marTlmsajuleba kanoni

marTlmsajuleba da kanoni
marTlmsajuleba
N1
'10
da
kanoni
Justice and Law
N1
Justice and Law
#1(24)'10
Legal Journal of Judges Association of Georgia

N
marTlmsajuleba
1(24)
'10
da
kanoni
Justice and Law
#1(24)'10
Legal Journal of Judges Association of Georgia

edaqtori
nino ZiZiguri
redaqtoris TanaSemwe
irma beqauri
nomerze muSaobdnen:
beqa Wedia
leila koSkaZe
nana fridonaSvili
marine vasaZe
N1
marTlmsajuleba
da
kanoni
Justice and Law
(24)'10
saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociaciis iuridiuli Jurnali
LEGAL JOURNAL OF JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA
dizaini:
besik danelia
fotouzrunvelyofa:
daviT xizaniSvili
saredaqcio sabWo:
konstantine kublaSvili, zaza meiSvili,
valeri cercvaZe, giorgi xubua
\ 2010, saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociacia
JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA
Editorial Board:
KONSTANTINE KUBLASHVILI, ZAZA MEISHVILI,
VALERI TSERTSVADZE, GIORGI KHUBUA
akrZalulia aq gamoqveynebuli masalebis gadabeWdva, gamravleba an
gavrceleba komerciuli mizniT, saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociaciis
werilobiTi nebarTvisa da wyaros miTiTebis gareSe.
Editor:
NINO DZIDZIGURI
Assistant to Editor:
IRMA BEKAURI
The issue was prepared by:
BEKA CHEDIA
LEILA KOSHKADZE
NANA PRIDONASHVILI
MARINA VASADZE
Designed by
BESIK DANELIA
Photo support by
DAVIT KHIZANISHVILI
English version of articles has been provided
by Candidates of Law faculty of Tbilisi State University
dabeWdilia `si-ji-es~-Si
Printed in CGS
uak (UDC) 340.11+340.130.5
m-306
ISSN 1512-388X

sarCevi
kote kublaSvili: `sistema, romelic SevqmeniT swrafi
da efeqtiani marTlmsajulebis winapirobaa~
System that we Created is Precondition for the Speedy and Effective Administration of Justice”
kaxa wiqariSvili
ramdenime mosazreba danaSaulis momzadebisa da mcdelobis gamijvnis Sesaxeb evropul da
amerikul sisxlis samarTalSi
KAKHA TSIKARISHVILI
Some opinions regarding the differentiation between preparation and attempt in American and West
European Criminal Law
daviT managaZe
saproceso SeTanxmeba sazRvargareT da saqarTveloSi
Plea Bargaining Abroad and in Georgia
DAVID MANAGADZE
mixeil gabunia
danaSaulobis gansazRvris Tanamedrove midgomebi
Modern Approaches to Define Criminality
MIKHEIL GABUNIA
giorgi barabaZe
Tanamonawileobis bunebis aqcesoruli gagebisaTvis
For Understanding the Accessory Nature of Accomplicity
GIORGI BARABADZE
malxaz nakaSiZe
mmarTvelobis naxevrad saprezidento sistemis cneba da klasifikacia
The Concept and Classification of Semi-Presidential System of Government
MALKHAZ NAKASHIDZE
robizon xurcilava
ramdenime mosazreba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis srulyofasTan dakavSirebiT
Several Opinions Regarding the Further Development of the Civil Procedure Code of Georgia
ROBIZON KHURTSILAVA
irma merabaSvili
sasamarTlo struqturebis organizacia da marTlmsajulebis efeqtiani ganxorcieleba
samoqalaqo xasiaTis saqmeebze
Organization of Court Structures and Effectiveness of Justice Administration in the Civil Cases
IRMA MERABASHVILI
5
14
26
40
54
64
81
93
fridon basilaia
mopasuxis mier pasuxis (Sesageblis) warudgenlobis Sedegebi
Results of Not Filing the Response (Objection)
PRIDON BASILAIA
108

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
ia xarazi, nato uerTaSvili, Temur gergedava
sabaJo reJimebis klasifikaciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi
Legal Aspect of Classification of Customs Regimes
IA KHARAZI, NATO UERTASHVILI, TEMUR GERGEDAVA
qeTevan CaxvaZe
ltolvilis statusis miniWebisa da samarTlis subieqtTa Taviseburebani did britaneTSi
Notable Features of Conferring the Refugee Status and of Subjects of Law in the Great Britain
KETEVAN CHAKHVADZE
mariam jiqia
bavSvTa uflebebis dacva Jenevis konvenciebis mixedviT
Protection of the Child Rights under the Geneva Conventions
MARIAM JIKIA
axali wignebi
122
133
140
151
4

`sistema, romelic
SevqmeniT swrafi
da efeqtiani
marTlmsajulebis
winapirobaa~
`Zireul sakanonmdeblo da struqturul
cvlilebebs Tu davumatebT sasamarTloebis
materialur-teqnikuri bazas _ garemontebul
da axladaSenebul sasamarTlos Senobebs,
romelTa teqnikuri aRWurvilobac evropuli
standartebis Sesabamisia, _ Tavisuflad
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom reformis udidesi
nawili warmatebiT ganxorcielda~, _ acxadebs
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare konstantine
kublaSvili. gTavazobT masTan intervius
sasamarTlo sistemaSi ganxorcielebuli da
mosalodneli siaxleebis Sesaxeb.
Tqven ganacxadeT, rom 2009 wlis bolos,
sasamarTlo reformis didi nawili dasrulda.
ra etapzea reforma da am periodisTvis ra
aris yvelaze prioritetuli?
_ roca ganvacxade, rom sasamarTlo reformis Zalian
didi nawili dasrulda, es niSnavs, rom ramdenime
welze gaTvlili reformis gegmis umTavresi mizani
Sesrulda _ Camoyalibda sruliad axali sistema
swrafi da efeqtiani marTlmsajuleba da is sakmaod
gamarTulad funqcionirebs.
sasamarTlo reformis didi nawilis dasrulebaSi
igulisxmeba principuli, Zireuli sakiTxebi. magali-
Tad, sasamarTlos da mosamarTleebis damoukideblobi-
5

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
saTvis Seiqmna pirobebi, rogorc sakanonmdeblo
aseve, sxvadasxva struqturuli
reorganizaciis TvalsazrisiT da sxva is
uamravi problema mogvarda, romelic
sasamarTlos gamarTul funqcionirebas
ganapirobebs.
amoqmedda mosamarTleTa SerCevisa da
daniSvnis axali sistema, daixvewa
iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos saqmianobis
meqanizmi, vinaidan Zveli sistema
sasamarTlos damoukideblobas aferxebda.
aqamde gadawyvetilebebs iRebda iusticiis
umaRlesi sabWo, romelic prezidentis
saTaTbiro organo iyo. mas ar hqonda
damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis saSualeba, radganac saboloo
gadawyvetilebas Tavmjdomare _ prezidenti
iRebda, sabWoSi mosamarTleebic
umciresobaSi iyvnen. amitomac,
saqarTvelos konstituciaSi Setanili
cvlilebebis Semdeg, sabWos wevrebis
umravlesoba mosamarTleebi gaxdnen _
15-dan 9 wevri mosamarTlea. garda amisa,
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare
gaxda sabWos Tavmjdomare da es Zalze
mniSvnelovani miRwevaa sasamarTlos
damoukideblobis TvalsazrisiT.
ganvaxorcieleT sasamarTlos struqturuli
cvlileba _ sakasacio sasamarTlos
mxolod sakasacio funqcia aqvs da aRar
ganixilavs pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos
saqmeebs. igive funqcia aqvs or
saapelacio sasamarTlos Tbilissa da
quTaisSi, romlebic mxolod saapelacio
saCivrebs ganixilaven. pirvel instanciaSi
moxda sasamarTloebis gamsxvileba, 22
didi sasamarTlodan 14 axali wesiT
funqcionirebs da maTTan erTad aris
24 magistrati sasamarTlo _ esec
damoukideblobis xarisxs amyarebs.
am wlebis manZilze sxva uamravi cvlileba
davnergeT, rogorc sakanonmdeblo aseve,
struqturuli da sasamarTlos teqnikuri
aRWurvis TvalsazrisiT, romelTa
detaluri CamoTvlac mkiTxvelisaTvis
albaT, saintereso ar iqneba. umTavresi
da umniSvnelovanesia, rom miviReT
sruliad axali tipis marTlmsajuleba.
marTlmsajulebis sruli damoukideblobisaTvis
erTaderTi, rac dagvrCa,
gasakeTebeli esaa, mosamarTleTa uvado
daniSvna. rogorc cnobilia, proeqti
arsebobs da male konstituciaSi am
mimarTulebiTac Seva cvlilebebi.
uvadod daniSnul mosamarTles
damoukideblobis, principulobis da
stabilurobis ufro meti gancda aqvs.
met-naklebad Semcirda
mosamarTleTa naklebobiT
gamowveuli sirTuleebi, miT
ufro axla, rodesac iusticiis
umaRlesi skola intensiurad
amzadebs mosamarTleTa axal
Taobas, romelmac ukve ori nakadi
gamouSva. rogor fiqrobT, maTi
swavlebis periodulobidan
gamomdinare, ramdenad gamarTlebulia
aseTi xangrZlivi procesi
da sabolood, ramdenad
kvalificiur kadrebs viRebT?
_ marTalia, iusticiis umaRlesi skola
2006 wels Seiqmna, magram mosamarTleTa
SerCeva-daniSvnis axali wesisaTvis
saWiro gaxda sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis
miReba. pirveli Sedegi miviReT 2009 wlis
gazafxulze, roca davniSneT 9 axali
mosamarTle, romlebmac iusticiis umaRles
skolaSi gaiares swavlebis sruli kursi.
6

am adamianebis daniSvniT sasamarTlos
axali sistemis Seqmna dasrulda da
mosamarTleTa SerCeva-daniSvnis axali
sistema amoqmedda.
Seicvala da daixvewa momaval
mosamarTleTa SerCevisa da daniSvnis
kriteriumebi. samosamarTlo kandidatma
gamocdebis Cabarebis garda, unda gaiaros
iusticiis umaRlesi skolis 14-Tviani
saswavlo kursi, raTa srulyofilad
gamoimuSaos mosamarTlisaTvis saWiro
unar-Cvevebi. garda Teoriuli swavlebisa,
samosamarTlo kandidatebi skolaSi
praqtikul kurssac gadian, iZenen
mosamarTlisaTvis saWiro unar-Cvevebs,
ixvewebian rogorc profesionalebi.
vfiqrob, rom swavlebis es kursi gvaZlevs
saSualebas miviRoT maRalkvalificiuri
kadrebi. kandidatebma, romlebmac
samosamarTlo kursi gaiares ganacxades,
rom saswavlo periodi ar iyo sakmarisi
kvalifikaciis asamaRleblad, amitomac,
swavlebis periodi 14 Tvemde gavzardeT
da Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
iusticiis umaRlesi skola saukeTeso
mosamarTleebs amzadebs. Tu adamiani
14 Tves kargad imuSavebs sakuTar Tavze,
is nebismieri saqmis warmatebiT,
profesiulad ganxilvas SeZlebs.
reformis erT-eri nawilia
erTgvarovani sasamarTlo
praqtikis damkvidreba, ra
warmatebebia miRweuli am mxriv?
_ marTlmsajulebis gamarTulad da
xarisxianad muSaobisaTvis Zalze
mniSvnelovani momentia erTgvarovani
praqtika. erTgvarovan praqtikas uzenaesi
sasamarTlo adgens da yvela instanciis
mosamarTle xelmZRvanelobs. anu, yvela
mosamarTlem icis, rom qveda
instanciaSi erTgvarovan praqtikas Tu
gadauxvevs, zeda instanciaSi mainc
erTgvarovani praqtikis safuZvelze
gamova gadawyvetileba. erTgvarovani
praqtikis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mxareebmac
ician, rogori iqneba gadawyvetileba. es
sistemac marTlmsajulebis gamarTulad
muSaobis garantia.
erTgvarovani praqtikis warmatebuli
muSaobis dasturia Catarebuli kvlevis
Sedegebi. magaliTad, samoqalaqo
saqmeebze gamotanili gadawyvetilebis
mxolod 14 procenti saCivrdeba zeda
instanciaSi. xolo sisxlis samarTlis
saqmeebis _ 15-16 procenti, rac
erTgvarovani praqtikis warmatebulad
muSaobis dasturia.
7

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
didi samuSaoebi Catarda sisxlis
samarTlis axali saproceso
kodeqsis saboloo variantis
misaRebad, aseve farTod iyo
gaSuqebuli is Zireuli cvlilebebi,
rac am kodeqsiT unda damkvidrdes.
Tqveni azriT, kidev ra unda
gakeTdes sazogadoebis ukeT
informirebisaTvis?
_ getyviT, rom sazogadoebisaTvis ukve
Zalze kargadaa cnobili am siaxlis Taobaze.
Cven Zalian bevri gavakeTeT, rom
upirvelesad, Jurnalistebamde migvetana
informacia, radgan Cemi azriT, Jurnalistidan
sazogadoebamde manZili TiTqmis
ar arsebobs. maqsimalurad vcdilobT,
Jurnalistebis meSveobiT sazogadoebas
sruli informacia mivawodoT. am reJimSi
urTierToba orive mxarisTvisaa sasargeblo.
upirvelesad, sazogadoebisaTvis, vinaidan
Jurnalisti da sazogadoeba realurad
dainaxavs ra xdeba da informacias mxolod
romelime dainteresebuli mxarisagan ar
miiRebs. sabolood, amgvari urTierTobiT
miiRweva erTi mTavari mizani _ sasamarTlos
gamWvirvaloba, rac niSnavs obieqtur
sasamarTlos da es yvela im adamianis
survilia, vinc am qveyanaSi cxovrobs.
aqve vityvi, rom upirvelesad, es Cemi
survilicaa da amitomac, vecdebiT ufro
meti gavakeToT am mimarTulebiT. sazogadoeba
Cvengan detalur informacias nebismier
dros miiRebs, raTa ukeT iyos informirebuli
mimdinare procesebis Taobaze.
bevri iTqva nafic msajulTa
institutis uaryofiT da dadebiT
mxareebze. saqarTveloSi es
instituti Tqveni Tavmjdomareobis
dros amuSavdeba da sainteresoa,
rogoria Tqveni azri misi
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb?
_ me sakmaod optimisturad var ganwyobili
da darwmunebuli var, rom es instituti
warmatebiT amoqmeddeba da ganviTardeba.
SemiZlia vTqva, rom Cven srulyofilad
mzad varT axali procesis misaRebad da
darwmunebuli var, nafic msajulTa
monawileobiT pirvelive procesi warmatebulad
Catardeba. es aris marTlmsajulebaSi
sazogadoebis pirdapiri monawileoba,
mosamarTlis, advokatis, prokuroris
Caurevlad. darwmunebuli var, am
sistemam unda gaamarTlos. upirvelesad,
is moqalaqeebisaTvis iqneba Zalian
kargi, radgan gaiTaviseben konkretul
pasuxismgeblobas qveynis winaSe. sazogadoebis
warmomadgenlebi mixvdebian, rom
am qveyanaSi maT ekiTxebaT da maTi gadasawyvetia
bevri ram da pasuxismgebloba
qveynis winaSe ar aris mxolod sakuTar
Tavze da ojaxze zrunva.
da meore, moqalaqe naxavs ramdenad rTulia
saqmis ganxilva da gadawyvetilebis miReba.
sazogadoeba mixvdeba, rom marTlmsajulebis
ganxorcieleba Zalze sapasuxismgebloa
da sasamarTlos mimarT kidev
ufro Seicvleba sazogadoebis
damokidebuleba.
dReisaTvis bevri materialurteqnikuri
sakiTxia mogvarebuli,
rac efeqturs xdis mosaxleobis
momsaxurebas, kidev ra cvlilebebi
igegmeba am mimarTulebiT?
_ zemoaRniSnuls Tu davumatebT, rom
sasamarTloebis materialur-teqnikuri
baza _ garemontebuli da axladaSenebuli
sasamarTlos Senobebi evropuli standartebis
Sesabamisia, rac reformis calke
didi nawilia, Cemi azriT, es yvelaferi
dadebiT Sefasebas imsaxurebs. swrafi da
efeqtiani marTlmsajulebis SeqmnisaTvis
8

Zalze bevri ram gavakeTeT. kerZod, Tu
ramdenad swrafad ixileba saqmeebi
sasamarTloSi, 6 aTasi saqmis warmoeba
gamovikvlieT da aRmoCnda, rom saqarTvelos
sasamarTlo sistema evropulze
swrafia. Tumca, gvinda kidev ufro
gavamartivoT da swrafi gavxadoT
marTlmsajuleba, amitomac sistema
eleqtronul warmoebaze gadadis. am
mimarTulebiT, 2010 wlidan ramdenime
sasamarTloSi sapiloto programa amu-
Savdeba. milion 200 aTasi laris
Rirebulebis specialuri aparatura
SeviZineT am sistemis gasamarTavad,
aparatura ukve damontaJebulia da
momaval wels marTlmsajuleba
gacilebiT ufro swrafi gaxdeba.
dReisaTvis, mimdinare sasamarTlo
procesis audioCawera mimdinareobs
mxolod sam sasamarTloSi _ uzenaes
sasamarTloSi, rusTavis, mcxeTis sasamarTloebSi.
vapirebT, es sistema mTeli
saqarTvelos masStabiT avamoqmedoT,
radgan dRes, raionul sasamarTloebSi
procesis msvlelobis Taobaze Canawers
sxdomis mdivani akeTebs da es did dros
moiTxovs. magaliTad, saqmes, romelic
SeiZleba erT saaTSi gakeTdes, sami saaTi
sWirdeba da es swrafi marTlmsajulebis
ganxorcielebas aferxebs.
amitomac, mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT,
yvela sasamarTloSi damontaJdeba
audioCamweri aparatura. am da sxva
teqnikuri procesis srulyofilad
gamarTvas ori weli sWirdeba da Sedegad
srulfasovan marTlmsajulebas miviRebT.
cota xnis winaT Sexvedra gqondaT
diplomatiuri korpusis
warmomadgenlebTan, sainteresoa,
ras fiqroben diplomatiuri
korpusis warmomadgenlebi da
mowveuli ucxoeli eqspertebi
qarTveli mosamarTleebis
profesionalizmze?
_ ra Tqma unda, ar aris gamoricxuli,
rom mTel sistemaSi romelime mosamarTle
ar iyos maRali kvalificikaciis da
swored iqiT mivdivarT, rom es erTi-ori
SemTxvevac aRar arsebobdes. aqve getyviT,
rom mosamarTleTa kvalifikacia
sagrZnoblad amaRlda, Sesabamisad,
gadawyvetilebebis xarisxic gazrdilia
da mosamarTle swrafad, kvalificiurad
ixilavs saqmes. vfiqrob, upirvelesad,
sazogadoebam, xalxma unda Seafasos
Cveni saqmianoba, maT, visac Sexeba hqoniaT
sasamarTlosTan. eqvs did sasamarTloSi
Catarda gamokiTxva da aRmoCnda, rom
marTlmsajulebis saqmianobiT
sazogadoebis 54 procenti kmayofilia.
es Sedegi dadasturda meore kvleviTac,
kerZod ki, im moqalaqeebis gamokiTxvis
Sedegad, romelTac sasamarTlosTan
Sexeba ar hqoniaT. kiTxvaze endobiT Tu
ara sasamarTlos _ 57 procentma dadebiTi
pasuxi gasca, anu, Sedegi daaxloebiT
erTnairia. aseve, didi kvleva Caatara
gaerom da am kvlevis safuZvelze,
mosaxleobis ndobam marTlmsajulebis
mimarT 66% Seadgina. aseTi keTilganwyoba
da Sedegebi mosalodnelic iyo, radgan
sasamarTlo xelisuflebam didi samuSao
Caatara reformis warmatebiT gansaxorcieleblad
da maRali procentic am muSaobis
Sedegia. mosaxleobis didi nawili ukve
Tvlis, rom sasamarTlo kvalificiuria.
marTlac, 5-wliani reformis seriozulad
dadebiTi Sedegi naTelia.
amrigad, yovelive zemoaRniSnuli,
dadebiT Sefasebas imsaxurebs _ sistema,
romelic Cven SevqmeniT swrafi da
efeqtiani marTlmsajulebis winapirobaa.
9

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
System that we Created
is Precondition for
the Speedy and Effective
Administration of Justice”
IF WE THINK OF THE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO
THE COURTS – RENOVATED AND NEWLY BUILT COURT
HOUSES, THAT COMPLY WITH THE INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS, IN ADDITION TO THE LEGISLATIVE AND
STRUCTURAL CHANGES, WE CAN SAY CONFIDENTLY
THAT THE MAJOR PART OF THE REFORM WAS
SUCCESSFULLY IMPLEMENTED,” – STATEMENT OF
THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA,
MR. KONSTANTINE KUBLASHVILI. WE OFFER YOU
THE INTERVIEW WITH THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SUPREME
COURT OF GEORGIA REGARDING THE IMPLEMENTED
AND PLANED REFORMS WITHIN THE JUDICIARY.
You stated that the major part of the judicial reform was completed
at the end of 2009. On which stage is the reform now
and what is the top priority ?
– When I said that the major part of the judicial reform was completed,
this means that the goal of the reform, that was envisaged for several
years, was achieved – entirely new system of the speedy and effective
administration of justice was established that functions very efficiently.
When we say that the major part of the judicial reform was completed, we
mean principle, major issue. For example, conditions were created to ensure
the independence of judges and judiciary. These include legislative
framework, structural reorganization as well as many other problems have
been addressed that ensure effective functioning of the courts.
The new system of selection and appointment of judges have been activated,
mechanism for the operation of the High School of Justice have
10

een improved, because the old system used to hamper
the independence of the judiciary. Before, the High
Council of Justice, that is the consultative body to the
President, used to make decisions. It was not able to
make independent decisions, as the final decision had
to be made by the Chairman – the President and the
judges were presented in the minority. Due to that, the
Constitutional amendments were introduced that increased
the number of judges from 9 to 15. Besides,
Chairman of the Supreme Court became the Chairman
of the Supreme Court and this is a significant achievement
for ensuring the independence of the judiciary.
We carried out structural changes within the judiciary –
Cassation Court’s function is purely cassation and does
no more handle the first instance cases. The similar is
with the jurisdiction of Tbilisi and Kutaisi Appellate
Courts, that handle only appeal claims. The courts have
been merged on the first instance level, out of 22 courts
we have now 14 courts functioning with the new rules
and at the same time, 24 magistrate judges – which is
also strengthening level of independence.
We introduced many other changes during this year.
These are legislative as well as structural and logistical
novelties including equipping the courts with new technologies.
The most important here is that as a result, we
have entirely new system for administration of justice.
The only step we still need to implement in order to
achieve the full independence of the judiciary is the lifetime
appointment of judges. As you know, there is the
draft Constitutional amendments ready to be introduced.
No doubt that judge with the life time appointment has
a better sense of stability, to be more principle and independent.
organizes trainings for the new generation
of judges. Do you think it is reasonable to
have such a long training process and finally,
do you think we are getting the qualified persons
?
– Although the High School of Justice was established
in 2006, it became necessary to introduce legislative
changes in the rules for selection and appointment of
judges. The first results became evident in the spring of
2009, when we appointed 9 judges that took the full
course of trainings. Through appointing these persons,
the creation of the new judiciary was completed and
the new system for selection and appointment of the
judges was completed.
Criteria for the selection and appointment of judges have
been changed and improved. Judicial candidates have
to undertake 14 months’ courses in the High School of
Justice, besides the judicial exam, in order to have all
necessary skills. In addition to the theoretical knowledge,
candidates also have practical courses in the High School
of Justice, acquire necessary skills, grow as professionals.
I believe that this training course enables us to receive
the highly qualified staff. Candidates, that took this
course said that the training course is not sufficient for
raising the qualification. Thus, we increased the training
course up to 14 months and we are confident that the
High School of Justice trains the judges in the best manner.
If the person dedicates himself / herself to this, he
/ she will be competent to handle any case successfully.
One of the goals of the reform is to ensure
the uniform practice among the courts, do
we have success in this direction?
As we understand, judiciary faces less problems
related with the lack of judges, especially
now, when the High School of Justice
– Uniform practice is one of the most important aspect
of the effective administration of justice. The Supreme
Court established uniform practice and judges of all
instances are guided with that. In other words, all judges
11

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know that if a judge will not follow this practice at the
lower instance, decision on the higher instance will be
made based on this uniform practice. This system is also
guarantee of effective administration of justice.
The results of the conducted Survey is the prove of the
successful implementation of the uniform practice. For
example, 14 % of the civil case decisions are appealed
in the higher instance. In criminal cases this figure is 15
– 16% and this is the prove for successful implementation
of the uniform practice.
A lot of efforts have been made for the adoption
of the final version of the Criminal Procedure
Code. A lot of discussion have been
held on the fundamental changes that will
be introduced with this Code. What else do
you think should be done in order to better
inform public?
– Public is very well informed on all novelties. We did a
lot in order to first educate journalists, because there is
almost no distance between journalists and public. We
use all efforts to use journalists for informing public.
This cooperation is productive for both parties. First of
all for public, because the journalist and public will realize
what are the developments and will not receive information
from interested parties only. Finally, we can
reach one common goal with this – transparency of the
judiciary, which means objective and impartial judiciary
and this is the wish of all persons who live in this Country.
I would also state here that this is also my desire and
thus, we will do our best in this direction. Public will
receive detailed information from us, to ensure their
proper update on ongoing processes.
Much has been said on the pros and cons of
the Jury Trial institute. This institute will start
functioning in Georgia during your chairmanship.
It is interesting to know your opinion
on this development.
– I’m quite optimistic and confident that this institute
will be successfully introduced and developed. I can say
that we are fully prepared for the implementation of
the new Criminal Procedure Code and I’m sure that the
first jury trail will be conducted very successfully. This
is a direct participation of public in the administration
of justice, without a judge, attorney, or a prosecutor.
I’m confident that this system will be successful. First
of all, it will be good for citizens to realize individual
responsibility before the state. Citizens will understand
that they are involved in decision making process in the
Country and the responsibility before the State does not
mean to take care of yourself and your family.
And second, citizens will observe how difficult it is to
handle a case and render decision on it. Public will realize
that administration of justice is high responsibility
and public attitude towards the courts will change.
Many of the logistical issues have been solved
nowadays. This makes the services more effective.
What are other changes planed?
– If we add to the above mentioned, that the court
houses and the logistics of the courts in Georgia comply
with the international standards, which is a separate
huge part of the reform, all of this deserves positive
evaluation. We used a lot of efforts for the establishment
of speedy and effective administration of justice.
In order to determine how much time does it take to
administer the case in the courts, we studied 6 thousand
cases and it appeared that Georgian judicial system is
extremely fast. However, we want to make it even simpler
and more speedy and for this reason we introduce
electronic case management. Starting 2010, several pilot
projects will start functioning in several courts. We
purchased the equipment worth of 200 000 GEL in
12

order to make this system functioning. Equipment is
already installed and starting next year, administration
of justice will become faster.
Today, the audio recording of the trials is done in three
courts only – in the Supreme Court, Rustavi and Mtskheta
Courts. We plan to introduce this system throughout the
Country because currently the trial secretary makes the
minutes of the hearing which it too much time consuming.
For example, that case hearing that may take only an
hour, could last three hours, this definitely hampers speedy
trail.
For this reason, the audio recording equipment will be
installed in all courts throughout Georgia. It will take
two years to make this system fully functional and at the
end we will get effective administration of justice.
about whether they trust the court. This means that the
results were almost the same. UN conducted a broader
research and according to its findings, 66% of the population
expressed their trust towards the judiciary. This
kind of attitude was expected, since the judicial authorities
made a lot of efforts to successfully carry out the
reform. The high percentage of trust is the result of the
made efforts. Big part of the population considers, that
the judiciary is qualified and the serious positive outcome
of the 5-year long reform is quite obvious.
Therefore, all the above mentioned facts deserve positive
appraisal – the system created by us is the precondition
for a quick and effective justice.
Recently, we had a meeting with the representatives
of the Diplomatic bodies. It is interesting
to know the opinion of the representatives
of the Diplomatic bodies and invited
foreign experts about the professionalism
of the Georgian Judges.
– Obviously, we can not exclude, that there is not a single
judge with a low qualification in the whole system, but
we are striving to eradicate this one or two cases as well.
We should also notice, that the qualification of the judges
has increased considerably and relevantly the quality of
the decisions is higher, the judges are considering the
cases more quickly and in a more qualified way. I believe
that first of all, our activities shall be evaluated by
those people who had some contact with the judiciary.
A survey was conducted in 6 big courts and it was revealed,
that 54% of the public is satisfied with the justice
performance. This result was further confirmed by
another survey that was done among those citizens that
did not have any contacts with the courts. 57% of the
respondents gave positive responses to the question
13

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ramdenime mosazreba
danaSaulis momzadebisa
da mcdelobis
gamijvnis Sesaxeb
evropul da amerikul
sisxlis samarTalSi
kaxa wiqariSvili
TinaTin wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifo da
samarTlis institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-18 muxlis
pirveli nawiliT, `danaSaulis momzadebad iTvleba
danaSaulis CadenisaTvis pirobebis ganzrax Seqmna~. amave
kodeqsis me-19 muxlis pirveli nawiliT, `danaSaulis
mcdelobad iTvleba ganzraxi qmedeba, uSualod mimar-
Tuli danaSaulis Casadenad.~
kanonis aseTi mkafio ganmartebis miuxedavad, sasamar-
Tlo praqtika icnobs SemTxvevebs, roca danaSaulis
momzadebis da mcdelobis gamijvna sakmaod problematuria
da sadavoa. Cveni azriT, es bunebrivicaa, vinaidan
danaSaulis Cadena (zogjer) mravalsafexuriani procesia,
romelic grZeldeba ganzraxvis gamovlenidan dana-
Saulis dasrulebamde da Znelia raime `magiuri formulis~
gamogoneba, romelic momzadebas da mcdelobas
erTmaneTisgan maTematikuri sizustiT gamijnavs.
rac Seexeba evropul da amerikul sisxlis samarTals,
aq gansxvavebuli midgomebi arsebobs da sakanonmdeblo
Tu doqtrinaluri ganmartebebic mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan 1 .
Cveni azriT, interesmoklebuli ar iqneba sakiTxis
ganxilva SedarebiTi samarTlis kuTxiT. amisaTvis avi-
14

RoT ramdenime kazusi, sasamarTlo praqtikidan da vnaxoT, Tu rogor daakvalificira
esa Tu is qmedeba sasamarTlom.
1. A-m gadawyvita fostis dayaCaReba. amisTvis igi motocikliT mivida fostasTan. avtosadgomze
daayena motocikli da fexiT gaemarTa fostis Sesasvlelisaken. mas erT
jibeSi edo muqaris werili mimarTuli molarisadmi, meoreSi _ saTamaSo pistoleti.
policiam A daakava fostis karebidan erTi iardis moSorebiT da brali dasdo yaCa-
Robis mcdelobaSi. sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom gansasjelma ganaxorciela mxolod
mosamzadebeli qmedebebi. im garemoebebSi, rodesac `pirs jer arc miuRwevia im adgilisaTvis,
sadac unda Caedina danaSauli~ misi qmedebebi ver dakvalificirdeboda
mcdelobad (inglisi); 2
2.saiuveliro maRaziis mepatrone A-m, romlis qonebac dazRveuli iyo marTlsawinaaRmdego
xelyofisgan, gadamala sakuTari Zvirfaseuloba, daiba Tavi da saSvelad
gamocxadebul policias acnoba, rom masze ganxorcielda yaCaRuri Tavdasxma. sasamarTlom
CaTvala, rom misi moqmedeba warmoadgenda mxolod danaSaulis momzadebas,
vinaidan uSualod ar ukavSirdeboda damTavrebul danaSauls da daSorebuli iyo
misgan. mcdelobis kvalifikaciisTvis saWiro iyo A dakavSireboda sadazRvevo kompanias
da moeTxova Tanxa (inglisi). 3
3. B-m daudevari marTvisas daamtvria sakuTari manqana, gadaiyvana is axlomdebare tyeSi
da policias ganucxada rom mopares. Semdeg miswera sadazRvevo kompanias da ikiTxa,
SeeZlo Tu ara moeTxova Tanxa moparuli avtomanqanisaTvis. sasamarTlom CaTvala,
rom braldebuli ar gascilebia danaSaulis momzadebis stadias (inglisi) 4 ;
4. A-m sajaro adgilebSi datova warwerebi, sadac axalgazrda biWebs Tavazobda fuls
da saCuqrebs. marTalia, es warwerebi TavisTavad ar Seicavda raime saxis garyvnil
winadadebas, magram am qmedebiT A miznad isaxavda axalgazrdebis mozidvas amoraluri
miznebisaTvis. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom A-s msjavri dasdo garyvnili
qmedebis mcdelobaSi, magram saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma da CaTvala, rom misi
qmedebebi ar gascdenia momzadebis stadias (inglisi); 5
5. B-s sasiyvarulo kavSiri hqonda C-sTan, romelmac garkveuli periodis Semdeg masTan
urTierToba gawyvita, axal sayvarelTan _ D-sTan urTierTobis gamo. B-m moipova
sanadiro iaraRis tarebis licenzia da Semdeg Seisyida sanadiro Tofi. daamokla misi
lula da ramdenjerme gamoscada vargisianobis Sesamowmeblad. sami dRis Semdeg meuRles
uTxra, rom midioda espaneTSi, gamoicvala tansacmeli da daeloda D-s, romelmac
Tavisi gogona manqanidan Camosva skolasTan. Semdeg Seipara misi manqanis ukana salonSi
da ubrZana manqana waeyvana. rodesac manqana mwvane mindorze gadavida, B-m amoiRo
Tofi, daumizna D-s da uTxra rom `mas es ar moewoneboda~. D-m SebrZolebis Semdeg
moaxerxa manqanidan gadmosvla da gaqceva. B-s msjavri daedo mkvlelobis mcdelobaSi.
maRali instanciis sasamarTlom ZalaSi datova ganaCeni da CaTvala rom B-s qmedebebi
gascda mosamzadebel stadias da ukve gadaizarda danaSaulis mcdelobaSi (inglisi); 6 .
6. A-m gadawyvita B-s mokvla sawamlavis mcire dozebis gamoyenebiT. sasamarTlom CaTvala,
rom pirveli dozis micema ukve warmoadgenda danaSaulis mcdelobas (inglisi);
7
15

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7. A-m gadawyvita ra Senobis ganadgureba cecxlis wakidebis gziT, Sevida Senobis SigniT
da daamontaJa cecxlgamCeni sagnebi. Semdeg is daSorda Senobas ramdenime miliT da
B-s SesTavaza Tanxa, rom wasuliyo da misTvis cecxli gaeCina. B-m uariT upasuxa.
Semdeg A gaemarTa Senobis mimarTulebiT, magram misgan erTi meoTxedi milis
moSorebiT isev SeCerda da daiwyo yoymani. am dros is daakava policiam. sasamarTlom
CaTvala, rom qmedeba warmoadgenda danaSaulis mcdelobas (aSS, masaCuseti); 8
8. A-m gadawyvita daeyaCaRebina molare, romelsac TanamzraxvelebTan erTad
Causafrda im Senobis kibeebTan, sadac mas unda gamoevlo. sasamarTlom gadawyvita,
rom adgili hqonda danaSaulis mcdelobas (safrangeTi); 9
9.analogiuri SemTxveva, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom A yaCaRobis mizniT molares
qalaqis quCaSi eZebda, sasamarTlom daakvalificira danaSaulis momzadebad (aSS,
niu-iorkis Stati); 10
10.A-m patimrobidan gaqcevis mizniT daiwyo saknis gisosebis gadaWra. sasamarTlom
misi qmedeba daakvalificira gaqcevis mcdelobad (safrangeTi); 11
11. B-m TiTqosda, samsaxurSi ayvanis win samedicino Semowmebis mizniT axalgazrda qali
aiZula tansacmeli mTlianad gaexada. sasamarTlom es daakvalificira garyvnili
qmedebis Cadenis mcdelobad (safrangeTi) 12 .
12.A-m gasayidad gamoiyvana avtomobili, romlis kilometraJi aCvenebda realurze
gacilebiT nakleb ganvlil manZils. sasamarTlom misi qmedeba daakvalificira TaRliTobis
mcdelobad (safrangeTi); 13
13.A-m C-s mokvlis mizniT daiqirava B da gadauxada Tanxa. sasamarTlom misi qmedeba
CaTvala ganzrax mkvlelobis momzadebad (safrangeTi); 14
14. A da C-s waaswres SemTxvevis adgilas, sadac isini iyurebodnen saTavsos gasaRebis
RriWoSi da maT gaqceviT uSveles Tavs. saTavsosagan moSorebiT aRmoCenil iqna maTi
avtomanqana liTonis saWreli aparatiT (avtogeni). saapelacio sasamarTlom maTi
qmedeba daakvalificira qurdobis mcdelobad (inglisi); 15
15.avtomanqanis gatacebis mizniT A-m avtosadgomze mdgom avtomanqanebs fexiT mousinja
saburavebi, raTa gaego romel maTgans hqonda dauketavi saWe. sasamarTlom es
SemTxveva daakvalificira avtomanqanis gatacebis mcdelobad (germania). 16
rogorc am kazusebidan vnaxeT, danaSaulsa da mcdelobas Soris zRvaris gavleba xSirad
delikaturia da damokidebulia, Tu romel Teorias, an romeli qveynis kanonmdeblobas
iyenebs sasamarTlo.
Cveni azriT, danaSaulis momzadebisa da mcdelobis gammijnavi sakanonmdeblo (sasamarTlo)
da doqtrinaluri formulirebani SeiZleba or jgufad daiyos:
1.formulirebani, romlebic aTvlis wertilad irCeven ganzraxvis obieqtur gamovlinebas;
2.formulirebani, romlebic aTvlis wertilad irCeven danaSaulis damTavrebas;
16

1. formulirebani, romlebic aTvlis
wertilad irCeven ganzraxvis
obieqtur gamovlenas
2. formulirebani, romlebic aTvlis
wertilad irCeven danaSaulis
damTavrebas
aSS modaluri sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsiT, danaSaulis mcdeloba
warmoadgens `arsebiT nabijs~ (substantial
step) danaSaulis gansaxorcieleblad.
germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi,
muxli 22. `danaSaulis mcdelobas
Cadis is, vinc Tavisi warmodgenis
Sesabamisad, uSualod Seudgeba
danaSaulis Semadgenlobis
ganxorcielebas~ (unmittelbar ansetzt).
inglisis, 1981 wlis sisxlis
samarTlis kanoniT, `Tu piri,
danaSaulis Cadenis mizniT, Caidens
qmedebas, romelic ufro metia, vidre
ubralo momzadeba (more then preparatory)
danaSaulis Casadenad, maSin is pasuxs
agebs mcdelobisaTvis.~
safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis 121-e muxliT, danaSaulis
mcdeloba, es aris danaSaulis
`ganxorcielebis dasawyisi~
(commencement d’execution). 17
araorazrovnebis Teoriis (unequivocality
approach) mixedviT, piris qmedebebi
dakvalificirdeba mcdelobad, Tu
isini erTmniSvnelovnad,
araorazrovnad adastureben piris
ganzraxvas Caidinos danaSauli 18 .
SedegTan siaxlovis TeoriiT,
(proximity test) qmedeba warmoadgens
danaSaulis mcdelobas, Tu is axlos
aris danaSaulis ganxorcielebasTan.
igulisxmeba siaxlove rogorc droSi,
aseve sivrceSi 19 .
bolo aqtis Teoria (last act test)
gulisxmobs, rom damnaSave
axorcielebs ra moqmedebaTa serias,
romelSic mcdeloba aris bolo
moqmedebis (aqtis) ganxorcieleba 20 .
Semadgenlobis Teoria gulisxmobs,
rom piri mcdelobisas asrulebs
qmedebis Semadgenlobis romelime
niSans, an damamZimebel garemoebas. 21
17

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statiis dasasruls, daskvnis saxiT unda vTqvaT, rom Cveni mizani iyo mokled
mimogvexila danaSaulis momzadebisa da mcdelobis gammijvneli formulirebani da
dagvejgufebina erTi konkretuli niSnis mixedviT.
Tumca, rogorc zemoT motanili kazusebidan Cans, qmedebis kvalifikacia yovelTvis
ar aris damokidebuli momzadebis an mcdelobis sakanonmdeblo an doqtrinalur
ganmartebaze. rogorc Cans, aseve mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs sisxlis samarTlis
politikis sakiTxebi daumTavrebel danaSaulTan mimarTebaSi.
magaliTad, Cveni dakvirvebiT, is qveyana, romelic principulad dausjelad acxadebs
danaSaulis momzadebas, cdilobs ufro gaafarToos mcdelobis farglebi momzadebasTan
mimarTebaSi 22 .
xolo, is qveyana, romelic danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebas ar aTavisuflebs
sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobisgan, 23 piriqiT, cdilobs gviandel etapze gadaitanos
mcdelobis dawyebis momenti da ufro meti dro misces potenciur damnaSaves
dasafiqreblad da azris Sesacvlelad 24 .
savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom Cveni pirveli daskvna mxolod garemoebaTa damTxvevas
emyarebodes da ara kanonzomierebas, magram vfiqrobT, rom es sakiTxi ufro Rrma
gamokvlevas saWiroebs.
18

SeniSvnebi:
1
mowinave samarTlebrivi sistemebis didi nawili danaSaulis momzadebas
principulad dausjelad acxadebs, Jan pradeli, `SedarebiTi sisxlis
samarTali~ (Edition Dalloz, 1995), gv. 242. Tumca, arsebobs garkveuli gamonaklisebi
am wesidan, magaliTad, inglisSi, safrangeTsa da amerikaSi danaSaulebrivi
SeTanxmeba isjeba rogorc damoukidebeli danaSauli (ing. conspiracy,
fr. association des malfaiteurs). mZime danaSaulTa momzadeba dasjadia espaneTSi,
niderlandsa da zogierT sxva qveyanaSi.
2
analogiur kazuss avtorTa koleqtivi ixilavs wignSi `SedarebiTi sisxlis
samarTali, zogadi nawili~ (Droit pénal général comparé, (edition cujas, 2005.). espaneli,
ingliseli da niderlandeli kriminalistebi am SemTxvevas danaSaulis momzadebad
akvalificireben, xolo frangi, germaneli, italieli da Sveicareli
kriminalistebi _ mcdelobad. ix.: gv. 196.
niderlandis sasamarTlom TiTqmis analogiuri SemTxveva (oRond im mcireodeni
gansxvavebiT, rom yaCaRobis Cadenis ganzraxviT piri mivida Senobis
karTan da dareka zari, ra drosac daakava policiam) daakvalificira
danaSaulis mcdelobad, magram aseve msgavsi SemTxveva, romelSic Seiara-
Rebul pirTa jgufi avtomanqaniT miuaxlovda dasayaCaRebel banks, magram
manqanidan ar gadmosula, daakvalificira danaSaulis momzadebad. sasamarTlom
miuTiTa, rom rodesac piri yaCaRobis Cadenis mizniT miuaxlovdeba
banks, `mis qmedebas ver davakvalificirebT aRsrulebis dasawyisad,
vidre is ar datovebs avtomanqanas an gadadgams dagegmili danaSaulis gansaxorcieleblad
saWiro raime sxva materialur nabijs~, Jean Pradel “Droit pénal
général comparé” (edition cujas, 2005.), gv. 85.
3
(1915) 2. K.B. 342. am saqmeSi sasamarTlom gamoiyena SedegTan siaxlovis
Teoria. (ix.: qvemoT). analogiuri SemTxveva germaniis sasamarTlom aseve,
daakvalificira danaSaulis momzadebad (BGH Dallinger MDR 1966, 197).
4
Comer v. Bloomfield (1970) (55) Cr. App. Rep. 305, sasamarTlom gamoiyena SedegTan
siaxlovis Teoria. analogiuri SemTxveva, romelic moxda safrangeTSi
aseve, dakvalificirda danaSaulis momzadebad, Crim. 22 Mai, 1984.
5
R. v. Rowley (1992) Cr. App. R. 95.
6
R. v. Jones (1990) 91. Cr. App. R. 351.
7
R. v. White 1910 2. K. B. am saqmeSi inglisis sasamarTlom gamoiyena pirveli
aqtis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, sakmarisia pirma ganaxorcielos pirveli
qmedeba mimarTuli danaSaulis Casadenad.
8
Commonwealth v. Peaslee (177 Mass) 277. am saqmeSi inglisis sasamarTlom gamoiyena
SedegTan siaxlovis Teoria (ix. qvemoT).
9
Chambre Criminelle, 13 Janvier, 1913, D. 1914. aseve, mcdelobad dakvalificirda
Casafreba da lodini im adgilas, sadac unda gamoevlo fulis gadamtan
avtomanqanas. Crim. 19 dec. 1970, JCP 1971.
10
People v. Rizzo 246. N.Y. sasamarTlom gamoiyena SedegTan siaxlovis Teoria.
11
Crim 11 Juin, 1975.
12
Crim. 14 Juin, 1995.
13
Crim. 5 Juin, 1984.
14
`danaSaulis mcdeloba xasiaTdeba iseTi moqmedebebiT, romelTac uSualod
Sedegad unda mohyves danaSaulis dasruleba~ (Crim. 25 oct. 1962).
15
Tosti (1997) Criminal Law Review 476.
16
BGH 22, 80.
17
aseT formulirebas imeoreben sxvadasxva evropuli qveynebis, mag., niderlandis,
belgiis, Sveicariis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebi.
18
am Teorias amerikuli da inglisuri sasamarTloebi iyenebdnen (mag., saqmeSi
Davery v. Lee, 1968), magram sabolood, masze uari Tqves. Cveni azriT, es Teoria
usaSvelod afarToebs mcdelobas da moicavs rogorc mosamzadebel moqmedebebs,
aseve ganzraxvis ubralo gamovlenasac ki.
19
am Teorias xSirad iyeneben amerikuli da inglisuri sasamarTloebi, aseve,
iyenebs belgiis umaRlesi sasamarTlo. Jean Pradel “Droit pénal général comparé” (edition
cujas, 2005), gv. 76.
19

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20
pirvelad, es Teoria gamoiyenes saqmeSi Regina v. Egleton (London 1855), magram
mas xSirad akritikeben imis gamo, rom metismetad zRudavs mcdelobis farglebs.
vidre savaraudo mkvleli Caxmaxs xels ar gamokravs, is bolo moqmedebas
ar axorcielebs da Sesabamisad, mcdelobisaTvis pasuxs ver vagebinebT.
21
frangul sisxlis samarTalSi am Teorias mxars uWeren avtorebi ortolani
da vilei. ix.: Michele Laure Rassat – DDroit Penal General (2004), gv. 312.
22
wignSi `SedarebiTi sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawili~ (Droit pénal général comparé,
(edition cujas, 2005.), swored frangi, germaneli da italieli kriminalistebi
uWeren mxars sadavo SemTxvevis kvalifikacias danaSaulis mcdelobad,
xolo espaneli, niderlandeli da ingliseli kriminalistebi ixrebian dana-
Saulis momzadebisken.
23
aseTi qveyanaa inglisi da aSS-is zogierTi Stati.
24
aseve, analogiuri mosazrebaa aRniSnuli amerikul enciklopediaSi danaSaulisa
da marTlmsajulebis Sesaxeb (American Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice.
Vol II, p. 95).
20

Some opinions regarding
the differentiation
between preparation
and attempt in American
and West European
Criminal Law
KACHA TSIKARISHVILI
Staff scholar of Tinatin Tsereteli institute of State and Law
According to art. 18 of the criminal code of Georgia “intentionally
creating conditions for the commission of the crime constitutes preparation
of the crime”
According to art. 19, part 1. “criminal attempt is an intentional conduct
which is immediately directed towards the commission of a crime”
Despite such clear formulation of the law, there are many cases in
which it is difficult for the court to draw a line between preparation and
attempt. In our view, this is natural because, the commission of a crime is
(sometimes) a step by step process which starts from the revelation of
criminal intent to the completion of the crime e and it is difficult to invent
a “magic formula”, which will always make possible to draw a line between
preparation and attempt.
As to European and American criminal law, the approaches are different
and so are legislations and doctrines 1 .
I think it will not be unnecessary if we examine this issue from a
comparative viewpoint. Lets pick up cases from case-law of different
countries and find out what was the ruling of the court.
1. A planned to rob a sub post office. He drove a motorbike to the post
office, parked it outside and approached, wearing a disguise sun glasses
and a crash helmet. He was carrying an imitation gun and a threatening
note which he planned to pass to the cashier in the sub post office. He
was walking down the street and when one yard from the post office
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door, police who had been tipped off, grabbed the defendant and arrested him. The court found that defendant
had only performed preparatory activities. In the circumstances in which defendant had not even reached the
place of the crime, his conduct would not constitute a punishable attempt 2 . (UK)
2. A, a jeweler who had insured his stock against burglary, hid his jewelry, tied himself up, called for help and
represented to the police that his premises had been burgled. His object was to obtain policy money from his
insurance company. The court decided that his conduct constituted a mere preparation. For the attempt of the
crime, A should have contacted the insurance company and bring a claim for money (UK) 3 .
3. B crashed his car by negligent driving. He drove the car to the forest nearby and reported to the police that it
was stolen. Then he wrote a letter to the insurance company asking whether or not he could claim money. The
court held that defendant did not go beyond preparatory activities (UK 4 )
4. BB left notes in public places offering money to the boys. These notes, which were not indecent in themselves and
did not contain any propositions were designed to lure boys for immoral purposes. He was convicted of attempted
incitement of a child under the age of 14 years to commit an act of gross indecency and appealed. Court of
appeal held that his actions did not go further then preparatory stage (UK) 5
5. B had an affair with a women who then started a relationship with another man, D. When she refused to resume
their association, B applied for shotgun certificate and three days later bought some guns. He shortened the barrel
of one of them and test fired it twice. Three days later he told his wife he was going to Spain to work on their
chalet and left home dressed normally for work. He then changed into a disguise of overalls and crash helmet with
visor down. He waited outside a school where D dropped his daughter off and then jumped into the rear seat and
asked D to drive on. They drove to a grass verge where the appellant took the loaded sawn-off shotgun from a
bag and pointed it at D at a range of some 10-12 inches and said: “you are not going to like this” the safety catch
of the shotgun was in the on position. D grabbed the end of the gun and after a struggle managed to throw it out
of the window and make his escape. Superior court affirmed the judgment and held that B s actions went further
to preparatory activities (UK) 6
6. A decided to poison B by using small doses of poison. The court held that giving the first portion of the poison
to the victim already constituted punishable attempts (UK) 7
7. A decided to burn a property not belonging to him and installed some incendiary items in it. Then he drove away for
several miles and proposed money to B to go and ignite fire. After B had declined his proposal, A went to the
direction of the building but then stopped about a quarter of a mile away and started to hesitate. At this point he was
arrested by the police. The court held that his conduct constituted an attempted arson. (USA, Massachusetts) 8
8. A decided to rob a cashier and together with accomplices waited for him near staircase. The court decided that
his conduct constituted attempted robbery (France 9 )
9. A similar case, with a difference that the defendants were looking for the cashier in the streets of NY but never
found him, was held by the court as preparation of the crime (USA, NY 10 )
10. In order to escape from prison, A started to saw the prison bars. The court held his conduct as an attempted
escape (France 11 )
11. Under the pretext of medical examination, B forced a woman to undress. The court held that this was an
attempted indecent conduct (France 12 )
12. For sale A exposed a car showing a reduced mileage. The court qualified this as an attempted fraud (France) 13
13. A recruited B for killing C and paid him money. The court qualified his conduct as preparation of murder
(France 14 ).
22

14. When A and B were caught at the moment of looking into the locket of a shed, they run away. At a distance
from the shed, a car was found equipped with metal cutting equipment. The court qualified this case as attempted
theft(UK) 15 .
15. For the purpose of stealing a car, A was testing the wheels of parked vehicles, in order to find out which one
did not have a locked wheel. The court qualified this conduct as an attempted theft. (Germany 16 )
As these cases show, the line between preparation and attempt is sometimes very thin and depends on specific
test used by the court or specific legislation;
I think legislative and judicial formulations differentiating between preparation and attempt should be divided
into two parts:
1. Formulations for whom the starting point is revelation of criminal intent;
2. Formulations, for whom the starting point is the completion of the crime
1. Formulations for whom the starting point
is revelation of criminal intent;
2. Formulations, for whom the starting
point is the completion of the crime
According to US model Penal Code, attempt is a
“subustantial step” directed to the commission of
the crime
According to German Penal Code (art. 22) “criminal
attempt is committed by if the person, according
to his own belief immediately embarks upon the
commission of the crime” (unmittelbar ansetzt)
According to criminal law of 1981 of UK, “If the
person, in order to ...commit a crime commits an
act which is more then preparatory, he will be
punished for the attempt”
Accordingb to art. 121 of the criminal code of
France, attempt of a crime is “commencement of
execution” 17
According to unequivocality test,defendants
conduct is of such nature which are “as as to be
in itself sufficient evidence of the criminal intent
with which it is done. A criminal attempt is an act
which shows criminal intent on the face of it” 18 .
According to proximity test, defendants actions
should come close to the completed crime. This may
mean time or special proximity 19 .
The last act test means that the defendant exercises
a series of actions and his last action constitutes
criminal attempt. 20
“Corpus delicti” theory, means that upon the
attempt, defendant carries out some element of an
offence or an aggravating circumstance” 21
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At the end, we should conclude by saying that our goal was to briefly overview legislative or case-law formulations
delineating preparation and attempt and classify them under some principle;
Although, as it is apparent from the above mentioned cases, attribution of a conduct to attempt or preparation
does not always depend upon legislative or judicial formulation. Apparently, what is also significant is the penal
policy of a State regarding inchoate crimes.
For example, in our observation, the country which principally declares preparation as unpunished stage of
criminal activity tries to move the line between preparation and attempt towards preparation; On the other hand,
the countries in which the abandonment not a defense 22 , try to move further the point of commencement of
criminal attempt and give potential defendant more time to think and renounce from criminal activity 2323
Similar opinion is stated in American Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice (American Encyclopedia of Crime
and Justice. Vol II, p. 95).
It is quite possible that this conclusion is based on pure coincidence rather then some valid facts, but I believe
that this issue needs further detailed research.
24

FOOTNOTES
1
Advanced legal systems leave preparation of a crime unpunished (Jean Pradel, Comparative
Criminal Law” (Edition Dalloz, 1995). P. 242. However, there are exceptions from this
rule. Conspiracy to commit crime is punishable in UK, US, France as separate crime.
Preparation of particularly serious crime is punishable in Spain, Netherlands and some
other countries.
2
(1915) 2. K.B. 342, in this case, the court used a proximity test. (see below). A similar case
was attributed also to the ambit of preparatory activity by the Supreme Court in Germany
(BGH Dallinger MDR 1966, 197).
3
Comer v. Bloomfield (1970) (55) Cr. App. Rep. 305. The court applied proximity test. A
similar case, which happened in France was also attributed to the preparation by French
court (Crim. 22 Mai, 1984.)
4
R. v. Rowley (1992) Cr. App. R. 95
5
R. v. Rowley (1992) Cr. App. R. 95
6
R. v. Jones (1990) 91. Cr. App. R. 351
7
R. v. White 1910 2. K. B. . In this case the court applied first act test according to which
it is enough for defendant to commit first act from a series of acts directed to commission
of the crime.
8
Commonwealth v. Peaslee (177 Mass) 277 . In this case the court used proximity test
9
Chambre Criminelle, 13 Janvier, 1913, D. 1914. Similarly was held to the act of waiting
at the place where the car transporting the money should have passed. place where the
money with
10
People v. Rizzo 246. N.Y. The court used proximity test.
11
Crim 11 Juin, 1975
12
Crim. 14 Juin, 1995
13
Crim. 5 Juin, 1984
14
“The attempt is characterized by actions which should immediately be followed by
completed crime (Crim. 25 oct. 1962)
15
Tosti (1997) Criminal Law Review 476
16
BGH 22, 80
17
Similar formula is applied by criminal codes of some other European countries such as
Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland.
18
Rex. V. Barker (1924) This theory was applied by English and American courts but was
finally rejected. In Our view this theory extends the borders of punishable attempt and
covers also very preparatory actions as well as revelation of intent.
19
This theory is often applied by English and American courts. Also High Court of
Belgium.- Jean Pradel “Droit pénal général comparé” (edition cujas, 2005) p. 76
20
This test was first applied in Regina v. Egleton (London 1855), It is often criticized
because excessively limits borders of punishable attempt. Unless the suspected murderer
pulls the trigger, he may not be made responsible for the attempt..
21
In French criminal law, this theory is supported by authors Ortolan and VIley. Michele
Laure Rassat – DDroit Penal General (2004) p. 312
22
Such countries are UK and some US states.
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saproceso
SeTanxmeba
sazRvargareT
da saqarTveloSi
daviT managaZe
grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis doqtoranti,
asistent-profesori
XX saukunis meore naxevridan Zalas ikrefs sisxlis
samarTalwarmoebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi unifikaciis
procesi.
saerTo (Common Law) da romano-germanuli samarTlis
(Roman Law) sistemis qveynebi axdenen sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebs,
romelTa mTavari mizania gaeros `adamianis uflebaTa
sayovelTao deklaraciiT~ 1 (Universal Declaration of
Human Rights) da `adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa
dacvis~ 2 (Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms) evropis konvenciiT aRiarebuli fundamenturi
uflebebis realizaciis proceduruli implementacia
erovnul doneze.
saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebi pirdapir gavlenas
axdenen erovnul kanonmdeblobaze, miuxedavad misi
(erovnuli kanonmdeblobis) kuTvnilebisa samarTlis
sistemisadmi, rameTu evropis `adamianis uflebaTa da
ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis~ konvencia ratificirebulia
rogorc didi britaneTis 3 mier (saerTo samarTlis
_ Common Law), aseve safrangeTisa 4 da germaniis 5 mier (romano-germanuli
samarTlis _ Roman Law).
amgvari gavlenis mTavari leitmotivi adamianis uflebebia.
26

Sesabamisad, iqmneba winapirobebi, saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebis meSveobiT
erTgvari unificirebuli marTlmsajulebis sistemis Seqmnisa, romelic Seicavs erovnuli
samarTlis sistemebis da samarTlis istoriuli formebis saukeTeso miRwevebs. 6
saproceso SeTanxmeba _ Plea Bargain 7 (ingl.) zogadad, braldebulsa da bralmdebels
Soris SeTanxmebaa, romelic miznad isaxavs aRiarebiTi Cvenebis miRebas warsadgeni an/
da wardgenili braldebis Semsubuqebis sanacvlod.
klasikuri gagebiT, saproceso SeTanxmeba sami formisaa: 8
Charge Bargaining
Sentence Bargaining
Fact Bargaining
TiToeuli formis Taviseburebani SeTanxmebis SinaarsSi gamoixateba, kerZod:
Charge Bargaining _ SeTanxmebis sayovelTaod cnobili da xSirad gamoyenebadi formaa,
romelic gulisxmobs molaparakebebis warmoebas bralmdebelsa da braldebuls Soris
_ ufro mZime danaSaulSi braldebis moxsnis sanacvlod, naklebad mZime danaSaulis
aRiarebis miRebis mizniT. amgvari SeTanxmebis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi, braldebuli wardgeba
sasamarTlos winaSe da sasamarTlo unda daTanxmdes SeTanxmebis dadebas.
magaliTad, bralmdebeli SeiZleba daTanxmdes Secvalos braldeba I xarisxis mkvlelobaSi
(ganzrax mkvleloba) gaufrTxileblobiT mkvlelobis braldebiT (sicocxlis
mospoba gaufrTxileblobiT), Tu braldebuli aRiarebs danaSauls. 9
Sentence Bargaining _ SeTanxmebis formaa, rodesac molaparakebebi mimdinareobs konkretuli
danaSaulis CadenaSi wardgenili bralis aRiarebis sanacvlod msubuqi sasjelis
moTxovnis pirobiT.
bralmdebeli aRiarebis miRebiT zogavs dros da aRar uxdeba damatebiTi mtkicebulebebis
moZieba sakuTari poziciis sasamarTloSi dasasabuTeblad.
am SemTxvevaSi, faqtobrivad ar icvleba braldebis Sinaarsi da Sesabamisad, sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli kvalifikacia, saubaria mxolod gaTvaliswinebul
sasjelTagan msubuqis moTxovnaze.
rogorc pirvel SemTxvevaSi, SeTanxmebis am formis dadeba sabolood, sasamarTlos
Tanxmobas saWiroebs. 10
Fact Bargaining _ SeTanxmebis formaa, rodesac bralmdebeli da braldebuli Tanxmdebian
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze garkveuli faqtebis arsebobaze _ sanacvlod, bralmdebels
ar Seaqvs sasamarTloSi warsadgen mtkicebulebis nusxaSi sxva faqtebi.
faqtebis qveS igulisxmeba rogorc nivTieri, aseve verbaluri mtkicebulebebi.
magaliTad, braldebuli ar uaryofs narkotikuli nivTierebis SeZenis faqts da asaxelebs
konkretul pirovnebas, visganac SeiZina igi. sanacvlod, prokuratura Tanaxmaa
uari Tqvas avtomobilis marTvis mowmobis gareSe avtomobilis marTvis braldebaze,
an sxva iseT wvrilman braldebebze, romlebic formalurad warmoadgens samarTaldar-
Rvevas, magram ar gamouwvevia uSualo ziani konkretuli pirisaTvis.
vfiqrobT, ramdenime istoriuli magaliTi saintereso iqneba, ramdenadac igi asaxavs
saproceso SeTanxmebis ZiriTadi principis elementebs:
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1633 wels, galileo galileis `wminda inkviziciam~ Seufarda Sinapatimroba yovelkvireuli
monaniebis fsalmunebis kiTxvisa da kopernikis swavlebis uaryofis sanacvlod.
1931 wels, cnobilma gangsterma al kaponem Tavi cno damnaSaved gadasaxadebis
damalvaSi da Svidnaxevari wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miesaja alkatrasis cixeSi.
bunebrivia, rom amgvari aRiareba iyo iZulebiTi nabiji, sxva ufro mZime braldebebis
wardgenis safrTxis gaTvaliswinebiT.
1969 wels, jeims erl reim sasikvdilo ganaCenis asacileblad Tavi damnaSaved cno
martin luTer kingis mkvlelobaSi da sasamarTlom mas 99 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa
miusaja.
1973 wlis oqtomberSi, spiro teodor egnius amerikis SerTebuli Statebis 39-e
vice-prezidents warudgines braldeba TaRliTuri gziT gadasaxadebis damalvasa da
gamoZalvaSi (man ver SeZlo 1967 wels 29500 aSS dolaris odenobiT miRebuli Semosavlis
dasabuTeba).
spiro teodor egnium ar moisurva saqmis (braldebebis) ganxilva sasamarTloSi.
mosalodneli mZime sasjelis sanacvlod, saproceso SeTanxmebis Sedegad, sasamarTlom
igi daajarima 10.000 aSS dolaris odenobis jarimiT da miusaja sami wliT Tavisuflebis
aRkveTa, romelic pirobiTad CauTvales da ra Tqma unda, SeTanxmebis erT-erTi piroba
iyo misi gadadgoma vice-prezidentis postidan.
aSS
aSS-is konstituciaSi samoqalaqo uflebebis garantiebis Sesaxeb muxlebis ararseboba,
qveynis arsebobis pirvelive wlebSi didi politikuri uTanxmoebis sagnad iqca. 11
Sesabamisad, miRebuli iqna e.w. „uflebaTa bili~ 12 (Bill of Rights), romliTac ganisazRvra
samoqalaqo uflebebis garantiebi da SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis ganuyofel
nawilad iqca.
statiis TematikasTan dakavSirebiT, CvenTvis sainteresoa `meeqvse Sesworeba~ 13 , romliTac
braldebuls garantirebuli aqvs `sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis yvela SemTxvevaSi
swrafi da sajaro sasamarTlos ufleba, miukerZoebeli msajulebis (impartial jury)
monawileobiT~ (sruli teqsti) 14
vfiqrobT, swrafi marTlmsajulebis ufleba gaxda amosavali winapiroba saproceso
SeTanxmebis principebis CamoyalibebisaTvis.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sasamarTlo praqtikaSi pirvelad,
farTod dainerga saproceso SeTanxmeba da mas Semdeg, es instituti diskusiis sagania.
aRsaniSnavia, rom aSS-Si sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa daaxloebiT 90% _ saproceso
SeTanxmebiT mTavrdeba.
saproceso SeTanxmeba (plea bargain) _ es aris SeTanxmeba prokuraturasa da braldebuls
Soris _ braldebis farglebisa da sasjelis Sesaxeb.
aSS-Si gamoiyeneba zemoxsenebuli saproceso SeTanxmebis saxeebi 15 :
28

Charge Bargaining
Sentence Bargaining
Fact Bargaining
saintereso precedenti ganxorcielda amerikis erT-erT StatSi _ aliaskaze 16 , rodesac
1975 wels, aliaskis mTavarma prokurorma akrZala saproceso SeTanxmebebis
gaformeba braldebulebTan. 17
miuxedavad imisa, rom braldebulebis mxridan `naadrevi~ aRiarebiTi Cvenebebis
micema `savaldebulo~ aRar iyo da maT SejibrebiTobisa da udanaSaulobis prezumfciis
principebis sruli dacviT SeeZloT sasamarTlosa da msajulebis (impartial jury) winaSe
wardgoma, aliaskis sasamarTlo praqtikam daadastura, rom aRiarebiTi Cvenebebis xvedriTi
wili sasamarTloSi sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis ganxilvisas igive darCa _ 70-
80%. 18
samagierod, dafiqsirda gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlo xarjebis mkveTri zrda, radgan
prokuratura da sasamarTlo valdebuli iyo sruli moculobiT ganexorcielebina `uflebaTa
bilis~, me-6 Sesworebis moTxovna _ swrafi marTlmsajulebis Sesaxeb.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamoZiebis organoebi da sasamarTlo ver uzrunvelyofen swraf
da efeqtian sasamarTlo procesis warmarTvas, moqalaqes wardgenili braldeba unda
moexsnas da xelmeored misi (braldebis) wardgena ar SeiZleba.
ganmeorebiT braldebis wardgenis akrZalva garantirebulia imave `uflebaTa bilis~
me-5 SesworebiT.
magaliTad, niu-iorkis StatSi sasamarTlosaTvis saqmis mosamzadeblad (ready for trial),
dasabuTebuli braldebis warsadgenad gamoZiebas aqvs 6-Tviani vada, es vada vrceldeba
yvela kategoriis danaSaulze, garda mkvlelobisa.
federaluri sagamoZiebo biuros 19 monacemebiT, 2008-2009 wlebSi, aSS-Si kriminalur
danaSaulTa saerTo saSualo maCvenebeli 100.000 mosaxleze iyo 454.4, qonebrivi danaSaulis
raodenoba ki, 3212.5, rac erT-erTi maRali maCvenebelia msofloSi.
aSS-Si saproceso SeTanxmebis arsebobis mTavar argumentad gvevlineba `uflebaTa
bilis~ xsenebuli me-6 SesworebiT garantirebuli swrafi marTlmsajulebis ufleba.
saproceso SeTanxmebis institutis gareSe amerikuli marTlmsajulebis sistema
ubralod CamoiSleba. 20
indoeTi
indoeTis sasamarTlo sistema iyo araefeqturi da ver uzrunvelyofda swraf da
samarTlian marTlmsajulebas. statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT 2001 wels, indoeTis
cixeebSi ganTavsebuli iyo erTi milioniT meti patimari, vidre amis SesaZleblobas
cixeebSi arsebuli adgilebis raodenoba iZleoda.
patimrebis 70.5% jer kidev, elodeboda sasamarTlos mier maTi saqmeebis ganxilvas.
rac bunebrivia, aseve aisaxeboda damatebiT ekonomikur danaxarjebSi. 21
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154-e moxsenebiT, indoeTSi Seqmnilma specialurma iuridiulma komisiam rekomendacia
gauwia cvlilebebis Setanas indoeTis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi
da aRniSna, rom `aucilebelia sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba, romlebic
xels Seuwyoben sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa ganxilvis vadebis Semcirebas, rogorc
pirveli, agreTve saapelacio instanciebis sasamarTloebSi. aucilebelia im dakavebulTa
`tanjvis~ (sufferings) 22 Semcireba, romlebic sasamarTlo ganaCenis molodinSi arian.~
amasTan, komisiam xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom aucilebelia sasamarTlo sistemis gantvirTva
ganxilvis molodinSi arsebuli saqmeebisagan. umravles SemTxevaSi sisxlis samarTlis
danaSaulis CadenaSi eWvmitanil (braldebul) dakavebul pirebs uwevdaT lodini
3-5 wlis manZilze, vidre maTi saqmeebi sasamarTlos mier ganixileboda. 23
Sesabamisad, 2005 wlis zamTris sesiaze, indoeTis parlamentma miiRo axali kanoni,
ufro zustad, Sesworebebi Seitana indoeTis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSi,
romelsac daemata XXIA Tavi da 265A-265L muxlebi. 24
aRniSnuli cvlilebebiT, indoeTi faqtobrivad miuerTda im saxelmwifoTa ricxvs,
romlebmac sakanonmdeblo doneze dauSves saproceso SeTanxmebis dadebis SesaZlebloba.
es kanoni indoeTSi 2006 wlis 5 ivliss amoqmedda. 25
indoeTis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, saproceso SeTanxmebis dadebis procedura xasiaTdeba
TaviseburebebiT da ramdenime daTqmiT, kerZod:
_ saproceso SeTanxmeba SeiZleba daidos iseT danaSaulze, romlisTvisac gaTvaliswinebulia
sasjelis saxiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 7 wlamde vadiT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
sasjeli Tavisuflebis aRkveTis saxiT aRemateba 7 wels, an gaTvaliswinebulia uvado
Tavisuflebis aRkveTa an sikvdiliT dasja _ saproceso SeTanxmebis dadeba dauSvebelia;
_ saproceso SeTanxmebis dadeba ikrZaleba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu danaSauli Cadenilia
qalis an 14 wels miuRweveli arasrulwlovanis mimarT, aseve Tu danaSauli Tavisi xasiaTiT
safrTxes uqmnis qveynis ekonomikur-socialur mdgomareobas;
_ gancxadeba bralis aRiarebis Sesaxeb braldebulis mier unda gakeTdes nebayoflobiT;
_ braldebuls SeuZlia aRiarebiTi gancxadebiT mimarTos uSualod sasamarTlos,
rodesac igi (braldebuli) jer kidev, imyofeba sasamarTlo ganxilvis molodinSi;
_ braldebulsa da dazaralebuls eZlevaT dro, raTa SeaTanxmon miyenebuli zianis,
agreTve sasamarTlo ganxilvisas gaweuli xarjebis anazRaurebis proceduruli sakiTxebi;
_ im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sasamarTlom ganixila da daTanxmda saproceso SeTanxmebis
gaformebas braldebulsa da prokuraturas Soris, sasamarTlo uflebamosilia Seufardos
braldebuls inkriminirebuli danaSaulisaTvis kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli
sasjelis meoTxedi.
_ gancxadebebi da faqtebi, romlebic mopovebulia braldebulTan saproceso
SeTanxmebis Sedegad, ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas sxva miznebisaTvis, garda konkretul
braldebulTan saproceso SeTanxmebis dadebisa;
_ sasamarTlos mier saproceso SeTanxmebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba sabolooa
da ar SeiZleba gadaixedos sxva instanciis sasamarTlos mier.
30

indoeTSi saproceso SeTanxmebis principebis formireba gamomdinareobda doqtrinidan
_ Nolo Contendere 26 , e.i. _ ar msurs SewinaaRmdegeba, Secileba, brZola.
Nolo Contendere _ koncefcia gulisxmobs, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze wardgenili
braldebis miRebas SewinaaRmdegebis gareSe da sisxlis samarTalwarmoebisas teqnikurad
utoldeba bralis aRiarebas, rac saproceso SeTanxmebis dadebas SesaZlebels
xdis. 27
italiis respublika
organizebuli danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebis momZlavreba da maTi totaluri Car-
Tuloba saxelmwifosa Tu sazogadoebis saqmianobis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi gaxda winapiroba,
romlis gaTvaliswinebiT italiis respublikam, evropaSi romano-germanuli
samarTlis sistemis saxelmwifoTa Soris (Roman Law) 28 pirvelma dauSva braldebulTan
saproceso SeTanxmebis SesaZlebloba, rasac italiis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso
kodeqsis (Codice di Procedura Penale) 29 mixedviT patteggiamento ewodeba.
Pentito 30 _ (is, vinc moinania, ital.) ase uwodeben italiaSi im adamianebs, romlebic
warsulSi iyvnen damnaSaveTa an teroristuli organizaciebis wevrebi da dapatimrebis
Semdeg, gamoZiebisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenis mizniT, `monanieba~ da sasamarTlo sistemasTan,
gamoZiebis organoebTan TanamSromloba gadawyvites.
sasamarTlos mier ganxilul saqmeebSi `monaniebulebma~ 31 (pentiti) monawileobis miReba
daiwyes 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, rodesac italiaSi aqtiurad moqmedebdnen sxvadasxva
mafiozuri dajgufebebi.
gamoZiebisaTvis saintereso informaciis miwodebis sanacvlod, `monaniebulebis~ mimarT
gamoiyeneba ufro msubuqi sasjeli _ Tavisuflebis aRkveTis minimaluri vadebis
saxiT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTloebi maT saerTod aTavisuflebdnen sasjelisagan.
italiis marTlmsajulebasTan TanamSromlobis Semdeg `monaniebuls~ SeeZlo sicocxlis
dacvis garantiebis, axali saxelis, fuladi saxsrebis miReba, rac mas SesaZleblobas
aZlevda daewyo axali cxovreba _ axal adgilas, axali saxeliT, italiis farglebs
gareT gadasaxlebis SesaZleblobis CaTvliT.
amgvari praqtika aseve, danergilia aSS-Si 32 , rodesac braldebulis (romelic saqmeSi
formalurad mowmis saxiT figurirebs) mier Tanamzraxvelebis winaaRmdeg micemuli
Cveneba safrTxes uqmnis mis sicocxles, igi SeiZleba moxvdes e.w. mowmeTa dacvis programaSi
33 (The United States Federal Witness Protection Program, WITSEC) 34 .
faqtobrivad, 1970-iani wlebidan italiis sasamarTloebi da prokuratura aqtiurad
iwyebs saproceso SeTanxmebis danergvas praqtikaSi.
1973 wlis 29 marts, leonardo vitale (Leonardo Vitale) 35 nebayoflobiT gamocxadda
palermos policiis ganyofilebaSi da ganacxada, rom iyo mafiis wevri, monawileobda
gamoZalvaSi, qonebis ganadgurebaSi da or mkvlelobaSi. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva,
rodesac mafiis wevri nebayoflobiT gamocxadda ‘monaniebiT~ da daiwyo TanamSromloba
italiis policiasTan.
31

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili pirovneba, romelmac gamoiyena `monaniebis~ saSualeba iyo
1980-ian wlebSi siciliuri mafiis 36 erT-erTi Tavkaci _ tomazo buSeta (Tommaso Buscetta) 37 .
misi Cvenebebis safuZvelze, 1983-87 wlebSi siciliaze gaimarTa sasamarTlo procesebis
seria italiis mafiis aseulobiT wevrisa da Tavkacebis mimarT 38 _ e.w. Maxi Trial 39
(Maxiprocesso _ ital.)
mas Semdeg, rac italiis xelisuflebam daiwyo mafiis winaaRmdeg brZola da SesaZleblad
gamoacxada saproceso SeTanxmebis (Pentito) gaformeba, mafiis ramdenime aTeulma
cnobilma Tavkacma isargebla am SesaZleblobiT da `moinania~ Cadenili danaSauli.
amdenad, italiis respublikis sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis sistemaSi saproceso Se-
Tanxmebis (Pentito) da mowmeTa dacvis programis arsebobas didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
is xels uwyobs pirvelwyarodan danaSaulis Cadenis Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebas
da mowmeTa mier micemuli umniSvnelovanesi Cvenebebis safuZvelze, SesaZlebels xdis
organizebuli danaSaulebrivi sistemis sxva wevrebis dapatimrebas.
daskvnis saxiT, SeiZleba xazgasmiT aRiniSnos saproceso SeTanxmebis (Pentito) principis
umniSvnelovanesi roli italiaSi organizebuli danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebis
winaaRmdeg brZolis saqmeSi.
safrangeTis respublika
safrangeTma sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSi 40 (Code de procédure pénale) saproceso
SeTanxmebis maregulirebeli normebi VI I Tavis 495-495/16 muxlebSi gvxvdeba da
mas gamartivebuli warmoeba ewodeba. 41
aRniSnuli normebi, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSi Sesworebebis Setanis
saxiT, safrangeTma 2004 wlis TebervalSi miiRo. kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebebis Setanis
ZiriTadi mizani iyo organizebul danaSaulTan ufro efeqtiani brZola da sasjelis
SemcirebiT braldebulisaTvis gamoZiebasTan TanamSromlobis stimulis micema.
safrangeTis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, saproceso SeTanxmebis dadebis procedura
_ plaider coupable 42 mosamarTlis TandaswrebiT unda ganxorcieldes.
magaliTad, narkotikebis momxmareblis mimarT SeiZleba saqmiswarmoebis Sewyveta,
Tu igi daeTanxmeba prokuroris winadadebas mkurnalobis kursis gavlis Sesaxeb.
garda amisa, safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 495-e muxli uSvebs
rig daTqmebs, romelTa arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, dasaSvebad miiCneva saproceso SeTanxmebis
dadeba (gamartivebuli wesiT saqmiswarmoeba), kerZod:
_ samarTaldarRvevebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia sagzao moZraobis wesebTan da maT
darRvevasTan, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia winamdebare kodeqsiT;
_ saxmeleTo transportis eqspluataciis wesebis darRvevasTan dakavSirebuli
danaSaulebi;
_ samarTaldarRvevebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia savaWro kodeqsis IV wignis, IV
nawilis darRvevebTan, im SemTxevaSi Tu sasjelis saxiT ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli
Tavisuflebis aRkveTa;
32

_ danaSaulebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia narkotikebis moxmarebasTan, janmrTelobis
kodeqsis L. 3421-1 muxlis Sesabamisad;
_ danaSaulebi, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia samSeneblo kodeqsis L. 126-3 muxlis
darRvevasTan; amave muxlis meore nawilSi Camoyalibebulia is garemoebebi, romelTa
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, gamartivebuli wesiT saqmis ganxilvis procedura ar gamoiyeneba,
kerZod, Tu:
braldebuls danaSaulis Cadenis momentisaTvis ar miuRwevia 18 wlis asaks;
gamoZiebis procesSi dazaralebulma damnaSavis mimarT waradgina zianis anazRaurebis
Sesaxeb gancxadeba;
danaSaulebze, romlebic dakavSirebulia sagzao moZraobis wesebis darRvevasTan,
dazaralebuli gardaicvala an miadga janmrTelobis ziani.
policiis mier Catarebuli gamoZiebis Sedegad, dadgindeba danaSaulis Camdeni piri
da sakmarisi iqneba mis mimarT mopovebuli mtkicebulebebi gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis
gamosatanad. 43
rogorc vxedavT, safrangeTis kanonmdebloba Zalze SezRudulad uSvebs saproceso
SeTanxmebis dadebis SesaZleblobas (gamartivebuli wesiT saqmis warmoebis SesaZleblobas).
estoneTi
axali sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, romelic estoneTSi ZalaSi Sevida 2004
wlis 1 ivliss, alternativis saxiT, aseve gaTvaliswinebulia gamartivebuli formis
(Settlement Procedure) samarTalwarmoeba. 44
estoneTis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis §239/1 Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo
uflebamosilia gamoitanos gadawyvetileba sisxlis samarTlis saqmis gamartivebuli
wesiT warmoebis Sesaxeb, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac saqme exeba pirveli xarisxis
danaSauls, e.i. danaSauls, romlisTvisac sasjelis saxiT gaTvaliswinebulia 4 an meti
wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa an uvado Tavisuflebis aRkveTa.
gamartivebuli wesiT saqmis warmoebis iniciatori SeiZleba iyos prokurori
(estoneTis sssk § 223 (4), § 240), eWvmitanili an braldebuli (estoneTis sssk § 242 (1).
sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvis dawyebamde, gamartivebuli warmoebiT saqmis ganxilvis
SeTanxmebis irgvliv prokuratura awarmoebs molaparakebebs braldebulTan da
mis damcvelTan, adgens danaSaulis xasiaTsa da sazogadoebriv saSiSroebas da dazaralebulisaTvis
miyenebuli zianis odenobas.
Tu eWvmitanilTan/braldebulTan miRweulia SeTanxmeba, romelic werilobiTi
formis xelmoweril dokuments warmoadgens, prokurori amzadebs gamartivebuli warmoebiT
saqmis ganxilvis Sesaxeb wardginebas da gadascems mas sasamarTlos. Tu sasamarTlo
miiCnevs, rom prokuraturis wardgineba ar akmayofilebs kanonis moTxovnebs,
mas SeuZlia:
_ ukan daabrunos prokuraturis wardgineba da misces mxareebs SeTanxmebis xelaxali
SesaZlebloba;
33

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
_ ukan daabrunos prokuraturis wardgineba da saqmis masalebi, Tuki miiCnevs, rom
saqmeze saWiroa damatebiTi masalebis warmodgena;
Tu sasamarTlo darwmundeba, rom prokuraturis wardgineba akmayofilebs kanonis
moTxovnebs da SeTanxmeba Sedgenilia eWvmitanilis/braldebulis nebis Sesabamisad,
sasamarTlo daadasturebs SeTanxmebas da Sewyvets saqmis Semdgom ganxilvas.
amgvarad, estoneTis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi akeTebs mniSvnelovan daTqmas
gamartivebuli warmoebiT saqmis ganxilvis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. kerZod, SeTanxmeba
prokuraturasa da eWvmitanils/braldebuls Soris SesaZlebelia, Tu saqme ar
exeba pirveli xarisxis danaSauls da sasamarTlo daadasturebs amgvar SeTanxmebas.
ruseTis federacia
ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSi Setanili cvlilebebis
Semdeg, romlebic ZalaSi Sevida 2009 wlis 14 ivliss, 45 SesaZlebeli gaxda sasamarTloSi
saqmis ganxilvamde prokuraturasa da eWvmitanils/braldebuls Soris TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis miRweva. aRniSnuli procedura regulirdeba ruseTis federaciis
sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 40.1 TaviT (Ãëàâà 40.1. Îñîáûé ïîðÿäîê ïðèíÿòèÿ
ñóäåáíîãî ðåøåíèÿ ïðè çàêëþ÷åíèè äîñóäåáíîãî ñîãëàøåíèÿ î ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâå).
aRniSnuli cvlilebebiT, ruseTis federacia miuerTda im qveynebis ricxvs, romlebmac
sakanonmdeblo doneze dauSves saproceso SeTanxmebis dadebis SesaZlebloba.
Suamdgomloba sasamarTlo ganxilvamde SeTanxmebis miRwevis Sesaxeb, prokuroris
saxelze werilobiTi formiT unda warmoadginos eWvmitanilma an braldebulma, Suamdgomlobas
aseve, xels unda awerdes damcveli. 46
eWvmitanils an braldebuls aqvs ufleba Suamdgomloba sasamarTlo ganxilvamde
SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb warmoadginos sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dawyebidan winaswari
gamoZiebis damTavrebamde, nebismier dros.
SuamdgomlobaSi unda iyos aRniSnuli ra moqmedebebs ganaxorcielebs eWvmitanili/
braldebuli danaSaulis gaxsnisaTvis, danaSaulis sxva TanamonawileTa gamovlenisaTvis,
danaSaulebrivi gziT mopovebuli qonebis dabrunebisaTvis.
Tumca, gamoZiebis organoebs aqvT ufleba uari ganacxadon TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebis dadebaze. aseT SemTxevaSi, winaswari gamoZieba sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze
gagrZeldeba Cveulebrivi wesiT.
sasamarTlo ganxilvamde TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi,
mxareebs Soris formdeba werilobiTi dokumenti, sadac detalurad unda iyos gawerili,
ra valdebulebebs kisrulobs eWvmitanili/braldebuli gamoZiebasTan TanmSromlobis
farglebSi.
aRniSnuli dokumenti _ SeTanxmeba _ sisxlis samarTlis saqmis masalebTan erTad
unda waredginos sasamarTlos, romelic uflebamosilia daamtkicos SeTanxmeba.
Tu sasamarTlo darwmundeba, rom SeTanxmeba dadebulia kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa
darRveviT, igi uars ganacxadebs SeTanxmebis damtkicebaze da saqmis ganxilvas ganagrZobs
saerTo wesiT.
34

aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu eWmnitanilis/braldebulis mxridan gamoZiebasTan TanamSromloba
Semoifargleba danaSaulSi mxolod sakuTari monawileobis Sesaxeb informaciis
miwodebiT, es garemoeba sasamarTlosaTvis ar warmoadgens saqmis gamartivebuli wesiT
ganxilvis safuZvels. 47
Sesabamisad, unda vivaraudoT, rom ruseTis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi
arapirdapir miuTiTebs, rom sasamarTlo ganxilvamde TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis
miRweva SesaZlebelia mxolod jgufuri danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi. 48
saqarTvelo
saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi sisxlis samarTalwarmoebaSi ganxorcielebuli sakanonmdeblo
clilebebidan erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia saqarTvelos sisxlis samar-
Tlis saproceso kodeqsSi 2004 wlis 13 Tebervlis cvlilebebi. 49
kerZod, saubaria 2004 wlis 13 Tebervals, saqarTvelos prezidentis mier xelmoweril
kanonze `# 3287-IIs _ saqarTvelos kanoni saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso
kodeqsSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb.~ 50
amasTan, saqarTvelos samarTlebriv sistemaSi uamravi cvlileba ganxorcielda,
romlebic Seexo rogorc sistemis struqturul mowyobas, aseve Sesabamis kanonmdeblobasac.
aRniSnuli cvlilebebiT, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis procesSi SemoRebul iqna
saproceso SeTanxmebis instituti, romelic TavisTavad ar yofila gancalkevebuli
sakanonmdeblo novacia. igi saqarTvelos parlaments waredgina sxva sakanonmdeblo
proeqtebTan erTad da maT mTlianobaSi, `antikorufciuli RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb~
sakanonmdeblo paketi ewoda.
saqarTveloSi saproceso SeTanxmebis SemoRebis Semdeg, iurist-mecnierTa, praqtikosTa
da sazogadoebis sxva warmomadgenlebis mxridan ar Sewyvetila kamaTi da gansja
misi avkargianobis Sesaxeb, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis Sesaxeb. amdenad, saproceso
SeTanxmebis arseboba/ararsebobis sakiTxi dResac mwvave diskusiebs iwvevs.
am Temisadmi didi yuradRebis miuxedavad, qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi gamoqveynebuli
Sromebi, romlebic Seexeba mis calkeul procesualur aspeqtebs, zogadad,
urTierTgansxvavebuladaa gaSuqebuli Temis esa Tu is procesualuri sakiTxi. amasTan,
TeoriaSi gamoTqmulia Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis
saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi saproceso SeTanxmebis institutis SemoRebis idea
mcdaria da ewinaaRmdegeba ara marto sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobis
principebs, aramed mTlianad, mis ZiriTad debulebebsac, rasac ver daveTanxmebiT.
dRes, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, kacobriobis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze informacias
udidesi, SeiZleba iTqvas, sasicocxlod gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba. informaciis
arseboba/ararseboba, floba an dakargva gaxda sxva resursebis mobilizaciis
da SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis winapiroba.
35

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
amgvarad, informacia aris udidesi resursi, romlis sworad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi,
SesaZlebelia miRweul iqnas kanoniT dasaxuli/gansazRvruli mizani, naklebi danaxarjebiT
da Sesabamisad, SesaZleblobas iZleva damatebiTi resursebi mimarTul iqnas
mosalodneli zianis efeqturi prevenciisaTvis.
saqarTveloSi saproceso SeTanxmebis institutis SemoRebis erT-erTi mizani iyo
swrafi da efeqtiani marTlmsajulebis uzrunvelyofa, organizebul danaSaulTan da
korufciasTan brZola.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs saproceso
SeTanxmebis or formas:
a) SeTanxmeba bralze
b) SeTanxmeba sasjelze.
amasTan, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi ar Seicavs raime Sez-
Rudvebs an daTqmebs sxvadasxva kategoriis danaSaulTan dakavSirebiT saproceso Se-
Tanxmebis dadebis SesaZleblobaze.
vfiqrobT, amgvari Tavisebureba prokuraturas aniWebs garkveul Tavisuflebas
saproceso SeTanxmebis dadebis procesSi. sxvadasxva danaSaulis efeqturad gamoZiebisaTvis
saWiro xdeba gamoZiebis gansxvavebuli taqtikis gamoyeneba. amave dros, amgvari
Tavisufleba Seicavs safrTxeebsac. magaliTad, prokuratura mxolod Tavisi nebis
Sesabamisad, SesaZloa kanonsawinaaRmdego dainteresebis sanacvlod, dadebs SeTanxmebas
braldebulTan, mxolod aRiarebiTi Cvenebis safuZvelze, waradgens braldebas.
vfiqrobT, amgvari safrTxeebis daSveba SesaZlebelia, magram saerTo sasamarTloebis
rolis gaZliereba, sasamarTlo sistemis damoukideblobis xarisxis amaRleba sruliad
gamoricxavs prokuraturis mxridan yovelgvar `arakanonier Tavisuflebas~.
miT ufro, rom saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobiT, iseve
rogorc sxva, aRniSnuli qveynebis kanonmdeblobiT, saproceso SeTanxmebis damtkiceba
xdeba sasamarTlos mier da mxolod amis Semdeg iZens prokuraturasa da braldebuls
Soris SeTanxmeba srul legitimacias.
2009 wlis 9 oqtombers, saqarTvelos parlamentma mesame mosmeniT miiRo sisxlis
samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis sruliad axali redaqcia. 51 aRniSnuli kodeqsis 333-e
muxlis pirvel nawilis Tanaxmad, igi ZalaSi Seva 2010 wlis 1 oqtombers (garkveuli
daTqmebis gaTvaliswinebiT).
aRsaniSnavia, rom axali saproceso kodeqsi aseve uSvebs saproceso SeTanxmebis
dadebis SesaZleblobas braldebulsa (gansasjels) da prokurors Soris, kerZod,
kodeqsis 21-e TavSi asaxulia saproceso SeTanxmebis dadebis procedurebi.
aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba danamdvilebiT iTqvas, rom saproceso SeTanxmebam,
rogorc institutma, miuxedavad misi yovelmxrivi kritikisa, safuZvlianad moikida
fexi saqarTvelos sisxlissamarTalwarmoebaSi.
36

gamoyenebuli literatura
1.
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=geo _ 1948 wlis 10 dekembers,
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generalurma asambleam daamtkica da
gamoacxada adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, rezolucia 217 A
(III) - Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
2.
http://www.hri.org/docs/ECHR50.html - Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms Rome, 4.XI.1950.
3.
http://www.evrosud.ru/ratifikaciya.htm - ratificirebuila 08.03.1951.
4.
http://www.evrosud.ru/ratifikaciya.htm - ratificirebuila 03.05.1974.
5.
http://www.evrosud.ru/ratifikaciya.htm - ratificirebuila 05.12.1952.
6.
http://iuaj103.valuehost.ru/modules.php?name=Pages&go=showcat&cid=25 - Îñîáûé
ïîðÿäîê âûíåñåíèÿ ïðèãîâîðà ïðè ñîãëàñèè îáâèíÿåìîãî ñ ïðåäúÿâëåííûì
îáâèíåíèåì – «Ñäåëêà î ïðèçíàíèè âèíû»? Ðîãîâàÿ Ñ.À. 2006, Êèåâ.
7.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plea_bargain
8.
http://www.enotes.com/everyday-law-encyclopedia/plea-bargaining
9.
http://www.enotes.com/everyday-law-encyclopedia/plea-bargaining
10.
http://www.enotes.com/everyday-law-encyclopedia/plea-bargaining
11.
http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/billofrights.html _ aSS kongresis biblio-
Teka.
12.
`uflebaTa bili~ es aris krebsiTi saxelwodeba aSS konstituciaSi Sesuli
pirveli aTi Sesworebisa, romlebic kongresma 1791 wels moiwona da 1798 wlis
bolomde ratificirebuli iqna Statebis mier.
13.
http://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt6frag1_user.html#amdt6_hd4
14.
“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an
impartial jury of the State and district where in the crime shall have been committed, which
district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause
of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process
for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.”
15
. http://www.enotes.com/everyday-law-encyclopedia/plea-bargaining
16.
farTobiT aSS Statebs Soris aris pirvel adgilze 1 717 854km, mosaxleobis
raodenobiT 48-ze. statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, 1990 wels aliaskaze
cxovrobda 550.000 adamiani, 2009 wlisaTvis maTi ricxvi 698.473-mde gaizarda.
17.
http://www.ajc.state.ak.us/Reports/plea91Exec.pdf
18.
http://www.ajc.state.ak.us/Reports/plea91Exec.pdf
19.
http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2008/documents/pressreleasecius08.pdf
20.
http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Plea-bargain#Claims_in_favor_of_plea_bargaining
21.
http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l87-Plea-Bargaining.html
22.
http://www.indlawnews.com/display.aspx?4762#_ftnref8 - Evolution of Plea Bargaining in India.
23.
http://www.indlawnews.com/display.aspx?4762#_ftnref8
24.
http://www.kja.nic.in/article/PLEA%20BARGAINING.pdf
25.
http://www.indlawnews.com/display.aspx?4762
26.
http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/nolo_contendere , Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes (90-1859), 504
U.S. 1 (1992).
27.
Stephano Bibas (July 2003). ”Harmonizing Substantive Criminal Law Values and Criminal Procedure:
The Case of Alford and Nolo contendere Pleas”. Cornell Law Review vol. 88 (no. 6). Retrieved
2007-05-10.
28.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)
29.
http://www.altalex.com/index.php?idnot=2011 - Codice di Procedura Penale, Art. 444.
30.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentito
31.
sasamarTlo oqmebSi maT uwodebdnen _ collaboratori di giustizia (ital.), collaborators
with justice (ingl.).
32.
kanoni organizebul danaSaulTan brZolis Sesaxeb, The Organized Crime Control
Act of 1970 (Pub.L. 91-452, 84 Stat. 922 October 15, 1970) .
33.
Kelly, Robert J.; Chin, Ko-lin; and Schatzberg, Rufus. Handbook of Organized Crime in the
United States. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994.
34.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Federal_Witness_Protection_Program
35.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Vitale
37

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
36.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia
kanoni
37.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Buscetta
38.
Dickie, John (2004). Cosa Nostra. A history of the Sicilian Mafia, London: Coronet.
39.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi_Trial
40.
http://ledroitcriminel.free.fr/la_legislation_criminelle/code_de_procedure_penale.htm
41.
http://ledroitcriminel.free.fr/la_legislation_criminelle/code_de_procedure_penale/code_de_
procedure_penale_legisl_2.htm
42.
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaidoyer_de_marchandage
43.
http://ledroitcriminel.free.fr/la_legislation_criminelle/code_de_procedure_penale/code_de_
procedure_penale_legisl_2.htm
44.
http://www.juridicainternational.eu/public/pdf/ji_2004_1_116.pdf
45.
http://www.rg.ru/2009/07/03/izmeneiya-uk-dok.html - Ôåäåðàëüíûé çàêîí Ðîññèéñêîé
Ôåäåðàöèè îò 29 èþíÿ 2009 ã. N 141-ÔÇ, “Î âíåñåíèè èçìåíåíèé â Óãîëîâíûé
êîäåêñ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè è Óãîëîâíî-ïðîöåññóàëüíûé êîäåêñ Ðîññèéñêîé
Ôåäåðàöèè”
46.
Äóáîâèê Íèêîëàé Ïàâëîâè÷. Îñîáûé ïîðÿäîê ñóäåáíîãî ðàçáèðàòåëüñòâà è
åãî ìåñòî â ñèñòåìå óïðîùåííûõ ïðîèçâîäñòâ ïî óãîëîâíûì äåëàì : Äèñ. ...
êàíä. þðèä. íàóê : 12.00.09 : Ìîñêâà, 2004 174 c.
47.
http://www.zakonrf.info/upk/317.6/
48.
Ðûæàêîâ À.Ï., Äîñóäåáíîå ñîãëàøåíèå î ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâå: ïîñòàòåéíûé
êîììåíòàðèé ê íîâîé ãëàâå ÓÏÊ ÐÔ Èçäàòåëüñòâî “Äåëî è ñåðâèñ”, 2010.
49.
http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=69&kan_det=det&kan_id=635
50.
gamoqveynebulia #6 ss macneSi, 09.03.2004, nawili I.
51.
gamoqveynebulia #31 macneSi, 03.11.2009, nawili I, N1772-IIs.
38

Plea Bargaining
Abroad and in Georgia
DAVID MANAGADZE
PhD Student, Assistant Profesor, Grigol Robakidze University
The article discusses notable features of the plea bargaining in the criminal
procedure legislation of foreign countries. The article includes a comparative
review which was made based on the examples of several countries. It also
canvasses the motives of plea bargaining defined in the legislation.
The article sets out a main conceptual position in respect of plea bargaining
according to the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia (both the current
and the draft).
39

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
`danaSauloba~ kriminologiis mecnierebis ZiriTadi
aspeqtia. Cvens mier aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT Catarebulma
mecnierulma kvlevebma naTlad cxadyo, rom kriminologiis
mecnierebaSi `danaSaulobis~ fenomeni gansazRvruli
ar aris, Sesabamisad, msoflio kriminologiaSi
eWvqveS dgeba am mecnierebis rogorc iuridiul
mecnierebad miCnevis sakiTxi. aqve, xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT,
rom inglissa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi kriminologias
socialur mecnierebaTa ricxvs miakuTvneben,
ruseTSi, saqarTvelosa da sxva postsabWoTa qveynebSi
ki, igi iuristTa Seswavlis kompetenciad miiCneva.
termini `danaSauloba~ (criminality) iSviaTad gvxvdeba
inglisurenovan literaturaSi, ufro xSirad avtorebi
Semoifarglebian terminiT `crime~ (danaSauli). danaSauli
ki, etimologiurad aRniSnavs qmedebas, romelic
arRvevs sazogadoebaSi dadgenil qcevis wess, socialur
normebs. rusul enaSi `ïðåñòóïëåíèå~ momdinareobs
sityvidan `ïåðåñòóïàòü~ da niSnavs zRvars gadasvlas,
gadacdomas. 1 analogiurad ganimarteba danaSauli germanul
enaze `vergehen, verbrechen~; sazogadoebaSi dadgenili
normalur urTierTobaTa sazRvrebis dacva marTldanaSaulobis
gansazRvris
Tanamedrove
midgomebi
mixeil gabunia
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis
humanitarul-socialuri fakultetis doqtoranti
40

zomierad ganixileba, xolo aseTi urTierTobebis darRveva aramarTlzomierad, usamarTlod.
2 terminTa aRniSnul simravles emateba calkeul qveynebSi danaSaulis sociologiaSi
miRebuli terminebi da cnebebi, amerikulSi _ `deliqventoba~, inglisuramerikul
sisxlis samarTalSi _ `trizni~, `feloniebi~ da `misdaminari~. inglisur samarTalSi
es terminebi Sua saukuneebidan gvxvdeba da sxvadasxva cnebis Sinaarss gamoxatavs.
`trizni~ niSnavs saxelmwifos Ralats, `feloniebi~ iseT danaSaulobaTa kategoriebs,
rogoricaa mkvleloba, gaupatiureba, qurdoba Tu sxva. `misdaminari~ ufro
naklebad saSiS danaSaulobaTa aRmniSvnelia da gamoxatavs ioli formis danaSaulobebs,
romlebic emijnebian administraciul samarTaldarRvevebs _ siyalbe, crumowmeoba
da sxva. am terminebs Soris inglisur da amerikul kriminologiaSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia
`deliqventoba~, romelic ganisazRvreba erT SemTxvevaSi, rogorc aranormaluri
qcevis gamovlena (lezli vilkinsi), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi rogorc samarTlis
darRvevisadmi fsiqologiuri tendencia. is Taviseburad gamoxatavs kanonsawinaaRmdego
moqmedebis ganwyobasac da TviT kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebasac. 3
danaSaulobis kvlevaSi upirvelesad, dgas danaSaulis raobis sakiTxi. aris Tu ara
danaSauli damaxasiaTebeli faqtisaTvis TavisTavad, Tu danaSaulobis ganmsazRvrelia
epoqa, socialuri jgufi, saxelmwifo, kodeqsi. miuxedavad mravalgvari Tvalsazrisisa,
arsebobs zogierTi iseTi danaSauli, romelic yvelgan, yovelTvis, yovelgvari kanonebiT
qveynis dasabamidan udavod danaSaulad iTvleba da aseTad CaiTvleba, vidre adamiani
adamianad rCeba. es niSnavs, rom faqtSi unda veZeboT danaSauli da misi danaSaulebrivi
xasiaTi am faqtidan iqneba misawvdomi predikatizebis gareSe, magram Semowmebis
SemTxvevaSi, aRmoCndeba, rom es ase araa. ver davasaxelebT verc erT faqts, romelic
samyaros dasabamidan yovelTvis da yvelgan yvelas mier iTvleboda danaSaulad. 4
kriminologiaSi arsebobs danaSaulobis gansazRvrebis ramdenime midgoma. maTSi
asaxulia avtorTa filosofiur SexedulebaTa, sociologiuri skolebisa da mimarTulebebis,
samarTlebriv da religiur warmodgenaTa gavlena. TiTqmis yvela mecnierul
naSromSi xazgasmulia danaSaulobis istoriulobisa da socialuri bunebis gaTvaliswinebis
prioritetuloba. magram miuxedavad SemoTavazebul midgomaTa mTeli mravalferovnebisa,
am etapze kriminologebs ar ZaluZT mogvcen danaSaulobis cneba. 5
Tanamedrove kriminologiaSi danaSaulobis gageba-Semecnebis ori ZiriTadi midgoma
arsebobs: 1. legalisturi _ danaSauloba aris is, rac akrZalulia kanoniT; 2. socialur-reaqciuli,
romlis Tanaxmad, danaSaulebrivia is, rac ikicxeba sazogadoebis,
saxelmwifos mier da risTvisac dawesebulia sasjelebi. 6
danaSaulobis legalisturi gansazRvris momxreTa Soris gavrcelebulia danaSaulobis
Semdegi tipis cnebebi: `danaSauloba mTliani siocialur-samarTlebrivi masobrivi
movlenaa, romlis safuZvels Seadgens danaSaulis niSnebis mqone qmedebaTa da
aseT qmedebaTa Camden pirTa erToblioba garkveul teritoriaze da garkveuli drois
ganmavlobaSi~; 7 danaSauloba socialuri, istoriulad cvalebadi, masobrivi, sisxlissamarTlebriv-sistemuri
movlenaa, romelic Tavis mxriv, vlindeba sazogadoebrivad
saSiS sisxlissamarTlebrivad dasjad qmedebaTa da maT Camden pirTa erTobliobaSi
garkveul teritoriaze drois garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. 8 msgavsi definiciebis
41

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
argumentacias safuZvlad udevs debuleba, rom danaSaulobis mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels
warmoadgens misi sisxlissamarTlebrivi xasiaTi, masSi sisxlis samarTlis kanonSi
Camoyalibebul akrZalvaTa darRvevis individualuri aqtebis gaerTianeba, rac saSualebas
iZleva ganvasxvaoT danaSauloba sxva samarTaldarRvevebisa da amoraluri
gadacdomisagan. 9 profesor z. wulaias SexedulebiT, `danaSauloba sisxlissamarTlebrivi
movlenaa, vinaidan masSi Semaval danaSaulTa wres gansazRvravs sisxlis samarTlis
kanonmdebloba, xolo danaSaulobis samarTlebrivi elementi ganasxvavebs mas iseTi
socialuri movlenisagan, rogoricaa amoraluri gamovlinebani, xolo marTlwinaaRmdegobis
xarisxi ganasxvavebs mas iseTi samaTaldarRvevebisagan, rogoricaa administraciulsamarTlebrivi,
disciplinuri da samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi.~ 10 aRniSnul
ganmartebaSi danaSauloba warmoCenilia sisxlissamarTlebriv movlenad. Tumca, es arc
aris gasakviri, vinaidan kriminologia sabWoTa mecnierebis mier iuristTa Seswavlis
kompetenciad miiCneoda; mecnierebi, maT Soris, gercenzoni da SliapoCnikovi kriminologias
sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis Semadgenel nawilad ganixilavdnen, Sesabamisad,
danaSaulobis kriminologiur kvlevas saTanado yuradReba ar eTmoboda. aRniSnul
sakiTxs exmaureba profesori g. naWyebia, rodesac aRniSnavs, rom ...imxanad kriminologiis
ugulebelyofis gamo, sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis saganSi Setanili iyo
danaSauloba da misi mizezebi. 11
istoriuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom ar SeiZleba sazogadoebaSi adamianTa qcevis
regulireba, Tu maTi saqcieli ar Sefasda da maTi CadenisaTvis ar dadgindeba pasuxismgeblobis
zoma. ama Tu im moqmedebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi Sefaseba, upirvelesad, aris
misdami saxelmwifos damokidebulebis Sedegi. aseTi Sefasebis ZiriTadi azria, rom
adamianis (moqalaqis) moqmedebaTa da saqcielTa mTeli mravalferovnebidan gamoyofa
da ama Tu im sazogadoebis interesebis Sesabamisad, fasdeba iseTebi, romlebic
sazogadoebas yvelaze metad vneben da ufro `sazogadoebrivad saSiSni~ arian. mocemuli
niSani ZiriTadia qmedebis danaSaulebrivad aRiarebisaTvis. sisxlissamarTlebriv
kategoriebs da cnebebs fuZemdebluri mniSvneloba aqvT ara marto sisxlis samarTlis
mecnierebisaTvis, aramed sxva samarTlebriv da socialur-samarTlebrivi mecnierebebisTvisac,
maT Soris, kriminologiisaTvisac. 12 amdenad, legalisturi midgomidan, naTlad
Cans, rom danaSaulad (saerTod, danaSaulobad) iTvleba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT
akrZaluli qceva. legalisti kriminologebi azusteben danaSaulis gansazRvrebas
da Semoifarglebian mxolod sisxlis samarTlis kanonebis darRveviT.
Cven ar viziarebT e.w. legalist-kriminologTa midgomebs danaSaulobis cnebis gansazRvrisas.
vinaidan, mxolod sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis
miCneva danaSaulad kriminologiaSi araa marTebuli msjeloba. Sexeduleba danaSaulobaze
ar SeiZleba Semoifarglos mxolod kanoniT, kriminologiaSi danaSaulobad unda
miviCnioT aramarto sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT akrZaluli qmedebani, aramed gansakuTrebiT,
is amoraluri qmedebani, romelnic, aseve, mometebul saSiSroebas warmoadgenen
qarTuli saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebisaTvis. aseTebad ki, upirveles yovlisa, gvesaxeba
narkotikebis moxmareba (da mTlianobaSi narkomania), prostitucia, alkoholizmi
da TviTmkvleloba. msgavsi qmedebani sazRvargareTis kriminologiaSi `umsxverplo
42

danaSaulobad iwodebian~. 13 e.w. `umsxverplo danaSaulobis~ arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi,
kerZod: obieqturi ziani, romelic moaqvs uaryofiT, gadaxriT qcevas (deviacias) da
sazogadoebis subieqturi Sefaseba aRniSnuli zianis mimarT, xSirad erTmaneTs ar em-
Txveva. aseTi SeuTavsebloba dakavSirebulia sazogadoebaSi zneobrivi principebis cvalebadobasTan.
magaliTad, sazogadoeba saTanadod ver afasebs narkomaniis gavrcelebas,
prostituciisagan miRebul zians, TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvs da sxva msgavs movlenebs.
aSS-sa da dasavleT evropis mTel rig qveynebSi safuZveli Caeyara mimdinareobas,
romlis Tanaxmad, e.w. `umsxverplo danaSauloba~ rogoricaa _ narkotikebis moxmareba,
pornografia, prostitucia, azartuli TamaSebi, mamaTmavloba da sxva – amoRebuliyo
sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobidan da momxdariyo maTi dekriminalizacia.
Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom aseT dros swored msxverplTan gvaqvs saqme da ara sxva movlenasTan.
kerZod, msgavsi individebi, romlebic ewevian xsenebul saqmianobas, upirveles
yovlisa, zians ayeneben sazogadoebas, TavianT da sxvis ojaxebs, mozard-axalgazrdobas;
xolo Tezisi, rom narkotikebis moxmareba, alkoholizmi, TviTmkvleloba
da sxva devianturi movlenebi _ subieqtis uaRresad piraduli problema da moraluri
uflebaa _ Cveni mosazrebiT mcdari logikaa. marTalia, cxovrebiseuli pirobebi yovel
konkretul individs sxvadasxvagvari aqvs, rogorc gaumjobesebuli, aseve, rTuli da
tragikulic ki, magram Tu mTlianobaSi ganvixilavT, maSin ar SeiZleba, rom isini ar
miviCnioT socialur borotebad, romelsac ar gaaCnia arc moraluri da arc kanonismieri
gamarTleba. pirebi, romlebic xdebian narkomaniis, alkoholizmisa Tu sxva
deviaciuri gamovlinebebis msxverplni, albaTobis maRali xarisxiT, SeiZleba vivaraudoT,
rom sabolood, potenciur damnaSaveebad yalibdebian. isini veRar umklavdebian
cxovrebiseul sirTuleebs (magaliTad, ver gamoimuSaveben saarsebo minimums), amave
dros ar gaaCniaT SesaZlebloba TavianTi gadaxriTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisa
da Zalauneburad, TavisTavad, xdebian damnaSaveebi (alkoholis, narkotikis miRebis
dauokebeli moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare, iZulebulni arian Caidinon sxvadasxva saxis
danaSauli). xolo iseTi movlena, rogoricaa TviTmkvleloba, Suasaukuneebis ruseTSi
miCneuli iyo danaSaulad da kvalificirdeboda sisxlis samarTlis wesiT. TviTmkvlelobis
nebismieri mcdelobisaTvis dawesebuli iyo umkacresi sisxlissamarTlebrivi
sanqciebi, radgan TviTmkvleloba, iseve, rogorc sxva saxis deviaciuri movlenebi, miCneuli
iyo mometebul sazogadoebriv saSiSroebad, rac sabolood, aferxebs sazogadoebis
normalur funqcionirebas. 14 amdenad, zogierTi kriminologis miswrafeba,
`gaTavisufldes~ iurisprudencia msgavsi qmedebebisa da maT winaaRmdeg brZolisagan,
mcdaria da safuZvels moklebuli. Tumca, amave dros, aRsaniSnavia, rom nebismieri devianturi
gamovlinebis danaSaulad miCneva da misi daregulireba sisxlis samarTlis wesiT,
bunebrivia utopiamde migviyvans. kanonTa simravle saxelmwifoSi igivea, rac didi
raodenoba mkurnalebisa: niSani avadmyofobisa da uZlurebisa _ aRniSnavs spenseri. 15
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, kriminologiaSi danaSaulobis Semecnebis meore mimar-
Tulebas warmoadgens socialur-reaqciuli midgoma. am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi
danaSaulobis legalisturi mxaris winaaRmdeg jer kidev, 30-ian wlebSi gamodiodnen.
t. selini aRniSnavda, rom `danaSaulebrivis da Sesabamisad, termin `damnaSavis~ arsis
43

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
cvalebadoba kargad cnobili faqtia. amasTan, ibadeba kiTxva: rogor unda SevuTavsoT
msgavsi cvalebadoba im sayovelTao kategoriebis SemuSavebis mcdelobas, romlebic
saWiroa nebismieri mecnieruli kvlevis Casatareblad? kriminologiuri kvlevis ZiriTadi
erTeulebis, anu elementebis iuridiul gansazRvraTa upirobod miReba arRvevs
mecnierebis ZiriTad kriteriums. mecnieri Tavisufali unda iyos, rom TviTon gansaz-
Rvros movlena mis mierve SerCeul masalaSi, aRniSnos misi is Tvisebebi, romlebic universaluri
xasiaTis matareblebad ivaraudebian. arsebobs imis uamravi magaliTi, roca
kanonSi gamoxatuli saxelmwifo politika zRudavda da nulovan niSnulamde dahyavda
an winaswar karnaxobda mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegs ama Tu im dargSi.~ 16 Semdgom wlebSi,
am ideam sul ufro meti momxre hpova amerikel sociologTa Soris. mark kolvini,
romelic efuZneboda r. agnius, m. gorfredsonis daZabulobis Teorias, t. hirSis TavSekavebis
Teorias da r. akermanis swavlebis Teoriis daskvnebs aRniSnavda, rom dana-
SaulTa umravlesobis mimarT iZulebis sistemis dinamika mouwesrigebel xasiaTs atarebs,
gansakuTrebiT qronikul an Cveulebriv formebSi. analogiurs varaudobdnen sxva
sociologebic. qcevis normebs, rogorc isini aRniSnaven, adgens xelisufleba da ara
xalxi. amitom Riad rCeba sakiTxi: saidan icis xalxma, rom man unda imoqmedos swored
am normebis Sesabamisad. normebi xom yovelTvis ar gansazRvraven qcevis zust wesebs.
saWiroa koncefcia, romelic daadgens, Tu ra miaCnia mosaxleobas yvelaze misaRebi
qmedebis normad. sabolood, mecnierebi radikalur daskvnamde midian, rom yuradReba
unda mieqces mosaxleobis reaqcias qcevaze da ara imas, igi akrZalulia Tu ara kanoniT. 17
aRsaniSnavia, rom sxvadasxva qveynebSi da sxvadasxva dros danaSaulad cnobil qmedebaTa
wre mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan. erT saxelmwifoSi dana-
Saulad miCneuli qmedeba, meore saxelmwifoSi Cveulebriv movlenad aRiqmeboda. garda
amisa, is rac adre danaSaulad miiCneoda, magaliTad, homoseqsualizmi, dReisaTvis
dekriminalizacia ganicada da danaSaulad ar iTvleba. aqedan gamomdinare, xazgasmiT
gvsurs aRvniSnoT, rom realobaSi ar aris iseTi obieqti, iseTi qmedeba, romelic TavisTavad,
Sinaganad iyos danaSaulebrivi. danaSauls rogorc individualur qceviT
aqts da danaSaulobas rogorc socialur fenomens ar gaaCniaT bunebrivi, ontologiurad
(arsebiTad) gansazRvruli referenti socialur sinamdvileSi. danaSauli ar aris
ontologiuri realoba, igi mxolod kriminaluri politikis produqtia. 18 danaSauls
(saerTod, danaSaulobas) gansazRvravs konkretuli kanonmdebeli konkretul saxelmwifoSi
da konkretul dros, romelic upirveles yovlisa, gamoxatavs mmarTveli fenis,
umciresobis interesebs. 19 danaSauli da danaSauloba relaciuri (SefardebiTi) konvencialuri,
socialuri konstruqtebia. 20
arsebuli Teoriebis ganxilvas mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom danaSauloba socialuri
movlenaa. aqedan gamomdinare, igi ganpirobebulia ara adamianis biologiuri bunebidan,
Tumca, es ukanaskneli gavlenas axdens pirovnebis danaSaulebriv qcvaze. danaSauloba
istoriuli warmomavlobisaa, igi uSualod, mizezobrivadaa damokidebuli sazogadoebriv
procesebze. danaSaulobis done da xasiaTi ganpirobebulia socialur ekonomikur
sxvadasxva sistemebSi da sxvadasxva qveynebSi adamianTa cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis
adgilobrivi garemoebebiT. danaSaulobis konkretuli formebi ganisazRvreba konkre-
44

tuli qveynis saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis mier, rac calsaxad ganpirobebulia im
garemoebiT, rom sxvadasxva qveynebSi aris sxvadasxva midgomebi danaSaulebrivisa da
aradanaSaulebrivis mimarT (erT qveyanaSi danaSaulad cnobili qmedebaTa wre, meore
qveyanaSi SesaZloa udanaSaulod iTvlebodes); danaSaulobis maCveneblebis zrda dakav-
Sirebulia drosTan da teritoriasTan. danaSauloba warmoadgens sazogadoebrivad
saSiS produqts, zians ayenebs upirvelesad, sazogadoebis normalur funqcionirebas,
amdenad mis sawinaaRmdegod upiratesi mniSvneloba eniWeba socialuri zomebis gamoyenebas.
swored socialuri zomebis gamoyeneba kontrolis ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT,
gvaZlevs efeqts da amavdroulad, sazogadoebas mxolod misi gamoyeneba SeuZlia
danaSaulis winaaRmdeg. saxelmwifos mxridan ki, mxolod sisxlissamarTlebrivi sasjelis
saxiT dapirispireba danaSaulobis mimarT, ar iZleva sasurvel Sedegs da xSir Sem-
TxvevaSi, piriqiT, kidev ufro zrdis danaSaulobas qveyanaSi. Cveni mosazreba usafuZvlo
rom ar iyos, moviSveliebT saqarTvelos iurudiul mecnierebaTa doqtoris, profesor
g. naWyebias Sexedulebas danaSaulis Sesaxeb, sadac mecnieri ganmartavs, rom
`danaSauli socialuri movlenaa da mas ZiriTadad, socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi
ganapirobeben, amitom dgeba sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad moraluria am pirobebSi danaSauls
vebrZoloT sasjelis meSveobiT, maSin rodesac danaSaulobaTa winaaRmdeg brZolis
efeqturobisaTvis gadamwyvetia danaSaulis gamomwvevi mizezebisa da xelSemwyobi
pirobebis winaaRmdeg socialur-ekonomikuri, ideologiur-politikuri da sxva amgvari
RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba. saxelmwifom, upirveles yovlisa, am RonisZiebaTa
ganxorcielebaze unda izrunos da mxolod, amis Semdeg SeiZleba mas ufleba hqondes
danaSaulis Cadenis winaaRmdeg daawesos sisxlissamarTlebrivi sasjeli, rogorc
danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis damxmare saSualeba~. 21 magaliTisaTvis aRvniSnavT, rom
araviTar saWiroebas ar warmoadgens iseT qmedebaTa sisxlis samarTlis wesiT dakvalificireba,
rogoricaa `cema~ (ssk muxli 125), `alimentis gadaxdisaTvis jiutad Tavis
arideba~ (ssk muxli 176), Svilad an Svilobilad ayvanis wesis darRveva (ssk muxli 173),
nivTis dazianeba an ganadgureba gaufrTxileblobiT (ssk muxli 259) da sxva iseTi
qmedebebi, romlebic miCneulni arian kanonmdeblis mier naklebad mZime danaSaulobad.
aseTi qmedebebi sazogadoebisaTvis umniSvnelo safrTxes warmoadgens da amdenad absoluturad
sakmarisia maT mimarT administraciulsamarTlebrivi an samoqalaqo-samar-
Tlebrivi zomebis gamoyeneba. gamomdinare iqedan, rom moxdes Tanxvedra erTi mxriv,
kriminologiisa da sisxlis samarTlis interesebisa, xolo meore mxriv, sazogadoebisa
da saxelmwifos interesebisa, Cveni SexedulebiT, metad mniSvnelovania, rom saxelmwifos
mxridan mxolod iseT qmedebebs miekuTvnos danaSaulebrivis statusi da Sesabamisad,
aisaxos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi, romlebic mometebul sazogadoebriv saSiSroebas
warmoadgenen saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisa da qarTuli saxelmwifosaTvis. maSasadame,
amosavali wertili danaSaulobis gansazRvrisa unda iyos ara mmarTveli fenis
Sexeduleba konkretuli qmedebis mimarT, aramed sazogadoeba da misi interesebi. swored
sazogadoebis interesebidan gamomdinarea, rom kriminologia danaSaulobas ganixilavs
rogorc saxesxvaobas gadaxriTi qcevebisas, rasac arsebobis obieqturi safuZveli
aqvs. vinaidan, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, SesaZloa romelime konkretuli antisa-
45

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
zogadoebrivi qceva ssk-is mier ar iyos cnobili danaSaulad, Tumca, igi arsebiTad,
arRvevdes istoriul-nacionalur tradiciebs.
kriminologiis mecnierebis ganviTarebis am konkretul etapze, 21-e saukuneSi, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom danaSauloba samarTlebrivi movlenacaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom samar-
Talic socialuri kategoriaa, danaSaulobis samarTlebriv xasiaTze miTiTeba principul
xasiaTs atarebs. igi efuZneba sayovelTaod aRiarebul princips _ nullum crimen sine
lege _ (ar arsebobs danaSauli kanonis gareSe), rac ganmtkicebulia msoflios ganviTarebuli
qveynebis kanonmdeblobebiT, maT Soris, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT. saqar-
Tvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis pirvelive muxlSi naTqvamia, rom sisxlis samar-
Tlis kodeqsi `gansazRvravs Tu romeli qmedebaa danaSaulebrivi~. 22
danaSauloba istoriulad cvalebadi movlenaa. sazogadoebis cvlilebasTan erTad,
misi socialur-eTikuri, ideologiur-politikuri, organizaciul-mmarTvelobiTi,
samecniero-teqnikuri da sxva obieqturi mizezebis gamo, igi Tvisebrivad da xarisxobrivad
icvleba. magaliTad, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi asaxva hpova iseTma
muxlebma rogoricaa `Sidsis Seyra~ (ssk muxli 131), `genetikuri manipulacia~ (ssk
muxli 136); `kompiuterul informaciasTan aramarTlzomieri SeRweva~ (ssk muxli 284),
egm-is dazianebuli programis Seqmna, gamoyeneba an gavrceleba~ (ssk muxli 285)... msgavsi
qmedebebi ar SeiZleboda Cadenili yofiliyo Sidsis virusis aRmoCenamde, kompiuteris
gamogonebamde da mis masobriv gamoyenebamde. istoriuli analizi mowmobs, rom msgavsi
antisazogadoebrivi qmedebebi ganpirobebulia arsebiTi cvlilebebiT socialur-ekonomikuri,
samcniero-teqnikuri, politikuri da sxva msgavsi faqtorebiT. amasTan, zogierTi
cvlileba qmedebis danaSaulebrivad miCnevisa xSir SemTxvevebSi, dakavSirebulia
mmarTveli fenis subieqtur damokidebulebasTan ama Tu im movlenis mimarT ideologiuri
da religiuri moTxovnebiT. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, gavixsenoT Suasaukuneebis evropisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli inkviziciuri procesebi, sadac adamianebs sdevnidnen da
awamebdnen gansxvavebuli religiuri Sexedulebebis gamo. aseve, gavixsenoT hitlerisa
da stalinis epoqa, rodesac xorcieldeboda masobrivi devna pirebisa, romlebic ar
iziarebdnen erT SemTxvevaSi, faSistur, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ bolSevikur Sexedulebebs,
ideologias.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, xazgasmiT gvsurs aRvniSnoT da sazogadoebis
winaSe vamtkicoT, rom realobaSi ar aris iseTi obieqti, iseTi qmedeba, romelic
TavisTavad, Sinaganad iyos danaSaulebrivi. danaSauls rogorc individualur qceviT aqts
da danaSaulobas, rogorc socialur fenomens ar gaaCniaT bunebrivi, ontologiurad
(arsebiTad) gansazRvruli referenti socialur sinamdvileSi. danaSauli ar aris ontologiuri
realoba, igi mxolod kriminaluri politikis produqtia. 23 danaSauls (danaSaulobas)
gansazRvravs konkretuli kanonmdebeli konkretul saxelmwifoSi da konkretul
dros, romelic upirveles yovlisa, gamoxatavs mmarTveli fenis, umciresobis interesebs. 24
saqme is gaxlavT, rom danaSauloba mTeli msoflios masStabiT TandaTanobiT da
etapobrivad izrdeba, sazogadoebrivi sistemis ganurCevlad. samwuxarod, jerjerobiT,
araferi miuTiTebs imaze, rom danaSaulobis mateba Sewydeba. mecnier-kriminologebis
gaTvlebiT, uaxloes wlebSi, msoflioSi danaSaulobis saSualo wliuri mateba mosa-
46

lodnelia 3-5%-iT. 25 mosalodneli saSualo koeficienti aRricxuli danaSaulebisa
Seadgens 6-8 aTass 100.000 mosaxleobaze. maTi faqtobrivi raodenoba ki, iqneba dasaxelebul
cifrebze 2-3-jer meti. ase, rom 2015-2020 wlebisaTvis, damnaSaveTa raodenoba
SesaZloa mosaxleobis raodenobas miuaxlovdes. 26
danaSaulobis mateba mimdinareobs normaluri sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovrebis garemos
ngrevis, ojaxebis rRvevis, alkoholizmis, narkomaniis, TviTmkvlelobaTa da sxva
gadaxriTi qcevebis gavrcelebis paralelurad. sazogadoebis aRniSnuli avadmyofuri
cvlilebani mimarTulia kacobriobis TviTganadgurebis tendenciisaken. 27 dasaxelebuli
paTogenuri procesebi ki, Znelad sakontrolebelia saxelmwifos mxridan. jerjerobiT,
cvlilebebi ukeTesobisaken ar SeimCneva. dadebiTi Zvrebis gansaxorcieleblad,
albaT, saWiroa kidev ufro didi globaluri krizisis warmoqmna _ katastrofis
zRvarze myofi krizisisa, ramac SesaZloa gamoafxizlos koleqtiuri goneba da aiZulos
msoflio sazogadoeba, rom gaacnobieros, gaiTviTcnobieros Tu ras uqadis momavalSi
danaSauloba kacobriobas. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom sazogadoeba SeeCvia im garemoebas, rom
danaSauloba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaTvis Cveulebrivi damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa.
upirveles yovlisa, es Seexeba mosaxleobaSi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebul danaSaulTa
zogierT saxeebs, magaliTad, qurdoba, Zarcva, meqrTameoba da a.S. Tumca, mosaxleobis
moTmineba danaSaulobis gansakuTrebiT saSiSi gamovlinebebis mimarT, ganusazRvreli
ar aris. aSkarad arsebobs zRvari, romlis iqiTac SesaZloa warmoiSvas stiqiuri reaqcia,
ramdenadac `danaSaulobis winaSe SiSi da gamouvali mdgomareobis arseboba yoveldRiuri
problema xdeba da avsebs sazogadoebis moTminebis fialas.~ 28 amdenad, metad
mniSvnelovania, rom danaSauloba, rogorc negatiuri socialuri movlena saTanadod
aisaxos sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobaSi. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos
reaqcia danaSaulobaze (socialuri kontroli) ar unda iyos uSedego. aucilebelia
saxelmwifom mimarTos iseT zomebs, romelic met sargebels moitans, vidre zians. ase-
Tad ki, upirveles yovlisa, alternatiuli iusticiis formireba da sasjelis humanizaciis
procesebis tendencia gvesaxeba.
niSandoblivia is garemoebac, rom pirovnebaTa xangrZlivi yofna Tavisuflebis aRkveTis
adgilebSi maTi fsiqikis Seuqcevad cvlilebas iwvevs, ris Semdegac sasjelmoxdili
pirebis sruli umravlesoba agrZelebs kriminalur saqmianobas ufro srulyofilad
da profesiul doneze, vidre amas aqamde sCadioda da Sesabamisad, gaTavisuflebis
Semdeg sazogadoebas ufro met zians ayenebs; xolo meore mxriv, sisxlis samarTlis
represia wamoSobs axal danaSaulebs. amdenad, dReisaTvis, saxelmwifo politikis
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa, qveyanaSi saTanado kriminologiuri bazis Seqmna,
ris safuZvelzec praqtikulad, ganxorcieldeba da SemuSavdeba danaSaulobaze socialuri
kontrolis Teoriuli da praqtikuli safuZvlebi.
saxelmwifoSi, sadac adamianebze zrunva mxolod deklarilebulia da xSirad,
sxvadasxva lozungebiT spekulirebadia, xolo sinamdvileSi ar tardeba praqtikuli
RonisZiebani, danaSaulobaTa, deviaciaTa ricxvi yovelTvis maRalia.
dReisaTvis, sasjelis humanizaciis tendenciebis TvalsazrisiT, lideroben italia
da safrangeTi, sadac dainerga e.w. `kriminolog-klinicistebis~ profesia, romlebic
47

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
didi avtoritetiT sargebloben sazogadoebaSi da mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen
saxelmwifo politikis formirebze, patimarTa reabilitaciis sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi.
kriminologiis aRniSnuli dargis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia sadamsjelo politikis humanizacia
evropis TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifoSi. safrangeTSi amas mohyva penitenciaruli
sistemis reforma, romlis farglebSic Seiqmna socialur-aRmzrdelobiTi samsaxuri,
patimrebs gauCndaT profesiuli ganaTlebis miRebis, swavlebis SesaZlebloba sxvadasxva
saswavlo dawesebulebebSi da aucilebeli samedicino daxmarebis miReba Tavisuflebis
aRkveTis adgilebis farglebs gareT. 29 vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli modelis SeTavazeba
qarTuli penitenciaruli sistemisaTvis dResdReobiT, mniSvnelovani iqneba. jer erTi,
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, pirovnebaTa xangrZlivi yofna Tavisuflebis aRkveTis
adgilebSi maTi fsiqikis Seuqcevad cvlilebas iwvevs, ris Semdegac sasjelmoxdili
pirebis sruli umravlesoba agrZeleben kriminalur saqmianobas ufro srulyofilad da
profesiul doneze. xolo, meore mxriv, sisxlis samarTlis represia wamoSobs axal
danaSaulebs, romlebsac sCadian sasjelaRsrulebiT dawesebulebebSi, rac xSir Sem-
TxvevaSi, latentur xasiaTs atarebs. danaSaulobaTa Sedareba, prognozireba da mizezebi
saSualebas gvaZlevs gavakeToT saintereso daskvnebi. upirvelesad, xazi unda
gavusvaT im garemoebas, rom sazogadoebis maRali ekonomikuri done (Tu sazogadoebaSi
SenarCunebuli ar aris istoriuli tradiciebi) ar abrkolebs danaSaulobaTa zrdas.
magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, romelic msoflioSi ekonomikurad umdidresi
saxelmwifoa, amave dros gamoirCeva danaSaulobis yvelaze maRali maCvenebliT,
igive SeiZleba iTqvas germaniis federaciul respublikaze, did britaneTze, safrangeTsa
da italiaze. 30 amave dros, iaponiaSi, romelic Zalzed ganviTarebuli qveyanaa
da arcerT dasaxelebul saxelmwifoze nakleb ganviTarebuli araa ekonomikurad, danaSaulobis
done sakmaod dabalia. 31 iaponiaSi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli
istoriuli tradiciebis Sesabamisad, mosaxleoba valdebulad Tvlis Tavs SeinarCunos
pativiscema ojaxisadmi, sazogadoebisa da erisadmi. iaponelTa cxovrebis wyoba ganisazRvreba
ojaxis patriarqaluri struqturiT, sazogadoebaSi Zlierad moqmedebs ojaxur-naTesauri
tradiciebi, pativiscema ufrosebisadmi, siZulvili im adamianebis mimarT,
romlebic cxovroben arakanonieri gziT miRebuli SemosavlebiT. xelisufleba
did Zalisxmevas xarjavs, raTa SeinarCunos ojaxuri urTierTobebis Zlieri sistema,
sazogadoeba da sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba avseben da aZliereben ojaxis gavlenas.
axalgazrdoba kargad aris integrirebuli sazogadoebaSi, TaobaTa Soris konfliqti
praqtikulad ar arsebobs an aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, wydeba mSvidobianad, urTierTSeTanxmebiT.
danaSaulobasTan brZolaSi monawileobs mTlianad mosaxleoba, dana-
Saulobis Tavidan acilebis sistemebi efeqturad moqmedeben dasaxlebul seqtorebSi,
quCebSi, skolis mowafeebSi, masSi CarTulni arian mravalricxovani studenturi,
axalgazrduli, qalTa organizaciebi. policia awarmoebs sistematur gasvlebs saxleb-
Si, aZlevs rCevebs moqalaqeebs ojaxuri davebis SemTxvevaSi da agvarebs maT. moqalaqeebi
dadebiTad arian ganwyobilni policiis mimarT, moralurad, Tavs valdebulad
Tvlian nebismieri kanondarRvevis SemTxvevaSi, informaciiT uzrunvelyon samarTaldamcveli
organoebi da maTdami ndoba sakmaod maRalia. Sesabamisad, iaponia erT-erTi
48

yvelaze gamorCeuli da misabaZi qveyanaa danaSaulobis dabali donis mxriv msoflio
sazogadoebisaTvis. 32 Sveicaria, iaponiis msgavsad, danaSaulobis mxriv erT-erTi
yvelaze dabali maCveneblis mqone qveyanaa. 33
CvenTvis metad sayuradReboa im faqtorebis gamokvleva, danaSaulobaze ra zemoqmedebis
saSualebebi arsebobs aRniSnul qveyanaSi da kriminologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
riT gansxvavdeba Sveicaria sxva danarCeni evropuli saxelmwifoebisagan. vfiqrobT,
Sveicariisa da iaponiis miRwevebi danaSaulobis Tavidan acilebis saqmeSi yvelaze metad
misaRebi unda iyos saqarTvelosaTvis, miT umetes, rodesac saqarTvelos sazogadoebaSi
arsebobs sinTezi evropulsa da aziur tradiciebs Soris.
kriminologiurma gamokvlevebma cxadyves, rom SveicariaSi danaSaulobis dabali
done ganpirobebulia mTeli rigi kompleqsuri faqtorebis arsebobiT. kerZod:
_ SveicariaSi umeteswilad, ZirZveli mosaxleoba cxovrobs, Taobidan Taobamde ojaxebi
cxovroben erTi da imave adgilas, amdenad adamianebi kargad icnoben erTmaneTs
da iTaviseben erTmaneTis problemebs da aqtiurad misdeven damkvidrebul tradiciebs;
_ samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis Segneba mosaxleobis mxridan qveyanaSi mimdinare
socialur procesebTan mimarTebaSi, maT Soris danaSaulobaze (SveicariaSi Rrmad aqvT
gacnobierebuli urTierTdaxmarebis movaleoba da solidaroba; adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi
gavrcelebulia andaza, romlis Tanaxmad `yvela moqalaqe TavisTavad policielia~);
_ policiis decentralizacia da misi orientacia sazogadoebis interesebze _ dana-
Saulobaze gansakuTrebuli reaqciebis ararseboba, Tavisuflebis aRkveTis alternativad
Zalian xSirad gvevlineba pirobiTi msjavri, xolo Tavisuflebis aRkveTis saxiT
ganaCenis dadgenisas, sWarbobs mcire vadis sanqciebi.
_ daojaxebuli qalebi praqtikulad ar arian dakavebulni profesiuli saqmianobiT.
amdenad, maT aqvT SesaZlebloba ukeT mouaron TavianT Svilebs da warmatebiT aRzardon
isini, aqedan gamomdinare, danaSaulobis Zalzed dabali donea axalgazrdobaSi, mozard
TaobaSi 18 wlamde, faqtobrivad ar fiqsirdeba kanondarRvevebi.
_ saskolo programebi moicaven Zalian bevr akrZalvebs, maswavlebels aqvs sakmaod
maRali socialuri statusi. yovelive amas SeiZleba davumatoT is garemoeba, rom
axalgazrdebs Soris SveicariaSi ar aris umuSevroba da ojaxis ganviTareba qveyanaSi,
sadac umTavres rols soflis sazogadoeba asrulebs, dafuZnebulia tradiciul patriarqalur
urTierTobebze. niSandoblivia is garemoebac, rom sasamarTlo ganaCenebis
2/3, romlebic Seexeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTas _ pirobiTia. 34 amdenad, danaSaulobis
Sedarebam da gaanalizebam sxvadasxva qveynebis magaliTze, saSualeba mogvca dagvedgina
danaSaulobis gamomwvevi da amave dros, misive kontrolis kidev erTi umniSvnelovanesi
faqtori _ sazogadoebis tradiciuli Rirebulebebi. amis Sesaxeb diurkgeimi werda,
rom Tu romelime sazogadoebaSi tradiciuli institutebi TavianT Zalas kargaven,
Tu sustdeba kavSiri individisa sazogadoebasTan _ RirebulebaTa sistema imsxvreva
da warmoiqmneba anomia. 35 anomiidan danaSaulobamde ki, erTi nabijia.
gamomdinare iqedan, rom naSromSi ganviTarebuli da SeZlebisdagvarad, dasabuTebuli
debulebani naSromis SinaarsSi gadmoveciT, daskvniT nawilSi maT aRar SevexebiT.
49

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
mokled aRvniSnavT, rom qarTul kriminologiaSi danaSauloba da masTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebi dRemde Seuswavlelia. naSromSi ganxiluli rigi sakiTxebisa ki, saerTod ar
aris Setanili qarTul saxelmZRvaneloebsa Tu monografiebSi. bunebrivia, rom erT
samecniero statiaSi danaSaulobis siRrmiseuli Seswavla da gansazRvra ver moxerxdeba.
aRniSnuli sakiTxi saWiroebs vrcel da Sromatevad kvlevas, Tumca, momdevno
kvlevebisaTvis naSromSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi SesaZloa sasargeblo aRmoCndes.
Cveni mosazrebiT, kriminologiuri Sexeduleba danaSaulobaze unda Camoyalibdes
Semdegnairad, kerZod: danaSauloba SesaZloa miviCnioT fenomenad, romelic xasiaTdeba
ori umniSvnelovanesi kriteriumiT: gansazRvrulisa da ganusazRvrelis erTobliobiT.
upirveles yovlisa, gansazRvrulobis momenti dakavSirebulia im garemoebasTan, rom
danaSauloba vlindeba danaSaulTa erTobliobis saxiT, e.i. danaSaulad cnobil
qmedebaTa wriT, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT da iseTi
amoraluri qmedebebiT, romlebic mometebul sazogadoebriv saSiSroebas warmoadgenen
(narkomania, prostitucia, alkoholizmi da TviTmkvleloba), swored es ukanasknelia
amosavali, sabazo kriteriumi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa mxedvelobaSi miviRoT
debuleba, rom kriminologia aris mecniereba danaSaulobisa da gansakuTrebiT saSiS
amoralur qmedebaTa Sesaxeb, rom misi Semecneba da ara romelime sxva socialuri fenomenisa
Seadgens mis azrobriv datvirTvas. ganusazRvrelis sivrce ki, iwyeba iq, sadac
mTavrdeba normirebuli cnebebi da kriminologia iswrafvis ufro Rrmad Seicnos danaSaulobis
kanonzomierebani da gansazRvros masze socialuri kontrolis ganxorcielebis
Taviseburebani. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mecniereba iZulebulia mimarTos
cnebebs, kategoriebs, empiriul monacemebs mis mosazRvre samecniero dargebSi – iurisprudenciaSi,
sociologiaSi, filosofiaSi, fsiqologiaSi, deviantologiaSi. Cveni
azriT, aq ki, ar aris da arc SeiZleba iyos formulirebuli da erTmniSvnelovnad gamokveTili
sazRvrebi.
50

gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. g. naWyebia. `sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis sagani~. Tb. 1998;
2. g. naWyebia. `sisxlissamarTlebrivi urTierToba da danaSaulis cneba~. Tb.
2002;
3. z. wulaia. `kriminologia~. zogadi nawili. Tb. 2003;
4. `kriminologia da samarTaldamcavi sistema saqarTveloSi~. g. Rlontis
redaqciiT. Tb. 2008;
5. e. kodua. `sociologia~. I I nakveTi. Tb. 1998;
6. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi;
7. Ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêèé cëîâàðü. ÑÏÒ. 1898. Ò. XXV;
8. Ñîöèàëüíûå îòêëîíåíèÿ. Ïîä ðåä. Â.Í. Êóäðÿâöåâà è Ñ.Â. Áîðîäèíà. Ì.
Þðèäè÷åñêàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà. 1989;
9. Êðèìèíîëîãèÿ. Ó÷åáíèê äëÿ þðèäè÷åñêèõ èíñòèòóòîâ è ôàêóëüòåòîâ. Ì. 1992;
10. Ëóíååâ Â.Â. Ïðåñòóïíîñòü ÕÕ âåêà. Ì.2005;
11. Áóðëàêîâ Â.Í., Ãèëèíñêèé ß.È., Øåñòàêîâ Ä.À. Ïðåïîäàâàíèå êðèìèíîëîãèè
â ñîâðåìåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ. Âåñòí. ÑÏÁÃÓ. 1996. Ñåð. 6, âûï. 3;
12. Ñ.Ì. Èíøàêîâ. Çàðóáåæíàÿ êðèìèíîëîãèÿ. Ì. 1997;
13. Ã.È. Øíàéäåð. Êðèìèíîëîãèÿ. Ì. 1994;
14. Ä.Æ. Ìàññèîíèñ. Ñîöèîëîãèÿ. ÑÏÒ. 1999;
15. Duden. Standartworterbuch. 2003;
16. Schwartz M. Contemporary Criminology. Wadsworth Publishing Co. 1996;
17. Schur E. Crimes Without Victims. Englewood Cliffs;
18. Hulsman L. Critical Criminology and the Concept of Crime. 1997;
19. The Problem of Crime. P. 13-14; Tierney J. Criminology: Theory and Context. P. 14-15; Hulsman
L. Critical Criminology and The Concept of Crime; Barkan S. Criminology. A Sociological Understanding.
New Jersey. 1997;
20. Hess H., Scheerer S. Was ist Kriminalitat? Kriminologische Journal. 1997.
SeniSvnebi:
1
ix. Ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü. ÑÏÒ. 1898. Ò. XXV. Ñ. 90.
2
ix. Duden. Standartworterbuch. 2003. S. 970-978.
3
ix.: e.kodua, `sociologia~, I I nakveTi, Tb., 1998, gv. 228.
4
ix.: e.kodua, ‘sociologia~, I I nakveTi, Tb., 1998, gv. 228-229.
5
ix.: `kriminologia da samarTaldamcavi sistema saqarTveloSi~, g.
Rlontis redaqciiT, Tb., 2008, gv. 41-42.
6
ix.: Schwartz M. Contemporary Criminology. Wadsworth Publishing Co. 1996. P. 31-63.
7
ix.: kriminologia da samarTaldamcavi sistema saqarTveloSi, g. Rlontis
redaqciiT, Tb., 2008, gv. 46.
8
ix.: iqve.
9
ix.: dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 46-47.
10
ix.: z. wulaia, `kriminologia~, zogadi nawili. Tb. 2003. gv. 45.
11
ix.: g. naWyebia, `sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis sagani~, Tb., 1998w, gv. 28.
12
ix.: kriminologia da samarTaldamcavi sistema saqarTveloSi., g.
Rlontis redaqciiT, Tb., 2008, gv. 46-47.
13
ix.: Schur E. Crimes Without Victims. Englewood Cliffs. 1965.
14
ix. Ñîöèàëüíûå îòêëîíåíèÿ. Ïîä ðåä. Â.Í. Êóäðÿâöåâà è Ñ.Â. Áîðîäèíà.
Ì. Þðèäè÷åñêàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà. 1989. Ñ. 106.
15
ix. Êðèìèíîëîãèÿ. Ó÷åáíèê äëÿ þðèäè÷åñêèõ èíñòèòóòîâ è ôàêóëòåòîâ.
Ì. 1992. Ñ. 32-35.
16
ix. kriminologia da samarTaldamcavi sistema saqarTveloSi. g. Rlontis
redaqciiT. Tb. 2008. gv. 48.
17
ix.: kriminologia da samarTaldamcavi sistema saqarTveloSi, g. Rlontis
redaqciiT, Tb., 2008, gv. 49.
51

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
18
ix.: Hulsman L. Critical Criminology and the Concept of Crime. 1997. P. 71.
19
Sead. Hess H., Scheerer S. Was ist Kriminalitat? Kriminologische Journal. 1997. Heft 2.
20
ix.: The Problem of Crime. P. 13-14; Tierney J. Criminology: Theory and Context. P. 14-
15; Hulsman L. Critical Criminology and The Concept of Crime; Barkan S. Criminology. A
Sociological Understanding. New Jersey. 1997. P. 15.
21
ix.: g. naWyebia, sisxlissamarTlebrivi urTierToba da danaSaulis cneba,
Tb., 2002, gv. 3.
22
ix.: saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, muxli 1.
23
ix.: Hulsman L. Critical Criminology and the Concept of Crime. 1997. P. 71.
24
Sead: Hess H., Scheerer S. Was ist Kriminalitat? Kriminologische Journal. 1997. Heft 2.
25
ix.: Ëóíååâ Â.Â. Ïðåñòóïíîñòü ÕÕ âåêà. . Ì.2005. Ñ. 455.
26
ix.: dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 458-459.
27
ix.: Áóðëàêîâ Â.Í., Ãèëèíñêèé ß.È., Øåñòàêîâ Ä.À. Ïðåïîäàâàíèå
êðèìèíîëîãèè â ñîâðåìåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ. Âåñòí. ÑÏÁÃÓ. 1996. Ñåð. 6, âûï. 3.
Ñ. 122.
28
ix.: Ëóíååâ Â.Â. Ïðåñòóïíîñòü ÕÕ âåêà. . Ì.2005. Ñ. 464.
29
ix.: Ñ.Ì. Èíøàêîâ. Çàðóáåæíàÿ êðèìèíîëîãèÿ. Ì. 1997. C. 199-200.
30
ix.: Ã.È. Øíàéäåð. Êðèìèíîëîãèÿ. Ì. 1994. C 35-38.
31
ix.: Ñ.Ì. Èíøàêîâ. Çàðóáåæíàÿ êðèìèíîëîãèÿ. Ì. 1997. Ñ 8.
32
ix.: Ã.È. Øíàéäåð. Êðèìèíîëîãèÿ. Ì. 1994. C 41.
33
ix.: Ñ.Ì. Èíøàêîâ. Çàðóáåæíàÿ êðèìèíîëîãèÿ. Ì. 1997. Ñ. 202.
34
ix.: Ã.È. Øíàéäåð. Êðèìèíîëîãèÿ. Ì. 1994. C 36-37; aseve, Ñ.Ì. Èíøàêîâ.
Çàðóáåæíàÿ êðèìèíîëîãèÿ. Ì. 1997. Ñ. 202.
35
ix.: Ä.Æ. Ìàññèîíèñ. Ñîöèîëîãèÿ. ÑÏÒ. 1999. C. 126-127.
52

Modern Approaches
to Define Criminality
MIKHEIL GABUNIA
PhD Student at Law Department Humanitarian and Social Faculty
of Georgian technical University
In view of the requirements of the Constitution of Georgia, for establishing
a democratic system, political and economic freedom, and for raising
the level of the legal culture and morale of the population, and for reinforcing
the moral norms that have developed in Georgia over the centuries, the
development of the field of criminology is of utmost importance. The most
essential concept in this field is criminology, the correct definition and exploration
of which is a key objective for the scientists. The goal of the
science of criminology, which is to provide social control on criminality,
clearly depends on the correct definition of criminology as a concept. Besides,
as the phenomenon of criminality has not been established yet, considering
the criminality as a separate legal science is questioned. As it is
mentioned in the article, in a number of western countries the criminology
is considered not a legal but a social science which is linked to the new
understanding of this complex phenomenon of criminality.
At this stage, based on the researches we have carried out, as it was mentioned
above, we can infer that criminality is a phenomenon which is characterized
by the unity of two most significant criteria of definability and
un-definability. Specifically, it consists of a set of actions known as a crime
and which are envisaged by the Criminal Code and of such immoral acts
which pose increased threats for the community (such as, drugs abuse,
prostitution, alcoholism, and suicides). The latter represents a key, fundamental
criterion. In this case we can accept the assumption that criminology
is a science of crimes and especially of dangerous immoral acts and
their cognizance, and not that of any other social phenomenon, make its
meaning; as for the un-definability, it starts where the scope of normalized
concepts finish and the science of criminality aspires to more deeply
perceive the regularities of criminality and determine the peculiarities of
exercising social control on it and thus the science has to employ concepts,
categories, empirical data available in the related sciences such as
jurisprudence, sociology, philosophy, psychology, and deviantology; we
consider that there is no and cannot be clear boundaries among them.
53

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
Tanamonawileobis
bunebis aqcesoruli
gagebisaTvis
giorgi barabaZe
samarTlis doqtori
sisxlis samarTlis TeoriaSi, TanamonawileobiT Cadenili
danaSaulis problematika erT-erTi urTulesia.
gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am instituts cxadia,
sakmaod xangrZlivi kvlevis istoria aqvs. Tumca,
miuxedavad amisa, igi dRemde rCeba mravali mecnierisa
da praqtikosi muSakis kvlevisa da gansjis sagani.
TanamonawileobiT Cadenili danaSaulis dros, TanamonawileTa
pasuxismgeblobas garkveuli Taviseburebebi
axasiaTebs. misi specifikaa, rom am formiT gamovlenili
danaSaulis dros faqtobrivad Cadenilia erTi danaSauli.
Tumca, am danaSaulisaTvis pasuxs agebs ori an
meti piri. swored, msgavsi gamorCeuli specifika gansazRvravs
TanamonawileobiT Cadenili danaSaulis dros
am danaSaulSi monawile pirTa pasuxismgeblobis garkveul
Taviseburebas. es Taviseburebebi polemikuria,
rogorc Teoriuli, ise misi praqtikuli gadawyvetis
kuTxiT. kerZod, masSi mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli iseTi zogadi
sakiTxebi, rogoricaa: sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis
safuZveli, brali, mizezobrivi kavSiri, danaSaulebrivi
Sedegi, damnaSavis qmedebis socialurpolitikuri
da iuridiuli Sefaseba da sxv.
amdenad, mizanSewonilia TviT am institutis Seswavla
Tanamonawileobis bunebis garkveviT daiwyos. Tanamonawileobis
problematikaSi am sakiTxis gamokvleva, ker-
Zod, sisxlis samarTlis TeoriaSi asaxuli calkeuli
54

poziciebis moZieba, Sefaseba da gonebamaxviluri ganWvreta, yvela sxva TandarTul
problemaTa Rrmad Cawvdomisa da wamoyenebuli debulebis saTanadod axsnis aucilebeli
gzamkvlevia. sagulisxmoa, rom sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi am sakiTxze
ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego Teoria Camoyalibda. erTi maTgani Tanamonawileobis aqcesorul
bunebas aRiarebs. aqcesorulobis principis Tanaxmad, Tanamonawileobis centralur
figuras amsrulebeli warmoadgens, romlis qmedebasac damoukidebeli iuridiuli
mniSvneloba aqvs. sxva TanamonawileTa qmedebebi ki, moklebulni arian amgvar
Tvisebas da isini damokidebul, damatebiT xasiaTs atareben.
sityva „aqcesoruli~ laTinuri warmoSobisaa da niSnavs damatebiTs, damokidebuls,
mierTebiTs. Tu xsenebul termins Tanamonawileobas SevuTavsebT, maSin Tanamonawileoba
unda gavigoT, rogorc TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis erTgvari damokidebuleba
amsruleblis mier Cadenil qmedebaze. aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamonawileobis
aqcesoruli Teoriis arsi mdgomareobs imis aRiarebaSi, rom TanamonawileTa sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgebloba damokidebulia amsruleblis pasuxismgeblobaze, rom
maT qmedebas ara aqvs damoukidebeli iuridiuli mniSvneloba da mis kvalifikacias
amsruleblis qmedebis kvalifikacia gansazRvravs.
Tanamonawileobis bunebis aqcesorul gagebas upirispirdeba meore mimarTuleba,
romelic Tanamonawileobis damoukidebeli pasuxismgeblobis Teoriis saxelwodebiT
aris cnobili. aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, Tanamonawilis qmedebis kvalifikacia ar aris
amsruleblis qmedebis kvalifikaciaze damokidebuli da erTiani danaSaulebrivi qmedebis
TiToeuli monawile ar kargavs Tavis damoukideblobas pasuxismgeblobis mxriv.
am Teoriis warmomadgenlebi ar gamoyofen im figuras, romelic gansazRvravda pasuxismgeblobis
arsebobas an uaryofas TanamonawileobiT Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis.
isini aRniSnaven, rom danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis erTianoba ar SeiZleba gaxdes safuZveli
TanamonawileTa danaSaulis Semadgenlobis gaigivebisaTvis. TanamonawileTa mxaresaa
danaSaulis damoukidebeli Semadgenloba, romlis Sinaarsi ara sisxlis samar-
Tlis kodeqsis kerZo nawilis romelime muxlis dispoziciidan, aramed zogadi nawilis
Sesabamisi normidan gamomdinareobs da aregulirebs Tanamonawileobas. maSasadame,
damoukidebeli pasuxismgeblobis principis dedaazri imis aRiarebaa, rom TiToeuli
Tanamonawilis pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli Zevs ara amsruleblis qmedebaSi, aramed
maT saerTo qmedebebSi, kerZod, danaSaulis organizaciaSi, waqezebasa da daxmarebaSi.
Sesabamisad, TanamonawileobiT Cadenil danaSaulSi, TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis
sakiTxis gadawyveta didad aris damokidebuli saerTod vcnobT Tu ara, an ra moculobiT
vaRiarebT aqcesorulobis princips.
rogorc cnobilia, sisxlissamarTlebriv TeoriaSi aqcesorulobis sxvadasxva formebi
gvxvdeba. kerZod: a) TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis hiperaqcesoruli b) ukiduresi
g) limitirebuli d) minimaluri aqcesoruloba.
a) TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis hiperaqcesoruli forma gulisxmobda, TanamonawileTa
pasuxismgeblobisa da maTi dasjadobis odenobis mTlian da aucilebel damokidebulebas
amsruleblis pasuxismgeblobasa da misi dasjadobis odenobaze. pasuxismgeblobis
msgavsi e.w. hiperaqcesoruli forma gavrcelebuli iyo SedarebiT adrindeli
55

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
periodis sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi da ZiriTadad, mxolod solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis
mimdevrebi aRiarebdnen. am formis momxreni amtkicebdnen, rom TanamonawileTa
pasuxismgebloba ara marto im mxriv aris damokidebuli amsruleblis qmedebaze,
rom am SemTxvevaSi, arc Tanamonawileobas SeiZleba hqondes adgili, aramed im
mxrivac, rom amsruleblis piradi Tvisebebi, romlebic amZimeben an amsubuqeben mis
pasuxismgeblobas, zegavlenas axdenen agreTve TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobaze,
amZimeben an amsubuqeben mas.
b) ukiduresi aqcesoruloba imaSi gamoixateba, rom TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobas
mxolod maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac qmedeba SeiZleba bralad Seeracxos mTavar
damnaSaves, e.i. rodesac man marTlsawinaaRmdegod da braleulad Seasrula danaSaulebrivi
qmedeba.
g) limitirebuli aqcesorulobis dros, TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobisaTvis aucilebelia
mxolod is, rom damnaSave moqmedebdes marTlsawinaaRmdegod. anu, aqcesorulobis
es forma gulisxmobs, rom Tanamonawileoba SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSic,
rodesac erTi piri moqmedebda ganzrax, xolo meore gaufrTxileblobiT an yovelgvari
bralis gareSe. msgavs SemTxvevebSi, sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT Tanamonawileobas
SeuZlebelia adgili hqondes, vinaidan, is vinc ganzrax aqezebs sxva pirs, romelic ar
iTvaliswinebs Tavisi qmedebis socialurad saSiS Sedegs, pasuxs agebs ara rogorc
wamqezebeli, aramed rogorc SualobiTi amsrulebeli.
d) minimaluri aqcesoruli formisaTvis sakmarisia, rom amsrulebelma Seasrulos
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli Semadgenloba, magram saWiro ar aris misi arc marTlsawinaaRmdegod
da arc braleulad Sesruleba. msgavsad limitirebuli aqcesorobisa,
saubari Tanamonawileobaze aqac dauSvebelia, ramdenadac amsrulebeli ara Tu braleulad,
aramed marTlsawinaaRmdegodac ar moqmedebs, TviT danaSauls ara aqvs adgili,
araTu danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobas.
sagulisxmoa, rom sabWour sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi gasuli saukunis
80-ian wlebamde, Tanamonawileobis bunebis sakiTxSi gabatonebuli iyo TanamonawileTa
damoukidebeli pasuxismgeblobis Teoria. rac ZiriTadad, im argumentebze iyo dafuZnebuli,
rom am Teoriis debulebebi ewinaaRmdegebian pasuxismgeblobis individualizaciisa
da mxolod sakuTari qmedebisaTvis, piradi bralisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis principebs.
amitom, TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis damoukidebeli xasiaTis aRiareba
niSnavda, TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis uaryofas yovelgvari damokidebulebisa
amsruleblis qmedebisagan da misi pasuxismgeblobisagan. Tumca, xazgasasmelia, rom
aqcesoruli Teoriis mowinaaRmdegeTa umravlesoba, erTi mxriv, uaryofs aqcesorulobis
princips, xolo meore mxriv, iziareben am Teoriis mTel rig debulebebs. kerZod,
isini aRniSnaven rom am principze uaris Tqma ar niSnavs, rom amsruleblis qmedebas ar
eZleva gansazRvruli mniSvneloba sxva TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis wesisa da
farglebis dadgenisaTvis. magaliTad, m. Sneideri erTi mxriv, kategoriulad uaryofs
TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis aqcesorul Teorias, xolo meore mxriv, miuTiTebs,
rom es ar niSnavs, rom amsruleblis moqmedebas ar eZleva mniSvneloba sxva TanamonawileTa
pasuxismgeblobis wesisa da farglebis gansazRvrisaTvis.
56

msgavsi winaaRmdegoba SeimCneva i. griSaevisa da a. krigeris msjelobaSic. isini marTalia,
cdiloben kritikulad Seafason Tanamonawileobis aqcesoruli buneba, magram
meore mxriv, aRniSnaven: „uarvyofT ra TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis ucilobel
damokidebulebas amsruleblis pasuxismgeblobisagan, Cven amasTanave ar unda daviviwyoT,
rom amsrulebeli swored is piria, romelic saerTo wesiT realizacias ukeTebs
yvela TanamonawileTa danaSaulebriv ganzraxvas. amitom, Tu man SesZlo danaSaulis
Cadena da eqscess adgili ar hqonia, danarCenma Tanamonawileebma, bunebrivia, pasuxi
unda agon gansakuTrebuli nawilis im muxliT, romelic iTvaliswinebs amsruleblis
mier Cadenil danaSauls~.
aseve dasZens v. proxorovic, romelic wers, rom Tanamonawileoba Tavisi iuridiuli
mniSvnelobiT damoukidebelia da ara aqcesoruli. Tumca, imavdroulad aRniSnavs, rom
erTi mxriv, wamqezeblebs da damxmareTa, xolo meore mxriv, amsruleblebis qmedebas
Soris arsebobs garkveuli kavSiri, romelic ganapirobebs pirvelTa pasuxismgeblobis
moculobis damokidebulebas amsruleblis qmedebis xasiaTisagan. sagulisxmoa, rom
msgavs Seusabamobas adgili aqvs sxva mecnierTa SromebSic.
motanili citatebidan naTlad Cans, TanamonawileTa damoukidebeli pasuxismgeblobis
momxreTa araTanmimdevroba, rom TanamonawileTa pasuxismgebloba ar SeiZleba
dasabuTdes, Tu ar iqna aRiarebuli misi erTgvari damokidebuleba amsruleblis pasuxismgeblobaze.
Tu TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis wesisa da farglebis gansazRvra
amsruleblis qmedebis mixedviT xdeba da maTi pasuxismgebloba amsruleblis qmedebis
xasiaTzea damokidebuli, es arc meti, arc naklebi TanamonawileTa aqcesoruli bunebis
aRiarebaze miuTiTebs. garda amisa, TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobisa da sasjelis
individualizaciis sakiTxis ganxilvisas damoukidebeli pasuxismgeblobis momxre kriminalistTa
umravlesoba iseT daskvnebs akeTebs, rasac TviT aqcesorobis momxreebic
ki, ar moiTxoven.
samarTlianad miuTiTebs aqcesoruli Teoriis momxre, prof. o. gamyreliZe im avtorTa
msjelobis araTanmimdevrobaze, romelTac dasaSvebad miaCniaT, rom iseTi wminda
personaluri momenti, rogoricaa magaliTad, gameoreba, romelic mxolod amsrulebels
axasiaTebs, Seeracxos agreTve im Tanamonawilesac, Tu mas es momenti gaTvaliswinebuli
hqonda. aseTi daskvna SeuZlia gaakeTos mxolod man, aRniSnavs avtori, vinc
ukiduresi aqcesorobis principis momxrea. miT umetes, gasakviria, rom am azrs iziarebs
TanamonawileTa damoukidebeli pasuxismgeblobis momxreTa didi umravlesoba.
Tanamonawileobis aqcesoruli bunebis miuReblobis ZiriTadi mizezi calkeul
avtorTa mier am Teoriis SecdomiT gagebidan gamomdinareobs, rac gamoixateba maT
SexedulebebSi, TanamonawileTa dasjadobis proporciul damokidebulebaSi amsruleblis
bralis xarisxze. yvela is avtori, romelic uaryofs aqcesorobis princips, es
principi gagebuli aqvT meqanikurad, saxeldobr, rogorc TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis
sruli damokidebuleba amsruleblis pasuxismgeblobaze. sworad afasebs maT
pozicias prof. T. wereTeli, romelic Tvlis, rom am kriminalistebis kritika
arsebiTad mimarTulia Tanamonawileobis e.w. „hiperaqcesoruli Teoriis winaaRmdeg~,
romelic rogorc SevniSneT, TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis moculobas gansazRv-
57

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
ravs amsruleblis pasuxismgeblobaze sruli damokidebulebiT, maT Soris, personaluri
niSnebis CaTvliT (araerTgzisoba, recidivi da sxv.). sinamdvileSi, Tanamonawileobis
aqcesoruli bunebis aRiareba sulac ar niSnavs, rom TanamonawileTa pasuxismgebloba
da maTi dasjadobis odenoba mTlianad da aucileblad aris damokidebuli
amsruleblis pasuxismgeblobaze da misi dasjadobis odenobaze. misi arsi, im aucilebeli
obieqturi debulebis SecnobaSi aisaxeba, rom amsruleblis gareSe ar aris Tanamonawileoba,
rom TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis gansakuTrebuli pirobebi da formebi
SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amsrulebelma Seasrula TanamonawileTa mier
mofiqrebuli danaSaulis Semadgenloba, an ukidures SemTxvevaSi, daiwyo misi Sesruleba.
samarTlianad aRniSnavs prof. m. kovaliovi: „TanamonawileTa saerTo pasuxismgeblobis
safuZvels danaSaulSi monawile yvela piris qmedebaTa erTianoba warmoadgens.
am erTianobis berketi amsrulebelia da Tu igi ar aris, Tanamonawileobac ingreva,
rogorc xuxula~.
aqcesoruli Teoriis mowinaaRmdegeni am Teoriis damcvelebs xSirad sayveduroben,
TiTqos aqcesorobis principis dacviT yvela Tanamonawile pasuxs agebs im danaSaulisaTvis,
romelic amsrulebelma Caidina, anu sxvisi bralis gamo. amitom, maTi azriT,
aqcesorobis aRiareba sisxlis samarTlis im fundamenturi principis ugulebelyofas
niSnavs, romlis Tanaxmad, individma pasuxi unda agos mxolod sakuTari qmedebisa da
sakuTari bralisaTvis, rom es Teoria ewinaaRmdegeba personaluri pasuxismgeblobis
princips da xels uwyobs obieqtur Seracxvas.
im debulebis aRiareba, rom Tanamonawilis qmedebis iuridiuli Sefaseba da misi
pasuxismgeblobis farglebi damokidebulia amsruleblis qmedebis kvalifikaciaze da
rom yvela TanamonawileTa ganzraxvis ganxorcieleba amsruleblis qmedebaSi xdeba,
ar niSnavs sxvisi qmedebisaTvis da sxvisi bralisaTvis piris pasuxismgeblobas. TanamonawileTa
qmedeba mizezobriv kavSirSia danaSaulebriv SedegTan. cxadia, uSualo mizezobriv
kavSirSi danaSaulebriv SedegTan mxolod amsruleblis qmedebaa, magram es ar
gamoricxavs im danarCen TanamonawileTa mizezobriv kavSirsac, romlebic amsruleblis
qmedebis meSveobiT ebmebian mizezobriobis jaWvSi. TiToeuli Tanamonawile, misi qmedebis
Sedegad, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli amsrulebelTan. am kavSiris realizeba ki,
xdeba imiT, rom danaSaulis obieqturi mxaris Semadgenloba, romelic Cafiqrebuli
hqondaT Tanamonawileebs, sruldeba im piris mier, romel danaSaulebriv ganzraxvas-
Tanac maT miiyvanes an maT Seuwyves xeli. amitom, maTi qmedebac mimarTulia saerTo
danaSaulebrivi Sedegisaken. magram, am saerTo danaSaulebrivi Sedegis miRwevis gzaze
TiToeul maTgans mxolod misTvis niSandoblivi roli akisria, romlis meSveobiTac
CarTulia erTiani umarTlobis ganxorcielebaSi. amitom, erTpirovnuli damnaSavis
msgavsad, Tanamonawilec pasuxs agebs mxolod im danaSaulebrivi SedegisaTvis, romelic
misma qmedebam gamoiwvia da romelic misi ganzraxviT iyo moculi.
savsebiT samarTlianad SeniSnavs prof. T. wereTeli, rom „damdgari danaSaulebrivi
Sedegi maTi erToblivi saqmianobis produqtia. cxadia, TanamonawileTa obieqturi
roli am Sedegis warmoSobaSi sxvadasxvagvaria, rogorc mizezobriobis xasiaTis, ise
misi aqtiurobis mixedviT... magram, es sxvadasxvaoba ar gamoricxavs, rom TiToeuli
58

Tanamonawile obieqturad da subieqturad dakavSirebulia imave danaSaulTan, romelsac
amsrulebeli ganaxorcielebs da masTan erTad, erT organul mTlianobas warmoadgens.
m. kovaliovi aseve dasZens, rom „yvela Tanamonawile namdvilad pasuxs agebs im
danaSaulebrivi SedegisaTvis, romelic uSualod amsruleblis mieraa miyenebuli, magram
isini amsruleblis meSveobiT TviTonac monawileoben mis ganxorcielebaSi, ganzraxuli
hqondaT danaSaulebrivi gziT mieRwiaT am SedegisaTvis. amsruleblis qmedebebSi
maTi fizikuri da sulieri energiis nawilicaa Caqsovili, amitomac danaSauli
maTi erToblivi mecadineobis nayofia, romelmac saboloo angariSiT Tavi moiyara
amsruleblis qmedebaSi... yvela Tanamonawile _ agrZelebs msjelobas avtori, _ aris
monawile saerTo bralisa, magram isini pasuxs ageben ara sxvisi, aramed erToblivi qmedebisaTvis
da Tavisi, sakuTari bralis farglebSi.
aqcesoruli Teoriis mowinaaRmdegeTa mxridan sakiTxisadmi msgavsi mcdari midgoma
da poziciaTa gaurkvevloba SeiZleba avxsnaT, rom aqcenti gadatanilia imaze, TiTqos
Tanamonawileni saerTod ar asruleben danaSaulis Semadgenlobas. amaTan, mxedvelobidan
rCebaT is obieqturi realoba, rom isini uSualod ar asruleben danaSaulis
Semadgenlobas, aramed amsruleblis meSveobiT arian CarTulni erTiani umarTlobis
ganxorcielebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, aqcesoruli buneba gulisxmobs, rom TanamonawileTa
qmedebebi damokidebulia amsruleblis mier danaSaulis Sesrulebaze da ar
gulisxmobs amsruleblis qmedebis obieqtur, meqanikur Seracxvas Tanamonawileebisadmi.
amitom, aqcesorobis principi winaaRmdegobaSi ar modis individualuri pasuxismgeblobis
principTan.
TanamonawileTa damoukidebeli pasuxismgeblobis Tanmimdevari warmomadgenlebi
aqcesoruli Teoriis im ZiriTadi debulebis winaaRmdegni arian, rom amsruleblis gareSe
ar aris Tanamonawileoba. amasTan, am debulebis aRiareba niSnavs TanamonawileTa
pasuxismgeblobis srul damokidebulebas amsruleblis pasuxismgeblobaze. TiTqos
Tanamonawilis sasjelis zomis gansazRvra xdebodes amsruleblis sasjelis mixedviT.
aqedan daskvna: dauSvebelia TanamonawileTa gaTavisufleba sisxlis samarTlis
pasuxismgeblobisagan, roca amgvar pasuxismgeblobaSi ar aris micemuli amsrulebeli
da Tanamonawilis aqcesoruli Teoria angariSs ar uwevs amsruleblis eqscesis
SesaZleblobas da qmnis obieqturi Seracxvis SesaZleblobas.
mcdari mosazrebaa, rom amsruleblis gaTavisufleba sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobisagan
an sasjelisagan, TiTqosda avtomaturad iwvevs TanamonawileTa gaTavisuflebas
amgvari RonisZiebisagan. Tanamonawilis sasjelis zoma araTu damokidebuli
ar aris amsruleblis sasjelis zomaze, piriqiT, Tanamonawilis dasjadobisaTvis
mniSvneloba ara aqvs amsruleblis dasjadobis faqts. anu, aqcesorobis principi sruliadac
ar gulisxmobs Tanamonawilis sasjelis gansazRvras amsruleblis sasjelis
mixedviT.
am Teoriis principebia, rom TanamonawileTa pasuxismgebloba unda dadges mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu damtkicda, rom amsrulebelma Caidina an daiwyo danaSaulebrivi
qmedebis Cadena. gamomdinare aqedan, saqme is rodia, rom Tanamonawile micemuli iqneba
pasuxisgebaSi mxolod maSin, roca amsruleblis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi dadgeba,
59

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
aramed maSin, Tu dadgindeba amsruleblis mier danaSaulebrivi qmedebis dawyebis an
Cadenis faqti. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mivceT sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi
sxva Tanamonawileni danaSaulSi Tanamonawilis principiT. magram, cxadia, sruliad
dasaSvebia SemTxvevebi, roca Tanamonawileebs SeiZleba daekisroT pasuxismgebloba,
xolo amsrulebeli misgan gaTavisufldes. saubaria iseT pirad garemoebebze, romlebic
mxolod amsruleblis pirovnebas Seexeba da ar vrceldeba sxva Tanamonawileze. amitom,
TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis gaTavisuflebas ver daedeba safuZvlad is garemoeba,
rom danaSaulis amsrulebeli ver dadginda, an dadgenilia, magram ver Seipyres,
gardaicvala, epatia sasjeli da sxv.
rac Seexeba Tvalsazriss, rom Tanamonawileobis aqcesoruli Teoria angariSs ar uwevs
amsruleblis eqcesis SesaZleblobas da amiT qmnis obieqturi Seracxvis SesaZleblobas,
SevniSnavT, rom TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis aqcesoruli xasiaTis arc erTi
mimdevari (maT Soris, hiperaqcesoruli Teoriisac ki) ar moiTxovda TanamonawileTa
pasuxismgeblobis aseT upirobo damokidebulebas amsruleblis qmedebisadmi. Tanamonawile
amsruleblis eqcesisaTvis pasuxs ar agebs, vinaidan mis mxares ar aris pasuxismgeblobis
subieqturi wanamZRvari. aRniSnuli sakiTxi, upirveles yovlisa, bralis
sakiTxia da amitomac, bralis sisxlissamarTlebriv debulebaTa gamoyenebiT unda
gadawydes. „Tu braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principi moqmedebs sazogadod, SeniSnavs
prof. o. gamyreliZe, is Tanabrad Seexeba, rogorc amsrulebels, ise Tanamonawiles da
am principis mixedviT, unda gadawyvitos amsruleblis eqscesis sakiTxi Tanamonawileobis
dros, rogorc aqcesoruli Teoriis momxrem, ise misma mowinaaRmdegem.~
vidre davasrulebdeT aqcesoruli bunebis sakiTxze msjelobas, aqve unda SevexoT
erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxsac. kerZod, amsruleblisa da Tanamonawilis sxvadasxva
muxlebiT kvalifikaciis SemTxvevebi ewinaaRmdegeba Tu ara Tanamonawileobis aqcesorul
bunebas da qmnis Tu ara sapirispiro Tvalsazrisis mtkicebis safuZvels. aqcesoruli
bunebis zogierT mowinaaRmdeges mohyavs mosazreba, rom sasamarTlo praqtikaSi
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac TanamonawileTa qmedebebis kvalifikacia sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis sxvadasxva muxlis mixedviT xdeba da amiT TiTqosda mtkicdeba Tanamonawileobis
damoukidebeli, araaqcesoruli buneba. „Tu aqcesoruloba niSnavs,
wers u. kobiaSvili, rom Tanamonawile pasuxs agebs danaSaulis im SemadgenlobisaTvis,
romliTac pasuxismgebelia amsrulebeli da imave sanqciis farglebSi, romliTac kanoni
amsruleblis qmedebas emuqreba, maSin aqedan gardauvlad gamomdinareobs, daskvna maTi
qmedebebis erTiani kvalifikaciis aucileblobis Sesaxeb... amasTan dakavSirebiT, ganagrZobs
msjelobas avtori, Tanamonawileobis aqcesoruli bunebis sawinaaRmdegod miuTiTebs
faqtic, rom erTi mxriv amsruleblis, xolo meore mxriv, TanamonawileTa qmedebis
kvalifikacia yovelTvis da aucileblad rodi xdeba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
erTi da igive muxliT. sasamarTlo praqtikaSi arcTu iSviaTad gxvdeba SemTxvevebi
amsruleblisa da TanamonawileTa qmedebebis sxvadasxva muxlebiT dakvalificirebisa~.
msgavsi argumenti, damajereblobas ver matebs aqcesoruli Teoriis mowinaaRmdege
kriminalistTa mosazrebebs. cxadia, aqcesoruli Teoriis mixedviT Tanamonawilis
60

qmedebas ara aqvs damoukidebeli iuridiuli mniSvneloba da misi qmedebis kvalifikacias
amsruleblis qmedeba gansazRvravs. Tumca, amavdroulad, am Teoriis momxreni
uSveben gamonakliss saerTo wesidan da miuTiTeben, rom zogjer xdeba sxvadasxva
muxlebiT kvalifikaciis SemTxvevac, magram es garemoeba sulac ar gamoricxavs TanamonawileTa
pasuxismgeblobis aqcesorul xasiaTs.
xazgasasmelia, rom danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisaTvis gadamwyvetia yvela Tanamonawilis
mier erTi da igive tipis umarTlobis ganxorcieleba. rogorc cnobilia, Semadgenlobebi
Tavisi Sinaarsis mixedviT or jgufad iyofa: a) sxvadasxva umarTlobis
Semadgenlobebi; b) tipuri umarTlobebis Semadgenlobebi. Tanamonawileoba gamoiricxeba
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu TiToeuli monawilis qmedeba sxvadasxva muxlebiT dakvalificirdeba
da es muxlebi sxvadasxva umarTlobis Semadgenlobebs iTvaliswineben.
magram Tanamonawileobis bunebas ar cvlis da aqcesorobas ar ewinaaRmdegeba sxvadasxva
muxlebiT kvalifikacia tipuri umarTlobis SemadgenlobebSi. Tanamonawileobis dros
sxvadasxva muxliT kvalifikacia Tu erTi umarTlobis tipze agebuli Semadgenlobis
farglebs ar scdeba, maSin ar aris safuZveli TanamonawileTa aqcesoruli bunebis uaryofisaTvis.
magram, Tu es piroba darRveulia, aq saubari Tanamonawileobaze dauSvebelia
da dgeba maTi damoukidebeli pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxic. amitom, danaSaulSi
TanamonawileobisaTvis mTavaria materialurad erTgvarovani deliqtis tipi, romelsac
Tanamonawileni unda axorcielebdnen, Tundac igi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
ramdenime muxlSi iyos mocemuli.
Tu magaliTad, piris waqezeba mimarTuli iqneba gaupatiurebaze, magram amsrulebeli
Caidens mkvlelobas, maSin maTi qmedebis sxvadasxva muxliT kvalifikacia erTi umarTlobis
tipze agebuli Semadgenlobis farglebs gascdeba. aseT pirobebSi, Tanamonawileobac
aRar iarsebebs da Sesabamisad, wamqezebeli damoukideblad agebs pasuxs gaupatiurebis
momzadebisaTvis, xolo amsrulebeli _ mkvlelobisaTvis. magram, Tu wamqezebeli
aqezebs gaupatiurebaze da amsrulebeli swored am danaSauls Caidens, aseT
SemTxvevaSi Tu wamqezeblis qmedeba dakvalificirdeba muxliT, romelic pasuxismgeblobas
iTvaliswinebs Semamsubuqebel an damamZimebel garemoebaSi, xolo amsruleblis
qmedeba dakvalificirdeba muxliT, romelic dasjadobas igive SemadgenlobisaTvis
adgens am garemoebebis gareSe, maSin saxezea Tanamonawileoba misi ucvleli „formuliT”
_ „Tanamonawile pasuxs agebs im umarTlobisaTvis, romelsac uSualod Cadis amsrulebeli~.
zemoaRniSnulis Sesabamisad, daskvnis saxiT SevniSnavT, rom TanamonawileTa qmedebebi
Tavisi bunebiT aqcesoruli xasiaTisaa. maTi qmedebaTa xasiaTis sxvadasxvagvarovneba
ar qmnis TiToeuli maTganis qmedebaSi damoukidebeli sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis
Ziebis safuZvels. msgavsi kanonzomierebidan gamomdinare, amsrulebeli aris
is mTavari figura, romelic obieqturi umarTlobis kuTxiT TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis
farglebs gansazRvravs. danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba gvaqvs mxolod im Sem-
TxvevaSi, rodesac yvela monawile erTian marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas, anu erTian
umarTlobas Cadis. maSasadame, Tanamonawileoba aqcesorulia. e.i. damokidebulia
61

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
amsruleblis mier ganxorcielebul umarTlobaze da Sesabamisad, yvela monawile amsrulebelTan
erTad Cadenili umarTlobisaTvis agebs pasuxs. sapirispiro xedvis mtkiceba,
TanamonawileTa damoukidebeli pasuxismgeblobis Teoriis gaziareba, realurad
Tavad am institutis uaryofas niSnavs. rasac amtkicebda am mimarTulebis Tanmimdevari
damcveli a. foinicki _ „Tanamonawileobis dros ramdeni damnaSavec aris, imdenivea
danaSaulic~. aseTi Sexeduleba, samarTlianad aRniSnavda prof. T. wereTeli, Tanamonawileobis
institutis sruli gauqmebaa da emyareba ideas, rom pasuxismgeblobis erTaderTi
safuZveli subieqtis antisocialuri fsiqikuri ganwyobaa da ara masTan erTad
qmedeba. aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamonawileobis aqcesorobis principis aRiareba aucilebelia
imdenad, ramdenadac saqme TviT am institutis arsebobas exeba.
amgvarad, aqcesorobis principi iTvaliswinebs Semdegs:
1) amsruleblis mier danaSaulis Cadenas, rac niSnavs, rom Tanamonawileoba arsebobs
mxolod maSin, Tu amsruleblis qmedebam dasjad stadias miaRwia. e.i. Tanamonawilis
dasjadobisaTvis aucilebelia, rom amsrulebels mosamzadebeli qmedeba mainc hqondes
Cadenili. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba adgili hqondes ara Tanamonawileobas
danaSaulSi, aramed uSedego waqezebas an daxmarebas, romelic ar SeiZleba daisajos
rogorc Tanamonawileoba.
2) Tanamonawilis aqcesoruli bunebis mtkiceba, aramc da aramc ar niSnavs
TanamonawileTa dasjadobis srul damokidebulebas amsruleblis dasjadobaze. aseTi
Sexeduleba TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobas ganixilavs, rogorc pasuxismgeblobas
ara sakuTari, aramed sxvisi bralisaTvis da igi SeuTavsebelia sasjelis individualizaciis
principTan.
3) TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis aqcesoruli xasiaTi ar gamoricxavs maTi
pasuxismgeblobis individualizacias. kerZod, sasjelis zomis konkretizacias danaSaulSi
maTi monawileobis xasiaTisa da xarisxis, agreTve maTi bralisa da Cadenili qmedebis
socialuri saSiSroebis xarisxis mixedviT.
4) aqcesorobis principis Tanaxmad, TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobas ar gamoricxavs
amsruleblis sasjelisagan gaTavisufleba (braldebulis TavdebqveS gadacemis,
Sewyalebis, Tu sxva msgavsi garemoebis safuZvelze, romelic amsruleblis pirovnebas
Seexeba).
5) Tanamonawilis aqcesoruli buneba ar ewinaaRmdegeba individualuri pasuxismgeblobis
princips, vinaidan igi iZleva SesaZleblobas, rom amsruleblis an Tanamonawilis
mxares mocemuli personaluri xasiaTis Semamsubuqebeli Tu damamZimebeli
garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT maTi qmedebebi sxvadasxva muxliT dakvalificirdes.
aseTia aqcesoruli pasuxismgeblobis zogadi principebi da swored ase unda gaviazroT
am Teoriis arsi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sapirispiro Tvalsazrisis mtkiceba,
nebiT Tu uneblieT Cven Tanmimdevrulad migviyvans TanamonawileTa damoukidebeli
pasuxismgeblobis aRiarebamde da TviT am institutis gauqmebamde.
62

For Understanding
the Accessory Nature
of Accomplicity
GIORGI BARABADZE
Doctor of Law
In the article the author canvasses the problem related to the nature of
accomplicity and states that the actions of the accomplices are of accessory
nature. Various characters of their actions do not provide the basis
for initiating a separate case of criminal investigation. According to the
author, based on the similar lawfulness, a principal offender is a key figure
who defines the boundaries of liabilities of the accomplices in terms of
objective wrongfulness. Then the author weighs in with the argument that
that the accessory principle envisages the following:
a) Commission of crime by the principal offender, which means that the
accomplicity exists only when the action of the principal offender
reaches the punishable stage;
b) Proving that the accomplicity is of accessory nature does not mean at
all that the punishment of the accomplices only depends on the
punishment of the principal offender;
c) The accessory nature does not exclude the individualization of the
accomplice’s liability;
d) According to the accessory principle, releasing the principal offender
from sentence does not exclude the liability of the accomplice.
e) The accessory nature does not oppose the principle of individual liability
as it allows for qualifying the actions of the principal offender and
an accomplice by different articles taking into consideration the principal
offender’s or an accomplice’s attenuating and aggravating circumstances
of personal type.
63

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
mmarTvelobis
naxevrad
saprezidento
sistemis
cneba da
klasifikacia
malxaz nakaSiZe
baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis
asistent-profesori
Sesavali
Tanamedrove konstituciuri samarTlis mecnierebaSi erTerT
mniSvnelovan sakiTxs mmarTvelobis naxevrad saprezidento
sistema warmoadgens. igi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri sab-
WoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg gaxda, vinaidan bevr yofil sab-
WoTa respublikaSi swored mmarTvelobis es modeli iqna SemoRebuli.
marTalia, ssr kavSiris daSlidan TiTqmis ori aTeuli
weli gavida, magram praqtika adasturebs, rom bevrma
postsabWoTa qveyanam ver SeZlo warsulis gavlenisagan gaTavisufleba
da konstituciuri mmarTvelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Tundac, met-naklebad srulyofili sistemisa da
institutebis Camoyalibeba. mTavari tendencia, rac postsab-
Wour sivrceSi gamoikveTa aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebiT aR-
Wurvili saxelmwifos meTauris (anu `Zlieri~ prezidentis)
institutisa da `susti~ parlamentis dafuZneba iyo. miuxedavad
imisa, rom am terminebma (Zlieri prezidenti, susti parlamenti)
TiTqmis sayovelTaod daimkvidres adgili politikur
da yofiT leqsikaSi, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, ar arse-
64

obs maTi siRrmiseuli samecniero kvleva. xSirad, samecniero literaturaSi prezidentis
siZliere da parlamentis sisuste naxevrad saprezidento mmarTvelobis sistemis
Taviseburebebad aris warmoCenili. Tumca, am sakiTxze erTmniSvnelovani pasuxis
gacema rTulia, radgan TviT naxevrad saprezidento mmarTvelobis sistemis funqcionireba
bevr faqtorzea damokidebuli. mmarTvelobis am modelis sirTulidan gamomdinare,
bolo periodSi, sul ufro xSirad gamoyofen mis sxvadasxva qvetips. Tumca,
qarTul samecniero literaturaSi es sakiTxebi naklebad aris gaSuqebuli. dRes, rodesac
saqarTveloSi sakonstitucio reforma mimdinareobs, metad aqtualurad da sainteresod
migvaCnia mmarTvelobis naxevrad saprezidento sistemis ZiriTadi niSnebisa da
klasifikaciis warmodgena. amitomac, winamdebare naSromSi mmarTvelobis naxevrad
saprezidento sistemis arsi da klasifikacia iqneba ganxiluli.
I. mmarTvelobis naxevrad saprezidento sistemis cneba da niSnebi
samecniero literaturaSi mmarTvelobis naxevrad saprezidento sistemas xSirad
axasiaTeben, rogorc mmarTvelobis saparlamento da saprezidento sistemebis garkveuli
niSnebis gaerTianebis Sedegad Camoyalibebul models. Tumca, es mxolod zogadi
Sefasebaa da naxevrad saprezidento modeli gacilebiT rTuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba.
vidre am Taviseburebebs ganvixilavdeT, unda aRiniSnos mmarTvelobis naxevrad
saprezidento sistemis Seqmnis winapirobebis Sesaxeb, rasac xSirad saTanado yurad-
Rebas ar uTmoben samecniero literaturaSi. am TvalsazrisiT unda iTqvas, rom aRniSnul
models xSirad, safrangeTis mexuTe respublikis sistemas uwodeben. es SemTxveviTi
ar aris. safrangeTis 1958 wlis konstituciis miRebas win oTxi respublika uZRoda da
samecniero literaturaSi aRiarebulia, rom axali sistemis Seqmna, romlis iniciatoric
prezidenti Sarl de goli iyo, stabilurobis moTxovnam da saparlamento mmarTvelobis
sisustem ganapiroba. kerZod, raSi mdgomareobda es sisuste? erza suleimani
(Suleiman) miuTiTebs, rom safrangeTis meoTxe respublika iyo partiebis reJimi (`regime
des parties~), romelic gulisxmobda: 1. multipartiul sistemas; 2. parlamentis uzenaesobas;
3. samTavrobo arastabilurobas. 1 suleimanis azriT is, rom safrangeTis meoTxe
respublika multipartiul sistemad xasiaTdeboda naTelia, magram mTavaria, rom es
iyo polarizebuli partiuli sistema Zlieri disciplinisa da organizebis gareSe moqmedi
partiebiT. amitom arcerT partias ar SeeZlo Seeqmna saparlamento umravlesoba.
partiebi ufro metad Camoyalibebuli iyo rogorc erTi da igive politikuri Sexedulebebis
mqone pirebis asociaciebi, vidre sazogadoebis myari mxardaWeris mqone organizaciebi.
amitomacaa, rom safrangeTma am mudmivi arastabilurobis pirobebSi 25 mTavroba
gamoicvala TerTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi. 2
aseTi viTarebis gamo, de goli SedarebiT moqnili, stabiluri da qmedunariani
mmarTvelobis sistemis Seqmnis iniciativiT gamovida. es iniciativa partiuli reJimis
qmediT konstituciur reJimad gadaqcevis mcdeloba iyo. ra iyo de golis axali konstituciis
mTavari mizani? konstituciis proeqtis avtorebis mTavari amocana mudmivi
65

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
samTavrobo arastabilurobis daZleva da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis operatiuli
da efeqtiani moqmedebis miRweva iyo, rasac im periodSi, safrangeTis winaSe arsebuli
socialur-ekonomikuri, politikuri da sagareo problemebis gadawyveta moiTxovda.
maTi azriT, am miznis miRweva saxelmwifo xelisuflebis meqanizmSi prezidentis rolis
gazrdiT unda momxdariyo. axali konstituciis avtorebs aRar surdaT meoTxe respublikis
msgavsad, ZiriTadi dro mudmiv samTavrobo cvlilebebSi gaetarebinaT. Tavad
de goli miiCnevda, rom sulac ar iyo saWiro safrangeTis saxelmwifos aucileblad
mmarTvelobis formad im droisaTvis praqtikaSi sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli ori formidan
(saprezidento da saparlamento) erT-erTi mieRo. misi azriT, savsebiT dasaSvebi
iyo safrangeTs axali sistema Seeqmna, romelic qveynis moTxovnebs Seesabameboda. Tavdapirvelad,
de goli am sistemas axasiaTebda, rogorc `specifikuri Taviseburebebis~
mqone mmarTvelobis sistemas, romelSic SenarCunebuli iyo saparlamento sistemis
meqanizmebic da gaTvaliswineuli iyo aseve, saprezidento respublikis Taviseburebebi.
mogvianebiT, sistemam e.w. naxevrad saprezidento modelis saxelwodeba miiRo.
swored, safrangeTis mexuTe respublikis Seqmnis Semdeg daiwyo naxevrad saprezidento
mmarTvelobis sistemis aqtiuri mecnieruli kvleva. 3 cneba `naxevrad saprezidento
reJimi~ pirvelad, gamoiyena Jurnalistma da gazeT `Le Monde~-s damfuZnebelma
hubertma, 1959 wels. Tumca, am dros am cnebis Sinaarsi sakmaod ganusazRvreli iyo.
pirvelad, akademiur doneze `naxevrad saprezidento reJimis~ koncefcia SeimuSava
frangma politologma moris diuverJem, romelmac es termini pirvelad, politikuri
institutebisa da konstituciuri samarTlis saxelmZRvanelos me-11 gamocemaSi gamoiyena,
romelic 1970 wels daibeWda. 1980 wels, diuverJes avtorobiT aRniSnul sakiTxze
gamoqveynda pirveli statia inglisur enaze, romelic 1997 wels politikuri kvlevebis
Jurnalis 25 wlis istoriaSi pirvel, erT-erT yvelaze gavlenian naSromad aRiares. 4
ra iyo esoden popularuli mmarTvelobis sistemis Sesaxeb diuverJes mier Camoyalibebuli
samecniero Sexedulebebis arsi? diuverJes ganmartebiT, politikuri reJimi 5
naxevrad saprezidentod miiCneva Tu konstitucia adgens sam elements: a) respublikis
prezidenti airCeva pirdapiri arCevnebiT; b) is flobs sakmaod mniSvnelovan uflebamosilebebs;
3) premier-ministri da ministrebi warmoadgenen prezidentis opozicias,
floben aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas da darCebian xelisuflebaSi, vidre parlamenti
ar iqneba maTTan opoziciaSi. 6 koncefciis damfuZnebeli diuverJe icavda mis gamoyenebas
konceptualur doneze, magram yovelTvis ar iTxovda sxva reJimebis, Tundac
saprezidento an saparlamento mmarTvelobisagan gansxvavebiT ufro meti upiratesoba
mieniWebinaT am reJimisaTvis. aRniSnuli sami Taviseburebis garda, sistemis funqcionirebaSi
is gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aseve, iseT politikur institutebs aniWebda,
rogoricaa politikuri partiebi. diuverJe koncefciis pirveli formulirebidan
moyolebuli xazs usvamda, rom politikuri partiebis faqtori fundamenturi iyo
naxevrad saprezidento reJimis moqmedebisaTvis. magaliTad, 1971 wels, man aRniSna,
rom `roca vafasebT Tu ratom funqcionirebs naxevrad saprezidento reJimi ase gansxvavebulad,
politikuri partiebis struqtura da maT Soris urTierTobebi ufro
metad mniSvnelovania, vidre konstituciuri xelisuflebis Stoebi. 7 ukve 1978 wlisaT-
66

vis, diuverJe gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebidan Tavis standartul formulirebaze
Camoyalibda da damatebiT miuTiTebda, rom naxevrad saprezidento reJimis meqanizmebi
didadaa damokidebuli saparlamento umravlesobis bunebasa da prezidentsa da
umravlesobas Soris urTierTobebze~. 8
naxevrad saprezidento sistemis gansxvavebuli gansazRvreba mogvca am modelis
aseve, cnobilma mkvlevarma jovani sartorim (Sartori). man diuverJesagan gansxvavebiT,
naxevrad saprezidento sistemis xuTi kriteriumi warmoadgina: 1. saxelmwifos meTauri
(prezidenti) arCeulia sayovelTao kenWisyriT _ pirdapiri an arapirdapiri gziT _
uflebamosilebis fiqsirebuli vadiT; 2. saxelmwifos meTauri aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas
inawilebs premier-ministrTan da saxezea Zalauflebis ormagi struqtura, romlis
gansazRvris sami kriteriumia: 2.1. prezidenti damoukidebelia parlamentisagan,
magram ara aqvs ufleba marto da damoukideblad marTos qveyana, amitom misi yvela
winadadeba unda waredginos da ganxilul iqnas mTavrobaSi; 2.2. piriqiT, premierministri
da misi kabineti damoukidebelia prezidentisagan, magram damokidebulia parlamentze
_ parlamentis ndoba an undobloba (an orive) nebismier SemTxvevaSi, saWiroebs
saparlamento umravlesobis mxardaWeras. 2.3. naxevrad saprezideno sistemis aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis ormagi struqtura iTvaliswinebs gansxvavebuli balansis
meqanizmebs. aseve, iZleva aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis farglebSi xelisuflebis
gadanawilebis SesaZleblobas, ise, rom yvelaze mkacr pirobebSi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
yovel Semadgenel erTeuls `avtonomiis potenciali~ namdviladaqvs. 9
amdenad, am sistemaSi prezidenti aris saxelmwifos meTauri, romelic saparlamento
respublikisagan gansxvavebiT pirdapiri wesiT airCeva. prezidenti mandats uSualod
xalxisagan iRebs, rac kidev ufro amaRlebs mis statuss. prezidenti konstituciiT
pirdapir ar aris aRiarebuli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurad. aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebas mTavroba axorcielebs, Tumca, prezidentisaTvis konstituciiT miniWebuli
uflebamosilebebi mas aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi Carevis
uflebas aZlevs. kerZod, upirvelesad, prezidenti niSnavs premier-ministrs da premier-ministris
wardginebiT mTavrobis wevrebs. prezidenti monawileobs mTavrobis
muSaobaSi da Tavmjdomareobs mis sxdomebs. prezidents konstituciiT dadgenil Sem-
TxvevebSi, SeuZlia parlamentis qveda palatis daTxovna da Tavis mxriv, parlaments
prezidentis Tanamdebobidan gadayeneba SeuZlia mxolod impiCmentis proceduriT.
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sivrceSi mmarTvelobis naxevrad saprezidento forma aqtualuri
gaxda me-20 saukunis 90-iani wlebis Semdeg, postsabWouri qveynebis konstituciur
praqtikaSi. am periodidan gaaqtiurda samecniero muSaoba am modelis kvlevis
mimarTulebiT. specialistebi aRniSnaven, rom polarizebul an axal demokratiebSi,
sadac xSirad gvxdeba politikuri da ekonomikuri gardamavali periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSi
maTi eleqtorati da partiuli sistema swrafad cvalebadia, moqnili naxevrad
saprezidento sistemis Semotana gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas iZens. 10 swored, amgvari Sexedulebebis
gamo. bevrma sabWoTa respublikam, maT Soris, saqarTvelom (Tumca, mogvianebiT)
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formad naxevrad saprezidento sistema airCia. samecniero
literaturaSi am qveynebis mmarTvelobis sistemebi Sereul modelad moixsenieba. 11
67

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi konstituciuri samarTlis mecnierebaSi gansakuTrebuli
adgili rus avtorebs ukaviaT, romelTa naSromebi am sakiTxebis kvlevis
mniSvnelovan wyaroebs warmoadgens. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia, profesor Cirkinis kvlevebi.
misi azriT, bolo aTi wlis praqtika adasturebs, rom saxelmwifos mmarTvelobisaTvis
mniSvnelovania ara marto da SeiZleba ara imdenad xelisuflebis danawileba da urTierSekavebisa
da gawonasworebis sistema (igi uzrunvelyofs demokratizms marTvaSi,
gamoricxavs mTeli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis erTi romelime organos xelSi Tavmoyras),
ramdenadac xelisuflebis umaRles organoebs Soris urTierTzemoqmedebasTan,
urTierTSeTanxmebulobasTan dakavSirebuli aucilebeli urTierTkavSirebis dadgena.
Sereuli da `hibriduli~ saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Seqmna aumjobesebs saxelmwifo
organoebs Soris urTierTzemoqmedebas. Tumca, es xdeba parlamentis rolis SesustebiT,
an prezidentis uflebamosilebebis SemcirebiT, an mTavrobis rogorc parlamentis,
aseve prezidentisadmi daqvemdebarebiT. misi azriT, ama Tu im plusebs, yovelTvis Tan
sdevs gansazRvruli minusebi... 12
profesor Cirkinis azriT, `mmarTvelobis Sereuli, `hibriduli~ formebi uzrunvelyofs
qveynis marTvis stabilurobas, gamoricxavs koniunqturuli partiuli mosazrebebiT
mTavrobebis xSir cvlas, uzrunvelyofs partiebis konsolidacias. es procesi
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis darRvevis gareSe uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
rolis gamyarebas adgilebze da saxelmwifos erTianobas. misi azriT, es
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im qveynebisaTvis, romlebsac ara aqvT xangrZlivi saparlamento
mmarTvelobis gamocdileba da sadac partiuli struqturebis Camouyalibeblobasa
da saparlamento mmarTvelobis meqanizmebis uqonlobas mudmiv ryevamde mivyavarT.
13 aseve, Cirkini miuTiTebs, rom mmarTvelobis hibriduli (Sereuli) formebi aferxeben
mTavrobis sxvadasxva koniunqturuli, partiuli mosazrebebiT Secvlas, meore
mxriv, maT aqvT garkveuli minusebi _ irRveva xelisuflebis danawileba, urTierTSekavebisa
da gawonasworebis sistema, Zlierdeba saprezidento xelisufleba da zogjer,
misi matareblebi avtoritarizmis tendenciebs Seicaven. 14
Cirkinis mosazrebiT, ar SeiZleba naxevrad saprezidento sistema CavTvaloT Sereul
reJimad mxolod imitom, rom mis maxasiaTeblebSi aris iseTi niSnebi, romlebic aqvs
sxva or sistemas. naxevrad saprezidento sistema gansakuTrebuli da calke mmarTvelobis
sistemaa, romelsac aqvs Tavisi buneba da amitom naklebad samarTliania vTqvaT,
rom saparlamento da saprezidento sistema iyo maTi `mSobeli~. naxevrad saprezidento
sistemas aqvs Tavisi sakuTari specifikuri instituciuri niSnebi. isini ar SeiZleba
Seiqmnas mxolod saparlamento reJimis zogierTi niSnis gaZlierebiT (magaliTad, prezidentis
pirdapiri wesiT arCevis SemoReba), an saprezidento sistemis zogierTi niSnis
dasustebiT (magaliTad, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ori gansxvavebuli liderisaTvis
gadacemiT). naxevrad saprezidento sistema moicavs rogorc saparlamento respublikis,
ise saprezidento respublikis zogierT niSans da am mxriv, is Sereuli sistemaa... 15
aseTi Sefasebis paralelurad, Cirkini yuradRebas amaxvilebs naxevrad saprezidento
sistemis uaryofiT mxareebze da misi azriT, upirvelesad, irRveva ama Tu im mmarTvelobis
formisaTvis damaxasiaTebel marTvis struqturebis erTianoba da erTdroulad,
68

warmoiSoba urTierTobebis axali saxeebi, koliziebi da SeuTanxmeblobebi, romlebic
ar iyo `gamocdil~ mmarTvelobis formebSi. irRveva Seqmnili xelisuflebis danawilebis
standartebi, romelsac aqvs Tavisi myari formebi, rogorc saprezidento, ise saparlamento
respublikaSi, xdeba sxvadasxva sawyisebis Sereva da es yovelTvis ar uzrunvelyofs
konstituciuri kanonierebis dacvas. 16
rogorc vxedavT, mmarTvelobis naxevrad saprezidento sistemis erT-erT umTavres
Taviseburebas prezidentis gansakuTrebuli statusi da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
parlamentis winaSe pasuxismgebloba da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ormagi struqtura
warmoadgens. amasTan, mmarTvelobis naxevrad saprezidento sistema imdenad
rTuli modelia, rom dRemde, samecniero literaturaSi araerTi misi qvetipi Camoyalibda.
sistemis klasifikaciaSi isic mniSvnelovania, rom igi sxvadasxva kriteriumebze
dayrdnobiT kargad xsnis mmarTvelobis naxevrad saprezidento sistemis bunebas.
II. naxevrad saprezidento mmarTvelobis sistemebis klasifikacia
naxevrad saprezidento sistemis klasifikacias sxvadasxva kriteriumebi udevs
safuZvlad, magram am klasifikaciis ZiriTadi kriteriumebi prezidentsa da xelisuflebis
sxva institutebs Soris urTierTobebi, partiuli sistema da parlamentSi politikuri
Zalebis fragmentaciaa (cxrili 1). Tanamedrove mecnierTa Sromebidan am TvalsazrisiT,
aRsaniSnavia diuverJes, Sugartis (Shugart), keris (Carey), eljis (Elgie), skaCisa (Skach) da tseis
(Tsai) gamokvlevebi. maTi klasifikacia Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba warmovidginoT:
cxrili 1. naxevrad saprezidento mmarTvelobis sistemis
klasifikaciis kriteriumebi
mkvlevarebi
klasifikaciis
kriteriumebi
qvetipi
diuverJe
prezidentis
xelisufleba,
partiuli sistema,
sistemis Seqmnis
konteqsti
ceremonialuri prezidenti, sruluflebiani prezidenti,
dabalansebuli prezidenti da mTavroba
Sugarti
da keri
prezidentis
konstituciuri
xelisufleba
prezident-saparlamento sistema, premier-saprezidento
sistema
elji
prezidentisa da
premier-ministris
xelisufleba
farTod prezidencializebuli sistema, ceremonialuri
prezidenti Zlieri premier-ministriT, prezidentisa da
premier-ministris dabalansebuli xelisufleba
69

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
mkvlevarebi
klasifikaciis
kriteriumebi
qvetipi
skaCi
partiuli situacia
parlamentSi
konsolidirebuli umravlesobis mmarTveloba, gayofili
umravlesobis mmarTveloba, gayofili umciresobis
mmarTveloba.
tsei
prezidentisa da
parlamentis
konstituciuri
xelisufleba,
partiuli
situacia
parlamentSi
sistema prezidentis dominirebiT, sistema premieris
dominirebiT, sistema parlamentis dominirebiT,
`Tanacxovreba~ da balansirebuli xelisuflebis sistema
SeniSvna: cxrili aRebulia Jung-Hsiang, Tsai, Sub-types of Semi-presidentialism and Political Deadlock, French Politics, 2008, 6,
(63-84), p. 66.
amdenad, diuverJe naxevrad saprezidento reJimis ramdenime tips gamoyofs: 1. sistema
`simboluri prezidentiT~ (avstria, irlandia, da islandia); 2. sistema `sruli
Zalauflebis mqone prezidentiT~ (safrangeTi); 3. sistema, prezidentisa da mTavrobis
balansiT (veimaris germania, fineTi da portugalia). 17 diuverJesTan erTad, romelic
sxvadasxva naxevrad saprezidento sistemis magaliTze naxevrad saprezidento reJimis
gansxvavebul tipebs gamoyofda, Sugarti da keri iyvnen pirveli mecnierebi, romlebmac
naxevrad saprezidento sistemis saxeebs Soris ufro metad sistemur gansxvavebebs
miaqcies yuradReba. isini gamoyofdnen naxevrad saprezidento sistemis or tips: premier-saprezidento
da prezident-saparlamento sistemas. Sugartisa da kerisaTvis
premier-saprezidento da prezident-saparlamento sistemas Soris mTavari gansxvavebaa,
rom premier-saprezidento sistemaSi premier-ministri da kabineti eqskluziurad,
saparlamento umravlesobis winaSea angariSvaldebuli, maSin, rodesac prezidentsaparlamento
sistemaSi premier-ministri da kabineti ormagad pasuxismgebelia prezidentisa
da saparlamento umravlesobis winaSe. 18 am avtorebis mixedviT, premier-saprezidento
sistema gulisxmobs, rom premier-ministri mxolod sakanonmdeblo organos
winaSea pasuxismgebeli. es niSnavs, rom rodesac parlamenti premier-ministrad irCevs
prezidentTan opoziciaSi myof pirs, prezidentma unda miiRos daniSvna. Sugartis terminologiiT,
am procesis Sedegia, rom daniSnuli kabineti, romelic saparlamento umravlesobis
mxardaWeriT sargeblobs, eqvemdebareba ara prezidents, aramed parlaments
da amgvarad, prezidentsa da premiers Soris urTierTobebi metad saqmiania. 19 premiersaprezidento
sistemisa da partiuli sistemis urTierTzemoqmedeba parlamentSi
aCvenebs Tu rogor muSaobs praqtikaSi urTierTobebi prezidentsa da premier-ministrs
Soris da rogor eqvemdebareba premier-ministri prezidents, rogor TanamSromlobs
prezidenti opozicioner premier-ministrTan. Sugartis mier motanili premier-sap-
70

ezidento sistemis konfiguracia instituciuri konfiguraciaa, romelsac prezidentsa
da premiers Soris saqmian urTierTobebamde mivyavarT. 20
prezident-saparlamento sistemaSi situacia sxvagvaria. aq prezidenti inarCunebs
premierisa da kabinetis daTxovnis uflebas da prezidentsa da premiers Soris urTierTobebi
ierarqiulia, Tumca, premier-ministri rCeba parlamentis winaSe pasuxismgebeli.
Tu sakanonmdeblo organo Seecdeba premier-ministrad daniSnos prezidentis
politikuri oponenti, maSin premier-ministri riskis qveSaa, vinaidan is SeiZleba prezidentma
daiTxovos. amisagan gansxvavebiT, roca parlamenti daTxovnilia da prezidenti
premier-ministrad Tavis mokavSires daniSnavs, parlaments SeuZlia gadaayenos
premier-ministri. amdenad, premier-saprezidento sistema moipovebs prezident-saparlamento
sistemasa da araoficialur eqstrakonstituciur faqtorebs Soris urTierTzemoqmedebis
funqcias. Sugartis azriT, es prezident-saparlamento sistemis gansazRvruli
konfiguracia, romelic prezidentisa da sakanonmdeblo organos saqmian urTierTobebs
ayalibebs. 21
skaCis klasifikaciis mixedviT, naxevrad saprezidento sistemaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT:
1. umravlesobis konsolidirebuli (gaerTianebuli) mmarTveloba; 2. umravlesobis
gayofili mmarTveloba; 3. gayofili umciresobis mmarTveloba. mokled ganvsazRvroT
ras niSnavs TiToeuli maTgani. umravlesobis konsolidirebuli (gaerTianebuli) mmar-
Tveloba naxevrad saprezidento sistemis instituciuri konfliqtebis Semcirebis erTerT
yvelaze saukeTeso tips warmoadgens, rodesac premier-ministrs aqvs myari saparlamento
umravlesoba da prezidentic am umravlesobidanaa. skaCi amas umravlesobis
gaerTianebul mmarTvelobas uwodebs. sakanonmdeblo umravlesoba zrdis SesaZleblobas,
rom mTavroba ufro metad stabiluri iqneba, romelic Tavis mxriv, mTavrobas
SemuSavebuli dRis wesrigis miRwevisaTvis drois ufro did periods aZlevs. SesaZleblobebi,
rom prezidentsa da premier-ministrs eqnebaT politikis msgavsi dRis wesrigi
da iTanamSromleben, raTa miaRwion erTian dRis wesrigs, izrdeba. 22
es qvetipi ar aris daculi konfliqtebisagan. Tu prezidenti da premier-ministri
umravlesobis farglebSi sxvadasxva fraqciisagan arian, konfliqti SeiZleba ganvi-
Tardes, radgan modelis daZabuli urTierTobebi struqturirebulia naxevrad saprezidento
konstituciaSi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis orad gayofis gamo, sadac
yovelTvis potenciuri konfliqtia. prezidentsa da premiers Soris gansxvavebulobis
individualobam SeiZleba uTanxmoebamde migviyvanos, imasTan dakavSirebiT Tu vin unda
uxelmZRvanelos mTavrobas. Tavisi liderobis mimarT prezidentis specifikurma rwmenam
da legitimurobam igi SeiZleba premier-ministrze dominirebamde miiyvanos, romelic
Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba SeewinaaRmdegos am dominirebas, ramac SeiZleba Zalauflebis
demonstrirebis moqmedebebi gamoiwvios. alternativaSi prezidents SeuZlia gadawyvitos
es dominireba, radgan is kargavs Tavisi premier-ministris ndobas da eWvi Seaqvs
mis qmedunarianobaSi. naxevrad saprezidento sistemis 40-wliani gamocdilebis Semdeg,
frangi politologebi da konstitucionalistebi aRniSnaven, rom gaerTianebuli
umravlesobis mmarTvelobis pirobebSi rTulia gageba, Tu vin iRebs gadawyvetilebebs
da yvelafri yovelTvis garkveuli ar aris. 23
71

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gayofili umravlesobis mmarTvelobis dros sakanonmdeblo organoSi aris myari da
SeTanxmebuli umravlesoba, romelic Sedgenilia erTi partiis an partiaTa koaliciis
mier, magram prezidenti aris im partiidan, romelic umravlesobis winaaRmdeg gamodis,
an ar aris arcerTi partiidan. gayofili umravlesoba xSirad, frangul literaturaSi
moixsenieba, rogorc `Tanacxovreba~, rac gulisxmobs ideas, rom ori SeuTavsebeli
megobari iZulebulia icxovros erTad. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac sakanonmdeblo
umravlesoba mxars uWers mTavrobas, arsebobs garkveuli uwyvetoba da mTavrobisadmi
ndobis imedic. am qvetips bevrad ufro didi midrekileba aqvs konfliqtebisadmi, vidre
gaerTianebuli umravlesobis mmarTvelobas. Tu prezidents aqvs Tavisi sakuTari dRis
wesrigi da ar surs dauTmos igi premier-ministrs, Cveulebriv, Zalian Rrmaa sakanonmdeblo
organosa da prezidentis gancalkeveba ideologiuri (an sxva) TvalsazrisiT.
rodesac prezidents SeuZlia ganaxorcielos Tavisi uflebamosilebebi bolomde, maSin
modelis daZabulma urTierTobebma SeiZleba konfliqtamde migviyvanos. am SemTxvevaSi,
prezidenti xSirad inarCunebs SesaZleblobas ganaxorcielos Zalaufleba dekretebis
meSveobiT an sagangebo situaciisa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis umaRlesi mTavarsardlis
statusis gamoyenebiT. prezidents SeuZlia gamoiyenos es uflebamosilebebi premierministris
sakanonmdeblo umravlesobis gasawonasworeblad. 24
gayofili umciresobis mmarTvelobis viTarebaSi arc prezidenti, arc premier-ministri
da arc romelime sxva koalicia ar sargeblobs arsebiTi umravlesobiT sakanonmdeblo
organoSi. nebismieri aSkara umravlesobis ararsebobam naxevrad saprezidento
sistemaSi SeiZleba aramudmiv scenaramde migviyvanos, romelic erTi mxriv, icvleba
sakanonmdeblo koaliciidan da samTavrobo cvlilebebidan gamomdinare, meore mxriv,
prezidentis mxridan Zalauflebis SenarCunebisaTvis uwyveti CareviT. es SeiZleba iyos
sxva scenari _ didi sakanonmdeblo umoZraoba, samTavrobo arastabiluroba da kabineti,
romelic umciresobis mTavrobas warmoadgens. prezidenti cdilobs Tavisi uflebamosilebebi
xangrZliv konstituciur vadaSi ganaxorcielos. es gansakuTrebiT Tvalsa-
Cinoa, rodesac qveyanaSi ekonomikuri situacia moiTxovs kanonmdeblobis swraf miRebas,
raTa gadawydes krizisebi, rogorc postkomunistur ruseTSi, sadac sakanonmdeblo
umravlesoba ewinaaRmdegeboda mniSvnelovani kanonmdeblobis proeqtebis Sedgenas,
gadacemasa da ganxorcielebas, ramac ruseTi prezidentis dominirebamde miiyvana, romelic
nebismieri kanonmdeblobis miRebis mTavari saSualebaa. ...es qvetipi rogorc
gayofili umciresobis mmarTveloba, Tavisi arsiT, prezidencializmis potenciurad
yvelaze problemuri tipia, iseve rogorc parlamentarizmis dros potenciurad, yvelaze
problematuria uciresobis mTavroba. prezidenti am tipis dros aris xelisuflebaSi
Tavisi mTeli uflebamosilebis vadiT an manamde, vidre sakanonmdeblo organoSi
ar iqneba formirebuli umravlesoba. saerTod, prezidents SeuZlia gamoacxados axali
arCevnebi, umravlesobis formirebis mcdelobis mizniT, magram aranairi garantia, rom
umravlesoba iqneba Camoyalibebuli mas ara aqvs, Tu partiuli sistemisaTvis ar aris
damaxasiaTebeli maJoritarizmisa da koaliciebis formireba da, Tu partiebi ukve
specialurad motyuebulni ar arian upartio prezidentis mier. 25
72

obert eljis mixedviT, naxevrad saprezidento sistema SeiZleba daiyos metad
prezidencializebul, ceremonialur da dabalansebul sistemebad. eljis azriT, metad
prezidencializebuli naxevrad saprezidento sistema _ `gamarjvebuls miaqvs yvelaferi~
_ bunebis mqone TanamdebobiT SeiZleba niSnavdes, rom am dros prezidentis
xelmZRvanelobis Zalian maRali xarisxiT, personalizebuli sistema warmoiSoba. misi
azriT, es mdgomareoba sazianoa demokratiisaTvis, radgan prezidentma SeiZleba ignorireba
gaukeTos demokratiis process Tavisi sakuTari Sexedulebebisa da/an interesebis
gamo. am moqmedebiT prezidents SeuZlia Sevides konfliqtSi sakanonmdeblo organosTan,
romlis wevrebic saxalxo legitimaciis alternatiul wyaros eyrdnobian. 26
eljis mosazrebiT, magaliTad, bevr yofil sabWoTa qveyanaSi, rogoricaa somxeTi, azerbaijani,
yazaxeTi, tajikeTi da uzbekeTi, metad prezidencializebuli naxevrad saprezidento
sistemis arCevani avtoritaruli tendenciebis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. 27
elji miuTiTebs, rom naxevrad saprezidento sistema ceremonialuri prezidentiT
saparlamento sistemis msgavsad muSaobs. prezidenti aris simboluri lideri,
romelsac aqvs mcire konstituciuri uflebamosilebebi da romelic qveynisaTvis moqmedebs
ufro rogorc figuraluri meTauri, vidre aqtiuri gadawyvetilebis mimRebi
piri. realuri xelisufleba premier-ministris xelSia, romelic pasuxismgebelia qveynis
yoveldRiuri ganviTarebis yvela aspeqtze. politikuri praqtika am sistemis qveynebSi
saparlamento qveynebis praqtikas waagavs uSualod arCeuli figuraluri prezidentiT
da Zlieri mTavrobis meTauriT, rogorc germaniasa da saberZneTSi. 28
eljis ganmartebiT, dabalansebuli naxevrad saprezidento sistema metad orazrovania.
aris am sistemis ramdenime warmatebuli modeli, rogoricaa portugalia...
amdenad, dabalansebul naxevrad saprezidento sistemas SeuZlia funqcionireba, Tumca,
Zalian sariskoa. aq aris Cveuli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Sida konfliqti politikuri
`Tanacxovrebis~ CaTvliT, romelic am sistemaSi yalibdeba. amitom eljis azriT,
am garemoebebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT linci, valensuela da laipharti marTebulad
gamodian mmarTvelobis am formis winaaRmdeg. 29
tseis mixedviT, naxevrad saprezidento sistemaSi saxelisuflebo urTierTobis
klasifikacias rogorc aRvniSneT, safuZvlad udevs prezidentisa da parlamentis
konstituciuri uflebamosilebebi da partiuli fragmentacia parlamentSi. misi azriT,
saxezea naxevrad saprezidento sistema prezidentis dominirebiT, roca prezidenti
faqtobrivad xelmZRvanelobs mTavrobas da saparlamento umravlesobas, aqvs sakanonmdeblo
iniciativis ufleba, naxevrad saprezidento sistema premieris dominirebiT,
roca premieri saparlamento umravlesobis meSveobiT akontrolebs sakanonmdeblo
process, naxevrad saprezidento sistema parlamentis dominirebiT, sadac prezidents
ara aqvs mniSvnelovani uflebamosilebebi, rogoricaa brZanebulebebis gamocemis
ufleba, rodesac kabineti aris umciresobis mTavroba (rodesac opozicia akontrolebs
saparlamento umravlesobas prezidentisa da mTavrobis winaaRmdeg, mxolod
parlaments aqvs sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba). naxevrad saprezidento sistema
`Tanacxovreba~, aris situacia, rodesac prezidenti da premieri iyofen aRmasrulebel
73

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xelisuflebas, magram arian sxvadasxva partiidan da aqvT gansxvavebuli legitimaciis
xarisxi. prezidentis legitimacia aris pirdapiri arCevnebidan, magram igi
dakavSirebulia parlamentSi adgilebis umravlesobis kontrolTan. naxevrad
saprezidento sistema xelisuflebis balansiT gulisxmobs xelisuflebis balanss
prezidentsa da parlaments Soris, roca prezidentic da parlamentic flobs mniSvnelovan
uflebamosilebebs, magram erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg dganan. es warmoiSoba maSin,
rodesac arcerTi mxare ar flobs saparlamento umravlesobas. 30
amgvari klasifikacia aris miRebuli sazRvargareTis qveynebis samecniero literaturaSi,
magram rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi
naxevrad saprezidento mmarTvelobis sistemebis klasifikacia farTod ar
aris gaSuqebuli. Tumca, zogierTi avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs naxevrad saprezidento
modelis calkeul nairsaxeobebze. magaliTad, avTandil demetraSvili miiCnevs,
rom Tu prezidenti da saparlamento umravlesoba (Sesabamisad, mTavroba) erT politikur
speqtrs warmoadgenen, mmarTveloba naxevrad saprezidentoa, Tu gansxvavebul
politikur Zalebs _ mmarTveloba naxevrad saparlamentoa. 31 zaza ruxaZec, mmarTvelobis
Sereuli formis SigniT calke gamoyofs naxevrad saprezidento da naxevrad saparlamento
respublikas. 32 oTar melqaZe, naxevrad saprezidento sistemas yofs saprezidento-saparlamento
da saparlamento-saprezidento sistemebad. is saparlamento-saprezidento
modelad ganixilavs safrangeTs, portugaliasa da fineTs, xolo saprezidento-saparlamento
modelad miiCnevs belorusias, TurqeTs, ruseTs, ukrainas da am
models saprezidento respublikis evropul models uwodebs, romlebmac misi azriT,
xelisuflebis danawilebis sapirwone kidev ufro gadaxares prezidentisaken. 33
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi naxevrad saprezidento
sistemis qveynebis klasifikaciisaTvis yvelaze metad Sugartisa da keris mier warmodgenili
kriteriumebi gamoiyeneba. amitomac, sxvadasxva literaturaSi naxevrad saprezidento
sistemis qveynebs or ZiriTad saxed _ premier-saprezidento da prezident-saparlamento
sistemad yofen. dReisaTvis, msoflioSi arsebuli naxevrad saprezidento
sistemis amgvari klasifikaciidan SeiZleba moviyvanoT Svedi avtoris tomas sedlis
(Sedelius) Sefaseba (cxrili 2), romelSic aseve, saqarTveloc aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
cxrili 2.
naxevrad saprezidento qveynebis klasifikacia tomas sedlis mixedviT
# qveyana 34 konstituciis tipi postkomunisturi konstituciis
miRebis wlebi
1 somxeTi prezident-saparlamento 1995
2 azerbaijani prezident-saparlamento 1995
3 belorusi prezident-saparlamento 1994
4 bulgareTi premier-saprezidento 1991
5 xorvatia prezident-saparlamento (1900-2000),
premier-saprezidento (2000-) 1990
74

6 saqarTvelo prezident-saparlamento 1995
7 yazaxeTi prezident-saparlamento 1995
8 yirgizeTi prezident-saparlamento 1993
9 litva premier-saparlamento 1992
10 moldova premier-saprezidento (1994-00) (2000) 1994
11 monRoleTi premier-saprezidento 1992
12 poloneTi premier-saprezidento 1992
13 rumineTi premier-saprezidento 1991
14 ruseTi prezident-saparlamento 1993
15 tajikeTi prezident-saparlamento 1994
16 TurqmeneTi prezident-saparlamento 1992
17 ukraina prezident-saparlamento (1991-2005)
premier-saprezidento (2006) 1996
18 uzbekeTi prezident-saparlamento 1992
SeniSvna: cxrili aRebulia Sedelius Thomas, The Tug-of-War between Presidents and Prime Ministers:
Semi-Presidentialism in Central and Eastern Europe, Utgivare: Universitetsb-iblioteket, 2006, p. 90.
aRniSnuli cxrili erT saerTo tendencias asaxavs, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebis
umetesobaSi naxevrad saprezidento mmarTvelobis formis prezident-saparlamento
sistema moqmedebs. es ki, miuTiTebs, rom am qveynebSi erTi mxriv, Zlieria prezidentis
formaluri statusi da meore mxriv, sustia politikuri partiebi an prezidentis partias
hyavs saparlamento umravlesoba, ris gamoc prezidentis formaluri statusi kidev
ufro izrdeba politikuri resursebis gamoyenebiT. Tumca, postsabWour sivrceSi zogjer,
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac prezident-saparlamento sistema icvleba premier-saprezidento
sistemiT. aRniSnuli tendencia kargad aris naCvenebi cnobili mecnierebis samuelsisa
(David J. Samuels) da Sugartis (Matthew S. Shugart) mier SemoTavazebul klasifikaciaSi
(cxrili 3). cxrilSi kargad Cans, periodulad, Tu rogor icvleba naxevrad saprezidento
mmarTvelobis sistema da garkveul periodSi igi muSaobs, rogorc premiersaprezidento,
xolo garkveul periodSi, rogorc prezident-saparlamento sistema.
es klasifikacia marTalia, ar moicavs yvela yofil sabWoTa qveyanas, magram aq gaTvaliswinebulia
saqarTvelo da am mxriv, igi CvenTvis sainteresoa. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom
avtorebi am klasifikaciaSi postsabWouri sivrcidan naxevrad saprezidento mmarTvelobis
arcerT sistemur modelad ar ganixilaven magaliTad, azerbaijans, Tumca igi
Sereul modelad aris miCneuli samecniero literaturaSi.
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cxrili 3. naxevrad saprezidento qveynebis klasifikacia
samuelsisa da Sugartis mixedviT
# premier-saprezidento prezident-saparlamento
qveyana wlebi qveyana wlebi
1. somxeTi-2 (2005-2007) somxeTi-1 (1998-2005)
2. bulgareTi (1990-2007) avstria (1994-2007)
3. xorvatia (2000-2007) saqarTvelo (2004-2007)
4. fineTi (1945-2007) madagaskari-2 (1993-1997)
5. safrangeTi (1962-2007) mozambiki (1994-2007)
6. irlandia (1952-2007) namibia (1990-2007)
7. litva (1991-2007) peru (1980-92, 2000-2007)
8. makedonia (1991-1993) portugalia-1 (1978-1980)
9. madagaskari-1 (1991-1993) ruseTi (1992-2007)
10. mali (1992-2007) senegali (2000-2007)
11. moldova (1991-2001) Sri lanka (1978-2007)
12. monRoleTi (1992-2007) taivani (1997-2007)
13. poloneTi (1989-2007) ukraina-1 (1992-2005)
14. portugalia-2 (1980-2007)
15. rumineTi (1990-2007)
16. slovakeTi (1998-2007)
17. slovenia (1991-2007)
18. ukraina-2 (2005-2007)
SeniSvna: cxrili aRebulia David J. Samuels and Matthew S. Shugart, Presidents, Parties, Prime
Ministers: A Framework for Analysis, Forthcoming, Cambridge University Press, April 2009, p. 73.
daskvna
amdenad, naxevrad saprezidento sistema, romelic mmarTvelobis sxva formebTan
SedarebiT axal models warmoadgens, ramdenime arsebiTi TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba.
sistemis mTavari niSania saxelmwifos meTauris _ prezidentis pirdapiri arCeva, aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis kolegiuri organos _ mTavrobis arseboba premier-ministris
xelmZRvanelobiT da mTavrobis angariSvaldebuleba parlamentis winaSe. naxevrad saprezidento
mmarTvelobis sistemis praqtika adasturebs, rom am sistemis erT-erTi mTavari
maxasiaTebelia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ormagi, e.w. bicefaluri struqtura.
marTalia, naxevrad saprezidento mmarTvelobis qveynebis konstituciebi rogorc wesi,
prezidents ar ganixilaven aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis matarebel institutad, magram
praqtikulad, saxezea prezidentis mniSvnelovani uflebamosilebebi aRmasrulebel
76

xelisuflebaSi. aseve, am sistemis mniSvnelovan Taviseburebad miiCneva e.w. `Tanacxovreba~,
rodesac prezidenti ekuTvnis erT politikur partias, xolo parlamentis umravlesoba
sxva politikuri partiis xelSia. es mmarTvelobis naxevrad saprezidento
sistemis zogadi daxasiaTebaa. Tumca, konstituciuri samarTlis Teoriasa da konstituciur
praqtikaSi mmarTvelobis aRniSnuli sistemis araerTi saxe Camoyalibda. maT
Soris, ori ZiriTadi qvetipi gamoiyofa: premier-saprezidento da prezident-saparlamento
sistema. amgvari klasifikacia mmarTvelobis naxevrad saprezidento sistemis
sxva mniSvnelovan mxareebsac warmoaCens. maT Soris, erT-erT umTavres Taviseburebas
prezidentsa da saparlamento umravlesobas, aseve, saparlamento umravlesobasa da
mTavrobas Soris arsebuli urTierTobebi warmoadgens. amdenad, saqarTveloSi mimdinare
sakonstitucio reformis procesSi, vfiqrobT, kargad unda gaanalizdes msoflio
praqtika da yvela aRniSnuli Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelosaTvis efeqtiani
mmarTvelobis sistema Camoyalibdes.
SeniSvnebi:
1
Erza N. Suleiman, Presidentialism and Political Stability in France, in The Failure of Presidential
Democracy, Comparative Perspectives, Volume 1, Edited b Juan J. Linz and Rturo Valenzuela, The
John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1994, p. 141.
2
Ibid, p.140.
3
samecniero kvlevebSi xSirad SexvdebiT mosazrebas, rom naxevrad saprezidento
sistema pirvelad, jer kidev, veimaris respublikis konstituciiT
iyo gansazRvruli. marTalia, es konstitucia Sereuli modelis garkveul
niSnebs Seicavda, magram naxevrad saprezidento sistemis fundamenturi
kvlevebi mainc safrangeTis mexuTe respublikas ukavSirdeba.
4
Robert Elgie, Semi-Presidentialism in Europe, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 1-2.
5
evropul samecniero literaturaSi, naxevrad saprezidento mmarTvelobis
formis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba ramdenime cneba, maT Soris: `semi-presidential
regime~, `semi-presidential system~. amitomac, Cvenc diuverJes samecniero
mosazrebebis ganxilvisas gamoviyenebT qarTul Sesatyviss `reJimi~, Tumca
masSi bunebrivia, ar igulisxmeba politikuri reJimi, aramed mmarTvelobis
forma konstituciuri samarTlebrivi gagebiT. sxva danarCen SemTxvevaSi ki,
gamoviyenebT `mmarTvelobis sistema~-s da `mmarTvelobis forma~-s, rac
damkvidrebulia Cvens samecniero literaturaSi.
6
Duverger Maurice: A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government. In: European
Journal of Political Research, 1980, Vol. 8, No. 2; p. 166.
7
Robert Elgie, The Politics of Semi-Presidentialism, p. 18, is available on the Website: , [accessed: 31.12.2009].
8
Duverger, M. (1978) Echec au roi. Paris, In: Robert Elgie, Albin Michel, in: Semi-Presi-dentialism:
Concepts, Consequences and Contesting Explanations, Political Studies Review, 2004, VOL 2, p. 326.
9
Giovanni Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives
and Outcomes, 2nd ed. (London: Macmillan, 1997), in: Robert Elgie, Varieties of Semi-Presidentialism
and Their Impact on Nascent Democracies, Taiwan Journal of Democracy, Volume 3, December,
2007, No.2, p. 59-60.
10
Petra Schleiter, Edward Morgan-Jones, Semi-Presidential Regimes: Providing Flexibility or Generating
Representation and Governance Problems?, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American
Political Science Association, Marriott Wardman Park, Omni Shoreham, Washington Hilton, Washington, DC,
Sep 01, 2005, p. 23, the article is available on the Website: , [Accessed: 2009-09-10].
77

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11
Robert Elgie, Varieties of Semi-Presidentialism and Their Impact on Nascent Democracies, Taiwan
Journal of Democracy, 2007, Volume 3, No.2: 61.
12
×èðêèí Â.Å., Íåòèïè÷íûå ôîðìû ïðàâëåíèÿ â ñîâðåìåííîì ãîñóäàðñòâå,
æóð. «Ãîñóäàðñòâî è ïðàâî», 1994, ¹ 1, c. 109-116.
13
òàìæå, ñ. 113.
14
×èðêèí, Â. Å., Ñîâðåìåííîå ãîñóäàðñòâî, «Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îòíîøåíèÿ» Ì.,
2001, c. 155.
15
òàìæå, ñ. 148-149.
16
ix.: ×èðêèí Â.Å., Íåòèïè÷íûå ôîðìû ïðàâëåíèÿ â ñîâðåìåííîì ãîñóäàðñòâå,
gv. 113.
17
ix.: Duverger Maurice: A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government, gv.
167-177.
18
Robert Elgie, The perils of semi-presidentialism, Are they exaggerated? Institutional affiliation,
Democratization, 15 (1), p. 7. Full text is available on the Website: ,
[Accessed: 31.12.2009].
19
ix.: Elgie Robert, Two Cheers for Semi-Presidentialism, gv. 7.
20
Elgie Robert and McMenamin Iain, Variation With Semi-Presidentialism: Cohabitation, Cabinet
Stability and Non-partisan Prime Ministers, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American
Political Science Association, Hyatt Regency Chicago and the Sheraton Chicago Hotel and Towers, Chicago,
IL, Aug 30, 2007, p. 7, Full text is available on the Website: , [Accessed: 2009-09-1].
21
Ibid, p. 7.
22
Cindy Skach, Constitutional Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Constitutional Political Economy,
No.16, 2005, p. 349.
23
Ibid, p. 350.
24
ix.: Cindy Skach, Constitutional Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, gv. 350.
25
iqve, gv. 351.
26
Elgie Robert, Two Cheers for Semi-Presidentialism, in Elgie, Robert (2005) Variations on a theme.
Journal of Democracy, 16 (3), p. 6, Full text is available on the Website: , [Accessed: 31.12.2009].
27
Ibid, p. 8.
28
ix.: Elgie Robert, Two Cheers for Semi-Presidentialism, gv. 9.
29
iqve, gv. 15-16.
30
Jung-Hsiang Tsai, Sub-types of Semi-presidentialism and Political Deadlock, French Politics, 2008,
#6, p. 68-73.
31
avTandil demetraSvili, irakli kobaxiZe, konstituciuri samarTali,
saxelmZRvanelo bakalavriatis studentebisaTvis, Tb., 2008, gv. 109.
32
zaza ruxaZe, saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, saxelmZRvanelo
iuridiuli fakultetis studentebisaTvis, red. valeri loria, baTumi,
1999, gv. 181.
33
oTar melqaZe, konstitucionalizmi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba,
Tb., 2005, gv. 137.
34
am siidan avtoris mier amoRebulia bosnia da hercogovina, radgan misi
azriT, konstituciis modeli dasaxasiaTeblad Zalian rTulia.
78

The Concept and
Classification
of Semi-Presidential
System of
Government
MALKHAZ NAKASHIDZE
Assistant Professor
Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University
The present paper canvasses the concept of semi-presidential system,
its main characteristics and presents the classification of this system.
The system of governance is considered to be semi-presidential if
the Constitution provides for three components: a) The direct election
of the President of the Republic; b) The President possesses
significant powers; 3) The Prime Minister and Ministers are the
opposition to the President and are in charge of the Executive Power
and will remain in power till the Parliament opposes them.
Besides this general definition, the system of semi-presidential
government has other significant features which provide for
classification of this system into various models. The classification of
semi-presidential government is expounded by the modern scientists,
such as by Duverger, Shugart and Carey, Elgie, Skatch and Tsay in the
research papers. The first researcher of the system, Duverger identified
three types of semi-presidential system: 1) The system with the
“symbolic President” (Austria, Ireland and Island); 2. The system with
the “President with full powers” (France); 3. The system, where the
President and the Government balance each other (Weimer German,
Finland and Portugal). According to Duverger the classification is based
on the President’s powers, the party system, and the context of creating
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the system. The subtypes of the model are as follows: Ceremonial President, President with full powers, Balanced
President and the Government. Shugart and Carey consider that the Constitutional power of the President to be the
basis of the classification. The sub-types are as follows: Presidential-Parliamentary system, Primer-Presidential system.
According to Elgie the system classification is based on the powers of President and Prime Minister and the model is
divided into: a widely Presidentialized system; a ceremonial President with the strong Prime Minister; and the balanced
powers of President and Prime Minister. The basis of the classification suggested by Scatch is the situation of the parties
in the Parliament and the system is divided as follows: Governance of consolidated majority; Governance of Divided
Majority; and Governance of Divided Minority. Finally, Tsay used the following criteria for the classification: the
Constitutional powers of the President and the Parliament; and the situation of parties in the Parliament. The system per
se is divided into: the President dominated system; the Primer dominated system; the parliament dominated system, and
‘cohabitation’ and the balances system of powers.
Thus, the semi-presidential system is a complex model and the classification of the system based on various criteria
explains well the nature of the semi-presidential system. Given the Constitutional Reform underway in Georgia, the
international practice shall be analyzed appropriately and an effective governance system for Georgia shall be formulated
taking into account all the mentioned peculiarities.
80

amdenime mosazreba
saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsis
srulyofasTan
dakavSirebiT
robizon xurcilava
xonis raionuli sasamarTlos mosamarTlis TanaSemwe,
samarTlis doqtori, asistent-profesori
me-20 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis
Semdeg, damoukidebelma saqarTvelom daiwyo demokratiul,
samarTlebriv sawyisebze agebuli kanonmdeblobis
Seqmna. 1995 wlis 24 agvistos miRebuli iqna saqarTvelos
konstitucia, romlis preambulaSive aRniSnulia
saxelmwifos uryevi neba daamkvidros demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi
weswyobleba, ekonomikuri Tavisufleba,
socialuri da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo 1 .
sasamarTlo wesiT adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacva
garantirebulia saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovel-
Taod aRiarebuli principebiT da normebiT. sasamarTlo
dacvis ufleba aris yvela danarCeni ufleba Tavisuflebebis
ganxorcielebis aucilebeli garantia, romelTa
dacva saxelmwifos valdebulebaa. saqarTvelos konstituciis
42-e muxlis, agreTve, adamianis uflebebisa da
ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis konvenciis me-6 muxlis, samoqalaqo
da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso
paqtis me-14 muxlis mixedviT, marTlmsajuleba unda
pasuxobdes samarTlianobis moTxovnebs da uzrunvelyos
uflebebis efeqtiani aRdgena. sasamarTlos dacva
81

marTlmsajuleba
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da
kanoni
unda iyos sruli, rac gulisxmobs nebismieri piris ara mxolod SesaZleblobas mimarTos
sasamarTlos, aramed sasamarTlos valdebulebas, miiRos samarTliani da dasabuTebuli
gadawyvetileba. 2 uflebis sasamarTlo wesiT dacva aseve, uzrunvelyofilia
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis me-2 muxlis pirveli nawiliT, romlis
Tanaxmadac, saqmis ganxilvas sasamarTlo Seudgeba im piris gancxadebiT, romelic mimarTavs
mas Tavisi uflebis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli interesebis dasacavad.
axali samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis miRebamde, saqmeTa ganxilva dakavSirebuli
iyo rTul procedurebTan, rac sabolood, aWianurebda saqmeze gadawyvetilebis miRebas
da Sesabamisad, mis aRsrulebas. moqmedi samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, romelic
1997 wlis 14 noembers iqna miRebuli, 3 ufro TanafardobaSia arsebul samarTlis realiebTan,
rac gulisxmobs, rom saqmeTa droulad ganxilvas, sabolood ki, ekonomiis principisa
da mxareTa uflebebis dacvas emsaxureba.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, axali saproceso kanonmdeblobis Seqmna or mizans unda emsaxurebodes.
pirveli, Tu rogor unda gaxdes sasamarTlo damoukidebeli samoqalaqo
procesis farglebSi, raTa samarTalwarmoeba ganxorcieldes SejibrebiTobisa da dispoziciurobis
sawyisebze da meore, rogor gamartivdes samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi
davebis ganxilvis procedura samarTlis subieqtebis uflebebis efeqtianad dacvis
mizniT. 4
miuxedavad imisa, rom didi samuSao Catarda samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis srulyofisaTvis,
garkveuli normebi mainc winaaRmdegobrivi an/da bundovania.
1. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqmis sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvamde da sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde, aucilebelia rigi saproceso moqmedebebis ganxorcieleba,
kerZod, saqmis momzadeba sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze gansaxilvelad da a. S.
amasTan, mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 70-78-e muxlebis
dacva. aRniSnuli muxlebis ugulebelyofa aferxebs sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis
miRebas. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli muxlebidan saWiroa yuradRebis gamaxvileba
mxolod 72-e muxlis me-2 nawilze, romlis Tanaxmadac, `sasamarTlo uwyebasTan erTad
mosamarTle mopasuxes ugzavnis sarCels da TandarTuli dokumentebis aslebs. uwyebasTan
erTad mosamarTle mosarCeles ugzavnis mopasuxis werilobiTi gancxadebis asls,
Tu aseTi gancxadeba Semovida sasamarTloSi uwyebis gagzavnis momentisaTvis. sasamar-
TloSi Semosuli yvela werilobiTi dokumentis asli SeiZleba gaegzavnos mxareebs
uwyebis gagzavnamde, aseve, mas Semdeg, rac uwyeba gagzavnilia~.
erTi SexedviT, zemoaRniSnuli muxli SejibrebiTobis principidan gamomdinare,
icavs mxareTa interesebs, xels uwyobs werilobiTi mtkicebulebebis gacvlas da saqmis
momzadebas mTavar sxdomaze gansaxilvelad, Tumca, ewinaaRmdegeba samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis mTel rig moTxovnebs. kerZod, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis 184-e muxlis Tanaxmad, sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Semdeg mosamarTle valdebulia
gasces gankarguleba am sarCelisa da TandarTuli dokumentebis aslebis mopasuxisaTvis
am kodeqsis 201-e muxliT, dadgenili wesiT gadagzavnis Sesaxeb. amave kodeqsis
201-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis momzadebis
mizniT mosamarTle ugzavnis mopasuxes sarCelisa da am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli
82

dokumentebis aslebs, dauniSnavs mas vadas warmoadginos Sesagebeli an Segebebuli
sarCeli. amasTan, ganumartavs Sesageblis Sinaarss da afrTxilebs Sesageblis
warmoudgenlobis SemTxvevaSi, mosalodneli Sedegebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 201-e muxlSi cvlilebebis ganxorcielebamde, saqmis
momzadebis etapze Sesageblis warmodgena formalur xasiaTs atarebda da mxares
SeeZlo Tavisi pozicia daefiqsirebina sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomazec, magram am
SemTxvevaSi, mxareebi araTanabar mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, mopasuxem ukve icoda, ras
moiTxovda misgan mosarCele, ra safuZvels emyareboda es moTxovna da romeli
mtkicebulebiT apirebda sarCelis faqtobrivi safuZvlis damtkiceba-dadasturebas.
mosarCelem ki, ar icoda ra faqtobriv safuZvels emyareboda mopasuxis pozicia, ra
saSualebiT apirebda igi Tavis dacvas da romeli mtkicebulebebiT. 5 aRniSnul muxlSi
2007 wlis 28 dekembris kanoniT ganxorcielebuli cvlilebis Tanaxmad, savaldebulo
gaxda saqmis momzadebis etapze mopasuxis mier Sesageblis warmodgena, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 201-e da 232 1 -e muxlebis
Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos daekisra valdebuleba gamoitanos dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba.
rogorc aRniSnuli muxlebis analizidan irkveva, sasamarTlos mTavari sxdoma iniSneba
mxareebis mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebebis gacvlis da saqmis mosamzadebeli etapis
damTavrebis Semdeg. cxadia, mtkicebulebebis gacvlamde ar xdeba arc mosamzadebeli
sxdomis da arc sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis daniSvna da uwyebis meSveobiT mxareTa
dabareba.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsis 72-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT SemoTavazebuli winadadeba, mxares uwyebasTan
erTad gadaegzavnos sarCelisa da TandarTuli dokumentebis aslebi, arasworia.
2. gamartivebul warmoebaSi mopasuxe mxare ar aris SezRuduli, ar ilaxeba misi uflebebi
da SesaZlebloba aqvs daicvas sakuTari interesebi Sesageblis (saCivris) wardgeniT.
dispoziciurobis da SejibrebiTobis principi mTlianad moqmedebs gamartivebuli
warmoebis dros da icavs orive mxaris interesebs. samoqalaqo ufleba-movaleobebi
realizdeba procesualur moqmedebaTa gziT, amitom ganuyofel kavSirSi arian subieqtebis
moqmedebasTan, 6 romlebsac procesuluri normebis gamoyenebiT SeuZliaT moaxdinon
TavianTi uflebebis realizacia.
gamartivebul warmoebasTan dakavSirebiT dispoziciurobis principis Sesaxeb unda
visaubroT ori mimarTulebiT: 7
pirveli, sasamarTlosadmi saqmis gamartivebulad ganxilvis moTxovniT mimarTva
dispoziciurobis gamovlenaa materialuri gagebiT. es gamoixateba dainteresebuli
piris mier Tavisi uflebis sasamarTlo wesiT dacvis formis arCevaSi, misTvis upiratesobis
miniWebaSi sxva formebTan SedarebiT.
meore, sarCeliT (gancxadebiT) mimarTva saqmis gamartivebulad ganxilvis Sesaxeb,
dispoziciurobis gamovlenaa formalur-procesualuri gagebiT (uflebis dacvis
saproceso saSualebis gankargva, uflebis dacvis saSualebebis arCeva). es gamoixateba
sasarCelo an gamartivebuli warmoebis, rogorc saerTo iurisdiqciis sasamarTloSi
davis gadawyvetis gzebis arCevaSi. warmoebis arCevas SeiZleba vuwodoT dispozici-
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urobis gamovlena formalur-procesualuri gagebiT, radgan aseTi arCeva gansazRvravs
procesualuri dacvis ama Tu im saSualebebiT Semdgom sargeblobas, rac gansxvavdeba
sasarCelo da gamartivebul warmoebaSi. 8
rac Seexeba SejibrebiTobis principis arsebobas gamartivebul warmoebaSi, zepiri
mosmenis dros vlindeba mtkicebulebaTa wardgenisa da axsna-ganmartebebis CamorTmevis,
xolo zepiri mosmenis gareSe moTxovnis ganxilvisas _ Sesageblis an saCivris wardgenis
dros.
gamartivebuli warmoebis dros aSkara aris materialur-samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis
udavoba, rac niSnavs, rom mosarCelis (ganmcxadeblis) moTxovnebi dasabuTebulia saTanado
mtkicebulebebiT, dokumentebiT. kerZod, Tamasuqisa da Cekis Taobaze aRZrul
sarCelebze saTanado mtkicebulebas warmoadgens mxolod dokumentebi (werilobiTi
mtkicebulebebi) da mxareTa axsna-ganmartebebi. Tumca, mxareTa axsna-ganmartebebi
dokumentebis (werilobiTi mtkicebulebebis) gareSe ar aris sakmarisi Tamasuqisa da
Cekis Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebis gamartivebuli warmoebiT ganxilvisaTvis. davalianebis
gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb saqmis ganxilvis gamartivebuli wesis dros mtkicebulebas
warmoadgens damowmebuli saxiT arsebuli dokumentebi, saidanac utyuarad dasturdeba
moTxovnis safuZvlianoba. saTanado wesiT damowmebis gareSe warmodgenili dokumenti
fuladi davalianebis gadaxdevinebis dros mtkicebulebas ar warmoadgens. lizingis
sagnis gamcemis mflobelobaSi lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Taobaze saqmis ganxilvis
gamartivebuli wesis dros mtkicebulebas warmoadgens lizingis xelSekruleba. xolo,
aqciaTa savaldebulo miyidvis Sesaxeb saqmis gamartivebuli wesiT ganxilvisas mtkicebulebas
warmoadgens dokumentebi, romlebiTac dasturdeba saaqcio sazogadoebis xmis
uflebis mqone aqciaTa aranakleb 95%-is sakuTreba.
inglisisa 9 da germaniis saproceso samarTlis msgavsad, 10 saqarTvelos moqmedi samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsiT gamartivebuli warmoeba sasarCelo da udavo warmoebisagan
gansxvavebiT ZiriTadad, dokumenturi warmoebaa. 11 swored dokumentebiT SeuZlia daamtkicos
pirma sarCelis (gancxadebis) safuZvlianoba da aradokumenturi mtkicebulebis
gamoyeneba gamartivebul warmoebaSi SeuZlebelia. swored amitom uwodeben iuridiul
literaturaSi gamartivebul warmoebas `dokumentur warmoebas~, 12 rac gamartivebuli
warmoebis arsidan gamomdinare, savsebiT samarTliania.
fuladi davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb saqmeebi SesaZlebelia sasamarTlom
ganixilos rogorc sasarCelo, ise gamartivebuli warmoebiT. sasarCelo warmoebisagan
gansxvavebiT, gamartivebuli warmoebisas fuladi davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb
gancxadebis ganxilva mimdinareobs mopasuxis gareSe. Tumca, saproceso kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs
mopasuxis interesebis dacvis srul SesaZleblobas. kerZod, sasamarTlo valdebulia
Tavisi iniciativiT Caabaros movales (mopasuxes) gadaxdis brZaneba (ssk-is
306-e muxlis me-2 nawili). Cabarebis gareSe gadaxdis brZanebas iuridiuli Zala ara aqvs
da aseT SemTxvevaSi, ar SeiZleba misi aRsasruleblad miqceva.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 307-e muxlis pirveli winadadebis
Tanaxmad, mopasuxes SeuZlia ar cnos gadaxdis Sesaxeb brZaneba mTlianad an nawilobriv
84

da Seitanos mis winaaRmdeg motivirebuli Sesagebeli (protesti) sasamarTloSi,
romelmac miiRo es brZaneba gadaxdis brZanebis miRebidan 10 dRis vadaSi.
Sesagebeli Tavisi iuridiuli bunebidan gamomdinare, mowinaaRmdege mxarisagan
Tavdacvis saSualebis saxes warmoadgens. 13 mopasuxes, romlis mimarTac iqna gamotanili
gadaxdis brZaneba, Tavad aqvs ufleba airCios Tavdacvis saSualebis saxe da waradginos
procesualuri an materialur samarTlebrivi Sesagebeli an orive erTad. 14
gamovTqvamT mosazrebas, rom gadaxdis brZanebaze mopasuxis mier wardgenil pretenzias
unda ewodos ara Sesagebeli, rogorc es moqmedi saproceso kodeqsiT aris gaTvaliswinebuli,
aramed saCivari, romlis mizani swored gadaxdis brZanebis gauqmebaa. zogadad,
Sesagebeli mopasuxis uflebebis Serbilebuli dacvaa, roca mopasuxe ar eTanxmeba
mowinaaRmdege mxaris moTxovnebs, 15 an piriqiT, cnobs sarCels. gadaxdis brZanebis
dros Sesageblis wardgeniT mopasuxe ara marto ar eTanxmeba mosarCele mxaris mosazrebas,
aramed imavdroulad, asaCivrebs kidec mis winaaRmdeg gamotanil gadaxdis brZanebas,
iTxovs mis gauqmebas da saqmis saerTo sasarCelo wesebis dacviT ganxilvas. amdenad,
dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis msgavsad, gadaxdis brZanebaze wardgenil Sesagebels
unda ewodos saCivari.
3. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 307-e muxlis pirveli winadadebis
Tanaxmad, mopasuxes SeuZlia ar cnos gadaxdis Sesaxeb brZaneba mTlianad an nawilobriv
da Seitanos mis winaaRmdeg motivirebuli Sesagebeli (protesti) sasamarTloSi, romelmac
miiRo es brZaneba gadaxdis brZanebis miRebidan 10 dRis vadaSi. amave muxlis
meore winadadebis Tanaxmad, mopasuxes SeuZlia gaaprotestos gadaxdis Sesaxeb brZaneba
im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac gaprotestebis vadis gaSveba sapatio mizeziT moxda. mtkicebis
tvirTi, Tu ramdenad arsebobs sapatio mizezi, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis 102-e muxlis Tanaxmad, ekisreba mopasuxes. vadis gaSveba sapatiod miiCneva
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 215-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli
pirobebis arsebobisas.
sapatio mizezad saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 215-e muxlis me-3
nawilis Tanaxmad, miiCneva mxaris mier Suamdgomlobisa da gancxadebis wardgenis SeuZlebloba,
rac gamowveulia avadmyofobiT, axlo naTesavis gardacvalebiT an sxva gansakuTrebuli
obieqturi garemoebebiT, romelic misgan damoukidebeli mizezebiT SeuZlebels
xdis Suamdgomlobis an gancxadebis wardgenas. avadmyofoba dadasturebuli
unda iqnes samedicino dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelis mier xelmowerili dokumentiT,
romelic pirdapir miuTiTebs Suamdgomlobis an gancxadebis warudgenlobaze.
sapatio safuZvlis arsebobis ganxilvisas mizanSewonilia yuradReba gamaxvildes
2007 wlis 18 dekembris kanoniT, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 59-e muxlis
meoTxe nawilSi ganxorcielebul cvlilebaze, romlis Tanaxmadac, sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebebisa da ganCinebebis gasaCivrebis gansazRvruli vadebis gagrZeleba an
aRdgena dauSvebelia.
gadaxdis brZaneba, rogorc sasamarTlos mier savaldebulo Sesasruleblad miRebuli
aqti, miekuTvneba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa kategorias da Sesabamisad,
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saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 59-e muxlis meoTxe nawilis moqmedeba
vrceldeba gadaxdis brZanebazec. praqtikulad, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi vadis
darRveviT wardgenili Sesageblis SemTxvevaSi, iTvaliswinebs or normas. pirveli,
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 59-e muxlis mesame nawili, romlis Tanaxmad,
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebisa da ganCinebebis gasaCivrebis kanoniT gansazRvruli
vadebis gagrZeleba an aRdgena dauSvebelia da meore, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsis 307-e muxli, romelic gadaxdis brZanebis gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobas
iTvaliswinebs im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac gaprotestebis vadis gaSveba sapatio
mizeziT moxda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, rogor unda moiqces sasamarTlo, romeli norma unda
iqnes gamoyenebuli _ saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodesis 59-e muxlis mesame nawili Tu
307-e muxli? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad unda movixmoT 2009 wlis 22 oqtombris
saqarTvelos kanoni `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~. aRniSnuli kanonis me-7 muxlis me-8
nawilis Tanaxmad, Tanabari iuridiuli Zalis mqone normatiul aqtebs Soris winaaRmdegobis
SemTxvevaSi, upiratesoba eniWeba ufro gvian miRebul (gamocemul) normatiul
aqts.
konkretul SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 59-e muxlis
mesame nawili, 307-e muxlTan SedarebiT ufro gvian aris miRebuli da praqtikulad,
vadis aRdgenasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnuli muxliT gauqmebulia 307-e muxlis moqmedeba,
rac arasworia. vinaidan, gadaxdis brZaneba miiReba mopasuxisaTvis Seutyobineblad
da misi gasaCivrebisaTvis kanonmdeblis mier dadgenilia mWidro vadebi, amdenad
mopasuxes unda mieces SesaZlebloba gaasaCivros gadaxdis brZaneba sapatio mizeziT
vadis darRvevis SemTxvevaSic. sasamarTlom upirvelesad, unda ganixilos sakiTxi,
ramdenad sapatio mizeziT ver moxda mopasuxis mier protestis Setana. sasurvelia 59-e
muxlis me-4 nawilSi ganxorcieldes cvlileba da aRiniSnos, `sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebisa
da ganCinebebis gasaCivrebis kanoniT gansazRvruli vadebis gagrZeleba an
aRdgena dauSvebelia, garda am kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa~. aRniSnuli
cvlilebiT, gasaCivrebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg, pirs im SemTxvevaSic SeeZleba gadawyvetilebis
gasaCivreba sapatio mizezis arsebobisas, Tu amis Sesaxeb pirdapir miTiTebuli
iqneba kanonSi, rogorc es gadaxdis brZanebaze Sesageblis wardgenisas aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
Tu sasamarTlo gaSvebul vadas, romlis aRdgenis SesaZlebloba saproceso
kodeqsiT iqneba SesaZlebeli, sapatiod miiCnevs, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis 65-e muxlis safuZvliT aRadgens gaSvebuli vadas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
mopasuxes uari unda eTqvas dasabuTebuli ganCinebiT gaSvebuli vadis aRdgenaze, rac
SeiZleba gasaCivrdes kerZo saCivriT.
4. gamartivebul warmoebaSi mxareebs warmoadgenen is pirebi (subieqti), romelTa
Soris samarTalurTierTobisas warmoSobil davas uflebis Sesaxeb gadawyvets sasamarTlo.
e.i. gamartivebul warmoebaSi gvaqvs dava uflebis Sesaxeb. uflebis Sesaxeb
dava es aris uTanxmoeba mxareebs Soris da urTierTsawinaaRmdego moqmedeba. aRniSnul-
Tan dakavSirebiT, analogiuri mosazreba aqvs g.a. Ceremins, romelic ganmartavs, rom
uflebis Sesaxeb dava sxva araferia, Tu ara uTanxmoeba, uflebebisa da movaleobebis
arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT an samarTalurTierTobis an misi Sinaarsis arsebobis
86

(ararsebobis) gamo mxareTa Soris SexedulebaTa araTanxvedris garegnuli gamovlineba
da am araTanxvedriT gamowveuli maTi urTierTsawinaaRmdego moqmedeba. 16
m.a. gurviCis azriT, uflebis Sesaxeb dava ganekuTvneba mxolod samoqalaqo saproceso
samarTlis instituts. misi ganmartebiT, davis arseboba, kerZod, gadawyvitos
idavos an ara, mxolod saproceso samarTlis sferos warmoadgens. 17
uflebis Sesaxeb davas a. n. koJuxari ganmartavs, rogorc uflebebTan da valdebulebebis
SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT warmoSobil mxareTa gansxvavebul, urTierTsawinaaRmdego
Sexedulebebsa da moqmedebebs. 18
iarkovis redaqciiT gamocemul ruseTis federaciis samoqalaqo procesis saxelmZRvaneloSi
xazgasmulia, rom brZanebiT warmoebaSi ar aris dava uflebis Sesaxeb da modave
mxareebi. aq SenarCunebulia materialur-samarTlebrivi urTierTobis struqtura da
misi monawileebic iwodebian kreditorad da movaled. 19 materialur-samarTlebriv instituts
miakuTvnebs uflebis Sesaxeb davas zaicevic. 20
rogorc aRniSnulidan Cans, iuristTa nawili uflebis Sesaxeb davas miakuTvnebs
materialur-samarTlebriv, xolo nawili _ procesualur samarTlebriv instituts.
aRsaniSnavia, rom marTalia, davis gadawyveta xdeba materialur-samarTlebrivi normis
meSveobiT, magram mxarem, romlis uflebac dairRva, SesaZlebelia, saerTod ar moiTxovos
darRveuli uflebis aRdgena. uflebis aRdgenis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, warmoiSoba
dava mxareebs Soris, romelic procesualuri normebiT regulirdeba. amdenad,
Cveni azriT, dava uflebis Sesaxeb ganekuTvneba mxolod procesualur-samarTlebriv
instituts.
lizingis sagnis gamcemis mflobelobaSi lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb mosamar-
Tle gamoscems brZanebas, romelzec SesaZlebelia kerZo saCivris Setana. gamartivebul
warmoebaSi, maT Soris, lizingis sagnis gamcemis mflobelobaSi lizingis sagnis dabrunebis
Sesaxeb saqmeebSi, arsebobs uflebrivi dava (dava uflebis Sesaxeb). gamartivebuli
warmoeba sasarCelo warmoebis alternatiuli proceduraa, roca arsebiTad wydeba
mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebis Sesaxeb sakiTxi. rac Seexeba kerZo saCivars, misi Setana
mxolod ganCinebebzea SesaZlebeli, ganCinebebiT ki, saqme ar wydeba arsebiTad, aramed
isini miiReba calkeul saproceso sakiTxebze. amdenad, migvaCnia, rom uflebriv davaSi
yovelTvis unda mieces mxares gasaCivrebis SesaZlebloba uzenaesi sasamarTlos CaTvliT
da ar unda iyos mxare Semofargluli mxolod kerZo saCivris uflebiT, romelzec
zemdgomi sasamarTlos mier miRebuli aqti aRar saCivrdeba. rac faqtobrivad niSnavs,
rom pirs, vis winaaRmdegac aris mimarTuli brZaneba, aRar eZleva SesaZlebloba uflebriv
davaSi Tavi daicvas gasaCivrebiT TviT uzenaesi sasamarTlos CaTvliT, rac
Cveni azriT, dauSvebelia.
5. saqarTvelos moqmedi samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 305-e muxlis pirveli nawilis
Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo Tavisi ganCinebiT uars etyvis ganmcxadebels davalianebis
gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis miRebaze, Tu:
a) igi ar pasuxobs 34-e Tavis 302-303-e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs;
b) gancxadebaSi Camoyalibebuli moTxovnis safuZveli (303-e muxlis `d~ qvepunqti)
ver asabuTebs am moTxovnas.
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marTlmsajuleba
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da
kanoni
amave muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo uflebamosilia am muxlis pirveli
nawilis `a~ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi, ganmcxadebels dauniSnos vada
gancxadebaSi an TandarTul masalebSi arsebuli xarvezebis Sesavsebad (saqarTvelos
2005 wlis 20 dekembris kanoni _ ssm, 2005 w, #55, mux. 376). cvlilebis ganxorcielebamde,
Tu gancxadeba ar akmayofilebda 305-e muxlis pirveli nawilis moTxovnebs, mosamarTle
ganmcxadebels xarvezis Sesavsebad vadas ar uniSnavda da pirdapir eubneboda uars
gancxadebis warmoebaSi miRebaze. Tumca, gancxadebis miRebaze uaris Sesaxeb ganCinebis
gamotanamde valdebuli iyo moesmina ganmcxadeblisaTvis.
rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, metad mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 303-e muxlis me-2 nawilis `d~ qvepunqtze miTiTeba.
kerZod, roca gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli moTxovnis safuZveli ver asabuTebs moTxovnas.
saubaria wamoyenebul pretenziaze, romlis dasasabuTeblad gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli
mtkicebuleba (dokumenti) damowmebuli saxiT unda iyos warmodgenili.
fuladi davalianebis gadaxdevinebis saqmeebis gamartivebuli warmoebiT ganxilvis
dros dokumentebi aucilebelia wardgenil iqnes damowmebuli saxiT. winaaRmdeg Sem-
TxvevaSi, sasamarTlom uari unda uTxras gamartivebuli warmoebiT saqmis aRZvraze
ganmcxadebels. damowmebuli dokumentebis wardgenas gamartivebul warmoebaSi mniSvnelovani
adgili uWiravs, vinaidan sasamarTlos mier ar xdeba mxareTa dabareba da maTgan
axsna-ganmartebebis CamorTmeva, amdenad dokumentis utyuarobis garkveva damowmebis
gareSe SeuZlebelia. mxolod ganmcxadeblis mier wardgenili dokumentebis kanonis
moTxovnebTan Sesabamisobis SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia mosamarTles miiRos gadaxdis brZaneba.
dokumentebis kanonis moTxovnebTan Sesabamisoba niSnavs damowmebuli da ara dadasturebuli
dokumentebis wardgenas. gansxvavebulad aris aRniSnuli sakiTxi mowesrigebuli
sazRvargareTis qveynebis saproceso kanonmdeblobiT. kerZod, ruseTis federaciaSi
gamartivebuli warmoebiT saqmis ganxilvisas, moTxovna SeiZleba efuZnebodes
rogorc notariulad damowmebul, 21 ise werilobiT formaSi Sesrulebul garigebas, 22
ra drosac sasamarTlo gascems brZanebas. 23 analogiurad gamoiyeneba rogorc damowmebuli,
ise daumowmebeli saxis mtkicebuleba gamartivebuli warmoebisas yazaxeTSi, 24
yirgizeTSi. 25 ruseTis federaciis, yazaxeTisa da yirgizeTisagan gansxvavebiT, germaniaSi
daumowmebeli saxiT wardgenil mtkicebulebas, gamartivebuli warmoebis dros
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aqvs mtkicebulebis Zala, Tu wardgenilia dokumentis originali
egzemplari. 26
Tanamedrove qarTul samarTalSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben sanotaro damowmebasa
da sanotaro dadasturebas. sanotaro damowmebis dros notariusis moqmedeba exeba
mTel dokuments, mis mTel Sinaarss. am dros notariusi amowmebs teqstis Sesabamisobas
moqmed samarTalTan da adasturebs mas. dokumentis teqsti notariusma garigebis mxareebs
unda waukiTxos da gaacnos. amis Semdeg garigebis mxareebi aweren xels am dokuments,
rasac notariusi adasturebs. sanotaro damowmebisagan gansxvavdeba sanotaro
dadastureba. am dros notariusi pasuxs ar agebs dokumentis Sinaarsze da arc aris
valdebuli, rom igi mxareebs waukiTxos. misi movaleobaa garigebis mxareTa xelmowerebis
namdvilobis dadastureba. 27
88

oca dokumentze vsaubrobT, metad mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, Tu ra saxis mtkicebuleba
unda CaiTvalos utyuar dokumentad, romelze dayrdnobiTac sasamarTlo miiRebs
gadaxdis brZanebas. aseTi dokumenti saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT
pirdapir ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. migvaCnia, rom aseT dokumentad unda CaiTvalos
is werilobiTi mtkicebuleba, romliTac utyuarad (udavod) dasturdeba movalis
mier kreditoris mimarT fuladi davalianebis arseboba. magaliTad, notariulad
damowmebuli sesxis xelSekruleba, an/da sxva dokumenti, romelic adasturebs movalis
mxridan fuladi valdebulebis Seusruleblobas an garigebis arsebobas, mxareTa mier
Sedgenili da saTanado wesiT damowmebuli Sedarebis aqti da a.S. sadavo faqtebi, romlebic
TavisTavad cxadia Sedian mtkicebis saganSi, 28 gamartivebuli warmoebis dros
ar gamoiyeneba.
werilobiT mtkicebulebas axasiaTebs ramdenime niSani, esenia: werilobiTi mtkicebuleba
iqmneba adamianis mier, werilobiT dokumentSi (mtkicebulebaSi) asaxuli adamianis
azri gadmocemulia raime niSnis gamoyenebiT, mtkicebulebaSi gadmocemuli niSnebi
gamoxataven adamianis azrs. 29
mxareTa mier Sedgenili Sedarebis aqti, romelic dadasturebulia maTive xelmowerebiTa
da beWdiT, Tu ar aris damowmebuli saTanado wesiT, gamartivebuli warmoebisas
utyuar mtkicebulebad ver CaiTvleba, vinaidan Sedarebis aqti 30 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 341-e muxlis 31 analizis safuZvelze, ar aris valis aRiarebis Sesaxeb
utyuari dokumenti, ar miekuTvneba udavo faqtebs da Sedis mtkicebis saganSi. 32 mar-
Talia, aRniSnuli mtkicebulebiT SesaZloa dasturdebodes valis arseboba da sasar-
Celo warmoebis dros sxva mtkicebulebebTan erTobliobaSi igi safuZvladac daedos
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas, magram gamartivebuli warmoebis arsisa da iuridiuli
bunebidan gamomdinare, ar aris sakmarisi da damatebiT saWiroebs damowmebas saTanado
wesiT. am nawilSi xSiria sasamarTlo Secdomebic, vinaidan mxareTa mier xelmoweril
da maTive beWdiT dadasturebul Sedarebis aqts gadaxdis brZanebis miRebis dros
utyuar mtkicebulebad miiCneven, riTac ignorirebas ukeTeben gamartivebuli warmoebis
fundamenturi sakiTxis dasaSvebobis kanonierad ganxilvas.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 102-e muxlis Tanaxmad, TiToeulma
mxarem unda daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa da
Sesagebels. am garemoebaTa damtkiceba SeiZleba TviT mxareTa (mesame pirTa) axsna-ganmartebiT,
mowmeTa CvenebiT, werilobiTi Tu nivTieri mtkicebulebebiTa da eqspertTa
daskvnebiT. saqmis garemoebebi, romlebic kanonis Tanaxmad, unda dadasturdes garkveuli
mtkicebulebebiT, ar SeiZleba dadasturdes sxva saxis mtkicebulebebiT.
zemoaRniSnul muxlSi CamoTvlili mtkicebulebebidan fuladi davalianebis Sesaxeb
gancxadebis ganxilvisas, rodesac moTxovna gamartivebuli warmoebiT ixileba, mtkicebulebad
gamoiyeneba mxolod damowmebuli saxiT warmodgenili werilobiTi mtkicebuleba,
romelsac sasamarTlo Sefasebis safuZvelze utyuar dokumentad miiCnevs. sxva
saxis mtkicebuleba, maT Soris, mxareTa mier Sedgenili da beWdiT dadasturebuli
Sedarebis aqti, Tu saTanado wesiT ar aris damowmebuli sasamarTlom mtkicebulebad
ar unda gamoiyenos.
89

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kanoni
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995 wlis 24 agvisto, Tbilisi, 2009 weli;
2. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, 1997 wlis 14 noemberi,
saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, 1997 weli, #47-48;
3. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 1997 wlis 26 ivnisi, saqarTvelos
parlamentis uwyebani, 1997 weli, #31;
4. saqarTvelos kanoni `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~, 2009 wlis 22 oqtomberi;
5. saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTloSi, 2008 wlis 25 ivliss, mosamarTleTa
Sexvedrebis Sedegad SemuSavebuli rekomendacia;
6. a. Tabagari, gamartivebuli warmoeba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo procesSi,
Tbilisi, 2002 weli;
7. m. kopaleiSvili, n. sxirtlaZe, e. qardava, p. turava, administraciuli
saproceso samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2008 weli;
8. T. liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saqmeTa warmoeba sasamarTloSi, praqtikuli
saxelmZRvanelo, meore gamocema, Tbilisi, 2001 weli;
9. T. liluaSvili, samoqalaqo procesis sakiTxebi saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis
praqtikaSi, nawili pirveli, Tbilisi, 2002 weli;
10. T. liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, Tbilisi, 2005 weli;
11. S. qurdaZe, `samoqalaqo saqmeTa gamartivebuli wesiT ganxilvis Taviseburebani~,
disertacia iuridiul mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis
mosapoveblad, Tbilisi, 2003 weli;
12. S. qurdaZe, samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi,
Tbilisi, 2006 weli;
13. S. qurdaZe, samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloebSi,
Tbilisi, 2006 weli;
14. r. xurcilava, davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb saqmis ganxilvis gamartivebuli
wesi samoqalaqo procesSi, Tbilisi, 2008 weli;
15. r. xurcilava, gamartivebuli warmoeba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo procesSi,
Tbilisi, 2009 weli;
16. l. Wanturia, Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi,
Tbilisi, 1997 weli;
17. Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññóàëüíûé êîäåêñ Ðîññèñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, Ì., 2009 ã.;
18. Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññóàëüíûé êîäåêñ Ðåñïóáëèêè Êàçàõñòàí, http://www.
minjust.kz/ru/art/ãðàæäàíñêèé_ïðîöåññóàëüíûé_ êîäåêñ_ ðåñïóáëèêè_ êàçàõñòàí_0
19. Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññóàëüíûé êîäåêñ Êèðãèçñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè. M. 2009. ã.;
20. Àëåõèíà. Ñ. À., Äàâòÿí. À. Ã., è äð. Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí,
Ì., 2008 ã.;
21. Àðãóíîâ Â. Í., Ñóäåáíûé ïðèêàç, Ïðèêàçíîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî, Ó÷åáíèê
ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðîöåññà, ïîä. ðåä. Òðåóøíèêîâà Ì. Ê., Ì., 2001 ã.;
22. Ãóðâè÷ Ì. À., Ðåøåíèå ñóäà è îòâåòñòâåííîñòü îáÿçàííîãî ëèöà. Kàëèíèí,
1977 ã.;
23. Æèëèí Ã.À., Áðèêîâ Â.Â., Ãàíè÷åâà Å. Ñ. è äðóãèå. Êîììåíòàðèé ê Ãðàæäàíñêîìó
Ïðîöåññóàëüíîìó Êîäåêñó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, Ì., 2008 ã.;
24. Çàéöåâ. È. Ì., Ñïîð î ïðàâå êàê çâåíî ñâÿçè ìàòåðèàëüíîãî ïðàâî ñ
ãðàæäàíñêèì ïðîöåññàì, Êàëèíèí, 1977 ã.;
25. Êîæóõàðü À. Í., Íàëè÷èå ñïîðà – êàê ïðåäïîñûëêà íà ïðåäúÿâëåíèå èñêà,
Êèøèíåâ, 1970 ã.;
26. Êðàøåíèííèêîâ Ï. Â., Ìàíûëîâ È.Å., Ðåøåòíèêîâà È.Â., Ðóçàêîâà.Î.À.,
Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññóàëüíûé êîäåêñ Ðîññèñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè. Êîììåíòàðèé, Ïîä.
ðåä. Êðàøåíèííèêîâà, Ì., 2006 ã.;
27. ×åðåìèí Ì.À., Ïðèêàçíîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî â ðîññèéñêîì ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðîöåññå,
Ì., 2001 ã.;
28. Øàêàðÿí Ì.Ñ., è äð. Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðîöåññóàëüíîå ïðàâî Ðîññèè, Ó÷åáíèê,
Ì., 2002 ã.;
29. Øàê Õ., Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðîöåññóàëüíîå ïðàâî, Ïåðåâîä ñ
íåìåöêîãî, Ì., 2001 ã.;
30. Þãåëúñîí Ê. Ñ., Ñóäåáíûå äîêàçàòåëüñòâà â ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðîöåññå, Ì., 1956
ã.;
31. Zivilprozessordnung. http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/zpo/gesamt.pdf
32. Luke. W. Zivilprozeârecht. Munchen. 1999.
90

SeniSvnebi:
1
saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995 wlis 24 agvisto, Tb., 2009 weli.
2
m. kopaleiSvili, n. sxirtlaZe, e. qardava, p. turava, administraciuli
saproceso samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2008 weli, gv. 36-37.
3
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, 1997 wlis 14 noemberi, saqar-
Tvelos parlamentis uwyebani, 1997 weli, #47-48;
4
S. qurdaZe, samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloebSi,
Tb., 2006 weli, winaTqma.
5
T. liluaSvili, samoqalaqo procesis sakiTxebi saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis
praqtikaSi, nawili pirveli, Tb., 2002 weli, gv. 15-16.
6
Øàêàðÿí Ì.Ñ. è äð., Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðîöåññóàëüíîå ïðàâî Ðîññèè, Ó÷åáíèê,
Ì., 2002 ã., gv. 99.
7
×åðåìèí Ì.À., Ïðèêàçíîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî â ðîññèéñêîì ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðîöåññå,
Ì.,2001 ã., gv. 76.
8
S. qurdaZe, `samoqalaqo saqmeTa gamartivebuli wesiT ganxilvis Taviseburebani~,
disertacia iuridiul mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis
mosapoveblad, Tb., 2003 weli, gv. 113.
9
Àëåõèíà. Ñ. À., Äàâòÿí. À. Ã., è äð. Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí,
Ì., 2008 ã., gv. 407.
10
Zivilprozessordnung. http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/zpo/gesamt.pdf
11
r. xurcilava, gamartivebuli warmoeba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo procesSi,
Tb., 2009 weli, gv. 31.
12
Àðãóíîâ Â. Í., Ñóäåáíûé ïðèêàç, Ïðèêàçíîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî, Ó÷åáíèê ãðàæäàíñêîãî
ïðîöåññà, ïîä. ðåä. Òðåóøíèêîâà Ì. Ê., Ì., 2001 ã., gv. 334.
13
T. liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, Tb, 2005 weli, gv. 306.
14
S. qurdaZe, samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi,
Tb., 2006 weli, gv. 491.
15
T. liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, Tb., 2005 weli, gv. 37.
16
×åðåìèí Ì.À., Ïðèêàçíîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî â ðîññèéñêîì ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðîöåññå,
Ì.,2001 ã., gv. 65.
17
Ãóðâè÷ Ì. À., Ðåøåíèå ñóäà è îòâåòñòâåííîñòü îáÿçàííîãî ëèöà. Kàëèíèí,
1977 ã., gv. 51-52.
18
Êîæóõàðü À. Í., Íàëè÷èå ñïîðà – êàê ïðåäïîñûëêà íà ïðåäúÿâëåíèå èñêà,
Êèøèíåâ, 1970 ã., gv. 19.
19
a. Tabagari, gamartivebuli warmoeba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo procesSi,
Tb., 2002 weli, gv. 23.
20
Çàèöåâ. È. Ì., Ñïîð î ïðàâå êàê çâåíî ñâÿçè ìàòåðèàëüíîãî ïðàâî ñ
ãðàæäàíñêèì ïðîöåññàì, Êàëèíèí, 1977 ã., gv. 44-45.
21
Æèëèí Ã.À., Áðèêîâ Â.Â., Ãàíè÷åâà Å. Ñ. è äðóãèå, Êîììåíòàðèé ê Ãðàæäàíñêîìó
Ïðîöåññóàëüíîìó Êîäåêñó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, Ì, 2008 ã., gv. 259-265.
22
Êðàøåíèííèêîâ Ï. Â., Ìàíûëîâ È.Å., Ðåøåòíèêîâà È.Â., Ðóçàêîâà.Î.À., Ãðàæäàíñêèé
ïðîöåññóàëúíûé êîäåêñ Ðîññèñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, Êîììåíòàðèé, Ïîä.
ðåä. Êðàøåíèííèêîâà, Ì., 2006 ã., gv. 299-305.
23
Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññóàëüíûé êîäåêñ Ðîññèñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, Ì., 2009 ã.
24
Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññóàëüíûé êîäåêñ Ðåñïóáëèêè Êàçàõñòàí, http://www.
minjust.kz/ru/art/ãðàæäàíñêèé_ïðîöåññóàëüíûé_êîäåêñ_ðåñïóáëèêè_ êàçàõñòàí_0
muxli 140.
25
Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññóàëüíûé êîäåêñ Êèðãèçñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè, M., 2009 ã.,
muxli 247.
26
Zivilprozessordnung. http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/zpo/gesamt.pdf muxli 703a.
27
l. Wanturia, Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi,
Tb., 1997 weli. gv. 352-353.
28
Luke. W. Zivilprozeârecht. Munchen. 1999, gv. 209.
29
Þãåëüñîí Ê. Ñ., Ñóäåáíûå äîêàçàòåëüñòâà â ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðîöåññå, Ì., 1956 ã.,
gv. 191-201.
30
saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTloSi, 2008 wlis 25 ivliss, mosamarTleTa
Sexvedrebis Sedegad SemuSavebuli rekomendacia.
31
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 1997 wlis 26 ivnisi, saqarTvelos parlamentis
uwyebani, 1997 weli, #31.
32
Øàê Õ., Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðîöåññóàëüíîå ïðàâî, Ïåðåâîä ñ íåìåöêîãî,
Ì., 2001 ã., gv. 324.
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Several Opinions
Regarding
the Further Development
of the Civil Procedure
Code of Georgia
ROBIZON KHURTSILAVA
Assistant to the Judge at Khoni District Court,
Assistant Professor, Doctor of Law
The article discuses several issues in respect of further developing the Civil
Procedure Code of Georgia. I consider that it is important to highlight
these issues since making a correct assessment of the issues by the courts
has a very significant importance from the practical point of view in order
to establish a uniform approach. Besides, the opinions exposed therein will
facilitate speedy and effective administration of justice.
92

sasamarTlo
struqturebis
organizacia da
marTlmsajulebis
efeqtiani
ganxorcieleba
samoqalaqo xasiaTis
saqmeebze
irma merebaSvili
samarTlis doqtori, kavkasiis universitetis samarTlis
skolis asocirebuli profesori
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis sasamarTlo sistemebi
zogadad, simravliTa da amasTan, mravalrgolianobiT
xasiaTdeba. sasamarTlo sistemaTa simravle im mxriv
aris gamoxatuli, rom TiTqmis qveynebis umravlesobaSi,
rogorc wesi, moqmedebs saerTo iurisdiqciisa da specialuri
iurisdiqciis sasamarTloebi. saerTo iurisdiqciis
sasamarTloebi aRWurvilia farTo kompetenciebiTa
da maT SeuZliaT yvela im saqmis ganxilva, rac kanonis
specialuri miTiTebiT ar ganekuTvneba sxva organoebis
kompetencias. specialuri sasamarTloebis mier
marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis kompetencia ki, gansazRvrulia
normatiuli aqtebiT, pirdapir gaTvaliswinebul
SemTxvevebSi. rac Seexeba sasamarTlo sistemis
mravalrgolianobas, is gvxvdeba rogorc saerTo iurisdiqciis,
ise specialuri sasamarTloebis sistemebSi da
gulisxmobs sistemis SigniT ramdenime sasamarTlo
93

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instanciis arsebobas. mravalrgolianoba miuTiTebs pirveli, saSualo da umaRlesi
organoebis arsebobaze.
pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebi uflebamosilni arian, miiRon da ganixilon sarCelebi
arsebiTad. aseTi funqciebiT sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, aRWurvilia sasamarTlo sistemis
ori, zogjer sami rgolic ki. am sasamarTloebidan yvelaze dabali rgoli xSirad
moixsenieba, rogorc SezRuduli iurisdiqciis sasamarTloebi, ramdenadac maTi kompetencia
ganisazRvreba sarCelis RirebulebiTa da saqmeTa gansazRvruli kategoriebiT.
isini ganixilaven martiv saqmeebs da rogorc wesi, saqmes mosamarTle erTpirovnulad
ganixilavs. pirveli instanciis ufro maRali donis rgolSi Semavali sasamar-
Tloebi ixilaven yvela davas, romelic ar ganekuTvneba qveda rgolis sasamarTlo organoebis
ganxilvis sferos. amis gamo, isini moixseniebian rogorc SeuzRudavi iurisdiqciis
sasamarTloebi. maT kompetenciaSia rTuli saqmeebisa da mniSvnelovani Rirebulebis
sarCelebis ganxilva, kolegiebis meSveobiT, sami mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT,
Tumca, ar aris gamoricxuli saqmis erTi mosamarTlis mier erTpirovnulad warmoeba.
rig qveynebSi moqmedebs momrigebeli sasamarTloebi, romlebic adgilobriv sasamarTloebs
warmoadgenen da TavianTi rangiT pirveli instanciis SezRuduli iurisdiqciis
sasamarTloebis qvemoT imyofebian. isini sisxlis an administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa
wvrilman saqmeebs ganixilaven da rac CvenTvis sayuradReboa, umniSvnelo
xasiaTis kerZosamarTlebriv davebs. meore instanciis sasamarTloebi, romlebic sasamarTlo
sistemaSi saSualo rgolis sasamarTloebad gvevlinebian, dakavebulni arian
pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebisa da sxva aqtebis kanonierebisa da
dasabuTebulobis SemowmebiT. rogorc wesi, es sasamarTloebi saapelacio sasamarTloebs
warmoadgenen. umaRlesi sasamarTlo instancia, romelic moqmedebs mTeli qveynis
teritoriaze, TiTqmis yvelgan gvxvdeba uzenaesi sasamarTlos saxiT, xolo federaciul
saxelmwifoebSi _ umaRlesi federaluri sasamarTlos saxiT. am sasamarTlo organos
axasiaTebs ori yvelaze gamokveTili funqciis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa. is axorcielebs
sasamarTlo aqtebis kanonierebis saboloo Semowmebas da amasTan, uzrunvelyofs
mTeli saxelmwifos teritoriaze samarTlis normebis gamoyenebisa da ganmartebis
erTgvarovnebas.
zogierT qveyanaSi, vinaidan saxezea ramdenime srulyofili sasamarTlo sistema, moqmedebs
ramdenime umaRlesi sasamarTlo organo. ase magaliTad, germaniaSi moqmedebs
ramdenime federaluri sasamarTlo, romlebic axorcieleben kanoniT dakisrebul
funqciebs. aseTebia: saerTo iurisdiqciis federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlo, federaluri
administraciuli sasamarTlo, federaluri safinanso sasamarTlo, SromiTi
davebis ganmxilveli federaluri sasamarTlo, socialur sakiTxTa federaluri sasamarTlo.
1 ruseTis federaciaSi aseve, moqmedebs erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli uzenaesi
sasamarTlo da umaRlesi saarbitraJo sasamarTlo. Tumca, Tu SevadarebT germaniis
da msgavsi tipis sasamarTlo sistemis qveynebSi moqmedi sasamarTlo sistemebis saqmianobisa
da saqmiswarmoebis principebs ruseTis federaciasa da msgavsi sasamarTlo sistemebis
qveynebSi moqmedi sasamarTlo sistemebis saqmianobas, advili misaxvedria, rom
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, saubaria erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel sasamarTlo dawesebule-
94

ebze, romlebic marTlmsajulebas axorcieleben principulad gansxvavebul samar-
TalurTierTobebTan mimarTebaSi da gansxvavebul normatiul aqtebs iyeneben. Sesabamisad,
gamoricxulia albaToba, rom erTi da igive samarTlebrivi normis ganmarteba
arsebobdes sxvadasxva interpretaciis saxiT. rac Seexeba meore variants, ramdenadac
ori erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli sasamarTlo sistema, arcTu iSviaTad, iyenebs samoqalaqo
samarTlis erTsa da imave debulebebs, rasakvirvelia, es ar gamoricxavs am debulebebis
praqtikaSi gamoyenebisa da ganmartebis urTierTsawinaaRmdego xasiaTs.
sasamarTlo sistemebis simravle da imavdroulad, maTi mravalrgolianoba, uwyebrivi
qvemdebareobis da gansjadobis saproceso institutebisaTvis rTul problemebs
qmnis. Tumca, sasamarTlos arasworad SerCeva TavisTavad ar gulisxmobs sarCelze uflebis
dakargvas. rogorc wesi, saproceso kanonmdeblobebis umravlesoba iTvaliswinebs
saqmeTa erTi sasamarTlodan meoreSi gadacemas, rac uzrunvelyofs davis ganxilvis
SesaZleblobas.
sazRvargareTis rig ganviTarebul qveynebSi moqmedi, samoqalaqo xasiaTis saqmeTa
ganmxilveli sasamarTlo sistemebis umravlesoba, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, warmodgenilia
saerTo da mis paralelurad moqmedi specialuri sasamarTloebis sistemis saxiT,
TiToeuli sistema ki, mravalrgolianobiT. sazRvargareTis rigi qveynebis msgavsad
ki, gansxvavebuli principiTaa dadgenili samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva saqarTveloSi,
ramdenadac es uflebamosileba mxolod saerTo iurisdiqciis sasamarTloebs aqvT
gadacemuli.
sasamarTlo instanciebis organizebisa da maTTvis funqciebis miniWebisas, rasakvirvelia,
mniSvnelovania, sasamarTlo rgolebis saqmianobis ise mowyoba, rom sasamar-
Tlo procedurebi tardebodes saproceso urTierTobis monawileTaTvis maqsimalurad
moxerxebulad da misaRebad. procesSi CarTuli pirebisaTvis uzrunvelyofili unda
iyos procesualuri uflebebisa da garantiebis dacva.
TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi, saSualo rgolis sasamarTloebi warmodgenilia saapelacio
instanciis sasamarTloebiT, romlebic axorcieleben pirveli instanciis sasamar-
Tloebis mier gamotanili aqtebis kanonierebisa da dasabuTebulobis Semowmebas, saqme-
Ta xelaxali, arsebiTi ganxilvis safuZvelze. rac Seexeba uzenaes sasamarTloebs, es
rgoli yvela qveyanaSi moqmedebs, rogorc mTeli qveynis teritoriaze umaRlesi sasamarTlo
organo da axorcielebs sasamarTlo aqtebis kanonierebis saboloo Semowmebas.
amasTan, uzrunvelyofs qveynis mTel teritoriaze samarTlis normebis erTgvarovan
ganmartebebsa da gamoyenebas. zogierT qveyanaSi moqmedebs ramdenime umaRlesi sasamarTlo
organo.
ganviTarebuli qveynebis saproceso kanonmdeblobebis analizidan irkveva, rom
safrangeTSi, germaniaSi, avstriaSi, SveicariaSi, inglisSi, aSS-Si, ruseTSi kerZosamar-
Tlebrivi davebi ixileba rogorc saerTo, ise specialuri iurisdiqciis sasamarTloebis
mier. saberZneTSi, espaneTSi, italiaSi, saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo xasiaTis saqmeTa ganxilva
Sedis mxolod saerTo sasamarTloebis iurisdiqciaSi. miuxedavad imisa, saqmeebs
specialuri iurisdiqciis sasamarTloebi ganixilven Tu saerTo sasamarTloebi, isini
gadian im instanciebSi ganxilvas, romlebic Seqmnilia am sasamarTloebis sistemaSi.
95

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sasamarTlo instanciebis saqmianobis kompetenciebi, yvela qveyanaSi dadgenilia
Sesabamisi qveynis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis debulebebiT. garda instanciaTa
kompetenciebisa, metad sayuradRebo da mniSvnelovania konkretul saqmeTa gansaxilvelad
daSvebis safuZvlebi, rogorc pirveli, ise meore da mesame instanciebis sasamar-
TloebSi. pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebSi, rogorc wesi, dasaSvebia yvela saqme,
romelic uwyebrivi qvemdebareobis Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos ganxilvas eqvemdebareba.
Tumca, Tu pirveli instancia erTze meti rgoliTaa warmodgenili, maT Soris, saqmeTa
ganxilvis uflebamosilebis gamijvna xdeba saqmeTa gvareobiTi niSniT an misi Rirebulebis
mixedviT. amis magaliTad, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis me-14
muxlis Sesabamisad, magistrati mosamarTleebis (romlebic Sedian raionul sasamar-
TloebSi) gansjad samoqalaqo saqmeebad miTiTebulia iseTi qonebrivi davebi, romelTa
Rirebuleba ar aRemateba 2000 lars; udavo da gamartivebuli warmoebis saqmeebi, garda,
Svilad ayvanisa, agreTve, gamartivebuli wesiT gadaxdis da qonebis upatronod cnobis
saqmeebisa, Tu moTxovnis an qonebis Rirebuleba aRemateba 2000 lars; aseve, saojaxo
samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gamomdinare davebi, garda mSoblis uflebis Camor-
Tmevis, mamobis dadgenis da ganqorwinebis saqmeebisa, Tu meuRleebs Soris arsebobs
bavSvis mikuTvnebis Taobaze dava. rac Seexeba raionuli an saqalaqo sasamarTlos sxva
mosamarTleebis gansaxilvel saqmeebs, isini ixilaven sxva yvela saqmes, rac magistrati
mosamarTleebis gansjadobas ar ganekuTvneba. Tumca, konkretul sasamarTloSi
magistrati mosamarTleebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, yvela kategoriis sasamarTlosadmi
uwyebrivad daqvemdebarebul saqmes raionuli an saqalaqo sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi
ixilaven. 2
safrangeTSi, pirveli instanciis saerTo iurisdiqciis sasamarTlo ori rgoliTaa
warmodgenili, romelTagan ufro dabals _ saolqo sasamarTlos gansaxilvelad eqvemdebareba
sanivTo sarCelebi, romelTa Rirebuleba ar aRemateba 7600 evros, aseve valdebulebiTi
samarTalurTierTobidan gamomdinare davebi. rac Seexeba didi instanciis tribunals, isini,
rogorc pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebi, ixilaven yvela saqmes, romlebic kanonis
pirdapiri miTiTebiT, sxva sasamarTlo organoebis ganxilvas ar eqvemdebareba. 3
germaniaSi, saubno sasamarTlos, rogorc saerTo iurisdiqciis sasamarTloebSi
pirveli instanciis qveda rgolis sasamarTlos gansjadia yvela saqme, romlis Rirebuleba
ar aRemateba 5000 evros. aseve, Rirebulebisagan damoukideblad valdebulebiTi
urTierTobebidan da saojaxo samarTalurTierTobebidan gamomdinare, rigi saqmeebisa.
rac Seexeba miwis sasamarTlos, romelic pirvel instanciaSi zeda rgols warmoadgens,
mis kompetencias ganekuTvneba yvela sxva saqme, romlebic ar Sedis saubno sasamarTloebis
ganxilvis sferoSi. 4 avstriaSi, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis Sesabamisad, saerTo
iurisdiqciis sasamarTloebSi pirveli instanciis qveda rgolis _ raionuli sasamarTlos
ganxilvis kompetenciaSia qonebrivi moTxovnebi, romelTa Rirebuleba ar
aRemateba 10000 evros, aseve, sarCelis fasisagan damoukideblad, saojaxo da socialuri
urTierTobebidan gamomdinare saqmeebi. rac Seexeba zeda rgols _ miwis sasamarTloebs,
maT kompetenciaSia yvela is saqme, romlebic raionuli sasamarTlos gansjadobas
ar eqvemdebareba. 5
96

espaneTSi pirveli instanciis qveda rgolis sasamarTlo _ momrigebeli sasamarTlo
uflebamosilia, ganixilos daaxloebiT 50 evros Rirebulebis sarCelebi. pirveli
instanciis sasamarTloebi ufro farTo kompetenciiTaa aRWurvili da maTi gansjadia
samoqalaqo saqmeebi rogorc mniSvnelovani, ise saSualo da dabali RirebulebiT. 6
ruseTSi ufro rTuli sistemiTaa warmodgenili pirveli instanciis wesiT saqmeTa
ganxilva. pirveli instanciiT samoqalaqo saqmeebs ixilavs: momrigebeli mosamarTle,
raionuli sasamarTlo, respublikebis uzenaesi sasamarTloebi, samxareo da saolqo
sasamarTloebi, federaluri mniSvnelobis qalaqis sasamarTloebi, avtonomiuri olqebis
sasamarTloebi, avtonomiuri regionebis sasamarTloebi da aseve, ruseTis federaciis
uzenaesi sasamarTlo. maT Soris saqmeebi ganawilebulia ZiriTadad, gvareobiTi
gansjadobis mixedviT. 7
gacilebiT sayuradReboa saapelacio da umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTloebSi samoqalaqo
saqmeTa gansaxilvelad dasaSvebobis safuZvlebi, ramdenadac Tu mxare ver iRebs
misTvis sasurvel Sedegs pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi, cdilobs es xarvezi Seavsos
zeda instanciis sasamarTloebSi gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis gziT.
saapelacio sasamarTlom gadawyvetileba unda miiRos rogorc saqmeSi arsebuli faqtebis,
ise gamoyenebuli samarTlis sakiTxebze. saqmis saapelacio wesiT ganxilva gulisxmobs
saapelacio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebas, saqme xelaxla da arsebiTad
gadasinjos. ZiriTadad, es garemoeba ganasxvavebs saapelacio sasamarTlos sakasacio
sasamarTlosagan, romelic klasikuri formulis mixedviT, amowmebs sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebebs da ara sasamarTlo procesebs. sakasacio sasamarTlom faqtebi ise
unda miiRos, rogorc es qveda instanciis mosamarTleebma damoukideblad daadgines,
saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis Sedegad da aisaxa Sesabamis gadawyvetilebaSi. sakasacio
sasamarTlo amowmebs, sworad gamoiyena Tu ara, sasamarTlom samarTlebrivi norma. 8
germaniis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 511-e paragrafis Sesabamisad, saapelacio
wesiT gasaCivrebas eqvemdebareba pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mier gamotanili
saboloo gadawyvetilebebi. amasTan, kodeqsi iqve uTiTebs saapelacio saCivris
dasaSvebobis safuZvlebs. saapelacio saCivari gansaxilvelad daiSveba, Tu misi Rirebuleba
aRemateba 600 evros an Tavad pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT
nebadarTulia misi saapelacio wesiT gasaCivreba. aseTi nebarTva pirveli instanciis
sasamarTlos mier gaicema, Tu davas aqvs principuli mniSvneloba, anda, Tu saapelacio
sasamarTlos dadgenileba aucilebelia samarTlis srulyofisaTvis an marTlmsajulebis
erTgvarovnebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom apelaciaze
nebarTva, SesaZloa, gasces maSinac, rodesac mxaris davaldebuleba sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, ar aRemateba 600 evros. apelaciaze aseTi nebarTva saapelacio
sasamarTlosaTvis savaldebulo xasiaTs atarebs. 9
ruseTis federaciaSi apelacias mxolod momrigebel mosamarTleTa mier ganxilul
saqmeebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi eqvemdebareba. ZiriTadad, es saqmeebi exeba saojaxosamarTlebriv,
SromiTi urTierTobebidan gamomdinare davebs, aseve, qonebriv davebs,
romelTa Rirebuleba ar aRemateba federaluri kanoniT dadgenili Sromis minimaluri
anazRaurebis xuTasmag odenobas. 10
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safrangeTSi moqmedi saapelacio sasamarTloebi ixilaven saapelacio saCivrebs
saolqo sasamarTloebis, didi instanciis tribunalebis, aseve, specialuri iurisdiqciis
sasamarTloebis mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebebze. 11 saapelacio sasamarTlo
frangul saproceso samarTalSi, miTumetes axali samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mi-
Rebis Semdeg, procesis ganviTarebis kargi saSualeba gaxda. aRniSnuli kodeqsis 568-e
muxlis Sesabamisad, saapelacio sasamarTlos, Tu is marTlmsajulebis interesebidan
gamomdinare, saWirod CaTvlis, SeuZlia ganixilos sakiTxebi, romlebic ganxilvis sagani
sasamarTloSi jer ar yofila, amasTan, SeuZlia, Caataros damatebiTi saproceso moqmedebebi.
12
safrangeTis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis Sesabamisad, apelacias eqvemdebareba
yvela saqme, romelzec pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mier gamotanili gadawyvetileba
arasworia, aseve, kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi. 13
safrangeTSi, saapelacio gasaCivrebis ZiriTadi safuZvelia, rom pirvel instanciaSi,
saqmis ganmxilvelma mosamarTlem dauSva Secdoma. nebismieri saqme, Tuki mxareebs aqvT
amisi survili, eqvemdebareba apelacias. 14
avstriaSi, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis Sesabamisad, saqmeTa saapelacio wesiT
gasaCivreba xdeba kanoniT gaTvlil SemTxvevebSi, aseve, rodesac mosamarTle, gamotanili
gadawyvetilebiT, SesaZleblad uSvebs apelacias am saqmeze. 15
rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi saapelacio instanciis sasamarTloSi saqmeTa dasaSvebobis
safuZvlebs, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 364-e muxlis Sesabamisad,
saapelacio saCivari Seitaneba sasamarTlos mier pirveli instanciiT gamotanil gadawyvetilebebze.
xolo 365-e muxlis mixedviT, qonebriv-samarTlebriv davebSi dasaSvebia,
Tu davis sagnis Rirebuleba aRemateba 1000 lars. 366-e muxlis Sesabamisad ki, dasaSvebia
ganmeorebiT dauswreblobis gamo gamotanil dauswrebel gadawyvetilebebze. 16
garda gvareobiTad gansazRvruli da davis Rirebulebaze damokidebuli safuZvlebisa,
ra Tqma unda, yvela qveynis saproceso kanonmdeblobebi saapelacio saCivars (aseve,
sakasacio saCivars) dasaSvebad miiCneven mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac is Setanilia
amisaTvis uflebamosili piris mier da exeba am saqmeSi monawile mxareebs an mesame pirebis
interesebs. saapelacio saCivari dasaSvebi xdeba im pirobiTac, rom igi gansaxilvelad
wardgenilia uflebamosil sasamarTloSi. saapelacio instanciis sasamarTlo
saqmis ganxilvis dros SeboWilia saapelacio saCivris farglebiT da kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs
arcerT gamonaklis SemTxvevas, romelic SesaZleblobas miscems sasamarTlos,
gascdes saCivarSi aRniSnul farglebs. 17 dispoziciurobis principis es gamovlineba
moqmedebs TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi da yvela sasamarTlo instanciaSi.
apelaciis instituti aZlierebs pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebis pasuxismgeblobas,
radgan maTi gadawyvetilebebi saapelacio sasamarTlos mier Semowmebas eqvemdebareba
rogorc faqtobrivad, ise iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT. rac Seexeba sakasacio
sasamarTlos, misi umTavresi amocanaa, Seamowmos saqmis iuridiuli mxare, is Tu ramdenad
sworadaa Sefardebuli da gagebuli samarTlis norma Tu Sinaarsi, romelic sasamarTlom
gamoiyena. 18
98

ganviTarebuli qveynebis saproceso kanonmdeblobebi icnobs samoqalaqo saqmeTa
warmoebaSi sakasacio an sarevizio sasamarTloebs, rogorc saqmis ganmxilvel saboloo
sasamarTlo rgolebs. i. e. engelmani sayuradRebo definiciebze miuTiTebs sakasacio
da sarevizio sasamarTloebis arsTan mimarTebaSi. kasacia, romelic frangul sasamar-
TloSi ganviTarda, miznad isaxavs, uzrunvelyos kanonis gamoyenebis erTianoba da sasamarTlo
praqtikis mudmivoba. sakasacio sasamarTlos ara aqvs ufleba arsebiTad ganixilos
saqme, magram SeuZlia, Secvalos sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, romelic kanonis
darRveviTaa gamotanili an Seicavs kanonis araswor gamoyenebas. is ar atarebs mesame
instanciis sasamarTlos xasiaTs, ramdenadac, ar Sedis saqmis arsebiT ganxilvaSi da
Tu auqmebs ukanono gadawyvetilebas, saqmes axali gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad ubrunebs
qveda instanciis sasamarTlos. warmoebis aseTi saxe samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis
interesebidan ki ara, erTiani sasamarTlo praqtikis damkvidrebis interesebidan gamomdinareobs.
germanuli samarTlis sarevizio warmoebas, marTalia, igive miznebi aqvs,
magram germaniasa da avstriaSi sarevizio sasamarTloebi xelmZRvaneloben gamorCeulad
procesualuri mosazrebebiT da qveda instanciebSi daSvebuli Secdomebis gamosworebis
mizniT, reviziisas daSvebulia, apelaciis sawyisebze saboloo gadawyvetilebis
miReba an gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba. ZiriTadi arsic swored is aris, rom mxolod pirveli
instanciis warmoeba ki ara, saboloo gadawyvetilebebSi arakanonierebis gamosworebac
procesualur sawyisebze unda xdebodes da SemWidroebulia saqmiswarmoebac,
ramdenadac aRar xdeba saqmis qveda instanciaSi dabruneba. 19
am principebs Tu davakvirdebiT, advilad SevamCnevT, rom qarTuli saproceso kanonmdebloba
Seicavs kasaciisa da reviziis nazavs, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos
uflebamosilebebSi, ramdenadac misi saqmianobis miznebi mimarTulia saqmeTa ganxilvisa
da gadawyvetis erTgvarovani praqtikis Camoyalibebaze. Tumca, amasTan, mas ufleba
aqvs, Tavad gamoitanos gadawyvetileba gansaxilvel saqmeze. 20
yuradRebas imsaxurebs sakiTxi, Tu ra SemTxvevebSi eqvemdebareba samoqalaqo saqmeebi
sarevizio Tu sakasacio sasamarTloebis iurisdiqcias. germaniaSi, sadac saproceso
kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs sarevizio warmoebas, gvareobiTi niSniT gamoricxulia rigi
saqmeebis revizia. revizias ar eqvemdebareba yadaRis dadebis an moxsnis da uzrunvelyofis
RonisZiebebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebi, aseve, miwis nakveTebis
mflobelobasTan dakavSirebiT gamotanili gadawyvetilebebi. amasTan, germaniis saproceso
kodeqsis 543-e paragrafi Seicavs saintereso miTiTebas, rodesac revizia SesaZlebelia,
Tu es dadgenilia gasaCivrebuli saapelacio gadawyvetilebiT an sarevizio
sasamarTlos mier, reviziaze saapelacio sasamarTlos uaris gasaCivrebis Sedegad.
amasTan, miTiTebulia, rom revizia unda gadawydes, Tu davas aqvs principuli mniSvneloba
an sarevizio sasamarTlos dadgenileba saWiroa samarTlis srulyofis an marTlmsajulebis
erTgvarovnebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. sarevizio saCivari dafuZnebuli
unda iyos mxolod imaze, rom gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba kanonis normis darRvevis
Sedegs warmoadgens. germaniis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis Sesabamisad, sarevizio
sasamarTlosaTvis, saapelacio sasamarTlos mier garemoebebis Sefaseba savaldebulo
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xasiaTs atarebs, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac es Sefasebebi dasaSvebi da dasabuTebuli
sarevizio saCivriTaa gasaCivrebuli. amasTan, axali faqtebis saxiT, reviziaSi
dasaSvebia mxolod is procesualuri dokumentebi, romlebiTac sarevizio saCivaria
dasabuTebuli. 21
a. g. davtianis mosazrebiT, reviziis daniSnuleba mxareTaTvis mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac
sarevizio saCivris meSveobiT, mosarCeles SesaZlebloba eZleva, Secvalos
Tavis sasargeblod saapelacio sasamarTlos ukve Semdgari gadawyvetileba. rac Seexeba
sazogadoebis interesebs, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis revizia emsaxureba uflebaTa
Tavisufali dacvis, samarTlisa da marTlmsajulebis ganviTarebas. 22
avstriaSi, sadac aseve sarevizio gasaCivrebis wesebi moqmedebs, samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis Sesabamisad, revizia dasaSvebia, rodesac gadawyvetileba gasaCivrebulia
materialuri saproceso normis arasworad gamoyenebis gamo, sakiTxi mniSvnelovania
samarTlis ganviTarebis an erTiani praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvis, aseve, rodesac saapelacio
sasamarTlom sxvagvarad gadawyvita saqme, anda saerTod ar arsebobs aseT
saqmeze zemdgomi instanciis gadawyvetileba. gadawyvetilebis reviziis SezRudvad
saproceso kodeqsi adgens sadavo sagnis odenobasac da uTiTebs, rom revizia ar daiSveba
4 aTas evroze dabali Rirebulebis saCivrebze, Tumca, es kriteriumi ar moqmedebs
saojaxo davebTan mimarTebaSi. avstriaSi sarevizio saCivris safuZvelia saapelacio
gadawyvetilebis arasrulyofileba, aseve garemoeba, Tu is ar efuZneba saqmeSi arsebul
masalebs, anda gadawyvetileba araswor Sefasebebzea dafuZnebuli. sainteresoa garemoeba,
romlis miTiTebas vxvdebiT aRniSnuli kodeqsis 504-e paragrafSi, rom reviziaSi
SesaZloa, wardgenil iqnas axali mtkicebulebebi, Tu amiT asabuTeben saapelacio
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis nakls da Tu gadawyvetilebaSi gakeTebuli Sefaseba ar
aris amomwuravi. 23
safrangeTSi sakasacio sasamarTlo specialuri dekretiT, 1790 wels Seiqmna, im
mizniT, rom uzrunveleyo kanonis ganmartebis erTgvarovneba da ZiriTad rols asrulebs
sasamarTlo praqtikis ganviTarebaSi. 24 safrangeTSi sakasacio sasamarTlo amowmebs
yvela sasamarTlo organos aqtebs, rac mas ganasxvavebs im qveynebisagan, sadac
kasacias mxolod saapelacio gadawyvetilebebi eqvemdebareba. franguli saproceso
kodeqsi uSvebs im sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis kasaciasac, romlebic apelaciis wesiT
gadasinjvas ar eqvemdebareba. sakasacio sasamarTlo amowmebs samarTlebrivi normis
gamoyenebis siswores, maT Soris, misi ganmartebis TvalTaxedviTac. sakasacio sasamarTlo
ar akontrolebs sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis dasabuTebulobasa da faqtebis
gamokvlevis srulyofilebas.
saapelacio sasamarTlos mier gamotanili gadawyvetileba ruseTis federaciis samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsiT, sxva qveynebis kanonmdeblobisagan gansxvavebiT, kasacias
aRar eqvemdebareba. apelaciasTan erTad, saintereso saxiTaa warmodgenili ruseTSi
sakasacio sasamarTloc, ramdenadac kasacias eqvemdebareba ara saapelacio sasamarTlos
mier gamotanili gadawyvetilebebi, aramed ruseTis federaciis yvela sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba, romlebic pirveli instanciis wesiTaa miRebuli. am gadawyvetilebebSi
ar moiazreba mxolod momrigebel mosamarTleTa mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi, rom-
100

lebic, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mxolod apelacias eqvemdebareba. ruseTis sakasacio
sasamarTlo, sxva sakasacio sasamarTloebisagan gansxvavebiT, amowmebs pirveli instanciis
sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebis kanonierebasa da dasabuTebulobasac da
amdenad, mas ufleba aqvs, Seafasos rogorc saqmeSi arsebuli, ise axladwarmodgenili
da miRebuli mtkicebulebebi. amasTan, sxva qveynebis sakasacio sasamarTloebisagan rusuli
kodeqsi sakasacio sasamarTlos imiTac ganasxvavebs, rom mas ufleba aqvs, kanonierebis
interesebidan gamomdinare, Seamowmos pirveli instanciis gadawyvetileba
mTlianad, rac scildeba sxva qveynebSi moqmedi sasamarTlo uflebamosilebis farglebs.
amiT, ruseTis federaciaSi moqmedi sakasacio instancia aSkarad warmoadgens
sabWoTa periodis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT moqmedi sakasacio sasamar-
Tlos memkvidres. 25
saqarTveloSi sakasacio instanciis sasamarTlo erTi SexedviT, germanuli sakasacio
instanciis msgavsi sasamarTloa. kanonmdebeli cdilobs, kasaciaSi saCivris dasaSvebobis
safuZvlebi maqsimalurad miuaxlovos germaniis, safrangeTis, avstriis sakasacio
instanciebSi saqmeTa dasaSvebobis safuZvlebs. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis Sesabamisad, kasaciaSi saCivris dasaSvebobis safuZvlad aRar figurirebs
saCivris Rirebulebis odenoba, romelic arcTu didi xnis winaT, TiTqmis gadamwyvet
garemoebad iTvleboda. moqmedi normebis mixedviT, sakasacio saCivris gansaxilvelad
dasaSvebobis safuZvelia gvareobiTi niSniT gansazRvruli sityvisa da gamoxatvis
TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebul davebze wardgenili sakasacio saCivrebi. rac yvelaze
sayuradReboa, zogadad, sakasacio saCivari rogorc qonebriv, ise sxva araqonebriv
davebze dasaSvebad miiCneva, Tu saqme samarTlis ganviTarebisa da erTgvarovani
sasamarTlo praqtikis CamoyalibebisTvisaa mniSvnelovani; Tu saapelacio sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba gansxvavdeba am kategoriis saqmeebze, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos
manamde arsebuli praqtikisagan; Tu saapelacio sasamarTlos mier saqme ganxilulia
mniSvnelovani saproceso darRveviT, romelsac SeeZlo, arsebiTad emoqmeda saqmis
ganxilvis Sedegze; anda, Tu gasaCivrebulia saapelacio sasamarTlos meore dauswrebeli
gadawyvetileba an ganCineba, dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis ucvlelad datovebis
Taobaze. 26
saqarTvelos saproceso kodeqsi klasikuri gagebiT ayalibebs sakasacio saCivris
safuZvlebs da miuTiTebs, rom sakasacio saCivari, SeiZleba, mxolod saapelacio gadawyvetilebis
kanonis darRveviT gamotanas daefuZnos; aseve, gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis
farglebad sakasacio saCivris farglebs miiCnevs, dasaSvebad Tvlis mxolod im
axsna-ganmartebebs, romlebic asaxulia gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi an sxdomis
oqmSi. germanuli da avstriuli kodeqsebis msgavsad, qarTuli kodeqsic sakasacio instanciaSi
dasaSvebad miiCnevs im faqtebze da mtkicebulebebze miTiTebas, romlebic
saproceso samarTlis normebis darRvevas adasturebs, Tu sakasacio saCivari saproceso
normebis darRvevas emyareba. am midgomebiT, moqmedi qarTuli saproceso kodeqsi
aSkarad gansxvavebuli saxiT warmodgeba mis winamorbed kodeqsTan SedarebiT, romlis
Sesabamisadac, kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebebis gadasinjvisas, e. w. sazedamxedvelo
instanciaSi, SesaZlebeli iyo, rogorc saqmeSi arsebuli, ise damatebiT
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warmodgenili masalebis Sefaseba da am safuZvlebze gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis
Semowmeba. 27
sayuradReboa, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Tavad sasamarTlo instanciaTa urTierTdamokidebulebebis
Sesaxeb sakiTxebi. ase magaliTad, germaniaSi miwis sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebi
SesaZloa, gasaCivrdes uSualod federalur sasamarTloSi, Tu gadawyvetilebis
gadasinjvis sagans warmoadgens mxolod samarTlebrivi sakiTxi da mowinaaRmdege
mxare Tanaxmaa, moxdes saapelacio warmoebis gverdis avla; inglisSi maRali sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba saapelacio sasamarTlos gverdis avliT, SesaZloa, gasaCivrdes
lordTa palataSi; aSS-Si saolqo sasamarTlos sami mosamarTlisagan Semdgari kolegiis
mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba saCivrdeba pirdapir aSS-is uzenaes sasamarTloSi, maSin,
rodesac saerTo wesis mixedviT, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ganixileba
Sesabamis saapelacio sasamarTloSi; indoeTSi mxares ufleba aqvs, uzenaesi sasamarTlos
winaSe Suamdgomloba daayenos sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebaze
specialuri nebarTvis misaRebad, ise, rom gverdi auaros saapelacio sasamarTlosa da
Statis maRal sasamarTlos. rigi qveynebis, rogoricaa germania, espaneTi, andora, malta,
poloneTi, xorvatia, CexeTi _ saproceso kanonmdebloba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis
gadasinjvis sistemaSi aseve, sakonstitucio sasamarTloebsac rTavs. mxareebs
eZlevaT ufleba, SuamdgomlobiT mimarTon sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, saboloo instanciis
uflebamosilebiT, gaauqmon nebismieri sasamarTlo dadgenileba, romelic
arRvevs konstituciiT garantirebul adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.
saqarTveloSi `sakasacio gadasinjva warmoadgens mesame instanciis sasamarTlos
saqmianobas, romlis mizania kanonier ZalaSi Seusvleli gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebebis
kanonierebis Semowmeba.~ 28
im fonze, rodesac sakasacio sasamarTlos gansaxilvelad aRar eqvemdebareba saproceso
kodeqsis Sesabamisi normebis safuZvelze, kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebebis
gadasinjva, Tu yuradRebiT gavaanalizebT saapelacio da sakasacio Tu sarevizio
instanciebis sasamarTloebis daniSnulebas, saqarTveloSi Sesabamisi sasamarTloebis
saqmianobis principebs, SeiZleba, davaskvnaT, rom kasaciaSi saqmis gansaxilvelad mosaxvedrad
ar unda warmoadgendes aucileblobas saapelacio instanciis gavla. vfiqrobT,
zemoaRniSnuli qveynebis saproceso normebiT dadgenili wesebis msgavsad, saqarTvelo-
Sic SesaZlebeli unda iyos, apelaciis gverdis avliT, sakasacio sasamarTloSi iqnas
wardgenili saCivari, miTumetes im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es saCivari mxolod kanonis
darRvevis faqtebs efuZneba.
SeuZlebelia, gverdi avuaroT saqmeTa ganxilvis vadebs, romelic mniSvnelovania
darRveuli an sadavod gamxdari uflebis dacvis procesSi. udavoa, rom sasamarTlom
saqme samarTlianad unda gadawyvitos, magram amas umTavresad maSin aqvs fasi, rodesac
es droulad moxdeba. didi xniT saqmis gaWianureba, Tavisi praqtikuli Sedegis mxriv,
xSirad usamarTlobis tolfasia. 29 am mosazrebaSi eWvis Setanac Znelia. Yyvela qveyanaSi,
udavod didi yuradReba eqceva saproceso vadebis instituts, ramdenadac darRveuli
uflebebis droulad dacva erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi garemoebaa.
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sxvadasxva qveynis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsebi sxvadasxgvar vadebs aweseben
ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebisa Tu zogadad saqmis ganxilvisaTvis. aseTis
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, vadebs adgens Tavad sasamarTlo. Tumca, faqtia, rom am vadebis
dadgenisa da moqmedebis mizani mxolod erTi unda iyos _ darRveuli an sadavod gamxdari
uflebis drouli dacva, raTa Tavad am mizniT sasamarTloSi mimarTvis uflebam
azri ar dakargos. sasamarTloSi uflebis dasacavad misuli pirebisaTvis, samoqalaqo
saqmiswarmoeba moiTxovs did drosa da seriozuli moTminebis unars, miTumetes, rom
arasodes ar aris cnobili, saqmis ganviTarebisa da misi Sedegis Sesaxeb.
ruseTis federaciaSi moqmedi samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis Sesabamisad, samoqalaqo
saqmeebi sasamarTlos mier ganixileba da gadawydeba, sasamarTloSi gancxadebis
Setanidan 2 Tvis amowurvamde. momrigebeli mosamarTle ki, valdebulia, gancxadebis
warmoebaSi miRebidan 1 Tvis amowurvamde gadawyvitos saqme. samuSaoze aRdgenisa da
alimentis Sesaxeb saqmeebi ganixileba da gadawydeba 1 Tvis amowurvamde. saproceso
kodeqsi uSvebs, rom SesaZlebelia, calkeuli kategoriis saqmeebze federaluri kanoniT
dadgindes ufro Semcirebuli vadebi. ruseTis federaciaSi, sakasacio instanciis
sxvadasxva sasamarTloSi da sxvadasxva kategoriis saqmeebisaTvis dadgenilia sxvadasxva
vada _ 5 dRe, 1 Tve, 2 Tve. Tumca, naTelia, rom es vadebi ar aWarbebs pirvel da
saapelacio instanciaSi saqmeTa ganxilvisaTvis dadgenil vadebs, piriqiT, kodeqsi uSvebs,
sxvadasxva saqmeebze sakasacio ganxilvis ufro SemWidroebuli vadebis arsebobas, rac
federaluri kanoniTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. 30 naTelia, rom rusuli saproceso kanonmdeblobis
debulebebi aqtiuradaa mimarTuli saqmeTa swrafad ganxilvisa da gadawyvetisaken.
avstriis, safrangeTis, germaniis saproceso kanonmdeblobebi konkretulad ar Seicavs
saqmeTa ganxilvisaTvis dadgenil vadebs. Tumca, gaTvaliswinebulia sxvadasxva
kategoriis saqmeTa ganxilvis rogorc kanoniT, ise mosamarTlis mier vadebis dadgenis
SesaZlebloba. ase magaliTad, safrangeTis saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT, dadgenilia
saqmeTa ganxilvisaTvis mokle da xangrZlivi dro. es SeiZleba iyos 1 dRe, 1 Tve, 1 welic
ki, saqmeTa xasiaTisa da sirTulis Sesabamisad. gasaCivrebis sagangebo reJimSi _ reviziaSi
(romelic aseve moqmedebs safrangeTSi) saqmis ganxilvis vada 2 Tvea, xolo Tu
mopasuxem Sesagebeli ar waradgina, sasamarTlo 15 dReSi amTavrebs saqmis warmoebas.
avstriaSi, mosamarTles ufleba aqvs, Tu saqmis ganxilvisaTvis kanoniT araa dadgenili
vada, Tavad gansazRvros igi, konkretuli davis sirTulidan gamomdinare. 31 erTi ram
cxadia, rom diferencirebuli damokidebuleba konkretuli kategoriis saqmeebisadmi,
kidev ufro zrdis maTi ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis efeqturobas.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis Tanaxmad, samoqalaqo saqmeebs sasamarTloebi
ganixilaven gancxadebis miRebis dRidan ara ugvianes 2 Tvisa, xolo gansakuTrebiT
rTuli kategoriis saqmeebze, ganmxilveli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT
es vada, SeiZleba, gagrZeldes ara umetes 5 Tvisa. amasTan, kodeqsi gansazRvravs saqmeTa
kategoriebs, romlebic ganxiluli unda iqnes ara ugvianes 1 Tvisa. es vadebi moqmedebda
yvela instanciis sasamarTlosaTvis. Tumca, 2005 wels kodeqsSi Setanili cvlile-
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bebiT, sakasacio instanciaSi saqmis ganxilvisa da gadawyvetisaTvis dadginda gansxvavebuli
vada, romelic 6 Tves Seadgens. saqarTveloSi moqmedi kodeqsis normebs Tu
SevadarebT mis winamorbeds, vnaxavT, rom samoqalaqo saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis ufro
mokle vadebi iyo dadgenili, vidre axla. samoqalaqo saqmeebis ganxilvisaTvis, saqarTvelos
ssr samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi sasamarTlos udgenda ara ugvianes
1 Tves, gancxadebis miRebis dRidan; konkretulad gansazRvruli saqmeebis gansaxilvelad
ki, Tu mxareebi erT qalaqSi an raionSi cxovrobdnen, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 10
dRis vada, sxva SemTxvevebSi _ ara umetes 20 dRisa. 32
saqarTveloSi moqmedi saproceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili vadebiT, saqmis ganxilva,
marTalia, ufro met dros gulisxmobs, magram adamiani, albaT, am vadebzec gaTvlida
socialuri Tu iuridiuli mniSvnelobis problemebis mogvarebas.
rogorc aRvniSneT, saqmeTa ganxilvis vadebi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani garemoebaa
darRveuli an sadavod gamxdari uflebis dacvis procesSi. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsSi pirdapiraa miTiTebuli saproceso moqmedebebis kanoniT dadgenil
vadaSi Sesrulebis Sesaxeb da miuxedavad amisa, samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilvis sasamar-
Tlo praqtikaSi saproceso kodeqsiT dadgenili vadebis darRvevis magaliTebi gvxvdeba.
bunebrivia, rodesac saqmis ganxilva kanoniT dadgenil vadas scildeba, rTulia
darRveuli an sadavod gamxdari samoqalaqo uflebis dacvis garantiebze saubari.
vfiqrobT, marTlmsajulebis efeqtiani ganxorcielebisas mxareebisa da sxva dainteresebuli
pirebisaTvis mniSvnelovania ori garemoeba _ saqmis rogorc sworad, aseve
samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil vadebSi gadawyveta.
104

SeniSvnebi:
1
Îñíîâíîé çàêîí ÔÐ Ãåðìàíèÿ. 1949. ñòàòüÿ 95 Ì. 2000.
2
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, muxlebi 13-14. Tb. 1997.
3
Code de l’ organization judiciaire. 1958 art. R 321-1, R 311-1 _ 311-6. ed. 2002.
4
Íåìåöêèé çàêîí î ñóäîóñòðîéñòâå. 1877, 23, 71. Ì. 2000.
5
JN_ ZPO. 49. Wien 2002.
6
Í. Ã. Åëèñååâ, dasax. naSr., gv. 189.
7
Êîììåíòàðèé ê Ãðàæäàíñêîìó ïðîöåññóàëüíîìó êîäåêñó ÐÔ. Ñòð. 23-27 Ì.
2007.
8
Bora J. La cassation en matiere civil. P. 1980 2 eme partie, p. 102.
9
Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðîöåññóàëüíîå óëîæåíèå Ãåðìàíèè, 511 Ì. 2006.
10
Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññóàëüíûé êîäåêñ ÐÔ, ñòàòüÿ 23 Ì. 2002.
11
Code de l’ organization judiciaire. 1958 art. R 211-1. ed. 2002.
12
Catala P. et Terre F. Procedure civil et voies d’ execution. P. 1982 2-eme ed. p.408.
13
Nouveau Code de procedure civil. ed. 2002 art. 543, 545.
14
Couches G. Procedure civil. 9 e ed. 1996 p. 326-327.
15
JN_ZPO. Wien 2002 P. 471.
16
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, muxlebi 364-366, Tb., 1997.
17
S. qurdaZe, samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloebSi,
Tb., 2006, Ggv. 7.
18
T liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saqmeTa warmoeba sasamarTloSi, I I gamocema .Tb.,
2001, gv. 260, 302.
19
È. Å. Ýíãåëüìàí, Êóðñ ðóññêîãî ãðàæäàíñêàãî ñóäîïðîèçâîäñòâà. Þðüåâú, 1912,
ñòð. 398-399.
20
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, muxlebi 391, 411-412, Tb. 1997,
21
Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðîöåññóàëüíîå óëîæåíèå Ãåðìàíèè, Ì., 2006, 542-543, 545,
551, 559.
22
À. Ã. Äàâòÿí, dasax. naSr., gv. 179.
23
JN_ZPO. Wien 2002 P. 502-504.
24
Ë. Æþëëèî äå ëà Ìîðàíäüåð, dasax. naSr., gv. 162.
25
Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññóàëüíûé êîäåêñ ÐÔ, ñòàòüè 329, 336, 347. Ì., 2002.
26
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, muxli 391, Tb., 1997.
27
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, muxlebi 393, 404, 407, 396,
Tb., 1997;
28
S. qurdaZe, samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva zemdgomi instanciis saqarTvelos
ssr samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, muxlebi 331, 339, Tb., 1964,
sasamarTloebSi, Tb., 2006, gv. 75.
29
S. qurdaZe, samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi,
Tb., 2006, gv. 249.
30
Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññóàëüíûé êîäåêñ ÐÔ, ñòàòüè 154, 348, Ì. 2002.
31
JN_ZPO. Wien 2002 $ 123. Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðîöåññóàëüíîå óëîæåíèå Ãåðìàíèè
Ì., 2006, $ 132, 217, 274, 356, 494a. Nouveau Code de procedure civil. ed.
2002, art. 612-613, Couches G., dasax. naSr., gv. 153.
32
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi. Tb. 1997 muxlebi 59, 391
saqarTvelos ssr samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi. Tb. 1964 muxli
106.
105

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Organization of Court
Structures and
Effectiveness of Justice
Administration
in the Civil Cases
IRMA MEREBASHVIL
Doctor of Law, Assistant Professor Scholl of Law, Caucasus University
The court systems in many countries worldwide are numerous and consist
of many levels. In most of the countries the multiplicity of court systems is
reflected in existence of courts of common and special jurisdictions. The
scope of common courts is wide and they are authorized to hear all such
cases which are not explicitly assigned to the competencies of other bodies.
The competences of special courts to administer justice are determined by
normative acts where specific cases are explicitly set out. As for the multilevel
court system it can be found both in the common and special court
systems and it envisages existence of several instances of courts within
these court systems. There are first, intermediate and supreme courts.
The grounds of admissibility of civil cases in the appellate and supreme
courts are important as in case a party fails to reach a desirable result in
the first instance court, this party has an opportunity to fill in this gap by
appealing the judgment in higher instance courts. The opportunity to appeal
reinforces the responsibility of the first instance courts when they deliver
judgments since both factual and legal aspects of the judgments are subject
to scrutiny by the appellate court. As for the court of cassation, the main
objective of it is to examine the legal aspect of the case, i.e. whether the
legal norm has been correctly applied and how correctly the content of
the norm has been understood by the court which applied it (See 1 ).
106

The procedural legislation of Georgia is a mix of cassation and revision, as the goals of Supreme Court activities
are to establish a uniform practice of hearing and solving the cases. However, it is also authorized to deliver its own
judgment on the case (See 2 )
Attention should be paid to the issue as to in which cases civil cases are subject to the jurisdictions of revision or
cassation courts. Scientist A.G. Davtyan considers that the purpose of revision is important for the parties since
the revision appeal allows the plaintiff to change for his/her benefit the judgment already delivered by the court.
As for the public interests, revision of court judgments will serve to protect the rights and development of law and
justice (see 3 ). If we closely analyze the purpose of revision and appeal court instances in Georgia and the principles
of operations of relevant courts it can be inferred that in order to take the case to the court of cassation it is not
necessary to go to appellate court. I believe that, like it is envisaged by the procedural norms of the above referred
countries, it should be also possible in Georgia to take the case to cessation court by bypassing the appellate court
even more so when the claim is based on the facts of violation of law.
When discussing the effectiveness of administering justice it is impossible to bypass the issue of the timeframes
for considering claims which are one of the significant circumstances in protecting a violated or disputable right.
The Civil Procedure Code of Georgia explicitly indicates the timeframes for performing the pro­ce­du­ral acts.
However, there are examples of violation of timeframes defined in the Procedure Code in the practice of hearing
the civil cases. Definitely, it is difficult to speak about the guarantees to protect the violated or disputable civil right
when the hearing of a case is not held within the timeframes established by law. We consider that for effective
justice administration the following two circumstances are important for the parties and other interested persons:
solving the case correctly; and within the timeframes established by the civil procedure legislation.
FOOTNOTES
1
T. Liluashvili, Proceeding of Civil Cases in Courts. 2 nd Edition. Tbilisi 2001, p. 260, 302.
2
Civil Procedure Code of Georgia, Article 391, 411-412. Tbilisi 1997
3
A.G. Davtyan, the referred paper, p. 179.
107

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mopasuxis mier
pasuxis (Sesageblis)
warudgenlobis
Sedegebi
fridon basilaia
quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis
asistent-profesori
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 232 1 -e muxlis
mixedviT, mopasuxis mier am kodeqsis 201-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT
dadgenil vadaSi pasuxis (Sesageblis) warudgenlobisas, Tu
es gamowveulia arasapatio mizeziT, mosamarTles zepiri mosmenis
gareSe gamoaqvs dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. amasTan,
mosamarTle daakmayofilebs sarCels, Tu sarCelSi miTiTebuli
garemoebebi iuridiulad amarTlebs sasarCelo moTxovnas,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo niSnavs mTavar sxdomas,
ris Sesaxebac mxareebs ecnobeba amave kodeqsis 70-78-e
muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT. sxdomis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxisagan
mtkicebulebaTa miReba ar xdeba da sasamarTlo
moismens mopasuxis mxolod samarTlebriv mosazrebebs sasar-
Celo moTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT.
saproceso kanonmdeblobiT mopasuxe valdebulia waradginos
Sesagebeli, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis 201-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `g~ punqtis, amave
muxlis me-7 nawilisa da 232 1 -e muxlis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo
zepiri mosmenis gareSe gamoitans dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas
sarCelis dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb, Tu sarCelSi miTiTebuli
garemoebebi iuridiulad amarTlebs sasarCelo moTxovnas.
108

saqmis momzadebis stadiaze mopasuxem unda waradginos Sesagebeli samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsis 201-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `b~ punqtiT gansazRvrul vadaSi.
amave muxlis me-2 nawilis `e~ punqtis mixedviT, SesagebelSi unda aRiniSnos mtkicebulebebi,
romlebic adasturebs mopasuxis mier miTiTebul garemoebebs, xolo `z~ punqtis
mixedviT _ arsebobis SemTxvevaSi mopasuxis Suamdgomlobebi.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 201-e muxlis me-5 nawilis mixedviT, mopasuxe valdebulia
pasuxs daurTos masSi miTiTebuli yvela mtkicebuleba. Tu mopasuxes sapatio
mizeziT ar SeuZlia pasuxTan erTad mtkicebulebaTa wardgena, igi valdebulia amis
Sesaxeb pasuxSi miuTiTos. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxes erTmeva ufleba SemdgomSi
waradginos mtkicebulebebi. mopasuxe uflebamosilia, mtkicebulebaTa wardgenisaTvis
moiTxovos gonivruli vada.
`samoqalaqo saqmiswarmoeba sasamarTloSi SeiZleba or mTavar etapad davyoT. pirveli
etapi _ saqmis momzadeba sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze gansaxilvelad, romelsac
sxvanairad SeiZleba ewodos mxareTa werilobiTi Sejibri. meore etapi _ saqmis ganxilva
mTavar sxdomaze, romelsac SeiZleba ewodos mxareTa zepiri Sejibri.
miuxedavad sirTulisa, momzadebis etapi unda gaiaros uklebliv yvela saqmem, xolo
momzadebis mizniT unda Sesruldes yvela saproceso moqmedeba.
sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze im saproceso moqmedebaTa Sesrulebis gadatana, romelic
unda Sesrulebuliyo saqmis momzadebis etapze, dauSvebelia, garda kanoniT pirdapir
gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa da pirobebisa.
momzadebis etapze sasamarTlom sabolood unda daazustos da gansazRvros garemoebebi,
romlebzec mxareebi amyareben TavianT moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels (mtkicebis
sagani), mtkicebulebebi, romelTa saSualebiT mxareebs surT am garemoebebis damtkiceba
(dadastureba), materialur-samarTlebrivi norma (kanoni), romlis gamoyenebiTac
unda moxdes dadasturebuli garemoebebis iuridiuli Sefaseba (kvalifikacia) dabolos,
am saqmeze gadawyvetilebis winaswari (arasaboloo) proeqti.~ 1
`saqmis gansaxilvelad momzadeba aris saerTod sasamarTlo ganxilvis erT-erTi
Semadgeneli nawili, romelic procesis calke stadiad aris miCneuli, vinaidan mis gare-
Se ar SeiZleba saqmis ganxilva da gadawyveta.
saqmis momzadebis mTavari mizania droulad Catardes sasamarTlos mTavari sxdoma,
ar Seferxdes saqmis ganxilvis msvleloba da Seiqmnas pirobebi swori gadawyvetilebis
miRebisaTvis. saqmis momzadebis procesSi gasaTvaliswinebelia ara marto is, Tu ra
kategoriis saqme ixileba, aramed TviT konkretuli davis xasiaTi, davis sagani da safuZveli,
saqmeSi monawile pirTa daswrebis savaldebulooba, mtkicebulebaTa sakmarisoba
da sxva~. 2
swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 83-e muxlis
meore nawilis mixedviT, mosarCeles sarCelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebisa da mtkicebulebebis
Sevsebis ufleba aqvs saqmis winaswari sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis momzadebis
damTavrebamde.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 206-e muxlis mixedviT, mxareebi valdebulni arian,
saqmis momzadebis mizniT Seasrulon mosamarTlis miTiTebebi. arasapatio mizeziT
109

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werilobiTi masalebis warudgenloba an sxva moqmedebis Seusrulebloba arTmevs mxares
uflebas, Seasrulos aseTi moqmedeba am saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dros.
aseve, amave kodeqsis 215-e muxlis meore nawilis mixedviT, mxareTa da maT warmomadgenelTa
Suamdgomlobebi da gancxadebebi axal mtkicebulebaTa warmodgenis an gamoTxovis
Sesaxeb, sasamarTlom SeiZleba ganixilos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqmis mosamzadebel
stadiaze mxares ar SeeZlo maTi warmodgena. agreTve, Tu maT Sesaxeb misTvis
obieqturi mizezebiT ver iqneboda cnobili da maTi warmodgenis safuZveli warmoiSva
mTavar sxdomaze, an Tu mxarem sapatio mizeziT ver uzrunvelyo Sesabamisi Suamdgomlobebisa
da gancxadebebis warmodgena saqmis mosamzadebel stadiaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
saqmis ganxilva mxareTa TxovniT an sasamarTlos iniciativiT SeiZleba gadaidos.
sasamarTlos dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba gamoaqvs, vinaidan Sesagebeli ar iyo wardgenili
arasapatio mizeziT. Sesagebels aucileblad unda daerTos mtkicebulebebi.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mosamzadebel stadiaze
mtkicebulebaTa warudgenlobis sapatio mizezi ar arsebobs. marTalia, samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsis 201-e muxlis me-5 nawilis mixedviT, sapatio mizezis gamo mopasuxes
SeuZlia moiTxovos mtkicebulebaTa wardgenisaTvis gonivruli vada, magram es mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac amave sapatio mizeziT man Sesagebels ver daurTo es mtkicebulebebi.
Tu mopasuxem waradgina Sesagebeli, magram ar daurTo mtkicebulebebi da Suamdgomlobs
sasamarTlos winaSe am mtkicebulebaTa wardgenisaTvis gonivrul vadas,
radgan isini sapatio mizeziT ver daurTo Sesagebels, sasamarTlo mas vadas miscems.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, saqme momzadebulad ar iTvleba, radgan samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis
202-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, mosarCeles unda gadaegzavnos mopasuxis
werilobiTi pasuxisa da masze darTuli sabuTebis aslebi. es ki, mopasuxis mier mtkicebulebebis
wardgenis Semdeg ganxorcieldeba. amasTan, ramdenadac sarCelze mopasuxem
Seadgina da sasamarTlos Caabara Tavisi Sesagebeli, ar arsebobs samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis 232 1 -e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis
safuZveli. Sesageblis wardgeniT gamoiricxa sarCelSi miTiTebuli faqtobrivi
garemoebebis cnobis varaudi.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 102-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT, TiToeulma
mxarem unda daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa da
Sesagebels.
mxareTa mier TavianTi moTxovnisa Tu Sesageblis damtkiceba pirdapir Sejibrebi-
Tobis principidan gamomdinareobs. swored amiT aris ganpirobebuli is garemoeba, rom
mopasuxis mier Sesageblis warudgenlobisas sarCelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebi damtkicebulad
iTvleba. mtkicebulebis erT-erTi saxea aRiareba. samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis 132-e muxlis mixedviT, erTi mxaris mier iseTi garemoebis arsebobis an ararsebobis
dadastureba (aRiareba), romelzec meore mxare amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa Tu
Sesagebels, sasamarTlom SeiZleba sakmaris mtkicebulebad CaTvalos da sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad daudos. ramdenadac mopasuxem ar waradgina Sesagebeli,
ivaraudeba, rom man aRiara sarCelSi miTiTebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebi.
110

mtkicebulebaTa wardgena mxareTa valdebulebaa. am mtkicebulebebs ki, samarTlebriv
Sefasebas sasamarTlo aZlevs. man unda gamoarkvios, Tu ramdenad SeuZliaT am faqtebs
mosarCelis moTxovnis dasabuTeba iuridiulad. amitom, gamoricxuli ar aris,
rom mosarCelis mier miTiTebul faqtebs dasabuTebisaTvis araviTari mniSvneloba ar
hqondes. samoqalaqo procesSi mtkicebis sagania materialur-samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis
faqtebi, romlebzedac miuTiTeben mxareebi TavianTi moTxovnisa da Sesageblis
dasabuTeba-gamarTlebis mizniT. sarCelSi miTiTebuli moTxovna materialuri samar-
Tlis normidan unda gamomdinareobdes. mosarCelis pretenzia mopasuxis mimarT raime
uflebis aRdgenis, dacvis Tu zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb materialuri samarTlis Sesabamisi
normidan unda gamomdinareobdes.
swored aRniSnulis gamo, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 232 1 -e muxlSi miTiTebulia,
rom mosamarTle sarCels daakmayofilebs, Tu sarCelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebi
iuridiulad amarTlebs sasarCelo moTxovnas. ase rom ar yofiliyo, sarCeli yvela
SemTxvevaSi dakmayofildeboda mopasuxis mier Sesageblis warudgenlobis gamo, rac
usafuZvlo da ukanono gadawyvetilebis tolfasi iqneboda.
`kanonma Semoitana dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba sarCelze Sepasuxebis vadis gaSvebis
gamo. vinaidan, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 232 1 -e muxlis Sesabamisad, dauswrebeli
gadawyvetileba gamodis zepiri ganxilvis gareSe, vsaubrobT werilobiT formaSi gamoxatul
dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze. saqmis ganxilvaze gamoucxadeblobis nacvlad,
aq gaSvebulia vada sarCelze Sepasuxebis gacemisaTvis, rac gaTvaliswinebulia samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsis 201-e muxlis me-2 nawilSi. amiT, upirvelesad dadgenilia,
rom dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gamotanil iqnes mopasuxis mimarT, vinaidan
Sepasuxebis vada exeba mxolod da mxolod mopasuxes. amasTan, vadis es gaSveba arasapatio
unda iyos da niSnavs, rom mopasuxes sarCelis Cabarebisas, erTmniSvnelovnad unda
mieTiTos Sepasuxebis vadis gaSvebis SemTxvevaSi misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb.
ar unda arsebobdes safuZvlebi, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiTac SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
vadis gaSveba arasapatioa. avadmyofobis garda sapatio mizezi SeiZleba iyos sarCelis
arsebobis Sesaxeb informaciis dagvianebiT miReba adgilze aryofnis gamo. magaliTad,
roca mopasuxem gonivruli mizezebis arsebobisas moiTxova vadis gagrZeleba da SeeZlo
evarauda, rom sasamarTlo mis am moTxovnas daakmayofilebda. Tu sasamarTlo ar daakmayofilebs
SemdgomSi am moTxovnas, mopasuxis qmedebis gamarTleba mainc SeiZleba da
mis mimarT am SemTxvevaSi dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotana ar SeiZleba. amasTan,
unda Sefasdes misi Tundac, dagvianebiT mowodebuli axsna-ganmarteba samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis 206-e muxlis Sesabamisad.~ 3
Sesageblis warudgenlobis miuxedavad, dauSvebelia dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis
gamotana, Tu saxezea samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 233-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT
gaTvaliswinebuli romelime garemoeba. kerZod, Tu mopasuxes ar Cabarebia sarCeli da
masze darTuli masalebi, an sasamarTlosaTvis cnobili gaxda, rom adgili hqonda dauZlevel
Zalas an sxva movlenebs, romlebsac SeeZloT xeli SeeSalaT sasamarTloSi Sesageblis
droulad wardgenisaTvis, ar ecnoba saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi, an ar arse-
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bobs sarCelis aRZvris winapirobebi. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos
saqmis warmoeba samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 272-e muxlis Sesabamisad, xolo
zemoT dasaxelebuli erT-erTi sxva garemoebis arsebobisas, sasamarTlom unda uzrunvelyos
mopasuxisaTvis sarCelisa da masze darTuli dokumentebis Cabareba samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsis 70-78-e muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT da droulad acnobos
saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi. dauZleveli Zalis an sxva movlenebis arsebobisas, romelTa
gamoc, SeuZlebeli gaxda Sesageblis wardgena, sasamarTlom samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis 201-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `b~ punqtis bolo winadadebis Tanaxmad,
mopasuxes unda gaugrZelos Sesageblis wardgenis vada.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 232 1 -e muxlis pirveli winadadebis mixedviT, mopasuxis
mier am kodeqsis 201-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT dadgenil vadaSi pasuxis (Sesageblis)
warudgenlobisas, Tu es gamowveulia arasapatio mizeziT, mosamarTles zepiri mosmenis
gareSe gamoaqvs dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba.
Sesageblis arasapatio mizeziT warudgenlobisas arsebobs varaudi, rom mopasuxem
aRiara sarCelSi miTiTebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebi. aseT dros dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis
gamotana zepiri mosmenis gareSe ar ewinaaRmdegeba SejibrebiTobisa da mxareTa
Tanasworobis principebs, radgan mopasuxes sruli SesaZlebloba hqonda Tandar-
Tuli masalebiT sarCelis Cabarebisas, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 201-e muxlis
pirveli nawilis `b~ punqtiT gaTvaliswinebul vadaSi SesagebliT gaeqarwylebina mosar-
Celis mier mis mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebi. mopasuxes aseve, SeeZlo moeTxova gonivruli
vada Sesageblisa da mtkicebulebebis wardgenisaTvis sapatio mizezis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi.
Sesageblis warudgenlobis gamo, dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotana ganpirobebulia
saproceso ekonomiis principiT, rac gulisxmobs saqmis droulad, gaWianurebis
gareSe gadawyvetas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gadawyvetileba, Tu igi ar gasaCivrebula, male
Sedis kanonier ZalaSi da misi aRsrulebac umokles vadaSi moxdeba.
s. d-Zem da l. m-Zem Seitanes sarCeli da aRniSnes, rom muSaobdnen zestafonis sajaro
skolaSi. s. d-Ze 1989 wlidan, xolo l. m-Ze 2006 wlis seqtembridan. isini gaTavisufldnen
Sromis kodeqsis 37-e, 38-e muxlebis safuZvelze, 2007 wlis 4 dekembris brZanebiT.
mosarCeleebma moiTxoves samuSaoze aRdgena da iZulebiTi ganacduris anazRaureba,
romelic 2007 wlis 16 noembramde TveSi 75 lars, xolo 2007 wlis 16 noembridan 80
lars Seadgenda.
zestafonis raionuli sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 28 maisis dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebiT
dakmayofilda s. d-Zisa da l. m-Zis sarCeli mopasuxis mier Sesageblis warudgenlobis
gamo. sajaro skolis direqtors daevala aRadginos mosarCeleebi sajaro skola-
Si damlageblis StatSi da aunazRaurdes TiToeuls 560 lari.
am gadawyvetilebaze saCivari Seitana zestafonis sajaro skolam, romelic ar dakmayofilda
zestafonis raionuli sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 19 ivnisis ganCinebiT.
sajaro skolam Seitana saapelacio saCivari, romelSic moiTxova dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis,
am gadawyvetilebis ZalaSi datovebis Sesaxeb ganCinebis gauqmeba da saqmis
ganxilva.
112

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 201-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `b~ punqtis mixedviT,
saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis momzadebis mizniT mosamarTle dauniSnavs mopasuxes
vadas, rom man werilobiT Seadginos Tavisi pasuxi (Sesagebeli) sarCelsa da masSi dasmul
kiTxvebze, agreTve Tavisi mosazrebebi sarCelisaTvis darTuli dokumentebis
Sesaxeb da isini sasamarTlos warudginos. daniSnuli vada ar unda aRematebodes 14
dRes, xolo rTuli kategoriis saqmeebze _ 21 dRes. am vadis gagrZeleba dauSvebelia,
garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac arsebobs sapatio mizezi. zestafonis raionuli
sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 8 maisis ganCinebiT, sajaro skolas Sesageblis warmodgenisaTvis
mieca 6 dRis vada sarCelisa da TandarTuli sabuTebis Cabarebidan.
gzavnili am ganCinebis Sesaxeb sajaro skolas Cabarda 2008 wlis 15 maiss.
mopasuxes Sesagebeli unda waredgina ara ugvines 21 maisisa. Sesagebeli wardgenil
iqna 28 maiss, roca gamovida dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 232 1 -e muxlis mixedviT, mopasuxis mier am kodeqsis
201-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT dadgenil vadaSi pasuxis (Sesageblis) warudgenlobisas, Tu
es gamowveulia arasapatio mizezebiT, mosamarTles zepiri mosmenis gareSe gamoaqvs
dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. amasTan, mosamarTle daakmayofilebs sarCels, Tu sar-
CelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebi iuridiulad amarTlebs sasarCelo moTxovnas, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo niSnavs mTavar sxdomas, ris Sesaxebac ecnobebaT mxareebs
am kodeqsis 70-78-e muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT. sxdomis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxisagan
mtkicebulebaTa miReba ar xdeba da sasamarTlo moismens mopasuxis mxolod
samarTlebriv mosazrebebs sasarCelo moTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT.
2008 wlis 19 ivnisis sasamarTlo sxdomaze, sajaro skolis direqtorma l. k-Zem ganmarta,
rom gzavnili Cabarda skolis biblioTekis gamges, romelmac sarCeli Tandar-
Tuli sabuTebiT mas dagvianebiT gadasca. arCevnebis dros igi dakavebuli iyo winasaar-
Cevno saqmianobiT da fizikurad skolaSi ar imyofeboda. hyavs saswavlo nawilis ori
gamge, romlebsac misi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi, aqvT misi uflebamosileba. gzavnili arc
mas da arc skolis kancelarias ar Cabarebia. mowmis saxiT dakiTxulma biblioTekis
gamgem n. z-Zem ganmarta, rom man gzavnili Caibara 15 maiss, ver naxa direqtori, xolo
paraskevs Tavad ar iyo samsaxurSi, radgan bavSvi hyavda wayvanili TbilisSi, samkurnalod
da samSabaTs dabrunda. sasamarTlo gzavnili direqtors 20 maiss Caabara.
aRniSnuli ganmartebiT dasturdeba, rom sajaro skolaSi ar arsebobs kancelaria.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 73-e muxlis me-8 nawilis meore winadadebis mixedviT,
organizaciisaTvis gagzavnili uwyeba unda Cabardes kancelarias an aseTive daniSnulebis
struqturul erTeuls, an pirs, xolo aseTis aryofnis SemTxvevaSi _ organizaciis
Sesabamis uflebamosil pirs, romelic uwyebas administracias gadascems.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi, radgan ar arsebobda kancelaria, saapelacio sasamarTlom
miiCnia, rom biblioTekis gamge ar unda CaiTvalos Sesabamis uflebamosil pirad, aseT
uflebamosil pirad iTvleba direqtori, an saswavlo nawilis gamge, romelTagan arcerTs
ar Cabarebia gzavnili. Sesabamisad, gzavnili ar aris Cabarebuli samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis 70-78-e muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT, amitom samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis 233-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `a~ punqtis Tanaxmad, ar arsebobda dauswrebeli
113

marTlmsajuleba
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gadawyvetilebis gamotanis safuZveli. amasTan, Sesagebeli wardgenil iqna 28 maiss,
roca dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba gamovida. aRniSnuli gulisxmobs, rom mopasuxes ar
daukargavs interesi aRniSnul sakiTxze, Sesageblis wardgena aRar gulisxmobs sarCelis
cnobis varauds.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 230-e muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT, Tu sarCelSi
miTiTebuli garemoebebi iuridiulad amarTleben sasarCelo moTxovnas, sarCeli dakmayofildeba.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo uars etyvis mosarCeles mis dakmayofilebaze.
apelanti SesagebelSi miuTiTebs, rom gaTavisuflebas safuZvlad daedo mosarCeleTa
mimarT Sedgenili 2007 wlis 20 noembris aqti, romlis mixedviT, isini nasvam
mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen, ris gamoc damlageblebis saqcieli scildeba yovelgvar
zneobas da morals, rac saskolo cxovrebisaTvis yovlad dauSvebeli da miuRebelia.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos unda Seemowmebina, iuridiulad ramdenad gamarTlebulia
mosarCeleTa sasarCelo moTxovnebi. 4
s/s `saqarTvelos sazRvao bankma~ sarCeliT mimarTa sasamarTlos da aRniSna, rom
2002 wlis 18 aprils, n. m-ma bankisagan aiRo krediti 3000 aSS dolari 28 TviT, TveSi 3%.
misi davalianeba Seadgens 758 aSS dolars.
mosarCelem moiTxova 758 aSS dolaris dabruneba.
qobuleTis raionuli sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 21 agvistos gadawyvetilebiT, sarCeli
ar dakmayofilda usafuZvlobisa da xandazmulobis gamo.
am gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba da sarCelis dakmayofileba moiTxova s/s `saqarTvelos
sazRvao bankma~.
saqmis masalebiT dadgenilia, rom 2002 wlis 18 aprils n. m-ma 2004 wlis 18 agvistomde
aiRo 28 Tvis vadiT krediti 3000 aSS dolaris 3%-is gadaxdiT.
s/s `saqarTvelos sazRvao banki~-s salikvidacio komisiis 2008 wlis 14 ivlisis
daskvniT, n. m-ma sesxi dafara 2004 wlis 29 seqtembers. vadiani saprocento davalianeba
2004 wlis 27 aprilidan 2004 wlis 29 seqtembramde Seadgens 758 aSS dolars.
qobuleTis raionul sasamarTloSi n. m-ma ganmarta, rom Tavdapirvelad, 3000 aSS
dolari gamoitana. Semdeg axali xelSekrulebiT daimata 3000 aSS dolari da gaxda
6000 aSS dolari. gacemuli kreditis Ziri da saprocento Tanxa gadaxdil iqna. bolo
Senatani 2006 wlis 11 seqtembers ganaxorciela. sul gadaxdili aqvs 10000 aSS dolari.
Tanxis Setanis qviTrebi ar gaaCnia. 2007 wlis martSi aiRo bankSi cnoba, rom ar hqonda
bankis davalianeba.
s/s `saqarTvelos sazRvao bankis~ likvidatoris 2007 wlis 4 aprilis cnobiT, n. m-ls
2007 wlis 4 aprilis mdgomareobiT s/s `saqarTvelos sazRvao bankSi~ sasesxo davalianeba
ar ericxeba.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 427-e muxlis mixedviT, valdebulebiTi urTierToba wydeba kreditoris
sasargeblod valdebulebis SesrulebiT. amave kodeqsis 429-e muxlis me-2
nawilis mixedviT, valis miRebis Sesaxeb Sedgenili dokumenti, sadac araferia naTqvami
procentis Sesaxeb, gulisxmobs, rom procentic gadaxdilia da fuladi valdebulebac
mTlianad Sewyvetilia.
114

sazRvao bankis likvidatoris mier gacemuli cnobidan gamomdinare, igulisxmeba,
rom valdebuleba mTlianad Sewyvetilia.
marTalia, pirvel instanciaSi mopasuxes Sesagebeli ar warudgenia, magram aRniSnuli
ar gulisxmobs sarCelis dakmayofilebas, radgan samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 232 1 -e
muxlis mixedviT, mosamarTle Sesageblis warudgenlobis gamo im SemTxvevaSi daakmayofilebs
sarCels, Tu sarCelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebi iuridiulad amarTlebs sasar-
Celo moTxovnas.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 427-e muxlis mixedviT, valdebulebiTi urTierToba wydeba
kreditoris sasargeblod valdebulebis SesrulebiT, xolo amave kodeqsis 429-e muxlis
me-2 nawilis mixedviT, valis miRebis Sesaxeb Sedgenili dokumenti, sadac araferia
naTqvami procentis Sesaxeb, gulisxmobs, rom procentic gadaxdilia da fuladi valdebulebac
mTlianad Sewyvetilia. ramdenadac mosarCelis mier gacemuli cnobiT mopasuxes
sasesxo davalianeba ar ericxeba, kreditis moTxovnis Sesaxeb sarCelSi miTiTebuli
garemoebebi iuridiulad ar amarTlebs sasarCelo moTxovnas. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 232 1 -e muxlis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos dauswrebeli
gadawyvetileba ki ar gamoaqvs Sesageblis warudgenlobis gamo, aramed niSnavs mTavar
sxdomas, ris Sesaxebac ecnobeba mxareebs am kodeqsis 70-78-e muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT.
sxdomis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxisagan mtkicebulebaTa miReba ar xdeba da sasar-
Celo moTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo moismens mopasuxis mxolod samarTlebriv
mosazrebas.
sasamarTlo sxdomaze mopasuxem ganmarta, rom man aiRo krediti, magram igi gadaixada
procentTan erTad.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 102-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT, TiToeulma
mxarem unda daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa da
Sesagebels.
amave kodeqsis me-4 muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT, samarTalwarmoeba mimdinareobs
SejibrebiTobis safuZvelze. mxareebi sargebloben Tanabari uflebebiTa da SesaZleblobebiT,
daasabuTon TavianTi moTxovnebi. mxareebi Tavad gansazRvraven, Tu romeli
faqtebi unda daedos safuZvlad maT moTxovnebs an romeli mtkicebulebebiT unda
dadasturdes es faqtebi.
am normebidan gamomdinare, mosarCelem Tavisi moTxovna Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebiT
unda daamtkicos. mocemul SemTxvevaSi s/s `saqarTvelos sazRvao bankma~ ver warmoadgina
mtkicebuleba davalianebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. bankma mxolod 2002 wlis 18 aprilis
#7 sakredito xelSekruleba warmoadgina.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 83-e muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT, mosarCeles ufleba
aqvs saqmis winaswari sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis, momzadebis damTavrebamde Seavsos
sarCelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebi da mtkicebulebebi.
amave kodeqsis 215-e muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT ki, mxareTa da maT warmomadgenelTa
Suamdgomlobebi da gancxadebebi axal mtkicebulebaTa warmodgenis an gamoTxovis
Sesaxeb, sasamarTlom SeiZleba ganixilos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqmis mosamzadebel
stadiaze, mxares ar SeeZlo maTi warmodgena. agreTve, Tu maT Sesaxeb misTvis
115

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obieqturi mizezebiT ver iqneboda cnobili da maTi warmodgenis safuZveli warmoiSva
mTavar sxdomaze, an mxarem sapatio mizeziT ver uzrunvelyo Sesabamisi Suamdgomlobebisa
da gancxadebebis warmodgena saqmis mosamzadebel stadiaze.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi mosarCelem mTavari sxdomis daniSvnis Semdeg, e.i. mosamzadebeli
etapis Semdeg, mTavar sxdomaze daayena Suamdgomloba damatebiTi xelSekrulebis
warmodgenis Sesaxeb. am xelSekrulebiT mopasuxes kidev aqvs damatebiT 3000 aSS dolari
aRebuli kreditis saxiT. mosarCelis mier ar yofila dasaxelebuli am mtkicebulebis
mosamzadebel etapze warudgenlobis sapatio mizezi.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 215-e muxlis me-3 nawilis mixedviT, am kanonis miznebisaTvis,
sapatio mizezad CaiTvleba mxaris mier Suamdgomlobisa da gancxadebis wardgenis
SeuZlebloba, rac gamowveulia avadmyofobiT, axlo naTesavis gardacvalebiT an
sxva gansakuTrebuli obieqturi garemoebiT, romelic misgan damoukidebeli mizeziT
SeuZlebels xdis sasamarTlo procesze gamocxadebas anda Suamdgomlobisa da gancxadebis
wardgenas. avadmyofoba dadasturebul unda iyos samedicino dawesebulebis
xelmZRvanelis mier xelmowerili dokumentiT.
saqmis masalebiT ar dasturdeba mosarCelisa da misi warmomadgenlis avadmyofoba.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 31-e muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT, naTesavebad iTvlebian:
meuRle, daniSnuli, pirdapiri xazis naTesavebi, da-Zma, disSvilebi da ZmisSvilebi,
mSoblebis da-Zmebi, danaTesavebulebi (moyvrebi), pirebi, romlebic xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi ojaxuri urTierTobiT arian dakavSirebulni. saqmis masalebiT
ar dasturdeba mosarCelis an misi warmomadgenlis naTesavis gardacvaleba, aseTi garemoeba
mis mier arc yofila dasaxelebuli.
2002 wlis 18 aprilis #7 sakredito xelSekrulebis 2002 wlis 29 maisis #1 damatebiT
gansazRvrulia kidev 3000 aSS dolaris kreditis gacema mopasuxeze, rac sulac ar
amtkicebs mopasuxis mier kreditis daubruneblobas.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 102-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT, TiToeulma
mxarem unda daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa da
Sesagebels.
pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi mosarCelis warmomadgenelma ganmarta, rom mopasuxes
unda warmoedgina gadaxdis qviTrebi, radgan mtkicebis tvirTi garkveuli Tanxis
gadaxdiT ekisreba mopasuxes. is, rom valdebuleba Sesrulebuli aqvs, mopasuxem unda
daamtkicos. banki Setanil Tanxaze qviTars ar iZleva.
iseT SemTxvevaSi, roca banki Setanil Tanxaze qviTars ar iZleva, am TvalsazrisiT,
mopasuxeze mtkicebis tvirTis gadakisreba aramarTebulia.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 232 1 -e muxlis bolo winadadebis mixedviT, Sesageblis
warudgenlobis SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxisagan mtkicebulebaTa miReba ar xdeba da
sasamarTlo moismens mopasuxis mxolod samarTlebriv mosazrebas sasarCelo moTxovnasTan
dakavSirebiT. marTalia, mopasuxis mier ar yofila Sesagebeli wardgenili pirveli
instanciis sasamarTloSi, aseve ar yofila wardgenili mosarCelis mier gacemuli
cnoba sasesxo davalianebis ararsebobis Sesaxeb da igi mxolod saapelacio saCivarze
Semotanil Sesagebels daurTo, magram, rogorc aRiniSna, samoqalaqo saproceso
116

kodeqsis me-4 muxlisa da 102-e muxlis pirveli nawilebidan gamomdinare, mosarCelis
mier ar yofila wardgenili mtkicebulebebi mopasuxis mier valdebulebis Seusruleblobis
Sesaxeb. ramdenadac mosarCelis mier gacemuli cnobiT dasturdeba valdebulebis
Sesruleba, marTalia, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 232 1 -e muxlis bolo
winadadebis mixedviT, Sesageblis warudgenlobis SemTxvevaSi, ar xdeba mtkicebulebaTa
miReba da sasamarTlo moismens mopasuxis mxolod samarTlebriv mosazrebebs sasarCelo
moTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT, magram am cnobis gauTvaliswinebloba gamoiwvevs mopasuxisaTvis
ukve gadaxdili Tanxis kvlav gadaxdis davaldebulebas, rac ewinaaRmdegeba
evropis konvenciis me 6 muxliT gansazRvrul samarTliani sasamarTlos princips. 5
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 232 1 -e muxlis mixedviT, Sesageblis warudgenlobis
miuxedavad, Tu sarCelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebi iuridiulad ar amarTlebs sasarCelo
moTxovnas, sasamarTlo niSnavs mTavar sxdomas. aseT dros mopasuxisagan mtkicebulebebis
miReba ar xdeba da sasamarTlo misgan mxolod samarTlebriv mosazrebebs ismens.
mTavar sxdomaze mopasuxis mtkicebulebaTa miuRebloba ganpirobebulia saqmis
gaWianurebis Tavidan acilebiT. amasTan, Tanaxmad, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 102-e
muxlis pirveli nawilisa, TiToeulma mxarem unda daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzedac
igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebs. ramdenadac, sarCelze darTuli mtkicebulebebi
Sesageblisa da sapirispiro mtkicebulebebis warudgenlobis miuxedavad, sasarCelo
moTxovnas iuridiulad ar amarTlebs, sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ara dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba
mopasuxis winaaRmdeg, aramed Cveulebrivi gadawyvetileba sarCelis
daukmayofileblobis Sesaxeb, rac SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saapelacio wesiT.
mTavar sxdomaze mopasuxis mtkicebulebaTa miReba ar xdeba imis gamoc, rom sasar-
Celo moTxovna isedac gaumarTlebelia iuridiulad, anu usafuZvloa da igi ar dakmayofildeba.
SesaZloa, sarCelSi gaerTianebuli iyos ramdenime moTxovna, romelTagan erTi SeiZleba
amarTlebdes iuridiulad sasarCelo moTxovnas, xolo meore _ ara. aseT dros
mainc Cveulebrivi gadawyvetileba unda gamovides sarCelis nawilobriv dakmayofilebis
Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli pirdapir gamomdinareobs samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 232 1 -e
muxlidan, romlis mixedviT, arasapatio mizeziT pasuxis (Sesageblis) warudgenlobisas
mosamarTles gamoaqvs dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba sarCelis dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb,
Tu masSi miTiTebuli garemoebebi iuridiulad amarTlebs sasarCelo moTxovnas.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo niSnavs mTavar sxdomas.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, mosarCeles SeuZlia Seitanos saapelacio saCivari sarCelis
daukmayofileblobis nawilSi, an mxolod erTi mxaris mier saapelacio saCivris Setanis
SemTxvevaSi, meore mxares SeuZlia Seitanos Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari saapelacio
saCivris gadacemidan aTi dRis vadaSi.
sasarCelo moTxovnis iuridiulad gaumarTleblobis SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdebelma
albaT, imitom CaTvala saWirod zepiri mosmena, rom dava wydeba arsebiTad, magram aRniSnuli
dasabuTebul argumentad ar migvaCnia, radgan Sesageblis arasapatio mizeziT
warudgenlobisas, mopasuxis winaaRmdeg zepiri mosmenis gareSe miRebuli dauswrebeli
gadawyvetilebiTac dava arsebiTad gadawyvetilad iTvleba. dauswrebeli gadawyveti-
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lebis gausaCivreblobis an saCivris daukmayofileblobisas, dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis
kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg dava mocemul mxareebs Soris sabolood, dam-
Tavrebulad iTvleba da igi iseve aRsruldeba saaRsrulebo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb kanoniT
dadgenili wesiT, rogorc Cveulebrivi gadawyvetileba. am dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis
kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 266-e
muxlis Tanaxmad, mxareebs da maT uflebamonacvleebs ar SeuZliaT xelaxla ganacxadon
sasamarTloSi igive sasarCelo moTxovnebi imave safuZvelze. agreTve, sadavo gaxadon
sxva procesSi gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili faqtebi da samarTlebrivi urTierTobani.
Sesageblis warudgenlobisas, rodesac sasarCelo moTxovna mTlianad an nawilobriv
iuridiulad gaumarTlebelia, saproceso ekonomiis principidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilad
migvaCnia sasamarTlom gadawyvetileba zepiri mosmenis gareSe gamoitanos.
aseT gadawyvetilebaze mosarCeles SeuZlia Seitanos saapelacio saCivari, xolo Tu
sarCeli nawilobriv dakmayofilda, am nawilSi gasaCivrebis ufleba aqvs mopasuxes
saapelacio wesiT. sarCelis nawilobriv dakmayofilebisas erTi mxaris mier saapelacio
saCivris Setanis SemTxvevaSi, meore mxares SeuZlia am saCivris miRebidan aT dReSi
Seitanos Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari. zepiri mosmenis gareSe gadawyvetilebis gamotana
ar ewinaaRmdegeba SejibrebiTobis princips, radgan dispoziciurobis principiT,
mosarCelem Tavad miiRo gadawyvetileba sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanis Sesaxeb, xolo
SejibrebiTobis principidan gamomdinare, TviTon gansazRvra, Tu romeli mtkicebulebebiT
unda dadasturebuliyo sarCelSi miTiTebuli faqtebi. aRniSnuli mtkicebulebebi
ar aRmoCnda utyuari an sakmarisi, xolo sasarCelo moTxovna iuridiulad gamarTlebuli.
swored amitom gamoaqvs sasamarTlos ara dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba mopasuxis
winaaRmdeg, aramed Cveulebrivi gadawyvetileba sarCelis dakmayofilebaze uaris
Tqmis an nawilobriv dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb. Tu saqmis garemoebebis garkvevisaTvis
saWiroa mxareTa axsna-ganmartebebis mosmena, sasamarTlos SeuZlia daadginos saqmis
zepiri mosmena, magram maTma gamoucxadeblobam ar unda daabrkolos sakiTxis gadawyveta.
zepiri mosmenis dros sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos mtkicebulebebi, radgan mosamzadebel
etapze mopasuxem ar waradgina. aseT SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo moismens mxolod
samarTlebriv mosazrebebs orive mxarisagan sasarCelo moTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 232 1 -e muxlSi daSvebulia redaqciuli xasiaTis Secdoma,
rom sasamarTlos dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba gamoaqvs mopasuxis mier am kodeqsis
201-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT dadgenil vadaSi Sesageblis warudgenlobisas. Sesageblis
wardgenis vada sinamdvileSi gansazRvrulia 201-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `b~ punqtiT,
meore nawiliT ki gansazRvrulia, Tu ra unda eweros SesagebelSi.
yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 232 1 -e muxli, Cveni
azriT, unda Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:
`muxli 232 1 . mopasuxis mier Sesageblis warudgenlobis Sedegebi
1. mopasuxis mier am kodeqsis 201-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `b~ punqtiT dadgenil
vadaSi Sesageblis arasapatio mizeziT warudgenlobisas, Tu sarCelSi miTiTebuli
faqtobrivi garemoebebi iuridiulad amarTlebs sasarCelo moTxovnas, sasamarTlos
118

zepiri mosmenis gareSe gamoaqvs dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba sarCelis dakmayofilebis
Sesaxeb Sesageblis warudgenlobis gamo.
2. Sesageblis arasapatio mizeziT warudgenlobis miuxedavad, sasarCelo moTxovnis
mTlianad an nawilobriv iuridiulad gaumarTleblobis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos zepiri
mosmenis gareSe gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba sarCelis daukmayofileblobis an nawilobriv
dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlos SeuZlia daadginos saqmis zepiri ganxilva,
Tu es saWiroa da xels Seuwyobs saqmis garemoebebis garkvevas, ris Sesaxebac mxareebs
ecnobebaT am kodeqsis 70-78-e muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT, magram maTi gamoucxadebloba
ar daabrkolebs sasamarTlos mier sakiTxis gadawyvetas.
3. sxdomis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi, mxareebisagan mtkicebulebaTa miReba aRar xdeba
da sasamarTlo moismens mxolod maT samarTlebriv mosazrebebs sasarCelo moTxovnas-
Tan dakavSirebiT.
4. sarCelis daukmayofileblobis an nawilobriv dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb miRebul
gadawyvetilebaze SeiZleba saapelacio saCivris Setana.
SeniSvnebi:
1
Tengiz liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, gamomcemloba `jisi-ai~,
Tb., 2005, gv. 323-324; Tengiz liluaSvili, valeri xrustali, saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis komentari, meore gamocema, gamomcemloba
`samarTali~, Tb, 2007, gv. 358-359.
2
avTandil kobaxiZe, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, gamomcemloba
`saqarTvelos macne~, Tb., 2003. gv. 305.
3
hain boelingi, dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanasTan dakavSirebuli
procesis ZiriTadi principebi, bremeni, 2008 wlis maisi.
4
quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 15 seqtembris ganCineba, #2/
b-586-08w., zestafonis raionuli sasamarTlos arqivi.
5
quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 8 dekembris ganCineba, #2/b-
857-08w., qobuleTis raionuli sasamarTlos arqivi.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Tengiz liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, gamomcemloba `jisiai~,
Tb., 2005;
2. Tengiz liluaSvili, valeri xrustali, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis komentari, meore gamocema, gamomcemloba `samarTali~, Tb,
2007;
3. avTandil kobaxiZe, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali., gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos
macne~, Tb., 2003;
4. hain boelingi, dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanasTan dakavSirebuli
procesis ZiriTadi principebi, bremeni, 2008 wlis maisi;
5. quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 15 seqtembris ganCineba, #2/
b-586-08 w., zestafonis raionuli sasamarTlos arqivi;
6. quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 8 dekembris ganCineba, #2/b-
857-08 w., qobuleTis raionuli sasamarTlos arqivi.
119

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
Results
of Not Filing
the Response
(Objection)
PRIDON BASILAIA
Assistant Professor at
Kutaisi Ak. Tsereteli State University
According to Article 232 1 of the Civil Procedure Code of Georgia if the
failure of the defendant to file a response (objection) within the term specified
in Subparagraph 2, Article 201 of this Code is due to an invalid reason the
judge issues a default judgment without an oral hearing. Besides, if the facts
indicated in the action justify the claim, the judge will satisfy the claim. If not,
the court appoints a main session about which the parties are notified according
to Article 70-78 of the Code. In case of holding the session no evidences
from the defendant are received and the court will hear only the defendant’s
legal opinions concerning the claim.
According to the first sentence of Article 232 1 of the Civil Procedure Code
of Georgia, if the failure of the defendant to file a response (objection) within
the term specified in Subparagraph 2, Article 201 of this Code is due to an
invalid reason the judge shall issue a default judgment without an oral hearing.
In case the objection is not filed due to an invalid reason the underlying
assumption is that the defendant admits the facts indicated in the action. In
such a case issuing a default judgment does not contradict the principles of
adversary and equality of the parties because the defendant, when accepting
the claim with the enclosed materials, is presented with all the opportunities
to disproof the claims made against him by the plaintiff within the term defined
120

in Item B of Article 201 of the Civil Procedure Code, and given by the court. The defendant, if there is a valid
reason, is also authorized to request a reasonable term in order to submit the objection and evidences.
In case of the failure to file an objection, a default judgment is issued based on the principle of procedural
economy, which means that the case shall be adjudicated in a timely manner without a delay. In such a case if the
default judgment is not appealed, it comes into legal force quickly and is executed in the shortest period.
Under Article 232 1 of the Civil Procedure Code, notwithstanding the failure to file an objection, if the facts
indicated in the action do not legally justify the claim, the court appoints a main session. At this stage the evidences
are not accepted from the defendant and the court only hears the legal opinions of the defendant.
The evidences from the defendant are not accepted at the main session in order to prevent the delay in adjudicating
the case. Further, under Paragraph 1 of Article 102 of the Civil Procedure Code, each party shall prove the facts
on which his/her claims and objections are based. As long as the evidences enclosed with the claim, notwithstanding
the failure to file an objection and contradictory evidences, does not legally justify the claim, the court issues not
a default judgment against the defendant but a regular judgment on refusal to satisfy the claim. An appeal may be
filed against this judgment.
The evidences from the defendant are not also accepted at the main session because the claim is not legally
justified anyway, i.e. is groundless and it will not be satisfied.
It is possible that one of the several claims be combined in one action out of which only one justifies legally the
claim and the others do not. This is directly related to Article 232 1 of Civil Procedure Code according to which in
case of the failure to file a response (objection) without an invalid reason, the judge issues a default judgment on
satisfying the claim provided that the facts indicated therein legally justify the claim; otherwise the court appoints
a main session.
In this case the plaintiff may file an appeal against the refusal to satisfy the claim, or if only one of the parties file
an appeal, the other party may file a counter appeal within the ten days after the receipt of the appeal of the other
party.
Perhaps, the legislator considered the appointment of the oral hearing necessary, provided that the action does not
legally justify the claim, since the case is adjudicated on the merits. Though, I do not consider it to be a legitimate
argument because in case of the failure to file an objection without a valid reason, the default judgment issued
without an oral hearing, shall be also considered to be adjudication on the merits. If the default judgment is not
appealed or if the claim is not satisfied, after the default judgment comes into legal effect, the adjudication of a
matter is considered to be final and it will be executed like a regular judgment according to the procedures established
by the law. After the default judgment comes into effect according to Article 266 of Civil Procedure Code, the
parties and their legal successors may not submit the same claims on the same grounds to the court or contest the
facts and legal relationship which were established in the other civil matter by a court judgment.
121

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
sabaJo reJimebis
klasifikaciis
samarTlebrivi
aspeqtebi
ia xarazi
saqarTvelos saaviacio universitetis
samarTlis fakultetis programuli mimarTulebis
xelmZRvaneli, sruli profesori
nato uerTaSvili
saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da marTvis
qarTul-britanuli universitetis magistri
Temur gergedava
gr. robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis
iuridiuli fakultetis magistri
sabaJo reJimebis klasifikacia SesaZlebelia ramdenime
niSnis mixedviT, romelTagan zogierTi maTgani gvxvdeba
mecnierul da samecniero praqtikuli xasiaTis SromebSi,
xolo zogierTi niSani sxvadasxva avtorTa mier
pirveladaa gamoyofili. rogorc marTebulad aris aRniSnuli
literaturaSi, calke jgufad sabaJo reJimebis
gamoyofas an tipebad dayofas iuridiuli mniSvneloba
aqvs uwinaresad, sabaJo regulirebis meqanizmSi, maTi rolis
garkvevisa da samarTlebrivi reglamentaciis sxvadasxva
aspeqtis ufro detalurad SeswavlisaTvis.
SesaZlebelia sabaJo reJimebis klasifikacia Semdegi
saxiT warmovadginoT, sxvadasxva mecnierTa mosazrebebiT:
pirvel jgufSi avtorebi aerTianeben reJimebs, romlebic
gamoiyeneba sxva qveynebSi saqarTvelos organi-
122

zaciebis mier saqonlis gayidvisa da saqarTvelos momxmarebelTa saWiroebisaTvis da
saqonlis SeZenasTan dakavSirebuli sagareo savaWro operaciebis ZiriTadi moculobis
ganxorcielebas Seuwyobs xels. aseT sabaJo reJimebs miekuTvneba saqonlis Tavisufal
mimoqcevaSi gaSveba (importi), eqsporti, droebiTi Semotana.
meore jgufs, avtorTa azriT, Seadgenen sabaJo reJimebi, romlis drosac sabaJo
sazRvarze saqonlis gadaadgilebisas mas Tan axlavs misi gadamaadgilebeli pirebisaTvis
sabaJo organoebis mxridan garkveuli momsaxurebis gaweva. am sabaJo reJimis
magaliTia sabaJo sawyobi.
gansaxilveli klasifikaciis mesame jgufSi Sesulia sabaJo reJimebi, romlebSic
Tavsdeba saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvarze gadasazidi saqoneli sxva qveynebSi misi gadamuSavebisaTvis.
magaliTad, gadamuSaveba saqarTvelos teritoriaze da sabaJo teritoriis
gareT.
meoTxe jgufs warmoadgenen sabaJo reJimebi, romelTa Sesabamisad, xorcieldeba
sazRvris gareT arsebuli saxelmwifos organizaciebis saWiro materialuri resursebiT
uzrunvelyofa. aseve, saxelmwifoSi damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis Tanamegobrobis
wevrebisaTvis samecniero sawarmoo da sxva saqmianobisaTvis gankuTvnili saqonlis
miwodeba. magaliTad, postsabWoTa respublikebSi calkeuli saqonlis gatanis reJimi
(saqarTveloSi aseTi sabaJo reJimi ar moqmedebs).
mexuTe jgufs avtorebma miakuTvnes sabaJo reJimebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba sagareoekonomikuri
operaciebis Sewyvetisas. kerZod, saxelwifo sazRvarze saqonlis realizaciis
SeuZleblobasTan an araefeqtianobasTan dakavSirebiT (adre es iyo saqonlis
ganadgurebis da saxelmwifos sasargeblod saqonelze uaris Tqmis sabaJo reJimebi,
romlebic saqarTvelos dRes moqmedi sabaJo kodeqsiT sabaJo reJimebs aRar ganekuTvneba,
igi saqonlis damuSavebis operaciebSi Sedis).
damoukidebeli reJimis saxiT, avtorTa mier (rusi avtorebi) SemoTavazebulia
transportis sabaJo reJimis gamoyofa, romlis drosac saqonels arc iZenen da arc mis
realizacias axdenen saxelmwifo organizaciebSi, aramed igi gadakveTs saxelmwifos
sabaJo sazRvars erTi ucxo saxelmwifodan meoreSi saqonlis mitanis mizniT.
gadmocemuli klasifikacia, Cveni azriT, saeWvoa warmatebuli iyos.
Cveulebriv, klasifikaciaSi moiazreba myari codnis sistematizacia. logikis mecnierebis
mixedviT, klasifikacia warmoadgens cnebaTa dayofis erT-erT saxes. amasTan,
klasifikaciis ganxorcielebisas, saWiroa dayofis wesebis dacva.
migvaCnia, rom jer erTi, dayofa unda moxdes TiToeuli safuZvlis mixedviT. swored
am wesis daucvelobam gamoiwvia klasifikaciaSi sxva Secdomebis daSvebac. safuZvelSi
moiazreba cnebis niSani, romlis Tanaxmad, ukanaskneli miekuTvneba ama Tu im jgufs
(dayofis wevrebs). moyvanil klasifikaciaSi SeiZleba dayofis niSnebis gansxvaveba ramdenime
safuZvliT, dawyebuli sagareo-ekonomikuri operaciebis ganxorcielebis stadiebiT,
saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvarze gadaadgilebis miznebiT da sabaJo reJimis farglebSi
sabaJo organos mxridan garkveuli momsaxurebis gaweviT.
meore, dayofis wevrebi erTmaneTs ar unda gamoricxavdes, rac klasifikaciaSi ar
SeimCneva.
123

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
mesame, dayofa uwyveti unda iyos.
zemoT mocemul klasifikaciaSi SeimCneva dayofaSi `naxtomebi~. Cveni azriT, sabaJo
reJimebi jer unda dayofiliyo sagareo-ekonomikuri operaciebis ganxorcielebisas
da maTi Sewyvetisas gamoyenebul reJimebad, xolo amis Semdeg, gamoyofiliyo sabaJo
reJimebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba sagareo-savaWro operaciebis ganxorcielebis dros. 1
garkveul interess iwvevs d. n. baxraxisa da s. v. kivalovis mier SemoTavazebuli
sabaJo reJimebis sistema, romlebic erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben saerTo da specialur
sabaJo reJimebs. avtorTa azriT, saerTo sabaJo reJimi unda gavigoT rogorc iuridiuli
normebiT dadgenili wesebis erToblioba, romlebic sabaJo sazRvarze saqonlisa da
satransporto saSualebebis gadaadgilebis saqmianobas aregulirebs. 2
saerTo sabaJo reJimis nairsaxeobebs SeRavaTiani (fizikuri pirebis mier arakomerciuli
mizniT saqonlis gatana, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis safuZvelze saeqsportosaimporto
operaciebi da sxv.), Cveulebrivi da gaZlierebuli (strategiuli saqonlis,
kulturul faseulobaTa, valutisa da sxv.) reJimebi miekuTvneba. orientiris niSnis
mixedviT, d. n. baxraxi da s. v. kivalovi saerTo sabaJo reJims hyofen saqonlis reJimebad,
satransporto saSualebebis reJimebad da valutisa da savaluto faseulobaTa
reJimebad, romelTagan Tavis mxriv, dasaSvebia ufro viwro kategoriis _ saqonlis gamoyofa.
specialur sabaJo reJimebs baxraxi da kivalovi hyofen saeqsporto, saimporto da
Sereuli, vadiani da uvado, aseve, uSualod moqmed reJimebad. isini mxolod saqonelzea
gankuTvnili da gamoyenebulia rogorc saqonlis, aseve satransporto saSualebebis
mimarT.
d. n. baxraxisa da s. v. kivalovis mier motanili sabaJo reJimebis sistemis azris
gasarkvevad, unda mivmarToT avtorebis mier samarTlebrivi reJimis aseT ganmartebas:
`samarTlebriv reJimSi miiCneva iuridiul normebSi ganmtkicebuli wesebis erToblioba,
romelic adamianTa gansazRvrul saqmianobas aregulirebs~. amasTan, maTi azriT,
specialuri regulireba dakavSirebulia am saqmianobis obieqtTan (narkotikuli, avtosatransporto
saSualebebis, kulturul faseulobaTa da sxva reJimi), misi ganxorcielebis
drosa da adgilTan, maTi moqmedebebis specifikasTan, xolo ufro xSirad, am
faqtorebis SexamebasTan. arsebiTad, avtorebi samarTlebriv reJims gansazRvraven far-
To da viwro gagebiT. zogad samarTlebriv reJims ganixilaven rogorc krebsiT cnebas,
romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs yvela specialur samarTlebriv reJims, adareben maT
rogorc zogad da kerZo reJims.
erTi mxriv, samarTlebrivi reJimis aseTi gageba, aseve avtorebis miTiTeba, rom saqoneli
sabaJo reJimSi xvdeba saxelmwifos sabaJo sazRvris gadakveTis momentidan misi
Semotanisas, xolo gatanisas _ sabaJo gaformebidanve 3 an sabaJo kontrolis zonaSi
moTavsebis momentidan _ iZleva varaudis safuZvels, rom Tanaavtorebi saerTod, specialur
reJimebs ganixilaven rogorc saerTo sabaJo reJims sityvis farTo da viwro
mniSvnelobiT.
meore mxriv, motanili magaliTebi SesaZleblobas iZleva davaskvnaT, rom avtorebis
mier saerTo sabaJo reJimi ganixileba raRac ufro meti, vidre sabaJo reJimi farTo
124

mniSvnelobiT, romelic specialur sabaJo reJimTan damokidebulia, rogorc zogadi
kerZosTan, agreTve is Tavis TavSi Seicavs sxva komponentebsac.
amrigad, mocemuli sistema winaaRmdegobrivad gvesaxeba. SesaZloa am winaaRmdegobis
erT-erTi mizezi iyos saerTo sabaJo reJimis sailustraciod arazustad motanili magaliTebi.
ase, magaliTad, cxadia, rom saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze,
saeqsporto-saimporto operaciebis ganxorcielebisas saqonlis moTavsebasTan dakav-
SirebiT, SeRavaTebi eZlevaT ara marto gansazRvrul sabaJo reJimSi. saxelmwifos saba-
Jo sazRvarze kulturuli faseulobani gadaadgildeba am kategoriis saqonlisaTvis
dadgenili wesisa da arCeuli sabaJo reJimis Sesabamisad. Tu mainc motanili magaliTebis
siswores daveTanxmebiT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom saerTo da specialuri reJimebi
erTi meorisagan damoukideblad arsebobs, rac ar gulisxmobs erTiani sistemis
farglebSi maT ganxilvas.
dabolos, k.g. borisovi damxmare saxelmZRvaneloSi _ `saerTaSoriso sabaJo samar-
Tali~, 4 aRniSnavs, rom `saerTaSoriso sabaJo urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi regulirebis
sistema ganixileba rogorc sagareo-ekonomikuri saqmianobis monawileTa komerciuli
sawarmoo da satransporto saqmianobasTan sabaJo-ekonomikuri reJimis er-
Toblioba~.
konkretuli sabaJo reJimebis ekonomikur reJimebad mikuTvnebisas fuZemdebluri
kriteriumebis saxiT, miuTiTeben Semdeg specifikur Tvisebebs:
ekonomikuri mniSvnelobisa da dasabuTebis arseboba (ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT
da maTSi saqonlis moTavsebis nomenklaturisagan damoukideblad);
Sesabamisoba specifikur situaciebTan, romlebic dakavSirebulia Sromis saerTaSoriso
danawilebasTan da erovnuli bazrebis gaxsnasTan, mrewvelobis, vaWrobis da
a.S. ganviTarebisaTvis damatebiTi SesaZleblobebis SeqmnasTan;
miznobrivi, individualizebuli da pirobiTi xasiaTi. es imiT gamoixateba, rom saerTo
wesiT ekonomikuri sabaJo reJimebi, jer erTi, nebas iZleva mxolod zustad gansaz-
Rvruli mizniT saqonlis gamoyenebisa, xolo meorec, misTvis sasurveli reJimi specialurad
unda gamoiTxovos pirma, romelsac gadaaqvs saqoneli. amasTan, sabaJo
reJimiT sargeblobis nebarTva gaicema beneficiarisaTvis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad;
beneficiarisaTvis sabaJo reJimis micema mis mier yvela gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis
Sesrulebisas, winaswar gansazRvruli ekonomikuri sargeblobisa da upiratesobis
sabaJo SeRavaTebis micemis gziT, aseve, ekonomikuri politikis zomebis
gamouyenebloba (raodenobrivi SezRudvebis licenzirebis wesis da sagareo-ekonomikuri
saqmianobis arasatarifo regulirebis sxva saSualebebi).
yvela ekonomikuri sabaJo reJimis mizania gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri amocanebis
gadawyveta da sabolood, igi pirdapir Tu arapirdapir dakavSirebulia komerciuli
saqmianobis ganxorcielebasTan.
ekonimikuri xasiaTis sabaJo reJimebi maTi daniSnulebis mixedviT dayofilia sam
etapad:
sawyobSi moTavseba (saqoneli inaxeba ucvlel mdgomareobaSi sxvadasxva sabaJo daniSnulebis
molodinSi samewarmeo gamoyenebis gareSe, garda zogierTi operaciisa,
125

marTlmsajuleba
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da
kanoni
romelic uzrunvelyofs aseT Senaxvas an Semdgom gamoyenebas, kerZod, xelaxali
SefuTva, daxarisxeba da a.S);
saqonlis gamoyeneba (saqoneli SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes daniSnulebisamebr, magram
aseTi gamoyeneba nebismier SemTxvevaSi, gamoricxavs saqonlis gadamuSavebisa da damuSavebis
operacias da ar unda gamoiwvios misi mdgomareobis Secvla, bunebrivi
danakargisa da cveTis garda);
gadamuSaveba (saqoneli gamoiyeneba misi damuSavebisa da gadamuSavebis gansakuTrebuli
operaciebis Casatareblad am saqonlis mdgomareobis sruli an nawilobrivi
Secvlis mizniT).
calkeul jgufad ekonomikuri sabaJo reJimebis gamoyofa SeimCneva evrosabWos sabaJo
kanonmdeblobaSic. damaxasiaTebelia is, rom arc evrosabWos sabaJo kodeqsidan,
arc misi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebidan ar Cans is kriteriumebi, romlebic safuZveli
gaxda ekonomikuri jgufisadmi konkretuli sabaJo reJimis mikuTvnebisas; evrosabWos
sabaJo kanonmdebloba ar Seicavs ekonomikuri sabaJo reJimis gansazRvrebas,
aramed mxolod moaqvs maTi CamonaTvali.
evrosabWos sabaJo kodeqsis Sesabamisad, ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis sabaJo reJimebs
miekuTvneba sabaJo sawyobi, aqtiuri gadamuSaveba, sabaJo kontroliT gadamuSaveba, 5
pasiuri gadamuSaveba, droebiTi gamoyeneba. `ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis sabaJo reJimis~
cnebasTan erTad evrosabWos sabaJo kodeqsi Seicavs cnebas `sabaJo gadasaxadebisagan
gaTavisuflebuli sabaJo reJimi~, romelsac zemoT CamoTvlili reJimebis garda
miekuTvneba tranzitic. am kategoriis sabaJo reJimebis samarTlebriv reglamentacias
eZRvneba evropis sabWos sabaJo kodeqsis 84-160-e muxlebi da misi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb
dadgenilebis 309-787-e muxlebi, aseve, sabaJo procedurebis gamartivebisa da harmonizaciis
Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso konvenciis Sesabamisi danarTebi (kioto, 1973). ekonomikuri
mniSvnelobis sabaJo reJimebis da sabaJo gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisuflebuli
sabaJo reJimis calkeul jgufebad gamoyofas praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs maTi samarTlebrivi
regulirebisaTvis, rac gamoixateba am reJimebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb zogadi
sabaJo debulebebis arsebobiT, kerZod:
ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis sabaJo reJimis gamoyeneba moiTxovs sabaJo organoebis
nebarTvis miRebas (evrosabWos sabaJo kodeqsi, muxli 85);
sabaJo organoebs SeuZliaT gansazRvron sabaJo gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisuflebul
reJimSi saqonlis moTavsebaze nebarTvis gacema uzrunvelyofis micemiT, rac garantias
iZleva sabaJo valis gadaxdisa, romelic SeiZleba warmoiSvas mocemuli saqonlis
mimarT (evrosabWos sabaJo kodeqsi, muxli 88);
sabaJo gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisuflebuli sabaJo reJimi da ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis
sabaJo reJimi mTavrdeba, rodesac am reJimSi moTavsebuli saqoneli an misi gadamuSavebis
produqtebi formdeba sabaJo mimarTvaSi (evrosabWos sabaJo kodeqsi, muxli 89);
ekonomikuri sabaJo reJimis mflobelis uflebebi da movaleobebi SeiZleba gadaeces
sxva pirs, sabaJo organos mier dadgenili winapirobebis dacvis dros. amasTan, es
piri valdebuli iqneba Seasrulos mocemuli sabaJo reJimis mimarT moqceuli
winapirobebi (evrosabWos sabaJo kodeqsi, muxli 91). 6
126

qarTul sabaJo literaturaSi formalur-iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, gamoiyeneba
sabaJo reJimebis msgavsi dayofa, Tumca, dadgenilia maTi analogiuri tipebi, maT Soris,
ekonomikuri xasiaTis.
saqonlis moZraobis mimarTulebis mixedviT sabaJo reJimebi SeiZleba daiyos Setanis,
gatanis, gadazidvis da kombinirebulad. sabaJo reJimis pirvel jgufs, romelic gulisxmobs
saqarTveloSi saqonlis Setanas, SeiZleba miekuTvnos Tavisufali mimoqcevisaTvis
gaSveba, sabaJo teritoriaze gadamuSaveba, droebiTi Semotana. meore jgufis sabaJo
reJimebis magaliTia eqsporti. mesame jgufs Seadgens transportis sabaJo reJimi. kombinirebul
sabaJo reJimebs miekuTvneba sabaJo sawyobi.
zogierTi sabaJo reJimis gamoyeneba SezRudulia gansazRvruli teritoriiT. ker-
Zod, sabaJo sawyobis teritoriiT. aseTi reJimis moTxovnebiT gaTvaliswinebul teritoriaze
saqonlis moTavseba da arseboba reJimis moqmedebis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi,
agreTve am teritoriidan saqonlis gatana rogorc wesi, moiTxovs sabaJo reJimis
Secvlas an saqonlis moTavsebas droebiTi Senaxvis sawyobSi, romlis mflobelia
sabaJo organo.
sabaJo reJimSi saqonlis da satransporto saSualebebis SesaZlo yofnis periodis
mixedviT ganasxvaveben vadian da uvado sabaJo reJimebs. uvado xasiaTis sabaJo reJims
miekuTvneba Tavisufal mimoqcevaSi gaSveba, eqsporti. Secdoma iqneboda vivaraudoT,
rom pirs nebismier dros ufleba aqvs Secvalos erTi sabaJo reJimi meoreTi (sabaJo
reJimis Tavisufali arCevisa da Secvlis principi), magram am SemTxvevaSi, ganxorcieldeba
piris ufleba daamTavros sabaJo reJimis moqmedeba, magram ara movaleoba. am azriT,
uvado xasiaTis reJimebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc damTavrebuli ‘myari~ saba-
Jo reJimebi. danarCeni sabaJo reJimebis gamoyenebis dro garkveuli periodiTaa SezRuduli.
ase, magaliTad, saerTod sabaJo sawyobSi saqonlis Senaxvis vada ar aris SezRuduli,
magram saqarTvelos finansTa ministris mier gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi, sabaJo
organo uflebamosilia, momTavsebels ganusazRvros vada, romlis ganmavlobaSic man
unda SearCios saqonlis damuSavebis axali operacia; an sabaJo teritoriaze saqonlis
gadamuSavebis sabaJo reJimis gamoyenebisas deklaranti saqonlis gadamuSavebis vadas
gansazRvravs sabaJo organosTan SeTanxmebiT da igi ar unda aRematebodes 3 wels (muxli
119), xolo sabaJo kodeqsis 137-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `sabaJo teritoriis gareT saqonlis
gadamuSavebis sabaJo reJimis gamoyenebisas deklaranti saqonlis gadamuSavebis vadas gansazRvravs
sabaJo organosTan SeTanxmebiT da igi ar unda aRematebodes 2 wels~ da sxv.
sabaJo reJimebs Soris saWiroa gamoiyos reJimebi, romlebic SesaZlebelia gamoiyenos
fizikurma pirma. saerTod, sabaJo organoebis praqtikiT sabaJo reJimebi gankuTvnili
unda iyos mxolod iuridiuli pirebis da importiorebisaTvis, romlebic iuridiuli
piris Seqmnis gareSe ewevian samewarmeo saqmianobas. aseTi praqtika mankieria da ewinaaRmdegeba
saqarTvelos sabaJo kodeqss. amasTan, cxadi xdeba, rom sagareo-ekonomikuri
saqmianobis monawileebs sWirdebaT sabaJo procedurebisa da sabaJo regulirebis saSualebebis
ufro mdidari arCevis SesaZlebloba, vidre fizikur pirebs arakomerciuli
miznebisaTvis uamrav gadaadgilebad saqonelSi, magram sabaJo reJimis potenciur momxmarebelTagan
ukanasknelTa sruli gamoricxva usafuZvloa.
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Cveni azriT, saWiro iqneboda normatiul-samarTlebriv doneze gansazRvruliyo
rigi sabaJo reJimebisa, romlebic SeiZleba gamoiyenon fizikurma pirebma, amasTan, kidev
unda gamartivdes sabaJo damuSavebis operaciebi.
saWiroa ganvasxvaoT sabaJo reJimebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba mxolod saqonlis mimarT
da gamoiyeneba rogorc saqonlis, ise satransporto saSualebebis mimarT. gavixsenoT,
rom sityva `saqoneli~ sabaJo kanonmdeblobaSi gamoiyeneba nebismieri moZravi qonebis,
maT Soris, valutis, savaluto faseulobebis, eleqtronuli, siTburi da energiis sxva
saxeebis aRsaniSnavad, sakuTriv satransporto saSualebebis gamoklebiT, romlebSic
igulisxmeba mgzavrebis saerTaSoriso gadayvanisa da saqonlis gadazidvisaTvis gamoyenebuli
nebismieri saSualeba konteinerebisa da sxva satransporto mowyobilobebis
CaTvliT. amrigad, `saqonelSi~ gagebul unda iqnes qoneba, romelic gadaadgildeba saqarTvelos
sabaJo sazRvarze, xolo satransporto saSualebebSi _ is qoneba, romlis
meSveobiT aseTi saqoneli gadaadgildeba (iyo gadaadgilebuli).
ganasxvavebs ra, saqonelsa da satransporto saSualebas, a.n kozirini wers: `unda
aRiniSnos, rom sabaJo kanonmdeblobaSi satransporto saSualebad iTvleba mxolod
iseTi saSualebebi, romlebic uSualod gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso satvirTo gadazidvebis
an mgzavrTa gadasayvanad. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac satransporto saSualeba (avtomobili,
konteineri da sxv.) Semodis Tavisufali mimoqcevisTvis an xdeba misi eqsportireba,
is unda miekuTvnos saqonlis kategorias. 7
sabaJo kodeqsis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba gamoiyos reJimebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba qarTuli
saqonlis mimarT. pirveli jgufis magaliTad SeiZleba movitanoT saqonlis gadamuSaveba
sabaJo teritoriis gareT, roca saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriis gareT droebiT gatanili
saqarTvelos saqonlis mimarT gamoyenebuli iqneba saqonlis gadamuSavebis erT an erTze
meti operacia (sabaJo kodeqsi, muxli 133), xolo meore jgufs Seadgens saqonlis gadamu-
Saveba saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriaze, roca ucxouri saqoneli Semotanilia saqarTvelos
sabaJo teritoriaze gadasamuSaveblad (sabaJo kodeqsi, muxli 115).
daskvna
sabaJo reJimebi warmoadgenen administraciulsamarTlebrivi da sagadasaxado reJimebis
garkveul SeerTebas. Tumca, sabaJo reJimis administraciulsamarTlebrivi qvesaxeobis
donemde dayvana ar iZleva SesaZleblobas gaviTvaliswinoT sabaJo reJimis
iseTi mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili, rogoricaa sagadasaxado regulireba, romelic
arsebiTad aviwroebs reJimis moqmedebaSi moxvedrili sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis
sferos, ganxilvis miRma tovebs sabaJo-satarifo politikis sakiTxebs, gansakuTrebuli
kategoriis samarTlebrivi SeRavaTebis _ sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis
micemis sakiTxebs da sxv.
rogorc mravali samarTlebrivi teritoria, sabaJo reJimis cnebac gamoiyeneba far-
To da viwro mniSvnelobiT. farTo gagebiT, sabaJo reJimSi unda gvesmodes samarTlebrivi
reJimi, romelic gamoixateba administraciulsamarTlebrivTan garkveul
SexamebaSi, romelic dadgenilia sabaJo kanonmdeblobiT da romlis mizania saqarTvelos
sabaJo sazRvarze saqonlisa da satransporto saSualebebis gadaadgilebasTan
dakavSirebiT sabaJo organosa da maT gadamaadgilebel pirs Soris warmoSobili
urTierTobebis reglamentireba.
128

yvela sabaJo reJims aqvs erTnairi struqtura, romelic gansazRvrulia maTi SinaarsiT
da pirobebis, SezRudvebis da moTxovnebis, aseve, sabaJo reJimis farglebSi
SeZenili SeRavaTebis erTobliobaa. sabaJo reJimis pirobebSi moiazreba garemoebebi,
romlebic winaswar gansazRvraven masSi saqonlisa da satransporto saSualebebis
moTavsebis SesaZleblobas; sabaJo reJimebis SezRudvebi gamoixateba sabaJo reJimSi
moTavsebul saqonelsa da satransporto saSualebebze gansazRvruli moqmedebebis
ganxorcielebis pirdapir da arapirdapir akrZalvaSi. sabaJo reJimebis moTxovnebs
warmoadgens moqmedebebi, romelTa SesrulebasTan dakavSirebulia sabaJo kanonmdeblobis
moTxovnebi an Sesabamisad, sabaJo reJimis damyarebis SesaZlebloba. amas-
Tan, satransporto gadaadgilebasTan dakavSirebiT sabaJo organosa da maT
gadamaadgilebel pirebs Soris urTierTobis reglamentireba.
sabaJo reJimebis samarTlebrivi reglamentaciiT gaTvaliswinebulia sagadasaxado
SeRavaTebis miReba sabaJo gadasaxdelebisagan sruli gaTavisuflebis, sabaJo gadasaxdelebisagan
nawilobriv gaTavisuflebis da adre gadaxdili sabaJo gadasaxadebis
ukan dabrunebis saxiT. aRniSnuli SeRavaTebi SeiZleba iyos ZiriTadi (uSualod
sabaJo reJimSi saqonlisa da satransporto saSualebebis moTavsebisas sabaJo gadasaxdelebze
SeRavaTebi).
sabaJo reJimebis farglebSi warmoiSveba valdebulebani, romlebic Tavisi samarTlebrivi
bunebiT samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi xasiaTis valdebulebebis msgavsia. ris
gamoc sabaJo reJimSi saqonlis momTavsebeli piri valdebulia Seasrulos garkveuli
moqmedebebi an uari Tqvas maT Sesrulebaze, xolo sabaJo organos ufleba aqvs mas
mosTxovos am movaleobebis Sesruleba iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobis zomebis gamoyenebis
muqariT.
sabaJo reJimebis principebs warmoadgens debulebebi, romlebic axasiaTeben sabaJo
reJimebis institutis arss da mis Sinagan agebulebas, aseve gansazRvraven maTi gamoyenebis
process. sabaJo samarTlis zogadsamarTlebrivi da dargobrivi principebi
safuZvlad edeba sabaJo reJimebis instituts da maTi samarTlebrivi regulirebisaTvis
ZiriTadi mniSvneloba aqvs. unda gamoiyos aseve, instituciuri (specialuri)
principebi, romelTa safuZvelze iqmneba da xorcieldeba mxolod sabaJo reJimebis
Semadgeneli normebi, kerZod: sabaJo reJimis savaldebuloobis principi; sabaJo
reJimis normatiuli aqtebiT ganmtkicebuli principi; sabaJo reJimis Tavisufali
arCevisa da Secvlis principi; sabaJo reJimSi konkretuli saqonlis moTavsebis principi
da sabaJo reJimisadmi damorCilebis principi.
viRebT ra mxedvelobaSi, rom sabaJo reJimebis mxolod erTi niSniT klasifikacia
iqneba calmxrivi da ver SeZlebs am institutis yvela aspeqtis garkvevas, sabaJo
reJimebis klasificireba unda moxdes ramdenime safuZvlis mixedviT: sameurneo saqmianobis
da ekonomikur kvlavwarmoebis procesSi sabaJo reJimebis sirTulisa da
adgilis, saqonlis moZraobis mimarTulebis, moqmedebis teritoriis, sabaJo reJimSi
saqonlis arsebobis vadis, saqonlis gamoyenebis saSualebis, sagadasaxado SeRava-
Tebis micemis, pirebis (romlebic SeiZleba iyenebdnen reJims) moqmedebis sferos,
reJimis momxmareblis, reJimis gacxadebis iuridiuli Sedegebis mixedviT da sxv.
129

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da
kanoni
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. saqarTvelos 2008 wlis sabaJo kodeqsi;
2. i. xarazi, sabaJo samarTali, Tb., 2007;
3. i. xarazi, saqonlis gadamuSavebis sabaJo reJimebi, samarTlebrivi regulireba,
Tb., 2006;
4. v. qarumiZe, i. xarazi, g. imedaSvili, d. geferiZe, saerTaSoriso sabaJo samarTali,
Tb., 2004;
5. z. amilaxvari, sabaJo samarTali, Tb., 2007.
SeniSvnebi:
1
i. xarazi, iuridiul mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili
disertacia _ `gadamuSavebis sabaJo reJimebis samarTlebrivi regulireba~,
Tb., 2005, gv.16 17, 45.
2
Áàõðàõ Ä. Í., Êèâàëîâ Ñ.Â., Òàìîæåííîå ïðàâî Ðîññèè, Åêàòåðèíáóðã, Äèàìàíò,
1995, ã. 217-220.
3
qarTuli sabaJo kodeqsi am termins dRes ar icnobs da ar iyenebs `saqonlis
sabaJo damuSavebis operaciebs~ (avtoris SeniSvna).
4
Áîðèñîâ Ê. Ã., Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå òàìîæåííîå ïðàâî, Ó÷åá. ïîñîáèå, Ì., èçäàòåëñòâî
Ó÷-òà äðóæáû Íàðîäîâ, 1997, ñ. 86-87.
5
saqarTvelos axali sabaJo kodeqsiT regulirebulia mxolod saqonlis gadamuSaveba
saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriaze da sabaJo teritoriis gareT.
6
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos sabaJo kanonmdebloba ara Tu ar iTvaliswinebs
mesame pirisaTvis uflebebis da movaleobebis gadacemis SesaZleblobas, romlebic
warmoiSva garkveul sabaJo reJimSi saqonlis moTavsebasTan dakavSirebiT,
aramed pasuxismgeblobasac ki, awesebs aseTi moqmedebis SesrulebisaTvis
(igulisxmeba gadacemuli uflebebis Seusrulebloba).
7
Êîçûðèí À. Í., Òàìîæåííîå ïðàâî Ðîññèè, Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå, Ì., ôèðìà “ÑÏÀÐÊ”,
1995, ñ.25.
130

Legal Aspect
of Classification of
Customs Regimes
IA KHARAZI
Full Professor, Head of the Program Direction
Legal Faculty at Aviation University of Georgia
NATO UERTASHVILI
Master’s Degree,
Georgina-Britain University of International Law and Governance
TEMUR GERGEDAVA
Master’s Degree, Legal Faculty at Gr. Robakidze University
The customs regimes may be classified according to several features out of
which some are expounded in scientific papers, or scientific and practical
papers, and still some of them are classified for the first time by authors. As
it is properly mentioned in the literature, separating the customs regimes in
groups or dividing them into types have a legal importance first and foremost
for the customs regulation mechanism, for clarifying their roles and for a
comprehensive study of various aspects of the legal regulations thereof.
As a rule, the classification means systemization of solid knowledge. As the
science of logic explains the classification is a way of dividing concepts.
Besides, it is important to observe the rules of classification when making
the classification.
Firstly, we consider that the classification should be made according to each
basis. Failure to observe this rule led to making other mistakes in the
classification. The basis refers to a feature of concept according to which the
latter is assigned to a relevant group (a classification member). In the given
131

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classification the dividing features may be differentiated according to several bases starting with the stages of implementation
foreign and economic operations, and the purposes of crossing the Georgian customs border and finishing with certain
services provided by the customs body within the framework of the customs regime.
Secondly, the classification members should not exclude each other, which is not observable in the classification.
Thirdly, the classification should be continuous. In the classification given above some ‘gaps’ are observed. To our
opinion the customs regimes shall be divided firstly according to the regimes used in course of performing the
foreign and economic operations and according to those used in suspending them. And only after this, the customs
regimes applied to performing the foreign and trade operations could be separated.
132

ltolvilis
statusis miniWebisa
da samarTlis
subieqtTa
Taviseburebani
did britaneTSi
qeTevan CaxvaZe
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis
humanitarul-socialuri fakultetis
samarTalmcodneobis departamentis doqtoranti
did britaneTSi ltolvilis statusis miniWebis metad
mkacri meqanizmi arsebobs. am sferoSi wamyvani rols
Sinagan saqmeTa saministro asrulebs. 2001 wels, didi
britaneTis mTavrobam, Sinagan saqmeTa ministris saSualebiT,
evrokavSiris qveynebs SesTavaza SeemuSavebinaT
erTiani gegma, romelic gaamkacrebda qveyanaSi ltolvilisa
da imigrantis miRebis wess.
didma britaneTma evropeli partniori qveynebisagan
miiRo Tanxmoba `ltolvilis statusis Sesaxeb~ 1951 wlis
Jenevis konvenciaSi cvlilebebis Setanis Taobaze. Semu-
Savebuli erTiani gegmis safuZvelze:
1. mkveTrad unda gaimijnos cnebebi: `ltolvili~ da
`ekonomikuri imigranti~; 1
2. ucxoeli valdebulia ltolvilis statusi eZios
im pirvelive qveyanaSi, sadac samSoblodan gamodevnili
aRmoCnda;
133

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kanoni
3. didi britaneTi momxrea, evropis zogierT qveyanas ufleba mieces `mesame samyaros~
qveynebSi stiqiuri ubedurebisa da mZime krizisis dros daadginos misaReb ltolvilTa kvota.
aqedan iwyeba didi britaneTis axali politika, msgavsad evropisa, gaamkacros qveynis
migraciuli kanonmdebloba. yovelive amis mizania, gamartivdes ltolvilis statusis
miniWeba im pirisaTvis, romelic Tavisi mdgomareobiT marTla saWiroebs am statuss
da SeizRudos im pirTa qveyanaSi Semosvla, romelTac ara aqvT amis safuZveli.
2002 wlis 20 Tebervals, didma britaneTma miiRo axali kanoni `moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~,
romlis safuZvelze moqalaqeobis misaRebad savaldebuloa qveyanaSi cxovrebis 5 weli,
xolo 3 weli im pirisaTvis, romelic aris britaneTis moqalaqis meuRle. agreTve, kanoniT
savaldebuloa enis, qveynis kanonmdeblobis safuZvlebisa da didi britaneTis konstituciuri
wyobis codna. 2
jer kidev, 1999 wels, didi britaneTis mTavrobam gaamkacra migraciuli politika,
rac gamoixateboda TavSesafris maZiebel pirTa miRebis SezRudvasa da maTTvis socialuri
SeRavaTebis akrZalvaSi. es miznad isaxavda didi britaneTis TavSesafris misaReb
arasasurvel qveyanad gadaqcevas. aRniSnulma sasurveli Sedegic gamoiRo da TavSesafris
miRebis msurvelTa Suamdgomlobis raodenobam, 1996 welTan SedarebiT, 2-jer iklo.
es `warmateba~ 3 miRweul iqna britaneTSi TavSesafris maZiebel pirTaTvis socialuri
daxmarebis Sewyvetis safuZvelze, ris Sedegadac isini metad mZime mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCndnen. maT daxmarebas uwevda mxolod saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi: ltolvilTa
Temi, eklesia da sxva religiuri jgufebi.
am sistemis upiratesobaa, rom britaneTis mTavrobisagan did xarjebs ar iTxovs.
ltolvilTa daxmareba ZiriTadad, ganpirobebulia qvelmoqmedebiT da xSir SemTxvevaSi,
imigranti yovelgvari daxmarebis gareSe rCeba.
inglisi aris unikaluri magaliTi, sadac axali imigrantebis integraciaSi udides
rols ltolvilTa Temis organizaciebi asruleben. saxelmwifo amjobinebs subsidiebi
gasces ltolvilTa Temis asociaciebze, romlebic pasuxs ageben axalmiRebulTa integrirebaze.
am sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgomis dadebiTi mxarea, rom migrantTaTvis Cveuli
garemo iqmneba, magram es xels uSlis inglisur sazogadoebaSi maT srul integracias.
amasTan, zemoaRniSnulma SeiZleba gamoiwvios `getos~ msgavsi fenomeni, rac sazogadoebisaTvis
uaryofiT Sedegebs iZleva.
1968 wels, didi britaneTi miuerTda `ltolvilis statusis Sesaxeb~ 1951 wlis Jenevis
konvencias, 1967 wlis oqms da srulad aRiara saerTaSoriso samarTliT gansazRvruli
ltolvilTa uflebebi.
didi britaneTis migraciuli samarTlis ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo aqtebia:
1999 wlis kanoni `TavSesafrisa da imigraciis~ Sesaxeb;
1996 wlis saapelacio oqmi `TavSesafrisa da imigrantis miniWebis sakiTxTa gadaWris
Taobaze~;
imigraciuli wesebi.
amasTan, did britaneTSi ar arsebobs imigraciis erTiani koncefcia. magaliTad,
kvotireba, rac mTel rig qveynebSi miRebulia. amgvarad, pirveli daskvna, romelic SeiZleba
gakeTdes inglisSi arsebuli sistemis Sesaxeb _ am qveyanaSi ar arsebobs `migrantis~
cneba misi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli gagebiT.
134

amasTan, Sinagan saqmeTa saministro warmarTavs migraciul politikasa da kanonmdeblobas;
SeimuSavebs imigraciul wesebs; iRebs gadawyvetilebas pirTa deportaciis
Taobaze. garda amisa, saministros evaleba iseTi sakiTxebis gadaWra rogoricaa: socialuri
uzrunvelyofa (socialuri uzrunvelyofis departamenti), garemos dacva
(garemos dacvis departamenti), transporti da regionebis ganviTareba (transportisa
da regionebis departamenti); janmrTelobis dacva (janmrTelobis dacvis departamenti);
ganaTleba da SromiTi mowyoba (ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis departamenti) 4 .
Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi ltolvilis statusis samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofiT
dakavebulia ori qveganyofileba: moqalaqeobisa da imigraciis direqtorati (IND) da
direqtorati TavSesafris sakiTxebSi (AD).
didi britaneTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros ZiriTadi saxelmZRvanelo normatiuli
aqtebi am sferoSi aris:
didi britaneTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa da ltolvilTa sakiTxebis sabWos
Soris dadebuli 1999 wlis memorandumi `Tanmxleb pirTa gareSe darCenil ltolvil
bavSvTaTvis mrCevelTa komisiis Seqmnis Taobaze~;
`ltolvilTa sakiTxebis departamentis saqmianobis xarisxisa da Sss ltolvilTa
TemTan kavSiris departamentis~ 1998 wlis 1 Tebervlis debuleba. 5
socialuri dacvis departamenti (DSS)
departamenti farTo uflebebis mqone saxelmwifo struqturaa, romelic pasuxismgebelia
daxmarebisa da Semweobis farTo speqtrze, rogoricaa: Semweoba SemosavalTan
dakavSirebiT da gansakuTrebiT, ltolvilTa da TavSesafris maZiebel pirTa Semweobebi,
romelic centraluri aparatidan finansdeba. Tumca, departamentis yoveldRiur
saqmianobas axorcielebs aRmasrulebeli saagento. erT-erTi aseT mniSvnelovani rgolia,
Semweobis sakiTxTa saagento.
saagentos xelmZRvanelobs mTavari direqtori, romelic eqvemdebareba socialuri
dacvis departamentis saxelmwifo mdivans da sxva ministrebs, xolo isini, Tavis mxriv,
angariSvaldebulni arian parlamentisa da sazogadoebriobis winaSe.
saagento pasuxismgebelia SemweobaTa stabilur gacemaze, aseve am momsaxurebasTan
dakavSirebul yvela sakiTxze. es gulisxmobs im daxmarebis gacemasa da momsaxurebas,
risi uflebac aqvT ltolvilebsa da TavSesafris maZiebel pirebs. zemoaRniSnulTan
erTad, saagento pasuxismgebelia gamoavlinos, gamoiZios da aRmofxvras socialuri
daxmarebis miRebis ukanono Suamdgomlobebi da aseve, am sferoSi moqalaqeTa TaRli-
Tobis faqtebi.
rac Seexeba ltolvilebsa da TavSesafris maZiebel pirebs, saagento, weliwadSi orjer,
SemweobebTan dakavSirebiT, awyobs forums am kategoriis pirTa interesebis damcvel
organizaciebTan. amgvar forumSi aqtiurad iReben monawileobas didi britaneTis Sss,
ltolvilTa sabWo da socialuri dacvis departamentis politikis SemmuSavebeli jgufi.
garemos dacvis, transportisa da regionebis departamenti (DETR)
garemos dacvis, transportisa da regionebis departamenti, mTel rig sxva funqcieb-
Tan erTad adgilobrivi xelisuflebisaTvis SeimuSavebs usaxlkaroTa, maT Soris,
ltolvilebisa da TavSesafris maZiebeli pirebis, gansaxlebis politikas.
135

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
janmrTelobis dacvis departamenti pasuxismgebelia ltolvilebis janmrTelobis
dacvis politikis SemuSavebaze.
ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis departamenti (DFEE) ltolvilebsa da TavSesafris
maZiebel pirebze gascems muSaobis uflebis nebarTvas, pasuxismgebelia Sss-Tan erTad,
am kategoriis pirebis dasaqmebis koordinaciaze. agreTve, SeimuSavebs qveynaSi ltolvilTa
ganaTlebis politikas.
mTel rig uflebebTan erTad, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis (TviTmmarTveloba) kompetenciaa
usaxlkaroTa, maT Soris, ltolvilebisa da TavSesafris maZiebeli pirebis
sacxovrebeli farTobiT uzrunvelyofa.
inglisSi ar arsebobs ltolvilebisa da TavSesafris maZiebeli pirTa miRebisa da
ganTavsebis centri. Tumca, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis zogierT organosa da arasam-
Tavrobo organizacias gaxsnili aqvs ltolvilebisa da TavSesafris maZiebel pirTa
saerTo sacxovrebeli an miRebisa da ganTavsebis centri.
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis (TviTmmarTvelobis) saqmianoba am sferoSi ganpirobebulia
regionis socialuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli da geografiuli TaviseburebebiT.
did britaneTs ar gaaCnia kanoni, romelic ltolvilebsa da TavSesafris maZiebel
pirebs aiZulebs icxovros konkretulad romelime olqSi.
`TavSesafrisa da imigraciis~ Sesaxeb 1999 wlis kanoniT, ltolvilebsa da TavSesafris
maZiebel pirebs socialuri Semweoba socialuri dacvis departamentis meSveobiT,
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miecema, Tu sacxovrebeli farTobis micemis Taobaze Suamdgomloba
registrirebuli iqneba sazRvris gadmokveTis dros. pirs Semweobis miReba Seuwydeba
Tu uars ityvis sacxovrebelze, Tundac, darCes did britaneTSi da gaasaCivros
aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba.
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi
arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa farTo wre did rols asrulebs ltolvilebisa da
TavSesafris maZiebeli pirebis miReba-ganTavsebisa da momsaxurebis organizebaSi.
agreTve, maTTvis mxardaWerisa da konsultaciebis gawevis saqmeSi.
am organizaciaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba:
ltolvilTa sabWo. es aris britaneTSi ltolvilTa interesebis damcveli mTavari
organizacia. igi finansdeba britaneTis Sss-s grantiT.
migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia;
Semosul ltolvilTa daxmarebis proeqti. es organizacia mdebareobs hitrous
aeroportSi. misi mizania daxmareba gauwios TavSesafris maZiebel pirs britaneTSi
Semosvlis pirvel dReebSi. es organizaciac britaneTis Sss-s grantiT finansdeba.
britaneTis wiTeli jvari. igi yovelmxriv exmareba ltolvilebsa da TavSesafris
maZiebel pirebs, agreTve TanamSromlobs gaeros ltolvilTa umaRles komisariat-
Tan ojaxebis erTianobis sakiTxSi.
ltolvilTa daxmarebis organizacia. aRniSnul organizacias aqvs 6 teritoriuli
ganyofileba da finansdeba Sss-s grantiT. igi exmareba ltolvilTa adgilobriv
organizaciebs da cdilobs Seqmnas ltolvilTa daxmarebisa da gansaxlebis adgilobrivi
sistema. organizacia TanamSromlobs sxvadasxva qveynebidan: bosniidan, somalidan,
iranidan, vietnamidan, Ciledan, sudanidan da sxva devnil ltolvilebTan.
136

ltolvilTa samarTlebrivi dacvis centri. es organizaciac nawilobriv finansdeba
Sss-s mier. igi konsultacias uwevs TavSesafris maZiebel pirs Suamdgomlobis
aRZvris dros da aseve, exmareba maT Suamdgomlobis gasaCivrebaze uaris SemTxvevaSi.
Suamdgomloba TavSesafris micemaze ar SeiZleba waredginos britaneTis saelCos.
piri unda Camovides britaneTSi da amis Semdgom unda aRZras Suamdgomloba TavSesafris
micemis Taobaze.
Suamdgomloba TavSesafris Taobaze or kategoriad iyofa: Suamdgomloba TavSesafris
Taobaze, piris, romelic Camovida britaneTSi da Suamdgomloba, TavSesafris
Taobaze, piris, romelic imyofeba qveyanaSi. `TavSesafrisa da imigraciis~ Sesaxeb 1999
wlis kanoniT, am ori kategoriis Suamdgomlobis ganxilva gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi
reJimiT xdeba. yovelgvar SuamdgomlobasTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebas iRebs didi
britaneTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros imigraciisa da moqalaqeobis direqtorati.
Suamdgomlobis wardgena qveyanaSi Semosvlis dros
Suamdgomloba qveyanaSi SemosvlisTanave (aeroportSi, navsadgurSi saerTaSoriso
vagzalze) waredgineba imigraciuli samsaxuris oficers an sxva oficialur pirs. Semosvlidan
24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi pirs utardeba xanmokle gasaubreba ZiriTadi faqtebis
dasadgenad, an xangrZlivi gasaubreba xanmokle proceduris gasavlelad.
pirs miecema an `droebiTi yofnis ufleba~ da ufleba eZleva gadaadgildes britaneTSi,
an dakavebul iqneba xelisuflebis mier. Tu pirs mieca `droebiTi yofnis ufleba~,
masze gaicema specialuri dokumenti, imis dasturad, rom man aRZra Suamdgomloba Tav-
Sesafris Taobaze. pirs ufleba aqvs miiRos: Semosavalze Semweoba(90%), daxmareba sacxovrebel
farTobze, SeRavaTebi adgilobriv gadasaxadebze, ufaso samedicino daxmareba,
saskolo ganaTlebis sruli da umaRlesi ganaTlebis SezRuduli ufleba.
Suamdgomlobis wardgena qveyanaSi yofnis dros
Suamdgomloba waredgineba britaneTSi sxva mizniT yofnis SemTxvevaSi (saswavleblad,
stumris statusiT, samuSao vizitiT, yalbi dokumentebis safuZvelze);
imigraciisa da moqalaqeobis direqtoratis ganyofilebaSi;
pirs Cautardeba xanmokle gasaubreba ZiriTadi faqtebis dasadgenad, an xangrZlivi
gasaubreba xanmokle proceduris gasavlelad;
pirze gaicema specialuri dokumenti;
pirs ara aqvs ufleba miiRos raime Semweoba an socialuri sacxovrebeli farTobi;
mas aqvs ufleba isargeblos: ufaso samedicino daxmarebiT, sruli saskolo da Sez-
Ruduli umaRlesi ganaTlebiT;
TavSesafris maZiebel pirTa mxolod mcire nawils eZleva ltolvilis sruli statusi.
vinaidan, TavSesafris maZiebel pirTa 75% warmoadgens ekonomikur migrants da
ar ganicdian devnas. ris gamoc ar miecemaT TavSesafari da eqvemdebarebian qveynidan
gaZevebas. Suamdgomlobaze uari SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saapelacio sasmarTloSi, xolo
Tu sasamarTlomac uari ganacxada, SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saimigracio tribunalSi.
piri, romelic Suamdgomlobas waradgens qveyanaSi Semosvlis dros an imyofeba britaneTSi
aralegalurad, Suamdgomlobis ganxilvis ganmavlobaSi aris dakavebuli, xolo
Tu uari eTqva Suamdgomlobaze, dakavebulia qveynidan gaZevebamde.
137

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
1951 wlis konvenciiT devnilis statusis miniWebis SemTxvevaSi, piri srulad sargeblobs
kanoniT miniWebuli ltolvilis uflebebiT da SeRavaTebiT. cxovrebis uflebis
mqone legaluri imigrantebi didi britaneTis moqalaqis msgavsad, sargebloben SeRavaTebiT
da sacxovrebelis miRebis uflebiT.
didi britaneTis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs TavSesafris maZiebel pirTa ekonomikur
integracias.
muSaobis ufleba pirs miecema TavSesafris Taobaze Suamdgomlobis wardgenidan 6 Tvis
Semdeg. muSaobis ufleba yvela TavSesafris maZiebel pirs ar miecema. es sakiTxi wydeba
Sss mier individualurad. es ufleba pirs SeiZleba mieces 6 Tvemde, an humanuri mosazrebiT,
an aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, kvlavac individualurad, Sss mier. 6
ltolvilTa samarTlebriv mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebiT didi britaneTis mier gatarebuli
politikisa da imigraciuli kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze, SegviZlia aRvniSnoT:
marTalia, inglisis imigraciuli politika saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier aRiqmeba
gansakuTrebiT civilizebulad da warmatebulad, magram qveynis orientaciaa
mkacrad SeizRudos ltolvilTa Semosvla qveyanaSi da Seiqmnas ltolvilis statusis
miniWebis minimaluri garantiebi;
gadawyvetilebas, ltolvilis statusis miniWebis proceduraze, iRebs didi britaneTis
Sinagan saqmeTa saministro;
did britaneTSi 1951 wlis konvencia ltolvilis uflebebis dacvis ZiriTadi normatiuli
aqtia. magram igi ar ganixileba farTod da ar igulisxmeba devnis axali formebi;
ltolvilis statusi avtomaturd ar gulisxmobs ojaxis erTianobas, muSaobis uflebas,
daxmarebebsa da SeRavaTebs;
qveynis imigraciuli kanonmdebloba ar cnobs saerTaSoriso organizaciaTa sarekomendacio
werilebs ltolvilis statusis miniWebis Suamdgomlobis ganxilvis sakiTx-
Tan dakavSirebiT, rac praqtikaSi uaryofiTad aisaxeba;
didi britaneTi aris unikaluri magaliTi qveynisa, sadac axladCamosuli imigrantebis
integraciis saqmeSi did rols asrulebs ltolvilTa Temi, sadac saxelmwifo,
umetesad, Sss-s saxiT, amjobinebs ltolvilTa Temis asociaciebis subsidirebas.
SeniSvnebi:
1
http.//www.MIGnews.com
2
www.homeoffice.gov.uk/iaact/immigact.htm
3
www.guardian.co.uk
4
didi britaneTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros veb-gverdi _ Home Office/UK
Border Agency/Asulym.
5
Ñèñòåìà ïðèåìà è îáóñòðîéñòâà áåæåíöåâ, ìèãðàíòîâ è ëèö, èùóùèõ óáåæèùà
â Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè, Ôðàíöèè è Äàíèè. Ïðîåêò ÒÀÑÈÑ ïî ñîöèàëüíîé çàùèòå
è èíòåãðàöèè ìèãðàíòîâ â Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè. Ó÷åáíûé ìàòåðèàë. Ì 1999
6
Harding, J., The Uninvited: Refugees at the Rich’s Man’s Gate, Profile/Books/ London Review
of books, London, 2000
138

Notable Features
of Conferring
the Refugee Status
and of Subjects of Law
in the Great Britain
KETEVAN CHAKVADZE
PhD Student at Law Department
Humanitarian and Social Faculty of Georgian technical University
The article canvasses the peculiarities of conferring the status of refugee
and of subjects of law on the example of the Great Britain.
The Great Britain employs a rather strict mechanism for conferring the
status to refugees. The policy in place in the Great Britain, like that of the
Europe, is to make stricter the migration legislation in the country. This
policy aims at simplifying the process of conferring the refugee status for
the persons who really qualify for it and hindering the entry of those
applicants in the country who do not meet the requirements.
There is not a single institution in England which is in charge or coordinates
receiving of, housing and conferring the refugee status to the applicants.
Besides, there is no hierarchy of the organizations engaged in this process.
A number of government departments participate in receiving and housing
the persons seeking the refugee status and asylum but the Ministry of Internal
Affairs (Home Office) is fully obliged to implement the migration policy.
Asylum applications are divided into 2 categories: those of the defectors
who crossed the border of the Great Britain and those of the persons
who are in the territory of the country. According to the 1999 Law on
Refugees and Immigration different legal regimes are applied for
consideration of the mentioned two categories of applications and for
conferring refugee status to them.
139

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
bavSvTa uflebebis
dacva Jenevis
konvenciebis
mixedviT
mariam jiqia
samarTlis doqtori,
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis
humanitarul-socialuri fakultetis
samarTlis departamentis asistent-profesori
Sesavali
Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi problemaa
saerTaSoriso Tu sxva saxis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis
arseboba, rac Tavis mxriv, uaryofiT gavlenas axdens ara
marto qveynis politikur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, aramed
adamianis uflebebzec.
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis Sedegad dazaralebuli samoqalaqo
mosaxleobis dacva saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samar-
Tlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizania. omis msxverplia rogorc
kombatanti, aseve samoqalaqo mosaxleoba. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia,
rom statistikuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtis dros dazaralebulTa 70% yovelTvis samoqalaqo
mosaxleobaa. zemoaRniSnuli orive kategoriis samarTlebrivi
dacva xorcieldeba 1949 wlis Jenevis konvenciebiTa
da misi damatebiTi oqmebis safuZvelze.
Jenevis samarTali ganasxvavebs dacviT mosargeble pirTa
ramdenime kategorias, romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesi adgili
uWiravs gansakuTrebuli dacvis qveS myof pirebs, maT
140

Soris arian bavSvebi. mxolod ukanaskneli dekadis periodSi 2 milioni bavSvia mokluli,
6 milioni daSavebuli, xolo ori amdeni usaxlkarod darCenili. es ubralo damTxveva
ar aris, radganac umeteswilad bavSvebi warmoadgenen im jgufs, romelTa uflebebis
darRveva xdeba omis periodSi. 1 SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros bavSvebis winaaRmdeg
mimarTul danaSaulebs mohyveba fizikuri da fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, katastrofuli
(gamanadgurebeli) Sedegebi.
bavSvTa uflebebis darRvevis faqtebi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros
bavSvebi warmoadgenen im pirTa wres, romelTa uflebebi gansakuTrebiT uxeSad ir-
Rveva SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros. dResdReobiT, Tvramet wlamde samas aTasze
meti bavSvi uSualod monawileobs saomar moqmedebebSi, rogorc saxelmwifoTa Seiara-
Rebul ZalebSi, aseve sxvadasxva dajgufebebSi, rac saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samar-
Tlis ugulebelyofas niSnavs.
bavSvi-jariskacebis gamoyeneba xdeba msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi, sadac SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtia: iugoslavia, angola, burundi, kongos demokratiuli respublika,
ruanda, somali, sudani, uganda, irani, israeli da sxva.
kongos demokratiul respublikaSi arsebuli konfliqtis erT-erTi mtkivneul Temaa
bavSvi-jariskacebis simravle rogorc saxelmwifos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi, aseve sxvadasxva
dajgufebebSi. sxvadasxva monacemebis mixedviT es faqtebi umetesad SeiniSneba kongos
aRmosavleT nawilSi. am bavSvebis raodenoba daaxloebiT 30 000 Seadgens, romelTagan 40%
mdedrobiTi sqesis 15 wlamde asakis bavSvebi arian. kongoSi, dResac sxvadasxva SeiaraRebul
dajgufebebSi xdeba bavSvi-jarikacebis wvrTna, maTi asaki meryeobs 7-15 wlamde.
2003 wlis seqtemberSi, saerTaSoriso amnistiam gamoaqveyna moxseneba saxelwodebiT:
“DRC: Children in War”, sadac gamoxatulia damokidebuleba SeiaraRebul ZalebSi bavSvebis
gamoyenebis mimarT. moxsenebaSi didi yuradReba eTmoba bavSvebis gamoyenebis masStabs,
aseve maTi sistematuri wamebis, seqsualuri Zaladobis da sastikad mopyrobis faqtebs.
bavSvTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb konvenciis damatebiTi oqmis xelmoweris Semdeg
(2002 wlis noemberi), israelis mTavrobam akrZala 18 wlamde asakis bavSvebis samxedro
ZalebSi miReba. Tumca, realurad 17 wlis moxaliseebis miReba SeiaraRebul ZalebSi
grZeldeba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebiT, siera leones saxelmwifos
SeiaraRebul ZalebSi ar dafiqsirebula bavSvi-jariskacebis arseboba. Tumca, isini
mravladaa sxvadasxva SeiaraRebul dajgufebebSi.
siera leones specialuri sasamarTlos mier ganxiluli iyo ramdenime saqme bavSvijariskacebis
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. gaerTianebuli revoluciuri frontis lideris
daqvemdebarebaSi myof sam samxedro meTaurs brali edeboda omis danaSaulebSi, romelSic
Sedioda bavSvebis kombatantebad gamoyeneba. 2 Carlz teilors, romelic iyo
liberiis prezidenti, brali edeboda omis danaSaulis CadenaSi, maT Soris, 15 wlamde
asakis bavSvebis kombatantebad gamoyeneba. 3
141

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
liberiaSi, ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis manZilze SeiaraRebulma konfliqtma bevri
adamiani imsxverpla. aTasobiT bavSvi iyo mkvlelobis, seqsualuri Zaladobis, wamebisa
da iZulebiTi monobis msxverpli. kombatantebs Soris uamravi 18 wlamde asakis bavSvi
iyo, romelTa ricxvi daaxloebiT 15 000 aRwevda. miuxedavad imisa, rom saerTaSoriso
samarTali krZalavs bavSvebis kombatantebad gamoyenebas, liberiaSi SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtis dros 9-10 wlis asakis bavSvebi gamoiyeneboda saomar moqmedebebSi. gogo
kombatantebi iZulebulebi iyvnen seqsualuri Zaladobac aetanaT, xolo mamrobiTi sqesis
kombatantebs saomar moqmedebebSi Cabmis win aZlevdnen sxvadasxva narkotikul saSualebebs,
raTa SiSis grZnoba daekargaT da ufro gabedulad CaedinaT sxvadasxva sastiki
qmedebebi.
burundis mTavroba aRiarebs, rom mis SeiaraRebul ZalebSi arian bavSvi-jariskacebi
da isini yvelanairad cdiloben am faqtebis aRmofxvras. Tumca, bavSvi-jariskacebis
gamoyeneba grZeldeba burundielebis mier kongos demokratiul respublikaSi.
2003 wlis aprilSi, burundi SeuerTda romis statuts, aseve moaxdina bavSvTa uflebebis
dacvis konvenciis damatebiTi oqmis ratificireba da samxedro mosamsaxuris
asaki 18 wliT gansazRvra. miuxedavad amisa, dResdReobiT, burundis saxelmwifo SeiaraRebul
ZalebSi 14 000 bavSvi-jariskacia.
bavSvi-jariskacebis arseboba dafiqsirebulia avRaneTSic. avRaneTSi bavSvebs ara
marto jariskacebad iyeneben, aramed sxvadasxva narkotikuli saSualebebis gadamzidavebad.
eTiopiasa da ugandaSi bavSvi-jariskacebis mesamed nawils gogonebi Seadgenen. umeteswilad
xdeba am bavSvebis gaupatiureba an samxedro meTaurebisaTvis ‘colad~ SerTva.
garda saomar moqmedebebSi monawileobisa, bavSvebs aiZuleben imuSaon mzareulebad,
mcvelebad an jaSuSebad.
bavSvebis masobrivi gamoyeneba SeiaraRebul ZalebSi maTi advilad manipulirebiT
aris ganpirobebuli da umetesad ver acnobiereben im safrTxes, romelic maT emuqrebaT.
zogierTi maTgani iZulebiT aris Cabmuli saomar moqmedebebSi, zogierTi ki, Tavisi
surviliT, raTa moipovon sakvebi, usafrTxoeba, tansacmeli da fuli. arsebobs sxva
mizezebic: ojaxis mxridan zewola, survili emsaxuron sazogadoebas an eTnikur jgufs,
Tavidan aicilon damamcirebeli da Seuracxmyofeli mopyroba da sxva.
bavSvTa dacvis samarTlebrivi regulireba
ukanaskneli 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis
principebis ganviTarebam Zalian didi gavlena moaxdina saerTaSoriso samarTalze, ker-
Zod ki, saerTaSoriso humanitarul samarTalze.
humanitaruli samarTali, samarTlis sxva dargebis msgavsad, yovelgvar diskriminacias
krZalavs. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali yovelTvis did yuradRebas
uTmobda bavSvebis dacvas. Jenevis konvencia am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT TiTqmis 560 muxls
moicavs. rogorc sxva samoqalaqo pirebi, bavSvebi daculni arian konfliqtSi monawile
142

mxareTa mier cudi mopyrobisagan. isini daculni arian Jenevis IV konvenciiT. am konvenciis
Tanaxmad, maTze vrceldeba yvela is mdgomareoba, romlebzec moqmedebs humanuri
mopyrobis principi: `konfliqtSi monawile mxareebis xelSi myof pirebs yvela humanurad
unda moeqces. isini sargebloben maTTvis gaTvaliswinebuli dacviT miuxedavad
maTi rasis, sqesis, enis, religiisa da aRmsareblobis, politikuri an sxva Sexedulebebis,
erovnuli an socialuri warmomavlobis da qonebrivi mdgomareobisa~. 4 `ikrZaleba
tyved Cavardnili pirebis sicocxlisa da Rirsebis xelyofa. kerZod, maTi mokvla an
ganadgureba, wameba, biologiuri cdebis Catareba, winaswari ganzraxviT samedicino
daxmarebisa da movlis gareSe datoveba da maTi daavadebisaTvis pirobebis Seqmna. upiratesobis
miniWeba samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCenisas daSvebulia mxolod gadaudebeli
samedicino mizezebiT. aseve, ikrZaleba adamianis Rirsebis abuCad agdeba, kerZod,
damamcirebeli da Seuracxmyofeli mopyroba, prostituciis iZuleba an nebismieri formis
uRirsi xelyofa, mZevlad ayvana, koleqtiuri dasja, agreTve, aseTi moqmedebebis
Cadenis muqara~. 5
saerTo dacvis garda bavSvebi sargebloben gansakuTrebuli dacvis qveS myof pirTa statusiT.
es norma SemuSavebul iqna, radganac aseTi praqtika ukve arsebobda I msoflio omis
dros, sadac yvela asakis bavSvebi Zaladobis msxverplni iyvnen. okupirebul teritoriebze
gaupatiurebis, sastiki da damamcirebeli mopyrobis uamravi faqti arsebobs.
ukanasknel periodamde, seqsualur Zaladobas Sesabamisi yuradReba ar eTmoboda.
niurnbergis tribunalis dros seqsualuri Zaladoba ar iyo omis danaSaulebSi miCneuli,
miuxedavad imisa, rom meore msoflio omis dros arsebobda seqsualuri Zaladobis
uamravi faqti.
kongos sasamarTlo sistemam sruli kraxi ganicada seqsualuri Zaladobis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi. kongoSi arsebuli samxedro sasamarTloebis iurisdiqcia vrceldeba
yvela im danaSaulze, romelsac Cadiodnen erovnuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis warmomadgenlebi.
xolo sxvadasxva SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis wevrebis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs
ganixilavs samoqalaqo sasamarTloebi. miuxedavad amisa, zemoaRniSnul darRvevebs
reagireba ar mohyolia.
Jenevis IV konvencia da misi damatebiTi oqmebi gaupatiurebasa da sxva saxis seqsualur
Zaladobas miiCnevs humanitaruli samarTlis mZime darRvevad. Jenevis IV konvenciis
147-e muxli gansazRvravs, rom `wameba an araadamianuri mopyroba~ da winaswari
ganzraxviT mZime tanjvis an seriozuli zianis miyeneba sxeulis an janmrTelobisaTvis~
Jenevis konvenciebis mZime darRvevebs warmoadgens.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 2002 wlis dekemberSi, kongo I I damatebiT oqms SeuerTda. I I damatebiTi
oqmis me-4 muxli ki, krZalavs `sicocxlis, janmrTelobis, fizikuri da fsiqikuri
mdgomareobis xelyofas. kerZod, mkvlelobas, aseve iseT sastik mopyrobas, rogoricaa
wameba, dasaxiCreba an sxeulebrivi sasjelis gamoyeneba, koleqtiuri dasja da pirovnuli
Rirsebis Seuracxyofa, kerZod, damacirebeli da Seuracxmyofeli mopyroba, gaupatiureba,
prostituciis iZuleba an nebismieri formis uxamsi xelyofa.~ 6
romis statutis Tanaxmad, romlis ratificirebac kongom moaxdina 2002 wlis april-
Si, `gaupatiureba, seqsualuri monoba, iZulebiTi prostitucia, iZulebiTi fexmZimoba~
143

marTlmsajuleba
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da
kanoni
an sxva saxis seqsualuri Zaladoba miCneulia omis danaSaulad da adamianurobis winaaRmdeg
mimarTul danaSaulad.
1993 wels, balkaneTSi omis dros Cadenili danaSaulebis sapasuxod Seiqmna saerTa-
Soriso sisxlis tribunali yofili iugoslaviisaTvis. 7 erTi wlis Semdeg, ruandaSi
ganxorcielebul genocids mohyva saerTaSoriso sisxlis tribunalis Seqmna. 8 orive
tribunali struqturiT erTmaneTs hgavs, Tumca, iugoslaviis tribunalis iurisdiqcia
vrceldeba mxolod yofili iugoslaviis teritoriaze 1991 wlidan Cadenil danaSaulebze,
xolo ruandis tribunalis iurisdiqcia _ 1994 wlis ianvridan dekembris CaTvliT
ruandisa da mezobeli qveynebis teritoriaze Cadenil danaSaulebze. orive tribunalis
statuti moicavs iseT danaSaulebs, rogoricaa genocidi, adamianurobis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli danaSauli da omis danaSaulebi. es tribunalebi aRiareben gaupatiurebas,
rogorc adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulad, genocidad da omis
danaSaulad.
ruandis ad hoc tribunalis mier ganxilul saqmeSi The Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu
aRniSnulia, rom Jean-Paul Akayesu-s brali wauyenes genocidisa da adamianurobis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli danaSaulis CadenaSi, kerZod, 12_13 wlis gogonebis gaupatiureba da
Semdgom maTi mokvla. 9
iugoslaviis ad hoc tribunalis mier ganxiluli saqmis, The Prosecutor v. Dragoljob Kunarac,
Radomir Kovac and Zoran Vukovic Tanaxmad, maT brali wauyenes 12 wlis gogonebis gaupatiurebaSi,
Semdgom ki, maT sqesobriv monebad gamoyenebaSi. Radomir Kovac damnaSaved cnes
adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulisa da omis danaSaulis CadenaSi. am
gadawyvetilebam safuZveli Cauyara sqesobrivi monobis adamianurobis winaaRmdeg
mimarTul danaSaulad kvalifikacias. 10
arsebobs uamravi sxva norma, romelic krZalavs bavSvTa uflebebis xelyofas. akrZalulia
sikvdiliT dasjis gamoyeneba. sikvdiliT dasjis Sefardeba dauSvebelia 18
wlamde asakis bavSvebisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba yvela sxva piroba
arsebobdes am sasjelis SefardebisaTvis.
konfliqtis monawile mxareebi Cveulebriv, mTel rig RonisZiebebs axorcieleben
gansakuTrebuli dacvis qveS myofi pirebis sasargeblod. aseTi zomebi sxvadasxva sferoSi
miiReba: samedicino momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa, zogierTi saxis samuSaosagan
gaTavisufleba, socialuri privilegiebis miniWeba da sxva.
konfliqtis monawile mxareebs aqvT ufleba miiRon mkacri zomebi dacvis qveS myofi
pirebis mimarT, Tu es zomebi savaldebulo xasiaTs atarebs. (konfliqtSi monawile
mxares aqvs ufleba piris internirebisa, Tu is warmoadgens romelime iseT dajgufebas,
romelic iRvwis qaosisa da areulobis damkvidrebisTvis).
iuneskos erT-erTi gamokvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom saomari moqmedebebi imdenad
uaryofiT gavlenas ar axdens bavSvebis fsiqikaze, rac ganpirobebulia maTi swrafviT
Tavgadasavlebisaken, ramdenadac ojaxTan ganSoreba. konfliqtis monawile mxareebi
valdebulni arian yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevaSi, ojaxis wevrebi moaTavson erT SenobaSi,
sadac sxvebisagan gancalkevebiT icxovreben. maT ojaxuri cxovrebis warmarTvisaTvis
yvela aucilebeli piroba unda hqondeT. 11
144

konfliqtis monawile mxareebi unda ecadon, rom saomar moqmedebebSi 15 wlamde
asakis bavSvebma monawileoba ar miiRon. Tu 15 wlamde asakis bavSvebi mainc Rebuloben
monawileobas saomar moqmedebebSi, mowinaaRmdege mxaris xelSi Cavardnisas, isini
sargebloben gansakuTrebuli dacvis uflebiT, miuxedavad imisa, arian Tu ara isini
samxedro tyveebi. 12
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, bavSvi-jariskacebis gamoyeneba xdeba TiTqmis yvela
qveyanaSi, sadac dResdReobiT SeiaraRebuli konfliqti arsebobs. kongos demokratiul
respublikaSi saerTaSoriso amnistiis mier CamorTmeul interviuebSi bavSvebis umravlesobam
aRiara, rom im droisaTvis, rodesac isini pirvelad Caebnen saomar moqmedebebSi,
maTi asaki iyo 6-7 weli. saerTaSoriso samarTali krZalavs 18 wlamde asakis bavSvebis
wvrTnasa da gamoyenebas saomar moqmedebebSi, xolo 15 wlamde bavSvebis Seiara-
Rebul ZalebSi gamoyeneba miCneulia rogorc omis danaSauli.
bavSvTa uflebebis Sesaxeb gaeros konvenciis 38-e muxli aseve, krZalavs 15 wlamde
bavSvebis saomar moqmedebebSi Cabmas. mas amyarebs am konvenciis damatebiTi oqmi bav-
Svebis SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi Cabmis Sesaxeb, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 2002 wlis 12
Tebervals da gansazRvra bavSvebis saomar moqmedebebSi Cabmis minimaluri asaki _ 18
weli. miuxedavad imisa, rom kongos demokratiuli respublikis mier ratificirebulia
zemoaRniSnuli damatebiTi oqmi, bavSvi-jariskacebis ricxvi kongos demokratiul
respublikaSi ar Semcirebula.
Tumca, rac Seexeba saerTo mdgomareobas, ukanasknel wlebSi SeimCneva progresi
bavSvTa uflebebis dacvis sferoSi. 2003 wels 67 saxelmwifom moaxdina bavSvTa uflebebis
Sesaxeb konvenciis damatebiTi oqmis ratificireba. maT Soris, avRaneTma, kongos
demokratiulma respublikam, filipinebma, ruandam, siera leonem, Sri lankam, ugandam
da a.S.
gaerTianebuli erebis bavSvTa dacvis komitetma daiwyo TiToeuli saxelmwifos
kontroli aRniSnuli oqmis implentaciis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom
1998 wlis romis statutis Tanaxmad, 15 wlamde bavSvebis SeiaraRebul ZalebSi Cabma da
gamoyeneba miiCneva omis danaSaulad.
1999 wels, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom didi yuradReba dauTmo bavSvTa uflebebis
dacvas SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros da gaeros mier miCneulia mSvidobis damyarebis
erT-erT elementad. aseve, gaerom mxari dauWira bavSvi-jariskacebis demobilizaciasa
da reintegraciis programebs.
2001 wlis noemberSi, uSiSroebis sabWom uprecedento nabiji gadadga da mimarTa
TxovniT generalur mdivans daekonkretebina is mxareebi, romlebic aiZulebdnen bav-
Svebs mieRoT monawileoba saomar moqmedebebSi. 2003 wlis ianvarSi, mas Semdeg rac oficialuri
saxiT cnobili gaxda am saxelmwifoTa CamonaTvali, uSiSroebis sabWom gadawyvita
damatebiTi zomebis miReba am mxareebis mimarT.
arsebobs uamravi saqme bavSvi-jariskacebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, romelic ganixila
sxvadasxva sasamarTlom da samxedro tribunalma.
siera leones specialurma sasamarTlom ganixila ramdenime saqme, sadac sxva darRvevebTan
erTad iyo bavSvebis gamoyeneba saomar moqmedebebSi. saqmeSi _ Prosecuter v. Foday
145

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Saybana Sankoh, Issa Hassan Sesay, Morris Kallon and Augustine Gbao zemoaRniSnul pirebs brali
edebodaT adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis CadenaSi, Jenevis konvenciebis
saerTo me-3 muxlisa da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis sxva normebis
xelyofaSi. kerZod, samoqalaqo mosaxleobis koleqtiuri dasja, mkvleloba, gaupatiureba
da sxva saxis seqsualuri Zaladoba, arahumanuri mopyroba, Rirsebis Selaxva, 15
wlamde asakis bavSvebis saomar moqmedebebSi gamoyeneba da sxva. 13
siera leones specialuri sasamarTlos mier ganxiluli erT-erTi saqmea Prosecuter v.
Charles Ghankay Taylor. Carlz teilors, aseve brali edeboda Jenevis konvenciebis saerTo
me-3 muxlisa da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis sxva normebis xelyofasa da
adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis CadenaSi. maT Soris, mkvleloba, adamianis
fizikuri da fsiqikuri mdgomareobis xelyofa, gaupatiureba da sxva saxis seqsualuri
Zaladoba, bavSvi-jariskacebis gamoyeneba da sxva. 14
saerTaSoriso sisxlis sasamarTlom ramdenime saqme ganixila zemoT aRniSnuli
darRvevebis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi aseTi saqmea Prosecuter v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo. mas brali
daedo omis danaSaulis CadenaSi, kerZod, 15 wlamde asakis bavSvebis SeiaraRebul Zaleb-
Si Cabma, wvrTna da saomar moqmedebebSi gamoyeneba. 15
bavSvebis saomar moqmedebebSi gamoyenebis akrZalvis garda, saerTaSoriso humanitaruli
samarTali moicavs sxva normebsac, romlebic uzurnvelyofen bavSvTa uflebebis
dacvas.
konfliqtis monawile mxareebs ara aqvT ufleba miiRon ucxo qveyanaSi bavSvebis
evakuaciasTan dakavSirebuli zomebi, Tu es bavSvebi ar arian misi moqalaqeebi. Tumca,
arsebobs gamonaklisi, roca saqme exeba bavSvebis janmrTelobasa da mkurnalobas, an
bavSvebis usafrTxoebisaTvis aucilebelia maTi evakuacia. bavSvebis evakuacia xdeba
mSoblis an kanonieri meurvis werilobiTi TanxmobiT. Tu ar xerxdeba aseTi pirebis
monaxva, maSin aucilebelia im pirTa Tanxmoba, romelsac kanonierad evaleba bavSvze
zrunva. evakuaciaSi yofnis mTeli drois manZilze Seuwyvetliv uzrunvelyofili iqneba
yoveli bavSvis swavleba, religiuri da moraluri aRzrdis CaTvliT, misi mSoblebis
survilis Tanaxmad.
bavSvis aRzrdis dros Zalze mniSvnelovania misi garemocva. bavSvis ojaxis dacviT
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali icavs im moralur faseulobebs, religias,
kulturasa da tradiciebs, romelSic bavSvi izrdeboda.
konfliqtis monawile mxareebi valdebulni arian miiRon aucilebeli zomebi, raTa
15 wlamde asakis daoblebuli an omis Sedegad ojaxs dacilebuli bavSvebi sakuTari
Tavis anabrad ar darCnen. maTi aRzrda unda daevalos imave kulturuli tradiciis
adamians. evakuirebuli bavSvebis TavianT qveynebsa da ojaxebSi dabrunebis gasaadvileblad
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebi TiToeuli bavSvis saxelze avseben baraTs
suraTiTurT, romelsac agzavnian wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis cnobaTa
centralur saagentoSi. `garda amisa, mxareebi Seecdebian dadgindes 12 wlamde asakis
bavSvebis vinaoba, amosacnobi medalionebiT an nebismieri sxva saSualebebiT.~ 16
I damatebiTi oqmi aseve, iTvaliswinebs mcirewlovani bavSvebis dedebis mdgomareobas.
IV konvenciis Tanaxmad, `konfliqtis monawile mxareebi ecdebian saomari moqmedebebis
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dros dadon SeTanxmebebi calkeuli kategoriebis internirebulebis gaTavisuflebis,
repatriaciis, sacxovrebel adgilas dabrunebis an neitralur qveyanaSi hospitalizaciis
Sesaxeb. es gansakuTrebiT exebaT bavSvebs, fexmZime qalebs, Cvili da mcirewlovani
bavSvebis dedebs.~ 17
Jenevis IV konvencia iTvaliswinebs, rom `yoveli maRali xelSemkvreli mxare Tavisuflad
gaatarebs samedicino da hospitaluri masalebis an religiuri msaxurebisaTvis
aucilebeli sagnebis Semcvel yvela gzavnils, romelic samoqalaqo mosaxleobisTvisaa
gankuTvnili, Tundac, es ukanaskneli mowinaaRmdegec iyos. aseve, Tavisuflad unda
gaataros sakvebi produqtebis, tansacmlisa da gamakaJebeli saSualebebis Semcveli
yvela amanaTi, romelic 15 wlamde asakis bavSvebis, orsuli qalebisa da mSobiareebis-
Tvisaa gankuTvnili~. 18 aq Sedis iseTi produqtebi, romelic aucilebelia adamianis
normaluri fizikuri da gonebrivi ganviTarebisaTvis.
zemoaRniSnuli kategoriebi sargebloben upiratesobiT, pirvelebma miiRon
daxmareba, gansakuTrebiT sakvebi produqtebi, tansacmeli da gamakaJebeli saSualebebi.
aseve, sargebloben sxva privilegiebiTac.
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali axorcielebs bavSvebis dacvas farTo aspeqtSi.
maTze vrceldeba yvela normebi, romlebic saerTo dacvas exeba, amis garda muxlebi,
romlebic exeba maT gansakuTrebul dacvas.
adamianis uflebaTa samarTalSic bavSvebi gansakuTrebuli dacviT arian uzrunvelyofilni
da maTi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi gansazRvrulia saerTaSoriso aqtebiT.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania bavSvTa uflebebis konvencia, romelic miRebulia
gaeros generaluri asambleis mier 1989 wels.
daskvna
msoflio masStabiT mimdinare SeiaraRebulma konfliqtebma cxadyo, rom saomari
moqmedebebi warimarTeba iseTi meTodebiT, romelic xelyofs samoqalaqo mosaxleobis
uflebebs. dausjeli qmedebebi, romelic mimarTulia bavSvebis winaaRmdeg, vnebs ara
marto uSualo msxverpls, aramed garSemo myof mosaxleobasac.
bavSvebi SemTxveviT ar warmoadgenen im pirTa wres, romlebic mudmivad arian
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis msxverplni. maTi uflebebis xelyofa xdeba Segnebulad, radgan
am qmedebebiT xdeba mTlianad samoqalaqo mosaxleobis terori da ufro advilia
maTi damorCileba.
gaerTianebuli erebis bavSvTa dacvis komitetma daiwyo TiToeuli saxelmwifos kontroli
aRniSnuli oqmis implentaciis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1998
wlis romis statutis Tanaxmad, 15 wlamde bavSvebis SeiaraRebul ZalebSi Cabma da gamoyeneba
miiCneva omis danaSaulad.
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali axorcielebs
bavSvTa dacvas farTo aspeqtSi. maTze vrceldeba rogorc saerTo dacvis normebi, aseve
is muxlebi, romlebic exeba maT gansakuTrebul dacvas.
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saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali mkacrad gansazRvravs konfliqtSi monawile
mxareTa movaleobas daicvan bavSvTa uflebebi, kerZod, uzrunvelyon isini maTTvis
miniWebuli upiratesobebiT, aseve daicvan saomari moqmedebebisa da am moqmedebebiT
gamowveuli Sedegebisagan. swored omis msxverplTa umZimesma mdgomareobam ganapiroba
am konvenciebisa da maTi damatebiTi oqmebis miReba, aseve, ad hoc tribunalebisa da
saerTaSoriso sisxlis sasamarTlos Seqmna. misasalmebelia, rom dResdReobiT, aqtualuria
seqsualuri Zaladobisa da bavSvi-jariskacebis gamoyenebis sakiTxi. isini zemoaRniSnuli
ad hoc tribunalebisa da saerTaSoriso sisxlis sasamarTlos mier ganixileba
rogorc adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli da omis danaSauli.
miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, dResdReobiT, jer kidev, arsebobs uamravi problema
bavSvTa uflebebis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso humanitarul samarTalSi,
romelic daxvewas moiTxovs.
am SemTxvevaSi, yvelaze mniSvnelovani nabijia saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis ufro
aqtiurad Cabma zemoaRniSnuli problemebis gadawyvetaSi, rac gulisxmobs bavSvi-jariskacebis
reintegraciis mxardaWerasa da SeZlebisdagvarad, aseTi programebis xel-
Sewyobas; eqspertTa jgufebis gamoyofas informaciis mosapoveblad, maT gasaanalizeblad
da garkveuli relevanturi zomebis misaRebad, saxelmwifoTa iniciativas moaxdinon
bavSvTa uflebebis dacvis konvenciebisa da xelSekrulebebis ratificireba.
148

SeniSvnebi:
1
Women and Children in conflict Protection Act of 2003.
2
Prosecuter v. Foday Saybana Sankoh, Issa Hassan Sesay, Morris Kallon and Augustine Gbao.
3
Prosecuter v. Charles Ghankay Taylor.
4
I damatebiTi oqmis 75-e muxli.
5
1949 wlis Jenevis konvenciis damatebiTi oqmi saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtis msxverplTa dacvis Sesaxeb.
6
Jenevis 1949 wlis 12 agvistos konvenciebis I I damatebiTi oqmi arasaerTa-
Soriso SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis msxverplTa dacvis Sesaxeb, muxli 4.
7
Security Council resolution 827 of 25 May, 1993
8
Security Council resolution 955 of 8 November 1994
9
The Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu (Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, September 2, 1998).
10
The Prosecutor v.Dragoljob Kunarac, Radomir Kovac and Zoran Vukovic (Foca case, IT-96-23
and IT-96-23/1, 22 February 2001).
11
IV Jenevis konvenciis 82-e muxli.
12
I damatebiTi oqmis 77-e muxli.
13
Prosecuter v. Foday Saybana Sankoh, Issa Hassan Sesay, Morris Kallon and Augustine Gbao
(Case No.SCSL-2004-15-PT).
14
Prosecuter v. Charles Ghankay Taylor (Case No. SCSL-03-01-I).
15
Prosecuter v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo.
16
IV Jenevis konvenciis 24-e muxli.
17
IV Jenevis konvenciis 132-e muxli.
18
23-e muxli.
149

marTlmsajuleba
N4
da
kanoni
Protection of
the Child Rights
under the Geneva
Conventions
MARIAM JIKIA
Doctor of Law, Assistant Professor at Humanitarian
and Social Faculty Georgian technical University
The article discusses the children who are the subject of special protection
of the Geneva Conventions the Protocols thereof.
The statistical data show that armed conflicts affect the civil society, especially
children. This is not a sheer coincidence because mostly the children are
those who comprise the group of population whose rights are violated in a
war. The crimes committed against the children during the armed conflicts
lead to catastrophic (devastating) physical and psychological results.
There are many cases of using minors as soldiers. And there are many cases
when children are victims of sexual violence.
The article canvasses not only the facts but also the current mechanisms of
child protection as well as the cases which were heard by the Military Tribunals
of Rwanda and Yugoslavia. It also offers probable measures to be introduced
in order to the make a certain contribution to the protection of the child
rights during armed conflicts.
150

axali wignebi
administraciuli saxdelebi
gamomcemloba `meridianma~ gamosca profesor maka salxinaSvilisa
da doqtorant tariel WinWaraulis monografia `administraciuli
saxdelebi~.
wigni momzadebulia saqarTvelos administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa
kodeqsis, administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis
proeqtis, zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis, saqarTvelos administraciuli
saproceso kodeqsis da sxvadasxva specialuri kanonebisa
Tu kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebis safuZvelze. igi
Seexeba im sakiTxebs, romlebic wamyvani umaRlesi saswavleblebis
silabusebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. administraciuli saxdeli administraciuli
samarTlis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi institutia.
avtorebi Tanamedrove mecnierebis doneze ganixilaven administraciuli samarTaldarRvevisa
da pasuxismgeblobis cnebebs, administraciuli saxdelebis cnebas, saxeebs, saxdelebis dakisrebisa
da aRsrulebis sakiTxebs. wignSi TiToeul Temas aseve, mosdevs sakontrolo kiTxvebi,
kazusebi da savarjiSo testebi.
gamartivebuli warmoeba
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo procesSi
gamomcemloba `meridianma~ gamosca samarTlis doqtoris, robizon
xurcilavas monografia `gamartivebuli warmoeba saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo procesSi~, romlis redaqtorebi arian samarTlis doqtorebi,
profesorebi gia qiria da Salva qurdaZe.
naSromi kompleqsuri gamokvlevaa. monografiis Teoriul, meTodologiur
da wyaroTmcodneobis mTavar bazas warmoadgens zogadsamecniero
meTodebi. sakiTxebis Seswavla da kvleva ganxorcielda
SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi, logikuri da sociologiuri meTodebis
safuZvelze. naSromSi gamoyenebulia Teoriuli Semecnebis specialuri
meTodebi da xerxebi.
monografiis informaciul bazas qmnis: saqarTvelos konstitucia,
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, saqarTveloSi
moqmedi normatiuli aqtebi, qarTvel da ucxoel mecnierTa naSromebi (monografiebi, statiebi),
aseve sasamarTlo praqtikis masalebi.
monografiaSi gadmocemulia gamartivebuli warmoebis arsi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso
samarTalSi, misi ZiriTadi niSnebi, gamartivebul warmoebaSi monawile pirTa samarTlebrivi
mdgomareoba, misi gansxvaveba sasarCelo da udavo warmoebisagan, aseve, mocemulia sasamar-
Tlo praqtikis analizi.
monografiaSi ganxilulia gamartivebuli warmoebis wesiT gansaxilveli calkeuli kategoriis
saqmeebi, rogoricaa: Tamasuqisa da Cekis Taobaze, davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb,
lizingis sagnis gamcemis mflobelobaSi lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Taobaze da 5%-ian aqciaTa
savaldebulo miyidvis Sesaxeb saqmeebi.
151

marTlmsajuleba
N4 N1
da
kanoni
saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociacia
JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA
tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 92 34 90
152