Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi - Center for Social Sciences
Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi - Center for Social Sciences Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi - Center for Social Sciences
am Teoriis gavlenis Sedegad aSS-s policiam gaamkacra damokidebuleba naklebad seriozuli sazogadoebrivi wesrigis danaSaulebebisadmi — maTxovrebisadmi, mTvralebisadmi, xulignebisadmi da a.S. aseTi midgomis farglebSi policia quCis movaWreebic wesrigis damrRvevebad aRiqvams da yvelanairad cdilobs maTi saqmianobis SezRudvas. dunieri ki cdilobs daamtkicos, rom quCis gamyidvlebis magaliTma bevr cixidan gamosuls uCvena, rom SeiZleboda fulis patiosnad Sovna — anu, quCaSi muSaoba socialuri reabilitaciis funqcias asrulebs. rogorc dunierma kvlevis Sedegad daadgina, erTi SexedviT erTmaneTis msgavs quCis gamyidvlebs Soris sakmaod mkacri ierarqia arsebobs; maT Soris ganawilebulia rolebi da funqciebi. aq arian “adgilis damkaveblebi”, anu adamianebi, romlebic yvelaze adre modian da ikaveben savaWro adgils, Semdeg ki “yidian” mas 20-50 dolarad; aq arian “momtanebi” — adamianebi, romlebsac moaqvT Senaxuli saqoneli sawyobebidan da amisaTvis garkveul gasamrjelos iReben; “magidaze Tvalis damWerebs”, romlebic xSirad iqve axlos mdgomi maTxovrebi an sxva gamyidvlebi arian, Tvali uWiravT ama Tu im saqmeze wasuli gamyidvlis magidaze, raTa policiam misi konfiskacia ar moaxdinos 79 , da a.S. dunieri cdilobs daamtkicos, rom quCis movaWreebi “sajaro figurebi” (public character) arian, romlebic awesrigeben cxovrebas da sazogadoebrivi kontrolis funqciasac asruleben. “sazogadiebrivi figurebis” koncefcia cnobil socialur mecniers, jein jeikobss (Jane Jacobs) ekuTvnis, romelmac jer kidev 1961 wels gamosca wigni “didi amerikuli qalaqebis sikvdili da sicocxle” (“Death and Life of Great American Cities”), sadac is grinviC vilijis ubanSi ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebebis safuZvelze saubrobs Tanamedrove qalquri cxovrebis Sesaxeb: “trotuaris socialuri cxovreba bevrad aris damokidebuli maTze, visac SeiZleba TviTdaniSnuli sajaro figurebi vuwodoT. sajaro figura aris nebismieri adamiani, visac xSiri kontaqti aqvs mraval adamianTan da vinc sakmarisad aris dainteresebuli imiT, rom sakuTari Tavi sajaro figurad warmoaCinos. sajaro figuras ar unda hqondes raime gansakuTrebuli niWi an sibrZne, raTa Tavisi funqciebi Seasrulos — Tumca mas xSirad aqvs es Tvisebebi. misi mTavari kvalifikacia isaa, rom is aris sajaro, rom is esaubreba bevr sxvadasxvanair adamians. amgvarad xdeba axali ambebis gavrceleba, rac trotuaris mizania” 80 . jein jeikobsi sajaro figurebad miiCnevs maRaziis gamyidvlebs, mcire biznesis mepatroneebs, romlebsac “Tvali uWiravT quCaze”. dunieris azriT, swored aseT funqcias asruleben wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis movaWreebi — maT utoveben sagazeTo jixurSi motanil gazeTebs, isini yuradRebas aqceven maT maxloblad gaCerebul manqanebs, isini esaubrebian ubnis macxovreblebs, da a.S. Tavis kvlevis meTods mitCel dunieri “diagnostikur eTnografias” uwodebs. “rodesac me davbrundi me-6 avenueze, raTa memuSava rogorc Jurnalebis gamyidvels, me jer kidev ar mqonda Camoyalibebuli zusti kvleviTi SekiTxva” 81 , — ambobs dunieri. miT umetes, kvlevis sawyis etapze mas ar hqonia Teoria, romlis Semowmebasac apirebda. amitom is cdilobda yuradReba gaemaxvilebina quCaSi mimdinare koleqtiur saqmianobaze; rogor xdeboda saqonlis moZieba, rogori urTierToba iyo gamyidvlebsa da myidvelebs, gamyidvlebsa da policielebs Soris, da a.S. “is, rom me ar mqonda gakrveuli kvleviTi SekiTxva Cemi kvlevis dawyebisas, SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes imas, rac sociologiaSia miRebuli. miuxedavad amisa, me sxvanairi Sexeduleba maqvs. xSirad socialur mecnierebebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki Tvisebrivi kvlevis dros, rodesac monacemTa didi raodenoba moipoveba, kvlevis dizaini monacemebis Segrovebis Semdeg gamoikveTeba xolme. 79 kanonis Tanaxmad, policies ufleba aqvs im magidis konfiskacia moaxdinos, romelic upatronod dgas trotuarze. 80 Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 6. 81 Ibid. P. 340-341. 68
Cemi ideebi Camoyalibda imis safuZvelze, Tu ras vxedavdi da ra mesmoda quCaSi” 82 . rogorc CarTul damkvirvebels, duniers unda SeemCnia da yuradReba gaemaxvilebina iseT movlenebze, romlebic sxvebs umniSvnelod eCveneboda. metic — imis wyalobiT, rom mas TiTqmis mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi CarTuli hqonda magnitofoni, kasetebis mosmenisas is afiqsirebda iseT momentebs, romlebic gamorCa anda ar CaTvala mniSvnelovnad uSualod dakvirvebis dros. “CarTuli dakvirvebis dros kvleviTi SekiTxvebi savele samuSaoebis Catarebisas ibadeba. magaliTad, me ar SemeZlo meTqva marvinisTvis da ronisTvis 83 , rom mainteresebda imis Seswavla, Tu rogor esaubreba ramodenime mamakaci (romelic quCaSi vaWrobs — T.z.) Camvlel qalebs, imitom rom me ar vicodi, rom es sakiTxi wamoiWreboda. aseve, me srulebiT ar vicodi, Tu damainteresebda dRevandeli trotuaris cxovrebis Sedareba im periodTan, rodesac jein jeikobsi werda Tavis wigns. me viyavi iq, raTa ubralod mewarmoebina dakvirveba da gamekeTebina Canawerebi, da me vTxovdi im adamianebs, romlebic quCaSi muSaobdnen, rom CemTvis amis neba daerToT” 84 . dunierma es nebarTva miiRo, Tumca is bolomde ar iyo darwmunebuli, rom quCis movaWreebi endobodnen da “Tavisianad” miiCnevdnen mas. is aRiarebs, rom quCis movaWreebs sxvadasxva motivi amoZravebdaT, rodesac maT masTan TanamSromlobaze Tanxmoba ganacxades: “zogierT gamyidvels ... ubralod undoda, rom iq vyofiliyavi rogorc cotaodeni xurdis da sesxebis wyaro, ... kidev ramodenimem ki CemTan saqmis daWera imitom gadawyvita, rom daweriliyo wigni am ubnis da maT Sesaxeb. magram Cemi mxridan gulubryvilo iqneboda mefiqra, rom me vicodi, Tu ras fiqrobdnen isini, rom isini mendobodnen, an “Tavisianad” mTvlidnen, rasac ar unda niSnavdes es” 85 . adamianebi ficis qveSac ityuebian, miT umetes mkvlevars ara aqvs aranairi garantia, rom informanti mas srul WeSmaritebas etyvis. amitomaa, rom dunieris kvlevisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mokvleuli masalis gadamowmebis mcdeloba — yovelTvis, rodesac es SesaZlebeli iyo. magaliTad, dunierma gadaamowma misi informantebis biografiis faqtebi (marTla hqonda Tu ara hasans damTavrebuli rutgersis universiteti? marTla miatova Tu ara ronma Tavisi sacxovrebeli bina, rodesac umuSevari darCa? marTla zrunavda Tu ara merdiki Tavis SviliSvilze da a.S.); Seiswavla quCaSi beWvdviTi produqciiT vaWrobis kanonis evolucia; rodesac es SesaZlebeli iyo, iyenebda mraval mowmes, da a.S. kvlevis warmoebis procesSi dunieri im daskvnamde mivida, rom imisaTvis, raTa mkvlevarma warmatebuli kvleva Caataros, ar aris aucilebeli, rom aqtorebma is “Tavisianad” miiCnion — sakmarisia, rom mkvlevars hqondes dakvirvebis saSualeba; rac ufro mniSvnelovania, is unda akvirdebodes iseT socialur struqturas, sadac meordeba garkveuli moqmedebebi da situaciebi. magaliTad, Tu ojaxSi damokidebuleba meuRleebs Soris arc Tu idealuria, droTa ganmavlobaSi Cven aucileblad gavxdebiT Cxubis an usiamovnebis mowmeni — ra Tqma unda, es konkretuli Cxubi SeiZleba sul sxva ramis gamo iyos gamowveuli da sul sxva formebi miiRos, vidre maT Soris Cxubis wina SemTxvevam, magram TviT aseTi faqtis sixSiremac SeiZleba miuTiTos imaze, Tu ramdenadaa gamwvavebuli urTierTobebi; anda, Tu romelime dawesebulebaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli korufcia, didia imis albaToba, rom Cven aucileblad SeveswrebiT aseT faqts. miuxedavad amisa, CarTuli dakvirvebis Catarebisas mainc sasurvelia, rom mkvlevari maqsimalurad iyos “saitze”, radgan arsebobs unikaluri SemTxvevebic, romlebic aRar meordeba da romlebsac SeiZleba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqondes kvlevis warmatebisTvis. magaliTad, masala, romelic dunieris kvlevis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Tavs daedo safuZvlad (“Soba me-6 avenueze”), sruliad SemTxveviT iqna Segrovebuli. Soba dRes, rodesac dunieri ar apirebda kvlevis Catarebas, man gauara hakims, raTa kinoSi wasuliyvnen. aRmoCnda, rom erT-erT 82 Ibid. P. 341. 83 dunieris informantebi. 84 Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 335. 85 Ibid. P. 338-339. 69
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Cemi ideebi Camoyalibda imis safuZvelze, Tu ras vxedavdi da ra mesmoda<br />
quCaSi” 82 .<br />
rogorc CarTul damkvirvebels, duniers unda SeemCnia da yuradReba<br />
gaemaxvilebina iseT movlenebze, romlebic sxvebs umniSvnelod eCveneboda. metic<br />
— imis wyalobiT, rom mas TiTqmis mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi CarTuli hqonda<br />
magnitofoni, kasetebis mosmenisas is afiqsirebda iseT momentebs, romlebic<br />
gamorCa anda ar CaTvala mniSvnelovnad uSualod dakvirvebis dros. “CarTuli<br />
dakvirvebis dros kvleviTi SekiTxvebi savele samuSaoebis Catarebisas ibadeba.<br />
magaliTad, me ar SemeZlo meTqva marvinisTvis da ronisTvis 83 , rom mainteresebda<br />
imis Seswavla, Tu rogor esaubreba ramodenime mamakaci (romelic quCaSi vaWrobs<br />
— T.z.) Camvlel qalebs, imitom rom me ar vicodi, rom es sakiTxi wamoiWreboda.<br />
aseve, me srulebiT ar vicodi, Tu damainteresebda dRevandeli trotuaris<br />
cxovrebis Sedareba im periodTan, rodesac jein jeikobsi werda Tavis wigns. me<br />
viyavi iq, raTa ubralod mewarmoebina dakvirveba da gamekeTebina Canawerebi, da me<br />
vTxovdi im adamianebs, romlebic quCaSi muSaobdnen, rom CemTvis amis neba<br />
daerToT” 84 .<br />
dunierma es nebarTva miiRo, Tumca is bolomde ar iyo darwmunebuli, rom<br />
quCis movaWreebi endobodnen da “Tavisianad” miiCnevdnen mas. is aRiarebs, rom<br />
quCis movaWreebs sxvadasxva motivi amoZravebdaT, rodesac maT masTan<br />
TanamSromlobaze Tanxmoba ganacxades: “zogierT gamyidvels ... ubralod<br />
undoda, rom iq vyofiliyavi rogorc cotaodeni xurdis da sesxebis wyaro, ...<br />
kidev ramodenimem ki CemTan saqmis daWera imitom gadawyvita, rom daweriliyo<br />
wigni am ubnis da maT Sesaxeb. magram Cemi mxridan gulubryvilo iqneboda mefiqra,<br />
rom me vicodi, Tu ras fiqrobdnen isini, rom isini mendobodnen, an “Tavisianad”<br />
mTvlidnen, rasac ar unda niSnavdes es” 85 .<br />
adamianebi ficis qveSac ityuebian, miT umetes mkvlevars ara aqvs aranairi<br />
garantia, rom in<strong>for</strong>manti mas srul WeSmaritebas etyvis. amitomaa, rom dunieris<br />
kvlevisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mokvleuli masalis gadamowmebis mcdeloba —<br />
yovelTvis, rodesac es SesaZlebeli iyo. magaliTad, dunierma gadaamowma misi<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mantebis biografiis faqtebi (marTla hqonda Tu ara hasans damTavrebuli<br />
rutgersis universiteti? marTla miatova Tu ara ronma Tavisi sacxovrebeli<br />
bina, rodesac umuSevari darCa? marTla zrunavda Tu ara merdiki Tavis<br />
SviliSvilze da a.S.); Seiswavla quCaSi beWvdviTi produqciiT vaWrobis kanonis<br />
evolucia; rodesac es SesaZlebeli iyo, iyenebda mraval mowmes, da a.S.<br />
kvlevis warmoebis procesSi dunieri im daskvnamde mivida, rom imisaTvis,<br />
raTa mkvlevarma warmatebuli kvleva Caataros, ar aris aucilebeli, rom<br />
aqtorebma is “Tavisianad” miiCnion — sakmarisia, rom mkvlevars hqondes<br />
dakvirvebis saSualeba; rac ufro mniSvnelovania, is unda akvirdebodes iseT<br />
<strong>socialur</strong> struqturas, sadac meordeba garkveuli moqmedebebi da situaciebi.<br />
magaliTad, Tu ojaxSi damokidebuleba meuRleebs Soris arc Tu idealuria,<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi Cven aucileblad gavxdebiT Cxubis an usiamovnebis mowmeni —<br />
ra Tqma unda, es konkretuli Cxubi SeiZleba sul sxva ramis gamo iyos gamowveuli<br />
da sul sxva <strong>for</strong>mebi miiRos, vidre maT Soris Cxubis wina SemTxvevam, magram TviT<br />
aseTi faqtis sixSiremac SeiZleba miuTiTos imaze, Tu ramdenadaa gamwvavebuli<br />
urTierTobebi; anda, Tu romelime dawesebulebaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli<br />
korufcia, didia imis albaToba, rom Cven aucileblad SeveswrebiT aseT faqts.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, CarTuli dakvirvebis Catarebisas mainc sasurvelia, rom<br />
mkvlevari maqsimalurad iyos “saitze”, radgan arsebobs unikaluri SemTxvevebic,<br />
romlebic aRar meordeba da romlebsac SeiZleba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba<br />
hqondes kvlevis warmatebisTvis. magaliTad, masala, romelic dunieris kvlevis<br />
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Tavs daedo safuZvlad (“Soba me-6 avenueze”), sruliad<br />
SemTxveviT iqna Segrovebuli. Soba dRes, rodesac dunieri ar apirebda kvlevis<br />
Catarebas, man gauara hakims, raTa kinoSi wasuliyvnen. aRmoCnda, rom erT-erT<br />
82 Ibid. P. 341.<br />
83 dunieris in<strong>for</strong>mantebi.<br />
84 Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 335.<br />
85 Ibid. P. 338-339.<br />
69
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