Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi - Center for Social Sciences
Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi - Center for Social Sciences Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi - Center for Social Sciences
savele Canawerebi rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, eTnografiuli kvlevis farglebSi xdeba individebis da socialuri jgufebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aRwera maTi kulturuli normebis Seswavlis mizniT, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs savele muSaobis Catarebas ara eqsperimentalur pirobebSi, aramed ama Tu im Sesaswavli jgufis Tu individisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bunebriv pirobebSi. eTnografiuli kvlevis Catarebis ZiriTadi mizania imis gageba, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebenen ama Tu im gamocdilebas, cxovrebis wessa Tu kulturul normas is adamianebi, romelTa yofasac Cven SeviswavliT. CarTuli dakvirvebis Catareba mkvlevrisagan mTeli rigi unar-Cvevebs daxvewas moiTxovs — is unda iyos yuradRebiani damkvirvebeli, kargi msmeneli, kvalificiuri interviueri rogorc formalizebuli, aseve araformalizebuli interviuebis Catarebisas. mas unda hqondes Zalian kargi mexsiereba, romelic daexmareba daimaxsovros is, rasac SeniSnavs dakvirvebis procesSi, raTa Semdgom Caiweros dakvirvebis Sedegebi, xolo am Canawerebis da SemdgomSi dakvirvebis angariSis momzadebisaTvis mas moeTxoveba sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis Seqmnis unari — dawyebuli savele CanawerebiT da damTavrebuli Semajamebeli angariSiT, romelic xSirad monografiis safuZveli xdeba. amasTan, mas unda SeeZlos miiRos gadawyvetilebebi gamokvlevis fokusis dadgenisa da gamokvlevis dros wamoWrili axali sakiTxebis integrirebis an uaryofis Taobaze. mkvlevris mier ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis dokumentacia savele Canawerebis meSveobiT xdeba, sadac is cdilobs CainiSnos yvela is wvrilmani Tu mniSvnelovani movlena, romlis momswrec gaxda. kvlevis procesSi yoveldRiuri savele Canawerebis (fieldnotes) warmoebis wesebis Seswavla CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodis Seswavlis mniSvnelovani nawilia Tanamedrove eTnografiaSi. savele CanawerebSi warmoCenili unda iyos is socialuri realoba, romelsac mkvlevari Seiswavlis; maTSi xdeba arsebuli cxovrebis wesis, kulturuli normebis da socialuri organizaciis formebis aRwera detaluri dakvirvevebis doneze. savele Canawerebi is masalaa, romelic SemdgomSi umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs dakvirvebis Sedgebis Seswavlasa da analizSi — saboloo jamSi, savele Canawerebi masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros Sevsebuli kiTxvarebis analogiuri informaciis wyaroa, amitom maTi Sedgena da momzadeba guldasmiT unda moxdes. CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodis gamoyenebiT kvlevis Catarebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba isaa, rom kvleviT unar-CvevebTan erTad, aseTi kvleva moiTxovs gamarTulad da sainteresod weris unars. mkvlevars unda Seswevdes unari, yoveldRiurad aRweros rogorc mniSvnelovani, aseve umniSvnelo movlenebi, romelTa mowmec gaxda kvlevis procesSi, CainiSnos yvela detali da SemdgomSi es detalebi ufro farTo konteqstSi moaTavsos. savele Canawerebis mimarT ori ZiriTadi damokidebuleba arsebobs. erTis Tanaxmad, savele Canawerebis warmoebis unari, iseve rogorc zogadad weris niWi, Tandayolilia da misi swavleba SeuZlebelia — is an aqvs adamians, an ara. meore midgomis Tanaxmad ki savele Canawerebis warmoeba iseTive warmatebiT SeiZleba aswavlo adamians, rogorc nebismieri sxva unar-Cveva. Cvenc am azrs viziarebT da gvjera, rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia am unar-Cvevis daufleba Seswavlis da praqtikuli saqmianobis procesSi; Tu adamiani dRidan dRemde awarmoebs Canawerebs da kritikuli TvaliT afasebs maT, mas aucileblad gamoumuSavdeba maTi ukeT warmoebis unari. dakvirvebis Sedegad gakeTebuli savele Canawerebis umravlesoba warmoadgens TxrobiT Canawerebs, sadac aRwerilia damkvirveblis mier danaxuli socialuri situaciebi, Cawerilia mosmenili dialogebi an calkeuli frazebi. devid m. fetermanis azriT, savele Canawerebi “eTnografiuli struqturis aguri da cementia” 60 . miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev XIX saukunidan moyolebuli maT yvela eTnografi iyenebda Tavis muSaobaSi, meTodologiuri ganxilvis sagani savele Canawerebi sul raRac bolo 15-20 wlis win gaxda. rogorc robert emersoni aRniSnavs, adre mkvlevrebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas imas, Tu rogor unda warmoebuliyo savele Canawerebi. amitomaa, rom dResdReobiT jer kidev ar 60 David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 107. 56
aris miRweuli konsensusi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu konkretulad ra saxis Canawerebs unda ewodos “savele Canawerebi”, ramdenad unda ganvasxvavoT maTgan “dRiurebi” an “Junalebi”, da, saerTod, ramdenad marTebulia savele Canawerebis sxvadasxva tipebad dayofa 61 . robert emersonis msgavsad, Cven vTvliT, rom savele Canawerebia savele muSaobisas gakeTebuli yvela Canaweri. Tumca zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba savele Canawerebsa da dRiurebs Soris. maTi azriT, savele Canawerad unda miviCnioT mxolod da mxolod is Canaweri, sadac mkvlevari SeZlebisdagvarad miukerZoeblad aRwers savele pirobebSi gakeTebuli dakvirvebis Sedegebs. rac Seexeba dRiurs an Jurnals, maTSi is Tavis pirad mosazrebebs da STabeWdilebebs iniSnavs, Seaqvs Tavisi SeniSvnebi gamokvlevis msvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT, Tavisi molodini, miRebuli gamocdileba, daSvebuli Secdomebi, problemebi, romlebic uCndeba muSaobis procesSi. magram, rogorc emersoni aRniSnavs, aseTi dayofis SemTxvevaSi xelovnurad xdeba dakvirvebisaTvis “obieqturobis” miniWebis mcdeloba, ramdenadac savele Canawerebi (am terminis viwro gagebiT) momxdaris obieqtur asaxvad iTvleba, xolo dRiurebi ganixileba rogorc warmoebuli dakvirvebis “subieqturi” STabeWdilebebis asaxva. savele Canawerebi uaRresad individualuri dokumentia, romelzec Zalian did gavlenas axdens mkvlevris pirovnuli Tvisebebi. eWvs gareSea, rom ramdenime mkvlevris mier erTi da igive movlenis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli savele Canawerebi SeiZleba absoluturad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan iqidan gamomdinare, Tu romel aqtorebze, movlenebze, detalebze, faqtebze gaamaxviles maT yuradReba. savele Canawerebis auditoria mxolod erTi adamiania — Tavad mkvlevari. magram swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebiT iwyeba monacemTa analizi, amrigad, savele Canawerebi unda ganvixiloT ara mxolod rogorc instrumenti, aramed rogorc warmatebuli eTnografiuli kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi nawili. savele Canawerebi ar unda ganvixiloT rogor ama Tu im movlenis ubralo aRwera; maTi waramoebis procesi eTnografiuli kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi komponentia. xSirad swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros uCndeba mkvlevars esa Tu is kiTxva, wamoiWreba kvlevis axali mimarTulebebi. es procesi exmareba mkvlevars gaaanalizos movlenebi, romelTa momswrec is gaxda, rac xels uwyobs kvlevis warmatebulad Catarebas. rogor unda gaukeTdes organizacia am Canawerebs? pirveli kiTxva, romelsac mkvlevarma unda gasces pasuxi savele Canawerebis warmoebisas, aris is, Tu romel enaze unda awarmoos es Canawerebi? ra Tqma unda, upirveles yovlisa, es kiTxva exeba im mkvlevrebs, romlebic ucxo qveynebSi muSaoben da kvlevis savele etapi ucxo enaze xorcieldeba, magram maSinac ki, rodesac mkvlevari Tavis mSobliur qveyanaSi muSaobs, es sakiTxi ar kargavs Tavis aqtualobas, vinaidan mainc arsebobs ramdenime enis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba: • yoveldRiuri, salaparako ena; • mecnieruli ena (ufro konkretulad, socialuri mecnierebis ena); • Sesaswavli jgufis ena (profesiuli leqsika, Jargoni da sxv.). mkvlevari ar unda ahyves survils, gaamartivos mis winaSe mdgari amocana da ukve savele Canawerebis warmoebis procesSi mecnierul enaze Targmnos is, rasac akvirdeba; es arc Tu iSviaTad xdeba movlenebis kulturuli mniSvnelobis damaxinjebis mizezi. jeims spradli urCevs yvela mkvlevars, uari Tqvas Sefasebebsa da ganzogadoebebze savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros, SeZlebisdagvarad gaakeTos Canawerebi imave enaze, ra enazec mimdinareobda saubarebi, da aucileblad miuTiTos Tavis CanawerebSi yvela frazis avtoris vinaoba, raTa rac SeiZleba zustad moxdes ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis asaxva. rodesac mklevari aqtorebis naTqvams gadmoscems, misi mizani unda iyos, es naTqvami sityvasityviT CainiSnos. es moTxovna, spradlis azriT, yvelaze xSirad 61 Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Pp.viii-x. 57
- Page 5 and 6: Tema 1. Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialu
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- Page 83 and 84: gvaqvs saqme? - ara, universitetSi
- Page 85 and 86: Tqvens cxovrebaSi korufciasTan daka
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- Page 105 and 106: John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. 1995.
savele Canawerebi<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, eTnografiuli kvlevis farglebSi xdeba individebis<br />
da <strong>socialur</strong>i jgufebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aRwera maTi kulturuli<br />
normebis Seswavlis mizniT, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs savele muSaobis<br />
Catarebas ara eqsperimentalur pirobebSi, aramed ama Tu im Sesaswavli jgufis<br />
Tu individisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bunebriv pirobebSi. eTnografiuli kvlevis<br />
Catarebis ZiriTadi mizania imis gageba, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebenen ama Tu im<br />
gamocdilebas, cxovrebis wessa Tu kulturul normas is adamianebi, romelTa<br />
yofasac Cven SeviswavliT.<br />
CarTuli dakvirvebis Catareba mkvlevrisagan mTeli rigi unar-Cvevebs<br />
daxvewas moiTxovs — is unda iyos yuradRebiani damkvirvebeli, kargi msmeneli,<br />
kvalificiuri interviueri rogorc <strong>for</strong>malizebuli, aseve ara<strong>for</strong>malizebuli<br />
interviuebis Catarebisas. mas unda hqondes Zalian kargi mexsiereba, romelic<br />
daexmareba daimaxsovros is, rasac SeniSnavs dakvirvebis procesSi, raTa Semdgom<br />
Caiweros dakvirvebis Sedegebi, xolo am Canawerebis da SemdgomSi dakvirvebis<br />
angariSis momzadebisaTvis mas moeTxoveba sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis Seqmnis<br />
unari — dawyebuli savele CanawerebiT da damTavrebuli Semajamebeli angariSiT,<br />
romelic xSirad monografiis safuZveli xdeba. amasTan, mas unda SeeZlos miiRos<br />
gadawyvetilebebi gamokvlevis fokusis dadgenisa da gamokvlevis dros<br />
wamoWrili axali sakiTxebis integrirebis an uaryofis Taobaze.<br />
mkvlevris mier ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis dokumentacia savele<br />
Canawerebis meSveobiT xdeba, sadac is cdilobs CainiSnos yvela is wvrilmani Tu<br />
mniSvnelovani movlena, romlis momswrec gaxda. kvlevis procesSi yoveldRiuri<br />
savele Canawerebis (fieldnotes) warmoebis wesebis Seswavla CarTuli dakvirvebis<br />
meTodis Seswavlis mniSvnelovani nawilia Tanamedrove eTnografiaSi. savele<br />
CanawerebSi warmoCenili unda iyos is <strong>socialur</strong>i realoba, romelsac mkvlevari<br />
Seiswavlis; maTSi xdeba arsebuli cxovrebis wesis, kulturuli normebis da<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i organizaciis <strong>for</strong>mebis aRwera detaluri dakvirvevebis doneze.<br />
savele Canawerebi is masalaa, romelic SemdgomSi umniSvnelovanes rols<br />
TamaSobs dakvirvebis Sedgebis Seswavlasa da analizSi — saboloo jamSi, savele<br />
Canawerebi masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros Sevsebuli kiTxvarebis analogiuri<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis wyaroa, amitom maTi Sedgena da momzadeba guldasmiT unda moxdes.<br />
CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodis gamoyenebiT kvlevis Catarebis erT-erTi<br />
ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba isaa, rom kvleviT unar-CvevebTan erTad, aseTi<br />
kvleva moiTxovs gamarTulad da sainteresod weris unars. mkvlevars unda<br />
Seswevdes unari, yoveldRiurad aRweros rogorc mniSvnelovani, aseve<br />
umniSvnelo movlenebi, romelTa mowmec gaxda kvlevis procesSi, CainiSnos yvela<br />
detali da SemdgomSi es detalebi ufro farTo konteqstSi moaTavsos.<br />
savele Canawerebis mimarT ori ZiriTadi damokidebuleba arsebobs. erTis<br />
Tanaxmad, savele Canawerebis warmoebis unari, iseve rogorc zogadad weris niWi,<br />
Tandayolilia da misi swavleba SeuZlebelia — is an aqvs adamians, an ara. meore<br />
midgomis Tanaxmad ki savele Canawerebis warmoeba iseTive warmatebiT SeiZleba<br />
aswavlo adamians, rogorc nebismieri sxva unar-Cveva. Cvenc am azrs viziarebT da<br />
gvjera, rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia am unar-Cvevis daufleba Seswavlis da<br />
praqtikuli saqmianobis procesSi; Tu adamiani dRidan dRemde awarmoebs<br />
Canawerebs da kritikuli TvaliT afasebs maT, mas aucileblad gamoumuSavdeba<br />
maTi ukeT warmoebis unari.<br />
dakvirvebis Sedegad gakeTebuli savele Canawerebis umravlesoba<br />
warmoadgens TxrobiT Canawerebs, sadac aRwerilia damkvirveblis mier danaxuli<br />
<strong>socialur</strong>i situaciebi, Cawerilia mosmenili dialogebi an calkeuli frazebi.<br />
devid m. fetermanis azriT, savele Canawerebi “eTnografiuli struqturis<br />
aguri da cementia” 60 . miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev XIX saukunidan moyolebuli<br />
maT yvela eTnografi iyenebda Tavis muSaobaSi, meTodologiuri ganxilvis sagani<br />
savele Canawerebi sul raRac bolo 15-20 wlis win gaxda. rogorc robert<br />
emersoni aRniSnavs, adre mkvlevrebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas imas, Tu rogor<br />
unda warmoebuliyo savele Canawerebi. amitomaa, rom dResdReobiT jer kidev ar<br />
60 David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 107.<br />
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