />
aris cnobili. `moqcevai qarTlisais~ mixedviT, ormefoba qarTlSi<br />
daiwyo Zv.w. II s. I naxevarSi. 3 erTi mefe ijda armazSi, meore _<br />
mcxeTaSi. dasaxelebulia `TanamefeTa~ eqvsi wyvili. mexuTe wyvilia<br />
CvenTvis saintereso farsmanebi. rogorc iTqva, farsman qveli armazelia,<br />
farsman avazi – mcxeTeli:<br />
`da mefobda rok, romelman raiTurTiT mcxeTai gaiSora da mefobai<br />
orad gaiyo. orni mefeni dasxdes imier da amier.<br />
da mefobda qarZam armazs da mcxeTas bratman. da amaTTa JamTa<br />
huriani movides mcxeTasa da dasxdes.<br />
da mefobda imier farsman da amier kaoz.<br />
da mefobda imier arsok da amier amazaer.<br />
da mefobda imier amazasp da amier deruk.<br />
da mefobda imier farsman qveli da amier farsman avaz.<br />
da mefobda imier rok da amier mirdat. da amis ze moaklde armazi<br />
sameufoida mcxeTas oden iyo mefobai.<br />
da mefobda Radami da dRe :k:.<br />
da farsman~.<br />
mkvlevrebi yuradRebas aqceven im garemoebas, rom Zvelsomxur<br />
TxzulebaSi, e.w. `somxur geografiaSi~ (VII s.) gogarenes sazRvrebi,<br />
erTi mxriv, zustad imeorebs berZeni avtoris, strabonis (Zv.w. I – ax.w.<br />
I ss.) TxzulebaSi aRwerili Zv.w. II s. I naxevarSi somxeTis raionebis<br />
sazRvrebs, meore mxriv, emTxveva armazis samefos teritorias, rogorc<br />
mas moxazavs leonti mroveli (`armaziT kerZo qalaqi, mtkuarsa samxriT<br />
qarTli xunaniTgan vidre Tavadmde mtkuarsa da klarjeTi yoveli~).<br />
amrigad, qarTlSi ormefobis dasawyisi, droSi Tanxvdeba gogarenes (igive<br />
iberiis) sapitiaxSos Seqmnis faqts, armazis samefos sazRvrebi<br />
igiveobrivia am sapitiaxSos sazRvrebisa. es damTxvevebi, cxadia,<br />
SemTxveviTi ar SeiZleba iyos. aSkaraa, rom sxvadasxva wyaroSi<br />
dafiqsirebul erTi da imave movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. ormefrba Zvel<br />
qarTlSi unda gavigoT, rogorc qarTlis teritoriaze somxeTTan<br />
dakavSirebuli politikuri erTeulis Camoyalibeba, adgilobrivi<br />
3 am TariRis gamoTvla ekuTvnis akademikos giorgi meliqiSvils. saqme isaa, rom<br />
`moqcevai qarTlisai~ pirdapir qronologiur monacemebs ar Seicavs da am rigis<br />
informaciis amoReba misgan SesaZlebelia specialuri kvlevis Sedegad.<br />
12
dinastiis warmomadgeneli mmarTvelebiT saTaveSi. 4 Zveli qarTuli<br />
istoriografiis mier, aRniSnuli movlenis gaazreba sruliad<br />
logikuria: qarTvelTaTvis mefoba, marTlac, orad gaiyo: armazeli<br />
xelisufali mcxeTaSi mefes aRar emorCileboda.<br />
am msjelobis Semdeg, cxadi xdeba, rom farsman qveli, faqtobriv,<br />
monapire pitiaxSia. SeuZleblad mimaCnia, rom saerTaSoriso<br />
TvalsazrisiT, es umniSvnelo politikuri moRvawe gavaigivoT qarTlis<br />
im `mZleTa mZlevel~ xelisufalTan, romelsac romSi qandakeba daudges.<br />
tradiciuli gaigivebis sawinaaRmdegod metyvelebs qronologiac.<br />
rogorc iTqva, `moqcevai qarTlisais~ istoriul qronikas TariRebi ar<br />
axlavs. calkeul mefeTa zeobis daaxloebiT gansazRvra iribi<br />
monacemebiT xerxdeba. `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ vrcel redaqciaSi<br />
miTiTebulia, rom qristes jvarcmis Tanamedrove mcxeTeli mefe iyo<br />
amazaeri. rogorc zemoT moyvanili citatidan Cans, es amazaeri<br />
`TanamefeTa~ mesame wyvilis erT-erTi wevria da CvenTvis saintereso<br />
farsmanebs sul erTi wyviliT uswrebs win. amrigad, `moqcevai<br />
qarTlisais~ mixedviT, farsman qveli (iseve rogorc farsman avazi) I s.<br />
Sua xanebis moRvawea. am faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve SeuZlebelia<br />
farsman qvelis gaigiveba romis imperatorebis, adrianesa da antonine<br />
piusis Tanamedrove qarTlis mefe farsmanTan.<br />
ucxouri wyaroebi qarTlis mefes saxelad farsman axseneben I s.<br />
Sua xanebSic, 30-50-ian wlebSi. es farsmani iseTi Zlevamosili araa,<br />
rogorc II s. I naxevarSi moRvawe misi sexnia, magram arc ise susti Cans,<br />
rom igi armazel mefed anu monapire pitiaxSad warmovidginoT. marTalia,<br />
garkveuli sifrTxiliT, magram daJinebiT es farsmani cdilobs romisagan<br />
damoukidebeli politikis gatarebas. rac Seexeba somxeTs, am qveynis<br />
taxtis dauflebisaTvis is xangrZlivad da Seupovrad ibrZvis. mis erTerT<br />
Zes miTridate hqvia. swored es miTridate xdeba farsmanis taxtis<br />
memkvidre.<br />
am monacemebis mixedviT, migvaCnia, rom ucxour wyaroebSi farsmani<br />
igive `moqcevai qarTlisais~ mier dasaxelebuli `amier~ gamefebuli<br />
farsman avazia. rogorc vTqviT, farsman avazic I s. Sua xanebis moRvawea.<br />
Cveni azriT, rac Seexeba farsman qvels, misi xseneba romaul<br />
wyaroebSi ar Cans. es ioli asaxsnelia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom<br />
realurad farsman qveli umniSvnelo politikuri figura iyo. misi<br />
Zlevamosilobis Sesaxeb Txroba, folklorul wyaroze dayrdnobiT unda<br />
Seeqmna leonti mrovels. am Txrobis gavleniTaa, rom Tanamedrove<br />
qarTvelologiaSi, farsman qvelad SecdomiT miiCneven im pirovnebas,<br />
romlis dros antikuri qarTli Tavis Zlierebis zenits aRwevs.<br />
4<br />
es Tvalsazrisi ekuTvnis d. abaSiZes. analogiuri Sexeduleba aqvs gamoTqmuli g.<br />
mamulias.<br />
13
`aq vaJkacebia, iq ki – davla~<br />
romaeli istorikosi tacitusi (55-116 ww.) warmogvidgens I s. Sua<br />
xanebSi moRvawe qarTlis mefis farsmanis STambeWdav daxasiaTebas. am<br />
cnobebis safuZvelze vrwmundebiT, raoden zustia qarTul sinamdvileSi<br />
am pirovnebisaTvis Serqmeuli metsaxeli `avaz~.<br />
Tavdapirvelad tacitusi farsmans axsenebs somxeTSi misi Zmis<br />
miTridates romaelTa mxardaWeriT gamefebis faqtze saubrisas,<br />
romaelebi gamosulan Zmebis Serigebis iniciativiT. e. i. safiqrebelia,<br />
rom maT maincdamainc kargi urTierToba am droisaTvis ar hqondaT. esaa<br />
I s. 30-iani wlebi. somxeTis mimarT TavianTi pretenziebi hqondaT<br />
parTelebs, somxeTis taxti miTridatemde Tavisufali ar iyo.<br />
qarTvelebi SeiWrebian somxeTSi, daipyroben mis garkveul nawils.<br />
parTiis * mefe artabani Tavis Zes, orods daavalebs samagiero miagos<br />
momxdurT. orive mxare, damxmare Zalad daiqiravebs sarmatebs, * magram<br />
farsmani CrdiloeTidan mxolod Tavis momxre sarmatebs SemouSvebs,<br />
orodi damxmare Zalis gareSe rCeba. tacitusi gviCvenebs, rom<br />
gadamwyveti saomari moqmedebis dawyebamde, farsmani qmnida saTanado<br />
fsiqologiur atmosferos. Aai, ras mogviTxrobs tacitusi: `amasobaSi,<br />
mokavSires moklebul orods damxmare jariT gaZlierebuli farsmani<br />
sabrZolvelad iwvevs da raki igi Tavs ikavebs, Tavs esxmis. amxedrebuli<br />
miadgeba banaks, arbevs safuraJe adgilebs da xSirad alyis msgavsad<br />
artyams saguSagoebs, vidre parTelebma veRar aitanes Seuracxyofa,<br />
Semoexvivnen mefes da moiTxoves brZola.~ mokled, farsmani sulierad<br />
aZabunebs mters, Tavisi brZolis gegmas axvevs mas Tavs da aiZulebs omi<br />
daiwyos araxelsayrel pirobebSi. parTelebi cxenosnebi iyvnen. farsmans<br />
ki qveiTi jaric hyavda. igi kargad icnobda garemos. tacituss moaqvs<br />
farsmanis sityvis fragmenti, romelic warmoTqmuli iyo laSqris winaSe<br />
brZolis dawyebamde. Tavis meomrebs miuTiTebda ra oqroqsoviliT<br />
Semosil parTelTa jarze, farsmani ambobda: `aq vaJkacebia, iq ki –<br />
davla~ (am frazis Targmani momyavs p. ingoroyvas mixedviT _ m. C.).<br />
parTelebma ver SeZles TavianTi taqtika ganexorcielebinaT.<br />
sarmatebis dawyebul saqmes qarTvelebi da qarTvelTa jarSi myofi<br />
albanelebi * aboloveben. orodica da farsmanic mowinave xazze ibrZodnen<br />
da meomrebs amxnevebdnen. uceb, maT erTmaneTi SeniSnes da xmamaRali<br />
SeZaxiliT gaeqanen SesaWideblad. farsmanma daaswro, gaupo orods<br />
muzaradi da daWra, magram amis Semdeg daWrili cxenma gaaqana da Tanac,<br />
umamacesma mxedrebma daifares. farsmanma ganmeorebiTi dartyma veRar<br />
SeZlo. marTalia, orodi gadarCa, magram xma gavrcelda rom parTelTa<br />
mxedarTmTavari daiRupa. aman imoqmeda jaris sabrZolo ganwyobaze,<br />
parTelebi damarcxdnen.<br />
14
aseTad warmogvidgeba farsmani brZolaSi. rogorc vxedavT, igi<br />
moqnilia, swrafi, Seupovari.<br />
tacitusi gvamcnobs, rom farsmans SemdgomSic mouwia brZolam<br />
somxeTisaTvis. saqme isaa, rom I s. 40-ian wlebSi romaelebma miTridate<br />
daapatimres. miTridatesaTvis somxeTis dapyroba xelaxla gaxda saWiro.<br />
man Zmas mimarTa. miTridate, marTlac, farsmanis daxmarebiT kvlav<br />
daeufla somxeTis taxts. magram urTierToba Zmebs Soris kvlav daiZaba.<br />
amis mizezi gaxda farsmanis Ze radamisti, romelic, tacitusis sityviT,<br />
gamorCeuli iyo fizikuri ZaliTa da momxibvlelobiT, agreTve<br />
ganaTlebiT. igi didi popularobiT sargeblobda ara marto Tavis<br />
qveyanaSi, aramed mezoblebSic. radamisti aSkarad gamoTqvamda<br />
ukmayofilebas mamis mmarTvelobis gamo, miuTiTebda, rom moxucebuli<br />
mefis xelSi qarTls ar hqonda Tavisi Sesaferi dideba.<br />
tacitusis Semdgomi monaTxrobi gvafiqrebinebs, rom radamistis<br />
gamomwvevi qceva politikuri TamaSi iyo, romelic TviT farsmanis mier<br />
iyo dagegmili. mas aSinebda `xalxis mxardaWeriT Segulianebuli~<br />
sakuTari Ze da cdilobda misi energia sxva qveynis taxtis mopovebisaken<br />
miemarTa: farsanma `Wabuks sxva imedi STaagona da armeniisaken miuTiTa,<br />
gaixsena ra, (rom _ m. C.) parTiis gaZevebis Semdeg, TviT manve rom misca<br />
igi (armenia _ m. C.) mirdats; oRond Svils urCia Zalis gamoyenebisagan<br />
Tavi SevikavoT, ufro mzakvroba gamoviyenoT, raTa udardelad myofi<br />
mirdati anazdeuli TavdasxmiT davamarcxoTo. amgvarad, radamisti,<br />
romelsac viTomcda mamasTan uTanxmoeba mouvida, radgan dedinacvlis<br />
siZulvils veRar gauZlo, biZas miaSurebs. miTridatma didi alersiT<br />
miiRo igi, rogorc sakuTari Svili. aman ki armenielTa warCinebulebs<br />
dauwyo Segulianeba saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mosaxdenad ise, rom<br />
mirdatma araTu veraferi Seityo, aramed ufro meti pativiTac<br />
epyroboda. viTomcda Serigeba mindao, radamisti mamasTan dabrunda da<br />
acnoba, rac mzakvrobiT SeiZleba gakeTebuliyo, gakeTebulia, danarCeni<br />
iaraRiT unda aRsruldeso. amasobaSi farsmanma omis sababic moigona:<br />
`albanTa mefis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi romaelebis dasaxmareblad rom<br />
movuwode, Zmam winaaRmdegoba gamiwia da am wyenisaTvis vilaSqreb mis<br />
dasarbevado da amasTan erTad, vaJiSvils didi laSqari misca~.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, farsmani moqnilia ara marto xelCarTul<br />
brZolaSi. mas SeuZlia dagegmos mravalsvliani politikuri avantiurebi.<br />
magram davubrundeT Cveni saubris Temas.<br />
moulodnelobisagan Tavzardacemulma miTridatem garnisis * cixesimagres<br />
Seafara Tavi, romelsac romaelTa garnizoni icavda. radamists<br />
cixe-simagris ZaliT aReba ar SeeZlo. sxvaTaSoris, tacitusi SeniSnavs,<br />
rom erTaderTi, rasac ver axerxeben barbarosebi * , cixe-simagreTa aRebaa.<br />
amitom, radamisti cdilobs moisyidos cixis prefeqti. centurioni<br />
(cixis ufrosi _ m. C.) sastikad ewinaaRmdegeba amas. igi gaeSureba<br />
15
farsmanTan da moiTxovs misgan, rom romaelTa mfarvelobis qveS myof<br />
miTridates Tavi daanebos. farsmani mas ayovnebs bundovani,<br />
keTilganwyobili pasuxebiT, Cumad ki Tavisi wargzavnilebis piriT,<br />
Svils saqmis Cqara gaTavebas sTxovs. radamisti zrdis qrTamis odenobas.<br />
bolos da bolos miTridate, romelic gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda<br />
(romaelTa garnizonis mxardaWera aRar aqvs _ m. C.), ijerebs ZmiSvilis<br />
SemonaTvals _ uvneblad datovebis Sesaxeb da nebdeba. radamisti jer<br />
tkbilad miiRebs biZas (igi misi siZec da simamric iyo), mere ki<br />
muxanaTurad da cinikurad moakvlevinebs. ar daindobs arc miTridates<br />
meuRles (e. i. sakuTar das), arc diSvilebs.<br />
am sisxliani angariSsworebis Semsrulebeli da uSualo monawile,<br />
marTalia, farsmani ar yofila, magram yovelive rom misi dasturiT<br />
xdeboda, saeWvo ar aris. aRniSnul faqtTan dakavSirebiT, tacitusis<br />
SeniSvna aseTia: `farsmans samefos Cagdebis wadilma Zma da qaliSvili<br />
daaTmobina da gulSi ukve mzad iyo boroti moqmedebis CadenisaTvis. is<br />
ki ivarauda, rom es saqme mis Tvalwin ar momxdariyo da isini mis<br />
winaSe ar daexocaT~.<br />
farsmanma sabolood arc radamisti Seicoda. igi mamas mouklavs<br />
rogorc gamcemi, rom amiT romaelTaTvis erTguleba daedasturebina.<br />
amrigad, farsmani gaemijna radamistis qmedebebs, anu saqmes, romelic<br />
TviTon STaagona Svils da romelis ganxorcielebisaTvis materialuri<br />
saxsari da energia ar dazoga.<br />
daundobeli da sastiki, muxanaTi, Zalauflebisa da sisxlis moyvare,<br />
swrafi da Cauqi, moqnili xelCarTul brZolasa Tu diplomatiaSi – ai,<br />
epiTetebi, romlebiTac SeiZleba daxasiaTdes tacitusTan warmodgenili<br />
qarTlis mefis saxe. rogorc iTqva, sityviT `avaz~ SeiZleba yovelive<br />
amis gamoxatva.<br />
`dRe :k:~<br />
axla davubrundeT moyvanil citatas `moqcevai qarTlisaidan~.<br />
mirdat farsman avazis Zis zeobis aRniSvnas, aq mosdevs aseTi<br />
informacia: `da mefobda Radami da dRe :k:~.<br />
cnobilia, aso-niSnebs Zvel kulturul teqstebSi iyenebdnen<br />
ricxvebis aRsaniSnavadac. :k:-s Sesatyvisi qarTul anbanSi aris ricxvi<br />
20. gamodis, `moqcevai qarTlisaiSi~ Radamis zeoba 20 dRiT aris<br />
gansazRvruli. aseTi ram arabunebrivad miaCniaT mkvlevarT da<br />
gansaxilvel cnobas asworeben leonti mrovelis monacemebis mixedviT,<br />
romelTanac sami welia miTiTebuli; magram leonti wyaroTa<br />
interpretatoria da zogjer, amis gamo, ramdenadme arazusti. Tanac<br />
mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom `moqcevai qarTlisais~ istoriuli qronika<br />
monacemebs zeobis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb saerTod ar Seicavs. RadamTan<br />
16
dakavSirebuli SemTxveva erTaderTia da es gamonaklisi swored<br />
dafiqsirebuli faqtis uCveulobiT (mefoba oci dRiT?!) unda iyos<br />
gamowveuli. qronists aucileblad miuCnevia aReniSna Radamis mefobac,<br />
magram aqve gviCvenebs realurad ra Sinaarsi aqvs am faqts. ase rom,<br />
`moqcevai qarTlisais~ monacemi ukugdebul ki ar unda iqnes, saWiroa<br />
SevecadoT mis ganmartebas.<br />
oci dRiT zeoba miuTiTebs: Zvel qarTlSi adgili hqonda<br />
xelisuflebis uzurpaciis faqts. Tumca, mxolod am cnobiT ar Cans<br />
uzurpatori vin iyo: Tavad Radami, romelic warumateblad Seecada<br />
mirdat farsmanis Zis damxobas, Tu Radamis momdevno farsmani, romelmac,<br />
piriqiT, warmatebulad moaxdina saxelmwifo gadatrialeba da wina<br />
xelisufali sul oc dRes amefa.<br />
am problemis gadawyvetis saSualebas gvaZlevs pavle ingoroyvas<br />
dakvirveba imis Taobaze, rom saxelebi `radamisti~ (Rhadam-ist) da<br />
`Radami~ erTi da igivea. aRniSnuli azri, romelic mkvlevars mokle<br />
SeniSvnis saxiT aqvs mocemuli, SemdgomSi arc Tavad mas, arc romelime<br />
momdevno specialistis istoriul rekonstruqciaSi ar gamoyenebulia.<br />
arada, igi ueWvelia da gvexmareba SevavsoT is istoriuli suraTi,<br />
romlis moxazva zemoT ukve vcade `moqcevai qarTlisaisa~ da tacitusis<br />
urTierTSejerebis safuZvelze.<br />
aSkaraa, rom roca farsman avazma gaamefa misTvis sasurveli mirdati<br />
(miTridate), ganawyenebulma ufrosma Zem (Svilma pirveli colisagan)<br />
Radamma (radamistma) moawyo saxelmwifo gadatrialeba. magram misi cda,<br />
ZaliT egdo taxti xelT, warumatebeli aRmoCnda. amaze zeobis<br />
xanmokleoba metyvelebs. rogorc Cans, es iyo Radamis (radamistis)<br />
sabediswero nabiji. tacitusis cnobebze dayrdnobiT varaudi imis<br />
Taobaze, rom radamistis mkvlelobis mizezi taxtis xelSi Cagdebis cda<br />
unda yofiliyo, gamoTqmuli aqvs akademikos giorgi meliqiSvils.<br />
`moqcevai qarTlisais~ informaciis gaTvaliswineba, am varauds, myar<br />
sabuTze damyarebul daskvnad aqcevs.<br />
araa gamoricxuli, rom umcrosi Zmis gamefebiT Seuracxyofili<br />
ufliswuli Tavidan TviT farsman avazis momxreebis mier iqmna<br />
waqezebuli am nabijis gadasadgmelad da mere maTganve iolad damxobili.<br />
farsmanisaTvis xom aucilebeli iyo arasasurveli Zis problemis<br />
erTxel da samudamod gadawyveta, mousvenari taxtis maZieblisagan<br />
gaTavisufleba. sxvagvarad, mis rCeul mirdats mSvidi mefobis saSualeba<br />
ar eqneboda. Radam//radamistis sikvdiliT dasasjelad ki mas<br />
dasWirdeboda mZime braldebani, romlebic SeiZleboda uxvad<br />
dagroviliyo saxelmwifos marTvis dros. rogorc tacitusis Txzulebis<br />
zemoT citirebuli adgilidan Cans, Zmis winaaRmdeg gasalaSqreblad<br />
farsmanma mniSvnelovani politikuri sababi moigona, Semdgom ki misi<br />
ojaxis ganadgurebaSi uSualo monawileobis miRebas moerida. amgvari<br />
17
faqtebi ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi. farsman avazi, Cans, iTvaliswinebda<br />
mis mier ganzraxul saqmeTa mosalodnel sazogadoebriv rezonanss, maT<br />
ganxorcielebas imgvarad cdilobda, rom aSkara damnaSaved ar<br />
gamoCeniliyo. Radamis dasjac, unda vivaraudoT, man ise dagegma, rom<br />
sikvdili TviT msxverplis brali yofiliyo.<br />
zogadad, ukve aRvniSneT is sisxliani aqcia, romelic ganaxorciela<br />
Radamma somxeTSi. am garegnulad momxiblveli axalgazrdis xasiaTis<br />
bolomde wvdomisaTvis aucilebelia mivuTiToT detalebze. rogorc<br />
iTqva, uimedo mdgomareobaSi myofi miTridate man cixe-simagridan<br />
gamoityua da Tavidan pativiT miiRo: `arwmunebda arc maxvils, arc<br />
Sxamis Zalas ar gamoviyeneb Sens winaaRmdego~. ficis dadebis dros,<br />
Radamis (radamistis) erT-erTi kaci viTom SemTxveviT waiqca,<br />
miTridates fexebze moexvia da isic waaqcia. maSin sxvebma borkilebi<br />
daades da xalxis winaSe gaatares, rogorc sastiki da metad saZulveli<br />
mefe. ukan mtirali meuRle da bavSvebi misdevdnen. cal-calke urmebSi<br />
Casves da farsmanis brZanebas elodebodnen. `radamistma, aqaoda dadebuli<br />
fici maxsovso, marTlac, arc maxvili da arc Sxami ar ixmara disa da<br />
biZis winaaRmdeg, aramed miwaze daawvina isini da zemodan mravali mZime<br />
samosis dayriT moaSTobina. daxoces miTridates vaJiSvilebic, romlebic<br />
mSoblebis daRupvas xmamaRla tirodnen~.<br />
da kidev erTi suraTi, romelic aseve Semogvinaxa tacitusma:<br />
rodesac parTelebisagan devnili Radami somxeTidan gamoiqca, mas Tan<br />
hyavda fexmZime coli. cxeniT xangrZliv Seusvenebel rbolas qalma<br />
veRar gauZlo, qmars evedreboda moekla. tacitusi aRwers Radamis<br />
tanjvas: erTi mxriv, mas enaneboda coli, meore mxriv, agiJebda azri, Tu<br />
cocxals datovebda, sxvas Cauvardeboda xelSi. bolos mainc<br />
`mkvlelobaSi gawafuli xeliT~ maxviliT gangmira da mdinareSi<br />
gadaagdo. Znelia amovicnoT ra wyaros eyrdnoba tacitusi, roca<br />
TviTmxilveliviT cxovelmyofelad gvixatavs Radamis sulier<br />
mdgomareobas saSineli aucileblobis ganxorcielebis win. SesaZloa<br />
istorikoss es afiqrebina im faqtma, rom zenobia (ase erqva qals)<br />
gadarCa. e. i. Cveni varaudiTac, Radams mainc aukankalda brZolebSi<br />
gawafuli xeli, radgan misi dartyma ar aRmoCnda sasikvdilo.<br />
zenobia mwyemsebma ipoves. mdidrulma samosma miaxvedra isini, rom<br />
didgvarovanTan hqondaT saqme. dedaqalaqSi waiyvanes. bolos swored<br />
Radamis gamarjvebul metoqesTan moxvda, romelmac Seuracxyofa ar<br />
ikadra, qals ise `moeqca rogorc dedofals~.<br />
sisxlSi gasvril xelmocarul politikur avantiurists bedi<br />
dascinoda. mamisagan moZulebuli da mamisave msxverpli Radam//radamisti<br />
udavod Cveni istoriis erT-erTi yvelaze tragikuli personaJia.<br />
Cveni azriT, farsman qvelis metoqe mcxeTeli mirdati igive farsman<br />
avazis Zmaa, romelic tacitusis mixedviT, SemdgomSi miTridate<br />
18
armenieli anu somxeTis mefe gaxda. mirdat mcxeTelic sastikia da<br />
qveSevrdomTaTvis saZulveli, miseuli brZolis meTodebi ki Seesabameba<br />
farsman avazis brZanebaTa suliskveTebas. amitom vfiqrobT, rom, vidre<br />
somxeTSi xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdebas Seecdeboda, mirdati farsmanis<br />
davalebiT ibrZoda armazis samefos winaaRmdeg.<br />
ratom ganawesa Zma am saqmeze farsmanma? rogorc vnaxeT, mas<br />
axasiaTebda sakuTar taxtze pretenziebis mqone pirTa energiis<br />
warmarTva metoqisaken. amave dros, farsman avazi erideboda mis mier<br />
dagegmil uzneo saqmeebSi uSualo monawileobis miRebas. armazsa da<br />
mcxeTas Soris SuRlis gaCaReba ki, Cans, im epoqaSi moraluri<br />
TvalsazrisiT, dadebiTad ar fasdeboda. leonti mrovelis cnobiT,<br />
armazeli da mcxeTeli mefeebi naTesavebi iyvnen da mirdatamde sruli<br />
TanxmobiT zeobdnen (`aqamomde ese mefeni yovelni or-orni iyvnes<br />
moyurobasa zeda: erTgan moyureni visnime da erTgan mterni visnime~). ase<br />
rom, am SemTxvevaSi, farsman avazs Zmis zurgs ukan dgoma rom<br />
emjobinebina, gasakviri araa.<br />
leonti mrovelis wyaro afiqsirebda farsman qvelis da amgvarad,<br />
mcxeTis winaaRmdeg, mtrul qmedebaTa uSualo ganmaxorcieblis, e. i.<br />
mirdatis saxels. amis gamo, aRniSnul qmedebaTa realuri<br />
sulisCamdgmeli leontisaTvis uCinari darCa. moqnilma farsman avazma<br />
`moaxerxa dasxltomoda~ leonti mrovelis mzeras. Tanamedrove<br />
mkvlevarTac ar SeuniSnavT igi aqamde.<br />
`zeTisxilovan mdinaresTan~<br />
`mefe mihrdat, didi mefe, Ze farsmanisa, didi mefisa. me var Cargasi<br />
Ze zevax ufrosisa. mec Cargas, pitiaxSi var mihrdat~ _ ase iwyeba<br />
arameuli warwera 1940 wels mcxeTa-armazis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis<br />
dros aRmoCenili erT-erTi stelisa, e. w. `armazis monolingva~. esaa<br />
Znelad amosakiTxi da gasaSifri teqsti, amitom specialistebi zemoT<br />
citirebulis momdevno nawilis Sinaarss zogadad gadmogvcemen.<br />
akademikos giorgi wereTelis, dRes sayovelTaod gaziarebuli,<br />
SexedulebiT, aq laparakia im gamarjvebebze, romlebic pitiaxS Cargass<br />
mihrdat mefisaTvis moupovebia, qarTlis mosazRvre qveynebis<br />
dalaSqvraze, cixe-simagreTa aRebaze. am konteqstSi naxsenebia somxeTi<br />
da raRac amboxeba. warweris sazeimo toni afiqrebinebs akademikos<br />
grigol giorgaZes, rom es Zegli, Tavis droze, saflavis qva ki ar unda<br />
yofiliyo, rogorc iTvleboda, aramed gamarjvebis stela.<br />
pitiaxSi Cargasi mamamiss anu zevaxs ixseniebs `ufrosis~ epiTetiT.<br />
es niSnavs: warweris gakeTebis droisaTvis arsebobs umcrosi zevaxic<br />
(pavle ingoroyvas azriT, saxelis uZvelesi qarTuli formaa Wevaxi), e.<br />
i. Cargasis Ze, ufrosi zevaxis SviliSvili. armazisxevSi aRmoCenil<br />
19
orenovan (arameul-berZnul) warweraSi, e. w. `armazis bilingvaSi~,<br />
marTlac, ixsenieba zevax umcrosi – udrood gardacvlili serafitis<br />
mama: `me var serafiti, asuli zevax mcirisa, farsman mefis pitiaxSisa,<br />
meuRle iodmanganisa, romelic imarjvebda da amravlebda adre gakeTebul<br />
sagmiro saqmeebs da aris ezosmoZRvari qsefarnug mefisa, Ze agripasi,<br />
ezosmoZRvrisa farsman mefisa, romelmac sZlia mZlevelni, rac<br />
farnavazma ver daasrula. da ase, serafiti iyo keTili da lamazi,<br />
romlis msgavsi aravin iyo silamaziT da gardaicvala 21 wlisa~<br />
(akademikos konstantine wereTlis Targmani).<br />
amrigad, armazisxevSi aRmoCenili epigrafikuli Zeglebis mixedviT,<br />
mefe mihrdatis Tanamedrove pitiaxSis, Cargasis memkvidre aris pitiaxSi<br />
zevax mcire – mefe farsmanis Tanamedrove. e. i. mefe mihrdatis<br />
memkvidrea mefe farsmani. es erTi mxriv.<br />
meore mxriv, mihrdat `didi mefe Ze farsmanisa~ is moRvawea, romlis<br />
dros qarTli warmatebebs aRwevs somxeTTan dapirispirebaSi. orive am<br />
faqtiT aSkaraa, rom `armazis monolingvis~ mihrdati igive farsman<br />
avazis Ze mirdatia. rogorc `moqcevai qarTlisais~ zemoT citirebuli<br />
teqsti gviCvenebs, am mirdatis memkvidrec farsmania da misi moRvaweobac<br />
somxeTze politikuri revanSiT xasiaTdeba. somxeTze gamarjvebas<br />
gamoxatavs mirdat farsmanis Zis dros ormefobis dasrulebis faqti,<br />
rac niSnavs somxuri eqspansiis Sedegebis likvidacias, somxeTis<br />
gavlenis qveS, garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi myofi armazis samefos<br />
(rogorc adreve ganvmarteT, es igivea, rac iberiis sapitiaxSo) qarTlis<br />
mefisaTvis damorCilebas.<br />
amrigad, farsman avazis energiuli cda, moespo qveynis dayofa, mis<br />
rCeul Zes warmatebiT ganuxorcielebelia da gaerTianebuli qarTlis<br />
xelisufali gamxdara sataxto qalaqiT mcxeTaSi. es iyo didi movlena.<br />
gasul saukuneSi, mcxeTis maxloblad samuSaoebis Catarebisas<br />
SemTxveviT aRmoCnda TiTqmis kvadratuli qva Cvidmetstriqoniani<br />
berZnuli warweriT. esaa daxelovnebuli kaligrafis mier, berZnuli<br />
asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli, CarCoTi Semoxazuli teqsti qarTlis<br />
mimarT romaelTa mier gamovlenili megobruli Jestis, dedaqalaqis<br />
galavnis gamagrebis Sesaxeb. moxseniebul istoriul pirTa biografiuli<br />
monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRniSnuli epigrafikuli Zegli, ukve<br />
pirveli mkvlevrebis mier, daTariRebul iqna I s. 70-iani wlebiT.<br />
warwera sakmaodaa dazianebuli. miuxedavad amisa, misi dasawyisi<br />
nawilis gageba specialistebSi davas arasodes iwvevda. Tavidanve cxadi<br />
Seiqmna, rom aq mocemulia keisrebis: vespasianes, titesa da domicianes<br />
sayovelTaod cnobili titulatura. sxvagvari viTarebaa adresatebis<br />
Taobaze informaciis Semcveli bolo striqonebis kvlevasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. teqstis am monakveTis amokiTxvis da ganmartebis Taobaze<br />
gamoTqmulia mravali Tvalsazrisi. maTi kritikuli ganxilvis Sedegebis<br />
20
aq warmodgena Zalian dagvacilebs istoriuli portretis Seqmnis<br />
dasaxul mizans. amitom, me-13-17 striqonebis Cveni redaqciis Targmans<br />
warmovadgenT. warwera gvamcnobs, rom TviTmpyrobelma keisarma vespasiane<br />
sebastosma da misma vaJebma vipatosebma titem da domicianem `iberiis<br />
mefes miTridates – mefe farsmanis Zes da amazasps – (sefe)wuls,<br />
keisris megobars da romaelTa moyvare xalxs galavani gaumagres~.<br />
farsman avazis Ze mirdati I s. 50-iani wlebis miwurulisaTvis<br />
ikavebs taxts. es Cans tacitusis mixedviT. I s. 70-ian wlebSi am<br />
warweraSi moxseniebuli iberTa mefe miTridate farsmanis Ze, aSkarad<br />
igive pirovnebaa.<br />
aq yuradRebas iqcevs garemoeba: iberTa mefe moxseniebulia<br />
Semamkobeli epiTetis gareSe (sapirispirod, sxvaTa Soris, romaelebisa),<br />
qarTlis am mefes ki hqonda pretenzia wodebul yofiliyo, rogorc<br />
`didi mefe~. amas aCvenebs misi qveSevrdomis, Cargas pitiaxSis sityvebi.<br />
e. i. imis Tqma minda, rom, miuxedavad megobrobis deklarirebisa,<br />
romaelebi agrZnobineben qarTlis mefes, rom es araTanabarTa megobrobaa.<br />
am STabeWdilebas kidev ufro mimZafrebs is garemoeba, rom keisris<br />
pirad megobrad dasaxelebulia ara qarTvelTa uzenaesi xelisufali,<br />
e. i. mefe, aramed samefo ojaxis wevri (sefewuli) amazaspi. swored<br />
rogorc keisris daaxloebuli piri, amazaspi iRebs romaelTagan miZRvnas<br />
mefisa da mTeli qarTveli xalxis Tanabrad. yvelafer amas, Cveni azriT,<br />
dafaruli cinizmis kvali atyvia.<br />
miTridate mefe da princi amazaspi ixseniebian gasul saukuneSi<br />
romSi aRmoCenil berZnul epigrafikul ZeglSi. esaa amazaspis epitafia<br />
leqsad:<br />
`mefis saxelovani Ze amazaspi, miTridate mefis Zma, romlis<br />
mSobliuri miwac aris kaspiis bWesTan, iberi, iberis Ze, aq marxia wminda<br />
qalaqTan, romelic aago nikatorma migdonis zeTisxilovan mdinaresTan.<br />
gardaicvala Tanamgzavri avzonTa winamZRoli meufisa mosuli<br />
parTelebTan sabrZolvelad. gardaicvala uwin, vidre gaisvrida xels,<br />
vai, rom Zlier xels, mtris sisxlSi, Subsa, mSvildze da maxvilis<br />
pirze. iyo qveiTica da mxedaric, TviT – morcxvi qalwulebis msgavsi~<br />
(akademikos TinaTin yauxCiSvilis Targmani).<br />
epitafia TariRdeba 114-115 wlebiT. mcxeTis galavnis zemoT<br />
ganxiluli warwerisagan mas acilebs oTxi aTeuli weli. es<br />
qronologiuri manZili kidev amdenivec rom davumatoT, ar aRemateba<br />
adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivobas. ueWvelia, rom orive ZeglSi<br />
ixseniebian erTi da igive pirovnebebi. sefewuli amazaspi, rogorc<br />
gamoirkva, miTridates Zma yofila, e. i. farsman avazs hyolia mesame<br />
vaJic. 114-115 wlebisaTvis igi salaSqrodaa da rogorc epitafia<br />
gviCvenebs, karg fizikur formaSicaa. e. i. I s. 70-iani wlebis Sua<br />
xanebSi, roca pirvelad vxvdebiT mis saxels wyaroebSi, amazaspi yofila<br />
21
sruliad axalgazrda. swored am Wabukis pirad megobrad aris<br />
moxseniebuli am droisaTvis Svid aTeul wels mitanebuli vespasiane<br />
keisari. es niuansi damaxasiaTebelia romis diplomatiis realuri<br />
Sinaarsis amosacnobad. aSkaraa, rom misi mesveurni qarTlis mefis Zmas<br />
ganixilavdnen, rogorc politikur kozirs, romelsac Sesaferis<br />
pirobebSi warmatebiT gaiTamaSebdnen. 114-115 wlebis warweraSi mirdat<br />
farsmanis Zis xseneba mis xangrZliv mefobaze miuTiTebs. amasve miuTiTebs<br />
iribad pitiaxS Cargasis gamarjvebis stelac, romlis mixedviT, rogorc<br />
aRiniSna, mirdatis dros pitiaxSTa ori Taoba zeobda.<br />
II s. 10-iani wlebis Sua xanebisaTvis, e. i. maSin, roca gaurkvevel<br />
viTarebaSi gardaicvala amazaspi, mirdati udavod sakmaod asakovania.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom am dros sasurveli<br />
memkvidrisaTvis (ra Tqma unda, aseTi SeiZleba yofiliyo Svili) taxtis<br />
gadacema misTvis dgas, rogorc uaxloes momavlSi gadasaWreli amocana.<br />
isic safiqrebelia, rom am amocanis dasaZlevad mas dabrkolebad miaCnia<br />
romis mxardaWeriT zurgmocemuli misi umcrosi Zma amazaspi. Tavad xom<br />
Zmasve, masze ufros Radams, Seecila Tavis droze taxts. zeTisxilovan<br />
mdinaresTan gaWrili saflavi qarTlis mefes dinastiur saqmeebSi gareSe<br />
Zalis Carevis safrTxisagan aTavisuflebda. amitom vfiqrobT, rom<br />
amazaspis moulodnel gardacvalebaSi mirdatis xeli eria. usamxilod,<br />
Sors ucxoeTSi metoqis mokvdineba farsman avazis politikis warmatebiT<br />
gamgrZeleblis xelwerisaTvis unda iyos damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
magram aRniSnuli, rogorc iTqva, mainc eWvia, movlenaTa ganviTarebis<br />
mxolod erT-erTi savaraudo modeli. radgan zemoT moyvanili msjeloba<br />
logikurad dasaSvebia, igi unda gvqondes mxedvelobaSi, magram cxadia,<br />
srulebiTac ar gamoiricxeba, rom mirdati Zmis sikvdilSi ar eria,<br />
politikuri scenidan amazaspis droul gasvlaSi SemTxveviTobam iTamaSa<br />
roli.<br />
II s. 30-50-ian wlebSi, rogorc iTqva, romaeli avtorebis mixedviT,<br />
qarTlis samefo taxtze vxedavT farsmans. arsad misi mamis saxeli<br />
miTiTebuli araa, magram ueWvelia (upirvelesad qronologiis gamo) igi<br />
aris mirdatis Ze, farsman avazis SviliSvili. swored mas, rogorc<br />
mZleTa mZlevels da farnavazis saqmeTa damagvirgvinebels, ixseniebs<br />
serafitis epitafia, agreTve `moqcevai qarTlisai~, romlis mixedviT<br />
aRniSnuli mefe qarTlis rigiT mecxramete uzenaesi xelisufalia.<br />
umcrosi farsmani Cveni istoriis erT-erT yvelaze TvalsaCino<br />
figuras warmoadgens. mis laR gamoxedvas erTbaSad gamoarCevT Zlieri<br />
politikuri partniorebis wyalobis Semyure qarTveli mefeebis<br />
portretTa galereaSi. qarTuli saxelmwifo, mis dros, Tvisebriv sxvaa,<br />
vidre papis, Tundac mamamisis zeobaSi. farsman mirdatis Ze romsa da<br />
parTias erTdroulad emetoqeba. qarTvelTa jari, misi winamZRolobiT,<br />
alanTa meomrebTan erTad aris Zala, romelsac SeuZlia Seqmnas amindi<br />
22
politikur samyaroSi. amas wers romaeli istorikosi dion kasiusi (153-<br />
235 ww.).<br />
CrdilokavkasielTa razmebis gamoyeneba axali ar iyo qarTlis<br />
mesveurTa politikisaTvis. isini, rogorc cnobilia, akontrolebdnen<br />
alanTa kars da saTanadod sargeblobdnen kidec amiT. gavixsenoT farsman<br />
warmatebuli brZola parTeli ufliswulis, orodis winaaRmdeg<br />
sarmatTa damxmare ZaliT. magram farsman umcrosi, ufrosi farsmanisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, erTdroulad upirispirdeba ramdenime qveyanas, ar eSinia<br />
maTi erTiani frontis, ar eZebs mokavSireebs.<br />
farsman mirdatis Ze roms aviwroebs kolxeTSi, nawilobriv, devnis<br />
kidec mas aqedan da sakuTari qveynis sazRvrebs gadaswevs Sors,<br />
dasavleTiT, Sav zRvamde. amrigad, saxelmwifo, romelsac is udgas<br />
saTaveSi, moicavs qarTul miwebs rogorc aRmosavleTSi da dasavleTSi.<br />
ase rom, farnavazis Semdeg, qarTvelTa konsolidaciis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
gansakuTrebuli etapi swored farsman II zeobis xanaa.<br />
farsmani grZnobs Zalas da moiTxovs, rom misdami mopyrobac am<br />
Zalis Sesabamisi iyos. Tavi mas damoukideblad da qedmaRlurad uWiravs,<br />
vasaliviT rodi cxaddeba imperator adrianes karze. mis ZRvens<br />
ZRveniTve upasuxebs, riTac aSkarad xazs usvams, rom miiRo igi, rogorc<br />
megobruli saCuqari da ara rogorc wyaloba. niSandoblivia, adrianes<br />
aRSfoTeba am faqtiT. farsmanis TavmomwoneobisaTvis rom daecina,<br />
oqroqsovili iberiuli wamosasxamebiT man amfiTeatris arenaze gasuli<br />
samasi damnaSave Semosa. amiT gamoxata, rom ar utolebda Tavs farsmans.<br />
magram ukve adrianes momdevno imperatorma antonine piusma, iberiisa<br />
da misi mefis mimarT damokidebuleba mkveTrad Secvala. mxolod amis<br />
mere ewvia farsmani roms didi amaliT, meuRliTa da vaJiSviliT.<br />
imperatorma scno qarTlis gafarToebuli sazRvrebi da stumars<br />
kapitoliumSi msxverplis Sewirvis pativi miages. romSi, marsis moedanze<br />
misi qandakebac daidga.<br />
qarTlis politikur ambicias, romelsac ase gamoxatuli saxe aqvs<br />
farsman mirdatis Zis zeobis dros, anu farsman avazis xelisuflebis<br />
xanaSi caeyara safuZveli. sxvas ras unda niSnavdes Radamis sinanuliani<br />
sityvebi, qarTlis umniSvnelo saxelmwifod yofnis gamo. rogorc vnaxeT,<br />
Radami (igive radamisti) mamis mier iyo marTuli. is laparakobda imas,<br />
risi gacxadebac diplomatiur mosazrebaTa gamo, Tavad farsman avazs ar<br />
SeeZlo.<br />
Kkidev meti: serafitis epitafia gviCvenebs, rom arsebobda<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi ideologia anu aRsasrulebel saqmeTa garkveuli<br />
koncefcia qveynis sazRvrebis gafarToebisaTvis. am saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
programis sisruleSi moyvana, TviT TanamedroveTa TvalsazrisiT, wilad<br />
xvda farsman II.<br />
23
aoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, am mefis zeoba `moqcevai<br />
qarTlisais~ istoriul qronikaSi warmodgenilia sul ori sityviT: `da<br />
farsman~. saqme isaa, rom `moqcevai qarTlisais~ qristiani avtori<br />
sagangebod mokled gadmogvcems warmarTul periods, Tanac faqtebs krebs<br />
SerCeviT; igi ZiriTadad afiqsirebs kultis, rwmenis istoriis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, saintereso cnobebs. informaciis amgvari simwire farsman<br />
II dros warmarTuli ideologiis krizisis mauwyebelia. farsman<br />
mirdatis Ze, es `mZleTa mZleveli~ xelisufali odnavadac ar garjila<br />
kerpTa aRmarTvisaTvis. sainteresoa, rom ukve misi memkvidris<br />
STamomavali revi, qristianuli istoriografiis mier marTlad<br />
wodebuli, axdens warmarTul wes-CveulebaTa gadasinjvas. igi<br />
qristianobas gacnobili axorcielebs uaRresad mniSvnelovan aqts –<br />
krZalavs adamianis msxverplad Sewirvas kerpTaTvis.<br />
revma uari Tqva gaekeTebina is, rasac saukuneTa manZilze RmerTis<br />
saxeliT akeTebdnen misi mama-papani.<br />
`cxovrebis maswavlebeli~<br />
wyaroebi, romelsac emyareba es gamokvleva, didi xania cnobilia<br />
specialistebisaTvis. maT Cvens kvlevamdec farTod iyenebdnen istoriul<br />
rekonstruqciaSi. oRond naTlad danaxuli ar iyo is kavSiri, romelic<br />
arsebobs, erTi mxriv, `moqcevai qarTlisais~, `qarTlis cxovrebis~<br />
cnobebs, da meore mxriv, romaeli avtorebisa da epigrafikuli * Zeglebis<br />
informaciebs Soris. amitomac arasodes ucdiaT am masalis gamoyeneba<br />
istoriuli portretisaTvis. mas Semdeg, rac es kavSiri cxadi gaxda<br />
(rogorc vnaxeT, bednieri SemTxveviTobis wyalobiT im Soreuli epoqis<br />
erTi da imave pirTa Sesaxeb SemogvrCa ramdenime, informaciulad metad<br />
tevadi, wyaro), dagrovda saxasiaTo StrixTa sakmao raodenoba da<br />
istoriul personaJTa portretebi gamoCnda mkafiod da xelSesaxebad.<br />
periodi farsman avazidan mis SviliSvil farsmanis moRvaweobamde, e.<br />
i. I s. 30-iani wlebidan II s. Sua wlebamde, aris qarTlis samefos<br />
TandaTan gaZlierebis xana, roca qveynis mesveurebi iwyeben brZolas<br />
damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi politikisaTvis da aRweven kidec amas.<br />
aseTi periodebi Cveni mcirericxovani eris istoriaSi arcTu bevria.<br />
amitom, vfiqrobT, farsman avazis ojaxis istorias didi interesiTa da<br />
Sinagani RelviT adevnebs Tvalyurs mkiTxveli. zogma epizodma mas<br />
uTuod siamaye agrZnobina. Tumca, amasTan erTad, mkiTxvels xinjad rCeba<br />
zemoT aRwerili sisxliani dapirispirebani xelisuflebisaTvis, mamasa da<br />
Svilebs, Zmebs Soris araadamianuri urTierTobebi. ra Tqma unda, CvenTvis<br />
cxadia, rom obieqturad yovelive amas ganapirobebda monarqiuli<br />
wyobileba. rogorc cnobilia, igi moiTxovs politikuri TamaSis<br />
garkveul wesebs; vinc maT zustad icavs, Tavs agebs. farsman avazs rom<br />
24
ar daeswro, TviTon mas gauswordebodnen aranakleb sastiki metoqeebi.<br />
sagangebod Zabavda viTarebas gareSe Zalac. imisaTvis, raTa aqtiurad<br />
Careuliyo qarTlis saSinao saqmeebSi, romi erTmaneTs upirispirebda<br />
samefo ojaxis wevrebs, xels uwyobda maT Soris zneobrivad yvelaze<br />
saxelgatexilis aRzevebas. am TvalsazrisiT, Zalian sainteresoa<br />
tacitusis msjeloba Radamis somxeTSi gamefebasTan dakavSirebiT. romis<br />
politikosebs ganuxilavT misi sisxliani aqcia da dauskvniaT: `ucxoTa<br />
yovel borotmoqmedebas, sixaruliT unda SevegeboT. siZulvilis Teslic<br />
ki unda davTesoT.... dae, radamisti SeZulebuli, saxelgatexili<br />
flobdes borotad mopovebul xvedrs; vinaidan es ufro xelsayrelia<br />
CvenTvis, vidre is, rom mas saxelianad da didebiT hqondes miRebuli<br />
Zalaufleba~-o.<br />
Tumca, sistemis xasiaTi uzneobis gamarTleba sulac araa. adamians<br />
yovelTvis rCeba arCevani iyos keTili an boroti. imave monarqiuli weswyobilebis<br />
pirobebSi, Cven viciT samefo ojaxis wevrTa urTierTobis<br />
sruliad sapirispiro magaliTi: saocrad znekeTilni,<br />
urTierTsiyvaruliT iyvnen gamsWvalulni farsman avazis Soreuli<br />
STamomavalni IV-V ss. revianebi, romelTa Rvawli qarTuli kulturis<br />
istoriaSi ganuzomlad didia...<br />
ciceroni gvarwmunebs: `istoria cxovrebis maswavlebelia.~ es,<br />
albaT, marTlac asea. iqneb am monaTxrobma gvaswavlos kidec, rogor<br />
vicxovroT, an piriqiT, davinaxoT, rogor ar Rirs cxovreba...<br />
ufliswuli rev mirianis Ze<br />
saxeli revi qarTul sinamdvileSi xSiri ar aris. `moqcevai<br />
qarTlisai~ am saxelis mqone sul sam pirovnebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.<br />
erT-erTi III s. Sua xanebSi moRvawe qarTlis mefe rev marTalia,<br />
romelic icnobda `wminda werils~ da romelmac ganaxorciela qarTveli<br />
eris istoriaSi udidesi humanuri aqti – akrZala adamianis msxverplad<br />
Sewirva kerpTaTvis. rev (//levi) iyo pirveli qristiani mefis mirianis<br />
mama, revi erqva mirianis Zesac, romlis meuRle, uZvelesi qarTuli<br />
hagiografiuli Txzulebis avtori dedofali salome uJarmelia (an<br />
ujarmeli). swored am ukanasknels eZRvneba Cveni Semdgomi Txroba.<br />
rev mirianis Zis Sesaxeb informacias vpoulobT `moqcevai<br />
qarTlisais~ yvela nawilSi. `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ mcire redaqciaSi is<br />
ixsenieba sajvare xis SerCevis RonisZiebasTan dakavSirebiT, agreTve wm.<br />
ninos gardacvalebis epizodSi: revis brZanebiT moiWra xe, revi Tavs<br />
adga momakvdav qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebels. `wm. ninos cxovreb~-is vrcel<br />
redaqciaSi revi warmogvidgeba mirianis anderZis erT-erT adresatad.<br />
qarTlis qristianizaciis saqmis bolomde miyvanas ubarebs mas mama. am<br />
25
edaqciis erT-erT (patiosani jvris aRmarTebisadmi miZRvnili) _ me-14<br />
TavSi revs vxedavT sneuli Svilis gamojansaRebisaTvis mlocvels.<br />
gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa istoriuli qronikis monacemebi revis<br />
Sesaxeb. aqedan vigebT, rom mirianis Semdeg misi SviliSvili bakur<br />
revis Ze gamefebula, TviT revi ki sulis sacxonebeli saqmeebiT yofila<br />
am dros dakavebuli: patiosani jvrisaTvis gumbaTi gaukeTebia,<br />
gaumzadebia Tavis samudamo gansasvenebelic `quemosa eklesiasa~ (e. i.<br />
sveticxovlis eklesiaSi), sadac meuRliTurT dakrZalula kidec.<br />
aRniSnuli faqtebi cxadyofs, rom revi ar iyo aqtiuri politikuri<br />
moRvaweobisaken midrekili adamiani. igi Rrmadmorwmune pirovnebad<br />
warmogvidgeba, romelic uars ambobs samefo taxtze, raTa mTeli saaqao<br />
cxovreba gardacvalebisaTvis samzadisad aqcios. qronikis mSrali<br />
cnobebi gvimJRavnebs revis saxis erT moulodnel Strixsac – siTamames,<br />
ufro zustad, ambiciurobas. saqme isaa, rom mamamisma ver gabeda samare<br />
gaekeTebina `quemosa eklesiasa~ 5 saswaulTmoqmedi cxoveli svetis<br />
siaxloves, Tumca es guliT ewada. mirians sakuTari codvilianobis<br />
Segneba abrkolebda. magram is, rac ver gabeda adamianma, romelsa<br />
qarTvelTa xsnis saqmeSi udavod gansakuTrebuli Rvawli miuZRoda, revma<br />
gaakeTa. swored am fonzea mkafiod TvalsaCino revis siTamame.<br />
revis pirovnebaze saubrisas ar SeiZleba ar movixsenioT erTi<br />
mistikuri werili, romelsac, Cveni azriT, SecdomiT, X saukunis<br />
avtors ioane zosimes ukavSireben da leqsad miiCneven. sinamdvileSi es<br />
aris prozauli teqsti da ioane zosime misi ara avtori, aramed<br />
gadamweria.<br />
am Zeglis dedaarss qarTuli enis gansakuTrebulobis mtkiceba<br />
warmoadgens, rac gamovlindeba meored mosvlis Jams: maSin qarTuli<br />
mesiis ena iqneba. ufalTan qarTuli enis sxvebze meti siaxlove rom<br />
TvalsaCino gaxados, avtori eZiebs analogias da `saxarebaSi~ mis<br />
Sesatyvisad, qristes usayvarles mowafesa da megobars, lazares<br />
asaxelebs. werilSi xazgasmulia, rom qarTuli enis arseba cxadyofili<br />
ar aris, amis gamo, is arc saTanadodaa dafasebuli, magram qarTuli rom<br />
namdvilad uflis mier rCeuli enaa, amis damadasturebeli faqtebi<br />
awmyoSive gveZleva saswaulebis saxiT.<br />
werili TariRdeba IV s. Sua xanebiT (r. patariZe, g. narsiZe da<br />
sxva) da kriptografiulad * (`r~ inicialiT) aris xelmowerili (e.<br />
WeliZe). TvalSisacemia avtoris yuradRebis koncetrireba arayofiT<br />
faqtebze, RvTismosaobasTan Sexamebuli uCveulo ambiciuroba. es<br />
yovelive moRvaweobis drois, inicialis, fsiqologiuri tipis<br />
5<br />
ase ewodeboda im xis eklesias, romelic pirvelad aigo mcxeTaSi. SemdgomSi am<br />
eklesiis adgilas vaxtang gorgasalma aRmarTa qvis taZari. dRes am adgilas aris<br />
sveticxovlis taZari, romelic aigo XI saukuneSi.<br />
26
igiveobriobasTan erTad qmnis safuZvels imisaTvis, raTa vivaraudoT:<br />
xsenebuli werilis avtori, Cveni azriT, revia.<br />
qristianobas qarTvelTa TvalsawierSi Semohyavda sxva erebi,<br />
Semohqonda axali kulturuli faseulobani. erovnulisa da<br />
zogadkacobriulis Serwyma pirvel xanebSi mtkivneuli procesi unda<br />
yofiliyo. Cans, amiT ixsneba zemoT miTiTebul werilSi gamoxatuli<br />
gamZafrebuli erovnuli grZnoba, avtorisa da misi Tanamoazris fiqri<br />
qarTvelTa adgilze qristianul samyaroSi.<br />
revsa da salomes, rogorc es `moqcevai qarTlisaisa~ da zogi sxva<br />
qarTuli Tu ucxouri wyaros SejerebiT irkveva, hyavdaT sami vaJi –<br />
bakuri, Trdati, arCili da erTi asuli, romlis saxeli ucnobia.<br />
bakursac, Trdatsac, arCilsac morigeobiT ekavaT samefo taxti, samive<br />
uaRresad morwmune pirovneba iyo. zogjer es morwmuneoba (magaliTad,<br />
arCilis SemTxvevaSi) ukiduresi asketizmis formas Rebulobda.<br />
aRniSnul mefeTagan, mxolod Trdats hyavda Svilebi. bakur Trdatis Ze<br />
is `friad sarwmuno bakuria~, romelmac gelasi kesarielsa da rufinus<br />
akvilevels qarTvelTa gaqristianebis istoria mouTxro. es iyo<br />
uaRresad harmoniuli pirovneba, SesaniSnavi mxedarTmTavari da<br />
filosofosi, windaxeduli saxelmwifo moRvawe. meoTxe Taobis revianebs<br />
Soris ki mxolod erTs vxedavT. esaa bakuris diSvili murvanosi, igive<br />
petre iberi – imdroindel saqristianoSi saxelganTqmuli, palestinaSi<br />
moRvawe asketi. zogi mkvlevari (S. nucubiZe, e. honigmani) am pirovnebas<br />
fsevdo-dionise areopagelis saxeliT cnobili Txzulebis avtorad<br />
miiCnevs. petre bavSobidanve iyo gagzavnili bizantiaSi (papis – bakur<br />
revis Zisa da biZis – bakur Trdatis Zis msgavsad) im imediT, rom<br />
ganaTlebisa da saxelmwifo moRvaweobaSi gamocdilebis miRebis Semdeg<br />
samSobloSi dabrundeboda da qveynis sadaveebs Caibarebda. didi sulieri<br />
tkivilis miuxedavad, petrem uari Tqva samSobloSi dabrunebaze, berad<br />
aRikveca da mTeli saaqao cxovreba Tavisi didi papis – revis msgavsad,<br />
saiqio cxovrebis samzadisad aqcia. rev mirianis Zis pirovnebis gageba<br />
garkveulwilad petre iberis saSualebiT SeiZleba; Tavis mxriv, revic<br />
adasturebs petres Rrma fesvebs qarTuli qristianuli kulturis<br />
wiaRSi.<br />
mefe bakuri Ze revisi<br />
IV s. 30-ian wlebSi qristianobis saxelmwifo ideologiad<br />
damkvidrebas mohyva sivrcis sakralizebis * grandiozuli programis<br />
ganxorcieleba, romelic materialurad gamoixateboda axali sakulto<br />
nagebobebis SeqmniT. wyaroebSi uxvad gvxvdeba cnobebi qarTveli<br />
27
qristiani mefeebis iniciativiT warmoebul eklesiaTa mSeneblobis<br />
Sesaxeb. maT Soris erT-erTi uZvelesi wilknis eklesia iyo.<br />
`aman bakur daiwyo wilknisa eklesiisa (Seneba _ m. C.), da ganiSora<br />
ocdameaTxuTmetesa welsa~ _ vkiTxulobT `moqcevai qarTlisais~<br />
Satberdul redaqciaSi. WeliSuri redaqcia mSeneblobis xangrZlivobas<br />
ocdaTerTmeti wliT gansazRvravs.<br />
bakuri, romelic moyvanil nawyvetSia naxsenebi, qarTlis pirveli<br />
qristiani mefis, mirianis SviliSvili da misi uSualo memkvidrea.<br />
`moqcevai qarTlisais~ mixedviT, igi mefobs IV s. II naxevarSi. XI s.<br />
istorikosi leonti mroveli bakurs (//baqars) mirianis Svilad miiCnevs.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, `moqcevai qarTlisais~ cnoba unda iyos swori. saqme is<br />
aris, rom am ZeglisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia faqtebis fiqsacia-Senaxva,<br />
rac faqtebis damaxinjebis SesaZleblobas amcirebs maSin, roca leonti<br />
interpretatoria, kritikulad udgeba wyaroebs da xSirad cvlis maT<br />
monacemebs. Mman, Cans, arabunebrivad miiCnia uSualod papis Semdeg<br />
SviliSvilis gamefeba, es faqti CaTvala, rogorc pirvelwyaros Secdoma<br />
da gaakeTa Sesabamisi Sesworeba.<br />
mamis – revis sicocxleSi bakuris taxtze asvlis mizezi, `moqcevai<br />
qarTlisais~ istoriuli qronikis monacemebis mixedviT aSkara xdeba.<br />
revs ar izidavda aqtiuri politikuri moRvaweoba. misi mTeli saaqao<br />
cxovreba warmoadgenda samzadiss gardacvalebisaTvis, amitom araa<br />
gasakviri, rom amgvari ganwyobis pirovnebas nebayoflobiT uari eTqva<br />
taxtze, rogorc, cota mogvianebiT, amas akeTebs aseve araamqveyniuri<br />
sazrunaviT moculi revis SviliSvili, petre iberi.<br />
bakuris dedaa salome uJarmeli – wminda ninos Sesaxeb<br />
TviTmxilvelTa mogonebebis Semdgeneli anu `wm. ninos cxovrebis~<br />
uZvelesi redaqciis avtori. arsebiTad ucvleli kompoziciiT es<br />
Txzuleba Semogvinaxa `moqcevai qarTlisaim.~ qarTuli qristianuli<br />
mwerlobis es pirveli mravalmxriv samagaliTo Zegli bakuris zeobaSia<br />
Seqmnili.<br />
bakurs hyavda ori Zma Trdati da arCili. mogvianebiT maT vxedavT<br />
samefo taxtze. Cans, bakuri ufrosi iyo. misi gamefeba pirvelad amaze<br />
metyvelebs. hyavdaT dac, romlis saxeli ucnobia.<br />
bakur revis Ze iyo biZa berZnul-laTinur wyaroebiT kargad<br />
cnobili, `friad sarwmuno bakurisa~, fizikuri da sulieri simSvenieriT<br />
gamorCeuli im pirovnebisa, romelmac IV s. miwurulSi bizantiel<br />
istorikosebs qarTvelTa gaqristianebis Sesaxeb mouTxro. ucxoeTSi<br />
moRvawe saxelganTqmul qarTvel askets, petre ibers bakur revis Ze<br />
ergeboda papad; zustad igi iyo petres papis Zma dedis xaziT. petre<br />
iberis siriul `cxovrebaSi~ (VI s.) bakuri ixsenieba epiTetiT _ `didi~.<br />
28
akur revis Zis mefoba sakmaod xangrZlivi Cans: sam aTeul welze<br />
meti wilknis eklesia uSenebia, mSeneblobas ki taxtze asvlis Semdgom<br />
garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdgom Sedgomia.<br />
bakurs memkvidreebi ar darCenia. amaze metyvelebs is, rom mis<br />
Semdgom, gamefda misi Zma Trdati. sainteresoa, rom Trdatis orive<br />
Svilis saxeli (bakuri da bakurduxti) mis ufros Zmas anu bakurs<br />
ukavSirdeba. es faqti ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi. igi revis ojaxis<br />
wevrTa Soris saTuTi urTierTobis maCvenebelia.<br />
bakuri daukrZalavT `quemosa eklesiasa~ _ pirvel qarTul<br />
qristianul taZarSi (dRevandeli sveticxovlis adgilas). aq revma<br />
saZvale Seqmna saswaulmoqmedi svetis siaxloves da ganisvenebda<br />
meuRlesTan erTad. Cans, mSoblebis gverdiT daukrZalavT bakuri.<br />
bakur revis Zis saSinao politikis mTavari mimarTuleba iyo qveynis<br />
qristianizaciis procesis gaRrmaveba, eris Semdgomi konsolidacia<br />
ideologiuri erTianobis safuZvelze. mirianis dros gaZnelda mTielTa<br />
moqceva, aucilebeli gaxda Zalis gamoyeneba. amitom iyo, rom revs<br />
miriani kavkasianTa Soris kerpTayvanismcemlobis aRmofxvras ubarebda<br />
anderZad. es anderZi ganaxorciela bakurma da `umravlesni kavkasianni~<br />
man moaqcia, Cans, swored imis gamo, rom qarTlis gaqristianeba erTi<br />
qveynis istoriis faqtidan eqcia regionuli mniSvnelobis faqtad.<br />
swored amis gamo, petre iberis siriuli `cxovrebis~ avtors igi miaCnia<br />
qarTlis pirvel qristian mefed. Cans, aRniSnuli movlenis gamo, misi<br />
moRvaweoba, ucxoelis TvaliT ase aRiqmeboda.<br />
mTielTa moqcevisaTvis gaweul RonisZiebaTa dagvirgvineba da<br />
logikuri Sedegi iyo eklesiis mSenebloba wilkanSi. wilknelebi iyvnen<br />
maT Soris, romelnic sul cota xnis win kerpebis erTgulni `iRrWendes<br />
kbilTa maTTa wmidisa ninosaTvis~. eklesia afuZnebda axal sakralur<br />
centrs, axal sazRvars saqristianosa da sawarmarTos Soris.<br />
bakurs qveyanaSi `mRvdelni da diakonni~ gaumravlebia. mis dros,<br />
mTavarepiskoposis saydarze, wm. ninos anderZis Tanaxmad, asula<br />
ganmanaTleblis uaxloesi TanamoRvawe iakobi, romelic safiqrebelia,<br />
iyo mefis saeklesio politikis aqtiuri gamtarebeli.<br />
moqnilobiT, gonierebiT gamoirCeva bakur revis Zis sagareo<br />
politika. gamefebamde igi, faqtobrivad, mZevlad imyofeboda bizantiaSi:<br />
mis dabrunebas samSobloSi leonti mroveli ganixilavs, rogorc or<br />
qveyanas Soris ndobis damkvidrebas. qristianuli sarwmunoebis niadagze,<br />
bunebrivia, vifiqroT, rom bakurs Semdgomac kargi urTierToba hqonda<br />
bizantiasTan. Tumca, rogorc irkveva, arc sparselebTan wyvetda<br />
urTierTobas. maTac `ezraxa~ Turme da saSinao saqmeTa mogvarebas<br />
cdilobda ori mtruli Zalis SemweobiT `SuamdgomlobiTa berZenTa<br />
mefisa da sparsTa mefisaTa.~<br />
29
politikur samyaroSi bakuris mniSvnelobas kargad aCvenebs faqti,<br />
romelic arwerili aqvs petre iberis siriuli `cxovrebis~ avtors.<br />
sparsTa laSqarSi samokavSireo xelSekrulebiT myofma bakurma, yvela<br />
sxva sardlisagan gansxvavebiT, Tayvani ar sca mzes da amis mizezad<br />
Tavisi qristianoba daasaxela. amgvari gulaxdilobiT gancvifrebulni da<br />
Seuracxyofilni darCenilan sparselebi, magram iZulebulni gamxdaran<br />
moeTminaT `es aris bakuriosi da Cven is gvWirdeba, ra unda vuyoT mas~,<br />
– uTqvams sparsTa mefes TavisianebisaTvis.<br />
`yovelni dReni cxovrebisa misisani didsa sarwmunoebasa Sina<br />
aRasrulna~ – ase ajamebs bakurze monaTxrobs leonti mroveli. petre<br />
iberis biografi, am TvalsazrisiT, konkretul, metad STambeWdav<br />
faqtebs gvawvdis. igi mogviTxrobs, rom bakuri zedmiwevniT misdevda<br />
marxvas, locvas, mowyalebis gacemas. kviraSi samjer sakuTari xeliT<br />
gvida qalaqis eklesias, Tavis damcirebad ar Tvlida sasaxleSi<br />
emzadebina saWmeli da TviTonve waeRo RaribTa TavSesafarSi.<br />
aseTi iyo bakur revis Ze: axloblebTan urTierTobaSi mosiyvarule,<br />
politikur partniorebTan mimarTebaSi – moqnili, principuli,<br />
Rirseuli, RmerTis winaSe – morCili.<br />
mefe bakuri Ze Trdatisi<br />
bakuri, romelsac es werili eZRvneba, qarTlis pirveli qristiani<br />
mefis mirianis Zis _ revis SviliSvilia. salome uJarmeli – wmida<br />
ninosadmi miZRvnil mogonebaTa krebulis Semdgeneli – misi didedaa.<br />
salomesa da revs oTxi Svili hyavdaT: sami vaJi: bakuri, Trdati,<br />
arCili da erTi asuli, romlis saxeli ucnobia, SuaTana vaJis –<br />
Trdatis Zea bakuri, V saukunis I ocwleulSi vxedavT mas qarTlis<br />
samefos taxtze.<br />
bakur Trdatis Zis Sesaxeb cnobebi Semogvinaxes qarTulma, somxurma,<br />
bizantiurma (berZnul-laTinurma), asurulma, informaciulobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, metad maRali Rirebulebis wyaroebma. miuxedavad amisa,<br />
qarTlis am mefes farTo mkiTxveli TiTqmis ar icnobs. amis mizezi is<br />
aris, rom bakuris Sesaxeb arsebuli sxvadasxva wyaroebis monacemebi<br />
saTanadod sistematizebuli da erTianobaSi gaazrebuli ar yofila.<br />
X X X<br />
pirvelad, istoriul wyaroebSi bakuri 378 wels momxdar<br />
adrianopolis brZolasTan dakavSirebiT gvxvdeba. mas ixseniebs IV<br />
saukunis bizantieli istorikosi amiane marcelini. am dros bakuri ukve<br />
30
sardalia, e. i. bavSvi aRar aris, Tumca arc Wabukuri asakidan Cans<br />
gamosuli. amaze metyvelebs is araCveulebrivi, mematianis sityviT,<br />
TavSeukavebeli sificxe, rasac bakuri am brZolaSi iCens. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, periodi, roca bakuris dabadeba unda vivaraudoT, IV<br />
saukunis 50-60-iani wlebis mijniT ganisazRvreba.<br />
aseve miaxloebiT SegviZlia laparaki bakuris gardacvalebis<br />
TariRzec: 416 wlis Semdgom, igi wyaroebSi aRar Cans. 422 wels ki<br />
qarTlis samefos taxtze ukve vxedavT arCils. mas da bakurs Soris,<br />
`moqcevai qarTlisai~ kidev or mefes – farsmansa da mirdats asaxelebs.<br />
amgvarad, am mokle qronologiur monakveTSi (416-422 ww.) Tavsdeba<br />
bakuris mmarTvelobis bolo periodi, farsmanisa da mirdatis mefoba<br />
mTlianad, arCilis mefobis dasawyisi. aqedan cxadia, rom bakuri 60<br />
wels mitanebuli, 416 wlisTvis gardacvlila. V saukunis dasawyisSi<br />
ki, maSin, rocdesac mis mier taxtis dakavebaa safiqrebeli, igi oTx<br />
aTeul welze cota meti xnis unda iyos.<br />
gamefebamde xangrZlivi dro (IV saukunis bolo meoTxedi) bakurma<br />
bizantiaSi gaatara. taxtis memkvidris garkveuli xniT bizantiaSi yofna<br />
bizantia-qarTlis megobruli urTierTobis aRmniSvneli politikuri<br />
Jesti Cans. ase iyo adre gagzavnili keisris karze bakuris biZa – bakur<br />
revis Ze (ucxouri wyaroebis mixedviT `didi bakuri~), mogvianebiT ki<br />
bakuris diswuli murvanosi, berad aRkvecis Semdeg, palestinaSi moRvawe<br />
petre iberi.<br />
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, qarTveli ufliswuli, romlis bizantiaSi<br />
yofnas diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobis mniSvnelobac hqonda, dgamda<br />
saTanado nabijebs. maSin, roca mazdeanuri iranis Semoteva amierkavkasiis<br />
qristianul qveyanaze gansakuTrebulad saSiS xasiaTs iRebs da qarTls<br />
esaWiroeba Tanadgoma, bakuri bizantiis mowinave sazogadoebriobas<br />
axsenebs qarTvelTa gaqristianebis istorias da Tan daJinebiT usvams<br />
xazs qarTlis mier gadadgmuli am nabijis politikur mniSvnelobas, mis<br />
sargeblianobas bizantiisaTvis. cxadia, es aqcenti qarTveli diplomatis<br />
monaTxrobSi SemTxveviTi ar aris: bakuri cdilobs bizantiis<br />
mxardaWeris mopovebas da awmyoSi TanamSromlobisaTvis istoriul<br />
winamZRvrebs warmoaCens.<br />
bizantiaSi yofna qarTveli ufliswulisaTvis uTuod didi skola<br />
iyo: Tvalsawieris gafarToeba, mravalmxrivi samzadisi misi momavali<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis. bakurs aq araerTi saomari<br />
operaciis monawiled vxedavT, sadac mas Tavisi mxedruli Tu<br />
mxedarTmTavruli Zalis gamocdis saSualeba eZleva. amave dros, mas<br />
axlo megobruli urTierToba aqvs bizantiis – imdroindeli msoflios<br />
kulturuli centris inteleqtualur elitasTan.<br />
bakuris cxovrebis swored am periodis Sesaxeb Semogvinaxa cnobebi<br />
bizantiurma istoriulma wyaroebma. am masalebidan Cans, rom bakuri<br />
31
mSvenieri iyo rogorc suliT, aseve sxeuliT: brZenma da Cauqma ar<br />
icoda brZolaSi SiSi, iyo ganaTlebuli da RvTismosavi. sailustraciod<br />
ramdenime amonawers moviyvan. ai, rogor damokidebulebas amJRavnebs<br />
bakurisadmi cnobili bizantieli istorikosi rufinusi, visac bakurma<br />
qarTvelTa gaqristianebis istoria mouTxro: `rom yvelaferi ase moxda,<br />
Cven gviambo friad sarwmuno kacma bakurma, TviT am xalxis mefem,<br />
romelic CvenSi iyo domestikTa * komsi * . igi uaRresad zrunavda rogorc<br />
morwmuneobaze, ise WeSmaritebaze, rodesac CvenTan erTad cxovrobda<br />
srulis erTsulovnebiT ierusalimSi. maSin is iyo palestinis<br />
sazRvrebis sardali~.<br />
V saukunis bizantieli istorikosis zosimes cnobiT, 394 wels,<br />
saomari operaciebis dros, `sardalTa Soris umamacesi bakuri yvela<br />
Tavisianze ufro win ibrZoda~. bakuris simamaces brZolaSi, giorgi<br />
amartolic (IX saukune) xazgasmiT aRniSnavs. amasTan igi aRniSnavs, rom<br />
bakuri iyo `kaci yovlad Rirseuli rogorc rwmeniT da saTnoebiT, ise<br />
sulieri da xorcieli sikeTiT~.<br />
qarTveli ufliswulis saxe yvelaze STambeWdavad mainc cnobili<br />
moazrovnis, libaniosis werilSi Cans. am werilis adresati Tavad<br />
bakuria. ai, ras vkiTxulobT am wyaroSi: `Seni werili Seicavda iseT<br />
azrebs Sens Sesaxeb, rogorsac, Cveulebriv, megobrebis wreSi<br />
gamovTqvamT xolme, radgan did siamovnebas ganvicdiT im qebaTagan,<br />
romelsac gZens Seni bunebrivi niWi. zogi aqebs Sens samarTlianobas...<br />
zogi ki adidebs Sens zomierebas da imas, rom ufro metad brZaneblob<br />
vneba-survilebs, vidre jariskacebs. sxva kidev aqebs Sens sibrZnes,<br />
romlis wyalobiT imarjveb brZolaSi. iyo iseTic, romelic ambobda, rom<br />
Sens suls ar mihkarebia araviTari SiSi raime safrTxis winaSe. me ki<br />
Sens RirsebaTagan yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad meCveneba is, rom Sen<br />
giyvars logosebi (e. i. mecniereba – m. C.) da isinic, vinc logosebs<br />
misdeven~.<br />
aseTia axalgazrda bakuri. eWvi araa, igi ganekuTvneboda adamianTa im<br />
tips, romlebic sazogadoebaSi sargebloben gansakuTrebuli simpaTiiT.<br />
simamacis, siCauqis, sificxis Sexameba saTnoebasTan, RvTismoSiSebasTan,<br />
maRal inteleqtTan anu jansaRi sxeulisa da jansaRi sulis harmonia,<br />
ase iSviaTi yovel droSi, aris bakuriT amgvari aRfrTovanebis mizezi;<br />
xibli, romelic uTuod hqonda bakurs, ra Tqma unda, misi<br />
individualuri, pirovnuli maxasiaTebelia, magram ucxoelTa winaSe<br />
gamorCeuli RirseulobiT Tavis daWeraSi, ueWvelad mJRavndeba xasiaTis<br />
zogadqarTuli Strixic. istoriis sxvadasxva monakveTSi uZvelesi<br />
droidan dRemde, samSoblosagan Sors moRvawe qarTvelebSi xSirad<br />
gansakuTrebuli simZlavriT iCens Tavs qarTveli kacis erT-erTi<br />
umTavresi Tviseba – Tavmomwoneoba. saxelis siyvaruli (xom faqtia:<br />
udidesi qarTvelis azri imis Sesaxeb, rom `sjobs saxelisa moxveWa<br />
32
yovelsa mosaxveWelsa~, _ qarTvelTagan aravis eCveneba paradoqsulad!).<br />
amitom, vfiqrob, rom sxvis omSi TavganwirviT mebrZoli, Tu sakuTar<br />
vneba-survilTa damTrgunavi qarTveli ufliswulis qceva erovnuli<br />
fsiqikiTac iyo didwilad ganpirobebuli.<br />
bakuris mmarTvelobis xana, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos<br />
istoriis mZime periodze modis. aRmosavlur-qarTuli saxelmwifos<br />
mesveurTa winaSe kvlav mTeli sigrZe-siganiT dgas iranTan urTierTobis<br />
sakiTxi, romlis Semoteva amierkavkasiis qristianul qveynebze sul<br />
ufro saSiS xasiaTs iRebs. bakuris uSualo winamorbedis _ varazbakuris<br />
dros, iranelebi qarTlis Suagulamdec ki aRweven da xarks<br />
adeben qveyanas. qarTls imedis Tvali bizantiisaken aqvs mipyrobili,<br />
magram bizantia, dakavebuli Tavisi problemebiT, amierkavkasiis<br />
dasaxmareblad ver iclis. iranTan urTierTobis gamwvaveba bizantias arc<br />
awyobs. amgvarad, Zlieri mtris pirispir qarTli, Tu ar CavTvliT Tavad<br />
SeWirvebul somxeTsa da albaneTs, martoa da Tan erT muStadac araa<br />
Sekruli: gvaqvs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom swored am dros ikveTeba<br />
qvemo qarTlis mmarTveli Zlieri feodaluri saxlis separatizmi,<br />
romelic mogvianebiT, V saukunis II naxevarSi, ase TvalsaCinod<br />
gamoikveTeba, mkiTxvelisaTvis kargad cnobili, varsqen pitiaxSis mier<br />
gadagmul nabijebSi. bakuri ki, miuxedavad yovelive amisa, axerxebs<br />
viTarebis stabilizacias; sainteresoa, rogor?<br />
Tavis moRvaweobas bakuri eklesiis agebiT iwyebs. esaa bolnisis<br />
sioni – qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino Zegli.<br />
is faqti, rom qarTlisaTvis didi sagareo safrTxis pirobebSi, bakurma,<br />
pirvel rigSi, qristianuli taZris mSenebloba ganizraxa, gviCvenebs: mas<br />
kargad esmoda iranTan uTanasworo brZolaSi qarTlisaTvis<br />
ideologiuri iaraRis – qristianobis mniSvneloba. amasTan, bakuris mier<br />
wamowyebuli, moculobiTac da xarisxiTac grandiozuli mSenebloba<br />
qvemo qarTlSi xazs usvamda mcxeTeli mefis uflebebs separatistulad<br />
ganwyobili pitiaxSis sagamgebloSi. ase, rom `eklesiai bolniss~<br />
RvTismosavi mefis martooden sulier moTxovnilebaTa<br />
dasakmayofileblad gaRebuli xarki ar aris. am nabijs saSinao Tu<br />
sagareo politikis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani datvirTva eniWeba<br />
bakuris samoRvaweo programaSi.<br />
`imier ganvida da ganaaxlna armazni sparsTa SiSisaTÂs~ _ `moqcevai<br />
qarTlisais~ es cnoba, romelic naTlad aCvenebs, rom bakuri marto<br />
salocavebze ar amyarebda imedebs, cixeebis gamagrebazec zrunavda,<br />
gansakuTrebul komentars ar saWiroebs. mkiTxvelis yuradRebas, am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, mxolod erT moments mivaqcevdi: igi, vis sulsac `ar<br />
mihkarebia SiSi araviTari safrTxis winaSe~, visac `ficxi ieriSiT<br />
TavSeukaveblad~ brZolis wina xazze gaWriT sakuTari sicocxlis<br />
33
safrTxeSi Cagdeba iolad SeeZlo, ra frTxili da windaxedulia, roca<br />
saqme mTeli qveynis beds Seexeba.<br />
dasasruls, minda aRvniSno faqti, romelic Cveni azriT, bakuris<br />
pirovnebis warmosaCenad gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. esaa, mis mier jer<br />
kidev warmarTul epoqaSi Seqmnili qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis<br />
SenarCuneba.<br />
saqme isaa, rom V saukunis dasawyisSi, mazdeanuri eqspansiis<br />
safrTxis sapasuxod, mTel amierkavkasiaSi Zlierdeba qristianizaciis<br />
procesi. am, Tavisi arsiT, politikur moZraobas saTaveSi udgebian<br />
somexi moRvaweebi, rogorc iranisagan gansakuTrebiT Seviwroebuli<br />
qveynis warmomadgenlebi. isini warmarTobis jer kidev Zlieri naSTebis<br />
aRmofxvras isaxaven miznad. daaxloebiT 416 wlisaTvis qarTlSi Camodis<br />
cnobili somexi qristiani moRvawe mesrop maSToci, romlis aq samoqmedo<br />
programis erT-erTi mTavari punqtia qarTuli asomTavrulis, rogorc<br />
warmarTuli epoqis araTu naSTis, aramed cocxali nawilis, axliT<br />
Secvla. mefe bakuri am avtoritetul pirovnebas misTvis Sesaferi<br />
pativiT iRebs, muSaobisaTvis saTanado pirobebs uqmnis, magram mis mier<br />
SemoTavazebul anbans ar amkvidrebs. amas is garemoeba adasturebs, rom<br />
mecnierTa azriT, asomTavrulSi gansaxierebulia warmarTuli<br />
msoflmxedveloba, rac, bunebrivia, gamoricxavs imas, rom igi<br />
warmarTobis winaaRmdeg sagangebod mebrZoli qristiani moRvawis<br />
naxelavi SeiZleba iyos.<br />
Aaq unda gavixsenoT Semdegic: sanimuSo qristiani bakuri xom, amave<br />
dros, warmarTi filosofosis, libaniosis megobari iyo. amasTan, es aris<br />
misi erT-erTi umTavresi damsaxureba: bakuris mefobis dros miRebuli<br />
swored am marTebuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegia, rom qarTuli<br />
asomTavruli anbani _ qarTveli eris istoriis warmarTuli da<br />
qristianuli epoqebis SemakavSirebeli es xidi ar dairRva da igi<br />
mTliani qarTuli kulturis xerxemlad gvevlineba.<br />
bakurs ar ganuvrcelebia saqarTvelo `nikofsiidan darubandamde~,<br />
rogorc daviT aRmaSenebels; mis dros sakmaod SeWirvebulia Cveni<br />
samSoblo, magram xanmokle Sesveneba, romelic bakuris mmarTvelobam<br />
moitana, sasicocxlod aucilebeli iyo brZolebiT daRlili qveynisaTvis<br />
sulmosaTqmelad, da Tan am `friad sarwmuno kacma~ dagvitova bolnisis<br />
sioni, qarTuli jiSis xibli agrZnobina ucxoelT...<br />
`neladre Sekrba qarTli~<br />
`moqcevai qarTlisa~ aris ZvelqarTuli istoriuli Txzuleba,<br />
romelic, rogorc amas saTauric aCvenebs, qarTvelTa gaqristianebas<br />
34
eZRvneba. amasTan erTad, mokle qronikis saxiT aq moTxrobilia qarTlis 6<br />
istoria Zv. w. IV saukunidan ax. w. VII saukunis Sua xanamde. am<br />
qronikis erT adgils minda mivapyro mkiTxvelis yuradReba. saqme exeba<br />
rTul istoriul movlenas – qarTlSi erovnuli uzenaesi saero<br />
xelisuflebis (mefobis) Sewyvetas da garkveuli drois mere mis<br />
erismTavrobis formiT aRdgenas:<br />
`da Semdgomad misa mefoda bakur... da mis bakuris zeve daesrula<br />
mefobai qarTlisai. maSin mcxeTai aTxeldeboda da tfilisi eSeneboda.<br />
armazni Semcirdebodes da kalai * gandiddeboda. sparsni uflebdes<br />
qarTls da somxeTs da sivnieTs * da guaspuragans * . da kaTalikosi iyo<br />
samovel da neladre Sekreba qarTli. da ganaCines erisTavad guaram...~<br />
`moqcevai qarTlisai~ pirdapir qronologiur monacemebs ar<br />
Seicavs, amitom aRniSnuli faqtis daTariRebisTvis unda miemarToT sxva<br />
wyaroebs. meore umniSvnelovanes ZvelqarTul istoriografiul ZeglSi<br />
`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ SeniSnulia, rom mefe bakuri, romelic Semdgomac<br />
qarTlSi `mefobai daesrula~, e. i. Sewyda, iyo sparseTis mefis,<br />
`urmizdis~ Tanamedrove, esaa iranis Sahi hormizd IV, misi zeoba<br />
ganisazRvreba 579-590 wlebiT. amrigad, uzenaesi saero xelisufleba<br />
qarTlSi Sewyvetilia VI s. ukanasknel ocwleulSi.<br />
`qarTlis cxovrebisave~ cnobiT, mefobis Sewyveta gamoiwvia iman,<br />
rom bakurs gardacvalebis Semdeg mcirewlovani Svilebi darCa, `romelni<br />
ipyrobda mefobasa~. amgvari ram, cxadia gamosaricxi ar aris, magram es<br />
mainc ufro sababi Cans, vidre mizezi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, erTi ram<br />
aSkaraa: `mefobis dasrulebas~ sparsTa xelisuflebis gaZliereba mohyva<br />
qarTlSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom VI s. 80-iani wlebis bolos, irani Sida<br />
politikur kriziss ganicdis da Sah xosro II farvizs (590-628 ww.)<br />
bizantiis sasargeblod teritorialur daTmobebzec uxdeboda wasvla. am<br />
dros, kerZod ki, 591 wlidan, qarTli Tbilisamde bizantiis<br />
proteqtoratis qveSaa.<br />
iranis gavlenis sferoSi qarTlis politikuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb<br />
warmodgena SegviZlia SeviqmnaT qarTuli da ucxouri istoriuli<br />
wyaroebis meSveobiT. qveyanas uSualod ganagebda Sahis didmoxele,<br />
romelic iwodeboda marzpanad. igi Tavis Zalauflebas adgilebze<br />
axorcielebda cixisTavis 7 (safiqrebelia, aseve iraneli moxelis,<br />
saSualebiT. qveynis cxovrebaSi garkveul rols TamaSobdnen da<br />
garegnulad iranelebTan TanamSromlobdnen qarTveli warCinebulebic.<br />
6<br />
qarTvelTa saxelmwifos aRmniSvneli Zveli saxelwodeba. dRes am terminiT<br />
aRiniSneba mxolod erT-erTi kuTxe saqarTvelos aRmosavleT nawilSi.<br />
7<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad termini cixisTavi qarTulia, safiqrebelia rom am<br />
SemTxvevaSic iranel moxelesTan gvaqvs saqme.<br />
35
maT moTaveobda ierarqTa sameuli _ qarTlis kaTalikosis, qarTlis<br />
mamasaxlisis, qarTlis pitiaxSis SemadgenlobiT. pirveli maTgani,<br />
rogorc vxedavT, qarTlis uzenaesi sasuliero xelisufalia,<br />
ukanaskneli qvemo qarTlis sapitiaxSos – qarTlis erT-erTi SedarebiT<br />
damoukidebeli provinciis gamgebeli. mamasaxlisis uflebamosileba<br />
mkvlevarTa mier zustad gansazRvruli araa. rogorc varaudoben, igi<br />
samefo saxlis anu gvaris ufrosi warmomadgeneli unda yofiliyo.<br />
`mamasaxlisoba~ ufro sapatio movaleoba Cans, vidre realuri<br />
Zalaufleba. Tumca, arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom qarTlis mamasaxliss,<br />
garkveul sferoebSi, mTeli qveynis masStabiTac ganexorcielebina saero<br />
xelisufleba, oRond ara uzenaesi. amas is gvafiqrebinebs, rom is<br />
wyaroebSi kaTalikosis Semdgomaa dasaxelebuli.<br />
CvenTvis ucnobia, uSualod mefobis SewyvetisTanave, konkretulad<br />
vin winamZRvrobda qarTvel didgvarovanT. mxolod VII s. dasawyisidan<br />
gvaqvs Sesabamisi cnobebi. qarTvel da somex umRles xelisufalTa<br />
Soris, am periodSi mimdinare saeklesio politikuri mimoweris masalaTa<br />
krebulidan, e. w. `epistoleTa wignidan~ (SemogvrCa somxur enaze), Cven<br />
viciT saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi moRvawe kaTalikosis, mamasaxlisis<br />
da pitiaxSis vinaoba. esenia: kirioni, adarnase, arSuSa. qarTuli<br />
hagiografiuli qmnileba `wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~ ki<br />
gvisaxelebs momdevno aTwleulSi maT Semcvlel pirT: samoel, grigol,<br />
arSuSa. mesame wevri, rogorc vxedavT, igivea.<br />
`moqcevai qarTlisai~, Cveulebriv, asaxelebs qarTlis mxolod<br />
uzenaes saero da sasuliero xelisufalT. amitom adarnases, grigolisa<br />
da arSuSas saxelTa Ziebas aq tyuilad daviwyebT. kirion qarTlis<br />
kaTalikosi qronikaSi ratomRac gamorCenilia. igi naxsenebi unda iyos<br />
iq, sadac mcxeTis `damcrobis~, Tbilisis `gandidebis~, sparsTa<br />
gaZlierebis procesia dafiqsirebuli. samoeli ki swored is samovelia,<br />
visi zeobis epoqasac qarTlis `neladre Sekrebis~ faqts ukavSirebs<br />
Zveli istorikosi. kirioni Tavdadebuli erovnuli moRvawe Cans.<br />
rogorc `epistoleTa wignidan~ xdeba CvenTvis cnobili, igi energiul,<br />
Tumca diplomatiurad uaRresad SeniRbul nabijebs dgamda, romlebic<br />
mimarTuli iyo qveynis Sinagani erTianobis ganmtkicebisa da iranisagan<br />
Tavis daRwevisaken. bizantiasTan dasapirispireblad irani mfarvelobda<br />
qristianobis aramarTlmadideblur mimdinareobebs, e. w. `somxur<br />
sarwmunoebas~ (anu monofizitobas). kirionma daiwyo sparselTa<br />
politikuri batonobis am ideologiuri iaraRisagan gamijvna. moaxerxa<br />
kulturul-politikurad garkveulad gankerZoebul qvemo qarTlis<br />
sapitiaxSoSi * mRvdelTmsaxurebaSi qarTuli mwignobrobis damkvidreba.<br />
kirioni uaRresad moqnili politikosi iyo, magram mdgomareobas is<br />
urTulebda, rom mis moqmedebebs somexTa mesveurebi Sahis karze<br />
dauyovnebliv aZlevdnen saTanado Sefasebebs.<br />
36
gamorCeul erovnul moRvawed warmogvidgeba samoelic. mis dros<br />
qarTlSi imyofeboda sparseTidan mosuli mogvi gvirobandaki, romelic<br />
swored qarTuli saeklesio cxovrebis zegavleniT gaqristianda da<br />
moinaTla kidec samoelis xeliT. monaTvlis Semdeg mas ewoda `evstaTi~,<br />
rac berZnulad `mtkiced mdgoms~ niSnavs. rwmenis Secvlis gamo,<br />
sparselebi evstaTis sdevnidnen. samoeli yovelnairad cdilobda mis<br />
mfarvelobas, mowameobrivi aRsasrulis Semdeg ki, zrunavda mis pativiT<br />
dakrZalvaze. evstaTis gaqristianeba, misi ukompromiso brZola qristes<br />
rjulisaTvis, qarTuli ideologiis, da upirvelesad, piradad samoelis<br />
didi gamarjveba iyo.<br />
kirionisa da samoelis zeoba emTxveva msoflio imperiebis –<br />
bizantiisa da iranis xangrZlivi, orive mxarisaTvis Zalagamomcleli<br />
Widilis damamTavrebel etaps. riT iyo aRniSnuli epoqa qarTuli<br />
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisaTvis xelsayreli? es iyo<br />
zesaxelmwifoTa `mouclelobis~ xana, ramac Tavis apogeas * miaRwia VII<br />
s. 10-ian wlebis dasasrulsa da 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. iranma<br />
bizantias puriT mdidari egvipte waarTva (619 w.), riTac faqtobrivad<br />
sasicocxlo arteria dauxSo. magram amis Semdeg, sul oriode<br />
weliwadSi, anu 622 wels gadamwyveti gamarjveba moipova bizantiam.<br />
swored mowinaaRmdegeTa ukiduresi daZabulobis es dro – iranis<br />
ukanaskneli gamarjvebidan mis pirvel damarcxebamde qarTlSi erovnuli<br />
xelisuflebis aRdgenis xanad moiazreba.<br />
amrigad, erTi mxriv, eris mesveurTa gonieri mizanmimarTuli<br />
moRvaweoba qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis, meore mxriv, xelsayreli<br />
saerTaSoriso pirobebi, SesaZlebels xdian guaramis `ganCenas~<br />
erismTavrad. sainteresoa, rom qronisti aqcents Sida procesze akeTebs,<br />
da mas Tvlis gadamwyvetad. `tfilisisa mkvidrTa didsa eklesiasa<br />
(Seneba _ m. C.) daiwyes. naxevarsa iqmoda yoveli eri, naxevarsa<br />
erisTavni~ _ SeniSnavs igi Tbilisis sionis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
es, albaT, arcaa SemTxveviTi: istorikosi aSkarad cdilobs<br />
gvagrZnobinos erovnuli Tanxmobis is atmosfero, romelmac, Cans,<br />
mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba darRveuli saxelmwifoebrivi organizmis<br />
aRdgena.<br />
iranelTa garnizoni kvlav idga TbilisSi da dampyrobTagan<br />
sabolood gaTavisuflebamdec jer kidev mZime dReebi iyo gadasatani,<br />
magram es iyo qarTlis TandaTanobiT Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis xana.<br />
erismTavari stefanoz I<br />
`didi stefanoz~ _ ase ixseniebs `moqcevai qarTlisais~ istoriuli<br />
qronika qarTlis rigiT meore erismTavars stefanoz guaramis Zes.<br />
epiTeti `didi~ aRniSnul ZeglSi (moicavs periods Zv. w. IV saukunidan<br />
37
ax. w. VII s. Sua wlebamde), stefanozis garda, mxolod vaxtang<br />
gorgasals ewodeba. amrigad, qronistis azriT, xsenebuli erismTavari,<br />
saxelovani mefis rangis saxelmwifo moRvawea. es garemoeba stefanozis<br />
mimarT interess gviRvivebs.<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT `moqcevai qarTlisais~ istoriuli qronikis<br />
lakonur * stils sazogadod, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom teqstis monakveTi<br />
miZRvnili stefanozis erismTavrobis epoqisadmi, sakmaod vrcelia. Tumca<br />
uSualod stefanozs, aq sul ori winadadeba eTmoba _ Txrobis<br />
dasawyisSi (`da misa Semdgomad erisTavobda stefanoz, Ze misi, Zmai<br />
demetresi da iqmoda eklesiasa juarisasa~) da boloSi (`da erisTavobda<br />
igive didi stefanoz da kaTalikosi iyo barTlome meore~).<br />
mcxeTis pirispir, iq, sadac aragvi mtkvars erTvis, mTidan ulamazes<br />
velebs gadmohyurebs mcxeTis jvris eklesia – Cveni erovnuli<br />
kulturis ganZi da siamaye. aq, rogorc gvauwyebs uZvelesi qarTuli<br />
hagiografiuli qmnileba `wm. ninos cxovreba~, jer kidev qarTlis<br />
gaqristianebis xanaSi aRmarTes saswaulmoqmedi xisagan damzadebuli<br />
`jvaripatiosani.~ im dRidan moyolebuli, es adgili iqceva qarTvelTa<br />
(da ara marto qarTvelTa; jvris Tayvanis sacemad aq kavkasiis sxvadasxva<br />
mxaridanac modiodnen) uwmindes salocavad. qarTlis pirveli qristiani<br />
mefis, mirianis Ze revi Ria cis qveS myof jvars gumbaTiT gadaxuravs<br />
sneuli Svilis gankurnebisaTvis madlierebis niSnad. aseve uaRresi<br />
mowiwebisa da sasoebis gamo, stefanoz erismTavari xis jvarpatiosans<br />
ukeTebs budes. qvajvris Seqmnis faqtze metyvelebs misi SemorCenili<br />
kvarcxlbeki, romlis warweraSi ixsenieba stefanozi Zma demetresTan da<br />
vaJTan, adarnersesTan erTad: `ese juari qristesi aRemarTa salocvelad<br />
stefanos qarTlisa patrikiosisa * , demetre vipatosisa * . adarnerse<br />
vipatosisa. sulTa da xorcTa maTTa meoxad da yovlisa saxlisa<br />
mcvelad~. amavdroulad, stefanozi agrZelebda mamis mier wamowyebuli<br />
jvris eklesiis mSeneblobas, romelic ZiriTadad, swored stefanozis<br />
zeobaSi aigo.<br />
taZris aRmosavleTis fasadze, sakurTxevlis afsidTan * datanebuli<br />
sarkmelebis zemoT mocemulia samsuraTiani kompozicia anu triptixi,<br />
romlis centralur nawils warmoadgens qristes winaSe muxlmoyrili<br />
stefanozi. macxovris marjvena erismTavars Tavze adevs. `juaro<br />
macxovrisao, stefanos qarTlisa patrikiosi Seiwyale~ _ vkiTxulobT<br />
reliefis Tanadroul warweraSi. marjvniv _ miqael mTavarangelozis<br />
winaSe daCoqili demetrea (`wmidao miqael mTavarangelozo. demetre<br />
vipatossa meox-eyav~), marcxniv _ adarnerse ZiTurT, msasoebeli gabriel<br />
mTavarangelozisa (`wmidao gabriel mTavarangelozo, adarnerses<br />
vipatossa, meox-eyav~).<br />
amrigad, eklesiis fasadis warweraSic igive istoriul pirebs<br />
vxedavT, romelnic ixseniebian jvris kvarcxlbekis warweraSi. pirveli<br />
38
adgili aqac ukavia stefanozs – kompoziciis centrSi, meore _<br />
demetres marjvniv, mesame – adarnerses, igi marcxnivaa bareliefze,<br />
magram, etyoba, eklesiis fasadis warwerebi ufro gviandelia. Tu<br />
qvajvris damzadebis dros yvelani cocxlebi Canan, eklesiis reliefebis<br />
gakeTebisas stefanozi gardacvlili unda iyos. amaze, nawilobriv, mis<br />
mimarT gamoyenebuli vedrebis formula _ `Seiwyale~ metyvelebs,<br />
gansxvavebiT demetresa da adarnerses warwerebis _ `meox-eyav~-isagan.<br />
gamosaxulebac am azrs gvimtkicebs. stefanozi Sewyalebulia, macxovars<br />
mis Tavze udevs xeli. amgvari Sexeduleba ki SeiZleba hqondeT<br />
cocxlebs gardacvlilze da ra Tqma unda, ara Tavad cocxal adamians.<br />
amasTan, adarnerse warmodgenilia ZiTurT. memkvidris warmoCineba, niSnavs<br />
imas, rom erismTavari am dros ukve adarnersea da taZris dasrulebis<br />
Semdgom, cdilobs mamis Rvawlis saTanado dafiqsirebas. amrigad,<br />
mcxeTis jvris eklesia da stefanozis saxeli ganuyrelad ukavSirdebian<br />
erTmaneTs.<br />
magram davubrundeT `moqcevai qarTlisais.~ rogorc iTqva, masSi<br />
CvenTvis saintereso erismTavarze saubari mxolod teqstis Sesabamisi<br />
monakveTis Tavsa da boloSia. rac Seexeba Sua nawils, aq Txroba<br />
mTlianad eZRvneba bizantiis keisris _ herakles laSqrobebs qarTlSi.<br />
cnobilia, rom iranze pirveli gadamwyveti SetevisaTvis heraklem airCia<br />
amierkavkasiis fronti. brZolebi gaCaRda Tbilisis misadgomebTan.<br />
upirvelesad, qronisti yuradRebas swored bizantielebisa da maTi<br />
mokavSire xazarebis mier Tbilisis alyis faqtze amaxvilebs. igi<br />
mogviTxrobs, rom Tavidan, Tbilisis aReba mokavSireebma ver SeZles.<br />
mxolod cota mogvianebiT, roca herakle ukve albaneTSi iyo gadasuli,<br />
xazarTa xakanma jibRum SeZlo daemarcxebina Tbilisis garnizoni.<br />
erTxans amis Semdeg bizantielebi aRar gamoCenilan qarTlSi. es periodi<br />
herakles gamouyenebia iranze gadamwyveti dartymebisaTvis. mxolod Svidi<br />
wlis mere Semobrunebula herakle. am droisaTvis, Tbilisis sionis<br />
mSenebloba, dawyebuli jer kidev stefanozis mamis, guaramis zeobaSi,<br />
dasrulebuli yofila, jvris eklesias ki, cotaRa hklebia. samxedro<br />
saqmeSi warmatebis miRwevis Semdgom herakles ideologiuri Setevisaken<br />
miumarTavs Tavisi Zalisxmeva. qarTlis mosaxleobis gamazdeanebul<br />
nawils, naTlisReba ar mousurvebia da eklesiaSi eSmakobiT, qristianebs<br />
Sereula. herakles maxvili aRumarTavs urCebze. represiebs `rjulis<br />
ganwmendisaTvis~ masobrivi da da sastiki xasiaTi hqonia: `eklesiaTa Sin<br />
mdinareni sisxlisani diodes~.<br />
roca qarTlis teritoriaze urTierTs samkvidro-sasicocxlo<br />
eWideboda ori msoflio imperia, ori samyaro – dasavleTi da<br />
aRmosavleTi, ra unda eqna am dros patara qveynis xelisufals?<br />
bunebrivia, cdiliyo omis bedis saboloo gadawyvetamde daekavebina<br />
orWofuli, gaurkveveli pozicia. amitom qronistis uCveulo dumili<br />
39
aRniSnul dramatul movlenebSi stefanozis raime monawileobaze<br />
SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. am dros, qarTli, SeiZleba iTqvas, imperiaTa<br />
omis wina xazs warmoadgenda. erismTavris moRvaweoba, marTlac, mxolod<br />
imaSi vlindeboda, rom RmerTs taZars ugebda, Tumca politikisagan<br />
ganze mdgomi ar yofila, yovelives saqmis kursSi rom iyo, esec<br />
ueWvelia: herakles qarTlidan wasvlis Semdegac, mas taxtze vxedavT.<br />
aSkaraa, rom stefanozma droulad gaakeTa arCevani gamarjvebuli mxaris<br />
sasargeblod.<br />
qronikis ganxiluli monakveTi sagulisxmo informacias gvawvdis<br />
stefanozis zeobis qronologiis Taobazec. qronisti wlebs, marTalia,<br />
ar uTiTebs, magram msoflio istoriis kargad cnobil movlenaTa mis<br />
mier Tanamimdevruli ganlageba cxadyofs, rom igi sworad orientirebs<br />
istoriul epoqaSi. Tbilisis alyas 627-628 wlebSi hqonda adgili. ase<br />
rom, xelmeored 635 wlisaTvis mosula herakle qarTlSi. Sesabamisad,<br />
stefanozis zeoba VII s. 20-30-iani wlebiT unda ganvsazRvroT.<br />
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ saSualebiT ki, CvenTvis sacnauri xdeba<br />
stefanozis saSinao politikis kidev erTi mxare – misi brZola<br />
qarTlSi centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebisaTvis. aRniSnulis<br />
Taobaze, dasaxelebuli Zegli pirdapir rodi gvauwyebs, aramed iribad.<br />
saqme isaa, rom juanSeriani, istorikosi, romelsac ekuTvnis `qarTlis<br />
cxovrebis~ krebulis Sesabamisi monakveTi, stefanozs axasiaTebs<br />
mkveTrad uaryofiTad, saxavs mas urwmunod, sparselTa mokavSired:<br />
jvris eklesiis mSeneblobaSi mis monawileobas sruliad uaryofs.<br />
stefanozis sagareo politikis amgvari interpretacia, misi urwmunoebis<br />
mtkiceba, miT umetes, jvris mSeneblobaSi misi damsaxurebis uaryofa,<br />
cxadia, aRniSnuli politikuri moRvaweobisadmi istorikosis<br />
tendenciuri damokidebulebis Sedegia. magram vin aris juanSeri? mas,<br />
saukunis Semdeg mcxovreb pirovnebas, ratom unda dasWirveboda esoden<br />
muqi ferebiT warmoeCina stefanozi?<br />
juanSer juanSeriani, rogorc es misive Txzulebidan viciT, erTerTia<br />
qarTlis erisTavTagan, romelsac qveynis imdroindelma<br />
dasustebulma xelisuflebam da kerZod, ki mefe arCilma samoxeleo<br />
miwebi `mkvidrobiT~ daumtkica. istorikosi xazs usvams im garemoebas,<br />
rom amgvarad, e. i. samamuled miwebs erisTavebi ukve stefanozis mamis<br />
dros flobdnen; aseve yofila misi memkvidreebis zeobaSic. stefanozs<br />
mefobis pretenziac hqonia. aqedan unda momdinareobdes juanSeris<br />
uaryofiTi damokidebulebac stefanozisadmi. SesaZloa, SemTxveviTi arc<br />
isaa, rom `moqcevai qarTlisai~ stefanozs erisTavs uwodebs, juanSeri<br />
ki _ erisTavTa mTavars. qarTlis warCinebulTa im elitaruli<br />
wrisaTvis, romelsac ganekuTvneboda istorikosi stefanozi, mTeli eris<br />
winamZRvari ki araa, aramed mxolod erisTavTa Soris pirveli.<br />
40
centralur xelisuflebasTan dapirispirebul ZalebTan stefanozis<br />
brZolis Sesaxeb, azrs gvimtkicebs wm. Sio mRvimelis saswaulTa<br />
krebulSi Setanili erTi hagiografiuli novelac. am Zeglis mixedviT,<br />
stefanozi iyo `kaci ampartavan da borot~. igi aRuSfoTebia imas, rom<br />
SiomRvimeSi masze upiratesi pativiT kaTalikosi miuRiaT, ris gamoc<br />
adre Sewiruli miwebi monastrisaTvis waurTmevia. stefanozis<br />
RvTismoyvareoba, novelis avtoris azriT, moCvenebiTi iyo. eklesiaTa<br />
mSeneblobas mxolod mas Semdeg Sesdgomia, rac monastris<br />
SeviwroebisaTvis wm. Sios misTvis sasjeli mouvlenia. aqac vxvdebiT<br />
stefanozis qedmaRlul gancxadebas imis Taobaze, rom `mefeTa saydarze *<br />
zis~; aqac Cans ersmTavris mier xelisuflebis monopolizaciisaTvis<br />
brZolis anarekli. misTvis eklesia Tavisi politikuri Tu ekonomikuri<br />
gavleniT, am mxriv, gamonaklisi ar aris. brZolis sirTulze da<br />
xangrZlivobaze politikuri opoziciis siZliere metyvelebs. kerZod ki,<br />
am ukanasknelis mier, es vlindeba marTalia, mogvianebiT, magram mainc,<br />
sakuTari istoriuli koncefciis `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ dafiqsirebis<br />
faqti.<br />
stefanozis mier, samoneto politikis ganxorcielebas mowmobs<br />
Cvenamde moRweuli draqma – sasanuri vercxlis fulis adgilobrivi<br />
minabaZi. monetis Sublze, asomTavruliT `stefanozia~ warwerili,<br />
zurgze ki, iq, sadac originalur monetebze mazdeanobis simbolo<br />
cecxlia gamosaxuli, jvars vxedavT. cxadia, es is droa, roca qarTli<br />
sasanuri iranisagan ukve Tavisufalia politikurad, magram ekonomikuri<br />
kavSirebi jer kidev Zlieria da mimoqcevaSi myofi ZiriTadi fuladi masa<br />
kvlav iranulia. amitomac originalur samoneto tips ver vxedavT.<br />
aseTia, Cvens mier danaxuli, qarTlis meore erismTavris, stefanoz I<br />
saxe.<br />
boloTqma<br />
warmodgenili portretebi gardasul epoqebSi mcxovreb,<br />
erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebul adamianebs ekuTvniT. TiToeulma<br />
maTganma qarTveli xalxis istoriul ganviTarebas sakuTari kvali<br />
daaCnia. Aamitom, maT Sesaxeb, STamomavlobam unda icodes. warsulTan<br />
azrobrivi kontaqti, ris saSualebasac istoriuli mecniereba,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki, swored istoriuli moTxrobis biografiuli forma<br />
iZleva, sasicocxlod aucilebelia Cveni qveynis Tanamedrove<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis: `istoria sxva araa Tu ar gamorkveva, Tu ar axsna,<br />
awmyosi warsulisagan~.<br />
meorec, gardasuli sinamdvilis Secnoba TavisTavad uaRresad<br />
sainteresoa da dadebiTi muxtis momcemia pirovnebisaTvis.<br />
41
cnobili frangi istorikosis, mark blokis sityviT, `istoria<br />
adamianTa Sexvedrebia saukuneebSi.~ es marTlac asea: saqme isaa, rom<br />
amgvari `Sexvedrebi~, erTmaneTisagan raoden daSorebuli epoqis<br />
adamianebs ar unda exebodes sityva, gadamwyvet rols asrulebs<br />
momavlis CamoyalibebaSi.<br />
42
ganmatrebiTi leqsikoni *<br />
albaneTi _ qveyana, romelic saqarTvelos aRmosavleTidan emezobleboda.<br />
misi asimilacia mogvianebiT mosuli ucxo (Turquli modgmis) xalxis<br />
mier moxda.<br />
apogea _ berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs mTvaris orbitis wertils,<br />
romelic yvelaze metad aris daSorebuli dedamiwisagan. gadataniTi<br />
mniSvnelobiT igi niSnavs ganviTarebis umaRles wertils. swored am<br />
azriT aris aq es sityva gamoyenebuli.<br />
arian-qarTli _ Cveni azriT, ase iwodeboda samxreT-dasavleT<br />
saqarTveloSi mdebare qarTuli saxelmwifo.<br />
arqetipi _ Tavdapirveli forma anu pirvelsaxe, romlisagan<br />
momdinareobs yvela Semdgomi varianti.<br />
afsidi _ (absidi) berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs wriuli an<br />
mravalwaxnagovani moxazulobis gadaxurvas. taZris afsidSi<br />
moTavsebulia sakurTxevlis nawili.<br />
barbarosebi _ ase uwodebdnen berZnebi yvela araberZens, usvamdnen ra<br />
xazs TavianT kulturul upiratesobas.<br />
garnisis cixe _ garni, istoriuli cixe da qalaqi dRevandeli somxeTis<br />
CrdiloeT nawilSi.<br />
guaspuragani (vaspuragani) _ somxuri samTavro.<br />
domestikosi _ maRali samxedro Tanamdeboba bizantiaSi. ase uwodebdnen<br />
konstantinopolis gvardiuli nawilebis meTaurebs. domestikosi<br />
mTavarsardalic iyo.<br />
epigrafika _ magar masalaze, ZiriTadad qvaze naweri teqsti.<br />
epikuri _ momdinareobs sityvidan eposi. Ees ukanaskneli aRniSnavs<br />
xalxur sagmiro simRerebs, Tqmulebebs.<br />
vipatosi _ bizantiis samefo karis sapatio tituli.<br />
Tvinier _ Zveli qarTuli sityvaa, axalqarTulad Seesatyviseba gareSe.<br />
izraxeboda _ zraxva, laparaki, xmareba.<br />
kala _ Tbilisis deda-cixe.<br />
komsi _ xelmZRvaneli, meTauri.<br />
kriptograma _ ewodeba saidumlo niSnebiT Caweril teqsts.<br />
lakonizmi _ azris gamoTqma mokled da mkafiod. am TvisebiT ganTqmulni<br />
iyvnen Zveli spartelebi, peloponesis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilis _<br />
lakoniis mcxovreblebi.<br />
novalisi _ (1772-1801 ww.) germaneli poeti da filosofosi, adreuli<br />
germanuli romantizmis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli.<br />
parTia _ saxelmwifo axlandeli iranis teritoriaze.<br />
patrikiosi _ bizantiis samefo karis sapatio tituli.<br />
sTueli _ Semodgoma.<br />
43
sakraluri _ niSnavs wmindas. sivrcis sakralizacia Sesabamisad<br />
miuTiTebs garemos wmindad gaazrebaze da Sesabamisad mis mowyobaze.<br />
sapitiaxSo _ qarTlis saerisTavoebs Soris ase mxolod qvemo qarTlis<br />
saerisTavo iwodeboda, misi mmarTveli ki _ pitiaxSad.<br />
sarmatebi _ ewodebodaT iranulenovan tomebs, romlebmac Zv.w. III-II ss-<br />
Si aiTvises Crdilo kavkasia.<br />
saydari _ ZvelqarTulad niSnavs taxts .<br />
sivnieTi _ somxuri samTavro (igive `siuniki~).<br />
urvili _ mwuxare, SeWirvebuli.<br />
ufali _ Zvel qarTulSi gamoiyeneboda ara marto RmerTis<br />
mniSvnelobiT. igi gamoiyeneboda Zalauflebis mqone pirovnebis mimarTac.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli sityva swored am ukanaskneli azriT aris<br />
naxmari.<br />
xuastagi _ alafi.<br />
44
gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:<br />
• moqcevai qarTlisai. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis<br />
Zeglebi, I. teqstebi gamosca avtorTa koleqtivma ilia abulaZis<br />
xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1963.<br />
• qarTlis cxovreba. I. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi<br />
xelnaweris mixedviT gamosca s. yauxCiSvilma. Tbilisi, 1955.<br />
• tacitusis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. laTinuri teqsti<br />
qarTuli TargmaniT, Sesavali narkveviTa da komentarebiT gamosca<br />
a. gamyreliZem, Tbilisi, 1973.<br />
• d. abaSiZe, ormefoba Zvel qarTlSi, ciskari, #11, 1988.<br />
• g. giorgaZe, armazis bilingva: `farnavazi~ Tu `farnavaziani~?<br />
mnaTobi #10, 1986.<br />
• p. ingoroyva, Zveli qarTuli matiane `moqcevai qarTlisai~ da<br />
antikuri iberiis mefeTa sia Txz. 7 tomad, 1978, t. IV.<br />
• g. mamulia, klasobrivi sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba<br />
Zvel qarTlSi. Tb., 1979.<br />
• m. <strong>CxartiSvili</strong>, qarTuli hagiografiis wyaroTmcodneobiTi<br />
Seswavlis problemebi (`cxorebai wmidisa ninoisi~). Tbilisi, 1987.<br />
• m. <strong>CxartiSvili</strong>, `martvilobai da moTminebai wmidisa evstaTi<br />
mcxeTelisai~. `cxovrebai da moqalaqobai wmidisa serapion<br />
zarzmelisai~ (wyaroTmcodneobiTi gamokvleva), Tbilisi, 1994.<br />
• m. <strong>CxartiSvili</strong>, mcxeTis galavnis berZnuli warweris (I s.) axali<br />
interpretacia. varlam donduas xsovnisadmi miZRvnili samecniero<br />
sesia, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tbilisi, 1996.<br />
• m. <strong>CxartiSvili</strong>, `wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~ da VI-VIIss<br />
saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi. polemikuri narkvevi.<br />
Tbilisi, 2005.<br />
• k. wereTeli, SeniSvnebi armazis bilingvis arameul teqstze,<br />
Tbilisi, 1992.<br />
45
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