qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi
qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi
qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi Georgian Book Support Foundation
- Page 2 and 3: TSAKNAGI FACET Annual of Philologic
- Page 4 and 5: waxnagi: filologiur kvlevaTa weliwd
- Page 6 and 7: 6 waxnagi 1.2009 nestan sulava SoTa
- Page 8 and 9: winaTqma qarTuli ena da literatura
- Page 10 and 11: winaTqma 11 va Jamismieri intereseb
- Page 12 and 13: narkvevi nino doborjginiZe QqarTuli
- Page 14 and 15: narkvevi 15 berZnuli - iseve rogorc
- Page 16 and 17: narkvevi 17 winaaRmdegobebis Sesaxe
- Page 18 and 19: narkvevi 19 bis anderZebis safuZvel
- Page 20 and 21: narkvevi 21 li da sando istorikoseb
- Page 22 and 23: narkvevi 23 terminologiis precizulo
- Page 24 and 25: narkvevi 25 (iovane zosime). es Sej
- Page 26 and 27: narkvevi 27 chenemanzipation im ös
- Page 28 and 29: narkvevi 29 Nino Doborjginidze The
- Page 30 and 31: narkvevi 31 xsenebul kamaTs aRar da
- Page 32 and 33: narkvevi 33 da mainc: mimarTvis spe
- Page 34 and 35: narkvevi 35 lo, sico c x leo, bozo,
- Page 36 and 37: narkvevi 37 (yvela es nimuSi moxmob
- Page 38 and 39: narkvevi 39 anda: daurRvevelo zRude
- Page 40 and 41: narkvevi 41 (89). Sdr. ga da Zaxili
- Page 42 and 43: narkvevi 43 sxvagan mamuls eZleva a
- Page 44 and 45: narkvevi 45 itire, miwav, samSoblov
- Page 46 and 47: narkvevi 47 xalxuri vaJa daukar, Ce
- Page 48 and 49: narkvevi 49 53), mTebi da kldeni (a
- Page 50 and 51: narkvevi 51 bs da wylebs, dRes da R
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>wignis</strong> <strong>mxardaWeris</strong> <strong>fondi</strong><br />
Georgian Book Support Foundation
TSAKNAGI<br />
FACET<br />
Annual<br />
of Philological Studies<br />
1<br />
2009<br />
Merab Ghaghanidze<br />
Editor<br />
Tbilisi • Memkvidreoba • 2009
filologiur kvlevaTa<br />
weliwdeuli<br />
1<br />
2009<br />
merab RaRaniZis<br />
redaqciiT<br />
Tbilisi • memkvidreoba • 2009
waxnagi: filologiur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli. 1. 2009<br />
saredaqcio sabWo<br />
Suqia afridoniZe<br />
zurab kiknaZe<br />
merab RaRaniZe<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>wignis</strong> <strong>mxardaWeris</strong> <strong>fondi</strong><br />
“memkvidreoba”<br />
<strong>fondi</strong>s saqmianobas nivTierad uzrunvelyofs<br />
giorgi leJava<br />
ISSN 1987-7218 © “memkvidreoba”, 2009
sarCevi<br />
winaTqma<br />
merab RaRaniZe 9<br />
narkvevi<br />
nino doborjginiZe<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis funqciuri<br />
da Tvisobrivi legitimaciis sakiTxebi Sua saukuneebSi 13<br />
Suqia afridoniZe<br />
poeturi mimarTva qarTul poeziaSi 30<br />
ramaz qurdaZe<br />
zogi sityvis warmomavlobisaTvis qarTul JargonSi 62<br />
salome omiaZe<br />
diskursis definiciaTa analizi 70<br />
irma ratiani<br />
fsevdokarnavaluri narativi romanSi —<br />
kulturaTaSorisi dialogis forma 81<br />
nino fircxalava<br />
zrunvis arakis recefcia literaturasa da filosofiaSi 93<br />
maka elbaqiZe<br />
sivrculi diqotomia Suasaukuneebis raindul romanSi 105<br />
nino sayvareliZe<br />
aris Tu ara grigol noseliseuli<br />
“puri arsobisa¡” oden xorcieli? 116<br />
maia rafava<br />
ioane mTavaraisZe, Savi mTis qarTveli moRvawe 128<br />
Tamar oTxmezuri<br />
efrem mcire da “berZulad saswavleli” sityvebi 139<br />
qeTevan bezaraSvili<br />
ritorikisa da filosofiis urTierTmimarTebis<br />
literaturul-Teoriuli aspeqti<br />
qarTvel elinofilTa naazrevSi<br />
(efrem mcire, ioane petriwi) 152
6<br />
waxnagi 1.2009<br />
nestan sulava<br />
SoTa rusTvelis poemis saTauris gaazrebis<br />
saRvTismetyvelo-Teoriuli safuZvlebi 165<br />
zurab kiknaZe<br />
guramiSvilis igavi 177<br />
iuza evgeniZe<br />
vaJa-fSavelas biografiis erTi sakiTxi 197<br />
qeTevan bezaraSvili, Tamar lomiZe<br />
amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis cnebebi<br />
Zvel literaturul-Teoriul naazrevSi<br />
da galaktion tabiZesTan 211<br />
leqcia<br />
guram lebaniZe<br />
Sesavali filologiaSi: leqciebi 1-4 233<br />
publikacia<br />
lela xaCiZe<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> himnografiis aqamde ucnobi nimuSebi _<br />
“kapraSiulni” 267<br />
akaki wereTeli<br />
ocneba 275<br />
nana fruiZe<br />
akakis “ocneba” 279<br />
masala<br />
mTiulur-gudamayruli andrezebi<br />
(Cawera da gamosacemad gaamzada zurab kiknaZem) 285<br />
“moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡” da “ninos cxovreba” ucxour enebze<br />
(Seadgina darejan menabdem) 296<br />
rusudan dauSvili<br />
qarTvel mweralTa saiubileo TariRebis<br />
aRniSvna emigraciaSi (XX s. 20-30-iani ww.) 304<br />
portreti<br />
kaxa loria<br />
ana kalandaZe: “ar Seval taZrad, uwminduri sadac Sevida” 313<br />
rusudan niSnianiZe<br />
oTar CxeiZis Rvawli 321
sarCevi 7<br />
gamoxmaureba<br />
rezo marsagiSvili<br />
kulturaTa dialogi da orenovani leqsikoni<br />
[A Comprehensive Georgian-English Dictionary, Vol. I-II, 2006] 329<br />
merab RaRaniZe<br />
guruli dialeqtis<br />
monografiuli Seswavlis nagvianebi nayofi<br />
[grigol imnaiSvili, guruli dialeqti, 2006] 334<br />
zaza firaliSvili<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturismcodneobis axali perspeqtiva<br />
[literaturis Teoria, 2008] 340<br />
bela wifuria<br />
antiutopiuri realoba da antiutopiuri romani<br />
[irma ratiani, qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi, 2005] 344<br />
eqvTime koWlamazaSvili<br />
giorgi mTawmidelis “Tvenis” gamocemisaTvis<br />
[giorgi mTawmidelis Tveni (seqtemberi), 2007] 348<br />
gaga lomiZe<br />
interteqstualuri anu globalisturi kritika<br />
[zaza SaTiriSvili, galaktionis poetika<br />
da ritorika, 2004] 356<br />
qronika 361<br />
avtorebi 367
winaTqma<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> ena da literatura Cveni samkvidroa, Cveni<br />
samSobloa.<br />
ena da literatura (istoriul mexsierebasTan erTad)<br />
tradiciis is RerZia, romelic warsulTan Cvens uwyvetobas<br />
uzrunvelyofs, romelic awmyoSi Cvens RirebulebaTa<br />
simyares ganapirobebs, romelic momavals Cveni Taobis ganazrebul<br />
da gamonaTqvam uwyebas daudasturebs...<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> ena da literatura mravalwaxnagovani mTlianobaa<br />
da, amdenad, bunebrivia, faqiz yuradRebas imsaxurebs<br />
misi yoveli waxnagi, _ imis miuxedavad, Tu TiToeuli maTgani<br />
rogori sididisa da aRnagobisaa, visi aRalma aRubeWdavs,<br />
romel aTinaTs ireklavs, ragvar brwyinvalebas gamoscems,<br />
ramdenad TvalSisacemia (an TvalismomWrelia)<br />
misi xiluli Tu Sefaruli wiboebi. eWvs ar unda iwvevdes,<br />
rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturuli cnobierebisaTvis Cveni enisa da<br />
literaturis yoveli namdvili waxnagi _ ugamonaklisod<br />
da upirobod _ Rirebulia...<br />
magram qarTul enasa da literaturas arasodes uarsebia<br />
da arc dRes arsebobs SemozRudul an daxSul sivrce-<br />
Si, _ misi waxnagebi yovelTvis mWidrod exeboda axlobel<br />
Tu Soreul enebs, literaturebs, kulturebs, rwmenebsa da<br />
moZRvrebebs. maTTan naTesauri Tu SedarebiTi mimarTebebis<br />
dadgenis gareSe, gavlenebisa Tu TviTmyofobis gaucnobiereblad,<br />
uSinaarso, ukonteqsto da uperspeqtivo xdeba<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> enisa da literaturis warmodgena da xedva.<br />
aseve uSinaarsoa enisa da literaturis Sesaxeb msjeloba<br />
enisa da literaturis zogadi arsis, bunebisa da xasia-<br />
Tis ganusjelad. konkretuli Ziebani _ faqtisa da movlenis<br />
farglebSi _ Rirebulia TavisTavadac, magram, pirvel<br />
yovlisa, ganzogadebaTa sazomad da sayrdenad, saerTosa<br />
da erTianisaken sando megzurad; ganzogadebani, Tavis<br />
mxriv, gamosayenebelia da gamoyenebuli unda iqnes konkretuli<br />
faqtebisa da movlenebis gasagebad, xolo saerTosa<br />
da erTianis Tvalsawieridan ki erTeuli Tavis kuTvnil<br />
adgils moipovebs da daimkvidrebs.<br />
enisa da literaturis _ mSobliurisa Tu aramSobliuris,<br />
konkretul ganzomilebaSi Tu ganmazogadebeli sam-<br />
9
10 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
zeridan _ Seswavla, gageba da ganmarteba filologiis<br />
sagani da mizania.<br />
swored am sagans ikvlevs da am mizans emsaxureba Cveni<br />
weliwdeuli, _ enisa da literaturis waxnagTa mravalferovnebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiTa da pativiscemiT.<br />
* * *<br />
“waxnagi: filologiur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli” Cafiqrebulia<br />
periodul samecniero gamocemad, romlis gamoqveyneba,<br />
bunebrivia, yovelwliurad ivaraudeba da romelic<br />
SeZlebisdagvarad ecdeba, warmoaCinos is saukeTeso, rac<br />
qarTveli mkvlevrebis uaxles filologiur ZiebaTa nayofs<br />
asaxavs (masalis simravlis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxdeba wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime nakveTis gamocemac).<br />
filologiur kvlevaTa perioduli gamocemis momzadebis<br />
azri ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
filolog profesorTa Soris warmoiSva da Camoyalibda.<br />
amdenad, is Tavdapirvelad sauniversiteto Jurnalad ivaraudeboda,<br />
Tumca mis damfuZneblebs TandaTanobiT kolegebis<br />
ufro farTo wre SemouerTda da weliwdeulic aRar<br />
SemoisazRvra universitetis farglebiT.<br />
weliwdeulis mizania, gamoaqveynos naSromebi, masalebi<br />
Tu mimoxilvebi filologiur kvlevaTa sxvadasxva sferoebidan.<br />
mtkiced gvsurs, rom avtorebi aramc da aramc<br />
ar SeizRudon teqstobrivi wyaroebis Tu kvleviTi mimar-<br />
Tulebis arCevisas; imedi gvaqvs, rom gamoyenebuli iqneba<br />
Seswavlis, analizisa da interpretaciis sxvadasxva _<br />
aprobirebuli Tu novatoruli, tradiciuli Tu eqsperimentuli<br />
_ xerxebi da saSualebebi; mivesalmebiT yovel<br />
safuZvlian meTodologiur Tu hermenevtikul pozicias;<br />
savaraudoa, rom sxva, damkvidrebul da gavrcelebul meTodTa<br />
Soris Tavis adgils daikavebs teqstis integraluri<br />
analizi; mxars davuWerT imgvar kvlevas, romelic enobriv<br />
da literaturul monacemebs ganixilavs ideaTa istoriis<br />
Tu kulturuli anTropologiis monapovarTa gaTvaliswinebiT;<br />
Tuki filologia aRiqmeba teqstis Semswavlel universalur<br />
mecnierebad, amgvari TvalTaxedva gaafarToebs<br />
masalis mokrebis, ganxilvisa da axsnis SesaZleblobas.<br />
weliwdeulis survilia, Camoyalibdes is ara oden samecniero<br />
naSromebis krebulad, aramed imgvar periodul<br />
gamocemad, romelSic erTi wlis filologiuri cxovreba<br />
airekleba, xolo wliur nayofs, rogorc mosalodnelia,<br />
_ xan sasixarulod da xan gulsatkenad, _ uTuod daeCne-
winaTqma 11<br />
va Jamismieri interesebis, aqcentebisa da prioritetebis<br />
Wdeebi.<br />
weliwdeulSi, SeZlebisdagvarad, warmodgenili iqneba<br />
sxvadasxva Tematikisa da Janris filologiuri kvlevis<br />
Sedegebi, _ rogorc <strong>qarTuli</strong>, ise ara<strong>qarTuli</strong> enobrivi<br />
da literaturuli samyarodan. JanrTa mravalferovnebis<br />
gasamijnavad da dasajgufeblad mkvlevarTagan mowodebuli<br />
teqstebi sxvadasxva rubrikebSi ganTavsdeba.<br />
pirvel rigSi, gamoqveyndeba samecniero narkvevebi, _<br />
akademiurad aRWurvili, dasabuTebuli da gamarTuli,<br />
_ lingvistikisa da literaturismcodneobis yvela SesaZlo<br />
dargidan. Zlieria survili, rom maTi umTavresi<br />
maxasiaTebeli iyos masalis SerCevisa da ganxilvis sifar-<br />
Tove, profesiuli gansja, faqtobrivi da meTodologiuri<br />
sizuste. guldasawyvetia, rom weliwdeulis pirvel<br />
gamoSvebaSi saWiro moculobiT veraa warmodgenili lingvisturi<br />
kvlevani anda XIX-XX saukuneebis literatura.<br />
weliwdeuls surs, narkvevebis gverdiT, mkiTxvels,<br />
agreTve, miawodos leqciebi, romlebic ara mxolod mkvlevrebs<br />
gamoadgebaT akademiur Tu pedagogiur saqmianobaSi,<br />
aramed studentebsac daexmareba filologiuri codnis<br />
SesaZenad da asaTviseblad, filologiur CvevaTa gamosamuSaveblad.<br />
sixaruls gvgvris, rom am gamoSvebaSi viwyebT<br />
filologiis Sesavlis sawyisi leqciebis gamoqveynebas,<br />
romelTa Sinaarsi koncefciurad metad axlosaa weliwdeulis<br />
gamomcemelTa filologiur xedvasTan.<br />
axali kvleviTi Tu saswavlo teqstebis garda, weliwdeuli<br />
gegmavs, Tavisi furclebi dauTmos axalaRmoCenili,<br />
aqamde gamouqveynebeli, ucnobi Tu uTargmneli teqstebis<br />
publikacias literaturuli an filologiuri memkvidreobidan.<br />
amasTanave, weliwdeuli saWirod miiCnevs imgvari masalebis<br />
gamoqveynebas, romelic filologiur kvlevaTa<br />
erT-erTi aucilebeli, pirveladi sayrdenia: saarqivodokumenturi<br />
da memuaruli wyaroebi, Canawerebi, bibliografiuli<br />
saZieblebi, saleqsikono masala.<br />
weliwdeuli Tavis gamoSvebebSi apirebs moxazos literaturuli<br />
an filologiuri samyaros niSandebul pirovnebaTa<br />
portretebi, aRniSnos Cveni kulturuli winaprebis<br />
saiubileo TariRebi, gamosamSvidobebeli pativi<br />
miagos Cvengan wasul maswavleblebsa da kolegebs... amjerad<br />
valad gviCns, movixsenioT da gavixsenoT am soflidan<br />
cota xnis win gasulni _ XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis<br />
ori gansakuTrebiT gamorCeuli warmomadgeneli:
12 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
ana kalandaZe da oTar CxeiZe. RirsSesaniSnavia, rom orive<br />
maTgani ara marto mwerali iyo, aramed profesionali filologic...<br />
weliwdeuli Seecdeba gamoexmauros yvela im mniSvnelovan<br />
axal wigns, romelic qarTul (agreTve, araqarTul)<br />
sagamomcemlo sivrceSi qveyndeba... maSin, roca akademiuri<br />
literatura CvenTanac da ucxoeTSic umciresi raodenobiT<br />
ibeWdeba da xSirad Znelad moipoveba, amgvar gamoxmaurebas<br />
informaciuli faseulobac eniWeba.<br />
dasasrul, weliwdeuli mimoixilavs akademiur-sauniversiteto<br />
cxovrebis mniSvnelovan filologiur movlenebs.<br />
* * *<br />
“waxnagi: filologiur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli” TanamSromlobisaTvis<br />
mouxmobs yvela dargisa da mimarTulebis<br />
filologs, amasTanave, yvela imas, visTvisac Soreuli araa<br />
filologiuri problematika an kvlevis filologiuri<br />
meTodebi.<br />
weliwdeulis kari gansakuTrebiT farTod iqneba Ria<br />
damwyeb da axalgazrda filologTaTvis.<br />
weliwdeulis uryevi survilia, rom mis furclebze gamoqveynebuli<br />
yvela teqsti dawerili iyos akademiurad<br />
mkacrad da meTodologiurad gamarTulad, da rom am teqstebSi<br />
arasodes darRveuliyos arc mecnieruli sizustis<br />
farglebi da arc mecnieruli pasuxismgeblobis zneobrivi<br />
moTxovnebi.<br />
merab RaRaniZe
narkvevi<br />
nino doborjginiZe<br />
Q<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis funqciuri<br />
da Tvisobrivi legitimaciis sakiTxebi<br />
Sua saukuneebSi<br />
qarTuls ZiriTadad ori mniSvnelovani TvalTaxedviT<br />
ganixilaven Tanamedrove filologiur mecnierebaSi:<br />
a) rogorc samxreT kavkasiur enas, romlis istoria<br />
dokumentirebulia mravalricxovani teqstebiT<br />
(enaTmecnierebi), b) enas, romelzec literaturis, filosofiisa<br />
da Teologiis mniSvnelovani nawarmoebebia<br />
Seqmnili (filologebi).<br />
amaT garda arsebobs mesame, sakmaod mniSvnelovani<br />
Teoriuli TvalTaxedva, romelSic lingvistikisa<br />
da filologiis interesebi gadaikveTeba; kerZod,<br />
qarTvelTa damokidebuleba mSobliuri enis mimarT im<br />
saxiT, rogorc es originalur Tu naTargmn teqstebSi<br />
aisaxeba.<br />
am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi enaTmecniers eZleva saSualeba,<br />
Tundac SezRudulad mainc aRweros istoriuli<br />
sociolingvistikis sakiTxebi da scados im cvalebadi<br />
mimarTebebis rekonstruqcia, romlebic sociolingvistur<br />
da enobriv monacemebs Soris arsebobda; xolo<br />
filologisTvis es aris cda, pasuxi gasces kiTxvas: rogor<br />
aRiqvamdnen da, Sesabamisad, afasebdnen, an rogor,<br />
ra saxiT undodaT aReqvaT da SeefasebinaT avtorebs (an<br />
mTargmnelebs) sakuTari saqmianoba, maT mier Seqmnili<br />
teqstebi da is viTareba, romelSic esa Tu is teqsti iwereboda.<br />
winamdebare statiaSi swored mesame, istoriuli sociolingvistikis,<br />
TvalTaxedviT iqneba ganxiluli qar-<br />
Tuli enis funqcionirebis calkeuli sakiTxebi, romlebic,<br />
cxadia, ver aRiwereba, rogorc enis “bunebrivi ganviTarebis”<br />
procesi. maT sWirdeba interpretacia kulturul,<br />
politikur da religiur konteqstSi.<br />
13
14 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong>s SemTxvevaSi – da es exeba aRmosavleT qristianuli<br />
samyaros sxva enebsac – enis legitimaciisa<br />
da garkveulwilad misi standartizaciis or ZiriTad<br />
safexurs gamovyof:<br />
a. <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis damkvidreba samwerlobo tradiciebis,<br />
anu bibliisa da liturgiis enad, funqciurad berZnulTan<br />
gatolebis safexuri, funqciuri legitimacia;<br />
b. intensiuri mTargmnelobiTi, da, sazogadod, filologiuri<br />
saqmianobiT <strong>qarTuli</strong>s enobriv-gamomxatvelobiT<br />
saSualebaTa maqsimaluri daxvewa, miaxloveba<br />
“gonierTa xedvaTa mommarjve” (iovane petriwi) elin-<br />
Ta enasTan, anu, berZnulTan Tvisobrivad gatolebis<br />
safexuri, Tvisobrivi legitimacia.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis legitimaciis es safexurebi qvemoT<br />
ganxiluli iqneba Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleT qristianobis<br />
enaTa istoriuli ganviTarebis konteqstSi.<br />
1. funqciuri legitimacia<br />
aRmosavleT qristianuli samyaros nacionalur ena-<br />
Ta funqciuri legitimacia ganapiroba im kulturulma<br />
da saganmanaTleblo procesebma, romlebic bunebrivad<br />
axlda Tan am xalxTa misionirebas maT mSobliur enaze:<br />
vgulisxmob samwerlobo tradiciebis dawyebas, liturgiis<br />
Seqmnas, bibliuri wignebisa da Teologiuri literaturis<br />
Targmanebs, mecnierebisa da saganmanaTleblo<br />
saqmianobis ganviTarebas, da, saerTod, nacionaluri<br />
enis etablirebas saxelmwifos enad 1 . es iyo procesi, romelic<br />
am enaTa standartizaciis TiTqmis yvela mxares<br />
moicavda; procesi, roca politikurad da kulturulad<br />
arc Tu ise gamorCeuli enebi 2 erTbaSad iZenden did socialur<br />
da sazogadoebriv funqcias.<br />
araugvianes V saukunis Sua wlebidan 3 <strong>qarTuli</strong> da<br />
1.<br />
amis Sesaxeb ix. doborjginiZe 2007a: 161-176; Doborjginidze 2008: 293-412.<br />
2.<br />
Sdr. „Zur Zeit des Niedergangs des eigentlichen Hellenentums in der hellenistischen Welt der<br />
Spätantike entstand vermutlich in in Syrien und, davon ausgehend auch in Armenien, georgien<br />
und alnderen Ländern des Nahen Ostens eine Art der Volkssprachenidee, die den heimischen<br />
Sprachen, die nicht zu den politisch, kulturell oder religiös privilegierten und akzeptierten Sprachen<br />
gehörten, eine neue Würde gab, die geradezu im Rahmen eines christlichen Heilsgeschehens<br />
verstanden wurde“ (Boeder 1998: 69).<br />
3.<br />
am droidan varaudobs korneli kekeliZe (kekeliZe 1980: 573) liturgikaSi<br />
gamosayenebeli ZiriTadi teqstebis arsebobas qarTul enaze. VI<br />
saukunis qristianuli aRmosavleTi kargad icnobs qarTuls, rogorc<br />
liturgikis enas. Sdr. epizodi saba ganwmendilis berZnuli cxovrebi-
narkvevi 15<br />
berZnuli – iseve rogorc bevrad ufro adreuli xanidan<br />
siriuli da berZnuli, kopturi da berZnuli da<br />
a.S. – funqciurad Tanaswori enebi xdeba Tvisobrivi<br />
gaTanabrebis tendenciiT. marTalia, berZnuli, ebrauli<br />
da laTinuri ufro maRal safexurze mdgomi enebia<br />
(es gansakuTrebiT exeba berZnuls), <strong>qarTuli</strong>, an qristianuli<br />
aRmosavleTis sxva enebi ki SedarebiT Raribia<br />
gamomxatvelobiTi saSualebebiT, magram funqciuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT maT Soris gansxvaveba ar aris: <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
yvela im funqcias asrulebs, yvela im sferos faravs, romelsac<br />
berZnuli; igi mkvidrdeba liturgiis, swavlaganaTlebis,<br />
literaturis, mecnierebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis nebismieri sferos enad rogorc saqarTveloSi,<br />
aseve sazRvargareT moqmed saganmanaTleblo<br />
centrebSi 4 .<br />
sxva sakiTxia, rogor uyurebdnen berZnebi aRmosavleTis<br />
nacionalur enaTa berZnulTan funqciur Tanasworobas<br />
da ra Rones xmarobdnen sakuTari upiratesobis<br />
warmosaCenad. es urTierToba, cxadia, ar yofidan:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(arc iberielebs, arc sirielebs, arc frigielebs<br />
ar aqvT ufleba, [aq mdebare] maT eklesiebSi sruli liturgia<br />
Caataron; Seikribebian ra TavianT [aq mdebare] eklesiebSi, ufleba aqvT,<br />
mSobliur enaze igalobon “” da “” da waikiTxon sakiTxavebi<br />
mociqulTa wignebidan da saxarebidan. amis Semdeg isini unda wavidnen<br />
did eklesiaSi da yvela sxva ZmasTan erTad unda eziaron RvTaebrivi sicocxlis<br />
momniWebel saidumloebas). ix. Kurz 1894: 165-167; kekeliZe 1980:<br />
26. berZnuli da siriuli wyaroebis es cnobebi dokumenturad dasturdeba<br />
xanmeti teqstebis monacemebiT.<br />
4.<br />
amis naTeli magaliTia petriwonis tipikoni, dokumenti, romelic<br />
ucxo qveyanaSi moqmedebs da berZnul “£eliTwerilTan“ erTad iuridiuli<br />
Zala aqvs. Sdr.: “daiwera ukue da daemtkica wesi ese gangebisa¡<br />
amis patiosnisa monastrisa Cuenisa¡, ...weriliTa berZuliTa da <strong>qarTuli</strong>Ta,<br />
...da quemo¡T wariwernes £eliTa CemiTa zemo£senebulisa grigolisiTa<br />
yovelnive ese tipikonni, xolo berZulni ornive wariwernes<br />
Semdgomad Cemisa dawerilisa wmidisa patriarqisa ierusalemelisa<br />
Rirsisa efT¢mesiTa, dasamtkicebelad da sarwmuno yofad yovlisave,<br />
romelica tipikonsa amas Sina weril ars. da amisT¢s daiwera berZulad<br />
da qarTulad, rameTu monazonni monastrisa Cemisani guarad qarTvelni<br />
arian da ara ician berZuli warkiTxva¡; da jer-ars, ra¡Ta qarTulad<br />
werilsa aRmoikiTxviden da gulis£ma-hyofden aRwerilsa gansazRvrebulsa<br />
amas Sina tipikonsa. xolo simtkicisa qonebad ubrZanebT ber-<br />
Zulsa werilsa, rameTu dasasrulsa saqmisasa quemo werili mas upyries”<br />
(SaniZe 1986: 119-120).
16 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
la harmoniuli. nacionalurenovani eklesiebis, maT<br />
Soris <strong>qarTuli</strong>s, mxridan es garkveul ambivalentur 5<br />
damokidebulebas ayalibebda: erTi mxriv, berZnulisgan<br />
mkafio gamijvna, sakuTari TviTmyofadobis dacva,<br />
da, meore mxriv, Tanamonawileoba im universalur religiur<br />
erTobaSi, romlis simboloc iyo berZnuli,<br />
rogorc es giorgi merCulis cnobil definiciaSia:<br />
“k¢rileisoni”, romelic, qarTul enaze Sesrulebuli<br />
yvela danarCeni locvisgan gansxvavebiT, “berZnulad<br />
iTqumis” 6 .<br />
am ambivalenturi damokidebulebis aSkara gamoxatulebaa<br />
“iovanes da eqvTimes cxovrebis”, “giorgi mTawmidlis<br />
cxovrebis”, aTonuri aqtebis uamravi epizodi,<br />
romlebSic TiTqmis erTi da imave sityvebiT, toposebad<br />
qceuli frazebiT aris aRwerili rogorc religiuri<br />
erTobisadmi mikuTvnebulobis, aseve saeklesio<br />
da kulturuli damoukidebulobis SenarCunebis survili.<br />
am ukanasknelis mTavari sayrdeni iyo qarTul enaze<br />
samwerlobo tradiciis Camoyalibeba, ris gamoc qarTulenovani<br />
teqstebi, ufro zustad, qarTulad naTargmni<br />
literatura 7 , xSirad xdeboda berZenTa samizne. cnobilia,<br />
rom arc erTi berZeni ar swavlobda araelinizebuli<br />
xalxebis enebs 8 . Sua saukuneebi naklebad icnobs poliglot<br />
berZens, gansxvavebiT poligloti sirielis,<br />
somxis, koptis an qarTvelisagan. magram enobrivi barieri,<br />
anu aRmosavleTis xalxTa enebis arcodna, sulac<br />
ar uSlida berZnebs xels, “daewunebinaT” es Targmanebi<br />
uzustobisa da araadekvaturobis sababiT (“gamouZiebelad<br />
dawerisaT¢s sityuaTa¡sa“ 9 ), rogorc amas xSirad<br />
aRniSnaven aTonelebi: “T¢Toeulad arca Tu SesaZlebel<br />
ars yovlisave warmoTquma¡, ravdenni ginebani, ravdenni<br />
Seuracxebani da yuedrebani moiweodes maT mier Cuen<br />
zeda […] da mwvalebelad xadiTa Seiwrebulni didsa urvasa<br />
Sina viyveniT” 10 .<br />
es aris toposi, romelic TiTqmis ucvlelad meordeba<br />
aTonur ZeglebSi da mogviTxrobs berZenTa da qarTvelTa<br />
5.<br />
Sdr. Boeder 1993: 88.<br />
6.<br />
grigol xanZTelis cxovreba, ix. Мерчул 1911: 49.<br />
7.<br />
aRmosavleT qristianuli samyaros nacionalur enaTa istoriis pirvel<br />
etaps samarTlianad uwodeben mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis istorias, pirveli<br />
werilobiTi Zeglebi am enebze swored Targmanebia. ix. Keipert 1981: 67-112.<br />
8.<br />
Sdr. Boeder 1983: 87.<br />
9.<br />
abulaZe 1950: 030.<br />
10.<br />
javaxiSvili 1946: 52.
narkvevi 17<br />
winaaRmdegobebis Sesaxeb 11 . gaorebuli damokidebuleba<br />
aSkaraa: qarTvelebi cdiloben, frTxilad gamoTqvan<br />
sayveduri, konkretul pirovnebebs, “vinme svimeonwmidelebs”,<br />
daukavSiron “ginebani” da “Seuracxebani”, xolo<br />
sazogadod berZnebis mimarT ki mowafeobrivi pativiscema<br />
da maTi “mimdgomoba” gamoxaton 12 .<br />
amgvari winaaRmdegobebi romc ar arsebuliyo qarTvelebsa<br />
da berZnebs Soris, qarTvelebs unda “gamoegonebinaT”<br />
kidec msgavsi ram erTian religiur sivrceSi<br />
“wonasworobis” SesanarCuneblad, TviTmyofadobis dasacavad;<br />
miT umetes, rom funqciurad ki iyo <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
berZnulis toli, magram Tvisobrivad – ara. Aam toposebis<br />
mizani iyo, araTanabar pirobebSi (Tvisobrivi<br />
araTanabroba igulisxmeba) SeenarCunebina enaTa saur-<br />
TierTo veli 13 <strong>qarTuli</strong> – berZnuli, romelic qarTvel<br />
aTonelTa kulturuli da eTnikuri identobis yvelaze<br />
“saimedo” niSani iyo 14 .<br />
saberZneTis religiur-saganmanaTleblo centreb-<br />
Si <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis damkvidrebas berZnulis gverdiT rom<br />
Zalian didi mniSvneloba hqonda, amas kargad xedavdnen<br />
11.<br />
Sdr. “rameTu kacni vinme s¢meon-wmidelni SuriTa saeSmako¡Ta aRiZrnes<br />
Cuen zeda da eneba, ra¡Tamca naTesavi Cueni ZiriTurT aRmofxurnes s¢meonwmidiT.<br />
da ganizraxes gularZnilebiTa, ra¡Ta wmidasa amas da marTalsa<br />
sarwmunoebasa Cuensa biwi ra¡me daswamon da esreTmca sruliad aRmogufxurnes<br />
didebulisa amisgan lavrisa, pirveliTgan T¢T wmidisa s¢meonis<br />
mier damk¢drebulni” (lolaSvili 1994: 213).<br />
12.<br />
Sdr. “marTlmadideblobisa Tquenisa mimdgomni varT da aRmasrulebelni<br />
da mowafeni Cuen yovelni” (SaniZe 1986: 104).<br />
13.<br />
identobis Teoriis avtorebi gamoyofen sam safuZvels, romlebmac XVI<br />
saukunidan dasavleTSi erovnuli cnobierebis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli:<br />
1. laTinursa da saero enebs Soris mimocvlis erTiani veli, 2. enis dafiqsirebis<br />
axali saSualeba da amiT eris mudmivobis ideis safuZveli, 3. Zalauflebis<br />
enebi, romlebic gansxvavdebodnen manamde arsebuli laTinuri<br />
enisagan (andersoni 2005: 18). calke msjelobis sagania, Tu rogor yalibdeboda<br />
erovnuli cnobierebis es safuZvlebi sul mcire 10-12 saukuniT adre<br />
qristianul aRmosavleTSi; winamdebare statiaSi mxolod nawilobriv Sevexebi<br />
am sakiTxebs.<br />
14.<br />
iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebis dasavleli an aRmosavleli swavlulebi,<br />
qarTveli aTonelebic orenovani moRvaweebi iyvnen. eqvTime aToneli werda<br />
rogorc qarTulad, aseve berZnulad. magram orenovneba misTvis diglosias<br />
(ix. Boeder 1983: 86), <strong>qarTuli</strong>sa da berZnulis Tvisobriv diferencirebas,<br />
ar niSnavda; piriqiT, <strong>qarTuli</strong>c da berZnulic funqciuri TvalsazrisiT<br />
misTvis Tanabari iyo: filosofiuri, Teologiuri Tu saliteraturo teqstebi<br />
orive enaze iwereboda. amas ver vityviT Sua saukuneebis dasavleli<br />
swavlulebis Sesaxeb, romelTaTvis laTinuri funqciuri TvalsazrisiT<br />
maRal safexurze mdgomi ena iyo, Sesabamisad, laTinuris primati, universaluri<br />
saeklesio enis “sakramentuli kulti” (Gerl 1985: 327-336, aq: gv. 327)<br />
sagrZnoblad aferxebda adgilobrivi nacionaluri enebis emansipaciis<br />
process.
18 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
qarTveli mefeebi da xSirad politikuri TvalsazrisiT<br />
arcTu momgebian nabijs dgamdnen swored erTian religiur<br />
sivrceSi enaTa saurTierTo velis SesanarCuneblad.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa daviT<br />
kuropalatis gadawyvetileba, barda skliarosTan<br />
gamarjvebis Semdeg aTonze sakmaod arasaxarbielo winapirobiT<br />
aeSenebina qarTvelTa monasteri. cnobilia,<br />
rom keisris wyaloba – man qarTvelebs madlobis niSnad<br />
“uboZa zemoni queyanani” – sakmaod mokle periodiT iyo<br />
SemosazRvruli: qarTve lebs mxolod daviT kuropalatis<br />
sicocxleSi hqondaT “zemoTa queyanaTa” gankargvis<br />
ufleba. amis miuxedavad, daviT kuropalati aSenebs<br />
aTonze lavras da intensiurad amzadebs axlad aSenebuli<br />
taZrisTvis biblioTekas, qarTul skriptoriumebs<br />
ukveTavs yvelaze mniSvnelovani <strong>qarTuli</strong> wignebis aslebs,<br />
amzadebs cnobil saeklesio moRvaweebs, “fiCosan” mamebs,<br />
mTargmnelebs da swavlulebs iq dasamkvidreblad 15 .<br />
am konteqstSi bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxvebi: ratom iyo<br />
mniSvnelovani aTonis lavrisTvis aseTi kulturulsaganmanaTleblo<br />
fonis Seqmna? sxva skriptoriumebSi<br />
sagangebod aTonis monastrisTvis wignebis momzadeba?<br />
erTi SexedviT ucnauri wesis dadgena, rom aTonis<br />
qarTul monastrSi mxolod qarTveli berebi yofiliyvnen<br />
16 ? es sakiTxebi erTmniSvnelovnad scdeba samonastro<br />
cxovrebis farglebs da aTonze qarTvelTa moRvaweobis,<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis kulturuli da politikuri legitimaciis<br />
mniSvnelovan safexurebs asaxavs. am kuTxiT<br />
aTonelTa mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba da mis mimarT daviT<br />
kuropalatis damokidebuleba pirvelad cnobilma<br />
qarTvelologma vinfrid boederma gaaanaliza 17 da igi<br />
samarTlianad daukavSira qarTveli mefis politikur<br />
interesebs. aTonis berZnuli da <strong>qarTuli</strong> xelnawere-<br />
15.<br />
es sakiTxebi yvelaze srulad ganxiluli aqvs elene metrevels Tavis monografiaSi<br />
(metreveli 1996: 3-40).<br />
16.<br />
es wesi sagangebod aris dafiqsirebuli “iovanesa da efTvimes cxovrebaSi”.<br />
Sdr. “ra¡Ta qarTvelni oden iyvnen monastrisa amis mkvidrni yovelni” (javaxiSvili<br />
1946: 20).<br />
17.<br />
aTonis moRvaweTa saqmianobisadmi miZRvnil werilSi vinfrid boederi<br />
wers: “Man sollte nicht dadurch täuschen lassen, dass es sich meist um Übersetzungen handelte,<br />
denn in dieser Zeit hatte man einen anderen Begriff von Originalität. Georgische Übersetzungen<br />
waren georgische Bücher. … Was bedeutete es also für David und die georgische Kirche georgische<br />
Bücher zu haben? … Was auch immer dazu zu sagen haben, jedenfalls entsprach es seiner<br />
auch den nationalen Interessen Davids, dass die Mönche auf dem Berge Athos durch ihre Bücher<br />
„unsere Sprache und unser Land schmückten und zur Blute brachten“ (Boeder 1983:93).
narkvevi 19<br />
bis anderZebis safuZvelze elene metrevelma damajereblad<br />
aCvena, rom axali qarTulenovani mTargmnelobiTi<br />
centris Seqmnas aTonze ara marto kulturuli, aramed<br />
didi politikuri mniSvnelobac hqonda 18 . es interesi<br />
yovelTvis xazgasmulia aTonur TxzulebebSi (Sdr.<br />
eqvTimem “daatkbo ena¡ Cueni da eklesia¡”; maT “Seamkves<br />
da aRayuaves ena¡ Cueni da queyana¡ TargmanebiTa wmida-<br />
Ta werilTa¡Ta”) 19 .<br />
ratom aniWebs mefe ase did mniSvnelobas berZnulidan<br />
naTargmn wignebs 20 ? aTonelTa saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba,<br />
enaTa erTian saurTierTo velSi <strong>qarTuli</strong>s legitimacia,<br />
qarTul enaze im literaturis gadmoReba, romliTac<br />
ase mdidaria saberZneTisa da romis eklesiebi 21 , misTvis<br />
saqarTvelos Zlierebisa da prestiJis niSani iyo 22 .<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, rom aTonis monasterSi<br />
damkvidrebuli qarTveli berebi, “Coxosani<br />
diplomatebi” 23 da mwignobrebi, sulac ar yofilan “uwyinari”<br />
politikis (ara marto enobrivis) gamtareblebi da<br />
berZeni keisrebis erTguli mokavSireebi. es kargad Cans<br />
aTonis <strong>qarTuli</strong> monastris winamZRvarTa politikuri<br />
da diplomatiuri saqmianobidan 24 , romelic aranakleb<br />
18.<br />
metreveli 1996.<br />
19.<br />
javaxiSvili 1946: 14, 28.<br />
20.<br />
Sdr. “iovanesa da eqvTimes cxovrebaSi” avtori sagangebod usvams xazs<br />
mefis dainteresebas TargmanebiT. Sdr. “ety¢n mama¡ iovane, viTarmed:<br />
Svilo Cemo,KqarTlisa queyana¡ didad naklulevan ars wignTagan da mravalni<br />
wignni aklan, ...Aaw iRuawe, ra¡Ta ganamravlo sasyideli Seni Rmr-<br />
Tisagan. da igi, viTarca iyo yovelsave zeda morCili, moswrafed Seudga<br />
brZanebasa missa da iwyo Targmnad da yovelnive ganak¢rvna. ... da mravalni<br />
wignni warscnis winaSe daviT kuropalatisa, romeli-igi, ixilna ra¡, vi-<br />
Tarca iyo morwmune, sixaruliTa aRivso da adidebda RmerTsa da ityoda,<br />
viTarmed: madli RmerTsa, romelman CuenTa amaT JamTa axali oqropiri<br />
gamoaCina. da zeda¡s-zeda miuwern, ra¡Ta Targmnides da warscemdes. Dda<br />
igi sanatreli Seusuenebelad Targmnin da ra¡TurTiT ara scemda gansuenebasa<br />
Tavsa T¢ssa, aramed dRe da Rame tkbilsa mas Taflsa wignTa saRmrToTasa<br />
Sureboda, romlisa mier daatkbo ena¡ Cueni da eklesia¡” (javaxiSvili<br />
1946: 28).<br />
21.<br />
amas sagangebod aRniSnavs iovane aToneli eqvTimes mier naTargmni erT-erTi<br />
Txzulebis SesavalSi: “xolo enasa amas Cuensa qarTulsa aravin sada povnil<br />
iyo aqamomde, ra¡Tamca gamoexunnes wmidani ese wignni, Targmanebani wmidisa<br />
saxarebisani, aramed saberZneTisa eklesiani da hromisani savse iyvnes amaTgan,<br />
xolo Cuenisa mis queynisani – naklulevan, da ara ese oden wignni akldes<br />
enasa Cuensa, aramed sxuanica mravalni” (SaniZe da sxv. 1996: 13).<br />
22.<br />
boederi 1998a: 68.<br />
23.<br />
metreveli 1996: 40.<br />
24.<br />
giorgi varazvaCesa da aTonis sxva moRvaweTa mravalmxrivi saqmianoba<br />
aTonis berZnul-<strong>qarTuli</strong> aqtebisa da xelnawerTa anderZebis mixedviT monografiulad<br />
Seiswavla elene metrevelma (metreveli 1996).
20 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
intensiuri iyo, vidre maTi samonastro-mTargmnelobiTi<br />
moRvaweoba. sabolood, qarTvelebma swored politikuri<br />
sababiT dakarges aTonze saeklesio-saganmanaTleblo<br />
saqmianobis ufleba 25 .<br />
aTonuri cxovrebebis avtorebi, giorgi mTawmideli,<br />
giorgi mcire, SemdgomSi – efrem mcire, <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
da ucxoenovani wyaroebis moSveliebiT asabuTeben qar-<br />
Tuli eklesiis damoukideblobisa da berZnulTan misi<br />
kulturuli Tanasworobis calkeul sakiTxebs 26 ; giorgi<br />
mcire STambeWdavad aRwers giorgi mTawmidlisa da<br />
Tevdosi patriarqis Sexvedras, mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor<br />
aRafrTovana naTesaviT qarTvelma berma patriarqi da<br />
rogor aTqmevina es sityvebi: “patiosano mamao, [...] da<br />
aha esera, gxedav mowyalebiTa RmrTisa¡Ta, rameTu naTesaviT<br />
qarTveli xar, sx¢Ta kula yovliTa swavlulebiTa<br />
sruliad berZeni xar” 27 .<br />
“naTesaviT qarTveli da ganswavlulebiT sruliad<br />
berZeni” – es iyo kulturuli Tanasworobis is safexuri,<br />
romlis miRweva qarTvelebisTvis iqneboda enobrivi<br />
saurTierTo velis: berZnuli – <strong>qarTuli</strong> SenarCunebisa<br />
da sakmaod arasasurveli iarliyis 28 ()<br />
CamoSorebis garanti. am mizniT XI saukuneSi qarTvelma<br />
berebma sagangebod Seadgines ucxoenovani wyaroebis<br />
kompendiumi, romelSic Tavi mouyares <strong>qarTuli</strong> eklesiis,<br />
rogorc damoukidebeli saydris, uflebaTa amsaxvel<br />
ucxoenovan dokumentebs. amis magaliTad SeiZleba<br />
davasaxeloT efrem mciris “uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa<br />
moqcevisasa, Tu romelTa wignTa Sina moi£senebis” 29 . Txzulebis<br />
SesavalSi efrem mcire vrclad saubrobs kompendiumis<br />
mizanze: “weriT daidvas mosa£senebeli”, rom<br />
swored pirvelma mociqulebma iqadages saqarTveloSi<br />
qristianoba da, amdenad, legitimuria Cveni eklesiis<br />
damoukidebloba da rom am wyaroebis avtorebi cnobi-<br />
25.<br />
amis Sesaxeb ix. metreveli 1996: 3-106.<br />
26.<br />
Sdr. epizodi giorgi mTawmidlis cxovrebidan, roca giorgi mTawmindeli<br />
SeekamaTeba Tevdosi patriarqs da Seaxsenebs im argumentebs, romelTa<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT sruliad legitimuria <strong>qarTuli</strong> eklesiis damoukidebloba:<br />
“ho¡ wmidao meufeo, [...], xolo Cuen pirvelwodebulisa da Zmisa T¢sisa<br />
mwodebelisa nawilni varT da samwysoni da mis mier moqceulni da ganaTlebulni;<br />
da erTi wmidaTa aTormetTa mociqulTagani – simons vity¢ kananelsa<br />
– queyanasa Cuensa damarxul ars afxazeTs, romelsa nikofsi ewodebis. amaT<br />
wmidaTa mociqulTa ganaTlebulni varT” (lolaSvili 1994: 215).<br />
27.<br />
lolaSvili 1994:195.<br />
28.<br />
Sdr. Boeder: 1983: 87; doborjginiZe 2007b: 92-100.<br />
29.<br />
bregaZe 1959: 3.
narkvevi 21<br />
li da sando istorikosebi (Teodorite, epifane, atioqiuri<br />
xronografis avtori da a.S.) arian.<br />
amgvari TavdacviTi tendenciebi cxadyofs, rom funqciuri<br />
Tanasworoba ukve aRar aris sakmarisi sabuTi, ber-<br />
ZenTa yvedreba mZimea da misi lokalizeba, konkretul<br />
adamianebze gadatana, rogorc es aTonuri teqstebis<br />
magaliTze vnaxeT, veRar xerxdeba. berZenTa pretenziebi<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebis misamarTiT zogadTeologiur<br />
xasiaTs iZens: qarTvelebi RvTis sityvas amaxinjeben,<br />
vinaidan maT Rarib enas, filosofiasa da ritorikaSi<br />
gawafuli berZnulisgan gansxvavebiT, ar SeuZlia adekvaturad<br />
gamoxatos urTulesi Teologiuri Sinaarsi.<br />
sxvaTa Soris, arc qarTvelebi uaryofdnen, rom “ber-<br />
Zuli ena ufskrul Rrma ars”, xolo <strong>qarTuli</strong> ki – uRono,<br />
Raribi, romelsac ar SeuZlia ganarCios da asaxos<br />
berZnulis es siRrme. ar uaryofdnen, rom maTi Targmanebi<br />
bevr uzustobas, gaugebrobas Seicavs (rogorc<br />
giorgi mcire ambobs: “xolo Cuen, romelni-ese barbaros-wodebul<br />
viyveniT elenTa mier uswavlelobisaT¢s<br />
da umecrebisa Cuenisa”) 30 . qarTvelebi aRiarebdnen, rom<br />
maTi enis semantikuri da stiluri potenciali berZnulisas<br />
bevrad Camouvardeboda 31 . qarTveli mTargmnelredaqtorebi<br />
wuxan, rom bevri berZnuli filosofiur-<br />
Teologiuri terminis <strong>qarTuli</strong> Sesatyvisi zusti<br />
da myari ar aris, qarTveli mTargmnelebi sxvadasxva<br />
termins “erTad da sworad ityvian” 32 . wmida werilisa<br />
Tu sxva Teologiuri teqstebis Targmnisas ki aseTi<br />
uzustoba da Sesatyvisis TviTneburad SerCeva yovlad<br />
dauSvebelia.<br />
amrigad, funqciuri Tanasworobis pirobebSi TargmanTan<br />
dakavSirebul or seriozul problemas, enis si<br />
Raribes da eresis safrTxes, “guayuedrian” berZenni<br />
30.<br />
lolaSvili 1994: 190.<br />
31.<br />
Sdr. “Seiswave, rameTu orsaxe ars berZulad saxeli sulisa¡: fsiqi, romeli<br />
umetessa adgilsa samS¢nvelisa wil dadebul ars pavlesa Sina, da kualad<br />
– pnevma, romeli-ese T¢T Tavadis sulisa arsebasa uwodian da wmidisaT¢s<br />
igive iTqumis. xolo qarTvelTa uRonoebisagan erTi saxeli aqus sulisa¡”<br />
(xeln. A. 217, 322r).<br />
32.<br />
Sdr. iovane petriwi wuxs, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> samecniero terminologia arazustia:<br />
“kualad yovelTave ellinTa enamzeobaTa zeda T¢si saxeli hq¢an,<br />
Sesabami T¢sisa arsebisa¡. xolo CuenTaman arca TargmanTa, arca sxuaman vin<br />
dasWuritna, da aw me uzomod miSlis Targmansa Sina, rameTu yovelsave er-<br />
Tad da sworad ity¢an da dasdeben Cuenni. xolo aw ismine, rameTu sulisasa<br />
ewodebis dian¢a¡, xolo gonebisasa noima¡, xolo gasagonsa da zesTamdebaresa<br />
– noitoni” (yauxCiSvili 1940: 6). amis Sesaxeb ix. doborjginiZe 2007a.
22 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
da qarTvelebic aRiareben, rom am sayvedurs realuri<br />
safuZveli aqvs 33 .<br />
2. Tvisobrivi legitimacia<br />
am sirTuleebis daZlevis, qarTul TargmanTa berZnul<br />
originalTan maqsimaluri daaxloebisa da terminologiis<br />
daxvewis mcdelobiT <strong>qarTuli</strong> ena istoriuli ganvi-<br />
Tarebis axali safexurze gadadis: berZnulTan Tvisobrivi<br />
gatoleba, Tvisobrivi legitimacia.<br />
XI saukunis II naxevarsa da XII saukunis dasawyisSi,<br />
drois am SedarebiT mokle monakveTSi, samgzis xelaxla<br />
iTargmna an safuZvlianad gadamuSavda biblia da Ziri-<br />
Tadi Teologiuri literatura, zogierTi wigni – oTx<br />
da xuTgzisac; es maSin, roca am periodSi qarTuls sulac<br />
ar ganucdia eqstremaluri cvlilebebi, rom Targmanis<br />
enobrivad ganaxleba gamxdariyo saWiro 34 . xelaxla<br />
Targmnis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi swored original-<br />
Tan maqsimaluri daaxloeba, terminologiis daxvewa,<br />
enis gamomxatvelobiTi saSualebebis gamdidreba iyo.<br />
es sakiTxebi dawvrilebiT aris Seswavlili qarTul samecniero<br />
literaturaSi 35 da me sagangebod aRar SevCerdebi.<br />
rogorc zemoT vaxsene, adgilobrivi nacionaluri<br />
enis funqciuri damkvidrebisa da SemdgomSi berZnulTan<br />
Tvisobrivi Tanasworobis idea aRmosavleT qristianobis<br />
enaTa saerTo niSania. igi siriuli tradiciidan iRebs<br />
saTaves 36 . II-III saukuneeSi Sesrulebuli bibliis uZvelesi<br />
siriuli Targmani (Vetus Syriaca) 507-508 wels filoqsene<br />
mabugelma safuZvlianad gadaamuSava da dauaxlova<br />
berZnul originals, ufro sworad, axali redaqcia Seqmna;<br />
Targmanze darTul komentarebSi igi gulistkiviliT<br />
aRniSnavs, rom siriuli naklebad gavarjiSebuli<br />
enaa da ar SeuZlia adekvaturad gamoxatos berZnuli<br />
33.<br />
nacionalur enaze liturgiis, bibliis Targmanebis, da saerTod, Teologiuri<br />
literaturis sawinaaRmdego es argumentebi saerToregionuli<br />
xasiaTisaa da Tanabrad miemarTeba aRmosavleT qristianobis adgilobriv<br />
enebs (Sdr. doborjginiZe 2007g: 145-163).<br />
34.<br />
Sdr. danelia 1983: 209-286.<br />
35.<br />
ix. danelia 1983; meliqiSvili 1975; meliqiSvili 1984: 106-120; meliqiSvili<br />
1986: 213-245, meliqiSvili 1993a: 6-24; meliqiSvili 1993b: 5-25; meliqiSvili<br />
1999a; bezaraSvili 2004; oTxmezuri 2005; meliqiSvili 1999b: 149-<br />
164; TvalTvaZe 1997; doborjginiZe 2007a: 161-176; Doborjginidze 2008: 193-212.<br />
36.<br />
boederi 1998: 62.
narkvevi 23<br />
terminologiis precizuloba. mas mohyavs magaliTebi<br />
efrem asuris Txzulebebidan da berZnulTan Sedarebis<br />
gziT aCvenebs, ramdenad arazustia siriuli terminologia<br />
37 . 616 wels Toma harkelma biblia xelaxla Targmna<br />
siriulad da igi kidev ufro dauaxlova berZnuls 38 .<br />
am Targmans axlavs SesaniSnavi filologiuri aparati,<br />
sqolioebi, romlebSic mTargmneli saTiTaod ganmartavs<br />
yvela SemTxvevas, sadac ki teqsts cvlis, vrclad saubrobs<br />
xelaxali Targmanis umTavresi miznis, berZnul<br />
originalTan maqsimaluri daaxloebisa da terminologiis<br />
dazustebis Sesaxeb 39 .<br />
gansxvavebuli iyo am saerToaRmosavluri procesis<br />
qronologiuri CarCo; Tu siriaSi VI saukuneSi daiwyo<br />
Targmanebis revizia berZnulTan daaxloebisa da terminologiis<br />
daxvewis mizniT, qarTul mTargmnelobiT<br />
tradiciaSi es procesebi mogvianebiT, X saukunidan,<br />
iwyeba da mTavrdeba gelaTis saliteraturo skola-<br />
Si bibliis teqstis safuZvliani reviziiT 40 . amave periods<br />
emTxveva sxvadasxva teqsturi fenebis Semcveli<br />
somxuri bibliis berZnulis mixedviT redaqtireba. es<br />
procesi dasrulda XII saukuneSi, roca somexma episkoposma<br />
nersem somxuri bibliis axali, berZnul teqstTan<br />
maqsimalurad daaxloebuli redaqcia SeimuSava 41 . mogvianebiT,<br />
XIV saukuneSi, eqvTime patriarqis TaosnobiT<br />
daiwyo e.w. “wignebis Sesworeba” (исправление книг) mTel<br />
slavur samyaroSi. 1355 wels moskovis mitropolitma<br />
aleqsim safuZvlianad gadaamuSava aRmosavleT slavur<br />
eklesiebSi gavrcelebuli Targmanebi da maqsimalurad<br />
dauaxlova berZnuls. eqvTime patriarqma bulgarul da,<br />
saerTod, samxreT slavur sivrceSi gavrcelebuli Targmanebi<br />
gadaamuSava da dauaxlova berZnuls.<br />
amrigad, SedarebiT Raribi saliteraturo tradiciebis<br />
mqone nacionaluri enebis misamarTiT gamoTqmuli<br />
sayvedurebi (enis siRaribe, eresis safrTxe) iqca<br />
swored am enebis gamomxatvelobiT saSualebaTa gamdidrebis,<br />
samecniero terminologiis Seqmnis, Targmanebis<br />
daxvewisa da sabolood berZnulTan maTi Rirseuli metoqeobis<br />
winapirobad.<br />
37.<br />
amis Sesaxeb ix. Brock 1982: 20.<br />
38.<br />
bibliis siriuli redaqciebis Sesaxeb ix. Brock 1980: 181-189.<br />
39.<br />
Zuntz 1951: 174-196.<br />
40.<br />
amis Sesaxeb ix. damana meliqiSvilis zemoTdasaxelebuli naSromebi.<br />
41.<br />
Hannick 1980: 200-201.
24 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
am TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa, rom aRmosavleTis<br />
nacionalur enaTa ganviTarebis modelis dasavlurTan<br />
Sedareba 42 moulodnel msgavsebas aCvenebs: nacionalur<br />
enaze Sesrulebuli Targmanebis sawinaaRmdego argumentebi<br />
(enis siRaribe, eresis safrTxe) 43 TiTqmis erTnairia<br />
sociolingvisturi TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisgan radikalurad<br />
gansxvavebul am or religiur samyaroSi. erTnairia<br />
nacionaluri enis damokidebulebac aRmosavleTSi<br />
– berZnulisa da dasavleTSi laTinuris mimarT: qarTvelebic<br />
aRiareben, rom berZnuli “ufskrul Rrma ars” 44 da<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> ki Raribi da “uRono” enaa, magram mkveTrad gansxvavebulia<br />
is Sedegebi, romlebic am msgavsi argumentebis<br />
safuZvelze enebis mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebis,<br />
zog SemTxvevaSi akrZalvebis “gatarebas”, “Sesrulebas”<br />
axlda Tan: dasavleTis eklesiaSi am akrZalvebma sagrZnoblad<br />
Seaferxa nacionaluri enebis emansipaciis procesi,<br />
maTi qceva samwerlo enebad, Sesabamisad, mtkice safuZveli<br />
Seuqmna laTinuri enis primats. rac Seexeba aRmosavleTs,<br />
aq enis siRaribisa da eresis safrTxis argumentebma araTu<br />
Seaferxa, piriqiT, sxva mizezebTan erTad, yvelaze metad<br />
daaCqara adgilobrivi nacionaluri enis emansipaciis procesi.<br />
rogorc <strong>qarTuli</strong>s magaliTze vnaxeT, swored es argumentebi<br />
iqca mastimulirebel faqtorad, raTa Raribi qar-<br />
Tuli ena “gonierTa xedvaTa mommarjue“ 45 (iovane petriwi)<br />
berZnuls gatoleboda.<br />
Sua saukuneebSi es procesi dasrulda <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ormagi<br />
legitimaciiT: erTi mxriv, politikuri legitimacia<br />
nacionaluri istoriis rekonstruqciiT (leonti mroveli)<br />
da, meore mxriv, religiuri legitimacia e. w. “wminda istoriaSi”<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong>sTvis “Rirseuli” adgilis gamoZebniT<br />
42.<br />
amis Sesaxeb ix. Doborjginidze 2003a :154-174; Doborjginidze 2003b: 111-136; doborjginiZe<br />
2007a: 161-176.<br />
43.<br />
Sdr. “da bolos, ra unda vTqvaT wminda wignebisa da saeklesio kanonebis<br />
Sesaxeb [igulisxmeba maTi Targmani nacionalur enaze]? [...] ra unda vTqvaT<br />
danarCeni mecnierebebis Sesaxeb? [...] unda vaRiaroT, rom Cveni enis siRaribe<br />
amis saSualebas ar iZleva; amitom gardauvalia, rom isini an axal ucnob<br />
sityvebs gamoigoneben, an, Tu Zvel, tradiciul gamoTqmebs gamoiyeneben,<br />
WeSmarit mniSvnelobas Seryvnian. wminda werilis SemTxvevaSi ki Cven gansakuTrebiT<br />
gveSinia amgvari ramis. vin daexmareba mrevls, gaunaTlebel<br />
adamianebs da qalebs, romelTa xelSi es Targmanebi moxvdeba, rom masSi WeSmariti<br />
codna (Semecneba) dainaxon” (nawyveti sacenzuro ediqtis teqstidan<br />
motanilia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: Pallmann 1884: 238-241).<br />
44.<br />
abulaZe 1950: 029.<br />
45.<br />
Sdr. “moved da ellenTave enadReobasa uvabadoT, mommarjusa gonierTa<br />
xedvaTasa” (yauxCiSvili 1940: 107).
narkvevi 25<br />
(iovane zosime). es Sejibrebis, gatolebis tendencia, cxadia,<br />
Sua saukuneebisTvis tipuri argumentaciiT, erovnuli<br />
cnobierebis mniSvnelovan safuZvlad aris miCneuli da<br />
simbolurad swored enasTan mimarTebaSi aisaxeba yvelaze<br />
xelSesaxebad. “gonierTa xedvaTa mommarjve” berZnulTan<br />
funqciuri da Tvisobrivi gaTanabrebis tendencia, <strong>qarTuli</strong>saTvis<br />
prominentul enaTa badali argumentebis gamoZebna<br />
Tu sakuTar istoriul warsulSi vera, esqatologiur<br />
momavalSi mainc, rogorc amas iovane zosime cdilobs 46 ,<br />
anu, politikuri da religiuri legitimacia, berZnulTan<br />
erTiani saurTierTo sivrcis SenarCuneba kulturul, religiur,<br />
da, saerTod, saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis yvela<br />
sferoSi, nacionaluri enisTvis yvela im atributis “mopoveba”,<br />
romlebic mis “metoqe” prominentul berZnuls aqvs,<br />
aris swored erovnuli cnobierebis is safuZvlebi, romlebic<br />
Sua saukuneebis qarTulma Seqmna.<br />
es ormagi legitimacia aris is ori diskursi, romlebic<br />
enasTan am enis matareblis, ufro sworad, teqstebis<br />
avtoris, istoriulad dadasturebul konceptualizaciebs<br />
Seesabameba; maTgan erTi diskursi ufro politikuri<br />
xasiaTisaa, meore _ ufro Teologiuri. orive<br />
SemTxvevaSi religiuri teqstebi emsaxureba identobis<br />
gansazRvras da enis legitimacias, Tumca maT Soris<br />
sxvaoba mainc aris: istoriografebis politikuri interesi<br />
ukavSirdeba qarTul saxelmwifoSi <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
enis specifikur da cvalebad poziciebs (ase SeiZleba<br />
avxsnaT leonti mrovelis monaTxrobi universaluri,<br />
regionaluri da nacionaluri istoriis konceptebis<br />
Sesaxeb), Teologiuri diskursi ki _ iseT sakiTxebs,<br />
romlebic konkretuli enis farglebs scildeba da ufro<br />
zogadlingvisturi xasiaTisaa (magaliTad, religiuri<br />
teqstebis TargmnasTan dakavSirebuli lingvisturi<br />
sakiTxebi, bibliis, rogorc inspirirebuli teqstis<br />
Targmnis problemebi da a.S.). am TvalsazrisiT Zveli<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> wyaroebi masala naklebadaa Seswavlili, _<br />
vgulisxmob qarTvel mTargmnelTa enobriv TviTSegnebas<br />
da maT motivacias, romelsac garkveulwilad politikuri<br />
safuZvelic hqonda.<br />
marTalia, nacionaluri identobis ganmsazRvreli<br />
kulturuli safuZvlebi Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleTSi<br />
ar dagvirgvinebula naciebis dabadebiT, rogorc es ra-<br />
46.<br />
iovane zosimes himnis interpretaciis Sesaxeb aRmosavleT qristianuli<br />
literaturis konteqstSi ix. doborjginiZe 2007b: 92-100.
26 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
mdenime saukuniT gvian moxda dasavleTSi, magram isini<br />
aranakleb STambeWdavia, vidre nacionalizmis Teoretikosebis<br />
47 mier aRwerili safuZvlebi.<br />
damowmebani<br />
abulaZe 1950 – saqme mociqulTa, Zveli xelnawerebis mixedviT gamosca<br />
ilia abulaZem (= Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis Zeglebi, 7), Tb., 1950.<br />
andersoni 2005 – andersoni benediqt, “warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebi”,<br />
ena da kultura, 5, Tb., 2005.<br />
bezaraSvili 2004 – bezaraSvili qeTevan, ritorikisa da Targmanis<br />
Teoria da praqtika grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebis mixedviT, Tb., 2004.<br />
bregaZe 1959 – efrem mcire, uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa,<br />
Tu romelTa wignTa Sina moi£senebis, teqsti gamosca, Sesavali<br />
da leqsikon-saZieblebi daurTo Tamar bregaZem, Tb., 1959.<br />
Boeder 1983 – Boeder Winfried, “Die georgischen Mönche auf dem Berge Athos und<br />
die Geschichte der georgischen Schriftsprache”, Bedi Kartlisa: Revue de Kartvélologie,<br />
41, pp. 85-95, Paris, 1983.<br />
Boeder 1998 – Boeder Winfried, “Sprache und Identität in der Geschichte der Georgier”,<br />
B. Schrade - Th. Ahbe (edd.), Georgien im Spiegel seiner Kultur und Geschichte,<br />
Zweites Deutsch-Georgisches Symposium: Vortragstexte, Berlin 1998,<br />
pp. 68-81.<br />
boederi 1998a – boederi vinfrid, “ena da vinaoba qarTvelTa istoriaSi”,<br />
qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, VII, Tb.,<br />
1998, gv. 60-81.<br />
Brock 1980 – Brock Sebastian, “Bibelübersetzungen: Die Übersetzungen ins Syrische”,<br />
Theologische Realenzyklopädie. In Gemeinschaft mit Horst Balz [...] hrsg.<br />
von Gerhard Müller, Band 6, pp. 181-189, Berlin, 1980.<br />
Brock 1982 – Brock Sebastian, “From Antagonism to assimilation: Syriac attitudes to<br />
Greek learning”, Nina G. Garsoian - Thomas F. Matthews - Robert W. Thomson<br />
(edd.): East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the Formation Period, Washington,<br />
pp. 17-34.<br />
gelneri 2004 – gelneri ernst, erebi da nacionalizmi, Tbilisi<br />
2004.<br />
Gerl 1985 – Gerl Hanna-Barbara, “Zwischen faktischer und numinoser Gültigkeit: Lorenzo<br />
Vallas Theorie vom Vorrang der lateinischen Sprache”, Richard J. Schoeck<br />
(ed.), Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Bononiensis, New-York, 1985, pp. 327-336.<br />
danelia 1983 – danelia korneli, <strong>qarTuli</strong> samwerlo enis istoriis<br />
sakiTxebi, Tb., 1983.<br />
Doborjginidze 2003a – Doborjginidze Nino, “Einige Fragestellungen der Volksspra-<br />
47.<br />
gelneri 2004; andersoni 2005.
narkvevi 27<br />
chenemanzipation im östlichen Christentum des Mittelalters”, Oriens Christianus,<br />
87, Wiesbaden, 2003, pp. 149-170.<br />
Doborjginidze 2003b – Doborjginidze Nino, “Die Argumente gegen die Bibelübersetzung<br />
in die Volkssprache und ihre Nachwirkung auf die Entwicklung des<br />
Georgischen in den 10.-12. Jh.”, Winfried Boeder (ed.): Kaukasische Sprachproblem:<br />
Beiträge zu den Kaukasistentagungen in Oldenburg 1995-2001 (= Caucasica<br />
Oldenburgensia 1), Oldenburg, 2003, pp. 119-140.<br />
doborjginiZe 2007a – doborjginiZe nino, “berZnul-bizantiuri<br />
samyaro da xalxur enaTa emansipaciis sakiTxebi”, bizantinologia<br />
saqarTveloSi: bizantinologTa saerTaSoriso simpoziumis<br />
moxsenebebi, Tb., 2007, gv. 161-176.<br />
doborjginiZe 2007b – doborjginiZe nino, “«qeba¡ da dideba¡<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong>sa enisa¡» qristianuli aRmosavleTis saxotbo<br />
poeziis konteqstSi”, semiotika, 1, Tb., 2007, gv. 92-100.<br />
doborjginiZe 2007g – doborjginiZe nino, “TargmanTan dakavSirebuli<br />
problemebis funqcionalizacia sxvadasxva enaSi”, semiotika,<br />
2, Tb., 2007, gv. 145-163.<br />
Doborjginidze 2008 – Doborjginidze Nino, “Einige Fragestellungen zur Herausbildung<br />
von Schriftsprachen im christlichen Osten am am Beispiel des Georgischen”,<br />
Le Muséon: Revue d’ Études Orientales, Louvain 2008: 193-212.<br />
TvalTvaZe 1997 – TvalTvaZe darejan, efrem mcire – bizantiuri<br />
mwerlobis komentatori (sadisertacio naSromi), Tb., 1997.<br />
Keipert 1981 – Keipert Helmut, “Russische Sprachgeschichte als Übersetzungsgeschichte”,<br />
Slavische Linguistik, 198: Referate des VII Konstanzer Slavistischen<br />
Arbeitstreffens, Mainz 30.9-2.10. 1981, Hrsg. v. Wolfgang Girke (= Slavische<br />
Beiträge, 160), München, pp. 67-112.<br />
kekeliZe 1980 – kekeliZe korneli, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis<br />
istoria, tomi I, Tb., 1980.<br />
Kurz 1894 – Kurz Eduard, “Das Typikon des heiligen Saba”, Byzantinische Zeitschrift,<br />
3, Berlin, 1894, pp. 165-167.<br />
lolaSvili 1994 – giorgi mcire, cxovreba giorgi mTawmidelisa,<br />
teqsti gamokvleviTa da leqsikoniTurT gamosacemad moamzada<br />
ivane lolaSvilma, Tb., 1994.<br />
meliqiSvili 1975 – meliqiSvili damana, ioane petriwis filosofiur<br />
SromaTa ena da stili , Tb., 1975.<br />
meliqiSvili 1984 – meliqiSvili damana, “Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> logikuri<br />
terminologiidan”, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis Sromebi, 25,<br />
Tb., 1984, gv. 106-120.<br />
meliqiSvili 1988 – meliqiSvili damana, gelaTis saliteraturo<br />
skola da <strong>qarTuli</strong> filosofiuri enis ganviTarebis gzebi<br />
(sadisertacio naSromi), Tb., 1988.<br />
meliqiSvili 1993 – meliqiSvili damana, “gelaTis samonastroliterasturuli<br />
skola: ZiriTadi mimarTuleba da saazrovnoliteraturuli<br />
interesebi”, quTaisis universitetis moambe,
28 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
1, quTaisi, 1993, gv. 6-24; quTaisis universitetis moambe, 2, qu-<br />
Taisi, 1993, gv. 5-25.<br />
meliqiSvili 1999a – meliqiSvili damana, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> filisofiur-Teologiuri<br />
terminologiis istoriidan, Tbilisi,<br />
1999.<br />
meliqiSvili 1999b – meliqiSvili nino, grigol nazianzelis 16<br />
homiletikuri sityvis efrem mciriseuli Targmani, macne: enisa<br />
da literaturis seria, 1-4, Tb., 1999, gv. 149-164.<br />
Мерчул 1911 – Мерчул Гиоргий, Житие святого Григория Хандзтийского (=<br />
Тексты и разыскания по армяно-грузинской филологии, 7), Санкт-Петербург,<br />
1911.<br />
metreveli 1996 – metreveli elene, aTonis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo<br />
keris istoriidan, Tb., 1996.<br />
oTxmezuri 2005 – oTxmezuri Tamar, grigol nazianzelis TxzulebaTa<br />
komentarebi qarTul mTargmnelobiT tradiciaSi (sadisertacio<br />
naSromi), Tb., 2005.<br />
Pallmann 1884 – Pallmann Heinrich, “Des Erzbischofs Berthold von Mainz ältestes<br />
Zensuredict”, Archiv für Geschichte des Deutschen Buchhandels, 9, pp. 238-241,<br />
Leiptzig, 1884.<br />
SaniZe 1986 – SaniZe akaki, qarTvelTa monasteri bulgareTSi da<br />
misi tipikoni: tipikonis <strong>qarTuli</strong> redaqcia (= akaki SaniZe, Txzulebani<br />
Tormet tomad, t. IX), Tb., 1986.<br />
SaniZe da sxv. 1996 – iovane oqropiri, Targmaneba¡ maTes saxarebisa¡:<br />
eqvTime aToneliseuli Targmani, teqsti uZvelesi xelnawerebis<br />
mixedviT gamosacemad moamzades lela aleqsiZem,<br />
lili basilaiam, nino doborjginiZem, darejan TvalTvaZem,<br />
manana maCxanelma, lela niJaraZem, zurab sarjvelaZem, nino SaraSeniZem,<br />
Tamar cofuraSvilma, mzeqala SaniZis redaqciiT,<br />
Tb., 1996.<br />
yauxCiSvili 1940 – ioane petriwis Sromebi, tomi I: prokle diadoxosisa<br />
platonurisa filosofiisa kavSirni, <strong>qarTuli</strong> teqsti<br />
gamosca da gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo simon yauxCiSvilma,<br />
Tb., 1940.<br />
Zuntz 1951 – Zuntz, Günter, “Die Subscriptionen der Syra Harclensis”, Zeitschrift<br />
der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 101, 174-196, Wiesbaden, 1951.<br />
javaxiSvili 1946 – giorgi mTawmideli, cxoreba¡ iovanesi da<br />
efT¢mesi, teqsti gamosacemad daamzada ivane javaxiSvilma<br />
(=Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis Zeglebi, 3), Tb., 1946.<br />
Hannick 1980 – Hannick Christian, “Bibelübersetzungen. Die Übersetzungen ins Armenische”,<br />
Theologische Realenzyklopädie, In Gemeinschaft mit Horst Balz [...]<br />
hrsg. von Gerhard Müller, Band 6, Berlin, 1980, pp. 200-201.
narkvevi 29<br />
Nino Doborjginidze<br />
The Problems of Functional and Quantitative Legitimation<br />
of the Georgian Language in the Middle Ages<br />
The presented article touches upon the problem of the processes of development<br />
of local vernacular language as a standard language. The topics of<br />
functional and qualitative legitimization of local languages of Eastern Christian<br />
World are discussed in the work. The role of convertion of these Eastern<br />
people into Christianity on their native language is studied for revealing the<br />
wider functional spheres of these languages. The relation of local language<br />
to the universal language of religion spread in Eastern Christian world is<br />
issued in the article. The old Georgian sources, namely, the commentaries<br />
and scholia connected with the translation activities are analyzed. According<br />
to these data, on the one hand, we may speak about the idea of equality of<br />
the languages spread in this religious sphere; on the other hand we may discuss<br />
the relation of the local language, namely, of Georgian language, to the<br />
so-called sacred languages, especially, to the Greek language. The concrete<br />
problems connected with the process of emancipation of Georgian language<br />
are studied in the context of typological parallels of different traditions.
Suqia afridoniZe<br />
poeturi mimarTva qarTul poeziaSi<br />
I. Sesavali: mimarTvis cnebisa da klasifikaciisaTvis<br />
mimarTva di a lo guri (an dialogizebuli) metyvelebis<br />
organuli da aq ti u ri ko mponentia. lingvistikaSi igi<br />
ZiriTa dad si n taqsis Ses wa v lis sagnad gvevlineba. am cnebis<br />
(da, Sesabamisad, terminis) li n g vi s tu ri ganmarteba didi<br />
mravalferov ne biT ar ga mo i r Ce va: dro iTs, sivrcobrivsa Tu<br />
enobriv sxvaobebs mis de fi ni cia ze xelSesa xebi gavlena ar<br />
mouxdenia. ami tom en ciklo pe di u ri, wminda aka de mi u ri Tu<br />
saswavlo xa siaTis ga n ma r tebebi TiTqmis em T x ve va erT ma neTs.<br />
es aris gra ma ti ku lad damoukide beli da in to na ci u rad<br />
gankerZoebu li sityva (ufro zustad _ saxeli. S.a.) an si t<br />
y vaTa jgu fi, ro m li Tac aRi ni S ne ba gamo na T q va mis ad re sati<br />
_ pi ri an sa ga ni (leqsikoni 1990: 340-1; axmanova 1969: 276).<br />
am zogad ga n ma r tebas <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ko n te q sti er Ti detaliT<br />
gana v r cobs: migviniSnebs mi ma r Tvis aRm ni Svneli saxelis<br />
wo de biT fo rmas (qe 2008: 323), romelic saqarTvelos yvela<br />
saxis saswavlebelTa <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis sa xe l m Z R va ne lo ebSi wode<br />
bi Ti brun vis saxeliTaa cno bi li (Sa ni Ze 1973: 45-6; kva WaZe<br />
1977: 81-91), Tu m ca naxevar saukuneze meti xnis winaT aka demiur<br />
wreebSi gaCnda sxva mo sa z re bac da al te r na tiul te r mi nad<br />
SemoTavazebul iqna mi ma r T vis fo rma (Ci qo ba va 1950; To furia<br />
1956). am kva li fikacias im xa nad spe ci alur lite ra turaSi<br />
mwva ve kamaTi mohy va, rac mo g vi a ne biT ai sa xa kidec sa xe lis<br />
bru ne bis saki T xe bi sadmi mi Z R vnil sa ga n ge bo kre bu lSi (sbiqe<br />
1956: 36-47; 67-68). am konteqstSi sa i n te re soa, rom bro k ha u-<br />
zis en ci k lo pe di a Sic (brokhauzi 1894) da zo gi erT mog vi ano<br />
mono g ra fiaSic (proniCevi 1971; finki 1972) ga mo T q mu lia eW vi<br />
am bru nvis (da ara formis) ufle ba mo si le bis Se sa xeb 1 .<br />
1.<br />
analogiuri azrisaken ixreba am stri qonebis avtoric (af ri do ni Ze 2001:<br />
19-23).<br />
30
narkvevi 31<br />
xsenebul kamaTs aRar davubrundebiT. aRvniSnavT mxolod,<br />
rom yve la SemTxvevaSi sintaqsur mimarTvad igu lis<br />
x me ba gankerZo ebiT mdgo mi sa xe li _ imis miuxedavad, markirebulia<br />
igi specia luri bru nvis ni S niT (magaliTad,<br />
Zveli be r Z nu li sa da laTinuris mam ro bi Ti sqe sis sa xe le b-<br />
Si Se sa ba mi sad -ɛ, -e, xolo qa r Tu lSi -o, -v), Tu uni S no nominativiTaa<br />
wa r mo d ge ni li (rogorc es gvaqvs co c xal in -<br />
do ev ro pu l, Tu r qu l da a.S. enaTa um ravlesobaSi).<br />
magram mi ma r T vis realurma funqcionirebam stimuli<br />
misca am cne biTi Sinaarsis re i n te r p re tacias misi gafar-<br />
Toebis mimarTu le biT; meore mxriv, mimar T ve bis diferencirebuli<br />
intenciisa da Se sabamisi mo da lo bis gaT va li s-<br />
wi ne bam moiTxova saTanado stru q tu rul-se ma n ti ku ri klasi<br />
fi ka ciac. amis safuZvelze wodebi Ti, anu saxe la di mi mar<br />
T va erT-erT (Tu m ca fa r Tod gavrce le bu l) sa xe obad iq na<br />
mi Cneuli da mas vo katiuri (< vocative) mima r T va ewo da; mis<br />
gve r diT ga moiyo zmnu ri mimarTvis fo r ma _ im pe ra ti u li<br />
(< im pe ra ti ve), anu brZa ne biTi mimarTva da agreTve erT-er Ti<br />
yve la ze xSi rad xma rebuli in te ro ga ti u li (< in te r ro ga tive),<br />
anu ki T x vi Ti mi ma r T va. calke jgufi Seadgina Sesityvebis<br />
kon de n sa ci is S e de gad miRe bu lma, TiTqmis formu le bad<br />
qce ulma eli p ti re bu l ma (zmnaCavardnilma) mi ma r T ve bma 2 .<br />
mimarTvis cnebiTi mniSvnelobis gafarToeba imi Tac iyo<br />
moti vi re buli, rom saxeladi (vokatiuri) da zmnuri (imperatiuli)<br />
mi marTvebi upiratesad er Tad ix ma re ba. sanimuSod<br />
ramdenime qre s to maTiuli magaliTis Ca moTvliT<br />
davkmayofildebiT. gavix se noT, pi rvel yo vlisa, unive r-<br />
saluri bibliuri (liturgikuli) fo r mu la: ufa lo, Segviwyale!<br />
ag reTve analogiuri struqturis popu la ruli<br />
fra ze bi <strong>qarTuli</strong> li te ra turidan Tu folklori dan:<br />
mzeo, amodi, amodi, | nu efarebi gorasa (xalxuri);<br />
mo, mTvareo, Semibrale... (rusTveli)<br />
ismine, swavlis mZeb ne lo... (guramiSvili);<br />
gaswi, mera no! (ba raTaSvili);<br />
dedav! ismine qarTvlis vedreba (ilia);<br />
damsetyve, cao, damsetyve! (vaJa);<br />
izarde, mwvane je jilo... (i. daviTaSvili);<br />
megobrebo, win, win gaswiT! (ir. evdoSvili);<br />
Tqvi, arjakelo xviara... (a. kalandaZe)...<br />
2.<br />
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa nominatiuri formis<br />
saxele bi: xeli (aiRe)! xma (gakminde // ar gamagono)!.. anda zmnisarTebi: win<br />
(wadi, gas wi)! Cu mad (iya vi)! da misT.
32 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
mimarTvis gafarToebulma gagebam ufro Tva l sa Cino ga -<br />
xada mWidro kavSiri mimarTvebisa iseT elementebTan, rogoricaa:<br />
a. mo wodebiTi Sorisdebulebi:<br />
he, RmerTo er To! (rusTveli)<br />
hoi, mTa wmi n dav! (baraTaSvili)<br />
ehei, mebornev! (a. kalandaZe)...<br />
b. kiTxviTi xmovnebi:<br />
ar mogxvdaua, rjul ZaRlo? (vaJa)<br />
iqav aoda xara, samZimar Cemo? (xalxuri)<br />
is gegonaa, qalao, guSin rom medidebodi? (xalxuri)<br />
igive iTqmis mimarTvis kavSirze emfa ti ku r, sxva Ta si -<br />
tyvisa da pro so di ul xmovnebTan. vo ka ti ur mi ma r T va s Tan<br />
am ele men tTa ko mbinacia gvxvdeba cno bi li xa lxuri zRaparis<br />
erT pasaJSi:<br />
_ Cito, Cito, Ciorao!<br />
_ rao, batono melao?<br />
am dialogis Semcveli eqvsi sityvisagan Semdgar fra ze -<br />
bSi arc erTi sityva ara dgas mimarTvis formis warmomqmnel<br />
ele me n tTa gareSe: Cito da ba tono formebSi -o vokati<br />
vis ni Sa nia, rao fo rmaSi _ sxva Ta sityvis nawilaki,<br />
xo lo Ci o rao da me lao fo r me bSi _ pro sodiuli da imavdroulad<br />
sxva Ta si tyvis xmo va nic.<br />
am martivi da popularuli ilustraciebis SedarebiTi<br />
ganxi lva cxads xdis monaTesave funqciur ko mpo ne n te b Tan<br />
erTad mima r T ve bis farTod da ko m pleqsurad gaazrebis<br />
perspeqtiulobas. am mi ma rTulebiT Semdgomi kvleva mowodebulia<br />
im axal-axali kav Si re bis gamosavlenad, romlebic<br />
arsebobs erTi SexedviT sru li ad da uka v Si re bel movlenebs<br />
Soris, da maTTvis enis si s te ma Si sa Ta nado ad gilis<br />
misaCenad.<br />
Tavisi formalurad gamokveTili saxis gamo, pirvel<br />
yovlisa, gan vixi la vT tradi ci u l sin ta q ssa da poetikaSi<br />
mimarTvebad mi Cne ul gankerZoebul sa xe lad formebs, anu<br />
vokatiur mi ma r T vebs. am saxis mimarTvis fo r me bi fa r Tod<br />
gamoiye ne ba yve la Ja n ris mxa t v rul li te raturaSi _ poezi<br />
a Sic, pro za Sic da, cxadia, mTlianad di alo ge bze age -<br />
bul dra ma tu li Janris na wa r mo e b ebSi.
narkvevi 33<br />
da mainc: mimarTvis spe ci fi ka xan aSkarad, xan Se far<br />
viT avlens mis gamorCeul rols po e ziaSi da amitom<br />
maT piro bi Tad poetur mimarTvebs vuwodebT 3 . es cneba<br />
So r de ba yovel dRi u ri pragmatikis sfe ros da ejaWveba<br />
poetur me t y ve lebas imis miuxedavad, fo r ma lurad<br />
wminda poeziaze, ri T ma-ritmis Tvalsazri siT re g la -<br />
mentirebul teqstzea msjeloba, Tu gacilebiT Ta vi su -<br />
fa l ze, vTqvaT, prozaze, Tumca orsave SemTxvevaSi sayrde<br />
nia mxa t v ru li na wa r moebis rogorc Semoq me dis ga mona<br />
gonis spe cifika 4 .<br />
poeturi mimarTvebis niSan-TvisebaTa gamovlenis wyarod<br />
da sa nimuSod masala SeirCa sxvada sx va epo qis sa e ro<br />
poe zi is umniSvne lovanes warmoma dge ne l Ta nawarmoebebidan,<br />
kerZod, me-12 sa u ku ni dan dRe m de _ ru s T velidan<br />
vi dre ana kalandaZemde, Suale du r mwve r va l Ta _ guramiSvilis,<br />
baraTaSvilis, ilias, akakis, va Jas, ga lak ti o-<br />
nis _ ga vliT. mo x mobilia xa lxuri poeziis ni muSebic.<br />
Janrobrivi SezRudva: ana li z Si Segnebulad ar Cag vi -<br />
r Tavs hi m no g ra fi uli masala, romelSic, Ja n ris specifikidan<br />
gamomdinare, mi ma r Tvis fo rmebi didi albaTobiT<br />
iqneboda mosalod ne li, Tumca amave mizeziT, Tavisufali<br />
arCevanis uqonlobis pirobebSi, analizis Se de gebis sandooba<br />
eWvqveS dadgeboda.<br />
II. teqstebi da analizi<br />
1. “va, sofelo, raSigan xar?” (SoTa rusTveli)<br />
mimarTvaTa qve si s te ma vefxistyaosanSi calke ga n xi l-<br />
vis Rir sia, _ miT ufro, rom profesiul po e zi aSi (da xal<br />
xu r Sic) mra va lgvar literaturul tradicias da maT<br />
Soris m i ma r T vis fo r ma Ta uzualuri gamo ye ne bis tradici<br />
a sac rusTavelTan mivyavarT, _ iqidan amosvliT, rom<br />
misma poemam didad Se u w yo xeli am tra di ci e bis dam k vi d reba-gan<br />
m t kicebas.<br />
3.<br />
aqve dgeba kanonzomieri ki T x va: ras vikvlevT _ poe tur mimarTvebs Tu<br />
mi ma r Tvebs po e zi a Si? kvlevis procesis asaxvis Tval sa zrisiT sta ti is sa -<br />
Taurad me ore varian tis ga ta na albaT ufro ko re q tu li iq ne boda, magram<br />
is ni Snebi, ro mlebic kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa, amarTlebs am termi nologiur<br />
arCevans.<br />
4.<br />
Se mTx ve vi Ti ar aris, rom sab Wo u ri te r mi nologi iT nagu li s x mebi mxa t-<br />
v ru li li te ratura dasa v le T Si fi qciur (fictious = SeTxzul, gamonagon)<br />
lite ra tu rad iwo deba. iqneb <strong>qarTuli</strong> Txzulebac adrindeli (swori!) poziciis<br />
amsaxvelia?!
34 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
1) sakuTari saxelebi. personaJTa saxelebis mi marTvebSi<br />
mona wi le o bis sa kiTxi gamokv le u li gvaqvs 5 , amitom<br />
dawvrilebiT maT ze aRar Sev Ce r de biT. aR v ni S navT<br />
mxo lod zogierT faqts, romle bic ukav Si r de ba aRwe ri li<br />
epo qi sa Tu so ci a lu r urTierTobaTa am sa x vel re a li ebs.<br />
mi marTvebis fu n q ci o ni re bis ga r k ve u li Sez Ru dve bic swored<br />
am ur Tier To be biT na ka r na xe bi eti ke tis gamovle nad<br />
Se i Z le ba mi viCnioT.<br />
yuradRebas iqcevs, kerZod, is faqti, rom aseTi didi<br />
moculo bis poemaSi (1670-mde strofi): a. mTavar perso na J-<br />
Ta (maRali wris qa l Ta Tu va JTa) saxelebi wodebiTSi Ti-<br />
Tqmis ar fi gu ri re ben. ne stan-da re jani, Ti na Ti ni, mefe<br />
rostevani da avTandi li mi ma r T vis fo r miT arc erTxel<br />
ar dasturde ba, _ da es ma Sin, ro ca, mag., saxeli avTandili<br />
poemis te q stSi sxva da s x va fo rmiT didad aWa r bebs yove li<br />
sxva per sona Jisas _ saTaurebiTurT (200-mde) Tu ui maTod<br />
(171) _ maT So ris TviT im gmi risas, romlis zed wo de biT<br />
sa xe l sac ata rebs po e ma; b. mxolod TiTojer mimar Tavs av-<br />
Ta n di li sa xe liT fri do n sa da ta ri els (rogorc toli<br />
tols!), xo lo TviT ta ri elis monayolidan vi gebT, rogor<br />
mi ma r Ta manu ge Se be li si ty ve biT mefe fa r sa da nma ma -<br />
mamkvdar tari els: Svilo, ta ri el (2-jer); g. poemis mi -<br />
xe d viT, sru li ad ga mo ri c xu lia aris to k ra t mi jnu rTa<br />
araTu sa xe lobiT mi ma r Tva erTma ne Tisadmi (ise ve ro gorc<br />
ma ma-Svilisa ur Ti e r Ti sa d mi), aramed III pirSi xsenebis<br />
dro sac. am fonze Tavisu f lad ixma re ba Sedare biT da bali<br />
(va Wa r Ta da msa xur Ta) wris qa l Ta sa xe lebi wo debiTi<br />
fo r miT: as maT (4-jer, erTxel dia leqturi as ma To fo r mi -<br />
Tac!), fa t man (3-jer); sa xe liT mimarTvis xarvezi Se v se bulia<br />
pativiscemiTi mi ma rTviT _ xaTuniT (romelic dRes<br />
qalis sakuTari saxelia qarTulSi).<br />
2) apelativebi. poemaSi mimarT ve bi sa da ma Ti msazRvrelebis<br />
dalageba kle badi sixSiris mixe d viT aseT suraTs<br />
iZleva:<br />
mzeo _ 30 (+ 1 mr. mzeno)<br />
mefeo _ 27 (mis sinonimad: xelmwifeo _ 6-jer)<br />
RmerTo _ 21<br />
lomo _ 15 (+ 1 mr. lomno)<br />
Zmao/Zmano _ 15 (8 mx.+7 mr. Zmano)<br />
dao _ 13 (+ 1 dav).<br />
kidev ufro iSviaTia (6-3-jer): yma(n)o, gulo, sayvare-<br />
5.<br />
afridoniZe 1998a: 81-87.
narkvevi 35<br />
lo, sico c x leo, bozo, gam z rdelo, de dao, diaco, va zi ro,<br />
var d o, patrono, sa wuTroo, tur fao, Smago...<br />
mimarTvisas yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli mze Zi ri Ta dad<br />
sila ma zisa da ke TildReobis meta fo radaa ga mo ye ne bu li<br />
(ga rda iS vi a Ti ga mona k li si sa, ro de sac igi neitralurad,<br />
pirda pi ri mniSv ne lobiT ga mo iyeneba), ma gram, amasTanave,<br />
is gve v li neba socia lur ma r keradac: miuTiTebs aRmo savluri<br />
qve yne bis kulturi sa T vis da ma xa siaTebel im tradiciaze,<br />
rodesac mnaTobis sa xe lis (mzis, uf ro iSviaTad<br />
mTva ris) xmareba miRebulia mxolod so ci a lu rad ma Rali<br />
wris wa rmo ma d genelTa mi marT. sanimuSod mo g v yavs arasru<br />
li sia personaJTa urTierTmimarTvebisa.<br />
av Tandili TinaTins: ...mzeo, vin giSeri awamwame: 134, 1;<br />
aha, mzeo, radgan RmerTman mzed dagbada: 135, 1;<br />
fatmani avTandils: he, mzeo, RmerTsa vinaTgan mzed swaddi:<br />
1080, 1;<br />
fatmani nestans: aha, mnaTobo, soflisa mzeo zenao: 1266, 1;<br />
tarieli nestans: ...raTgan, mzeo, CemTvis naTlad aRmoxdebi:<br />
380, 2;<br />
avTandili fridons: lomisa msgavso..., mzeo Suq-moiefeo: 1313, 2;<br />
tarieli nestans [tarielis avtocitirebiT]:<br />
pasuxad vswerdi: ”mTvareo, Senmca mze viT moge ria?” 379, 2.<br />
vaJTa (raindTa) Sesamkobad ki, garda mzisa, lomic sakmaod<br />
xSi rad gvxvdeba me ta fo rad da zogjer erTadac gvxvdeba<br />
(adresa n tis, e. i. mTqmelis socialur statuss mniSvneloba<br />
ara aqvs):<br />
nestani tariels: nu daiCen, lomo, wylulsa: 374, 2;<br />
avTandili tariels: lomo da gmiro tariel, vis Tavi ginazebia:<br />
282, 2;<br />
rostevani avTandils: lomo, ara gWirs Sen omTa gamdrekeloba:<br />
144, 1;<br />
vaWrebi avTandils: lomo da mzeo, esea mizezi aqa dgomisa:<br />
1030,1;<br />
TinaTini avTandils: merme modi, lomo, mzesa Segeyrebi, Semeyare:<br />
131, 4.<br />
calkeul SemTxvevebSi orive es saxeli gaorkecebulia:<br />
tarieli TinaTins: me lomi lomTa (= avTandili) dagisva |<br />
gverdsa Sen (= TinaTins) mzesa mzeTasa: 1542, 4.
36 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
rogorc aRiniSna, rusTavelTan adresatebad SeiZ le ba<br />
iyvnen uSualod mzec da sxva mnaTobebic, rac TvalsaCinod<br />
Cans av Ta n di lis mog za urobisas, roca is mimarTavs mna-<br />
Tobebs, kerZod, mzisa da mTva ris garda, otarids, marixs,<br />
muSTars, as pi rozs...<br />
aha, mzeo, geajebi... 957, 1;<br />
mo, mTvareo, Semibrale... 963, 1;<br />
he, muSTaro, geajebi... 959, 1;<br />
modi, aspiroz, marge ra... 961, 1.<br />
poemis rainduli wris warmomadgenelTa gareg no bis<br />
aRma te bulad dasaxa si aTeblad poeti adresats mimar-<br />
Tavs sxeulisa Tu sa xis na wi l Ta calke an erTad vokatiuri<br />
moxseniebiT da, rac sa i n te re soa, uepiTetod:<br />
gulo, Tmano, tano, ba ge-kbilo, Tval-war bo, ri Tac<br />
miniSnebulia swored am na wi lTa si lamaze; mxolod ena<br />
gvxvde ba epi Tetis TanxlebiT, isic ‘mety ve le bis’ mniSvne<br />
lo bis ga mo (si tyva-mWe vro da wyli ano, tur fao, lamaz-enao:<br />
1270, 3).<br />
amasTan, Semamkobel metaforebad gamoiyeneba tradi ciu<br />
li tro pebi, kerZod, yva vilebis saxelebi: iano, vard(n)o;<br />
Zvir fa s qva Ta Tu mi ne ra lTa saxelebi: lalo, brolo, anda<br />
abst ra q tu li sa xe le bi: ime do, na Te lo (=sinaTle), sinaTleo,<br />
(mamisa) sicoc x leo.<br />
rac Seexeba epiTetebs, poemisaTvis ufro tipobrivia<br />
dade bi Ti emociebis aRmZvreli Sinaarsis mimRe o bebi: gazrdilo,<br />
gamzr delo, gamocdilno, marCenelo, mdgmelo,<br />
misandono, morWmulo, sa yvarelo, mowyaleo, mjobo<br />
da mravali sxva (Tumca siuJeturad Se sabamis pasaJebSi<br />
aris sapirispiro uaryofiTi semantikis sity ve bic: regvenno,<br />
pir-bozo da misT.).<br />
msazRvrel nacvalsaxelTagan damaxasiaTebelia I piris<br />
ku T v nilebiTi nacvalsaxeli Cemo, romelsac zogjer axlavs<br />
sazRv ru li, umetesad ki calke iwereba da pauziT gamoiyofa.<br />
es poemis er Ti specifikuri da tipobrivi msazRvrelia,<br />
ukeT rom vTqvaT, er Tdroulad msazRvrelicaa da<br />
sazRvrulic:<br />
he, Cemo, ese ustari ars Cemgan monaRvawebi: 1293, 1;<br />
xedavmca, Cemo, sofeli raTa saqmeTa mqmnelia? 1294, 1;<br />
sxvad, Cemo, Cemi ambavi Cemgan ar mogewerebis: 1298, 1;<br />
bedma gviyo yvelakai, Cemo, raca dagvemarTa: 1299, 4
narkvevi 37<br />
(yvela es nimuSi moxmobilia tarielisadmi nestanis<br />
weri li dan).<br />
rac Seexeba sityva RmerTs, romelic voka tivTa si aSi<br />
mesame ad gilzea, mas sinonimebad zenaaro da ufa lo ena c-<br />
vleba (2-2-jer), xolo TviT RmerTs epiTe te bad ax lavs: ma<br />
Ralo, mowyaleo, uc na u ro, uT q me lo, mflobelo gu lis<br />
T q ma Tao... zogjer mTeli katreni Rme r Tisa da misi epiTete<br />
bis vo ka ti vis formebiTaa gamarTuli: ix. avTandilis<br />
locva (809):<br />
ilocavs, ityvis: “maRalo RmerTo xmelTa da caTao,<br />
zogjer momcemo patiJTa, zogjer keTilTa mzaTao,<br />
ucnauro da uTqmelo, ufalo uflebaTao,<br />
momec daTmoba survilTa, mflobelo gulisTqmaTao!”<br />
vokativTa mijriT gamoyenebis eqspresiuli magaliTi gvaqvs<br />
mij nuris da kargvis gamo tarielis godebidanac (309):<br />
mosTqvams:... hai, sayvarelo, Cemo, CemTvis dakargulo,<br />
imedo da sicocxleo, gonebao, sulo, gulo,<br />
vin mogkveTa, ara vici, xeo, edems danergulo,<br />
cecxlman cxelman viT ver dagwva, gulo, asjer dadagulo!”<br />
Sorisdebuls, romelsac sa le qso stri qo nis ritmi kuli<br />
da na wevrebis erT-erTi funqcia akisria, rus Ta ve l Tan<br />
xSirad voka ti uri mimarTvebi mosdevs:<br />
aha, mzeo<br />
he, mefeo...<br />
hai, sayvarelo...<br />
he, RmerTo...<br />
va, sofelo...<br />
he, muSTaro...<br />
va, sawuTroo... he, Cemo... 6<br />
maTgan va-s, vame da vaglax Sorisdebulebs aSkara uaryofiT-emociuri<br />
da t virTva aqvs: igi ga mo yenebulia soflis<br />
sam du ra vis konte q s t Si, sxvebs ki ritmikul-intonaciuri<br />
fu n qcia aqvs.<br />
6.<br />
SorisdebulTa Sexameba vokatiur mimarTvasTan, romlis -o (> v) niSanic<br />
qarTu lSi Sorisdebulovani wa rmo So bi sad miiCneva (To fu ria 1956: 36-47),<br />
memkvidre obiT gadmohyva Sua saukune e bis po e ziasa da me-19 saukunis romantikul<br />
frTas (am ukana sk ne l ma mis xelT ar se bul wamoZaxilTa arsenals<br />
difTon gia ni ho¡-c mi u ma ta, riTac gza gaukafa mogvianebiT h-dakargul da<br />
dedifTongizebul cal o xmo vans (iq neb rusulis gavliT da gavleniTac?),<br />
romelic danerga jer ga laktion ta bi Zem, Semdeg ki ganamtkica ana ka la n -<br />
daZem.
38 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
rac Seexeba SorisdebulTa struqturas, maT Soris ufro<br />
xSi ria Ti To marcvlianebi, romlebic pauzis, saerTod, ritmikuli<br />
xa r ve zis Se mavseblad ga mo i ye ne ba. amave funqcias<br />
warmatebiT asru lebs sxva ne bis mi e ri klitikac (adgilis<br />
mixedviT _ enkliti ka an pro k li ti ka), anu erTmarcvliani<br />
sityva, romelic (metadre pre po zi ci a Si) “asasxleti” fu n-<br />
q ciiT gamoiyeneba. esenia: “moZra o ba-wris” zmnis funqciiT<br />
gamoyenebuli zmni s wini (mo-, wa-), zmni sa r Ti (win, aw...), nacva<br />
l sa xeli (es, ra...), kavSiri (da, Tu...), na wi la ki (ar, ver...).<br />
kli ti kis mezobel si tyvaTa metrikis gaTvali s wi ne biT rus-<br />
Tveli tonur maxvils vi rtuozulad anawilebs da a ba lansebs<br />
dabali Tu maRali Sa i ris saleqso stri qo ne bSi:<br />
maRali Sairi:<br />
wa, Seebi xataelTa, Tavi kargad gamaCvene! 379, 2;<br />
va, sofelo, raSigan xar, ras gvabruneb, ra zne gWirsa, 951, 1.<br />
dabali Sairi:<br />
va, sawuTroo, sicruviT Tavi satanas adare: 1213, 1;<br />
he, RmerTo erTo, Sen Sehqmen saxe yovlisa tanisa: 2,1.<br />
amrigad, rusTveli iyenebs yvela saxis ga n kerZoebas da<br />
maT Soris mimarTvis yvela saxeobas: wodebiTs (sa xe lads),<br />
brZa nebiTs (zmnurs), kiTxviTs (kiTxviTsityvebians da maT<br />
gareSec) da Zaxilisas (So ri s debuli) da isini yovel nabijze<br />
gvxvdeba. amito maa, rom rus Ta ve lis 16-marcvliani stri -<br />
qonebi ri t mu lad ”sunT qavs”, ga m W virvalea da, sulierTan<br />
erTad, srul musi ka lur har mo ni a Si amyofebs mki T x vels.<br />
2. “ismine, swavlis mZebnelo” (daviT guramiSvili)<br />
mimarTvis formaTa intensiuri da mravalferovani<br />
xmarebis mxriv da vi Ti ani yvelaze gamorCeul Zeglad gvesaxeba.<br />
gansxvavebiT vefxistyaosnisagan, romlis enamzeobas<br />
magaliTad saxavs gu ra miSvili, mis poemas mTlianad<br />
msWvalavs Rrma qristia nu li ga n w yobileba saTanado verbaluri<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTa da termino lo gi iTurT (ieso<br />
qriste, RvTismSobeli, jva rcma...). amasTan, zo gi e r Ti Tavi<br />
mTli anad mimarTvebis fo r me biTaa gawyobili, rac maT<br />
fsa lmunebisa da himno g ra fi ul elfers sZens (ix. moTqma<br />
qri stes vne be bze, RvTismSoblis tirili, da vi Tis vedreba,<br />
galoba...). magaliTad:
narkvevi 39<br />
anda:<br />
daurRvevelo zRudeo, godolo Seuryevelo,<br />
caTagan dautevnelTa wiaRTa damatevelo;<br />
mariam qristes dedao, asulo sionevelo,<br />
Sen meox-meyav codvilsa, qalwulo, RvTisa mxevelo! (88)<br />
RmerTo, daviTis mTnevelo, mamao da Zeo,<br />
is mterni Cemi mdevnelni devne, ganaZeo,<br />
Sen gamirkvie daviTsa, rac win gza miZeo! (90).<br />
zogi mimarTva, kerZod, ”soflis samduravis” kompo nente<br />
bi erTgvar refrenad (luw striqonad) Se vida garkveul<br />
TavSi (go de ba daviTisa, sa wu Tros soflis gamo tirili):<br />
vai sawuTro, cruo sofelo!<br />
rad mSva dedaman, Savman bedaman,<br />
vai sawuTro, cruo sofelo! (161).<br />
mi ma r Tvebis mra va l fe rov ne bis ga mo di s p ro po rcia<br />
ganmeorebad si t y vebs So ris imdenad xe l Sesa xe bi ar aris.<br />
mainc, Se iZleba ga mo v yoT met-naklebad xSi rad gan me o reba<br />
di saxelebi: mzeo, Rmer To, ie so qriste, ufa lo, de <br />
dao/v (RvTi sav); kaco, Zeo/Zev; zedsar Ta ve bi _ tkbi lo<br />
(ie so, si co c xle) da sa yvarelo. yve la ze Tval Si sa ce mia<br />
mimReobebis mdi da ri de ri va ci uli fo r me bi (ga ma m b Wo <br />
belo, mam ze vebelo, me o xa ro, mTnobelo, cvarcxebulo...).<br />
CvenTvis saintereso ku T xiT (iseve rogorc mTeli<br />
poeti kiT), daviTianis ZiriTad nawil s emijneba mxi a ru li<br />
za f xu li 7 .<br />
ma sSi mimarTvis fo rmebi gacilebiT iSviaTia. gamonaklisia<br />
Rmr Ti sadmi mimarTva sxvadasxva leqsemiT an<br />
formiT (RmerTo, Cemo gamCeno, mo m k v le lo, damrCeno...);<br />
sxva saxelTagan gvxvde ba su lo, oRond speci fi kur enobriv<br />
formulaSi: vame, Tu sulo:<br />
vame Tu sulo, giswras Ramema...<br />
vame Tu, sulo, giyaron wili...<br />
vame Tu, sulo, ar gahqvndes madli... (222-223).<br />
7.<br />
nawarmoebis ZiriTadi nawilisagan gansxvavebuli poetikisaTvis ix. RaRaniZe<br />
2002.
40 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
met-naklebad xSirad dadasturebuli saxelebi uf ro<br />
ne i t ra lu ri se ma n ti kisaa. kerZod, ma ma-S vi lis vrce l di a-<br />
lo gSi, iseve ro gorc si k vdi li sa da ka cis ci lo bis (po emis<br />
wi na na wilSi), Ti T qmis yo vel strofSi meo r deba di a logis<br />
mo na wi le Ta aR m ni S v ne l ape la ti vTa mimarTvis formebi:<br />
1. kaco, si k v di lo; 2. ma mav, Svi lo, msgavsad am Janris<br />
Sua saukuneebis po e zi i sa.<br />
3. ”gaswi, merano!” (nikoloz baraTaSvili)<br />
qarTulma romantizmma Ta vi si masazrdoebeli motivaciebiT,<br />
ko nkre tu li saxeebiTa da axali in to naciebiT<br />
gaamdidra lirikuli poezia. ev ro pidan ru seTis gziT SemoRweul<br />
am literaturul mima rTulebas saqa r Tve lo Si<br />
lo ka lu ri ni a dagi daxvda ruseTisagan na w v ne vi po l i ti -<br />
ku ri ime d ga cruebis Sedegad. saqarTve los da mouki de b lo -<br />
bis da ka r g viT ga mo w veuli se vda damate biTi fa q to ri ga x-<br />
da qa r Tuli ro manti z mi s patriotuli Te matikisa T vis.<br />
“Zveli didebis naSTisaken” mi pyrobili mze ra aleqsandre<br />
Wa vWavaZisa, gri gol orbe li a nis “sadRe gr Ze los” patriotuli<br />
paTo sis mom xib la vi nazavi li ri kuli (xSi rad<br />
mu xambazuri) leqse bis dardimandul in tonaciur na kadTan<br />
bo los Ca moiqna nikoloz ba raTaSvilis da x vewil li rikad,<br />
rac uSualod Tu iri bad, mi ma r T ve bSic aisaxa. Tu or beli<br />
ani Ta vis grZnobebs uSualod adre sa te bi sken mi ma r Tavs<br />
_ xan ko nkretulad: winandlis vardo, su li Ta mtre do (7);<br />
ros gxe dav, mna To...(5); he, sayvarelo, iyav mSve ni er, n[i na]<br />
(44), aseve TviT mi ma rT vi Tac: Cemo Tavo ubedo; gla x gu lo<br />
(34), vai, gri gol, sab ra lo! (41), xanac abst ra q tu lad: he,<br />
ive ri av!.. (33), he, mamu lo sasurvelo (99, 101), sixarulov,<br />
Sve bav, lxi no (42), is mine Cemi, he, si y va ru lo! (33),<br />
bedo, Cemis lxinis Za fi rad swyvi te! (41), ba ra Ta S vili<br />
iseT maSualebel mi ma rTvebs ar Cevs, rogoricaa ad gi lni:<br />
hoi, adgilno, ma x sovs, ma x sovs (89), Sdr. “bedi qarTlisa”:<br />
hoi, adgilno, ara g vis pi r no (143), pir vel yo vlisa<br />
ki _ mTawminda, rome lic avtorisaTvis mxo lod to po nimi<br />
ar aris: po e ti amka fi o ebs mis eti mo lo giur semantikas<br />
ko m po ne n te bad daSlis gziT: hoi, mTawmida, mTao wmi dav!<br />
(88). ami tom mi dis fiqrT ga sa r T ve lad liri ku li gmi ri<br />
modudune da mra val dro e bis mowame mtkvarTan: po e ti am -<br />
k veTrebs ad re sa te bis idu ma le bas saTa na do epi Te te biT:<br />
kldev bu ndovano; mTav Rru b li ano; xan mci naro, xan cre <br />
mliano (89). poe ti ar ma lavs ad re sa ti sa dmi mi ma r T vis motivs:<br />
Rru blian mTas gu l da xu ru l Ta me go bars uwo debs
narkvevi 41<br />
(89). Sdr. ga da Zaxili “mera n Si”: mxo lod va rs k v la v Ta,<br />
Tana ma va l Ta, vamcno gulisa me saidu m lo (120).<br />
poetis TviTCaRrmavebis amsaxveli me di taci u ri li ri -<br />
ka Sema m za debeli safexuria zRvramde misul saso wa r k ve -<br />
Ti le ba sa (“sulo bo ro to”) Tu sulier garRvevas (“me rani”)<br />
So ris da ganasa xi e rebs bedis sam zR v ris damlaSqrav<br />
mea m bo xe suls.<br />
poeti Tavisi siyvarulis sagans ridiT satrfos uwodebs<br />
da mimarTavs amaRlebuli epi Te tebiT: cisiero, haerovano,<br />
gulis-sworo. su li eri da erotikuli grZnobebi,<br />
romlebic Tavs iy ris pe pe la sa viT rxeul, Tavis aCrdilTan<br />
moTamaSe da grZne biT am rev ucxo sa yu re s Tan (102), faqizadaa<br />
naZerwi. eq s p re sia aR mavali xaziT mi dis Wvre ti dan<br />
in to na ci u rad zea we u li mi ma r T vi saken: sayuris qveS ba gis<br />
datkba ru ne bi dan vidre su lis da ko ne ba m de (102).<br />
baraTaSvilis SedarebiT mcirericxovani lirikuli<br />
leqsebi uCveulod mdidaria intonaciurad: wodebiTi, br-<br />
ZanebiTi da ki TxviTi mimarTvebis monacvleobiT: gaswi,<br />
merano... (120-1); ganvedi Cemgan, hoi, macTuro sulo bo roto?<br />
(128), vin icis, mtkvaro, ras but bu teb, visTvis ras<br />
ityvi? (95) da SorisdebulTa (xSirad ho is Ta nx le biT. balansi<br />
pauzebsa da ve r balur ma salas So ris si metri u ladaa<br />
daculi: TiTqmis yvela es leqsi harmo ni u lad JRers.<br />
romantikosebis poemebSi (“sadRegrZelo”, “bedi<br />
qarTlisa”) gansakuTrebiT iCina Tavi samSo b lo s cnebis<br />
gamomxatvelma leqsi kam. statistikis mixedviT, am cnebis<br />
gamomxatvelad gvxvdeba pra qti ku lad mxolod mamuli<br />
gacilebiT aWarbebs sinoni mur sa m So blos, ma gram<br />
maT gamomxatvelad kidev ufro inten si u rad ga mo iyeneba<br />
qa r Tli da saqarTvelo, xolo eTnonimebad _ qar T ve l<br />
ni (qarT ve l Ta), qar T ve loba (upiratesad) da zogjer _<br />
iverni.<br />
romantikosTa sayvarel SorisdebulTagan yve la ze<br />
intensiu rad ixmareba he da hoi. maTgan he ufro metad ixma<br />
re ba realuri ad re sa tebis _ adamia ne bi s mi marT: he,<br />
mefeo; he, gmirno (141), he, da Ris t ne lno (131), xolo hoi<br />
_ di f To n gis saxiT _ yve la sxva obi e q tis mi marT, garda<br />
adamia ne bi sa (ho¡, mTawmindav...).<br />
4. “mamulo, sayvarelo...” (ilia WavWavaZe)<br />
TergdaleulTa Taobas winamorbed romantikosTagan<br />
memkvid reobad ergo ara marto ero v nuli Tematikis literaturuli<br />
da muSaveba, ara med am sakiTxis po li ti kuri
42 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
mogvarebis amocanac. ilia Wav Wa va Zem farTod da mra vali<br />
mimarTulebiT gaSlil mu Sa o ba Si CarTo lite ra tu rac.<br />
amasTan, didaq ti ku r amo canas man pub li cis ti kas Tan er-<br />
Tad be le t ristika da poe zi a c da uqvemdebara. imis ga-<br />
TvaliswinebiT, rom eqspresiisa da emociurobis gamoxatva<br />
tra di ciulad po e zias da, kerZod, lirikas eki s re ba, didi<br />
mniSv ne lo ba aqvs am Janris nawarmoebTa sakvanZo le q si kis<br />
Seswavlas, _ miT ufro, rom es leqsika monawileobs po e-<br />
tur mimarTvebSi.<br />
sayovelTao yuradRebis Rirsadaa qceuli ilias didaqtika<br />
poetis daniSnulebasTan dakavSirebiT (misTvis ar<br />
vmRer, rom vi m Rero, viT frinvelma gareganma... _ 103). masve<br />
ukav Si r deba poetis “Ce mo kalamo”-s mTavari paTosic.<br />
mogvyavs ilias poeziaSi dadasturebuli yvelaze aqtiuri<br />
le qsika, romelic gamoyenebulia mimarTvis formebiT<br />
(ma sa la da la gebulia klebadi sixSiris mixedviT):<br />
Svil(n)o _ 41 dedav/o, dedi,<br />
Cem(n)o _ 32 dedi(lo) _ 15<br />
RmerTo _ 31 mefev/o _ 14<br />
Zmav/o, Zamo mamulo _ 8<br />
(Zmebo, Zmano) _ 29<br />
6-jer da nakleb gvxvdeba: velo, mamav/o, megobar(n)o,<br />
tur fav; bedo, mTe bo, mo na v/o; batono, vaime, satrfov, kargo,<br />
nana, tkbi lo, ukv da vo, qve ya nav, Rrubelo.<br />
rogorc am monacemebidan Cans, ilias poetur SemoqmedebaSi<br />
yve la ze xSir adresatad dasturdeba ZiriTadi leqsikuri<br />
fon dis uaq ti u re si sityvebi.<br />
socialuri usamarTlobis Temis mxatvrulad damuSavebisas<br />
ili am miagno laba-xaris uaRresad metyvel simbolur<br />
saxes. misi uR lis ga nzogadebiT da erT bedqveS yofnis asociaciiT<br />
po etma sa xieri xa ti Seqmna uTanasworobiT qedmodrekil<br />
pirutyvs damsga vsebuli adamianisa. maT Soris<br />
TvalsaCino paralelis gav le bi sas misi uSualo da araerTgzisi<br />
mimarTvis adresatia laba: samSoblo mTebo!<br />
erT bed qveSa varT, labav, me da Sen... (50);<br />
eg, Cemo labav, nu SegSurdeba... (50);<br />
aq mende, labav, Cemi uReli|Sens uRelzeda ufroa Zneli (51).<br />
mamulis sinonimad samSoblo mxolod orjeraa naxmari,<br />
maT Soris er T xel _ msazRvrelad:<br />
samSoblo mTebo! Tqveni Svili ganebebT Tavsa (35).
narkvevi 43<br />
sxvagan mamuls eZleva aSkara upiratesoba. aq mxo lod<br />
mima r Tvis formebs vexebiT, es SeniSvna zogad vi Ta rebaze<br />
dac vrce l de ba 8 , romlis ilustraciad ”gazafxulis”<br />
qresto ma Ti uli ma ga li Tic ikmarebs:<br />
ayvavebula mdelo, | ayvavebula mTebi,<br />
mamulo, sayvarelo, | Sen rosRa ayvav de bi? (118).<br />
sxva saxelTa paraleluri variantebi ZiriTadad mxolod<br />
mo rfo lo giuri varia n te biT (alomorfebiT) Semoifargleba:<br />
Zmav/ Zmao/Zamo; de dav /de dao /dedi /dedilo;<br />
mamav /ma mao; mefev /me feo; monav /monao. sityvawarmoebiT,<br />
derivaciuli simdidriT mima r T vis for me bi ar<br />
gamoirCeva.<br />
am fonze wina planze iwevs intenciuri Rirebuleba<br />
mima r T vis adresatisa: amis TvalsaCino nimuSia (Cemo) kalamo<br />
(120), ro me lic faqtobriv erTaderTxel dasturdeba,<br />
magram Tavisi ideolo gi uri mi zan dasaxulebiT (da popularobiTac)<br />
wina ma val mi ma r T vas ma mu li sadmi ar Ca mouvardeba.<br />
5. “Cemo samSoblo mxareo” (akaki wereTeli)<br />
poetis daniSnulebaze iliasa da akakis mier paraleluri<br />
le qsebis Seqmna sa e r To “proeqtis” nawilebad unda miviCnioT.<br />
mgo snisa Tu mwerlis samoqmedo “iaraRi” _ Cangi<br />
Tu qnari, Conguri Tu fanduri, salamuri Tu stviri saqveyno<br />
samsaxurSia Caye ne bu li. aki ili as “Ce mo ka la moc” (1861)<br />
saamisod aris mowodebuli da, savaraudoa, aka kis Ti T q mis<br />
amave saxelwodebis “Cems kalams” (1902) aseve misi ga mo x ma u-<br />
re baa. mimarTvis formebic aq ufro ganv r cobili da emo ci -<br />
u ria, ka la mic namdvil iaraRTan (maxvilTan, fa rTan, kver-<br />
T x Tan) aris ga Ta na brebuli:<br />
kalamo, sanaRvle-Taflo, | Cemo maxvilo da faro!..<br />
orgulo, magram erTgulo, | kalamo maxvil-kverTxovo! (3, 33).<br />
saerTod, akakis poeziaSi dadasturebul leqsemaTa mimarTvis<br />
formebi, TviT poeturi nawarmoebebis siuxvis kvalobaze,<br />
sa k ma od didi ra odenobiTa da mravalferovnebiT<br />
dasturdeba.<br />
8.<br />
ilias mamulis Sesaxeb ix. kiknaZe 2005: 28-52.
44 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
akakis lirikisaTvis niSneulia, xa l xuri poeziis<br />
tradiciisa mebr, leq sis dawyeba ama Tu im musikaluri<br />
sakravisaT vis mo wo de biT (Sdr. ilias “mefe dimitri<br />
Tavdadebulis” Sesavali na wi li _ brma mefan du ris sityvebi):<br />
Conguro, Cemo didebav, | da Zlierebav, kalamo... (2, 40);<br />
modi, Cemo Canguro,| msurs, isev gemsaxuro (1, 130);<br />
sad xar, Cemo salamuro,|xmatkbilo da saamuro? (1, 87);<br />
Cemo Cango, obol-mwiro... (1, 259).<br />
amave konteqstSia gansaxilveli mimarTvebi muzisa da<br />
RvTiu ri niWisadmi: yaribo da ganwirulo, nu SekrTebi,<br />
Cemo muzav (2, 17); Sen da mxolod Sen, ciuro ni Wo (2, 69),<br />
ag re Tve _ Sro misa da brZolis ia ra Risadmi: gavlesoT,<br />
Zmebo, namgali (1, 126) an: glesav da glesav, xanja lo (2, 99)<br />
(kontaminaciuri para fra zi xal xu ri stri qo nisa: glesav<br />
da glesav, namgalo).<br />
damaxasiaTebelia agreTve poeturi TviTmimarTva ama<br />
Tu im sxe ulis nawilis (ZiriTadad _ gulis) dasaxelebis<br />
meSveobiT:<br />
gaqvavdi, gulo! | daebi, ena! (1, 267);<br />
Cemo Tavo, bedi ar giweria! | Cemo gulo, tkbilad ar giZ ge ria!<br />
(1, 210).<br />
erovnul moZraobaSi ilia WavWava Zis gve rdiT dgomam<br />
erTgva rad gansazRvra misi poeziis ideur-Tema ti kuri<br />
msgavseba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, met-naklebad gamokveTa<br />
saerTo da gansxvavebuli ni S nebi da po e tis individualuri<br />
xelwera. am TvalsazrisiT sain te resoa patriotul<br />
TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakvanZo si tyvebis sa kiTxi.<br />
kerZod, gansxvavebiT romantikosebisa da ilia WavWava-<br />
Zis mi er gamoyenebuli TiTqmis erTaderTi ma mu lisagan,<br />
aka ki s Tan Zi ri Tadad samSobloa naxmari. yvelaze popularuli<br />
sityvebi rom aviRoT: Cemi xatia samSoblo (2,<br />
303). asevea mimar T ve b Sic:<br />
Sori qveynidan moSorebulsa, samSoblo Cemo! gigzavni gu l sa...<br />
ve Rar gixilo, samSoblov, meti (1. 69);<br />
aRs deg, sa mSoblo! bevri geZina (1, 70);<br />
mSvidobiT, Cemo dedinacvalo,| Cemo pi rSavo, Cemo samSoblo!<br />
(2, 39);
narkvevi 45<br />
itire, miwav, samSoblov! jvari au Svi, zecao (2, 214);<br />
samSoblo msazRvreladac ixmareba: rom araferi vTqvaT<br />
“ga nTiadis” cnobil sityvebze (ca _ firuz, xmeleT _ zurmuxto,<br />
Cemo samSoblo mxareo _ 2, 238), es Sexameba sxvaganac<br />
gvxvdeba: mSvidoba SenTan, | samSo b lo mxare (1, 69).<br />
aqa-iq Segvxvdeba mamulic, oRond ara mi ma r T vis formiT.<br />
sai nteresoa, rom zogjer es sinonimebi erTsa da imave<br />
sintagmebis farglebSi monacvleobs:<br />
ara, sikvdili ver SemaSinebs | momzadebulsa mamulis msxver p lsa!<br />
(3, 336);<br />
...im winaparTa gunds, | samSoblos msxve r p lad rom Sewirulan<br />
(6, 74);<br />
... da xinjad gul Si mimyveba mxolod, | rom ver gavmxdarvar<br />
samSob los msxverplad (3, 129).<br />
sinonimiasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom qarTli<br />
da sa qarTvelo sinonimebadaa warmodgenili da zogjer<br />
isini erTsa da ima ve konteqstSi enacvlebian erTmaneTs.<br />
Sdr., magaliTad:<br />
gacocxldebi, saqarTvelo<br />
da:<br />
bero qarTlo, guls nu itex! (1, 117).<br />
akakis ekuTvnis samSoblos xatad sat r fos Se qm nis idea,<br />
yovel SemTxvevaSi, am xatis damkvidreba mas mie we re ba:<br />
satrfov, nu geSinia! Tumc gaqvs grZnoba mixdili...<br />
satrfov, guls nu gaitex!.. ara xar sasikvdilo (3, 324);<br />
mSveniero, Sen getrfi | Seni mona, erTguli! (3, 235).<br />
rogorc vxedavT, alegoria mxolod arsebiT saxelTa<br />
done ze ki ar aris ganxorcielebuli, aramed misi epiTetis<br />
meSve o bi Tac.<br />
oriode sityva unda iTqvas akakis poeziis ritmikulintona<br />
ciur mxareze, romelsac specifikuri mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs mimar T vis formebisaTvis. akakis saleqso fraza zogadad<br />
SeiZleba daxa si a Tdes ro gorc uaR re sad musikaluri<br />
da harmoniuli. ma rc va l Tan dakav Si re bul kri ziss maxvi<br />
li sme nis mqone poeti nakleb ga ni cdis. iqneb ami tomac
46 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
aris, rom Sorisdebulebi, rogorc pauzis Se mavsebeli<br />
erT-erTi saSu a le ba, Seudareblad mcire rao de no biT gvxvdeba<br />
da poetis arCevani romelime er T ze ar SeCe re bu la:<br />
hei, samSoblov, sxvebisTvis dedav (2, 38); hoi, sad xar, drov! (5,<br />
332); ax, mezurnev, dahka! dahka!... (1, 98); eh, qarTveli kacis Cero (1,<br />
148); su! nuRa sZger, gulis wylulo!... (1, 260); Cu! qarTvelo bedniero!<br />
(1, 148).<br />
6. “damsetyve, cao, damsetyve!” (vaJa-fSavela<br />
da xalxuri poezia)<br />
am ori wyaros _ xal xu risa da mi si wiaRidan gamosuli<br />
di di poetis _ lirikis erTad ga n xi l vis sa fuZveli<br />
gasagebi unda iyos: va Jas poezias Rrmad ga u d gams fes ve bi<br />
xalxur Semoqmede baSi 9 . aki poetisave sityvebia: “...xalxuri,<br />
fSa uri, xevsuruli le qsebi bev ri vicodi; es kilo miyvarda,<br />
Cems gu lSi gan sa ku T re bu li kuTxe eWi ra” 10 . versifikaciis<br />
yvela ko m po ne n ti _ riTmebi, ri tmika da metri,<br />
prosodiuli da in to na ci u ri modelebi sa e r Toa; nawilobriv<br />
saerToa plastikuri xatebic. cxa dia, sruli to lobis<br />
ni Sa ns maT Soris ver davsvamT, miT ufro, roca saqme<br />
exe ba samyaros vaJaseul filosofiur gaazrebas da miseul<br />
mora lur-eTikur imperativebs, Serwymuls STambeWdav<br />
pla stikur xa te b Tan, ramac saerTaSoriso saxeli moupova<br />
poets (da es ga n sa ku T re biT exeba mis poemebs).<br />
da mainc, im uba nSi, rom elsac exeba es werili, Tavs iyris<br />
xa l xu ri poeziisa da va Jas poeturi Semoqme de bis mra vali<br />
specifi kuri msga v se ba. SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom va-<br />
Jas mraval li ri ku l leqss sa Taurad aqvs si m Re ra, ra d gan<br />
am Janris le q sebs tra di ciulad fandurze am Re re bdnen.<br />
samgloviaro poezi is pro so di ac amis damadasturebelia<br />
(gvri ni, mTib lu re bi, xmiT na ti r le bi...) 11 .<br />
xsenebul saerTo niSnebs Soris, pirvel yovlisa, yuradRebas<br />
iqcevs sxvadasxva saxis mimar T vebis (wodebiTis,<br />
TxovniT-brZa nebiTis, kiTxviTis) Tavmoyra saleqso winadadebaSi.<br />
Sdr.:<br />
9.<br />
xalxurisa da vaJas poeziis sxvadasxva saxis urTierTgavlenaze ix. WinWarauli<br />
1975: 367-78.<br />
10.<br />
vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. IX, Tb.: sabWoTa<br />
saqarT ve lo, 1964, gv. 180.<br />
11.<br />
TviT is leqsic ki, ro me lic iw yeba si t yvebiT: “ias uT xa riT turfasa...” da<br />
romelic co lis ga r da c va lebis gamo Seuqmnia po ets, sim Re rad iwodeba.
narkvevi 47<br />
xalxuri<br />
vaJa<br />
daukar, Cemo Conguro, daukar, stviro, daukar,<br />
amoiRe xmao... (21);<br />
aJRerdi, gamaxareo...<br />
damexsen, dedi, damexsen, damsetyve, cao, damsetyve,<br />
nu moklav qalobasao... (52); aqa var Cemis TaviTa... (I, 311);<br />
qalo, Sveneba vin mogca, ram gagaCina, qalao,<br />
samoci varskvlavisao? (35); lerwmad aWrilo welSia? (I, 28).<br />
Tu xalxur poeziaSi mimarTvis formaTa fuZeebis semantika<br />
ZiriTadad damokidebulia qveJanrebze (sagmiro, satrfia lo,<br />
samglo viaro da misT.), vaJas lirikaSi am formebiT warmodgenili<br />
leqsika ufro mobiluria da erTman e T Si gadamdina re.<br />
swored aq iCens Tavs amouwyavi leqsikuri simdidre, romelic<br />
axasiaTebs vaJas enas zogadad da poeziisas _ kerZod.<br />
vin an ra aris po e tis mimarTvis adresati? winaswar<br />
unda ga movyoT ori logikuri jgufi: 1. komunikaciurad<br />
SesaZlo, anu mi marTvis realurad SesaZlo adresati, romelic<br />
SeiZleba iyos mxo lod metyveli arseba _ adamiani,<br />
da 2. sxva danarCeni.<br />
pirvel jgufSi, cxadia, moxvdeba sakuTari saxelebi<br />
(poemebis personaJebi) dialeqturi formebiT (aludav,<br />
mindiav, berdiav, sa nduav...) an apelativebi, romelTa denotatebic<br />
aRniSnavs naTesaur urTierTobas (dedao, dedilam;<br />
dao/dobilo, Zmao/Zmisa/Zmobilo, kac(eb)o /kacno,<br />
vaJ(eb)o/vaJno, biW(eb)o, qalo/qalav) an wodeba-xelobas<br />
(mefev/o, xelmwifev, vezir(n)o, spaspeto), anda eTnikur<br />
warmomavlobas (xevsurno, xevsurTSvilebo, qistebo, qistis<br />
Svilebo...).<br />
erTi SexedviT neitraluri sinonimuri apelativebi<br />
mkafio semantikur madiferencireblebad gamodian. aseTi<br />
wyvilia: diaco da qalav/qalao. diaco ixmareba, rogorc<br />
wesi, ‘colis’ mniSvnelo biT, xolo qalav, Cans, ‘qaliSvilis/qalwulis’<br />
konotaci is ma ta rebelia, raki igi satrfialo<br />
xasiaTis leqsebSi gvxvdeba. mag.:<br />
poema “stumar-maspinZeli”: joyola mimarTavs cols<br />
(aRazas)<br />
rogorc dagvxvdebi, diaco, qmarma mohxvia cols xeli<br />
exla hkidia Senzeda (III,212); da miiTria keraze.<br />
ra ambavia, diaco?<br />
_ ra dagemarTa, diaco? _<br />
xmali minda da xanjari! (III, 215); CaekiTxeba mSfoTvare (III, 226).<br />
Sdr. poema “eTeri”: ufliswuli goderZi mimarTavs glex<br />
eTers:
48 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
_ nu miwyen, qalo, visi xar? _ miTxari mainc, geTayva,<br />
tye-velT ras daiarebi?... (III, 90); vina xar, visi qalio? (III, 90);<br />
...goderZim aRtacebiTa<br />
mefis Ze cxensa moaxta,<br />
qals gadahxvia xelia (III, 98); qalic Seiso gavasa (III, 98).<br />
nimuSebi lirikidan:<br />
isev Sen, isev, qalao<br />
dagZinebia, qalao,<br />
momxede, gamicinia.. (I, 17). lamazo, xuWuW-Tmiano... (I, 18)<br />
(“simRera”)<br />
(“mwyemsi qali”)<br />
iqve, qalisadmi miumarTavad, vaJa sinonimad iyenebs gogos:<br />
Sen gevedrebi beCavi, | ... ma gogos kalTa afaro (I, 18)<br />
e gogo _ Cemi sicocxle _ | arafriT damiziano! (I, 19)<br />
asevea xalxur poeziaSi: erTi mxriv, gvxvdeba qalo // qalau:<br />
_ qalo, gevxar alvis xesa, qalau, miTxar: Seni var,<br />
baRCaSia danergulsa (gv. 39) guls raRad damexureba? (29)<br />
meore mxriv, erT teqstSi (“ere k le mefe da glexis gogo”)<br />
gvaqvs:<br />
netavi, qalo, vicode, | mTidan moxval Tu baraTa...<br />
da:<br />
netavi, gogo, Seni xma avadmyofs gama go nao... (53).<br />
a. adamianis aRmniSvnel saxelTa mimarTvis formebs<br />
axlavs fa rTo speqtri epiTetebisa da metaforebisa _<br />
rogorc martivi (la ma zo, dido, Zliero, grZneu lo,<br />
Stero, Tav xe do, uWko, ujiSov, ybe do, Tavxedo, be Cavo,<br />
qofa ko, wyeulo, sawylebo, unamusovo...), ise kompozitebi<br />
da Sesi t y ve be bi (Wkva Txelo, tvinTxe lo, bed mwa rev,<br />
bedkrulo, TvalSurTxo... zezere mgrZnobarev, Cemi kacobis<br />
dam q ce v no (III,169), uc xo kaci sa mozarev (III,233),<br />
ciT Camosulo mTvareo)) (III, 86).<br />
b. meore jgufis _ araadamianTa saxelTa mimarTvis<br />
formebi. aq komunikaciurad ararealur adresatebTan<br />
gvaqvs saqme. esenia: cxovelebi (vahme, Sen Cemo nikorav;<br />
sada xar, Svinda ka me Co (II, 11); katav, Se amosagdebo (II,
narkvevi 49<br />
53), mTebi da kldeni (ax, mTebo amw va ne bu lo (II, 62); kldeo,<br />
klded dadeg salada (I, 13); mSvidobiT, sa jixveebo,<br />
ga ma xa re lno Tva lisa (III, 74), Walebi da tye-ve le bi<br />
(sa da xar, velo mwva neo? amoRaRandi, jejilo (II, 39);<br />
sviiT gab mu lo mu r ynebo ax, sa Wa mando Svi ndisav,... (II,<br />
62), abstraqtuli sa xe lebi (Cemo nugeSo (III, 111); vah,<br />
Cemo yo f nav, sicocxlev (III, 115); ime do xevsu re Tisav<br />
(III, 173); Cemi kacobis gvirgvino, | Cemo sa m So b lo mxareo<br />
(II,175);@smenav, damexSe Se na ca (II, 55); ga m So r di, suliT<br />
sidable (I, 13); RmerTi, ufali: guls nu momiklav,<br />
ufa lo (I, 13).<br />
g. uaryofiTi epiTetis ormagi mniSvneloba. zogier-<br />
Ti uaryo fiTi epiTeti diametralurad gansx vave bu li<br />
mniSvnelobiTac ix ma reba: garda sakuTriv pirda pi ri,<br />
adekvaturi se ma n ti kisa, isi ni sa pirispiro _ inti mu r,<br />
sasiyva ru lo damokidebu lebas migvaniS ne ben. es exe ba,<br />
ke r Zod, wyeulo fo r mas, rome lic antonimuri fun q ci iT<br />
ixmareba: erTi mxriv, gvelismWameli mi n dia adanaSaulebs<br />
cols imaSi, rom saojaxo saz ru navma da a ka r g vi na mas<br />
cxo ve l Ta da mce nareTa enis gagebis una ri: “srul Sengan<br />
gavxdi, wye u lo, | uge rgilod da yrolada” (III, 167); xolo<br />
leqsSi “aragvs” poeti amave si t y viT “esiyvaruleba”<br />
mSo b li ur mdinares: “dawuxebulman, ara g vo,| rom<br />
gnaxe, gavixareo...” (I, 30), rasac iqve aRtacebis si t y ve bi<br />
mih yveba:<br />
ra lamazia, wyeulo, | Sens zvirTTa laRni Cqerani! (I, 30).<br />
“siyvarulis gamxelis” funqcia akisria epiTet ti a<br />
losac 12 :<br />
Sen-ki genacvle, qalao, | ...laSars rad misdev, tialo?! (I, 44);<br />
avahme, Cemo qaraxsav,... amogaJRero, tialo (I, 32);<br />
Tqveni Wirime, hoi, mTebo,<br />
muxls giyriT, guli Ronobsa...<br />
Tqven roca gxedavT, tivlebo,<br />
qed-awvdilebo zecada... (I, 21).<br />
aqac negatiuri epiTetis ormagi, masTan, antonimuri<br />
semanti kiT funqcionireba igulisxmeba.<br />
12.<br />
analogiuri stilistikuri niuansiT xmarobs ilia Tergis mi marT myofadis<br />
mi m Re obas _ dasaRupavi (“eg dasaRupavi Tergi!”). ix. “mgzavris werilebi”.
50 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
7. “Sors, Cems beds iqiT!” (galaktion tabiZe)<br />
sayovelTaod aRiarebul saversifikacio miRwevebTan<br />
erTad, yuradRebas ipyrobs galaktion tabiZis leqsis intonaciuri<br />
mra va lfe ro v nebac. poetis saukeTeso leqseb-<br />
Si intonacia-me lo dikis ga nuwyveteli monacvleoba (zogjer<br />
TviT mok le leq sis fa r g le b Sic ki) mkiTxve ls erTTavad<br />
maRal tempera turaze am yo febs da a hi p no zebs.<br />
mimarT ve bis yvela sa xe, romelTa klasifikaciac mocemulia<br />
naSromis da sa wyisSi, farTod aris warmo d ge ni li galaktionis<br />
poeziaSi. amasTan, Tavs iCens ramdenime damaxasiaTebeli<br />
niSani:<br />
a. poetis intonaciur modelebSi mniSvnelovani adgili<br />
uWiravs eliptirebul (reducirebul) mimarTvebs, romlebic<br />
miRebu lia zmnis CavardniT. es xerxi sxva poetTanac<br />
SeiZ le ba Segvxv des, magram galaktionTan misi xmareba imde<br />
nad regularuli ar aris, ramdenadac sistemebrivi: igi<br />
yvelaze ukeT (Rrmad!) mie sa da ge ba galaktionis poetur<br />
energetikas. amasTan, uzmno mi ma r Tvebi in te nciis mi xe d-<br />
viT Sei Z le ba sru liad gansxvave buli iyos. Sdr.: droSebi<br />
Cqara! (377); aba, Cqa ra cxenebi! (“cecxli fiqriania”) da:<br />
Cemi sa la mi, mZla v ro kav ka si onis mTebo! (107, 288). mo u-<br />
lo dneli finali aqvs “ad ri an gazaf xuls”:<br />
amodis mTvare... | hei, vin modis? | xelebi ze viT! (282).<br />
sxvaganac: leqsis finaluri sityvebi ufro Sinagani da-<br />
Za bu lo bis ka vSiriT ikvreba, vidre gamoyofili zmnisar-<br />
Tebis se ma nti kiT:<br />
wyna rad, mso flio! | win, msoflio! | msoflio, Cumad!.. (227).<br />
amave tipis mimarTviT iwyeba cnobili “guriis mTebi”:<br />
win, me e t lev! (42) da mTavrdeba imave wels dawerili leqsi<br />
“beds iqiT”: ors, sxva edemSi! Sors, Cems beds iqiT! (43),<br />
romlebic Ti T qos er T ma neTis gagrZelebas warmoadgens<br />
da “meranis” sulis kve Te bas ex mi aneba (gardamatare bedis<br />
samZRvari _ 120) 13 .<br />
b. poeturi mimarTvis tradiciul adresatebs _ bunebis<br />
mov le nebs (qars, wvimas, quxils da misT.), cas da miwas, mTe<br />
13.<br />
sxva paralelebi: ukan momCxavis Savi yorani; rad momikal ymawvilis brma<br />
sa rwmunoeba? (baraTaSvili) da: Savi yo ra ni gzaze momCxavis; rad momikal<br />
sarwmunoeba? (galaktioni).
narkvevi 51<br />
bs da wylebs, dRes da Rames, qveynis mxareebs (CrdiloeTo,<br />
samxreTo...) da sxva mraval realur Tu irealur, vi r tu alur<br />
adresats, mTel kosmoss mi ma r Tavs poeti mimarTvis yvela SesaZlo<br />
fo r miT _ wo debiTis, brZa ne biTi da kiTx vi Ti fo r miT<br />
(qaro, ra ge ma r Te ba? | Ramev, ra mogi vi da? (346); da mSviddi,<br />
zRvao, iya vi wyna rad! (332); Cqara da e S vi, bindo! (322)) da<br />
Soris de bu le bi Tac; sintag me bi dan an sazRvrulia aras tan<br />
dartuli, an msazRv re li epi Tetebi (Rvi ni sfero mdi narev!<br />
(321); mzeo sa p yaro! (181), dRev li li a no, cav li li a no<br />
(218); gafiTrebulo dila, ga fi T rebulo mTe bo (181)), an<br />
ma Ti ko mbinacia: er Ti da imave sazRv ru lis daxasiaTe ba an -<br />
to nime bi T (su lo um zeo, ma gram mziano! (117)).<br />
g. adresatad sxvadasxva abst ra q tuli saxelia da mas-<br />
Tan Se xa mebuli sxva saxis mimarTvebi:<br />
o, sixarulo! iyav, idide! (340);<br />
da ambobs yvelas gasagonad: msoflio, wynarad! (150);<br />
wynarad, warsulo, wynarad! (344);<br />
daiZine Senc, imedo Cemo,<br />
Cemo rwmenav, zecav da edemo! (86).<br />
d. galaktionis poeziis adresatad xSirad sruliad<br />
rea lu ri da konk re tu li adresatia (magaliTad, meri ServaSiZe)<br />
da mi si sa xe li araerT le qsSia moxseni e bu li. magram<br />
iqac ki, sadac is ar mo i xsenieba, ad reuli epi Te te bis<br />
ja W vis mi xedviT ga mo ic noba: me ri, Zvirfaso! (“meri”); nazo<br />
meri (“*o, dRes Se mo d go maa...”); o, qalo Zvirfaso, nazo,<br />
viT fe ria (283) (“wa rwerebi”).<br />
e. poets Tavis ramdenime leqsSi (adreulSic, gviandel-<br />
Sic) sa kuTari Tavi sa xelde biT ga mohyavs sce naze Tu arenaze<br />
da yovel gvari yalbi Tavmdablobis ga re Se (sa ma r Tliani<br />
ambiciiT!) Tavis sa xels farul ri T mad ufa rdebs saqarTvelos<br />
ad gilTa da mdi na re Ta saxelebs (si o ni, kavkasioni,<br />
ri oni, baxtrioni...): SoTa, ilia, aka ki, vaJa da... (igu li -<br />
s xmeba: ga la k ti o ni). sxva gan ki Sinagan mo no logs dialog-<br />
Si as xams xorcs: vi can, ga la ktion, SenSi ak teoni (111); qari<br />
dame de v ne ba Za xi liT: ga la k ti on! (202); Sen, gala ktion,<br />
ici, ra daudevrad Cqa ra q re ba qa le bis fici... (224).<br />
v. SorisdebulTa xmarebisaTvis. galaktionis poezia-<br />
Si warmo dgenilia poetis mier sakuTar ganwyo bi le bebTan<br />
misadagebiT ar Ceuli Sorisdebulebi, romelTagan o ara<br />
marto yvelaze xSi rad gvxvdeba (100-s aRemateba), aramed<br />
qarTul poeziaSi ga la k ti o nis danergilad Cans; mis amosaval<br />
da tradici ul oh fo r masac sxve bTan SedarebiT in-
52 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
tensiurad xmarobs poeti (50-ze me ti) 14 . maT sa grZnoblad<br />
CamorCeba sxva Sori s de bulebi: in te n ci u ri da tvirT viT<br />
erTmaneTisagan gansxvave bu li aha, he da vaSa kidev ufro<br />
mci rericxovania danarCe n i, zemo xse ne bu l Ta fu nqciuri Tu<br />
bge ro b rivi analogebi (ah, ax, eh, eha, va¡(me), vah(me), hei).<br />
8. ”Tqvi, arjakelo xviara” (ana kalandaZe)<br />
vaJa-fSavelas Semdeg arc erT qarTvel poets ise uxvad,<br />
ise Ti Rrma grZnobiTa da sifaqiziT ar CaurTavs buneba<br />
Ta vis poe ziaSi, ro gorc ana kalandaZem. magram es Ca rTva<br />
Tviseb ri vad ga mo rCeulia. poeti naklebad aRwers; ufro metad<br />
ki, ro gorc am di di sa m ya ros uSi nauresi wevri, bunebis<br />
Svi lebs _ xe e b sa da yvavi lebs, Citebsa da peplebs _ ndo biT<br />
da gandobiT esa u b reba: eki T xeba, sTxovs, mouwodebs, mag.:<br />
xels vin gaxlebs, ukadrisav? | Tvalni agitirdebian... (153);<br />
Sen ras mpirdebi, | verxvo axalo? (316);<br />
Tqvi, arja ke lo xviara, | qsanze vin Camoiara?.. (149);<br />
iyav dRegrZeli, | lurjTvala iav!.. (82);<br />
iSriale, didi verxvo, | igugune, dedamiwav! (7).<br />
yoveli maTganis pasuxs poeti am utyvi adresatebis reaqciiT<br />
(yvavilTa nazi rxeviTa Tu Zlieri xis foTo l Ta<br />
SrialiT) it yobs, radgan maT Soris idumali kav Si ri gabmula.<br />
poetis ga re samyaros, romelic man TviTon Seiqmna<br />
Tavis garSemo, lo cvisa da aR sa rebis, grZneuli CurCulisa<br />
da Sri a lis xmebi avsebs.<br />
po eti TavSekavebulia grZno bebis ga mo xatvisas da bunebis<br />
SvilTa sa tkivars maTive “amet y ve le biT” amxels. yvavilebs,<br />
rogorc Tavis umcros dobilebs, poeti upira te sad<br />
intimuri Cemo-Ti mi ma r Tavs (Cemo magnolia, Ce mo mJavelav,<br />
Cemo Sa la no, Cemo lurj Tva lav [enZelas], Cemo ka r ge bo<br />
[foTlebs]... isini xSirad zedsar Ta v Ta kni nobiTi formiT<br />
moixsenie bi an: pata ra, pawia, pa wa wi na, pawa w ki ntela,<br />
Toxitara da sxv.<br />
damiyvave, qaro, nu xar mkacri:<br />
patara var, mofereba minda!<br />
Toxitara, pawawina rto var!... (83).<br />
14.<br />
es monacemebi eyrdnoba poetis leqsebis erT-erT vrcel rCeuls (Tb.,<br />
1973).
narkvevi 53<br />
poetis saxeTa sistemaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs<br />
qari, romelic Tavisi maradiuli qrolviT Soreul sivrceTa<br />
da ga rdasul droTa magiuri gama e r Ti anebelia. anas-<br />
Tan igi xan imave fu n qciisaa, rac bara Ta S vi l Tan mra val<br />
droebis mowame, but bu tiT mdinari mtkvari, iliasTan ki _<br />
giJi, damTxveuli da daudgro meli Tergi. erTi mxriv, mas<br />
“mstovris” usaxelo roli aki s ria, meore mxriv ki, iavnanas<br />
grZneuli momReralia, xo lo stvi ri s Tvis _ iseTive Zalis<br />
mimcemi, rogoric miTosuri anteosi saTvis _ de damiwa.<br />
amitom qari mimarTvis fo r me bSic aqtiurad er T ve ba _ sxvadasxva<br />
saxiTa da saxeliT:<br />
STambere, qaro, _ naxon Zala | Cemi grZnobisa!.. (8);<br />
qaro, miuvals kldeze dadgi | Cemi miwuri... (115);<br />
moquxdi, zenav! (88);<br />
qaro, moita atmis yvavili,<br />
qaro, foTlebic Semomayare... (20);<br />
fafaraSlili, mRelvare | mTas gadmodixar, lemadev! (226).<br />
qarTan erTad poetis lirikis adresatebi arian:<br />
ca (Sen ise Rrma xar, qarTulo cao (13)); miwa (miwav,<br />
usa sod da m ci re bu lo (432)); igugune, dedamiwav! (7)); mTebi<br />
(samSo b los mTe bo), Sdr. iliaseuli samSoblo mTebo<br />
(“yva r lis mTebs”); qe de bi (Tva l Se u d ga mo qedebo (362))...<br />
yvela am mimarTvaSi avtoris po e tu r xmas Rrma me di ta ciis<br />
kvali atyvia da am pro ce sSi igi kris ta l deba da ix ve we ba<br />
mis ga mo m ce m grZno baTa gafa qizebis kva lo baze. anas leqsebis<br />
adre sa t Ta nusxa Zalze mra va l fe ro vania da Se e fereba,<br />
erTi mxriv, msoflio ci vi lizaciis wiaRSi So bili, me ore<br />
mxriv ki _ xangrZlivi is to ri i sa da kulturis mqo ne xa l-<br />
xis rCeuli Svilis sulier da zne o b riv idealebs. es ad resatebi<br />
ari an rogorc sakuTari sam So b lo da mi si gmi ru li<br />
istoriisa Tu kulturis Se moqmedni, ise sxva da sxva epoqis,<br />
qveynisa Tu rju li s ada mianebi, iqneba is nino Tu Tamari,<br />
da vi Ti Tu erekle, Samili, xaiami Tu napo le o ni.<br />
da mainc, er Ti sruliad gamor Ce u li ni Sa ni poetis lirikisa,<br />
ro me lic sul axalgazrdobidanve bunebrivad<br />
dahyva mis po e zi as, xolo sicocxlis bolo wlebSi ki dev<br />
uf ro ganivrco da gaRrmavda, aris poetis re li giuri, _<br />
Tu mca ara aucileblad ek le si ur-ritu a luri _ ga nwyoba,<br />
rom li Tac erTianadaa gamsWva lu li poetis Semoq me deba.<br />
anas uSu a lo apelireba Rm r Ti sa d mi Tu m ca SedarebiT<br />
erTfe ro va nia (meufev / me u feo), magram bo lo xa ne b Si<br />
mniSvnelovnad imata “zeciuri meufis” mrava l fe ro va n ma
54 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
epi Te te bma _ mimRe o be bma an zedsarTaulma derivatebma<br />
(miuR we ve lo, uze na e so, maRalo, Zliero, di de bu lo,<br />
sve ma d li ano (528), saxi e ro, mo us yid ve lo (523), usaxo...),<br />
anda _ ab s t ra q tulma sa xe le bma (meu fe bav, mSve ni e re bav,<br />
saswaulo sas wa ulT So ris (314), mogizgize si xa ru lo<br />
(282), idu ma le bav...).<br />
dasasrul, kidev erTi gamorCeuli niSani: cno b i lia, rom<br />
Ta namedrove epoqaSi ana kalandaZis darad, amasTan, bunebrivad,<br />
ara vis gamou ye ne bia arc Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> ena da arc<br />
dialeqtizmebi (gansa ku T re biT _ fxo uri kiloebisa). er-<br />
Tica da meorec qmnis iseT sintagmeb sa Tu Zve li <strong>qarTuli</strong>s<br />
garkveul formebsa da fo r mulebs, rom le bic ama Tu im leqsis<br />
erTgvar “birTvad, sakvanZo sityvebad” qceula. ase Ti<br />
si t y vebiT _ maT Soris bibliuri cita te biTac saTau r deba<br />
an iwyeba da mTav r de ba kidec poetis li ri ku li leqsebi<br />
(qvemoT tireTia gamijnuli leq sis dasawyisi da bolo):<br />
osana! _ osana! osana! (536)<br />
o, RmerTo, o, RmerTo sabaoT,<br />
sinaTle, sinaTle, sinaTle! (es orstriqonedi TavSic aris da<br />
boloSic) (262)<br />
isev yvavilob, maSarisZiro _<br />
mTa... bevri damrCa, maSarisZiro! (170)<br />
o, dedofalo, eg wiTeli<br />
Semodgomura _ o, dedofalo! (278)<br />
sxivo naTelo, deg Cemsa etlsa... (TavSic da boloSic _ 233)<br />
Sen ise Rrma xar, qarTulo cao, Sen ise Rrma xar _<br />
Sen ise Rrma xar, ise faqizi, qarTulo cao! (13).<br />
III. poeturi mimarTvis semantikuri bunebisaTvis<br />
mimarTvis ZiriTadi sakomunikacio intencia-funqciidan<br />
gamo m dinare, yo fiTi, anu pra g ma tuli mimarTva unda<br />
gaimi j nos poe tu ri mimar T visagan, ro me lic funq ci o nirebis<br />
Tval sa z ri siT gan ye nebulia, ab s t raqtulia, raki<br />
rCeba ad resa ti sagan gamoxmaure bis mo lo di nis gareSe, _<br />
bibliuri gamoT q miT rom davaxasiaToT _ xmad mRa Ra deb<br />
li sad uda b no sa Si na. swo red aq unda vi guloT po e tu ri,<br />
uf ro zu stad, li ri ku li mi ma rTvis eqspresiulo bis sawyi<br />
sic da sa wi n da ric. abst ra q tu lo ba ki aq a pri ori gu li -<br />
sxmobs ad re satamde mima r T vis mi uR we vlobas (miuwvdomlo<br />
bis ga gebiT) da ga mo ri c xavs mi s gan adekvaturi sapasu xo<br />
re a gi re bis mo lo dins. ami tom ufro zusti iq ne bo da, Tu<br />
aseT ad re sats wa r mo saxviT ad re sats vuwodebdiT.
narkvevi 55<br />
poeturi mimarTvis abstraqtul xasiaTs amkveT rebs<br />
apelire ba ra jgufs mikuTvnebuli sagnebisadmi _ maT Soris<br />
(da me ta d re), sa ku Ta ri saxelebiT, kerZod, topo ni me biT<br />
saxeldebuli, re a lu rad arsebuli geografiuli obieqtebi<br />
sa dmi, ro me lTac po e tis mgzne bare STagoneba acocxlebs<br />
da asu li erebs (ix. ba ra Ta S vi lis “hoi, mTawmindav, mTao<br />
wmindav”), an ilia Wa v Wa vaZis ga mo sa T xo vari mimarTva yvarlis<br />
mTebs (“samSob lo mTebo! Tqveni S vi li ga nebebT Tavsa...”),<br />
xolo wlebis Semdeg _ misa l me ba oT xi wlis u na xa vi<br />
“Seupovari” da “daumonavi” Tergisadmi (ro me lic, av to ris<br />
TqmiT, “saxea adamianis gaRviZebulis cxo v re bi sa”).<br />
am azriT, upasuxo poe tu ri mi ma r T va, gaug za v ne li we -<br />
ri lis da rad, ganyenebu li, ko mu ni kaci u rad ganuxorcielebeli<br />
da amaoebis perspeqtivis amara rCe ba ma Si nac ki,<br />
ro de sac gacxadebuli da ver ba lu rad ga mo xa tu li ad re -<br />
sati sru li ad konkretuli da re a lu ria (zogjer _ co c xalic!):<br />
mas, vi Ta r ca konkre tul pirs, aqvs sa ku Ta ri saxeli<br />
da gva ri, ro goricaa, maga li Tad, meri (Serva Si Ze) ga la k-<br />
ti on tabiZis po eziaSi _ ama ve sa xe l wo de bis popu la ru li<br />
leqsis mTavari da er TaderTi adresati, ro m lis saxelic<br />
ga ta nilia leqsis saTa u rad da pi rvelsave str i qo nSi (Sen<br />
jvars iwe r di im Rames, me ri), an saTaursa da ukanasknel<br />
striqonSi (me ris TvalebiT), da ara marto am leqsebsa da<br />
am stri qonebSi.<br />
gaucxo(ur)eba. me-19 saukunis qarTul (iseve rogorc<br />
rusul da da sa v lur) poeziaSi (ufro metad, cxadia, ma-<br />
Rali wridan gamo su l Ta Semoq me de ba Si) miZRvniTi leq si<br />
erTgvari ”gaucxo(ur)e bis”@da ma i n trigebeli formiT iyo<br />
mowodebuli, rac garegnulad adre sa tis vinaobis inicialuri<br />
Se ni RbviT ga moixateboda, arcTu iSvi a Tad _ laTinuri<br />
N asoTi mi ce miTis ni Snis Ta nxlebiT (N-s) _ da ni S-<br />
na vda: eZ R v ne ba (mavans). zogjer urTierTobas ki dev ufro<br />
“au c xo(ur) e b da” Tqve nobiTi mima r T va te qstSi 15 .<br />
qa rT vel simbolistTa artis tul wreSi, garda misi wevrebis<br />
sa xe l Ta “ga i ta liurebisa” (rac albaT “gapoeturebis”<br />
Ta vi se bur si mbo li za cias warmoadgenda: ti te tabiZe<br />
> ti ci ani, pa v le ia S vi li > pa o lo, ni koloz miwiSvili ><br />
ni ko lo, nikoloz na di ra Ze > ko lau), le q se bi eZRvneboda<br />
italiuri ma s ka radis perso na Je b sac (da maT Soris _ kolombinas,<br />
romelic mo g vi anebiT ti ci a nis me u R le nino ma-<br />
15.<br />
inglisurSi gaumJRavnebel miZRvnas kidev ufro martivad agvarebs micemiTis<br />
ek vivalenturi windebuli (to), romlis <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmania: eZR vneba.<br />
ix. magaliTad, ed gar alan pos “rCeuli lirika”, diogene, Tb., 2001.
56 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
yaSvili aRmoCnda); da iqneb ga la ktionis er Ta d e r Ti “reva<br />
n Si” uiRblo si y varulis obieq tis sa xe lis saqvey nod ga -<br />
m xe la da SenobiTi po zi ci is Se na r Cune ba iyo?!<br />
aq mivadeqiT SenobiT mimarTvis sakiTxsac. igi poe turi<br />
mimarTvebis yvelaze mkafio formalur maxasiaTeblad<br />
unda viguloT, vinaidan nebismieri adresati vin Tu ra<br />
jgufisa _ satr fo, Rme rTi, bedi, (wuTi)sofeli, samSoblo<br />
da sxv., rogorc poetis Ta nmdevi su li, gaSina u re bu li<br />
hyavs/aqvs avtoris cnobierebas, rac bunebrivad ganapirobebs<br />
ad re sa tisadmi SenobiT mimarTvas.<br />
ufaqizesi siyvaruli Tu wamlekavi ri sxva, sruli<br />
sasowark veTa Tu Tavdaviwyebuli rwmena _ yve la sa xis sim-<br />
Zafre wa r mo Sobs im uSualobas, romelsac Tqve no biT ga moxatuli<br />
Tavazis Ta vi ara aqvs; meore mxriv, mimarTvis es fo -<br />
rma ganmtkicebulia qro nologiur pirveladobaze dafuZne<br />
bu li tradi ciebiT: isini ise ve Zvelia, rogorc TviT es<br />
grZno bebi. satrfosadmi Se nobiT mi marTva ti po lo giurad,<br />
ro gorc individu a lur da profesiul, ise _ da metadre _<br />
xa l xur poeziaSi bunebrivia yvela ena Si 16 , oRond fo l k -<br />
lo rSi mij nu r Ta saxe le bi anonimurad moix se ni eba ori ve<br />
mxri dan: qa lav /qa lau da va Jao. amitom miiRo TviT Janrmac<br />
Se sa fe ri sa xe li _ qa l va Ji a ni (xa l xur kiloze gale qsil<br />
dialog Si aki ga la k ti o nic am tradicias icavs:<br />
vaJi: _ daica, qalav!<br />
qali: _ da gi brma Toli! (235)).<br />
poeturi mimarTvis abstraqtul xasiaTs kidev ufro<br />
amkveTrebs ape li reba ra jgufs mikuTvnebuli sagnebisadmi,<br />
maT So ris adgilTa sa ku Ta ri saxelebiT (topo ni me biT)<br />
sa xe l de bu li, re a lu rad arsebuli geografiuli obieqtebi<br />
sa dmi, ro me lTac poetis mgzne bare STagoneba acocxlebs<br />
da asu li erebs (magaliTad, baraTa S vi lis “hoi, mTawmindav,<br />
mTao wmindav”), an ilia Wa v Wa vaZis gamo sa T xo vari mimarTva<br />
yvarlis mTebs (“samSoblo mTebo! Tqveni S vi li ganebebT<br />
Tavsa...”) da wlebis Semdeg _ mi sa l me ba oT xi wlis<br />
una xa vi Seupovari da daumonavi Ter gi sa d mi (av to ris<br />
TqmiT, “saxea adamianis gaR vi Ze bu lis cxovre bi sa”).<br />
16.<br />
TviT inglisuric ki, e.i. is ena, romelSic dRes gaudiferencirebelia meore<br />
piris nacvalsaxeli, romelic mxolod mravlobiTis formiT warmodgeba<br />
Tavisi sintaqsiT (anu mravlobiTSi SeTanxme bu li zmniT), oden Rmer Tisadmi<br />
mimarTvaSi iyenebs Thou (= Sen) nacvalsaxels, rome lic didi asoTi<br />
iwereba.
narkvevi 57<br />
warmosaxviT adresa tTa ar seboba yve la konkretul<br />
SemTxveva Si poetis im roman ti kul ga n w yo bi le ba Ta<br />
wiaRSia aRmoce ne bu li, romlebic sxva dasxva mo ti viTaa<br />
na saz r doebi, iqneba is Rmer T Tan da mo kidebuleba, so f-<br />
lis sa m du ra vi, moSorebuli samSob los sevda (an sevda<br />
samSo b los unu geSo aw m yos gamo) Tu wminda pi rovnuli<br />
gancdebi, dakav Si re bu li ui R b lo si yvarulTan, biogra<br />
fiul Tu sulier ob lo ba s Tan. amis nimuSe bi ux vadaa<br />
qarTul sa ero mwerlobaSi, rus Ta ve li dan mo yo le buli<br />
dRe vandelobamde. ga nsxvavebas qmnis ama Tu im epoqi sa-<br />
T vis damaxa siaTebeli litera tu ruli tra di ci e bi. ker<br />
Zod, Sua saukune e bi sa da aRorZinebis epo qis qar Tul<br />
mwe r lo ba Si so flis sa mduravi erT-erTi wamyvani Te maa.<br />
ro ma n ti ko se b Tan ki mis adgils iWers se vda samSoblos<br />
wa r su li di de bi sa da unu geSo aw m yo ga mo.<br />
romantikosebis zemoaRniSnuli ganwyobilebebi memkvidreobad<br />
gadmoeca 60-ianelTa Semoqmedebasac, _ im<br />
az riT, rom im d ro i n de l ma axalma Taobam daiwyo stagnaciis<br />
mdgomareobi dan ga mo sa v lis aqtiuri Zieba erovnuli<br />
da socialuri mi ma r Tu lebiT.<br />
poeturi mimarTvis gamomxatveli saSualebebidan<br />
erT-erTi yve laze gavrcelebuli da efeqturia xerxia<br />
ritorikuli kiTxva, anu ki T xva, pasuxs rom ar saWiroebs<br />
(roca kiTxva daclilia Ta vi si Zi ri Tadi funqciisagan).<br />
amgvari Sinaarsis gamo es kiTxvebi dro Ta ga nmavlobaSi<br />
gadaiqca enobriv formulebad, rogoricaa ki Tx vi T sityviani<br />
gamoTqmebi: ra Tqma unda, rasakvirvelia, ra<br />
gaewyo ba da misT.AerT amgvar konstruqcias Seicavs qar-<br />
Tuli zRap re bis da sawyisic: “iyo da ara iyo ra, RvTis<br />
ukeTesi ra iqnebo da?!”@xo lo, Tu profesiul literaturas<br />
aviRebT, aqac gvaqvs sa u kuneebgamotarebuli pre cede<br />
n ti “SuSanikis wamebis” erTi cnobi li pasaJis sa xiT:<br />
“odes yo fil ars aqamomde, Tumca mamaTa da de daTa er-<br />
Tad eWa ma puri?!” _ rac pozitiurad niSnavs kiTxvis<br />
fo rmiT mowodebuli informaciis Sinaarsis uar yo fas.<br />
aq ri to ri kuli kiTxvis Teoriul ganxilvas aRar SevudgebiT<br />
17 ; davkmayofi l de biT mxo lod ramdenime popularuli<br />
ilustraciis da sa xe le biT. ke rZod, moviyvanT<br />
im SemTxvevis nimuSebs, romlebSic pa su xis mo lo dinis<br />
amaoebas amkveTrebs da eqspresiuls xdis mi j riT mi y rili<br />
kiTxvebi:<br />
17.<br />
ix. am sakiTxze avtoris specialuri statia (afridoniZe 1998b: 194-206).
58 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
va, sofelo, raSigan xar, ras gvabruneb, ra zne gWirsa? (ru s-<br />
T ve li); fu, Sen cruo sawuTrovo, rad ar mZuldi, rad miy va rdi?<br />
(gu ra miSvili); marqvi, ra uyav, sad warmiRe sulis mSvi do ba, ri <br />
s T vis momikal ymawvilis brma sarwmunoeba? (baraTaSvili); vis<br />
ra wyal-Wala gvistumrebs, sad ra-ra davi le vi Ta? (vaJa); ra i s<br />
Tvis ga iWriales Senma Werxois karebma? raze gamoxvel netavi,<br />
ra gi T x res idumalebma? (ana).<br />
xSi rad imis niSnad, rom ritorikuli kiTxva Tqmulis<br />
uaryo fas gu lisxmobs, poetebi TviTon “ajameben” am negatiur<br />
mona ce ms. magaliTad, galaktionis “lurja cxenebis”@erTi<br />
orstriqonedi mxo lod ritorikul kiTxvebs<br />
Seicavs:<br />
romeli scnobs Sen saxes, an vin ityvis Sens saxels?<br />
vin gaigebs Sens Zaxils? Zaxils vin daijerebs?<br />
da poeti TviTonve iZleva uaryofiT pasuxs:<br />
veravin ganu ge Sebs saoc re bis ubeSi,<br />
sZinavT bnel xveulebSi ga mo ucnob qime rebs.<br />
anda es magaliTi:<br />
ras momcems iseTs Cemi samSoblo<br />
da an ras mi s cems mas Cemi qnari?..<br />
aqac analogiuri “avtopasuxia”:<br />
vwuxvar... veZaxi sicocxlis mizans,<br />
magram ara vin iZleva pasuxs.<br />
me-20 saukunis axalma literaturulma mimdinareobebma,<br />
rome l Ta Soris si m bolisturi frTis Semoq me de bi -<br />
Ti una ri SedarebiT Zlieri aRmoCnda, iliaseuli dRisa<br />
da moZraobis apolo gi as daupi rispira simbolizmisa da<br />
modernizmisaTvis zogi sxva damaxasiaTebeli midrekilebebi,<br />
romelTa xorcSesxmam mniSvnelo v nad Secvala<br />
manamde arsebuli esTetikuri da, rac mTavaria, ideolo<br />
gi ur-eTikuri Rirebulebe bi. Sesabami sad, Seicvala<br />
po eturi mimarTvis adresate bic da ma T dami damokidebulebac.
narkvevi 59<br />
literatura<br />
afridoniZe 1998a _ afridoniZe S. “vefxistyaosnis” personaJTa<br />
saxelebi: statistika da stilistika, qarTveluri onomas ti ka,<br />
I, Tb.: Tsu gam-ba, 1998.<br />
afridoniZe 1998b _ afridoniZe S. ritorikuli kiTxvebi qar-<br />
TulSi:<br />
stru qtura da gamoyeneba, <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi,<br />
XI, Tb.: mec ni e re ba, Tb., 1998.<br />
afridoniZe 2001 _ afridoniZe S. wodebiTi brunva Tu mimarTvis<br />
forma? arn. Ciqobavas sakiTxavbi, XII, Tb.: <strong>qarTuli</strong> ena, 2001.<br />
axmanova 1969 _ Ахманова О. С. Словарь лингвистических терминов (2-е<br />
изд.). М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1969.<br />
brokhauzi 1894 _ Ф. Брокгауз и И. Ефрон, Энциклопедия, С-Пб., 1894,<br />
T. XII .<br />
Tofuria 1956 _ Tofuria v. wodebiTi brunvisaTvis, sbiqe, I, Tb.:<br />
Tsu gam-ba, 1956.<br />
kvaWaZe 1977 _ kvaWaZe l. Tanamedrove <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis sintaqsi, Tb.:<br />
ganaTleba, 1977.<br />
kiknaZe 2005 _ kiknaZe z. ilias mamuli, saqarTvelo aTaswleul-<br />
Ta gasaya rze, Tb.: arete, 2005.<br />
leqsikoni 1990 – Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь, М.:<br />
Советская энцик л опедия, 1990.<br />
proniCevi 1971 – Про ни чев В. П. Синтаксис обращения (на материале<br />
русского и сербо-хорватского языков), Л.: Наука, 1971.<br />
sbiqe _ saxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb.:<br />
Tsu gam-ba, Tb., 1956.<br />
finki 1972 – Fink R. O. Person in nouns: Is the vocative a case?, American Journal<br />
of Philology, No. 43, 1972.<br />
qe 2008 _ <strong>qarTuli</strong> ena: enciklopedia, Tb.: erovnuli mwerloba,<br />
2008.<br />
RaRaniZe 2002 _ RaRaniZe m. sinamdvile da warmosaxva daviT guramiSvilis<br />
“mxiarul zafxulSi”. Tb.: lomisi, 2002.<br />
SaniZe 1956 _ SaniZe a. wodebiTi formis adgilisaTvis gramatika<br />
Si, sbiqe, I, Tb.: Tsu gam-ba, 1956.<br />
SaniZe 1973 _SaniZe a. <strong>qarTuli</strong> gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, Tb.:<br />
Tsu gam-ba, 1973.<br />
Ciqobava 1968 _ Ciqobava a., martivi winadadebis problema qar-<br />
Tu l Si, I,Tb. mecniereba, 1968.<br />
Ciqobava 1950 _ Ciqobava arn. <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis zogadi daxasiaTeba,<br />
qegl, I, Tb.: saq. mecn. akad. gam-ba, 1950.<br />
WinWarauli 1975 _ AWinWarauli al. xalxuri, vaJa-fSavelas xuTi<br />
poema, Tb.: Tsu gam-ba, 1975.
60 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
sailustracio wyaroebi<br />
akaki _ wereTeli akaki, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet tomad,<br />
t. 1-3, 6, Tb.: saxelgami, 1950-56.<br />
ana _ [kalandaZe] ana, leqsebi, Tb.: <strong>qarTuli</strong> ena, 2004.<br />
baraTaSvili _ baraTaSvili nikoloz, Txzulebani, Tb.: sabWoTa<br />
saqarTvelo, Tb., 1968.<br />
galaktioni _ tabiZe galaktion, leqsebi: rCeuli, Tb.: sabWoTa<br />
saqarTvelo, Tb., 1973.<br />
guramiSvili _ guramiSvili daviT, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli<br />
_ davi Tiani, Tb.: saxelgami, 1955.<br />
vaJa _ vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. 1-3,<br />
sab Wo Ta saqarTvelo, Tb., 1964.<br />
ilia _ WavWavaZe ilia, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t.<br />
1, Tb.: mecniereba _ sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1987.<br />
orbeliani _ orbeliani grigol, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli,<br />
Tb.: sabWoTa mwerali, 1959.<br />
rusTveli _ rusTveli SoTa, vefxistyaosani, Tb.: mecniereba,<br />
1988.<br />
xalxuri _ kotetiSvili vaxtang, xalxuri poezia (II gamoc.), Tb.:<br />
sabWoTa mwerali, Tb., 1961.<br />
Poetic Address Forms in Georgian Poetry<br />
Shukia Apridonidze<br />
The paper discusses problems connected with the usage of forms of<br />
ad d ress in Ge orgian poetry beginning from the twelvth century up to our<br />
times, ac co r d ing to the po e tic works of the most significant Georgian<br />
authors (beginning from Ru s ta ve li (12th c.) up to the late Anna Kalandadze,<br />
including the intermediate ‘peaks’ of the Georgian poetry: Davit<br />
Guramishvili, Nikoloz Baratashvili, Ilia Chav cha va dze, Akaki Tse re te li,<br />
Vazha-Psha ve la and Galaktion Tabidze.<br />
Addressing is an organic and an active component of a di a logue. It<br />
is a gramtically independent and intonationally iso lated word (especially<br />
a noun), or a group of words that denote an addressee (s. o. or sth.). In<br />
the languages with well-deve loped sy stems of declension such forms are<br />
nouns in the vocative case (Ancient Greek, Latin, Georgian, both Old and<br />
Mo dern…). The Geo r gian vocatives of appellati ves with stems ending in<br />
a consonant have a special marker (me go bar-o ‘you, friend!’), cf. nominative:<br />
me gobar-i ‘friend’) whereas in ma ny In do-European or Turkish<br />
la n gua ges nominative and vocative forms coincide. How ever, pro per<br />
na mes have another distribution: they show no marker in the vocative
narkvevi 61<br />
whe re as the ir nominative case takes the same marker -i (Davit! cf. nomina<br />
tive: Da vi t-i).<br />
Sharing the viewpoint that vocative is not a case, but on ly a form<br />
of address, the author of this paper suggests widening of the semantics<br />
of the concept of addressing. She presents a new classification of address<br />
forms: 1. The nominal (the vocative) ad dres sings; 2. The verbal<br />
(the imperative) addressing; 3. The interrogative addressing, and 4. The<br />
el li ptical addressing (nouns / adverbs with omission of verbs). All of<br />
them are uni ted by opposing to the indicative mood and neutral in to nation.<br />
This classification has been motivated also by the usage of dif fe rent<br />
groups of address in combination (the vocatives with the imperatives, or<br />
with the stimulating interjections).<br />
The paper deals with the most frequently used address forms, including<br />
the spe cific features of a certain epoch (e.g. of Rustaveli, 12-th c.),<br />
e.g. the most frequently used form of ad dress mze (‘the sun’), is not only<br />
a meta phor of a good-looking person, but it also differentiates social relations,<br />
cha ra c te ri zing only high class per sons, as well as lomi (‘lion’)can<br />
be only a knight’s epithet. However, merchants and their wi ves, servants,<br />
persons with lower status are never defined by the se metaphors.<br />
The results of the analysis of the Georgian poetic works support well<br />
this po int of view by showing numerous illustrations with such combinations<br />
of ex pressive word-forms (vocative-imperative-interrogative).<br />
Besides the basic parts of speech (nouns and verbs), some interjections<br />
with stimulating sema n tics successfully combine with the vocatives:<br />
“hoj, mtacminda!” ‘oh, Mtacminda! lit. ‘Holy Mountain’; “he, ghmerto<br />
erto!”Oh, you God the One!”, meaning three hy postases forming one<br />
whole.<br />
Apart from the communicative character of address-forms in everyday<br />
pragma tic usage of the language, both oral or written, whenever the<br />
speaker expects an ade quate reaction from the ad dressee, the character<br />
of address-forms in the poetic disco urse is rather abstract, as they do<br />
not require any answer. Among the means express ing such abstract and<br />
am bi va lent feelings or thoughts, there should be mentioned rhe to ric questions.<br />
They serve to ex press grief, regret, nostalgy etc., and the main<br />
mo ti va tions for abo ve-mentioned feelings are as follows: nostalgy for<br />
the native coun t ry (via the ima ges of its rivers and mou n tains) or the<br />
hopeless present, grief for the perso nal solitude, for the dis ta n ce existing<br />
between the lyrical hero and his be lo ved person and /or homeland, for the<br />
departure of the most beloved persons.
zogi sityvis warmomavlobisaTvis<br />
qarTul JargonSi<br />
ramaz qurdaZe<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargonuli leqsika sxvadasxva fenisagan Sedgeba.<br />
masSi gamoiyofa rogorc sakuTriv <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvebi,<br />
aseve nasesxebi leqsikuri erTeulebi. nasesxeb sityvaTa gamolena<br />
da aRwera uaRresad mniSvnelovania <strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargonis<br />
buneba-TaviseburebaTa Sesaswavlad. Cveni statis<br />
mizania qarTul JargonSi zogierTi rusuli Tu rusulenovani<br />
sociumidan momdinare sityvis gamovlena.<br />
qarTul JargonSi mravlad gvxvdeba rusulenovani<br />
sociumidan momdinare rogorc rusuli, aseve etimologiurad<br />
ararusuli Jargonuli leqsikuri erTeulebi.<br />
zogi Zalze gamWvirvalea da erTi SexedviT barbarizms<br />
hgavs, Tumca xmarebis specifikisa da gavrcelebis arealis<br />
mixedviT Jargons miekuTvneba, mag.: zadni – “ukan”<br />
da aqedan _ dazadna _ “ukan wavida”; “manqana ukan waiyvana”;<br />
kriSa _ “saxuravi” da aqedan: “mcveli”, “mfarveli”;<br />
strelka _ “isari” da aqedan: “Sexvedra”, “paemani”<br />
da sxv.<br />
zogi Jargonuli erTeuli araa imdenad gamWvirvale, rom<br />
maTi warmoSoba rusulenovan sociums davukavSiroT, maTi<br />
warmomavlobis dasadgenad specialuri kvlevaa saWiro.<br />
Jargonuli leqsikuri erTeulis warmomavlobis garkveva,<br />
sityvis wminda enaTmecnieruli warmomavlobisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
sxvagvar midgomas moiTxovs. Jargoni socialuri<br />
movlenaa, amitom mTavaria romeli enis matarebeli sociumidan<br />
xdeba sityvis SeTviseba. am SemTxvevaSi, e. i. sityvis<br />
Jargonuli mniSvnelobis ZiebisaTvis, bunebriv warmomavlobas,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs. amisi<br />
naTeli magaliTia qarTulSi sityva qeifi da Jargonuli<br />
leqsikuri erTeuli kaifi.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, qeifi arabuli sityvaa da niSnavs:<br />
1. lxins, dros tarebas, nadims Rvinis smiT, _ Rreobas...<br />
62
narkvevi 63<br />
2. guneba-ganwyobilebas, mxiarul, karg gunebaze yofnas<br />
(qegl).<br />
kaifi ki Jargonia. levan bregaZe samarTlianad ukavSirebs<br />
mas arabul qeifs, kerZod, kaifis Sesaxeb Jargonis leqsikonSi<br />
vkiTxulobT:<br />
“kaifi _ narkotikuli nivTierebis mixedviT gamowveuli<br />
Troba; gadataniT: netareba, siamovneba (fonetikurad<br />
mcireoden saxecvlili igive sityvaa, rac arabulidan<br />
Semosuli “qeifi”). “daviwye Tvalebis triali,<br />
manWva-grexa, cmukva da sicili, viTom kaifSi var-meTqi”<br />
(dali fanjikiZe. Targm.); “Sen ra, _ meubneba mcire pauzis<br />
Semdeg, _ kaifSi xar? _ kaifSi ara! _ vbrazob, _ saidan<br />
moigone” (zurab samadaSvili); “magas erTi saqsafoni an<br />
klarneti yuris ZirSi da wavida kaifi. . .” (maka joxaZe)”<br />
(bregaZe 2005).<br />
rusuli Jargonis erT leqsikonSi sityva kaifi ufro<br />
meti mniSvnelobiTaa warmodgenili:<br />
«КАИФ, а, м., мн. каифы. 1. Удовольствие, наслаждение, любые<br />
приятные эмоции от чего-л... 2. О чём-л. очень хорошем, отличном,<br />
заслуживающем высокой оценки.... 3. нарк. Состояние наркотической<br />
эйфории... 4. нарк. Наркотик, наркотическое вещество... 5. Алкогольное<br />
опьянение...6. Алкогольные напитки...». (Никитина 2003).<br />
rusuli Jargonis sxva leqsikonSi am sityvas arabulidan<br />
momdinared miiCneven da mis Semdeg mniSvnelobebs<br />
asaxeleben:<br />
«КАИФ, а, m. 1. Enjoyment, good time (from Arabic)... 2. pl., youth.<br />
Pleasure, fun... 3. pl., youth. Profit, advantage...”» (Shlyakhov, Adler 1999).<br />
amrigad, qarTulSi qeifi arabulidanaa nasesxebi, xolo<br />
imave Ziris, magram ukve socialuri, Jargonuli mniSvnelobiT<br />
datvirTuli kaifi, rusulenovani sociumidanaa Semosuli.<br />
ar gamovricxavT, rom qeifs TviT arabulSi an mis<br />
romelime dialeqtSic hqondes rame sxva socialuri Rirebulebis<br />
mqone mniSvneloba (SeiZleba Jargonulic), magram<br />
kaifis mniSvneloba qarTul JargonSi uTuod rusulenovani<br />
sociumidanaa Semosuli, rac qronologiurad e. w. sabWoTa<br />
periods emTxveva. TviT fonetikuri cvlilebac q →<br />
k SesaZlebelia araqarTul niadagze momxdariyo, qarTul-<br />
Si q-s k-d gadasvla ar iyo aucilebeli. qarTulma Jargonma<br />
kaifi ukve fonetikurad saxecvlili isesxa.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi <strong>qarTuli</strong>saTvis mxolod sityva kaifis<br />
Jargonuli mniSvneloba iyo axali, da radgan qarTulSi<br />
qeifi ukve arsebobda da Tanac rogorc zmnuri, aseve saxeluri<br />
sityvawarmoebiTi formebic moepoveboda (qeifobs,<br />
eqeife; saqeifo, moqeife, qeifSi da sxv.), Jargonulma le-
64 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
qsikurma erTeulma kaifmac advilad awarmova msgavsi formebi:<br />
kaifobs, ekaife; sakaifo, mokaife, kaifSi da sxv.<br />
maSasadame, Jargonis gamdidrebis erT-erTi gza<br />
sesxebaa. am SemTxvevaSi Zalze aqtualuria gamsesxebeli<br />
enis sociumi da misi gavlena mimRebi, msesxebeli enis<br />
sociumze.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT Zalze sainteresoa <strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargoni,<br />
_ man sabWoTa periodSi uxvad miiRo rusulenovani<br />
sociumidan leqsikuri masala, romelic qarTul yalibSi<br />
moaqcia da qarTul JargonSi daamkvidra. yovelive amis<br />
gamo aucilebelia rusulenovani sociumidan momdinare<br />
sityva-gamoTqmebis aRnusxva da maTi Seswavla, rac ara<br />
marto <strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargonis Taviseburebebs warmoaCens,<br />
aramed gviCvenebs <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis, misi fonetikur-gramatikuli<br />
SesaZleblobebis simdidresa da moqnilobas zogadad.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargonis warmomavlobas adridanve eqceoda<br />
yuradReba. Cveulebriv, leqsikonebSi miTiTebulia ama Tu<br />
im <strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargonuli sityvis warmomavloba, Tumca ara<br />
yovelTvis da zogjer araTanmimdevrulad, usistemod.<br />
ase, magaliTad, mxolod “didi qarTul-inglisuri leqsikonidan”<br />
vigebT, rom Jargonuli leqsikuri erTeuli<br />
padagrevi, rac saCuqars niSnavs, rusulidan momdinareobs,<br />
magram imave leqsikonSi araferia naTqvami grevis<br />
warmomavlobaze, rac aseve saCuqars niSnavs, rusulidan<br />
momdinareobs da faqtobrivad padagrevis variants warmoadgens.<br />
rusulSi ki am sityvebs aseTi mniSvnelobebi aqvs: ker-<br />
Zod, padagrevs finansuri, fuladi daxmarebis saxiT ganmartavs<br />
amerikaSi gamocemuli rusuli Jargonis leqsikoni<br />
da mas ukavSirebs rusulsave zmnur formebs «подогревать<br />
⁄ подогреть»:<br />
«ПОДОГРЕВ, -а, m., crim. Financial support. See подогревать.<br />
ПОДОГРЕВАТЬ ⁄ ПОДОГРЕТЬ, crim. To support with money (lit., to<br />
warm up). • А на эти деньги подогреешь наших. “Here’s a contribution for<br />
the support of our boys”. ПОДОГРЕТЬ БРАТВУ, idiom. crim. To support<br />
imprisoned fellow criminals from a general fund. • На то и есть общяк –<br />
подогревать братву. “That’s why we keep a general fund, to support our<br />
brothers in prison”» (Shlyakhov, Adler 1999).<br />
TviT ruseTSi gamocemul Jargonis leqsikonSi am sityvebs<br />
sxvagvari mniSvneloba aqvs:<br />
«ПОДОГРЕВ, а, м., нарк. Употребление наркотиков....<br />
ПОДОГРЕТЬ, ею, еет, сов., кого. Дать ком-л. что-л. (в основном –<br />
наркотики) бесплатно» (Никитина 2003).
narkvevi 65<br />
aseTive ganmartebebi aqvs amave leqsikonSi warmodgenil<br />
sityva grevs:<br />
«ГРЕВ, а, м., 1. Материальная помощь, оказываемая находящимся<br />
в заключении членам группировки, «конторы»... 2. Наркотики,<br />
алкоголь...» (Никитина 2003).<br />
marTalia, rusul leqsikonebSi am sityvaTa ganmartebebSi<br />
erTgvari sxvaoba SeiniSneba, magram mainc SeiZleba<br />
maTi gaerTianeba ramis gacemis, ramis micemis, Cuqebis SinaarsiT.<br />
swored am mniSvnelobiT damkvidrda es sityvebi<br />
qarTulSi. es orive leqsikuri erTeuli iolad SeiTvisa<br />
qarTulma Jargonma da amaTgan zmnuri formebic ganiviTara:<br />
ugreva, daupadagreva _ aCuqa. amaTgan pirvelis, ugreva-s<br />
dasaxelebisaTvis cocxal metyvelebas veyrdnobiT,<br />
xolo daupadagrevas ganmarteba da ilustracia leqsikonebidan<br />
mogvyavs:<br />
“daupadagreva _ aCuqa (Sdr. “grevi” da “padagrevi”).<br />
“_ es ra Cemodani dagiadebia, simon? _ TurqeTidan “dagvipadagreves”<br />
(mixo mosuliSvili)” (bregaZe 2005); “daupadagrevebs<br />
(daupadagreva, daupadagrevebia) Rus c will<br />
give sb sth (ingratiating present)” (didi qarTul-inglisuri<br />
leqsikoni 2006).<br />
amgvarad, rogorc irkveva, qarTul JargonSi dadasturebuli<br />
grevic rusuli warmoSobisa.<br />
rasakvirvelia, erT statiaSi SeuZlebelia rusuldan an<br />
sxva romelime enidan momdinare leqsikis sruli korpusis<br />
gamovlena qarTul JargonSi. es mniSvnelovani da Sromatevadi<br />
saqmea, rac momavalSic gagrZeldeba, iseve rogorc<br />
saerTod gagrZeldeba Jargonuli sityvebis gamovlena, aRnusxva<br />
da Seswavla.<br />
amjerad swored rusulenovan sociumTan, rusul JargonTan<br />
mimarTebiT ganvixilavT zogierTi <strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargonuli<br />
sityvis warmomavlobas.<br />
ambali<br />
“ambali _ axmaxi. “Tu vinme iaraRiani ambali iSove da<br />
imasTan erTad svam Cais naSuaRamevs?” (aka morCilaZe)”<br />
(bregaZe 2005, didi qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni 2006).<br />
ambali rusuli Jargonidan momdinareobs, amerikaSi gamocemuli<br />
rusuli Jargonis leqsikonis mixedviT Zliers,<br />
Roniers, jmuxs (Casxmul, Caskvnil, adamians), CxubisTavs<br />
aRniSnavs: «АМБАЛ, -а, m., neg. A strong, thickset fellow, thug, muscle-man.<br />
• Муж у неё уж больно амбалистый. “Her husband is awfully<br />
brawny”» (Shlyakhov, Adler 1999).
66 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
mandraJi, samandraJo<br />
“mandraJi _ mRelvareba (sportsmenisa); SiSi. “arada,<br />
Cvenebic rom mandraJiT eTamaSebian!” (nodar dumbaZe); “me<br />
mgoni, mandraJi meqneboda, Cems sakuTar films ar mouRonmeTqi<br />
bolo” (dali fanjikiZe. Targm.).<br />
samandraJo _ saSiSi (ix. “mandraJi”). “piti kide atandaze<br />
dadga gareT, Tumca ra iyo aq samandraJo” (gia Wumburi-<br />
Ze. Targm.)” (bregaZe 2005).<br />
es sityvac rusuli Jargonidan modis, Sdr.: «МАН-<br />
ДРАЖИРОВАТЬ, ую, ует, несов. Бояться чего-л. . .» (Никитина 2003).<br />
ramsebi<br />
mravlobiTis formiT gvxvdeba Semdeg gamoTqmaSi:<br />
“ramsebi ar agerios _ araferi SegeSalos. “piri davibane<br />
da meTqi, mamuk, ar agerios ramsebi, axla unda gaigo<br />
yvelaferi” (aka morCilaZe) (bregaZe 2005).<br />
es sityvac rusuli Jargonidan momdinareobs, sadac aseve<br />
mravlobiTis formiT gvxvdeba sxvadasxva gamoTqmaSi:<br />
«РАМСЫ, ов, мн. ** Раскидывать рамсы. Рассказывать что-л. .<br />
. **Навести (развести) рамсы. Разузнать о чём-л., разведать что-л. . .<br />
**Попутать рамсы. Ошибаться» (Никитина 2003).<br />
stosi<br />
es sityva qarTulSi dasturdeba Semdeg gamoTqmaSi:<br />
“stosi mi(h)yavs _ liderobs, avangardSia. “. . . literaturiT<br />
dainteresebul universitetelTa Soris maT mihyavT<br />
“stosi” (SoTa iaTaSvili)” (bregaZe 2005). unda momdinareobdes<br />
aseve rusul JargonSi dadasturebuli sityvisagan<br />
stosi:<br />
«СТОС, а, м. Игральние карты» (Никитина 2003).<br />
Cmori<br />
am sityvasTan erTad missave saxelur da zmnur variantebsac<br />
warmovadgenT:<br />
“Cmori _ uxeiro, jabani, bedovlaTi. “_ Zmebo, axal skolaSi<br />
gadavedi, xom iciT, da erTi-orjer amomakiTxeT, vinmes<br />
Cmori ar vegono. iqaurma “sastavma” naxos, rom kai tipi<br />
var, ra. . .” (beqa molaSvili).<br />
Cmoriki _ igivea, rac Cmori (ix.), oRond rusuli kninobiTi<br />
sufiqsiT (-ик) gaformebuli. “tipi liandagze ijda,<br />
miiwie, mec damsvio, _ viRaca “Cmoriki” gaeCiTa” (mixo mosuliSvili).<br />
daaCmora _ daCagra; daabeCava, daaglaxaka. (Sdr. “Cmori”).<br />
“ar maburTaveb? nazad momeqcevi? ar damaCmoreb?”
narkvevi 67<br />
(oTar pertaxia);” “xolo Tu dagaCmores, albaT usityvod<br />
itandi Seni gvaris Seuracxmyofel transformaciebs da<br />
boRma gulSi gisivdeboda” (diana vaCnaZe).<br />
daaCmorika _ daabeCava, sulierad daTrguna. (Sdr.<br />
“Cmori” da “Cmoriki”). “magas Tu ramiT ar davupirispirdi,<br />
mTlad “damaCmorikebs” (mixo mosuliSvili) (bregaZe 2005).<br />
es sityvac rusuli Jargonidan momdinareobs, moviyvanT<br />
mis rusul variantebsac: K<br />
«ЧМО, ср. и м., пренебр. 1. Морально опустившийся человек. Чмо<br />
– плохой человек ⁄ возможная этимология – аббревиатура от «человек,<br />
морально опустившийся» ⁄ ... - - - деаббр. Чмо – «Человек из Московской<br />
области». Первоначально употреблялось в значении «провинциал»... 2.<br />
арм. Деградировавший, опустившийся в условиях дедовщины солдат...»<br />
(Никитина 2003; Shlyakhov, Adler 1999).<br />
rusulSi dasturdeba “Cmokic”: «ЧМОК, -а, m., youth, neg. A<br />
worthless or unpleasant person. • Отойди отсюда, чмок, видеть тебя не<br />
хочу. “Get out of here, you schmuck! I don’t want to use your face» (Shlyakhov,<br />
Adler 1999).<br />
gvxvdeba am sityvidan nawarmoebi sxva formebic:<br />
«ЧМОРИТЬ, рю, рит, несов., кого. Издеваться над кем-л.,<br />
высмеивать кого-л». (Никитина 2003).<br />
aSS-Si gamocemuli rusuli Jargonis leqsikonis mixedviT<br />
es sityva SeSinebas niSnavs: «ЧМОРИТЬ ⁄ ЗАЧМОРИТЬ, youth. To<br />
frighten, terrify. • Рекетиры его совсем зачморили, требуют деньги, грозятся<br />
избить. “Those racketeers have got him completely terrorized with their demands<br />
for money and their threats of violence”» (Shlyakhov, Adler 1999).<br />
aseTive mcire gansxvavebaa rusuli sityva “CmoSnik”-is<br />
ganmartebisas zemoT miTiTebuli leqsikonebis mixedviT:<br />
«ЧМОШНИК, а, м. То же, что ЧМО 1. Чмо, чмошник – морално<br />
униженный человек...» (Никитина 2003). xolo amerikaSi gamocemuli<br />
leqsikonis mixedviT usiamovno, WuWyian, binZur pirovnebas<br />
niSnavs, _ kerZod, «ЧМОШНИК, -а, m., youth, neg. An<br />
unpleasant, dirty person. • Этот чмошник загадил всю квартиру. “That<br />
slob has messed up the whole apartment”» (Shlyakhov, Adler 1999).<br />
sityva “CmoSni” TiTqmis erTnairadaa ganmartebuli<br />
aRniSnul leqsikonebSi: «ЧМОШНЫЙ, ая, ое. Неприятный<br />
на вид, вызывающий отвращение (о человеке)...» (Никитина 2003)<br />
Sdr.: «ЧМОШНЫЙ, ая, ое, neg. Unpleasant, dirty. • Там у вас чмошня<br />
компашка, туда не пойду. “Those friends of yours are such slobs, I wouldn’t<br />
want to go to their place”» (Shlyakhov, Adler 1999).<br />
xaniga<br />
es sityvac rusulidan momdinareobs da zustad imave mniSvnelobiT<br />
gvxvdeba qarTul JargonSic, rogorc rusulSi:
68 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
“xaniga _ galoTebuli, daSvebuli (fskerze). “...ori<br />
ojaxi gaiCiTa. erTi belgiidan, eg xo giTxari da meore<br />
iyo, simon, Tbilisis erT kai ubnis sinamdvilidan: colii,<br />
Svilii da qmaric. eg “c” imito, ro ni riba, ni miasa, Tan magari<br />
xaniga, niriaxa ra da cota xanSi awies kidevac” (mixo<br />
mosuliSvili)” (bregaZe 2005).<br />
Sdr.: «ХАНЫГА, -и, m., neg. A drunkard (cf. хань). • Этот ханыга<br />
уже пьян с утра. “That boozer has been drunk since this morning”» (Shlyakhov,<br />
Adler 1999). .<br />
Tavis mxriv rusulSi xaniga “xan” sityvidan momdinareobs,<br />
rac smas aRniSnavs: «ХАНЬ, -и, f. A drink. • Давай сначала<br />
сделаем, а потом будем хань глотать. “Let’s do the job first, and then<br />
we’ll have ourselves a drink” (Shlyakhov, Adler 1999).<br />
miuxedavad zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis simcirisa,<br />
cxadia, Tu ra gavlena aqvs rusulenovan sociums da mis metyvelebas<br />
qarTul Jargonze. yofili saWoTa erTianoba<br />
(jari, cixe da axlo yofiTi urTierTobebi) erTgvarad<br />
ganapirobebda saerTo Jargonuli formebis arsebobas. ver<br />
vityviT, rom aseTi urTierToba amJamad mTlianad Sewyvetilia.<br />
amis adasturebs postsabWour periodSi Semosuli<br />
Jargonizmebi qarTulSi. amis nimuSad davasaxelebT Tanamedrove<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargonis magaliTebs cocxali metyvelebidan,<br />
romelTac aseve vadasturebT rusul Jargonis<br />
leqsikonebSi. kerZod:<br />
muzoni (mr. muzonebi) _ musika, Sdr.: «МУЗОН, а, м.<br />
Музыка» (Никитина 2003).<br />
fanati _ ucnauri adamiani; adamiani, romelmac raime<br />
sakiTxi ZirisZirobamde icis, fani (sportis an musikis),<br />
Sdr.: «ФАНАТ, а, м. 1. Человек со странностями... 2. одобр. Умный,<br />
сообразтельный, эрудированный...» (Никитина 2003). amerikaSi gamocemuli<br />
rusuli Jargonis leqsikonSi fanatis sxva mniSvnelobasac<br />
vxvdebiT, kerZod, sportis fani: «ФАНАТ, -а,<br />
m. A sports fan (from фанатик). • Вчера фанаты устроили драку после<br />
матча. “The fans got into a fistfight after yesterday’s match”» (Shlyakhov,<br />
Adler 1999) da sxv.<br />
Tavis mxriv, sayuradReboa <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsikis analizi<br />
rusul JargonSi, magram es calke kvlevis sagania.<br />
daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargoni mravalferovani<br />
da metad sainteresoa, misi SeswavlisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia leqsikur erTeulTa gamowvlilviTi analizi<br />
maTi warmomavlobis, semantikuri da gramatikuli Taviseburebebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT.
narkvevi 69<br />
literatura:<br />
1. qegl _ <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. I-VIII, prof.<br />
arn. Ciqobavas saerTo redaqciiT, Tb., 1950-1964.<br />
2. bregaZe 2005 _ bregaZe l. <strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargonis leqsikoni,<br />
Tb., 2005.<br />
3. Никитина 2003 – Никитина Т. Г. Словарь молодежного сленга, Санкт-<br />
Петербург, 2003.<br />
4. Shlyakhov, Adler 1999 – Vladimir Shlyakhov and Eve Adler, Dictionary of Russian<br />
Slang & Colloquial Expressions, 2 nd Edition, 1999.<br />
5. didi qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni, 2006 _ didi <strong>qarTuli</strong>nglisuri<br />
leqsikoni, or tomad, mTavari redaqtori donald<br />
reifildi, londoni, 2006.<br />
Ramaz Kurdadze<br />
Towards the origin of some words in Georgian slang<br />
The article deals with the analysis of several words from Georgian slang<br />
vocabulary which are compared to the data of Russian slang dictionaries<br />
published in Russia and USA. As a result of this comparison several words<br />
of Russian origin present in Georgian slang are revealed. Such as: ambali<br />
“ambali” – a strong, thickset fellow, thug, muscle-man; mandraJi “mandraji”<br />
– fear; ramsebi “ramsebi” – such as in the phrase ramsebi ar agerios<br />
“ramsebi ar agerios”, “do not mix ramsebi”, meaning “do not make<br />
mistakes, do not confuse, be careful”, stosi “stosi” which comes from the<br />
name of card game and is present in the phrase “stosi mihyavs”, “he is leading<br />
the stosi”. This phrase means “he is a leader, controls the situation”;<br />
Cmori “chmori” – a worthless or unpleasant person; dirty person; xaniga<br />
“xaniga” – a drunkard.
diskursis definiciaTa analizi<br />
salome omiaZe<br />
Tanamedrove humanitarul mecnierebebSi diskursis gageba<br />
sxvadasxvagvaria, amas garkveulwilad ganapiro bebs kvlevis<br />
sfero, sadac igi kvlevis sagania. magaliTad, lingvistikur<br />
da semiotikur terminTa inglisur-rusul leqsikonSi (leqsikoni<br />
2001) mocemuli ganmartebebidan pirveli, romelic<br />
teqstis lingvistikasa da diskurs-analizSia gamoyenebuli,<br />
diskurss gansazRvravs rogorc Tematurad, kulturulad<br />
an kidev rame niSniT urTierTdakavSirebuli teqstebis<br />
erTobliobas, romlis ganviTareba da Sevseba SesaZlebelia<br />
damatebiTi teqstebiT. meore ganmartebiT, romelic sociologiasa<br />
da socialur semiotikaSia miRebuli, diskursi<br />
aris urTierToba, romelic ganixileba rogorc garkveuli<br />
diskursuli “praqtikebis” ganxorcieleba (m. fuko). mesame<br />
definicia aseve gamoiyeneba sociologiaSi, magram gamoiyeneba<br />
logikasa da filosofiaSic: igi gansazRvrulia rogorc<br />
sametyvelo komunikaciis saxeoba, romelic gulisxmobs socialuri<br />
cxovrebis RirebulebaTa, normaTa da wesTa racionalur<br />
kritikul ganxilvas da romlis erTaderTi motivia<br />
urTierTgagebis miRweva (i. habermasi) (leqsikoni 2001: 111).<br />
rogorc vxedavT, diskursis arc erTi ganmarteba ar aris<br />
naTeli da sruli: erTgan igi warmodgenilia rogorc teqstebis<br />
erToblioba, meoregan diskursul “praqtikebSi”<br />
ganxorcielebuli urTierToba, mesamegan _ rogorc sametyvelo<br />
komunikaciis saxeoba, unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic,<br />
rom yvela miTiTebul sferoSi (teqstis lingvistika, diskurs-analizi,<br />
sociologia, socialuri semiotika, logika<br />
da filosofia) “diskursis” gansxvavebuli definiciebic<br />
arsebobs, rac imas niSnavs, rom am cnebis gansazRvreba sxvadasxva<br />
mecnieruli codnis farglebSic ki unificirebuli<br />
ar aris.<br />
diskursis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva SexedulebaTa aRwera bevr<br />
gamokvlevaSi gvxvdeba. Cven SevecdebiT Cveni analizi war-<br />
70
narkvevi 71<br />
vmarToT im opoziciaTa ganxilvis gziT, romlebsac “diskursis”<br />
cneba qmnis sxva cnebasTan mimarTebiT.<br />
daviwyoT imiT, rom laT. discursus niSnavs aqeT-iqiT sirbils,<br />
saubars, laparaks, frang. discours _ metyvelebas. TviT<br />
sityvis gansxvavebul mniSvnelobaTagan erT-erTis aReba<br />
saorientaciod, Cveni azriT, xdeboda safuZveli cnebis<br />
araerTmniSvnelovani terminologizaciisaTvis.<br />
pirveli opozicia dikursis cnebasTan mimarTebiT iyo,<br />
albaT, “diskursuli _ intuiciuri”, romelic gonebasa<br />
da azrovnebas ukavSirdeboda. rogorc literaturaSia<br />
aRniSnuli (neretina, ogurcovi 2005: 252-255), Gjer kidev<br />
platoni da aristotele diskursul azrovnebas upirispirebdnen<br />
intuiciur azrovnebas, rodesac WeSmaritebebs yofdnen<br />
uSualo anu intuiciur WeSmaritebebad da gaSualebul<br />
anu mtkicebaTa safuZvelze miRebul WeSmaritebebad.<br />
amgvarad, klasikur filosofiaSi diskursuli azrovneba,<br />
romelic cnebaTa an msjelobaTa TanamimdevrulobiT iSleba,<br />
upirispirdeboda intuiciur azrovnebas, romelic<br />
yovelgvari Tanamimdevruli gaSlis gareSe, erTbaSad<br />
moixelTebs mTels; plotine ganasxvavebda sayovelTao,<br />
mTlian, arakerZosa da araindividualur erTian gonebasa<br />
da diskursul gonebas, romelic swvdeba yovel calkeul<br />
sazrissa Tu azrs; Toma akvineli erTmaneTs upirispirebs<br />
diskursulsa da intuiciur codnas, diskursul azrovnebas<br />
ganixilavs rogorc inteleqtis moZraobas erTi obieqtidan<br />
meorisken. XVI-XVII saukuneebSi warmoiSva intuiciuri<br />
da diskursuli Semecnebis sxvadasxva interpretacia.<br />
aRsaniSnavia dekartis, spinozasa da laibnicis is Tvalsazrisebi,<br />
romelTa mixedviT, mecnieruli SemecnebisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia intuicia, romelic safuZvlad udevs mtkicebebs<br />
da maT Tanamimdevrulobas uzrunvelyofs diskursul<br />
azrovnebaSi. rogorc vxedavT, aq arc dapirispireba gvaqvs<br />
da arc igiveoba, aramed am ori (intuiciuri da diskursuli)<br />
Semecnebis erTianoba.<br />
Semdegi opoziciaa “diskursi _ azri”, sadac diskursi<br />
udris metyvelebas, romelic Sedgeba urTierTdakavSirebuli<br />
sityvebisagan (saxelebisagan), xolo azrovneba aris<br />
metyveleba gonebaSi. aq aRar SevCerdebiT diskursis gagebaze<br />
sxvadasxva filosofosTan da yuradRebas mivaqcevT<br />
aRniSnuli terminis Semosvlas enaTmecnierebaSi.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, XX saukuneSi filosofiam lingvisturi<br />
modelebisa da meTodebisaken ibruna piri. enaTmecnierTa<br />
mier enisa da metyvelebis garCevam, enis funqcionirebis<br />
semantikuri da pragmatikuli aspeqtebisadmi inte-
72 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
resma, semiotikurma kvlevebma aSkara gaxada, rom calkeul<br />
winadadebaSi kavSirebis tipTa Seswavla ar iyo sakmarisi<br />
adamianTa urTierTqmedebis asaxsnelad. amitom kvleva gascda<br />
winadadebis farglebs, kerZod, igi gadaswvda metyvelebas,<br />
rogorc sametyvelo aqtTa bmul Tanamimdevrobas,<br />
romelic gamoxatulia sxvadasxva teqstiT da romlis gaanalizeba<br />
sxvadasxva aspeqtiTaa aucilebeli. es aspeqtebi<br />
SeiZleba iyos pragmatikuli, semantikuri, referentuli,<br />
emociur-Semfasebluri da sxv. Tavis mxriv, enaTmecnierebmac<br />
zefrazul erTianobebs, anu diskurss mimarTes, romelic<br />
teqstis garda, aralingvistur faqtorebsac moicavs,<br />
iseTebs, rogoricaa adresatis ganwyoba, mizani, Sexedulebebi,<br />
TviTSefaseba, sxvaTa Sefaseba da sxv. sosiuris mier<br />
warmodgenili diqotomiis Tanaxmad, ena sametyvelo qmedebis<br />
nawilia, niSanTa sistemaa, romlebic cnebebs gamoxataven,<br />
metyveleba ki enis manifestaciaa. enisa da metyvelebis<br />
dapirispireba sxvadasxva koncefciaSi sxvadasxvagvaradaa<br />
interpretirebuli: xan rogorc kodisa da Setyobinebis,<br />
xan pragmatikisa da semantikis, xan normisa da stilis da<br />
a. S. e. koseriusaTvis ena SesaZleblobaTa Ria sistemaa, metyveleba<br />
_ realizebul formaTa da normaTa erToblioba<br />
(koseriu 1963: 175). aRniSnul opoziciaSi, rogorc vxedavT,<br />
“metyvelebis” adgili “diskursma” daikava.<br />
e. benvenistma erT-erTma pirvelma mianiWa terminologiuri<br />
mniSvneloba “diskurss”, romelic franguli lingvistikuri<br />
tradiciiT metyvelebas, teqsts aRniSnavda.<br />
benvenisti, upirispirebda ra obieqtur Txrobas, diskurss<br />
axasiaTebda rogorc metyvelebis garkveul tips _ “molaparakis<br />
mier miTvisebul metyvelebas” (zepiri urTierTobis<br />
sxvadasxva Janri, dRiurebi, piradi werilebi, mogonebebi<br />
da misT., romlebic subieqturobis ufro maRali xarisxiT<br />
xasiaTdebian). metyvelebis es formebi gansxvavdebian<br />
sxvadasxva niSniT: droTa sistemiT, nacvalsaxelebiT<br />
da sxv. TxrobiTi (récit) diskursis gaigivebam saerTod diskursTan<br />
arsebiTad daaviwrova cnebis Sinaarsi, magram SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxada kulturis diskursTa erTi TvalsazrisiT<br />
ganxilva, upirveles yovlisa, es exeba literaturul,<br />
scenur da kinematografiul diskursebs, sadac yuradReba<br />
maxvildeba droTa sistemis, Txrobis xangrZlivobis normebidan<br />
gadaxrisa da sxv. gaazrebaze. SemdgomSi diskursis<br />
es gageba gavrcelda pragmatikulad ganpirobebul metyvelebis<br />
yvela saxeze.<br />
opozicia “diskursi _ obieqturi Txroba” _ benvenistis<br />
moZRvrebis nawilia, sadac metyveli subieqti grama-
narkvevi 73<br />
tikuli struqturis ganmsazRvrelia da amdenad, enobrivi<br />
sistemidan yuradReba gadatanilia TviT adamianze. amiT,<br />
rogorc aRniSnaven, benvenistma saTave daudo lokaciis<br />
(sivrculi deiqsisis) Tanamedrove pragmatul kategorias<br />
(lebaniZe 1997: 22).<br />
diskurss pragmatul, sociokulturul faqtorebTan<br />
akavSirebs m. fukoc, romelmac Tavis “codnis arqeologia-<br />
Si” (fuko 1996) daamuSava moZRvreba diskursuli formaciis,<br />
rogorc specifikuri diskursuli praqtikebis, pirobaTa<br />
Sesaxeb. fukos wignSi mTeli humanitaruli codna gaazrebulia<br />
rogorc im diskursul praqtikaTa (TavianTi wesebiT,<br />
konceptebiTa da strategiebiT) arqeologiuri analizi,<br />
romlebic arseboben Semecnebis an qmedebis ara subieqtSi,<br />
aramed codnis anonimur nebaSi, romelic sistematurad ayalibebs<br />
obieqtebs. am obieqtebze ki laparakoben diskursis<br />
praqtikebi. Tu diskursi fukosaTvis “sityvieri performansebis<br />
erTobliobaa”, isaa, rac iyo warmoqmnili _ “niSanTa<br />
erToblioba”, “formulirebis aqtTa erToblioba”, “fraza-<br />
Ta Tu propoziciaTa rigi”, diskursuli formacia warmoadgens<br />
gamonaTqvamTa gabnevisa da ganawilebis princips. “diskursuli<br />
formacia aris gamonaTqvamTa mTavari sistema, romelsac<br />
eqvemdebareba sityvier performansTa jgufi” (fuko<br />
1996: 116), amitom xdeba SesaZlebeli laparaki politikur,<br />
ekonomikur, biologiur Tu sxva diskursebze. adamianTa<br />
urTierTqmedebebsa da cxovrebiseul konteqstebSi Caflva<br />
(adgilisa da drois konkretul pirobebSi) xorcieldeba<br />
swored “diskursuli praqtikis” cnebis meSveobiT. es cneba<br />
gansxvavdeba eqspresiuli da racionaluri qmedebis gramatikuli<br />
kompetenciisagan, igi drosa da sivrceSi yovelTvis<br />
gansazRvruli “im anonimuri istoriuli wesebis erTobliobaa,<br />
romlebmac daadgines mocemul epoqaSi, mocemuli<br />
socialuri, ekonomikuri, geografiuli an lingvisturi sivrcisaTvis<br />
gamonaTqvamis funqciis Sesrulebis pirobebi”<br />
(fuko 1996: 118). amiT fukom Camoayaliba axali opozicia<br />
“diskursi _ gamonaTqvami”.<br />
gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebamde “diskursi” da “teqsti”<br />
evropul lingvistikaSi paralelurad ixmareboda.<br />
“diskursis analizi” (pirvelad z. harisma ixmara) da teqstis<br />
“lingvistika” (e. koseriu: Linguistica del texto) germanul<br />
terminTan (Tectlinguistik) erTad, Zalian axlos mdgom, xSirad<br />
erTsa da imave enaTmecnierul sferoebs gamoxatavdnen.<br />
principuli gansxvavebis danaxva da diskursisa da teqstis<br />
cnebebis gamijvna dakavSirebulia t. a. van deikis diskursuli<br />
analizis skolasTan. teqstisa da diskursis diferen-
74 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
cireba am wyvilSi situaciis kategoriis SemotaniT (diskursi<br />
= teqsts + situacia; teqsti = diskurss _ situacia)<br />
ukve niSnavda enobrivi komunikaciis Seswavlisadmi farTo<br />
midgomas: kvlevis obieqti xdeboda winadadebaze ufro<br />
vrceli metyvelebis monakveTi, erTi mxriv, xolo meore<br />
mxriv, socialur situaciaze maxvildeboda yuradReba. van<br />
deikis ganmartebiT, “diskursis namdvili gageba damokidebulia<br />
enis momxmarebelTa cvalebad maxasiaTeblebsa<br />
da konteqstze” (van deiki 1989: 45). teqsti ki gagebuli iyo<br />
rogorc abstraqtuli formaluri konstruqcia, romlis<br />
realizacia da aqtualizacia xdeba diskursSi garkveul<br />
sociokulturul konteqstTan da eqstralingvistur faqtorebTan<br />
(adresatis ganwyobani, azrebi, codnebi, miznebi)<br />
mWidro kavSirSi. diskursi gagebulia rogorc rTuli<br />
komunikaciuri movlena da imave dros rogorc winadadeba-<br />
Ta bmuli mimdevroba, romelTa analizi xdeba lingvisturi<br />
kodebis, freimebis, scenarebis, konteqstis modelebis,<br />
socialuri reprezentaciebis TvalsazrisiT, rac agebs<br />
socialur urTierTobasa da gagebas. amgvarad, van deikma<br />
sxvanairad Camoayaliba opozicia “teqsti _ diskursi”,<br />
roca teqsti im SesaZleblobaTa abstraqtul velad warmoadgina,<br />
romlebic diskursis sxvadasxva formiT aqtualizdeba.<br />
bevr gamokvlevaSi, romelic funqcionalurad aris<br />
orientirebuli, diskursisa da teqstis dapirispireba<br />
xdeba iseTi opoziciuri kriteriumebis mixedviT, rogoricaa<br />
funqciuroba _ struqturuloba, procesi _ produqti,<br />
dinamikuroba _ statikuroba, aqtualuroba _ virtualuroba.<br />
Sesabamisad, gansxvavdebian struqturuli teqsti,<br />
rogorc produqti da funqciuri diskursi, rogorc<br />
procesi. rogorc m. makarovi aRniSnavs, am Temis variaciaa<br />
teqsti, rogorc abstraqtuli Teoriuli konstruqti, romelic<br />
diskursSi xorcieldeba iseve, rogorc winadadebis<br />
aqtualizacia xdeba gamonaTqvamSi (makarovi 2003: 89).<br />
amgvarad, erT rigSi eqceva winadadeba da teqsti, xolo<br />
meoreSi _ gamonaTqvami da diskursi. es bunebrivic aris,<br />
radgan gamonaTqvami winadadebisagan gansxvavdeba, rogorc<br />
moculobiT, ise struqturuli, Sina-arsobrivi da funqciuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT. analogiuria mimarTeba diskurs-sa<br />
da teqsts Sorisac. Tu gaviziarebT, rom winadadeba da teqsti<br />
enis dones ganekuTvneba, xolo gamonaTqvami da diskursi<br />
_ enis gamoyenebas, aseT gayofas SeiZleba hqondes<br />
azri da meTodologiurad sasargebloc aRmoCndes (makarovi<br />
2003: 89).
narkvevi 75<br />
teqstisa da diskursis gansxvavebisTvis zog gamokvlevaSi<br />
gamoyenebulia opozicia “werilobiTi teqsti _ zepiri<br />
diskursi”, rac damaxasiaTebelia enisa da metyvelebis<br />
kvlevis formalisturi midgomisaTvis. amgvari dayofa<br />
aviwroebs orive urTierTdapirispirebuli terminis moculobas.<br />
aRniSnuli diqotomiis safuZvelze zogi mkvlevari<br />
gamoyofs diskurs-analizs, romlis obieqti, maTi azriT,<br />
unda iyos mxolod zepiri metyveleba da (werilobiTi)<br />
teqstis lingvistikas. magram, rogorc aRniSnaven, aseT<br />
midgomas praqtikuli kvlevisas bevri dabrkoleba xvdeba.<br />
magaliTad, moxseneba SeiZleba erTdroulad ganxiluli<br />
iyos rogorc teqsti da, amasTanave, rogorc sajaro gamosvla,<br />
anu komunikaciuri movlena, Tumca formiT monologuri<br />
(tradiciuli gagebiT), magram, miuxedavad amisa, savsebiT<br />
amsaxveli enobrivi urTierTobis im specifikisa, romelic<br />
mas SeiZleba hqondes qmedebis mocemul tipSi.<br />
diskursis cnebis dakavSirebas mxolod zepir metyvelebasTan<br />
SeiZleba is safuZvelic hqondes, rom diskursi metyvelebis<br />
Tanmxleb, para-lingvistur elementebsac Seicavs<br />
(sxvadasxva mimikas, Jestebs, fonaciur saSualebebs),<br />
romlebic teqstSi mxolod aRweris gziT SeiZleba “gacocxldes”<br />
(omiaZe 1998).<br />
rogorc vxedavT, mravalgvaria is opoziciebi, romel-<br />
Ta farglebSi da romelTa meSveobiT cdiloben “diskursis”<br />
definiciasa da diskursis analizis warmarTvas. bevri<br />
mkvlevrisTvis naTelia, rom diskursisa da teqstis mkve-<br />
Tri gamijvna ar aris adekvaturi. Cveni azriT, Tu es ramdenadme<br />
xerxdeba Teoriul doneze, praqtikuli kvlevisas<br />
aRniSnuli cnebebis aRreva, urTierTCanacvleba TiTqmis<br />
gardauvalia. es Cven gvagonebs sosiuriseuli “ena-metyveleba”<br />
diqotomiasTan dakavSirebul problemebs, romlebic<br />
Cndeba xolme aseve empiriuli kvlevebis sferoSi.<br />
arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviT, diskursi gagebulia<br />
ufro farTod _ rogorc yvelaferi, rac iTqmeba<br />
da iwereba, anu rogorc sametyvelo qmedeba, romelic<br />
imave dros warmoadgens enobriv masalasac bgeriTi Tu<br />
grafikuli gamoxatviT. teqsti ki (viwro mniSvnelobiT)<br />
gagebulia rogorc weris meSveobiT fiqsirebuli masala.<br />
amgvarad, terminebi “metyveleba” da “teqsti” iqneba<br />
saxeobrivi maTi gamaerTianebeli gvarovnuli terminis<br />
“diskursis” mimarT (bogdanovi 1993: 5-6). is, rom aq xazgasmulia<br />
diskursis cnebis ganmazogadebeli buneba, da-<br />
Zleulia is SezRudvebi, romlebsac uqmnida am cnebas ise-<br />
Ti niSnebi, rogoricaa monologuroba / dialoguroba;’
76 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
zepiri / werilobiTi, mniSvnelovnad miaCnia m. makarovs,<br />
romelic aRniSnavs, rom diskursis, rogorc gvarovnuli<br />
kategoriis gamoyeneba metyvelebis, teqstisa da dialogis<br />
cnebebTan mimarTebiT, dRes sul ufro xSirad gvxvdeba<br />
enaTmecnierul literaturaSi, xolo filosofiur,<br />
sociologiursa da fsiqologiur terminologiaSi igi<br />
ukve normad iqca (makarovi 2003: 90).<br />
diskursis sayuradRebo koncefcias gvTavazobs i.<br />
proxorovi 2004 wels gamosul wignSi “sinamdvile. teqsti.<br />
diskursi”. igi ar fiqrobs, rom teqsti da diskursi erTmaneTTan<br />
gvarsaxeobiT mimarTebaSia _ TiToeuli maTgani<br />
meoris nawils ar Seadgens. diskursi misTvis ar aris Sualeduri<br />
movlena metyvelebas, urTierTobasa da enobriv<br />
qcevas Soris anu igi ar aris sistemisa da teqstis makavSirebeli<br />
rgoli; aseve is ar aris teqsti eqstralingvistur<br />
parametrebTan erTad da arc teqsti warmoadgens misTvis<br />
diskurss am parametrebis gamoklebiT. i. proxorovi ase msjelobs:<br />
“Tu isini Tanabradaa ganlagebuli, maTi da maTi<br />
urTierTkavSiris ganxilva SesaZlebelia mxolod ‘zemodan’,<br />
ganzogadebis ufro maRali donidan, sadac isini Tanabari<br />
uflebiT Sedian...” (proxorovi 2004: 32). “maRla” ki<br />
mxolod sinamdvilea da realuri komunikacia masSi. sinamdvileca<br />
da komunikaciac diskursis bevr arsebul definiciaSi<br />
Sedis, magram iq es elementebi TiTqos “teqstidan<br />
da diskursidan” modian, Tumca, rogorc mkvlevari fiqrobs,<br />
swored teqsti da diskursi unda “Cndebodnen maTgan”.<br />
radgan yoveli teqsti (werilobiTi Tu zepiri, mxatvruli<br />
Tu samecniero da a.S.) iqmneba im mizniT, rom gaxdes<br />
faqti aramarto “TavisTvis”, aramed faqti “sxvebisTvis”,<br />
gaxdes raRac ufro farTo urTierTqmedebis monawile.<br />
“urTierTqmedebis mdgomareobis” aseTive realuri elementi,<br />
monawilea diskursic _ igi am urTierTqmedebidan<br />
“daibada”. ramdenadac komunikacia azrebis, cnobebis,<br />
ideebisa da misT. gacvla-gamocvlaa, ama Tu im Sinaarsis<br />
gadacemaa erTi cnobierebidan (koleqtiuri Tu individualuri)<br />
enobrivi niSnebis saSualebiT, maSasadame, arsebobs<br />
informaciis damagrebis raRac saSualeba da raRac<br />
saSualeba misi gadacemisTvis, amasTanave, Tu damagrebis<br />
saSualeba mas unda inaxavdes komunikaciis procesis gare-<br />
Sec, “translaciis saSualeba” mxolod komunikaciis mdgomareobaSi<br />
xorcieldeba (proxorovi 2004: 33).<br />
i. proxorovs teqstisa da diskursis aRsaniSnavad Semoaa<br />
qvs termini figura, romelic ukve arsebobs lingvistikur<br />
terminologiaSi (“metyvelebis figura”, “stilis-
narkvevi 77<br />
tikuri figura” da sxv.) 1 da teqstisa da diskursis rolisa<br />
da adgilis gaTvaliswinebiT komunikaciaSi, teqsts uwodebs<br />
komunikaciis introvertul figuras, diskurss _ komunikaciis<br />
eqstravertul figuras.<br />
amgvarad, realuri komunikacia Seicavs sam Seurwymel,<br />
magram ganuyofel Semadgenels: TviT sinamdvilis figuras,<br />
romlis sferoSi da romlis safuZvelzec arsebobs komunikacia<br />
da or figuras: teqsts, romelic uzrunvelyofs mis<br />
Sinaarsobriv-enobriv safuZvels (ramdenadac teqsti enisagan<br />
ganuyofelia) da diskurss, romelic uzrunvelyofs Sinaarsobriv-metyvelebiT<br />
safuZvels (sakuTriv verbalurs<br />
_ da, Cveulebriv, araverbalur komponentTan erTad).<br />
i. proxorovi gvTavazobs aRniSnuli cnebebis ganmartebebs,<br />
sadac yuradReba gamaxvilebulia “lingvokulturul<br />
erTobaze”:<br />
“komunikaciis eqstravertuli figura _ diskursi aris<br />
garkveuli lingvokulturuli erTobis warmomadgenelTa<br />
komunikaciis Sinaarsis organizaciisa da gaformebis praqtikis<br />
enobriv formaTa erToblioba;<br />
komunikaciis introvertuli figura _ teqsti aris<br />
garkveuli lingvokulturuli erTobis warmomadgenelTa<br />
komunikaciis Sinaarsis organizaciis lingvisturi da eqstralingvisturi<br />
organizaciis wesebis erToblioba;<br />
komunikaciis materialuri figura _ sinamdvile aris<br />
mocemuli lingvokulturuli erTobis warmomadgenel-<br />
Ta komunikaciis ganxorcielebis materialur pirobaTa<br />
erToblioba” (proxorovi 2004: 34-35). amgvarad warmodgenil<br />
komunikaciis struqturas avtori adarebs hologramas,<br />
radgan misi elementebis, romlebic Seurwymeli da<br />
ganuyofelia erTdroulad, urTierTqmedebis safuZveli<br />
isevea interferencia, rogorc hologramis safuZveli _<br />
talRaTa interferencia. sinamdvilis Secvlisas es cvlilebebi<br />
“edeba” teqstsac da diskurssac, aZlierebs ra erTis<br />
da asustebs ra meoris rols komunikaciaSi. implicituri<br />
(teqsturi) informaciis xarisxis an moculobis Secvla<br />
iwvevs diskursis cvlilebasac; diskursis miznis Secvlis<br />
saWiroeba aZlierebs an asustebs komunikaciis teqstobriv<br />
Semadgenels. informaciis kodirebisa da “obieqtTa amoc-<br />
1.<br />
“figura aris niSnis nawili, romelic arafers ar gamoxatavs mTeli niSnis<br />
mniSvnelobidan, magram gamoiyeneba sxva niSanTa sxva kombinaciiT Seqmnisa-<br />
Tvis... figurebi axasiaTebs nebismier sistemur niSnebs. isini niSnis faqturisgan<br />
aris warmoebuli, anu im masalisgan, romlisganac niSania Seqmnili...<br />
figuraTa arseboba sistemurobis konstruqciuli niSania” (roJdestvenski<br />
2003: 40-41).
78 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
nobisTvis” aseve aucilebelia komunikaciis am sami elementis<br />
urTierTkavSiri.<br />
Tu SevajamebT diskursis ganmartebaTa analizis Sedegebs,<br />
unda vTqvaT, rom gamoikveTa sami ZiriTadi midgoma:<br />
struqturuli, funqciuri da struqturul-funqciuri.<br />
es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs, rom diskursi enis gamoyenebis<br />
teqstualizebul (bmul) erTeulTa mTlianobaa, romelic<br />
funqciurad aris organizebuli, da ara “winadadebaze vrceli<br />
enobrivi struqturis” izolirebul erTeulTa martivi<br />
nakrebi, rogorc struqturuli (formaluri) orientaciis<br />
ganmartebebSia. rogorc Cans, aRniSnul midgomas<br />
ufro emyarebian Tanamedrove humanitarul mecnierebeb-<br />
Si, sadac diskursi sul ufro xSirad ganixileba rogorc<br />
konkretuli kulturisa da sociumisaTvis specifikuri<br />
realizacia. arsebiTad enobrivi monacemebisa da enaTmecnieruli<br />
meTodebis gamoyenebiT xdeba makrodoneze sociologiis<br />
sxvadasxva mimarTulebaSi sazogadoebriv fenomenTa<br />
kategorizacia enobriv komunikaciasTan mimarTebiT.<br />
mikrodoneze ki swored lingvistikuri midgomebiTaa<br />
SesaZlebeli sazogadoebis socialur-kulturuli dinamikis<br />
Seswavla. magaliTad, eTnofsiqolingvistikaSi,<br />
romlis mizania erovnuli enis, rogorc erovnuli enobrivmentaluri<br />
kompleqsis, funqcionirebis aRwera da axsna,<br />
diskursi gagebulia, rogorc verbalizebuli metyvelebiT-azrovnebiTi<br />
qmedeba, romelic procesisa da Sedegis<br />
erTianobis saxiT warmogvidgeba da romelsac ori plani<br />
aqvs: sakuTriv enobrivi da enobriv-kognitiuri. “diskursi,<br />
rogorc procesi, aris gasityvebuli (verbalizebuli)<br />
TviT sinamdvile, xolo, rogorc Sedegi _ teqstebis er-<br />
Toblioba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, diskursis sakuTriv<br />
enobrivi plani dakavSirebulia enasTan, igi sakuTar Tavs<br />
gamoxatavs enobrivi saSualebebiT da vlindeba warmoqmnili<br />
teqstebis erTobliobiT (diskursi, rogorc Sedegi).<br />
lingvo-kognitiuri plani ukavSirdeba enobriv cnobierebas,<br />
ganapirobebs enobriv saSualebaTa SerCevas, gavlenas<br />
axdens teqstebis warmoqmnasa da aRqmaze. amgvarad, diskursi<br />
aris erTiani organizmi, romelSic erTdroulad<br />
xorcieldeba ara marto enis, aramed enobrivi azrovnebis<br />
yvelaze mravalgvari aspeqtebi” (krasnixi 2002: 10-11).<br />
Cven ki enis kulturologiuri kvlevisTvis mizanSewonilad<br />
migvaCnia diskursis ganmarteba, romlis mixedviTac<br />
igi garkveuli (<strong>qarTuli</strong>) lingvokulturuli erTobis<br />
warmomadgenelTa Soris komunikaciis Sinaarsis organizaciisa<br />
da gaformebis praqtikas warmoadgens, imis mxed-
narkvevi 79<br />
velobaSi miRebiT, rom TviT diskursis struqtura ori _<br />
lingvisturi da eqstralingvisturi _ komponentisagan<br />
aigeba. ukanasknels Seadgens sociokulturuli, pragmatuli,<br />
fsiqologiuri, kognitiuri da sxva faqtorebi. gareenobrivi<br />
faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobas<br />
gansazRvravs kulturis TviT arsic, romlis gamovlenis<br />
erT-erTi umaRlesi forma bunebrivi enaa.<br />
literatura<br />
bogdanovi 1993 _ Богданов В.В. Текст и текстовое общение. СПб., 1993.<br />
van deiki 1989 _ Ван Дейк Т. А. Язык, познание, коммуникация. М., 1989.<br />
koseriu 1963 _ Косериу Э. Синхрония, диахрония и история // Новое в<br />
лингвистике. Вып. 3. М., 1963.<br />
kras ni xi 2002 _ Красных В. В. Этнопсихолингвистика и лингвокультурология.<br />
М., 2002.<br />
lebaniZe 1998 _ lebaniZe g. anTropocentrizmi da komunikaciuri<br />
lingvistika, Tb., 1998.<br />
leq si ko ni 2001 _ Баранов А. М., Добровольский Д. О., Михайлов М. Н.,<br />
Парщин П. Б., Романова О. И. Англо-русский словарь по лингвистике и<br />
семиотике, М., 2001.<br />
makarovi 2003 _ Макаров М. Основы теории дискурса. М., 2003.<br />
neretina, ogurcovi 2005 _ Неретина С. С., Огурцов А. П. Концепт как<br />
возможность постижения смысла. Дискурс // Теоретическая культурология.<br />
М., 2005.<br />
omiaZe 1998 _ omiaZe T. paralingvistika da metyvelebis Tanmxleb<br />
saSualebaTa aRwera enaSi, sakand. disert., 1998.<br />
pro xo ro vi 2004 _ Прохоров Ю. Е. Действительность. Текст. Дискурс.<br />
М., 2004.<br />
roJdestvenski 2003 _ Рождественский Ю. В. Философия языка.<br />
Культуроведение и дидактика: Современные проблемы науки о языке. М.,<br />
2003.<br />
fuko 1996 _ Фуко М. Археология знания. Киев, 1996.<br />
Analysis of Discourse Definitions<br />
Salome Omiadze<br />
The notion of discourse is different in the modern humanities, which to a<br />
certain extent is due to the sphere of research where it is the object of study.<br />
The description of various viewpoints concerning discourse occurs in many<br />
studies. The analysis in the present article is based on the consideration of
80 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
the oppositions which the concept of “discourse” forms in relation to other<br />
concepts (e.g. “discourse – intuitional”, “discourse – idea”, “discourse – objective<br />
narration”, “discourse – expression”, “discourse – text”…).<br />
Latin discursus denotes “a running about, talk, conversation”, French<br />
discourse – “speech”. Taking for orientation one of the different meanings of<br />
the word proper, in my view, served as the basis for the polysemantic terminologization<br />
of the concept.<br />
Three main approaches have been identified as a result of the analysis<br />
of discourse definitions: structural, functional and structural-functional. The<br />
latter implies that discourse is a unity of textualized (coherent) units, which<br />
is organized functionally, and not a mere set of isolated units of “a language<br />
structure longer than a sentence”, as is in definitions of structural (formal)<br />
orientation.<br />
In modern humanities discourse is more often considered as the language<br />
realization specific for a particular culture and social group. Social phenomena<br />
in various directions of sociology with respect to language communication<br />
are categorized on the macro-level essentially by means of language<br />
data and linguistic methods. On the micro-level it is possible to study the<br />
social-cultural dynamics of the society exactly by linguistic approaches.
irma ratiani<br />
fsevdokarnavaluri narativi romanSi _<br />
kulturaTaSorisi dialogis forma<br />
yofis ritualizacia da karnavalizacia romanis Janris<br />
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi, magram struqturulad rTuli<br />
aspeqtia. problemis sirTules Tavad ritulizebisa da<br />
karnavalizebis specifikuri xasiaTi ganapirobebs.<br />
pirveli mkvlevari, vinc Rrmad Seiswavla karnavaluri<br />
tradiciebis gadaaqcentirebis sakiTxi improvizebuli folkloruli<br />
samyarodan literaturuli teqstis doneze,<br />
iyo mixail baxtini. Tavis saprogramo naSromSi “fransua<br />
rable da Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis xalxuri kultura”<br />
(1965) man mTeli simwvaviT dasva menipeuri satirisa da karnavaluri<br />
kulturis makoordinirebeli funqciis sakiTxi<br />
msoflio literaturaTmcodneobis winaSe, SeZlo karnavalizaciis,<br />
rogorc kulturuli movlenis konceptualuri<br />
da struqturuli rolis gamokveTa fransua rables SemoqmedebaSi<br />
da, rac arsebiTia, problemis damajerebeli ganzogadeba.<br />
karnavaluri motivebis reinkarnacia Sua saukuneebisa<br />
da renesansi epoqis (da momdevno epoqebis) literaturaSi<br />
baxtinma mWidrod daukavSira realisturi tendenciebis<br />
damkvidrebas da oficiozis, saeklesio diqtatisa da feodaluri<br />
kulturis winaaRmdeg Tamami manifestaciebis gamwvavebas:<br />
groteskis, iumorisa da sicilis formiT gamovlenili<br />
karnavali, misi azriT, ara marto ewinaaRmdegeboda arasasurvel<br />
reJims, aramed, alternativis saxiT, upirispirebda<br />
mas simarTles. mkvlevaris samecniero iniciativam zedmiwevniT<br />
kargad gamoxata evropuli filosofiuri da literaturuli<br />
azris tendencia, gaerRvia gansazRvruli, gamyarebuli<br />
substanciis CarCoebi da daenerga alternatiuli tipis<br />
azrovneba, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavda globaluri<br />
transformirebis SesaZleblobebs.<br />
Teoria warmatebuli aRmoCnda ara mxolod Sua saukuneebisa<br />
da renesansuli romanis, aramed, zogadad, romanis-<br />
81
82 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
tikis doneze. xalxuri kulturis wiaRidan aRmocenebulma<br />
karnavalma da karnavalurma tradiciam teqstualizebuli<br />
forma miiRo da iqca im specifikur kosmogoniad,<br />
romelic ar cnobs substanciasa da mizezobriobas da arsebobs<br />
mxolod aqtiuri urTierTobebis saxiT. “karnavalma<br />
ar icis dayofa mayureblebad da Semsruleblebad, _<br />
miuTiTebs m. baxtini, _ ar cnobs rampebs, Tundac Canasaxovan<br />
formaSi... karnavals ar Seimecneben, masSi cxovroben da<br />
cxovroben yvelani, radgan karnavali Tavisi arsiT saer-<br />
To-saxalxo movlenaa. sanam mimdinareobs karnavali, miseuli<br />
cxovreba cxovrebis erTaderT formas warmoadgens.<br />
misgan gaqceva SeuZlebelia, vinaidan ar gaaCnia sivrculi<br />
sazRvrebi. karnavalis dros mxolod karnavalis kanonebiTaa<br />
cxovreba SesaZlebeli, karnavaluri Tavisuflebis<br />
kanonebiT. karnavali msoflio masStabis movlenaa, radgan<br />
mTeli samyaros gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas asaxavs,<br />
aRorZinebasa da ganaxlebas, rac yvelas xvedria... karnavalis<br />
amgvari idea mkafiod vlindeboda da aRiqmeboda<br />
romaul saturnaliebSi, romlebic saturniseuli oqros<br />
xanis miwaze realur da srul (magram droebiT) dabrunebad<br />
moiazrebodnen. saturnaliebis tradiciebi ar Sewyvetila<br />
da ganagrZobda arsebobas Sua saukuneebis karnaval-<br />
Si, romelic Sua saukuneebis sxva dResaswaulebze ukeT da<br />
srulyofilad asaxavda samyaros ganaxlebis ideas... karnavalSi<br />
Tavad cxovreba TamaSobs... sxva, Tavisufal (laR)<br />
formas cxovrebisa, Tavissave aRorZinebasa da ganaxlebas<br />
saukeTeso sawyisebze” (baxtini 1986: 297-298).<br />
karnavaluri narativi ganisazRvra iseTi mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli<br />
maxasiaTeblebiT, rogoricaa: parodireba;<br />
Tavisufali, familaruli urTierTobebis demonstrireba;<br />
msoflmxedvelobrivad, zneobrivad da eTikurad dapirispirebuli<br />
wyvilebis _ dabadeba/sikvdili, siyrme/sibere,<br />
maRla/dabla, saxe/zurgi, sibrZne/sicrue, qeba/lanZRva<br />
_ ambivalenturi gamTlianeba; aracnobieri instinqtebis<br />
_ seqsi, Wama-sma, _ aqcentireba; dabolos, ganaxlebisa da<br />
aRorZinebis magistraluri motivebis damkvidreba. aRniSnuli<br />
maxasiaTeblebis kompoziciuri funqcia teqstSi,<br />
gamoxatavda ra Tanamedroveobis politikur, socialur,<br />
eTikur da sulier problemaTa speqtrs, sxvadasxva formi-<br />
Ta da simwvaviT vlindeboda gansxvavebuli esTetikuri da<br />
literaturuli epoqebis wiaRSi.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT, vfiqrobT, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas<br />
iqcevs, erTi mxriv, klasikuri realizmis epoqis romani<br />
(me-19 saukunis 60-70-iani wlebi), romelic kritikulad
narkvevi 83<br />
gaiazrebda yofas da sruliad daufaravad iyenebda literaturas<br />
mwvave sazogadoebriv problemaTa gaxmianebis<br />
tribunad da, meore mxriv, realizmis wiaRidan amozrdili<br />
da maRali modernizmis Wrilsa da stilSi formirebuli<br />
me-20 saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis romani-esqatologiuri<br />
antiutopia. esqatologiuri antiutopia warmoadgenda<br />
erTgvar sinTezs klasikuri antiutopiisa (zamiatini, haqsli),<br />
romelic im droisaTvis ukve daZleul etaps warmoadgenda<br />
da subieqtivisturi romanisa (prusti, joisi),<br />
romelic jer kidev bolomde ar iyo formirebuli: esqatologiuri<br />
antiutopia Tanabrad iyo gaJRenTili antiutopiis<br />
meamboxe filosofiiTa da nonkonformisti gmiris<br />
Rrma individualurobiT.<br />
rogorc erTi, ise meore Janris romanebis konceptualuri<br />
da struqturuli modelebi adasturebs maT Riaobas<br />
karnavaluri narativis mimarT, radgan karnavalis teqstualizeba,<br />
baxtinis samarTliani mtkicebis Tanaxmad,<br />
gardauvalad ukavSirdeba realizmis, rogorc meTodis,<br />
aqcentirebas. Tumca arc erT da arc meore SemTxvevaSi karnavali<br />
ar vlindeba misi klasikuri gagebiT, aramed modificirebulia<br />
da, umeteswilad, gadafarulia fsevdokarnavaluri<br />
narativiTa da misTvis niSandoblivi teqstualuri<br />
formebiT, rogoricaa: fsevdoparodia, fsevdosibrZne,<br />
fsevdosiyvaruli, fsevdoojaxi, fsevdoRirebulebebi<br />
da sxva. vfiqrobT, sruliad cxadad ikveTeba problemaTa<br />
rigi, romelic Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT SeiZleba dalagdes:<br />
rogor xorcieldeba teqstSi karnavaluri narativis<br />
transformacia fsevdokarnavalur narativSi? riT<br />
aris gamowveuli karnavaluri narativis Canacvleba fsevdokarnavaluri<br />
narativiT? rogoria fsevdokarnavaluri<br />
narativis damokidebuleba konteqstTan? aris TuU ara misi<br />
konceptualuri da struqturul-kompoziciuri funqcia<br />
identuri zemoT aRniSnuli romanebis doneze? pasuxi am<br />
kiTxvebze uTuod SeiZens meTodologiur mniSvnelobas.<br />
mixail baxtinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, karnavaluri realobis<br />
centraluri maxasiaTeblebi _ ganaxleba da aRor-<br />
Zineba _ arasodes xorcieldeba konkretuli karnavaluri<br />
subieqtis doneze, igi xalxis, rogorc erTi mTliani, monoliTuri<br />
organizmis Tvisebaa da gardauvalad ukavSirdeba<br />
sikvdils. karnavaluri individis sikvdili, baxtinis<br />
azriT, xalxis cxovrebis mxolod patara fragmentia, wami,<br />
romelic am xalxisave ganaxlebisa da srulyofisaTvis aris<br />
saWiro. sikvdilisa da ganaxlebis Temebis amgvar gaazrebas<br />
baxtinologTa nawilma “individualuri sxeulis rekviemi”
84 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
uwoda (m. rilkini, n. glazeneri) da aRiqva, rogorc stalinuri<br />
reJimis koleqtiuri paTosis infiltracia baxtinis<br />
Teoriul naazrevSi. vfiqrobT, msgavsi varaudi mcdaria.<br />
baxtinis filosofiuri Tu literaturaTmcodneobiTi xasiaTis<br />
Sromebi individualurobisa da personalurobis<br />
paTosiTaa gaJRenTili, karnavalis SemTxvevaSi ki baxtini<br />
principulad icavs pozicias, romlis Tanaxmadac, karnavali<br />
gamorCeulad arapersonalur movlenad aRiqmeba.<br />
migvaCnia, rom karnavalis swored arapersonaluri paradigma,<br />
koleqtiuroba, rogorc Tviseba, iqceva teqstSi<br />
fsevdokarnavaluri motivis damkvidrebis safuZvlad, im<br />
ZiriTad motivaciur modelad, romelic inergeba teqstSi<br />
da romlis mimarTac sakuTar damokidebulebas ayalibebs<br />
mTavari personaJi: is an konformistul TanxmobaSia fsevdokarnavalur<br />
narativTan, anda aqtiurad upirispirdeba<br />
mas nonkonformistis poziciidan.<br />
fsevdokarnavaluri narativis dapirispireba karnavalur<br />
narativTan xorcieldeba konceptualuri opoziciis<br />
“uwyveti/droebiTi” WrilSi. swored “droebiToba” ganasxvavebs<br />
karnavals “dausrulebeli” da “uwyveti” fsevdokarnavalisgan.<br />
karnavaluri dResaswaulebi, romlebic<br />
zedmiwevniT kargad asaxavdnen kacobriobis realur da<br />
msoflmxedvelobriv faseulobebs, mudam jansaR damokidebulebaSi<br />
iyvnen drois fenomenTan. “safuZvlad maT yovelTvis<br />
edoT bunebrivi (kosmiuri), biologiuri da istoriuli<br />
drois garkveuli da konkretuli koncefcia, _<br />
wers mixail baxtini, _ ...dResaswauli aq meore cxovrebis<br />
formad iqceoda xalxisaTvis, romelic droebiT abijebda<br />
sayovelTaoobis, Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da ke-<br />
TildReobis utopiur samefoSi” (baxtini 1986: 299-300).<br />
fsevdokarnavalurma atmosferom ukuagdo “droebiToba”,<br />
rogorc karnavalis ganmsazRvreli maxasiaTebeli da is<br />
“ganuwyveteli mudmivobis” ampluaSi gadawyvita. karnavalis<br />
“droebiToba” “droebiTi idiliis” relevanturi<br />
cnebaa, im “droebiTi uflebisa”, romlis meSveobiTac<br />
cxovrebis normirebuli CarCoebiT SezRuduli adamiani<br />
droebiT imecnebs sakuTar Tavs da ikmayofilebs Tavisuflebis<br />
maradiul wyurvils. fsevdokarnavalis “mudmivoba”<br />
ki, piriqiT, arc “meore cxovrebas” qmnis da arc arsebuli<br />
wesrigis xundebisagan aTavisuflebs adamians. is,<br />
rogorc gamyarebuli realobisa da gabatonebuli ideologiis<br />
Senelebuli modeli, ganamtkicebs Tavsmoxveuli<br />
simarTlis, anu realurad arsebuli modelis mudmivobas.<br />
fsevdokarnavaluri “dausruleblobis” konteqstSi
narkvevi 85<br />
aqtiurad realizdeba karnavaluri literaturisaTvis<br />
niSandoblivi “koleqtiurobis” paTosi, romelic teqstSi<br />
permanentuli fsevdosazeimo ganwyobilebis matareblad<br />
gvevlineba. fsevdosazeimo ganwyobilebas qmnis<br />
karnavalisaTvis tipuri iseTi fsevdoritualuri movlenebi,<br />
rogoricaa familaruli urTierTobebis provocireba<br />
gansxvavebul socialur fenaTa warmomadgenlebs<br />
Soris, Wama-smisa da seqsualuri instinqtebis uxvi demonstrireba<br />
da, rasakvirvelia, siuJetis datvirTva parodiuli<br />
motivebiT.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT,<br />
rom karnavaluri narativis Canacvleba fsevdokarnavaluri<br />
narativiT teqstSi motivirebulia brutaluri<br />
realobis aqcentirebiTa da masTan personaJis mimarTebis<br />
mkveTri fiqsirebiT. Tavis mxriv, personaJis damokidebuleba<br />
fsevdokarnavalur narativTan mudmivad aris mar-<br />
Tuli konteqstis mier, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gansazRvrulia<br />
im literaturuli principebiT, romlis wiaRSic<br />
inergeba fsevdokarnavaluri narativi. germaneli literaturaTmcodnis<br />
b. toiberis samarTliani SeniSvniT, axali<br />
drois mijnaze mdgari filologiis umTavres amocanas<br />
warmoadgens gonis ambivalenturobis Zieba yovel kulturul<br />
modelSi, anu miTis im tragikuli niRbis gaazreba,<br />
romlis meore mxaresac “karnavalis dionisuri xibli”<br />
warmoadgens. am konceptualuri ambivalenturobis konteqstSi<br />
ganixilaven p. vaili da a. genisi literaturis, rogorc<br />
kulturis umniSvnelovanesi formis, ganviTarebis<br />
zogad tendenciebsac. literatura, maTi azriT, ori nakadis<br />
mTlianobas warmoadgens, “ori literaturisa”, sadac<br />
“pirveli momdinareobda principidan: adamians ganapirobebs<br />
sazogadoeba _ da qmnida pirovnebis, rogorc `Homo<br />
socialis~-is koncefcias, meore ki _ ubralod `Homo~-si” (lanini<br />
1993: 108). Tu pirveli tipis literaturisaTvis “konfliqti<br />
konkretul-istoriuli garemoebiTaa ganpirobebuli<br />
da sazogadoebis analizi gardauvalad ukavSirdeba<br />
pirovnebis analizs”, meore tipis literaturaSi “adamiani<br />
warmodgeba arsebad, romelsac gamoarCevs genetikuri memkvidreobiT<br />
miRebuli individualuri Tvisebebi (SeiZleba<br />
_ RvTisagan momadlebulic. es avtoris Sexedulebazea<br />
damokidebuli). sazogadoeba, am SemTxvevaSi, brZolis velia,<br />
arena, sadac TiToeuli individis neba upirispirdeba<br />
stiqiurad (an organizebulad) SemuSavebul socialur<br />
etikets. bunebrivi arseba da xelovnuri struqtura. vin<br />
vis dajabnis?” (lanini 1993: 108).
86 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
analizis swored amgvari mimarTuleba iZleva fsevdokarnavaluri<br />
narativis konceptualuri da struqturul-kompoziciuri<br />
funqciebis Teoriuli gamijvnis<br />
saSualebas gansxvavebuli kulturuli da literaturuli<br />
konteqstebis doneze. Tu klasikuri realizmis epoqis<br />
romani (me-19 saukunis 60-70-iani wlebi) SeiZleba<br />
mivakuTvnoT literaturis pirvel tips, maRali modernizmi<br />
wiaRSi formirebuli esqatologiuri antiutopia<br />
meore tipis literaturis gamovlinebaa. maTi konceptualuri<br />
mimarTeba fsevdokarnavalur narativTan, rogorc<br />
brutaluri realobis modelTan, identurad uaryofiTia,<br />
problemis gadaWris struqturul-kompoziciuri gzebi ki<br />
_ Zireulad gansxvavebuli, rac, upirveles yovlisa, personaJTa<br />
sistemiTaa gamoxatuli: Sesabamisi istoriuli,<br />
socialuri da kulturuli konteqstidan gamomdinare,<br />
iqmneba socialuri imagologiis gansxvavebuli modelebi,<br />
romlebic konkretuli konteqstisaTvis niSandobliv gamyarebul<br />
socialur stereotipebad SeiZleba moviazroT<br />
da romelTa Tvisebrivi araerTgvarovnebac vlindeba opoziciis<br />
“konformisti/nonkonformisti” WrilSi.<br />
Tu klasikuri realizmis epoqis romanis mTavari personaJi,<br />
romelic aqtiuradaa CarTuli fsevdokarnavalur<br />
fsevdozeimSi, nebayoflobiTi konformistia, realuri<br />
garemoebis tipiuri tyvea da cdilobs masTan harmoniuli<br />
damokidebulebis SenarCunebas, esqatologiuri antiutopiis<br />
personaJi amboxebuli nonkonformistia, drosTan dapirispirebuli<br />
inteligenti, romelic sakuTari nebis winaaRmdeg<br />
aris Cakarguli fsevdokarnavalis labirinTSi<br />
da cdilobs Tavis daRwevas. Tu pirveli tipis romanebis<br />
personaJebi Zalian hgvanan bevr “sxvas”, Tavis Tanamedroves,<br />
da komfortulad arian ganTavsebulni sakuTar fsevdokarnavalur<br />
naWuWSi, meore tipis romanebis personaJebi,<br />
damcirebulni, uaryofilni, gansxvavdebian “sxvebisagan”<br />
rogorc garegani, aseve Sinagani maxasiaTeblebiT da saku-<br />
Tar TavSive eZieben fsevdokarnavalisagan xsnis gzas. TuU<br />
pirveli tipis romanebis mTavari personaJebi warmoadgenen<br />
realobisadmi kritikulad ganwyobili yovlisSemZle<br />
da gavleniani realisti avtorebis gakicxvis sagans, meore<br />
tipis romanebis mTavari personaJebi meamboxe avtorebis<br />
rCeulni arian da maqsimalurad grZnoben mis mxardaWeras.<br />
socialuri imagologiis sferoSi msgavsi literaturuli<br />
da epoqaluri stereotipebis arseboba dasturdeba interkulturul<br />
WrilSi warmoebuli SedarebiTi analizis<br />
meSveobiT.
narkvevi 87<br />
sailustraciod movixmobT oTx teqsts: ilia WavWava-<br />
Zis “kacia-adamiani?!”, ivan gonCarovis “oblomovi”, mixeil<br />
javaxiSvilis “jayos xiznebi” da vladimir nabokovis “mopatiJeba<br />
sikvdilze”. literaturul-esTetikuri konteqstis<br />
niSniT ikveTeba Semdegi wyvilebi: “kacia-adamiani?!” /<br />
“oblomovi”; “jayos xiznebi” / “mopatiJeba sikvdilze”. Tu<br />
pirveli wyvili ganekuTvneba klasikuri realizmis epoqas,<br />
meore wyvilis wakiTxva saSualebas iZleva, mivakuTvnoT<br />
isini esqatologiur antiutopiaTa rigs. miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom teqstebi ganekuTvneba gansxvavebul kulturul<br />
modelebs, oTxive teqsti gaxsnilia fsevdokarnavaluri<br />
narativis mimarT, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs vivaraudoT,<br />
rom fsevdokarnavaluri teqsti gvevlineba literaturaTaSorisi<br />
da kulturaTaSorisi dialogis formad.<br />
identuri literaturul-esTetikuri konteqstis doneze<br />
dialogi harmoniulia, gansxvavebuli literaturulesTetikuri<br />
konteqstis doneze _ winaaRmdegobrivi, vinaidan<br />
wyvilebis struqturul-kompoziciuri mimarTeba<br />
fsevdokarnavalur teqstTan gansxvavebulia _ pirveli<br />
wyvili eqvemdebareba klasikuri realizmis epoqis romanis<br />
principebs, meore wyvili _ maRali modernizmisa: Tu<br />
luarsab TaTqariZe da ilia oblomovi ganpirobebulni<br />
arian sazogadoebis mier, anu, warmoadgenen daavadebuli<br />
sazogadoebis organul nawils, nebayoflobiT arian<br />
CarTulni dausrulebeli fsedokarnavalis fsevdozeim-<br />
Si da Rrmad swamT misi uwyvetobisa, Teimuraz xevisTavi<br />
da cincinati c. ganxvavdebian daavadebuli sazogadoebis<br />
danarCeni wevrebisagan, sakuTari nebis winaaRmdeg arian<br />
moqceulni fsevdokarnavalur fsevdozeimSi, grZnoben vi-<br />
Tarebis absurdulobas da stiqiurad upirispirdebian mas.<br />
Tu ilia WavWavaZe da ivan gonCarovi iZulebulni arian,<br />
gaamaTraxon sakuTari konformisti personaJebi da TavianTi<br />
moqalaqeobrivi poziciidan dausvan wertili maT<br />
fsevdokarnavalur cxovrebas, mixeil javaxiSvili da vladimer<br />
nabokovi Tavganwirulad ibrZvian nonkonformisti<br />
personaJebis individualuri nebis gadasarCenad, vinaidan<br />
swamT, rom xsnis gza swored individis gonze Zevs.<br />
realizmis epoqis fsevdokarnavaluri narativi dominanturad<br />
aris gamoxatuli Wama-smis aqtisa da idiliuri<br />
gancxromis aqcentirebis, agreTve, urTierTobaTa parodirebis<br />
formiT. Wama-smis aqti klasikuri realizmis epoqis<br />
teqstSi (luarsab TaTqariZisa da ilia oblomovis gadametebuli<br />
trfiali Wama-smisadmi) calsaxad icavs rableanur<br />
princips da arajansaRi sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis
88 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
zeobas gamoxatavs: kargavs normirebul formas da usasrulo<br />
Rreobis saxes iZens. is iseTive uwyvetia, rogorc Tavad<br />
fsevdokarnavali (“dRes ra vWamoT”, _ ityodnen diliT.<br />
“xval ra vWamoT”, _ ityodnen saRamozed”). gastronomiuli<br />
fsevdozeimis pirdapir Sedegs personaJTa garegnuli<br />
degradacia warmoadgens _ xorcisa da qonis zeoba, rac<br />
miuTiTebs, erTi mxriv, personaJis sulier Rirebulebeba-<br />
Ta devalvaciaze, xolo, meore mxriv, avtoris kritikulcinikur<br />
poziciaze personaJis mimarT. personaJebi Wamen,<br />
svamen, nebivroben: oblomovisaTvis yvelaze didi tragedia<br />
loginidan wamodgomaa, xolo luarsabis sayvareli nivTi<br />
misi saZinebeli taxtia. Wama-smis aqtica da idiliuri<br />
nebivrobac orive teqstSi parodirebulia, iseve rogorc<br />
nebismieri sxva gamovlineba yofisa.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom klasikuri realizmis epoqaSi parodireba,<br />
inarCunebs ra rableanur muxts, axdens ZiriTadi<br />
sulieri faseulobebis dakargvis tendenciis aqcentirebas.<br />
parodia, misi klasikuri gagebiT, aris baZva, romlis<br />
wiaRSic aRiniSneba baZvis sagnis damaxinjeba. “damaxinjeba”<br />
am SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs misabaZi sagnis satirulironiul<br />
imitacias. parodiis Zirebi antikuri epoqis literaturaSia<br />
saZiebeli (aristofane, lukiane, apuleiusi),<br />
xolo literaturuli asaxvis specifikur xerxad misi<br />
transformireba _ aRorZinebis epoqaSi (rable, svifti,<br />
servantesi). literaturuli parodirebis ganmsazRvrel<br />
maxasiaTebels e.w. motivTa damdableba warmoadgens, rac<br />
motivTa struqturuli ambivalenturobiTa da groteskuli<br />
materializaciiTaa aRniSnuli. am koncefcias centraluri<br />
adgili uWiravs mixail baxtinis TeoriaSi karnavaluri<br />
literaturis Sesaxeb. baxtinis azriT, degradacia,<br />
anu damdableba groteskisaTvis tipuri da mniSvnelovani<br />
procesia, romelic ambivalentur xasiaTs atarebs da<br />
“absolutur da mkacr topografiul mniSvnelobas iZens”<br />
(baxtini 1986: 313): damdableba, erTi mxriv, gulisxmobs<br />
radikalur “daRmasvlas”, daSvebas cidan miwaze, meore<br />
mxriv ki _ aRmasvlasa da Tavidan dabadebas. “daRmasvla”<br />
da “aRmasvla”, baxtinis azriT, erTmaneTTan genetikurad<br />
dakavSirebuli cnebebia. “daRmasvla” da “aRmasvla” miwis<br />
relevantur kategoriebs warmoadgens. mxolod, pirveli<br />
moicavs miwas rogorc STanmTqmels (samare an saSo), meore<br />
rogorc mSobels (saSo). magram ramdenad aris SenarCunebuli<br />
parodiis es siRrmiseuli datvirTva klasikuri realizmis<br />
CvenTvis saintereso teqstebSi? “Sua saukuneebis parodia,<br />
_ wers baxtini, _ sruliadac ar hgavs axali drois
narkvevi 89<br />
formalur literaturul parodias. literaturuli parodia,<br />
msgavsad nebismieri sxva parodiisa, amdablebs, magram<br />
es damdableba wmindad uaryofiT xasiaTs atarebs da<br />
moklebulia amaRorZinebel ambivalenturobas. amitomac,<br />
parodias, iseve rogorc damdablebis Tvisebis mqone sxva<br />
Janrebs, axali drois pirobebSi, ar ZaluZs Tavisi winandeli<br />
udidesi mniSvnelobis SenarCuneba” (baxtini 1986: 314).<br />
vfiqrobT, baxtinis es mosazreba imdenadve samarTliania<br />
klasikuri realizmis teqstebis _ “kacia-adamiani?!” da<br />
“oblomovi” _ mimarT, ramdenadac usamarTloa maRali modernizmis<br />
epoqis teqstebis mimarT.<br />
Tu luarsabisa da iliuSa oblomovis sulieri (fsevdorwmena),<br />
ojaxuri (fsevdoojaxi, fsevdoqorwineba, fsevdoSvili),<br />
sazogadoebrivi (fsevdomemamuleoba, fsevdo-<br />
Tavadoba) da a.S. urTierTobebis parodireba personaJTa,<br />
da Sesabamisad sazogadoebrivi, mankierebis gamovlenisa<br />
da gamaTraxebis saukeTeso saSualebaa, Teimuraz xevisTavisa<br />
da cincincat c.-s personaluri modelebis parodirebas<br />
gacilebiT Rrmada aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli.<br />
maRali modernizmis konteqstSi formirebul esqatologiur<br />
antiutopiaSi parodiis stilisturi xerxis damkvidreba<br />
mWidrod daukavSirda parodiis JanrisaTvis niSandobliv<br />
motivTa damdablebas. antiutopiuri damdablebis<br />
ZiriTad samizned sakraluris parodireba iqca, ramac<br />
SesaZlebeli gaxada ZiriTadi antiutopiuri opoziciis _<br />
mowesrigebuli sazogadoeba/individualuri adamiani _<br />
Semdgomi transformireba Tvisebrivad axal opoziciaSi<br />
_ sakraluri/desakraluri. desakralizaciis motivi, cxadia,<br />
ucxo ar iyo mxatvruli literaturisaTvis (amas jer<br />
kidev babilonis godolis bibliuri siuJeti adasturebs),<br />
magram antiutopiurma Janrma, Cveni azriT, aRadgina da ganaviTara<br />
Sua saukuneebisa da aRorZinebis epoqis literaturaSi<br />
gamovlenili misi araerTgvarovani, ambivalenturi<br />
gaazreba. iZulebulni varT, gavemijnoT mixail baxtinis<br />
zemoT aRniSnul mosazrebas da miviCnioT, rom antiutopiur<br />
TxzulebebSi aqtiurad danergilma paradorebis<br />
stilisturma xerxma SeinarCuna Tavisi “amaRorZinebeli<br />
ambivalenturoba” da “axali drois pirobebSi” moaxdina<br />
ara mxolod ZiriTadi sulieri faseulobebis dakargvis<br />
tendenciis aqcentireba, aramed maTi reinkarnaciisaTvis<br />
saWiro niadagis mosinjva da momzadeba. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi,<br />
anu religiuri cnobierebis sruli regeneraciis<br />
epoqaSi, opoziciam sakraluri/desakraluri ukiduresi<br />
simwvave SeiZina da Tavi iCina iseT damdablebul motiveb-
90 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
Si, rogoricaa: religiis profanacia, saeklesio Tematikis<br />
parodireba da demiurguli funqciis ironizireba. parodiuli<br />
sicili, am SemTxvevaSi, gvevlineba im umniSvnelovanes<br />
safexurad, faseul karibWed, romelic gulisxmobs<br />
“imanentur gadasvlas, perturbacias garkveuli monobis<br />
mdgomareobidan garkveuli Tavisuflebis mdgomareobaSi”<br />
(averincevi 2001: 470). TavisuflebaSi gadasvla aRniSnavs<br />
ara yofnas TavisuflebaSi, aramed gaTavisuflebis process,<br />
romlis dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi Rirebuleba damokidebulia<br />
im movlenis dadebiT Tu uaryofiT Rirebulebaze,<br />
romlisganac Tavisufldeba adamiani. “Tavisufleba” antiutopiis<br />
gmirisaTvis gulisxmobs gaTavisuflebas, erTi<br />
mxriv, oficiozis, oficialuri reJimisa da kulturis<br />
Tavsmoxveuli niRbisgan, meore mxriv ki _ sakuTari adamianuri<br />
sisusteebis anu “me”-s Crdilovani mxareebisgan.<br />
CvenTvis saintereso teqstebSi _ “jayos xiznebi” da “mopatiJeba<br />
sikvdilze” _ narativis simZimis centri aris mTavari<br />
personaJebis ltolva fsevdokarnavaluri teqstidan<br />
gareT, faseuli alternativis, axali realobis, axali kosmosisaken.<br />
es procesi gulisxmobs ara oden TvalsaCino gansxvavebis<br />
aqcentirebas realur da warmosaxul samyaroebs<br />
Soris, aramed im logikuri da ontologiuri winaaRmdegobebis<br />
warmoCenas, romelic aucileblobasa da SesaZleblobas<br />
Soris arsebobs. alternatiuli samyaro mxolod ma-<br />
Sin iqceva SesaZleblobad, rodesac igi avtoris warmosaxvaSi<br />
yalibdeba da Tanamimdevrulad xorcieldeba rCeuli<br />
protagonistis transformaciuli suliskveTebis meSveobiT.<br />
transformaciis procesis arsebiT mxares warmoadgens<br />
Sualeduri, gardamavali, liminaluri faza, rogorc<br />
alternatiul samyaroebs Soris ganfenili tranzituli<br />
sivrce, arsebuli da warmosaxuli sistemebis wyalgamyofi,<br />
ambivalenturi ontologiuri landSafti, romelic<br />
unda daZlios personaJma. am TvalsazrisiT, warmosaxuli,<br />
anu gamonagoni samyaro aRiqmeba ara rogorc “ararsebuli<br />
obieqti”, aramed rogorc alternatiul ontologiur<br />
principebze dafuZnebuli “arsebiToba”, romelic tranzituli<br />
fazis miRma yalibdeba personaJis Tavisufal gonSi.<br />
tranzitulobis umTavres da ganmsazRvrel kategoriebs,<br />
cxadia, droisa da sivrcis specifikuri, sakraluri kategoriebi<br />
warmoadgens (dawvrilebiT ix. ratiani 2005).<br />
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ori gansxvavebuli<br />
literaturul-esTetikuri epoqis teqstebis analizi fsevdokarnavalur<br />
narativTan maTi mimarTebis WrilSi adasturebs<br />
Semdegs:
narkvevi 91<br />
1. fsevdokarnavaluri narativi, rogorc “ganuwyveteli<br />
mudmivoba” yalibdeba karnavalur “droebiTobasTan” winaaRmdegobaSi;<br />
2. karnavaluri narativis Canacvleba fsevdokarnavaluri<br />
narativiT teqstSi motivirebulia brutaluri realobis<br />
aqcentirebiTa da masTan personaJis mimarTebis mkve-<br />
Tri fiqsirebiT;<br />
3. realizmis meTodologiuri modelis farglebSi<br />
formirebuli nebismieri literaturuli teqsti, miuxedavad<br />
misi literaturul-esTetikuri Tu kulturuli<br />
kuTvnilebisa, gaxsnilia fsevdokarnavaluri narativis<br />
mimarT, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom fsevdokarnavaluri<br />
teqsti gvevlineba literaturaTaSorisi<br />
da kulturaTaSorisi dialogis formad;<br />
4. identuri literaturul-esTetikuri konteqstis doneze<br />
dialogi harmoniulia, gansxvavebuli literaturulesTetikuri<br />
konteqstis doneze _ winaaRmdegobrivi, vinaidan<br />
gansxvavebulia struqturul-kompoziciuri mimar-<br />
Teba fsevdokarnavalur teqstTan;<br />
5. Tu klasikuri realizmis epoqis umTavres amocanas<br />
warmoadgens fsevdokanavaluri absurdis, rogorc arajansaRi<br />
sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis zeobis gamoaSkaraveba,<br />
parodireba da gamaTraxeba, maRali modernizmis epoqaSi<br />
formirebuli esqatologiuri antiutopia ar kmayofildeba<br />
problemis mxolod egzibicirebiT, aramed aaqtiurebs<br />
parodirebis “amaRorZinebel ambivalenturobas” da<br />
“axali drois pirobebSi” axdens ara mxolod ZiriTadi sulieri<br />
faseulobebis dakargvis tendenciis aqcentirebas,<br />
aramed maTi reinkarnaciisaTvis saWiro niadagis momzadebasa<br />
da realizebas.<br />
gansxvavebuli struqturul-kompoziciuri poziciis<br />
arseboba fsevdokarnavaluri narativis mimarT miuTiTebs<br />
kulturuli konteqstebis ara konceptualur disharmoniaze,<br />
aramed _ meTodologiur gansxvavebebze. metic, iqneb<br />
gamomdinareobazec ki visaubroT? iqneb imotom kvdeba<br />
luarsabi, rom moxdes kulturuli ganaxleba da iSvas Teimurazi?<br />
iqneb es kulturuli memkvidreobiTobaa?<br />
vfiqrobT, klasikuri epoqis realizmisa da maRali modernizmis<br />
epoqis teqstebis komparativistuli analizis<br />
esTetikuri perspeqtiva SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc<br />
erTmaneTTan daaxloeba. analogiebi kontaqtis gareSe<br />
uzrunvelyofen konkretuli literaturuli teqstebis<br />
sinTezirebas specialur kulturul-SemoqmedebiT modelSi.<br />
Sesabamisad, komparativistikis meTodi warmoad-
92 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
gens literaturaturul-analitikuri azris globalur<br />
mimarTulebas, romlis saboloo mizani Semoqmedebis literaturuli<br />
safuZvlebis gamovlena da nacionaluri literaturebis<br />
msoflio literaturul procesebSi intensiuri<br />
integraciis dadasturebaa.<br />
damowmebuli literatura:<br />
averincevi 2001: Аверинцев С. С. Бахтин, смех, христианская культура,<br />
М. М. Бахтин: Pro et contra: Антология, т. 1, СПб., 2001.<br />
baxtini 1986: Бахтин М. М. Литературно-критические статьи. М.: 1986.<br />
lanini 1993: Ланин Б. Русская литературная антиутопия, М. :1993.<br />
ratiani 2005: ratiani i. qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi,<br />
Tb.: 2005.<br />
Pseudo-Carnival Narrative in a Novel –<br />
Form of an Intercultural Dialogue<br />
Irma Ratiani<br />
In 20th century, M. Bakhtin was the first scholar to raise the question of<br />
the coordinating function of carnival culture in a literary text. The aim of<br />
our research is to display that Bakhtin’s theory turned out to be a success not<br />
only on the level of medieval and Renaissance novel, but of novel in general,<br />
though it went through a number of structural and stylistic modifications.<br />
The characteristic traits of textual model of carnival were revealed with various<br />
conceptual and compositional functions in different aesthetic and literary<br />
epochs. From this viewpoint, it is worth to notice the 19th century realistic<br />
novel, filled with social pathos and the 20th century modernistic novel, entailing<br />
subjective visions. The conceptual and structural models of the above<br />
mentioned types of novel serve as a proof to their openness towards the<br />
carnival narrative, although in neither cases is carnival revealed in its classic<br />
sense, but is modified and is mostly overlapped by the pseudo-carnival narrative,<br />
textual forms of which are peculiar for it.<br />
The replacement of the carnival narrative with the pseudo-carnival one is<br />
motivated by the fixation of personage’s relationship towards it. This process,<br />
from the stylistic viewpoint, causes the formation of different models<br />
of social stereotypes for one particular context.The usage of comparative<br />
analysis, which is the research method of our paper, enables us the search for<br />
analogies and oppositions.
zrunvis arakis recefcia<br />
literaturasa da filosofiaSi<br />
nino fircxalava<br />
venaSi 1925 wels warmoTqmul sityvaSi Tomas mani Seecada<br />
pasuxi moeZebna misTvis ase aqtualur kiTxvaze, Tu ra<br />
iyo mizezi imisa, rom igi “Crdilogermaneli, protestanti”,<br />
romelsac “es Tvisebebi aranairad arc literaturul<br />
JReradobaSi, arc ufro siRrmiseul adamianur-zneobriv<br />
doneze ar uaruyvia”, Tavs “samxreTgermanul-kaTolikur<br />
venaSi gansakuTrebiT Sinaurulad grZnobs” 1 . germanuli<br />
qalaqebis “glexur-didsofluri” sijansaRis fonze mas es<br />
“mondenuri” bevrad “ufro Zveli da azizi” (ältere und mürbere)<br />
kulturis qalaqi sikvdilis Sesaxeb codnis matareblad<br />
warmoesaxeba 2 . swored aqaa venisadmi Tomas manis siRrmiseuli<br />
simpaTiis gamocanis gasaRebi: sikvdilis saidumlos<br />
matarebeli vena misTvis “zrunvis Svilia” (Sorgenkind des<br />
Lebens) 3 iseve, rogorc “jadosnuri mTis” axalgazrda gmiri<br />
hans kastorpi. saqme isaa, rom gamoTqma “cxovrebis zrunvis<br />
Svili” Tomas manma pirvelad swored “jadosnuri mTis” am<br />
axalgazrda personaJis mimarT gamoiyena. amavdroulad<br />
“zrunvis Svili” aris is magiuri sityva, romelic Semakav-<br />
Sirebel xidadaa gadebuli sxvadasxva epoqebs Soris.<br />
odesRac, mravali aTaswleulis win, arcTu maincdamainc<br />
cnobili, bejiTi da gamrje laTini mwerlisa da swavlulis,<br />
higinusis, mier moTxrobilma zrunvis arakma saukune-<br />
Ta manZilze friad uCveulo gza ganvlo. misi recefciis istoria<br />
germaniaSi herderis SemoqmedebiT iwyeba. herderis<br />
leqsi “zrunvis Svili” (“Das Kind der Sorge”) am arakis poetur<br />
samoselSi gamowyobis mcdelobaa. aq moTxrobilia ambavi<br />
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gamoZerwa RvTaeba “zrunvam” miwis-<br />
1.<br />
Mann Th., Aufsätze, Reden, Essays. Berlin und Weimar, 1986, Bd.3; S. 650.<br />
2.<br />
Ebda, S.651.<br />
3.<br />
ebda.<br />
93
94 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
gan arseba, romelsac, misive TxovniT, iupiterma suli STabera.<br />
magram zrunvasa da iupiters kamaTi mouvidaT, radgan<br />
TiToeuli maTgani qmnilebisaTvis sakuTari saxelis darqmevas<br />
iTxovda. amasobaSi maT SeurTda niadagic, romelmac<br />
aseve ganacxada Tavisi uflebebis Sesaxeb, man xom qmnilebas<br />
sakuTari sxeulis nawili misca. mxolod saturnis Carevam<br />
daacxro mokamaTeTa vnebani. misi gadawyvetilebiT, iupiters,<br />
rogorc sulis STamberavs, qmnilebis sikvdilis Semdeg<br />
am ukanasknelis suli ergo, miwas sxeuli, xolo mTeli<br />
sicocxlis manZilze misi flobis ufleba ki mis Semqmnels,<br />
“zrunvas”, xvda wilad. saxelad ki qmnilebas “homo” ewoda,<br />
radganac humusis (miwisgan) iyo gamoZerwili.<br />
aseTia daaxloebiT Sinaarsi im arakisa, romelic herderma<br />
mSvenier poetur nawarmoebad aqcia. miseuli zrunva<br />
“Cafiqrebuli RvTaebaa” 4 , romelic misi qmnilebis, adamianis,<br />
mflobelia imdenad, ramdenadac misi dedaa. maTi kav-<br />
Siri dedaSviluri urTierTsiaxlovis tolfasia, romlis<br />
gawyvetac mxolod sikvdils SeuZlia: “Dir, seiner Mutter, o Sorge,<br />
/ Wird es im Leben geschenkt . / Du wirst, so lang es nur athmt / Es nie<br />
verlassen, dein Kind” 5 (am striqonebis bwkaredi ki ase JRers: Sen,<br />
dedamiso, o, zrunvav, igi sicocxleSi geZleva saCuqrad da,<br />
sanam mas suli udgas, Sen ar miatoveb Sens Svils). herderis<br />
am leqsma STaagona goeTe, zrunvis araki (Cura-Fabel) Tavisi<br />
“faustis” meore nawilisaTvis gadaemuSavebina. zrunvis<br />
mxatvruli saxe goeTesTan sruliad gasakuTrebul ganumeorebel<br />
mniSvnelobas iZens rogorc nawarmoebis dramatuli<br />
ganviTarebis, ise, sazogadod, tragediis mTeli<br />
koncefciisaTvis. piesis meore nawilis V aqtSi faustis sasaxlesTan<br />
Cndeba “oTxi WaRara dedakaci”. esenia zrunva da<br />
misi sami da – nakleboba, vali da siduxWire. am oTxTagan<br />
mxolod zrunva axerxebs sasaxleSi SeRwevas da sikvdilis<br />
karTan myof Rrmad moxucebul fausts, romelsac misi Zalauflebis<br />
aRiareba ar surs, Tvalis sinaTles waarTmevs 6 ,<br />
raTa es rCeuli “brma mokvdavT” gauTanabros.<br />
marTalia, zrunvis arakis gadamuSavebis idea goeTes herderiseulma<br />
leqsma STaagona, magram ufro yuradRebiT dakvirvebisas<br />
naTeli gaxdeba, rom goeTeseuli varianti ara<br />
marto Tavisebur gadamuSavebas da interpretacias, aramed<br />
am arakis erTgvar azrobriv gagrZelebasac ki ganasaxierebs.<br />
herderTan zrunva Tavisi pirmSos dabadebis momentSia<br />
4.<br />
Herder J.G., Gedichte, Herders Werke, Leipzig-Wien, o.J., S.42.<br />
5.<br />
ebda, S.43.<br />
6.<br />
Goethe J.W., Faust. Berlin und Weimar, 1983, S. 407.
narkvevi 95<br />
warmodgenili, roca mas saturnma dedobis anu ganuyofeli<br />
flobis ufleba mianiWa misi qmnilebis mTeli miwieri sicocxlis<br />
vadiT. goeTesTan ki zrunva “Cafiqrebuli RvTaeba”,<br />
mzrunveli deda ki ara, aramed sicocxlis dasasruls<br />
miaxloebuli gaurCebuli arsebisaTvis sikvdilis win Tavisi<br />
SeuzRudavi uflebebisa da Zlevamosilebis Sesaxseneblad<br />
misuli gaafTrebuli dedaberia. amitomac, fausti<br />
ubralod zrunvis Svili (das Kind der Sorge) ki ara, aramed<br />
zrunvisTvis sazrunavis gamCeni Svilia, rac ase zustad<br />
SeniSna Tomas manma, roca man goeTeseul gmirs “RvTaebis<br />
zrunvis Svili” (Sorgenkind der Gottheit) 7 uwoda. patara eSmakuri<br />
xriki, virtuozuli enobrivi ileTi da saxezea meTvramete<br />
saukunis ori germaneli mwerlis – herderisa da goeTes<br />
– Zireuli paTosis siRrmiseuli wvdomis saocari nimuSi.<br />
amrigad fausti ubralod “zrunvis Svili” ki ara, aramed<br />
RvTaeba “zrunvisTvis” sazrunavis gamCeni Svilia.<br />
higinusis arakis herderisa da goeTeseuli literaturuli<br />
interpretaciebi gaxda 1923 wels cnobili germanistis,<br />
konrad burdaxis, statiis _ “fausti da zrunva”@_<br />
kvlevis sagani, rac udaod mniSvnelovani Teoriuli sayrdeni<br />
aRmoCnda haidegeriseuli munyofierebis, rogorc<br />
eqsistencialur-ontologiuri interpretaciisaTvis,<br />
romelic 1927 wels gamoqveynebul mis umTavres naSromSi<br />
_ “yofna da dro” _ erT-erT centralur problemad gvevlineba.<br />
burdaxis statiisa (1923) da haidegeris <strong>wignis</strong> (1927)<br />
gamocemis wlebis sagangebod xazgasma imdenadaa aucilebeli,<br />
raTa gamoikveTos am drois SualedSi kidev erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani TariRi, kerZod ki, _ 1924 weli, rodesac<br />
gamoqveynda Tomas manis “jadosnuri mTa”. swored am germanulenovani<br />
Sedevris mTavari gmiri, erTi hamburgeli<br />
ymawvili, hans kastorpi, ubralod “zrunvis Svili” ki ara,<br />
aramed, pirvel yovlisa, cxovrebisaTvis sazrunavis gamCeni<br />
Svilia (Sorgenkind des Lebens). Tomas manTan enobrivi<br />
formebis gasaocari ostatobiT gaTamaSebis gziT viRebT<br />
Sedegad imas, rom herderiseul nominaciaze (Das Kind der<br />
Sorge) dayrdnobiT, am saxeldebis erTi SexedviT irelevanturi,<br />
wvrilmani saxecvlilebis wyalobiT, raRac uxilavi<br />
magiuri xerxiT, hans kastorpis, ubralo ymawvili kacis<br />
mxatvruli saxe faustis kosmosur figurasTan gaTanasworebuli<br />
aRmoCndeba, ris safuZvelzec rogorc fausti, ise<br />
7.<br />
Mann Th., Adel des Geistes, Gesammelte Werke; Berlin, 1956, Bd.10, S.595.
96 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
hans kastorpi “sazrunavis gamCen Svilebad” (Sorgenkinder)<br />
gvevlinebian. msgavsi siRrmiseul-substanciuri cvlileba<br />
ki mxolod zrunvis fenomenis farul SreebSi wvdomisa da<br />
arsobrivi gaazrebis wyalobiT miiRweva. zrunvis rogorc<br />
munyofierebis yofnis warmoCena ki erTgvari ontologiuri<br />
safuZvlis Seqmnas niSnavs im yofierisTvis, romelsac<br />
adamiani ewodeba 8 .<br />
zrunvis araki, romelic mogvianebiT amdeni mwerlis literaturuli<br />
qmnilebis STagonebis wyarod iqca, rogorc<br />
ontologiamdeli mowmoba haidegerisTvis gansakuTrebul<br />
mniSvnelobas imitom iZens, rom masSi “zrunva”ä mxolod<br />
im fenomenad ki ar ganixileba, romelic adamianur munyofierebas<br />
“sicocxlis vadiT” (zeitlebens) gankargavs, aramed<br />
“zrunvis” es upiratesoba aq wina planze wamoweulia adamianuri<br />
arsebis cnobil gagebasTan kavSirSi, romlis Tanaxmadac,<br />
adamiani “sxeulis (miwa) da sulis kompozitums” 9<br />
warmoadgens. adamianis rogorc yofieris yofnis pirvelsawyisi<br />
(Ursprung) swored zrunvaSia, xolo es zrunva<br />
flobs da marTavs yofiers manam sanam is “sayaroSia”. saqme<br />
isaa, rom haidegeriseuli gagebiT “samyaro-Si-yofnas”<br />
mudam “zrunvis” beWedi azis 10 . adamianad (homo) wodebuli<br />
qmnilebis pirveladi yofna ki, saturnis gadawyvetilebis<br />
Tanaxmad, “droSia” saZiebeli.@ amrigad, arakSi gamokveTil<br />
adamianis arsis ontologiamdel gansazRvrulobas imTaviTve<br />
yofierebis imgvar formaze aqvs mzera dafiqsirebuli,<br />
romelic samyaroSi adamianis droiT yofaqcevas (zeitlicher<br />
Wandel) gamsWvalavs 11 , vinaidan, rogorc iTqva, yofieris<br />
pirvelsawyisi yofna mxolod droSi avlens Tavs.<br />
goeTes faustis “RvTaebisaTvis sazrunavis gamCen Svilad”<br />
(Sorgenkind der Gottheit) Tomas maniseul interpretacia-<br />
Si aSkarad konrad burdaxis statiis _ “fausti da zrunva”<br />
_ suliskveTebis gavlenis kvali ikiTxeba, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom mwerali praqtikulad arsad ar moixseniebs im Teoriuli<br />
wyaros avtors, romelmac savaraudod masze mniSvnelovani<br />
zegavlena iqonia da miseul koncefcias erTgvari<br />
biZgic ki misca. Tomas manisagan gansxvavebiT, martin haidegeri<br />
Tavis umTavres naSromSi “yofna da dro” araerTgzis<br />
imowmebs burdaxiseul naSroms 12 . haidegerisaTvis “zrun-<br />
8.<br />
Heidegger M., Sein und Zeit. Tübingen, 1986; S.196.<br />
9.<br />
ebda, S.198.<br />
10.<br />
ebda.<br />
11.<br />
ebda, S.199.<br />
12.<br />
vgl. ebda, S.197, 199.
narkvevi 97<br />
vis” yvelaze did damsaxurebas, upirveles “miRwevas” (Leistung)<br />
warmoadgens adamianis srulyofa laTinuri perfectio-s<br />
gagebiT anu “misi qmnadoba imad, rac is misi usakuTrivesi SesaZleblobisaTvis<br />
(moxazvisaTvis _ Entwurf) Tavisuflad<br />
yofnaSi SeiZleba iyos”. adamiani, yofieri ki sazrunavian<br />
samyaroSia (besorgte Welt) Cagdebuli (Geworfenheit) 13 . swored<br />
haidegeris amgvari mosazrebebisaTvis warmoadgens burdaxis<br />
xsenebuli statia myar dasayrdens da es, pirvel rig-<br />
Si, vlindeba zrunvis (cura) cnebis “orgvari mniSvnelobis”<br />
(Doppelsinn) gansakuTrebiT gamokveTasa da masze aqcentis<br />
gamaxvilebisas, ris safuZvelzec es cneba ara mxolod “SiSnarev<br />
mowadinebas” (ängstliche Bemühung), aramed “rudunebas”<br />
(Sorgfalt) da “Tavgadadebasac” (Hingabe) niSnavs 14 . haidegeri<br />
axsenebs burdaxis mxolod or cnebas, “ruduneba” da “Tavgadadeba”,<br />
romlebic zrunvis fenomens adamianis arsSi sike-<br />
Tis wyarod gansazRvraven. magram aq aklia burdaxiseuli<br />
mesame umniSvnelovanesi cneba, romelic uTod gadamwyveti<br />
Seiqna haidegeris <strong>wignis</strong> _ “yofna da dro” _ filosofiuri<br />
koncefciisaTvis da haidegeriseul cnebaTa samyaroSi<br />
myari adgili daimkvidra. saubaria “mzrunvelobis” (Fürsorge)<br />
cnebaze rogorc miwieri adamianis zeamtyorcnel, xel-<br />
Semwyob da damawinaurebel, adamianis sikeTis srulmqmnel<br />
Zalaze perfectio-s gagebiT.<br />
burdaxisTvis zrunva “faustSi” ubralod “mizanswrafuli<br />
mowadineba” ki ara, aramed ufro metia: “raRac ufro<br />
keTilSobili, ufro amaRlebuli. is mzrunvelobaa” 15 . XX<br />
saukunis pirveli naxevris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
germanistis swored am mosazrebebSia martin haidegeris<br />
im debulebasTan damakavSirebeli Zafebi saZiebeli, rom<br />
“zrunvis” (cura) “ormagi mniSvneloba” gulisxmobs “Cagdebuli<br />
ganaxazis (des geworfenen Entwurfs) safuZvelmdebare<br />
konstitucias mis arsebiTad ormag struqturaSi” 16 .<br />
“zrunvis” ganmsazRvrel burdaxisa da haidegeriseul<br />
cnebaTa kombinirebis mcdelobas mivyavarT im daskvnamde,<br />
rom zrunvis azri da daniSnuleba mdgomareobs xelSewyobaSi<br />
sulis srulyofilebis misaRwevad. zrunvis amgvari<br />
daxasiaTebis gziT jer mxolod fenomenaluri horizontia<br />
moxazuli misi egzistencialuri struqturis analizisT-<br />
13.<br />
ebda. S.199.<br />
14.<br />
ebda.<br />
15.<br />
Burdach K., Faust und die Sorge, Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und<br />
Geistesgeschichte. Halle (Saale) 1 Jahrg., 1923 I.Bd. S. 50.<br />
16.<br />
Heidegger M., Sein und Zeit, a.a.O., S. 199.
98 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
vis. oRond yofieris anu adamianis Sesatyvisi ontologiuri<br />
safuZvlebis dasamkvidreblad munyofierebis rogorc<br />
zrunvis mxolod egzistencialur- ontologiuri interpretacia<br />
arasgziT araa sakmarisi. zrunvis fenomeni damatebiT<br />
saWiroebs kidev erT savaldebulo cnebas; cxadia, aq<br />
saqme exeba sindisis cnebas (Gewissen), radganac haidegerTan<br />
sindisi “zrunvis Zaxiladaa” (Ruf der Sorge) daxasiaTebuli 17 .<br />
haidegeriseuli gagebiT zrunvisa da sindisis absoluturi<br />
urTierTdakavSirebulobis amgvar fenomenalur mocemulobas<br />
Tavis mxriv kvlav goeTes ideebisa da mxatvruli<br />
saxeebis samyarosaken mivyavarT. burdaxis statia am<br />
SemTxvevaSic erTgvar Suamavlad da biZgis mimcemad gvevlineba.<br />
burdaxi ganixilavs “faustis” bolo moqmedebaSi<br />
warmodgenili oTxi dedabris mxatvrul saxeTa simbolur<br />
mniSvnelobas. “naklebobisa” da “siduxWiris” _ cxovrebis<br />
am boroti Zalebis arsis garkveva mas problematurad ar<br />
miaCnia. isini faustis winaSe ukan ixeven, radgan masze, bunebrivia,<br />
maTi Zalaufleba ar vrceldeba. burdaxisTvis<br />
saeWvo rCeba “valis” (Schuld) funqcia. igi miuTiTebs “valis”<br />
fenomenis interpretaciis gaorebul SesaZleblobaze.<br />
es, erTi mxriv, warmoadgens zneobriv vals, meore mxriv<br />
ki, materialur vals, ufro zustad ki “valebs” (Schulden) 18 .<br />
cota mogvianebiT burdaxi svams sakiTxs goeTesTan sindisisa<br />
da zrunvis naTesaobis gacnobierebulobis Sesaxeb. mas<br />
mohyavs goeTes sityvebi imis Sesaxeb, rom sindisi “zrunvis<br />
Zalze axlo naTesavia”. “zrunva” goeTesTvis ara mxolod<br />
sindisTan, aramed sinanulTanacaa (Reue) danaTesavebuli.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT burdaxis xsenebul statiaSi kidev<br />
erTi uaRresad mniSvnelovani citatis povna SeiZleba: “namoqmedari<br />
(Tat) sinanulTan, qmedeba (Handeln) ki erTTavad<br />
zrunvasTanaa dakavSirebuli” 19 .<br />
vali, sindisi, sinanuli, zrunva _ zneobriv Rirebuleba-<br />
Ta sistemis, zneobis metafizikis es fenomenebi goeTes poetur<br />
miTologiaSi demonur ZalTa samoselSi gamowyobil<br />
Ramis moCvenebaTa, “Ramis sevdian frinvelTa” saxiT Cndebian<br />
da aRviveben meoce saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze didi filosofosis,<br />
martin haidegeris, SemoqmedebiT warmosaxvas.<br />
filosofiis istoriis tradiciis TvalsazrisiT, am<br />
ori saxelis – goeTesa da haidegeris – erTmaneTTan dakavSireba<br />
sakmaod uCveulo da SeiZleba saeWvodac ki gamoi-<br />
17.<br />
ebda, S. 274.<br />
18.<br />
Burdach K., Faust und die Sorge, a.a.O., S. 26.<br />
19.<br />
vgl. ebda, S. 28.
narkvevi 99<br />
yurebodes, vinaidan haidegeri, romelic ase siRrmiseulad<br />
fiqrobda moazrovnisa da poetis rogorc enis, am “yofierebis<br />
saxlis”, mcvelis arsze, holderlinSi da ara goeTe-<br />
Si xedavda Tavis did winamorbedsa da misTvis misabaZ nimuSs.<br />
swored holderlini da ara goeTe miaCnda mas wminda<br />
idumalebiT mosili poetobisa da moazrovneobis umaRles<br />
gamovlinebad. misTvis holderliniseuli “usamSobloba”<br />
(Heimatlosigkeit) “yofierebis miviwyebulobis” (Seinsvergessenheit)<br />
gagebiT bevrad ufro “dasabamiseuli” (anfänglicher)<br />
da amdenad bevrad ufro “momavliseulicaa” (zukünftiger) 20 ,<br />
vidre goeTes msoflio moqalaqeobis, veltbiurgerobis<br />
paTosi, rac humanizmis swored miseul idealTanaa uSualod<br />
dakavSirebuli. “humanizmi” ki, sxva “izmebTan” erTad,<br />
haidegerisaTvis im avbediT cnebaTa sferos ganekuTvneba,<br />
romlebic dasabamobriv-pirvelsawyisiseuli (anfänglichursprünglich)<br />
azrovnebis aRsasruls moaswaveben 21 .<br />
es orive saxeli _ goeTe da holderlini _ haidegerisaTvis<br />
Seurigebel opozicias warmoadgens da am or<br />
samyaros Soris gadaulaxavi ufskrulia gadaWimuli. Sesabamisad,<br />
aseve usazRvroa gansxvaveba am ori urTierTsapirispiro<br />
sulieri samyaros “aRzrdils”, Tomas mansa<br />
da martin haidegers, Sorisac. holderlinis sulieri<br />
Camomavalis, haidegerisaTvis, goeTes ideaTa samyaros<br />
mimarT dapirispirebuloba sruliad gacnobierebuli da<br />
intencionaluria; TumcaRa, amis miuxedavad, aqa-iq mainc<br />
vawydebiT goeTeseuli poeturi metaforikis gavlenis<br />
kvals haidegeris metafizikur metaforikaze. amgvarad<br />
aRmoCndeba haidegeris SemoqmedebaSi goeTeseuli poetur<br />
saxeTa samyaro da mxatvruli sityva filosofiur<br />
cnebebad gardaqmnili. zrunvisa da sindisis goeTes mier<br />
odesRac Secnobili da aRiarebuli naTesaoba iqca haidegerisTvis<br />
gadamwyvet debulebad, radgan “sindisi zrunvis<br />
Zaxilad” moiazreba.<br />
burdaxis mier materialur da zneobriv vals Soris gamokveTili<br />
diferencireba haidegeris naSromSi, “yofna da<br />
dro”, “braleulobis” (Schuldigsein) dasabamobriv-egzistencialuri<br />
azris kriteriumis Ziebisas erTi mxriv, “vulgaruli<br />
braleulobis fenomenis”, xolo meore mxriv ki, “egzistencialuris”<br />
saxels iZens 22 . igive SeiZleba iTqvas sindisis<br />
“vulgaruli” da “egzistencialuri” interpretaciis<br />
20.<br />
Heidegger M., Wegmarken; Fr./M., 1967; S. 170.<br />
21.<br />
ebda, S. 147.<br />
22.<br />
Heidegger M., Sein und Zeit, a.a.O., S. 283.
100 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
urTierTgamijvnis SemTxvevaSic 23 . vinaidan “munyofiereba<br />
Tavisi yofnis safuZvelSi braleulia”, amitomac “yofiers,<br />
romlis yofna zrunvaa, mxolod faqtobrivi braleuloba<br />
ki ar SeuZlia itvirTos, aramed is Tavisi yofnis safuZvel-<br />
Sive braleulia” 24 , xolo sindisi SesaZlebelia, Tuki gagonili<br />
iqneba braleulad yofnis Zaxili. es Zaxili ki<br />
“zrunvis Zaxilia. braleulad yofna axdens im yofnis konstituirebas,<br />
rasac Cven zrunvas vuwodebT” 25 . zrunvasTan ki<br />
adamianis srulqmnis, perfeqciis ideaa uSualod dakavSirebuli.<br />
higinusiseuli zrunvis araki (Cura-Fabel) rogorc<br />
ontologiamdeli mowmoba haidegerisTvis swored imitom<br />
iZens gansakuTrebul datvirTvas, radgan is “zrunvas” ara<br />
mxolod adamianuri munyofierebis “sicocxlis vadiT” mflobelobis<br />
kuTxiT ganixilavs, aramed radgan aq “zrunvis”<br />
upiratesoba aqcentirebulia adamianuri arsebis cnobil<br />
gagebasTan ganuyofel kavSirSi, romlis Tanaxmadac,<br />
adamiani sxeulis (miwa) da sulis naerTs warmoadgens. antikuri<br />
metafizikidan da moralis filosofiidan gadmoyolil<br />
da ZvelaRTqmiseul Teistur anTropogoniasTan<br />
Sejvarebul ideebze dafuZnebuli haidegeriseuli msjelobis<br />
wesi aSkara siaxloves avlens burdaxis zemoxsenebuli<br />
statiis debulebebsa da xedvasTan. burdaxis Tanaxmad<br />
swored “adamianis bedisweris am antikuri, naxevrad<br />
warmarTuli, naxevrad qristianuli gaazrebis” erTgvari<br />
“sapirwone da amavdroulad ganmamtkicebeli” dokumentis<br />
“SemoTavazeba surda goeTes Tavis faustSi” 26 .<br />
zrunva goeTesTanac mokvdavi adamianis srulqmnis gansaxierebad<br />
gvevlineba, radgan Tavis absolutur srulyofilebas<br />
fausti zrunvasTan Widilis gziT aRwevs, romelic<br />
mas abrmavebs. saqme isaa, rom faustis srulqmnadobis<br />
gza mxolod wyvdiadTan brZolasa da WeSmariti Sinagani<br />
Suqis mopovebaSi mdgomareobs. marTalia, gaafTrebulma<br />
zrunvam mas Tvalis sinaTle waarTva da ukun RameSi moaqcia,<br />
samagierod, faustma igrZno moZalebuli Sinagani Suqis<br />
elvareba da kaSkaSi: “Die Nacht scheint tiefer tief hereinzudringen,<br />
/ Allein im Innern leuchtet helles Licht” 27 (Rame sul ufro Rrmad da<br />
Rrmad SemoiWreba, mxolod SigniT anaTebs kaSkaSa Suqi).<br />
swored “WeSmariti Suqis” TiTqmis platoniseuli ganc-<br />
23.<br />
vgl. ebda, S. 289 ff.<br />
24.<br />
Heidegger M., Sein und Zeit, a.a.O., S. 286.<br />
25.<br />
ebda.<br />
26.<br />
Burdach K., Faust und die Sorge, a.a.O., S. 44.<br />
27.<br />
Goethe J.W., Faust, Berlin und Weimar, 1983, S. 407.
narkvevi 101<br />
da akavSirebs Tomas manis hans kastorps, am “Suqis mZebnel<br />
Wabuks”, faustis kosmosuri masStabis figurasTan, radgan<br />
maT orives sulieri dabrmavebulobis wyvdiadisagan gaTavisuflebisaken<br />
ltolva aerTianebs. saqme isaa, rom platoniseuli<br />
gagebiT “WeSmariti Suqis” xilva SesaZlebels<br />
xdis “yofierTan” da “sikeTis ideasTan” miaxloebas 28 . WeSmariti<br />
Sinagani Suqis arsis Zieba, rogorc srulqmnis gza,<br />
iqca im kardinalur problemad, romelmac centraluri<br />
adgili daikava mTel evropul saazrovno sivrceSi.<br />
swored srulyofilebisaken swrafvis paTosis wyalobiT<br />
mogvevlinebian WeSmariti Sinagani Suqis maZiebeli<br />
fausti da hans kastorpi “zrunvis Svilebad” an am RvTaebis,<br />
am demonuri fenomenisTvis Tavsatexis, “sazrunavis gamCen<br />
Svilebad”. amis mizezi ki, rogorc araerTgzis aRiniSna,<br />
TviT zrunvis arsis srulmqmnel, srulmyofel bunebaSia<br />
saZiebeli. udavod es garemoeba aqcevs mas dasavluri kulturis<br />
ganuyofel egzistencialur atributad. masTanaa,<br />
kerZod, platoniseuli WeSmariti Suqis Ziebis idea dakavSirebuli,<br />
romelsac Tavis mxriv, παιδεία-s ZvelberZnuli<br />
aRzrdis ideali udevs safuZvlad. zustad amitom mogvevlineba<br />
Tanamedrove germanulenovani aRzrdis romanis<br />
(Bildungsroman) Suqis maZiebeli gmiri, hans kastorpi, “cxovrebis<br />
zrunvis Svilad”. naSromis dasawyisSi ukve aRvniSneT,<br />
rom es gamoTqma _ Sorgenkind des Lebens _ Tomas manma Tavis<br />
droze venasTan mimarTebiT gamoiyena swored am qalaqSi<br />
warmoTqmul sityvaSi. oRond niSandoblivia, rom am<br />
moxsenebaSi kidev erTi, mesame “cxovrebis zrunvis Svili”<br />
Cndeba da esaa “Cveni Zveli, keTilSobili, magram dRes metad<br />
daSavebuli da dacemuli samyaros nawili _ evropa” 29 .<br />
amrigad, Seikra wre da hans kastorpis, am samyaros erTgvari<br />
anTropomorfuli centris aslad da xatad evropac<br />
cxovrebisTvis sazrunavis gamCen Svilad iqceva; evropa,<br />
pol valeris TqmiT, “saukuneTa manZilze nebismieri klasifikaciis<br />
saTaveSia moqceuli” 30 . misi mdgomareoba XX saukunis<br />
dasawyisSi or Zireul kiTxvas badebda: “gaxdeba Tu ara<br />
evropa sinamdvileSi is, rasac igi warmoadgens anu aziis<br />
kontinentis patara koncxi ? Tu evropa darCeba imad, radac<br />
igi Cans anu Zvirfasi nawili dedamiwis zurgze, sferos margaliti,<br />
uzarmazari sxeulis tvini” 31 . pol valeris am or<br />
28.<br />
Sdr. platoni, saxelmwifo, Tb., 2003, wigni meSvide, gv. 252-286.<br />
29.<br />
Mann Th., Aufsätze, Reden, Essays. Berlin und Weimar, 1986, Bd.3; S. 653.<br />
30.<br />
Valéry P., La crise de l’esprit, Œuvres ; Paris, 1957, p. 996.<br />
31.<br />
ibid, p.995.
102 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
kiTxvas haidegerma mesame daumata: “unda iqces Tu ara evropa,<br />
rogorc amgvari koncxi da tvini pirvel rigSi saRamos<br />
qveynad, romlis wiaRSic msoflio bedisweris sxva dila<br />
moimzadebs Tavis dasabams?” 32 . es kiTxvebi awuxebs im evropuli<br />
tipis inteleqtuals, romelsac pol valeri “evropel<br />
hamlets” an sxvagvarad “inteleqtual hamlets” 33 uwodebs.<br />
ai, kidev erTi “cxovrebisaTvis zrunvis gamCeni Svili” anu<br />
sxva enaze esoden Znelad gadasaTargmni Sorgenkind des Lebens.<br />
saqme isaa, rom Tomas maniseuli gamoTqma Sorgenkind des<br />
Lebens, rogorc ukve met-naklebad garkveviT iqna naCvenebi,<br />
uzarmazar winamorbed Sinaarssa da istorias Seicavs da am<br />
mravalsaukunovan kavSirs problemis TiTqmis uxilav ars-<br />
Tan nawilobriv moxerxebuli miniSnebis gziT Segnebulad<br />
kidec amJRavnebs, magram, amavdroulad, metad ostaturad<br />
kidec Cqmalavs. mwerlis es gamoTqma virtuozuli enobrivi<br />
TamaSisa da sityvaTwyobis marjve gadajgufebis gziT, am<br />
erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo da naklebad TvalSi sacemi sityvieri<br />
safarvelis qveS aqcevs uzarmazar miTo-poetur siRrmiseul<br />
Sres. Tanac es Sre mravalfenovania da Tavis wiaRSi<br />
laTini mwerlis higinusis zrunvis arakidan moyolebuli<br />
am igavis gadamuSavebis herderisa da goeTeseul variantebs<br />
moiqvevs, romlebic sityvis saburvelis meSveobiT Tomas<br />
manTan, erTi mxriv, dafarulia, magram, meore mxriv, sityvieri<br />
garsi mainc metad gamWvirvale rCeba da mravalfenovan<br />
SreebSi ufro Rrmad Caxedvis SesaZleblobas iZleva. aq<br />
kodificirebuli metaforikis gamSifrav-ukudamSifravi<br />
meqanizmis principi moqmedebs. kavSiri miTosTan kidev<br />
ufro uxilavi da amoucnobi xdeba “jadosnuri mTis” sxvadasxva<br />
enebze Targmanisas. Sorgenkind des Lebens rusul teqst-<br />
Si ikiTxeba rogorc “трудное дитя жизни”, xolo dali fanjiki-<br />
Zis TavisTavad mSvenier qarTul TargmanSi rogorc “Zneli<br />
aRsazrdeli bavSvi”. aq yoveli sxva enisTvis garkveuli SesaZleblobebis<br />
zRvaria dasmuli. cocxali miTosis matarebeli<br />
sityva meore enaSi ukve mkvdradSobili ibadeba. ase<br />
ikargeba zrunvis araki zemoTmoxmobil qarTul-rusul variantebSi.<br />
miTosur fonTan uwyveti jaWvebiT dakavSirebuli<br />
es yovlismomcveli simbolikis matarebeli moxdenili<br />
sityva-kompoziti Sorgenkind, sxva enaze Targmanisas moiTxovs<br />
uxvsityvier ganmartebasa da perifrazirebas. amasobaSi<br />
ki sadRac Tvalsa da xels Sua qreba, ikargeba, uCinardeba is<br />
ZiriTadi miTosuri arsi, umTavresi tvirTi, romlis mata-<br />
32.<br />
Heidegger M., Erläuterungen zu Hölderlins Dichtung. Fr./M., 1980, S. 177.<br />
33.<br />
Valéry P., La crise de l’esprit, p. 933.
narkvevi 103<br />
reblad es kompoziti gvevlineba da romlis pirvelsamSoblo<br />
goeTes “faustSia” saZiebeli.<br />
ukve araerTxel aRiniSna, rom zrunvis fenomeni rogorc<br />
goeTes, ise Tomas manis poeturi kosmologiis ganuyofel<br />
Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens. zrunva rogorc<br />
mxatvruli personaJi “faustSi” sakvanZo figurad iqceva.<br />
iTqva ukve isic, rom am mxatvruli saxis gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvnelobis jerovnad bolomde gaazrebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
nawarmoebis mTeli problematika sruliad axali kuTxiT<br />
gaixsneba. herderisa da goeTesagan nasesxebi zrunvis motivi<br />
Tomas manTan genialuri yovlismomcveli esoden Znelad<br />
gadasaTargmni sityvaTSemoqmedebis wyalobiT, enas<br />
sruliad auxsneli, idumali gziT mistikur-sabediswero<br />
xdomilebad aqcevs, vinaidan es sityvieri warmonaqmni Sorgenkind<br />
des Lebens sxvadasxva epoqebisa da kulturul samyaroTa<br />
urTierTSexvedris niadagad mogvevlineba.<br />
amrigad, Tavis wiaRSi zrunvis arakis Canasaxis matarebeli<br />
herder-goeTeseuli sityvieri xati XX saukuneSi<br />
ara mxolod literaturuli nayofis anu Tomas maniseuli<br />
axleburi mxatvrul-sityvieri warmonaqmnis pirvelmizezi<br />
gaxda, aramed is, amavdroulad, XX saukunis erTerTi<br />
udidesi filosofosis, martin haidegerisTvisac<br />
impulsis mimcemi gamodga. mis umTavres naSromSi, “yofna<br />
da dro”, Cven am sityvis cnebadqmnadobis mowmeni vxdebiT.<br />
poetur-miTologiuri xatebis samyarodan aRebuli sityva<br />
haidegeriseuli filosofiuri moZRvrebis erT-erT centralur<br />
cnebad iqca. yvela literaturuli nawarmoebi,<br />
romelic zrunvis araks Seexeba, higinusidan moyolebuli<br />
vidre herder-goeTeseul mxatvrul versiebamde, haidegeris<br />
safuZvelmdebare filosofiuri debulebebisTvis<br />
sruliad Tavisebur ganumeorebel paradigmad gvevlineba.<br />
zrunvis arakis recefciis istoria filosofiuri<br />
poeziis an poeturi filosofiis gaTvalsaCinoebis gamorCeul<br />
nimuSs warmoadgens im poet-filosofosTaTvis,<br />
romelTa SemoqmedebaSic ukiduresad Znelia mkveTri gammijnavi<br />
xazis gatareba maTi mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi<br />
warmosaxvis Zalasa da gonebaWvretiT-SemoqmedebiTi wvdomis<br />
siRrmes Soris. esaa transcendentaluri poeziis<br />
triumfis is iSviaTi SemTxveva, roca Zalze rTulia im<br />
idumali wamis dafiqsireba, romlis gaelvebaSic dasruldeba<br />
poeziis filosofia da iwyeba filosofiis poezia. am<br />
mTxzvel moazrovneTa poetur-filosofiur kosmogoniaSi<br />
mTeli sulieri energiis Zalisxmeva mxolod yofnis WeSmaritebis<br />
wvdomis, Secnobisken ki ar aris mimarTuli, ara-
104 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
med maTi miznisaken swrafva gacilebiT mets gulisxmobs:<br />
aq saqme exeba am WeSmaritebis Tqmasa da Txzvas mxatvrul-<br />
SemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiT srulyofili, uCveulod<br />
axleburi, enobriv TamaSebSi garTuli eniT.<br />
aq Slaiermaxeris sityvebi rom moviSvelioT, “azrovnebis<br />
xelovneba” da “saubris xelovneba” idealur harmonias<br />
qmnian, vinaidan “saubari mxolod qmnil azrs warmoadgens”<br />
(“die Rede nur der gewordene Gedanke ist”) 34 . aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
azrovneba ukve mxolod wminda filosofiur saqmed ki aRar<br />
warmoCndeba, aramed xelovnebis sferoSi gadadis.<br />
amgvarad, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom herderisa<br />
da goeTesgan nasesxebi “zrunvis” simbolika Tomas manis<br />
“jadosnur mTaSi” sintagmatur doneze romanis enobriv<br />
qargaSi ostaturad Caqsovil, damoukideblad moqmed,<br />
miTosuri fonis matarebel urTierTSewyobil sityvaTa<br />
jgufad anu sintagmad, xolo haidegeris naSromSi ki paradigmatul<br />
doneze cnebad qceul paradigmad mogvevlineba.<br />
Nino Pirtskhalava<br />
The history of reception of the Cura fable in literature and<br />
philosophy<br />
The analysis of the function of different myths, legends, symbols in the<br />
work of Herder and Goethe, who later had an exeptionally strong influence<br />
on the poetical and philosophical work of such Occidental artists and thinkers<br />
of the 20th century, as Thomas Mann (“The Magic Mountain”) and Martin<br />
Heidegger (“Being and Time”), allows us to gain a totally new prospect<br />
of modern literature and philosophy.<br />
As the definite example of this circumstance could serve the motive of<br />
anxiety (Sorge), which is an eminent example for the illustration of the history<br />
of reception of the Cura fable in European literature and philosophy.<br />
The examination of the phenomenon of anxiety as of a deeply symbolical<br />
mythological figure has a quite long tradition in poetry, goes back to antiquity.<br />
Goethe became acquainted with the Cura fable of the Latin poet Hyginus<br />
through the adaptation of this fable by Herder in his poem “The child of<br />
Anxiety” and used it in his “Faust”, thus becoming one of the main sources<br />
of influence for the conceptions of Heidegger and Thomas Mann.<br />
34.<br />
Schleiermacher Fr., Werke in 4 Bdn., 1981, Bd.4, S. 138.
maka elbaqiZe<br />
sivrculi diqotomia Suasaukuneebis raindul<br />
romanSi<br />
Suasaukuneebis rainduli romanis mTavari sivrculi<br />
diqotomia _ sasaxlis kari/tye _ gamomxatvelia im<br />
mxatvrul-struqturuli opoziciisa, romelic arsebobs<br />
sakaro civilizacias (cixesimagre) da egreT wodebul<br />
velur bunebas (cixesimagris miRma arsebuli samyaro)<br />
Soris. rasakvirvelia, rogorc erTi sivrculi arealis<br />
(bunebis peizaJi), ise meoris (sasaxle, koSki) aRwerisas<br />
mkiTxveli ar unda elodos realisturobas an naturalizms.<br />
Kkonkretuli interier-eqsterieris Tu geografiuli<br />
arealis detalebic ar aris mimeturi. isini gansazRvrulia<br />
rogorc sakuTriv narativis Sinagani logikiT,<br />
ise peizaJis aRweris xangrZlivi literaturuli<br />
tradiciiT. romanSi, romlis mTavari personaJi _ moxetiale<br />
raindi _ mieSureba Tavgadasavlis saZieblad, anu<br />
Seucnoblis pirispir Sesayrelad, kargad nacnobi teritoriis<br />
defamiliarizacias Sedegad mohyveba is, risTvisac,<br />
saerTod, iwereba es romani: egreT wodebuli Tavgadasavlis<br />
samefos aRmoCena (puteri 1995: 12), romlis<br />
wiaRSic unda dasruldes im moralur faseulobaTa wvdomis<br />
procesi, romelic idealuri pirovnebis formirebis<br />
safuZvelia.<br />
Suasaukuneebis dasavleTma Tavisi kulturuli modelebi<br />
aiRo bibliidan, sadac veluri buneba _ udabno _<br />
rogorc simbolo da rogorc istoriul-geografiuli<br />
realoba _ ambivalenturi cnebebia da civilizaciis _ qalaqis<br />
_ opoziciad moiazreba. ganmartoebis adgilis aRmniSvneli<br />
udabnos saxe-xati SuasaukuneebSi tyed transformirda<br />
(keltur da skandinaviur tradiciaSi udabno<br />
Secvala zRvam), TandaTan dakarga konkretuli geografiuli<br />
definicia da SeinarCuna mxolod adrindeli, bibliuri<br />
simbolika _ asocirda ra velur, civilizaciis<br />
sapirispiro garemosTan (le gofi 1992: 49-54).<br />
105
106 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
is ukacrieli adgilebi, romlebic aRwerilia Suasaukuneebis<br />
romanebSi, rasakvirvelia, avtorTa fantaziis nayofia<br />
da ara obieqturi realoba. 1250 wels inglisSi gaqra<br />
ukanaskneli veluri tye _ the Forest of Dean, raTa adgili<br />
daeTmo iseTi movlili, mkacrad organizebuli tyis masivebisTvis,<br />
romlebsac kargad icnobs gviandeli Suasaukuneebis<br />
inglisi da romlebzec vrceldeboda sakuTrebis<br />
mkacri kontroli. frangul sinamdvileSic Gaste foret-is<br />
(ukacrieli, udaburi tye) motivi swored im dros gaCnda,<br />
rodesac namdvili veluri tyeebi TandaTanobiT qreboda<br />
da daviwyebas eZleoda (zmnebi gast da gastine, rac daumuSavebel,<br />
udabur adgils niSnavs, sinonimebia sityvisa foret<br />
_ tye). Sampaneli grafebi, romelTa karzec “mrgvali magidis”<br />
romanTa umravlesoba iwereboda, mniSvnelovan ekonomikur<br />
mogebas iRebdnen licenziebis gayidviT im pirebze,<br />
romelTac auTvisebeli adgilebis saxnav-saTes mindvrebad<br />
gadaqceva ewadaT. am dros Zalze paradoqsulad JRers<br />
kretien de truas mier veluri tyis motivis SemoReba. Tumca<br />
mwerlis Semoqmedebis erT-erTma pirvelma mkvlevarma,<br />
hartman fon auem, mianiSna, rom tyis motivis gamoyenebas<br />
kretienis narativSi Zalze mkafio da sagangebod gansazRvruli<br />
funqcia hqonda _ tye, civilizaciisgan moSorebiT<br />
mdebare ukidegano da usasrulo sivrce, saocar SiSsa da<br />
Zrwolas iwvevda mefe arturis Tavgadasavlebis maZiebel<br />
raindebSi, romelTac, gauval tevrSi CakargulT, warmodgena<br />
ar hqondaT, sad imyofebodnen, saiT miemarTebodnen,<br />
an rodemde gastanda maTi mogzauroba. garda amisa, ukacrieli<br />
tyeebi dasaxlebuli iyo gareuli cxovelebiTa da<br />
sakmaod ucnauri adamianebiT, ZiriTadad, warmarTebiT an<br />
urwmunoebiT (ix. kretien de trua 1974: 37-38), Sesabamisad,<br />
Suasaukuneebis azrovnebaSi erTmaneTs mWidrod daukav-<br />
Sirda ori cneba _ veluri garemo da sulieri sicariele,<br />
rasac, udavod, winare epoqis azrovnebaSic Rrmad hqonda<br />
gadgmuli fesvebi (puteri 1995: 22).<br />
velur tyes Suasaukuneebis faseulobaTa sistemaSi upirispirdeboda<br />
sasaxle (cixesimagre), civilizebuli, organizebuli<br />
garemo. kurtuazul romanebSi es aris mefe arturis<br />
kari (Sdr. vefxistyaosnis arabeTis, indoeTisa Tu<br />
mulRazanzaris sakaro idilia) _ eleganturobis, sinatifis,<br />
kurtuazulobis simbolo. magram antiTeza sasaxle/<br />
tye ufro kompleqsuria, vidre es erTi SexedviT SeiZleba<br />
mogveCvenos, radgan Suasaukuneebis raindul romanebSi<br />
arsebobs kidev erTi binaruli opozicia _ sanadiro da<br />
saTavgadasavlo tye, Sesabamisad, erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad
narkvevi 107<br />
gansxvavdeba tye, romelSic raindebi Tavgadasavlebs dae-<br />
Zeben, da tye, sadac isini nadiroben. sasaxlis maxloblad<br />
mdebare tyeebSi raindebi droebiT iviwyeben TavianT yoveldRiur<br />
problemebs da sakaro cxovrebis tvirTisgan ga-<br />
Tavisuflebulni bunebis wiaRSi srul netarebas eZlevian<br />
(Sdr. “movinadireT mindori, Ziri mTisa da gorisa; / iyo simravle<br />
ZaRlisa, Savardnisa da qorisa, / adre davbrundiT,<br />
viajeT ar eji gzisa Sorisa. / aRar iburTes, daSla qmnes<br />
TamaSobisa orisa”; rusTaveli 1966: 470). ra Tqma unda,Aam<br />
SemTxvevaSic sanadiro tye iseTive warmosaxviT-gamogonili<br />
peizaJia, rogoric veluri tye, maTi dapirispireba ki<br />
imave binaruli opoziciis principzea agebuli, romelic<br />
arsebobs cixesimagresa da tyes, sasaxlis karsa da velur<br />
bunebas Soris (le gofi 1992: 58). Sesabamisad, mefec da misi<br />
raindebic, SesaZloa, egreT wodebul tyis adamianebad moviazroT,<br />
romelnic periodulad stumroben sanadiro tyes<br />
imave komfortsa Tu gancxromaSi CasaZirad, romelsac maT<br />
sasaxlis kari sTavazobs (mag. TeTr iremze nadiroba kretien<br />
de truas erekSi, arturis gaqceuli Sevardnis epizodi<br />
volfram fon eSenbaxis parcifalSi, nadirobaTa cikli<br />
ser govensa da mwvane raindSi, avTandilisa da rostevan<br />
mefis nadiroba vefxistyaosanSi).<br />
sanadiro tyis sapirispirod veluri tye moiazreba,<br />
rogorc sasaxlis kari/cixesimagris negatiuri gamoxatuleba<br />
(cixesimagreebi _ eleganturobis, sinatifis simbolo;<br />
tye _ maTi sruli antipodi). velur tyeSi moxetiale<br />
raindi Tavs martosulad, eulad grZnobs. sasaxlis karis<br />
ceremoniebs moSorebuli, igi garemoculia indiferentuli,<br />
pirquSi dekoriT, romelic antiTeturia im daxvewili<br />
kulturisa, romlis mimdevradac igi gvevlineba. tyis peizaJis<br />
yoveli detali (mag. broselandis uRrani tye erTmaneTSi<br />
gadaxlarTuli kunelis, mayvlisa da kvirinCxis<br />
buCqebiT (kretien de trua 1974:35; bnel tevrSi Casafrebuli<br />
mglebi, gareuli taxebi, daTvebi Tu drakonebi _ ser<br />
goveni da mwvane raindi: 1998: 27), erTi mxriv, asrulebs<br />
anturaJis funqcias romanis siuJetis mTavari motivis _<br />
Ziebis (avantiuris) _ gasaSlelad, meore mxriv ki, Tavgadasvlis<br />
maZieblis emociuri mdgomareobis xazgasasmelad<br />
(logris miwaze moxvedril ser govens gausaZlisi martooba<br />
Seipyrobs; gauval tyeebsa da klde-RreSi moxetiales<br />
Tanamgzavrad da keTil megobrad mxolod Tavisi cxeni<br />
eguleba, SimSils nanadireviT iklavs da ufals SesTxovs,<br />
gzad adamianiSvili Seaxvedros (ser goveni da mwvane raindi:<br />
1998: 27; Sdr. “mixvda rasme qveyanasa ugemursa metad
108 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
mqissa; / Tve erT kacsa vera naxavs, versa Svilsa adamissa”<br />
_ rusTaveli 1966: 181; “mas mindorsa daemarTa, gza TvaliTa<br />
gamosaxa; / Tvesa erTsa sulieri kaci arsad ar enaxa,<br />
/ mxecni iyvnes saSinelni, magra ara Seuzaxa” _ rusTaveli<br />
1966: 191)). am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT mZafrad igrZnoba<br />
opozicia egreT wodebul sakuTar da sxvis miwas Soris.<br />
samefo kari, sadac gamefebulia kurtuazuli morali da<br />
samarTlianoba, keTilganwyobilia gmirisadmi. Tuki aqaiq<br />
mainc gvxvdebian veragi da avismosurne adamianebi, romanis<br />
bolos isini aucileblad isjebian an mefis uzenaesi<br />
Zalauflebis, an garemoebaTa damTxvevis wyalobiT. Aase<br />
rom, sakuTari sivrce ara marto topografiuli, aramed<br />
zneobrivi cnebacaa.<br />
sxvisi sivrce, tyis gauvali gza, romelsac gmiri Tavgadasavlebis<br />
Ziebisas daadgeba, Tavis wiaRSi araerT safr-<br />
Txes malavs; is neitraluria da gmiris mimarT yovelTvis<br />
mtrulad ganwyobili. moraluri TvalsazrisiTac es<br />
“negatiuri”, “miusafari” sivrcea. bunebrivi pirobebi aq<br />
Tanxvdeba da Seesabameba moralurs, vinaidan Asxvis sivrce-<br />
Si gamefebulia ukanonoba, usamarTloba, motyueba da Ralati.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom sxvisi sivrcis aRwerisas yovelTvis<br />
(Tundac impliciturad) myofobs sakuTari sivrcis<br />
Sefaseba. sxvisi Sefasebulia Tavisis meSveobiT, rogorc<br />
sruli antipodi sakuTarisa (kargi-cudi, madliani-madlmoklebuli,<br />
lamazi-maxinji, keTilganwyobili-mtruli,<br />
mSvidi-saxifaTo, saimedo-arasaimedo, usafrTxo-saxifa-<br />
To da a.S. mixailovi 1976: 181-182). ase rom, kurtuazuli<br />
romanebis tyis scenebis gadmosacemad avtorebi mimarTaven<br />
imave motivebs, romlebsac sasaxlis karis scenebis aRsawerad,<br />
oRond negatiuri modulaciiT. tyis mniSvneloba<br />
aq ganmartebulia fufunebisa da sadResaswaulo ganwyobis<br />
aRmniSvneli terminebis saSualebiT, oRond imTaviTve<br />
xazgasmulia, rom, sasaxlis karisagan gansxvavebiT, tye Tavis<br />
stumrebs am siameT ver SesTavazebs. ase rom, sasaxlis<br />
kari am romanebSi funqcionirebs, rogorc TavisTavad nagulisxmevi<br />
norma, romelsac tye ver Seesabameba (puteri<br />
1995: 16-22). Sesabamisad,Kkurtuazuli samyaros komfortsa<br />
da sasaxlis karis binadarTa sazeimo ganwyobas moklebuli<br />
raindebis cxovreba velur garemoSi miedineba, romelic<br />
indiferentuli da antiTeturia im daxvewili kulturisa,<br />
romlis mimdevradac isini gvevlinebian.<br />
AzemoTqmuls, bunebrivia, ukavSirdeba egreT wodebuli<br />
veluri, an tyis kacis Tema, romelic Cveuli toposi iyo<br />
Suasaukuneebis literaturaSi da romlis prototipis
narkvevi 109<br />
Ziebasac Jofrei monmoutelis merlinis cxovrebis Zalze<br />
cnobil epizodTan mivyavarT. merlini, romelic Tavs<br />
damnaSaved miiCnevs Zmebis sikvdilSi, gaiWreba tyeSi da<br />
itans ukiduresad SeWirvebul yofas, Tumca, amave dros,<br />
mas eniWeba winaswarmetyvelebis madli. es Tema mogvianebiT<br />
gadainacvlebs kurtuazul romanSi, kerZod, kretien<br />
de truas ivenSi. ivenis sigiJe mas Semdeg, rac igi gadakveTs<br />
damuSavebul mindvrebs da arturis samflobelos sazRvrebs<br />
gascdeba, lokalizdeba tyeSi, romelic gacilebiT<br />
ufro “kompleqsuri” arealia (TavSesafari, Tavgadasavlebis<br />
Ziebis, sinanulis adgili da a.S), vidre es erTi SexedviT<br />
Cans. gaxelebuli ivenis raindoba aq droebiT ukan<br />
ixevs da asparezs “velur kacs”, monadires uTmobs. tansacmelSemoZarcvuli<br />
gmiri kargavs mexsierebas, Rames SiSvel<br />
miwaze aTevs, umi nanadireviT ikvebeba da cxovelTa tyaviT<br />
imoseba. TiTqos aq ikvreba erTgvari wre adamianTa samyarosa<br />
da cxovelTa samyaros Soris (le gofi 1992: 110-111).<br />
tyeSi gaWril ivens “kacrielTa TemTan” mxolod gandegili<br />
akavSirebs, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveuli<br />
kontaqti aqvs qalaqTan (civilizaciasTan) _ yidis cxovelis<br />
tyavs da yidulobs purs _ ar SeiZleba adamianTa<br />
samyaros tipur warmomadgenlad miviCnioT, vinaidan arc<br />
misi qoxmaxia adamianis xeliT aSenebuli da arc xorci _<br />
saTanadod Semwvari. ivenic, miuxedavad imisa, rom veluri<br />
kacia, mainc garkveul diskomforts ganicdis imis gamo,<br />
rom iZulebulia, SimSili umi nanadireviT moiklas da im<br />
faqts Seeguos, rom tyeSi gaWrils ar eqneba arc safuariT<br />
gamomcxvari puri (gandegili mas mxolod qerisa da Wvavis<br />
fqvils sTavazobs), arc Rvino, arc marili Tu saneleblebi,<br />
arc magidis xelsaxoci da a.S. (kretien de trua 1974:<br />
92-93), anu “momzadebul” sakvebze, dana-Cangalze, Rvinoze,<br />
xelsaxocebsa da sakaro, anu civilizebuli cxovrebis<br />
sxvadasxva atributebze tyis scenebSicaa saubari, oRond<br />
aq sagangebodaa xazgasmuli, rom maT tyeSi ver SexvdebiT<br />
(Sdr. “vWam, glax, marto nadirisa misgan xorcsa monatansa”<br />
– rusTaveli 1966: 258). …Sesabamisad, stumarmaspinZlobis<br />
scenebi _ rainduli romanebis erT-erTi umTavresi konvenciuri<br />
motivi _ maspinZlis mier gamoCenili guliTadobis<br />
miuxedavad, sxvis sivrceSi moklebulia im komforts (rac,<br />
Tundac, sazeimo ganwyobaSi gamoixateba), romelsac sasaxlis<br />
karze uxvad vxvdebiT.<br />
rainduli romanebis msgavsad, vefxistyaosanSi tyeSi<br />
gansvlas da “velur” garemosTan Serwymas samgvari funqciuri<br />
datvirTva aqvs: 1. is mijnurobas ukavSirdeba da
110 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
“velad gaWrasTan” aris gaigivebuli (udavoa, rom es konvencia<br />
rogorc rusTvelis TxzulebaSi, ise evropul raindul<br />
romanSi aRmosavluri samyarodan aris gadasuli)<br />
_ “Tu moyvare moyvrisaTvis tirs, tirilsa emarTlebis,<br />
siaruli martooba Svenis, gaWrad daeTvlebis” (rusTaveli<br />
1966: 31); “Tu mijnuri var, erTi vxam xeli mindorTa me<br />
rebad, / ar marto unda gaWrili cremlisa sisxlsa ferebad?<br />
/ gaWra xelia mijnurTa, rad scals Tavisa berebad!”<br />
(rusTaveli 1966: 775); Sesabamisad, tye, veluri garemo<br />
sasowarkveTili, gaxelebuli mijnurisTvis erTgvari<br />
TavSesafris funqciasac asrulebs, sadac mas, “kacriel-<br />
Ta TemTagan” ganSorebuls, SeuZlia ganmartoeba da saku-<br />
Tar fiqrebSi CaZirva _ “xeli mindors gaviWrebi, zogjer<br />
vtir da zogjer vbndebi” (rusTaveli 1966: 647). 2. rainduli<br />
romanebis msgavsad, tye (sasaxlis karis antiTeturi<br />
garemo) gvevlineba im linearul sivrced, romelzec<br />
gadis Tavgadasavlis maZiebeli raindis “gza” da romlis<br />
wiaRSic am ukanasknelis srulyofil pirovnebad formirebis<br />
procesi unda dasruldes. “xetialis” cneba, romelsac<br />
vefxistyaosanSi sityva “gaWra” Seesabameba, an samijnuro<br />
davalebis Sesrulebas ukavSirdeba: “ra mijnuri velTa<br />
rbodes, marto unda gasaWrelad” (rusTaveli 1966: 160), an<br />
“faTeraks”: “gijobs gaWra Zebnad misad, gavardna da velTa<br />
rbola” (rusTaveli 1966: 577). rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxvevaSi,<br />
sxvis sivrces, romelic neitraluria, udaburi<br />
da miusafari mniSvnelovani simboluri datvirTva eniWeba,<br />
radgan swored aq unda ganviTardes rainduli saTavgadasavlo<br />
moTxroba.<br />
Uunda iTqvas, rom diqotomia tyesa da sasaxlis kars<br />
Soris sagrZnobia rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxvevaSi. velad<br />
gaWrili, gaSmagebuli tarieli, mas Semdeg, rac sabolood<br />
“daagdebs” “kacrielTa Tems” da binas ukacriel<br />
gamoqvabulSi daidebs, iseve erwymis bunebas, rogorc iveni<br />
_ “saxlad sayofni mimaCndes TxaTa da maT iremTani”<br />
(rusTaveli 1966: 645), “mas aqaT vaxlav nadirTa, Tavsa ma-<br />
Tebrve mxsenebi” (rusTaveli 1966: 648). misi rainduli siqvelec<br />
am axal sivrceSi mxolod monadiris funqciamdea<br />
dayvanili _ igi SimSils nanadireviT iklavs da nadiris<br />
(vefxis) tyaviT imoseba (Tumca vefxis tyavs romanSi Zalze<br />
Rrma simboluri datvirTva aqvs. ix. elbaqiZe 2005: 93-100).<br />
sayuradReboa, rom tarielis “civilizebul sivrceSi” dasabruneblad<br />
avTandilica da asmaTic TavianT argumentacias<br />
swored aRniSnul diqotomiaze _ adamianTa samyaro/<br />
cxovelTa samyaro _ afuZneben: “...mxecTa Tana iarebi mar-
narkvevi 111<br />
to tevrad,/ aras kacsa ar iaxleb saubrad da Semaqcevrad”<br />
(rusTaveli 1966: 269); “brZeni xar da gamorCeva ara ici br-<br />
ZenTa Tqmuleb, / mindors stir da mxecTa axlav, ras wadilsa<br />
aisruleb?” (rusTaveli 1966: 866). 3. iseve rogorc evropul<br />
raindul romanebSi, tye aris sivrce civilizaciis<br />
centrebs (sasaxlis kari/cixesimagre) Soris da misi funqciaa<br />
TvalnaTliv aCvenos is kontrasti, romelic aucilebelia<br />
“Ziebis”, anu Tavgadasavlis, avantiuris struqturuli<br />
erTeulis diferencirebisaTvis im struqturuli er-<br />
Teulisagan, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, nadimi, stumarTmoyvareoba<br />
da a.S. (“cotasa xansa varCie gaWra smasa da mRerasa” _<br />
rusTaveli 1966: 164). ivenisTvis gandegilis qoxi mxolod<br />
droebiTi TavSesafaria. mas Semdeg, rac jadosnuri balzamis<br />
meSveobiT gmiri daibrunebs uwindel iers, igi miiltvis<br />
Tavisi Cveuli samyarosken, sadac dakargul siyvarul-<br />
Tan erTad eguleba is komforti, romelic tyeSi gaWrils<br />
ase aklda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas devTa gamoqvabulzec,<br />
romelic, asmaTis Zalisxmevis miuxedavad, arc aris da arc<br />
SeiZleba gaxdes tarielisTvis sakuTari sivrce, Sesabamisad,<br />
misi maspinZlobac moklebulia sasaxlis karisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebel ceremoniulobasa da sazeimo ganwyobas:<br />
“wvadi Seiwves, Seiqmna puroba msgavsi Jamisa, mun upuroba<br />
puroba, ar sidiade jamisa” (rusTaveli 1966: 912) 1 . tarielisa<br />
da avTandilis Tanameinaxeobac gansxvavdeba Cveuli,<br />
raindul molxenisgan da “Jamis mgavsad”, anu situaciis Sesaferisad<br />
mimdinareobs. aq, rogorc, sazogadod, rainduli<br />
nadimisas, mravali jami ar ismeba: “mas Seexvewnes: “Wameo”,<br />
Zali ar hqonda Wamisa, / gascoxnis, lukma gastyorcis, wona<br />
Zliv CanTqis dramisa” (rusTaveli 1966: 932) (Sdr. “Seiqna<br />
sma da puroba, msgavsi maTisa Zalisa... / jami da Wiqa _ yvelai<br />
ferozisa da lalisa./ arvisi brZana mefeman arca gaSveba<br />
mTvralisa” _ rusTaveli 1966: 476).<br />
samagierod, peizaJi (iseve rogorc personaJis ganwyoba)<br />
radikalurad icvleba, rodesac xetialiT gatanjuli raindebi<br />
qalaqs/cixesimagres miadgebian. aRarc garemomcveli<br />
sivrce da aRarc bunebis Zalebi aRar arian maT mimarT<br />
sastikni da mtrulad ganwyobilni. romanis avtorebic,<br />
romlebic sakmao sityvaZunwobas iCenen tyis peizaJis aRwerisas,<br />
ar iSureben naTel ferebs sakuTari sivrcis mimzid-<br />
1.<br />
sayuradReboa aRniSnul strofTan dakavSirebiT aleqsi WinWaraulis<br />
mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, “upuroba puroba” upurod<br />
puris Wamas aRniSnavs (Sdr. nodar naTaZis Tvalsazrisi _ puroba, romelic<br />
purobas ar hgavda. ix. rusTaveli 1986: 305)
112 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
velobis warmosaCenad (ser govenma samjer gadaisaxa jvari<br />
da uecrad tyis siRrmidan Tvali mohkra TxriliT garSemortymul<br />
da umSvenieres baRebSi CaZirul cixesimagres,<br />
romlis moCuqurTmebuli Spilebi cas swvdeboda; Camuqebuli<br />
wyali ireklavda koSkebis maRal, natifad moxatul kedlebs,<br />
qaTqaTa TeTr sakvamurebs, asawev xids da masiur karebs<br />
_ ser goveni da mwvane raindi 1998: 29-30; Sdr. “RamiT<br />
mevlo, movidodi, zRvisa pirsa aCndes baRni, hgvanda, qa laqs<br />
veaxleniT, cal-kerZ iyvnes kldeTa naRni” _ rusTaveli<br />
1966: 583; “qalaqs Sevides, mun daxvda sra mokazmuli sruli-<br />
Ta, / saxelmwifoTa yovliTa gasagebliTa sruliTa; monani<br />
turfad mosilni wesiTa iyvnes ruliTa! / Sehfrfvinvidian<br />
avTandils guliTa sul-wasruliTa” _ rusTaveli 1966:<br />
998). Suasaukuneebis narativis mniSvnelovan siaxled unda<br />
miviCnioT is faqtic, rom es “axali” peizaJi danaxulia raindis,<br />
anu personaJis TvalTaxedviT, Tanac siaxle gamoixateba<br />
ara mxolod im zmnebiT, romlebic Wvretis aqts aRweren<br />
(Sdr. “mivediT, vnaxeT”), aramed im detalebiT, romlebic<br />
mkiTxvelis gonebisTvisac advilad misawvdomia (Sdr.<br />
“naxes qalaqi, moculi gare baRisa tevriTa, / gvarad ucxoni<br />
yvavilni feriTa bevris bevriTa. / mis qveyanisa siturfe ra<br />
gagagono mev, riTa” _ rusTaveli 1966: 1049).<br />
Suasaukuneebis romanTa umravlesobaSi personaJebi xedaven<br />
cixesimagres jer Sori manZilidan, saidanac yvela<br />
detalis garCeva Wirs (tyis siRrme, daburuli buCqnari),<br />
anu xedaven garemos, sadac aRmarTulia es cixesimagre. na-<br />
Teli, romelic am axali peizaJidan gamosWvivis, absoluturad<br />
korelaturia im siuxvisa da baraqisa, romelsac ase<br />
moklebulia personaJi sibneliT mocul uRran tyeSi.<br />
cixesimagris danaxvisas gmiri rwmundeba, rom yvela<br />
sirTule, romlis gadalaxvac mas xetialisas mouxda, ukan<br />
darCa da axla is guliTadi maspinZlis winaSe dgas, romlis<br />
saxlic masSi sakuTari sivrcis asociacias aRZravs (xetialiT<br />
moRlilma kalogrenanma cixesimagris asawev xidze<br />
warmosadegi aznauri SeniSna, romelmac igi Tavazianad Sin<br />
miipatiJa. ezoSi rainds aznauris jalaboba gamoegeba. mas<br />
iaraR-saWurveli CamoarTves, sufrasTan miipatiJes, sasiamovno<br />
saubriT Seaqcies da yuaTiani vaxSmiT gaumaspinZldnen<br />
_ kretien de trua 1974: 35-36; “dasxdes, Seiqmna puroba,<br />
gaamravlebdes maxalsa, / umaspinZlebdes avTandils, viTa<br />
mZaxali mZaxalsa, / moiRebdian saWurWles turfasa, axalaxalsa”<br />
_ rusTaveli 1966: 1000).<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom cixesimagris xeds Suasaukuneebis<br />
raindul romanSi aqvs sxva samyaros aura, romelic
narkvevi 113<br />
radikalurad gansxvavdeba tyisgan da xetialiT moRlili<br />
gmiric droebiT kvlav civilizebul samyaros ubrundeba,<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi guliTadi maspinZloba da nanatri<br />
komfortis SegrZneba, romelsac is am cixesimagreSi ganicdis,<br />
Tvals uxvevs mas, dainaxos mkacri realoba _ rom<br />
mTavari Tavgadasavlebi swored aq, am cixesimagreSi, unda<br />
SeemTxves (puteri 1995: 41). kretien de truas romanebSi,<br />
iseve rogorc ser govenis anonim avtorTan Tu vefxistyaosanSi<br />
sivrcis linearulobis darRveva gmirisTvis did<br />
xifaTs moaswavebs. avantiuruli sivrcidan gmiri yofiT<br />
sivrceSi gadainacvlebs, Tumca xSirad im lokalSi, sadac<br />
igi xetialisas droebiT SeCerdeba, erTmaneTs erwymis yofiTi<br />
da avantiuruli sivrce _ rainduli turniri, axali<br />
faTeraki, Casafrebuli safrTxe da sxv. (enidas cixe-koSki<br />
erekSi, gurnemancisa da graalis cixesimagreebi parcifal-<br />
Si, bertilakis koSki ser govenSi, mulRazanzaris samefo<br />
vefxistyaosanSi da a.S). Tumca zogierTi protagonisti<br />
winaswarvea Semzadebuli im faTerakisTvis, rasac mas<br />
gzidan gadaxveva da cixesimagris zRudesTan pirispir Seyra<br />
uqadis (fenisas koSki da faTerakTa cixe ivenSi, Joe de<br />
la Court erekSi, mwvane samlocvelo ser govenSi da qajeTis<br />
cixe vefxistyaosanSi). Sesabamisad, romanis egreT wodebul<br />
avantiurul struqturaSi axali sivrcis _ cixesimagris<br />
_ Semotana narativis ganviTarebis erT-erTi xerxia,<br />
romelic xorcieldeba an romantikuli, an heroikuli elementis<br />
CarTviT (fridonis biZaSvilebTan brZola, fatmanisgan<br />
avTandilis gamijnureba da WaSnagiris mokvla,<br />
ivenis qorwineba tyis raindis qvrivze, erekisa da ideris<br />
turniri, bertilakis meuRlis mier ser govenis cduneba,<br />
parcifalis mier pelraperis gaTavisufleba da dedofalze<br />
daqorwineba da a.S), rac romanis siuJetis mniSvnelovani<br />
struqturuli rgolia da rasac Txroba, faqtobrivad,<br />
kvanZis gaxsnisken mihyavs.<br />
marTalia, Suasaukuneebis sasaxlis kari SesaniSnavi<br />
lokalia kurtuazul faseulobaTa sakvlevad, magram roca<br />
saqme tyes exeba, standartebisa Tu calkeul motivTa gadamuSavebis<br />
sakiTxi ukve sakuTriv narativs ukavSirdeba,<br />
radgan amjerad es ukanaskneli gvevlineba “gadabrunebul<br />
gamosaxulebad”, romelSic, rogorc sarkeSi, airekleba<br />
tye an sasaxle (puteri 1995: 27). Sedegad viRebT dekoracias,<br />
romelsac SeuZlia kontrastebis imgvarad warmoCena,<br />
rom ar “daanawevros” am romanebis fiqtiuri samyarodan<br />
nasesxebi msoflmxedveloba. ase rom, Suasaukuneebis<br />
raindebica da romanTa avtorebic ara marto uxifaTod
114 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
aRweven Tavs tyes, mtrul da miusafar garemos, romelic<br />
“cdilobs”, daacilos isini TavianT fesvebs, aramed inar-<br />
Cuneben TavianT identobas da kidev ufro srulyofen im<br />
Rirsebebs, romelTac rainduli keTilSobilebis kodeqsi<br />
karnaxobT.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
elbaqiZe 2005: elbaqiZe m. vefxistyaosnis poetikis zogierTi<br />
sakiTxi Suasaukuneebis frangul raindul romanTan tipologiur<br />
mimarTebaSi, Tbilisi: universali, 2005.<br />
kretien de trua 1974: Кретьен Де Труа. Ивейн или рыцарь со львом,<br />
Средневековый роман и повесть (Библиотека всемирной литературы),<br />
Москва: Художественная литература, 1974.<br />
le gofi, 1992: Le Goff J. The Medieval Imagination, Chicago and London:The<br />
University of Chicago Press, 1992.<br />
mixailovi 1976: Михайлов А. Французский рыцарский роман и вопросы<br />
типологии жанра в средневековой литературе, Москва: Наука, 1976.<br />
puteri 1995: Putter A. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and French Arthurian<br />
Romance, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.<br />
rusTaveli 1966: rusTaveli SoTa. vefxistyaosani, saredaqcio<br />
kolegia: irakli abaSiZe, aleqsandre baramiZe, pavle ingoroyva,<br />
akaki SaniZe, giorgi wereTeli, Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo,<br />
1966.<br />
rusTaveli 1986: rusTaveli SoTa. vefxistyaosani, mesame saskolo<br />
gamocema, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, ganmartebani, komentari<br />
da bolosityvaoba daurTo n. naTaZem, Tbilisi: ganaTleba,<br />
1986.<br />
ser goveni da mwvane raindi 1998: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, A<br />
verse translation by Keith Harrison (Oxford World’s Classics), Oxford: Oxford<br />
University Press, 1998.<br />
Maka Elbakidze<br />
Spatial Dichotomy in the Medieval Chivalry Romance<br />
The principle spatial dichotomy of the medieval chivalry romance –<br />
court/forest – reveals an artistic and structural opposition between courtly<br />
civilization (castle) and so-called “wild nature” – forest (the world outside<br />
the court/castle). Of course, the reader would not expect realistic or naturalistic<br />
depiction of spatial units of romance, such as landscape or an interior of<br />
a castle. The descriptive and geographical details are not mimetic also. They
narkvevi 115<br />
are determined both by the internal logic of narrative itself, and long literary<br />
tradition of representation of nature. The main character of the romance, the<br />
errant knight, begins his quest to confront the unknown, thus the defamiliarization<br />
of a well-charted territory produces just what romance calls for: a<br />
realm of adventure.<br />
The Middle Age west has borrowed its cultural models from the Bible,<br />
where the “wild nature” – desert – as the symbol and as the historical and a<br />
geographical reality are ambivalent and is considered as an opposition of the<br />
civilized world – the city. The Biblical interpretation of desert as a “place<br />
of seclusion” has been transformed in the medieval romances to the forest;<br />
however it maintained the original, Biblical meaning of the wild area that is<br />
contrasting to the civilized habitat.<br />
The forest also had its own contrasting element, which in the Middle Age<br />
system of values was taken on by the court/castle, as the civilized, organized<br />
environment. In chivalry romances it is the court of King Arthur (compare<br />
with Arabic, Indian and Mulghazanzar court idylls depicted in The Knight<br />
in the Panther’s Skin) – the embodiment of elegance, delicacy and courtesy.<br />
But the antithesis court/forest is more complex than it may at first appear,<br />
because in this case a reader can observe another binary opposition – hunting/adventure<br />
forest. Thus, the king and his knights could be regarded as the<br />
people of the forest, who periodically, in order to diminish the strain of court<br />
responsibilities, visit the hunting forest; there they delve into the same level<br />
of comfort and elation which they are used to at the castle (compare with the<br />
hunt of king Rostevan and Avtandil in the Knight in the Panther’s Skin). On<br />
the other hand, in the wild forest the errant knight is feeling abandoned and<br />
lonely. Away from the ceremonies of the court, he is surrounded with indifferent,<br />
austere décor, the one in many ways antithetic to the exquisite culture<br />
and manners that the knights used to. Thus, for the depiction of forest scenes<br />
the authors use same motives as they do to depict the court life, but in the<br />
negative module. The court is an ideal locus,where the courtly values can be<br />
explored, but in the accounts of the forest a concern for standards or refinement<br />
can continue to be a preoccupation of the narrative, precisely because<br />
it is cast as the inverted mirror image of the court or castle. The result is a<br />
setting capable of providing contrast without fragmenting the outlook which<br />
these romances offer on their fictive world.
nino sayvareliZe<br />
Aaris Tu ara grigol noseliseuli “puri arsobisa¡”<br />
oden xorcieli?<br />
grigol noseli (335-394), kapadokieli mama, aleqsandriuli<br />
tradiciis udidesi warmomadgeneli, kapadokiuri<br />
tradiciis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, didi mistikosi.<br />
grigol noselis Txzuleba De oratione dominica, 5 orationes 1 , egzegetikuri<br />
Janrisa, dawerilia 385 w. da Sedgeba 5 homiliisgan.<br />
meoTxe sityva (Oratio IV) exeba sauflo locvis meoTxe Txovnas 2 .<br />
esaa qadageba mrevlis winaSe, amitomaa ase sada da martivi Tavisi<br />
formiT. dibeliuss miaCnia, rom aq saqme gvaqvs xalxur<br />
egzegetTan, romelic Tavisi sisadaviTa da xalxurobiT ar Camouvardeba<br />
ioane oqropirs 3 . miCneulia, rom am sada da ubralo<br />
formis Sesatyvisad grigoliseuli ganmarteba puris Txovnis<br />
sakvanZo terminisa – “” _ erTmniSvnelovnad materialuria,<br />
xorcieli da sruliad gamoricxavs sulier gagebas.<br />
marTlac, erTi SexedviT, “arsobisa” Tu “mdRevr” purTan mimarTebaSi<br />
Warbobs iseTi gamoTqmebi, rogoricaa “£orcieli”,<br />
“£orcieli sa£mari” 4 , “£orcieli arseba” 5 .<br />
1.<br />
Gregorios Nyssenus, S. Gregorii Nysseni De Oratione Dominica, 5 Orationes: PG 44, S. P. N. Gregorii<br />
Episcopi Nysseni opera quae reperiri potuerunt omnia, ed. Morell. 1638, Accurante J. P. Migne,<br />
Turnholti, 1120-1193/= J. F. Callahan (Hg.), Gregorii Nysseni De Oratione Dominica. De Beatitudinibus<br />
(Gregorii Nysseni opera VII, 2), Leiden - NY-Köln, 1992, 5-74 (Oratio IV, gv. 44-58).<br />
2.<br />
Τὸν ἄρτον γὰρ, φησί, τὸν επιούσιον δὸς ἡμιν σήμερον.<br />
3.<br />
O. Dibelius, Das Vaterunser. Umrisse zu einer Geschichte des Gebetes in der alten und mittleren<br />
Kirche, Giessen, 1903, gv. 62: `Die Bitte um das tägliche Brot findet an ihm einen volkstümlichen<br />
Erklärer, der einem Chrysostomos nicht nachsteht.”<br />
4.<br />
“pursa oden veZiebdeT... £orcielTa sa£marTagan” / τὰς σωματικὰς χρείας, Gregorios<br />
Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1165/Callahan, Oratio IV, c.<br />
24, gv. 50), wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao<br />
Cueno¡sa¡, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanis teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva<br />
daurTo ekaterine qiriam, Tbilisi, 2006, Tavi d, gv. 40.<br />
5.<br />
wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />
Tavi d, gv. 41 /τὸ πρὸς τὴν συντήρησιν ἐξαρκοῦν τῆς σωματικῆς οὐσίας, Gregorios Nysse-
narkvevi 117<br />
swored am tipis gansazRvrebebs efuZneba mkvlevarTa<br />
umravlesobis daskvna, rom wmida grigols “arsobis puri”<br />
martoden xorciel, materialur purad esmis 6 . SesaZloa,<br />
es mtkiceba nawilobriv arc Tu usafuZvlo Candes (erTi<br />
mxriv, kapadokiel mamasTan marTlac SeiniSneba sityvasityviTi<br />
Tu materialuri axsnis tendencia), magram, vfiqrob,<br />
mainc gvmarTebs sifrTxile, roca, zogadad, grigoliseuli<br />
ganmartebis tipze vsaubrobT. gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
mTliani konteqsti Txovnis interpretaciisa, iseve<br />
rogorc “puri arsobisa¡”-s patristikuli egzegezis er-<br />
Tiani foni 7 da sxva. winamdebare publikaciis mizansac wm.<br />
nus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1169 1165 /Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 12, gv. 51.<br />
6.<br />
`Der einzige patristische Text, der klar und bestimmt den geistig-eucharistischen Sinn der Brotbitte<br />
in positiver Weise ausschliesst”, J. P. Bock, Die Brotbitte des Vaterunsers. Ein Beitrag<br />
zum Verständnis dieses Universalgebetes und einschlägiger patristisch-liturgischer Fragen, Paderborn,<br />
1911, gv. 100. raiTi ki noselis ritorikul spekulaciaSi xazs usvams<br />
Txovnis zomierebasa da sisadaves (“frugality and modesty of the request”) da aRniSnavs,<br />
rom es mdRevri puri mas martoden Cveni sxeulisaTvis, Cveni xorcieli<br />
cxovrebisaTvis saWirod miaCnia, D. Wright, What Kind of “Bread”? The Fourth Petition<br />
of the Lord’s Prayer from the Fathers to the Reformers, Das Gebet in patristischer und reformatorischer<br />
Sicht, Bd. 76, hrsg. von Campi, Grane, Ritter, Göttingen, 1999, gv. 154. dibeliusis<br />
azriT, “wm. grigolis locvis Sesaxeb homiliebi naTeli dasturia<br />
imisa, Tu rogor iWreboda qristianobis “ganaTlebul” warmomadgenelTa<br />
msoflxedvaSi xalxuri warmodgenebi~ / “Die Reden Gregors über das Gebet können<br />
uns zeigen, wie vulgäre volkstümliche Vorstellungen in die Gedankenwelt der literarisch gebildeten<br />
Vertreter des Christentums eindringen” O. Dibelius, dasax. naSr., gv. 49.<br />
7.<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom mTlian patristikul tradiciaSi, berZnulsa Tu laTinurSi,<br />
siriulsa Tu somxur arealSi “arsobis puris” sulieri da sulierevqaristuli<br />
ganmarteba dominirebs. amas naTlad adastureben jer kidev<br />
afrikeli mamebi, Tertullianus, Libri Dogmatici. De Oratione: PL 1, 1143A -1196D/ = Tertullianus,<br />
Opera catholica ad Marcionem. De Oratione: CCL 1, ed. Dekkers, pars I, Brepols, 257-<br />
274. marTalia, tertulianec “epiousios” zogjer “saWirosa” da “aucilebel”<br />
sazrdelad moiazrebs (“necessarium”, “necessitatibus”, Tertullianus, De Oratione, 6: PL<br />
1, 1160A /= CCL 1, VI, 3, c. 14-15, gv. 261), magram xorcieli axsnis paralelurad<br />
(“carnaliter” _ “xorcielad”, Tertullianus, De Oratione, 6: PL 1, 1161A /= CCL 1, VI, 3, c.<br />
13, gv. 261) da metic, masze aRmatebulad, swored misi sulieri arsi miaCnia<br />
(“spiritaliter” _ “sulierad”, Tertullianus, De Oratione, 6: PL 1, 1160A /= CCL 1, VI, 3, c.<br />
14, gv. 261; VI, 2, c. 6-7, gv. 261); miuxedavad imisa, rom kvipriane puris xorciel<br />
gagebas aramc da aramc ar gamoricxavs, misTvis ganmsazRvreli swored sulieri,<br />
sulier-evqaristuli Sinaarsia, Cyprianus, De Dominica Oratione 18: CCL<br />
3 A, pars II, ed. M. Simonetti et C. Moreschini, Brepols Turnholt 1976, 325. origene erTmniSvnelovnad<br />
sulier ganmartebas aniWebs upiratesobas, kerZod, sulier-<br />
WvretiTs, mistikurs da sruliad gamoricxavs “arsobis puris~ materialur<br />
gagebas, Origenes, De Oratione, 27, 2: BEP 10, Athen, 1957, 280f. mis ukiduresad sulier<br />
interpretacias epiousios-is miseuli etimologiuri analizic (ousiadan<br />
momdinareoba) _ amyarebs: …ἡ μὲν τὸν εἰς τὴν οὐσίαν συμβαλλόμενον ἄρτον<br />
δηλοῦσα, iqve, 282. sulier-alegoriulsa da martomyofobiTs ganmartebas<br />
gvTavazobs sparsi brZeni afraati, Aphraate, Le Sage Persian, Exposés I-X, Exposé IV<br />
(dalat -h) de la Prière: SC 349, ed., traduction du syriaque, introduction et notes par Marie-Jo-
118 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
grigolis komentaris swored konteqstiT ganpirobebuli<br />
wakiTxva warmoadgens.<br />
sainteresoa, rom wm. grigol noselis De oratione dominica-s<br />
me-4 sityva-homilia sauflo locvis mesamesa da meoTxe Txovnis<br />
ganmartebas aerTianebs.Ees imis mimaniSnebelia, rom wmida<br />
grigoli am or Txovnas Soris uSualo Sinagan kavSirs<br />
xedavs 8 . mTlian sauflo locvas wmida mama “Rrmasa rasme da<br />
RmrTivSuenier(sa) swavlasa” 9 da “samkurnalo¡(sa) sityua¡”-<br />
seph Pierre, Paris, 1988, 292-312. sulier-evqaristuli xasiaTisaa Zveli eklesiis<br />
mistagogiur katexizisebSi daculi ganmartebebi, mag. wm. kirile ierusalimelisaTvis<br />
“Cveni litoni puri araa epiousios, es wmida puri ki epiousios,<br />
vinaidan Cveni sulis arsebas gansazRvravs”, Kyrillos Hierosolymitanus, Myst. Kat.<br />
V, 5: FC 7, gv. 154; wm. Aambrosi mediolanelic “mdRevr purs” “saukuno cxorebis<br />
purs” uwodebs, “romeli ganamtkicebs Cveni sulis arsebas” (“Panem quidem<br />
dixit, sed epiousios dixit, hoc est substantialem. Non iste panis est, qui vadit in corpus, sed ille<br />
panis vitae aeternae, qui animae nostrae substantiam fulcit”), Ambrosius Mediolanus, De Sacr.<br />
V, 24, ed. Dom Botte: SC 25, Paris, 1949-1961-1980, gv. 95. aseve sulier sazrdelad<br />
(τροφή πνευματική) ganmartavs mas Teodore mofsuesteli, Theodoros Mopsuestenus,<br />
Katechetische Homilien Hom. 15,7: FC 17/ 2, gv. 392. wm. maqsime aRmsareblis-<br />
Tvisac “puri arsobisa¡” upirvelesad, sulieri, saRmrTo sazrdelia (...τῆς<br />
θείας τροφῆς), Maximos Confessor, Exp. Orationis Dominicae: PG 90, 872-910, 897 B /=<br />
Maximi Confessoris Expositio Orationis Dominicae: CChr SG 23, c. 570-571, Maximi Confessoris<br />
Opuscula Exegetica Duo, Maximi Confessoris opera Expositio in Psalmum LIX, Expositio<br />
Orationis Dominicae, ed. P. van Deun, Brepols Turnhout, 1991, 27-73, 60.<br />
arsobis puris sulier-evqaristul arsze saubrobs ravenis mTavarepiskoposi<br />
petre qrisoloRic: “Ipse ist panis, qui satus in Virgine, fermentatus in carne,<br />
in passione confectus, in furnace coctus sepulchri, in Ecclesiis conditus, illatus altaribus coelestam<br />
cibum quotidie fidelibus subministrat”, Petrus Chrysologus, Comm. in Mt., Sermones<br />
in Orationem Dominica: Sancti Petri Chrysologi Archiepiscopi Ravenanatis, opera omnia : PL<br />
52, ed. J. P. Migne, P., 1859, Reprint by Brepols, Turnhout 1978, Sermo 67, 68, 70, 71, 72: PL<br />
52, col. 390-406; 666-678, Sermo 67, c. 392 B /=Sancti Petri Chrysologi Collectio Sermonum:<br />
CCL 24 A, pars II, ed. A. Olivar, Turnholti Brepols 1981, Sermo 67, 7: CCL 24 A, c. 56ff.,<br />
gv. 404 – c. 60-61, gv. 405. aq aSkaraa zeciuri puris evqaristulTan igiveoba.<br />
patristikul mowmobaTa es sia SeiZleba usasrulod gagrZeldes. CvenTvis<br />
saintereso isaa, rom mTlian patristikul tradiciaSi ganmartebaTa mravalferovnebis<br />
miuxedavad arsobis puris swored suliersa da sulier-evqaristul<br />
gagebas eniWeba upiratesoba.<br />
8.<br />
Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1161 ff / = Callahan, Oratio IV,<br />
gv. 44ff. cxadia, sauflo locvis yvela Txovna erT mTlianobas qmnis da Sinagani<br />
kavSiri yvela Txovnas Soris arsebobs. magram aq wmida grigoli kidev<br />
ufro usvams xazs swored am ori Txovnis urTierTmimarTebasa da kavSirs.<br />
mesame da meoTxe Txovna erT mTels warmoadgens aseve wmida ioane oqropirisTvis,<br />
Johannes Chrysostomos, Homiliae In Matthaeum, Homilia XIX: PG 57, 13-472; PG<br />
58, 471-794, Fascimile of the 1860 Paris First Edition, Athen 1996, 280 / maTes Tavis Zveli<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmani: wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa iovane oqropirisa¡<br />
konstantinepolel mTavarepiskoposisa¡ Targmaneba¡ wmidisa saxarebisa¡<br />
maTes Tavisa¡, wigni II, Tbilisi, 1996, gv. 20.<br />
9.<br />
wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />
Tavi d, gv. 38 /...τῶν βαθυτέρων τι δογμάτων ὑποσημαίνειν ὁ λόγος καί τινα ποεῖεσθαι<br />
διδασκαλίαν θεοπρεποῦς διανοίας, Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 15-16, gv. 48.
narkvevi 119<br />
sa 10 uwodebs, locvis maswavlels Cvensas ki _ “WeSmarits<br />
mkurnals sulTasa” 11 . locvis sityvani, rogorc “wamali<br />
sulieri” 12 “simrTelisa momyvanebelad” 13 mogvaniWa ufalma.<br />
“xolo simrTele sulisa¡ ars nebisa RmrTisa aRsruleba¡” 14 .<br />
angelozebi ar iTxoven purs, vinaidan maT ar esaWiroebaT<br />
xorcieli sazrdeli 15 . im sxvaobis gamo, rac erTi<br />
mxriv, zeciur, noetur, uxilav, uxorcosa da meore mxriv,<br />
miwier, grZnobad, xilulsa da xorciel samyaroTa Soris<br />
arsebobs, zeciuri samyaros uxorco mkvidrni ar saWiroeben<br />
xorciel sazrdels. Sesabamisad, zecis mkvidrni Tavisufalni<br />
arian yovelive borotisagan, yovelive vnebisagan 16 .<br />
amdenad, zeciuri cxoreba RmrTis nebis aRsrulebaa 17 .<br />
Cveni, vnebuli da codvili adamianebis mizanic angelozTa<br />
mimbaZvelobaa, angelozTa sworpativoba 18 , zecis moqalaqobis<br />
damkvidreba, anu yovelive vnebisagan, yovelive borotisagan<br />
gaTavisufleba da RmrTis nebis aRsruleba miwazec, iseve<br />
10.<br />
wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />
Tavi d, gv. 37/ τοῦ κατὰ τὴν ἰατρικὴν θεωρήματος, Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 15-16, gv. 45.<br />
11.<br />
wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />
Tavi d, gv. 37 /ὁ ἀληθινὸς ἰατρὸς, Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 8, gv. 46. qriste rogorc<br />
mkurnali sakmaod gavrcelebuli xatia jer kidev Zvel samociqulo xanis<br />
eklesiaSi, mag, wm. egnate antioqeli, Ignatios Antiochenus, Eph 7, 2, Die Apostolischen<br />
Väter, eingeleitet, hrsg., übertragen und erläutert von J. A. Fischer, 8. Aufl., München,<br />
1981, gv. 146-149.<br />
12.<br />
wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />
Tavi d, gv. 37.<br />
13.<br />
iqve / θεραπεία ἐστὶ, Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 13, gv. 46.<br />
14.<br />
θέλημα δὲ θεοῦ ἡ σωτηρία τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐστίν, Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 13, gv. 46. berZnulSia<br />
ἡ σωτηρία _ “xsna”. amdenad, RmrTis nebis aRsruleba sulis simrTelisa,<br />
da maSasadame, sulieri xsnis sawindaria.<br />
15.<br />
Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1168D-1169A /= Callahan,<br />
Oratio IV, c. 19-20, gv. 48. Sdr. zeciur ZalTa sulieri sazrdeli origenesTan,<br />
Origenes, De Oratione, 27, 2: BEP 10, 284.<br />
16.<br />
…Διὰ τοῦτο τὴν ἐν οὐρανοῖς τῶν ἁγίων δυνάμεων πολιτείαν ἀμιγῆ τε κακίας,Gregorios<br />
Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, A /= Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 20-<br />
21/24-25, gv. 49: / “xolo zecisa igi mk¢drni wmida arian yovlisave vnebisagan...<br />
zecisa moqalaqoba¡ Seurevnel ars borotisagan...”, wmida grigol noseli,<br />
swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d, gv. 39.<br />
17.<br />
δῆλον ἄν εἴη ὅτι ἄνω πολιτεία ἅτε παντὸς κακοῦ καθαρεύσα ἐν τῷ αγαθῷ θελήματι τοῦ<br />
Θεοῦ καθαρθοῦται, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1168 B /=<br />
Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 4-8, gv. 50. / “da vina¡Tgan zecisa igi cxoreba¡ wmida ars<br />
yovlisave biwisagan, sacnaur ars friad, viTarmed neba¡ RmrTisa¡ ganisuenebs<br />
mas zeda”, wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao<br />
Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d, gv. 39.<br />
18.<br />
Sdr. maqsime aRmsarebeli, locvisaT¢s mamao Cueno¡sa, K 14, 162 v / Maximos<br />
Confessor, Exp. Orationis Dominicae: PG 90, 876 C/ =CChr SG 23, c. 81-82, 31: ἰσοτιμίαν τὴν<br />
πρὸς ἀγγέλους / Maximos Confessor, Exp. Orationis Dominicae: PG 90, 875 C: “cum angelis<br />
honoris sortem”.
120 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
rogorc zecaSi 19 . mesame Txovnis aseTi ganmartebis Semdeg wmida<br />
mama uSualod meoTxe Txovnis egzegezaze gadadis.<br />
Tavidanve TiTqos aSkaraa, rom wmida grigoli puris<br />
xorciel ganmartebas gvTavazobs. marTlac, arsobis purs<br />
igi “£orciel sa£mars” 20 uwodebs, magram vfiqrob, sainteresoa,<br />
rogor “£orciel sa£mrad” miiCnevs mas wmida mama da<br />
rogor gamijnavs mas sxva £orciel sa£marTagan:<br />
“...arca didebasa, da arca Suebasa, arca simdidresa, arca<br />
sxuaTa maT amaoTa saqmeTa angahrebisaTa” 21 .<br />
περιουσία-s (“angahrebasa” da siWarbes) wmida mama τὸ<br />
μέτριον-s (“zoma”, “zomiereba” 22 , “kmayofa”)D da μεῖνον ἐπὶ τῆς<br />
χρείας 23 (“oden sa£mari”) upirispirebs 24 .<br />
Cven unda viTxovoT is, rac aucilebelia Cveni yoveldRiuri<br />
yofisaTvis; Cven unda viTxovoT ara simdidre da misTanani,<br />
rac Cvens suls RmrTisa da misi sasufevlisgan aSorebs, aramed<br />
puri arsobisa, vinaidan Cven mxolod mas vsaWiroebT 25 .<br />
19.<br />
τοῦ κακοῦ τὴν ζωὴν ἐκκαθαρθῆναι ὡς καθ᾽ ὁμοιότητα τῆς οὐρανίου διαγωγῆς καὶ ἐν<br />
ἡμῖν ἀνεμποδίστως τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ πολιτεύσασθαι, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione<br />
Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1168 B /= Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 12-14, gv. 50/ “ganwmedad<br />
cxorebisa Cuenisa borotTagan, vidreRa msgavsad caTa Sina myofTa¡sa ganisuenebdes<br />
Cuen zedaca neba¡ RmrTisa¡ da aResrulebodes dauyeneblad”,<br />
wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />
Tavi d, gv. 39-40.<br />
20.<br />
ix. zemoT, gv. 1, sqoilo 4. Sdr. ἡ τροφή τῆς ἀναγκαῖας, Johannes Chrysostomos,<br />
Homiliae In Matthaeum, Homilia XIX, 6/10: PG 57, 280 / “saWiro¡ sazrdeli”, ioane<br />
oqropiri, Targmaneba¡ maTes Tavisa¡, gv. 19: esaa CvenTvis aucilebeli, saWiro<br />
sakvebi. Τὸν ἄρτον τὸν επιούσιον, τουτ ἐστι, τὸν ἐφήμερον, Johannes Chrysostomos,<br />
Homiliae In Matthaeum, Homilia XIX, 6/10: PG 57, 280 /“puri arsobisa¡... mdRevri<br />
puri”, iqve. aq sruliad aSkaraa arsobis puris mdRevr purTan gaigiveba.<br />
21.<br />
wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />
Tavi d, gv. 40 / οὐ τροφὴν οὐδὲ πλοῦτον, οὐκ εὐανθεῖς ἁλοργίδας, οὐ τὸν ἐκ χρυσοῦ<br />
κόσμιον, οὐ τὰς τῶν λίθων αὐγὰς... οὐ γῆς περιουσίαν, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione<br />
Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1169 A/= Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 13-16, gv. 51.<br />
22.<br />
sainteresoa, rom zomierebasa da “aRwoniT wesis-yofas” araerTxel Segvaxsenebs<br />
netari agvustinec: “vinc ambobs: “simdidresa da upovarebasa nu momcem<br />
me, aramed aRwoniT yav wesi~ (ig. 30:8), sxvas araras ambobs, Tu ara: “puri<br />
Cueni arsobisa¡ momec Cuen dRes”, Augustinus, Epistula ad Probam: PL 33, 502.<br />
23.<br />
Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1172 C / = Callahan, Oratio IV, c.<br />
5, gv. 54 / an kidev: ...αἀρκεῖ σοι τὸ μέχρι τῆς χρείας ταύτης ἀσχολεῖν τὴν διάνοιαν μᾶλλον<br />
δὲ μηδὲ τούτου τὴν ψυχὴν ταῖς περὶ ἄρτου μερίμναις ἐνδήσῃς, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione<br />
Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1173 / = Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 14-16, gv. 55 / “daadger sa£marsa<br />
mas zeda bunebiTsa da nu metsa eZieb, aramed pursa oden gonebiTa keTiliTa”,<br />
wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />
Tavi d, gv. 42.<br />
24.<br />
Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1168 D / = Callahan, Oratio IV, c.<br />
29, gv. 50.<br />
25.<br />
τὸν ἐφήμερον ἄρτον, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1168D / =<br />
Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 28, gv. 50. sainteresoa, rom wmida grigoli yvelgan ἐφήμερον
narkvevi 121<br />
adamianTaTvis zomieri da “oden sa£mari” ar aRmoCnda<br />
sakmarisi, amitomac mudamdRe sanovageTa zrunviT arian<br />
Seqceulni 26 . swored aq mimarTavs wmida mama evasa da gvelis<br />
Sesaxeb ZvelaRTqmiseul igavs (dabad. 3:15) 27 .<br />
Ggrigol noseli am igaviT Segvaxsenebs borotebisagan<br />
sulis dacvis, ukeTurebisagan Cveni nebsiTi ukumiqcevis<br />
aucileblobas, sulis sifxizlisaken mogviwo debs.<br />
gveli anu “Tavi borotisa gulisTqumisa”, “ukeTurebisa”,<br />
saTave yovelive borotisa, arawmidisa, ukeTurisa “ara Semovides<br />
sulsa Cuensa”, “ara daibudos sulsa Sina guelman<br />
man gulisTqumaTaman” 28 , – amas niSnavs sulis fxizloba.<br />
amdenad, Txovnis Zireul termins “epiousios” igi ganmartavs<br />
rogorc “aucilebels”, “saWiros”, “araWarbs”.<br />
adamiani unda gaisarjos imdenad, rom TavisTvis auci-<br />
ἄρτον-s xmarobs, mxolod sityvis dasasruls iCens Tavs ἐπιούσιον-ic, Gregorios<br />
Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1176 / = Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 23-24, gv.<br />
56. aqve unda aRvniSno, rom wm. efvTime, noseliseuli komentaris qarTulad<br />
mTargmneli, τὸν ἐφήμερον-s aq Targmnis rogorc “arsobisa¡” da ara rogorc<br />
“mdRevri”, rac qarTulSi berZnuli terminis myar Sesatyviss warmoadgens,<br />
wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />
Tavi d, gv. 40.<br />
26.<br />
...ἀλλ᾿ ἀφέντες οἱ ἄνθρωποι διὰ τῶν ἀναγκαίων λειτουργίαν τῇ φύσει ὀντως συμπίγονται,<br />
καθώς φησί που ὁ Λόγος, ταῖς περὶ τὰ μάταια σπουδαῖς, καὶ ατελεσφόρηται μένουσι, πρὸς<br />
ταυτατῆς φυχῆς ἑαυτὴν εἰς τὸ διηνεκὲς ἀσχολούσης, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica,<br />
Oratio IV: PG 44, 1169 D / = Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 24-26, gv. 52 - c. 1-2, gv. 53. “rameTu dauteves<br />
kacTa sa£mari bunebiTi da moiSTvebian sanovageTa zrunviTa da maradis mun Seqceul<br />
ars suli maTi”, wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡<br />
mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d, gv. 41.<br />
27.<br />
arsobis puris Txovnis grigoliseuli ganmartebis Taviseburebas swored<br />
evasa da gvelis Sesaxeb igavi warmoadgens.<br />
28.<br />
...τοῦ λόγου ὅτι τὴν ἡδονὴν εἰσιοῦσαν καὶ παραδυομένην τῇ τῆς ψυχῆς ῥαχίᾳ<br />
φυλάσσεσθαι χρὴ καὶ ἀποφράσσειν ὡς ἕνι μάλιστα τὰς ἁρμονίας βίου. Οὕτω γὰρ ἄν<br />
καθαρὰ φυλαχθείητης τῶν θερίων ἐπιμιξίας ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη βίου, Gregorios Nyssenus, De<br />
Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1172 AB / = Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 13-16, gv. 53 /<br />
“xolo gamoaCinebs sityua¡ ese, viTarmed jer ars krZalva¡, ra¡Ta Tavi<br />
borotisa gulisTqumisa¡ ara Semovides sulsa Cuensa da esreT wmida viqmnneT<br />
m£ecTa geslisagan“, wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da<br />
Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d, gv. 41. an kidev: ...εἰ οὐν φεύγεις τὴν τοῦ<br />
θηρίου συνοίκεσιν, φύλαξαι τὴν κεφαλὴν, τούτεστι, τὴν πρώτην τοῦ κακοῦ προσβολὴν<br />
εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ φέρει τῆς ἐντολῆς τοῦ Κυρίου τὸ αἴνιγμα‧ Αὐτός σου τηρήσει πτέρναν,<br />
καὶ σὺ τηρήσεις αὐτοῦ κεφαλὴν, καὶ σὺ τηρήσεις αὐτοῦ πτέρναν, Gregorios Nyssenus, De<br />
Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1172 B / = Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 26-27, gv. 53-c. 1-2,<br />
gv. 54 /”aw ukueTu ivltodi guelisa mis Tana yofisagan, ekrZale Tavsa missa!<br />
ese igi ars: pirveli Semoslva¡ ukeTurebisa¡ ganiotÀ, viTarca ety¢s ufali<br />
guelsa, viTarmed: “igi umzirdes Tavsa Sensa da Sen umzirde brWalsa missa”,<br />
wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />
Tavi d, gv. 41. Sdr. afraatis meeqvse homilia: “moviRoT uflisagan £elmwifeba¡,<br />
ra¡Ta kadnier viqmnneT datkebnad guelTa da iqedneTa”, G. Garitte, La<br />
Version Georgienne de l’Entretien VI d’Aphraate, I, 8: Le Museon LXXVII, 3-4, gv. 312.
122 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
lebeli, sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli sakvebi (ἡ τροφή<br />
τῆς ἀναγκαῖας) 29 , “saWiro¡ sazrdeli” moipovos, amasTan<br />
moipovos marTali SromiT 30 (aq eTikuri elementi iCens<br />
Tavs 31 ). vinc simarTles eZiebs, mas eZleva puri RmrTisagan<br />
32 . puri RmrTisa ki aris nayofi simarTlisa da mSvidobisa<br />
33 . cxadia, mdRevri puris TxovniT Cven viTxovT<br />
purs RmrTisas. kapadokieli mama asxvavebs purs simarTlisas<br />
da nayofs usamarTlobisas 34 . mxolod RmrTis purisagan,<br />
marTali SromiT mopovebuli purisagan Segi-<br />
Zlia Seswiro RmerTs Sesawiravi 35 .<br />
zndizeda “dRes”/“dRiTi-dRed” ganmartebisas wmida<br />
grigoli kidev erTxel Segvaxsenebs saRmrTo sibrZnis si-<br />
Rrmesa da usasrulobas. igi ganasxvavebs awmyosa da mermiss,<br />
warmavalsa da saukunos. adamianis sicocxle erTi<br />
dRiT Semoifargleba 36 da “kma ars dRisa¡ mis siborote<br />
29.<br />
Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1172 C /= Callahan, Oratio<br />
IV, c.13-14, gv. 54.<br />
30.<br />
ἐκ δικαίων πόνων, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44,<br />
1173 B /= Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 20-21, gv. 55 / “puri simarTlisa¡”, wmida grigol<br />
noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d,<br />
gv. 42.<br />
31.<br />
Sdr. rwmeniTa da marTali cxorebiT (...πιστεύοντες καὶ βιοῦντες δεξιώτερον...)<br />
SevsTxovT ufals cxovel purs, Origenes, De Oratione, 27, 6: BEP 10, 281. mar-<br />
Tali cxoreba ganuyofelia rwmenisagan. eTikuri elementis wina planze<br />
wamoweva niSandoblivia, zogadad, antioqiuri skolisaTvis, ase magali-<br />
Tad, am skolis erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgeneli, Teodore mofsuesteli,<br />
mTlian sauflo locva eTikis kompendiumad miiCnevs, Theodorus Mopsuestenus,<br />
Homiliae catecheticae, Homilia 11, 1: FC 17, 1, gv. 300.<br />
32.<br />
Θεοῦ ἄρτος, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1173 B / =<br />
Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 20, gv. 55. Sdr. Ignatios Antiochenus, An die Epheser, Eph 5,2,146: τοῦ<br />
ἄρτου τοῦ Θεοῦ/ “puri RmrTisa”.<br />
33.<br />
Δικαιουσύνης καρπὸς εἰρήνης ὁ στάχυς, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica,<br />
Oratio IV: PG 44, 1173 BC / = Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 1-2, gv. 56 / “xolo puri simarTlisa¡,<br />
rameTu, ukueTu ukeTurebiT da tacebiT mogebuli iyos puri igi, ara<br />
RmrTisa mocemuli ars, rameTu RmrTisa mocemuli yoveli simarTle ars da<br />
simarTliT mogebuli”, wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡<br />
mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d, gv. 42 (Sdr. maTe 6:33: “xolo Tquen eZiebdiT<br />
pirvelad sasufevelsa RmrTisasa da simarTlesa missa, da ese SegeZinos<br />
Tquen”). ix. aseve = Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 23, gv. 56.<br />
34.<br />
ἐζ ἀδικίας καρπὸν, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1173C /<br />
= Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 6-7, gv. 56.<br />
35.<br />
ὁ σπουδάζων τὴν διακαιουσύνην, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV:<br />
PG 44, 1173C / = Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 7-8, gv. 56.<br />
36.<br />
ὅτι ἐφήμερός ἐστι ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη ζωή, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV:<br />
PG 44, 1176 A /= Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 25, gv. 56-c. 1, gv. 55/ “viTarmed mdRevri ars cxoreba¡<br />
kacobrivi”, wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡<br />
mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d, gv. 42.
narkvevi 123<br />
T¢si” 37 . amitom gvekrZaleba xvalindel dReze zrunva 38 .<br />
vinc erT dRes gvaZlevs, imasac gvaZlevs, rac am dRisaTvis<br />
saWiroa. saRmrTo nebiT yvelas saWiroebisamebr eZleva.<br />
sxeulis sicocxle awmyos ekuTvnis, sulisa _ ki mermiss.<br />
momavali sulis sicocxlea. Tuki mdRevri puri dRevandel<br />
dRes, awmyos ekuTvnis, sasufeveli RmrTisa _ esaa saukuno<br />
netarebis sameufo 39 . mdRevri purisa da RmrTis sasufevlis<br />
es dapirispireba ise ar unda iqnas gagebuli, TiTqos<br />
wmida grigoli amiTac mdRevr, arsobis purs mxolod xorciel-materialurad<br />
ganmartavs. dRevandeli dRe, awmyo,<br />
Cveni amqveyniuri cxovreba ara mxolod xorciels, aramed<br />
suliersac moicavs. mxolod waruvali, sulieri sikeTenia<br />
WeSmaritad Txovnis Rirsi. Cvenc Cveni mzera swored waruvalsa<br />
da suliers unda mivapyroT, raTa masTan erTad sxva<br />
danarCenic, rac gvesaWiroeba, mogveces 40 . locva ki, grigo-<br />
37.<br />
maTe 6, 34: “nu hzrunavT xvalisaT¢s, rameTu xvalem izrunos Tavisa T¢sisa.<br />
kma ars dRisa¡ mis siborote T¢si”.<br />
38.<br />
Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1176 A /= Callahan, Oratio<br />
IV, c. 5-6, gv. 57/ “amisT¢s ity¢s, viTarmed: “momec Cuen dRes”, ra¡Ta gaswavos<br />
Sen ara zrunva¡ xvalisa¡. viTarmca getyoda Sen sity¢sa amis mier, viTarmed<br />
xvale, romelman dRÀ mogces, manve dRisaca mis sazrdeli moganiWos”, wmida<br />
grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d,<br />
gv. 42. maTeseul citatze dayrdnobiT xvalindel dReze zrunvis akrZalvas<br />
puris Txovnis mraval komentarSi vxvdebiT, sakmarisia, Tu gavixsenebT mag.:<br />
“Nolite de crastino cogitare”, Tertullianus, De Oratione, 6: PL 1, 1161A / = CCL 1, VI, 4, c. 22f,<br />
gv. 261 an kidev Johannes Chrysostomos, Homiliae In Matthaeum, Homilia XIX: PG 57, 280<br />
da sxva.<br />
39.<br />
ὁ ἄρτος τῆς σημερινῆς χρείας ἐστίν, ἡ βασιλεία τῆς ἐλπιζομένης μακαριότητος, Gregorios<br />
Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1176 D/= Callahan, Oratio IV, c.<br />
12-13, gv. 58.<br />
40.<br />
Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1176 A -1177 A / = Callahan,<br />
Oratio IV, gv. 57-58 / “vin aRmoabrwyinvebs mzesa, vin ganaqarvebs bnelsa, vin aRmoabrwyinvebs<br />
naTelsa? romeli amas yovelsa iqms, mas sa£marisa SenisaT¢s<br />
Sew(e)vna¡ u£msa? ver xedava, viTar zrdis igi mfrinvelTa da yovelTa<br />
iZrvisTa, da rad ara gulis£misyofad movalT mravalTa maT saxeTagan?<br />
viswavoT ukuÀ mravalTa maT saxeTagan, viTarmed sulierisa¡ jer ars Zieba¡<br />
da saukuno¡sa mis netarebisa¡” (τῶν τῆς ψυχῆς αγαθῶν, Gregorios Nyssenus,<br />
De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1176 D /= Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 16, gv. 58); “vi-<br />
Tarca ity¢s, viTarmed: `iTxovdiT sasufevelsa caTasa da simarTlesa da ese<br />
yoveli SegeZinos Tquen qristes iesu¡s (i¢s¡s) mier uflisa Cuenisa, romlisa¡<br />
ars dideba¡ da simtkicÀ Tana mamiT da suliT wmidiTurT aw da maradis<br />
da ukuniTi ukunisamdÀ, amin!”, wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da<br />
Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d, gv. 42-43. Sdr. msgavsi pasaJi wm. ioane<br />
oqropirTan: “rameTu romelman moguawines xvalisa dResa, gina momavalTa<br />
dReTa, man sazrdelica g¢zrunos. romelman aRmoabrwyinvis mze dRiTi-dRe,<br />
romelman ganaqarvis sibnele Ramisa¡, romeli mohfens haersa samS¢nvelad<br />
Cuenda, romelsa upyrian yovelni arsni wamisyofiTa Zlierebisa misisa¡Ta,<br />
romeli zrdis yovelTa mcenareTa queyanisaTa, mfrinvelTa cisaTa da TevzTa<br />
zR¢saTa, romelsa yovelive Zal-uc da yovelTa ganagebs, misa sa£mar
124 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
lis Rrma rwmeniT, yvela saxis sikeTeTa mopovebis saukeTeso<br />
saSualebaa 41 .<br />
amdenad, marTalia, wmida grigol noseli ganmartebis<br />
swored sityvasityviTsa da zneobriv-“CueulebiTs” (moralur-eTikur)<br />
tips irCevs, magram isic aSkaraa, rom mis-<br />
Tvis oden sa£mari, xorcieli puri martoden materialuri<br />
sulac araa 42 . jer erTi, wmida grigoli xazs usvams, rom<br />
puri, romelsac viTxovT RmrTisagan, RmerTsave ekuTvnis,<br />
esaa puri RmrTisa 43 da ara RmrTis metoqisa, esaa is puri,<br />
romelic aucilebelia Cveni arsebobisaTvis. Cveni arseboba<br />
ki mxolod xorcieliT ar Semoifargleba. arsobis purs,<br />
mdRevr purs igi Tumc upirvelesad rogorc sa£mars bunebiTs,<br />
oden £orcTasa, rogorc aucilebel xorciels sazrdels<br />
gaiazrebs. magram ar unda daviviwyoT, rom yovelive<br />
arsa Cueni zrunva¡, sazrdelisa CuenisaT¢s? nu iyofin. amisT¢s g¢brZana,<br />
viTarmed: “nu hzrunavT xvalisa”, nuca iTxovT RmrTisagan saSuebelTa da<br />
simdidreTa, aramed purisaTvis oden mdRevrisa SewireT Txoa¡ uZlurebisa<br />
TquenisaT¢s, da nuraras umetes amisasa hzrunavT, nuca iTxovT, rameTu icis<br />
mamaman Tquenman zecaTaman, ra¡ gi£ms da man gizrunos, viTarca hnebavs”, ioane<br />
oqropiri, Targmaneba¡ maTes Tavisa¡, gv. 20 / Johannes Chrysostomos, Homiliae<br />
In Matthaeum, Homilia XIX: PG 57, 280. aq ara mxolod Sinaarsobrivad, aramed<br />
leqsikur-frazeologiuradac didi msgavsebaa. orive ganmartebis qarTul<br />
TargmanTa Sedareba ki cxadyofs, rom Targmani erTsa da imave avtors, ker-<br />
Zod, wm. efvTime aTonels ekuTvnis.<br />
41.<br />
iqve.<br />
42.<br />
amasve mowmobs wm. ioane oqropiris Targmanebac. miuxedavad puris TiTqos<br />
calsaxad sityvasityviTi, xorcieli gagebisa, noselis msgavsad antioqel<br />
mamasTanac SeiniSneba yovelive xorcielis miRma upirvelesad sulieri Sinaarsis<br />
danaxvis mcdeloba. imave qadagebaSi wmida ioane gveubneba, rom xorcielSic<br />
ki ufro meti sulieri unda SevicnoT da davinaxoT: Πῶς καὶ ἐν τοῖς<br />
σωματικοῖς πολὺ τὸ πνευματικόν, Johannes Chrysostomos, Homiliae In Matthaeum, Homilia<br />
XIX: PG 57, 280. am frazidan gamomdinare SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom igi xorciel<br />
purSic gacilebiT mets xedavs, vidre martoden xorcielia. miTumetes,<br />
rom qadagebis mTliani konteqsti sulier saunjeTa metobisa da upiratesobis<br />
sakmaod TvalsaCino Cvenebaa. imas, rom wmida ioanesTvis uflis locvisa<br />
da misi meoTxe Txovnis arc liturgiul-evqaristuli aspeqti iyo ucxo,<br />
mowmobs misi naTlobis katexizisebi, Johannes Chrysostomus, Catecheses Baptismales.<br />
Taufkatechesen. Griechisch-Deutsch, übersetzt und eingeleitet von R. Kaczynski : FC 6/1,<br />
Freiburg – Basel – Wien – Barcelona – Rom – NY, Teilbd. 1, 1991. maSasadame, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom oqropiri puris Sesaxeb Tavis ganmartebaSi “arsobis puris~<br />
suliersa Tu kerZod, evqaristul axsnas konkretulad arsad gvTavazobs,<br />
misi interpretaciidan sulieri Sinaarsis sruli gamoricxva mainc ar unda<br />
iyos marTebuli. amas adasturebs rogorc uSualod me-19 homiliis saerTo<br />
konteqsti, aseve, zogadad, maTes qadagebebis erTiani foni. amasve mowmoben<br />
misi sxva Txzulebebic. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konstantinopolis<br />
mTavarepiskoposis arsobis puris Targmaneba Zalze axloa grigol noseliseul<br />
ganmartebasTan, maTi komentarebi JanriTac erTia – orive qadagebaa,<br />
mrevlisadmi mimarTuli, Tumc erTi locvis Txzulebaa, meore ki – saxarebis<br />
komentari. xSirad erTsa da imave saxarebiseul citatebs mimarTaven.<br />
43.<br />
Aamitomac Znelad warmosadgenia, rom igi martoden xorcieli iyos.
narkvevi 125<br />
xorcieli misTvis ganuyofelia sulierisagan _ mTliani<br />
adamianic, iseve rogorc adamianuri yofa xom orives _<br />
xorcielisa da sulieris, miwisa da zecis Sezavebulebaa 44 .<br />
44.<br />
“ra¡Ta arca queyanisani sruliad ucxo iyvnen zecisaTagan da arca zecisani<br />
sruliad ucnaur iyvnen queyanisaTa. da ra¡Ta iqmnes kacisa mier orTave maT bunebaTa<br />
Sezavebuleba¡ – uxilavisa mis sulisa¡, romeli T¢s eyvis zecisa Zal-<br />
Ta £orcTa Sina mk¢drobiTa da xilulTa amaT £orcTa aRdgomasa mas yovelTasa<br />
zecad micvalebiTa sulisa Tana, romelnica wmida iyvnen codvisagan,” wmida<br />
grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d, gv.<br />
39 / Callahan, c. 12ff, gv. 49: διπλῇ. am azrs ufro metad aviTarebs wmida ioane damaskeli,<br />
romelic aseve sazrdelis “mrCobloboTibazec” (xorciel-sulieri)<br />
saubrobs, ix. Johannes Damaskenos, S.P.N. Johannis Damasceni, Monachi et presbyteri Hierosolymitani<br />
opera omnia quae exstant, et ejus nomine circumferuntur, opera et studio P. Michaelis<br />
Lequien, Acc. J. P. Migne, Expositio accurata fdei orthodoxae: PG 94, 789-1228, 1152/=B. Kotter,<br />
Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos, II: PTS 12, Berlin 1973. sainteresoa, rom wm.<br />
ioane damaskeli wm. grigol noselis msgavsad meoTxe Txovnis purs zogadad<br />
Cvens arsebobaze (τῆς οὐσίας ἡμῶν) avrcobs, anu ara marto xorciel (τῆς σωματικῆς<br />
οὐσίας), aramed sulier, erTian xorciel-sulier arsebobas (τῆς σωματικῆς οὐσίας<br />
καὶ πνευματικῆς) gulisxmobs: Ψυχικῆ καὶ σωματικῆ διπλοῦν γὰρ ἐστι), Johannes Damaskenos,<br />
Expositio fdei, IV, 13: PG 94, 1149A /= B. Kotter: PTS 12, c. 123-124, gv. 196. amas igi,<br />
kvlav wmida grigolis kvaldakval, adamianis bunebis “mrCoblobiT” (xorcieli<br />
da sulieri, Sdr. wmida grigol noselic Tavis katexetikur sityvaSi saubrobs<br />
adamianis bunebis “mrCoblobaze” (διττά): adamiani sxeulisa da sulisgan<br />
Sedgeba, amitom orive – sxeulica da sulic unda ganikurnos, Gregorius Nyssenus,<br />
Orat. Catech., 37: PG 45, 93ff), Sesabamisad, Sobisa da sazrdelis “mrCoblobiT~ xsnis<br />
(es gavrcoba ki ukve wmida ioanes ekuTvnis). “xolo vina¡Tgan sulieri ars<br />
adam, jer ars, ra¡Ta Soba¡ca sulieri iyos, egreTve da sazrdelica. da kualad,<br />
vina¡Tgan mrCoblni ra¡me varT da Sezavebulni, jer-ars SobaTaca mr-<br />
CoblTa yofa¡, egreTve da sazrdelTa SezavebulTa¡. vina¡ca Soba¡ vidreme<br />
wylisa mier da sulisa mogueca Cuen, vity¢ ukue wmidisa naTlisRebisasa. xolo<br />
sazrdeli – T¢T igi zeciT gardamosruli puri cxorebisa¡, ufali Cueni iesu<br />
qriste”, wm. ioane damaskeli, marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi<br />
gadmocema, e. WeliZis gamocema, iqve (ioanes sax. 6, 48), 86 IV, 13, (arseni), dasax.<br />
naSr., gv. 246-247; “jer-iyo Cuenda sulierica oden Soba¡ da sulieri oden<br />
saWmeli. aramed vina¡Tgan mrCobl Sezavebul varT adameanni: £orcTagan da<br />
sulisa”, (efremi), gv. 249. “mrCoblobiTad” ganmartavs “mdRevr purs” netari<br />
avgustinec: “Panis quotidianus duplex est, corporalis et spiritualis”, Augustinus, Sermo 57, VII:<br />
PL 38, 389. (Sdr. “Sane duobus modis intelligenda est ista petition de pane quotidiano: sive pro<br />
necessitate carnalis victus, sive etiam pro necessitate spiritualis alimoniae”, iqve). amdenad, wm.<br />
avgustine saubrobs xorcielsa da sulier sazrdelze. “arsobis” puri moicavs<br />
yvelafers, rasac Cveni suli da sxeuli am cxovrebaSi saWiroebs” / “Et quidquid<br />
animae nostrae et carni necessarium est, quotidiano pane concluditur”, Augustinus, Sermo 58 ad<br />
Competentes: PL 38, 395. netari avgustine aq xmarobs “necessarium” (Sdr. Augustinus,<br />
Sermo 57, VII: PL 38, 389: “Panis erit et ipse quotidianus, huic vitae necessarius”). mTeli samyofi,<br />
rogorc Cans, sulsa da sxeuls gulisxmobs. Tavis cnobil TxzulebaSi<br />
“Enchiridion ad Laurentium sive de fide, spe et caritate” netari avgustine kidev erTxel<br />
Segvaxsenebs “mdRevri puri”-s ormag Sinaarssa da ormag saWiroebas: “Panis vero<br />
cotidianus ideo dictus est quia hic est necessarius quantus animae carnique tribunedus est, sive spiritualiter<br />
(“an sulierad”), sive carnaliter (“an xorcielad”), sive utroque intelligatur modo<br />
(“an orivenairad” _ anu sulier-xorcielad)~, Augustinus, Enchiridion ad Laurentium<br />
sive de fde, spe et caritate, XXX, 115: CCL 46, pars XIII, 2, ed. Evans, Turnholti 1979, c. 29-31,<br />
gv. 111. “aucilebelia misi “mrCoblobiTad” gaazreba, vinaidan igi erTnairad
126 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
marTalia, puri arsobisa, puri mdRevri aris aucilebeli<br />
Cveni xorcieli yofisaTvis, magram Cveni xorcieli yofa<br />
ganuyofelia Cveni sulieri arsebobisagan. Aamdenad, “puri<br />
arsobisa¡” aris safuZveli Cveni mTliani, xorciel-sulieri<br />
arsebobisa. amitomacaa swored mdRevri puris Txovna<br />
Cveni upirvelesi saTxovari, da ara simdidreni ama soflisa<br />
Tu sxva xorcieli sacTurni. puri, Tund xorcielic,<br />
aris Rirsi Txovnisa. Zalze sagulisxmoa wmida grigolis<br />
Segoneba, “sa£marTaT¢s £orcielTa mravalTa zrunvaTagan”<br />
davicvaT suli 45 , anu viTxovoT is, risi Txovnac egebis Rmr-<br />
Tisagan, anu puri arsobisa, metic, “xolo nuca purisa zrunvasa<br />
Seeqcevi sruliad, aramed arqu mas, romeli zrdis yovelsa<br />
£orcielsa, viTarmed: Sen mier ars cxoreba¡ Cemi da<br />
Sen momec puri” 46 .<br />
marTalia, wmida grigol noseli “arsobis purs” upirvelesad<br />
saWiro xorciel sazrdelad ganmartavs, vfiqrobT,<br />
rom kapadokieli mama arc sulier gagebas unda gamoricxavdes.<br />
grigoliseuli ganmartebis uSualo da ubralo forma<br />
misi Txzulebis JanriTa da konteqstiT SeiZleba aixsnas:<br />
esaa mrevlis mimarT qadageba, cocxali sityva ubralo<br />
mrevlisadmi, romelic sulierad da inteleqtualurad<br />
sxvadasxvanairad momzadebul msmenels aerTianebs. mqadageblis<br />
cocxalma sityvam uSualod unda imoqmedos msmenelze.<br />
amdenad, grigol noselis mizanic aq qadagebis meSveobiT<br />
mrevlis eTikur-moraluri aRzrdaa, mrevlis damosaWiroa<br />
sulisa da xorcisaTvis. ase rom, erTia xiluli da xelSesaxebi puri,<br />
Cveni arsebobisTvis aucilebeli (puri, romelic sxeuls ganaZRebs da xorcs<br />
ganaZlierebs). magram ufro mniSvnelovania meore, uxilavi, gansakuTrebuli,<br />
ara-Cveulebrivi, “ara-litoni” puri, romelsac Zeni RmrTisa SesTxoven ufals<br />
(“mamao Cveno” xom RmrTis ZeTa locvaa). esaa sityva RmrTisa, romelic yoveldRe<br />
gveZleva Cveni locvis sapasuxod. esaa Cveni arsobis puri, Cveni mdRevri<br />
puri. misiT cxovndeba ara sxeuli, aramed suli. es sazrdeli aucilebelia<br />
CvenTvis axlac, vidre venaxis muSakni varT... Cveni mdRevri sazrdeli ki aris<br />
sityva RmrTisa... mdRevri puri morwmuneT xelmeored Sobis, sulieri Sobis<br />
anu naTlobis Semdgom eZleva – eZlevaT gansamtkiceblad sxeulisa da sulisa”,<br />
Augustinus, Sermo 58: PL 38, 395, Sermo 59: PL 38, 401.<br />
45.<br />
“egreTve Cuen Soris srul iqmenin saTnoeba¡, ra¡Ta raJams yoveli boroti<br />
uCino iqmnes yovliTurT, iyos neba¡ Seni sulTa Sina CuenTa warmarTebul,<br />
aramed, ra¡Ta vervin Tquas-Tu da viTar egebis u£orcoTa ZalTa siwmidisa<br />
£orciTa amiT warmarTeba¡, vina¡Tgan sa£marTaT¢s £orcielTa mravalTa<br />
zrunvaTa Sina STavardebis suli, amisT¢s ufalman SesZina Semdgomi igi sityua¡,<br />
ra¡Ta dah£snes eseviTari igi zraxva¡,” wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡<br />
locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d, gv. 40 / Callahan, gv. 50.<br />
46.<br />
wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />
Tavi d, gv. 42 / Callahan, c. 19, gv. 55.
narkvevi 127<br />
ZRvraa. amitomac Warbobs ase TvalnaTliv eTikuri elementebic.<br />
CvenTvis sagulisxmo ki isaa, rom martivi formisa<br />
da sityvasityviTi Sinaarsis miRma SesaZlebelia Sinagani<br />
da sulieri arsis amokiTxva.<br />
Nino Sakvarelidze<br />
Is the “Daily Bread” in the Interpretation of Gregory of Nissa<br />
Just Corporal?<br />
The Cappadocian Gregory of Nyssa seems to present just a corporal and<br />
ethic interpretation of the “daily bread”, almost excluding its spiritual and<br />
mystical sense. But if we try to understand the exposition of the fourth petition<br />
by St. Gregory in the light of his twofold concept of body and soul, as<br />
well as in connection with the third petition, it becomes obvious that this<br />
“necessary nutrition”is necessary not for the body only, but also for the<br />
soul.
maia rafava<br />
ioane mTavaraisZe,<br />
Savi mTis qarTveli moRvawe<br />
Savi mTis qarTul monastrebSi arsebulma samwignobro<br />
keram (XI-XII ss.) ganuzomeli roli Seasrula <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturuli<br />
da, zogadad, kulturis ganviTarebis saqme-<br />
Si. aTonis literaturuli skolis Semdeg igi gaxda axali<br />
literaturuli procesebis da kulturuli orientaciis<br />
safuZveldamdebi, qarTul mwerlobaSi elinofiluri<br />
mimdinareobis gamtarebeli. Aamis gamo cxoveli interesi<br />
sdevs Savi mTis qarTul monastrebSi moRvawe pirovnebebis<br />
gamovlenisa da maTi SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Sefasebis<br />
mizniT warmoebul kvleva-Ziebas.<br />
Savi mTis <strong>qarTuli</strong> samwignobro centris erT-erTi<br />
TvalsaCino mkvlevari elene metreveli erT Tavis weril-<br />
Si, romelic man efrem mciris avtograf xelnawer krebuls<br />
miuZRvna, werda: “korneli kekeliZem Tavs idva didi Sroma<br />
da Seadgina ucxo avtorebisa da maTi mTargmnelebis<br />
katalogi Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi... es samuSao dResac<br />
damTavrebuli ar aris, rogorc mowmobs “ucxo avtorebis”<br />
yoveli axali gamocema, romelic wina gamocemasTan<br />
SedarebiT Sevsebulia rogorc axali avtorebiT, aseve<br />
mTargmnelebiTac” 1 .<br />
igive SeiZleba iTqvas elene metrevelis mier Savi mTisa<br />
da samxreT saqarTvelos <strong>qarTuli</strong> samwerlobo kerebisadmi<br />
miZRvnili uaRresad sayuradRebo gamokvlevebis Sesaxeb.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, man Savi mTis mwignobruli keris literaturuli<br />
saqmianobis kvlevas uZRvna sagangebo gamokvlevebi,<br />
sadac mravalricxovan wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, gaaSuqa<br />
Savi mTis keris istoria XI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi.<br />
1.<br />
metreveli e. efrem mciris avtografi, xelnawerTa institutes moambe, I,<br />
Tb., 1959, 1. xelmeored gamoica wignSi: metreveli e. filologiur-istoriuli<br />
Ziebani, Tb., I, 2007, 117.<br />
128
narkvevi 129<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom elene metrevelma am kerasTan dakav-<br />
Sirebuli mravali sayuradRebo faqti gamoikvlia, gamoavlina<br />
mTeli rigi axali personaliebisa, daazusta maTi<br />
genelogia da, rac mTavaria, naTeli mohfina maTi literaturuli<br />
saqmianobis raobasa da xasiaTs, es samuSao dResac<br />
damTavrebuli ar aris.<br />
winamdebare werilis mizanic es aris: garkveuli<br />
cnobebiT Seavsos Savi mTis mwignobruli keris istoria<br />
ukve XI saukunis meore naxevarSi, Tavi mouyaros<br />
bio-bibliografiul cnobebs Savi mTis erTi qarTveli<br />
moRvawis Sesaxeb da maTi urTierTSevsebis safuZvelze<br />
gamoavlinos am pirovnebis moRvaweobis xasiaTi da<br />
masStabebi.<br />
es pirovneba ar aris <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobisaTvis sruliad<br />
ucnobi persona. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xelnawerebis anderZ-minawerebidan<br />
cnobilia misi saxeli: sxvadasxva anderZ-minawerebSi<br />
mimofantulad aris cnobebi mis Sesaxeb. isini calke aRebuli,<br />
maT Soris garkveuli kavSirebis gaazrebis gareSe, ar<br />
iZlevian srul suraTs, Tu sinamdvileSi vin dgas maT ukan,<br />
ar Cans, Tu ra rols asrulebda igi Savi mTis literaturuli<br />
skolis saqmianobaSi.<br />
es pirovneba aris werilobiTi wyaroebiT, aseve samecniero<br />
literaturaSi Savi mTis <strong>qarTuli</strong> samwerlobo keris<br />
moRvawed cnobili ioane mTavaraisZe 2 .<br />
ra viciT ioane mTavaraisZis Sesaxeb?<br />
ioane mTavaraisZe moxsenebulia efrem mciris naTargmn Tu<br />
originalur Sromebze darTul mraval anderZ-minawerSi 3 . E<br />
1) 1090 wels gadaweril “fsalmunTa Targmanebis” xelnawerSi<br />
weria:<br />
“efrem Targmanisa mier zemo£senebulman da pirvelisa<br />
<strong>wignis</strong>a misT¢s damwerelman iovane xucesman mTavara¡sZeman<br />
2.<br />
ioane mTavaraisZis pirovnebas me Sevexe efrem mciris originaluri saistorio<br />
Txzulebis ~uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisa¡”-sTan dakavSirebiT<br />
da gamovTqvi garkveuli mosazrebebi misi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. amJamad<br />
Cemi mizania, axali monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT calke gamovyo ioane<br />
mTavaraisZis, rogorc farTo xasiaTis moRvawis, pirovneba da vaCveno misi<br />
roli rogorc Savi mTis samwignobro skolis saqmianobaSi, ise, zogadad,<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobisa da kulturis istoriaSi.<br />
3.<br />
es anderZ-minawerebi kargad aris cnobili mkvlevarTaTvis: k. kekeliZe, Zveli<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis istoria, Tb., I, 1980; e. metreveli, Savi mTis mwignobruli<br />
keris istoriisaTvis XI s.-is pirvel naxevarSi, akad. s. janaSias<br />
sax. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, t. XX_B, 1959, 87; l. menabde,<br />
Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis kerebi, II, Tb., 1980, 152-167; efrem mciris anderZminawerebi<br />
sagangebod Seiswavla darejan TvalTvaZem Tavis sadisertacio<br />
naSromSi da Zalze safuZvliani da sayuradRebo gamokvleva uZRvna maT.
130 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
ese aw CemT¢s gardamoviwere... daiwera kastanas efremis<br />
mamobasa” 4 .<br />
2) imave anTroponimiT (iovane mTavaraisZe) es pirovneba<br />
Cans grigol nazianzelis 16 liturgikuli homiliis<br />
efrem mciriseuli Targmanebis Semcvel xelnawerSi (Jer.<br />
13) arsebul efremiseul anderZSi: “locva yavT iovanesT¢s<br />
xucisa mTavara¡sZisa, romelman ara dag¢Surva T¢si qaRaldi<br />
sawerelad da puri sazrdelad TanadgomiTurT T¢siT,<br />
ra¡Ta esreT srul iqmnes... brZaneba¡ sulierisa mamisa Cuenisa<br />
berisa k¢rike aleqsandrielisa¡” 5 .<br />
am anderZ-minaweris cnoba ioane mTavaraisZesTan mimar-<br />
TebaSi imiT aris sayuradRebo, rom, rogorc vigebT, am anderZis<br />
daweris droisTvis CvenTvis saintereso iovane xucesia<br />
da mTavaraisZed iwodeba. igi materialurad exmareba<br />
efrem mcires grigol nazianzelis 16-sityvedis TargmnaSi.<br />
anderZ-minaweri ki uTuod im droisaa, roca efrem<br />
mcirem Targmna grigol nazianzelis 16-sityvedi, rasac,<br />
mkvlevarTa aRiarebiT, adgili unda hqonoda efremis moRvaweobis<br />
gviandel etapze, daaxloebiT 1090 wlebSi 6 .<br />
am anderZ-minawerebis mixedviT, CvenTvis saintereso iovane<br />
1080-1090 wlebSi mTavaraisZed aris moxsenebuli. mas<br />
gadauweria “fsalmunTa Targmaneba” 1080 wels, xolo igive<br />
teqsti TavisTvis gadauweria 1090 w. an cota mogvianebiT,<br />
imave xanebSive uTargmnia grigolis 16-sityvedi.<br />
ioane, rogorc mTavara¡sZe, kidev erT anderZ-minawerSi<br />
aris moxsenebuli. es anderZi erTgvar gasaRebs warmoadgens<br />
misi pirovnebisa da moRvaweobis dasaxasiaTeblad,<br />
radgan is garkveul safuZvels qmnis ioane mTavaraisZis<br />
identifikaciisaTvis Sav mTaze moRvawe da sxvadasxva anderZebSi<br />
moxseniebul sxva ioaneebTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
anderZ-minaweri daculia A 24 (XII s.) xelnawerSi 7 . xelnaweris<br />
me-3 Txzulebis, “uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa,<br />
Tu romelTa wignTa Sina moi£senebis”, saTauris<br />
4.<br />
Q 37, 317r.<br />
5.<br />
Jer. 13, 250r.<br />
6.<br />
q. bezaraSvili, grigol nazianzelis poeziis komentarebis <strong>qarTuli</strong> versiebidan:<br />
efrem mciris Targmani, gulani, Tb., 1989, 121; e. WeliZe, Zveli qar-<br />
Tuli saRvTismetyvelo terminologia, I, Tb., 1996, 545-558; n. meliqiSvili,<br />
efrem mciris mTargmnelobiTi meTodi wm. grigol nazianzelis araliturgikuli<br />
sityvebis mixedviT, mravalTavi, XIX, 2001, 225.<br />
7.<br />
xelnaweri Seicavs efrem mciris mier Targmnil ioane damaskelis ~dialeqtikasa~<br />
da ~gardamocemas~, ~ioane damaskelis cxovrebas~, aseve efremis<br />
originalur Txzulebas ~uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisas~. ix. qar-<br />
Tul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, yofili saeklesio muzeumis (A) koleqciisa,<br />
I, Tb.,, 1974, 81-86.
narkvevi 131<br />
gaswvriv, aSiaze (145v) aris anderZ-minaweri aseTi Sinaarsisa:<br />
“uwyode, rameTu amis [sa]kiTxavisa [mizezia] ioane.<br />
da ioane ra¡ gesmes, mTavara¡sZe, rameTu netarisa efremisa<br />
Targmnobisa JamTa Savsa mTasa daxuda da esre Seudga<br />
TargmnobisaT¢s, romel T¢nier mciredTa wignTa¡sa, yovelnive<br />
man aTargmnina misiTa sa£mriTa da warsagebeliTa, vi-<br />
Tarca yovelTa sakiTxavTa bolosa T¢T aRiarebs sanatreli<br />
efrem, xolo me ese sadResaswaulo¡sagan gardavwere” 8 .<br />
rogorc vxedavT, anderZi iuwyeba, rom 1) ioane mTavaraisZe<br />
efremis Sav mTaze misvlisas ukve iq imyofeboda, 2)<br />
igi aqtiurad exmareboda efrem mcires mTargmnelobiT saqmianobaSi<br />
“sa£mriTa da warsagebeliT”, 3) yvela Txzuleba,<br />
mcire gamonaklisis garda, man aTargmnina efrem mcires.<br />
anderZ-minaweris cnobis utyuaroba, misi sandooba sruliad<br />
sarwmunoa, radgan igi ekuTvnis pirovnebas, romelsac<br />
“uwyeba¡” uSualod efremis dednisagan gadauweria.<br />
amis Sesaxeb gadamweri iuwyeba “uwyeba¡s” bolos darTul<br />
anderZ-minawerSi: “srul iqmna eseca qarTvelTa moqcevisa<br />
mosa£senebeli T¢T Rirsisa efremis nusxisagan” 9 .<br />
anderZ-minaweris avtori efrem mcirisa da ioane mTavaraisZis<br />
Tanamedrove Tu araa, mcire droiT aris daSorebuli<br />
maTi moRvaweobis xanas, igi maT mwignobrul-samoRvaweo garemoSi<br />
trialebs, rac zrdis am anderZ-minaweris mniSvnelobas.<br />
anderZ-minaweris sityvebma “T¢nier mciredTa wignTa¡sa,<br />
yovelnive man aTargmnina” efrem mcires, safuZveli momca<br />
ioane mTavaraisZe meZebna efrem mciris Targmanebze dar-<br />
Tul sxva anderZ-minawerebSi.<br />
upirveles yovlisa, SesaZleblad CavTvale ioane mTavaraisZis<br />
gaigiveba imave “uwyeba¡s” SesavalSi moxseniebul<br />
ioane kvirikesTan. SesavalSi weria: “suliersa mamasa Cuensa<br />
da patiosansa eklesiarxsa Cuen qarTvelTasa, mRdelsa<br />
uflisasa ioanes k¢rikessa yovlad mcire da uRirsi saxisa<br />
da saxelisa¡ efrem monazoni TayuaniscemiT mogikiTxav” 10 .<br />
anTroponimSi “ioane k¢rikesi” ioane saxelia, xolo<br />
k¢rikesi miuTiTebs or rameze: igi an kvirikes mowafea, an<br />
kvirikes monastris xucesia. Tu davuSvebT, rom kvirikesi<br />
mowafes aRniSnavs, maSin SeiZleba gaCndes azri, xom ar iyo<br />
es pirovneba cnobili moRvawis, kvirike aleqsandrielis,<br />
mowafe. xolo Tu kvirikesi monastris xucobas gulisxmobs,<br />
maSin gamoricxuli araa, rom Sav mTaze cnobili <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
8.<br />
A 24, 145v.<br />
9.<br />
uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa, T. bregaZis gamocema, Tb., 1959, 12.<br />
10.<br />
uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa, 3.
132 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
monastrebis rigs erTi axali, kvirikes monasteric Seematos.<br />
SesaZloa momavalma kvlevam esec daadasturos.<br />
amrigad, ioane kvirikesi aris meore zedwodeba, romli-<br />
Tac xelnawerebSi ixsenieba ioane mTavaraisZe.<br />
ioane k¢rikesi, “uwyeba¡s” garda, ixsenieba erTi ierusalimuri<br />
xelnaweris (Jer. 38 metafrasuli krebuli) anderZ-minawerSi<br />
(es xelnaweri Tavisi SedgenilobiT, yvelaze<br />
axloa S 1276 xelnawerTan). anderZ-minaweri aseTi<br />
Sinaarsisaa: “locva yavT, qristes moyuareno, ioanesT¢s,<br />
k¢rikes xucisa, romlisa brZanebiTa da warsagebeliTa<br />
iTargmna sakiTxavi ese efremisagan mcirisa” 11 . am xelnaweris<br />
ioane kvirikes xucesi (sakiTxavis mbrZanebeli da<br />
warsagebelis gamcemi), yovelgvar eWvs gareSe, is pirovnebaa,<br />
vinc aris “uwyeba¡s” SesavalSi moxseniebuli mRdeli<br />
ioane kvirikesi (“uwyeba¡s” mbrZanebeli da momgebeli).<br />
amave dros, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT “uwyeba¡s” Semcveli xelnaweris<br />
(A 24) minaweris cnobasac, es pirovneba aris ioane<br />
mTavaraisZe (sakiTxavis mizezi da “sa£mriTa da warsagebeliT”<br />
damxmare).<br />
“ioane kvirikes xucesi” zustad amgvari formulirebiT<br />
kidev erT xelnawerSi gvxvdeba. es aris efrem mciris homiletikuri<br />
krebuli S 1276. rogorc elene metrevelma gaarkvia,<br />
am xelnaweris pirveli nawilis (homiletikuri sakiTxavebis)<br />
mTargmnel-redaqtori aris efrem mcire, es avtografuli<br />
xelnaweri mas gamiznuli hqonda rogorc sakuTar TargmanTa<br />
krebuli 12 . krebulis Sedgenilobisa da ramdenime<br />
istoriul-bibliografiuli monacemis gaTavaliswinebis<br />
Sedegad SesaZleblad CavTvale, rom swored es avtografuli<br />
nusxa (S 1276) warmoadgens “uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa<br />
moqcevisa¡Si” moxsenebul “sadResaswaulo wigns” 13 .<br />
sanam ioane mTavara¡sZis Sesaxeb Cvens mosazrebebs gavagrZelebde,<br />
oriode sityviT minda gamovexmauro darejan<br />
TvalTavaZis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom gamoricxuli<br />
araa, “sadResaswaulos” saxeliT grigol nazianzelis<br />
16 liturgikuli sakiTxavis krebuli ixseniebodes 14 .<br />
Cemi azriT, “sadResaswaulo <strong>wignis</strong>” grigol nazianzelis<br />
16 liturgikuli sakiTxavis krebulTan gaigiveba<br />
11.<br />
Jer. 38, 12r.<br />
12.<br />
metreveli e. efrem mciris avtografi, 115 -125.<br />
13.<br />
rafava m. efrem mciris `uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa~ da `sadResaswaulo<br />
wigni~, macne, # 4, 1990.<br />
14.<br />
TvalTvaZe d. Sav mTaze moRvawe ioaneTa vinaobisaTvis, Tsu Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
enis kaTedris Sromebi, 31, 2004, 128.
narkvevi 133<br />
savsebiT dasaSvebi iqneboda, rom ara ramdenime garemoeba,<br />
romelic xels uSlis aseT gaigivebas.<br />
1. saqme isaa, rom “sadResaswaulo <strong>wignis</strong>” mbrZanebeli<br />
da xelis gammarTavi aris ioane k¢rikesi, xolo nazianzelis<br />
16-sityvedis Targmnis iniciatori da mbrZanebeli,<br />
krebulis Sesavlisa da yvela anderZ-minaweris mixedviT,<br />
aris kvirike aleqsandrieli. ioane mTavara¡sZe materialurad<br />
exmareba efrem mcires. 16-sityvedis Semcveli erTi<br />
xelnaweris anderZ-minawerSi weria: ioane mTavara¡sZe<br />
efrems daexmara, “ra¡Ta esreT srul iqmnes mravalJameuli<br />
iZulebiT brZaneba¡ sulierisa mamisa Cuenisa k¢rike<br />
aleqsandrielisa¡” 15 . kvirike aleqsandrieli efrems grigol<br />
nazianzelis 16-sityvedis sxva anderZ-minawerebSic<br />
iseTi zeaweuli epiTetebiT hyavs moxseniebuli, rom vfiqrobT,<br />
“uwyeba¡Sic” aseve moixseniebda mas, iq rom namdvilad<br />
nazianzelis 16-sityveds gulisxmobdes.<br />
2. grigol nazianzelis 16-sityvedis Semcvel xelnawerebSi<br />
krebuli arsad ar ixsenieba, rogorc “sadResaswaulo<br />
wigni”. calkeul sakiTxavebs ki ewodebaT sadResaswaulo<br />
sakiTxavebi 16 , magram mTlianad wigni moixsenieba, rogorc<br />
“RmrTismetyveli”, an “wigni RmrTismetyveli” 17 .<br />
3. “uwyeba¡s” Sesavlidan irkveva, rom “sadResaswaulo<br />
<strong>wignis</strong>” momgebeli da “uwyeba¡s” Seqmnis mbrZanebeli erTi<br />
da igive pirovneba, svimeon sakvirvelTmoqmedis monastris<br />
moRvawe beria. efremis mimarTvis toni mxolod qristianuli<br />
TviTdakninebis gamoxatuleba ar Cans, misi sityvebi<br />
adresatis ufro maRal ierarqiul mdgomareobaze miuTiTebs.<br />
safiqrebelia, rom efremis aseTi Tavmdabluri mimarTva<br />
misi moRvaweobis adreul xanaSia savaraudebeli, roca is<br />
Sav mTaze axali misuli iyo. “uwyeba¡s” da “sadResaswaulo<br />
<strong>wignis</strong>” Seqmnac am periodSia savaraudo. grigol nazianzelis<br />
16-sityvedi ki, rogorc aRvniSneT, efrems Sesrulebuli<br />
aqvs Tavisi moRvaweobis gviandel periodSi.<br />
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, mimaCnia, rom “sadResaswaulo<br />
wignSi” unda igulisxmebodes efremis homiletikuri<br />
krebuli (S 1276) da ara grigol nazianzelis 16-sityvedi.<br />
mivubrundeT isev ioane mTavaraisZis pirovnebas.<br />
aRniSnul xelnawerSi (S 1276) sami anderZ-minaweria. or<br />
maTganSi efremi madlobas uxdis ioane mRvdels: “ufalo,<br />
15.<br />
Jer. 13, 250r.<br />
16.<br />
grigol nazianzelis TxzulebaTa <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebis Semcvel xelnawerTa<br />
aRweriloba, Tb., 1988.<br />
17.<br />
iqve.
134 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
Seiwyale mRdeli iovane, mbrZanebeli Cuenda amaT sakiTxavTa<br />
Targmanisa¡” 18 ; “ufalo, miec madli mamasa iovanes mRdelsa,<br />
mbrZanebelsa amisisa Targmanebisasa” 19 ; me-3 anderZminawerSi<br />
ki iovane mRvdeli “k¢rikes xucad Seswavebulad”<br />
aris moxseniebuli: “locva yavT... ioanesT¢s mRdelisa da<br />
monazonisa, romlisa brZanebiTa me uRirsman efrem mcireman<br />
vTargmne... ese cxovreba¡... romeli-ese aw qarTuladca<br />
iTargmna... brZanebiTa da sa£mriTa ioane zemo£senebulisa<br />
da k¢rikes xucad Seswavebulisa¡Ta, ufalman miecin madli<br />
Sromisa da warsagebelisa¡” 20 .<br />
rogorc vxedavT, am anderZebis mixedviT, S1276 krebulis<br />
Targmnis mbrZanebeli aris iovane mama, mRdeli da, rac<br />
mTavaria, “k¢rikes xucad Seswavebuli”, romlisa sa£mriTa<br />
da warsagebeliTa iTargmna sakiTxavebi.<br />
msgavseba “k¢rikes xucad Seswavebulsa” (S 1276 krebuli)<br />
da “ioane k¢rikes xucess” Soris (“uwyeba¡”) sruliad TvalsaCinoa.<br />
rogorc “uwyeba¡s” SesavalSi iuwyeba efrem mcire,<br />
ioane kvirikesi aris “sadResaswaulo <strong>wignis</strong>” efremisTvis<br />
damkveTi. Aamave dros, is aris ~uwyeba¡s” Seqmnis iniciatoric:<br />
“jer iyo amasca zeda Cemgan srul-yofad brZaneba¡<br />
Seni, ra¡Ta weriT daidvas mas Sina mosa£senebeli odes<br />
moqcevisa Cuenisa¡ da Tu romelTa wignTa Sina berZenTasa<br />
£senebul ars igi, u£mdes Tu visme gamomeZiebelTagansa<br />
cnobad” 21 . orive krebulis Seqmnis mbrZanebeli da xelisSemwyobi<br />
aris erTi da igive pirovneba da es pirovneba aris<br />
ioane mTavaraisZe.<br />
mivyveT teqstebs. `uwyeba¡s~ mixedviT, ioane k¢rikesi<br />
Sav mTaze qarTvelTa eklesiarxia. eklesiarxi saeklesio<br />
samonastro ierarqiaSi maRali Tanamdebobaa, romelic<br />
eklesiis, monastris qoneba-kuTvnilebas ganagebs 22 . swored<br />
es faqti _ eklesiarxoba _ vfiqrobT, iZleva safuZvels<br />
ioane kvirikesis//iovane k¢rikes xucesis ioane mTavarais-<br />
18.<br />
Jer. 38, 80v.<br />
19.<br />
Jer. 38, 115v.<br />
20.<br />
Jer. 38, 56r.<br />
21.<br />
uwyeba¡ mizezsa..., 3.<br />
22.<br />
A Patristic Greck Lexicon, ed. G.V.H. lampe, Oxford, 1961. Greck Lexicon of the roman<br />
and Bezantine periodes, by E.A. Sophocles, New Jork, 1900. berZnul-<strong>qarTuli</strong> dokumentirebuli<br />
leqsikonis mixedviT, Zvel qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi<br />
dafiqsirebulia eklesiarxis <strong>qarTuli</strong> Sesatyvisi: “dekanozi”. ix. berZnul<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
dokumentirebuli leqsikoni, t. II, l. kvirikaSvilis redaqciiT,<br />
Tb., 2003. ~uwyeba¡s” gamomcemlis, T. bregaZis, ganmartebiT, eklesiarxi is<br />
piria, romelic xelmZRvanelobda ucxoeTSi qarTvelebis literaturul<br />
moRvaweobas, aZlevda davalebebs da exmareboda safasuriT. ix. uwyeba¡ mizezsa...,…3.
narkvevi 135<br />
ZesTan identifikaciisaTvis. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT<br />
sruliad gasagebi xdeba anderZ-minawerebSi araerTgzis<br />
moxsenieba imisa, rom igi “sa£mriTa da warsagebeliT” exmareba<br />
efrem mcires. monastris salarosa da meurneobis gamgebels,<br />
albaT, xelewifeboda gaeRo “qaRaldi sawerelad<br />
da puri sazrdelad”.<br />
magram, rogorc irkveva, ioane kvirikesis, imave ioane<br />
mTavaraisZis roli Savi mTis samwignobro keraze mxolod<br />
materialuri daxmarebis gaweviT ar amoiwureboda. ioane<br />
mTavaraisZe ganswavluli da ganaTlebuli pirovneba Cans,<br />
radgan igi aris efrem mciris mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis<br />
warmmarTveli (“T¢nier mciredTa wignTa¡sa, man aTargmnina”),<br />
misi brZanebiT Seudgenia efrems Tavisi avtografuli<br />
nusxa, homiletikuri krebuli (S1276), misive brZanebiT<br />
Seuqmnia efrems Tavisi originaluri nawarmoebi “uwyeba¡”.<br />
amave dros, sayuradReboa isic, rom, garda iniciativis gamoCenisa<br />
da materialuri daxmarebisa, ioane mTavaraisZe,<br />
rogorc Cans, efremis mTargmnelobiT saqmianobaSic iyo<br />
CarTuli, rasac unda mowmobdes efremis sityvebi ioanes<br />
Sesaxeb: “ufalman miecin madli Sromisa da warsagebelisa”.<br />
warsagebeli materialur safasurs niSnavs, mis gverdiT<br />
“Sromaze” xazgasma ioanes mier uSualod efremis SemoqmedebiT<br />
procesSi monawileobas unda niSnavdes. SesaZlebelia,<br />
“Sroma” gadaweris process gulisxmobdes. rogorc<br />
adre aRvniSneT, ioane xucesi mTavara¡sZe marTlac aris xelnawerTa<br />
gadamweri.<br />
garda im cnobisa, rom ioane mTavaraisZe aris Savi mTis<br />
qarTvelTa eklesiarxi, am pirovnebis Sesaxeb sxva mniSvnelovani<br />
cnobebis mopovebac gaxda SesaZlebeli. rogorc<br />
Cans, mas sxva ufro maRali Tanamdebobac sWeria. amas<br />
mowmobs berTis saxarebaSi (Q 906, XII s.) 23 daculi Semwirvelis,<br />
ioane opizaris, sami anderZ-minaweri. am saxarebis<br />
gadamweri ioane opizari ioane mTavaraisZis diswuli da<br />
gazrdili yofila. amdenad, misi anderZ-minawerebis sandooba<br />
sruliad ueWvelia.<br />
pirveli minaweri aseTia: “me, ioane opizisa moZRuarman,<br />
davwere, gazrdilman da diswulman, berisa ioane<br />
mTavara¡sZisaman”. meore minaweria: “sulkurTxeulsa bersa<br />
mTavara¡sZesa saxareba¡ eboZa Zmisa Cemisa”. mesame: “mas bersa<br />
eboZa juari oqro¡sa¡ WeSmaritiTa nawiliTa” 24 .<br />
23.<br />
qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba axali (Q) koleqciisa, Tb., 1958, 317-<br />
322.<br />
24.<br />
Q 906, 319.
136 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
am minawerebidan Cans, rom ioane mTavaraisZes Tavisi<br />
diswulebisTvis uboZebia xelnaweri saxareba da oqros<br />
jvari wminda nawilebiT. aseTi saboZari aSkarad metyvelebs<br />
ioanes maRal mdgomareobasa da SesaZleblobaze.<br />
rogori unda yofiliyo es mdgomareoba, amas isev berTis<br />
saxarebis xelnaweris mixedviT vigebT. am xelnaweris ydaze,<br />
romelic beSqen opizaris mier aris moWedili, aris<br />
amotvifruli warwera: “...obasa ioane mTavara¡sZisasa, m ∼<br />
giorgissa, dekanozobasa miqel k¢rkaiZisasa, vinca ra¡ Segvawia<br />
wm¢disa amis saxarebisa moWedas, yo[v]elTa Seg¢gvn<br />
RmerTman”. warweraSi sami titulia dasaxelebuli: ...oba<br />
(bolo ori marcvalia), m ∼ ( dasawyisi asoa mxolod) da<br />
dekanozoba (sruladaa). nakluli saxiT warmodgenil<br />
titulebSi, rogorc imave berTis saxarebis anderZebsa<br />
da sxva werilobiT wyaroebze dayrdnobiT adre vaCvene,<br />
mocemulia saeklesio-samonastro ierarqiis sami tituli:<br />
winamZRuari, moZRuari da dekanozi 25 . berTis saxarebis<br />
ydis dazianebuli warwera Semdegnairad unda aRdges:<br />
“...[winamZRur]obasa ioane mTavaraisZissa, m[oZRurobasa]<br />
giorgissa da dekanozobasa miqel k¢rkaiZisasa”. rogorc<br />
vxedavT, am warweris mixedviT, ioane mTavaraisZe monastris<br />
winamZRvaric yofila.<br />
amave dros, gamoricxuli araa sxvagvari varaudic:<br />
efrem mciris “uwyeba¡s” saTaurSi miTiTebuli “eklesiarxoba”<br />
da berTis saxarebis “winamZRuroba” _ xom ar<br />
niSnavs orive es ioane mTavaraisZis erTsa da imave Tanamdebobas?<br />
marTalia, berZnuli termini “eklesiarxi” Tavisi<br />
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT eklesiis salaros gamgebels<br />
niSnavs, magram SesaZlebelia, rom igi efrem mcires<br />
naxmari hqondes ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT, rogorc monastris<br />
gamgebeli. kompozitis _ ekles + arxe _ pirdapiri<br />
Targmani _ eklesiis moTave anu winamZRvari _ amis<br />
daSvebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. gamarTldeba Tu ara es<br />
varaudi, momavali kvleva gamoaCens. rogoradac ar unda<br />
gadawydes es sakiTxi, erTi ram, yovelgvari eWvis gareSe,<br />
cxadia: ioane mTavaraisZes maRali sasuliero-samonastro<br />
Tanamdeboba ekava Savi mTis qarTvelTa savaneSi. SesaZlebelia,<br />
igi saqarTveloSi mobrunda me-12 saukunis<br />
dasawyis wlebSi da aqac igive maRali pativi epyra (amis<br />
eWvs badebs berTis saxarebis moWedil ydaze misi saxelis<br />
amotvifrva).<br />
25.<br />
m. rafava, efrem mciris “uwyeba¡”..., 110.
narkvevi 137<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrob,<br />
srulad ikveTeba ioane mTavaraisZis XI saukunis bolo meo-<br />
TxedSi Sav mTaze da mogvianebiT, SesaZloa, saqarTveloSi<br />
moRvaweobis xasiaTi da masStabebi.<br />
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba davajamo:<br />
1. ioane mTavaraisZe Sav mTaze imyofeboda efrem mciris<br />
iq Casvlamde, anu XI saukunis bolo meoTxedSi.<br />
2. ioane mTavaraisZem, rogorc gamocdilma kaligrafma,<br />
2-jer gadawera efrem mciris mier Targmnili “daviTnis<br />
Targmaneba”.<br />
3. ioane mTavaraisZe materialurad exmareba efrem<br />
mcires grigol nazianzelis 16 liturgikuli sityvis<br />
TargmnaSi.<br />
4. ioane mTavaraisZe, igive ioane k¢rikes xucad Seswavebuli,<br />
igive ioane k¢rikesi, aris efremis avtografuli nusxis<br />
(S 1276) da “uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa¡”-s Seqmnis<br />
iniciatori da xelis gammarTavi.<br />
5. ioane mTavaraisZe, igive ioane kvirikesi, Sav mTaze<br />
svimeonwmidis monastris eklesiarxia.<br />
6. ioane mTavaraisZe monastris winamZRvaria.<br />
mwignobruli moRvaweobisa Tu samonastro saqmianobis<br />
aseTi masStabebi safuZvels iZleva ioane mTavaraisZe va-<br />
RiaroT Savi mTis samonastro-samwignobro keris erT-erT<br />
aqtiur moRvawed, romelic Tavisi inteleqtualuri da<br />
materialuri TanadgomiT daxmarebas uwevda efrem mcires<br />
mTargmnelobiT-SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobaSi da, savaraudod,<br />
qarTvelTa samonastro saqmeebTan erTad aseve<br />
warmarTavda sxva qarTveli moRvaweebis mwignobrul saqmianobasac.<br />
Tavisi Rvawlisa da damsaxurebebis gamo ioane<br />
mTavaraisZes, vfiqrobT, ufro TvalsaCino adgili unda<br />
daeTmos Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis istoriaSi, vidre mas<br />
aqamde ekava.<br />
Maia Rapava<br />
Ioane Mtavaraisdze, a Georgian intellectual on the Black Mountain<br />
The present papar aims at enriching, with certain sources, the history of<br />
the Georgian literary centre on the Black Mountain at the second half of the<br />
eleventh century, gathering biographical and bibliographical data about a<br />
certain Georgian intellectual from the Black Mountain, Ioane Mtavaraisdze,<br />
and revealing character and scope of his activities.
138 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
The information about Iaone Mtavaraisdze is preserved in the written<br />
sources. He is mentioned in various colophons attached to the original or<br />
translated works of Ephrem Mtsire (XI c.). Comparison and juxtaposition<br />
of these colophons made possible to identify Ioane Mtavaraisdze<br />
with persons named Ioane in the same colophons, that is to say, Ioane<br />
of Kvirike (for the moment it is impossible to ascertain whether it is a<br />
person’s name or monastery’s); Ioane, known as a priest of Khirike; and<br />
Ioane, a priest of Kvirike.<br />
It was possible to clarify that Ioane of Kvirike was not only a donor<br />
for the Georgian intellectuals from the Black Mountain, but also commanded<br />
their translation activities. The colophons also helped to reveal<br />
the position occupied by Ioane Mtavaraisdze. First he had been the ecclesiarch<br />
of the Georgian monastery of St. Symeon, and later became its<br />
head. Therefore, Ioane Mtavaraisdze, for his deeds and activities, deserves<br />
a more important place in the history of Georgian litearture than<br />
hitherto had been ascribed to him.
Tamar oTxmezuri<br />
efrem mcire da “berZulad saswavleli” sityvebi<br />
elinofiluri Targmanebis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli berZnulidan<br />
naTargmn teqstSi uTargmnelad, transliteraciiT<br />
gadmosuli sityvebis arsebobaa. leqsikuri erTeulis etimologiur<br />
TargmanTan 1 erTad, transliteraciiT gadmotanili<br />
sityva leqsikuri kalkis, leqsikuri berZnizmis<br />
erT-erTi saxeobaa. am tipis kalkebi, marTalia, ukve adreul<br />
qarTul TargmanebSi dasturdeba, magram gansakuTrebulad<br />
didi raodenobiT maT qarTvel elinofilTa TargmanebSi<br />
vxdebiT. qarTul elinofilur teqstebSi maT specifikuri<br />
funqcia SeiZines, rac yvelaze kargad pirveli qarTveli<br />
elinofilis, XI saukunis II naxevris Savi mTis qarTveli<br />
moRvawis, efrem mciris Targmanebsa da mis anderZ-minawereb-<br />
Si gamoTqmul Teoriul mosazrebebSi iCens Tavs.<br />
efrem mcires Tavis cnobil kolofonebSi _ sakuTar<br />
Targmanebze darTul istoriul-literturuli xasia-<br />
Tis winaTqmebsa Tu marginalur SeniSvnebSi _ gamoTqmuli<br />
aqvs araerTi Teoriuli mosazreba berZnul-<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
leqsikisa da leqsikuri mimarTebebis Sesaxeb. berZnul<br />
leqsikur kalkebs (rogorc uTargmnelad gadmotanil<br />
sityvebs, ise leqsikur erTeulTa etimologiur Targmanebs)<br />
efremi “berZulad saswavlels” 2 uwodebs, riTac mia-<br />
1.<br />
termins “etimologia” vxmarobT Suasaukuneobrivi gagebiT: sityvis daSla/Targmna<br />
Semadgeneli nawilebis mixedviT misi WeSmariti mniSvnelobis<br />
Sesacnobad (dionise Trakielis “gramatikis xelovnebis” komentatoris<br />
ganmarteba, Scholia in Dionysii Thracis Artem grammaticum, I, pars III, recensuit et apparatum<br />
criticum indicesque adiecit Al. Hilgard, Lipsiae, 1901, p. 14. terminTa etimologiuri<br />
Targmanis Sesaxeb ix. S. Brock, Aspects of Translation Technique in Antiquity, Greek,<br />
Roman and Byzantine Studies 20 (1979), p. 84-86.<br />
2.<br />
`Seiswave, viTarmed ars berZulad saswavleli, romelsa et¢mologia uwodian,<br />
ese igi ars mzasityuaoba¡~ (Cod. Jer. 8, XII s., grigol RvTismetyvelis 16<br />
liturgikuli sakiTxavis efrem mciriseuli Targmanis Semcveli krebuli).<br />
139
140 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
niSnebs, rom maTi gaazreba da gageba berZnulis gziTaa SesaZlebeli.<br />
Tavis Targmanebze darTul marginalur SeniSvnebSi<br />
efremi naTlad ganmartavs, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba<br />
gadmoitanos mTargmnelma dednidan leqsikuri erTeuli<br />
uTargmnelad. magaliTad, efrems ver upovia berZnuli leqsikuri<br />
erTeulis hJnivoco~ (meetle) Sesatyvisi qarTulSi,<br />
“amisT¢s berZulive davwere _ inioxi” 3 ; efremma qarTulSi<br />
aseve ver moiZia sxvadasxva xelobis aRmniSvneli berZnuli<br />
leqsemebis Sesatyvisi <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvebi, “amisT¢s dagdebasa,<br />
anu tyuviliT dawerasa, berZuladve dawera¡ virCie”, 4<br />
_ SeniSnavs mTargmneli. am mxriv misabaZi efremisTvis, rogorc<br />
yovelTvis, berZnebi arian, romlebsac aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
ucxo saganTa aRmniSvneli leqsikuri erTeulebi pirdapir,<br />
transliteraciiT gadmoaqvT ucxouri enidan, magaliTad,<br />
arabulidan Saqari _ saxarad, yulyasi _ kulkasad,<br />
zafrana _ zafarad. efremma verc berZnuli sfai`ra-sa<br />
da hJmisfai`ra-s Sesatyvisi moiZia qarTulSi _ `xolo me,<br />
vina¡Tgan ZueliTgani saxeli qarTulad vera¡ vpoe visgan,<br />
igive berZuli sferi davdev,” 5 _ aRniSnavs mTargmneli.<br />
marTlac, efremis TargmanebSi didi raodenobiT vxvdebiT<br />
leqsikur berZnizmebs, romlebic am sityvaTa <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
ekvivalentebis ararsebobis gamo berZnulidan uTargmnelad<br />
aris gadmotanili. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis iseT teqstebze,<br />
romlebic specifikuri TematikiT, da, Sesabamisad,<br />
specifikuri terminologiiT gamoirCeva. magaliTad, fsevdonones<br />
miTologiur komentarTa efremiseul Targman-<br />
Si, saSualo moculobis teqstSi antikur samyarosa da misi<br />
gmirebis, warmarTuli ritualebisa da wes-CveulebaTa<br />
Sesaxeb, ormocdaaTze meti uTargmneli berZnuli sityva<br />
dasturdeba. marTalia, am sityvaTa erTi nawili efremamdea<br />
Semosuli da damkvidrebuli qarTul enaSi zepiri Tu<br />
mwignobruli gziT (magaliTad: andriante, bomoni, barbarozi,<br />
Teatroni, orRano, porfiri, sira, qarta 6 ), magram<br />
3.<br />
Cod. A-689, XII s., 238v; z. sarjvelaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> saliteraturo enis istoriis<br />
Sesavali, Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 203 (= sarjvelaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> saliteraturo<br />
enis istoriis Sesavali).<br />
4.<br />
Cod. A-1115, XII s., 223r; sarjvelaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> saliteraturo enis istoriis<br />
Sesavali, gv. 203-204.<br />
5.<br />
Cods. A-109, 61r, Jer. Iber. 15, 66v, Jer. Iber. 43, 65v, Jer. Iber. 13, 319r _ grigol RvTismetyvelis<br />
16 liturgikuli sakiTxavis krebulebi.<br />
6.<br />
es leqsikuri erTeulebi Zveli, XI saukunemdeli Targmanebidan moyvanili<br />
aqvs i. abulaZes Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis leqsikonSi, ix. i. abulaZe, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
enis leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1973 (= abulaZe, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis leqsikoni).
narkvevi 141<br />
ucxour sityvaTa umetesoba swored am Txzulebis efremiseuli<br />
Targmanis saSualebiT aris pirvelad Semotanili<br />
qarTulSi. niSandoblivia, rom es leqsikuri erTeulebi,<br />
ZiriTadad, specifikuri terminebia. aSkaraa, rom saTargmni<br />
masalis Tematikam moiTxova qarTul enaSi warmarTul<br />
ritualTa Tu CveulebaTa aRmniSvneli terminebis, aseve<br />
antikur personaJTa zedwodebebis Semotana. bunebrivia,<br />
am sityvebs ar hqonda ekvivalenti qarTulSi, ramac ganapiroba<br />
swored maTi transliteraciiT gadmotana: dilakrion<br />
(deilakrivwn _ xorcis moyvaruli, hermesis epiTeti),<br />
vuT¢nos (bouqoivna _ xaris mWameli, herakles epiTeti),<br />
idolian (eijdwlianov~ _ kerpTmsaxuri, ivliane gandgomilis<br />
epiTeti), pirahi (purjrJivch _ ritualuri cekva), propino<br />
(propivnwn _ saxalxod Sesmuli sasmeli, xalxuri rituali),<br />
triesperos (trievspero~ _ samRamiani, herakles epiTeti) da<br />
sxv. 7 uTargmnelad aris gadmotanili iseTi sityvac, rogoricaa<br />
h{rw~ _ iroel, romlis leqsikur adekvats gmiri<br />
xSirad vxvdebiT Zvel qarTul teqstebSi. magram rogorc<br />
konteqstidan irkveva, pasaJSi, romelSic es sityvaa gamoyenebuli,<br />
saubaria antikuri miTologiis e. w. naxevargmirebze<br />
(“iroel uwoddes, ese igi ars kerZoRmerT, viTarmed<br />
naxevari maTi RmerTTagan ars da naxevari _ kacTagan” 8 ).<br />
swored antikurma konteqstma ganapiroba am sityvis elinuri<br />
formis gamoyeneba mocemul pasaJSi.<br />
aqve SevniSnavT, rom fsevdonones komentarTa efremiseul<br />
TargmanSi dasturdeba iseTi sityvebis berZnulidan<br />
uTargmnelad gadmotanis SemTxvevebi, romlebsac Zvel<br />
qarTul enaSi mkvidri Sesatyvisebi aqvs. mag.: rJovdon_rodo<br />
_ vardi, kuvmindi~ _ k¢mindi _ qori, krokovdeilo~_ krokodilo<br />
_ niangi, romlis Sesatyvisi Zvel qarTulSi aris<br />
x¢Tqi. giorgi aToneli am sityvasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs:<br />
“meg¢pturad mefuT ewodebis, xolo berZulad<br />
krokodilo da qarTulad x¢Tqi”. 9 am leqsikur erTeuls<br />
efremic icnobs, is mas salamandras ganmartebisas iyenebs<br />
fsevdonones miTologiur komentarebSi (“salamandra<br />
cxoveli ars swori isavra¡sa¡ sididiTa, ginaTu mciri-<br />
7.<br />
Th. Otkhmezuri, Pseudo-Nonniani in IV orationes Gregorii Nazianzeni commentarii (Corpus<br />
Christianorum. Series Graeca, 50, Corpus Nazianzenum, 16), Turnhout-Leuven, 2002, p.<br />
292-293, berZnul sityvaTa indeqsi (= Otkhmezuri, Pseudo-Nonniani in IV orationes<br />
Gregorii Nazianzeni commentarii).<br />
8.<br />
grigol nazianzelis 43-e sakiTxavis basili minimusis komentaridan, ganm.<br />
16.<br />
9.<br />
sarjvelaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> saliteraturo enis istoriis Sesavali, gv. 213.
142 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
sa krokodilo¡sa¡, romel ars x¢Tqi £melisa¡” 10 ), Tumca<br />
amave teqstSi is upiratesobas elinizebul formas _<br />
krokodilo-s aniWebs. rogorc Cans, sazogadod, florasa<br />
da faunasTan dakavSirebuli terminologiis transliteraciiT<br />
gadmotanis tendencia adreuli periodidan iCens<br />
Tavs (magaliTad, ivi – i[bi~ _ ibisi, koxlio _ kogcuvlion _<br />
moluski, kroko _ krovko~ _ zafrana, k¢kno _ kuvkno~ _ gedi<br />
11 ) da gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri efrem mciresTan, elinofilur<br />
TargmanebSi xdeba.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa leqsikuri erTeuli<br />
pivtu~ da misi ganmarteba efremis TargmanebSi. rogorc<br />
cnobilia, am berZnuli leqsikuri erTeulis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
Sesatyvisi fiW¢ berZnulidan sakmaod adreul epoqaSi,<br />
egeosuri migraciebis dros, zepiri gziT uTargmnelad<br />
Semosuli sityvaa 12 . adreul mTargmnelobiT tradiciaSi,<br />
kerZod, bibliis wignTa Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi<br />
leqsikuri erTeuliT fiW¢ gadmotanilia rogorc<br />
pivtu~, ise sxva wiwvovani mcenaris saxelwodebebi: kupavrisso~,<br />
peuvkh, ajrkeuvqina 13 . aseTive viTarebaa SedarebiT<br />
gviandel, winaelinofilur _ aTonur TargmanebSic 14 .<br />
rac Seexeba efrems, mas xelaxla, amjerad ukve werilobiTi<br />
gziT Semoaqvs leqsikuri erTeuli pivtu~ formiT<br />
pit¢. grigol nazianzelis 42-e homiliis efremiseul<br />
TargmanSi vkiTxulobT 15 : “godebdin pit¢, rameTu daeca<br />
naZ¢” (zaqaria, 11, 2), rasac erTvis efremis marginaluri<br />
SeniSvna: “Seiswave, rameTu berZuli ars ese sityua¡.<br />
pit¢ ars ara didi xe, aramed mcire kic¢ fiW¢sa¡<br />
10.<br />
Otkhmezuri, Pseudo-Nonniani in IV orationes Gregorii Nazianzeni commentarii, p. 260.<br />
11.<br />
abulaZe, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis leqsikoni, gv. 118, 201, 202, 206.<br />
12.<br />
r. gordeziani, winaberZnuli da qarTveluri, Tbilisi, 1985, gv. 150; E. J.<br />
Furnee, Vorgriechisch-Kartvelisches. Studien zum ostmediterranen Substrat nebst einem Versuch<br />
zu einer neuen pelasgischen Theorie, Leuven-Louvain, 1979, p. 28.<br />
13.<br />
kai; kupavrissoi toiauvtai ejn tw/` paradeivsw/ tou` Qeou,` kai; aiJ pivtue~ oujc o{moiai<br />
tai`~ parafuvasin aujtou` kai; ejlavtai oujk ejgevnonto _ “saroni ara egeviTar<br />
iyvnes samoTxesa RmrTisasa da fiWuni ara msgavs iyvnes morCTa misTa“,<br />
ezekieli, 31, 8 (oSkis biblia); kai; e[koya to; mevgeqo~ th`~ kevdrou aujtou`, ta;<br />
ejklekta; kuparivsswn `movkafe simaRle saroTa¡, rCeul-rCeuli fiWuTa¡“,<br />
mefeTa IV, 19, 23 (oSkis biblia); xuvla kevdrina kai; ajrkeuvqina kai; peuvkana<br />
ejk tou Libavnou _ “Zeli naZ¢sa¡, fiW¢sa¡ da saro¡sa libaniT~ (II neStTa,<br />
2, 8).ejk kuparivssw/ kai; peuvkh/ kai; kevdrw/ _ “saro¡Ta da fiW¢Ta da naZ¢Ta“,<br />
esaia, 60, 13.<br />
14.<br />
basili didi, equsTa dReTa¡, m. kaxaZis gamoc., masalebi saqarTvelosa da<br />
kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. II (25), Tbilisi, 1946, gv. 170.<br />
15.<br />
jOlolazevtw pivtu~, o{ti pevptwke kevdro~, (PG 36, col. 465, B9-10).
narkvevi 143<br />
uzardi” 16 . msgavsi viTarebaa gvianelinofilur tradiciaSic<br />
17 .<br />
efremis TargmanebSi berZnulidan transliteraciiT<br />
sityvebis gadmotanis mizezi mxolod qarTulSi maTi Sesabamisi<br />
leqsikuri erTeulebis ararseboba ar unda iyos.<br />
efremis erT-erT marginalur SeniSvnaSi, romelSic transliteraciiT<br />
gadmotanili sityvis, “epitafiis” mniSvnelobaa<br />
ganmartebuli, vkiTxulobT: “Seiswave, rameTu epitafia<br />
berZulisagan qarTulad saflavsa-zedad gamoiTargmanebis,<br />
xolo me, vina¡Tgan sxua¡, T¢sagan gankuTnvili Zali<br />
aqunda, amisTvis berZulica sityua davhwere da Zalica<br />
misi” 18 . sqolios mixedviT, efrems leqsikuri erTeuli ejpitavfio~<br />
(sakiTxavis saxeoba _ gardacvlilis sapativcemulod<br />
saflavTan warmoTqmuli sityva) berZnulad imitom<br />
dauweria (anu transliteraciiT _ epitafia _ gadmoutania),<br />
rom am sityvisTvis “sxua~ _ ucxo, misTvis damaxasia-<br />
Tebeli, Taviseburi “Zali~ SeenarCunebina. Tvalsazrisi<br />
sityvaTa “Zalis~ Sesaxeb sakmaod aqtualuri Cans jer kidev<br />
gvianantikur epoqaSi, xolo Semdgom _ bizantiis mwignobarTa<br />
wreebSi. is uSualod ukavSirdeba “wmida teqstebis~<br />
Targmnis teqnikas, Tavisufali da literaluri mTargmnelobiTi<br />
meTodebis sakiTxs, sensus de sensu da verbum e verbo<br />
Targmnis problematikas. “yvela enas aqvs iseTi Taviseburebebi,<br />
romelTa gadatana sxva enaze SeuZlebelia. sityvebi<br />
SeiZleba iTargmnos, magram isini Targmnisas TavianT<br />
Zalas kargaven” (iamblixosi, Teurg., 7,5). amgvari midgoma<br />
mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis da, zogadad, Targmanis fenomenis<br />
mimarT yovelTvis iCenda Tavs bizantiur azrovnebaSi.<br />
sityvis _ “leqsis” Sesaxeb msjelobisas efremi<br />
kidev ufro Sors midis. is saubrobs “Rrma wignuri sityvebis”<br />
Sesaxeb, romlebic, rogorc misi kolofonebis kvlevis<br />
16.<br />
Cods. Jer. 15, 151 v., Jer. 43, 152 v., A-109, 143 v.; v. l. `Seiswave, berZul _ pit¢,<br />
xolo qarTul _ kicu fiW¢sa¡~ Jer. 13, 119 r., Jer. 8, 163 v., A-292, 120 r., K-9. pit¢-is<br />
am specifikur ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT detalurad ix. T. oTxmezuri,<br />
fiWvi / pit¢ Zvel qarTul mTargmnelobiT tradiciaSi, logosi. weliwdeuli<br />
elinologiasa da laTinistikaSi, 3, 2005, gv. 303-310.<br />
17.<br />
magaliTad, gelaTur bibliaSi zemoT motanili (sq. 13) bibliuri pasaJi<br />
ezekielis wignidan Semdegnairadaa naTargmni: _ `k¢parozni eseviTareb<br />
samoTxesa Sina RmrTisa¡sa, da pituni ara msgavs iyvnes babiloTa misTa~<br />
(ezekieli, 31, 8).<br />
18.<br />
Cod. A-292, 180, 1800 w., grigol RvTismetyvelis sakiTxavTa efremiseuli<br />
Targmanebis krebuli. sqolioSi aseve ganmartebulia epitafiis Janris sakiTxavTa<br />
saxeobani. am kuTxiT sqolios literaturuli wyaros Sesaxeb ix.<br />
d. TvalTvaZe, efrem mciris literaturul-Teoriuli naazrevidan, z. WumburiZe<br />
_ 70, Tb., 1997, gv. 78-83.
144 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
Sedegad irkveva, ori saxisaa: filosofiur-Teologiuri<br />
terminebi da teqstis mxatvruli ornamentebi, ritorikuli<br />
figurebi 19 . “epitafiis” uTargmnelad gadmotanasa da am<br />
sityvis “Zalaze” saubrisas efremi swored am ukanasknels<br />
unda gulisxmobdes. klasikuri ritorikis Teoriis mixedviT,<br />
“Zali” _ duvnami~ _ ritorikuli terminia, romelic<br />
klasikuri ritorikuli formis mSvenierebas aRniSnavs 20 .<br />
efremi sityvas “epitafia” Tavisi Targmanis, am SemTxveva-<br />
Si homiliis saTauris dasamSveneblad unda iyenebdes, anu<br />
berZnul sityvas teqstSi ritorikuli ornamentis daniSnuleba,<br />
mxatvruli funqcia unda hqondes. dRes Zvel qar-<br />
Tul teqstebSi berZnulad uTargmnelad gadmotanili<br />
leqsikuri erTeulebi Znelad Tu aRiqmeba mxatvrul saxeebad,<br />
magram, rogorc Cans, es sityvebi _ elinuri ganaTlebulobis<br />
simboloebi _ teqsts gansakuTrebul elfers,<br />
ucxour JReradobas, amaRlebulobis, mwignobrulobis<br />
efeqts aniWebda.<br />
magaliTisTvis: efrems berZnulTan gansakuTrebuli<br />
siaxloviT aqvs naTargmni grigol nazianzelis TxzulebaTa<br />
basili minimusis komentrebis winaTqma _ basilis<br />
werili konstantine porfirogenetisadmi. basili minimusi,<br />
grigol nazianzelis stilis, sintaqsis, mxatvruli<br />
samyaros Sesaxeb filologiur-ritorikuli komentarebis<br />
avtori, literaturisa da oratoruli xelovnebis TeoriaSi<br />
sakmaod ganswavluli da ritorikul xelovnebaSi<br />
Tavad gawafuli avtoria. Sesabamisad, misi epistole Sesrulebulia<br />
am Janris ganviTarebis e. w. saSualo bizantiur<br />
periodisaTvis (X_XIV ss.) damaxasiaTebeli wesebis<br />
dacviT, rac epistoleebSi ritorikis elementebis farTo<br />
SeRwevas gulisxmobs. amaRlebuli, maRalfardovani efeqtis<br />
misaRwevad basilis teqstSi amoqmedebulia berZnuli<br />
enis rogorc morfologiuri, ise sintaqsuri SesaZleblobebi.<br />
efremis TargmanSi basilis am mxatvruli teqstis<br />
yvela detali da niuansia asaxuli. am ritorikuli ornamentebiT<br />
datvirTul qarTul teqstSi vxvdebiT dednidan<br />
uTargmnelad gadmotanil erTaderT sityvas uepafrodito<br />
(ajnepafrovdito~_ mSvenierebamoklebuli, uSno. ase<br />
Tavmdablurad ixseniebs basili Tavis naSroms, rac aseve<br />
epistolografiuli ritorikis erT-erTi xerxia. zedsar-<br />
19.<br />
q. bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika: grigol<br />
RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebis mixedviT, Tb., 2004, gv.<br />
379 (= bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika).<br />
20.<br />
bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika, gv. 379.
narkvevi 145<br />
Tavis ajnepafrovdito~ adekvaturi <strong>qarTuli</strong> Sesatyvisis mo-<br />
Zieba qarTulSi, ra Tqma unda, ar unda yofiliyo rTuli,<br />
magram teqstis ritorikuli efeqtis gasaZliereblad,<br />
misi elinizebuli saxis gamosakveTad, efremma sityvis<br />
uTargmnelad gadmotanis xerxs mimarTa. “filoTeon istoriis”<br />
kolofonSi mxatvruli saxis, ritorikuli ornamentis<br />
nimuSad efrems mohyavs antikuri mwerlobidan nasesxebi<br />
mxatvruli saxe “stadioni” _ aTletTa wvrTnis adgili<br />
_ gamarjvebaTa mopovebis asparezi. qristian avtorTa<br />
teqstebSi, efremis mixedviT, mas axali Sinaari aqvs SeZenili<br />
(monasteri _ sulieri wvrTnis adgili) 21 . efremi am<br />
mxatvrul saxeze saubrisas sityvis elinur formas iyenebs,<br />
riTac, vfiqrobT, xazgasmulia misi antikuri warmomavloba<br />
22 . msgavsi viTarebaa berZnuli idiomaturi gamoTqmebis<br />
qarTulad gadmotanisas. magaliTad, kerdooba _ cbiereba,<br />
mzakvroba (momdinerobs arsebiTi saxelidan kerdw/`o~ _<br />
mela), aseve evripooba _ meryeoba, cvalebadoba (arsebiTi<br />
saxelidan _ eu[ripo~ _ zRvis miqceva) uTargmnelad aris<br />
gadmotanili qarTulSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom am gamoTqmaTa<br />
mniSvneloba da warmomavloba Tavad berZnul komentareb-<br />
Sia ganmartebuli 23 .<br />
efremis TargmanebSi berZnulidan transliteraciiT<br />
gadmotanili sityvis gamoyenebis kidev erTi specifikuri<br />
funqcia dasturdeba. es aris berZnuli polisemiuri sityvis<br />
(“Rrma wignuri sityvis”) Targmnisas da Sesabamisi<br />
leqsikuri erTeulebis SerCevisas, misi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobis<br />
gamokveTis mizniT, transliteraciis meTodis<br />
21.<br />
fsalmunTa Targmanebis Sesavali da `filoTeon istoriis~ kolofoni, ix.<br />
m. SaniZe, Sesavali efrem mciris fsalmunTa Targmanebisa, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
enis kaTedris Sromebi, 11, miZRvnili Tbilisis universitetis 50 wlisTavs,<br />
1968, gv. 117; sarjvelaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> saliteraturo enis istoriis Sesavali,<br />
gv. 204-205; bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika,<br />
gv. 548-549.<br />
22.<br />
elinofiluri Targmanebis Semcvel qarTul xelnawerebSi berZnulidan<br />
gadmotanil sityvebs zogjer berZnulis analogiiT dasmuli aqvs maxvili,<br />
romelsac qarTul enaSi aranairi datvirTva ara aqvs da romlis funqcia<br />
qarTul teqstebSi gaurkvevelia. vfiqrobT, berZnul sityvaTa gamoTqmisaTvis<br />
maxasiaTebeli maxvili am sityvaTa berZnul warmomavlobaze formaluri<br />
mimaniSnebeli unda iyos da sxva araferi.<br />
23.<br />
“kerdo ewodebis melsa, romlisa msgavsebiTa melebr mcbiersa kacsa<br />
saxel-edva kerdoos... kerdooba... melisa mzakuareba” _ Otkhmezuri, Pseudo-<br />
Nonniani in IV orationes Gregorii Nazianzeni commentarii, p. 50; “ese sakuTrebiT zR¢sa<br />
mimomqceobisaT¢s iTqumis evripooba¡, romeli gadmoiargmanebis advilmoqceobad,<br />
rameTu ars adgilebi zR¢sa¡, romeli dResa Sina mravalgzis<br />
icvlis odesme gan£mobasa da odesme mwyurnebobasa…da amaTgan moRebiTa Seetyuebian<br />
rqumad ese advil mimomqcevTa kacTa” _ ix. grigol nazianzelis<br />
42-e sityvis basili minimusis komentari (#118).
146 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
moSvelieba. rogorc cnobilia, filosofiva-s partistikul<br />
literaturaSi sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs, romelTagan<br />
CvenTvis sayuradReboa ori: filosofivarogorc “saRvTo sibrZne”<br />
da filosofivarogorc “warmarTuli sibrZne”. grigol<br />
nazianzelis TxzulebaTa da maTi komentarebis efremiseul<br />
Targmanebze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom efremi cdilobs<br />
leqsikur doneze ganasxvaos es ori mniSvneloba _<br />
iq, sadac grigoli saubrobs saRvTismetyvelo sibrZneze,<br />
efremi iZleva am sityvis etimologiur Targmans _ sibrZnismoyuareba,<br />
xolo iq, sadac saubari warmarTul sibrZnezea,<br />
efrems transliteraciiT gadmoaqvs es sityva _ filosofia<br />
24 . niSandoblivia, rom am leqsikur “xrikze” 25 efremi<br />
mianiSnebs kidec grigol nazianzelis 22-e sityvis TargmanSi,<br />
romelic misi mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobis adreul<br />
etapzea Sesrulebuli SedarebiT Tavisufali mTargmnelobiTi<br />
meTodiT 26 . teqstSi saubaria antikuri samyaros<br />
sam saswavlo disciplinaze: gramatikaze, sofistikasa da<br />
filosofiaze (cxadia, warmarTulze). qarTulSi filosofiva<br />
gadmotanilia transliteraciiT filosofosoba, rasac<br />
erTvis efremiseuli CanarTi: “rameTu axalman aman da Cuenman<br />
sibrZnismoyuarebaman miuRo mas saxeli ese” _ anu Cuen,<br />
axali (qristiani) sibrZnismoyvareni am saxeliT/terminiT<br />
(igulisxmeba filosofosoba) vixseniebT warmarTul<br />
sibrZnismetyvelebas 27 .<br />
sazogadod, TargmanSi ucxouri leqsikuri erTeulebis<br />
arseboba mTargmnelis bilingvurobis maCvenebelia 28 .<br />
orenovania efremi da Savi mTis mwignobarTa is wrec, sadac<br />
efremi moRvaweobs (Tavisi erT-erTi maswavleblisa<br />
da moZRvris, Savi mTis moRvawis, kvirike aleqsandrielis<br />
Sesaxeb efremi aRniSnavs, rom man “kargad uwyis rabamoba¡<br />
qarTvelTa da berZulTa enebisa¡” 29 ). marTalia, efremi<br />
24.<br />
bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika, gv. 179.<br />
25.<br />
termini `xriki~ ritorikuli xerxis aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebuli aqvs Tavad<br />
efrem mcires grigol nazianzelis 39-e sityvis basili minimusis komentaris<br />
TargmanSi, sadac ritorikuli paeqroba morkinalTa SeWidebasTan<br />
aris Sedarebuli (# 13).<br />
26.<br />
e. WeliZe, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> saRvTismetyvelo terminologia I, Tbilisi, 1996,<br />
gv. 544-554; K. Bezarashvili, The Problem of the so-called “Aporeta” in the Georgian Corpus of the<br />
Works of Gregory the Theologian, Le Muséon, Revue d’Etudes Orientales, t. 108 (1995), p. 131-142.<br />
27.<br />
T. oTxmezuri, grigol nazianzelis dasamSvidebel sityvaTa efrem mciriseuli<br />
Targmani, mravalTavi 20 (2003), gv. 132-145.<br />
28.<br />
S. Brock, Greek into Syriac and Syriac into Greek, S. Brock, Syriac Perspectives on Late<br />
Antiquity (Collected Studies Series 199), 1977, p. II, 1-17.<br />
29.<br />
Sancti Gregorii Nazianzeni Opera, Versio iberica I, Orationes, I, XLV, XLIV, XLI, ed. a H.<br />
Metreveli et K. Bezarachvili, Ts. Kourtsikidze, N. Melikichvili, Th. Othkhmezouri, M. Raphava,
narkvevi 147<br />
Tavis Targmanebs ganswavluli, ganaTlebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />
qmnis (grigol nazianzelis liturgikuli saki-<br />
Txavebis efremiseuli Targmani, misive sityvebiT, “iS¢T<br />
vieTT¢sme gulis£mismyofelTaT¢s” aris gamiznuli, xolo<br />
“fsalmunTa komentaris efremiseuli Targmanis mkiTxveli<br />
swavlismoyuarea” 30 ), magram efremi imasac ar iviwyebs, rom<br />
misi mkiTxvelebi qarTvelebi arian. amitom ucxour, “gare-<br />
SeTa” sityvebs umetes SemTxvevaSi urTavs ganmartebebs _<br />
eqspoziciuri xasiaTis komentarebs.<br />
efremis, rogorc elinofili mwignobris mTargmnelobiTi<br />
principia: “sityua¡ Sedarebuli berZulisa da marTebiTi<br />
ara akls”; magram man, rogorc praqtikosma mTargmnelma,<br />
isic kargad icis, rom “yovelsa Targmansa u£ms Semateba¡<br />
sity¢sa¡ reca ganmacxadebelad Zalisa”. amitomac efremi<br />
iqceva ise, rogorc berZeni mwignobrebi _ svimeonwmidis<br />
samonastro biblioTekebis berZnuli xelnawerebis analogiiT,<br />
is ganmartebiTi xasiaTis SeniSvnebs _ faqtobrivad,<br />
teqstis samecniero aparats _ xelnaweris aSiebze aTavsebs,<br />
Tanac momavali gadamwerebis sayuradRebod aRniSnavs:<br />
“yovlad ujero ars visganme kidesa warwerilisa mis Targmanisa¡<br />
Sigan gareviT dawera¡” _ ar SeiZleba aSiaze moTavsebuli<br />
ganmartebiTi SeniSvnis teqstSi CarTva 31 .<br />
magram efremisTvis ar aris ucxo mis mierve sakmaod mkacrad<br />
Camoyalibebuli wesebidan gadaxveva. aris SemTxvevebi,<br />
rodesac is sakuTar SeniSvnebs _ ucxour sityvaTa ganmartebebs<br />
_ TviTonve urTavs xolme TargmanSi. amasac Tavisi<br />
axsna aqvs _ gamonakliss efremi mxolod komentarul<br />
teqstebSi uSvebs, romlebic TavisTavad eqspoziciuri xasiaTisaa<br />
da, TavianTi funqciidan gamomdinare, kanonikuri<br />
teqstebisagan gansxvavebiT, advilad itanen da organulad<br />
iTviseben CanarTebs.<br />
efremis SeniSvnebi ZiriTadad erTi agebulebisaa. transliteraciiT<br />
gadmotanil berZnul sityvas mosdevs ganmarteba,<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi _ sityvis etimologiuri Targmani 32 :<br />
è ewodebis artemis RmerTi elafivolo¡, ese igi ars Rmer-<br />
M. Chanidze (Corpus Christianorum. Series Graeca, 36. Corpus Nazianzenum, 5), Turnhout-<br />
Leuven, 1998, p. xxxii (= Sancti Gregorii Nazianzeni Opera, Versio iberica I).<br />
30.<br />
Sancti Gregorii Nazianzeni Opera, Versio iberica I, p. xxxiv; SaniZe, Sesavali efrem<br />
mciris fsalmunTa Targmanebisa, gv. 77.<br />
31.<br />
ioane damaskeli, dialeqtika, m. rafavas gamoc., Tb., 1976, gv. 67.<br />
32.<br />
msgavsi tipis ganmartebebi dasturdeba e. w. `fsalmunTa gamokrebili Targmanebis~<br />
anonimur elinofilur TargmanSi, ix. n. doborjginiZe, etimologiur-leqsikologiuri<br />
xasiaTis komentarebi `fsalmunTa gamokrebili Targmanebidan~,<br />
Tsu Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis kaTedris Sromebi, 30, 2001, gv. 188-194.
148 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
Ti irmis moisari (ejlafhbovlo~: e[lafo~ _ iremi, bolhv _<br />
tyorcna);<br />
è amisT¢s triesperos ewoda, romeli-ese sam Ramed gamoi-<br />
Targmanebis 33 (trievspero~: trei`~ _ sami, e{spero~ _ Rame);<br />
è geneTlia Sobisa dRe, epitafia saflavs-zeda 34 (gevnnhsi~,<br />
ejpitavfio~).<br />
è zog SemTxvevaSi efremi ganmartebis saxiT iZleva sityvis<br />
perifrazirebul Targmans an mis kulturuli ekvivalents:<br />
è ari, romel ars gazafxuli 35 (e[ar).<br />
è `moqalaqe~ uwodian sameufoelTa, romel arian politni<br />
36 (polivth~).<br />
è Seiswave, viTarmed gareSeTani arian gamometyuelebani<br />
ese, rameTu tragikoelni godebaTa metyuel, xolo komikoelni<br />
mokicxaobaTa mweral arian 37 (tragw/diogravfoi,<br />
kwmw/diogravfoi).<br />
diaqronulad rom gavadevnoT Tvali am ori terminis _<br />
tragw/diogravfoi, kwmw/diogravfoi _ gadmotanis process efremis<br />
sxvadasxva dros naTargmn teqstebSi, davinaxavT, rom erTerT<br />
adreul TarmanSi, grigolis 22-e araliturgikul sakiTxavSi<br />
(§ 8), isini Sinaarsobrivad, aRweriTad aris na-<br />
Targmi: kwmw/divaTargmnilia rogorc sasacilo, xolo tragw/<br />
diva rogorc salmoba¡ ese gulisa Cemisa¡. gviandel TargmanSi<br />
ki, basili minimusis komentarebSi, es sityvebi ukve<br />
transliteraciiT aris gadmotanili, magram ganmartebis<br />
gareSe ar aris datovebuli. niSandoblia, rom am erTi magaliTiTac<br />
kargad Cans efrem mciris Tanmimdevruli, mizandasaxuli<br />
gadasvla Tavisufali, mkiTxvelze orientirebuli<br />
mTargmnelobiTi meTodidan zust, dedanze orientirebul<br />
mTargmnelobiT teqnikaze.<br />
ucxouri enidan gadmotanili sityvebis efremiseul<br />
ganmartebebs zog SemTxvevaSi saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo<br />
daniSnulebac aqvs. efremi yovelTvis miuTiTebs, Tu romeli<br />
enidan aris gadmotanili leqsikuri erTeuli (berZnulTan<br />
erTad mis TargmanebSi vxvdebiT ebraulidan gad-<br />
33.<br />
magaliTebisTvis ix. Otkhmezuri, Pseudo-Nonniani in IV orationes Gregorii Nazianzeni<br />
commentarii, p. 244, 48; SeniSvnebi CarTulia teqstSi.<br />
34.<br />
Cod. A-292, 89v; SeniSvna moTavsebulia aSiaze.<br />
35.<br />
grigol nazianzelis 44-e sakiTxavis basili minimusis komentaridan, ganm.<br />
65.<br />
36.<br />
grigol nazianzelis me-19 sakiTxavis basili minimusis komentaridan,<br />
ganm. 64<br />
37.<br />
grigol nazianzelis Or. 21-is marginaluri SeniSvna (cod. Jer. 43, 140v; Jer.<br />
13, 344v).
narkvevi 149<br />
motanil sityvebsac); mis SeniSvnebSi zogjer mocemulia<br />
iseTi informacia, romelic mocemuli sityvisa Tu konteqstis<br />
gasagebad arc unda yofiliyo aucilebeli, Tumca Sua<br />
saukuneebis qarTveli mkiTxvelis Tvalsawieris gafar-<br />
ToebSi is garkveul rols Seasrulebda; sainteresoa, rom<br />
zogjer berZnulidan uTargmnelad gadmotanili sityva<br />
efremis leqsikologiur SeniSvnaSi Cndeba ZiriTad teqst-<br />
Si am sityvis Sesabamisi <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanis ekvivalentis<br />
saxiT. magaliTad, grigol xucesis “grigol RvTismetyvelis<br />
cxovrebaSi”, frazas _ “zog-arianoz uwoda... sity¢Ta<br />
mziT” (ou}~ hJmiareivou~ ejkeivno~ ejtuvmw~ (v. l. eJtoivmw~) wjnovmaze (PG<br />
35, col. 276 A 4; 275, n. 89) _ “romlebsac man naxevararianelebi<br />
uwoda” _ erTvis efremis ganmarteba: “Seiswave, viTarmed<br />
ars berZulad saswavleli, romelsa et¢mologia uwodian,<br />
ese igi ars mzasityuaoba¡” (Jer. 8). efremi am SeniSvniT cdilobs<br />
ganumartos qarTvel mkiTxvels Sua saukuneebis bizantur<br />
gramatikul traqtatebSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli<br />
termini ejtumologiva da qarTvel inteleqtualTa wreebSi<br />
mimoqcevaSi Semoitanos es cneba 38 .<br />
berZnulidan transliteraciiT gadmotanil sityvebSi<br />
asaxulia X-XI saukuneebis bizantiuri berZnulis warmo-<br />
Tqmis Taviseburebebi 39 . zog SemTxvevaSi berZnuli kompozitis<br />
gadmotanisas misi erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili (ZiriTadad,<br />
pirveli) qarTulad aris naTargmni, bolo meore<br />
nawili transliteraciiT aris gadmotanili, magaliTad:<br />
hJmisfairivon _ kerZosferi; uJpodiakovnwn _ kerZodiakoni 40 .<br />
uTargmnelad gadmotanili sityvebi, ZiriTadad, arsebiTi<br />
saxelebia, iSviaT SemTxvevaSi _ xelobis aRmniSvneli<br />
terminebi an abstraqtuli saxelebi, agreTve, sawyisebi.<br />
es sityvebi ZiriTadad denominativebia, romlebic<br />
Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis gramatikuli normebis mixedviT arian<br />
38.<br />
qarTul azrovnebaSi am cnebis Semotanis mcdelobad unda CaiTvalos<br />
efremis kidev erTi ganmartebiTi SeniSvna, romelSic “et¢mologioba”<br />
ganmartebulia, rogorc `mzapasuxoba~; dabolos, “et¢mologiis” ioane<br />
petriwiseuli Targmani _ “mzametyueleba”, romelic dasturdeba mis e. w.<br />
“bolosityvaobaSi”. s. yauxCiSvili, masalebi ioane petriwis `ganmartebis~<br />
wyaroTa SeswavlisaTvis, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />
moambe, t. II, 8, 1941, gv. 758; Н. Махарадзе, Термин ejtumologiva (этимология) и его<br />
древнегрузинские эквиваленты, Византиноведческие этюды, 1991, c. 90-95 (= Махарадзе,<br />
Термин ejtumologiva; T. oTxmezuri, grigol nazianzelis <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebis<br />
Semcveli krebulebis marginaliebi, korneli kekeliZe _ 125, 2004, gv.<br />
194-206.<br />
39.<br />
n. maxaraZe, bizantiuri berZnulis warmoTqmis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1978.<br />
40.<br />
grigol nazianzelis sakiTxavebis basili minimusis komentarebidan: me-<br />
19 (ganm. 42) da 24-e (ganm. 33).
150 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
nawarmoebi. magaliTad, avl, meavle, meavleoba (aujlov~ — salamuri),<br />
evripooba (eu[ripo~ — zRvis miqceva), enkenioba<br />
( jEgkaivnia _ ganaxlebis dResaswauli), elen-yofa (eJllhnivzein<br />
_ gaelinureba) 41 da sxv. 42<br />
berZnulidan transliteraciiT gadmotanili sityviT<br />
sakmaod Tamami operirebis erT SemTxvevas vxvdebiT fsevdonones<br />
komentarTa TargmanSi, oRond ara efremiseul-<br />
Si, rogorc es iyo mosalodneli, aramed am Txzulebis<br />
adreul, eqvTime aTonelis TargmanSi. transliteraciiT<br />
gadmotanilia warmarTul ritualTan dakavSirebuli<br />
sityva ejnqousiavzw _ gansakuTrebuli sulieri ganwyoba,<br />
romelic eufleba RvTismsaxurs warmarTuli ritualis<br />
Sesrulebis dros. dedanSi es sityva mimReobis formiT<br />
aris warmodgenili _ ejnqousiw`nte~ (Part. act., pl.). eqvTimes is<br />
transliteraciiT, <strong>qarTuli</strong> zmnisa da sawyisis formiT<br />
(enT¢si-ob-des, enT¢si-oba-¡ 43 ) gadmoaqvs _ Sesabamisi qar-<br />
Tuli daboloebebis darTviT aqcevs am sityvas qarTul<br />
gramatikul da sityvawarmoebiT yalibSi 44 .<br />
erTi ram cxadia _ qarTvel mwignobarTaTvis TavianTi<br />
teqstebis “elen-yofa” mxolod enobriv-stilisturi movlena<br />
ar yofila. es iyo amave dros garkveuli poziciis _<br />
gansakuTrebuli mowiwebis gamoxatva, pativis migeba mTels<br />
mwignobrul samyaroSi udidesi prestiJis mqone berZnuli<br />
enisa da daxvewili, maRali elinuri kulturisadmi.<br />
Ephrem Mtsire and the Greek Words<br />
Thamar Otkhmezuri<br />
The presence of Greek transliterated words and lexical etymological calques<br />
is one of the main features of Georgian literal translations. According<br />
the Georgian hellenophile scholar Ephrem Mtsire (XI th century, Black Mountain,<br />
the Antioch region), the Greek word can be used in the translated text<br />
when finding the exact equivalent in Georgian is impossible (Cod. A-1115,<br />
41.<br />
detalurad am terminis Sesaxeb da misi mniSvnelobisaTvis elinofilur<br />
mwignobrul tradiciaSi ix. bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria<br />
da praqtika, gv. 389.<br />
42.<br />
grigol nazianzelis sakiTxavebis basili minimusis komentarebidan: me-<br />
14 (ganm. 37), 42-e (ganm. 118), 21-e (ganm. 82), 43-e (ganm. 70).<br />
43.<br />
niSandoblivia, rom eqvTimeseuli “enT¢sioba¡” gvian saukuneebSi evropuli<br />
enebidan Semosuli enTuziazmis pirvelsaxea.<br />
44.<br />
Otkhmezuri, Pseudo-Nonniani in IV orationes Gregorii Nazianzeni commentarii, p.158.
narkvevi 151<br />
XII c., 223r). The abundance of Greek words in Ephrem Mtsire’s translation<br />
of the Pseudo-Nonnos Mythological Commentaries is determined by<br />
the topic of the writing where specific names and nicknames of pagan gods<br />
and heroes are mentioned, also terms denoting pagan rituals and cusoms<br />
are used. E. g., deilakrivwn _ [dilakrion] _ a lover of meat<br />
(Hermes’ nickname), eijdwlianov~ _ idolian [idolian] _ worshipper<br />
(Julian the Apostate’s nickname), purjrJivch _ pirahi [pirahi] _ Pyrrhic<br />
(the pagan ritual dance).<br />
In some cases the Greek words, though they have lexical equivalents in<br />
Old Georgian, are rendered into Georgian hellenophile texts without translation.<br />
It particularly concerns the botanical and zoological terms in Old<br />
Georgian translations: _ rodo [rodo] _ a rose, _<br />
krokodilo [k’rok’odilo] _ crocodile, i[bi~ _ ivi [ivi] _ ibis, kogcuvlion<br />
_ koxlio [k’oxlio] _ mollusc, kuvkno~ _ k¢kno [k’wk’no] _<br />
a swan.<br />
In special contexts the transliterated Greek words play the role of rhetorical<br />
figures. In one of his colophons Ephrem mentions that he had rendered<br />
the Greek word ejpitavfio~ into his translation without translation, as it has<br />
special force (duvnami~ _ Zali – rhetorical term denoting the beauty of the<br />
rhetorical form). While rendering into Georgian artistic images and ideomatic<br />
expressions of Greek Antiquity, also motives borrowed from a pure pagan<br />
context, Ephrem often employed the transliterate forms of Greek words:<br />
kerdooba [k’erdooba] _ wickedness (kerdw/`o~ _ a fox), evripooba<br />
[evripooba] _ hesitation (eu[ripo~ _ the flow and the ebb of the sea).<br />
Ephrem also makes particular use of the Greek words in rendering polysemantic<br />
lexical unites. filosofiva as pagan philosophy, is direcly removed<br />
by Ephrem from Greek text into Georgian translation _ filosofia [pilosopia],<br />
while the same lexical unite, when it has meaning of a Christian<br />
wisdom, is rendered by etymological translation – sibrZnismoyuareba<br />
(love of the wisdom).<br />
The vast majority of Greek words in Georgian are taken over as nouns,<br />
only in rare cases the verb is rendered into Georgian by transliteration. The<br />
Greek words often are followed by the expositional notes composed by<br />
Ephrem. Most of them have educational function and are aimed at the common<br />
Georgian reader.<br />
The fact that the Greek words were taken over for use in the eleventh<br />
century Georgian translations in different contexts and various functions, reflects<br />
the increasing prestige of Greek as a cultural language in the Christian<br />
East of this period.
qeTevan bezaraSvili<br />
ritorikisa da filosofiis urTierTmimarTebis<br />
literaturul-Teoriuli aspeqti<br />
qarTvel elinofilTa naazrevSi<br />
(efrem mcire, ioane petriwi)<br />
sakiTxis istoria bizantiur literaturaSi<br />
XI saukunis bizantiaSi kvlav aqtualuri gaxda ritorikisa<br />
da filosofiis kavSiris problema RvTismetyvelebisaTvis.<br />
grigol RvTismetyvelis formulireba Sua<br />
saukuneebSi gavrcelebul sazogado gamonaTqvamad iqca,<br />
sadac erTmaneTs upirispirdeba “meTevzurebri” da “aristoteluri”<br />
(Or. 23, c. 12), anu samonastro, asketuri, dogmaturi,<br />
aradiskursiuli, gamocdilebiTi Teologia da filosofiuri,<br />
diskursiuli, logikuri azrovneba, sqolastikuri<br />
Teologiis inteleqtualuri meTodi 1 .<br />
sityva “aristoteluri”/“aristotelurad” terminis<br />
mniSvnelobiT erT-erTma pirvelma grigol RvTismetyvelma<br />
gamoiyena. XXIII homiliaSi (“erTobisaT¢s, romeli vyavT<br />
Semdgomad ganwvalebisa Cuen marTlmadidebelTa”) igi<br />
saubrobs mis mier warmoTqmuli sityvis araritorikuli<br />
da arafilosofiuri xasiaTis Sesaxeb da upirispirebs klasikuri<br />
ritorika-filosofiis garegnul miRwevebs “meTevzurTa”,<br />
anu mociqulTa da pirvelqristian mamaTa, sityvis<br />
(qadagebis) RvTivSTagonebul ubraloebas, eklesiurobas<br />
da sulisaTvis sargeblianobas. grigoli meore sofistikidan<br />
SeTvisebuli ritorikuli xerxebiT _ asonansiani homoiotelevtonebiT<br />
STambeWdavad warmoadgens aRniSnul<br />
dapirispirebas antiTetur kolonebSi, risi saSualebiTac<br />
1.<br />
H. Hunger, Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner, Bd. I, Münich, 1978, S. 42-<br />
43. D.T. Runia, Festugière revisited: Aristotle in the Greek Patres, in: Vigiliae Christianae, 43,<br />
1989, p. 1-34, spec. 9, 11, 25-26.<br />
152
narkvevi 153<br />
igi ufro dasamaxsovrebeli xdeba. efrem mciriseul TargmanSi<br />
ucvlelad aris SenarCunebuli berZnuli periodebis<br />
ritmuli struqtura:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(Gr.Naz. Or.23, c.12. PG 35, 1164C12-D1).<br />
`(ese ukue mciredi warmovTq¢)<br />
sjulisdebiT, ara winaaRmdgomebiT,<br />
meTevzurebr, ara aristotelebr,<br />
sulierebiT, ara borotad gamoZiebiT,<br />
saeklesiod, ara saubnod,<br />
sargebelad da ara saCuenebelad...~<br />
(cod.Tbilis. A292, a. 1800, f. 254r).<br />
rogorc dapirispirebidan vxedavT, erTmaneTTanaa<br />
dakavSirebuli, erTi mxriv, dogmatika (sjulisdeba), me-<br />
Tevzuroba (anu mociqulTa mier qadagebuli rwmena), suliereba<br />
(pnevmatikuroba, igulisxmeba sulieri gamoZieba<br />
qristianuli WeSmaritebisa), saeklesio da sargebeli<br />
(igulisxmeba sulis margebeli ram). meore mxriv, gaerTianebulia<br />
winaaRmdgomeba (antilogikuroba, anu disputi,<br />
kamaTi), aristoteluroba (anu filosofiuri gansja), borotad<br />
gamoZieba (asea Sefasebuli antikuri filosofia da<br />
rotorika, rogorc sicrue, qristianulTan SedarebiT; es<br />
ukanaskneli, igulisxmeba, rom WeSmaritebas emsaxureba), 2<br />
ubnoba (agoris 3 , anu saero TavSeyris adgilebSi saxalxo<br />
2.<br />
antikuri filosofiisa da ritorikis qristianTa mier uaryofiTi Sefasebis<br />
istoriisa da magaliTebisaTvis ix. T. oTxmezuri, q. bezaraSvili, ioane<br />
petriwis e.w. bolosityvaobis erTi fragmentis berZnuli dedani, MNHMH.<br />
eZRvneba al. aleqsiZis xsovnas, Tb., 2000, gv. 213-217.<br />
3.<br />
/ Cveulebriv, antikuri ritorikis da poetikis TeoriebSi<br />
niSnavs ubralo/mdabio metyvelebas da stils _ (Arist.<br />
Rhet.10,11 etc.), magram zogjer igi niSnavs samosamarTlo/samarTlebriv<br />
sityvas _ da aris Sesatyvisi -isa (Philostr. V.Sophist.II,<br />
p.570). L. Hook, The Metaphorical Terminology of Greek Rhetoric and Literary Criticism,
154 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
krebebze qadageba/mWevrmetyveleba, ritorikul-filosofiuri<br />
gansja eklesiaSi qadagebis nacvlad, gamocxadebis<br />
sibrZnis, WeSmariti sulieri xedvis nacvlad) da saCvenebeli<br />
sityva (igive epideiqtikuri, rogorc ritorikis erTerTi<br />
saxeoba 4 ).<br />
aqedan, qristianuli dogmebis rwmeniT miReba dapirispirebulia<br />
kamaTis sofistur xelovnebasTan, anu codnasTan,<br />
romelic klasikur ritorika-filosofias axasiaTebda; me-<br />
Tevzuroba dapirispirebulia aristotelurobasTan, anu<br />
isev rwmena dapirispirebulia codnasTan/mecnierebasTan;<br />
religiuri WeSmaritebis sulieri gamoZieba dapirispirebulia<br />
antikuri filosofiis borotad gamoZiebasTan, anu<br />
sicruesTan; saeklesio qadageba dapirispirebulia agoris,<br />
anu saero qadagebasTan; sulisaTvis sargebeli qristianuli<br />
sityva, anu qristianuli qadageba/ritorika, dapirispirebulia<br />
antikuri ritorikis sadResaswaulo saxeobasTan<br />
_ epideiqtikur, anu saCvenebel, sadResaswaulo sityvasTan,<br />
romelic, igulisxmeba, rom sulisaTvis margebel Sinaarss<br />
ar Seicavs da mxolod garegnuli saCvenebeli ritorikuli<br />
samkaulebiT imoseba. aq termini “apodeiktikuri” rom yofiliyo<br />
maSin logikis dargi unda gvegulisxma<br />
5 . termini ki ritorikas ganekuTvneba (Sdr.<br />
Chicago, 1905, p. 27. I.C.T. Ernesti, Lexicon Technologiae Graecorum Rhetoricae, Darmstadt,<br />
1962, s.v. Sdr. qvemoT aristoteles mier oratoruli sityvis saxeobebad<br />
dayofa. <br />
4.<br />
epideiqtikuri sityva ritorikis sam saxeobaTagan erT-erTia, romelic<br />
aristoteleseuli dayofidan moyolebuli (Arist. Ars Rhetorica, I,3,1358b)<br />
gavrcelebuli iyo ritorikis elinistur da bizantiur TeoriebSi:<br />
(genus demonstrativum) _ sadResaswaulo, saCvenebeli, sazeimo<br />
sityva (igive panegirikuli, Sdr. Basilii Minimi<br />
in Gregorii Nazianzeni orationem XXXVIII commentarii, editi a Th. Schmidt, in: Corpus<br />
Christianorum, Series Graeca, 46; Corpus Nazianzenum, 13, Turnhout, Leuven, 2001, p. 8 7,<br />
9, n. 9); (genus deliberativum) _ saTaTbiro, bWobiTi sityva;<br />
(genus iudiciale) _ samarTlebrivi, sapaeqro sityva. ix. H. Hommel,<br />
Rhetorik, in: Der kleine Pauly Lexicon der Antike, Bd.4, 1911, col. 1397. H. Hunger, Die hochsprachliche<br />
profane Literatur der Byzantiner, I, S. 99.<br />
5.<br />
filosofiis sam saxeobad dayofis (_ “xedviTi”, _ “saqmiTi”,<br />
_ “sity¢erebiTi”) klasikuri da bizantiuri tradiciebisa<br />
da apodiqtikis, rogorc logikuri meTodis saxeobis Sesaxeb (_<br />
“ganCinebiTi", _“gamoTqumiTi”, _ “mesibrZneobiTi".<br />
Or. 43, com. 73. R. Cantarella, Basilio Minimo, II, in: Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 26, 1926, p.<br />
28 6-9<br />
. Cod. Iber. Tbilis. A109, s. XII-XIII, 29r. Sdr. Arist. Anal. Post. 71 b 18) ix. C. Cavarnos,<br />
The Hellenic-Christian Philosophical Tradition, Belmont, Massachusetts, 1989, 92, 103. Т.И.<br />
Долидзе, Вопрос о функции в комментаиях школы Аммония, Tsu<br />
Sromebi, 249 (arqeologia, klasikuri filologia, bizantinistika), 1984,<br />
gv. 325. Sdr. Sdr. –"gamosaCinebelni" (T. oTxmezuri, q. bezaraS-
narkvevi 155<br />
_ “maCuenebloba¡” sanaxaobis: _ “meTeatroneobis”<br />
sinonimad. Gr. Naz. Or. 43, c. 25. PG 35, 529C4) 6 .<br />
aRniSnul pasaJSi dapirispirebani warimarTeba swored<br />
meTevzurobisa da aristotelurobis antiTezis principiT.<br />
dapirispirebaTa danarCeni wyvilebi ki mTlianad dasaxelebul<br />
pirvel antiTezas emorCileba.<br />
es formulireba orgvar gaazrebas gvTavazobs. erTia<br />
msoflmxedvelobrivi dapirispireba codnasa da rwmenas,<br />
meTevzurTa, anu mociqulTa, gamocxadebiT sibrZnesa da<br />
codniT miRebul mecnierul sibrZnes, anu klasikur filosofias,<br />
Soris. meorea sakiTxis literaturul-Teoriuli<br />
aspeqti, romelic gulisxmobs saRvTo werilis enis keTil-<br />
Sobiluri ubraloebis 7 , mociqulTa da pirvelqristianul<br />
TxzulebaTaA enisa da stilis, e.w. evangeluri gamocxadebi-<br />
Ti sisadavis (dapirispirebas maRalfardovan<br />
atikurTan, ritorikul-filosofiur stilTan, agreTve<br />
Semdgom Seqmnil im saRvTismetyvelo TxzulebaTa stil-<br />
Tan, romlebic elinuri filosofiis cnebiT-terminologiur<br />
aparats efuZneboda (Sdr. I kor. 13, 12) 8 . am droisaTvis<br />
erTmaneTis sinonimebia. 9<br />
amgvarad, terminebiT “meTevzurebri”, galilevelTa Tu<br />
meTevzurTa Txzuleba, e.w. sermo piscatorius an da,<br />
vili, ioane petriwis e. w. bolosityvaobis erTi fragmentis berZnuli dedani,<br />
gv. 220, 232-233).<br />
6.<br />
ix. S. Gregorii Nazianzeni Opera. Versio Iberica, IV. Oratio XLIII, edita a B. Coulie, H. Metreveli<br />
et K. Bezarachvili, T. Kourtsikidze, N. Melikichvili, T. Otkhmezuri, M. Rapava (Corpus<br />
Christianorum, Series Graeca, 52; Corpus Nazianzeum, 17), Turnhout, Leuven, 2004, p. 119.<br />
7.<br />
H.A. Wolfson, The Philosophy of the Church Fathers, I, Cambridge (Mas.), 1956, p. 19. E. Norden,<br />
Die antike Kunstprosa vom VI Jahrhundert V.Chr. bis die Zeir der Renaissance, Bd. II, Leipzig,<br />
Berlin, 1918, S. 523.<br />
8.<br />
wm. werilis araeqsplikaciuri enisa da saRvTismetyvelo TxzulebaTa filosofiuri<br />
enis gansxvavebaTa Sesaxeb ix. T. Dolidze, The Logic of Language in Gregory<br />
of Nyssa’s Treatise “Against Eunomius”, in: Phasis. Greek and Roman Studies, 4, Tbilisi,<br />
2001, p. 15-25.<br />
9.<br />
rogorc aRniSnaven, grigol RvTismetyvelis formulireba <br />
igivea, rac da forma-Sinaarsis ur-<br />
TierTmimarTebis problemas exeba bizantiur Teologiur literaturaSi<br />
(H. Beck, Antike Beredsamkeit und Byzantinische Kallilogia, in: Antike und Abendland, 14, Berlin,<br />
1969, S. 93).<br />
10.<br />
meTevzurebi metaforulad ewodeba mociqulebs, adamianTa sulebis mebadurebs<br />
(Sdr.G.W. Lampe, A Patristic Greek Lexicon, Oxford, 1968,<br />
s.v. ). igulisxmeba, rom mociqulebi arian “mesaTxevle kacTa” (mT.<br />
4, 18-19. mrk. 1, 17. Sdr. ier. 16, 16), romelTac TavianTi sityvis, anu RvTis sityvis,<br />
saxarebis badeSi unda moaqcion mTeli samyaro (Gr. Naz. Or. 41, c. 14. PG 36,<br />
448C5). termini “meTevzuroba” aRniSnavs agreTve mociqulTa stilis sisadaves<br />
G.W. Lampe, A Patristic Greek Lexicon, s.v. ix. E. Norden, Die
156 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
meore mxriv, filosofos-ritorTa (an sofistTa) ena, igive<br />
rasac aristotelursac (<br />
uwodebdnen, 11 gamoixateboda maT Soris arsebuli ganmasxvavebeli<br />
ZiriTadi meTodologiuri da stilisturi niSnebi.<br />
maSasadame, sakiTxs hqonda ara mxolod filosofiuri,<br />
aramed ritorikuli mxarec.<br />
grigol RvTismetyvelis es formulireba (meTevzurTa<br />
yaidaze Tu aristoteles yaidaze), romelic, rogorc vTqviT,<br />
sazogado gamonaTqvamadac iqca da gavrcelebuli iyo<br />
Sua saukuneebSi, aisaxa ioane petriwTanac (ix. qvemoT).<br />
maRali, Rrma qristianuli Sinaarsis gamoxatva aseve<br />
maRali klasikuri formiT (axali SinaarsiT datvirTuli<br />
antikuri literaturuli xerxebiT Tu filosofiuri<br />
mza teqnikuri logikuri aparatiT) gansakuTrebiT misaba-<br />
Zi gaxda bizantiuri mwerlobisaTvis kapadokielTa moRvaweobis<br />
Semdeg, romlebmac saukeTesod ganaxorcieles TavianT<br />
TxzulebebSi qristianuli Sinaarsisa da elinuri<br />
formis es kavSiri 12 .<br />
rogorc vTqviT, XI saukuneSi ganaxlda ritorika-filosofiis<br />
kavSiris mniSvneloba. miqael fselosi svimeon<br />
metafrastisadmi miZRvnil enkomiaSi da traqtatSi grigol<br />
RvTismetyvelis stilze saubrobs filosofiis, anu<br />
saRvTo azris, ritorikis mSvenieri samkaulebiT gadmocemaze,<br />
anu forma-Sinaarsis urTierTmimarTebaze axali,<br />
qristianuli Sinaarsis gadmosacemad (PG 114, 188A11; Psellos,<br />
Ad Pothum, c. 13 243-245<br />
; 17 317-318<br />
) 13 . miqael fselosi aRniSnavs, rom<br />
am avtorebma filosofiiT aamaRles ritorikuli xelovneba<br />
da piriqiT.<br />
antike Kunsprosa, II, S. 512-516. Sdr. rom. 9, 28; I kor. 3, 19; 1, 22; 2, 6. Sdr. Gr. Naz. Or. 27,<br />
c. 1. PG 36, 12. Gr. Naz. Or. 16, c. 2. PG 35, 936C; <br />
“ese arian Txrobani Cuen galilevelTani... amas<br />
aRvwerT Cuen meTevzurTa da uswavlelTa mowafeni” (Greg. Naz. Or. 5, c. 25. PG 35,<br />
693B9; Sdr. “uswavlelni da meTevzurni”. Gr. Naz. Or. 5, c. 30. PG<br />
35, 701C8-10. Cod. Iber. Tbilis. A292, 208r).<br />
11.<br />
da _ meTevzuri da atikuri dapirispirebulia erTmaneTTan,<br />
rogorc barbarosuli _ elinur mWevrmetyvelebasTan (G.W. Lampe,<br />
A Patristic Greek Lexicon, s.v. . E. Norden, Die antike Kunstprosa, II, 1918, S. 522-<br />
523. U.v. Wilamowitz-Möllendorff, Asianismus und Atticismus. Hermes. Zeitschrift für klassische<br />
Philologie, 35, Berlin, 1900, S. 4, 44). meore mxriv, qristianul literaturaSi,<br />
meTevzurTa sibrZne aRemateba filosofosTa da ritorTa maRalfardovan<br />
mWevrmetyvelebas (C.A.Trypanis, Fourteen Early Byzantine Cantica, Wien, 1968, p. 37).<br />
12.<br />
E. Norden, Die antike Kunstprosa, II, S. 460-464. G.A. Kennedy, Greek Rhetoric under Christian<br />
Emperors, Princeton, New Jersey, 1983, p. 50, 185.<br />
13.<br />
A. Mayer, Psellos’ Rede über den rhetorischen Character des Gregorios von Nazianz, in: Byzantinische<br />
Zeitschrift, 20, 1911, S. 27-100; spec. 48-60.
narkvevi 157<br />
amave periodSi arsdeba sami ierarqis (grigol RvTismetyvelis,<br />
basili didisa da ioane oqropiris) erTad xsenebis<br />
dResaswauli, romelzedac pasuxismgebelia ioane<br />
mavropusi _ konstantinopolis universitetis damaarsebeli,<br />
filologi da mWevrmetyveli (saubaria mis xilvaze<br />
1084 w. sami ierarqis Tanaswori pativis Sesaxeb). misi<br />
azriT, sami ierarqis Semoqmedebis saSualebiT aRdga harmonia<br />
sityvasa da suls, filosofia-Teologiasa da ritorikas<br />
Soris (-s Soris), rac aklda saxarebas 14 .<br />
sami ierarqi ara mxolod Teologiuri modelebia bizantiisaTvis,<br />
aramed _ ritorikuli.<br />
sakiTxis gaazreba qarTveli elinofilebis mier<br />
qarTveli elinofilebi _ efrem mcire da ioane petriwi<br />
TavianTi Tanamedrove bizantiuri azrovnebis simaRleze<br />
dganan.<br />
efrem mcire exmaureba ritorika-filosofiis erTianobis<br />
problemas Tavisi mosaxsenebliT svimeon loRoTetis<br />
saxelze, sadac saubrobs sxva xilvis Sesaxeb, romelsac svimeoni<br />
Tavisi ritorika-filosofiiT sami ierarqis Tanabar<br />
doneze ahyavs 15 . igi marTebulad iazrebs ritorika-filosofiis<br />
da maTi Teologiisadmi damokidebulebis saki-<br />
Txs, iTvaliswinebs ra berZnuli literaturis procesebs<br />
aRniSnul sakiTxebze. svimeonis sityvas efremi axasiaTebs<br />
rogorc “ritorebrivTa maT gangrZobaTa da filosofosebrivTa<br />
maT SemkobilebaTa”.<br />
ioane damaskelis “dialeqtikaze” darTul kolofonSic<br />
efremi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavisi Tanamedrove azrovnebis<br />
doneze dgas. igi saubrobs “gareSe” sibrZnisadmi, ker-<br />
Zod, antikuri filosofiisadmi, damokidebulebis Sesaxeb.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom amave dros, efremi imave kolofonSi saki-<br />
Txis literaturul-Teoriul moazrebasac gvTavazobs da<br />
am problemas igi ukavSirebs stilis sakiTxebze msjelobas.<br />
igi saubrobs “safilosofoso” TxzulebasTan dakavSirebul<br />
stilTa doneebze, kerZod, metafrastikis Teoriaze. erTi<br />
14.<br />
H.G. Beck, Antike Beredsamkeit und Byzantinische Kallilogia, S. 95-96. G.L. Kustas, Studies<br />
in Byzantine Rhetoric (Analecta Blatadōn,17), Thessalonike, 1973, p. 124-125. gavixsenoT,<br />
rom kapadokielma mamebma da ioane oqropirma ganaviTares filosofiuri<br />
safuZveli qristianuli doqtrinisaTvis da ritorikuli forma _ sakiTxavisaTvis.<br />
ix. G.A.Kennedy, Greek Rhetoric, p. 50, 185.<br />
15.<br />
efrem mcire, “mosa£senebeli mcire s¢meonisaT¢s loRoTetisa”. К. Кекелидзе,<br />
Симеон Метафраст по грузинским источникам, etiudebi, V, Tb., 1957, gv. 219, 224-<br />
225.
158 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
SexedviT, TiTqos ucnauri unda iyos logikur Txzulebas-<br />
Tan mimarTebiT metafrastikaze msjeloba (miT umetes, rom<br />
metafrastikaze efremi sagangebod msjelobs calke kolofonSi<br />
_ svimeon metafrastis mosaxsenebelSi). magram gavixsenoT,<br />
Tu ra konteqstSi gadadis efremi erTi sakiTxidan<br />
meoreze. igi afrTxilebs Tavis Tanamemamuleebs, romlebic<br />
aqamde miCveulni ar yofilan safilosofoso wignebs, rom<br />
sxvis mier “Sekazmulad”, anu gadametafrasebulad, ar miiCnion<br />
es wigni _ ioane damaskelis “dialeqtika”: “kualad eseca<br />
sacnaur iyavn, viTarmed ara jer-ars, ra¡Ta sx¢sa visganme<br />
Sekazmulad vhgonebdeT wignsa amas, viTar-igi guasmies<br />
s¢meon loRoTetisa da sxuaTa mecnierTa berZenTagan kazmva¡<br />
wignebisa¡...” (Cod. Iber. Tbilis. A24, s. XII, 3v); 16 Semdeg efremi<br />
xsnis stilTa doneebs, Tu ra aris mdabiuri, “uSueri” stili<br />
da ra _ maRali, metafrasuli, gardakazmuli, gamSvenebuli;<br />
rogori Txzulebis gadametafraseba SeiZleba da rogoris<br />
_ ara da a.S. ase rom, igi mijnavs metafrastikis ritorikul<br />
stils mdabiuri stilisagan (rasac berZnuli terminologiiT<br />
tapeinov” Seesabameba). amave dros, aqve igi erTmaneTisagan<br />
ganasxvavebs mdabiuri stilis TxzulebaTa simartives<br />
wm. werilisa da sxva wm. mamaTa Txzulebebis “litonobisagan”<br />
(rasac Seesabameba swored zemoxsenebuli berZnuli<br />
terminebi: aJplovth” da aJlieutikov”), romelic sul sxva ram aris<br />
Tavisi saRvTo warmomavlobis gamo da xelSeuxebelia 17 .<br />
es axsna-ganmarteba efrems, cxadia, imisTvis dasWirda,<br />
rom ioane damaskelis Txzulebas igi swored maRali stiliT<br />
Seqmnilad miiCnevda (mxolod ara Semdgom gadametafrasebulad<br />
sxvis mier, aramed Tavidanve Tavad avtoris<br />
mierve Rrmad da maRlad Seqmnilad), anu “aristotelurad”,<br />
romelic gansxvavebulia “meTevzurisagan”, litonisagan.<br />
maSasadame, efremma SesaniSnavad icis rwmenisa da<br />
codnis urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxis orive mxare _<br />
filosofiuric da ritorikulic.<br />
es movlena ucnaurad ar mogveCveneba, Tu gavixsenebT,<br />
rom ritorikuli da filosofiuri, miuxedavad maT Soris<br />
16.<br />
kolofonis dasawyisSi igi aseve afrTxilebs gadamwerT, rom ar gamotovon<br />
“dialeqtika” gadawerisas da ar miiCnion igi gamousadegarad<br />
misi siRrmis gamo: “ara dauteoT amaTi dawera¡ reca siRrmisaTvs u£mar<br />
sagonebelobisaT¢s” (A24, XII s., 1v). ioane damaskeli, dialeqtika, m. rafavas<br />
gamocema, Tb., 1976, gv. 66.<br />
17.<br />
ix. q. bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika grigol<br />
RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebis mixedviT, Tb., 2004,<br />
gv. 385-387. q. bezaraSvili, “gareSe” sibrZnisadmi damokidebulebisaTvis<br />
efrem mciris kolofonebSi, macne, els, 1-4, 2001, gv. 155-157.
narkvevi 159<br />
winaaRmdegobisa, ganuyofeli iyo erTmaneTisagan antikurobidan<br />
moyolebuli. es problema, rogorc zemoT vTqviT,<br />
aqtualuri iyo XI saukuneSi da Semdgomac; isic aRvniSneT,<br />
rom mas exmaureba ioane petriwi.<br />
fsalmunis ganmartebaTa winasityvis bolos ioane petriwi<br />
saubrobs sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb 18 da gulistkiviliT<br />
aRniSnavs TanamemamuleTa siverages, gonebiT xedveb-<br />
Si dabrZenebuli kacis xelSewyobis nacvlad. misi TqmiT,<br />
TanamemamuleTa siyvaruli da Sewevna rom Cveneboda, RvTis<br />
gangebis Tanadgomas mihyveboda da am saRvTo xedvaTa survils<br />
ficavs, rom [qarTul] enasac [berZnul] enisad gaawyobda,<br />
filosofiuri gancdis xedvebSic iaristotelurebda<br />
da nivTisagan miuxebel RvTismetyvelebasac warmoayenebda:<br />
“vina¡, Tumca me ra¡ve Tansiyuaruli da Sewevna¡<br />
mCueneboda maTgan, Tana vxde dgomasa RmrTisa gangebaTasa.<br />
da T¢T maT xedvaTa vfucav survilsa, romel ena¡mca enisada<br />
gamewyo da xedva¡mca filosofosTa gancdisa¡ mearistotelura<br />
da RmrTismetyueleba¡ nivTisagan miuxebeli<br />
warmomeyena” 19 . “xedva” da “gancda” sinonimuri mniSvnelobis<br />
terminebia da niSnavs mistikur an gonebiT Wvretas, Semmecneblis<br />
xedvas, gagebas 20 . ase rom, “xedva¡ filosofosTa<br />
gancdisa¡” niSnavs filosofiuri Wvretis Teorias (qewriva<br />
– xedva). “xedva¡mca filosofosTa gancdisa¡ mearistotelurao”<br />
ki niSnavs: filosofiuri Teoria mearistotelura,<br />
anu misTvis aristoteleseuli filosofiuri gansjis,<br />
anu diskursiuli xasiaTi mimeniWebinao.<br />
rogorc vTqviT, grigol RvTismetyvelis formulirebidan<br />
momdinare termini “aristoteluri” sazogado gamonaTqvami<br />
iyo Sua saukuneebSi da niSnavda RvTismetyvelebisaTvis<br />
aristoteleseuli diskursiuli xasiaTis miniWebas,<br />
logikuri dasabuTebis meTodis Seqmnas wminda Wvreti-<br />
Ti TeologiisaTvis 21 . am sityvebiT ioane petriwi aviTarebs<br />
18.<br />
damana meliqiSvilis TargmanSi am nawils ewodeba Pro domo sua. ioane petriwis<br />
teqstis perifrazirebisas yvelgan veyrdnobiT d. meliqiSvilis<br />
mier Tanamedrove qarTulze gadmoRebul teqsts: ioane petriwi, ganmarteba<br />
prokle diadoxosis “RmrTismetyvelebis safuZvlebisa”, Tanamedrove<br />
qarTul enaze gadmoiRo, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo d. meliqiSvilma,<br />
Tb., 1999.<br />
19.<br />
ioane petriwi, Sromebi II, S. nucubiZis da s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, tf.,<br />
1937, gv. 222 17-22.<br />
20.<br />
d. meliqiSvili, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> filosofiur-Teologiuri terminologiis<br />
istoriidan, Tb., 1999, gv. 131-132. ix. “xedvisa gancda-Wuretani” (ioane<br />
petriwi, Sromebi, II, gv. 107 12<br />
) da sxv.<br />
21.<br />
aseve iyo es gamonaTqvami interpretirebuli samecniero literaturaSi<br />
(g. TevzaZe, filosofiis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi, istoriul-filo-
160 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
misi winamorbedis _ efrem mciris moRvaweobis mizandasaxulobas.<br />
ioane damaskelis “dialeqtikis” miseuli Targmanis<br />
winasityvaSi (romelic warmoadgens aristoteles logikur<br />
meTods qristianuli Teologiis samsaxurisaTvis)<br />
efrem mcire ambobs, rom “sxua¡ arara¡ odes Targmnila safilosofosoTa<br />
wignTagani” 22 . ioane petriws ki surs, rom qar-<br />
Tuli azrovneba miiyvanos sqolastikuri Teologiisaken<br />
mas Semdeg, rac am azrovnebam ukve gaiara asketikis, samonastro<br />
Teologiis gza. rwmenisa da codnis urTierTmimarTebis<br />
sakiTxSi ioane petriwi da mTeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> elinofiluri<br />
skola (anu gelaTis skola) efuZneba aleqsandrieli da<br />
kapadokieli mamebis naazrevs. amdenad, sruliad bunebrivia<br />
imis daSveba, rom fsalmunTa ganmartebis miseul winasityvaSi<br />
ioane petriwi topos “aristotelobas” grigol<br />
RvTismetyveliseuli antiTeturi formulirebis sqemiT<br />
unda warmoadgendes codnisa da rwmenis zemoT ganxiluli<br />
urTierTmimarTebis warmosaCenad 23 .<br />
logiuri Ziebani, II, Tb., 1984, gv. 85). terminis jAristotelikov” gagebisaTvis<br />
Sua saukuneebSi ix. Sen. 1-Si dasax. literatura. aristoteles terminis<br />
“nivTisagan miuxebeli” (a[neu u{lh”, cwrista; th’” u{lh”) gagebisaTvis ix. C. Cavarnos,<br />
The Hellenic-Christian Philosophical Tradition, Balmont, Massachusetts, 1989, p. 40-42;<br />
amonios ermisis Txzulebebi qarTul mwerlobaSi, m. rafavas gamocema, Tb.,<br />
1983, 12 30-35.<br />
Ammonius in Aristotelis Categorias Commentarius, ed. A. Busse [Commentaria in<br />
Aristotelem graeca, IV, 4], Berolini, 1895, p. 11 27-28<br />
. am sakiTxis interpretaciisaTvis<br />
ioane petriwis Sromis mixedviT ix. q. bezaraSvili, ioane petriwis e. w. bolosityvaobis<br />
zogierTi adgilis gagebisaTvis: “mearistotelura”, weliwdeuli<br />
elinologiasa da laTinistikaSi, 3, Tb., 2005, gv. 17-44.<br />
22.<br />
Cod. A 24, XIIs., 1v. ioane damaskeli, dialeqtika, m. rafavas gamocema, gv. 66.<br />
23.<br />
winamdebare statiis mizania ioane petriwis formulirebis wyaros gamovlena<br />
da misi stilisturi Rirebulebis Cveneba, rac mas aqvs filosofiur-<br />
Tan erTad. rogorc cnobilia, azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs ioane petriwis<br />
“aristotelurobis” gagebasTan dakavSirebiT da am diskusiaSi CarTva Cvens<br />
miznebs scildeba. lela aleqsiZis azriT, gansaxilveli toposi erTgvari Sejamebaa<br />
petriwis aristotelesadmi damokidebulebisa. igi unda gulisxmobdes<br />
imas, rom petriwi qarTulenovani filosofiis gatolebas cdilobda<br />
berZnulenovanTan adekvaturi terminologiis SemuSavebiT da “TeoretikosobiT”,<br />
oRond qarTveli aristotele _ petriwi Tavad aristoteles imiT<br />
“ajobebda”, rom Teologias _ metafizikas, anu RvTismetyvelebas, fizikis<br />
kanonebisagan damoukideblad Camoayalibebda (L. Alexidze, Zum verhältnis zwischen<br />
neuplatonischem und Christlichem im Prokloskommentar des Ioane Petrizi, in: Metaphysik<br />
und Religion. Zur Signatur des spätantiken Denkens. Akten des Internationalen Kongresses vom<br />
13-17 März 2001 in Würzburg, herausgegeben von T. Kobusch und M. Erler, München, 2002,<br />
S. 438-439, n. 24). damana meliqiSvilis azriT, toposi gulisxmobs, rom ioane<br />
petriwi dogmaturi RvTismetyvelebis sferoSi silogisturi gzis nacvlad,<br />
Cvenebis, nimuSebis (xatebisa da igavebis) analogiis gzis gamoyenebas mimar-<br />
Tavs elinur filosofiaSi damuSavebuli cnebiTi aparatis meSveobiT (d. meliqiSvili,<br />
ioane petriwi da ioane italosi ori sawyisis Sesaxeb, quTaisis<br />
universitetis moambe, 4, 1995, 169-176) da sxv. vfiqrob, rom ioane petriwi am<br />
formulirebiT gamoxatavs imas, Tu ris gakeTebas apirebda da ara imas, Tu ra
narkvevi 161<br />
“nivTisagan miuxebeli” filosofiis msoflmxedvelobrivi<br />
gaazrebis Semdeg ioane petriwi iqve saubrobs stil-<br />
Ta sxvadasxva doneze _ advil da CueulebiT Targmanebze<br />
da upirispirebs maT rTul filosofiur Txzulebebs: Cven-<br />
Si Cveulebadaa enis Txzva da morTva advil da CveulebiTs<br />
TargmanebSi, magram rTul azrovnebiTsa da filosofiur<br />
TxzulebebSi enis martivad miyolas vcdilob manamdis,<br />
sanam meti silitoniT azrs daSla da vneba ar SeemTxvevao<br />
(“Cueuleba¡ ars Cuenda advilTa da CueulTa saTargmanoTa<br />
Soris Txzvad da morTvad enisad, aramed ZnelTa Soris gonebiTa<br />
da filosofosTasa yovelsa silitonesa da Tanmiyolasa<br />
enisaebr vemxarkebi dadebad vidre sadamdis metiTa<br />
silitoniTa daSla¡ da vneba¡ gonebasa ar SeemTxueodis” -<br />
ioane petriwi, Sromebi, II, 222 26-31<br />
).<br />
maSasadame, termini “aristoteluroba” ioane petriwTan,<br />
grigol RvTismetyvelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
antiTeturobis mixedviT warmodgenili, stilTa<br />
doneebis _ litoni saRvTo stilisa da maRalfardovani<br />
ritorikul-filosofiuri stilis dapirispirebasac gulisxmobs;<br />
Tumca sakuTriv “meTevzurobas”, rogorc “aristotelurobis”<br />
sapirispiro stilistur cnebas, ioane petriwi<br />
aq ar axsenebs.<br />
niSandoblivia agreTve, rom amave pasaJSi da konteqstSi<br />
ioane petriwi yuradRebas amaxvilebs filosofiuri enis Seqmnaze<br />
(ix. “ena¡ enisada gamewyo” _ ioane petriwi, Sromebi,<br />
II, 222 20<br />
); gansaxilveli pasaJis (sakuTar Tavze saubris) zemoT<br />
bibliuri wignebis Targmanis xelovnebis gansjisas ioane<br />
petriwi saubrobs enis srulyofilebaze zrunvis Sesaxeb.<br />
misi sityviT, rac ufro maRalganviTaebulia eri, miT ufro<br />
warmatebulia misi ena. vinc ar flobs enas da misi gadmocemis<br />
wesebs srulyofilad _ metyvelebis nawilebs da Sewyobis,<br />
morTvis, sinarnaris da a. S. xelovnebas (anu gramatikisa da<br />
ritorikis xelovnebas) 24 , is ver miswvdeba RvTismetyvelegaakeTa.<br />
amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom cnebebi sxvadasxva doneze<br />
sxvadasxva Sinaarss iZenen, rogorc TviTon petriwi ganmartavda amas (ioane<br />
petriwi, Sromebi, II, 17-18).<br />
24.<br />
am pasaJSi Cans gramatikis xelovnebis codnis auciloblobaze miniSneba:<br />
ioane petriws metad saWirod miaCnia metyvelebis nawilTa (“nawilni Tqumisani”)<br />
codna, saxelisa da zmnis (“saxeli da sityua”) erTmaneTisagan gar-<br />
Ceva da maTi erTmaneTTan Sewyobis (e. i. sintaqsis) codniT, “pirTa SecvalebiT”<br />
enis “morTvisa” da gadmocemis sinarnaris miRweva (d. meliqiSvili,<br />
ioane petriwis filosofiur SromaTa ena da stili, Tb., 1975, 65-66). Sdr.<br />
_ “Sewyobileba¡ sityuaTa¡” (basili minimusis epistole<br />
_ Basilii Minimi... commentarii, ed. Th. Schmidt, p. 6 43<br />
; T. oTxmezuri, grigol nazianzelis<br />
TxzulebaTa komentirebis istoriidan. mravalTavi, XV, 1989,
162 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
biT xedvebs da gonebis maukvdavebel naTels (“ar moigos da<br />
amaT yovelTa sanTlad dRe RmrTismetyuelebiTTa xedvisa¡<br />
da maukudavebeli naTeli gonebisa¡” _ II, 220 5-10<br />
). amitom igi<br />
Tavs ar zogavda, raTa Tavisi TanamemamuleebisaTvis Seeqmna<br />
mecnieruli ena: aRviSurve me Cemi gvar-tomisaTvis Semeqmna<br />
ena sityvamdidari da gansxvavebuli mdabioTagano (“da aRvi-<br />
Surve tomisaT¢s guarTa CemTasa me midmooba¡ enisa¡ galeqsebuli<br />
da mesxue¡ mdabrionTagan” _ II, 220 24-25<br />
).<br />
ioane petriwi eklesiastes imowmebs imis dasamtkiceblad,<br />
rom sityvieri xelovneba 25 gamocxadebulia sibrZnis<br />
nawilad (“kerZod sibrZnisad” _ II, 220 26<br />
, anu CvenTvis<br />
28 49<br />
). termini garda sityvaTa wyobis aRmniSvneli gramatikuli<br />
terminisa, niSnavs sazogadod organizebas, ritmul Sewyobas, asoTa da<br />
xmovanTa, sityvaTa kombinacias ritorikaSi, bgerebisa da kilos Sewyobas<br />
musikaSi (H.G. Liddel, R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, 1961; E.A. Sophocles, A Greek<br />
Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods, Boston, 1970, s.v. <br />
25.<br />
aqac “enis qcevaSi” da sityvaTa axsnasa da daSlaSi gramatika igulisxmeba<br />
(d. meliqiSvili, ioane petriwis filosofiur SromaTa ena da stili, gv.<br />
65-66). Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom sityvaTa axsna (da daSla (_<br />
Senawevreba-gaerTianeba-gavrcoba da daSla-darRveva-Semokleba ritorikuli<br />
xelovnebis nawilicaa (Psellos, Ad Pothum, c. 20). amas adasturebs<br />
isic, rom petriwTan iqve qvemoT saubaria sityvis garegnul mokazmvasa<br />
da morTvaze, Sewyobasa da sinarnareze, rasac, Cveulebriv, ritorikul<br />
sityvaze ambobdnen xolme, mag., _ morTuloba, mokazmuloba;<br />
_ sityvaTa Sewyoba; <br />
_ mSve niereba, momxibvleloba, igive sinarnare da a.<br />
S. (am terminebisaTvis ix. J. Martin, Antike Rhetorik. Technik und Methode, Münich,<br />
1974. H. Lausberg, Handbuch der literarischen Rhetorik, Münich, 1960. Античные теории<br />
языка и стиля, под ред. О. М. Фрейденберг, М. -Л.,1936. am terminebis mimoxilvisa<br />
da klasikuri wyaroebisaTvis ix. q. bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis<br />
Teoria da praqtika grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebis<br />
mixedviT, Tb., 2004, gv. 530-588). amitom, SesaZlebelia, aq marto gramatikaze<br />
ar iyos saubari, aramed masTan erTad ritorikazec, anu zogadad<br />
sityvis xelovnebaze. marTalia, gansaxilvel pasaJSi saubaria enis qcevaze<br />
da mas uSualod mosdevs kiTxvis wesebze da prosodiis niSnebze msjeloba,<br />
rac gramatikis sferoSi Sedioda (ix. Dionysii Thracis Ars Grammatica et Scholia in<br />
Dionysii Thracis Artem Grammaticam. Grammatici Graeci, I, ed. G. Uhlig, Lipsiae, 1883, 105-<br />
114), magram sayuradReboa, rom hermenevtikuli gramatikisa da ritorikis<br />
Teoriis funqciebi xSirad faravdnen erTmaneTs Sua saukuneebis Teoriul<br />
azrovnebaSi (ix. R. Browning, Byzantinische Schulen und Schulmeister, in: Das Altertum,<br />
9, 1963, S. 105-118. T. Conley, Byzantine Teaching of Figures and Tropes: An Introduction, in:<br />
Rhetorica. A Journal of the History of Rhetoric, Berkley, California, 4, 1986, 337, 349-355. R.A.<br />
Kaster, Guardians of Language: The Grammarian and Society in Late Antiquity, Berkley, Los<br />
Angeles, London, 1988, 35-50, 71-94. The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism, vol. 2. The<br />
Middle Ages by A. Minnis, I. Johnson, Cambridge, 2005, p. 285-290). kiTxvis wesi, romelsac<br />
prosodiis sistema emsaxureboda, swored ritorikuli xelovnebis<br />
wesi iyo da mas emsaxureboda. igi mianiSnebda, Tu rogor unda Sewyobiliyo<br />
ritmuli periodebi da gaerTianebuliyo Txrobis nawilebi, raze unda yofiliyo<br />
gakeTebuli intonaciuri aqcenti teqstis sworad gasagebad.
narkvevi 163<br />
nacnob rusTveliseul “sibrZnis dargad” _ “viTar dasdebs<br />
eklesiaste kerZod sirZnisad qcevasa enisasa da aR£snasa da<br />
darRuevasa sityuaTasa” _ II, 220 25-27<br />
) 26 . eklesiastes sityvidan<br />
gamomdinared miiCnevs petriwi imas, rom morTulad da<br />
mokazmulad unda gvqondes enis arsebis (“aobis”) aRmniSvneli<br />
garemosili [sityva] da misi saSualebiT SevaRwioT<br />
Sinagani sulieri logosis (sityvis) sazRvrebSi, anu CavwvdeT<br />
suliTi sityvis arss (romlis gamoc gvewodeba swored<br />
metyveli [arsebebi]), raTa es Sinagani sityva (logosi)<br />
wargviZRves zesTaarsis Secnobisaken da a.S. (“ra¡Ta mor-<br />
Tulad da aRkazmulad guaqundis garemosili da meniSne<br />
aobaTa enisaTa da mis mier naziuanTa SevimaloT Soris<br />
mdebarisa da suliTisa sity¢sad, romlisa meqoneobiTa<br />
guerquas sity¢er...” _ II, 220-221). maSasadame, sityvis garegnuli<br />
xelovnebis floba aucilebelia Sinagani sityvis,<br />
anu saRvTo logosis Sesacnobad. Lovgo” _ lovgo”-is, anu ritorikuli<br />
da saRvTo sityvis antiTeza, metad gavrcelebuli<br />
iyo bizantiur mwerlobaSi. rogorc vTqviT, ritorikisa<br />
da RvTismetyvelebis Tanaarseboba aqtualuria adrebizantiuri<br />
patristikidan, mag., kapadokielebidan moyolebuli<br />
sqolastikosTa, mag., miqael fselosis CaTvliT 27 .<br />
ase rom, ioane petriwi gulisxmobs meTevzurobisa da<br />
aristotelurobis dapirispirebas ara mxolod saRvTo ga-<br />
26.<br />
gamosakvlevia, Tu eklesiastes <strong>wignis</strong> romeli muxli igulisxmeba aq. SesaZloa,<br />
es iyos Semdegi: “friad iZia eklesiaste sityuani nebisani” - <br />
<br />
(ekl. 12, 9-10).<br />
gnomuri, aforistuli, igavuri gamonaTqvamebi ebrael brZenT axasiaTebdaT,<br />
gansxvavebiT berZenTagan (А.П. Лопухин, Толковая Библия, V, Петербург],<br />
1908-1910). voluntas nebas, survils niSnavs da qarTuladac Sesabamisad<br />
aris naTargmni, magram sayuradReboa, rom klasikuri ritorikis<br />
Teoriebis mixedviT, ()dakavSirebulia sityvaTa gamoTqmasTan<br />
(H. Lausberg, Handbuch der literarischen Rhetorik, S. 920); rusuli Targmanic gadmoscems<br />
am niuanss: И составил много притчей. Старался Екклесиаст приискиватъ<br />
изящные изречения, и слова истины написаны им верно. maSasadame, eklesiastes<br />
sityvis garegnuli mSveniereba, aforistuloba da igavuroba, marTebulad<br />
da sworad gamoxatavs saRvTo WeSmaritebas. ix. eklesiastes ganmarteba:<br />
“gamokulevad Semkobasa igavTasa xatovnebiTTa maT magaliTTa” (<br />
) mier warmoaCens saxarebis WeSmaritebaso (<br />
). k. kekeliZe, Targmaneba¡ eklesiastesi mitrofane<br />
zm¢rnelisa¡, tfilisi, 1920, gv. 175. es Txzuleba aRmoCnda grigol akrakantelis<br />
ganmarteba: PG 98, 1168A7-15. amis Sesaxeb ix. e. WeliZe, ioane petriwis<br />
cxovreba da moRvaweoba, werili I, “religia”, 3-5, 1994, gv. 122.<br />
27.<br />
ix. mag., grigol RvTismetyvelTan. M. Guignet, St.Grégoire de Nazinaze et la rhétorique,<br />
Paris, 1911. q. bezaraSvili, patristikaSi da grigol xanZTelis<br />
cxovrebis mixedviT, kreb. xanZTa _ sulierad mSobeli qarTvelTa, Tb.,<br />
2002, gv. 65-74.
164 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
mocxadebiTi litonobisa da logikur-filosofiuri me-<br />
Todis dapirispirebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed gulisxmobs<br />
agreTve meTevzurobisa da atikurobis (igive elinurobis)<br />
dapirispirebas enobriv-stilisturi litonobisa da sir-<br />
Tule-simaRlis dapirispirebis TvalsazrisiTac. orive es<br />
ki mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli erTmaneTTan. filosofiisa da<br />
ritorikis, azrisa da stilis erTad warmodgeniT kidev<br />
erTxel gamoikveTeba ioane petriwis formulirebis kavSiri<br />
grigol RvTismetyvelisa da bizantieli moazrovneebis<br />
sxva zemoT warmodgenil formulirebebTan.<br />
ioane petriwi exmaureba elinistur da bizantiur<br />
stilTa Teoriebs maRal saRvTismetyvelo da samecniero<br />
stilze Teoriuli msjelobiT da, meore mxriv, “elinTa<br />
enamzeobis” mibaZvisa da mdabiuri enisagan gansxvavebuli<br />
maRali stilis samecniero enis praqtikulad SeqmniT.<br />
Ketevan Bezarashvili<br />
Literary-theoretical Aspect of the Interrelation of Rhetoric<br />
and Philosophy in the Writings of Georgian Hellenophiles<br />
(Ephrem Mtsire, Ioane Petritsi)<br />
The interrelation of faith and reason was formulated in the Middle Ages<br />
from the wide-spread assertion of Gregory the Theologian: “Like fishers<br />
and not in an Aristotelian way” (Gr.Naz.<br />
or.23, c.12. PG 35, 1164C). The assertion distinguishes the monastic, ascetic,<br />
experiential, dogmatic theology from philosophical, discursive, logical<br />
thinking and proof, from the intellectual method of scholastic theology. The<br />
interrelation of faith and reason expressed as interrelation of philosophy and<br />
rhetoric was still actual in the 11th century, e.g., in the treatises of Michael<br />
Psellos, etc. The problem has also stylistical value along with philosophical<br />
aspect. It means the difference between “sermo piscatorius” as evangelic<br />
plainness and high rhetorical-philosophical style. The Georgian scholars –<br />
Ephrem Mtsire and Ioane Petritsi are on the level of the thinking processes<br />
taking place in Byzantium. They discuss the literary-theoretical aspect of<br />
the interrelation of rhetoric and philosophy (expressed in the analysis of the<br />
levels of style) along with the philosophical aspect of this problem.
nestan sulava<br />
SoTa rusTvelis poemis saTauris gaazrebis<br />
saRvTismetyvelo-Teoriuli safuZvlebi<br />
saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi, mxatvrul saazrovno<br />
sistemaSi saxeldeba, adamianis zedwodeba personaJis, pirovnebis<br />
Sinagani bunebis sulier-inteleqtualuri samyaros<br />
gamoxatvisa da Secnobis erT-erTi uZiriTadesi saSualebaa,<br />
romelic mis arssa da cnobierebas gansazRvravs, misi zneobrivi<br />
saxis Camoyalibebis urTules process warmoaCens.<br />
saxeli sagnis arss gamoxatavs 1 . Sesabamisad, mxatvruli<br />
nawarmoebis saTauri Txzulebis arss gamoxatavs.<br />
qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT, saxeldeba<br />
bibliuri Sesaqmiseuli procesis Semadgeneli nawilia,<br />
rac Sesaqmis <strong>wignis</strong> pirvelsave TavebSia asaxuli: “da-vehbada<br />
ufalman RmerTman yoveli m£eci velisa¡, yoveli<br />
mfrinveli cisa¡ da moiyvanna igini adamisa xilvad da yovelTa<br />
mS¢nvierTa cxovelTa, romelica uwoda adam, igi ars<br />
saxeli maTi, ra¡Zi uwodos maT. da yoveli, romeli uwoda<br />
maT adam saxelebi yovelTa sacxovarTa da yovelTa mfrinvelTa<br />
cisaTa da yovelTa m£ecTa qveyanisaTa, xolo adamisi<br />
ara epova Semwe msgavsi misi” (Ses. 2, 19-20). swored bibliuri<br />
saxeldeba da saxelis wodeba aris safuZveli yoveli<br />
sagnisa Tu movlenisaTvis saxelis darqmevisa.<br />
bibliuri swavlebiT, adami, viTarca RvTis nebiT<br />
saxelmdebeli yoveli arsisa, RmerTis SemoqmedebiTi, anu<br />
Sesaqmuri saqmianobis gamgrZelebelia. saxeli yovel arss,<br />
yovel arsebas sxvaTagan gamorCeulobas, individualobas<br />
aniWebs, xolo saxelmdebeli, anu adami, RvTis qmnilebaTagan<br />
ierarqiulad umaRles safexurze ahyavs Tavad RmerTs.<br />
1.<br />
saxelSi moiazreba rogorc sakuTari saxeli, ise zedwodeba da is saxelebi,<br />
romlebic sagnis simbolur saxeebs warmoaCens. es ori ukanaskneli, cxadia,<br />
sakuTari saxeli ar aris, isini damatebiT informacias iZleva ama Tu im<br />
sagnis Sesaxeb da sagnis Sinaarsze, mis Sinagan mdgomareobaze miuTiTebs.<br />
165
166 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
adamis mier yoveli sagnisTvis saxelis darqmeva TviT sagnis<br />
bunebis, misi Tvisebriobis gamocnobas utoldeba. zurab<br />
kiknaZem moses xuTwigneulis komentarebSi aRniSna:<br />
“is, visac saxels arqmev, Seni gaCenilia... saxeli mas arsobas<br />
aniWebs, ga-mo-a-Cen-s. aseTi aqti ki mxolod Sinaganad<br />
Tavisufali moqmedisagan aris mosalodneli. da swored<br />
“RvTisxatoba” adamianis Tavisuflebas, misi, rogorc Semoqmedis,<br />
Tavisufali Semoqmedebis unars gulisxmobs. amave<br />
dros, RvTisxatoba adams aniWebs uflebas yvela qmilebaze,<br />
xolo saxeldeba, rogorc ioane oqropiri wers, aris<br />
niSani (simbolo) uflobisa” (kiknaZe 2004: 24).<br />
rodesac adamma yovel arss, yovel sagans Tavisi saxeli<br />
daarqva, es ar iyo ubralo saxeldeba, sagnisTvis rame saxelis<br />
ubralod wodeba. sagnis arsis, bunebis, Tvisebriobis<br />
gamocnoba, zurab kiknaZis ganmartebiT, “win uZRvis saxeldebas,<br />
raTa saxeli Sesatyvisi iyos saxelis matareblis arsebisa,<br />
adekvaturad gamoxatavdes mas. swored amitom aris,<br />
rom adamis mier Tavisi Sesaferisis migneba da amorCeva<br />
cxovelTa Soris maTi saxeldebis procesSi xdeba. saxeli<br />
ar aris ubralod sagnis aRmniSvneli sityva; saxeli imitom<br />
aris is, rac aris, rom saxeldebuli gamoepasuxos am<br />
saxels. saxelis siswore imiT Semowmdeba, rom viRac gamoexmaureba<br />
mas. amrigad, yoveli cocxali arseba exmaureba im<br />
saxels, romelic adamma daarqva mas. es ki imas niSnavs, rom<br />
adams (saxelmdebels) da cxovelebs (saxeldebulT) Soris<br />
sityvieri urTierToba damyarda” (kiknaZe 2004: 24).<br />
amrigad, adami sagans saxels arqmevs maTi Secnobisa da<br />
wvdomis mizniT, vinaidan aRsaniSnsa da aRniSnuls Soris<br />
kavSiri arsiseulia; adamis mier gakeTebuli pirveli saqme<br />
SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTisaa, rac saqmisa da sityvis erTianobis<br />
(πραξις και θεορια) dadasturebaa. adamis mier RvTis nebiT<br />
sagnis saxeldeba ipodigmuria bibliis, literaturis, sazogadod,<br />
xelovnebisa da mecnierebis yoveli dargisaTvis,<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferosaTvis.<br />
sayuradReboa bibliuri movlena saxelTa gamocvlisa,<br />
kerZod, abram _ abraam (abraham), rac mravalTa mamas niSnavs;<br />
iakobs ewoda israel, rac, wmida ioane oqropiris ganmartebiT,<br />
“RvTis morkinals” an “RvTismxilvels” niSnavs. es<br />
ki imas moaswavebs, rom “amieridan isakis Ze “gaixdis” Zvels<br />
da “imoseba” axliT. man Zveli unda datovos iabokis gaRma<br />
napirze. axali saxeliT iwyeba axali xana misi, rogorc patriarqis,<br />
cxovrebaSi. sikoWle am gardamtexi gamocdilebis<br />
xiluli niSania da, SesaZloa, sasjelic imisaTvis, rasac<br />
is, rogorc iakobi, sCadioda... misi Zveli bunebiTi saxeli,
narkvevi 167<br />
romelic niSnavs “qusls moWidebuls”, aRar Seesatyviseba<br />
mis mowodebas. amieridan, rasac is gaakeTebs, gaakeTebs ara<br />
motyuebiT da xrikebiT, aramed sulieri ZalisxmeviT. iakobi<br />
kvlav ibrZolebs, magram icvleba brZolis saxe. netari<br />
avgustine wers, rom saxelis gamocvla iyo swored kurTxeva<br />
da rom erTma da imave iakobma miiRo kurTxevac da sikoWlec:<br />
kurTxeva imaTTvis, vinc misi modgmidan aRiarebs qristes,<br />
sikoWle ki _ urwmunoTaTvis (“RvTis qalaqisaTvis”, 16,<br />
XXXIX)” (kiknaZe 2004: 83). magram mTavari isaa, rom iakobi,<br />
aw ukve israelad saxeldebuli, mainc araa mzad uflis saxelis<br />
Sesacnobad, vinaidan igi kiTxvas usvams morkinals, anu<br />
uflis angelozs, vin aris igi. uflis angelozis pasuxi, SekiTxvis<br />
saxiT mocemuli, miuTiTebs, rom iakobi//israeli<br />
RvTis, misi saxelis Semcnobi da Semmecnebeli ar aris; ufali<br />
mxolod mose winaswarmetyvels unda gamocxadeboda sinas<br />
mTaze da mas miecemoda SesaZlebloba RvTis Secnobisa.<br />
saxels, mis saRvTismetyvelo da filosofiur arss Teoriulad<br />
ganmartaven wmida mamebi, RvTismetyvelebi da<br />
filosofosebi. kerZod, aristoteles SexedulebiT, “zogadi,<br />
romelic poezias Tavisi gmirebisaTvis saxelebis micemis<br />
drosac ki ukve miznad aqvs, is aris, rom warmoadgino,<br />
Tu romel kacs rogori sityva an qceva Seefereba albaTobisa<br />
an aucileblobis kanonis mixedviT” (poetika, Tavi 9).<br />
wmida klementi aleqsandrielis SexedulebiT, “yvela<br />
saxeli emsaxureba upirvelesad cnebis gamoxatvas, anu simboloebs,<br />
da Semdeg sagnis arsisa” (Clem. Alex. Str. VIII, 8; 23,1).<br />
areopagituli Txzulebis “saRmrToTa saxelTaTvis”<br />
paximeriseul komentarebSi saxeli Semdegnairad aris<br />
ganmartebuli: “saxeli aris arsebuli saxeldebuli sagnis<br />
WeSmariti gamoxatva” (Το δε ονομα ετυμολογια τις εστιν εκ των<br />
προσοντων τω ονομαζομενω πραγματι – P.G., T. 3, col. 608B); aqve na-<br />
Tqvamia: “saxelebi aris sagnis arsSi nagulisxmevis gancxadeba”<br />
(Τα γαρ ονοματα δηλοτικα εισι πραγματων υποκειμενων – P. G., T.<br />
3. col. 623B-D) (florenski 1990: 435) .<br />
ioane petriwi saxelTa da saxeldebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs:<br />
“rameTu saxelebi ganmkargvelisa maTda RmrTisagan dabunebebuli<br />
ars, ars eqmnebis maTda myofTa maTTa¡sa” (petriwi<br />
1937: 211); xolo “bolosityvaobaSi” saxelTa alegoria<br />
gramatikis erT-erT sferod, xolo sityva cnobieri<br />
arsebobisa da yofierebis Rirebulebad, sazrisad, arsad<br />
aris miCneuli: “rameTu Rramatikosoba¡ ars gamomcdeli<br />
moqmedTa¡ anu aRmwerelTa¡, viTarca mravalTa raTme zeda<br />
gamomTqumelobisa¡ da gamoaCinebs moqmedebiTTa saxeTa,<br />
Tu viTar jer ars gamoTquma da enaT-metyuelebaTa, ese igi
168 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
ars saxelisagan TargmanebaTa moipovebs da Sesatyvisoba-<br />
Ta gadmoscems da umjobesi ars naqmarTa ganmrCeveloba¡”<br />
(petriwi 1937: 225) 2 .<br />
saRvTismetyvelo swavlebiT, saxeli or Sres moicavs,<br />
masSi moiazreba sagnis RvTaebrivi arsi da sagnis martivi<br />
aRqmis Sedegad miRebuli STabeWdileba. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
sagani saxelSi ki ar aris moqceuli, aramed saganTa buneba<br />
qmnis saxels misi, sakuTari arsis Sesabamisad.<br />
pavel florenskim ramdenime naSromSi ganixila saxelis<br />
arsis problema. misi azriT: “saxeli aris is saidumlo,<br />
romelic saxeldebulia. rom ara saidumlo, is ara mxolod<br />
usicocxloa, aramed sulac araa saxeli _ mxolod carieli<br />
bgeraa... saxeli, ai, ra uxsnis samyaros saidumlos”<br />
(florenski 1990: 316), anu saxeli gacxadebuli saidumloa.<br />
saxelma sagnis arsi unda warmoaCinos da sagnis garegnuli<br />
saxe mis Sina-arss unda Seesabamebodes. pavel florenskis<br />
sityviT: “garegnuli saxe aris TvaliT xiluli, xolo saxeli<br />
_ mosmenili saxe (garegnoba)” (florenski 1990: 319).<br />
aleqsei losevis azriT, saxeli sagnis fenomenaluri arsis<br />
arsobrivi gamoxatvaa (losevi 1990: 135). “saxelis gareSe adamiani<br />
sakuTari Tavis maradiuli tyvea, arsobrivad da principulad<br />
antisocialuria, arakomunikabeluria, arataZrulia<br />
da, aqedan gamomdinare, araindividualuria, araarsobrivia,<br />
is mxolod cocxali organizmia; xolo Tu kidevaa adamiani,<br />
gonebisagan daclili adamiania” (losevi 1990: 38). man axsna<br />
saxelSi akumulirebuli sagnis fizikuri, fiziologiuri,<br />
ontologiuri, fsiqikuri, fenomenomenologiuri, logikuri<br />
sferoebi (losevi 1990: 25), aq erTmaneTs xvdebian aRmqmeli<br />
da aRsaqmeli, Semcnobi da Sesacnobi, yofierebis realuri<br />
da SesaZlebeli gaazrebebi. saxeli sagnis arsis azrobrivi<br />
energiaa, simbolur-azrobrivi, gonebriv-simboluri energia<br />
(losevi 1990: 135). iuri lotmanisa da boris uspenskis azriT,<br />
“saxelwodebisa da saxeldebulis gaigiveba gansazRvravs maT<br />
ontologiur arss, warmodgenas sakuTar saxelTa arakonvenciur<br />
xasiaTze” (lotmani, uspenski 1973: 282).<br />
saxeli (agreTve, zedwodeba da simboluri saxeli)<br />
saukuneTa manZilze dagrovili codnis anareklia, igi samyarosa<br />
da cxovrebis Secnobis Sedegad warmoiqmneba da sx-<br />
2.<br />
aqve davimowmebT damana meliqiSvilis komentars: “gramatikosoba poetebisa<br />
Tu mwerlebis gamomcdelia, rogorc mravali ramis gamomTqmelebisa.<br />
da igi gamoaCens poetur saxeebs, Tu rogoraa saWiro gamoTqma, msjelobs<br />
enaTmetyvelebaze, matianeTa gadmocemaze, mzametyvelebaze, e. i. saxelisagan<br />
ganmarteba gamohyavs da Sesatyvisobebs gadmoscems. da Semoqmedebis<br />
saukeTeso gamrCevia” (petriwi 1999: 217).
narkvevi 169<br />
vadasxvagvari funqciiT gamoiyeneba, ZiriTadad, saxeldebiTi,<br />
gramatikuli, mxatvruli. sagnis saxelis codna mis<br />
arsTan wvdomis saSualebaa, rac urTierTobis, azrTa ur-<br />
TierTgaziarebis safuZvels qmnis (losevi 1990: 155).<br />
amrigad, saxeli sityvierad gamoxatavs sagnis arss, bgerebiT<br />
xorcSesxmuli saxelis, misi sulieri arsis wvdoma<br />
SesaZlebelia misi bgeriTi samoslis SegrZnebis saSualebiT.<br />
asevea saTauric. is gamoxatavs Txzulebis ZiriTad<br />
arss, masSia akumulirebuli mwerlis ZiriTadi saTqmeli<br />
filosofiuri, fenomenologiuri, fizikuri, religiuri,<br />
esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT.<br />
yovelive amis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia sazogadod<br />
mxatvruli nawarmoebis, kerZod, am konkretul SemTxveva-<br />
Si, _ SoTa rusTvelis mxatvruli azrovnebis Sesaswavlad,<br />
misi poemis saxelwodebis raobis gansasazRvrad, vinaidan<br />
mTeli nawarmoebis ZiriTad arss swored saTauri gamoxatavs.<br />
SoTa rusTvelis poemis saxelwodeba _ “vefxistyaosani”<br />
_ Rrmaazrovani da mravalSriania, igi, rogorc xatovani<br />
da saxismetyvelebiTi arsis mqone, mTel poemas msWvalavs.<br />
rusTvelologiur samecniero literaturaSi rusTvelis<br />
poemis saxelwodeba _ “vefxistyaosani” da mis personaJTa<br />
saxelebis metaforuli, simboluri, alegoriuli aspeqtebi<br />
yovelTvis iwvevda cxovel interess. axsnilia “vefxistyaosnis”<br />
personaJTa saxelebis etimologia, simbolika, alegoria<br />
(iustine abulaZe, zviad gamsaxurdia), agreTve, gamoiTqva<br />
Sexedulebebi tarielis vefxistyaosnobisa da misi arsis Sesaxeb.<br />
Tumca, vfiqrobT, problema kvlav moiTxovs kvlevas,<br />
vinaidan yoveli winareliteraturuli movlena axal kulturul<br />
konteqstSi, axal politikur-socialur viTarebaSi,<br />
axal filosofiur, literaturul, mxatvrul-esTetikur kategoriaTa<br />
da mimarTulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT axleburad<br />
ikiTxeba da aixsneba. aqedan gamomdinare, tarieli, rogorc<br />
vefxistyaosani moyme, pirveli gamoCenidanve, ukve teqstia,<br />
romelic mimRebma unda aRiqvas da axsnas.<br />
SoTa rusTvelis poemis saTauri mravalmxriv saintereso,<br />
mniSvnelovani mxatvruli saxea, romelSic erTdroulad<br />
warmoCndeba miTosuri, religiuri, zneobrivi,<br />
mxatvrul-esTetikuri Sreebi da problemebi; rusTvelis<br />
poemis saxelwodebad “vefxistyaosnis” SerCeva konceptualuria,<br />
igi globaluri mniSvnelobis metaforaa, simboloa,<br />
alegoriaa, aluziaa, enigmaa, romelic Txzulebis<br />
mxatvrul-esTetikur fenomens, mis siRrmes gansazRvravs<br />
da misi ZiriTadi koncefciis gamomxatvel mxatvrul sa-<br />
Sualebad gvevlineba; saTauri nawarmoebSi gadmocemul
170 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
mxatvrul faqtebsa da movlenebs ufro met masStaburobas<br />
aniWebs, rac TviT poemis zogadkacobriul arsze miuTi-<br />
Tebs; igi mTavar personaJTa xasiaTs, Tvisebebs, sulierebas,<br />
cxovrebis urTules da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse gzas<br />
warmogvidgens. “vefxistyaosani”, rogorc poemis saxelwodeba,<br />
mravalSriania, qaragmulad kulturis istoriis<br />
mraval faqts mianiSnebs, romelic masSi gansxvavebul doneze<br />
aisaxeba da vlindeba. maTgan wamyvani, cxadia, mxolod<br />
rusTveluria, sakuTriv vefxistyaosnuria, xolo danar-<br />
Ceni Sreebi _ miTosuri, folkloruli, literaturuli,<br />
religiuri, saRvTismetyvelo, zneobriv-eTikuri, politikur-ideologiuri<br />
_ farulia, SeniRbulia, Tumca impliciturad<br />
nagulisxmebi. poemis saTauris yovelmxrivi<br />
gaazreba mwerlis Tanamedrove codnis uRrmesi Sreebisa<br />
da ganaTlebis maRali donis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs.<br />
SoTa rusTvelis poemis saTauri gasaRebia rusTveluri<br />
mxatvruli samyaros gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebisa<br />
da enobriv-stilisturi fenomenis aRsaqmelad, xolo misi<br />
swori gaazreba moiTxovs masSi Caqsovil da Cakirul sxvadasxva<br />
rigis informaciaTa sinqroniul-diaqroniul aspeqtebSi<br />
wakiTxvas, poemis mikro da makrokonteqstebis si-<br />
Rrmiseul aRqmas.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom rusTvelologiur literaturaSi<br />
araerTgzis gamoiTqva mosazreba vefxistyaosnobis arsis<br />
Sesaxeb, iTqva, rom vefxistyaosnoba tarielisaTvis tragediaa,<br />
tariels ar unda, rom iyos vefxistyaosani moyme (revaz<br />
siraZe, nana gonjilaSvili, xvTiso zariZe). daiwera<br />
sagangebo naSromi rusTvelis poemis saxelwodebis saxismetyvelebiTi<br />
aspeqtis Sesaxeb, kerZod, samecniero literaturaSi<br />
gamoTqmuli Sexedulebani Tanmimdevrulad ganixila<br />
nana gonjilaSvilma (gonjilaSvili 2000: 30-52).<br />
miuxedavad amisa, mainc aris ramdenime problema, romelic<br />
poemis saTaurTan dakavSirebiT kvlav moiTxovs kvlevas.<br />
daismis mravali kiTxva, romelTagan ramdenime gansaku-<br />
TrebiT mniSvnelovnad gvesaxeba, vinaidan maTi garkveva<br />
xels Seuwyobs rusTvelis mxatvruli azrovnebisa da msoflmxedvelobis<br />
Seswavlas. upirveles yovlisa, unda ganisazRvros<br />
rusTvelis poemis saTauris raoba da arsi. ra<br />
aris tarielis vefxistyaosnoba arsobrivad _ dadebiTi<br />
Tu uaryofiTi RirebulebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone metafora,<br />
simbolo, alegoria, enigma Tu aluzia? gamoitanda<br />
Tu ara SoTa rusTveli Tavisi poemis saTaurSi negatiuri<br />
RirebulebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone saxeldebas? xom ar<br />
aris igi orgvari mniSvnelobisa, anu binaruli opoziciis
narkvevi 171<br />
momcveli da am TvalsazrisiT gansaxilveli? am mimarTulebiT<br />
gvmarTebs imis gaTvaliswineba, rom saxelSi, zogadad<br />
sityvaSi, Cadebulia arsobrivi da araarsobrivi antinomia,<br />
romelSi CaRrmavebac enobriv antinomiaSi CaRrmavebas<br />
niSnavs. antinomiuroba esTetikuri fenomenis erT-er-<br />
Ti myari safuZvelia, vinaidan masSi ori urTierTsapirispiro<br />
arsobrivi niSani moiazreba, xolo ramdenime sagnisa<br />
Tu movlenis Sedareba ukvea esTetikurobis safuZveli da<br />
esTetikuri fenomenis momcveli.<br />
“vefxistyaosanSi”, rogorc saTaurSi, moqceulia avtoriseuli<br />
mxatvruli koncefciis uRrmesi Sreebi, kerZod,<br />
miTosuri, folkloruli, religiuri, literaturuli,<br />
esTetikuri Sreebi. mas aqvs drosivrculi ganzomileba; vefxistyaosnoba<br />
warsulis Sedegia, romelic arsebobs awmyo-<br />
Si da momavalSi aucilebelia misgan gaTavisufleba. masSi<br />
vlindeba tradicia, kultura, gamocdileba. igi uZvelesi<br />
miTologemis literaturuli gardasaxvaa, romelic Soreuli<br />
warsulidan iRebs saTaves; igi bibliuri simbolikiTaa<br />
gajerebuli da mTavar personaJTa _ tarielisa da<br />
nestan-darejanis Sinagani bunebis, sulieri samyaros, maTi<br />
inteleqtis srulyofilebisaken swrafvis gamoxatulebaa.<br />
ukve aRvniSneT, tarielis vefxistyaosnoba mravalmxriv<br />
mniSvnelovani mxatvruli saxea, romelSic erTdroulad<br />
warmoCndeba avtoris mxatvruli koncefciis sxvadasxva<br />
ganzomileba. marTalia, poemis saxelwodeba gulisxmobs<br />
tariels da mis mijnurs nestan-darejans, magram vefxistyaosnoba,<br />
rogorc pirovnebis cxovrebis, misi arsebobis<br />
tragikuli periodis gamovlineba, sulieri TviTCaRrmavebis,<br />
saRvTo gzisaken svlis simbolo, alegoria, enigma,<br />
aluzia, poemis yvela personaJisaTvis arsebiTia.<br />
viktor nozaZis gamouqveynebel naSromSi “vefxistyaosanis<br />
fsiqologiismetyveleba” aRniSnulia, rom tariel-<br />
Si nestan-darejani asociaciurad vefxvze warmodgenas<br />
daukavSirda da apercepciiT vefxvisa da nestanis msgavseba<br />
TiTqmis namdvilad dasaxa. “da roca nestani tariels daekarga,<br />
nestanis es msgavseba vefxTan mas gardaeqca ganuyrel<br />
warmodgenad, rac vefxisa da nestanis msgavsebaSi gamoixata<br />
ara marto pirgamexebiT, aramed Svenieri saxiTac. es asociacia<br />
ukve tarielis SemecnebaSi appercepciad gardaiqca... asmaTsac<br />
ki tarielis gavleniT nestani vefxad warmoudgenia<br />
da iseT pirobas uqmnis, rac ganuyrelad vefxis msgavsebasTan<br />
aris dakavSirebuli. asmaTi mas vefxis tyavis samosels ukeravs...<br />
tarielisTvis vefxi aris namdvili fsiqologiuri<br />
appercepcia da es urTierTobiTi warmodgena iqamde midis,
172 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
rom asmaTi amisaTvis mas Sesaferis pirobebsac uqmnis” (nozaZe,<br />
arqivi). tarieli ara mxolod CacmulobiTaa vefxistyaosani<br />
moyme, aramed mTeli Tavisi arsebiT myofobs vefxvis<br />
garemoSi, vefxviviT “wavarnaSi” cxovrobs:<br />
viTa vefxsa wavarna da qvabi aqvso saxlad, menad (702/700).<br />
sajdom-wamosawolic vefxvis tyavisa aqvs; avTandilic<br />
monawile xdeba am tyavisa, gamoqvabulSi isic vefxvis<br />
tyavis natebze jdeba. rogorc tarieli xocavs vefxvs, _<br />
amitomac aqvs samoseli, Tavsaburavi, Tavisi da stumris<br />
misaRebi sajdom-wamosawoli vefxvisa, _ aseve, avTandilic<br />
xocavs lom-vefxvs, Tumca amas akisria ara simboluri,<br />
aramed metaforuli funqcia. avTandilis SemTxvevaSi igi<br />
personaJis fizikuri SesaZleblobebis, Zlierebisa da va-<br />
Jkacobis gamoxatvis mxatvruli wamosaxvaa:<br />
sadaca naxnis, daxocnis lom-vefxni moSambnareni (1330).<br />
nana gonjilaSvilma aRniSna, rom tarielis vefxistyaosnobas<br />
saTave edeba maSin, rodesac farsadan mefis mier Tavisi<br />
erTaderTi asulis gasaTxoveblad mowveul didebulTa<br />
TaTbirze tarieli, gaerTianebuli indoeTis samefos saxelovani<br />
amirbari, taxtis memkvidris _ nestan-darejanis<br />
mijnuri, Tavisi da nestanis siyvarulis dasacavad sityvas<br />
ver ambobs, dros miandobs samarTliani gzisa da gamosavlis<br />
Ziebas (gonjilaSvili 2000: 35-36). mijnuris siyvarulSi<br />
daeWvebulma nestan-darejanma TavisTan ixmo tarieli, romelsac<br />
vefxviviT ganrisxebuli dauxvda. tarielma avTandilTan<br />
saubrisas, rac tarielis mxridan aRsarebis Tqmas<br />
utoldeba, nestan-darejani pirgamexebul vefxvs Seadara:<br />
qve wva, viT kldisa napralsa vefxi pir-gamexebuli (525/522),<br />
xolo Txrobis dasasruls aRniSna, rom vefxvis tyavisagan<br />
Sekerili samoseli Tavisi mijnuris mosagoneblad<br />
acvia:<br />
rome vefxi Svenieri saxed misad damisaxavs,<br />
amad miyvars tyavi misi, kabad Cemad mominaxavs (659/657).<br />
samecniero literaturaSi araerTgzis iTqva, rom SoTa<br />
rusTvelis mier poemis saxelwodebad “vefxistyaosnis” Ser-<br />
Cevis safuZveli tarielis mier ganrisxebuli nestan-dare-
narkvevi 173<br />
janis pirgamexebul vefxvad aRqma gaxda. SoTa rusTvelma,<br />
rogorc Rrma saxismetyvelebiTad moazrovne udidesma<br />
Semoqmedma, nestan-darejanis rTuli Sinagani samyaro, suliereba<br />
da inteleqti misi xasiaTis Sesatyvisi mxatvruli<br />
saxe-simboloTi gadmogvca, gmiris sulieri mdgomareoba<br />
ki garegnobaSic gamovlinda: “vefxi pirgamexebuli” aris<br />
nestanis Sinagani mdgomareobis garegnuli gamoxatuleba,<br />
romelic misi sulieri da inteleqtualuri, Sinagani<br />
samyaros silamazeSi gadaizarda da sabolood mogvevlina<br />
viTarca “vefxi Svenieri”. aseTad SemorCa igi tarielis<br />
mexsierebas. tarielis gonebaSi nestan-darejani, viTarca<br />
“vefxi pirgamexebuli”, maSinve iqna aRqmuli mSvenierad,<br />
rac TviT tariels udides esTetad warmogvadgeninebs, da<br />
aseTadve darCa, rasac adasturebs tarieliseuli Sefaseba,<br />
romelSic nestanis pirgamexebuloba da mSveniereba Serwymul-Sexamebulia.<br />
tarielis mier nestan-darejanis Sedareba<br />
vefxvTan mariam karbelaSvilma tarielis esTetikuri<br />
aRqmis safuZvlad miiCnia da ganacxada, rom tarieli<br />
udidesi esTetia, “Sedareba da metafora tarielis azrovnebisa<br />
da metyvelebis mudmivi elementebia” (karbelaSvili<br />
1997: 31-32). amrigad, zemoTqmulis safuZvelze Sei-<br />
Zleba iTqvas, rom poemis saxelwodeba, upirveles yovlisa,<br />
esTetikuri fenomenis gamoxatulebaa, romelSic miTosuri,<br />
folkloruli, literaturuli, religiuri aspeqtebi<br />
ikveTeba da mas zneobriv-eTikuri samyaro marTavs.<br />
“vefxistyaosani”, rogorc SoTa rusTvelis poemis saTauri,<br />
aris saTauri-metafora, romelic asociaciur, kontrastul<br />
mxatvrul azrovnebas emya reba da romelic Rrma<br />
esTetikuri funqciisa da drosivrculi poetikis momcvelia.<br />
“vefxistyaosanSi”, rogorc saTaurSi, grZnobadkonkretuli<br />
sagnidan, misi Tvisebebidan momdinare az ri<br />
cnobierdeba, rac metaforulobis safuZvels qmnis. ferTametyvelebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, kontrastuloba TviT vefxis<br />
Tvi sebaTa winaaRmdegobrivobas, aqedan gamomdinare, mTavari<br />
perso naJebis winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTs miuTiTebs, rac<br />
saTauri-meta foris Sinaarss gamosacnobs xdis. gamosacnobia<br />
saTauri, ro gorc erTi mTlianoba, aseve masSi Caqsovili<br />
calkeuli mxatv rul-esTetikuri saxe, romelTa gaTvaliswinebis<br />
gareSe adami anis dasazRvruli gonebisaTvis<br />
SeuZlebelia misi srulyofili gaazreba da interpretacia.<br />
poemis saTauri gamWvirvale ar aris, igi Rrmaa da swored<br />
es siRrme, anu mxatvrul-esTetikuri informaciis sidide,<br />
ganusazRvreloba aniWebs mas momxibvlelobas. SoTa<br />
rusTavelma sityvaSi dafaruli idumaleba gaamJRavna da
174 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
axali sicocxle mianiWa, saTauri poemisa mravalwaxnagovani<br />
da mravalmniSvnelobiani gaxada. agreTve, poemis saTauri<br />
personificirebulia, masSi ori personaJi igulisxmeba,<br />
orives xvedri vefxvis ferebiviT monacvleobs, rac<br />
saTaurs iSviaTi metaforuli azrovnebis gamoxatulebad<br />
warmogvadgeninebs.<br />
“vefxistyaosani” aris saTauri-enigma da igi gamosacnobia.<br />
aristoteles SexedulebiT, roca saTqmeli metaforisgan<br />
Sed geba, igi gamocanacaa, enigmacaa. enigmuri<br />
azrovnebis mizania ara-Cveulebrivi, gasaidumloebuli<br />
saxeebiT WeSmari tebis warmoCena. vefxistyaosnoba enigmaa,<br />
romelic ara mxolod mkiTxvelma, TviT rusTvelis poemis<br />
yvela personaJma unda amoxsnas, igi miTiTebaa, enigmuri<br />
Tqmaa tarielisa da nestan-darejanis cxovrebis wuTisofluri<br />
cvalebadobis Sesaxeb.<br />
“vefxistyaosani”, rogorc saTauri-simbolo, mima ni-<br />
Snebe lia, mauwyebelia tarielis sulieri mdgomareobisa,<br />
agreTve, nestan-darejanis mZime xvedrisa da sulieri<br />
mdgomareobisa; tarielisa da nestan-darejanis cxovreba<br />
xom urTierTgada jaWvulia. tarielis vefxistyaosnoba,<br />
Sesabamisad, tarielis vefxistyaosnobisas nestan-darejanis<br />
yofa samoTxidan devnili adamisa da evas yofas, naTlis<br />
samoslisgan ganZarcvuli da edemis baRidan devnili<br />
pirveli adamianebis yofas mogvagonebs, im adamianebisa,<br />
romelnic RmerTma samoslis nacvlad tyavis samosliT<br />
Semosa: “uqmna... samoselni tyavisani da Sehmosna maT” (Ses.<br />
3,21), rac iSviaTi saRvTismetyvelo siRrmiT warmoaCina<br />
wmida andria kritelma “did kanonSi”. misi sityviT, TviT<br />
pirvelma adamianebma ganbZares “samoseli pirveli, romeli<br />
pirveliTgan miqsova RmerTman, da vZe me SiSueli...<br />
mmosies me xeneSi kuarTi, romeli miqsova guelman edems<br />
ganzraxviTa da kdebul var Sengan... Semikerna tyavisa samoselni<br />
codvaman Cemman da RvTivqsovili samoseli ganm-<br />
Zarcua” (andria kriteli 2002: 34-35). tarielic, naTlis<br />
samosli sagan ganZarcvuli, vefxvis Wreli, Sav-yviTliT<br />
daferili tyavis samosliT Seimosa, rac misi sulieri<br />
mdgomareobis cvlis mauwyebelia; simbolurad igi tarielis<br />
TviTCaRrmavebis, mRvi meSi cxovrebis, ganmartoebis<br />
niSania, rac uTuod unda dasruldes personaJis sulieri<br />
aRmasvliTa da srulyofiT.<br />
“vefxistyaosani”, rogorc saTauri-alegoria, vefxistyaosnobis,<br />
rogorc zogadi movlenis konkretul saxeebze<br />
SeniRbulad miuTiTebs, anu vefxvisa da vefxvis tyavis<br />
TvisebebiT tarielisa da nestan-darejanis Tvisebebisa da
narkvevi 175<br />
mdgomareobis fonze kacobriobis istorias, awmyosa da momavals<br />
gad mogvcems.<br />
“vefxistyaosani” aris saTauri-aluzia. zogadad,<br />
aluzia avtoris subieqtur TvalTaxedvas moicavs da mki-<br />
Txvelis ga naTlebulobazea orientirebuli, vinaidan aRmqmelisaTvis<br />
igi mxatvrul na warmoebSi samyaros avtoriseuli<br />
xatis amokiTxvis enobrivi saSualebaa. misi mixvedra<br />
sakmaod rTuli inteleqtualuri da sulieri procesia,<br />
rac mkiTxvelisagan moiT xovs mwerlis Canafiqris TxzulebaSi<br />
asaxvis wvdomas. “vefxis tyaosnis”, rogorc poemis<br />
saTauris, aluziuroba mTel nawar moebSi vlindeba, dawyebuli<br />
saTauridan _ damTavrebuli boloTqmiT. “vefxistyaosani”,<br />
rogorc saTauri, erT drouladaa aluziac, enigmac,<br />
metaforac, simboloc, alegoriac, vinaidan aluzirebulia<br />
vefxvi Tavisi feradovnebiT da vefxvis tyavi, rac<br />
miniSnebaa mTavar personaJebze, maT xasiaTze, Tvi sebebze,<br />
cxovrebuliseul sirTuleebze. igi poemis zogadkacobriul<br />
arsze migviTiTebs, qaragmulad igi kulturis istoriis<br />
mraval faqts warmogvidgens. SeiZleba isic iTqvas,<br />
rom igi kulturaTa Soris amyarebs kavSirsa da dialogs,<br />
rac, Tavis mxriv, epoqis moTxovnebiTaa nakarnaxebi.<br />
amrigad, “vefxistyaosani”, rogorc rusTvelis poemis<br />
saTauri, aris metaforac, sim boloc, alegoriac, enigmac,<br />
aluziac, vinaidan vefxvi, misi tyavi, misi ferebi, misi<br />
siWrele samyarosa da adamianis mravalferovnebas mianiSnebs,<br />
zogadad adamianis, konkretulad rusTvelis poema-<br />
Si mTavar personaJTa sulier mdgomareobas gamoxatavs.<br />
vefxvisa da vef xistyaosnobis mxatvrul saxeSi ramdenime<br />
kulturuli fenomeni warmogvidgeba, oRond ise, rom rus-<br />
Tveluri, viktor nozaZis sityviT _ vefxistyaosnuri,<br />
sruliad gansxvavebulia winarekulturulisagan, rac poemis<br />
personaJTa sulieri ganaxlebis sawyisad, Sesabamisad<br />
mTeli samyaros ganaxlebad moiazreba.<br />
damowmebuli literatura:<br />
andria kriteli 2002: andria kriteli, didi kanoni, nekresis<br />
eparqia, 2002.<br />
aristotele 1893: Аристотель. Об искусстве поэзии. Греческий текст с<br />
переводом. М., 1893.<br />
gonjilaSvili 2000: gonjilaSvili n. SoTa rusTvelis poemis<br />
saTauris saxismetyveleba, macne, enisa da literaturis seria,<br />
2000, #1-4.
176 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
karbelaSvili 1997: karbelaSvili m. vefxistyaosnis ~dRe aRvsebisa”<br />
bibliuri paraleliT da ramdenime SeniSvniT (rusTavelis<br />
poeturi enis sakiTxisaTvis), macne, enisa da literaturis<br />
seria, 1997, # 1-4.<br />
kiknaZe 2004: kiknaZe z. xuTwigneulis Targmaneba, Tb., 2004.<br />
losevi 1990: Лосев А.Ф. Философия имени. В кн.: Из ранних произведений,<br />
М., 1990.<br />
lotmani, uspenski 1973: Лотман Ю. М. , Успенский Б. А. Миф – Имя –<br />
Культура, Труды по знаковым системам, IV, Тарту, 1973.<br />
nozaZe, arqivi: nozaZe v. ~vefxistyaosanis” fsiqologiismetyveleba,<br />
xelnaweri Sroma saarqivo masalis mixedviT gamosacemad<br />
moamzada manana kvataiam (Sroma inaxeba manana kvataiasTan).<br />
petriwi 1937: ioane petriwi, Sromebi, II, Tb., 1937.<br />
petriwi 1999: ioane petriwi, ganmarteba prokle diadoxosis<br />
`RmrTismetyvelebis safuZvlebisa~, Tanamedrove qarTul enaze<br />
gadmoiRo, gamokvleva, leqsikoni da SeniSvnebi daurTo damana<br />
meliqiSvilma, Tb., 1999.<br />
rusTveli 1966: SoTa rusTveli, vefxistyaosani, I, akaki SaniZisa<br />
da aleqsandre baramiZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1966.<br />
florenski 1990: Флоренский П. А. У водоразделов мысли, т.II, М., 1990.<br />
Nestan Sulava<br />
Theological-Theoretical Basic of Shota Rustveli’s Poem Title<br />
In theology, in poetic system person’s pseudonym is the main item how<br />
to express his spiritual-intellectual world. Name is the contain of thing, so<br />
the title is the contain of composition.<br />
In article is shown the meaning of Shota Rustveli’s poem title with connection<br />
to methology, folklore, philosophy, theology, literature and is said it<br />
was an enigma, symbol, allegory.It is said the title of the poem is the poetric<br />
face in the space and time. It is the name history, which contains variety of<br />
information.<br />
Tiger and its skin, its colour, its colourfull shows us the variety of the<br />
world and person, esspecialy the nature of the poem’s characters. In the poetic<br />
face of the tiger is shown variety of cultural phenomenon. To say by the<br />
words of V. Nozadze –`very different from earlier culture`. Poem’s heroes’<br />
character is the face of renewal world.
zurab kiknaZe<br />
guramiSvilis igavi<br />
I. “daviTianis” dasasruli leqsebi<br />
“daviTiani” Sedgeba oTxi <strong>wignis</strong>gan. bolo wigni “wigni<br />
ese mxiaruli zafxuli~ krebulis bolo nawarmoebia, xolo<br />
is Svidi leqsi (ie-ka), romelic mas mosdevs, aRar ekuTvnis<br />
“daviTians”, _ isini Seicavs informacias “daviTiansa” da<br />
mis avtorze, rasac Tavad maTi saTaurebi mowmobs:<br />
1. id. adamis saCivari. aq poeti adamis saxiT imasve mo-<br />
Tqvams, rasac Tavad mTels “daviTianSi” moTqvamda. araferi<br />
yofila mis cxovrebaSi iseTi, rac zogad adamians,<br />
adams, ar gardaxdomoda Tavs, garda imisa, rac leqsis dasasrulisken<br />
gvecnoba:<br />
daviT, galad danerguli,<br />
var uSrto da me ufeso.<br />
2. ie. meoTxe daviTis Sesxma da “daviTnis” qebis igavi.<br />
es aris daviTis Semajamebeli Sesxma im sami Sesxmis Semdeg,<br />
romlebic daviT mefsalmunis da qristes “mamis”<br />
sxvadasxva aspeqtebs aCendnen (wigni b: md, nd, nv). es Sesxma<br />
mTlianad agebulia “igavT xis” Temaze. aq erTxel kidev<br />
da sabolood gvicxadebs mkiTxvelebs, rom misi “davi-<br />
Tiani” aRmocenda daviTis baRSi (walkotSi), sxvanairad,<br />
“daviTiani” aris im daviTis xeze mobmuli nayofi; kidev<br />
sxvanairad, am daviTma Tavis baRSi amyno im daviTis “cxovrebis<br />
xeni”| da, amdenad, is ukvdavebis xis nayofTan da<br />
sasmelTan aris naziarebi. da Tumca es daviTi im daviTis<br />
cudi (avi) “mosaxea”, mainc sabolood, “daviTiani” amarTlebs<br />
Tavis amocanas, rogorc “xe kaciani da RvTiani”, anu<br />
rogorc sxvagan aqvs naTqvami, “orgziTve nayofs miscemda,<br />
visganac moirxeoda”.<br />
177
178 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
daviTis es Sesxma, misi arqiteqtonika, gvarwmunebs, rom<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom ~daviTianSi~ avtoris saxeli iki-<br />
Txeba, wigni mainc im daviTis saxelzea monaTluli:<br />
amad am wignsa saxelad uwode `daviTiani~,<br />
daviT Sevawyev, Sevkone, viT vardni da viT iani (ie, 8).<br />
es “amad” ajamebs zemo strofebSi naTqvamebs: “daviT mogviTxrobs”,<br />
“daviT iSena walkoti”, “daviTis baRis xili<br />
sjobs”, “baRi daviTis baRisebr”, “man daviT Tavis baRSia”.<br />
amrigad, “daviTians” sxvas verafers vuwodebT, Tu ara daviTis<br />
baRs, sadac erTi daviTi damrgvelia, meore _ damynobi<br />
da gamxarebeli.<br />
3. iv. am wignTa gamleqsavis gvarisa da saxelis gamocxadeba,<br />
sadac avtori mTeli “daviTianis” manZilze pirvelad<br />
Tavisi piriT axsenebs Tavis saxelsa da gvars (am 18-strofian<br />
leqss sagangebod qvemoT Sevexebi: II-VI).<br />
4. iz. anderZi daviT guramiSvilisa. es 15-strofiani<br />
leqsi am saTauriTve gvauwyebs, rom misi avtori cocxali<br />
aRaraa, aRar ekuTvnis arc am sofels, arc “daviTians”,<br />
romlis mudmivi mTavari personaJi iyo. is “mcxedrad mdebare,<br />
gul-xel-krefulia”; da sabolood gvaxsenebs: “umkvidro<br />
viqmen, ar damrCa Svili”, rac misi udidesi satkivari<br />
aRmoCnda am sofelSi, Tumca am uSvilobam “daviTians” dauviwyari<br />
igavi Seuqmna.<br />
5. iÀ. mRrdelT vedreba daviT guramisSvilisa, sadac<br />
sxva ganzomilebidan (miwier da ciur samyaroebs Soris<br />
myofi) amunaTebs mRvdels, axsenebs ra misTvis miniWebuli<br />
madlis usasyidlobas: “ase gibrZana: viT Sen mogeca, usasyidloda<br />
sxvaT miec Senca”.<br />
6. iT. saflavis qvazed dasaweri. am “epitafiaSi” mocemuli<br />
informacia erTgvarad azustebs “daviTianis” ZiriTad<br />
nawilSi Tqmuls “me viyav erTi Tavadi, mosaxle gorisubansa”,<br />
romelic konkretuls arafers gveubneba poetis warmomavlobis<br />
Sesaxeb. Tu am saxelwodebis sofeli, romelic<br />
poetis Sobis adgilad unda miviCnioT, saqarTvelos yovel<br />
kuTxeSia mosalodneli, zedazeni kaxeTSi da SiomRvime<br />
qarTlSi _ erTaderTia.<br />
7. k. sulis ambavi. Tu epitafia, rogorc xorci, materia,<br />
am sofels ekuTvnis, gaSiSvlebul suls Tavisi gza<br />
aqvs gasavleli saboloo gankiTxvis dRemde. xorcisa da<br />
sulis Temas, romelic msWvalavs mTels “daviTians”, es<br />
34-strofiani Tavi axal rakursSi warmogvidgens: suli<br />
xorcs adanaSaulebs adamianis hubrisSi: igi ar dasjer-
narkvevi 179<br />
da miwis xelmwifebas, risTvisac Seiqmna, da cis mitaceba<br />
moindoma.<br />
8. da bolos, ukanaskneli _ ka. am <strong>wignis</strong> gamleqsavis sulis<br />
moxseneba _ Seicavs aRsarebas da vedrebas RvTisadmi<br />
codvebis Sesamsubuqeblad. aRsaniSnavia, rom am bolo Tav-<br />
Si samgzis aris naxsenebi “daviTianis” avtoris saxeliT da<br />
gvariT. aq “daviTiani”, rogorc avtoris mxolodSobili<br />
Ze, SeiZleba misi sulis meoxe iyos gankiTxvis dRes:<br />
es wigni, leqsad Tqmuli, aris sul imisi,<br />
RmerTman ixsnas warwymendisagan suli misi.<br />
da kvlav da ukanasknelad, saboloo akordad, Semodis<br />
ori daviTis Tema da Tavi Tavdeba uCveulo metaforiT:<br />
amad qaCalman mis Tmis navarcxni<br />
qoCrad movisxi, Tavzeda viTme.<br />
amgvari siTamamiT gamoxata poetma Tavisi memkvidreoba<br />
daviT mefsalmunidan. Tu Tavisi “daviTianiT” igi rus-<br />
TvelTan SedarebiT “Calis Ziria”, Tavad “daviTiani” im<br />
daviTis “Tmis navarcxnia” 1 .<br />
II. vinaobis gamocxadeba<br />
SevCerdeT 18-strofian tirada-monologze iv. am wignTa<br />
gamleqsavis gvarisa da saxelis gamocxadeba 2 . am Tavs<br />
1.<br />
es “Tmis navarcxni” mutatis mutandis imis analogiuria, rac egnate antioqielma<br />
Tqva Tavis Tavze, rom igi mtveria, jvarcmidan Camoyrili.<br />
2.<br />
avtoris nebis sawinaaRmdegod, “daviTianis” yvela bolodroindel gamocemaSi<br />
es teqsti prologad aris qceuli im motiviT, TiTqos (rogorc “sabWoTa<br />
saqarTvelos~ 1980 wlis gamocemis winasityvaobaSia naTqvami) “igi faqtiurad<br />
krebulis Sesavals warmoadgens”. Tumca arsaidan ar Cans, rom es monakve-<br />
Ti mainc da mainc Sesavali unda iyos. “daviTiani” erTaderTi wignia, romlis<br />
avtori, amave dros, misi Semdgenel-redaqtoric aris. intuiciam mas ukarnaxa,<br />
swored ase da ara sxvanairad ganelagebina sxvadasxva dros, rogorc Tavad<br />
ambobs erTgan, “oblad” dawerili leqsebi. <strong>wignis</strong> agebulebac xom misi Semoqmedebis<br />
nayofia, Semoqmedeba ki _ pirovnebis gamomxatveli. amas ki Seswavla<br />
esaWiroeba da ara koreqtireba. SemCneulia, rom “daviTianis” kompozicia myife<br />
da gauwonasworebelia” [RaRaniZe 2002: 134], rac savsebiT Seesatyviseba misi<br />
avtoris sulier mdgomareobas im xanad, roca krebuls adgenda. meore mxriv,<br />
aseTma pirovnebam Seqmna `daviTianis~ leqsebis polifoniuri musikaloba.<br />
“daviTianis” absoluturi dasawyisi RmerTia: “RmerTo, romelsa gxadian...”,<br />
rasac meore SairSi mosdevs “Sevamko erTi ufali, RvTiv zeciT qveynad<br />
mkobili”. sqema da tradicia rusTveluria: “romelma Seqmna samyaro” _<br />
“misgan ars yovli xelmwife saxiTa mis mieriTa”.
180 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
ase ewodeba, Tumca avtoris gvari da saxeli <strong>wignis</strong> sa-<br />
TaurTan erTad ukve mTeli `daviTianis~ absolutur dasawyisSivea<br />
gacxadebuli: “q. wigni ese, romelsa ewodebis<br />
saxelad daviTiani, Tqmuli guramisSvilis daviTisagan”<br />
(ix. avtografi S-1598). magram am teqsts sxva mizanic aqvs,<br />
garda vinaobis ganmeorebiTi gacxadebisa: aq, am damasrulebel<br />
monologSi, CamoTvlilia yvela is Tema da problema,<br />
rasac misi poemebi da calkeuli leqsebi eZRvneba.<br />
yvelaze naklebad aq avtoris vinaobazea laparaki. vinaobaze<br />
arc iq gvecnobeba bevri, sadac es mosalodnelia.<br />
iSviaTia, TiTqmis ar ipoveba, mis nawerebSi rame yofiTi<br />
niSani, romelic cocxlad warmogvidgenda saqarTvelo-<br />
Si mis yofnas. <strong>wignis</strong> im adgilas, sadac poeti Tavisi Tavgadasavlis<br />
Txrobas iwyebs, TiTqos dasaxelebulia misi<br />
“qveynis” zusti misamarTi:<br />
me viyav erTi Tavadi, mosaxle gorisubansa,<br />
jvarobas Cveni qal-rZalni icvemden ar avs jubansa.<br />
magram es aris da es. Cans, mSobliuri gorisubani, guramianTkaris<br />
erTi ubani, jvarobiT da koxta jubebSi<br />
gamowyobili qal-rZaliT daamaxsovrda. Cans, jvarobebi<br />
da misi feradovani samoseli Rrmad CabeWdila mis<br />
mexsierebaSi. magram siWabukis es gamocdileba (soflis<br />
dResaswaulebSi monawileoba) gakvriT aris naxsenebi.<br />
sxvagan leqsis saTaurmac asaxa es mogoneba 3 . suraTs<br />
naxevrad paganisturi jvarobebisa, sadac gaismoda kopales<br />
saxeli, upirispirdeba zedaznisa da SiomRvimis<br />
sakralizmi. teqstis es adgili mniSvnelovania, rogorc<br />
am ori savanis saswaulmoqmedi siwmidis dadastureba<br />
im adamianis piriT, romlis sagvareulo samarxebic<br />
isini iyo:<br />
wminda ione kaxeTs zedazens<br />
saswaulobiT qvitkirs cremls adens;<br />
qarTls wminda Sio Rvimes Zvlebs avlens,<br />
orniv Svrebian saswauls amdens.<br />
saflavis qvaze dasaweri es sityvebi Cafiqrebulia im<br />
kontrastis saCveneblad, Tu raoden didia gza am siwmideebsa<br />
da misTvis madlsmoklebul im miwas Soris, sadac<br />
3.<br />
ix. wigni b: mv. xarebobis dRis Sesxma: “axa, wmida kopales” sanaclod naTqvami”;<br />
n. “simRera qa[rT]l-kaxeTis jvarobas sanaclod saTqmeli”.
narkvevi 181<br />
damarxva moeloda. “aq xorciT vlpebi”, TiTqos iq, sagvareuli<br />
samarxSi, wmidaTa mezoblobaSi, misi xorci uxrwnelad<br />
unda Senaxuliyo.<br />
sazogadod, unda iTqvas, rom “daviTiani”, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom masSi gansakuTrebiT Zlierad Cans avtoris<br />
meoba, Raribia Tavisi “wamxdari” da dakarguli qveynis<br />
konkretuli suraTebiT. igi yvelafers Tavis TavgadasavalSi<br />
didi siswrafiT, TiTqos sulmouTqmelad, gviambobs,<br />
TiTqos weris procesSic isev is gaqceuli tyve iyos<br />
da saamboblad dro ar hqondes. da rasac ixsenebs, naklebad<br />
arsebiTia, SeiZleba iTqvas, kuriozuli im “igavT xis”<br />
fonze, romelic ekranad gasdevs “daviTians”. magram es<br />
ararsebiTi detalebi, rogorc xdeba xSirad, misi mexsierebis<br />
Tanamdevi gaxda, erTxelve ise Rrmad CaibeWda mis<br />
cnobierebaSi, rogoric iyo Tundac ori kitri da damWknari<br />
sazamTros naxevari, romlebic man RvTisgan gamogzavnil<br />
sazrdod miiCnia, magram sulmokleobis mizeziT<br />
dakarga (wigni a: T., lz). am metismetad yofiT, Tumca mis<br />
dReSi adamianisTvis, SesaZloa, simbolur epizods cxra<br />
strofi aqvs daTmobili, romelic sinanulis locvaSi gadadis.<br />
ras inaniebs?<br />
kitri momec da wamarTvi, ver moviTmine TmeniTa;<br />
Sevswuxdi, maze gayvedre, gcode piriTa, eniTa.<br />
Sen, RmerTman, igi damiTme sulgrZelebiTa SeniTa.<br />
_ erTi mxriv, RvTisadmi sayvedurs (“kitri momec da<br />
wamarTvi”), meore mxriv, daudevrobas (“ver moviTmine TmeniTa”),<br />
romelmac aq mSieri datova igi, magram sxvagan radikalurad<br />
Seucvala cxovreba. im sabediswero diliT<br />
wyalze piris sabanad Casulma damSvidebiT aixsna Tofi da<br />
xmali, da muxis Ziras miayuda, rom rogorc wesi da rigia<br />
(magram ara “qveynis waxdenis” dros), Seesva wyali. nacvlad<br />
imisa, rom iaraRi xelSi CaebRuja im samasi msvlepeliviT,<br />
romlebic RmerTma airCia midiamelebze gasamarjveblad 4 .<br />
4.<br />
“da uTxra ufalma gedeons: mainc bevria xalxi. wyalze Caiyvane da iq gamigirCev<br />
maT. viszec getyvi, gamogyves-meTqi, gamogyves. viszec getyvi, nu gamogyveba-meTqi,<br />
nu gamogyveba. da Caiyvana man xalxi wyalze. da uTxra ufalma<br />
gedeons: vinc eniT Sesvleps wyals, rogorc ZaRlebi svlepen, calke daayene,<br />
agreTve isinic, vin Caimuxlebs da ise dalevs. eniT msvlepelTa ricxvi samasi<br />
iyo. da narCenma Caimuxla da ise dalia wyali. da uTxra ufalma gedeons:<br />
samasi msvlepeliT gixsniT da xelSi CagagdebinebT midians, danarCeni xalxi<br />
Sin wavides” (msaj. 7: 4-7).
182 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
III. “igavT xe”<br />
yvela qmedebas da saqciels Tavisi igavi aqvs. daviT mefis<br />
codvas misi erTguli uria xeTelis mimarT (rac sabolood<br />
RvTis winaSe Secodeba aRmoCnda, ix. fsalm. 50: 4) naTan winaswarmetyvelis<br />
mier moTxrobili igavi (Raribi kacisa<br />
da misi erTaderTi batknis Sesaxeb _ 2mef. 14:1-4), rogorc<br />
amgvari codvis pirvelsaxe, ganmartavs. magram Tavis mxriv,<br />
amieridan daviTis codva TavisTavad am tipis codvaTa igavis<br />
Zalas iZens. Tu im daviTma naTanis igavSi sakuTari Tavi<br />
Seicno, es daviTi Tavis qmedebebSi, mTels Tavis gzaSi erT<br />
mTlian igavs xedavs.<br />
“igavT xe” erTi mniSvnelovani, metic, arsebiTi toposia<br />
jer, Tavad “daviTianSi” da mere masze daweril samecniero<br />
teqstebSi. sakuTari gzis igavuri xedva msWvalavs “davi-<br />
Tians”. Tu vaxtang mefe “vefxistyaosans” ganmar tavs igavurad,<br />
radgan darwmunebulia, rom igavuroba misi avtoris<br />
Canafiqria, guramiSvili, romelic “igavT xis” dasabamad<br />
rusTvelis poemas miiCnevs, Tavisi cxovrebis monakveTs<br />
_ motacebas, tyveobaSi yofnas da tyveobidan gaqcevas _<br />
igavis niSniT xedavs da, raki es gacnobierebuli aqvs, Tavadve<br />
kisrulobs Tavisi gamocdileba-gansacdelis egzegeziss<br />
5 . cxovreba amicanaa, amitomac amosacnobi. amitomac<br />
Tavgadasavlis aRweraSi naklebad ipoveba iseTi momentebi,<br />
romlebic, SesaZloa, TavisTavad saintereso iyos<br />
mkiTxvelisTvis Tu istorikosisTvis, magram egzegetika<br />
masSi fexis mosakideblad siRrmes ver poulobs. samagierod,<br />
gansakuTrebul wonas iZens erTi, TavisTavad umniSvnelo<br />
SemTxveva, romelic misi tyved Cavardnis sababi<br />
Seiqmna. “odes daviT guramisSvili kistrinis omSi cxeni-<br />
TurT liaSi daefla, imis monasibad RvTismSoblis Sesxma”<br />
(wigni b: me). ar gvaqvs mizezi, ar verwmunoT avtors,<br />
rom is marTlac WaobSi cxenianad Caeflo, rom es SemTxveva<br />
realurad moxda, rom Caeflo da amotomac Cavarda<br />
tyved, Tumca tyveobis peripetiebs is ar aRadgens leqsSi.<br />
5.<br />
vin iyo “vefxistyaosnis” igavurad ganmartebis Taosani _ mefe vaxtangi Tu<br />
vinme uCino inteleqtuali (esec SesaZlebelia!), guramiSvilma is imdenad<br />
gaiTavisa, rom qveynis xedvis erTaderT principad aqcia, sakuTari Tavic ki<br />
igavuri xedvis obieqtad warmoadgina. leqsTweris am meTodiT is amayobda<br />
kidec. gavixsenoT, rogor uwunebs igi vinme meleqse Tomas brtyel, uigavo<br />
leqsebs: “Sens qalTamzes bevriTa sjobs Cemi mzeTamzeo” (qalTamze yofi-<br />
Ti, erTganzomilebiani lamazmania; mzeTamze rac aris, amas Tavad daviTi<br />
ganmartavs, wigni a: k, 349-350). pirdapiria, cota ar iyos, Seuracxmyofelic,<br />
rasac daviTi Tomas eubneba: “gamovarCie me ifqli, Sen saxvete bzeo” (wigni<br />
a: l, 396).
narkvevi 183<br />
RvTismSoblis am SesxmaSi “kistrinis lia” “codvis liad”<br />
aris gardaqmnili:<br />
codvis liad ukuvardi, Rrmad Sig davefalo,<br />
da Tu Sen ar aRmomiyvan, Znelad aRmovalo.<br />
aq aSkaraa im pirveli tyveobis, xaroSi jdomis, gamocdilebis<br />
gamoZaxili, sabolood, ki es orive SemTxveva erT<br />
gamocdilebad aris aRqmul-gaazrebuli. aqac Tavs iCens<br />
RvTismSoblis saxe, rogorc iq, pirvel tyveobaSi. maSin<br />
RvTismSobeli iyo misi mxsneli, WeSmariti gzis maCvenebeli.<br />
is xma, romelic ZilSi Caesma mas da aRviZebda xvrinvisgan<br />
6 “Sin wasasvlelad” (wigni a: la), RvTismSoblis xmaa; da<br />
is vinc “joxiT daaSina”, aseve RvTismSobelia, romelic sxva<br />
leqsSi isev da isev joxs (“did kets”) scems TavSi swor gzaze<br />
dasayeneblad (wigni b: nT. simRera daviTisa zubovka).<br />
Tu “daviTiani” Raribia araigavuri empiriul-yofiTi<br />
faqtebiT (niSandoblivia, rom “daviTianSi” arc erTi<br />
striqoni ar eZRvneba mis ukrainul yofas), amas ver vityviT<br />
“qarTlis Wirze”, romelic konkretul istoriul faqtebs<br />
da viTarebis gadmogvcems. istoriuli nawili “daviTianisa”<br />
sruliad moklebulia igavurobas, igi ar aris<br />
damynobili “igavT xeze”, is ar xarobda “daviTis baRSi”.<br />
igavs istoriul nawilSi analizi cvlis 7 . Tumca guramiSvili<br />
mainc Tavis igavur gansacdels uSualod qveynis<br />
bedTan, “qveynis waxdenasTan” akavSirebs, riTac igi amkvidrebs<br />
Tavs, rogorc homo historicus, romelic aris Tavisi<br />
qveynis istoriis monawilec da Sedegic. “daviTianis”<br />
kompozicia asaxavs amas. qarTl-kaxeTis istoriis Txroba<br />
droebiT wydeba, roca “erTi Tavadi, mosaxle gorisubnisa”<br />
Semodis asparezze Tavisi TavgadasavliT, da ganaxldeba,<br />
roca tyveobidan Tavdaxsnili kaci SeuerTdeba gadaxvewil<br />
mefes da mis kars, raTa kvlav gagrZeldes istoriis<br />
Txroba erTi periodis saboloo dasasrulamde, roca<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> emigracia arCevanis winaSe dgeba _ samSobloSi<br />
6.<br />
“xma mesma Zilsa Sinao: ras xvrinav, rasa fSvinao!<br />
aq ras uwevxar saZilod, ratom ar waxval Sinao!”<br />
aq “xvrinva”, “Zili” scildeba tyveobis gamocdilebas da uqmi cxovrebis<br />
simboloebad iqceva, “Sin wasvla” misgan Tavis daRwevad.<br />
7.<br />
analizis sferos unda mivakuTvnoT cnobili “viT mamali sxvis mamalsa” _<br />
fraza, Tumca figuraluri, romelsac “qarTlis Wiris” avtori qarTl-kaxe-<br />
Tis uerTierTSuRls usadagebs; an kvlav figuraluri “kaxelebis aRma xnuli<br />
qarTvelebma daRma farcxes”, aseve, unda gavigoT, rogorc ukuRmarToba,<br />
romelic amoZravebs istorias.
184 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
dabruneba Tu “rusT xelmwifis samsaxurSi ganweseba” (wigni<br />
a: T. mg). qveynis Tavgadasavlis aseTi dasasruli providenciulia,<br />
aq Txroba ramdenime aTeuli wliT win uswrebs<br />
istoriul faqts. amieridan “daviTianis” avtori am dasasrulSi<br />
ipovebs axal identobas _ is aRar laparakobs gorisubneli<br />
Tavadis, qveynis Svilis saxeliT, aramed masSi<br />
laparaks adami iwyebs. am gaigivebiT guramiSvili TiTqos<br />
Tavis Tavs, rogorc pirovnebas, ubrundeba.<br />
III-a. wisqvilis igavi<br />
guramiSvilis xedvas (sulier Tvals) ar unda gamoparvoda<br />
wisqvilis, rogorc aseTis, igavuroba. yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />
mTesvelis saxarebiseuli igavi misTvis xom cnobili<br />
iqneboda (maTe 13:3). mesmis, rom verbalurad mas gauZneldeboda<br />
wisqvilze imgvari laparaki, rogorc mzeze, rogorc<br />
mzeTamzis xatze laparakobda. SesaZloa, naZaladevi<br />
iyos im sityvebSi igavuri azris amokiTxva, romlebic man<br />
wisqvilis sqemas waumZRvana:<br />
RmerTo, maCvene yanebi,<br />
am sarwyavT monayvanebi;<br />
RmerTo, damaswar zafxulsa,<br />
fqvils am, wisqvilze dafqulsa.<br />
mainc ar SeiZleba ar monawileobdes mis am proeqtSi<br />
igavuroba im nayofis saxiT, romelic egzegeturi ganmartebis<br />
simbolod aris miCneuli “daviTianSi”:<br />
scan am leqsTa igavi, Targmne, Tu giyvardeo!<br />
qrTilis puris qerqSia Sig TaTuxo Cavdeo!<br />
qerqi gafrcven, ganagde, SigniT ki guls sWamdeo (wigni a: ke).<br />
igavurobis gareSe rom ar tovebs daviTi Tavis gamogonebas,<br />
romlis aRweriloba man “daviTianis” ydaSi moaTavsa,<br />
amas Semdegi minaweri mowmobs:<br />
q. axsirkis mRTisSoblis xatisa da imis win sanTlisa da kolofis<br />
igavi is aris: kaci rom dgas da ilocavs, magizgan SeTqmuloba<br />
ase aris: am wisqvilman rom fqva Seqmnas, mis dros imis pirvelad<br />
mnaxavs kacsa Tu dedakacsa TviTo deniSka sTxoos, mag kolofSi<br />
Tavisis sulisaTvis Caagdos sanTlisaTvis. mag rigi xati<br />
unda im wisqvilSi esvenos da RamiT gauqroblad sanTeli enTos.
narkvevi 185<br />
Tu “daviTianSi” Wama, SimSili, sazrdeli, ifqli da TavTuxi<br />
fizikur mniSvnelobasTan erTad (upiratesadac ki!)<br />
sulier mniSvnelobasac Seicavs 8 , wisqvili am simbolikis<br />
misaRebad gamzadebulia.<br />
IV. karavi 9<br />
adamis saxeliT laparaks (moTqmas) an adamis alaparakebas<br />
istoriulad dasazRvruli kacis piriT, rogorc amas<br />
vkiTxulobT epiloguri leqsis iv. am wignTa gamleqsavis<br />
gvarisa da saxelis gamocxadeba me-16 strofSi:<br />
mamao, Tavsa mfaravi, dagedga kargi karavi,<br />
ganiari da maRali, xelTagan miukaravi,<br />
Sig viyav, sadRac gamagde, paRuri amamkar avi,<br />
miT cremli Cemi zRvad gaxda, TvalTagan nawanwkaravi _<br />
aqvs Tavisi pirvelsaxe “igavT xis” iniciatoris Saireb-<br />
Si, maT Soris mkafiod:<br />
vin uwin edems nazardi alva mrgo, momrwyo, maxia,<br />
dRes sawuTroman laxvarsa mimca, danasa maxia,<br />
dRes guli cecxlsa uSretsa dabmiT damiba, maxia,<br />
awya vcan, saqme soflisa zRaparia da Cmaxia.<br />
avTandili, romelsac ekuTvnis es sityvebi, arc motacebulia,<br />
arc qveynidan maradsaxetialod gagdebuli tyvea<br />
(tyvis meore mniSvnelobiT 10 ), ar Sexebia mas sawuTros<br />
8.<br />
ix. Tundac iambikod wodebuli locvis saTauri “locva, odes daviTs tyveobasa<br />
Sina moSivda da RmerTs puri sTxova” (wigni a: kz), an es galoba mama-<br />
RmerTisadmi:<br />
mWmeo, msmeo, Cemo tanTa mcmeo!<br />
ver mogeSvebi cocxali, Tunda mawameo,<br />
miboZe sazdo sulisa, mSian, maWameo...” (wigni a: lv. 448).<br />
9.<br />
Zirs ‘hl sityvisa, romelic ebraul, ugaritul, finikiur da arameul eneb-<br />
Si “karavs”, rogorc materialur Senobas niSnavs, sxva semituri enebi _ aqaduri<br />
da arabuli “krebulis” mniSvnelobas aniWeben. arabulad ahlu es aris<br />
xalxi, aqadurad alu qalaqi, rogorc Temi, mosaxleobiTurT. Tuki aqadurad<br />
daiwereboda avgustines “RvTis qalaqis” (Civitas dei) msgavsi wigni, misi<br />
saxelwodeba iqneboda alu ilim. wigni ara, magram amgvari sintagma arsebobs<br />
aSurul-babilonur enaze da aRniSnavs zeciur qalaqs _ karavs, romlis yaidaze<br />
agebulia yoveli miwieri qalaqi.<br />
10.<br />
“Svid weliwads tyved iara” (arsenas leqsidan).
186 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
msaxvrali xeli, radgan es sawuTro misTvis arc arsebobda.<br />
magram mas surs adamiviT moTqvamdes, radgan qveynidan<br />
Tundac nebayoflobiT gasvlis win winaswarve a priori Seicno<br />
warmavali da uxano wuTisoflis mTeli arseba. unda<br />
damdgariyo ganSorebis wuTi, rom mas, aqamde galaRebuls,<br />
“sarosa mjobsa nazards”, es ganecada. misTvis am wamebSi<br />
arabeTi, rostevanis kari, samoTxea 11 , sadac igi izrdeboda<br />
rogorc edemSi darguli alva. da es unda yofiliyo misi<br />
erTaderTi samyofeli, romelic ar eqvemdebareba drois<br />
gamanadgurebel Zalas. magram aRmoCnda, rom am samoTxes<br />
gars akravs ukidegano qveyana, sadac iRvreba cremli. da<br />
igi unda gavides im sivrceSi, sadac adamiani cis mfarvelobis<br />
gareSea. magram mainc unda iTqvas, rom avTandils<br />
araferi aqvs cremlis saRvreli, misi piriT Tavad poemis<br />
avtori moTqvams Tavis bedze, rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom<br />
poema qveynis gareT, eqsoriobaSia, dawerili. avtoris ukan<br />
ki maradiuli adami dgas.<br />
davubrundeT guramiSvilis Sairs “mamao, Tavsa mfaravi”,<br />
romelic Zveli aRTqmidan sazrdoobs. karvis, rogorc<br />
safarvelis 12 , metafora Zveli aRTqmidan modis 13 . rom igi<br />
`ganiari da maRalia~ da `xelTagan mikaravia~, TiTqos caze<br />
unda miuTiTebdes. guramisSvili am metaforasac icnobs:<br />
`romelman cani viTarca karavni Segvimzadisa~ 14 . magram am<br />
SairSi karavi arc mxolod safarvelia da arc ca. am Sairis<br />
tragikuli gmiris sityvebi mowmobs, rom aqac aSkarad ismis<br />
adamis xma, es adamis sityvebia. adamis sityvebSi karavi samo-<br />
Txea, imTaviTve misTvis samyofelad, samSoblod Seqmnili.<br />
~Sig viyav, gareT gamagde~ 15 _ aseTi lakonizmiT aris gadmocemuli<br />
adamisgan samoTxis dakargva. Sin da gareT _ adamis<br />
ori mdgomareobaa. gareT mimdinareobs istoriis procesi:<br />
11.<br />
Tamaris istoria _ “istoriani da azmani”, romelic leqsikurad did<br />
msgavsebas iCens “vefxistyaosanTan”, swored aseTad warmoadgens Tamaris samefos:<br />
“viTarca samoTxe, dasxmuli £eliTa RmrTisaTa”. am samoTxidan aris<br />
gandevnili giorgi rusi: “viTarca ese xilulisa amis samoTxisa da ubrwyinvalesisa<br />
edemisada Seumzadebia eqsoria-qmna”.<br />
12.<br />
“daviTianSi” karavi da mfaravi (farva) sariTmo wyvilia: mfaravi/karavi,<br />
karavsa/mfaravsa, karvad/farvad.<br />
13.<br />
“rameTu damfara me karavsa missa dResa borotsa, Semivedra safarvelsa<br />
karvisa misisa” (fsalm. 26: 5-6).<br />
14.<br />
“gardaTxen cani viTarca karavni” (fsalm. 103: 2). Sdr. “ityvian uflis<br />
akvansa mun da abrahamis karavsa, mdgoms usuetod, usablod” [vaxuSti 1973:<br />
357-8]. “abrahamis karavi” aq aSkarad cis metaforaa.<br />
15.<br />
Sdr. “moikveTeba karvidan, Tavisi saesavidan, da Seiyvans sikvdili saSinel<br />
meufesTan... naTlidan bnelSi gadaisvrian da am soflidan gariyaven”<br />
(iob. 18:14).
narkvevi 187<br />
kacobrioba gareT aris, rogorc TiToeuli adamiani, bedis<br />
ukuRmarTobisgan usaxlkarod darCenili. epilogis leqsSi<br />
(wigni d: id) samoTxe mkvidrad naSeni saxlia, romelic mterma<br />
daungria adams. adami jer uflis mcnebidan gamovida, mereRa<br />
samoTxe-saxlidan, romelic misTvis dangreulia:<br />
mterman ase wamaxdina,<br />
mamatyua, mamaRora;<br />
RvTis mcnebasa gardmaxdina,<br />
dids pativsa mamaSora.<br />
saxli mkvidrad agebuli<br />
damiqcia, mamiSala.<br />
amieridan usaxlkaro adami gareT aris darCenili. da<br />
ocnebobs saxlze, Sinaze da maspinZelze:<br />
vinc rome saxlSi SemiSva, gamaTbo, gamomSuSao,<br />
damidga kargi sadili, win RviniT savse SuSao (wigni b: md).<br />
gareT yofna “daviTianis” erT-erTi toposia, romlis<br />
saSualebiTac adamTan erTad Tavad poetis tragikuli<br />
xvedria gamoxatuli. mis gamocdilebaSi amosavalia gareT<br />
yofna. gareT yofna aris samkvidro qveynidan gaZeveba, gareT<br />
dgoma da rekva Sin Sesasvlelad, bneli RamiT dakargva,<br />
farexis gareT darCena mglis kerZad, marcxena adgilad, sadac<br />
Tiknebi dgebian ukanasknel samsjavroze, karvis gareT<br />
aris “eSmakeulT axo”, uRrani tye, sadac saxifaTo gza elis<br />
usagzlod gaSvebul satrfos (adamianis suls); karvis gareT<br />
wuTisofelia, sadac tyvevdeba da ikargeba adamianis<br />
suli; karvis gareT aris “sxvisi baRi”, sadac “mgelni jdebian”<br />
(sapirispirod daviTis baRisa, sadac kravi zis); karvis<br />
gareT aris “ormo”, “xaro”, “codvis flato”, “codvis<br />
xnarcvi”, “codvis lia”, “codvis muxruWi”, maxe da bade _ es<br />
yvelaferi win xvdeba adamians karvidan gasvlisas; iq elis<br />
mas ukeTuri gza, kacebrivi saxis dakargvis safrTxe (“nu<br />
xval gzasa ukeTursa, nu gardiqajeo”); iq aris urjuloTa<br />
qveyana, `qristianT mterT samZRvari~, romlis iqiT WeSmariti<br />
rjulisTvis ikargeba adamiani (“aw momZebnos dakarguli...”);<br />
karvis gareT aris bneli Rame (`vikargvi bnelis<br />
RamiTa, dRev, rad ar momiZiebo~)...<br />
“daviTiani” mravalmxrivad amuSavebs am Temas.<br />
“gareT yofnis” sevda da SiSi nacvlad “Sig yofnis” netarebisa<br />
da uzrunvelobisa, rac adamis bunebrivi mdgomareoba<br />
unda yofiliyo, adamis ganuSorebeli Tanamdevia.
188 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
cxadSi Tu sizmrad mis Tvalwin aris samoTxis daxSuli<br />
kari. “daviTianSi” es toposi mravalgzis, daJinebiT da<br />
mravalsaxad aris gamoTqmuli. erT-erTi gamoxatuleba<br />
aseTia:<br />
sizmrad vixile, kars gareT vrekdi,<br />
qorwilSi Sesvlad SigniT viwevdi (wigni b: ng, 4).<br />
poeti grZnobs qorwilis gareSe darCenis perspeqtivas,<br />
mas esizmreba aTi qalwulis igavi, siZis molodinSi<br />
is Zrwis, vai Tu, ver ifxizlos da lampari Cauqres. sulis<br />
Zili codvaa, sulis sifxizle _ siqvele. es WeSmariteba<br />
man tyveobaSi myofma Seicno, roca ZilSi Caesma mxsnelis<br />
xma, romelic aRviZebda:<br />
xma mesma Zilsa Sinao: ras xvrinav, rasa fSvinao!<br />
aq ras uwevxar saZilod, ratom ar waxval Sinao?<br />
. . . .<br />
damawvenelman aq Senman aq aRar dagawvinao,<br />
masTan gibrZana dawola, visTanac gaqorwinao (wigni a: la).<br />
daRestnis tyves sZinavs, is xvrinavs udardelad, Ti-<br />
Tqos gaTavisuflebis yoveli neba daukargavs. Tumca sxva<br />
leqsSi mas gaqcevis gadawyvetileba Tavad aqvs miRebuli<br />
zebunebrivi Zalis Caurevlad (“gulman miTxra: adeo, ra-<br />
Rad maicadeo!”, wigni a: ke). aSkaraa, zemoTmoyvanili striqonebi<br />
(“xma mesma...”) imaze mets gveubneba, rac SeiZleba<br />
daRestnis tyveze Tqmuliyo: es mZinare suli wuTisoflis<br />
tyvea, “Zili” da “xvrinva” wuTisoflis niSnebia, romlebic<br />
abrkoleben adamianis suls siZesTan Sesaxvedrad, karvis<br />
ufalTan, iobis sityvisamebr: “roca RmerTi ijda Cemi karvis<br />
Tavze” (29: 4).<br />
V. “movkvdi, damrCa unaTlavi~<br />
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani, sruliad originaluri, toposi<br />
“daviTianSi” uSvilo avtoris mier Tavisi <strong>wignis</strong> Svilebaa.<br />
am Temas “am wignTa gamleqsavis gvarisa da saxelis<br />
gamocxadebaSi” oTxi Sairi eZRvneba. Svileba meore Semoqmedebaa<br />
im pirvelis Semdeg, romelic wlebis manZilzea<br />
gaSlili. es ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, myisieria. man, rogorc<br />
kruxma, mouyara Tavi “TiTo oblad” naTqvam leqsebs da erT<br />
wignad Sekra mirian ufliswulis molodinSi.
narkvevi 189<br />
me uSvilom es oboli mZliv gavzarde didis WiriT:<br />
rac vicodi sacodneli, mas vaswavle sibrZnemciriT.<br />
movkvdi, damrCa unaTlavi, ver SeviZel me simwiriT.<br />
vinc monaTlavs, me mas vlocav codvilisa Cemis piriT<br />
(wigni d: iv, 9).<br />
magram wigni TiTqos ar aris zrdadasrulebuli (“rac<br />
me vSobe, Svilad vsjervar, Tu es mzrdelman gamizarda”,<br />
“aw rom me iq wamiyvanon, vin gamizrdis am obolsa?”) da mounaTlavic<br />
aris, _ mSobeli ise mokvda, rom ver moaswro misi<br />
monaTvla. mSobeli anu avtori ukve mkvdaria, roca mkiTxveli<br />
am sityvebs waikiTxavs:<br />
brZensa kacsa vexvewebi, es oboli maminaTlos;<br />
Tu ram iyos sxvis rjulisa, momiqcios, gamiqarTlos,<br />
an Tu iyos matyuara, ecados, rom ganmimarTlos,<br />
sxvasi nuras moindomebs mazed metsa usamarTlos (str. 11)<br />
Tu bolomde mivyeviT <strong>wignis</strong> Svilebis metaforas Tu alegorias,<br />
Znelia warmovidginoT ukve dawerilis, Tu is sxva<br />
“rjulisaa”, moqceva-monaTvla. an vin Seecdeba “Tu iyos matyuara”,<br />
gaamarTlos? an rogor unda Sehmatos sxvam, rac unda<br />
brZeni iyos, is, rac avtorma daaklo? vin unda iyos es “brZeni”<br />
da “mzrdeli” an, ufro sworad, brZeni gamzrdeli, romelzec<br />
amyarebs avtori cxonebis imeds? ras unda niSnavdes <strong>wignis</strong> gazrda,<br />
Tu ara momavali brZeni mkiTxvelis xelSi moxvedras,<br />
roca namdvilad izrdeba wigni, ufro meti emateba, vidre<br />
avtors hqonda Cafiqrebuli. mSobeli Tu mSvilebeli uTuod<br />
gulisxmobs “igavT xis” swor hermenevtikas, Tumca is gzadagza<br />
axorcielebda am amocanas, rac sxva unda ganexorcielebina.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom man gasca “igavT xis” amicanas gasa-<br />
Rebi, vxedavT, rom mama-avtori mudmivad SeSfoTebulia,<br />
ra bedi elis mis naSvilebs da mis obols, mis erTaderTs.<br />
“daviTianis” momaval bedze avtoris amgvari kveTeba “mxiaruli<br />
zafxulis” im ymawvilis sinanulis analogiuria, romelmac<br />
usagzlod gaistumra udabur tyeSi arseba, Tavisi<br />
satrfo, romelic sabolood misi suli aRmoCnda. sxva analogiur<br />
strofebSi amovarCioT es strofi:<br />
vame Tu, sulo, Sena gciodes,<br />
anu gwyurodes, anu gSiodes,<br />
an rame gtkiodes,<br />
miT cremli gdiodes,<br />
CemgniT guls gakldes! (wigni d, 301)
190 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
avtoris naSvilebi mounaTlavi wigni da misi suli, bedis<br />
anabara gaSvebuli wuTisoflis tyeSi da RameSi, mSivrad<br />
da usagZlod (300), erTi bedisani arian. raRa ganuki-<br />
Txavi oboli da raRa ganumartavi (daxuruli) wigni! rogorc<br />
Tavis sulze adamiania pasuxismgebeli, ise _ Tavis<br />
wignze avtori. ra daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT am gantolebidan?<br />
_ “daviTiani” poetis sulis oreulia, misi<br />
gamoxatulebaa. poets imedi aqvs, rom “daviTiani” mis sanacvlod<br />
darCeba sofelSi. es wigni misi sulis obieqtivaciaa.<br />
da is gaiziarebs avtoris sulTan erTad ukvdavebas.<br />
poetis ZvelaRTqmiseuli daTrgunuloba uSvilobis<br />
gamo, siberwis perspeqtiva, romelic didi tkiviliT msWvalavs<br />
“daviTians”, TiTqos daamebulia sulieri Svilobis<br />
upiratesobiT fizikur STamomavlobaze, rac, es icis,<br />
avtorma, warmavalia, “daviTis walkoti” ki, sadac man, Tumca<br />
“mosaxed aviT”, mainc sakuTaric dargo, maradiulia. da,<br />
rac mTavaria, am naSvilebiT moigeria yvela mteri, romelic<br />
berwobis dayvedrebiT amcirebda mas.<br />
imas Svilad vervina sjobs, daviT vinc Zed moigera,<br />
vinc gamoTqva, is iSvila, mteri imiT moigera (wigni a: mb, 565).<br />
gamoTqmulis Svileba aZlierebs mis rwmenas, ramdenadac<br />
es warmosaxviTi aqti Zis ganxorcielebaSi poulobs analogs.<br />
rogorc Ze aris mamis sityva, “sityva _ Zed RvTisad<br />
Txrobili” (wigni b: nz, 4), “sityva gaqvs Zed moTxrobili”<br />
(wigni a: kg, 414), _ amis kvalze daviTmac, “vinc gamoTqva, is<br />
iSvila”, romlis ukeTesi Svili arc SeeZlo mas enatra.<br />
VI. “rac damrCa, ver vTqvi”. cdis cda<br />
“iv. am wignTa gamleqsavis gvarisa da saxelis gamocxadeba”<br />
Seicavs Sairs (14), romlis Temas `daviTianSi~ sxvagan<br />
versad SevxvdebiT:<br />
rac damrCa, ver vTqvi, mewada meTqva grZlad, Tavi mecada.<br />
vera vsTqvi, moclas ucdidi, netamca ara mecada!<br />
meswrafa sevdis laxvari, sakvdavad gulsa meca da<br />
aw amas vRonob, ar vici, qvesknad waval Tu me cada.<br />
aq poeti ukanaskneli gankiTxvis molodinSia: jer kidev<br />
ar aris gadawyvetili, sad iqneba misi saboloo samyofeli,<br />
ra moelis mas cxovrebis jildod Tu sasjelad. amave<br />
dros, mas nawvnevi aqvs am soflis warmavaloba da uxanoba.
narkvevi 191<br />
adamianma cxovreba TiTqos moaswro, magram Semoqmedeba _<br />
vera. Vita brevis, ars longa. cda (Semoqmedeba) da cda (mocda)<br />
SeuTavsebeli aRmoCnda. aq dasaxelebulia is mdgomareoba,<br />
rusTvelma mijnurobis erT-erT aucilebel pirobad<br />
rom CaTvala _ mocaleoba: “vera vsTqvi, moclas ucdidi”.<br />
“daviTianis” avtori moclas (=mocaleobas) Semoqmedebis<br />
pirobad saxavs.<br />
es majamuri strofi virtuozulad SeaTamaSebs erTi<br />
da imave Ziridan aRmocenebul fonetikurad identur<br />
(cd), magram gansxvavebuli, metic, urTierTsawinaaRmdego<br />
eksistencialuri Sinaarsis sityva-cnebebs. iSviaTia<br />
majama, romelic, garda evfoniisa, konceptualur sazrissac<br />
yovelgvari xelovnurobis gareSe gadmoscemdes, rogorc<br />
aq vxedavT. “meTqva grZlad, Tavi mecada” _ rusTveluri<br />
“grZlad Tqmis” esTetikis reminiscenciaa, rogorc<br />
sasinji qva, romelsac unda gamoecada poetis SesaZleblobebi.<br />
“Tavis gamocda” Semoqmedebas gulisxmobs, rac,<br />
poetis azriT, mocaleobis Jams hpovebs ganxorcielebas.<br />
rogorc mijnurobis Semoqmedeba (“var mzrdeli siyvarulisa...”),<br />
aseve inteleqtualuri Semoqmedeba mxolod da<br />
mxolod moclilobis Jams aris SesaZlebeli. ai, poetic<br />
ucdida, rom movidoda mocla, rogorc Semoqmedebis asparezi,<br />
roca (sadac) grZlad TqmulSi gaiSleboda yovelive<br />
gancdili. amrigad, poetis cxovreba sami periodisgan<br />
Sedgeba: erTia, romelic gamoixateba sityviT “cda” (gamocdilebis<br />
mniSvnelobiT) da meorea, amave `cda~ sityviT<br />
gamoxatuli, roca im pirvel cdaSi mopovebulis gaazreba-gardaqmna<br />
xdeba. es aris SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba. am or<br />
cdas Soris periodic aris cda (mocda), molodini, rom<br />
dadgeba cdis (meore mniSvnelobiT) Jami. es periodi Ti-<br />
Tqos uqmad yofnaa, TiTqos Jamis gacdenaa. magram Semoqmedeba<br />
swored maSin iwyeba, roca Sewydeba an amoiwureba<br />
cxovrebiseuli cda (gamocdileba) da adgils uTmobs<br />
moclas. mxolod cdisgan gaTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSia<br />
SesaZlebeli Semoqmedeba, roca adamiani ukan moxedavs yovelive<br />
gan-cd-ils. moclilobis, cxovrebiseuli cdisgan<br />
daclilobis, periodSi xdeba warsuli cdis aqtualizeba.<br />
mxolod am niadagze amoizrdeba “igavT xe”. es imas niSnavs,<br />
rom mis nawerSi araferi iqneba iseTi, rac mis cdaSi<br />
ar iyo mocemuli.<br />
SeniSvna. mocla, mocaleoba _ am sityvebis Ziri amosaval-<br />
Si cal/si-cal-ieris ideas Seicavs. fizikur samyaroSi gasagebia,<br />
risgan SeiZleba iyos raime carieli. magram roca saqme
192 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
gvaqvs adamianis sulier-fsiqikur mdgomareobasTan, rogor<br />
unda gavigoT sicariele? sulxan-saba orbelianis “sityvis<br />
kona” orive mniSvnelobas acnobierebs: “dacla _ savses warmocla”,<br />
“mocla – saqmisgan mocaleba”. idea erTia, xolo mo- da<br />
da- prefiqsebi specifikas aniWebs erTsa da imave Zirs (cal/<br />
cl). mo-cla, romlis drouli ganzomileba aSkaraa, kvlav cad<br />
ZirTan poulobs saerTos swored droJamuli niSniT. “sityvis<br />
kona” amasac acnobierebs: “macale _ mocda momec”, an “macale _<br />
momicade”, “daacala _ adrova”, “damacala _ macada”, “clevineba<br />
_ saqme adroos”.<br />
ra xdeba im dros, roca adamiani moclilia an, maSin, rac<br />
igivea, roca is icdis, roca molodinSia? mocliloba da cda<br />
(molodini) sxvadasxva mdgomareobaa, magram maT saerTo niSani<br />
aqvT: moclilobisas da mocdisas dro gadis adamianis gareSe,<br />
mis gareT. dro adamians ar ekuTvnis, dro mocdenilia.<br />
adamianma gaacdina dro, drom mis gareSe Caiara, adamianma<br />
dakarga kontroli droze, dro gauuucxovda adamians. xolo<br />
cdisas, gansacdelisas, gamocdilebisas, gancdisas dro adamianTan<br />
aris, masTan “erTad” gadis ise, rom adamiani ver amCnevs<br />
mas. dro da adamiani erTianobaSia. es aris is mdgomareoba,<br />
romelsac zrunvas uwodebs eksistencialuri filosofia.<br />
paradoqsia TiTqos: roca dro gaucxoebulia molodinSi, mas<br />
vxedavT, ganvicdiT, Tumca is carielia. magram gansacdelSi,<br />
cdaSi, roca dro moculia zrunviT, me mas ver vamCnev, ver vxedav,<br />
is savsea.<br />
damateba I<br />
gavimeoroT me-16 Sairis bolo ori striqoni:<br />
Sig viyav, sadRac gamagde, paRuri amamkar avi,<br />
miT cremli Cemi zRvad gaxda, TvalTagan nawanwkaravi.<br />
adamis gandevna samoTxidan groteskulia: warmovidginoT<br />
gapaRurebuli adami. paRuris amokvra “daviTianSi”<br />
kidev orgzis Segvxvdeba: “Tu amas avad vambobde, paRuri<br />
amamkaria”; “gavepare, damiWires, rad waxvelo, dampaRures”.<br />
kuriozulia adamis gapaRureba, roca gaqceuli tyvesac ase<br />
eqcevian. Tumca adamis “avi” paRuri am kuriozulobas sxva<br />
TvaliT dagvanaxebs. es ukve aRar aris damcirebis, agdebuli,<br />
Tundac, ironiuli damokidebulebis paRuri. epiTeti<br />
“avi” im risxvis gamomxatvelia, romelic adamma savsebiT<br />
daimsaxura. Tumca karvis SairSi adami arafers ambobs im<br />
mizezze, romelmac misi gagdeba gamoiwvia. mamam moaTavsa
narkvevi 193<br />
karavSi da mamamve gaagdo gareT, “sadRac”. es ganadgurebuli<br />
iobis amoZaxils hgavs: “ufalma momca da ufalma waiRo”<br />
(iob. 1: 21).<br />
XIX saukunis pirveli meoTxedis gamocanebis xelnawer<br />
krebulSi [aTaneliSvili 1975: 39] erTi aseTi amocanaa:<br />
mamaman saxli amigo kekluci banis baniTa,<br />
gZeli da camdin maRali sigZe da misis ganiTa,<br />
Seval, gamoval siciliT, simReriT bani baniTa,<br />
is damiqcia satanam, var mas ukaniT naniTa. 16<br />
amocanas kriptogramulad (saidumlo anbaniT) miwerili<br />
aqvs pasuxi: samoTxe. “daviTianis” Sairis da am<br />
gamocanis struqturisa da Sinaarsis igiveoba eWvs ar<br />
unda iwvevdes. isic ueWvelia, guramiSvilis “karavic”<br />
amocanaa da mis avtors SeeZlo misi amgvari dasaTaureba:<br />
“amicanad igavi, asaxsnelad advili”, rogorc erTgan<br />
asaTaurebs Zveli da axali dRis igavs (ix. wigni b: ¡z).<br />
am or teqsts Soris gansxvaveba is aris, rom gamocanaSi<br />
samoTxe xalxurad gagebuli uzrunvelobis _ sicilisa<br />
da simReris adgilia da adami pirdapir asaxelebs sabediswero<br />
macdunebels _ satanas, rac guramiSvilisTvisac<br />
ar aris ucxo:<br />
mterman ase wamaxdina,<br />
mamatyua, mamaRora;<br />
RvTis mcnebasa gardmaxdina,<br />
dids pativsa mamaSora.<br />
saxli mkvidrad agebuli<br />
damiqciva, mamiSala (wigni d: id, 5-6).<br />
cxadia, es “saxli mkvidrad agebuli” igive “ganiari da<br />
maRali” karavia. gamocanis adami gagdebuli ki ar aris,<br />
aramed daqceuli saxlis (gauCinarebuli samoTxis) winaSe<br />
dgas sinanuliT savse. samoTxis gareT yofnis periodi sinanulis<br />
periodia, magram ar Cans sinanulis nayofi (maTe<br />
3:8). guramiSvilis adamis cremli zRvad aris qceuli da<br />
es zRva cremlisa adamisgan nabarty mTel kacobriobas<br />
ekuTvnis. es aris cremlis periodi.<br />
16.<br />
am gamocanis identuri teqsti Cawerilia petre umikaSvilis mier 1871<br />
wels kaxeTSi, arsebobs misi aseve identuri qarTluri varianti. informatorma<br />
Camwers teqsti aseve gamocanad miawoda [umikaSvili 1937: #1965].
194 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
damateba II<br />
Tu “daviTiani”, avtorisave gansazRvrebiT, Tavis mTlianobaSi<br />
erTi igavia, metaforulad “igavTa xea”, es Sairi<br />
am xis iseTi Sto da, Tundac iseTi nayofia, romelSic<br />
unaklod, mTeli sisavsiT aris gamoxatuli misi igavurobis<br />
ganzogadebuli Sinaarsi. es strofi TiTqos SemoWrilia<br />
prologSi romeliRac, sxva “grZlad saTqmeli” simReridan,<br />
rac darCa da ver Tqva poetma moclis (mocaleobis)<br />
amao molodinSi, an is aris ukiduresad dawnexili igavi Tu<br />
daskvna kacobriobis religiuri istoriisa, sadac avtorisgan<br />
dalocvili mkiTxveli misi TiToeuli striqonis<br />
ganSlilad amokiTxvas SeZlebda.<br />
zemoT Tqmuli _ “mis nawerSi araferi iqneba iseTi, rac<br />
mis cdaSi ar iyo mocemuli” _ “daviTianis” avtobiografiulobaze<br />
laparakobs. es imasac niSnavs, rom qveynis istoriac<br />
misi biografiaa; qveynis istoriam ganumzada mas<br />
is gansacdeli, romelmac mis cxovrebas igavuroba (alegoriuloba)<br />
SesZina.<br />
“daviTianSi” aris ori plani: erTi _ gansacdelis yofi-<br />
Ti aRwera dawyebuli lamisyanis wyarodan vaxtang mefis<br />
karamde moskovs, swored is monakveTi, romlis Tqma ewada<br />
mas grZlad. aq aris savsebiT realuri kuriozuli sami kitri<br />
da sazamTros namusrevi, “dai xleba lazari” da “fxovleli<br />
ianvara”, da meore _ fizikuri Tavgadasavlis Tanmxlebi<br />
egzegetika. magaliTisTvis, striqonSi<br />
damedva didi imedi, vTqvi, Turme RmerTi mfaravsa<br />
Tu CemTvis kargi ar swaddes, ar damidgemdes karavsa<br />
karavi aSkarad alegoriulia, simboluric ki, radgan<br />
“gamoqobuli”, romelic gaqceul tyves elvam apovnina, fizikuri<br />
TvaliT Tu SevxedavT, gamoqvabulic ki ar iyo, aramed<br />
kldidan “lod-gaZrobili” viwro saTavsi, romelic<br />
poetis ganmartebiT ufro xvrelia, vidre gamoqvabuli.<br />
magram poets hqonda meore Tvali momarjvebuli, ramac<br />
mas daanaxa am “lod-gaZrobili” xvrelis namdvili saxe. es<br />
“xvreli”, romelic erT adamians Tu daitevda, alegoriulobis<br />
maRal xarisxs aRwevs, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra<br />
surda eTqva poets am sityvebiT: “avdeq, iela, mivadeq kars<br />
mTa-xvrels lod-gaZrobilsa”. es lodi sxva araferia, Tu<br />
ara macxovris prefigurativi, romelic dasabams danielis<br />
wignidan (dan. 2: 34, 44) iRebs, misi egzegezisi aseTia:<br />
mTa RvTismSobelia (“mTad gamosCndi sacnaurad, danielis
narkvevi 195<br />
sityvisamebr” [iadgari 1980: 286]), misgan gamosrolili<br />
lodi _ qriste. da, amrigad, “daviTianis” es saxe, romelsac<br />
fizikur-realuri warmoSoba aqvs, Tavis mTlianobaSi<br />
soteriologiur saxeTa marags ekuTvnis.<br />
SeniSvna. aq ukuprocesia: simboluri prefigurativi,<br />
romlis wyaro winaswarmetyveluri xilvaa (Tundac is nabuqodonosors<br />
ekuTvnodes), dakarguli tyvis gamocdilebaSi<br />
nivTier gamoxatulebas iZens. mas gzaze xvdeba realuri<br />
gamoqvabuli: prefigurativi ubrundeba Tavis nivTier<br />
saxes da soteriologiur ganzomilebasTan erTad fizikuri<br />
xsnis ganzomilebas iZens. gadarCenili amgvarad mimar-<br />
Tavs RmerTs: “Cvenad xsnad, Senad saqebrad mis mTiT mis<br />
lodis mZrobelo”.<br />
gamoqvabulis gamocdileba imdenad mniSvnelovania<br />
avtorisTvis, rom am Temas sami Tavi eZRvneba. Tavebi<br />
amgvarad aris dasaTaurebuli: “odes daviT avis drisagan<br />
Sewuxebuli svindisis mxilebiT elvisagan gamoqobili<br />
klde ipova da imas Saefara, iqidam gamosulman iloca”, “vedreba<br />
RvTis-mSoblisa daviTisagan, odes im zeiT Tqmuls<br />
lod-gamokveTils kldes Saafara avis dris mizeziT”,<br />
“odes zeiT xsenebulis kldidam wamosuls daviT guramisSvils<br />
ucxoni Sexvdnen da maTis SiSiT muxli moeWra”.<br />
tyvisTvis es lod-gamokveTili xvreli, romelic gamotyorcnili<br />
lodis adgilas warmoiqmna, swored karavia,<br />
romelic RmerTma aRmouCina (daudga) mas gaWirvebis Jams.<br />
karavi aq xsnis simboloa. RvTismSoblisadmi mimarTul<br />
vedrebaSi RvTismSoblis sxva prefigurativebis gverdiT<br />
“abramis karavic” ixseneba:<br />
saxiT abramis karao, RvTis tevniT gulTa myrdnobelo.<br />
literatura<br />
aTaneliSvili 1975: lili aTaneliSvili, <strong>qarTuli</strong> kriptogramebiani<br />
gamocanebi, mravalTavi, IV, Tb.: mecniereba, 1975.<br />
vaxuSti 1973: vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis<br />
cxovreba IV, Tb.: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1973.<br />
iadgari 1980: uZvelesi iadgari, Tb.: mecniereba, 1980.<br />
umikaSvili 1937: petre umikaSvili, xalxuri sityviereba, Tb.:<br />
federacia, 1937.<br />
RaRaniZe 2002: merab RaRaniZe, sinamdvile da warmosaxva daviT<br />
guramiSvilis `mxiarul zafxulSi~, Tb.: lomisi, 2002.
196 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
Guramishvili’s Parable<br />
Zurab Kiknadze<br />
1. The allegorical standpoint of his own life imbues the poetry of Davit<br />
Guramishvili. The poet reads one period of his life – the kidnapping, the<br />
captivity and the escaping – as a parable of human history in general. And<br />
since it becomes fully conscious for him, he himself undertakes the task of<br />
exegesis of his own experience and trial.<br />
2. One of the main (central) parables is a parable of Tent (Eden, Home).<br />
To be in the Tent and out of it – are two historical and existential situations<br />
of the man. To be outside represents together with Adam’s trial the tragic lot<br />
of the poet himself.<br />
3. The book as the son. The depression caused by perspective of hearlessness<br />
is solved by adopting his own book, named by his own name Davit<br />
– Davitiani. But there is an allusion of David, Psalmist in whose garden he<br />
has planted his own tree laden with fruit.
iuza evgeniZe<br />
vaJa-fSavelas biografiis erTi sakiTxi<br />
vaJa-fSavelas fenomenisadmi qarTveli sazogadoebis<br />
mimarTebis Seswavla didi mgosnis sicocxleSi da dResac<br />
uaRresad saintereso socialur-literaturuli problemaa.<br />
mZafrad aRiqmeba am problemis Rirebuleba imitomac,<br />
rom Cveni erovnuli cxovrebis wiaRSi urTulesi sazogadoebriv-politikuri<br />
da kulturuli procesebis pirobebSi<br />
movlenili es marTlac sakacobrio fiqrTa mpyrobeli<br />
poeti swored rom “<strong>qarTuli</strong> xelovnebis sulis ganmasaxierebeli<br />
geniosi” (artur laisti) aRmoCnda. aseTi movlena<br />
yvela drosa da sivrceSi gamokveTilad inaxavs da asxivebs<br />
unikaluri erovnuli koloriT aRbeWdil zogadkacobriul<br />
sulier faseulobebs. albaT, amitomacaa, rom eris<br />
rCeulTa Soris vaJas mimarT TavCenili siTbo-siyvarulis<br />
amouwuravi grZnobis gverdiT, TvalSisacemia totalitarizmisa<br />
da neototalitarizmis epoqaSi XIX da XX saukunis<br />
saqarTvelos tragikuli xvedris gamo, Tavis droze<br />
rusuli biurokratiuli oficiozis mier danergili, kanonizirebul<br />
dokumentTa gafetiSebis kompleqsi. Aaqedan<br />
iRebs saTaves is gaorebuli mimarTeba vaJa-fSavelas fenomenisadmi,<br />
romlis danaleqebma nihilizmis, zedapirulobis,<br />
indiferentizmis formiT araerTxel iCina Tavi XIX,<br />
da gansakuTrebiT, XX-XXI saukunis saqarTveloSi.<br />
sxva drosac araerTgzis Tqmula da amjeradac SeiZleba<br />
gavixsenoT, rom es exeba ara mxolod vaJa-fSavelas mxatvruli<br />
samyaros Sefasebis Jams warmoSobil gaugebrobebs, aramed<br />
am WeSmaritad diadi Semoqmedis yofiTi cxovrebis,<br />
misi biografiis mimarT agorebul “Woris Wurebsac”, sicocxleSic<br />
rom uwamlavdnen genialur mgosans wuTisofels<br />
da sikvdilis Semdegac ar asveneben mis naTel suls. magram<br />
unda iTqvas, rom es movlena araa oden <strong>qarTuli</strong> mentalobis<br />
Strixi. is globaluri movlenaa da saTanado interesis gamomJRavnebisas<br />
mas SeiZleba mravali analogia-paraleli<br />
197
198 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
daeZebnos sxvadasxva qveynis sazogadoebriv-literaturul<br />
cxovrebaSi. ase, rom am mxriv arc vaJa-fSavelaa gamonaklisi.<br />
amiT kidev erTxel dasturdeba goeTes cnobili maqsimis<br />
_ “Zlieri Suqi Zlier Crdils gamoscems” _ fsiqologiuri<br />
safuZvlis WeSmariteba; miT ufro, rom vaJa-fSavela mxolod<br />
Suqi ki ara, <strong>qarTuli</strong> poeziis da erTianad Cveni erovnuli<br />
kulturis mzecaa, _ mze, romelsac, qarTvelTaTvis<br />
mainc, Casvla ar uweria. aseT viTarebaSi yuradRebas iqcevs<br />
erTi faqti vaJa-fSavelas biografiidan.<br />
vfiqrobT, sagangebo axsna ar sWirdeba imas, Tu ramdenad<br />
didi mniSvneloba aqvs mweralTa da, sazogadod, xelovanTa<br />
SemoqmedebiT samyarosTan dasaaxloeblad maTs<br />
pirovnul cxovrebas. TumcaRa mainc gavixsenebT zogierT<br />
rCevas. iyo xana, roca xelovanTa biografiis maTsave SemoqmedebasTan<br />
koregirebisas calkeuli romantikulad<br />
ganwyobili moazrovne da mwerali daJinebiT imasac ki<br />
amtkicebda, rom “Seqspiris erTaderTi biografi Tavad<br />
Seqspiria” 1 , misive nawarmoebebiao. magram arc Tu didi<br />
xnis Semdeg isic gairkva, rom “literaturis istoriis da<br />
kritikis sferoSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, ar aris ufro sayuradRebo,<br />
ufro sasiamovno da amasTan kidev ufro didad<br />
samoZRvro sakiTxavi, vidre did adamianTa Sesaxeb dawerili<br />
biografiebia~ 2 . ufro metic: saxelovan mweralTa<br />
da xelovanTa saqveynod cnobili biografi, Tavad SesaniSnavi<br />
mwerali andre morua ki ase gvmoZRvravs: “biografia<br />
SesaniSnavi literaturuli Janria,” magram “literaturis<br />
istorikosebi mas saTanado adgils ar uTmoben” 3 .<br />
literaturismcodneobis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove doneze<br />
aseve fiqroben, rom “biografia mwerlis fenomenologiis<br />
STambeWdavi realizebaa” 4 . misi Rirebuleba da specifika<br />
ki `saxeldobr imaSi mdgomareobs, rom masSi Qjerovnad vlindeba<br />
mwerlis adamianuri naturis dasrulebuli mTlianobanairferovneba<br />
da imaSic, rom literaturul nawarmoebTa<br />
SemweobiT is gvabrunebs misi avtoris cxovrebis sferoSi” 5 .<br />
am konteqstSi xSirad imarjveben karl gustav iungis gamona-<br />
Tqvams, rom “goeTes ki ar Seuqmnia ‘fausti’, aramed ‘faustis’<br />
1.<br />
Р. Эмерсон, Представители человечества (Шекспир или поэт), Собр. соч. T. 3. Перевод<br />
с английского, 1903, с. 78.<br />
2.<br />
Ш. Сент-Бев, Литературние портреты: Критичесие очерки. Перевод с французского.<br />
М., 1970, с. 47.<br />
3.<br />
a. morua, Cemi literaturuli cxovrebis samoci weli. literaturuli<br />
etiudebi. frangulidan Targmna T. qiqoZem. Tb., 1988, gv. 25.<br />
4.<br />
М. Верли, Общее литературоведение. Перевод с немецкого. М., 1957, с. 165.<br />
5.<br />
m. verli, iqve, gv. 162.
narkvevi 199<br />
sulierma komponentebma Seqmna goeTes pirovneba” 6 . Aamitomacaa,<br />
rom, pol valeris Tqmisamebr, mweralTa biografiebSi<br />
moqceuli `auxsneli patara faqtebi yovelTvis Seicavs ra-<br />
Rac iseTs, rasac SeuZlia Tavdayira daayenos didi faqtebis<br />
nebismieri interpretacia” 7 ; xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi, andre<br />
moruas sityviT, am faqtTagan “saWiroa davimaxsovroT mxolod<br />
is, rac misi avtoris gagebaSi dagvexmareba” 8 .<br />
saxelganTqmuli moazrovne da mwerali, eqsistencializmis<br />
erT-erTi mTavari warmomadgeneli Jan pol sartri<br />
xelovanTa biografiuli monacemebis SemoqmedebiTi<br />
Rirebulebebis gasacnobiereblad, sakuTar TviTdakvirvebebze<br />
damyarebiT, aseT rCevas gvTavazobs: “me vcdilob,<br />
gavigo adamiani misi wignebis saSualebiT da Cemi amocanaa,<br />
adamianisagan miRebuli STabeWdilebebis niadagze gaviazro<br />
misi wignebi... es erTiani dialeqtikuri procesia” 9 .<br />
aseTia evropul literaturul sivrceSi saxelovan<br />
mweralTa da swavlulTa mier xelovanTa SemoqmedebiTi<br />
cxovrebis Sesaswavlad biografiis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb<br />
mowodebuli zogierTi moTxovna.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT, qarTul sinamdvileSi, Tuki vinmes<br />
mTeli sigrZe-siganiT hqonda gacnobierebuli mweral-<br />
Ta SemoqmedebiTi biografiebis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba,<br />
es, pirvel yovlisa, TviT vaJa-fSavelas mier `eris<br />
mamad” wodebuli ilia WavWavaZe iyo. man kargad uwyoda,<br />
rom `poezia madlia, niWia, romelic eZleva mxolod kacTa<br />
QRvTivrCeulTa” 10 . misi arsis axsnas da poeziis, xelovnebis<br />
saidumloebaTa wvdomas anu WeSmariti SemoqmedebiTi biografiis<br />
agebas mxolod maSin moaxerxebs mkvlevari, Tuki is<br />
mwerlis gare da Sina samyaros urTierTkavSirs daadgens.<br />
ilias azriT, am SemTxvevaSi literaturis istorikosis<br />
mizani saTaves iRebs “adamianis bunebis wyurvilSi”, wvdes,<br />
“waikiTxos da Tvalwin gagvitaros” ama Tu im mwerlis pirovnuli<br />
da SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba, radgan “amisTana kacis istoria<br />
xom Cveni sakuTari istoriaa” 11 . sakuTriv literatu-<br />
6.<br />
m. verli, iqve, gv. 160.<br />
7.<br />
p. valeri, azrebi, mxatvruli proza. frangulidan Targmna baCana bregva-<br />
Zem, Tb., 1983, gv. 77.<br />
8.<br />
a. morua, iqve, 255.<br />
9.<br />
Ж.-П. Сартр, Самое главное для меня – это деиствие, Иностранная литература, 1966,<br />
№ 9, с. 244.<br />
10.<br />
i. WavWavaZe, sityva Nnikoloz baraTaSvilis neStis gadmosvenabaze, ilia<br />
WavWavaZe literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb, t. II, Tb., 1998, gv. 257.<br />
11.<br />
i. WavWavaZe, iona meunargias momavali leqciebi grigol orbelianze, iqve,<br />
gv. 149.
200 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
ris istorikosis erT-erT amocanad ilia imas miiCnevs, rom<br />
mwerlis `sulSi da gulSi Cagvaxedos”. Ees damyarebuli unda<br />
iyos sabuTianobaze, romlis erTi pirvelwyaroTagani, sxva<br />
masalaTa Soris, mwerlis biografiaa. misi azriT, erovnuli<br />
cnobierebis gamosafxizleblad da “ramdenime safexuriT<br />
maRla aswevad” literaturis istorikosis Rvawls<br />
ilia WavWavaZe “TvalsaCino da Tavmosawonebel” saqmianobad<br />
saxavs.Aamitomacaa. rom igi “siamovnebiT da madlobiT” 12<br />
egebeba xolme am mimarTulebiT gaSlil muSaobas.<br />
vfiqrobT, esaa mainc adamianis SesaZleblobebisadmi<br />
rwmeniT aRvsil da GjansaRi sulieri GRirebulebebisadmi<br />
erTgul mweral-moazrovneTa pozicia, xedva im tipis moazrovnisa,<br />
romelic safuZvelSive ucxadebs oms XIX saukunis<br />
dasasrulisa da XX saukunis, _ am yvelaze `sastiki da<br />
sisxliani saukunis” 13 , _ uaryofiTi niSniT daRdasmul<br />
“cruaristokratias”, “cruinteligents”, aTeizmiT, kosmopolitizmiT,<br />
nihilizmiT daSxamuli janyisa da revoluciis<br />
molodinsa Tu mis wiaRSi Sobil “ganebivrebul<br />
bavSvs” anu “amboxebul velurs” 14 . Aam fonze, roca igor stravinskis<br />
TqmiT, “adamiani kargavs Rirsebis grZnobas”, absurdis<br />
gancda batondeba samyaroSi da, RirebulebaTa gaufasurebis<br />
pirobebSi, bunebrivia, nihilisturi midgoma fexs<br />
ikidebs ara mxolod yofaSi, aramed sulieri Semoqmedebis<br />
sferoSi da maT Soris mweralTa individualebis, TviT biografiebis,<br />
SefasebaSic. magram esaa ara sent biovis an ilia<br />
WavWavaZisnair gaubzaravi sulis mweral-moazrovneTa Tav-<br />
Si Sobili azri, aramed iseT adamianTa pozicia, romlebis-<br />
Tvisac miuRebelia “RvTaebrivi samyaros parametrebi” 15 .<br />
vaJa-fSavela ki Tavisi mrwamsiT, aRzrdiT, yoveldRiuri<br />
cxovrebis wesiT swored rom gaubzaravi, mTliani,<br />
jansaRi sulierebis matarebeli adamianis mexotbea da,<br />
rogorc moazrovne da inteleqtuali, TanamedroveTagan<br />
ilia WavWavaZis Rirseuli sulieri memkvidre. Tumca, tician<br />
tabiZis TqmiT, man “gaiara Tanamedrove poeziis Sxamiani<br />
gza; man icoda XIX saukunis yvela sawamlavi” 16 , magram<br />
sadReiso gadasaxedidan sagulisxmo mainc isaa, rom “kul-<br />
12.<br />
i. WavWavaZe, iqve, gv. 149-151.<br />
13.<br />
T. faCulia, neototalitarizmi, Tb., 2003, gv. 63.<br />
14.<br />
xose Oortega i gaseti, masebis amboxi, espanuridan Targmna baCana bregvaZem.<br />
Tb. 1993, gv. 99.<br />
15.<br />
T. faCulia, dasax. wigni, gv. 67.<br />
16.<br />
t. tabiZe, vaJa-fSavela, qarTveli mwerlebi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb, krebuli<br />
Seadgines iuza evgeniZem, lado minaSvilma da jumber WumburiZem, Tb.,<br />
2003, gv. 350.
narkvevi 201<br />
turis krizisis” fazaSi myof globalur sivrceSic igi<br />
adamianTa Soris siyvarulis, sicocxlis Rirebulebebis<br />
mouRlel qadagad darCa. A<br />
amitom araferia moulodneli imaSi, rom Tavisi cxovrebis<br />
garkveul etapze igi asrulebs gulSematkivar megobarTa<br />
Txovnas da iwyebs sakuTari biografiis weras,<br />
saTauriT _ “Cemi wuTisofeli”, sadac mgosani mkiTxvels<br />
auwyebs: “rasac vwer, rac ki SemiZlian vecdebi simarTle davicva,<br />
vsTqva ise, rogorc iyo, uferadod, gadauWarbeblad.<br />
vgoneb aseT avtobiografias ufro didi mniSvneloba unda<br />
hqondes kritikisTvisa da mkiTxvelisTvisac, vidre mogonilsa<br />
da nakeTebs” 17 . ukanasknelad, 1912 wels, sakuTar biografiaSi<br />
gaparul uzustobaTa gamo, vaJa kvlav daubrunda<br />
am sakiTxs da presis saSualebiT (gaz. ”saxalxo furceli~,<br />
1912, # 584) mTeli saqarTvelos gasagonad ganacxada: “Tu<br />
biografia iwereba, unda daiweros simarTliT, nametnavad<br />
siyalbe unda Seswordes Cems sicocxleSive, radgan igi Cemi<br />
sikvdilis Semdegac ibartyebs sakmaod” 18 . Aaq warmodgenili<br />
prognozi _ “siyalbe Cemi sikvdilis Semdegac ibartyebs<br />
sakmaod” _ didi mgosnis mraval winaswarmetyvelur prognozTa<br />
Soris gamarTlda, da mere rogor? “siyalbem” sworedac<br />
rom “ibartya” vaJas saxelis garSemo mravalgzis,<br />
magram mere ra?!. “cudas rad unda mteroba, kargia mudam<br />
mtriani!” ra daaklda amiT vaJas? gamJRavnda mxolod qar-<br />
Tuli sazogadoebis indiferentizmi did pirovnebaTa mimarT,<br />
Cveni cxovrebis socialur-kulturul dinamikas rom<br />
aferxebda yovel droSi da garkveulwilad dResac Tavis<br />
Sinagan moumwifeblobas rom adasturebs.<br />
aRniSnulis erTi gamovlenaa poetis biografiis, ker-<br />
Zod, misi dabadebis TariRis dadgenasTan gaparuli is<br />
erTi SexedviT, “mcire” uzustoba, romelic vaJas “mcire SeniSvnis”<br />
saxelwodebiT cnobili replikis presaSi gamoqveynebis<br />
sababi gamxdara. rogorc irkveva, poets “mcired” ki<br />
ara, metad mniSvnelovan movlenad miuCnevia is garemoeba,<br />
rom mis TxzulebaTa gamomcemlebi faqtobriv Secdomebs<br />
uSvebdnen biografiis Sedgenisas.<br />
Tavis droze es sakiTxi sagangebod Seiswavla solomon<br />
yubaneiSvilma da Tavis wignSi “vaJa-fSavela (dokumente-<br />
17.<br />
vaJa-fSavela, Cemi wuTisofeli, vaJa-fSavela literaturisa da xelovnebis<br />
Sesaxeb, krebuli Seadgines, komentarebi da saZiebeli daurTes grigol<br />
kiknaZem, niko yiasaSvilma, vano Sadurma, jumber WumburiZem da solomon xuciSvilma,<br />
Tb., 1967,Ggv. 27.<br />
18.<br />
vaJa-fSavela, mcire SeniSvna, iqve, gv. 206-207.
202 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
bi da masalebi)”, _ romelic orjer gamoica 1937 da 1961<br />
wlebSi, _ calke Tavadac gamoyo es problema. man misTvis<br />
Cveuli keTilsindisierebiT sayuradRebo dokumenturi<br />
masala miawoda mkiTxvel sazogadoebas. am TvalsazrisiT<br />
arsebuli viTarebis cxadsayofad, Tu ramdenad Rirebulia<br />
es masala da ufro metad _ masze darTuli komentari, publikacias<br />
movixmobT srulad.<br />
aq ki Semdegs vkiTxulobT:<br />
vaJas dabadebis TariRi<br />
vaJas dabadebis TariRSi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs,<br />
zogi mis dabadebas 1861 wels miawers, zogi 1862 w., amitom<br />
saWirod migvaCnia specialurad SevexoT am sakiTxs, rom<br />
erTxel da sabolood gamoirkves poetis dabadebis namdvili<br />
TariRi, miT umetes, rom, rogorc sCans, TviT vaJasac<br />
ki ar scodnia, Tu romel welsa da TveSi daibada is.<br />
1911 wlis miwurulSi qarTvelTa Soris w. k. gam. sazogadoebis<br />
WiaTuris ganyofilebam gamosca vaJa-fSavelas<br />
sami saymawvilo moTxroba, romelsac iv.Ggomelaurma va-<br />
Jas mokle biografia daurTo. aRniSnul biografiaSi iv.<br />
gomelaurs vaJas dabadebis TariRi 1861 w. aqvs naCvenebi<br />
da amasTan erTad moTxrobili aqvs, TiTqos vaJas pirveldawyebiTi<br />
swavla tfilisis sasuliero saswavlebelSi<br />
mieRos, Semdeg goris saostato seminariaSi, xolo kursdamTavrebuli<br />
axalgazrda vaJa TiTqos sof. CargalSi<br />
daeniSnoT maswavleblad da sxva, rac, ra Tqma unda, simarTles<br />
ar Seefereba. rogorc sCans, vaJa am yalb cnobebs<br />
auRelvebia da 1912 wlis “saxalxo gazeTis” 584 nomerSi<br />
“mcire SeniSvnis” saTauriT aTavsebs Semdeg werils:<br />
“Cemi nawerebis gamomcemlebis sayuradRebod vwer am<br />
SeniSvnas, rom dRevandeli Secdoma ar gameordes: b. iv.G gomelaurma<br />
dabeWda calke wignakad Cemi sami saymawvilo mo-<br />
Txroba saTauriT: ‘sami saymawvilo ambavi”. aqve CaurTavs<br />
Cemi biografia, sadac blomad Secdomebi Sehparvia pativcemul<br />
gamomcemels. saWiroa am Secdomebis Sesworeba: Tu<br />
biografia iwereba, unda daiweros simarTliT, nametnavad<br />
siyalbe unda Seswordes Cem sicocxleSive, radgan igi<br />
Cemi sikvdilis Semdegac ibartyebs sakmaod.<br />
me davibade sof. CargalSi 1862 w. 15 maiss, ara dros<br />
me Cem sofelSi saswavlebelSi ar miswavlia da arc<br />
maswavleblad vyofilvar. Ppirvelad mamaCemma mimabara<br />
Telavis sasuliero saswavlebelSi. am saswavleblis me-
narkvevi 203<br />
same klasidan me Sevedi tfilisis samoqalaqo skolaSi,<br />
romelic institutTan arsebobs. samoqalaqo skolaSi<br />
rom davasrule kursi, Semdeg goris seminariaSi Sevedi.<br />
roca iqac swavla davamTavre, damniSnes maswavleblad<br />
toladsofelSi (erwoSi), sadac erTi weliwadi davyavi<br />
da Semdeg peterburgSi wavedi universitetSi leqciebis<br />
mosasmenad... danarCen cnobebze, rac b. iv. gomelaursa<br />
aqvs moyvanili Cems biografiaSi, araferi meTqmis”.<br />
am sayuradRebo dokumentidan sCans, rom vaJa 1862 w.<br />
maiss 15 dabadebula da erTis SexedviT TiTqos saki-<br />
Txi amowurulid unda CaiTvalos, magram oficialuri<br />
dokumentebi am sakiTxis Sesaxeb sawinaaRmdego cnobebs<br />
gvawvdian.<br />
Cven xelT aris vaJa-fSavelas naqoni Semdegi metrikuli<br />
amonaweri, romelic mas tf. Aaleqsandres sax.<br />
samaswavleblo institutTan arsebul orklasian samoqalaqo<br />
saswavlebelSi Sesvlis dros auRia.<br />
Свидетельство<br />
Дано сие священническому сыну Луке Разикову в том, что он,<br />
Разиков, в метрической книге Чаргальской Святогеоргиевской<br />
церкви, за тысяча восемьсот шестьдесят первый год в графе<br />
мужескаго пола под №8 записана статья, родился четырнадцатого<br />
июля, а двадцтать второго того же ме месяца крещен (Лука).<br />
Родители его: житель селения Чаргали, причетник Чаргальской<br />
Святогеоргиевской церкви Павел Разиков и законная жена его<br />
Варвара, оба православного вероисповедания. Восприемником<br />
был благочинный и Кавалер Тионетского Округа Иов Цискаров,<br />
а таинство крещения совершил Священник Чаргальскаго прихода<br />
Йоссей Давидов сын Геладзе с причетником Василием Цоцкораули.<br />
В чем подписью моею и приложением церковной печати<br />
удостоверяю Священник Чаргальской Святогеоргиевской церкви<br />
Георгий Геладзе.<br />
1877 года 17 сентября.*<br />
[*dokumentebi inaxeba yazbegis muzeumSi]
204 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
rogorc sCans, am metrikuli amonaweriT, vaJa dabadebula<br />
1861 w. 14 ivliss. ase rom arc weli da arc Tve dabadebisa<br />
vaJas mocemul cnobebs ar eTanxmeba.<br />
aRsaniSnavia Semdegi garemoebac: goris seminariis yof.<br />
maswavlebelma sudakovma, romelic daaxloebiT icnobda<br />
vaJas, werilobiT gvacnoba da pirad saubris drosac da-<br />
JinebiT gamimeora Semdegi: “seminariaSi misaRebad vaJam<br />
kancelariaSi gadmomca Tavisi sabuTebi, magram miRebas<br />
xels uSlida misi wlovanebis sidide. maSin vaJa metrikiT<br />
ukve 20 wlisa iyo, amitom vurCie wasuliyo sofelSi da<br />
wlovaneba daklebuli metrika moetana. Aasec moiqca. wavida<br />
Tavis sofelSi da moitana axali metrika, romelSiac<br />
namdvil wlovanebas sami weli hqonda daklebuli”.<br />
ase rom sudakovis cnobiT, vaJa 1859 wels yofila dabadebuli.<br />
ismeba kiTxva, am sam TariRs Soris (1859, 1861, 1862)<br />
romelia swori? Cveni azriT, zedmetia laparaki sudakovis<br />
mier mocemuli cnobis sinamdvileze. aRniSnuli<br />
cnobis gamosarkvevad, Cven mivmarTeT saq. mmaCis sammarTvelos,<br />
sadac 1861 wlis metrikul Canawer wignSi<br />
vaJas dabadebis TariRi aRmoCnda ise, rogorc zemoT<br />
moyvanil metrikul amonawerSia aRniSnuli. Tanac araviTar<br />
gadasworebebs iq adgili ar aqvs. vaJa aRniSnul<br />
wignSi Cawerilia Semdegi saxiT:<br />
a) saTvalavi dabadebulTa: mamaTa sqesi: 8.<br />
b) Tve da dRe: dabadeba _ ivlisis id.<br />
naTlisReba _ ` kb.<br />
g) saxelebi dabadebulTa: luka.<br />
d) wodeba, saxeli, mamis saxeli da gvari mSobelTa da<br />
romlisa sarwmunoebisa arian: Carglis w-is giorgis<br />
eklesiis priCetniki pavle razikovi da sjulieri<br />
coli amisi barbale fxiklesSvilis daviTis asuli.<br />
oriveni marTmadidebelis sarwmunoebis aRsarebisani.<br />
e) wodeba, saxeli, mamis saxeli da gvari mimrqmelTa: mimrqmeli<br />
TianeTis okruRis blaRoCini da kavaleri<br />
ivobi ciskarovi.<br />
v) vin aRasrula saidumlo naTlis Reba: Carglis w-is<br />
giorgis eklesiis mRvdelma iase gelaZem (amave eklesiis<br />
priCetnikis pavle razikovisaTa).**<br />
[**frCxilebSi moTavsebuli sityvebi dedanSi waSlilia.<br />
dokumenti amowerilia saq. mmaCis sammarTvelos<br />
arqividan]
narkvevi 205<br />
arc TviT vaJa-fSavelas cnoba aris swori, rom Ti-<br />
Tqos is 1862 w. 15 maiss iyo dabadebuli. 1862 wlis Carglis<br />
eklesiis metrikul wignSi arcerTi razikaSvil-<br />
Tagani ar aris dabadebulad aRniSnuli.<br />
Cvens mosazrebas mxars uWers Semdegi faqtic: 1879 w.<br />
vaJam daamTavra tfilisis samoqalaqo saswavlebeli da<br />
imave wlis seqtemberSi goris saostato seminariaSi Sevida.<br />
seminariaSi misaReb sagamocdo JurnalSi vaJa 18<br />
wlisad aris aRniSnuli da sworicaa, radganac kursis<br />
damTavrebisas, 5 ivniss, is sruli 17 wlisa iyo da me-18-<br />
Si imyofeboda, xolo 14 ivliss Seusruldeboda 18 weli<br />
da me-19-Si gadadgeboda; es faqtic imas adasturebs, rom<br />
vaJa marTlac 1861 w. ivlisis TveSi yofila dabadebuli.<br />
ase rom, arsebuli sabuTebis mixedviT, vaJa-fSavelas<br />
dabadebis TariRi 1861 w. 14 ivlisi unda iqnes miCneuli. 19<br />
rogorc vxedavT, s. yubaneiSvilis mier dawvrilebiTaa<br />
aRnusxuli vaJa-fSavelas dabadebis TariRTan dakavSirebuli<br />
TiTqmis yvela detali: oRondac, avtori _ oficialurad<br />
dadasturebul dokumentebze damyarebiT Tavis<br />
simarTleSi darwmunebuli _ kategoriulad askvnis: “rogorc<br />
sCans, TviT vaJasac ki ar scodnia, Tu romel welsa<br />
da TveSi daibada is” (dasax. wigni, gv. 46), riTac ukve imTaviTve<br />
gamoricxavs poetis statiis _ “mcire SeniSvna” _ Seqmnis<br />
mizezs. miT ufro, rom ratomRac Tavis am uapelacio<br />
ganacxads urTavs komentars, romlis Tanaxmad, “arsebuli<br />
sabuTebis mixedviT, vaJa-fSavelas dabadebis TariRi 1861<br />
w. 14 ivlisi unda iqnes miCneuli” (dasax. wigni, gv. 49). aSkaraa,<br />
rom mkvlevari sabuTis Zalas ar aniWebda mgosnis da-<br />
Jinebul moTxovnas da srul undoblobas ucxadebda mas. Ees<br />
meordeba aRniSnuli <strong>wignis</strong> meore gamocemaSic (1961).<br />
vaJa-fSavelas dabadebis TariRis amgvar kanonizacias,<br />
albaT, xeli imanac Seuwyo, rom poetis dabadebis 100 wlis-<br />
Tavis saiubileo mzadebasTan dakavSirebiT gamoqveynda<br />
vaJas mier jer kidev siymawvileSive poeziaSi gzadalocvili<br />
saxelovani poetis, giorgi leoniZis mier moZiebuli<br />
metrikuli Canaweri, sadac vaJa-fSavelas dabadebis Tari-<br />
Rad swored 1861 wlis 14 (26) ivlisia miTiTebuli.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis istoriis<br />
mkvlevarTa umetesobac vaJa-fSavelas dabadebis TariRad<br />
1861 wlis 14 (26) ivliss miiCnevs.<br />
19<br />
sol. yubaneiSvili. vaJa-fSavela, Tb., 1937, gv. 46-49.
206 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
am mxriv, erTaderTi gamonaklisia geronti qiqoZe, romelmac<br />
1935 wels, vaJas gardacvalebidan 20 wlisTavis da<br />
mis mTawmindaze gadasvenebasTan dakavSirebiT gamoqveynebul<br />
statiaSi “vaJa-fSavela” aRniSna: “vaJa mokvda ise<br />
stoikurad, rogorc Tavisi sicocxlis 53 weli gaatara” 20 .<br />
sxva drosac gamoCenili moazrovne da mkvlevari rusul<br />
enaze beWdavs narkvevs, sadac vaJas dabadebis TariRad 1862<br />
wels afiqsirebs.<br />
Cven ramdenjerme mogveca SesaZlebloba, poetisadmi<br />
miZRvnil monografiebsa da narkvevebSi (1. vaJa-fSavela:<br />
cxovrebisa da SemoqmedebiTi istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb. 1989,<br />
gv. 56; 2. vaJa-fSavela, <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerloba, t. 17, Tb. 2000,<br />
gv. 528; 3. narkvevebi <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis istoriidan,<br />
t. II, Tb., 20003, gv. 349), SeniSvnis formiT, magram mainc Segvexsenebina<br />
mkiTxvelTaTvis vaJas sawuxari: “Secdoma ar<br />
ganmeordes”, “siyalbe unda Seswordes”, TumcaRa dRemde<br />
aravin ismina poetis vedreba...<br />
erTi SexedviT, marTlac, ra mniSvneloba aqvs 1861 Tu<br />
1862 wels daibada mwerali, magram Tavad vaJa xom aniWebda<br />
mas arsebiT xasiaTs? erTis mxriv, SeiZleba pragmatulad<br />
momarTulma pedanturma gonebam skeptikuri TvaliT Sexedos<br />
vaJas biografiisadmi amgvar midgomas, “Wiqa wyalSi<br />
qariSxlad” miiCnios erTi wlisTvis esoden gazviadebuli<br />
msjeloba, magram, meore mxriv, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom<br />
erT wels diaRac aqvs didi SemoqmedebiTi Rirebuleba yoveli<br />
xelovanisaTvis da maT Soris iseTi SemoqmedisaTvis,<br />
rogoric vaJa-fSavela iyo. marTlac, poetis cxovrebaSi,<br />
Tavisi sicocxlis mimwuxris Jams, sul eqvsiode Tvis manZilze,<br />
mZime avadmyofobis miuxedavad, vaJa-fSavelas Seqmnili<br />
aqvs 14 nawarmoebi, maT Soris iseTi poeturi da publicistur-filosofiuri<br />
Sedevrebi, rogoricaa: “didi Tamari”,<br />
“simRera” (“me Seni trfobiT ver gavZeR”), “Cemi angelozebi”,<br />
“simRera” (“balRi rasaca vxedavdi”), “zogi ram fiqrebidam”,<br />
“sagazafxulo fiqrebi” da sxva. bevr SesaniSnav poets, mweralsa<br />
da moazrovnes ver Seuqmnia erTi wlis manZilze ase-<br />
Ti Txzulebebi. Ees mxolod vaJa-fSavelas SesaZleblobis<br />
mqone Semoqmedis xvedria. nawarmoebTa am statistikasac<br />
aqvs Ggarkveuli mniSvneloba literaturis istoriisTvis.<br />
genialuri vaJa profeturad Wvrets movlenaTa arss da<br />
wuxilis mizezic araa umniSvnelo, radgan misi fiqriT, Tu<br />
mcire “Secdoma” ar gasworda, romelic araa Turme “mcire”,<br />
20.<br />
g. qiqoZe, vaJa-fSavela, g. qiqoZe, rCeuli Txzulebani sam tomad, t. I, Tb;<br />
1963, gv. 246.
narkvevi 207<br />
man SeiZleba iseT “siyalbed” “ibartyos”, rom cxovrebis wesad<br />
iqces da daRi daasvas TaobaTa azrovnebas. zemoaRniSnulis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, undobloba vaJasadmi, rom ucxoel-<br />
Taganac “geniosad” aRiarebul poets (artur laisti) iseTi<br />
elementaluri faqtis ucodinaroba davabraloT, rogoric<br />
sakuTari dabadebis TariRis codnaa, sxva araferia, Tu ara<br />
kuriozi. Nndobas vucxadebT vaJa-fSavelas uSreti fantaziis<br />
wyalobiT ukvdavyofil mxatvrul samyaros, mis winaswarmetyvelur<br />
xedvas, xolo ar vendoT mas sakuTari biografiis<br />
dadgenaSi, vfiqrobT, gaugebrobaa. solomon yubaneiSvilis<br />
mier moxmobili dokumentebidanac Cans da sxva<br />
monacemebiTac irkveva, rom naTlobis mowmobaSi, praqtikuli<br />
miznebisaTvis dabadebis TariRis Secvla XIX saukune-<br />
Si Cveulebrivi movlena yofila. amis TvalsaCino nimuSad<br />
meore, aseve didi qarTveli mgosnis akaki wereTlis mier,<br />
ukvdav “Cem TavgadasavalSi”, sakuTari biografiis gadmocemisas,<br />
analogiur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mowodebuli<br />
cnobis gaxsenebac kmara: “davbadebulvar me 9 ivniss, ganTiadisas<br />
1840-Si, Tumca naTlobis mowmobaSi ki 1841 miweria”-o,<br />
_ brZanebs poeti da <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis uklebliv yvela<br />
mkvlevari uryev WeSmaritebad saxavs akakis azrs. ismis<br />
kiTxva: Tuki erT SemTxvevaSi uyoymanod vujerebT akaki wereTels<br />
msgavs sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ratom vucxadebT<br />
undoblobas vaJa-fSavelas, roca mas koreqtivi Seaqvs sxvis<br />
SecdomaSi? rogorc Cans, am undoblobam marTlac “ibartya”<br />
da amis wyalobiTaa, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis istorikosTa<br />
nawerebSi vaJa-fSvelas biografiasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
araa gaTvaliswinebuli TviT poetis Txovna da cnoba.<br />
aleqsandre xaxanaSvili, jer kidev 1913 wels, vaJas dabadebis<br />
TariRad 1859 wels acxadebs 21 , xolo yvela sxva<br />
avtori: kita abaSiZe 22 , vaxtang kotetiSvili 23 , mixeil zandukeli<br />
24 , Salva radiani 25 , dimitri benaSvili 26 , akaki gawerelia<br />
27 , apolon maxaraZe 28 , grigol kiknaZe 29 1861 wlis 14<br />
21.<br />
a. xaxanaSvili, <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvierebis istoria, tf., 1913.<br />
22.<br />
k. abaSiZe, etiudebi XIX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis istoriidan,<br />
Tb., 1962.<br />
23.<br />
v. kotetiSvili, <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis istoria (XIX s.), Tb., 1959.<br />
24.<br />
m. zandukeli, vaJa-fSavela, Tb., 1953.<br />
25.<br />
S. radiani, axali <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura, Tb., 1954.<br />
26.<br />
d. benaSvili, vaJa-fSavela: Semoqmedi da moazrovne, Tb., 1961.<br />
27.<br />
a. gawerelia, vaJa-fSavela, <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis istoria, IV, Tb., 1974.<br />
28.<br />
a. maxaraZe, razikaSvilebis poezia, Tb., 1987.<br />
29.<br />
g. kiknaZe, vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba, g. kiknaZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. I.<br />
Tb., 2005.
208 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
(26) ivliss miiCnevs. ZiriTadad aseTia vaJa-fSavelas biografiis<br />
erT detalis _ dabadebis TariRis _ Sesaxeb arsebuli<br />
faqtobrivi mxare.<br />
Cveuli patiosnebiT, poeti damarwmuneblad aRwers Tavis<br />
biografias daumTavrebel, magram brwyinvale, avtobiografiuli<br />
xasiaTis nawarmoebSi “Cemi wuTisofeli”,<br />
moTxrobaSi “mogoneba”, xolo bolos “mcire SeniSvnaSi”<br />
(1912) naTlad gvidgens Tavisi cxovrebis faqtobriv mxares.<br />
“Cems wuTisofelSi” poeti STambeWdavad acocxlebs<br />
mkiTxvelis TvalSi Tavis yrmobas, roca wers: “rva wlamde<br />
vizrdebodi Zvel wignebze: “vefxistyaosani”, “mzeWabukisa<br />
da jimSedis ambavi” (CubinaSvilis qrestomaTia), gribuli<br />
JorJ zandisa Seiqmna Cems sayvarel wignebad”. mamamisis,<br />
mRvdel pavle razikaSvilis mier Canergili siyvaruli<br />
Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebisadmi laRi warmosaxvis,<br />
gamorCeuli niWierebis ymawvilis fantazias aRviZebda:<br />
“Cems yuradRebas izidavda daviTisagan goliaTis damarcxeba,<br />
samson Zlieris moqmedebani, ZmaTa makabelTa Tavdadeba<br />
da sxv.” “unda mogaxsenoT, rom Cemi Tavi samson Zlierad<br />
myavda warmodgenili,” wers poeti da iqve miuTiTebs:<br />
“rva wlisa Telavis sasuliero saswavlebelSi mimabares”<br />
(“Cemi wuTisofeli”), xolo moTxrobaSi “mogoneba” vaJa<br />
aRniSnavs, rom TelavSi klasSi asakiT yvelaze patara yofila;<br />
amitomac patara lukas uadgilobis gamo buxarSi<br />
svamdnen: “buxari iyo Cemi skami mTeli ori weli, radgan<br />
adgili aRar iyo SegirdisaTvis da erTTavad nacarSi amogangluli<br />
davdiodi”-o (“mogoneba”, 1888). misi TqmiT, “am<br />
saswavlebelSi yofnam Cems gulsa da gonebas veraferi Sehmata,<br />
Cems fantasias, gonebis moTxovnilebas ver akmayofilebda<br />
laTinuri da berZnuli frazebis zepiroba” (“Cemi<br />
wuTisofeli”).<br />
Cven vvaraudobT, rom Tu SemdgomSi metrikuli Canaweris<br />
_ naTlobis mowmobis gadasworebazea saubari, vaJas ki<br />
ar daakles dabadebis weli, aramed moumates, imitom, rom<br />
im dros, rva wlis asakis bavSvs saswavlebelSi ar iRebdnen.<br />
ojaxSi mdidar sulier sazrdos dawafebuli, araCveulebrivi<br />
monacemebis luka razikaSvilis saswavlebelSi adre<br />
Seyvana, rogorc Cans, Tavad maZiebeli sulis, mkvircxli<br />
gonebis, ganaTlebisa da <strong>wignis</strong> trfial pavle razikaSvilisaTvis<br />
gardaual aucileblobad iqca. Zneli iyo biblias,<br />
qarTul da evropuli klasikis nimuSebs naziarebi<br />
ymawvilis TviTdinebaze miSveba da usistemo garemocvaSi<br />
yofna saxlSi. miT ufro, am pirobebSi dabadebis mowmobis<br />
Sedgena, fSavSi Tavisi mdgomareobiT cnobil iseTi sasu-
narkvevi 209<br />
liero moRvawisaTvis, rogoric pavle razikaSvili iyo,<br />
problemas ar warmoadgenda, rac man, rogorc Cans, ganaxorciela<br />
kidec. amitomacaa vaJa, roca SesaZlebloba eZleva,<br />
daJinebiT Seaxsenebs mkiTxvels, rom is 8 wlisa miabares<br />
saswavlebelSi...<br />
amrigad, poeti dabadebuli aris ara 1861 wlis 14 (26)<br />
ivliss, aramed 1862 wlis 15 maiss.<br />
bolos da bolos, visac surs ndoba gamoucxados genialur<br />
vaJas, unda irwmunos sxvadasxva konteqstSi warmodgenili<br />
naambobi da replika, romelic cxra aTeulze meti<br />
xnis win, 1912 wels, gamoaqveyna didma poetma.<br />
yvela qveyanaSi met-naklebad Znelia geniosis bedi, magram<br />
CvenSi ki ufro metad, rac vaJas biografiis garSemo<br />
arsebuli am mcire detalis gaxsenebamac cxadyo. araerTgzisi<br />
miniSneba-gancxadebis miuxedavad, erTianad qarTulma<br />
sazogadoebam (iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda), Tavi daiyrua<br />
genialuri poetis nawerebSi gacxadebuli faqtebisa<br />
da TviT misi kategoriuli Txovnis mimarT, rac, samwuxarod,<br />
kidev erTxel dasturyofs mware realobas: saqarTveloSi<br />
Turme dRemde ufro metad endobian da pativs miageben<br />
caristul biurokratiul samyaroSi kancelaristTa<br />
mier gacemul beWdian qaRalds, rogorc simarTlis umaRles<br />
instancias, vidre geniosis sityvas...<br />
rasakvirvelia, esec, totalitarizmisa da neototalitarizmis<br />
xanaSi, qarTvelTa cxovrebis Znelbedobis pirobebSi,<br />
sanimuSod gaxednili, anu rogorc erTgan pol valeri<br />
brZanebs, “moTvinierebuli publikis” fsiqologias<br />
warmoaCens da dagvafiqrebs, raTa momavalSi mainc aseTi<br />
ram aRar unda ganmeordes.<br />
Tumca biurokratiulad momarTuli pedanturi goneba<br />
yovelTvis imazea orientirebuli, Tundac am mcire faqtis<br />
Sesworebam ra sirTuleebi SeiZleba warmoSvas sxvadasxva<br />
instanciebSi. SeiZleba bevrma dagvamunaTos: Rirs ki yvelaferi<br />
es amad? Uunda Caswordes saskolo da umaRles saswavlebelTa<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebSi, sxvadasxva kulturul dawesebulebebsa<br />
(muzeumebi, arqivebi, mweralTa kavSiri da sxv.)<br />
da TviT saerTaSoriso organizaciebSic vaJa-fSavelas dabadebis<br />
TariRTan dakavSirebuli dokumentacia da a. S.<br />
rasakvirvelia, yvelaferi es asea _ sirTuleebi arsebobs<br />
da zogierTi uxerxulobanic, magram faqti erTia: yvelafer<br />
amaSi xom didi poeti araa damnaSave?<br />
nuTu ar dadga Jami, yurad viRoT geniosi vaJa-fSavelas<br />
miniSnebani da vedrebis xarisxSi ayvanili Txovna?!
210 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
One issue from the Biography of Vazha-Pshavela<br />
Iuza Evgenidze<br />
The essay describes creative values of the writers’ biographies taking<br />
into consideration the literary-theoretical observations made in the Euro-<br />
American space (R. Emerson, Saint-Beuve, A. Maurois, P. Valéry, J.-P. Sartre,<br />
K. G. Jung, etc.) and Georgian reality (I. Chavchavadze, Vazha-Pshavela<br />
and others).<br />
In this context based on the corrections of the literary-documentary materials<br />
concerning Vazha-Pshavela’s life and the information supplied by the<br />
writer himself, against the traditional estimation that Vazha-Pshavela was<br />
born on the 14 th (26 th ) July of 1861 it has been determined that the writer was<br />
born on the 15 th (27 th ) May of 1862.
OK qeTevan bezaraSvili<br />
Tamar lomiZe<br />
amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis cnebebi<br />
Zvel literaturul-Teoriul naazrevSi<br />
da galaktion tabiZesTan<br />
winamdebare statiaSi ganvixilavT ramdenime nawarmoebs,<br />
romlebSic aisaxa antikuri xelovnebisa da qristianuli<br />
kulturis galaktioniseuli aRqma. SevniSnavT,<br />
rom es nawarmoebebi SevarCieT ara marto imis gamo, rom<br />
isini STagonebulia antikuri miTologiiTa da xelovnebiT,<br />
aramed imitomac, rom maTSi, Cveni azriT, SeiniSneba<br />
antikuri da Sua saukuneebis esTetikis zegavlena poetis<br />
msoflaRqmaze. amitom saWirod miviCnieT, gagveanalizebina<br />
amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis cnebebi (romel-<br />
Tac antikuri epoqis moazrovneebi xelovnebis ZiriTad<br />
principebad miiCnevdnen) ise, rogorc isini ganixileboda<br />
antikur da qristianul esTetikaSi da ise, rogorc isini,<br />
Cveni azriT, xorcSesxmulia galaktionis qmnilebebSi.<br />
yovelTvis, rodesac analizis sagania iseTi mxatvruli<br />
teqstebi, romlebic STagonebulia antikuri (an, saerTod,<br />
nebismieri ucxo) kulturiT, dasaSvebia SesaZlebloba,<br />
rom ucxo kulturis avtoriseuli interpretacia erTgvarad<br />
modernizebulia da ar emTxveva antikuri xelovnebis<br />
gaazrebas TviT antikur esTetikaSi. ra Tqma unda, kvlevis<br />
dasawyisSi Cvenc a priori ar miviCnevdiT, rom gansacvifreblisa<br />
da amaRlebulis kategoriebi aucileblad monawileobs<br />
galaktionis nawarmoebebSi. Cveni mizani iyo imis<br />
dadgena, safuZvlad udevs Tu ara es kategoriebi gansaxilvel<br />
teqstebs, iqcnen Tu ara isini galaktionis esTetikis<br />
organul nawilad. amasTan, es problema zogadad ukavSirdeba<br />
antikuri da qristianuli esTetikis aRqmis sakiTxs<br />
simbolistebis mier, iseve rogorc konkretulad erovnuli<br />
da evropuli poeturi tradiciebis recefciis sakiTxs<br />
galaktionTan (rac, Tavad galaktionis definiciis mixed-<br />
211
212 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
viT, aris evropuli axali poeziis formisa da <strong>qarTuli</strong> sulis<br />
sinTezi _ galaktion tabiZis Jurnali, 1922) 1 .<br />
amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis cneba<br />
literaturis antikur TeoriebSi<br />
ritorikisa da poetikis antikur TeoriebSi, sadac upiratesad<br />
formobrivi mSvenierebis kanonebi ganixileboda,<br />
axal sityvas warmoadgenda Semoqmedebis musiuri warmoSobis<br />
platoniseuli idea, poeziisa da, zogadad, xelovnebis<br />
filosofiurobis aristoteleseuli idea da mis mierve SemuSavebuli<br />
kaTarzisis cneba, aseve _ moqmedebis erTianobis<br />
idea. am fonze literaturis TeoriaSi Semodis longinosis<br />
koncefcia amaRlebulis Sesaxeb. miiCneven, rom longinosis<br />
traqtatma amaRlebulis Sesaxeb axali ena daamkvidra<br />
literaturis kritikaSi, sadac manamde aristoteles<br />
poetikas gabatonebuli pozicia ekava. aristoteles Teoriis<br />
kvalobaze, romlis mixedviT, literaturis saboloo<br />
mizani siamovnebaa, longinosi amaRlebulobas da didebulebas<br />
diadi sulis gamoZaxilad ganixilavs. misi azriT,<br />
mxatvruli stilic pirovnulobis niSniT aris aRbeWdili,<br />
da es ara mxolod mSvenieri sityvieri qsoviliT miiRweva,<br />
aramed _ ufro metad _ amaRlebuli SinaarsiT. swored<br />
amaRlebulis arseboba faravs SesaZlo teqnikur lafsusebs<br />
da aris sawindari imisa, rom sicocxle Rirebulia 2 .<br />
amgvarad, amaRlebulis cneba esTetikuri kategoriis<br />
mniSvnelobiT pirvelad ganixila ax. w. I saukuneSi fsevdolonginosad<br />
wodebulma ucnobma literatorma da Teoretikosma<br />
(am terminis tradiciul mniSvnelobasTan _ maRali<br />
stilis aRniSvnasTan erTad). miCneulia, rom amaRlebulis<br />
cneba fsevdo-longinoss sabolood ara aqvs Camoyalibebuli<br />
da mis zust da amomwurav definicias ar iZleva (ix. amaRlebulisaTvis,<br />
T. 6) 3 . amis dasturad miiCneven imas, rom igi<br />
1.<br />
evropul poeziasTan galaktionis poeziis konceptualuri siaxlovis<br />
Sesaxeb ix. T. doiaSvili, “artistuli yvavilebis” prologi, galaktionologia,<br />
II, 2003, gv. 41-61. qristianuli azrovnebisa da saxeobriobis, simbolisturi<br />
da qristianuli kodebis, rogorc galaktionis Semoqmedebis<br />
bunebrivi konteqstis Sesaxeb (rac axsnilia erovnuli da modernistuli<br />
kulturuli tradiciebiT), ix. b. wifuria, galaktionis teqsti swor/mcdar<br />
konteqstSi, galaktionologia, III, 2004, gv. 218.<br />
2.<br />
Aristotle, The Poetics; Longinus, On the Sublime, with an English Translation and Introduction<br />
by W. H. Fyfe, London, 1960, p. IX-XX.<br />
3.<br />
ix. fsevdo-longine, amaRlebulisaTvis, Zveli berZnulidan Targmna, winasityvaoba<br />
da komentarebi daurTo b. bregvaZem, Tb., 1975, gv. 39-40.
narkvevi 213<br />
sinonimebad xmarobs iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa: amaRlebuli,<br />
maRali, gansacvifrebeli, diadi, didebuli; amas SeiZleba<br />
davumatoT: sidiade, simaRle, mSvenieri da sxv. longinosis<br />
mixedviT, “amaRlebuli ki ar arwmunebs msmenels, aramed<br />
aRelvebs da aRafrTovanebs mas, vinaidan gansacvifrebeli<br />
yovelTvis ufro mZafr zemoqmedebas axdens, vidre sarwmuno<br />
da sasiamovno. marTlac, sarwmunos dajereba an ardajereba<br />
Cveni nebaa, xolo gansacvifrebeli imdenad Zlieria da winaaRudgomeli,<br />
rom misi zemoqmedeba savsebiT damoukidebelia<br />
Cveni neba-survilisgan” (T. 1); “maS, dae, SenTvis mSvenieri<br />
da WeSmaritad amaRlebuli iyos mxolod is, rac yvelas-<br />
Tvis da yovelTvis mSvenieria da amaRlebuli” (T. 7); “rac<br />
ufro met gulgrilobas iCenen kacni yovelive Cveulebrivis,<br />
yoveldRiurisa da, ase gasinje, TviT maTTvis aucilebelis<br />
mimarT, miT ufro metad acvifrebs maT yovelive uCveulo da<br />
moulodneli” (T. 35). amdenad, amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis<br />
cnebebs erTad ganvixilavT.<br />
cnobilia, rom amaRlebulis (da Sesabamisad, gansacvifreblis)<br />
cnebas fsevdo-longinosi sam aspeqtSi warmoadgens:<br />
bunebaSi, adamianis (kerZod, Semoqmedis) sulsa da<br />
mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi.<br />
bunebasTan mimarTebaSi amaRlebulis cneba man RvTaebrivTan,<br />
mSvenierebasTan da sidiadesTan daakavSira, rac,<br />
misive azriT, adamianis arsebobis gamarTlebaa. amaRlebuls<br />
ukavSirdeba gansacvifreblis cneba: “dedabuneba...<br />
gvinergavs sulSi uZlevelsa da Seumusrvel siyvaruls<br />
yovelive diadis mimarT, vinaidan misi buneba aTaswilad<br />
ufro RvTaebrivia, vidre Cveni; masSi yvelafers sWarbobs<br />
mSveniereba da sidiade; is mTlianad gvicxadebs Cveni amqveyniuri<br />
arsebobis mizans” (T. 35).<br />
Semoqmedis sulTan mimarTebaSi amaRlebulis cneba aer-<br />
Tianebs esTetikur da eTikur momentebs, radgan “amaRlebuli<br />
sulieri simaRlis gamoZaxilia”. mxolod Semoqmedis<br />
ganwmendili suli wvdeba da gamoxatavs mas: “amaRlebuli<br />
maRali azris nayofia, xolo misi Semoqmedi Tavadac maRalia<br />
da maRlad mxedi” (T. 9). radgan baZvis antikuri cneba<br />
winamorbed SemoqmedTa miRwevebis baZvasac gulisxmobs<br />
(mis platoniseul da aristoteliseul sayovelTaod cnobil<br />
gagebasTan erTad), bunebrivia, rom es cneba fsevdolonginossac<br />
aqvs warmodgenili, oRond sxvisi STagonebis<br />
safuZvelze sakuTari STagonebis warmoqmnis mniSvnelobiT:<br />
“Cveni sulebi xarbad unda ewafebodnen amaRlebuls<br />
da, amrigad, gamudmebiT nayofierdebodnen sxvisi Tandayolili<br />
STagonebiT” (T. 9); “platoni amaRlebulTan Ta-
214 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
naziarebis kidev erT gzas gvTavazobs. mainc ra gzaa es?<br />
warsulis didi mwerlebisa Tu poetebis mibaZva da maT<br />
kvaldakval svla; Zveli mwerlebis diad qmnilebaTa suli<br />
cxovelmyofeli ZaliT avsebs maT mimbaZvelebs... am RvTaebrivi<br />
Zalis wyalobiT TviT saSualo niWis mweralic ki<br />
eziareba xolme amaRlebuls” (T. 13). Semoqmedis amaRlebuloba<br />
mkiTxvelzec axdens zegavlenas. amitom bunebrivia,<br />
rom fsevdo-longinosi saubrobs mkiTxvelis Tanagancdisa<br />
da amaRlebis Sesaxeb, ris safuZvelsac xelovnebis qmnilebisagan<br />
mogvrili sixaruli da siamovneba warmoadgens:<br />
“Cveni suli Tavisi bunebiT eqosaviT exmianeba WeSmaritad<br />
amaRlebuls, romelic iseTi sixaruliTa da zviadi Tvi-<br />
TrwmeniT aRavsebs mas, TiTqos TviT iyos misive aRmvsebis<br />
Semoqmedi da Semqmneli” (T. 7).<br />
mxatvrul SemoqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT fsevdo-longinosi<br />
ganixilavs amaRlebulis xuT arsebiT niSans, romelTagan<br />
zogi Semoqmedis sulis simaRlesa da siTamames,<br />
agreTve paToss (vnebas) gamoxatavs, zogi ki _ mWevrmetyvelebis<br />
naswavl xelovnebas (azrobrivi da sityvieri figurebis<br />
mwyobr erTobliobas da sityvakazmulobas); dabolos,<br />
maTi organuli mTlianobis amaRlebulis xarisxSi<br />
ayvanil erTobliobas (T. 8, 40). fsevdo-longinosma stilis<br />
ganmsazRvreli normatuli kanonebis paralelurad<br />
Semoqmedis individualuri msoflSegrZneba, misi vnebebi,<br />
movlenebis miseuli aRqmisa da interpretaciis manera gamoacxada<br />
mxatvruli stilisa da amaRlebulis, rogorc<br />
harmoniuli struqturis, gamsazRvrel faqtorad: “sityvieri<br />
harmonia, Tavisi bunebiT, ara marto arwmunebs da<br />
siamovnebas aniWebs msmenels, aramed amaRlebulisa da WeSmarit<br />
vnebaTa gamovlenis gansacvifrebel saSualebadac<br />
gvevlineba ... gana azrebisa da sityvebis urTierTSerwymiT<br />
es sityvieri simfonia harmoniulad ar exmianeba amaRlebuls?<br />
gana is meyvseulad ar eufleba Cvens nebas da yovelwamierad<br />
ar migvaqcevs sidiadis, siwmindis Tu simaRlis<br />
mimarT?” (T. 39) 4 .<br />
amaRlebulis cnebasTan dakavSirebulia, rogorc vTqviT,<br />
gansacvifrebeli. sagulisxmoa, rom gaoceba, aristoteledan<br />
moyolebuli, xelovnebasTan miaxlebis saSualebaa.<br />
xelovnebis sagani gansacvifrebeli unda iyos. aristotele<br />
ar icnobda amaRlebulis cnebas, magram am cnebis<br />
4.<br />
fsevdo-longinosis traqtatis interpretaciisaTvis da samecniero literaturisaTvis<br />
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. fsevdo-longine,<br />
amaRlebulisaTvis, b. bregvaZis winasityviT, gv. 20, 23, 33, 53, 59, 89-90.
narkvevi 215<br />
funqcias didi filosofosis traqtatebSi met-naklebad<br />
asrulebda gansacvifreblis cneba, rogorc esTetikuri<br />
siamovnebis mimniWebeli faqtori. aristoteles mixedviT,<br />
eposSic da tragediaSic saocari unda gamoisaxos, swored<br />
is aris saamo (Poet. 24, 1460a15-17). meore mxriv, gakvirvebas<br />
iwvevs ucxo, xolo sakvirveli _ sasiamovnoa (Rhet. III,<br />
2,1404b3).<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom, gansacvifreblis esTetikuri gagebis<br />
garda, aristoteles Tavis “metafizikaSi” warmodgenili<br />
aqvs am cnebis filosofiuri gagebac; ufro sworad,<br />
miCneulia, rom gancvifreba yovelTvis aris filosofosobis<br />
sawindari; miTic gansacvifreblis safuZvelze iqmneba,<br />
amitom miTebis moyvaruli raRac gagebiT filosofosia<br />
(Metaph. II, 982b10-15). am TvalsazrisiT, aristotele<br />
uaxlovdeba amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis Sinaarsobriv<br />
gagebas, romelic metafizikaSi umaRles WeSmaritebas<br />
gamoxatavs.<br />
aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoebac: miuxedavad imisa, rom fsevdo-longinosi<br />
aSkara platonistia (rasac misi mkvlevarni<br />
aRniSnaven), vfiqrobT, rom igi ar iziarebs SemoqmedebiTi<br />
aqtivobis platoniseuli musiuri, anu RvTaebrivi, warmoSobis<br />
ideas (Plat. Ion. 533d-535a; Apolog. Sokr. 22a-c; Phaedr. 245a; Leg.<br />
IV, 719c) da zebunebrivi sawyisis nacvlad STagonebis wyarod<br />
aRiarebs Semoqmedis bunebriv niWs (Serwymuls, imdroindeli<br />
Teoriebis mixedviT, profesionalizmTan, anu teqne-<br />
Si, ostatobaSi ganswavlulobasTan). amaRlebuli maRal<br />
azrTan da, amave dros, srulyofil stilTan mimarTebaSi<br />
ganixileba fsevdo-longinosis traqtatSi (T. 5, 40), magram<br />
transcendenturTan igi ar unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli.<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom fsevdo-longinosi sityva “RvTaebrivs”<br />
intuiciurad araerTxel axsenebs SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis<br />
konteqstSi (T. 34; 35; 36). marTalia, kritikosi gvTavazobs<br />
zeadamianurisa da zebunebrivis gamomxatvel amaRlebul<br />
pasaJebs homerosis qmnlebebidan da bibliuri Sesaqmis wignidan,<br />
magram es ganxilulia Semoqmedis bunebrivi niWis wyalobiT<br />
amaRlebulis wvdomisa da gamoxatvis nimuSad (T. 9).<br />
amdenad, amaRlebuli, misi azriT, umetesad bunebriv niWad<br />
gvevlineba (ix. T. 2, 36). am TvalsazrisiT igi aristotelesa<br />
da sxvaTa mimdevaria (aristoteledan dawyebuli, warmodgenas<br />
Semoqmedebis saRvTo warmoSobis Taobaze Seenacvla<br />
Tvalsazrisi xelovanis bunebrivi niWis Sesaxeb (Arist. Poet. I,<br />
1447a18). es arc aris gasakviri. fsevdo-longinosis droisaTvis<br />
literaturis TeoriaSi ukve aristoteles Tvalsazrisi<br />
iyo gabatonebuli.
216 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis cneba<br />
literaturis qristianul TeoriebSi<br />
sagulisxmoa, Tu rogor iqna gaazrebuli amaRlebuli<br />
da gansacvifrebeli qristianul literaturaSi. cnobilia,<br />
rom mSvenierebis cnebam qristianul TeoriebSi esTetikuri<br />
sferodan ontologiur, gnoseologiur, eTikur<br />
sferoebSi gadainacvla (RvTaebrivi mSveniereba _ grigol<br />
noseli; zenaari mSveniereba _ dionise areopageli da sxv.),<br />
rasac win uZRvoda metafizikuri silamazis platonuri da<br />
neoplatonuri gaazreba (Plat. Sympos. 210E-211D. Plotin. Ennead.<br />
I,6,1-2) 5 . sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom neoplatonizms udidesi<br />
mniSvneloba hqonda esTetikuri kategoriebis transcendenturTan<br />
miaxloebis saqmeSi. plotini xelovnebis<br />
qmnilebis mSvenierebas, mis formalur daxvewilobas, misi<br />
ideuri Sinaarsis siRrmes da simdidres xelovanis Sinagani<br />
maformebeli sawyisis _ “eidosis” garegnul TviTgamovlenad<br />
miiCnevda (Plot. Ennead. V, 8). magram, rogorc aRniSnaven,<br />
antikurma berZnulma kulturam SemoqmedebiTad veRar<br />
aiTvisa es umniSvnelovanesi monapovari 6 ; Tumca, rogorc<br />
vnaxavT, es azri Semdgom ganviTarda ritorikis qristianul<br />
TeoriebSi.<br />
literaturis TvalsaCino bizantieli Teoretikosis,<br />
miqael fselosis traqtatSi “saRvTismetyvelo stilis Sesaxeb”<br />
amaRlebuli tradiciulad maRalfardovan stils<br />
gamoxatavs (Psellos, Ad Pothum, Mayer ed., c. 13; c. 20; c. 15); amaRlebulis<br />
longinosiseuli esTetikuri gageba ki miqael<br />
fselosTan ar Cans, magram sayuradReboa, rom Sinaarsobrivad<br />
fselosis traqtati mraval siaxles Seicavs. mSvenierebis,<br />
sidiadis cnebebi aq transcendenturs ukavSirdeba<br />
da mas saRvTismetyvelo mSveniereba an zeciuri mSveniereba<br />
da sidiade ewodeba (Psellos, Ad Pothum, c. 12; c.12 da sxv.). ase-<br />
Tive gaazreba hqonda am cnebebs zogadad qristianul literaturaSi.<br />
“mSveniereba CvenTvis, anu qristianTaTvis,<br />
WvretaSia”; “aw ganicaden mun myofni igi Suenierebani”, _<br />
ambobda grigol RvTismetyveli; mSvenierebis qristianuli<br />
cneba iwodeba mistikur mSvenierebad, saRvTo mSvenie-<br />
5.<br />
W. Tatarkiewicz, The Great Theory of Beauty and its Decline, The Journal of Aesthetics and<br />
Art Criticism, Winter, 1972, p. 165-180; В. В. Бычков, Эстетика поздней античности, М.,<br />
1981, с. 231-232; В. В. Бычков, Малая история византийской эстетики, киев, 1991, с. 9,<br />
26, 29-30, 69, 221, 236-238; q. bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da<br />
praqtika, Tb., 2004, gv. 530-546.<br />
6.<br />
fsevdo-longine, amaRlebulisaTvis, b. bregvaZis winasityva, gv. 86-87.
narkvevi 217<br />
rebad, zeciur mSvenierebad da sxv. (grigol RvTismetyveli,<br />
fotiosi).<br />
aseve axali SinaarsiT unda itvirTebodes miqael fselosTan<br />
gansacvifreblis cneba. igi fselosTan gvxvdeba im<br />
konteqstSi, sadac saubaria grigol RvTismetyvelis RvTaebriobaze,<br />
misi sityvis cxovelmyofelobaze (cocxali saRvTo<br />
sityvis mniSvnelobiT), misi Txzulebebis mSvenierebisa<br />
da sidiadis zeciur, saRvTo warmomavlobaze, romelic aRemateba<br />
stilistur mSvenierebas da Tavisi transcendenturobis<br />
gamo iwvevs gancvifrebas: “zeciuri mSveniereba da sidiade<br />
TavisTavad sakmarisia yoveli sulis SesaZvrelad da<br />
qebaTa gareSec gansacvifrebelia” (Psellos, Ad Pothum, c. 6). Tavad<br />
grigol RvTismetyveli swored misi STagonebis zeciuri<br />
warmomavlobis gamo araerTgzis moixsenieba fselosis<br />
mier, rogorc “gansacvifrebeli da sakvirveli kaci” (c. 2; c.<br />
7) da igi Tavisi SemoqmedebiT “bunebaze aRmatebuli” Cans (c.<br />
2) 7 . gansacvifrebels uwodebs fselosi grigolis stilis Taviseburebas,<br />
radgan igi cxadia da bundovani erTsa da imave<br />
dros. gansacvifrebeli aq exeba saRvTo Sinaarsis mifarulebis<br />
gadmocemas stilisturi sisadaviT: “gansacvifrebeli<br />
is aris, rom sityvebSi igi naTelia, rogorc nebismieri sxva,<br />
Tumca TiTqmis yvelasaTvis gaugebaria amave dros” (c. 21) 8 .<br />
ase rom, Tu gansacvifreblis cneba longinosTan amaRlebul<br />
SinaarsTan, uCveulosa da moulodnelTan iyo dakavSirebuli,<br />
igive cneba fselosTan mTlianad saRvTo Sinaarss<br />
eqvemdebareba. am transformaciisaTvis mniSvnelovani<br />
unda yofiliyo swored longinosis traqtati amaRlebulis<br />
Sesaxeb, radgan Txzulebis amaRlebuli Sinaarsidan<br />
erTi nabijiRa rCeboda saRvTo azris didebulebisa da<br />
amaRlebulobis moazrebamde. gasaTvaliswinebelia gansacvifreblis<br />
cnebis filosofiasTan dakavSirebis zemoT<br />
warmodgenili aristoteleseuli debulebac.<br />
sayuradReboa, rom aseTive saRvTo gaazreba unda hqonoda<br />
am cnebas zogadad qristianul literaturaSi. magaliTad,<br />
grigol RvTismetyveli advilad sacnobel sagneb-<br />
7.<br />
cnebis “bunebaze aRmatebuli” RvTis gangebasTan dakavSirebis Sesaxeb<br />
qristianul literaturaSi da suliwmidis STamagonebeli Zalidan warmomavlobis<br />
Sesaxeb ix. C. Cavarnos, The Hellenic Christian Philosophical Tradition, Belmont,<br />
Massachusetts, 1989, p. 28-29, 52.<br />
8.<br />
A. Mayer, Psellos’ Rede über den rhetorischen Character des Gregorios von Nazianz, Byzantinische<br />
Zeitschrift, 20, 1911, S. 27-100; 48-60. q. bezaraSvili, miqael fselosis<br />
epistole-traqtati saRvTismetyvelo stilis Sesaxeb (gamokvleva, Targmani,<br />
komentarebi), bizantiuri mwerlobis qrestomaTia (X-XII ss.), III, Tb.,<br />
1996, gv. 108-156.
218 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
ze umaRlesad, misi RvTaebrivi bunebis gamo, miiCnevs imas,<br />
rac Znelad misawvdomia da adamianur cnobierebaze aRmatebuli,<br />
rac gansacvifrebelia da sakvirveli: “amisT¢s<br />
ucnaur arian Cuen mier siRrmeni gangebulebaTa misTani<br />
(=RmrTisani), ra¡Ta Zniad saxilvelobiTa maTiTa umetesad<br />
gank¢rvebul viyvneT da uaRres cnobisa didebisa<br />
misisaT¢s; rameTu advilad sacnobeli yoveli sawunelad<br />
Cans, xolo romeli uaRres cnobaTa CuenTa iyos, raodenca<br />
Zniad misawTomel ars, egodenca usak¢rveles ars” (grigol<br />
RvTismetyveli, or. 14, c. 33). igulisxmeba, rom advilad misawvdomi<br />
Tavis sidiades kargavs.<br />
miqael fselosis traqtatis mixedviT, Semoqmedis sulieri<br />
simaRle ganapirobebs ara marto qmnilebis amaRlebul<br />
Sinaarss, aramed mis formalur srulyofilebasac,<br />
rogorc es fsevdo-longinoss esmoda 9 , im gansxvavebiT, rom<br />
fselosTan Semoqmedis sulieri simaRle RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa<br />
10 .<br />
maRali azri mTlianad trancendenturi da, konkretulad,<br />
qristianuli SinaarsiT Seimosa miqael fselosTan.<br />
sagulisxmoa isic, rom gansacvifrebelisa da mSvenieris<br />
RvTaebriv wyaroebs grigol RvTismetyvelis Txzulebeb-<br />
Si fselosi longinosiseuli aRtacebiT ganixilavs.<br />
Cven dawvrilebiT veRar ganvixilavT am cnebebs Semdgom<br />
epoqebSi. mokled aRvniSnavT, rom kantma ganacalkeva mSvenierebis<br />
cneba amaRlebulisagan. Ppirveli masTan sazRvruli<br />
da miwieria, xolo meore _ transcendenturi da usazRvro<br />
(Kritik der Urteilskraft, 1790). Hhegelis “esTetikaSic” (1835)<br />
amaRlebuli trancendenturia da saRvTo 11 . saRvTo amaRlebulobis<br />
cneba gavrcelebuli iyo “vercxlis saukunis”<br />
da “meore kulturis” periodis rusul poeziaSic 12 .<br />
9.<br />
Sdr. fsevdo-longine, amaRlebulisaTvis, b. bregvaZis winasityva, gv. 90.<br />
10.<br />
dawvrilebiT ix. q. bezaraSvili, miqael fselosis traqtati saRvTismetyvelo<br />
stilis Sesaxeb; ix. agreTve zemoT, Sen. 6.<br />
11.<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom terminulad nikoloz baraTaSvilic ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan<br />
miwier da zeciur mSvenierebas, anu esTetikursa da religiurs,<br />
rasac gamoxatavs xiazmis ritorikuli xerxiT (xorcielis gamomxatveli<br />
termini silamaze ritmuli periodis Semadgenili kolonis dasawyisSia<br />
gamokveTili, xolo ukvdavebisa da sulierebis gamomxatveli termini mSvenieri<br />
momdevno ritmuli erTeulis dasasrulisken aris warmodgenili):<br />
silamazea niWi mxolod xorcielebis, // TviT ukvdaveba mSveniersa sulSi<br />
mdgomarebs.<br />
12.<br />
P. Couvée, Aspects of Sublime and Istinnost’ in Contemporary Russian Poetry: The Mystic<br />
Sublime in the Poetry of Leonid Aronzon and Olga Sedakova, Eastern Chrsitian Studies, 6,<br />
2005, p. 81-100.
narkvevi 219<br />
amaRlebuli da gansacvifrebeli galaktion tabiZesTan<br />
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom galaktionis<br />
saxeebi “bindi”, “burusi”, “aCrdili”, “mTvrali”,<br />
“siSore”, “siRrme”, “dafaruli”, “uCinari” idumalebis<br />
mistikas da esTetikas gamoxatavs, riTac poeti sakuTar<br />
poezias axasiaTebs. literaturaSi mistikis gardatexis<br />
TvalsazrisiT galaktionis erovnul winamorbedad rus-<br />
Tavelis “ucxo da sakvirvelia” moxseniebuli, xolo ucxour<br />
da evropul interteqstad miCneulia gaurkvevelis, cxadisa<br />
da aracnobieris edgar poseuli kavSiri, aseve misi ucxo<br />
qveynis, eldorados saxe. interteqstualur paralelad motanilia<br />
agreTve pol verlenis mier poeziis arsis gansazRvrisas<br />
pirbadiT daburuli (anu daxuWuli) Tvalebis xseneba<br />
13 . aRsaniSnavia, rom konceptualur sibrtyeze, dasaxelebuli<br />
saxeebis mixedviT, SeiZleba vimsjeloT amaRlebulisa<br />
da gansacvifreblis klasikuri da Suasaukuneobrivi gagebis<br />
Sesaxeb galaktionTan. igive cnebebi ukve ganvixileT<br />
rusTavelTan 14 . qvemoT warmovadgenT galaktionis ramdenime<br />
leqsis analizs “artistuli yvavilebidan”, rogorc am<br />
cnebaTa axal poeziaSi damkvidrebis nimuSebs.<br />
galaktionis adreul poeziaSi (1915 w.) yuradReba miiqcia,<br />
upirveles yovlisa, orma nawarmoebma _ “marmarilo”<br />
da “SiSveli”, romlebic klasikuri xelovnebis ori gansakuTrebuli<br />
da tipuri ZegliTaa STagonebuli: praqsiteles<br />
(gvianklasikuri periodi) hermesiTa da Cvili dioniseTi<br />
da elinisturi periodis venera miloseliT.<br />
samstrofian leqsSi “marmarilo~ sagangebo mniSvnelobis<br />
mqone vizualuri xatebi danawilebulia sxvadasxva<br />
strofSi: sfinqsi, romelic qvebs efereba (pirveli strofi),<br />
yrma dionise (meore strofi), praqsitelis Tvalebi<br />
(mesame strofi).<br />
pirvel strofSi qvebi (marmarilo) da sfinqsi (idumaleba)<br />
erT mTlian xats warmoqmnis. sagulisxmoa, rom<br />
zmna efereba SeiZleba orgvarad ganvmartoT _ rogorc<br />
enigmuri poeturi xati marmarilos moalerse sfinqsisa<br />
da, meore mxriv, rogorc sfinqsisa da marmarilos (xelovnebis)<br />
identuroba (efereba, Seefereba = Seesabameba), rac<br />
13.<br />
g. kvaracxelia, idumaleba, sicrue-TamaSi Tu ufro Rrma WeSmariteba, galaktionologia,<br />
II, 2003, gv. 62-82.<br />
14.<br />
Qq. bezaraSvili, amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis cneba Zvel literaturul-Teoriul<br />
azrovnebaSi da rusTavelTan, rusTvelologia, IV, Tb.,<br />
2006, gv. 74-90.
220 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
gasakviri araa galaktionTan, misi ltolviT polisemantikuri<br />
gamoTqmebisken. cxadia, orivenairi interpretacia<br />
_ meore maTgani ufro aSkarad _ migvaniSnebs xelovnebis<br />
idumalebaze, klasikuri periodis qmnilebebis Sinagani<br />
simSvidisa da faruli moZraobis Tanafardobis principebze,<br />
umaRlesi samyarouli wesrigisa da harmoniis gamovlenaze.<br />
meore strofSi gamokrTeba sxivze mdgari yrma dionises<br />
landi, romelTanac lirikul gmirs ukvdavi msgavseba akav-<br />
Sirebs, (erTnair sulebSi erTnairi mze brwyinavs), anu poeti<br />
antikuri Semoqmedis sulis Tanaganmcdelia, da, vinaidan<br />
mesame strofi iwyeba da mTavrdeba striqonebiT _ ca<br />
siyvarulis da sicocxlis Zvirfasi Tasi... rom Sens gvirgvinze<br />
waSlilia Savi naprali, oh! ramdenia, ramdenia amgvarad<br />
mTvrali; amdenad, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom xelovneba,<br />
STagoneba da misiT mogvrili RvTaebrivi amaRlebuloba<br />
da eqstazi am SemTxvevaSi erTdroulad ukavSirdeba<br />
dionisur Trobas da apolonur sinaTles (romelsac tanjvis<br />
Crdili, anu tragediis Savi naRveli ar axlavs; mocemuli<br />
mxatvruli saxeebis mixedviT, paTosis, vnebis xTonuri<br />
Savi naprali zeciuri RmerTis olimpiur gvirgvinze waSlilia).<br />
es asec iyo mosalodneli, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />
rom leqsSi xelovnebiT mogvril SemoqmedebiT sixarulzea<br />
saubari, xelovneba ki misi mfarveli apolonis gareSe<br />
warmoudgenelia. garda amisa, leqsSi mocemuli es orgvari<br />
atributika, vfiqrobT, cxadad warmoaCens galaktionis<br />
mier epoqaluri movlenebis, simbolistur-modernistuli<br />
esTetikis Rrma codnas (simbolistebis esTetikaSi apolonis<br />
nicSeseul warmosaxulobas upirispirdeba samyaros<br />
mSvenierebis WeSmaritad elinuri, bavSvuri, naTeli<br />
da gulubryvilo apolonur-homerosuli gaazreba; imave<br />
esTetikaSi dionise apolonis delfuri misteriebis ganuyofel<br />
xTonur nawilad aris miCneuli). aSkaraa, rom galaktionis<br />
am leqsis saxeebi apolonisa da dionises saxeebs<br />
aseve ganuyoflad warmosaxavs: yrma dionise, rogorc<br />
Zeobis gamovlena, apolonur sxivze mdgarad aris warmodgenili<br />
15 . am TvalsazrisiT, sxivze mdgari yrma dionises<br />
15.<br />
vgulisxmobT imas, romF f. nicSes mier apolonursa da dionisurs Soris gamovlenili<br />
winaaRmdegobis sapirispirod mecnierebaSi es cnebebi ganxilulia,<br />
rogorc berZnul esTetikaSi arsebuli organuli urTierTkavSiri,<br />
antinomiuri harmonia, erTiani RvTaebrivi Zalis ori mxare da vnebaTa ka-<br />
Tarzisis mizezi delfuri da orfikuli misteriebis mixedviT, sadac sinaTlis<br />
da mzis kulti apolonurs ukavSirdeba, Troba _ dionisurs, xolo Zis<br />
hipostasobas dionises yrmoba gamoxatavs (В. Иванов, Дионис и Прадионисийство,
narkvevi 221<br />
xseneba galaktionis mier praqsiteles qandakebaze ufro<br />
metad (hermesi da Cvili dionise) apolon-dionises dasaxelebul<br />
kavSirze unda mianiSnebdes.<br />
mesame strofSi lirikul gmirs, romelic ocnebaSi mihyveba<br />
marmarilos kibeebs, yovel mxriT elandeba praqsitelis<br />
Tvalebi. praqsiteles qandakebaTa mSveniereba<br />
ganapiroba maTi Semoqmedis Tvalebma, “Sinaganma Wvretam”<br />
(Cicer. Orator, II, 8), anu praqsiteles ltolvam, vizualurad<br />
Seesxa xorci mSvenierebisa da amaRlebulis idealisTvis.<br />
aq praqsitelis Tvalebi, iseve, rogorc leqsis saxelwodeba<br />
“marmarilo” metonimiurad aRniSnavs xelovnebas.<br />
leqsis ZiriTadi motivia zeaRsvla marmarilos (rogorc<br />
ukve viciT, am SemTxvevaSi _ xelovnebis) kibeebze _<br />
zeaRsvla antikuri xelovnebisken, xelovnebis idealur<br />
samyarosTan miaxloeba. SemTxveviTi araa, rom poeti mimarTavs<br />
strofuli paralelizmis xerxs _ samive strofi<br />
iwyeba zmniT ahyve ( I strofi: ahyve kibeebs, sadac sfinqsi<br />
qvebs efereba...; II strofi: ahyve vardisfer safexurebs da<br />
ahyve ise...; III strofi: ahyve ocnebiT marmarilos Tlil<br />
safexurebs...). amdenad, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT marmarilos<br />
konceptis mniSvnelobas am leqsSi, zeaRsvla marmarilos<br />
kibeebze unda gaviazroT, rogorc gacocxleba _ ocneba-<br />
Si, fantaziaSi _ antikuri samyarosi da antikuri xelovnebisa,<br />
sadac awmyo da antikuroba, subieqturi (ocnebis)<br />
dro da obieqturi dro erTmaneTs erwymis. amaRlebulis<br />
gancdiT droisa da sivrcis samani gadalaxulia, klasikuri<br />
maradiuloba SeCerebulia. Semoqmedis mier Semoqmedis<br />
Tanagancda ueWvels xdis poeziisa da zogadad xelovnebis<br />
saSualebiT ukvdavebasTan da WeSmaritebasTan ziarebis<br />
SesaZleblobas.<br />
aseTive strofuli paralelizmiT da Tanabrad aris<br />
warmodgenili leqsis samsave strofSi SemoqmedebiTi Tanagancdisa<br />
da Tanasworobis ideac (gavixsenoT am ideis interpretacia<br />
longinosTan). xelovnebiT mogvrili bednie-<br />
Баку, 1923, с. 19, 40, 180, 188, 211; В. Вересаев, Аполлон и Дионис /О Ницше/, Москва,<br />
1924, с. 17, 27, 31, 36, 56-60, 71). sakiTxisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba, romelic<br />
rusi simbolistis viaCeslav ivanovis damsaxurebaa, zogadad simbolistebis<br />
esTetikaSic aisaxa (О. кириллова, Дмитрий Мережковский: Русский символист<br />
между религиозным и эстетическим, Eastern Christian Studies, 6, Leuven, Paris, 2005, p.<br />
115-123). dionisurTan galaktionis sulieri naTesaobis Sesaxeb, dionises,<br />
rogorc galaktionis sakuTari “mes” oreulis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve q. gardafxaZe,<br />
antikuroba da galaktioni, galaktionologia, I, 2002, gv. 179-185.<br />
galaktionTan Trobis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve z. SaTiriSvili,<br />
galaktionis poetika da ritorika, Tb., 2004, gv. 179.
222 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
rebis gancda RvTaebriv Zrwolas iwvevs (da SiSSi grZnobde,<br />
rom axloa bedniereba ... sulSi geniiT atexili rekavs<br />
lerwami – I strofi). es grZnoba ara mxolod antikuri qandakebis,<br />
aramed zogadad maRali xelovnebis gacnobierebiT<br />
mogvrili netarebaa (ahyve kibeebs, sadac sfinqsi qvebs efereba...<br />
da van deikis landebiviT mwvandeba Rame – I strofi).<br />
galaktioni ara mxolod winamorbed didebul xelovanTa<br />
geniis ubralod Tanaganmcdelia, aramed igi grZnobs maT<br />
Tanabar SemoqmedebiT Zalas da amaRlebulobas, maradiuli<br />
xelovnebiT STagonebas: grZnobde, rom isev ukvdavia Tqveni<br />
msgavseba: erTnair sulSi erTnairi mzis moTavseba, erTgvari<br />
saxe, erTi cecxli da siTamame (II strofi). Semoqmed<br />
sulTa msgavseba da siaxlove am netarebis maradiulobasa<br />
da sicxoveles gamoxatavs, rac warmodgenilia agreTve mravaljeradobisa<br />
da ganmeorebadobis niSniT: da yofna ase,<br />
molandeba asi aTasi (III strofi; SesaZlebelia, es fraza<br />
dionises cnobil mravalsaxeobriobasac mianiSnebdes).<br />
strofuli paralelizmis zegavleniT leqsis teqsti<br />
ufro mkveTradaa danawevrebuli, vidre am xerxis gamouyeneblobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi iqneboda _ ahyve...ahyve...ahyve... warmogvidgens<br />
leqsis struqturas, rogorc safexurebrivs.<br />
Aam STabeWdilebas kidev ufro aZlierebs strofebis bolo<br />
striqonTa paralelizmi (I–II strofebi: oh! ramdenia, ramdenia<br />
aseTi rame! III strofi: oh! ramdenia, ramdenia amgvarad<br />
mTvrali!). amitom TiToeuli strofi warmogvidgeba, rogorc<br />
TviTkmari, dasrulebuli mTlianoba, calke “safexuri”.<br />
sityvebi ramdeni, ramdeni... miemarTeba Tlili marmarilos<br />
safexurebis usasrulo raodenobas (anu anawevrebs<br />
dros usasrulo raodenobis momentebad da sami maTgani _<br />
am saocnebo kibis sami safexuri _ obieqtivirebulia TviT<br />
“marmarilos” struqturaSi), gzas xelovnebis idealisken<br />
_ antikuri samyarosken, romelic, amgvarad, imdenad maRalia,<br />
rom masTan miaxloeba usasrulod grZeldeba.<br />
nawarmoebis mixedviT, antikuri xelovneba amaRlebulia<br />
_ Tanamedrove xelovnebasTan SedarebiT Tvisebrivad<br />
ufro maRalia (masTan miaxloebis mcdeloba lirikul<br />
gmirs warmoudgeba, rogorc ocnebaSi molandebul marmarilos<br />
kibeze zeaRsvla) da gansacvifrebeli (idumali,<br />
uCveulo). amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gansacvifreblisa<br />
da amaRlebulis kategoriebi galaktionTan warmogvidgeba,<br />
rogorc TviT antikuri epoqis, antikuri xelovnebis<br />
idealuri (wamosaxviTi) xatis atributebi.<br />
galaktionis ltolva mSvenierebisaken, daxvewili<br />
formisken da Sinaarsis amaRlebulobisken, agreTve _
narkvevi 223<br />
forma-Sinaarsis idealuri kavSirisken misi Semoqmedebis<br />
dasawyisidanve aSkaraa. sixaruliT da SuqiT Semoburvili<br />
poeziis sakralurobisa da pirvelqmnilobis ideac, dakav-<br />
Sirebuli Semoqmedis ganwmendil sulTan (anu SemoqmedebiTi<br />
sulis amaRlebulobasTan eTikurisa da esTetikuris<br />
longinosTan warmodgenili kavSiriT) galaktionma aseve<br />
Tavisi Semoqmedebis dasawyis periodSi (1920 w.) gamoTqva:<br />
suli gvqondes uspetakes Tovlisa... sikvdilamdis meqneba<br />
mxolod erTi sixarulis Segneba: poezia upirveles yovlisa.<br />
Ggalaktioni agrZelebs poetis daniSnulebis _ amaRlebulTan<br />
wilnawyarobis ideas, romelic sazogadod axalma<br />
poeziam, xolo konkretulad axalma qarTulma poeziam gamoimuSava<br />
(ilia, akaki, vaJa). rogorc aRniSnaven, bibliuri<br />
winaswarmetyvelis poetiT Canacvlebam gamoiwvia sakraluri<br />
teqstebis poeziiT Secvla an zogadad sekularizebuli<br />
kulturiT Canacvleba 16 . amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />
galaktioni exmianeba agreTve misi epoqisaTvis damaxasia-<br />
Tebel im axal kulturul kods, romelmac poetis daniSnulebisa<br />
da poeturobis gagebis sakiTxSic iCina Tavi da<br />
konkretulad simbolizmisaTvis gaxda damaxasiaTebeli:<br />
poeziisa da musikis uzenaesobis idea verlenis Semoqmedebidan<br />
momdinared miiCneva, romelsac galaktioni araerTgzis<br />
moixseniebs, rogorc Tavis winamorbeds. galaktionis<br />
mxolod erTi sixarulis SegrZneba da poezia upirveles<br />
yovlisa exmianeba swored im konceptualur cvlilebas,<br />
romelic axalma drom moitana da romlis mixedviT, xelovneba<br />
filosofias aRemateba, xolo esTetika _ eTikas 17 .<br />
ramdenadac poezia upirveles yovlisa gulisxmobs esTetikurisa<br />
da eTikuris longineseul kavSirs, anu Semoqmedis<br />
sulis ganwmendas, srulyofilebisaken da mSvenierebisaken<br />
warmarTvas, riTac igi Tavis TavSi itevs mTels<br />
samyaros, amdenad igi unda niSnavdes saRvTo mSvenierebis,<br />
WeSmaritebisa da harmoniis Semecnebis sixaruls da amaRlebulobas.<br />
am TvalsazrisiTac poeziis uzenaesobis idea<br />
amaRlebulis antikur gagebasTan aris axlos.<br />
imave periodSi (1915 w.) Seqmnili leqsis _ “SiSveli” _<br />
saxelwodeba SeiZleba ganmartebul iqnas bolo strofidan<br />
gamomdinare:<br />
16.<br />
Ю.М. Лотман, История русской культуры, IV, (XVIII- начало XIX века), Москва, 1996, с.<br />
88-89; P. Couvée, Aspects of Sublime and Istinnost’ in Contemporary Russian Poetry, p. 88.<br />
17.<br />
ix. O. Tabachnikova, Treatment of Aesthetics in Lev Shestov’s Search for God, Eastern Christian<br />
Studies, 6, 2005, p. 188-189.
224 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
elada, elada!<br />
aq suli atarebs Tvis msubuq samosels,_<br />
aseTi sinaTliT Subli uelavda<br />
venera milosels!<br />
anu elinuri suli gamWvirvalea (“msubuqi samoseli”<br />
aqvs, zeciuri pirvelqmnili siSiSvliT, silamaziT da naTliT<br />
aris Semosili) da uSualod gamoixateba adamianis<br />
garegnobaSi (sxeulsac simsubuqes da silamazes aniWebs).<br />
swored am niSniT adarebs lirikuli gmiri satrfos mSvenierebas<br />
antikuri silamazis ideals _ imas, rac srulyofilia<br />
da, amdenad, uCveulo, gansacvifrebeli.<br />
meore mxriv, leqsis pirvelsave striqonebSi gansazRvrulia<br />
simaRlis cneba. esaa simaRle laJvardTa, varskvlavTa<br />
simaRle, simaRle zambaxis!<br />
aSkaraa, rom aq mocemulia simaRlis samgvari atribucia:<br />
mravlobiTi ricxvis forma simbolistTa mxatvruli enis-<br />
Tvis damaxasiaTebel polisemantikurobas aniWebs sityvas<br />
laJvardTa _ is warmogvidgeba ara rogorc feris saxeli,<br />
aramed _ rogorc zerealuri samyaros aRmniSvneli sityva<br />
(Sdr. bibl. “caTa”). misi zegavleniT simaRlec sagangebo semantikiT<br />
aRiWurveba da amaRlebulis mniSvnelobiT gvevlineba;<br />
varskvlavTa simaRle fizikuri simaRlis, varskvlavTa<br />
siSoris aRsaniSnavadaa moxmobili da, bolos, simaRle zambaxis,<br />
poeziaSi gavrcelebuli ubiwoebis, sevdis, miuwvdomlobis<br />
metaforiT, ra Tqma unda, mSvenierebas da amaRlebulobas<br />
aRniSnavs. amgvarad, msazRvrel-sazRvrulis Cveulebrivi<br />
wyoba simaRlis Cveul mniSvnelobas Seesabameba, inversiuli<br />
wyobisas ki es sityva gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba.<br />
varskvlavTa simaRle (II striqoni), xiazmis ritorikuli<br />
xerxiT gamoxatuli, xazs usvams simaRlis, rogorc amaRlebulis<br />
(pirveli da mesame striqonebi) semantikas.<br />
maSasadame, nawarmoebSi amaRlebuli da gansacvifrebeli<br />
moicavs qandakebas, laJvardT, agreTve _ zambaxis, qalis<br />
gedisebri maRali yelisa da dafniT Semosili Tmebis,<br />
sinaTliT moelvare Sublis mSvenierebas. es aris elinuri<br />
suli, daxvewilad gamoxatuli qvis natifi samosliT. mTlianad<br />
xorcieldeba “kalokagaTias” antikuri principi _<br />
lamazi sxeulisa da lamazi sulis harmonia.<br />
imave periodSi (1915 w.), roca Seiqmna antikuri xelovnebiT<br />
aRtacebis gamoxatveli zemoT ganxiluli ori leqsi,<br />
galaktioni qmnis kidev erT nawarmoebs (saRamov, vici, baR-<br />
Si Sexval eklesiidan da gaocebis mwuxarebas masTan miitan),<br />
sadac gansacvifrebeli da amaRlebuli sruliad sxva-
narkvevi 225<br />
gvaradaa warmodgenili. es arc aris gasakviri. galaktioni<br />
Ziebis procesSia. Semoqmedis winaSea kacobriobis sulieri<br />
gamocdilebis yvela safexuri. mas arCevanis saSualeba<br />
aqvs. Teoria, anu Wvreta, aq metafizikur sawyisebTan aris<br />
dakavSirebuli. gaocebis mwuxareba religiuri gancdaa da<br />
ara esTetikuri (saRamo, mwuxri baRSi Sedis eklesiidan da<br />
ara baRidan eklesiaSi). amitomac aris es gancda mwuxareba<br />
da ara sixaruli. magram es mwuxareba RvTaebrivi sixarulis<br />
dasawyisia, romelic ar aris leqsSi cxadad gamoTqmuli,<br />
magram igulisxmeba “surnelebiT avsebuli locvanis”,<br />
“mxevalTa galobis”, “RamiT nagrZnobi samebis”, “vardebis<br />
cvaris” saxeebSi, Tundac maT safuZvels konkretuli literaturuli<br />
informacia warmoadgendes 18 .<br />
galaktioniseuli gaocebis mwuxareba mxolod Teologiuri<br />
interpretaciiT Tu aixsneba, radgan antikur TeoriaSi<br />
gaocebas sixaruli moaqvs uSualod da ara mwuxarebis<br />
gziT 19 . igi TeologiaSi ganimarteba, rogorc RvTaebrivi<br />
sibrZniT gaoceba. samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia<br />
azri, rom gaocebis mwuxareba tkivilia am sibrZnis wvdomisa,<br />
tkivilia sacnauri saxedvelis farTod gaxelisa,<br />
radgan TvalTa dawuxva (daxuWva) dafarulis xedvis sawindaria.<br />
amasTanave miiCneven, rom RvTaebrivi sibrZne poetisaTvis<br />
udris did xelovnebas 20 . SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT,<br />
rom es aris amaRlebuli mwuxareba, RvTaebrivi sixarulis<br />
momtani mwuxareba, romelsac, patristikis mixedviT, naTlisRebis<br />
Zala aqvs. imave patristikaSi gansxvavebulia<br />
saRvTo mwuxareba da codvis mwuxareba. leqsSi gamoTqmuli<br />
lirikuli gmiris mwuxarebac araamqveyniuria, ufro<br />
sworad, warmaval amqveyniur mwuxarebaze maRlamdgomia,<br />
radgan RmerTis gulisaTvis danaRvlianeba warmoSobs monaniebas<br />
gadasarCenad, xolo amqveyniuri naRveli sikvdilis<br />
mSobelia, pavle mociqulis mixedviT (“rameTu RmrTisamieri<br />
igi mwuxareba¡ sinanulsa cxorebisasa Seunanebel-<br />
18.<br />
gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom galaktionis leqsi exmaureba mixail lermontovis<br />
poema “demonis” da anton rubinSteinis opera “demonis” motivebs:<br />
monasterSi mlocvel TamarTan mimavali demonis SeeWvebas Tavisi gadawyvetilebis<br />
sisworeSi, mxevalTa galoba-locvas RmerTisaTvis Tamaris mfarvelobisaTvis,<br />
Tamaris sikvdils Secodebis gamosasyidad da sxv. (r. burWulaZe,<br />
mxolod integralebi, Tb., 1980, gv. 94-100).<br />
19.<br />
biografebi galaktionis ganaTlebis maRal dones ukavSireben mis sasuliero<br />
warmomavlobas (rogorc mamis, ise dedis mxridan), sasuliero seminariaSi<br />
miRebul Rrma ganswavlulobas, saRvTo werilis, RvTismetyvelebis,<br />
filosofiis, logikis, fsiqologiis gulmodgine Studirebas da a.S.<br />
20.<br />
l. kvirikaSvili, “mwuxarebis” semantikisaTvis, macne, els, 3, 1983, gv. 128,<br />
131.
226 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
sa Seiqms; xolo soflisa amis mwuxareba¡ sikudilsa Seiqms”<br />
_ II kor. 7, 10). amis magaliTad patristikidan damowmebulia<br />
iovane oqropiris homiliebi: “saRmrTo¡ mwuxareba¡<br />
gansdevnis codvisa mwuxarebasa”; “sinanulisa cremlTa<br />
Zali naTlisRebisa¡ aqus” (iovane oqropiri, SiSisaT¢s<br />
RmrTisa da sinanulisa).<br />
mwuxarebis Teologiuri gageba SeiZleba davaxasiaToT,<br />
rogorc codvis mwuxarebisagan gaTavisufleba ufro ma-<br />
Ral safexurze asvlisas, rogorc WeSmaritebis, umaRlesi<br />
sibrZnis ZiebiT, miRmuris, maradiulis, dafarulis WvretiT<br />
gamowveuli Rrma Sinagani mwuxareba; sakuTari Tavisa<br />
da RvTis SeucnoblobiT miRebuli saRvTo mwuxareba,<br />
romelic sakuTari nebis RvTis nebisadmi damorCilebiT<br />
da gonebis mokrebiT miiRweva. maSasadame, brZeni, maRlad<br />
mxedveli amsofliuri mwuxarebisagan Tavisufldeba saRvTo<br />
mwuxarebisaTvis. es aris sulis mwuxareba, romelic<br />
srulyofilebisas ufro da ufro ivseba ukmarisobis grZnobiT,<br />
iseve rogorc metis codna-SemecnebiT kidev ufro<br />
aSkaravdeba Cveni ucodinroba 21 . amisi magaliTi isev patristikidanaa<br />
moyvanili: “odes moikueTos kacman neba¡<br />
T¢si da ara hxedvides kacTa codvasa, maSin Seikribnes gulissityuani<br />
T¢sni, da odes Sehkribne gulissityuani, Svan<br />
maT mwuxareba¡ saRmrTo¡, da mwuxarebaman Svnes cremlni<br />
da glova¡” 22 .<br />
galaktionis “gaocebis mwuxarebas”, rogorc vTqviT,<br />
akavSireben xelovnebiT mogvril aristoteleseul gansacvifreblis<br />
cnebasTan 23 . vfiqrobT, rom SesaZlebelia<br />
21.<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom axal qarTul poeziaSi arsebobda tradicia am orgvari<br />
mwuxarebis cnobisa da gamijvnisa. nikoloz baraTaSvilisaTvis ucxo ar<br />
aris codna amgvari mdgomareobisa, roca igi ambobs: “magram, sulo, igi cremli<br />
ar stiroda am sofelsa, // saxe Seni mowyenili ar hgavda xorcielsa”.<br />
aqac amqveyniuri cremlis nacvlad araxorcielze, aramiwierzea miniSneba,<br />
magram es ufro esTetikuri gancdaa, vidre piradi sulieri religiuri gamocdileba;<br />
ufro sworad, sulieri gancda da sasuliero literaturidan<br />
miRebuli codna esTetizebulia.<br />
22.<br />
mamaTaA swavlani (X-XI ss. xelnawerebis mixedviT), gamosca i. abulaZem, Tb.,<br />
1955, gv. 5, 316 (l. kvirikaSvilis dasaxelebuli naSromidan).<br />
23.<br />
l. kvirikaSvili, dasax. Sroma, gv. 131. aRsaniSnavia, rom mkvlevari Rrmad<br />
aanalizebs sakiTxs galaktioniseuli mwuxarebis semantikis patristikuli<br />
warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. man miakvlia mwuxarebis Teologiuri gagebis<br />
saintereso ganmartebebs paterikebSi, rasac galaktioniseuli gageba<br />
uaxlovdeba. mas Semdeg, rac Seswavlil iqna gansacvifreblis cnebis arsi<br />
qristianuli literaturis mixedviTac (ix. zemoT), cxadi gaxda, rom galaktioni<br />
sakmaod kargad icnobda agreTve Sua saukuneebis literaturis<br />
esTetikas da mis azrobriv da enobriv-mxatvrul aspeqtebs, Tumca oden leqsikur<br />
doneze gansacvifreblis cneba, iseve rogorc ritorikis da poetikis<br />
sxva cnebebi, klasikuri warmomavlobisaa.
narkvevi 227<br />
eklesiidan baRSi Sesuli gaocebis mwuxarebis dakavSireba<br />
gansacvifreblis cnebis zemoT warmodgenil Teologiur<br />
gagebasTan (romelic saRvTismetyvelo Txzulebis zeciuri,<br />
trancendenturi warmoSobiT aris ganpirobebuli<br />
da miqael fselosis traqtatSi aris ganmartebuli). galaktionis<br />
leqsis SemTxvevaSi Wirgamovlili sulis Sinagani<br />
saxedvelis farTod gaxela da miRmurisa da uCveulos<br />
xilva aris gaocebis mwuxarebis mauwyebeli.<br />
dabolos, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom galaktionma gansacvifreblis<br />
sakuTari wyaro da gza ipova. es ar aris arc<br />
xelovnebiT mogvrili bedniereba da arc, zogadad, religiuri<br />
mwuxareba, romelic RvTaebrivi sixarulis dasawyisia.<br />
amaRlebuli da gansacvifrebeli aq (leqsSi `Warxali~,<br />
1916 w.) kolorituli bunebis peizaJis bavSviseul<br />
gancdaSia warmoCenili.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am nawarmoebis Tema aris ena _<br />
bavSvobis, siymawvilis ena, romelic iseve specifikuria,<br />
rogorc samyaros Zalze konkretuli da danawevrebuli<br />
suraTi (vgulisxmobT imas, rom leqsSi asaxulia sinamdvilis<br />
urTierTdaukavSirebeli fragmentebi, romelTac<br />
aerTianebs mxolod maTi “bavSvuri” xedva, teqstobriv doneze<br />
ki _ dialeqtizmebi da evfoniuri kavSirebi). is zustad<br />
Seesabameba garesinamdvilis aRqmas bavSvis mier, romelsac<br />
ar ZaluZs grZnobadi STabeWdilebebis ganzogadeba<br />
(ca wamoiwyebs msxvil wvimis srolas da ablabudas krebs<br />
boborika... uceb mohyveba Warxali xarxars da qali kivis im<br />
“doi-dois”). es ena dialeqtizmebiTaa gajerebuli, Sesabamisad,<br />
leqsis Sinaarsi `gabundovanebulia~ 24 .<br />
boborikas, anu obobas qseli SeiZleba miwieri codvis<br />
simbolod gaviazroT sasuliero teqstebis analogiiT<br />
(es mniSvneloba aqvs “dedazardals” Zvel qarTulSi, galaktioni<br />
ki, rogorc aRvniSneT, kargad icnobda sasuliero<br />
mwerlobas). ymawvilis boborikas ablabudasagan<br />
daubindavi, e.i. ucodveli TvalebiT aRqmuli samyaro ki<br />
aramiwiers hgavs (es Tema _ yrmobis samyaros amaRlebuloba,<br />
xSirad gamoxatuli mistikuri bundovanebis amsaxveli<br />
saxeebiT, kidev ufro xazgasmulia imave periodSi Seqmnil<br />
24.<br />
gamoTqmulia azri, rom am leqsis mowesrigebuli bgeriTi forma, dialeqtizmebSi<br />
gamoxatuli ganmeorebadi bgerebis evfonia mis Sinaarsobriv<br />
struqturas asaxavs. erTi mxriv, ucnobi dialeqtizmebis es bgerwera Ti-<br />
Tqos abundovanebs Sinaarss, magram meore mxriv, es aris bavSvobis xmebis<br />
gaxseneba, vizualuri STabeWdilebis bgeriTi reproducireba. es aris cda<br />
bavSvobis ganumeorebeli samyaros xmieri gadmocemisa, bgerebSi “ametyvelebuli”<br />
siymawvile (T. doiaSvili, leqsis evfonia, Tb., 1981, gv. 113-115).
228 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
momdevno leqsSi, iseve rogorc sxva leqsebSi: Semosilno<br />
gamWvirvale blondebiT, yrmobis qarno, neta, rad magondebiT?).<br />
amitom ymawvili didi simartividan, sisadavidan<br />
Wvrets amaRlebulobas da ucodvelobas. zemoTqmuli Sinaarsi<br />
gamokveTili unda iyos mxatvruli xerxebiTac _ anaforebiT<br />
(ezoSi yefda bambura mura, // ezoSi mwvane hyvaoda<br />
bao), riTac iwyeba miwieridan (ezos mwvane molidan) 25<br />
zeciurisaken amaRleba. zeciuri amaRlebuloba ki Semdgom<br />
striqonebSi buruli cis bundovanebiT unda iyos gamoxatuli.<br />
buruli gurul-imerul dialeqtSi islis saxuravs<br />
an isliT daxurul nagebobas niSnavs da aSkarad arsebiTi<br />
saxelia 26 . sagulisxmoa, rom sintagmaSi buruli ca poeti am<br />
leqsemas zedsarTavis mniSvnelobiT iyenebs. amiT igi axal<br />
Sinaarss debs masSi da qmnis kidev erT enigmur poetur<br />
xats, romelic SinaarsiT uaxlovdeba leqsemas daburuli/<br />
burusi (iseve rogorc bgerwerulad nislis analogiuria<br />
isli, anu burulis Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba). es saxeebi<br />
araerTgzisaa gamoyenebuli galaktionis mier amave periodis<br />
sxva leqsebSi 27 . amave dros, es bgerweruli analogia<br />
unda exmaurebodes poetis ltolvas polisemantikuri<br />
gamoTqmebisken, rac zemoTac aRvniSneT. Seucnobel mistikur<br />
samyaroze gadasvla xdeba Suamavali striqonis sa-<br />
SualebiT, sadac vazebSi mocurave suris mxatvruli saxea<br />
warmodgenili. yovelive es gaZlierebulia aliteraciebiTac,<br />
riTac xazgasmulia mocurave surisa da buruli cis<br />
moZraobis paralelizmi: vazis bardebSi scuravda sura, //<br />
Sen bancalebdi burulo cao (bancali burulisa, rogorc<br />
islis saxuraviani saxlisa, aseve moaswavebs simyurdovisa<br />
25.<br />
bao mols niSnavs raWulad, xolo Cvils, ZuZuTa bavSvs qiziyurad. am sityvis<br />
dialeqturi polisemantikuroba kidev erTxel usvams xazs bavSvis mier<br />
aRqmul samyaros, rogorc leqsis Temas, da warmoaCens poetis Segnebul ar-<br />
Cevans (yvaoda mwvane moli da yvaoda siymawvile erTdroulad). leqsemas<br />
bao exmianeba dialeqtizmebiT gamoxatuli sxva aliteraciuli sityvebi:<br />
bardebi, bobri, birkvili. vazis bardebis, bobris (qera ymawvilis) da birkvilis<br />
(saxlis rikulis, gurul-imerulad) bavSvur idilias da simyudroves<br />
upirispirdeba uecrad amovardnili qaris kveTeba da mis mier mogvrili<br />
(morekili) dabneuloba.<br />
26.<br />
ix. a. Rlonti, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, I, Tb., 1974, s.v. bao, buruli.<br />
27.<br />
burusis saxis metafizikur da igavur mniSvnelobaze galaktionis poezia-<br />
Si da mis kavSirze adreqristianul apofatikasTan, sufiur mistikasTan da<br />
pol verlenis Ars poetique-Si dasmul problemebTan ix. z. kiknaZe, galaktionis<br />
cecxli da burusi, galaktionologia, I, Tb., 2002, gv. 79-85. dafarulisa<br />
da zeciuri safarvelis, mistikurisa da gamouTqmelis Wvretis Sesaxeb<br />
qristianul egzegetikaSi da aristoteles aleqsandriel komentatoreb-<br />
Tan ix. q. bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika, Tb.,<br />
2004, gv. 260-275.
narkvevi 229<br />
da simyaris gamoxatulebis gadasvlas moulodneli movlenebisaken).<br />
aliteraciebiT warmarTulia Semdgomi<br />
striqonebic (wamoiwyebs msxvil wvimis srolas // ablabudas<br />
krebs boborika), rac strofebis dasawyisSi gadadis<br />
aliteraciebiT gamdidrebul kvazianaforebSi (ca... II<br />
strofi // uceb... III strofi // uceb... IV strofi) 28 . am ukanaskneli<br />
xerxiT dafiqsirebulia gawyvetili kavSiri yrmobisdroindel<br />
aRqmasa (ca) da zrdasrul samyaros Soris<br />
(uceb), gamoxatulia tradiciuli binaruli opoziciebi:<br />
harmonia da disharmonia, zeciuri da miwieri (aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom saxels ca upirispirdeba zmnizediT uceb gamoxatuli<br />
epoqaluri movlenebis moulodneloba).<br />
mkiTxvels bunebrivad ebadeba kiTxva: ratom uwoda galaktionma<br />
Tavis am nawarmoebs `Warxali~? savaraudod,<br />
amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, rom striqonSi, sadac naxsenebia<br />
sityva Warxali, gvxvdeba erT-erTi (amasTan, erTaderTi<br />
_ leqsis mTel teqstSi) ganumartavi enigmuri saxe<br />
(uceb daiwyebs Warxali xarxars) im galaktioniseul saxe-<br />
Tagan, romelTa racionaluri axsna, simbolisturi poetikis<br />
Tanaxmad, SeuZlebelia. Tumca leqsis struqtura,<br />
SesaZloa, iZleodes ganmartebis gasaRebs: III da IV strofebis<br />
leqsema uceb erTmaneTTan azrobrivad akavSirebs<br />
Warxalis xarxars, qalis kivilsa da qaris kveTebiT 29 bavSvobasTan<br />
asocirebuli birkvilis, bardebis, islisa da<br />
Celtebis aSfoTebas, anu gamokveTs drois ukuRmarTobas,<br />
disharmonias da tragedias, SesaZloa, sisxlian epoqasac 30<br />
28.<br />
Eparonomasiisa da aliteraciis Sesaxeb am leqsSi ix. agreTve z. SaTiriSvili,<br />
galaktionis poetika da ritorika, Tb., 2004, gv. 179. es xerxebi, klasikuri<br />
ritorikidan moyolebuli, cnobili saazrovno modelebis gamokveTas<br />
emsaxureba da SemTxveviT arasodes yofila moxmobili (ix. q. bezaraSvili,<br />
ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika, Tb., 2004). sagulisxmoa, rom<br />
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia galaktionis mier gamoyenebuli<br />
bgerweris xerxebis ara TavisTavadi mniSvneloba, aramed maTi saSualebiT<br />
Sinaarsis, azris adekvaturobis miRweva. ix. T. doiaSvili, leqsis evfonia,<br />
Tb., 1981, gv. 23-34. d. werediani, “musika upirveles yovlisa”, galaktionologia,<br />
I, Tb., 2002, gv. 107-116.<br />
29.<br />
qaris saxe calke problemaa poeziaSi. igi xSirad nislTan, Camaval mzesTan<br />
da mwuxrTan erTad aris warmodgenili galaktionis leqsebSi. qarTan dakavSirebuli<br />
motivebis Sesaxeb “artistul yvavilebSi”, romlebic sisxlisferi<br />
Wrilobis, sikvdilis, dakargvis, oblobis, Zveli samyaros ngrevisa<br />
da ganadgurebis gamoxatulebaa, ix. z. SaTiriSvili, “artistuli yvavilebis”<br />
erTi invariantuli motivi, galaktionologia, I, 2002, gv. 151-161.<br />
30.<br />
madlobas vuxdiT rusudan canavas, miToritualuri modelebisa da simboloebis<br />
mkvlevars, romelmac migviTiTa Warxalis xarxaris analogiaze<br />
cxovelis daRebul xaxasTan. am analogiidan asociaciiT erTi safexuriRa<br />
rCeba apokalifsuri wiTeli m£ecis saxemde (gamocx. 17, 3), “romeli aRmovals<br />
ufskruliT” (gamocx. 11, 7). egzegetikuri ganmartebis mixedviT, “m£eci
230 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
(uceb mohyveba Warxali xarxars da qali hkivis ... // uceb aSfoTda<br />
isli, Celtebi), romelic Tavis mxriv, asamarebs da<br />
aboloebs siymawvilis amaRlebulobas (bavSvobis daiss<br />
cxadyofs samxarisa da saRamo drois xazgasma leqsis poetur<br />
enaSi). es gamoxatulia agreTve xiazmiTa da aliteraciebiT<br />
gamdidrebuli distanciuri simetriuli paralelizmiT<br />
(qarma moreka... // ekveTa qari...). am Sinaarss unda<br />
cxadyofdes agreTve imave periodis momdevno leqsSi warmodgenili<br />
saxeebi, romlebic aseve ukuRmarTi drois sisastikes<br />
da sulier problemebs gamoxatavs: tydeba guli,<br />
erTxel gaibzara ra, // sastikia suli uamindoTa da striqoni:<br />
arara beds CemTvis ar aqvs arara.<br />
amgvarad, leqsSi “Warxali” erTmaneTs upirispirdeba<br />
orgvari “bundovaneba”, orgvari gansacvifrebeli _ is, romelic<br />
bavSvobisdroindeli STabeWdilebebis gadmosacemadaa<br />
moxmobili da is, romelic simbolizmis poetikis kanonebiTaa<br />
nakarnaxevi. aseve, erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori<br />
samyaro _ bavSvoba (warsuli) da zrdasruloba (awmyo).<br />
ibadeba kidev erTi kiTxva: ra unda iyos leqsSi antikuri<br />
esTetikis gamomxatveli? vfiqrobT, rom aseTia aRqmis<br />
ymawviluri sicxade da sicocxlis sixalisis elinurad gulubryvilo<br />
gancda 31 . bavSvobis wlebis gancda moicavs yrmobis,<br />
sulieri siCvilis sixaruls (rogorc kacobriobis<br />
elinuri periodis bavSvobas, oden esTetikur xedvas platoniseuli<br />
ganmartebiT) 32 , rac gardaiqneba mowifulobis<br />
periodis sevdaSi pirvelqmnili harmoniis dakargvis<br />
gamo (anu kacobriobis da kacTa sulieri sisrulis miRweva<br />
da saRvTo WeSmaritebis wvdoma sulieri gzaa, romelic<br />
miiRweva cxovrebiseul tanjvaTa gadalaxvis gziT; Sdr.<br />
ebr. 5, 12-14; I kor. 3, 1-2). am TvalsazrisiT, leqsSi “Warxali”<br />
orive es gza _ sekularuli da sulieri Taviseburad<br />
gaerTianebulia. leqsis dasasruls cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT<br />
da tanjviT miRebuli codnis gacxadeba, rom siyda<br />
mewamuli feri misi mZ¢nvarebisa da kacismklvelobisa saxÀ ars” (andria<br />
kesaria-kabadukieli, Targmaneba¡ iovanes gamocxadebisa¡, i. imnaiSvilis<br />
gamocema, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis kaTedris Sromebi, 7, 1961, gv. 55). miuxedavad<br />
am varaudisa, Warxalis enigmuri saxe bolomde ganumartavi rCeba.<br />
31.<br />
В. Иванов, Дионис и Прадионисийство, Баку, 1923, с. 188.<br />
32.<br />
Sdr. platonis mixedviT, oden esTetikuri xedva berZnuli sazogadoebis<br />
bavSvobas moaswavebs. Tavis ~saxelmwifoSi~ platoni poezias, miTologias,<br />
xelovnebas balRur garTobad, TamaSobad miiCnevs, filosofias ki _ gonebrivad<br />
momwifebul kacTa saqmed (Respubl. II. 377ac, 378c; X 602 b), xolo filosofoss<br />
_ mSvenieris, WeSmaritebis Semmecneblad saxavs (Resp. V 474cd, 476e;<br />
VI, 485 c, 487 c).
narkvevi 231<br />
mawvile awi arasdros imgvarad aRar ametyveldeba, cxadyofs<br />
zemoTqmuls: yrmis siwrfeliT danaxul harmonias da<br />
mowifuli adamianis cxovrebiseul sevdas, romelsac ubiwo<br />
TvaliT aRar SeuZlia pirvelqmnili harmoniis da mSvenierebis<br />
danaxva. poetis bavSvobis wlebi kacobriobis sulieri<br />
cxovrebis bavSvobis gamoxatulebaa, elinuri aRtacebaa<br />
yovelive mSvenieris mimarT (ezoSi mwvane hyvaoda bao, vazis<br />
bardebSi curavda sura, Sen bancalebdi, burulo cao).<br />
poetis mowifuloba ki tanjvis gzaa (ekveTa qari bardebsa<br />
da rtos, uceb aSfoTda isli, Celtebi); da am gansacdeliT<br />
miRweuli da sulieri sisruliT gamowveuli gacnobierebaa<br />
codviT dacemuli bunebisa, romelic igulisxmeba sinanuliT<br />
naTqvamSi: o, siymawvile! awi arasdros imgvarad<br />
aRar ametyveldebi.<br />
AmaSasadame, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am bolo gansaxilvel<br />
leqsSi antikuri da qristianuli esTetikis erTgvari sin-<br />
Tezia warmodgenili.<br />
galaktionis kidev araerTi leqsi SeiZleba iqnes<br />
ganxiluli gansacvifreblisa da amaRlebulis TvalsazrisiT<br />
(mag., “amaRldi, sulo, TeTr akldamebze // mSvenierebis<br />
leqsiT mqebeli” da misT.). zemoT warmodgenili<br />
leqsebi mSvenierebasTan wilnayari poeturi samyaros mxolod<br />
erTi nawilia da misi sxvadasxva kuTxiT warmoCenis<br />
saSualebaa.<br />
amgvarad, amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis cnebebi galaktionTan<br />
warmodgenilia longineseuli samive aspeqtiT<br />
da horizontaluri principiT: mxatvruli Semoqmedebis,<br />
Semoqmedis sulisa da bunebis peizaJis TvalsazrisiT; meore<br />
mxriv, es cnebebi masTan warmodgenilia vertikaluri<br />
principiTac: tradiciuli antikuri da qristianuli gagebiT<br />
da maTi sinTeziT. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom es kategoriebi<br />
namdvilad udevs safuZvlad gansaxilvel teqstebs<br />
da warmoadgenen galaktionis esTetikis organul nawils,<br />
rogorc istoriulad gancdilni.<br />
sabolood SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi<br />
gvxvdeba ara marto antikuri xelovnebiT da qristianuli<br />
kulturiT STagonebuli saxeebi, antikuri poetikis<br />
kvali 33 , aramed SeimCneva antikuri da qristianuli<br />
esTetikis erTgvari gamoZaxili. calke kvlevis sakiTxia,<br />
erTi mxriv, Seswavlili cnebebis antikuri da qristianu-<br />
33.<br />
mag., “qebaTa qeba nikorwmindas” ganxilulia rogorc antikuri ekfrasisis<br />
poetikiT Seqmnili. ix. T. doiaSvili, frTebi da diadema, galaktionologia,<br />
III, 2004, gv. 48.
232 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
li gaazrebis gavlena simbolizmis msoflmxedvelobrivesTetikur<br />
sistemaze, zogadad axal poetikasa da stilistikaze,<br />
xolo meore mxriv, galaktionis ganxilul leqsTa<br />
interteqstualuri kavSirebi (Tuki aseTi arsebobs) simbolist<br />
poetTa teqstebTan. sagulisxmoa, rom simbolizmis<br />
Tematika, esTetikuri sistema da sivrce, frazeologia,<br />
tropuli metyveleba ganmartebulia rogorc sxvadasxva<br />
gardasuli msoflmxedvelobisa da mxatvruli saSualebis<br />
recefcia (А. Белый, Символизм). amitom galaktionis aRniSnuli<br />
leqsebis analizi am amocanis Sesrulebis erT-erT<br />
mosamzadebel safexurad migvaCnia.<br />
On the Concepts of Sublime and Wonder<br />
in Ancient Literary-theoretical Thought<br />
and Galaktion Tabidze’s Poems<br />
Ketevan Bezarashvili<br />
Tamar Lomidze<br />
The paper touches upon the problem of the concepts of sublime and wonder<br />
deeply related to each other in Ancient literary-theoretical thought and<br />
considered by Classical philosophers as the main characteristic features of<br />
art. In Christian esthetics the concept of wonder is related to the concept of<br />
religious divine sublimity. The both aspects of the concepts are revealed and<br />
studied according to some poems of Galaktion Tabidze. It becomes obvious<br />
that Galaktion Tabidze, the most prominent Georgian poet of the 20 th<br />
century, uses not only the images of Classical mythology and art, but he is<br />
influenced by the Classical and Medieval esthetics, as well. The unity of<br />
the characteristic features of Classical and Medieval aesthetics in Galaktion<br />
Tabidze’s poetry and its relation to the aesthetics of symbolists is a topic of<br />
further study.
leqcia<br />
guram lebaniZe<br />
filologiis Sesavali<br />
(leqciebis kursi)<br />
leqciebi 1-4<br />
leqcia 1<br />
winamdebare saleqcio kursis mizani gamomdinareobs<br />
misi saxelwodebidan _ “filologiis Sesavali”: gvsurs<br />
gaverkveT imaSi, Tu ras warmoadgens (an ras unda warmoadgendes)<br />
azrovnebisa da codnis is sfero, romelsac “filologia”<br />
ewodeba. davrwmundebiT, albaT, rom am miznis<br />
misaRwevad aucilebelia garkveuli gzis gavla, xsenebul<br />
gzaze ki mogvixdeba iseT cnebaTa da TvalsazrisTa gaTaviseba,<br />
romelTa gareSe ver iarsebebda filologia rogorc<br />
humanitaruli (anu adamianis arsTan da arsebobasTan<br />
dakavSirebul movlenaTa mwvdomi) azrovnebis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
mimarTuleba.<br />
Tumca, sanam zemoT sxenebul gzas davadgebodiT, gavixsenoT,<br />
rom TviT sityva “filologia” CvenTvis met-naklebad<br />
nacnobia _ nacnobia imdenad, ramdenadac mas SeiZleba SevxvdeT<br />
sityvaTxmarebis yoveldRiur, ese igi, mecnierebisgan<br />
sakmarisad daSorebul sferoSi. magram sakiTxavia: risTvis<br />
dagvWirda yoveldRiurobis gaxseneba swored maSin, roca<br />
gvsurs gadavdgaT pirveli nabiji mecnieruli azrovnebis<br />
erT-erTi mimarTulebisken? am kiTxvaze pasuxs gavcemT Tanamedrove<br />
azrovnebis or gansxvavebul (Tumca, ra Tqma unda,<br />
Sinaganad urTierTdakavSirebul) sferoze dayrdnobiT: a)<br />
pirvel aseT sferod unda vigulisxmoT socialuri fsiqologia<br />
(an iqneb TviT socialuri filosofiac ki), romelic<br />
bevr sxva kiTxvasTan erTad svams kiTxvas imis Taobazec, Tu<br />
ra warmoSobisaa (saidan “modis”) mecnieruli azrovneba,<br />
anu kiTxvas am azrovnebis genezisis Sesaxeb. miiCneva, rom<br />
mecnieruli azrovnebis, ise rogorc mxatvruli Semoqmedebis<br />
erTian wyaros da warmomSob wiaRs warmoadgens “sasico-<br />
233
234 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
cxlo sivrced” aRiarebuli yoveldRiuroba. Cven kidev mogvixdeba<br />
laparaki imis Sesaxebac, Tu ra kavSiria azrovnebis<br />
iseT or gansxvavebul tipsa Tu dones Soris, rogoricaa<br />
yoveldRiuri da mecnieruli azrovneba (am etapze ki sakmarisad<br />
migvaCnia xazi gavusvaT yoveldRiurobis rogorc<br />
“sasicocxlo sivrcis” Semdeg niSan-Tvisebas: mis farglebSi,<br />
ese igi, erTi da imave sasicocxlo sivrcis farglebSi<br />
adamianebi xasiaTdebian sinamdvileze Zireul warmodgenaTa<br />
iseTi TanxvedriT, romlis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda<br />
maTi Tanacxovreba da, rac mTavaria, am Tanacxovrebis<br />
safuZvelTa safuZveli _ urTierTkomunikacia); b) meore<br />
sferod ki unda vigulisxmoT TviT filologia, anu humanitaruli<br />
azrovnebis is mimarTuleba, romlis Seswavlasac<br />
viwyebT. filologia adasturebs imas, rac zemoT iTqva<br />
azrovnebis yoveldRiur da mecnierul doneTa urTierTmimarTebis<br />
Sesaxeb, ese igi, adasturebs azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />
mecnieruli azrovneba, miuxedavad yoveldRiuri azrovnebisgan<br />
misi Tvisobrivi gansxvavebisa, mainc “ibadeba” am<br />
ukanasknelis wiaRSi da SeuZlebeli iqneboda mis gareSe. am<br />
zogadi Sinaarsis Teziss (mtkicebas) filologia akonkretebs<br />
sityvasa da terminis urTierTmimarTebis Semdegnairi<br />
xedviT: ar arsebobs mecnieruli azrovneba terminebis<br />
gareSe, yoveli termini ki warmoadgens sityvas, “nasesxebs”<br />
yoveldRiurobis (anu “sasicocxlo sivrcis”) wiaRidan.<br />
amitom, Tu gvsurs gaverkveT terminTa mniSvnelobaSi (maT<br />
semantikaSi), garkvevis es procesi unda daviwyoT imis dadgeniT,<br />
Tu ra mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda CvenTvis saintereso<br />
sityva yoveldRiurobis farglebSi manam, sanam moxdeboda<br />
misi terminad qceva (anu misi terminologizacia). winaswar<br />
vityviT, rom “Cveulebriv”, anu yoveldRiurobis fargleb-<br />
Si xmarebul sityvasa da termins Soris am mimarTebis dadgenas<br />
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs filologiisTvis<br />
Tundac imitom, rom azrovnebis am mimarTulebis kvlevis<br />
sagans warmoadgens swored sityviereba mTeli misi SesaZlo<br />
moculobiT. da ras gveubneba termin “filologiis” yoveldRiuri<br />
xmarebis praqtika? imas, rom filologad, ese igi,<br />
filologiis rogorc codnisa da azrovnebis sferos warmomadgenlad,<br />
rogorc wesi, iwodeba xolme: a) enaTmecnieri,<br />
anu is, vinc ikvlevs enas (am sityvis zogadi Tu konkretuli<br />
mniSvnelobiT); b) literaturismcodne, anu is, vinc ikvlevs<br />
literaturas (am sityvis aseve zogadi Tu konkretuli<br />
mniSvnelobiT); da g) kulturis istoriis mkvlevari _ imdenad,<br />
ramdenadac miiCneva, rom kvleva am SemTxvevaSi eyrdnoba<br />
kulturis istoriis amsaxvel teqstebs.
leqcia 235<br />
ra SeiZleba davaskvnaT termin “filologiis” (da Sesabamisad<br />
– “filologis”) xmarebis am praqtikaze dayrdnobiT?<br />
ras gveubneba Cveni yoveldRiuroba filologiis<br />
Sesaxeb? ra Tqma unda, is, rasac am SemTxvevaSi yoveldRiuroba<br />
gveubneba, SemdgomSi mravalgzis dasakonkretebeli<br />
iqneba (da swored dakonkretebis es procesi unda miviCnioT<br />
filologiis arsSi garkvevis im gzad, romelic zemoT<br />
iqna naxsenebi). magram kvlav gvsurs xazgasmiT vTqvaT:<br />
rogoric unda iyos Cveni gza mecnierebisken, is unda iwyebodes<br />
im Sinagani kavSiris aRniSvniT da ganmartebiT, romelic<br />
mudam da garduvalad arsebobs mecnierebasa da yoveldRiurobas<br />
Soris, Tumca, bunebrivia, am kavSiris arsi<br />
da mniSvneloba ver iqneba yvela SemTxvevaSi erTnairi<br />
(da ras niSnavs es kavSiri im SemTxvevaSi, roca saqme exeba<br />
filologias? vnaxavT, rom am kiTxvaze pasuxs gansaku-<br />
Trebuli mniSvneloba eqneba azrovnebis am mimarTulebis<br />
gaazrebisa da gagebisTvis).<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT zemoT naTqvami da gadavdgaT pirveli<br />
nabiji filologiis im gagebis dasakonkreteblad, romelzec<br />
migvaniSnebs yoveldRiuroba: yoveldRiuri sityvaTxmarebis<br />
Tanaxmad, filologia unda gavigoT rogorc codnis<br />
iseTi sfero (an azrovnebis iseTi mimarTuleba), romelic<br />
mowodebulia gansxvavebuli saxeobis teqstTa kvlevis<br />
gziT dainaxos, daadginos da gasagebi gaxados Sinagani<br />
kavSiri adamianuri sinamdvilisTvis damaxasiaTebel iseT<br />
fenomenebs (movlenebs) Soris, rogoricaa ena, literatura<br />
da kultura (sxvanairad rom vTqvaT: filologia aris<br />
azrovnebis is mimarTuleba, romelic teqstobrivi sinamdvilis<br />
kvlevis safuZvelze erTi sazrisobrivi mTlianis<br />
(saxeldobr swored filologiis) “wevrebad” aqcevs<br />
zemoT xsenebul fenomenTa Semswavlel mecnierebebs (anu<br />
enaTmecnierebas, literaturismcodneobasa da kulturis<br />
istorias). filologiis aseTi gansazRvra, ra Tqma unda,<br />
jer kidev mravalgzis dakonkretebas (da dazustebas) moi-<br />
Txovs, magram SegviZlia, albaT, Tavidanve aRvniSnoT am<br />
gansazRvris Tanmxlebi Semdegi sami urTierTdakavSirebuli<br />
momenti:<br />
a) filologia zemoT mocemuli gansazRvris (definiciis)<br />
mixedviT, ver iqneba verc calke aRebuli enaTmecniereba,<br />
literaturismcodneoba an kulturis istoria da<br />
verc am mecnierul disciplinaTa ubralo (“meqanikuri”)<br />
gaerTianeba, radgan nebismier aseT SemTxvevaSi TviT cnebatermini<br />
“filologia” dakargavda im uaRresad seriozul<br />
mniSvnelobas (im funqciur “datvirTvas”), romlis matare-
236 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
beli is tradiciulad iyo (da kvlavac aris): filologia<br />
unda gavigoT swored ise, rogorc ukve iTqva _ rogorc xsenebul<br />
fenomenTa Soris im Sinagani kavSiris kvleva da wvdoma,<br />
romelic vlindeba iseTi fenomenis farglebSi (iseT<br />
fenomenze dayrdnobiT), rogoricaa teqsti;<br />
b) rogorc vxedavT, pirvel rigSi swored teqsti unda<br />
miviCnioT filologiisTvis centralur, misTvis “sasicocxlo<br />
mniSvnelobis mqone” fenomenad (movlenad), rac<br />
sruliadac ar ewinaaRmdegeba zemoT gamoTqmul azrs imis<br />
Taobaze, rom filologiis kvlevis sagans warmoadgens sityvierebis<br />
sfero: filologia ikvlevs swored verbalur,<br />
anu sityvier teqsts (amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom filologiis<br />
sakvlevi sferos es ori gansazRvra _ sityviereba<br />
da/an teqstobrioba _ erTmaneTs gulisxmobs da erTmaneTs<br />
avsebs).<br />
yoveli mecniereba, ra Tqma unda, ikvlevs sinamdvilis<br />
ama Tu im aspeqts (gansxvavebiT RmrTismetyvelebisgan an<br />
filosofiisgan, romlebic cdiloben swvdnen sinamdviles<br />
mis mTlianobaSi) da, am TvalsazrisiT, TiTqos filologiac<br />
ver unda iyos gamonaklisi. magram gavixsenoT filologiis<br />
gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebuli da zemoT Cvens mier<br />
ukve xazgasmuli ori momenti da davinaxavT, rom Znelia<br />
filologiac ar miakuTvno (filosofiasTan da RmrTismetyvelebasTan<br />
erTad) azrovnebis im mimarulebebs, romelTa<br />
mizania _ rogorc ukve iTqva _ sinamdvilis wvdoma<br />
mis mTlianobaSi. rogorc ukve viciT, es ori momentia:<br />
a) filologia cdilobs daadginos Sinagani kavSiri enas,<br />
literaturasa da kulturis istorias Soris. magram saqme<br />
isaa, rom sayovelTao aRiarebis Tanaxmad, samive am dasaxelebul<br />
fenomenTagan, ese igi, enac, literaturac da kulturac,<br />
asaxavs da areklavs, _ erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulad,<br />
ra Tqma unda, _ sinamdviles swored mis mTlianobaSi;<br />
amitom unda vifiqroT: SeuZlebelia filologiac ar iyos<br />
dakavSirebuli sinamdvilesTan rogorc mTlianTan, Tumca<br />
es kavSiri naklebad pirdapiri, ufro gaSualebuli da,<br />
Sesabamisad, naklebad gamWvirvale xasiaTisaa (naklebad<br />
gamWvirvale ki SeiZleba niSnavdes ufro mniSvnelovans da<br />
ufro siRrmiseulsac ki); b) da ara nakleb mniSvnelovania<br />
meore momentic: sinamdvile filologiisTvis arsebobs<br />
da sainteresoa mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac is vlindeba<br />
teqstis saxiT. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT: filologiis sagans<br />
warmoadgens teqstad qceuli (“gateqstebuli”) sinamdvile.<br />
davrwmundebiT imaSi, rom pirvel rigSi swored am “gateqstebuli”<br />
sinamdvilis (da saerTod teqstis rogorc
leqcia 237<br />
fenomenis) gaRrmavebuli gageba mogvcems TviT filologiis<br />
gaRrmavebuli gagebis saSualebas. magram sinamdvilis<br />
is “gateqsteba”, romliTac interesdeba filologia, xdeba<br />
swored zemoT dasaxelebul sferoebSi _ enaSi, literaturaSi<br />
da kulturis istoriaSi. da Tu es asea, SegviZlia,<br />
albaT, Semdegnairadac gamovTqvaT filologiis Cveneuli<br />
xedva: filologia aris azrovnebis mimarTuleba, romelic<br />
ikvlevs gateqstebul (teqstad qceul) sinamdviles gateqstebis<br />
gansxvavebul modusTa (nairsaxeobaTa) Sepirispirebisa<br />
da siRrmiseulad urTierTdakavSirebis gziT;<br />
g) dabolos: Tu aqamde vcdilobdiT filologiis<br />
arsis gagebas misi sagnis gansazRvris saSualebiT (ras<br />
ikvlevs filologia? _ aseTi iyo kiTxva, romelsac vupasuxebdiT),<br />
axla SegviZlia _ kvlav yoveldRiurobaze<br />
dayrdnobiT da mis mier nakarnaxevis dakonkretebis gziT<br />
_ miaxloebiT mainc ganvsazRvroT is mizani, romelsac<br />
sakuTari Tavis winaSe isaxavs filologia da romelsac is<br />
unda “emsaxurebodes”.<br />
Cven varsebobT teqstobriobiT “gajerebul” sinamdvileSi<br />
da sxvanairad verc iqneboda, radgan teqsts (nebismier<br />
teqsts!) “badebs” metyveleba (sxvanairad _ diskursi:<br />
laTinurad metyvelebas “diskursi” ewodeba da dReisTvis<br />
swored es terminia farTod gamoyenebuli ara mxolod<br />
enaTmecnierebaSi, aramed mTel humanitarul azrovneba-<br />
Sic ki), metyvelebis gareSe ki adamianuri sinamdvile warmoudgenelia:<br />
filosofosic da poetic metyveleben, roca<br />
isini qmnian TavianT teqstebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroa,<br />
rom am sityvas (anu “metyvelebas”, ese igi, “diskurss”)<br />
Tavidanve mivaweroT maqsimalurad farTo mniSvneloba.<br />
teqsti ki, ese igi, amgvari sinamdvilis ZiriTadi “moqmedi<br />
piri”, mravalnairi SeiZleba iyos. Cveni kursis farglebSi,<br />
ra Tqma unda, SevecdebiT imis ufro safuZvlianad ganmartebas,<br />
Tu ras unda niSnavdes es mravalnairoba. am etapze<br />
ki, albaT, sakmarisi iqneba imis Tqma, rom teqsti SeiZleba<br />
iyos rogorc zepiri, ise dawerili (an dabeWdili) da rom<br />
is, garda amisa, SeiZleba ekuTvnodes Cveni adamianuri sinamdvilis<br />
sxvadasxva sferos (literaturuli, anu mxatvruli<br />
teqsti, Jurnalisturi teqsti, mecnieruli teqsti da<br />
a.S.). Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi<br />
teqstis rogorc fenomenis gagebis sifarTove metyvelebis<br />
(diskursis) farTod gagebasTan erTad kidev ufro “Sors”<br />
midis: dRes laparakoben ara mxolod sityvier, anu verbalur<br />
(verbum laTinurad “sityvas” niSnavs), aramed arasityvier,<br />
anu araverbalur teqstzec, rasac iqamde mivyavarT,
238 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
rom teqstad miiCneva adamianTa Soris urTierTobis, ese<br />
igi, komunikaciis mizniT warmoqmnili da raRac mniSvnelobis<br />
(sxvanairad _ semantikis) matarebeli nebismieri<br />
fenomeni; da Tu am Tvalsazriss gaviziarebT, maSin esa Tu<br />
is musikaluri melodia iseve unda miviCnioT teqstad, rogorc<br />
Cvens urTierTobaSi raRacis mimniSnebeli Jesti. magram<br />
filologias rogorc azrovnebis mimarTulebas saqme<br />
aqvs _ aseTia misi myari tradicia _ mxolod da mxolod<br />
sityvier, anu verbalur teqstTan. da aseve unda iTqvas,<br />
rom teqsti aseTi farTo gagebiT, ese igi, rogorc verbaluri,<br />
ise araverbaluri teqsti (da zogadad teqstobrioba<br />
rogorc movlena) arsebobs ara mxolod Cvens garSemo<br />
(Cvens “gareT”), aramed CvenSic (igulisxmeba Sinagani teqsti,<br />
anu teqsti, romelsac “badebs” Sinagani metyveleba _<br />
Sinaganad ki SeiZleba velaparakebodeT rogorc sakuTar<br />
Tavs, ise sxva adamiansac da, rogorc viciT, TviT RmerTsac<br />
ki). magram, rogoric ar unda iyos teqsti, Cveni mimarTeba<br />
masTan _ Tu, ra Tqma unda, is, ama Tu im gagebiT, Cveni xedvisa<br />
da smenis TvalsawierSi moeqca _ SeiZleba ganisazRvros<br />
Semdegnairad: teqsti unda aRviqvaT _ wavikiTxoT<br />
am sityvis rogorc pirdapiri (Tu Cvens winaSea verbaluri<br />
teqsti), ise gadataniTi, anu metaforuli, gagebiT da gavigoT,<br />
ese igi, CvenTvis xelmisawvdomad gavxadoT is, rasac<br />
is Tavisi mniSvnelobiT (semantikiT) “gvamcnobs”. zogjer<br />
es advilad xdeba _ an, iqneb, mxolod gveCveneba, rom xdeba<br />
_ zogjer ki, SeiZleba, amisTvis Rrma filologiuri da<br />
istoriuli ganaTlebac ar iyos sakmarisi.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, orive es sityva “wakiTxvac” da “gagebac”<br />
unda vixmaroT maqsimalurad FfarTo mniSvnelobiT: teqsts<br />
_ sulerTia, zepirs Tu dawerils, verbalurs Tu araverbalurs<br />
_ wavikiTxavT, Tu vflobT enas, romlis safuZvelzec<br />
(romlis “gamoyenebiT”) is iqna “agebuli” da teqsts<br />
gavigebT, Tu vicnobT misi warmoSobis wyaros da im situacias<br />
(an situaciaTa erTobliobas), romelsac is Sinaarsobrivad<br />
ukavSirdeba da asaxavs. magram ramdenad vflobT am<br />
enas da ramdenad vicnobT am situacias? sakmarisia, albaT,<br />
am kiTxvis dasma, rom davinaxoT is usasrulod didi gansxvaveba,<br />
romelic SeiZleba arsebobdes teqstebs Soris “ki-<br />
Txvadobisa” da “gagebadobis” TvalsazrisiT. kursis dasawyisSi,<br />
bunebrivia, jer ver SevZlebT am sakiTxze ufro<br />
safuZvlianad msjelobas, magram, samagierod, ukve Segvi-<br />
Zlia vTqvaT: filologiis mizania Seqmnas (aagos) cnebaTa<br />
da meTodTa iseTi sistema, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdida<br />
teqstTa (ufro) adekvatur wakiTxvasa da (ufro) gaRrmave-
leqcia 239<br />
bul gagebas. (Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos ara mxolod filologiisTvis,<br />
aramed mTeli humanitaruli azrovnebisTvis<br />
uaRresad mniSvnelovani faqti: iseTi sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa<br />
farTo gageba, rogoricaa “metyveleba”, “teqsti”,<br />
“wakiTxva” da “gageba”, badebs TviT “enis”, rogorc sityvis<br />
mniSvnelobis, aseve farTo gagebis aucileblobasa da garduvalobas.<br />
da marTlac: Tanamedrove azrovnebis farglebSi<br />
ganasxvaveben verbalur da araverbalur enebs, laparakoben<br />
“Jestebis enaze”, saxviTi da misikaluri xelovnebis<br />
“enebze” da a.S. amiT igulisxmeba, rom nebismieri teqsti<br />
(ar dagvaviwydes am sityva-terminis maqsimalurad farTo<br />
gagebis aucilebloba!) mudam aris ama Tu im saxis diskursisTvis<br />
gankuTvnili sakomunikacio sistemis, ese igi, enis<br />
(Tu am sityva-terminsac maqsimalurad farTod gavigebT)<br />
“moqmedebaSi moyvana”, anu “aqtualizacia”. magram, rogorc<br />
ukve iTqva, filologias “saqme aqvs” verbalur teqstebTan<br />
da, Sesabamisad, verbalur enasTan (an enebTan), radgan ama<br />
Tu im kulturasTan dakavSirebuli yoveli erovnuli ena<br />
_ magaliTad, <strong>qarTuli</strong> ena _ amave dros aris pirvel rig-<br />
Si verbaluri enac; vambobT: “pirvel rigSi”, radgan nebismieri<br />
amgvari enis aqtualizaciis Sedegad miRebuli diskursi<br />
garduvalad Seicavs ara mxolod verbalur teqsts<br />
am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, aramed mis Tanmxleb<br />
iseT araverbalur elementebsac, rogoricaa, magaliTad,<br />
sametyvelo intonacia, metyveli piris (anu diskursis subieqtis)<br />
mimika, poza da Jestikulacia. magram, amave dros,<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom diskursis am araverbalur<br />
elementebsac aqvT Tavisi sakuTari semantika, rac imis mimniSnebelia,<br />
rom erTobliobaSi isinic _ es elementebic<br />
_ qmnian teqsts, Tanac iseTs, romlis semantika garkveul<br />
SemTxvevebSi iqneb arc emTxveodes masTan Serwymuli verbaluri<br />
teqstis semantikas (ase, magaliTad, verbalurad<br />
iqneb vinmes simpatias vucxadebdeT, Cveni mimika ki am dros<br />
_ Tundac Cvenive survilis sawinaaRmdegod _ sapirispiro<br />
grZnobas gamoxatavdes). vfiqrobT, naTqvamic sakmarisia<br />
imis dasanaxavad, rom teqstobrioba, rogorc fenomeni, gulisxmobs<br />
ara mxolod teqstTa mTeli SesaZlo simravlis<br />
ubralo dayofas verbalur da araverbalur teqstebad, anu<br />
am simravlis diqotomias (terminad qceuli es sityva berZnulad<br />
swored rame mTlianis or nawilad “dayofas”, ufro<br />
zustad ki _ “kveTas” – niSnavs), aramed imis principul SesaZleblobasac,<br />
rom realobaSi teqstobriobis es ori varianti<br />
_ verbaluroba da araverbaluroba _ Serwymuli<br />
saxiT gvxdebodes.
240 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
is, rac iTqva, mniSvnelovania ara mxolod zogadad teqstobriobis,<br />
rogorc fenomenis, ukeT Secnobis TvalsazrisiT:<br />
termini “filologia” nominaciurad sityvas ukavSirdeba<br />
(berZnuli “logos” da laTinuri “verbum” sinonimebia) da<br />
Tavisi pirdapiri semantikiT niSnavs “sityvis siyvaruls”<br />
(ra aris sityva rogorc fenomeni da ras unda niSnavdes<br />
“sityvis siyvaruli”? filologiisTvis mniSvnelovan am<br />
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas Semdgom leqciebSi SevecdebiT).<br />
swored am nominaciis Sesabamisad filologias rogorc<br />
azrovnebis mimarTulebas mudam hqonda da aqvs kidec saqme,<br />
pirvel rigSi, verbalur (sityvier) teqstebTan. magram,<br />
rogorc vxedavT, sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs “wminda” saxiT<br />
da sruli TanmimdevrobiT ganxorcielebuli verbaluroba:<br />
nebismier teqsts warmoSobs esa Tu is diskursi, diskurss<br />
ki mudam Tan axlavs misi araverbaluri (arasityvieri)<br />
aspeqti. amitom bunebrivia miviCnioT: teqstis sruli<br />
“wakiTxva” unda niSnavdes im diskursis araverbaluri aspeqtis<br />
ama Tu im gziT gaTvaliswinebasac, romelmac warmoSo<br />
CvenTvis saintereso teqsti. amiT, ra Tqma unda, ar uqmdeba<br />
is faqti, rom filologiis yuradRebis centrSi aris da iqneba<br />
verbaluri teqsti, magram, amave dros, imasac vxedavT,<br />
Tu raoden rTuli SeiZleba iyos teqstobriobis, rogorc<br />
Sinaganad erTiani fenomenis, farglebSi verbalurobisa<br />
da araverbalurobis urTierTmimarTeba.<br />
axla ki mivaqcioT yuradReba filologiis zemoT mocemuli<br />
gansazRvris meore mxares: vambobT, rom filologia<br />
aris azrovnebis mimarTuleba. magram romel azrovnebas<br />
(azrovnebis romel tips) vgulisxmobT am SemTxveva-<br />
Si? adamiani azrovnebis gareSe ar arsebobs. Cven gvixdeba<br />
azrovneba yovel wuTs, yovel nabijze raRac problemas-<br />
Tan, raRac situaciasTan dakavSirebiT. es ki imas niSnavs,<br />
rom arsebobs egreT wodebuli “yoveldRiuri azrovneba”.<br />
magram, garda yoveldRiuri azrovnebisa, arsebobs kidev<br />
azrovneba, romelic, ra Tqma unda, efuZneba yoveldRiurobis<br />
faqtebs da monacemebs, magram, amave dros, dgams gadamwyvet<br />
nabijs swored azrovnebisadmi sruliad axali<br />
formisa da Sinaarsis miniWebis mizniT. zogadad, SeiZleba<br />
vTqvaT, rom yoveldRiurobas dafuZnebuli da, amave<br />
dros, misgan gansxvavebuli es azrovneba aris mecnieruli<br />
azrovneba (Tumca arsebobs, amave dros, azric, rom yoveldRiurisgan<br />
gansxvavebuli azrovneba SeiZleba iyos es-<br />
Tetikuric, anu iseTic, romlis safuZvelze _ an romlis<br />
saSualebiT _ iqmneba mxatvruli teqsti. magram ar unda<br />
dagvaviwydes, rom msgavs SemTxvevebSi mudam saqme gvaqvs
leqcia 241<br />
SemoqmedebasTan, anu, garkveuli gagebiT, axali, jer ararsebuli<br />
realobis SeqmnasTan; da amitom ismis kiTxva: sakmarisi<br />
kia azrovnebis cneba imisTvis, rom ganmartebul iqnas<br />
Semoqmedebis arsi da buneba? amitom swored moviqceviT,<br />
albaT, Tu am SemTxvevaSi _ an am etapze _ ar SevexebiT<br />
“esTetikuri azrovnebis” problemas da arayoveldRiuri<br />
azrovnebis rogorc fenomenis tipiur “warmomadgenlad”<br />
miviCnevT swored mecnierul azrovnebas).<br />
magram rogor, ris saSualebiT xdeba aseTi, anu yoveldRiurobas<br />
dayrdnobili, magram ukve principulad arayoveldRiuri<br />
azrovnebis ganxorcieleba? rogor, ra gziT<br />
miiRweva aseTi azrovneba? gadasvla yoveldRiuri azrovnebidan<br />
mecnierul azrovnebaze xdeba adamianuri azrovnebisaTvis<br />
zogadad damaxasiaTebeli iseTi fenomenis<br />
Tvisobrivi gardaqmnis (transformaciis) gziT, romelsac<br />
“refleqsia” ewodeba (“refleqsia” aris pirveli zogadmecnieruli<br />
mniSvnelobis termini, romelic Semovida Cvens<br />
urTierTobaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas: es termini, misiT nagulisxmevi<br />
cneba iqneba Cveni pirveli nabiji ara mxolod filologiaSi,<br />
aramed, albaT, zogadad mecnierul azrovnebaSic).<br />
winaswar SegviZlia vTqvaT: mTeli Cveni kursis man-<br />
Zilze saqme gveqneba swored filologiur refleqsiasTan<br />
da am refleqsiis sxvadasxva doneebTan).<br />
magram ras niSnavs zogadad termini “refleqsia”?<br />
bunebrivia, gavcemT pasuxs zemoT dasmul kiTxvaze, magram<br />
jer SevecadoT gvqondes Tundac Zalian zogadi warmodgena<br />
imaze, Tu ras warmoadgens saerTod termini (Sei-<br />
Zleba iTqvas: termini rogorc fenomeni). roca sakuTriv<br />
filologiaze daviwyebT laparaks, vityviT, rom, ra Tqma<br />
unda, azrovnebis mTeli im mimarTulebis aRmniSvneli sityvac<br />
(“filologia”) terminia. yoveldRiurad Cven, rogorc<br />
wesi, terminebiT ar vlaparakobT, magram mecniereba<br />
(romeli mecnierebac unda iyos) terminebis gareSe SeuZlebelia<br />
(Tundac imitom, rom swored terminologia Tavisi<br />
metad Tu naklebad “mkacrad” gansazRvruli semantikiT<br />
inaxavs da “afiqsirebs” mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegad<br />
miRebul gamocdilebas). roca gvsurs gavigoT romelime<br />
terminis Sinaarsi, pirvel rigSi, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom<br />
terminic sityvaa (Tumca ki sityva, romlis mniSvnelobamac<br />
ganicada garkveuli transformacia, anu gardaqmna),<br />
nebismieri sityvisTvis ki damaxasiaTebelia da arsebiTad<br />
aucilebelia ori ZiriTadi funqcia (amis TqmiT vdgamT<br />
kidev erT nabijs filologiis wiaRSi). romelia es funqciebi?<br />
pirvel rigSi, sityvas unda hqondes mniSvneloba:
242 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
is raRacas unda niSnavdes da es “raRaca” unda ekuTvnodes<br />
sinamdviles (xiluls Tu uxilavs? konkretuls da “xel-<br />
Sesaxebs” Tu mxolod warmosaxviTs? es ukve sxva sakiTxia<br />
_ is sakiTxi, romelic mudam badebda da badebs azrTa<br />
sxvadasxvaobas enis problemebiT daintersebul mklevarebs<br />
Soris). is, rac sityvis mniSvnelobad miiCneva, mudam<br />
aris amgvarad, anu farTod gagebuli sinamdvilis ama Tu<br />
im monakveTis (sxvanairad, anu terminologiurad _ segmentis)<br />
amsaxveli, am monakveTis miniSnebis funqciiT Cvens<br />
mexsierebaSi arsebuli warmodgena-xati. enaTmecnierebaSi<br />
da ara marto enaTmecnierebaSi, roca laparakia sityvis<br />
mniSvnelobaze (da ara marto sityvis, aramed winadadebis<br />
da teqstis mniSvnelobazec, an rodesac laparakia romelime<br />
kulturisTvis damaxasiTebeli faqtis mniSvnelobazec<br />
ki), ixmareba termini “semantika”. magram sityvebi da, maT<br />
Soris, terminebic Tavisi aRnagobiT SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc<br />
martivi, ise rTulic, ese igi, SeiZleba sityva ar Seicavdes<br />
Tavis TavSi, Tavis JRerad formaSi, sakuTari mniSvnelobis<br />
mqone erT elementze mets _ magaliTad, table: Cven<br />
ver SevZlebT gavyoT es sityva or Tavisi mniSvnelobiT<br />
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul elementad. magram CvenTvis am<br />
SemTxvevaSi saintereso termini “refleqsia” ar aris Tavisi<br />
formiT da, Sesabamisad, SinaarsiTac martivi. is Sedgeba<br />
ori garkveulad damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone elementisagan:<br />
“re-” da “-fleqsia”. pirveli elementi, romelsac<br />
lingvistikaSi “afiqsi” ewodeba, CvenTvis kargad cnobilia<br />
Tundac iseTi sityvebidan, rogoricaa, magaliTad,<br />
“reanimacia”, “reorganizacia” da a.S. magram ras niSnavs zogad<br />
es “re-”? afiqsi “re-” mis Semcvel sityvaTa farglebSi<br />
niSnavs imis gameorebas _ an imasTan dabrunebas _ razec<br />
miuTiTebs am sityvis is nawili, romelic mosdevs am afiqss<br />
da swored esaa misi semantika (magaliTad, “reorganizacia”<br />
niSnavs raRac iseTis xelaxla organizebas, rac aqamdec rogorRac<br />
_ kargad Tu cudad _ ukve iyo organizebuli). “refleqsiis”<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki afiqsi “re-” niSnavs Semdegs: Seni<br />
azriT da fiqriT unda daubrunde raRac iseTs, rac realobis<br />
Seneul aRqmaSi (Tu gancdaSi) refleqsiis gareSec iyo<br />
mocemuli, ukve arsebobda (rac Seexeba element “fleqsias”:<br />
is nawarmoebia laTinuri zmnisgan flecto: “raimes moxra” an<br />
“ramesTvis mimarTulebis Secvla”).<br />
imisTvis, rom bolomde gavigoT termin “refleqsiis”<br />
mniSvneloba, aucilebelia Cvens azrovnebaSi SemovitanoT<br />
kidev erTi termini _ saxeldobr, termini “fenomeni”. rogorc<br />
ukve iTqva, “reflexio” niSnavs dabrunebas; rasTan dabru-
leqcia 243<br />
nebas? im fenomenTan dabrunebas, romelic mis gareSec (ese<br />
igi, refleqsiis gareSec) arsebobda, magram romelze Cveni<br />
yuradRebis koncentrirebasac gulisxmobs refleqsia; da<br />
ras niSnavs sityva (an sityva-termini) “fenomeni”? es sityva<br />
(berZnulad “phainomenon”) nawarmoebia zmnisgan “phainomai”,<br />
romelic niSnavs “movlenili var”. aqedan gamomdinare: fenomeni<br />
aris is (is movlena, is faqti), rasac Cven aRviqvamT<br />
uSualod _ imisgan damoukideblad, vaqcevT Tu ara Cven am<br />
faqts Tu movlenas refleqsiis sagnad. rogorc iTqva, yovel<br />
sityvas aqvs ori funqcia: pirvelze ukve gvqonda saubari _<br />
es aris semantika da, garda amisa, yoveli sityva swored am<br />
Tavisi semantikiT (misi meSveobiT) raRacas asaxelebs. sityvis<br />
am funqciis, anu dasaxelebis funqciis aRsaniSnavad<br />
ixmareba laTinuri warmoSobis termini “nominacia” (nomen<br />
“saxelia”, nominatio ki _ “dasaxeleba”). aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom yovel sityvas da maT Soris terminsac<br />
(riTi gansxvavdeba termini “Cveulebrivi” sityvisgan?<br />
_ amazec gveqneba saubari) aqvs ori funqcia: 1. semantikuri<br />
da 2. nominaciuri (amitom, rodesac mogvixdeba laparaki<br />
“filologiaze”, rogorc terminze, vilaparakebT mis semantikaze<br />
da mis nominaciur funqciazec, ese igi, imaze, rasac<br />
is asaxelebs).<br />
davubrundebiT, ra Tqma unda, sityvaTa (terminTa) nominaciuri<br />
funqciis sakiTxs; magram msjelobis am etapze<br />
gvsurs davazustoT is, rasac gulisxmobs termini “semantika”.<br />
ukve viciT, rom sityva Tavisi aRnagobiT SeiZleba<br />
iyos martivic da rTulic; da roca sityva martivia, sakmarisia<br />
vilaparakoT “ubralod” mis semantikaze. magram<br />
rogor moviqceT maSin, roca saqme gvaqvs semantikuri (anu<br />
mniSvnelobiTi) TvalsazrisiT ukve iseT rTul sityvas-<br />
Tan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, “refleqsia” (an Tundac TviT<br />
“filologia”, romelic, ra Tqma unda, Cven gansakuTrebiT<br />
gvainteresebs)? roca laparakoben rTuli Semadgenlobis<br />
mqone rame fenomenze, saganze an sityvaze (CavTvaloT, Tundac<br />
pirobiTad, rom erTze meti elementis arseboba ukve<br />
garkveul sirTules niSnavs), xmaroben termins “struqtura”.<br />
ase rom, SeiZleba vilaparakoT nebismieri fenomenis _<br />
Tundac sityvis, qveynis da TviT samyaros struqturazec ki,<br />
Tu ki am terminiT vigulisxmebT dasaxelebul fenomenTa<br />
Sinagan aRnagobas an Semadgenlobas. Sesabamisad, roca laparakia<br />
rTuli aRnagobis sityvaze, maSin ar aris sakmarisi<br />
vilaparakoT mis semantikaze (ese igi, amisTvis “ar gvyofnis”<br />
termini “semantika”) _ aucilebeli xdeba vilaparakoT mis<br />
semantikur struqturaze. ras niSnavs gamoTqma “semantiku-
244 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
ri struqtura”? roca sityva Sedgeba ori an orze meti elementisagan,<br />
TavisTavad igulisxmeba, rom yovel am elements<br />
aqvs Tavisi sakuTari mniSvneloba da swored am mniSvnelobaTa<br />
erToblioba qmnis sityvis semantikur struqturas.<br />
termin “struqturis” zemoT mocemuli ganmarteba iZleva<br />
imis saSualebas, rom ufro gaazrebulad aRviqvaT “refleqsia”<br />
_ termini, romelsac, rogorc ukve viciT, aqvs<br />
Tavisi semantikuri struqtura da swored am semantikuri<br />
struqturis wyalobiTaa, rom is raRacas (garkveuli saxis<br />
movlenas _ aqtsa Tu process) asaxelebs. rogorc iTqva,<br />
termini “refleqsia” gulisxmobs, rom is, vinc asrulebs<br />
refleqsiis aqts (anu refleqsiis subieqti), raRacas<br />
ubrundeba, ese igi, ubrundeba ukve garkveuli saxiT aRqmul<br />
(an iqneb gancdil) fenomens imisTvis, rom moaxdinos<br />
masze yuradRebis koncentracia da, Sesabamisad, aqcios is<br />
refleqsiis obieqtad (anu imad, razedac an rasTan dakav-<br />
SirebiTac xorcieldeba refleqsiis aqti). rogorc vxedavT,<br />
aseTia refleqsiis aqtisa (Tu procesis) struqtura _<br />
is garduvalad gulisxmobs rogorc refleqsiis subieqts,<br />
ise refleqsiis obieqts (Tumca mivaqcioT yuradReba Semdeg<br />
faqts: refleqsiaze msjelobisas vambobT: “aqti Tu<br />
procesi” da amiT gvsurs erTdroulad xazi gavusvaT am<br />
fenomenisTvis _ Tumca ara mxolod misTvis _ damaxasia-<br />
Tebel Semdeg or moments: termini “aqti” mianiSnebs imaze,<br />
rom saqme gvaqvs ara raRac iseTTan, rac xdeba adamianis<br />
gareSe da misgan damoukideblad, aramed piriqiT – raRac<br />
iseTTan, rac xorcieldeba adamianis mier, ese igi, risi subieqtic<br />
aris adamiani. ase, magaliTad, vambobT: “metyvelebis<br />
aqti”, “SemoqmedebiTi aqti” da a.S. sxvanairad rom<br />
vTqvaT, terminiT “aqti” xazi gaesmis CvenTvis saintereso<br />
faqtis Tu xdomilebis _ am SemTxvevaSi refleqsiis _<br />
warmomavlobas. termini “procesi” ki mianiSnebs imas, rom<br />
yoveli aqti (ise, rogorc saerTod yovelive, rac xdeba)<br />
saWiroebs dros (Tundac umcires droiT monakveTs) imis-<br />
Tvis, raTa ganxorcieldes. aqedan gamomdinare: refleqsia<br />
rogorc procesi _ es aris refleqsiis aqti, danaxuli misi<br />
realuri, anu droiTi ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT).<br />
zemoT ukve iTqva, _ Tumca jer mxolod miniSnebis saxiT,<br />
_ rom refleqsia gvaqvs yoveldRiurobaSic. amjerad ki<br />
gvsurs xazi gavusvaT am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan Semdeg<br />
or moments: a) yoveldRiurobisTvis refleqsia ar aris<br />
imdenad tipuri da arsebiTad damaxasiaTebeli, rogorc<br />
mecnieruli azrovnebisTvis da b) is Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeba<br />
mecnieruli refleqsiisagan (amitomac iTqva ukve, rom
leqcia 245<br />
azrovnebis mecnieruli done miiRweva yoveldRiurobis-<br />
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli refleqsiis Tvisobrivi gardaqmnis<br />
gziT. raSi unda mdgomareobdes es Tvisobrivi gardaqmna?<br />
am kiTxvaze Semdeg leqciebSi gavcemT pasuxs). davuSvaT,<br />
magaliTad, raRaca moxda Tqvens garSemo da erTdroulad<br />
_ TqvenSic. davuSvaT, viRac dainaxeT da igrZeniT, rom<br />
aucileblad gindaT am adamianis meored naxva, masTan meored<br />
Sexvedra. erTi sityviT, viRacam Tqven mogxiblaT. Tu<br />
Tqven SeCerdebiT da SeekiTxebiT Tqvens Tavs: “raSia saqme,<br />
ra moxda? ram momxibla am adamianSi?” _ es iqneba swored<br />
refleqsia, radgan mis mier Tqveni moxiblva ukve moxda. magram<br />
Tqven Tu SeCerdiT da dasviT aseTi kiTxva, maSin Tqven<br />
daubrundiT imas, rac ukve iyo, rac ukve moxda. ufro xSirad<br />
aseTi (yoveldRiurobis farglebSi momxdari) refleqsia<br />
gamoixateba msgavsi kiTxvebiT; yovelive is ki, rasac vubrundebiT<br />
refleqsiis gziT, aris swored esa Tu is fenomeni<br />
_ zogadad Tqvens gareSe arsebuli Tu Tqvens Soreul an<br />
axlo warsulSi momxdari. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba SeekiTxoT<br />
Tqvens Tavs: “ra xdeba?” (an “ra moxda?”) da SeiZleba _ ara,<br />
ese igi, SeiZleba arsebobdeT metad Tu naklebad refleqsiurad<br />
da SeiZleba _ ara. magram es ukve sul sxva sakiTxia.<br />
gadavdgaT kidev nabiji, romelic migvaaxlovebs ara<br />
mxolod filologiur, aramed saerTod mecnierul azrovnebasTan.<br />
riTi unda daiwyos is rasac Cven “refleqsia”<br />
vuwodeT? refleqsia, ra Tqma unda, gulisxmobs, rom unda<br />
SevCerdeT (“SeCereba” am SemTxvvaSi niSnavs: aRar mivyveT<br />
daufiqreblad cxovrebiseul nakads), radgan sxvanairad<br />
ver davubrundebiT ukve aRqmul fenomens masze yuradRebis<br />
koncentraciis mizniT. magram SeCereba ar aris sakmarisi:<br />
refleqsiis aqti gulisxmobs imasac, rom unda davsvaT ki-<br />
Txva im fenomenTan dakavSirebiT, romelmac miipyro Cveni<br />
yuradReba. ase rom, nebismier SemTxvevaSi refleqsia iwyeba<br />
kiTxviT _ “ra aris es”? magram amave dros aRsaniSnavia<br />
Semdegi: refleqsiis “wamomwyebi” (amboben: “mainicirebeli”)<br />
kiTxva warmodgenili saxiT atarebs erTgvari formulis<br />
(dasakonkretebeli ganyenebuli struqturis) saxes da<br />
mudam SesaZlebelia, rom mocemul konkretul SemTxvevaSi<br />
man garkveuli saxecvlileba ganicados (Tumca arc is aris<br />
gamoricxuli, rom is swored aq warmodgenili saxiT mogvevlinos).<br />
sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, am “formulis” orive Ziri-<br />
Tadma elementma _ rogorc zmnam “aris”, ise nacvalsaxelma<br />
“es” gansxvavebul konteqstSi SeiZinos gansxvavebuli saxe.<br />
ganvixiloT gancalkevebiT es ori SesaZlo SemTxveva:
246 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
a) zmnis “aris” SesaZlo konteqsturi mniSvnelobebi<br />
SesaZlebelia, rom zmna “aris” romelime sxva, ufro<br />
konkretuli mniSvnelobis mqone zmniT Seicvalos. ase, magaliTad,<br />
imis magivrad, rom vTqvaT: “ra aris es?”, SeiZleba<br />
vTqvaT: “ras niSnavs es?”, an, davuSvaT: “ra xdeba?” (rogorc<br />
zemoT ukve iTqva); magram, miuxedavad refleqsiis<br />
gamomxatveli kiTxvis sityvieri struqturis amgvari da<br />
kidev sxva SesaZlo variaciisa, refleqsia mainc refleqsiad<br />
darCeba, radgan msgavs SemTxvevaSi zmna, romelsac<br />
vixmarT zmnis “aris” nacvlad, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT Zalian<br />
“miuaxlovdeba” am zmnas (anu zmnas “aris”) da, rogorc<br />
enaTmecnieri ityoda, iqceva mis “konteqstualur sinonimad”.<br />
(“sinonimebad” msgavsi mniSvnelobis sityvebi iwodeba,<br />
“konteqsti” ki ornairad SeiZleba gavigoT: an rogorc<br />
is sityvieri garemocva, romelic mocemul sityvas “wilad<br />
xvdeba” mocemul teqstSi, an is azrobrivi situacia, romelic<br />
ganapirobebs mocemul momentSi TviT am sityvis xmarebas.<br />
TavisTavad cxadia, rom konteqstis es ori aspeqti<br />
erTmaneTs gulisxmobs).<br />
ukve vilaparakeT imis Sesaxeb, rom kiTxvam “ra aris es?”<br />
SeiZleba ganicados sityvieri saxecvlileba. magram, aseve,<br />
SesaZlebelia, rom refleqsiis “dabadebis” momentSi es ki-<br />
Txva Riad da cxadad, anu, _ rogorc am SemTxvevaSi amboben<br />
xolme, _ eqspliciturad arc iyos dasmuli, arc iyos formulirebuli:<br />
zemoT naxsenebi “SeCereba” ukve TavisTavad<br />
(amboben: impliciturad) SeiZleba gulisxmobdes am kiTxvis<br />
dasmas, anu refleqsiis rogorc procesis “wamowyebas”. isic<br />
ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveldRiuri, ese igi, aramecnieruli<br />
refleqsiisTvis iqneb ufro tipuric ki iyos swored<br />
aseTi araeqsplicituroba. magram am SemTxvevaSic mTavari<br />
da gadamwyvetia swored is, rac igulisxmeba eqsplicituri<br />
formulirebis gareSec _ refleqsiis gamomxatveli, misi<br />
“dabadebis” faqtze mimTiTebeli kiTxva “ra aris es?”.<br />
b) nacvalsaxel “es”-s SesaZlo konteqsturi mniSvnelobebi<br />
magram ara nakleb aucilebelia SevexoT im konteqstur<br />
mniSvnelobebs, romlebic refleqsiis aqtis farglebSi<br />
SeiZleba SeiZinos nacvalsaxelma “es” (rogorc ukve viciT,<br />
is miuTiTebs swored im fenomenze, romelmac gamoiwvia<br />
Cveni interesi, ese igi, romlis gamoc “SevCerdiT” zemoT<br />
ganmartebuli mniSvnelobiT). gamovyofT or aseT ZiriTad<br />
mniSvnelobas:
leqcia 247<br />
a) “es” im kiTxvis farglebSi, romelic safuZvlad edeba<br />
refleqsias, SeiZleba miuTiTebdes ukve saxelis mqone<br />
(saxeldebul, sxvanarad: nominirebul) fenomenze, magaliTad:<br />
“ra aris adamiani?” (“es”-is adgils am SemTxvevaSi<br />
daikavebs sityva “adamiani”, romelic miuTiTebs adamianze,<br />
anu fenomenze, romelsac ukve aqvs saxeli qarTul enaSi).<br />
msgavsi SemTxvevebia: “ra aris ena?” da a.S. saboloo angariSSi<br />
yoveli arsebiTi saxeli mocemul enaSi Tavisi arsebobiT<br />
miuTiTebs imaze, rom misgan saxeldebuli fenomeni<br />
gamoyofilia sxva fenomenebisgan. magram ramdenad niSnavs<br />
amgvari gamoyofiloba imas, rom mocemuli fenomeni ukve<br />
yofila (an ukve aris) refleqsiis sagani? SeuZlebelia, ra<br />
Tqma unda, am kiTxvaze zusti pasuxis gacema, radgan yoveldRiuri<br />
sinamdvile, anu is fuZemdebeli sinamdvile, romelsac<br />
pirvel rigSi da uSualod asaxavs ena Tavisi nominaciuri<br />
stuqturiT, ar “gvabarebs Cven angariSs” fenomen-<br />
Ta refleqtirebulobis Taobaze. es sinamdvile mudam da<br />
principulad Riaa refleqsiisTvis _ misi nebismieri tipisa<br />
Tu donisTvis _ iseve, rogorc Riaa gamoxatvisTvis, anu<br />
imisTvis, risTvisac arsebobs xelovneba am sityvis maqsimalurad<br />
farTo gagebiT (Cven kidev wina gvaqvs refleqsiuri<br />
msjeloba imis Taobaze, Tu rogor unda iqnas gagebuli enis<br />
zemoT xsenebuli “nominaciuri struqtura”. magram, amave<br />
dros, gvsurs ukve am etapze naTqvams davumatoT Semdegi:<br />
ena ara mxolod gamoyofs fenomenebs, _ es imdenad cxadia,<br />
rom am faqtze, SeiZleba iTqvas, naTlad miuTiTebs Tundac<br />
nebismieri enis nebismieri leqsikoni, _ aramed gansazRvravs<br />
da adgens kidec mimarTebebs maT Soris. magram es meore<br />
momenti ekuTvnis enis naklebad cxad, anu siRrmiseul<br />
ganzomilebas da, Sesabamisad, misi Cvens mier gacnobierebac<br />
(ese igi, impliciturobidan eqspliciturobaSi “gadayvana”)<br />
SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolod siRrmiseulive analizis<br />
Sedegad). magram nu vifiqrebT, rom enis es ori funqcia<br />
_ nominaciuri da mimarTebaTa ganmsazRvreli _ arsebobs<br />
da moqmedebs erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad. piriqiT:<br />
isini erTmaneTs gulisxmobs da sxvanairad SeuZlebelic<br />
iqneboda, radgan yoveli sityva Tavis nominaciur funqcias<br />
asrulebs im sxva sityvebTan erTad, romlebic Tavisi<br />
semantikiT ganekuTvneba sinamdvilis imave sferos, rac<br />
SeuZlebeli iqneboda misi (am sferos) struqturis iseTi<br />
asaxvis gareSe, romelic faqtobrivad mis Seqmnasac niSnavs<br />
_ Seqmnas imitom, rom yoveli ena sinamdvilis am struqturirebas<br />
axdens Taviseburad da ganumeoreblad. amitomac<br />
miiCnevs Tanamedrove humanitaruli azrovneba, rom yove-
248 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
li ena (igulisxmeba erovnuli verbaluri enebi, iseTebi,<br />
rogoricaa, magaliTad, <strong>qarTuli</strong>, inglisuri da a.S.) aris<br />
samyaros pirveladi da ganumeorebeli xati (ese igi, yoveli<br />
ena Taviseburad aRiqvams da gaiazrebs sinam dviles).<br />
b) “es”-is meore SesaZlo konteqsturi mniSvneloba uSualod<br />
ukavSirdeba zemoT naTqvams: ena (yoveli ena!) aris<br />
samyaros (ufro farTod Tu vityviT _ sinamdvilis) xati<br />
da, Sesabamisad, yoveli diskursi mis farglebSi agebuli<br />
teqstiT aris am xatis aqtualizacia (Tumca axlave unda<br />
iTqvas, rom sinamdvileSi samyaros enobriv xats mudam<br />
erwymis samyaros kulturuli xati, anu is xati, romelsac<br />
Cven gviqmnis Cvenive kultura, ase rom saboloo angariSSi<br />
diskursi-teqstic aris ara ubralod enis, aramed im organzomilebiani<br />
kompleqsis (anu rTuli struqturis mqone<br />
warmonaqmnis) aqtualizacia, romelsac pirobiTad “enakultura”<br />
SeiZleba vuwodoT. magram, ra Tqma unda, enisa<br />
da kulturis urTierTmimarTebaze ufro safuZvlianad<br />
vilaparakebT Semdgom, _ maSin, roca gveqneba am ori fenomenis<br />
(rogorc enis, ise kulturis) ufro srulad gaazrebuli<br />
konceptebi. am etapze ki miviRoT im kompleqsis SedarebiT<br />
gamartivebuli sqema (modeli), romlis aqtualizaciac<br />
xdeba diskurs-teqstiT.<br />
davimaxsovroT zemoT naTqvami da mis fonze mivuTiToT<br />
Semdeg or SesaZlo SemTxvevaze:<br />
a) marTalia, ena qmnis samyaros (sinamdvilis) pirvelad<br />
da sawyis xats, magram es ar niSnavs, rom xsenebul xats ZaluZs<br />
moicvas samyaros wiaRSi arsebul saganTa Tu fenomenTa<br />
mTeli SesaZlo erToblioba (sityva “xati”-s semantika<br />
arc gulisxmobs amgvar yovlismomcvelobas _ is gulisxmobs<br />
mxolod mis mier SemoqmedebiTad da, Sesabamisad,<br />
yvela calkeul SemTxvevaSi ganumeorebeli TaviseburebiT<br />
areklili sinamdvilis struqturas _ mis konfiguracias).<br />
amitom mudam SesaZlebelia, rom adamiani Tavis cxovrebiseul<br />
gzaze “gadaeyaros” romeliRac jer arasaxeldebul<br />
da am TvalsazrisiT axal (ucnob) sagansa (am sityvis far-<br />
To mniSvnelobiT) Tu fenomens. msgavs SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma<br />
unda, kiTxvaSi “ra aris es?” elementi “es” miuTiTebs raRac<br />
ucnobze Tu Seucnobelze.<br />
b) enis, rogorc samyaros xatis, aqtualizacia ki xdeba<br />
imisTvis, raTa Seiqmnas im situaciis xati, romelic warmoadgens<br />
ama Tu im konkretuli diskurs-teqstis Temas,<br />
radgan nebismier SemTxvevaSi, roca adamianTa Soris adgili<br />
aqvs komunikacias (ese igi, fenomens, romlis gareSe<br />
diskursi ar warmoiSoba), mudam laparakia (am sityvis far-
leqcia 249<br />
To mniSvnelobiT) garkveul situaciaze. magram yovelma<br />
Cvenganma icis: rogorc Cvens Sida samyaroSi (Cvens “SigniT”),<br />
ise gare samyaroSi Cndeba xolme situaciebi (is, rac<br />
xdeba), romlebic ver eqvemdebarebian “gateqstebas”, anu<br />
teqstiT asaxvas Tu gamoxatvas. es swored isaa, rasac adamianebi<br />
“eniT gamouTqmels” uwodeben. am SemTxvevaSic, ra<br />
Tqma unda, “es” miuTiTebs raRac ucnobze da Seucnobelze,<br />
oRond Semdegi gansxvavebiT: Tu wina SemTxvevaSi “ucnobis<br />
da Seucnobelis” rolSi gamodioda raRac sagani (rogorc<br />
iTqva, am sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT), am meore SemTxvevaSi<br />
imave rolSi gamodis esa Tu is situacia.<br />
dabolos: davuSvaT, Cven gaveciT pasuxi kiTxvaze,<br />
romliTac, rogorc iTqva, iwyeba (sulerTia, eqsplicituri<br />
Tu implicituri saxiT) nebismieri refleqsia. cxadia,<br />
rom es pasuxi SeiZleba iyos rogorc mokle da martivi, ise<br />
SedarebiT rTulic. magram, rogoric ar unda iyos is, pasuxs<br />
kiTxvaze _ “ra aris es?” _ ewodeba am “es”-iT nagulisxmevi<br />
sagnis Tu fenomenis gansazRvra, anu definicia; definiciis<br />
uSualo Sedegs ki ewodeba Cvens mier gansazRvruli (definirebuli)<br />
sagnisa Tu fenomenis “cneba”.<br />
leqcia 2<br />
gavimeoroT: yoveli refleqsia _ sulerTia, xdeba is<br />
yoveldRiurobis farglebSi Tu mecnierul azrovnebaSi<br />
_ iwyeba imiT, rom ismis _ eqsplicituri Tu implicituri<br />
saxiT _ kiTxva: “ra aris es?” magram aqve aRsaniSnavia<br />
Semdegi momenti: nebismier fenomenze SeiZleba vilaparakoT<br />
ori erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT:<br />
an aRviqvaT da gaviazroT is (es fenomeni) rogorc erTi<br />
Sinaganad ganuyofeli mTliani, an vilaparakoT mis romeliRac<br />
erT, calke aRebul aspeqtze. fsiqologia, magaliTad,<br />
Seiswavlis adamianis fsiqikas, literaturismcodneoba<br />
_ adamianuri Semoqmedebis iseT “produqts”,<br />
rogoricaa literatura; istoria Seiswavlis adamianis<br />
yofnas istoriul droSi, ase vTqvaT, “droiT vertikal-<br />
Si”; ese igi, yoveli dasaxelebuli mecniereba Seiswavlis<br />
adamians romeliRac mis erT aspeqtSi da arcerTi maTgani<br />
ar svams kiTxvas: “ra aris adamiani?”, anu adamiani rogorc<br />
adamiani, _ adamiani rogorc erTi da ganuyofeli<br />
mTliani (da ara misi romelime aspeqti). fsiqologia,<br />
rogorc iTqva, svams kiTxvas: “ra aris (ras warmoadgens)<br />
adamianis fsiqika?” da es iqneba fsiqologiuri refleqsiis<br />
dasawyisi. magram xom SeiZleba davsvaT aseTi ki-
250 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
Txvac: “ra aris damiani?” _ anu kiTxva, romelic, albaT,<br />
adamians _ Tu igi, saerTod, midrekilia azrovnebisken<br />
_ yvelaze ufro awuxebs. aseT kiTxvas svams azrovnebis<br />
mxolod ori sfero – RmrTismetyveleba da filosofia<br />
da, Sesabamisad, es SeiZleba xdebodes mxolod RmrTismetyveluri<br />
da filosofiuri refleqsiis farglebSi<br />
(terminebi ZiriTadad modis berZnulidan an laTinuridan;<br />
laTinurad adamiani iqneba homo da aqedan _ zedsarTavebi<br />
“humanuri” da “humanitaruli”; berZnulad ki<br />
adamiani iqneba anthropos). rogorc ukve iqna miniSnebuli,<br />
kiTxvas “ra aris adamiani (rogorc yofieri)?” svams an<br />
RmrTismetyveluri (anu Teologiuri) anTropologia,<br />
an filosofiuri anTropologia (pirvel SemTxvevaSi,<br />
anu maSin, roca saqme gvaqvs Teologiur refleqsiasTan,<br />
zemoT dasmuli kiTxva gulisxmobs adamianis raobas<br />
RmerTTan, rogorc zebunebriv realobasTan, mimarTebaSi:<br />
“theos” berZnulad “RmerTs” niSnavs; Afilosofiuri<br />
refleqsiis SemTxvevaSi ki gvainteresebs adamianis<br />
raoba yofierebasTan, rogorc erT mTlianTan, mis<br />
mimarTebaSi).<br />
rogorc vxedavT, adamianTan (ise, rogorc nebismier<br />
sxva fenomenTan) dakavSirebuli refleqsia SeiZleba<br />
atarebdes ornair da erTmaneTisgan principulad gansxvavebul<br />
xasiaTs: es refleqsia SeiZleba momdinareobdes<br />
kiTxvidan: “ra aris (ras warmoadgens) adamiani?”<br />
da am SemTxvevaSi is (es refleqsia) iqneba mimarTuli<br />
adamianze rogorc erT da ganuyofel mTlianze da es<br />
iqneba – Tu Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi xSirad gamoyenebul<br />
termins vixmarT – adamianis holisturi xedva<br />
(berZnulad “holos” “mTlians” niSnavs); magram, rogorc<br />
ukve viciT, adamianTan dakavSirebuli refleqsia aseve<br />
SeiZleba momdinareobdes araholisturad dasmuli ki-<br />
Txvidan, ese igi, es kiTxva SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos adamianis<br />
(adamianuri sinamdvilis) romeliRac erT da gamoyofil<br />
aspeqtze: Sesabamisad am SemTxvevaSi gveqneba<br />
adamianis ara holisturi, aramed aspeqturi xedva _ is<br />
xedva, romelic, rogorc wesi, damaxasiaTebelia ama Tu<br />
im humanitaruli (anu adamianis erTi romelime aspeqtis<br />
kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli) mecnierebisaTvis (Tumca,<br />
amave dros, unda iTqvas: holistur da aspeqtur xedvaTa<br />
(da, Sesabamisad, holistur da aspeqtur refleqsiaTa)<br />
Soris msgavs gansxvavebasTan SeiZleba saqme gvqondes<br />
ara mxolod adamianTan, aramed nebismier femomenTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, ese igi, nebismieri fenomeni _ Tundac
leqcia 251<br />
iseTi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ena, kultura, teqsti da<br />
a.S. _ SeiZleba danaxuli da refleqtirebuli (ese igi,<br />
refleqsiis sagnad qceuli) iqnas rogorc holisturad,<br />
ise aspeqturad). AD<br />
magram ratom dagvWirda yovelive amis Tqma filologiis<br />
kursis farglebSi da, rac mTavaria, ukve am kursis<br />
msvlelobis pirvelsave etapze? ratom miviCnieT aucileblad<br />
gagvemaxvilinebina yuradReba fenomenTa xedvis<br />
(da, Sesabamisad, maTTan dakavSirebuli refleqsiis) holistur<br />
da aspeqtur variantTa Soris arsebul gansxvavebaze?<br />
am kiTxvaze pasuxi SeiZleba gaices Semdeg sam (ra<br />
Tqma unda, urTierTdakavSirebul) Tvalsazrisze dayrdnobiT:<br />
1) pirveli Tvalsazrisi atarebs Zalian zogad, Sei-<br />
Zleba iTqvas – zogadlogikur _ xasiaTs (da swored ama-<br />
Si mdgomareobs, albaT, misi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba): ra<br />
sirTuliTac ar unda xasiaTdebodes fenomenis rogorc mTlianisa<br />
da misi romelime aspeqtis urTierTmimarTeba, saboloo<br />
angariSSi, swored mTeli gansazRvravs aspeqts da<br />
ara piruku (rogorc amboben, logikurad mTeli “win uswrebs”<br />
nawils). rogorc cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba, ise nebismieri<br />
SemecnebiTi procesic (anu ama Tu im fenomenTan<br />
dakavSirebuli refleqsia) gveubneba: fenomenis _ Tundac<br />
ama Tu im adamianis _ nebismieri aspeqtis Cveneuli xedva<br />
SeiZleba mcdari aRmoCndes, Tu mas Tan ar axlavs mTlianis<br />
(adamianis SemTxvevaSi mTlians “pirovneba” ewodeba) xedva<br />
da gancda, ese igi, fenomenis holisturi xedva unda miviCnioT<br />
misi aspeqturi xedvis adekvaturobis (sisworis, Seumcdarobis)<br />
winapirobad;<br />
2) ar unda iyos, albaT, Zneli imis danaxva, rom RmrTismetyveluri<br />
da filosofiuri anTropologia warmoadgens<br />
adamianis holistur, yoveli humanitaruli mecniereba ki<br />
_ mis aspeqtur xedvas. filologia, romelic, rogorc ukve<br />
iTqva, tradiciulad cdilobs daamyaros kavSiri iseT humanitarul<br />
mecnierebebs Soris, rogoricaa enaTmecniereba,<br />
literaturismcodneoba da kulturologia, gvevlineba,<br />
ra Tqma unda, humanitaruli azrovnebis mravalaspeqtovan<br />
da, amave dros, Sinaganad erTian sferod, magram Tavisi<br />
uSualo mizandasaxulobis mixedviT is, albaT, mainc ar<br />
warmoadgens adamianis holistur xedvas da rCeba aspeqturobis<br />
farglebSi (Tumca kidev erTxel unda vaRiaroT: es<br />
iseTi aspeqturobaa, romelsac Tavisi sul axlaxans xazgasmuli<br />
specifikis wyalobiT ZaluZs iqces holisturi<br />
xedvis umniSvnelovanes sayrdenad, winapirobad, an, iqneb,
252 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
TviT amgvari xedvis ara “pirdapiri”, magram siRrmiseuli<br />
mniSvnelobis mqone ganxorcielebadac ki). amitom, Tu viqnebiT<br />
Tanmimdevrulni da daveyrdnobiT wina punqtSi<br />
gamoTqmul mosazrebebs, aucilebeli iqneba xazgasmiT<br />
iTqvas: adamianis aspeqturi xedva (yoveli humanitaruli<br />
disciplina ki saboloo angariSSi mainc aseTi xedvis mcdelobas<br />
warmoadgens) mxolod maSin SeiZleba iyos adekvaturi<br />
(da Sesabamisad – warmatebuli), Tu is ara mxolod<br />
gaiTvaliswinebs adamianis holisturi xedvisa da kvlevis<br />
monacemebs, aramed Tanmimdevrulad daeyrdnoba kidec maT.<br />
amitom, rodesac ufro konkretulad, magram im cnebebze<br />
dayrdnobiT, romlebsac axla vecnobiT, davsvamT kiTxvas<br />
ukve filologiis Sesaxeb, mogvixdeba mivmarToT anTropologiasac<br />
(rogorc RmrTismetyveluri, ise filosofiuri<br />
gagebiT);<br />
3) zemoT warmodgenili yvela mosazreba atarebs metad<br />
Tu naklebad zogad xasiaTs da, Sesabamisad, SeiZleba gamo-<br />
Tqmul iqnas nebismier humanitarul disciplinasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
magram aqvs Tu ara filologias Tavisi, mxolod<br />
misTvis specifikuri argumenti im azris sasargeblod, rom<br />
filologiuri refleqsia arsebiTad da Tanmimdevrulad<br />
unda ukavSirdebodes anTropologiur, anu holisturad<br />
gamiznul refleqsias? imisTvis, raTa am kiTxvaze pasuxi<br />
gavceT, mogvixdeba kidev erTxel gavixsenoT filologiis<br />
is gansazRvra, romelic efuZneba, erTi mxriv, termin “filologiis”<br />
yoveldRiur gagebas, meore mxriv ki, filologiuri<br />
kvlevis rogorc tradiciul, ise arsebul praqtikas:<br />
filologia aris azrovnebis mimarTuleba, romelic<br />
ikvlevs teqstSi (teqstebSi) gamovlenil Sinagan kavSirs<br />
iseT fenomenebs Soris, rogoricaa ena, literatura<br />
da kultura. Tu kidev erTxel _ da axleburad, anu ukve refleqsiurad<br />
_ davukvirdebiT am gansazRvras, SevniSnavT,<br />
rom is iZleva orgvari aqcentis gakeTebis (anu mTavarisa<br />
da ZiriTadis gamoyofis) saSualebas: a) erTi mxriv, filologisTvis<br />
mTavari da gadamwyveti SeiZleba iyos kavSiri<br />
enasa, literaturasa da kulturas Soris, ese igi, literaturuli<br />
teqstis ganxilvisas yuradRebis centrSi moeqceva<br />
an ena, an kultura, an orive erTdroulad (sxvanairad rom<br />
vTqvaT, saqme gveqneba an lingvocentrizmTan, an kulturocentrizmTan,<br />
an maT SerwymasTan _ lingua laTinurad “enas”<br />
niSnavs). am SemTxvevaSi filologisTvis teqsti iqneba<br />
mxolod (an ZiriTadad) enasa da kulturas Soris kavSiris<br />
dadgenisa da kvlevis saSualeba; b) meore mxriv ki, misTvis<br />
mTavari da gadamwyveti SeiZleba iyos TviT teqsti (teqs-
leqcia 253<br />
tobrioba) rogorc adamianuri sinamdvilisTvis arsebiTi<br />
da fuZemdebeli fenomeni da am SemTxvevaSi ukve ena da kultura<br />
iqcevian teqstobriobis kvlevis saSualebad. amitom<br />
ar iqneba, albaT, Secdoma, Tu filologias ganvsazRvravT<br />
sxvanairadac – amJamad ukve ise, rom yuradRebis centr-<br />
Si moeqces TviT teqsti (anu, rogorc msgavs SemTxvevebSi<br />
amboben xolme, teqstocentristulad); da Tu ase moviqceviT,<br />
maSin filologia ganisazRvreba rogorc teqstis<br />
wakiTxvisa da gagebis iseTi xelovneba, romelic efuZneba<br />
am fenomenis (anu teqstis) refleqsiur wvdomas. es refleqsiuri<br />
wvdoma, ra Tqma unda, kidev erTxel daadasturebs<br />
im ukve sayovelTaod aRiarebul WeSmaritebas, rom yoveli<br />
teqsti warmogvidgens ara mxolod garkveul enasa da<br />
garkveul kulturas (magaliTad, qarTul enasa da qarTul<br />
kulturas am fenomenTa istoriuli arsebobis garkveul<br />
momentSi), aramed _ da es kidev ufro arsebiTia _ Sinagan,<br />
siRrmiseul kavSirsac maT Soris. da Tu saqme gvaqvs literaturul<br />
teqstTan, anu filologiuri kvlevis umTavres<br />
obieqtTan, maSin xsenebuli “Sinagani kavSiris” struqtura<br />
garTuldeba: masSi “Caebmeba” teqstSi warmodgenili<br />
mxatvruli sinamdvilis xedvisa da agebis (konstruirebis)<br />
is avtoriseuli principi, romelsac “poetika” ewodeba da,<br />
romlis gareSe, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, verc ena da verc kultura<br />
ver iqceodnen teqstis warmomSob wyarod.<br />
Tu zemoT ganviTarebul msjelobas _ da jerjerobiT<br />
mxolod mas! _ daveyrdnobiT, nebismieri teqsti unda warmoadgendes<br />
im Sinagani kavSiris realizacias (umjobesia<br />
vTqvaT _ aqtualizacias), romelic garduvalad unda arsebobdes<br />
Semdeg sam fenomens Soris: esenia: 1. ena _ radgan<br />
yoveli teqsti enobrivi movlenaa (oRond ar unda dagvaviwydes<br />
enobriobis is farTo gageba, romelic Cvens mier<br />
zemoT iqna SemoTavazebuli); 2. kultura _ radgan yoveli<br />
teqsti, amave dros, kulturuli movlenacaa (kulturaze<br />
rogorc fenomenze – iseve, rogorc enazec _ ufro arsebiTad<br />
qvemoT gveqneba saubari); 3. garda amisa, yoveli teqsti<br />
aucileblad warmogvidgens adamianuri sinamdvilis<br />
ama Tu im iseT sferos, romelic xasiaTdeba misTvis specifikuri,<br />
mxolod da mxolod “miseuli” diskursiT (nu dagvaviwydeba,<br />
rom teqsts mudam warmoSobs diskursi da warmoudgenelia<br />
mis gareSe): ar arsebobs “teqsti zogadad” _<br />
nebismier teqstze vambobT, rom is aris an yoveldRiuri,<br />
an mxatvruli (ese igi, literaturuli), an mecnieruli, an<br />
Jurnalisturi da a.S. ese igi, yoveli teqsti garduvalad<br />
ekuTvnis diskursis ama Tu im konkretul tips, sxvanairad
254 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
_ mocemuli teqstiT aqtualizirebuli enis konkretul<br />
funqciur stils (amitomac terminebs “diskursis tipi” da<br />
“funqciuri stili” xSirad xmaroben rogorc sinonimebs;<br />
magaliTad: “mxatvruli diskursi” da “mxatvruli literaturis<br />
ena rogorc funqciuri stili”, “Jurnalisturi diskursi”<br />
da “Jurnalistikis funqciuri stili”...).<br />
romelia is zogadi daskvna, romlis gakeTebis saSualebas<br />
iZleva zemoT ganviTarebuli msjeloba? is mdgomareobs<br />
SemdegSi: teqsti (nebismieri teqsti _ aq SeuZlebelia<br />
arsebobdes gamonaklisi) mudam warmoadgens zemoT xsenebuli<br />
sami fenomenis _ enis, kulturisa da ama Tu im funqciuri<br />
stilis (diskursis tipis) aqtualizaciis Sedegs<br />
(“produqts”). ra Tqma unda, naTqvamis azri da mniSvneloba<br />
bolomde maSin gaxdeba gasagebi, roca ufro axlos gavecnobiT<br />
aq dasaxelebul fenomenebs _ enas, kulturas, funqciur<br />
stils da davsvamT kiTxvas imis Taobazec, Tu rogor<br />
unda iqnas gagebuli TviT aqtualizaciis fenomeni. magram<br />
am etapze da mocemuli leqciis mTeli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
CvenTvis mniSvnelovania imis Tundac zogadi<br />
saxiT garkveva, Tu ramdenad aucilebelia filologiis-<br />
Tvis, rogorc azrovnebis teqstocentristulad orientirebuli<br />
mimarTulebisTvis, Sinagani kavSiri anTropologiur,<br />
anu adamianis holistur xedvaze orientirebul<br />
refleqsiasTan. sxvanairad: ramdenad aris sasurveli da<br />
aucilebeli, rom filologiuri kvleva efuZnebodes filosofiuri<br />
(da RmrTismetyveluri) anTropologiis monacemebs?<br />
gavixsenoT is, rac zemoT ukve xazgasmiT iTqva:<br />
zogadlogikuri TvalsazrisiT, am kiTxvaze ukve gvaqvs<br />
pasuxi: romel fenomenTanac unda gvqondes saqme, ar unda<br />
dagvaviwydes, rom am fenomenis nebismieri aspeqtis (an Tundac<br />
aspeqtTa Soris kavSiris) adekvaturi (ese igi, swori<br />
da gamarTlebuli) xedva unda efuZnebodes misi, ese igi,<br />
mocemuli fenomenis mTlianur xedvas. axla ki gvsurs davakonkretoT<br />
zogadi saxiT gamoTqmuli es WeSmariteba filologiasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi.<br />
xsenebuli dakonkreteba, bunebrivia, unda moxdes im fenomenze<br />
dayrdnobiT, romelic warmoadgens filologiuri<br />
refleqsiis upirates da centralur obieqts _ sxvanairad<br />
is ver iqceva zemoT dasmul kiTxvaze ramdenadme mainc Rirebul<br />
pasuxad. aseT obieqts _ da es Cven ukve kargad viciT<br />
_ warmoadgens teqsti. garda amisa, viciT isic, rom nebismieri<br />
teqsti aris Sesabamisi enis, kulturisa da funqciuri<br />
stilis aqtualizacia, xolo es aqtualizacia ki xdeba,<br />
uwinares yovlisa, diskursSi _ metyvelebis im aqtSi, ro-
leqcia 255<br />
melic warmoSobs ama Tu im teqsts (gavigoT fenomeni, romelsac<br />
asaxelebs sityva “metyveleba”, maqsimalurad far-<br />
Tod _ ise, rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva amis Sesaxeb da maSinve<br />
davinaxavT: marTalia, filologs saqme aqvs, ra Tqma unda,<br />
uSualod teqstTan, magram, _ mas Tavidanve unda esmodes<br />
da man Tavidanve unda gaiTvaliswinos, _ rom es teqsti sxva<br />
araferia, Tu ara romeliRac diskursis mier datovebuli<br />
“kvali” _ sulerTia, sul axlaxans “hqonda adgili” am diskurss<br />
Tu saukuneebis win). magram aseve cxadia, albaT, isic,<br />
rom veraviTari aqtualizacia ver moxdeba imis gareSe,<br />
vinc axdens aqtualizacias, ese igi, aqtualizaciis subieqtis<br />
gareSe, es subieqti ki, rogorc viciT, mudam adamiania.<br />
da marTlac: eWvgareSea, rom CvenTvis cnobil samyaroSi,<br />
anu im samyaroSi, romelSic Cven varsebobT, SeuZlebelia<br />
diskursi da, Sesabamisad, am diskursis Sedegad “dabadebuli”<br />
teqsti, adamianis gareSe. is, rom yovel teqsts (mis<br />
formalur da Sinaarsobriv, anu semantikur struqturas)<br />
gansazRvraven is ena da kultura, romelTa aqtualizaciasac<br />
warmoadgens am teqstis warmomSobi diskursi, savsebiT<br />
cxadia: romeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> teqstic ar unda aviRoT, davinaxavT,<br />
rom is aucileblad iqneba erTdroulad <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
enisa da <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis “anarekli” (rogor unda davinaxoT<br />
es? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas cdilobs Tanamedrove<br />
filologiis is mimdinareoba, romelsac “lingvokulturologia”<br />
ewodeba; ufro konkretulad lingvokulturologias<br />
SevexebiT maSin, roca ukve gveqneba enisa da kulturis<br />
is ganmarteba, romelsac moiTxovs Cveni kursi). magram<br />
gansazRvravs Tu ara teqstis ragvarobas (mis formas,<br />
mis Sinaarss da a.S.) is, visac uSualod ekuTvnis mocemuli<br />
diskursi da misgan (mis farglebSi) warmoSobili teqsti?<br />
sxvanairad rom vTqvaT: namdvilad “ekuTvnis” Tu ara teqsti<br />
im adamians, im pirovnebas, romelsac Cven tradiciulad<br />
“avtors” vuwodebT, Tu piriqiT _ nebismieri “avtoroba”<br />
mxolod iluziaa da meti araferi, ese igi, sinamdvileSi<br />
swored (da mxolod) ena da kultura warmoadgenen nebismieri<br />
diskursisa da, Sesabamisad, am diskursis “Tanmxlebi”<br />
teqstis realur avtorebs, ese igi, orive es fenomeni Ti-<br />
Tqosda “urTierTSeTanxmebulad” “gviyenebs” Cven TviTgamovlenis,<br />
TviTgamoxatvis mizniT?<br />
Tu gvsurs bolomde gaviazroT zemoT dasmuli kiTxvis<br />
mniSvneloba, SevadaroT erTmaneTs pasuxebi, romlebsac<br />
iZlevian masze, erTi mxriv, tradicia (anu filologiis winasaukuneebrivi<br />
istoria), meore mxriv ki, Tanamedroveoba<br />
(ufro zustad ki Tanamedrove filologiis uaxlesi, “post-
256 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
modernistulad” wodebuli etapi): miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
tradicia mudam miiCnevda enasa da kulturas teqstis Seqmnis<br />
(“agebis”) didmniSvnelovan faqtorebad, “saboloo angariSSi”<br />
is mis (anu teqstis) namdvil da WeSmarit Semoqmedad<br />
mainc aRiqvamda ama Tu im konkretul adamians (konkretul<br />
pirs): laTinuri auctor (Cveneburi “avtori”) niSnavs swored<br />
“Semoqmeds” am sityvis sruli da WeSmariti gagebiT. magram<br />
radikalurad gansxvavebul pasuxs imave kiTxvaze iZleva<br />
zemoxsenebuli postmodernizmi: is miiCnevs, rom nebismieri<br />
Cvengani imyofeba garkveuli enisa da kulturis srul<br />
“tyveobaSi” da agebs “Tavis” teqsts ise, rogorc es “surT” am<br />
enasa da am kulturas. Sesabamisad, unda miviCnioT (Tu, ra<br />
Tqma unda, davdgebiT postmodernistul poziciaze), rom<br />
nebismieri teqstis namdvili “avtori” aris swored enisa<br />
da kulturis zemoT nagulisxmevi erTianoba, konkretuli<br />
piri ki (Tundac es iyos iseTi vinme, rogoricaa, magaliTad,<br />
galaktioni) sxva araferia, Tu ara am “ena-kulturis” (ese<br />
igi, WeSmariti “avtoris”) mier Seqmnili teqstis mxolod<br />
“Camweri” _ “skriptori” (scriptor laTinurad).<br />
romeli pozicia gaviTavisoT _ is, romelsac gvTavazobs<br />
tradicia, Tu is, romelsac gvTavazobs uaxlesi filologia?<br />
kiTxvis amgvarad dasma gulisxmobs, rom Cvens<br />
winaSea dilema (“dilema” berZnuli warmoSobis terminia<br />
da niSnavs, rom iZulebulni varT arCevani gavakeToT or<br />
urTierTdapirispirebul gadawyvetilebas Soris _ zogjer<br />
maSinac, roca, iqneb, arcerTi maTgani ar iyos CvenTvis<br />
bolomde misaRebi). mocemul SemTxvevaSi pirveli SesaZlo<br />
gadawyvetilebaa: 1) yovelgvari refleqsiis gareSe “mivemxroT”<br />
tradicias an Tanamedroveobas _ tradicias im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tu Cvenze moqmedebs azrovnebis mravalsaukunovani<br />
inercia, xolo Tanamedroveobas ki im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tu ubralod migvaCnia, rom sinamdvilis nebismier sfero-<br />
Si da yvela fenomenTan mimarTebaSi is, rac Tanamedrovea,<br />
mudam da garduvalad ufro swori da gamarTlebulia,<br />
vidre aqamde arsebuli (ese igi, is, rac warsuls ekuTvnis,<br />
ubralod “Zvelia” da ukve amitom moZvelebulicaa. dilemis<br />
“gadaWris” amgvari varianti, ra Tqma unda, yvelaze<br />
martivia _ is am SemTxevaSi ubralod arCevanis gakeTebas<br />
ufro niSnavs, vidre gadawyvetilebis miRebas; 2) meore SemTxvevaSi<br />
ki SeiZleba gvqondes ori gansxvavebuli varianti:<br />
a) SeiZleba tradiciac da Tanamedroveobac CvenTvis<br />
erTnairad misaRebi (an, davuSvaT, erTnairad miuRebeli)<br />
iyos, an b) SeiZleba arsebiTad vemxrobodeT an tradicias,<br />
an Tanamedroveobas, magram, amave dros, vfiqrobdeT (an
leqcia 257<br />
Tundac vgrZnobdeT), rom rac SeiZleba srulad unda iqnas<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli sapirispiro variantic. cxadia, rom<br />
bolo or SemTxvevaSi mogvixdeba Cveni gadawyvetileba<br />
davafuZnoT im mimarTebaTa gaazrebas (refleqsiur wvdomas),<br />
romlebic unda vigulisxmoT iseT fenomenebs Soris,<br />
rogoricaa, erTi mxriv, diskursi, teqsti, ena da kultura,<br />
meore mxriv ki, adamiani rogorc individi da pirovneba.<br />
vin aris adamiani zogadad da, _ rac CvenTvis, bunebrivia,<br />
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, _ Semoqmedi (Tundac poeti)<br />
sakuTar teqstTan mimarTebaSi _ marTla avtori Tu mxolod<br />
skriptori?<br />
Tu ganvazogadebT “proavtorul” da “proskriptorul”<br />
poziciaTa dapirispirebis faqtis mniSvnelobas, ma-<br />
Sin unda iTqvas: es faqti areklavs tadiciuli, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas _ klasikuri _ anTropocentrizmisa da Tanamedrove<br />
(an iqneb “ultraTanamedrove”) kulturocentrizmis<br />
bevrad ufro principul urTierTdapirispirebas _ im ur-<br />
TierTdapirispirebas, romelic, rogorc vnaxeT, uSualod<br />
aisaxeba teqstisadmi filologiis damokidebulebaSi. QqvemoT,<br />
ese igi, Semdgom leqciebSi, SevecdebiT Riad davsvaT<br />
filologiuri tradiciisa da Tanamedrove filologiis<br />
urTierTmimarTebis problema da, Sesabamisad, SevexebiT<br />
anTropozentrizmisa da kulturocentrizmis urTierTmimarTebasac,<br />
_ imdenad, ra Tqma unda, ramdenadac amas<br />
moiTxovs teqstis filologiuri gagebis problematika.<br />
vityviT winaswar, rom xsenebuli problebis gadaWras SevecdebiT<br />
sinTezis gziT: SevecdebiT ganvaxorcieloT<br />
tradiciisa da Tanamedroveobis sinTezi. magram ras Sei-<br />
Zleba niSnavdes es, ese igi, ras niSnavs termini “sinTezi”<br />
zogadad da ras unda niSnavdes is mocemul SemTxvevaSi?<br />
“sinTezi” iseTive rTuli terminia, rogorc “refleqsia” da<br />
Sedgeba ori enobrivi elementisgan: misi ZiriTadi nawili<br />
(“Zirad” wodebuli) aris berZnuli warmoSobis “thesis”, rac<br />
niSnavs “mtkicebas”, “sin-” ki momdinareobs berZnulive winsarTisgan<br />
(prefiqsisgan) “syn-”, romelic mis Semcvel sityvebSi<br />
miuTiTebs an a) ama Tu im qmedebaTa erTdroulobaze<br />
(magaliTad, “sinqronuli Targmani”), an b) Sinaarsobrivad<br />
gansxvavebul (ufro xSirad urTierTdapirispirebul)<br />
mtkicebaTa iseT Serwymaze, roca Sedegad viRebT sruliad<br />
axal (mesame) mtkicebas _ iseTs, romelSic gadalaxuli iqneba<br />
wina mtkicebaTa Sinaarsobrivi calmxrivoba.<br />
is, rom Cvens winaSea mxatvruli teqstis “proavtoruli”<br />
an “proskriptoruli” gagebis dilema, cxadia; magram filologiaSi<br />
Seqmnili am “dilemuri situaciis” mTel mniSvne-
258 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
lobas gavicnobierebT mxolod maSin, roca gvecodineba,<br />
rom dRes, ese igi, maSin, roca sakmarisad didi gavleniT<br />
sargeblobs “proskriptoruli (anu skriptorulobas mimxrobili)<br />
pozicia”, am poziciis mimdevrebi pirdapir laparakoben<br />
“avtoris sikvdilze”: is, vinc sakuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
avtori egonaT, sinamdvileSi skriptoria da meti araferi<br />
_ igulisxmeba, ra Tqma unda, “sikvdili” am sityvis ara<br />
pirdapiri, aramed wminda Teoriul-konceptualuri (azrobriv-refleqsiuri)<br />
gagebiT: rusTvelic da galaktionic<br />
rCebian rusTvelad da galaktionad, magram maT _ Tu Sei-<br />
Zleba ase iTqvas _ “ecvlebaT statusi”: miCneul iyvnen avtorebad,<br />
axla ki unda miviCnioT skriptorebad. (ratom xdeba<br />
es, anu ra warmoadgens “skriptoruli” poziciis wyaros da<br />
safuZvels? am kiTxvaze sruli pasuxis gacema SesaZlebeli<br />
iqneboda, ra Tqma unda, mxolod im Tanamedrove kulturuli<br />
nakadis safuZvlianad gacnobis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac<br />
“postmodernizmi” ewodeba. Cven, bunebrivia, ver davisaxavT<br />
amgvar amocanas mTeli misi SesaZlo sisruliT, Tumca<br />
vityviT imas mainc, rac uSualod ukavSirdeba zemoT naxseneb<br />
“sikvdilis” Temas: postmodernistuli poziciis mixedviT,<br />
enisa da kulturis “tyveobaSi” Cveni yofnis “xarisxi”<br />
imdenad maRalia (ese igi, imdenad “vimarTebiT” am CvenSi<br />
“davanebuli”, Cveni adamianuri struqturis gamWolad ganmsazRvreli<br />
fenomenebis mier), rom, wminda konceptualuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT, iluziulad unda miviCnioT TviT adamianis<br />
(rogorc WeSmaritad avtonomiuri, ese igi, damoukidebeli<br />
“me”-s mflobeli yofieris) da sinamdvilis (samyaroseuli<br />
realobis) konceptebic ki: is, rac sinamdviled (realobad)<br />
migvaCnia, sxva araferia, Tu ara eniTa da kulturiT (enakulturiT)<br />
Seqmnili, Sinaganad erTiani da CvenTvis bolomde<br />
Seucnobeli “didi” teqsti (“megateqsti”, Tu gamoviyenebT<br />
prefiqsad qceul berZnul “mega”-s, romelic swored<br />
“dids” niSnavs). gamodis, rom is, rac Cven sinamdviled migva-<br />
Cnia, siRrmiseulad aris erTi da erTiani, yovlismomcveli<br />
teqstobrivi nakadi, xolo is ki, rac adamianad migvaCnia,<br />
sxva araferia, Tu ara arseba (am SemTxvevaSi mas “yofiersac”<br />
ki ver vuwodebT), romelic qceviTa Tu gamonaTqvamiT mxolod<br />
“axmovanebs” imas, rac misi monawileobis gareSe ukve<br />
gansazRvruli da gadawyvetilia ena-kulturis “wiaRSi” _<br />
ase rom, gvaqvs safuZveli vilaparakoT (da laparakoben kidec)<br />
TviT “adamianis sikvdilzec”.<br />
vfiqrobT, zemoT naTqvami sakmarisi sicxadiT gviCvenebs<br />
rogorc im dilemis mTel seriozulobas, romlis winaSe<br />
imyofeba Tanamedrove filologia (da ara mxolod filo-
leqcia 259<br />
logia, aramed mTeli humanitaruli azrovnebac!), ise im<br />
sinTezis aucileblobasac, romelic igulisxmeba am dilemis<br />
arsebobiT.<br />
vfiqrobT, cxadad gamoikveTa yovelive Tqmulis kavSiri<br />
kiTxvasTan, romelsac fundamenturi mniSvneloba unda<br />
hqondes filologiisTvis: ras unda warmoadgendes is fu-<br />
Zemdebeli mTliani, romelsac uSualod da, pirvel rig-<br />
Si, unda eyrdnobodes filologiuri refleqsia ? anTropologiurad<br />
gaazrebul adamians Tu kulturologiurad<br />
gaazrebul kulturas (an: lingvokulturulad gaazrebul<br />
ena-kulturas?). pasuxi erTia: zemoT Cvens mier ganviTarebuli<br />
msjeloba gveubneba, rom WeSmariti filologiuri<br />
refleqsia ver Sedgeba amgvari mTlianis gareSe, masze (am<br />
mTlianze) warmodgena ki unda Segviqmnas tradiciisa da<br />
Tanamedroveobis sinTezma.<br />
leqcia 3<br />
Tu viarsebebT ara mxolod ise, rogorc amas umetes SemTxvevaSi<br />
moiTxovs yoveldRiuroba, aramed refleqsiuradac,<br />
maSin garduvalad mogvixdeba davsvaT kiTxvebi,<br />
romlebsac gulisxmobs refleqsia (magaliTad,A iseTi ki-<br />
Txva, rogoricaa “ra aris adamiani?”). zemoT, Cveni pirveli<br />
leqciis dasasruls, ukve iqna miniSnebuli, rom nebismieri<br />
refleqsia iwyeba kiTxviT: “ra aris es?” da am kiTxvaze<br />
uSualo pasuxi iqneba is, rasac vuwodebT “definicias” (gansazRvras).<br />
magram rogoria TviT dafiniciis Sinagani aRnagoba,<br />
anu misi struqtura? gamoviyenoT ubralo magaliTi<br />
da davsvaT kiTxva: ra aris mobiluri telefoni? am kiTxvaze<br />
pasuxi, albaT, iqneba: is aris ukabelo telefoni. maS<br />
rogor viqceviT, rodesac gvsurs gavceT pasuxi kiTxvaze:<br />
“ra aris es?”. mobiluri telefoni mivakuTvneT romeliRac<br />
saganTa jgufs, klass – saxeldobr, telefonebis klass da,<br />
amave dros, gamovyaviT is am klasidan da vTqviT, riTi gansxvavdeba<br />
is am klasSi Semaval sxva telefonebisgan, anu telefonTa<br />
sxva saxeobebisgan. ese igi, rogor viqceviT maSin,<br />
rodesac gvsurs gvqondes sagnis an fenomenis definicia?<br />
pirvel rigSi, vakuTvnebT mocemul sagans an fenomens saganTa<br />
an fenomenTa romeliRac klass, _ logikaSi amboben:<br />
romeliRac gvars (telefonTa klasi am SemTxvevaSi iyo<br />
swored gvari) da gamovyofT CvenTvis saintereso fenomens<br />
an sagans am gvaridan rogorc saxeobas. aseTia definiciis<br />
struqtura. magram, amave dros, ar iqneboda swori gveTqva:<br />
“mobiluri aris sagani, romelic gvakavSirebs sxva adamia-
260 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
nebTan kabelis gareSe”. es iqneboda araswori (arakoreqtuli)<br />
definicia. ratom? roca viZleviT sagnis an fenomenis<br />
definicias da gvsurs xolme am mizniT davasaxeloT gvari,<br />
romlisganac is unda gamovyoT rogorc saxeoba, am gvariT<br />
unda davasaxeloT ara saganTa an fenomenTa nebismieri,<br />
aramed uaxloesi klasi. davsvaT kidev erTi kiTxva: ra aris<br />
es auditoria? es aris, ra Tqma unda, oTaxi, magram rogori?<br />
Cven vlaparakobT auditoriaze rogorc umaRlesi skolis<br />
struqturul elementze. amitom definiciis dros unda<br />
davasaxeloT uaxloesi klasi, romelsac ekuTvnis mocemuli<br />
fenomeni da vTqvaT: “auditoria aris umaRlesi skolis<br />
Senobis iseTi oTaxi (ese igi, aucileblad “umaRlesi skolis<br />
Senobis esa Tu is oTaxi” rogorc uaxloesi klasi da<br />
ara “oTaxi zogadad », radgan es iqneboda swored rom “uSoresi”<br />
da ara uaxloesi klasi), sadac tardeba xolme leqcia<br />
an praqtikuli mecadineoba”. (SevamCnevdiT, albaT, rom definiciis<br />
sruqturaze saubrisas xSirad vambobT: “sagani an<br />
fenomeni”. ras unda niSnavdes am ori sityvis _ “sagani” da<br />
“fenomeni” _ msgavs konteqstSi amgvarad erTad xmarebis<br />
SesaZlebloba? rogoria am sityvebis urTierTmimarTeba<br />
zogadad da mocemul konteqstSi? erTi mxriv, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom “fenomeni” aRniSnavs raRac ufro zogads da<br />
masStaburs, vidre “sagani”, raRac iseTs, rac saganTa mTeli<br />
simravliTac SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili _ ase, magali-<br />
Tad: samyaro rogorc fenomeni, sicocxle rogorc fenomeni<br />
da a.S. mobiluri telefonic, ra Tqma unda, am TvalsazrisiT<br />
fenomenia _ magram, amave dros, iseTi fenomeni, romelic<br />
yoveli Cvenganis individualur sinamdvileSi uaRresad<br />
“sagnobrivad” aris warmodgenili; amitom SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom Cveni aRqmisTvis mobiluri “ufro” sagania, vidre<br />
fenomeni. rogorc vxedavT, es ori sityva _ “fenomeni”<br />
da “sagani” _ naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu rogori araerTniSna da<br />
winaaRmdegobrivic ki SeiZleba iyos sityvaTa semantikuri<br />
urTierTmimarTeba: “fenomeni” da “sagani” semantikurad,<br />
erTi mxriv, upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, meore mxriv ki, Sei-<br />
Zleba aRmoCndes konteqstur sinonimTa rolSic).<br />
da kidev erTi, CvenTvis (filologebisTvis) bevrad<br />
ufro mniSvnelovani magaliTi. “ra aris ena?” _ es aris ki-<br />
Txva, romliTac viwyebT refleqsias enaze. vupasuxebT: ena<br />
aris fenomeni, romelic arsebobs imisTvis, rom SesaZlebeli<br />
iyos adamianTa Soris komunikacia, ese igi, ena aris komunikaciis<br />
saSualeba. ra Tqma unda, es enis Zalian martivi<br />
(SeiZleba iTqvas, uaRresad gamartivebuli) definiciaa,<br />
magram CvenTvis, am SemTxvevaSi, mTavaria davinaxoT kavSiri
leqcia 261<br />
definiciasa da refleqsias Soris. garda enisa, rogorc fenomenisa,<br />
arsebobs sxva fenomenebic, romelTa funqcia, aseve,<br />
aris adamianTa Soris kavSiris damyareba, anu komunikacia.<br />
magaliTad, iseTi fenomenebic, rogoricaa kultura<br />
da civilizacia, gvakavSireben erTmaneTTan (mag. mobiluri<br />
telefoni aris civilizaciuri, “vefxistyaosani” ki _<br />
kulturuli fenomeni). amitom im SemTxvevaSi, roca gvsurs<br />
gvqondes enis definicia, uaxloesi klasi iqneba “adamianTa<br />
damakavSirebeli fenomeni”, enas ki ganvsazRvravT, rogorc<br />
“adamianTa Soris kominikaciis damyarebis sityvier (sxvanairad<br />
_ verbalur) fenomens”. aseTi definiciiT, ra Tqma<br />
unda, yuradRebis gareSe davtoveT iseTi mniSvnelovani<br />
momenti, rogoricaa kavSiri enas, kulturasa da civilizacias<br />
Soris, magram am etapze CvenTvis, _ rogorc ukve iTqva,<br />
_ mTavari iyo sxva kavSiris, saxeldobr, im kavSiris danaxva,<br />
romelic arsebobs definiciasa da refleqsias Soris.<br />
SegviZlia ki vTqvaT, rom enis zemoT mocemuli definiciiT<br />
ukve movaxdineT is, rasac SeiZleba ewodos “refleqsia enaze”?<br />
ara, ar niSnavs: definicia unda gvqondes (Tumca, Sei-<br />
Zleba, arc gvqondes, radgan xSirad Zneldeba xolme definiciis<br />
monaxva) refleqsiis sawyis, sastarto etapze. kiTxviT<br />
“ra aris es?” da masze gacemuli (Tu gasacemi) pasuxiT<br />
refleqsia mxolod iwyeba da SeuZlebelia iTqvas, Tu rodis<br />
dasruldeba is (da dasruldeba ki rodesme? rac ufro<br />
mniSvnelovani, rac ufro masStaburia CvenTvis fenomeni, _<br />
ena ki, ra Tqma unda, swored aseT fenomenTa ricxvs ekuTvnis<br />
_ miT ufro metia imis albaToba, rom refleqsiis procesi<br />
usasrulo iyos). definiciisgan gansxvavebiT ki, refleqsiis<br />
mizania gvqondes is, rasac Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi<br />
fenomenis “koncepti” ewodeba (ese igi, cneba warmoadgens<br />
refleqsiis mxolod erTi, saxeldobr, im “sastarto” momentis<br />
Sedegs, romelsac “definicia” ewodeba, koncepti ki<br />
unda iyos fenomenze mTeli Cveni refleqsiis Sedegi, anu<br />
is maqsimalurad gamTlianebuli azrobrivi warmodgena<br />
fenomenze, romelsac saboloo angariSSi iZleva refleqsia.<br />
ras warmoadgens koncepti imisgan gansxvavebiT, rasac<br />
definicia iZleva, anu cnebisgan gansxvavebiT? am kiTxvaze<br />
metad Tu naklebad sruli pasuxi gveqneba imdenad, ramdenadac<br />
SevZlebT SevimuSavoT filologiis koncepti).<br />
magram ras niSnavs gvqondes filologiis definicia, Tu<br />
mivyvebiT definiciis im gagebas, romelic ukve gvqonda? es<br />
niSnavs Semdegs: unda mivuCinoT filologias adgili fenomenTa<br />
misTvis im uaxloes klasSi, romelic CaiTvleba<br />
mis gvarad. filologia aris azrovnebis mimarTuleba da,
262 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
Sesabamisad, misTvis, rogorc saxeobisTvis, unda arsebobdes<br />
azrovnebis mimarTuleba ufro farTo gagebiT, vidre<br />
es TviT filologiaze iTqmis, anu azrovnebis iseTi mimar-<br />
Tuleba, romlis erT-erTi momenti iqneboda filologia.<br />
magram, rogorc ukve viciT, es iqneba filologiaze Cveni<br />
refleqsiis mxolod dasawyisi.<br />
msjelobis am etapze vsvamT kiTxvas ara uSualod imis<br />
Taobaze, Tu ras unda niSnavdes filologiuri refleqsia<br />
am gamoTqmis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT (filologiis zemoT<br />
mocemuli da, rogorc ukve iTqva, jer kidev dasakonkretebeli<br />
gansazRvris mixedviT, es unda iyos kiTxva imis<br />
Taobaze, Tu rogor unda iqnas gagebuli Sinagani kavSiri<br />
enas, literaturasa da kulturas _ an kulturis istorias<br />
_ Soris), aramed TviT filologiis Taobaze. amitom ki-<br />
Txva JRers Semdegnairad: ra aris filologia? aqedan gamomdinare<br />
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom refleqsias aqvs Tavisi<br />
safexurebi: arsebobs filologiuri refleqsia, roca filologia<br />
svams kiTxvas mTel im sferos Taobaze, romelsac<br />
is Seiswavlis; magram, rogorc ukve viciT, SesaZlebelia<br />
refleqsia TviT filologiazec. aseTi safexurebis aRsaniSnavad<br />
Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi (da ara marto Tanamedrove<br />
azrovnebaSi) ixmareba berZnuli termini (ufro<br />
zustad _ afiqsi) “meta-” (magaliTad, “metafizika”). roca<br />
vsvamT kiTxvas: “ra aris filologia?”, es iqneba Cveni im<br />
metafilologiuri refleqsiis dasawyisi, romelic unda<br />
ganvasxvavoT sakuTriv filologiuri refleqsiisagan.<br />
metafilologiuri refleqsiis mizani sawyis, anu definiciur<br />
etapze iqneba: ganvsazRvroT filologia, ese igi,<br />
mivuCinoT mas adgili mecnieruli azrovnebis mTeli sistemis<br />
farglebSi. magram imdenad, ramdenadac gagrZeldeba<br />
Cveni metafilologiuri refleqsia, gveqneba filologiis<br />
konceptic (sxvanairad: filologiis Cveneuli koncefcia).<br />
ese igi, verc erTi definicia, romlis mizania mogvces fenomenis<br />
cneba, ver mogvcems srulad imis warmodgenas, rasac<br />
gulisxmobs termini koncepti, Tumca konceptic SeuZlebeli<br />
iqneboda, Tuki winaswar ar gveqneboda definiciis mier<br />
SemoTavazebuli cneba.<br />
leqcia 4<br />
wina leqciebma gagvacno termini, romlis mniSvneloba<br />
uaRresad didia ara mxolod filologiisTvis, aramed<br />
mTeli Tanamedrove azrovnebisTvisac ki. es terminia “refleqsia”.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am terminis ganmartebis
leqcia 263<br />
done mTlianad eqvemdebareboda Cvens mier ganviTarebuli<br />
msjelobis logikas (ese igi, misi Sinaarsi “ixsneboda” mxolod<br />
ise da imdenad, ramdenadac es sWirdeboda msjelobas).<br />
magram xsenebul termins aqvs sakuTari, anu mocemuli<br />
konkretuli msjelobisgan metad Tu naklebad damoukidebeli<br />
logikac _ is logikac, romelic mTlianad gamomdinareobs<br />
misi statusidan (misi “funqciuri datvirTvidan”)<br />
ara mxolod Tanamedrove filologiis, aramed mTeli Tanamedrove<br />
humanitaruli (da iqneb ara marto humanitaruli)<br />
azrovnebis farglebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, kidev er-<br />
Txel SevCerdeT termin “refleqsiiT” nagulisxmebi cnebis<br />
zogierT momentze da amiT davakonkretoT misi Sinaarsi _<br />
bunebrivia imdenad, ramdenadac es aucilebelia Cveni kursisTvis.<br />
refleqsia da misi doneebi<br />
wina leqciebSi faqtobrivad ukve gamovyaviT im fenomenis<br />
sami ZiriTadi done, romelsac “refleqsia” vuwodeT. es<br />
doneebia:<br />
1. yoveldRiuri refleqsia. rogorc ukve viciT, es is<br />
refleqsiaa, romelic xorcieldeba yoveldRiurobis<br />
sferoSi (wiaRSi) ama Tu im fenomenTan dakavSirebiT. xazi<br />
unda gaesvas Semdeg moments: refleqsiis amgvar xasiaTs<br />
(mis yoveldRiur da ara mecnierul xasiaTs) ganapirobebs<br />
ara masTan dakavSirebuli fenomenis tipi Tu masStaburoba<br />
an TviT refleqsiis meti Tu naklebi siRrme _ yoveldRiurobis<br />
wiaRSi aRqmuli fenomenic SeiZleba masStaburi<br />
iyos da TviT am fenomenze mimarTuli refleqsiac<br />
(ese igi, am refleqsiis fargleSi dasmuli kiTxvac da am<br />
kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis mcdelobac), _ Zalian Rrmac ki.<br />
nu dagvaviwydeba, rom, rogorc Cvens adamianur arsebobasa<br />
da bed-iRbalTan dakavSirebuli TiTqmis yvela kiTxva,<br />
iseTebi, magaliTad, rogoricaa “rani varT, saidan movdivarT<br />
da saiT mivimarTebiT?”, “ra azri aqvs Cvens arsebobas?”<br />
da a.S., ise am kiTxvebiT “dabadebuli” refleqsia<br />
Cndeba swored Cvens yoveldRiurobaSi _ im yoveldRiurobaSi,<br />
romlis refleqsiur siRrmes, pirvel rigSi, xalxuri<br />
Semoqmedeba gamoxatavs (“folklorad” wodebuli<br />
xalxuri sibrZne; gavixsenoT Tundac Cveni “ra aris Cveni<br />
sicocxle? CitiviT gagvifrindeba”, _ aq kiTxvac aris da<br />
am kiTxviT dabadebuli refleqsiis Sedegic). magram, ra<br />
siRrmisac unda iyos es yoveldRiuri refleqsia, amiT<br />
TviT refleqsiis done mainc ar Seicvleba, sanam is ar mii-
264 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
Rebs sistemur xasiaTs (am SemTxvevaSi ki “sistemuroba”<br />
niSnavs Semdegs: yoveli Sinaarsobrivad mniSvnelovani<br />
kiTxva badebs Sinaganad masTan dakavSirebul kiTxvaTa<br />
mTel _ da vin icis, iqneb usasrulo _ rigs da, bunebrivia,<br />
am kiTxvebze gacemuli yoveli pasuxic moiTxovs Semdgom<br />
gacemuli pasuxebiT dakonkretebas, ese igi, moiTxovs, rom<br />
Cvens mier ganxorcielebul refleqsias hqondes Tanmimdevruli<br />
xasiaTi da swored aseTi Tanmimdevroba unda miviCnioT<br />
am SemTxvevaSi sistematurobad). amitom SeiZleba<br />
vTqvaT: swored sistemuroba (da ara imdenad masStaburobisa<br />
da siRrmis done) aniWebs refleqsias mecnierul (ese<br />
igi, ukve arayoveldRiur) xasiaTs. (da SeiZleba, albaT,<br />
vTqvaT Semdegic: rodis gveqneba WeSmariti siRrmis mqone<br />
filosofiuri refleqsia? maSin, roca yoveldRiuroba-<br />
Si ganxorcielebul da folklorSi cxadqmnil siRrmes<br />
Seerwymis mecnierulad gagebuli sistemuroba; da rodis<br />
gveqneba WeSmariti siRrmis mqone RmrTismetyveluri, anu<br />
Teologiuri refleqsia? maSin, roca yoveldRiurobaSi<br />
dasmul siRrmiseul kiTxvebs pasuxs aZlevs RmrTaebrivi<br />
gamocxadeba, xolo RmrTismetyveluri refleqsia Tavisi<br />
sistemurobiT efuZneba am gamocxadebas; “gamocxadebad”<br />
ki iwodeba is zebunebrivi, Tumca, amave dros, realuri<br />
istoriis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli aqti, romlis sa-<br />
SualebiTac RmerTi, anu samyarosa da adamianis Semqneli<br />
usasrulo pirovneba, adamians amcnobs Tavisi arsebobisa<br />
da Tavisi nebis Sesaxeb).<br />
2. mecnieruli refleqsia. zemoT naTqvamidan gamomdinare<br />
ukve SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mecnieruli refleqsia<br />
mudam da aucileblad atarebs sistemur xasiaTs (ras<br />
niSnavs ufro konkretulad es sistematuroba? amaze pasuxs<br />
filologiuri refleqsiis im doneebze miviRebT,<br />
romlebic Semdgom gveqneba realizebuli). magram, garda<br />
amisa, mecnieruli refleqsia xasiaTdeba imiTac, rom is<br />
ukve (yoveldRiurisgan gansxvavebiT) ekuTvnis azrovnebis<br />
ama Tu im mimarTulebas, xolo TviT mimarTulebas ki<br />
gansazRvravs is konkretuli fenomeni, romelic iqceva<br />
refleqsiis sagnad. filologiis SemTxvevaSi fenomenis<br />
“rolSi” gamodis is Sinagani kavSiri, romelic moiazreba<br />
enas, literaturasa da kulturas Soris. rogorc<br />
vxedavT, fenomenic SeiZleba iyos sakmarisad rTuli da<br />
ukiduresad rTulic ki im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas aRviqvamT<br />
rogorc mimarTebaTa garkveul erTobliobas (swored<br />
amgvar erTobliobaze miuTiTebs zemoT gamoyenebuli<br />
sityva “kavSiri”);
leqcia 265<br />
3. mecnieruli metarefleqsia. es ki is SemTxvevaa, roca<br />
esa Tu is ukve formirebuli mecnieruli disciplina (ufro<br />
farTod ki vityviT _ azrovnebis mimarTuleba) TviTon<br />
aqcevs Tavis Tavs refleqsiis sagnad.<br />
risTvis dagvWirda refleqsiis doneTa ganmeorebiTi<br />
(da ramdenadme dakonkretizebuli) ganxilva? imisTvis,<br />
raTa xazi gagvesva doneTa TanmimdevrobasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
Semdegi faqtisTvis: refleqsiis doneTa dasaxelebisa<br />
da ganxilvis Cvens mier zemoT ganxorcielebuli Tanmimdevroba<br />
emTxveva TviT am doneTa “dabadebis” qronologiur<br />
da etapobriv Tanmimdevrobas: mecnieruli refleqsia<br />
ver Sedgeba, Tu jer ar Sedga yoveldRiuri refleqsia, yovelgvar<br />
metarefleqsias ki aucileblad win unda uswrebdes<br />
mecnieruli refleqsia am terminis “Cveulebrivi”, anu<br />
ara “meta-” gagebiT.<br />
refleqsiis Cvens mier “moxazuli” doneebrivi struqtura<br />
sqemurad warmogvidgens nebismieri mecnieruli disciplinis<br />
istoriul da Sinaasobriv dinamikas: mecniereba<br />
ibadeba yoveldRiuri refleqsiis wiaRSi da sabolood<br />
aRwevs (unda miaRwios!) metarefleqsiis dones. magram Cveni<br />
saleqco kursis dinamika (is, Tu rogor, ra mimarTulebiT<br />
viTardeba am kursSi zogadfilologiuri msjeloba) ukve<br />
gviCvenebs, rom mecnieruli disciplinis _ am SemTxvevaSi<br />
filologiis _ aTviseba da gaTaviseba SeiZleba moxdes<br />
(da umjobesia kidec moxdes) Sebrunebuli (invertirebuli)<br />
mimarTulebiT (laTinurad inversio “Sebrunebas” niSnavs):<br />
Cven viwyebT metafilologiuri doniT, radgan vsvamT<br />
kiTxvas: “ra aris filologia?” da mivyvebiT am donis “logikas”,<br />
anu azris “amdoniseul” msvlelobas imdenad, ramdenadac<br />
vcdilobT gavceT pasuxi dasmul kiTxvaze termin<br />
“filologiis” semantikur da nominaciur analizze dayrdnobiT.<br />
mxolod amis Semdeg gadavalT sakuTriv filologiuri<br />
analizis doneze, es analizi ki garduvalad mogviyvans<br />
kiTxvamde: ra mimarTebaa refleqsiis filologiur<br />
da yoveldRiur doneebs Soris? Tumca SegviZlia imave ki-<br />
Txvis ufro farTo (ufro “masStaburi”) saxiT formulirebac:<br />
ra mimarTebaa filologiis mier sakvlev realobasa<br />
da yoveldRiurobas (Cvens yoveldRiur realobas) Soris?<br />
amgvari kiTxvis dasmis garduvalobaca da mniSvnelobac gamomdinareobs<br />
ara mxolod filologiis rogorc azrovnebis<br />
mimarTulebis gaazrebis im logikidan, romelsac Cven<br />
mivyvebiT (rogorc ukve viciT, es logika gulisxmobs Cveni<br />
azris svlas “metarefleqsiidan yoveldRiur refleqsiamde”),<br />
aramed zogadad Tanamedrove azrovnebisTvis damaxa-
266 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
siaTebeli Semdegi momentidanac: sul ufro da ufro mniSvnelovnad<br />
gvevlineba yoveldRiurobis rogorc fenomenis<br />
roli mecnierebis, xelovnebis da, zogadad, kulturis<br />
gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT. mTeli Cveni kursis Semdgomi<br />
msvleloba gviCvenebs: marTalia, zogadad, mecnieruli da,<br />
kerZod, filologiuri azrovneba SeiZleba iyos (da aris<br />
kidec) ufro sistemuri da ufro zustic, vidre yoveldRiuri<br />
azrovneba, magram, samagierod, yoveldRiuroba<br />
mis mTlianobaSi xasiaTdeba Semdegi ori Sinaarsobrivi<br />
niSniT: a) is niSnavs mets, vidre TviT azrovnebac ki, _ is<br />
aris Cveni pirveladi, sawyisi saarsebo sivrce (sxvanairad :<br />
Cveni egzistencialuri sivrce, radgan Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi<br />
“egzistencia” _ laTinurad existentia _ niSnavs swored<br />
adamianur arsebobas siRrmiseuli gagebiT); b) amgvarad<br />
gagebuli yoveldRiuroba ki aris yoveli azrovnebis<br />
farulad warmmarTveli wyaro da safuZveli.<br />
“filologiis Sesavlis” momdevno leqciebi<br />
gamoqveyndeba weliwdeulis Semdgom gamoSvebebSi.<br />
Introduction to Philology<br />
Lecture 1-4<br />
Guram Lebanidze<br />
In the initial lectures of his Introduction to Philologhy the autor seeks to<br />
analyze the foundation of philology from logical, theoretical dan methodoligal<br />
point of view. Philology is understood as an integrative humanitarian<br />
science studing textually revealed relations between literature, language and<br />
history of culture. Some basic notions such as those of text, discourse and<br />
functional styles as well as those of reflection’s everyday and scientific levels<br />
are introduced ans discussed. First steps are made towards distinguishing<br />
traditional and modern variaties of philological thinking and the idea of a<br />
synthesis is suggested.
publikacia<br />
lela xaCiZe<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> himnografiis aqamde ucnobi nimuSebi –<br />
“kapraSiulni”<br />
aTonuri koleqciis qarTul xelnawerebze muSaobisas<br />
Cveni yuradReba miiqcia #85 xelnawerma, romelic Zlispir-<br />
Ta krebuls – irmologions warmoadgens. xelnaweri X-XI<br />
saukuneebiT TariRdeba (aRweriloba 1986: 123-132). masSi<br />
daculi anderZebisa da minawerebis Seswavlam saSualeba<br />
mogvca dagvedgina, rom igi Seqmnili unda iyos X-XI saukuneebis<br />
mijnaze an XI saukunis I naxevarSi aTonze, uSualod<br />
Tornike erisTavis garSemo myof an masTan dakavSirebul<br />
qarTvelTa wreSi (xaCiZe 2000: 161).<br />
“Zlispirni”, rogorc ukve kargadaa cnobili, erTgvari<br />
saxelmZRvaneloa Sua saukuneebis himnografTaTvis.<br />
ZlispiriT an masze miTiTebiT iwyeba Sua saukuneebis sagalobelTa<br />
umetesoba. Zlispiri erTgvari gasaRebi, qarga,<br />
winaswar gamzadebuli formaa sagaloblisaTvis. bunebrivia,<br />
rom igi sagalobelSi Sinaarseuladac aisaxeboda<br />
xolme. amis gaTvaliswinebiT sruliad bunebrivia,<br />
rom rogorc bizantiur, ise sxvaenovan irmologionebSi<br />
batonobs bizantiuri himnografiis yvelaze didi warmomadgenlebis<br />
– andria kritelis, ioane damaskelis, kozma<br />
ierusalimelisa da germane patriarqis saxelebi. <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
“Zlispirnis” SeswavlaSi gansakuTrebuli Rvawli miuZRvis<br />
akademikos elene metrevels (metreveli 1971).<br />
aToni-85-c ZlispirTa krebuls warmoadgens. himnografiaSi<br />
damkvidrebul ZlispirTa repertuarTan erTad,<br />
masSi Sesuli aRmoCnda sagalobelTa erTi jgufi, romelsac<br />
miwerili aqvs “kapraSiulni”. rogorc gairkva, es termini<br />
am sagalobelTa avtorze migvaniSnebs (xaCiZe 2000:<br />
162-163). “kapraSiulni” isevea nawarmoebi, rogorc “mer-<br />
Culiulni” an “minCxurni”. ioane minCxisadmi miZRvnil monografiaSi<br />
Cven saSualeba mogveca dagvedgina, rom termini<br />
“minCxurni” aRniSnavs minCxis avtorobas (xaCiZe 1987:<br />
267
268 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
138-140). igive SeiZleba iTqvas termin “merCuliulnis”<br />
mimarTac.<br />
erTi SexedviT ucnauri saxelis _ “kapraSis” kvlevam<br />
saintereso Sedegi mogvca. TuSur dialeqtSi dRemde arsebobs<br />
analogiuri sityva _ “kapraS/kapraSa”, rac “mowiTalo-moyviTalo”<br />
fers niSnavs. T. uTurgaiZis naSromSi “Tu-<br />
Suri kilo” es sityva ganmartebulia, rogorc “yviTeli”<br />
(uTurgaiZe 1960: 201), p. xubutias mier ki, rogorc “wiTelnarevi<br />
yviTeli feri” (xubutia 1969: 108). es sityva gvxvdeba<br />
eTer TaTaraiZis leqsebSic (TaTaraiZe 1979: 9). ingilour<br />
dialeqtSi es sityva niSnavs “nargizisfers’’, xevsurulSi<br />
ki _ “laRwiTels’’ (Rlonti 1984: 272). TuSur dialeqtSi,<br />
_ iseve, rogorc mTis kiloebSi saerTod, _ xSirad Zveli<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong>s viTarebaa daculi (SaniZe 1984: 11). Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong>danve<br />
unda modiodes TuSurSi “moyviTalo-mowiTalo”<br />
feris aRmniSvneli sityvac. am garemoebas sruli ueWvelobiT<br />
adasturebs sulxan-saba orbelianis “sityvis kona”,<br />
sadac sityva “kapraSi” Sesulicaa da axsnilic: “kapraSi –<br />
yviTel-mowiTalo” (orbeliani 1965: 356).<br />
amrigad, aToni-85-Si Sesuli sagaloblebis erTi jgufis<br />
avtors zedwodeba “kapraS” Serqmeuli unda hqondes<br />
garegnuli niSnis mixedviT da Tanamedrove qarTulze es<br />
unda niSnavdes “mwiTurs”.<br />
gamokvlevaSi “ucnobi qarTveli himnografi” Cven zogadad<br />
mimovixileT misi saxeliT Semonaxuli sagaloblebi,<br />
romlebic ZiriTadad RvTismSoblisadmia miZRvnili (xa-<br />
CiZe 2000: 159-167). avtori iyenebs RvTismSoblis mraval<br />
epiTets, romlebic mxatvrul srulyofasTan erTad, Rrma<br />
Teologiur Sinaarss Seicavs. am sagaloblebSi “gixarodenis”<br />
ganwyobileba Warbobs, rac kapraSis poeziis kidev<br />
erTi sagulisxmo Taviseburebaa.<br />
am sagaloblebis kiTxvisas ikveTeba kidev erTi sayuradRebo<br />
garemoeba. macxovris qveynad “momyvanebel” wmida<br />
qalwuls avtori ZiriTadad zogadadamianuri saTxovariT<br />
mimarTavs – evedreba Suamavlobas uzenaessa da kacTa<br />
Soris. maSinac, roca igi qebas aRavlens RvTismSoblisadmi,<br />
esaa ara erTi, konkretuli adamianis, aramed mTeli kacobriobis<br />
mier gamoTqmuli xotba. lirikuli subieqti<br />
scdeba pirovnebis farglebs da zogadad “morwmuneTa”,<br />
“yovelTa qristianeTa” piriT metyvelebs. Tu X saukunis<br />
didi qarTveli lirikosebi ZiriTadad sakuTari sulis<br />
gradacias da emociebs gadmogvcemen, kapraSis sagaloblebi<br />
erTgvari “universalizmiTaa” moculi. es, albaT, bunebrivicaa,<br />
radgan amave niSniTaa aRbeWdili TviT aTonis
publikacia 269<br />
literaturuli skola, romlis warmomadgenelicaa am sagalobelTa<br />
avtori.<br />
kapraSis sagaloblebis teqsti aToni-85-Si nevmirebulia,<br />
rac imas mowmobs, rom maT Tan axlda melodia, Zveli<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> musika. amis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe SeuZlebelia<br />
himnografiis nimuSebis srulyofilad aRqma. unda vivaraudoT,<br />
rom am sagalobelTa melodiac iseve, rogorc<br />
maTi ritmuli sazomebi, kapraSs ekuTvnoda.<br />
kapraSis Cvenamde moRweuli, Zlispirebad qceuli,<br />
troparebi himnografiaSi arsebuli wesis Tanaxmad, misi<br />
“TviTZlispiri” (sakuTari ritmuli sazomisa da melodiis<br />
mqone) sagaloblebis dasawyis strofebs unda warmoadgendes.<br />
amrigad, TiToeuli maTganis miRma unda vivaraudoT<br />
Sesabamisi sazomebiT dawerili sruli sagaloblebi.<br />
kapraSis es sagaloblebi saxelwauwerlad aRmoCnda<br />
Sesuli ZlispirTa sxva krebulSic – e. w. “iordaneseul<br />
ZlispirnSi” (xelnaweri A-603), romelic X saukunis damleviTa<br />
da XI saukunis dasawyisiT TariRdeba (kiknaZe 1982).<br />
A-603-Si kapraSis sagaloblebi Sesuli aRmoCnda Zlispirebad,<br />
romlebsac axlavs Sesabamisi sazomebiT dawerili<br />
RmrTismSoblisanebi.<br />
axali avtoris gamoCena ZlispirTa repertuarSi _ Sua<br />
saukuneebis sasuliero poeziis yvelaze dakanonebul sferoSi<br />
– mowmobs kapraSis Semoqmedebis uCveulo aRiarebas<br />
Tanamedroveebisa da memkvidreebis mier. yovelive es<br />
ki gvavaraudebinebs kapraSis saxelTan dakavSirebul did<br />
himnografiul memkvidreobas.<br />
kapraSisadmi miZRvnil gamokvlevaSi, Tavis droze, gamovaqveyneT<br />
mxolod misi ramdenime sagaloblis fragmenti.<br />
qvemoT pirvelad vaqveynebT misi saxeliT dReisaTvis<br />
cnobil yvela sagalobels. publikaciis safuZvlad aRebulia,<br />
bunebrivia, aToni-85 xelnaweri.<br />
kapraSiulni<br />
(X-XI ss.)<br />
wmidasa mas wmidaTasa RmrTismSobelsa,<br />
sulTa CuenTa meoxsa, mas<br />
ubiwosa<br />
qalwulsa<br />
yovelni morwmuneni vadidebdeT m[aradi]s.
270 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
“gixarodensa” giRaRadebT morwmuneni<br />
£masa mas gabrielis(a)sa,<br />
romelman Sev satyua¡ RmrTisa¡,<br />
gixarodeniT<br />
meox gueyav Cuen.<br />
S(e)n mier ganaTlebulni<br />
morwmuneni SevswiravT dRes<br />
qebasa Senda<br />
wm(ida)Ta ------------<br />
Sen, romelman sixaruli sulieri<br />
mTavarangelozisagan<br />
Seiwynare, Rirso<br />
qalwulo, gixaroden,<br />
ufali Sen Tana!<br />
miiRe vedreba¡ uRirsTa monaTa SenTa¡,<br />
dedao qristes RmrTisao,<br />
da Sewire winaSe<br />
Zisa Senisa da RmrTisa Cuenisa.<br />
qriste, daicev sofeli Seni vnebaTagan<br />
da mas Sina myofTa moec<br />
Sendoba¡ bralTa uricxuTa¡<br />
qalwulisa wmidisa meoxebiTa.<br />
Sen, samebasa samguamovnebiT cnobilsa,<br />
erTarsebiT(a) [dide]bulsa<br />
gonebiTa miuwdomelsa<br />
------------dasni---------gadidebT.<br />
evedre aw Zesa Sensa, sanatrelo,<br />
ra¡Ta mohmadlos mefesa<br />
Zleva¡ mterTa barbarozTa¡<br />
da dacva¡ eklesiaTa<br />
Seuryeveli.<br />
“gixaroden RmrTismSobelo”, _ morwmuneni giRaRadebT,<br />
rameTu Sengan iSva RmerTi, meufe saukuno¡,<br />
ixilva msgavs[ad] ZeTa kacTa,<br />
ierusalemisa asulno,<br />
mo[v]ediT da galobiTa RaRadebdiT:
publikacia 271<br />
“kurTxeul xar, romelman gviSev<br />
xorcielad RmerTi yovelTa¡”.<br />
movediT, morwmuneno, naTelsa RmrTeebisasa,<br />
uzeSTaessa ufro¡s<br />
dabadebulTa<br />
samguamovnad cnobilsa,<br />
erTarsebiT didebulsa _<br />
mamasa dausabamosa, Zisa Tana dausabamo¡sa<br />
da sulsa wmidasa Tanaarssa<br />
daucxromelad vadidebdeT.<br />
gixaroden, qalwulTa Suenierebao,<br />
mtuirTvelo mTavrobaTa umTavresisa _<br />
sityuasa mamisa mier movlinebulsa,<br />
romeli y(o)lad ganuSorebel ars arsebasa,<br />
romelsa evedre £snisaTuis Cuenisa,<br />
ra¡Ta gadidoT.<br />
ca¡ sulieri Seguimzada meufeman,<br />
wmidao dedufalo Cueno,<br />
rameTu iSena Sengan sibrZneman saxli<br />
da udidebules gyo yovelTa<br />
£elmwifebisa<br />
misisa dabadebulTa.<br />
ca¡, qerabini da<br />
qebisa sud(a)rni, qalwulo,<br />
iqmnnes Senda saxÀ,<br />
rameTu RmerTi itvirTe, romelmanca<br />
udi[debules gyo yovelTa<br />
£elmwifebisa<br />
misisa dabadebulTa].<br />
gixaroden, qalaqo RmrTisao,<br />
qalwulo ubiwoo,<br />
gixaroden, maradis kurTxeulo,<br />
gixaroden, dedufalo<br />
dabadebulTao,<br />
gixaroden, zRudeo<br />
da navTsayudelo<br />
yovelTa qristeaneTao.
272 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
samebao dausabamoo,<br />
bunebiT ganuyofelo mamao,<br />
Zeo, sulo saxiero,<br />
Sen xar RmerTi da ufali Cuen yovelTa¡<br />
Sen Tayuanis gcemT morwmuneni<br />
wyaloba yav Cuen zeda.<br />
Sen gnatris yoveli Teslebi,<br />
qalwulo y(o)lad didebulo,<br />
rameTu iqmen deda meufisa, romelman<br />
hSev soflisa macxovari.<br />
mas evedre cxovrebisaT¢s Cuen, mosavTa S(en)T(a)¡sa.<br />
vadidebT, qriste,<br />
ubiwosa dedasa Sensa,<br />
romelman uaRres bunebaTa gituirTa<br />
da gSva Sen Semoqmedi yovelTa dabadebulTa¡.<br />
uTeslod muclad Rebaman<br />
............... edisaman<br />
gamouTqumelad<br />
da uxrwnelad Sobaman<br />
ganaaxla buneba¡ Cueni<br />
dabnelebuli, amisTuis, RmrTismSobelo, yovelni<br />
dabadeb[ulni]...<br />
Sen, mxoloo mamao,<br />
mSobelo mxolodSobilisa<br />
---- romelTa Soris sufevs mxolo¡<br />
suli cxoveli.<br />
--- erTarsebao<br />
daguicven uvnebelad.<br />
sarwmunoebiT, galobiT gadidebT Sen.<br />
saidumlo¡ Sobisa Senisa¡ ganakuirvebs<br />
gonebasa Cuensa,<br />
viTar saSoman Senman da[itia]<br />
caTa dautevneli?!<br />
Sen, viTarca dedufalsa---<br />
[da]badebulTasa galobiT gadidebT da sarwmunoebiT....<br />
sakuirvel ars:<br />
saidumlo¡ didebuli Sobisa<br />
Senisa¡, asulo adamiso,
publikacia 273<br />
rameTu Sen xar kibe, aRmyvanebeli kacTa¡ zecaTa sasufevelsa.<br />
amisTuis daucxromelad<br />
Sen, RmrTismSobelo, galobiT gadidebT!<br />
cxoreba¡ soflisa¡,<br />
mizezi keTilTa¡,<br />
naTeli miuwvdomeli,<br />
sulTa CuenTa ganmanaTlebeli<br />
Sen xar, qalwulo mariam,<br />
dedufalo dabadebulTao!<br />
gixaroden, mariam,<br />
gundni zecisani<br />
moxarulni Sen m[ie]r;<br />
gnatrian Sen queyanisani<br />
moqadulni SeniTa,<br />
dedufalo dabadebulTao!<br />
wmidao qalwulo,<br />
romelman Sev qriste, RmerTi Cueni,<br />
nu daiviwyeb naTesavsa kacTasa,<br />
aramed ismine vedreba¡<br />
Cueni da iTxove Zisa Senisagan.<br />
cxoreba¡ saukuno¡,<br />
ra¡Ta uRirsiTa bagiTa<br />
daucxromelad gadidebdeT.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
aRweriloba 1986: qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, aTonuri koleqcia,<br />
I, Tb.: mecniereba, 1986.<br />
TaTaraiZe 1979; TaTaraiZe e. imedis gvirilao, Tb.: nakaduli,<br />
1979.<br />
kiknaZe 1982: kiknaZe g. nevmirebuli Zlispirni, Tb.: mecniereba,<br />
1982.<br />
metreveli 1971: Zlispirni da RmrTismSoblisani, gamosca da gamokvleva<br />
daurTo elene metrevelma. Tb.: mecniereba, 1971.<br />
orbeliani 1965: sulxan-saba orbeliani, Txzulebani. t. IV, 1, Tb.:<br />
sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1965.<br />
uTurgaiZe 1960: uTurgaiZe T. TuSuri kilo, Tb.: Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1960.<br />
Rlonti 1984: qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, Semdgeneli al.<br />
Rlonti, Tb.: ganaTleba, 1984.
274 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
SaniZe 1984: SaniZe a. <strong>qarTuli</strong> kiloebi mTaSi, Txzulebani, t. I,<br />
Tb.: mecniereba, 1984.<br />
xaCiZe 1987: xaCiZe l. ioane minCxis poezia. Tb.: mecniereba, 1987.<br />
xaCiZe 2000: xaCiZe l. <strong>qarTuli</strong> qristianuli kulturis istoriidan,<br />
Tb.: s.s. orbelianis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba, 2000.<br />
xubutia 1969: xubutia p. TuSuri kilo. Tb.: Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1969.<br />
Lela Khachidze<br />
Newly Discovered Hymns of Georgian Hymnography<br />
The current study deals with the Georgian manuscript – Ath. 85 preserved<br />
on mount Athos.The manuscript is dated by X – XI centuries and represents<br />
Hirmologion – collection of the Hirmoi.The manuscript shows a collectionof<br />
hymns by title ‘’Kaprashiulni”. We argue that this term represents the name<br />
of the author of these hymns - ‘’KAPRASH’’.<br />
We were driven to this conclusion after taking into consideration data of<br />
old Georgian and Geoorgian dialects.In modern Georgian ‘’Kaprash’’ means<br />
‘’Ginger’’.This author is yet unknown to Georgian hymnography.<br />
The newly discovered collection of hymns by Kaprash is decorated with<br />
neumes and is devoted to Saint Virgin.These hymns appear to be part of another<br />
collection of the Hirmoi – A 603 (X - XI cc) where the author is classed<br />
as anonymous.<br />
The introduction of a new author into the repertoire of Hirmoi may be<br />
explained by a high authority of this person.<br />
The article presents the first publication of these hymns.
akaki wereTeli<br />
ocneba<br />
kaxeTi Semoviare,<br />
alaznis piri srulada;<br />
xalxi moyvrulad damixvda<br />
da miwa-wyali _ mtrulada.<br />
saamo edem qveyanas<br />
da mis atexil Walebsa,<br />
siamovnebiT avsili,<br />
mimovavlebdi Tvalebsa.<br />
vambobdi: ha, sad yofila<br />
swor-upovari qveyana!...<br />
bevrgan vyofilvar, magram jer<br />
sxva ar minaxavs misTana.<br />
es dacemuli vake ram,<br />
rom mibjenia maRal mTebs!...<br />
dRisiT mze, RamiT mTvarec ki<br />
zed Tavmomwoned danaTebs!<br />
yvavilovani tye-veli<br />
baRebiT, venaxebiTa.<br />
Tvali ver ZReba yurebiT<br />
da ena maTis qebiTa.<br />
alazani da iori<br />
erTmaneTs SeTanxmebian<br />
dedis rZesaviT malamod<br />
kideebs Seergebian.<br />
keTilad Sezavebulsa,<br />
sulis Camdgmelsa haersa,<br />
sad naxav, kaxelebis mets,<br />
miniWebodes sxva ersa?<br />
magram amdeni sikeTe,<br />
riTac cxovreba tkbilia,<br />
veRar axarebs dRes kaxeTs<br />
da raRac mowyenilia.<br />
275
276 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
alazans vkiTxe, mTis cremlebs:<br />
xom saqarTvelos Svili xar?<br />
gulCaTxrobili dudunSi,<br />
rad magre mowyenili xar?<br />
Senasisxlxorci kaxeTis,<br />
ram gagitexa eg guli?<br />
aki Tavs sdebda is SenTvis<br />
da Senc iyavi erTguli?<br />
utyuvrad SenakavSiri<br />
erTad WiriT da lxiniTa,<br />
xan Tavs ibandiT sisxliTa,<br />
xan iRebavdiT iniTa?<br />
da oriv arad migaCndaT,<br />
ambobdiT: wamavalia!<br />
gvirgvini erovnobisa<br />
keTili momavalia!!<br />
sadRaa axla es Tqveni<br />
gmiruli aRTqma da mcneba?<br />
da ase saTvaldaTvalod<br />
ram SegicvalaT guneba?<br />
mdinares, mTasa da velsa,<br />
gatyviaT mowyeniloba!<br />
da nu Tu ar grZnobT rom eris<br />
cudia daRrejiloba?<br />
mdinarem miTxra qviTiniT:<br />
sxvisa Wiri Robes Cxiri,<br />
Sen ra ici momavalSi<br />
ra mogvelis gasaWiri?<br />
Sen rom gvxedav aRtacebiT<br />
da mogwonvarT erTad yvela,<br />
sapatronod sul sxvis xelSi<br />
gadavdivarT nela-nela.<br />
Cven patronad da mpyrobelad<br />
veRar vxedavT qarTvel kacebs,<br />
“Ze”da “Svili” ganaxevrda<br />
vrCebiT “ovebs” da “iancebs”.
publikacia 277<br />
ra gveqneba Cven saerTo,<br />
maTTan lxinSi anu WirSi?<br />
erTmaneTisaTvis ucxo,<br />
CavvardebiT gasaWirSi!!<br />
magram ucxo ras daeZebs<br />
an siaves an sikarges?!<br />
vai imaT vinc Cven mxolod,<br />
mogviZules da dagvkarges!<br />
ucxoeli ki, mis rjulze<br />
mosapnul Tavs, sxva mxriT gvikravs,<br />
sisxls gamogvwovs wveTa-wveTad,<br />
rbils gagvaclis, Zvals gamogvxravs.<br />
da mSvidobiT, miwa-wyalo,<br />
masTan erTad qarTlis ero,<br />
gul-uxvo da ena tkbilo<br />
Cveno “mravalJamiero”!<br />
sul usisxlod movispobiT,<br />
aRarc kvla da aRarc Jleta,<br />
saklav iaraRad mxolod<br />
gamodgeba “mnogi leta”!<br />
ai, Tu ram dagvaRona!<br />
agviria gza da kvali<br />
sasikeTos qarTvelisTvis,<br />
ver amzadebs momavali!<br />
es miTxra da daeqana<br />
cremliT zRvaSi CasanTqmelad<br />
da ocneba mec naTeli<br />
gadameqna ufskrul bnedad!<br />
rogorc deda ver imetebs<br />
sasikvdilod verc erT Svilsa<br />
da ocnebas saimedos<br />
miecema raRac tkbilsa,<br />
ise meca, rom qarTveli<br />
gadarjuldes, ara mjera!<br />
sul sxvagvarad mexateba<br />
momavali bedis wera.
278 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
gadamTiels aq ra unda?<br />
ras moixmars Cvens miwa-wyals?<br />
waxdeba da Cvenc wagvaxdens,<br />
Segviforxebs miT momavals.<br />
magram mainc sabolood<br />
is Cvenskenve dabrundeba<br />
winaaRmdeg bunebisa,<br />
araferi ar moxdeba!<br />
xes ver damyni ise xeze<br />
Tu ar aris misi gvaris<br />
SeiZleba gana sadme<br />
gasworeba “mTa da baris”?<br />
ara! da Senc, alazano,<br />
cremliT nu rwyav Sens napirsa!<br />
“Wirsa Sigan gamagreba<br />
ase unda, viT qviTkirsa”.<br />
rac rom unda Wiri naxos,<br />
saqarTvelo ar gaqreba!<br />
mosuli da monaberi<br />
mas pativad daedeba!<br />
gaexarda alazansa,<br />
sanugeSod Cemgan Tqmuli;<br />
gadiyara sevdis qafi<br />
moibruna isev guli.<br />
da mimarTa isev kaxeTs,<br />
mSvenierma mSveniersa!..<br />
Cveulebriv amRerebda<br />
kaxur “mravalJamiersa!”.
publikacia 279<br />
akakis `ocneba~<br />
nana fruiZe<br />
1935 wels “literaturul gazeTSi” (#7, 12/11) nikolo<br />
miwiSvili aqveynebs werils “iRbliani”. igi mogviTxrobs<br />
qarTvel mweralTa tragikul bedze da aRniSnavs, rom maT<br />
Soris “akaki iyo gamonaklisi, triumfatori, iRbliani da<br />
bednieri adamiani”. “TiTqos yvela Cveni poetis ukuRmarTma<br />
bedma im WaRara elinis winaSe daircxvina: triumfiT atara<br />
igi ormocdaaTi weliwadi rogorc saxalxo poeti, rogorc<br />
marto akaki da orfeosi <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvisa da ase dafniT<br />
mofenil gziT miiyvana igi kapitoliumSi... akakis bedma gaanaTa<br />
yvela dautirebeli saflavi <strong>qarTuli</strong> poeziisa”, _<br />
wers miwiSvili. SesaZloa, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT mar-<br />
Tali iyos werilis avtori, magram isic faqtia, rom akakis<br />
cxovreba paradoqsebiT iyo savse da am didebulma poetma<br />
saflavSi Caitana ocneba, srulad enaxa gamoqveynebuli Tavisi<br />
nawerebi.<br />
erma mas “saqarTvelos bulbuli” Searqva, mTel saqarTvelos<br />
atkbobda misi Cangis JRera, magram TxzulebaTa<br />
araTu sruli, arasruli krebulebis gamocemac ki ver iqna<br />
da ver moxerxda poetis sicocxleSi. Tumca survili akakis<br />
nawerebis Tavmoyrisa jer kidev 1884 wels gamoxata niko<br />
nikolaZem, roca qarTvel “poetTa krebis” 15 tomad gamocema<br />
gadawyvita da akakis peterburgSi swerda: “minda erTi<br />
tomi Seni nawerebs davuTmovo”, Semdeg qarTvelTa Soris<br />
wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sazogadoebam gadawyvita<br />
akakis nawerebis gamocema, magram maT mxolod krilovis<br />
igavebis akakiseuli Targmanebi gamoaqveynes, 1892 wels<br />
qarTvelTa <strong>wignis</strong> gamomcemelma amxanagobam (al. jabadaris<br />
xelmZRvanelobiT) xelSekruleba daudo iliasa da<br />
akakis da maTi Txzulebebis aT tomad gamocema ganizraxa,<br />
magramA 1893 welsE akakis TxzulebaTa mxolod ori tomi<br />
daibeWda da saqme amis iqiT aRar wasula. xalxuri zepirsityvierebisa<br />
da sakuTari nawerebis Tavmoyris mizniT<br />
daarsa poetma “akakis Tviuri krebuli”, magram verc maSin<br />
moxerxda misi survilis asruleba, radgan mwvave xasiaTis<br />
werilebis gamo cenzuram akrZala Jurnalis gamocema. 1910<br />
wels akakim kvlav ganizraxa sakuTari literaturuli memkvidreobis<br />
patronoba. poeti apirebda yovelTviuri krebulis<br />
gamocemas, romelSic srulad unda dabeWdiliyo<br />
misi nawerebi “Zveli da axali”, komentarebis TandarTviT,
280 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
sadac naTqvami iqneboda, Tu ra mizeziT daiwera esa Tu is<br />
nawarmoebi. “ori wlis masala ukve mzad maqvso”, _ swerda<br />
igi ivane eliaSvils.<br />
1912 wlis dekemberSi gazeT “mercxalSi” daibeWda isidore<br />
kvicariZis statia “akakis nawerebis gamocemis gamo”.<br />
avtori siamovnebiT aRniSnavda: “ilias nawerebs iseTi ker-<br />
Zo gamomcemeli gamouCnda [eqimi mix. gedevaniSvili], rogoric<br />
qarTvel mwerlebis nawerebs, garda “vefxistyaosnisa”,<br />
aqamdi aravis Rirsebia. mxoloT aseTi bedi ar wvevia<br />
Cveni samSoblo mwerlobis meore mnaTobis akakis nawerebs.<br />
mas, dRidan mwerlobis dawyebisa, aqamde kalami xelidan<br />
ar gauSvia, gulmodgineT emsaxureboda mas... dRes ki, zogi<br />
Cveni Zveli moRvaweebis da maTi axalgazrda Sovinisturi<br />
mimdevrebisagan aTvaliswunebul moxuc akakis nawerebsac<br />
gauRima bedma, mis nawerebsac aRmouCnda gulmodgine da<br />
gulwrfeli gamomcemeli. es gaxlavT Cveni uxvi qvelmoqmedi<br />
b. iakob mansvetaSvili”. marTlac male gamovida akakis<br />
“Cemi nawerebis” pirveli tomi poetisave winasityvaobiT.<br />
meore tomis gamo ki, romelic 28 dekembers gaugzavna mestambe<br />
iv. kilaZem sacenzuro komitets, quTaisis policiam<br />
meore dResve miiRo gankarguleba <strong>wignis</strong> gavrcelebis SeCerebis<br />
Sesaxeb. im saRamos boqauli gamocxadda stambaSi da<br />
moiTxova wignebi. 1913 wlis ianvarSi, gaz. “Temis” cnobiT,<br />
kavkasiis beWdviTi saqmis komitetma <strong>wignis</strong> 2800 egzemplari<br />
daakava. mxolod amave wlis 9 maiss Seatyobina komitetma<br />
quTaisis policmaisters sasamarTlos dadgenileba<br />
akakis nawerebis meore tomis Sesaxeb, _ kerZod, mosTxova<br />
wignidan poemis “voroncovi da misi dro!” (gv. 3-58) amoWra<br />
da ganadgureba aqtis SedgeniT. akaki “Cemi nawerebis” meore<br />
tomi mxolod agvistos meore naxevarSi gamovida. samwuxarod,<br />
iakob mansvetaSvilma sxva tomebis gamocemis dafinanseba<br />
veRar SeZlo.<br />
akakis qmnilebebis Sekreba da gamocema bevrma moRvawem<br />
scada, magram amaod. zogs SeZlebam SeuSala xeli da zogsac<br />
_ garemoebam. poetis am sanukvar ocnebas axdena ar ewera.<br />
akakis gardacvalebis Semdeg mwerlis TxzulebaTa ramdenime<br />
gamocema ganxorcielda: oTxtomeuli al. abaSelisa<br />
da s. gorgaZis redaqciiT (1925-1928), TxzulebaTa<br />
sruli krebuli Svid tomad pavle ingoroyvasa da sxvaTa<br />
redaqtorobiT (1940-1961) da TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli<br />
TxuTmet tomad _ SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
literaturis institutis gamocema (1950-1963). Tumca<br />
“sruli” arc es gamocema aRmoCnda. rogorc maleve gairkva,<br />
mas araerTi nakli aRmoaCnda. tomebSi, koniunqturuli mo-
publikacia 281<br />
sazrebiT, ar Seitanes poetis araerTi cnobili nawarmoebi:<br />
religiuri poziciis gamo ver daibeWda poemebi “wminda<br />
nino” da “andria pirvelwodebuli” da araerTi leqsi, erovnuli<br />
poziciisa da mwvave antirusuli Tu antisomxuri<br />
paTosis gamo _ bevri leqsi da ramdenime poema, ar gamoqveynebula<br />
akakis werilebi somex-qarTvelTa polemikis<br />
Sesaxeb, “werilebi profesor marris pasuxad” da sxv.; aseve<br />
mizanSewonilad ar miiCnies akakis yvela piradi werilis<br />
gamoqveynebac; “dawunebulTa” Soris aRmoCnda leqsi “ocnebac”,<br />
romelic poetma kaxeTSi mogzaurobis Semdeg dawera.<br />
akaki WeSmaritad saxalxo poeti iyo. mas sagangebod iwvevdnen<br />
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi da didi aRtacebiT<br />
xvdebodnen. kaxeTs mgosani samjer estumra. bolo stumroba<br />
1911 wlis 8 ivniss Sedga da mTeli Tve gagrZelda. es viziti<br />
mcire gaugebrobiT daiwyo. sadgurze poets wera-kiTxvis<br />
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi unda daxvedrodnen,<br />
SuamTasTan ki etliT mihgebebodnen. am Canafiqris<br />
Sesrulebas xeli sxvadasxva mizezma SeuSala. “saxalxo<br />
gazeTis” Telavel korespodents sinanuli rom gamouTqvams,<br />
poets ubrZanebia: “eg araferi, sul metia da arc miyvars<br />
sazogadoebis Sewuxebao”. kaxeTSi vizitisas kidev erTi,<br />
ufro arsebiTi gulistkena Sexvda akakis. mas mouwadinebia<br />
sofel qistaurSi rafiel erisTavis saflavze paraklisis<br />
gadaxda. saflavi imdenad mouvleli daxvedriaT, rom poets<br />
uTqvams: “im didebuli adamianis saflavi unugeSo mdgomareobaSia,<br />
xis moajiri sul dampala da male aRar daetyoba,<br />
rom araTu iq mwerali rafiel erisTavi asaflavia, aramed<br />
TviT saflavis niSanic aRar darCeba. Cven marto brtyeli<br />
laparaki viciT da saqmes ki yvela gavurbivarT” (“saxalxo<br />
gazeTi”, 1911, 10 agvisto, #373, gv. 3).<br />
swored kaxeTSi mesamed mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebi<br />
aisaxa leqsSi “ocneba”, romelic imave 1911 wels calke<br />
wignakad gamoica quTaisSi. am gamocemis erTi egzemplari<br />
1912 wlis 25 aprils poets uCuqebia megobris, ivane eliaSvilisaTvis,<br />
warweriT: “Cems sayvarel Tanamekalmes da megobars<br />
vano eliaSvils saxsovrad. akaki”. teqstSi variantuli<br />
nairwakiTxvac dasturdeba: meoTxe strofSi poetma<br />
`daxarebs~ Secvala sityviT `danaTebs~. meored leqsi<br />
Tavad poetma dabeWda 1913 wels `Cemi nawerebis~ meore<br />
tomSi. amis Semdeg arc poetis sicocxleSi da arc misi gardacvalebis<br />
Semdeg akakis TxzulebaTa arcerT gamocemaSi<br />
`ocneba~ aRar dabeWdila. mizezi advili asaxsnelia. leqsi<br />
mZafri publicisturi JReradobiT gamoirCeva. masSi<br />
wamoWrilia <strong>qarTuli</strong> miwebis gasxvisebis sakiTxi.
282 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
mxolod meoce saukunis miwuruls ixila kidev erTxel<br />
qarTvelma mkiTxvelma akakis `ocneba~. 1990 wels saiubileo<br />
dReebSi gamomcemloba `saqarTvelom~ daTeSiZiseuli<br />
publikaciis faqsimiluri gamocema ganaxorciela,<br />
romelsac jumber qorCilavas mokle boloTqma erTvoda.<br />
es patara wignaki, cxadia, Cinebuli saCuqari iyo sazogadoebisaTvis.<br />
leqsi dialogis formiTaa dawerili. masSi erTmaneTs<br />
poeti da mdinare alazani esaubrebian. pirvelive strof-<br />
Si igrZnoba sagangaSo ganwyoba. akaki, erTi mxriv, aRwers<br />
kaxeTis Tvalwarmtac peizaJs, meore mxriv ki mkiTxvelis<br />
yuradRebas miapyrobs im uCveulo sevdas, romliTac garemoa<br />
gaJRenTili.<br />
alazans vkiTxe, mTis cremlebs:<br />
xom saqarTvelos Svili xar?<br />
gulCaTxrobili dudunSi,<br />
rad magre mowyenili xar?<br />
poeti Seaxsenebs mdinares, rom wina saukuneebSi, marTalia,<br />
kaxeTs umZimesi gansacdelisTvis Tavis garTmeva rom<br />
gasWirvebia, zogjer qedi mouxria, magram es kompromisi<br />
mxolod droebiT xasiaTs atarebda da fizikur gadarCenas<br />
isaxavda miznad.<br />
xan Tavs ibandiT sisxliTa,<br />
xan iRebavdiT iniTa..<br />
da oriv arad migaCndaT,<br />
ambobdiT: warmavalia!..<br />
gvirgvini erovnobisa<br />
keTili momavalia.<br />
poetis TqmiT, gulgatexiloba arc axla SeSvenis kaxeTs<br />
da rusTveliseul frazas iSveliebs:<br />
mdinares, mTasa da velsa,<br />
gatyviaT mowyeniloba!<br />
da nu Tu ar grZnobT rom eris<br />
cudia daRrejiloba?<br />
mdinaris piriT akaki metad saWirboroto sakiTxs<br />
wamoWris. axalma drom axali iaraRi misca mters xelSi _<br />
fuli. ekonomikur omSi Casabmelad qarTveli kaci moumzadebeli<br />
aRmoCnda. swored aman ganapiroba, rom Cveni umTa-
publikacia 283<br />
vresi faseuloba _ <strong>qarTuli</strong> miwa _ erTbaSad ori mtaceblis,<br />
rusisa da somxis, sakbilo gaxda.<br />
Cven patronad da mpyrobelad<br />
veRar vxedavT qarTvel kacebs,<br />
“Ze” da “Svili” ganaxevrda<br />
vrCebiT “ovebs” da “iancebs”.<br />
sxvaTa Soris, sagulisxmoa, rom 1913 wlis ianvarSi Tavad<br />
akakim waago saqme saolqo sasamarTloSi miwis Taobaze<br />
madaTovTan. rogorc Tavad poeti aRniSnavda: “madaTovma<br />
majoba, rasakvirvelia, fuliT, yvela Seisyida”.<br />
akaki wereTlis azriT, Tu miwas davkargavT, es dasasrulis<br />
dasawyisi iqneba. Camosaxlebuli ucxotomelebi<br />
arasodes gaiTaviseben Cvens Wirsa da lxins. amaod gveqneba<br />
maTi TanagrZnobisa da <strong>mxardaWeris</strong> imedi. piriqiT, isini<br />
yvela Rones ixmaren, raTa sabolood aRmogvfxvran da gagvaZevon<br />
samSoblodan.<br />
sastiki iqneba sasjeli im adamianebisa, romelTac gro-<br />
Sebze gacvales winaparTa sisxliT morwyuli miwa. `vai<br />
imaT, vinc Cven mxolod mogviZules da dagvkarges~, _ aTqmevinebs<br />
akaki alazans. sul umtkivneulod aRsruldeba is,<br />
rasac RmrTis SewevniT warmatebiT umklavdeboda qarTveli<br />
kaci.<br />
sul usisxlod movispobiT<br />
aRarc kvla da aRarc Jleta,<br />
saklav iaraRad mxolod<br />
gamodgeba “mnogi leta”.<br />
miuxedavad amgvari mZime suraTis daxatvisa, leqsi mainc<br />
optimisturad mTavrdeba. “tkbili da saimedo” ocneba saqarTvelos<br />
momavals naTel ferebSi warmoudgens poets:<br />
gadamTielni aq fexs ver moikideben, rac Cveni sakuTrebaa,<br />
Cvenve dagvibrundeba.<br />
rac rom unda Wiri naxos,<br />
saqarTvelo ar gaqreba!<br />
mosuli da monaberi<br />
mas pativad daedeba!<br />
SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis instituti<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetTan<br />
erTad gamosacemad amzadebs akaki wereTlis
284 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
TxzulebaTa akademiur octomeuls. momavali gamocemis<br />
meoTxe tomSi kuTvnil adgils daikavebs leqsi “ocneba”,<br />
iseve rogorc Tavis droze caristuli Tu komunisturi<br />
cenzuris mier dawunebuli an koniuqturuli mosazrebis<br />
gamo ugulebelyofili mravali nawarmoebi. miT ufro, rom<br />
poetis mier 100 wlis winaT “ocnebaSi” wamoWrili sakiTxi,<br />
samwuxarod, dResac aqtualuria.<br />
Akaki Tsereteli’s Dream<br />
Nana Pruidze<br />
The poem by Akaki Tsereteli “Otsneba” (“Dream”) was published as a<br />
seperate book in 1911 in Kutaisi. The poet republished it in second volume<br />
of the book “ My works” in 1913. Since then, neither in poet’s lifetime nor<br />
after his death has this poem been published for it’s distinguished sharpness<br />
because the problem of selling of Georgian land was raised in it. Only once,<br />
in 1990, during the poet’s jubilee, the readers came across this poem again<br />
when the publishing house “ Georgia” published the poem according 1911<br />
edition.
masala<br />
mTiulur-gudamayruli andrezebi<br />
(ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis folkloruli arqividan _ Tsufa)<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis (fSav-xevsureTi,<br />
mTiuleT-gudamayari, xevi, TuSeTi) Temebi samarTlianadaa<br />
miCneuli miTologiuri zepiri teqstebis gavrcelebis<br />
Zlier arealad. isini aq erTian sistemas qmnian, maTi adgili<br />
xalxis yofiT da sulier cxovrebaSi sruliad gansaku-<br />
Trebuli iyo warsulSi da dResac aranakleb mniSvnelovan<br />
rols asrulebs. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi mosaxle<br />
mTielebisTvis es teqstebi, romlebic adgilobriv dialeqtze<br />
andrezebad iwodeba, saerTo warsulis xsovnisa da<br />
awmyoSi konsolidaciis qmediTi saSualebaa.<br />
andrezebi moicavs xalxis yofa-cxovrebis da sulieri<br />
interesebis yvela sferos; maTSi gamoxatulebas poulobs<br />
sakulto yofa, religiuri warmodgenebi, sulieri gamocdilebani,<br />
zneobrivi principebi, egzistencialur-pirovnuli<br />
momentebi da sxva.<br />
teqstebi sainteresoa TavisTavad, rogorc xalxuri<br />
sityvierebis nimuSebi, aseve rogorc wyaro adamianis mravalmxrivi<br />
aqtivobis Sesaswavlad gansxvavebuli (fsiqologiuri,<br />
filosofiuri, eTikuri, religiuri, esTetikuri...)<br />
kuTxiT.<br />
1. aRebis Ramis saswauli<br />
mama ityoda, es yvelieri rom wavida da movida didi<br />
marxvao, aRebis Rameao. am aRebis Ramesa, kvira Rames, dajda<br />
sami kaci kerazed da kvercxebi nacarSi daawyves, sami cali,<br />
da laparakoben, saubroben. am kacebs, wesi iyo, am kvercxiT<br />
unda daemarxulaT. gind xorci xqoniyo, gind erbo xqoniyo,<br />
imiT ar daimarxulebdnen, sabolood kvercxiT daimarxulebdnen.<br />
hoda, unda SeWamon es kvercxi da daiZinon. Svidma<br />
285
286 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
kviram ise ganvlo, ro dila ro gaTenda, “qriste aRdgao”,<br />
daiZaxes. da am samma kacma, iseTi nawiliani xalxi iyo, ro<br />
ise gaatares es Rame, ro Svidma kviram ganvlo da ver gaiges,<br />
rogor gavida es dro. es kvercxebi isev cecxlSia da `qriste<br />
aRdgao” uTxres. da miixed-moixedes, es ra moxdao.<br />
ai, iseTi xalxi iyo Turme, RmerTTan nawiliani xalxi.<br />
Tsufa 25548<br />
gudamayari, sof. dumacxo,<br />
katuSa afciaurisgan, 1982<br />
2. saRmTo maRali I<br />
adre yofila iseT gorze, ro exla kaci ver miva iqa, iseT<br />
mTaze yofila. maRali mTa ari, ro me iq verc mivsulvar,<br />
arc axalgazrdobaSi, iseTi saSiSaria, kacs eSinia. adre<br />
iq yofila samRvTo maRali, modenila mlocavi, qobic mohqonebia.<br />
mere akvniani dedakaci yofila, bavSvi hyolia.<br />
dahgorebia is akvani iqidana da, didi mTa ari, da xevSi<br />
gadmovardnila es akvani. Tqves, ro mokvda, mokvda. ra gadaarCenda,<br />
iqidan dagorda, TiTqmis ori kilometria. Camoiden,<br />
naxes es balRi da isev iseTia, rogorc iyo, tredi<br />
azis da daRuRunebs da arTobs. mere xorciani qobi yofila,<br />
roca moxda es ambavi, iqa Turme. es xorciani qobi afrenila<br />
da aba ram aafrina, albaT xatma, da gamofrenila Releze,<br />
exla saca arsebobs is xati, saca loculoben, iq damdgara<br />
is qobi. wamosula es mlocavica da imas mihyolia da iq dabinavebula.<br />
da ai, dResac isiv iq dResaswauloben, loculoben. iq<br />
kaciSvili veRar miva, iq iseTi gverdo mTa ari. samRvTo ma-<br />
Rals veZaxiT exla im adgils.<br />
Tsufa 24673<br />
gudamayari, sof. dumacxo,<br />
giorgi afciaurisgan, 981<br />
3. saRmTo maRali II<br />
gaRma erTi wveria, kldezed ari. iqa mdinaran. bal-<br />
Riani yofila Saxvewili, akvniani. akvniT yofila da,<br />
Tqvianke, metad Zriali iyoo, ar uxdenia iq. is akvani dagorebula,<br />
aduRebuli qobi dagorebula. kldea iseTi,
masala 287<br />
ro, ra vici, tyuilia Tu ambavia. dahyolia. TavmoWrili<br />
kurati amamdgara da, saca exla ician, iq gamasula, TavmoWrili<br />
kurati dawolila iq. dahyva Turme xalxi im<br />
balRsa, Camovida. ai, xevia qveviT, zovebia, da qobi damdgara<br />
zovze. Turme duRs da, ai, tredi zis da arc akvani<br />
dalewila, arc balRi mamkvdara. akvanze tredi zis<br />
da arwevs. dahyolia deda, aukidnia, iq aunTia sanTeli,<br />
erTi mtkaveli sanTeli da, manam is serze ava, is sanTeli<br />
ar damwvara. akvnis kamalebze miukrav. iq asula, is ar damwvara,<br />
is sanTeli.<br />
memre iq mauSliaT xatoba da axla aiq, saca adian, iq.<br />
Tsufa 24676<br />
gudamayari, sof. dumacxo,<br />
burTa afciaurisgan (magnitoCanaweri), 1981<br />
4. saRmTo maRali III<br />
ega.. ai, ese yofila, ro iqa maRali qedi aris. exla, me<br />
cxorSi davdiodike balRobaSia da... iseni wamosulan,<br />
uvlia, aq mwyemsada yofila erTi xandodan, hoda, xati<br />
mouparav ai, iq, wveris angelozs veZaxiT, aTnoxis Tavze,<br />
is wauRia imas. hoda, meeliso, ra vici, ubrZanebia, aq mizezi<br />
miucia, roca maipara esa da, ubrZanebia imaTa iqidan,<br />
ro, hoda, gzebia, axla, nakeTari. iq saZovaria, ai, iqa, ise-<br />
Ti kldeebia, ro gaxedo, eldani gecema. amaTa, ro gaiaros,<br />
ai, exla, iqidan kuret wamaiyvans, saklavs wamaiyvans, iqidan<br />
i droSas wamaiyoleben. ho, dReobaa Turme maRla serzeda.<br />
marmarilos qvebi ari iq dawyobili, ai, niSia. saca<br />
is samkvidre aris, iq dedakaci ver mividoda. iq mividoda<br />
da¡turi, dekanozi. dedakaci ver avidoda. zeiT niSania<br />
da qveiT iyo kidev, vake ari, qveiTkena da imaSi i akvanic<br />
iq daudgam, xorcic iq - kuratic dauklav. xorci uxarSav.<br />
meranisa, iq kurati ro dauklav, ra vi, ise ityvianke, ro<br />
isi akvani xo dagorda, dagorda es akvani, daugorda im<br />
dedakacs. motrialda aqaT, motrialda, wamoida, dahyva<br />
tiriliT. hoda, saca dadga es akvani, Camovida kargad,<br />
rogorc ai, Tqve ro mosCenixarT, emdenze egora im akvansa.<br />
minam es Cavalis, deda bavSvisa, manamde mtredi misula<br />
da da¡jdomia imaze, akvnisa imaze, da arc gatexila i<br />
akvani da daRuRunebs i tredi. mivida e deda, daxeda, Tqo,<br />
roma gana ra cocxali iqneba. dakles kurati iq, qveiT, sac
288 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
is akvani iyo. aiq, imaSi dakles. es kurati memrenis, es TavmoWrili<br />
afrinda. raki iseTi is iyo da qveiT aris vake,<br />
didi vake aris, ra, iqa da deeca TavmoWrili kurati. egre<br />
ityvianke, aba, me ar movswrebivar da. deeca iqa da memre<br />
ifiqra xalxma, dastur-dekanozTa, albaTao, ai, ese, eseao,<br />
aq aRar xdinilobso.<br />
Tsufa 25614<br />
gudamayari, sof. dumacxo,<br />
ivane afciaurisgan, 1983<br />
5. zegardis wmida giorgi I<br />
ai, ese aris:<br />
mand yofilan, iqiT, mTiuleTs, xalxi yofilan iq, didi<br />
ojaxi yofila da damdinaran nadirobad. ho, axla, rogorc<br />
me wavide da gadavide am sers iqiT da... ho. nadiris gamo<br />
uvlia, uvlia da gadmosulan iqidan da, manda yofila, ra<br />
vici, berebi yofila, nasaxlarebi yofila iq. da darCenila<br />
da daRamebia iq. merenis, dawolila, aba, exla, sa wavidoda.<br />
iqa mtredi yifila ai, iqa, imas ukeTebia sabudari iq, im berebis<br />
nasaxlarSi. ra vi, i berebi rodindeli iqneboden. hoda,<br />
kai sizmari unaxav iq. amdgaran, wasulan, uambnia, rogorc ai,<br />
axla CemTan Tqven moxvediT, ra, erTi jalafi yofila, iseni,<br />
erTi ojaxi hqoniaT. ese, ese ariso, iqo vnaxeTo ai, eseTio,<br />
rogorc exla nakoWvario, ra vici. hoda, iqao mtredi akeTebdao.<br />
gaigeTao, wadiTao. wasulan, gaugzavniaT hoda, TqvensaviT<br />
jeelebi yofilan isini. wamasulan, daRamebiaT iqa da<br />
damdgaran. hoda, is ro akeTebs sabudars, mivida i ufrosi, ho.<br />
daadgnen. magram, isa, exla eg Cvenia, iseni ucxoebia, es Cveni<br />
xatia, ega. ho, nasaxlari iyo, eklesiad iqneboda naSenebi. aa-<br />
Senes eklesia imaTa, im ucxoebma, im mTiulebma. aaSenes, Seni<br />
Wirime, es eklesia. exla, am Cvenebs uxaris ra, am Cvens, vinc<br />
ymani varT im xatisa, afciaurebs [qalis xma: eklesia agviSeneso!].<br />
ho, eklesia agviSenes. mere moiyara Tavi am afciaurebma<br />
da Tqves, roma, ra mivceT amaTao? mivsceT, gavuswordeT,<br />
eklesia agviSenesao. Saiyara es xalxi, daibares is ojaxi,<br />
romelmac aaSenes is eklesia, qarCaiZeebi. hoda, uTxres, ro<br />
ra gindao, exlao, ra mogceTao magis aSenebaSiao? saqoneli<br />
gindaTo, fuli gindaTo, Tu cxori gindaTo. gviTxariTo,<br />
ra fasi gadavwyvitoTo da CagabaroTo.<br />
waviden da uTxres, exla, im biWebma, ai, rogorc Tqven<br />
moxvediT CemTana da, hoda, SeekiTxen im ufross, ese, ese gvi-
masala 289<br />
Txreso. es ufrosi daadga – ocdarva suli xizani yofila<br />
erTad, erTi ojaxi, daadga kacebs, biWebsa, ra gamovarTvaT,<br />
rao. fuli gamovarTvaTo, saqoneli gamovarTvaTo, Tu ras<br />
gvetyviTo. ho, is ufrosi ekiTxeba qalebsac, dedakacebsac,<br />
raRa, qalebsaca, biWebsaca. erTi biWi yofila erTi Tvis naqorwilari,<br />
hoda, patarZali yofila da winaT eseTi wesi<br />
yofila, ro TiTqmis verc ki elaparakebian, ise xaTri qoniaT<br />
erTimeoresi. hoda, Sen raRas ityvio, ufrosi mivida,<br />
Cemo qaloo (jer ufros dedakacebs dahkiTxa). “aba, meo ra<br />
mekiTxebao”, egre Tqo, “ufrosebi Tqvena xarTo”. hoda, em<br />
qals eTqo: “Cemis fiqriTao, me ese girCevT: yvelaferi gaqvTo,<br />
saqonelic gyavTo, cxorica gyavTo, fulica gaqvTo.<br />
samlocvelad daagdeT eg eklesiao, rom imi dReoba roca<br />
iqnebai, winwinisao Tqveni saklavi unda daklano, Tqven<br />
SagaxvewoTo”, am qalma uTxra. meewona ufross es ambavi.<br />
miubrunda am jalafTa: aba, me Zalian WkuaSi momividao,<br />
rogori darigeba ari esao. gauxarda yvelasa, kargia, kargi<br />
iqneba, kargi iqnebao. hoda, exla. ai, exla, SarSan iyvnen,<br />
weldawelSua dadian mudam wels [qalis xma: ar da¡klaven<br />
saklavs, minam imaTi saklavi ar miva, imdeni ymani arian,<br />
amaTze meti]. SarSanwin iyvnen. me viyav ufrosi mag xatisa.<br />
saidan modian? iq arian qarCani, ai, iq arian. qarCaT eZaxian<br />
im mekomes. ho, mleTas gamoRma arian, ai. davilocebiT: swyalobde<br />
qarCaTa! eklesia aaSene da fasi ar aiRe, samlocvelad<br />
daagde. qal-qaliSvilsa, sadac vinme wasuli aris, ga-<br />
Txovili SviliSvilis. ese dailoceba da... mand erT 50-80-<br />
mde saklavi daikvlisye, Svidi kurati.<br />
Tsufa 25613<br />
gudamayari, sof. dumacxo,<br />
ivane afciaurisgan (magnitoCanaweri), 1983<br />
6. zegardis wm. giorgi II<br />
...xe uWria aqa da moa tredi, da¡cems WoWsa (niskarts) da<br />
waiRebs. dafiqrda e kaci, sad miaqvs es nafotio tredso.<br />
adga, roca moWra e xe, da gaxyva am tredsa. gafrindeba, dajdeba,<br />
gafrindeba, dajdeba da, Cirdilia didi da, iq augia,<br />
aquCebs, eklesia. dafiqrda, salocavia, ra ari? rogorc<br />
eklesia, ise agebs. amdgara, gonieri kaci yofila, da eklesia<br />
uSenebia im kacsa iq, wminda giorgisi. da wasula, misula da<br />
uTqom am afciaurebsa, ro: rasac mogvTxovT, mogcemT. xars<br />
mogvTxovT, Zroxas mogvTxovT, Tu rasac mogvTxovT, mogce-
290 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
mT. uari ar ari. wasula, jalabT devekiTxebio. misula - jalafni,<br />
isini cxra Zmani yofilan. “jalafno, ese, ese maZleveno<br />
da ra gamovarToo. fuli gamovarToo, Tu Zroxao, Tu<br />
cxorio?” zogs cxori uTqom, zogs Zroxa uTqom, zogs xari<br />
uTqom. patarZali hyolia erTi da modio, patarZalsac<br />
SavkiTxoTo. “ra gamovarToTo”, uTqomT patarZlisaTvis.<br />
“me Tu mkiTxavTo, arc cxori gindaTo, arc Zroxa gindaTo.<br />
uwin ro movao, saklavi ro daikvlis, Tqveni daiklaso, Tu<br />
iq iqnebiTo da - ro mudam xatobaSi: wyalobde qarCaiZesa!<br />
gamrevldes qarCaiZeebi! wyalobde! araferi gindaT magaze<br />
metio”.<br />
da dResac ro ai, mudam wels xatoba da Tu isenia mosuli,<br />
imaTi saklavi unda daiklas dRemdi, qarCaiZeebisi. “qarCai-<br />
Zeebo, vin ari, moides! swyalobdes, eklesiis amSenebelsa!”<br />
Tsufa 25551<br />
gudamayari, sof. dumacxo,<br />
burTa afciaurisgan (magnitoCanaweri), 1981<br />
7. zegardis wmida giorgi III<br />
hoda, imas uTlia xeebi, im xelosansa, qarCaiZe yofila.<br />
erTxel mofrinda mtredi, meored, mesameda da em kacs guli<br />
ro Seuwuxda da wavida mere, mihyva am mtredsa da aq asula<br />
maRla, aim tyeSi. gadaufarebia is nafotebi. mere es kaci<br />
_ raRaca mouazrebia da auSenebia eklesia am kacsa. mere<br />
wavida aiq, mTiuleTSi, Tavis saxlSi, uTxra, ro eseo, eklesia<br />
avaSene gudamayarSiao da fuli gamovarTo Tu cxvari<br />
iyos, Tu xario. mere erT qals eTqva, sami dRis moyvanili<br />
patarZali yofila, iyoso samwyalobnadao, Cveni saklavi<br />
daiklas pirveladao. ai, egre darCa eg ambavi.<br />
Tsufa 25547<br />
gudamayari, sof. dumacxo,<br />
joyola afciaurisgan (magnitoCanaweri), 1982<br />
8. zegardis wmida giorgi IV<br />
es qarCaiZeni Zalian didi ojaxi yofila. erTi axalgazrda<br />
wasula im dumacxosken. wavida sanadirod da moxvda<br />
iq, dumacxoSi. hoda, erT adgilas Camojda, ro unda
masala 291<br />
daisvenos da mtredi iRebs nafotebs da alagebs erT adgilze.<br />
hoda, iman yuradReba miaqcia, es ratom akeTebso<br />
eseo. mere adga da wavida mkiTxavTan. hoda, mkiTxavma<br />
uTxra, ro iqao salocavis imasa Txoulobso is mtredi,<br />
imitom aSenebso, ro salocavi unda dabZandeso im qedzedao.<br />
maRla aris. wamoida memre es qarCaiZe, adga, yvelaferi<br />
Tavisas daavala da aaSena saydari. aaSena saydari<br />
da es saydari ro aaSena da daamTavra, mere movida Tavis<br />
saxSia, lakaTxevSi. mTeli ojaxi erTad ari, saRamo iqneboda<br />
Tu ra iqneboda, magas ver getyvi. hoda, uTxra, ro me<br />
ai, eseTi, eseTi niSani vnaxeo da im adgilzeo meo saydari<br />
avaSeneo da is xalxi meo melaparakebao, iq mcxovrebeli<br />
xalxio, ro Sen ro eseTi pativi gveco da es saydari aa-<br />
Seneo, ra gindao, ro miiRo Seni gasamrjeloo. da Tqven<br />
ras metyviTo, ra aviRoTo. isenio cxvarsac meubnebiano,<br />
Zroxasaca, fulsacao da ai, romeli varCioTo, romeli<br />
aviRoTo. iTaTbires mere yvelam, iTaTbires da arvis<br />
araferi ar uTqvia da erTi axalmoyvanili rZali hyolia,<br />
patarZali. am moxucs imisaTvis uTqvia, Tavis mamamTils,<br />
ro Sviloo, Senc Cveni ojaxis wevri xaro da ai,<br />
Sen ras ityvio. iqneba Senma rCevam amjobinoso. am qalma<br />
uTxra, ro me kio, Cemi saqme araferiao, rogorc axalmosuli<br />
ki ar unda Caverioo, magramao meo imas vityodio,<br />
ro iq xatio iyoso TqvenTvis samlocvelodao. arc cxvari<br />
gindaT, arc Zroxa gindaT, bodiSi, arc cxeni gindaT,<br />
arc fuli gindaT. es yvelaferi wavao da am xatSi Tqven<br />
wildebulebi iqnebiTo da Tqveni salocavic iqnebao. am<br />
qalis Tqmaze yvelam Tqva, ro es kargi sityva Tqva axlagazrdam,<br />
am axalma mosulma rZalma. “ese darCeba, Svilo,<br />
am moxucma kacma uTxra, ai, rogorc patarZalma Tqva, es<br />
saqme ese darCeba”. darCa, darCa.<br />
movida da uTxra, ro me araferi mindao. ai, em salocavSi<br />
Cven wili gvedvaso, Cven sadidebod samTeli aenTebao, ginda<br />
aq ar viyveniTo, da dagvamwyalobnoTo. meti araferi ar<br />
minda meo. ese miTxres ojaxSio, arafers ar aviRebTo. adgen<br />
mere imaT da erTi didi moedani, Zalian didi moedani aCuqes.<br />
ai, imas uTxres: Svilo, roca im Senma ojaxma egre Tqo,<br />
Tqven aq wildebulebi unda gaxdeT, pirvel rigSi am salocavSi<br />
unda daiklas qarCaiZis saklavi, Cveni dekanozi iqneba,<br />
Tu vin iqneba, pirvel rigSi is qarCaiZes daamwyalobnis<br />
da Tqveni mosasvleli da wasasvleli, rom moxvideT da Tavisuflad<br />
daisvenoT, iqneba dagezaroT ojaxebSi misvla,<br />
ai, es adgili iqneba qarCaiZeebis adgili. ai, is mamulia<br />
qarCaiZeebisa im dumacxoSi darCenili.
292 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
rodesac is dReoba ari, jer ikiTxaven, ro qarCaiZe Tu<br />
vinme ari aq, an qal-qaliSvili, imaTi saklavi unda iyos da<br />
sanTels avanTebT, iseni unda davamwyalobnaT. Tu arvin<br />
ar viqnebiT im dros iq, mere afciaurebisi daikvlis, mere<br />
kidev, vinc miva da visaca surs xatSi misvla, miyolebiT<br />
daikvleba.<br />
Tsufa 25619<br />
mTiuleTi, sof. qveSeTi,<br />
nato jaRmaiZisgan (magnitoCanaweri) , 1983<br />
9. zegardis wmida giorgi V<br />
...iqa eklesiaa, saca xatia da loculobs mlocavi. mand<br />
ar yofila eg xati adre. memre erT kacsa xe uWria. xe uWria<br />
mTiul kacsa, qarCaidan arian, mleTidan. qarCaiZe yofila.<br />
xe uTlia da Turme Tlis xesa, aba, saxlisTvina da midis<br />
tredi da nafotebi maaqvs. aiRebs nafotsa da wamaiRebs.<br />
erTxel xedavs, orjer, uyurebs, sad miaqvo e treds e nafotebio.<br />
hoda, mohyva, mohyva am tredsa. modis da moaqvs<br />
e nafotebi. iara, iara da maitana aq da mosula e kacic, da<br />
uquCebia treds da Turme awyobs erTmaneTze am nafotebs,<br />
saca eklesia aris exla. moyva es kaci, es qarCaiZe, da naxa.<br />
hoda, daainteresa amaT, qarCaiZeebsa, ro e xatisagan aris<br />
da albaT raRaca aris da xatis niSania esa. wamoiden es<br />
qarCaiZeebi da eklesia aaSenes. eklesia am qarCaiZeebma im<br />
tredis monatans nafotebze da daiwyo iq xatoba mere, midioda<br />
mlocavi da iq loculobdnen. hoda, adre sxvagan<br />
iyo es salocavi. hoda, roca xatoba, didi dReoba modioda,<br />
zegardoba, pirvel rigSi, im qarCaiZeebis saklavi unda<br />
dakluliyo. ar SeiZleboda, sxva saklavs ar dahklavden.<br />
es gamigonia mena.<br />
Tsufa 24675<br />
gudamayari, sof. dumacxo,<br />
giorgi afciaurisgan, 1981<br />
10. zegardis wmida giorgi VI<br />
monadireebi yofilan qarCani. dumacxoSi wamovidnen.<br />
ormocamde suli yofilan. sizmarSi raRac eCvenebodaT,<br />
treds uSenebia budeo. mtredi saxlobda goraze. nawili
masala 293<br />
iqnebao, xatis nawili, uTqvams ufross. niSi aageTo. augiaT<br />
niSi. ufrosic nawiliani yofila. eklesia aaSeneTo, ukeTesi<br />
iqnebao. mosulan da auSenebiaT eklesia. afciaurebma<br />
gaiges, exmarebodnen kidec. aaSenes es eklesia. ra mogceTo,<br />
ukiTxavT afciaurebs, saqoneli Tu fulio? SevekiTxebiTo,<br />
ras ityviano. SeekiTxa da zogma fuli Tqva, zogma saqoneli.<br />
patarZalsac hkiTxes. uTqvams: yvelaferi gaqvT. mos-<br />
TxoveT, Tqven daglocon pirvelad eklesiaSio. pirveli<br />
saklavi Tqveni daklano. moswonebiaT misi rCeva.<br />
saklavis dakvla rom iwyeba, daviZaxebT: “qarCaTi vin<br />
ari aqo!”<br />
Tsufa 25537<br />
gudamayari, sof. dumacxo,<br />
vano afciaurisgan, 1981<br />
11. zegardis wmida giorgi VII<br />
zegarda uSenebiaT. xan vin mouyvania, xan vin. mainc ingreoda.<br />
albaT fass Rebulobdnen da ar kadrulobda xati,<br />
ingreoda. qarCaTi vinme mosula. “ra gindaT, mogcaTo?” -<br />
Saxvewebian. ro daumTavrebia, saxSi wasula da jalafs SahkiTxvia:<br />
“aviRo Tu ara xelfasio?” rZali hyoliaT, Zalian<br />
Wkviani: “Tu Cemsas gaigonebTo, ar ginda nafasurio, eg ra<br />
bedenaao”.<br />
memre damdgara. exla pirvelad qarCaT saklavsa hklven.<br />
gindac imaTi aravin iyos, win-win imeebs da¡locaven.<br />
Tsufa 26789<br />
gudamayari, sof. zanduki,<br />
aleqsi wiklaurisgan, 1985<br />
12. didgoris (wminda giorgis) jvaris daarseba<br />
...SarvanSi ro Cavedi, mtredi amyvao. ro davisvenebdi,<br />
Sors wavidodao. ro avdgebodi wasasvlelad, axlos modiodao.<br />
saZelis uReltexilze ro movedi, samjer Semoxkra<br />
mxrebi erTmaneTs da gaenTo cecxli, cecxlis burjRumi wamovidao.<br />
wamovida cecxli da goraze, roSkis samxreTiT,<br />
Tavberaulis simagreSi cecxlis ali Caikrifao...<br />
maSin daarsebula iq. maSin qmosti da roSka gaerTebuli<br />
iyo. xatic erTi qmnila da locvac erTi dauwesebiaT.
294 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
qmosteli mangiuri gaqadagebula: qmostis mxares unda<br />
daarsdeso. mere uTqvams (jvars), adgili ara maqvs da<br />
qmost-roSkis sisworeze _ didgorze daarsda. amis Semdeg<br />
TxuTmeti mama-papa iqneba.<br />
xevsureTi, sof. roSka,<br />
jurxa kagas Ze wiklaurisgan, 1980<br />
13. begoT saRvTo da midelauri I<br />
...yofila sofeli [midelaurTa] da cxra Zmani yofila.<br />
da wavida es monadire da saRamos moida da iaraRi aiyara da<br />
dahkida boZze... hoda, Camocvivnila is iaraRi. kidev daukidnia,<br />
Camacvivnila da mamas uTqvia, rom sad iyav, Svilo,<br />
dRes sad iareo? sada ra naxeo da _ araferi ar moutania _<br />
da begoT xatis tyeSi viyavo da mtreds vesroleo, davWer<br />
frTaSiao da wavida isio. “gagiwyra RmerTio, begoT saRvTo<br />
dagiWriao...”<br />
Tsufa 30232<br />
14. begoT saRvTo da midelauri II<br />
wkeridan dagorebula xorcwveniani qobi, ise Camosula,<br />
ro ar daRvrilao, WalaSio. eg dReoba ro momarjvdeba,<br />
lomisidan gadmodis, ai ese brtyelia, bolo grZelia, rogorc<br />
varskvlavi, didia, anaTebs, barjRlebs amaiqnis. lomisis<br />
dReoba momarjvdeba da aqedan gadadis, TviTmfrinavis<br />
bolo rogorc aris, da brWyvialaa, TiTqos cecxliao.<br />
lakaTxevis saRvToSic gadadis es naTeli am begoT saRvTodan.<br />
amis damnaxavi xSirada var.<br />
Tsufa 26757<br />
xada, sof. muRure,<br />
qeTo wamalaiZisgan, 1985<br />
15. wveris angelozi da mirianeuli<br />
mirianeuli yofila erTi da Rorebi hyolia mravali. es<br />
Rorebi, saca e xati bZandeboda, wveris angelozi, iq uvlevia.<br />
uvlevia iq es Rorebi da es xati gafrenila memre da<br />
iqiT gadasula, ga¡ridebia. iqac miurekav, iqidan afreni-
masala 295<br />
la da, koSkis maRals veZaxiT, iq ari yore, iq dabZanebula.<br />
iqac aurekav Rorebi. memre aTnoxs gasula iqidan (aTnoxs<br />
ician axla es wveroba). mere gamosula moTminebidan es xati<br />
da sul gauTavebia mirianeuli Tavis ojaxianaTa.<br />
Savxe da savxe, Sagecaleo,<br />
Samamyev, miarianeuloo,<br />
xo migayene da migayene<br />
da qali-qalzeda dagayeneo!<br />
egre daloca, daswyevla es kaci. me egre gamigonia da<br />
momswre aravin aris. mamaCemi asi wlisa mokvda, magram imasac<br />
gaugonia da, rodis iqneboda, aravin icis.<br />
nakoWvaria xatisi, Cven iqa vloculobT isiva. Cven aTnoxs<br />
ar mivdivarT, Tu naTqomoba ara gvaqv. Tu ara da, Seni<br />
nebaa, ginda iq waxval, ginda aq iqnebi.<br />
Tsufa 25562<br />
gudamayari, sof. didebani,<br />
aleqsi beqaurisgan (magnitoCanaweri), 1982<br />
Cawera da gamosacemad gaamzada<br />
zurab kiknaZem
“moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡” da “wmida ninos cxovreba”<br />
ucxour enebze<br />
(masalebi bibliografiisaTvis)<br />
“moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡” da “wmida ninos cxovreba” sxvadasxva<br />
dros araerTi ucxoeli mkvlevrisa Tu mTargmnelis<br />
yuradRebis sagnad qceula. arsebiTad, verc erTma ucxoelma<br />
mecnierma, vinc ki dainteresda zogadad saqarTvelos<br />
istoriis, <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobisa Tu Cveni qveynis gaqristianebis<br />
sakiTxebiT, gverdi ver auara am Txzulebebs. amas-<br />
Tanave, “moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡” da “wmida ninos cxovreba”<br />
iTargmna araerT ucxo enaze.<br />
winamdebare naSromi aris cda am TxzulebaTa da maTi<br />
Targmanebis Sesaxeb qarTul da ucxour enebze gamoqveynebuli<br />
masalebis aRnusxva-klasifikaciisa.<br />
teqstebi:<br />
berZnul enaze<br />
1. jArcim. Timoqevou Kaqhgoumevnou JI. Monhv~ Paraklhvtou. Agioi thv~<br />
Gewrgiva~ (epiloghv kai; suvnqwsi~ a;po; rwsika; sunaxavria) ïEldovsei~<br />
ïIerav~ Monhv~ Paraklhvtou. jWropov~ jAttikhv~ – 1986, 21-72.<br />
2. Dhmhtrivou G. Tsavmh. Mhterikovn. (Dihghvsei” kai Bivoi twn Agivwn<br />
Mhtevrwn th~ erhvmou askhtrivwn kai osivwn gunaikwvn th~<br />
Orqodovxou Ekklhsiva~), tovmo~ STV. Qessalonivkh 1996, 366-371.<br />
literatura:<br />
1. mesxi T. <strong>qarTuli</strong> hagiografia berZnulad, “samSoblo”,<br />
# 15, 1988.<br />
2. uruSaZe a. wignebi saberZneTidan, “komunisti”, 10 ivnisi,<br />
# 135, 1988.<br />
296
masala 297<br />
teqstebi:<br />
germanul enaze<br />
1. Dschanelidse N. Die Apostelin Nino. Eine georgische Legendengestalt.<br />
Herausgegeben von Nikolos Dschanelidse. Itzehoe in Hollstein, 1961.<br />
2. Pätsch G. Die Bekehrung Georgiens. Bedi Kartlisa: Revue de Kartvélologie,<br />
vol. XXXIII, Paris: 1975, S. 288-337.<br />
3. Pätsch G. Das Leben Kartlis. Eine Chronik aus Georgien, 300-1200. Herausgegeben<br />
von Gertrud Pätsch, Leipzig, 1985, S. 131-187.<br />
literatura:<br />
1. Baumgartner A. Geschichte der Weltliteratur. Freiburg, 1897, S. 256-268.<br />
2. Baumstark A. Die georgische Literatur. Die christliche Literaturen des<br />
Orients. Sammlung Göschen, II, Leipzig, 1911, S. 99-110.<br />
3. Deeters G. Georgische Literatur, in Handbuch der Orientalistik, erste<br />
Abteilung. Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten, siebenter Band. Leiden-<br />
Köln, 1963, S. 129-155.<br />
4. Fähnrich H. Die Georgische Literatur (Ein überblich). Tb.: “sabWoTa<br />
saqarTvelo”, 1981, S. 39-40.<br />
5. Laschauri M. Die heilige Nino, die Erleuchterin der Georgier und die<br />
Rolle des Christentums in Georgien, wignSi: laSauri m. wm. nino<br />
qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli da qristianobs roli saqarTveloSi,<br />
miunxeni, 1958, gv. 31-32.<br />
6. Tarchnishvili M. Das Christentum in Georgien. Der Christliche Orient in<br />
Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, 1, 1936. Munchen, #1, #2.<br />
7. Tarchnishvili M. Die Legende der heiligen Nino und die Geschichte des<br />
georgischen Nationalbewußtseins, Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 40, 1940.<br />
8. Tarchnishvili M. Die heilige Nino, Bekehrerin von Georgien. Analecta<br />
Ordinis Saneti Basili Magni. Rom, 1953, S. 572-581.<br />
9. bregaZe l. “qarTlis cxovreba” germanulad, “literaturuli<br />
saqarTvelo”, 23 ianvari, 1987.<br />
10. bregaZe g. wminda ninos cxovrebis germanuli Targmani,<br />
almanaxi “karibWe”, III, Tbilisi-foTi: “laSari”, 2000,<br />
gv. 164-173.<br />
11. TarxniSvili m. werilebi. seria: <strong>qarTuli</strong> eklesiis istoria<br />
(masalebi da gamokvlevebi), krebuli Seadgina da<br />
gamokvleva daurTo T. WumburiZem, Tb.: “kandeli”, 1994,<br />
gv. 104-132; 299-308.<br />
12. menabde l. Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis Seswavlis<br />
istoria da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba (Seadgina, gamosacemad<br />
moamzada da saZieblebi daurTo d. menabdem),<br />
Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 2005, gv. 70, 78.
298 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
13. mimomxilveli, Die Apostelin Nino..., “kavkasioni”, IX, parizi:<br />
1964, gv. 140.<br />
14. peCi g. zogierTi nominaluri funqciis gansazRvrebisaTvis<br />
“moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡s” teqstSi, Tsu Sromebi,<br />
B 2(140) (germanul enaze), 1971.<br />
15. reviSvili S. <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis germaneli mkvlevarebi.<br />
wignSi: germanul-<strong>qarTuli</strong> etiudebi, Tb.: Tsu<br />
gamomcemloba, 1977, gv. 144-187.<br />
teqstebi:<br />
inglisur enaze<br />
1. Lang D. M. Lives and Legends of the Georgian Saints. Selected and<br />
Translated from the original texsts, London, 1956, pp. 13-39.<br />
2. Thomson R. The Medieval Armenian Adaptation of the Georgian Chonikles<br />
(The original Georgian texts and the Armenian adaptation).<br />
Translated with Introduction and Commentary by Robert W. Thomson.<br />
Rewriting Caucasian History, Oxford, 1996, pp. 84-145.<br />
3. Wardrop M. and Wardrop O. Life of st. Nino. Studia Biblica and Ecclesiastica.<br />
v. V. p. I. Oxford, 1900, pp. 1-88.<br />
literatura:<br />
1. Lang D. The Georgians. London-New York, 1966, pp. 28, 88, 91, 330.<br />
2. Wardrop O. The Kingdom of Georgia. Notes of Travel in a Land of Women,<br />
Wine end Song, London, 1888.<br />
3. gogiberiZe s. <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura evropul TargmanebSi.<br />
wignSi: <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura evropul mecniereba-<br />
Si. Tb.: “qarTvelologi”, 2003, gv. 180-184.<br />
4. TaqTaqiSvili-uruSaZe l. marjori uordropi. Tb.: literatura<br />
da xelovneba, 1965.<br />
5. sxvadasxva ambavi, “kvali”, #26, 1896.<br />
6. SaraZe g. bednierebisa da saTnoebis saunje (uordropebi<br />
da saqarTvelo). Tb.: “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, 1984, gv.<br />
36-45.<br />
7. cxovreba wm. ninosi marJori da o. uardropebisa, “kvali”,<br />
#51, 1900, 817-818.<br />
8. xaxanaSvili a. q-n uordropis da b-n uordropis axali<br />
Sromis Sesaxeb [cxovreba wm. ninosi inglisur enaze,<br />
prof. konebiris winasityvaobiT], “iveria”, # 280, 24.XII.<br />
1900.<br />
9. xinTibiZe e. evropaSi <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis kvlevis<br />
mecnieruli RirebulebisaTvis. wignSi: <strong>qarTuli</strong> li-
masala 299<br />
teratura evropul mecnierebaSi (e. xinTibiZis redaqciiT).<br />
Tb.: “qarTvelologi”, 2003, gv. 185-240.<br />
literatura:<br />
italiur enaze<br />
1. Castellino G. Letteratura georgiana: Storia della letteratura d’Oriente,<br />
diretta da O. Botto, sotto il patrocinio della Commissione Nazionale Italiana<br />
dell’ UNESCO. I, Milano, 1969.<br />
2. Prampolini G. La letteratura georgiana, Storia della letteratura universale.<br />
II, Torino, 1949.<br />
3. Sauget J.-M. Nino (Nouné, Teognosta, Cristiana), in: Bibliotheca Sanctorum,<br />
9, 1967.<br />
4. Tarchnishvili M. Georgia. Enciclopedia Cattolica, 6, Città del Vaticano,<br />
1951, pp. 64-79.<br />
5. RvTis wyalobiT, ar gvWirdeba warsulis gasalamazeblad<br />
istoriis gamogoneba [interviu prof. g. SurRaias-<br />
Tan, esaubra z. sturua]. gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”,<br />
3 ivnisi, 2001.<br />
6. SurRaia g. Santa Nino e le Georgia: Storia e spiritualita Cristiana nel<br />
Paese del Vello d’oro~ [“wminda nino da saqarTvelo: oqros<br />
sawmisis qveynis istoria da sulieri kultura”], I saer-<br />
TaSoriso qarTvelologiuri simpoziumis masalebi,<br />
g. SurRaias redaqciiT. romi, 30 ianvari, 1999 (seria: Sua<br />
saukuneebi, 4), Roma: Antonianum, 2000.<br />
7. SurRaia g. italiurenovani qarTvelologia da <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
mwerloba. wignSi: <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura evropul<br />
mecnierebaSi (e. xinTibiZis redaqciiT), Tb.: “qarTvelologi”,<br />
2003, gv. 140-169.<br />
teqstebi:<br />
polonur enaze<br />
1.<br />
Nawrôcenie Kartlii (Mokcewai Kartlisai): Ze Starogruzińskiego przetoźył<br />
i przypisami opatrzył Dawid Kolbaja. Warzawa, 1995. s. 11-90.<br />
rusul enaze<br />
teqstebi:<br />
1.<br />
Житие святой равноапостольной Нины, просветительницы Грузии.<br />
М., 1886.
300 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
2. Житие святой равноапостольной Нины, просветительницы Грузии.<br />
Одесса, 1890; 1894; 1900.<br />
3. Житие святой равноапостольной Нины, просветительницы Иверии<br />
(Грузии). Одесса, 1915.<br />
4. Кипиани Д. Нина _ Просветительница Грузии. “Закавказский<br />
Вестник”, № 12-18, 1849.<br />
5. Сабинин М. П. Полное жизнеописание святых грузинской церкви.<br />
Составил и перевёл с грузинских подлинников М. П. Сабинин.<br />
СПб., I _ 1871; II _ 1872; III _ 1873.<br />
6. Такаишвили Е. С. Источники грузинских летописей. Три хроники<br />
(Обращение Грузии в xристианство; Жизнь и извеcтие о Богратидах,<br />
царях наших грузинских, откуда oни явились в эту страну, или с<br />
какого времени владеют они царством Грузинским, которое написал<br />
Сумбат, сын Давида; Хроника Месхийской Пластыри). СМОМПК,<br />
Вып. XXVIII, 1900, c. 1-126.<br />
7. Чхартишвили М. Обращение Грузии. Перевод с древнегрузинского<br />
Е. С. Такаишвили, Редакционная обработка, исследование и<br />
комментарии М. С. Чхартишвили, Тб.: “Мецниереба”, 1989. c. 23-58.<br />
literatura:<br />
1. Барамидзе А., Гамезардашвили Д. Грузинская литература. Тб.:<br />
Изд. ТГУ, 1968, c. 8.<br />
2. Барамидзе А., Радиани Ш., Жгенти Б. История Грузинской<br />
литературы. Тб.: “Заря Востока”, 1958. c.17.<br />
3. Буачидзе Г. Мари Броссе. Тб.: “Мерани”, 1983, c. 265-271.<br />
4. Нонна, просветительница Грузии, “Воскреснее Чтение”, № 36,<br />
1841.<br />
5. Джавахишвили И. Проповедническая деятельность апостола<br />
Андрея и св. Нины в Грузии. 1. Cв. Нина // ЖМНП, 1901.<br />
6. Джавахов И. Грузия (Библиография), Византийский временник,<br />
1904, т. XI, вып. 1-2.<br />
7. Джанашвили М. История грузинской церкви. Т., 1898.<br />
8. Иоселиани П. Св. Нина, просветительница Грузии христианской<br />
верою. “Закавказский Вестник”, № 1, 1845.<br />
9. Иоселиани П. Жизнеописание святых, прославляемых провославною<br />
грузинскою церковью. Т., 1850.<br />
10. Марр Н. Я. Рецензия: М. Wardrop and I. O. Wardrop. Life of St. Nino<br />
(Oxsford: 1900). ЗВОРАО, XIII (1900), СПб., 1, c. 01-34, 01-39.<br />
11. Марр Н. Я. Критика и мелкие статьи, ТР, кн. V, СПб., 1903.<br />
12. Менабде Д. Русские переводы памятников древнегрузинской<br />
литературы, Грузинская и русская средневековые литературы. Тб.:<br />
Изд. ТГУ, 1992. c. 110-116.<br />
13. [ Муравёв А.]. Грузия и Армения, СПБ., ч. III, 1848.
masala 301<br />
14. [ Муравёв А.]. Житие святых Российской церкви, также иверских<br />
и славянских. Месяц январь. СПБ., 1857.<br />
15. [Муравёв А.]. Житие святых Российской церкви, также иверских<br />
и славянских. Месяц январь. СПБ., 1860.<br />
16. Пурцеладзе Д. О праздниках, установленных православною<br />
грузинскою церковью. T.: 1862.<br />
17. Сабинин М. П. История грузинской церкви до конца VI века. СПб.,<br />
1877.<br />
18. Сабинин М. П. Сад святой Нины. История Иверской Церкви первых<br />
веков. Одобрено Издательским Советом Русской Православной<br />
Церкы. М.: 2003. c. 32-65.<br />
19. Селезнёв М. О Нине и введении христианства в Грузии, “Маяк”, т.<br />
15, 1844. c. 31-33.<br />
20. Селезнёв М. Рассказы о чудесах Нины Классических верных<br />
писателей, “Маяк”, т. 15, 1844, c. 33-34.<br />
21. Хаханов А. Очерки по истории грузинской словесности. M., 1897.<br />
22. bancaZe m. eqvTime TayaiSvilis mTargmnelobiTi principebi,<br />
“ciskari”, # 5-6, 2001, gv. 131-134.<br />
23. “ boris sp. esaZes ganuzraxavs...”, “iveria”, 5 oqtomberi,<br />
# 212, 1903.<br />
24. ruxaZe tr. qarTul-rusuli literaturuli erTier-<br />
Tobis istoriidan (XVI-XVIII ss.), Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba,<br />
1961, gv. 113, 115.<br />
25. cixisTavi n. “wm. ninos cxovrebis” <strong>qarTuli</strong> da rusuli<br />
teqstebis istoriografia, “macne” (els), 1990, gv. 35-42.<br />
26. cixisTavi n. “wminda ninos cxovrebis” <strong>qarTuli</strong> da rusuli<br />
redaqciebis zogi epizodis urTierTmimarTeba,<br />
“macne” (els), # 2, 1993, gv. 65-75.<br />
teqstebi:<br />
ungrul enaze<br />
1. Biró M. Az Életadó oszlop legendaja és m¡s történetek. Georgiai szentek<br />
élete és vértanüs¡ġa és m¡s történetek. Georgiai szentel élete és<br />
vértanüs¡ģa. V¡loģatta, óġrúz eredetiból fordította, az utószót és a<br />
jeġyzeteket készítette: Biró Margit. Éietünk kőnyvek, 1990, S. 7-70.<br />
literatura:<br />
menabde l.<br />
1. Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis Seswavlis<br />
istoria da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba (Seadgina, gamosacemad<br />
moamzada da saZieblebi daurTo d. menabdem).<br />
Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 2005, gv. 75.
302 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
teqstebi:<br />
frangul enaze<br />
1. Brosset M. Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l’ antiquité jusqu’ au XIX-e siècle.<br />
Traduite du géorgien par M. Brosset. II, 1, St.- P., 1849, pp. 90-129.<br />
2. Brosset M. Additions et éclaircissements à l’Histoire de la Géorgie depuis<br />
l’ antiquité jusqúen 1469 de J.-C., St.-P., 1851, pp. 19-32.<br />
3. Chavichvili Ch. Sainte Nino..., Geneve, 1964.<br />
literatura:<br />
1. Aleksidzé Z. Le nouveau manuscrit Géorgien sinaitique # Sin 50. Edition<br />
en fac-similé introduction par Z. Aleksidzé, traduite du Géorgien<br />
par J.-P. Mahé. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. Editum<br />
Consilio. Universitatis Catholicae Americae. Universitatis Catholicae<br />
Lovaniensis. Vol. 586. Subsidia. Tomus 108. Lovanii, 2001.<br />
2. Baron de Baye. En Géorgie. Paris, 1898.<br />
3. Daras A. Sainte Nina, communément nommée Sininte Chrètienne, Notice<br />
historique par le P. Daras Auguste, del a compagnie de Iesus, Lyon,<br />
1874.<br />
4. Garitte G. Une édition commentée du calendrier palestino-géorgien de<br />
Jean Zozime, Bedi Kartlisa, vol. IV-V, 1958, pp. 18-20.<br />
5. Karst J. Littérature géorgienne chrétienn, Bibliothéque Catholique des<br />
Sciences Religieuses. Paris, 1934, pp. 66-71.<br />
6. Peeters P. Les débouts du christianisme en Géorgie d’après les sources<br />
hagiographiques, “Analecta Bollandiana”, t. 50, 1932.<br />
7. Salia N. Notice sur la conversion de la Géorgie par sainte Nino, Bedi<br />
Kartlisa: Revue de Kartvélologie, vol. XXI-XXII, Paris, 1966, pp. 52-<br />
64.<br />
8. Thélamon F. Le récit de la conversion de la Georgie. Crétiens et Paiens<br />
au IVs: L’histoire Ecclésiastigue de Rufn. Paris, 1982, pp. 87-122.<br />
9. b. vardani [nozaZe v.], Khariton Chavichvili _ Sainte Nino..., “kavkasioni”,<br />
XII, parizi, 1967, gv. 173-174.<br />
10. dodaSvili r. mari brose, <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis mkvlevari.<br />
Tb.: “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, 1962, gv. 106-122.<br />
11. z., wminda nino, mama ogust darasi, “droeba”, 15 ianvari,<br />
# 7, 1875.<br />
12. karbelaSvili a. saqarTvelos frangi megobari, “mwignobari-91/92~,<br />
Tb.: saqarTvelos i. WavWavaZis sax. <strong>wignis</strong><br />
moyvarulTa sazogadoeba, 1992, gv. 152-167.<br />
13. fanCuliZe d. qarTul-franguli literaturuli ur-<br />
TierTobis istoriisaTvis, Tb.: “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”,<br />
1969, gv. 267-331.
masala 303<br />
14. ciciSvili v. wmida nino _ wmida kretien, “jvari vazisa”|,<br />
#3, 1989.<br />
15. wminda mociqulT sworis ninos saxelis pativiscema<br />
safrangeTSi, “mwyemsi”, #21, 1899, gv. 10.<br />
16. wm. ninos Tayvanis cema safrangeTSi, “iveria”, 29 oqtomberi,<br />
# 232, 1899.<br />
17. WumburiZe T. fransuaz telamoni, qarTlis moqcevis ambavi<br />
(anotacia), “mravalTavi”, XIV, 1987, gv. 210-211.<br />
18. xanTaZe S. mari brose (istoriografiuli narkvevi), Tb.:<br />
“sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, 1966, gv. 85-95.<br />
Seadgina<br />
darejan menabdem
usudan dauSvili<br />
qarTvel mweralTa<br />
saiubileo TariRebis aRniSvna emigraciaSi<br />
(XX s. 20-30-iani ww.)<br />
1921-30 wlebSi axali reJimis gamo samSoblo bevrma<br />
qarTvelma datova da sami kontinentis mraval qveyanaSi<br />
gaifanta. <strong>qarTuli</strong> emigraciis pirvelma talRam adgilobriv<br />
pirobebTan adaptaciis, konsolidaciis, urTierTdaxmarebisa<br />
da erovnuli saxis SenarCunebisaTvis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
koloniebi, saTvistomoebi da asociaciebi Seqmna. saer-<br />
TaSoriso organizaciebis, erTa ligis, <strong>qarTuli</strong> politikuri<br />
da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebis mravalwlian<br />
mcdelobas saqarTvelos gaTavisufleba da ltolvilTa<br />
samSobloSi dabruneba ar mohyolia. amitom emigraciam<br />
mTeli energia saqarTvelos sakiTxis gaxmaurebis, axalgazrda<br />
Taobis aRzrda-ganaTlebis, <strong>qarTuli</strong> mentalitetis<br />
SenarCunebisa da fizikuri gadarCenisaken mimarTa.<br />
“qarTul emigraciaSi politikuri interesebi sWarbobs<br />
da bunebrivicaa, magram calmxrivad, yvelafris daviwyeba<br />
politikanobis iers aZlevs. cxovreba ki ekonomiur da<br />
kulturul Tu sxva sakiTxebsac Seicavs. ekonomiuri mouwyobloba<br />
aferxebs sazogadoebriv muSaobas”, _ werda samson<br />
fircxalava (1). mas <strong>qarTuli</strong> koloniis Tavmjdomare<br />
vaxtang RambaSiZec eTanxmeboda: “Cvens politikur muSaobas<br />
unda kvebavdes da amagrebdes mudam Cveni kulturulliteraturuli<br />
saqmianoba” (2).<br />
“ekonomiuri mouwyoblobis” miuxedavad, politikuri,<br />
saqvelmoqmedo da profesiuli kavSirebis garda, emigraciaSi<br />
mravali saganmanaTleblo da kulturuli organizacia<br />
daarsda: “<strong>qarTuli</strong> kera”, “promeTes klubi”, “kavkasiis<br />
Semswavleli sazogadoeba”, “<strong>qarTuli</strong> samecniero<br />
wre”, “parizSi mcxovreb qarTvel mweralTa da JurnalistTa<br />
asociacia”, “dramatuli wre”, “filarmoniuli<br />
wre”, sasporto sazogadoeba “Sevardeni”, romlebmac udi-<br />
304
masala 305<br />
desi roli Seasrules emigraciis konsolidaciisa da axali<br />
TaobisaTvis <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis, literaturis, istoriis,<br />
tradiciebis SeswavlaSi, kulturul RonisZiebebiT maT<br />
daaxloebaSi.<br />
emigraciis kulturuli cxovrebidan aRsaniSnavia<br />
qarTveli mwerlebisadmi, kerZod, akaki wereTlis, ilia<br />
WavWavaZis, vaJa-fSavelasa da giorgi wereTlisadmi miZRvnili<br />
xsovnis dReebisa da saiubileo TariRebis aRniSvna.<br />
pirveli aseTi saRamo akaki wereTels mieZRvna,<br />
1926 wlis 16 ianvars parizis <strong>qarTuli</strong> koloniis gamgeobis<br />
TaosnobiT kaTolikuri institutis darbazSi akaki<br />
wereTlis gardacvalebis 10 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavi saRamo<br />
gaimarTa, romelsac TiTqmis mTeli kolonia daeswro, maT<br />
Soris iyo poetis vaJi aleqsi wereTeli da sruluflebiani<br />
ministri akaki Cxenkeli. saRamo koloniis Tavmjdomare<br />
daviT sxirtlaZem gaxsna. ivane andronikaSvilma pianinoze<br />
“dideba” Seasrula. Salva amirejibma akakis poeziaze<br />
isaubra, Semdeg ki literaturul-musikaluri nawili Catarda.<br />
leqsebi lida papuaSvilma, simon bereJianma da 10<br />
wlis a. ciciSvilma waikiTxes, mixeil xundaZem violinoze<br />
Seasrula kavatina meliton balanCivaZis operidan “Tamar<br />
cbieri”, cnobilma pianistma irakli orbelianma _ mili<br />
balakirevis nawarmoebi. gansakuTrebuli aRtaceba parizis<br />
grand-operis tenoris, miSel darialis (mixeil nanobaSvili)<br />
mier Sesrulebulma romansma “aRmarT-aRmarT”,<br />
qalbaton cincaZis “sulikom” da sxva qarTulma simRerebma<br />
gamoiwvia (3).<br />
1932 wlis 9 ivniss virofleiSi sofio kedias TaosnobiT<br />
bavSvTa wrem akakis saRamoze cocxali suraTebi warmoadgina,<br />
bavSvebma <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsebi, simRerebi da cekvebi<br />
Seasrules (4).<br />
1935 wlis 9 marts sofio kedias iniciativiT daarsebulma<br />
`qarTulma keram~ akaki wereTlis gardacvalebidan<br />
20 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavi saRamo Caatara, romelsac<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> dramatuli dasis mier momzadebuli sakoncerto<br />
nawilic axlda (5).<br />
1935 wels parizSi Jurnal “brZolis xmaSi” leispirelis<br />
werili “ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli” gamoqveynda<br />
(6), berlinSi, gazeT “kldeSi” _ vasil sadaTieraSvilis<br />
“akaki wereTeli” (7).<br />
ramdenime saRamo mieZRvna ilia WavWavaZes.<br />
1928 wlis 18 oqtombers parizelma qarTvelebma ilia<br />
WavWavaZis gardacvalebidan 20 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad<br />
dila gamarTes. mogonebebiT da moxsenebiT gamovidnen:
306 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
eqvTime TayaiSvili, samson fircxalava, daviT SaraSiZe,<br />
Salva amirejibi, studentTa gundma <strong>qarTuli</strong> simRerebi<br />
Seasrula (8). berlinSi mowyobil saRamoze darbazi dro-<br />
SebiT, RerbiT, yvavilebiTa da ilias suraTiT iyo gaformebuli.<br />
moxsenebiT gamovida mixeil wulukiZe, mogonebebiT<br />
_ gela gelazania da ioseb iremaSvili. waikiTxes leqsebi.<br />
saRamo himniT damTavrda (9).<br />
1932 wlis 30 agvistos ilia WavWavaZis gardacvalebidan<br />
25 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad qarTulma saTvistomom germaniaSi<br />
saRamo moawyo. sityviT gamovidnen: grigol diasami-<br />
Ze, vaxtang RambaSiZe, tite margvelaSvili, mixeil wulukiZe,<br />
gela gelazania da niko nakaSiZe (10). 27 seqtembers<br />
“Musee Sociale”-s darbazSi saRamo parizelma qarTvelebmac<br />
Caatares. ilias biografiaze daviT xarisWiraSvili isaubra,<br />
mogonebiT “ilias Soriaxlo dgomiT” gamovida giorgi<br />
Juruli, sityviT iliaze _ Salva amirejibi, moxsenebiT<br />
“ilia da erovnuli sinamdvile” _ isidore manwkava, “ilia<br />
da damoukideblobis sakiTxi” _ viktor nozaZe. bavSvebma<br />
waikiTxes leqsebi (11).<br />
30-ian ww. qarTvel mweralTa iubileebis Catarebis<br />
erT-erTi iniciatori da ganmaxorcielebeli iyo<br />
1935 wels cnobili politikuri da sazogado moRvawis,<br />
mwerlisa da mTargmnelis giorgi gvazavas mier daarsebuli<br />
“parizSi mcxovreb qarTvel mweralTa da JurnalistTa<br />
asociacia”, romelic saganmanaTleblo-propagandistul<br />
miznebs isaxavda. asociaciis wevrebs presis,<br />
gamocemebis, leqcia-saubrebisa da saiubileo RonisZiebebiT<br />
emigrantebisa da ucxoelebisaTvis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura<br />
unda gaecnoT. 1936 wlis 13 Tebervals Catarebul<br />
pirvel saangariSo krebas 17 wevri eswreboda.<br />
dRis wesrigSi sami sakiTxi idga: 1. gasuli wlis angariSi;<br />
2. SoTa rusTavelis saiubileo wlisTavis mowyoba;<br />
3. axali gamgeobis arCevnebi. gamgeobis Tavmjdomare<br />
giorgi gvazavam saangariSo moxsenebaSi aRniSna, rom<br />
asociacias jerovani aqtivoba jer ar gamouCenia, mxolod<br />
erTi, vaJa-fSavelas gardacvalebis 20 wlis aRsaniSnavi<br />
saRamo Caatara. gairkva, rom wevrebis nawili<br />
saqmianobas gulgrilad ekideba da sawevroc ar gadauxdia.<br />
msjelobis Semdeg axal gamgeobas daevala: qarTul<br />
literaturaze, istoriasa da xelovnebaze moxsenebebis<br />
momzadeba, literaturuli gasamarTlebebis Catareba,<br />
biblioTekis mowyoba. gadawyda: axali sawevro baraTebis<br />
damzadeba, im wevrTa garicxva, visac sawevro 1 wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi ar gadauxdia. SoTa rusTavelis 750 wlis
masala 307<br />
iubilis Rirseulad aRsaniSnavad unda Seqmniliyo komisia,<br />
romelic RonisZiebaTa gegmas SeimuSavebda. axali<br />
gamgeoba kenWisyriT airCies: giorgi gvazava (Tavmjdomare),<br />
ivane zurabiSvili, ivane WavWaniZe, aleqsandre<br />
manveli Svili da simon bereJiani (12).<br />
1937 wlis 16 maiss asociaciis sxdomaze ilia WavWavaZis<br />
saiubileod momzadebuli ori moxseneba waikiTxes: ivane<br />
zurabiSvilma “ilia WavWavaZe _ poeti, mwerali da sazogado<br />
moRvawe”, vlasa inwkirvelma “ilia WavWavaZe qarTul<br />
sinamdvileSi” (13).<br />
farTo masStabis iyo 1937 wlis 31 oqtombers <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
asociaciis gamgeobis mier parizSi ilia WavWavaZis 100<br />
wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad mowyobili dila. kaTolikuri<br />
institutis darbazs suros foTlebiT morTuli, ilias<br />
ferweruli portreti, erovnuli Rerbi da droSebi amSvenebda.<br />
dila vaxtang RambaSiZem gaxsna, giorgi yifianma mis<br />
biografiaze isaubra, giorgi Jurulma _ Rvawlze. giorgi<br />
gvazava mogonebiT gamovida, leqsebi waikiTxes: elene mamulaiSvilma,<br />
zeinab kediam, ivane zurabiSvilma, giorgi<br />
yifianma, simon bereJianma, Tengiz abduSelma. dasasrul,<br />
or moqmedebad “mgzavris werilebi” warmoadgines. monawilileobdnen:<br />
baduri (aleqsandre baduraSvili), Temo<br />
TaqTaqiSvili da simon bereJiani. bolos, am ukanasknelma,<br />
ilia WavWavaZis nawarmoebebidan nawyvetebi da leqsebi<br />
waikiTxa (14). 22 dekembers iubile berlinelma qarTvelebmac<br />
gadaixades. mogonebebiT gamovidnen grigol diasamiZe<br />
da vladimer axmeteli (15). am ukanasknelma jer kidev<br />
1936 wels, ilias 100 wlis saiubileod, werili “ilia<br />
brZenis gamo” gamoaqveyna gazeTSi “klde” (16). zafxulSi<br />
ilia WavWavaZis saiubileod briuselSi literaturuli<br />
saRamo Catarda. ilias suraTiTa da samferovani droSebiT<br />
morTul darbazSi Tavi qarTvelebma, ukrainelebma<br />
da sxva erTa warmomadgenlebma moiyares. markoz tuRuSma<br />
iliaze vrceli moxseneba waikiTxa, ana zegersis frangulad<br />
Targmnili axali leqsebi _ irakli jafariZem, iliaze<br />
leqsi _ irakli oTxmezurma. qarTulma gundma ilias<br />
teqstze dawerili simRerebi “ra kargi ram xar” da “tyem<br />
moisxa foToli” Seasrula (17).<br />
1937 wlis bolos Jurnal “samSoblos” redaqciam<br />
mrewvel bagrat samxaraZisagan 700 franki miiRo ilia<br />
WavWavaZis saiubileo literaturuli premiis dasaweseblad.<br />
marTlac, 1938 wlis ianvarSi Jurnalma konkursis<br />
pirobebi gamoacxada: erTi premia _ saukeTeso leqsisaTvis<br />
iliaze (25 taepi) 200 frankis odenobiT da meore _
308 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
saukeTeso dramatuli, an beletristuli nawarmoebisaTvis<br />
qarTvelTa cxovrebidan (20 gverdi), romlebic unda<br />
warmoedginaT 1 maisamde saiubileo komisiaSi elise patariZesTan<br />
(18). Sedegebi gamocxadda da premiebi gadaecaT<br />
simon bereJians da viktor nozaZes (19).<br />
1937 wels JurnalSi “brZolis xma” daibeWda konstantine<br />
gvarjalaZis statia “ilia WavWavaZe _ mxatvari da politikuri<br />
moRvawe” (20), 1938 wels imave JurnalSi _ noe<br />
Jordanias “ori poeti (ilia da akaki)” (21).<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom emigraciaSi yvelaze xSirad swored<br />
ilia WavWavaZeze iwereboda, rasac mowmobs dali sinjaraZisa<br />
da naTia bebiaSvilis mier Sekrebili da aleqsandre<br />
orbelianis sazogadoebis mier gamocemulin ortomeuli<br />
“ilia emigrantTa TvaliT” (22).<br />
SedarebiT naklebia vaJa-fSavelasadmi miZRvnili<br />
RonisZiebebi. 1935 wels vaJa-fSavelas gardacvalebis<br />
20 wlisTavze Jurnalma “damoukidebelma saqarTvelom”<br />
isidore manwkavas werili dabeWda (23), gazeTma “kldem”<br />
_ grigol diasamiZis “margalitis mTesveli” (24). salome<br />
dadianis TaosnobiT Catarebul qarTul-frangul<br />
konferenciaze wardgenil iqna Salva beriZis moxseneba<br />
“«gvelis mWameli» _ <strong>qarTuli</strong> poema”(25). am TariRis aRsaniSnavad<br />
parizelma qarTvelebma gadawyvites saliteraturo<br />
dilis Catareba. marTlac, 1936 wlis 19 ianvars<br />
qarTvel mweralTa da JurnalistTa asociaciam vaJa-fSavelas<br />
gardacvalebis 20 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavi saliteraturo<br />
dila gamarTa. darbazs amSvenebda simon bereJianis<br />
mier daxatuli vaJas didi portreti. dila asociaciis<br />
Tavmjdomare giorgi gvazavam gaxsna. poetis biografia<br />
damswreT ivane zurabiSvilma gaacno, misi proza,<br />
poezia da poemebi _ isidore manwkavam, <strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura<br />
vaJas SemoqmedebaSi _ aleqsandre manveliSvilma, vaJa da<br />
misi aforizmebi frangulad _ Salva beriZem. vinaidan<br />
moxsenebebi gagrZelda, vlasa mgelaZis mogonebebi veRar<br />
moismines. Semdeg patara Teziko abduSelma vaJas ori leqsi<br />
moxdenilad waikiTxa, simon bereJianma ki _ “CxikvTa<br />
qorwili”. programis garda, erTma ucxoelma frangulad<br />
vaJas sami leqsi waikiTxa, ramac stumarTa didi aRfrTovaneba<br />
gamoiwvia (26).<br />
1934 wlis aprilSi parizSi daarsda “<strong>qarTuli</strong> samecniero<br />
wre”, romelmac farTo saganmanaTleblo da samecniero<br />
misia ikisra. mizani iyo sxvadasxva sakiTxebis ga-<br />
Suqeba, moxsenebaTa arCeva-ganxilva, momxsenebelTa waxaliseba<br />
da auditoriis SerCeva. “damoukidebel saqarTve-
masala 309<br />
loSi” gamocxadebuli iyo moxsenebaTa programa da<br />
Tanmimdevroba: 1. a. SaTiriSvili (marqsistuli Teoria<br />
da misi Sefaseba, samSoblos natvra, enis sazogadoebrivi<br />
mniSvneloba, eri da klasebi socialistur Teoria-<br />
Si), pirovnebis ganviTarebis etapebi; 2. S. kalandaZe _<br />
TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb; 3. i. xoWolava _ eri da rasa;<br />
4. r. gabaSvili _ inglisis aRmosavluri politika;<br />
5. i. xananaSvili _ qarTveli israelebi eTnologiuri<br />
da anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT; 6. a. manvelaSvili<br />
_ saqarTvelos diplomatiuri urTierTobebis istoriidan;<br />
7. g. Juruli da s. fircxalava _ mogonebani;<br />
8. i. manwkava _ dRevandeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura. wris<br />
muSaobaSi monawileobdnen: a. zurabiSvili, S. amirejibi,<br />
a. kobaxiZe, i. gobeCia, g. yifiani, k. gvarjalaZe, v. inwkirveli,<br />
a. asaTiani, g. modebaZe, r. arseniZe, d. vaCnaZe, e.<br />
patariZe, n. uruSaZe, f. SaraZe, g. jayeli, x. SaviSvili, z.<br />
avaliSvili, i. nucubiZe da sxvebi.<br />
moxsenebaTa garda, wre marTavda saRamoebs. magaliTad,<br />
1937 wlis 7 Tebervals “Musee Sociale”-s darbazSi eqvTime TayaiSvilis<br />
TavmjdomareobiT giorgi wereTlis dabadebidan<br />
85 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili sxdoma gaimarTa. mis biografiaze<br />
isaubra mirian meluam, mogonebebiT gamovida eqvTime<br />
TayaiSvili, moxsenebebiT _ isidore manwkava da raJden arseniZe.<br />
nawyveti giorgi wereTlis moTxrobidan “kikolika,<br />
Cikolika da kudabzika” simon bereJianma waikiTxa. saRamo<br />
imdenad saintereso aRmoCnda, rom mravalricxovanma auditoriam<br />
survili gamoTqva, amgvari saRamoebi sxva mwerlebis<br />
Semoqmedebis gasacnobadac Catarebuliyo (27).<br />
sxva mwerlebis Semoqmedebisa da saiubileo TariRebisadmi<br />
miZRvnili RonisZiebebi 20-30 wlebSi Cven ver moviZieT,<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rusTavelis 750 wlis iubilis<br />
aRniSvna ki imdenad grandiozulad Catarda, rom mas<br />
calke werili mieZRvneba.<br />
amrigad, emigraciaSi Catarebul akaki wereTlis, ilia<br />
WavWavaZis, vaJa-fSavelasa da giorgi wereTlisadmi miZRvnili<br />
xsovnis dReebisa da saiubileo TariRebis aRniSvnas<br />
udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda, pirvel rigSi, samSoblos<br />
mowyvetil emigrantebSi <strong>qarTuli</strong> mentalitetis Senar-<br />
Cunebis, axalgazrda <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis, literaturis, istoriis,<br />
tradiciebis gacnobaSi, amgvari RonisZiebebiT maT<br />
daaxloebaSi. amasTan, am Sekrebebs xSirad ucxoelebic<br />
eswrebodnen da es xels uwyobda <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturisa<br />
da kulturis propagandas evropaSi.
310 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
literatura<br />
1. fircxalava s. Kkulturuli saqmianobisaTvis _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli<br />
saqarTvelo”, parizi, 1934, #102, gv. 8-9.<br />
2. diasamiZe gr. mimarTva _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”,<br />
1934, #104, gv. 4-5.<br />
3. qarTvelebi parizSi. akakis saRamo _ gaz. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”,<br />
parizi, 1926, #2, gv. 4.<br />
4. qarTvelebi parizSi _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”,<br />
1932, #79, gv. 15.<br />
5. kedia s. redaqcias (akakis saRamo) _ Jurn. “axali iveria”, parizi,<br />
1932, #5, gv. 32.<br />
6. leispireli, ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli _ Jurn. “brZolis<br />
xma”, parizi, 1935, #51, gv. 3.<br />
7. sadaTieraSvili v. Akaki wereTeli _ gaz. “klde”, berlini, 1935,<br />
#7-8, gv. 2-6.<br />
8. qarTvelebi safrangeTSi _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”,<br />
1928, #25, gv. 16.<br />
9. qarTvelebi germaniaSi _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”,<br />
1928, #34, gv. 16.<br />
10. qarTvelebi germaniaSi _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”,<br />
1932, #83, gv. 15.<br />
11. ilia WavWavaZis iubile _ Jurn. “samSoblo”, parizi, 1932, #12,<br />
gv. 58; qarTvelebi safrangeTSi, ilia WavWavaZis gardacvalebis<br />
25 wlisTavi _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”, 1932,<br />
#84, gv. 13.<br />
12. qarTvel mweralTa da JurnalistTa asociaciis kreba _ Jurn.<br />
“damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”, 1936, #121, gv. 18.<br />
13. qarTvel mweralTa da JurnalistTa sazogadoeba – Jurn. “damoukidebeli<br />
saqarTvelo”, 1937, #134, gv. 16.<br />
14. ilia WavWavaZis dRe parizis qarTul koloniaSi _ Jurn. “kavkasioni”,<br />
parizi, 1937, #6, gv. 31-32; ilias dila parizSi _ Jurn.<br />
“qarTlosi”, parizi, 1937, #8, gv. 120.<br />
15. werili germaniidan _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”,<br />
parizi, 1938, #144, gv. 1.<br />
16. axmeteli vl. ilia brZenis gamo _ gaz. “klde”, berlini, 1936,<br />
#20-21, gv. 11.<br />
17. ilia WavWavaZis saRamo briuselSi _ gaz. “TeTri giorgi”,<br />
parizi, 1938, #102, gv. 4.<br />
18. literaturuli premia Jurnal `samSoblos~ _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli<br />
saqarTvelo”, parizi, 1938, #142, gv. 15-16.<br />
19. ilia WavWavaZe emigraciaSi _ Jurn. “samSoblo”, 1938, #22-23, gv. 83.<br />
20. gvarjalaZe k. ilia WavWavaZe _ mxatvari da politikuri moRvawe<br />
_ Jurn. “brZolis xma~, 1937, #75, gv. 2-4.
masala 311<br />
21. Jordania n. ori poeti (ilia da akaki) _ Jurn. “brZolis xma”,<br />
1937, #72, 73, gv. 2-3.<br />
22. ilia emigrantTa TvaliT, t. I-II, Tb. 1996.<br />
23. manwkava i. vaJa-fSavela _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”,<br />
1935, #9-10, gv. 16.<br />
24. diasamiZe gr. margalitis mTesveli _ gaz. “klde”, 1936, #20-21,<br />
gv. 11-12.<br />
25. <strong>qarTuli</strong> emigraciis mier Catarebuli literaturuli saRamoebisa<br />
da Sekrebebis mosawvevi baraTebi da programebi, literaturis<br />
matiane, Tb. 1992, gv. 388-411.<br />
26. vaJa-fSavelas dila _ “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”, 1936,<br />
#121, gv. 15.<br />
27. <strong>qarTuli</strong> samecniero wre _ “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”, 1937,<br />
#131, gv. 16.
portreti<br />
kaxaber loria<br />
ana kalandaZe:<br />
~ar Seval taZrad, uwminduri sadac Sevida”<br />
meoce saukunis Sua periodSi Cveni xalxis kulturul<br />
cxovrebaSi angariSgasawevi cvlilebebi moxda. qarTul<br />
mwerlobaSi movidnen axali saxeebi, romelTa gareSec<br />
dRes ukve warmoudgenelia uaxlesi <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura.<br />
Aam Taobis literaturuli profilis CamoyalibebaSi ana<br />
kalandaZem sruliad gamorCeuli roli Seasrula. es iyo<br />
xana, roca samwerlo asparezze moRvaweobdnen <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
sityvis WeSmariti didostatebi: galaktion tabiZe, konstantine<br />
gamsaxurdia, giorgi leoniZe, ioseb griSaSvili,<br />
simon Ciqovani, leo qiaCeli da mravali sxva. swored am periodSi<br />
gaisma ana kalandaZis poeziis Tavankara xma, romelic<br />
erTgvar nugeSad eqca meore msoflio omis tanjviTa<br />
da gansacdeliT daTrgunul adamianebs.<br />
SeiZleba calsaxad iTqvas, rom ana kalandaZis fenomenis<br />
movlinebam myisierad ganacvifra yvela, magram amgvarive<br />
xelaRebiT SeuZlebelia iTqvas, rom aseve yvela aRafrTovana.<br />
anas imJamindeli oponentebi imTaviTve miiCnevdnen,<br />
rom misi leqsebi moklebuli iyo WeSmarit sazogadoebriv<br />
paToss, jansaR moqalaqeobriv pozicias. maT miaCndaT, rom<br />
intimuri motivebi, literaturuli TviTrealizebis faqizad<br />
lirikuli manera, principis TvalsazrisiT, ar aris<br />
da arc SeiZleba iyos moqalaqeobrivi JReradobis matarebeli.<br />
amasTan erTad, faqti faqtad rCeba _ anas literaturul<br />
debiuts gamorCeuli sixaruliT Seegebnen Cveni<br />
mwerlobis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi. ai, ras ambobda<br />
geronti qiqoZe: ~1946 wlis 25 maisi didi TariRia qar-<br />
Tuli literaturis cxovrebaSi. mweralTa sasaxleSi ocdaori<br />
wlis qaliSvilma ana kalandaZem Tavisi leqsebis<br />
rveuli wagvikiTxa msmenelebiT savse darbazSi. am dRidan<br />
iwyeba <strong>qarTuli</strong> lirikis aRorZineba. vaJa-fSavelas Semdeg<br />
313
314 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
pirveli didi poeti mogvevlina. mas aqvs metad originaluri<br />
religiuri msoflSegrZneba, sruliad axali poeturi<br />
metyveleba. misi STagonebis wyaroebs qarTlis cxovreba,<br />
biblia, daviT guramiSvili, guriis folklori warmoadgens.<br />
gasaocaria erotiuli motivebis uqonloba, misi leqsebi<br />
ufro religiur himnebs hgavs, vidre pirad lirikul<br />
aRsarebas... misi xmis musika axlac mesmis. Tu Cems asakSi an<br />
mdgomareobaSi kidev SeiZleba bednieri wuTebis gancda, me<br />
is guSin ganvicade”.<br />
arc konstantine gamsaxurdia yofila sityvaZunwi: ~yo-<br />
CaR, ymawvilo asulo! mindoda meTqva, dReis amas iqiT mavanma<br />
da mavanma zog-zogebma kalams xeli unda SeuSvan-me-<br />
Tqi, magram _ ara, piriqiT moxdeba: bevr axalgazrda poets<br />
sagrZnob stimuls miscems dRevandeli ambavi, isini ufro<br />
moimarjveben kalams, anasTan erTad ganadideben Cvens isedac<br />
didebul poezias”.<br />
saocrad gulwrfeli iyo SefasebaSi aleqsandre abaSelic:<br />
~albaT, arasodes dagvWirvebia msgavsi ram, rogorc<br />
dRes. mere ra drosa da rogor viTarebaSia Tqmuli es? swored<br />
amas aqvs udidesi mniSvneloba”.<br />
Tumca, jer kidev ar ganelebuliyo pirveli aRfrTovanebuli<br />
emociebi qarTul poeziaSi WeSmaritad gamor-<br />
Ceuli talantis dabadebis gamo, rom Tavi meore ukiduresobam<br />
iCina. yovelive amas, rogorc Cans, biZgi mainc avadsaxsenebeli<br />
komunisturi partiis 1946 wlis 14 agvistos<br />
ybadaRebulma dadgenilebam misca Jurnalebis ~zvezdasa”<br />
da ~leningradis” Sesaxeb. am dadgenilebaSi ~miwasTanaa<br />
gasworebuli” gamoCenili mwerlebis ana axmatovasa da<br />
mixeil zoSCenkos literaturuli moRvaweoba. ai, ras ~Ra-<br />
Radebs” es dadgenileba:<br />
~Jurnal «zvezdaSi» ukanasknel xans gamoCnda mravali<br />
uideo, ideologiurad mavne nawarmoebi. «zvezdas» uxeSi<br />
Secdomaa is, rom literaturuli tribuna dauTmo mweral<br />
zoSCenkos, romlis nawarmoebebi ucxoa sabWoTa literaturisaTvis...<br />
Jurnali «zvezda» agreTve yovelnairad uwevs<br />
popularizacias mweral axmatovas nawarmoebebs, romlis<br />
literaturuli da sazogadoebriv-politikuri fizionomia<br />
didi xania, cnobilia sabWoTa sazogadoebriobisaTvis.<br />
axmatova tipuri warmomadgenelia uSinaarso, uideo<br />
poeziisa, romelic ucxoa Cveni xalxisaTvis. pesimizmisa<br />
da dacemulobis suliskveTebiT ganmsWvaluli misi leqsebi,<br />
romlebic burJuaziul-aristokratiuli esTetobisa<br />
da dekadantobis poziciebze gayinuli Zveli salonuri<br />
poeziis _ «xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis» gemovnebas ga-
portreti 315<br />
moxataven, poeziisa, romelsac ar surs Tavisi xalxis mxardamxar<br />
iaros, zians ayeneben Cveni axalgazrdobis aRzrdis<br />
saqmes”.<br />
axla vnaxoT, rogor ~exmatkbileba” kompartiis zemoaRniSnul<br />
dadgenilebas is, rac 1946 wlis 5 seqtembers qar-<br />
Tulenovan (Znelia mas <strong>qarTuli</strong> uwodo!) gazeT ~komunist-<br />
Si” daibeWda:<br />
~Jurnal «mnaTobSi» dabeWdilma ucxo da miuRebelma<br />
nawarmoebebma, upirveles yovlisa, dabneuloba Seitanes<br />
axalgazrda mwerlebSi. zogierT axalgazrda mwerals aSkarad<br />
daetyo dekadenturi, apolitikuri motivebiT gataceba.<br />
amis yvelaze mkafio gamoxatulebas warmoadgens ana<br />
kalandaZis leqsebi, romlebic Jurnal «mnaTobis» mimdinare<br />
wlis meoTxe nomerSi daibeWda. axalgazrda avtors,<br />
rogorc Cans, aqvs sakmao poeturi niWi, magram mas aklia<br />
Camoyalibebuli codna cxovrebisa, unari movlenebis sworad<br />
danaxvisa. ar xelmZRvanelobs mowinave ideebiT, dekadenturi<br />
motivebis tyveobaSia moqceuli.<br />
erT leqsSi ana kalandaZe «udabnos mwirs~ uwodebs Tavis<br />
Tavs. Dda marTlac, misi zogierTi leqsi Zveli samonastro<br />
cxovrebis himnografebs gvagonebs. magaliTisaTvis<br />
davasaxelebT leqss:<br />
«xatTan anTia sanTeli ori, oriv pawia da Tanaswori,<br />
sulis meoxad Seni erTasi. Aan var beTanSi, an Tu mcxeTaSi,<br />
wminda samTavros... alvis sadaro, daxrili wamiT, moxrili<br />
muxliT xatis win Sveni. Sen ambob: _ iyavn nebai Seni! _<br />
me vambob: _ amin!»<br />
ra saocar anaqronizmad gaismis es sityvebi dRes.<br />
RvTismSoblisa da ieso qristes Sesaxeb amaze ufro aRgznebuli<br />
himnebi meaTe saukunis himnografebsac ar SeuqmniaT.<br />
vis esaWiroeba dRes amgvari leqsebi? vis sulier ganwyobilebas<br />
gamoxataven isini?<br />
ana kalandaZis meore leqsSi «mkvdarTa mze var», vkiTxulobT:<br />
«ori qveynis, ori qveynis sazRvrad vdgevar, gulo,<br />
risad mexurebi? sxivmimkrTali, sxivmimkvdari mkvdarTa<br />
mze var, Cems sxivebSi TamaSoben beRurebi. korCiotas Tesli<br />
galxva, orTqlad midis nestiani sunTqva miwis, nakadulis<br />
simRerebSi sZinavs RalRas, lxeniT vismen beRurebis<br />
wiv-wiv, wiv-wivs».<br />
formalizmi, uideoba, apolitikuroba amaze Sors ver<br />
wava.<br />
ana kalandaZis leqsebSi adgili aqvs meore ucnaurobasac,<br />
romelic aseve dekadenturi, gardasuli drois poeziis<br />
damaxasiaTebelia. Ppoeti raRac ucxo sevdas Seupyria da
316 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
buzRunebs: «dardiani Rvinos vsvam da vTvrebi». Ees SemTxveviTi<br />
striqoni rodia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ana kalanda-<br />
Zis leqsebSi simTvralis, loTobis apologiasTan gvaqvs<br />
saqme. «Rviniani Wiqa», «qudmoxdili qvevri», «Rviniani<br />
kope», «Rvinom damaxrCos», «Rvino doqebiT», _ aseTia am<br />
qalis poeturi leqsika.<br />
Cveni literaturisaTvis es sruliad ucxo motivebi _<br />
loTobis apologia, misticizmi _ am damwyebi poetis SemoqmedebaSi<br />
imis Sedegia, rom mweralTa kavSiri da Jurnal<br />
«mnaTobis» redaqcia sustad xelmZRvaneloben axalgazrda<br />
mwerlebis ideur aRzrdas. sxva mxriv, riT unda aixsnas<br />
ana kalandaZis leqsebis dabeWdva Jurnal «mnaTobSi»?!...~<br />
Segnebulad ar vasaxeleb am werilis avtors. is sinamdvileSi<br />
srulebiTac ar iyo ugemovno literatori, da ar<br />
mjera, gulwrfeli yofiliyo zemoxsenebuli striqonebis<br />
werisas, magram imjerad misi piriT ana kalandaZis Sesaxeb<br />
erTi kritikosi ki ara, aramed mTeli sabWoTa sistema laparakobda.<br />
da es ~gamoxmaureba” sulac ar iyo erTaderTi.<br />
imave 1946 wlis seqtemberSi gaimarTa saqarTvelos mweralTa<br />
mesame yriloba. yrilobaze ”bolSevikuri principulobiT<br />
ganmsWvaluli” moxsenebiT gamovida saqarTvelos<br />
kompartiis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli petre Saria,<br />
romelmac tradiciuli iqednuri qilikiT ana kalandaZis<br />
poeziasac gahkra kbili:<br />
~aq erT-erTi oratori, mgoni amx. Ggawerelia, specialurad<br />
SeCerda damwyebi poeti qalis dadebiT subieqturmoralur<br />
Tvisebebze. sxvaTa Soris, obieqturad sruliad<br />
gaumarTlebelia is sensacia, rac am axalgazrdis garSemo<br />
Seiqmna. gaumarTleblad mimaCnia isic, rom am yrilobaze<br />
ase bevri ilaparakes mis garSemo... gazviadebulia rogorc<br />
misi originaloba da siaxle, ise misi SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebic.<br />
am ueWvelad perspeqtivian axalgazrda poet qals<br />
daTvuri samsaxuri gauwies imaT, vinc mzrunvelobiTi<br />
kritikisa da megobruli rCevis nacvlad Tavbrudamxvevi<br />
xotba Seasxes... amboben da es sasixaruloa, rom TviT axalgazrda<br />
avtori Zalian Tavmdabali da TviTkritikulad<br />
ganwyobiliao. es aacdens mas Tavbrudaxvevas da namdvili<br />
poeziisaken gzas gaukafavs~.<br />
dRevandeli gadasaxedidan SeiZleba sruliad daujereblad<br />
mogveCvenos, magram im periodSi ana kalandaZis<br />
erTi gamouqveynebeli leqsic ki gamxdara gaumarTlebeli<br />
kritikis sagani. gazeT ~literatura da xelovnebis” 1946<br />
wlis 16 noembris nomerSi adgili hqonda vinme k. zumbuli-<br />
Zis sakmaod arakoreqtul gamoxdomas. gamoqveynebul pask-
portreti 317<br />
vilSi ~ganxilulia~ sergo zaqariaZis mxatvruli kiTxvis<br />
saRamoebi:<br />
~msaxiobis es Taosnoba, _ wers avtori, _ TavisTavad<br />
Zalian kargia. magram rogoria misi gamosvlebis programa?<br />
msaxiobi TiTqo cdilobs Tavis saRamoebze msmenels warmodgena<br />
misces rogorc klasikuri, ise Tanamedrove sabWo-<br />
Ta poeziis Sesaxeb. am mizniT igi kiTxulobs, erTis mxriv<br />
klasikosebis (ilia WavWavaZe, n. baraTaSvili, ak. wereTeli,<br />
vaJa-fSavela) leqsebs, xolo TanamedroveTagan mas ratomRac<br />
ori poeti aurCevia _ lado asaTiani da ana kalandaZe.<br />
gaugebaria, ra principiT xelmZRvanelobda msaxiobi,<br />
roca aseT arCevans mimarTavda.<br />
magram Cven amazec arafers vityviT, rom msaxiobs TviT<br />
zemoxsenebuli ori poetis leqsebSi mainc aerCia ufro<br />
mowinave, ideurad gamarTlebuli leqsebi... mweralTa<br />
klubis darbazSi, swored im tribunaze, saidanac sul<br />
mokle xnis win, mweralTa mesame yrilobaze sastikad iqna<br />
gakritikebuli uideobisa da apolitikuri tendencia<br />
poeziaSi, swored am tribunaze msaxiobi kiTxulobs pesimisturi<br />
ganwyobilebis Semcvel da uideo leqsebs. aseTia,<br />
magaliTad, «loculobs gveli» _ savsebiT mistikuri,<br />
dekadenturi nawarmoebi, romelic TviT avtormac ki dabeWvdis<br />
Rirsad ar scno. maS, raRa saWiroa axla am leqsis<br />
sajarod kiTxva da popularizacia? arafriT ar SeiZleba<br />
gavamarTloT s. zaqariaZis aseTi upasuxismgeblo da dauSvebeli<br />
gamosvlebi”.<br />
kidev ufro metic: ana kalandaZis Semoqmedebis erTerTi<br />
saukeTeso mkvlevari _ mwerali SoTa zoiZe, sxva moyvanil<br />
saintereso faqtebTan erTad, imasac aRniSnavs, rom<br />
ana kalandaZis arqivSi inaxeba erTi metad “sayuradRebo”<br />
dokumenti, romelic poets 1951 wels miuRia saq. ssr ministrTa<br />
sabWosTan arsebuli kulturul-saganmanaTleblo<br />
dawesebulebis saqmeTa komitetisagan. Ees aris ~saorientacio<br />
Tematika”, romlis mixedviTac ana kalandaZes axali<br />
nawarmoebebi unda Seeqmna. TemaTa CamonaTvali “waruSlel<br />
STabeWdilebas” axdens: 1. samgoris Sesaxeb, 2. rus-<br />
Tavis Sesaxeb, 3. brZola marcvleulisaTvis (puris aReba<br />
kombainiT, puris beReli), 4. brZola mecxoveleobisaTvis<br />
(mwyemsebi, momTabareoba, binebi da sxva), 5. sakolmeurneo<br />
mgzavruli (kolmeurneTa samuSao adgilebze gasvla),<br />
6. xvna-Tesvis Sesaxeb, 7. maRaroelTa simRera, 8. simRera<br />
samSobloze (patriotizmi), 9. sayofacxovrebo da saxumaro<br />
(Sairebi, gabaaseba), 10. simRera axalgazrdobaze da<br />
axalgazrdobisaTvis. 11. simRera pionerebze da bavSvebze,
318 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
agreTve pionerebisa da bavSvebisaTvis, 12. xalxTa da erovnebaTa<br />
stalinur megobrobaze, 13. gmirobis, vaJkacobisa<br />
da Tavdadebis Sesaxeb, 14. mTasvlelTa simRera, 15. simRera<br />
fizkulturelebze... 17. simRera rTvelze, 18. simRera<br />
baRebisa da xilis Sesaxeb... 20. Kkomunizmis diadi mSeneblobis<br />
Sesaxeb da a.S. es ~saxaliso~ CamonaTvali kidev gr-<br />
Zeldeba!<br />
RvTis SewevniT, ana kalandaZes debiutisTanave dakavebuli<br />
hqonda Tavisi niSa WeSmarit poeziaSi. magram axalgazrda<br />
poeti qalisaTvis aseTi tendenciuri da zogjer,<br />
ubralod, uxamsi damokidebuleba advilad gadasaxarSi<br />
mainc ver iqneboda. albaT, amitomac iyo, rom 1947-1948<br />
wlebSi leqsi aRar dauweria. TiTqmis ar werda momdevno<br />
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSic. Tumca, am dumilis Semdeg,<br />
rogorc igive SoTa zoiZe moxdenilad SeniSnavs, “TiTqos<br />
zemodan SemoTavazebuli Tematikis «sapasuxod» daiwera~<br />
es mcire formis, magram saocrad mravlismTqmeli leqsi:<br />
~ Sen mismen ise,<br />
viT mze usmens okeaneebs.<br />
da cimcimeb,<br />
brwyinav masaviT...<br />
moefarebi male kldeebs,<br />
moefarebi,<br />
miaSureb mZimed dasavals...<br />
Sen kvlav momismen,<br />
viT mze usmens<br />
okeaneebs,<br />
gabrwyindebi<br />
CemTvis masaviT? ~<br />
diax, swored es iyo pasuxi: ana kalandaZes ar SeeZlo<br />
sxvagvarad ewera da misi poezia ar SeiZleba ar yofiliyo<br />
is, rac aris. Sedegad mTeli Svidi (!!!) wliT, 1953 wlamde<br />
dagvianda misi pirveli krebulis dabeWdva, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom 1946 wlis maisSi mweralTa kavSiris sasaxleSi<br />
misi saswrafod gamocema iyo gadawyvetili. Tanac xelnawerebis<br />
saxiT xalxSi gavrcelebuli Sedevrebidan araerTi<br />
am krebulSi avtors ar Seatanines, maT Soris iseTebi, rogoricaa:<br />
~me mivaSureb urartus qvabebs”, ~modioda nino<br />
mTebiT”, ~Sen ise Rrma xar”, ~tyem pirsaburi Camoicila”,<br />
~meufev Cemo”, ~xmoben kakbebi”, ~Weqda mazurka”, ~qeTevan<br />
dedofali”, ~mkvdarTa mze var”, ~boSa qali”, ~loculobs<br />
gveli” da bevri sxva. ~loculobs gveli” rogorc ~savsebiT
portreti 319<br />
mistikuri da dekadenturi” mxolod Semdgom gamocemaSi<br />
daubeWdes da isic usaTaurod. saTauri TvalSi xvdebaT da<br />
afeTebTo, uTqvams poetisTvis erT ufros kolegas da kidev<br />
ramdenime sxva leqsis usaTaurod dabeWdvac urCevia.<br />
dagvianebuli pirveli krebulis gamosvliT yvelaferi<br />
ar damTavrebula. wamovida RvarZlisa da Zagebis xelaxali<br />
talRa. ase, magaliTad, ~ieriSi iqna mitanili” (~kritikos”<br />
v. maWavarianis mier ~literaturul gazeTSi”) iseT<br />
iSviaT poetur qmnilebaze rogoricaa ana kalandaZis ~Soria<br />
Tamar”:<br />
~...unda aRiniSnos, ana kalandaZe cdeboda da axlac<br />
cdeba, rodesac romantikuli leCaqiT Tvalebze (!!! _<br />
k. l.) gahyurebs feodalur saqarTvelos (~Soria Tamar”).<br />
es Sua saukuneebis fliori, rac ufro male Camocildeba<br />
mis poezias, miT ufro gaizrdeba da davaJkacdeba is. namyo,<br />
Zveli saWiroa da aucilebelic, magram mxolod awmyosaTvis<br />
da momavlisaTvis da ara TavisTavad. saqarTvelo imdenad<br />
warmtaci da kargia dRes, rom mis Sesaqebad guSindeli<br />
saWiro aRar aris... Cveni individualuri samyaro gamsWvalulia<br />
koleqtivizmis grZnobiT. axalma poetma unda igrZnos<br />
da SeamCnios es fenomeni da mas adekvaturi poeturi<br />
forma mounaxos...”<br />
ase aswavlida wera-kiTxvis zogierTi viTommcodne aramkiTxec<br />
ki ~adekvaturi formis” Ziebas genialuri SesaZleblobebis<br />
axalgazrda poets.<br />
mogvianebiT nodar dumbaZem Tqva: ~ana kalandaZis gakilvas<br />
ra unda, qebaa Zneli ana kalandaZisa... guriidan Camosuli<br />
biWi viyavi, biZamisis wisqvilSi RamenaTevi biWi<br />
da sizmridan axaldabrunebuliviT maSin pirvelad mivxvdi,<br />
rom es yvelaferi: saxlSi SemoWrili TuTac, Wiamaiac,<br />
CaxlarTuli Robec, Tolias yefac, qvevrSi damwyvdeuli<br />
Winkac, Tovlze darCenili nadiris nakvalevic, CiCilakic,<br />
kalandac, boSa qalica da TaTris gogonac _ adre rom<br />
araferi megona, Turme RvTaebrivi leqsi da RvTaebrivi<br />
poezia yofila?!” _ ai, swored amas ver (an ar) xedavda anas<br />
bevri moSurne Tu oponenti.<br />
gava dro da guram asaTiani dawers: ”ana kalandaZes hyavs<br />
oponentebi rogorc qarTul mwerlobaSi, ise mkiTxvelTa<br />
garkveul wreebSic. erTi am braldebaTagani aseTia: Ti-<br />
Tqos misi Semoqmedeba moklebuli iyo aqtualobas, namdvil<br />
socialur simZafres. aseT Sexedulebas aqvs Tavisi<br />
safuZveli. marTlac, ana kalandaZes ar SeuZlia zogierT<br />
iseT Temaze wera, rac sxva poetebs exerxebaT. ar SeuZlia<br />
Tavisi poeturi bunebis gamo. magram, amave dros, mTeli
320 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
misi poeturi Semoqmedeba, mTeli misi cxovreba qarTul<br />
poeziaSi Rrma sazogadoebrivi azris, diax, metad Rrma<br />
da mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi, socialur-zneobrivi<br />
azris mauwyebeli magaliTia”, _ marTlac zedmiwevniTi<br />
Sefasebaa anas naTeli biografiisa da WeSmaritad fenomenuri<br />
literaturuli memkvidreobisa. amaze ukeT Znelad<br />
Tu ityvi...
oTar CxeiZis Rvawli<br />
rusudan niSnianiZe<br />
“istoria is Senobaa, romelsac veranairi CaliT ver<br />
daxurav,” _ sjeroda galaktions.<br />
literaturis istoria...<br />
araerTi gadafasebis mowmeni vxdebiT: ara mxolod calkeuli<br />
avtorebis, aramed im adamianebis Semoqmedebis<br />
mimarTac, romlebic arcTu didi xnis win “kurss gansazRvravdnen”<br />
mwerlobaSi, TumcaRa, bevris mimarT damokidebuleba<br />
ucvleli darCa...<br />
gamoqveynebisTanave miiqcia yuradReba oTar CxeiZis<br />
erTma mogonebam: “ukanaskneli Tari”. giorgi SatberaSvilis<br />
RiRini, _ Tars ayolili RiRini, _ Taobebs gaswvdeba.<br />
melodias ahyva da “albaT, Tu me manugeSebda, ro ambobda,<br />
ro yvelaferi gadaivliso, dabneulobac gadaivliso, avTa<br />
siavec gadaivliso, moeZebneba yvelafers adgili, keTils<br />
Tavisio, borots Tavisio, mxolod esaa, gaZleba undao...”<br />
es mxolod erTi Tanamokalmis gasaxseneblad araa dawerili;<br />
aq epoqis niSania _ mkacri, sastiki epoqis. es Taobis ni-<br />
Sanicaa _ ase “aZlebinebdnen” erTmaneTs, ase amxnevebdnen...<br />
oTar CxeiZis pirveli literaturuli ganacxadi gasuli<br />
saukunis 40-ian wlebs ukavSirdeba. II msoflio omi<br />
axali damTavrebuli iyo. qarTul mwerlobaSi uniWieresi<br />
Taoba movida, uniWieresi da erTmaneTisagan, dastur, gansxvavebulnic<br />
(oTar CxeiZe, ana kalandaZe, vaxtang WeliZe,<br />
giorgi SatberaSvili, ioseb noneSvili, murman lebani-<br />
Ze... sxvebic). pasuxismgebloba miT ufro TvalsaCino imadac<br />
iyo, rom jer kidev erTmaneTis gverdiT ibeWdebodnen<br />
konstantine gamsaxurdia, galaktion tabiZe, leo qiaCeli,<br />
giorgi leoniZe, ioseb griSaSvili...…da kidev araerTi pirovneba,<br />
romlebic ara mxolod ,,didi mwerlobis” simaRles<br />
gansazRvravda. sabWoTa xelisufleba ki mtkiced icavda<br />
Tavis poziciebs. ara mxolod icavda, afarToebda kidec.<br />
SemTxveviTad sruliadac ar miuCneviaT Tundac cota xnis<br />
321
322 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
Semdeg da Tundac odnav sxva politikur garemoSi komunisturi<br />
partiis centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivnis,<br />
nikita xruSCovis, SeTavazeba: mwerlobas partiis TanaSemwe<br />
rom uwoda. bevrma daijera. aqtiurebma kremlis TeoretikosebTan<br />
TanamSromloba gaaCaRes, viRaceebma _ nebayoflobiT,<br />
umetesobas _ davalebuli hqonda. es “tradicia”<br />
xom Semosvlis dReebidanve daamkvidres bolSevikebma.<br />
oTar CxeiZem 1942 wels daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis filologiis fakulteti _ dasavleT<br />
evropis enebis ganxriT; Carlz dikensis Semoqmedeba gaxda<br />
misi sakandidato disertaciis kvlevis Tema. samuSao adgili<br />
araerTxel gamoicvala: erTxans soflis skolaSi germanuls<br />
aswavlida, Semdeg baTumis, mogvianebiT, ki goris<br />
pedagogiur institutSi sazRvargareTis literaturis<br />
istoriis kurss kiTxulobda. misi literaturuli dakvirvebisa<br />
da gansjisaTvis mimzidveli areali vrcel Tvalsawiers<br />
moicavda: tomas sternz elioti, bernard Sou,<br />
ernest heminguei, jon stainbeki, jeimz joisi, jon ueini...<br />
esseebSi qarTvel mkiTxvels dasavluri poeziis modernistul<br />
procesebsa da sivrceebze TandaTan, erTgvari TanamimdevrobiTac,<br />
esaubreba (es is periodia, roca avangarduli<br />
xelovneba Tu “danaSaulad” ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, usagno<br />
da usargeblo makulaturad miiCneva). Tavadac mwerals,<br />
sxva aqcentebi aqvs ama Tu im avtoris stilur siaxleze, iumorze,<br />
nawarmoebSi finalis azrobriv da mxatvrul funqciaze.<br />
mniSvnelovania misi monografia “italiuri dRiurebi<br />
baironisa”. Teoriuli informaciis garda, sakuTari<br />
gemovnebiT da SesaZleblobebiT jon miltonis ,,dakarguli<br />
samoTxis” 200 striqonis Targmani SesTavaza mkiTxvels...<br />
wlebis Semdeg, amas stiven kreinis leqsebis cikli<br />
mohyva, emili dikinsonisa da eliotis poeturi teqstebis<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> versiebi...<br />
amgvari masStabebi cxadad mianiSnebda, rom qarTul<br />
literaturismcodneobaSi ganswavluli da mravalmxrivi<br />
moazrovne muSaobda. …<br />
evropuli da amerikuli kulturis mkvlevari sabWoTa<br />
kulturis sivrceSi cxovrobda, magram Tavad tradiciuli,<br />
erovnuli mwerlobis wiaRSi gaizarda. misTvis umTavresi<br />
“<strong>qarTuli</strong> safiqrali”, saqarTvelos lamis maradiuli,<br />
“wyevla-krulviani” tkivili gaxldaT. aman ubiZga XX<br />
saukunis “matianis” wera daewyo, ar gamorCenoda arc erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani TariRi Tu faqti, romelTa gavlena aTwleulebis<br />
manZilze grZeldeboda. es sistemis mier motanili<br />
movlenebi iyo. aqedan cxadi xdeboda, ras unda dapirispi-
portreti 323<br />
reboda mwerali. pirveli nawarmoebebis gamoCenisTanave<br />
miiqcia mkiTxveli sazogadoebis yuradReba, xelisuflebisac.<br />
isic unda iTqvas, arCevanis winaSe ar damdgara, arc<br />
yoymanis da orWofobis wuTebi yofila grZeli; egreT wodebuli<br />
“istoriis kritikis” ufleba TviT gadawyvita da<br />
saTqmelic TavisTavad dalagda.<br />
oTar CxeiZis personaJebi uwarsulo gmirebi ar arian.<br />
istoriuli sinamdvilis Cvenebas genetikuri memkvidreobiTobis<br />
mxatvruli qargiT axerxebs. ase daiwereba biografiuli<br />
Janris, aseve, heroikuli 1924 wlis, 1937-is avbediTi,<br />
1956-is martis tragediis amsaxveli romanebi (“tinis<br />
xidi”, “jebiri”, “boriayi”, “burusi”, “meCeCi”, “cdomilni”,<br />
“aRmarT-daRmarTi”, “kvernaqi”, “landebi”, “nakrZali”,<br />
“gamocxadebai”, “cxrawyaro”). “matiane qarTlisa” Tormet<br />
romans moicavso, _ acxadebda Tavad.<br />
oTar CxeiZeze bevrs werdnen... “gamoxmaureba” da Sefaseba<br />
jer kidev maSin daiwyo, vidre (rogor uCveulodac<br />
ar unda JRerdes) misi pirveli moTxroba daibeWdeboda.<br />
jer kidev ucnobi (daustambavi) nawarmoebebis Sesaxeb recenzia<br />
gamoqveynda (“Cveni Taoba”, #2, 1939). axalgazrda<br />
avtoris debiuti did mwerlobaSi ucnaurad Sedga. cenzoris<br />
da ideologis fxizel Tvals araferi unda gamohparvoda;<br />
mTavari _ sabWoTa mkiTxvelisTvis gankuTvnili sa-<br />
Tqmeli iyo. ideologia _ ai, ra iyo umTavresi. mxatvruli<br />
nawarmoebis ganxilvac am aspeqtidan unda dawyebuliyo.<br />
kritikosebic gaaqtiurdnen: “safuZvelSive mcdari nawarmoebi”,<br />
_ dawers amgvar ucnaurobas erTi cnobili avtori;<br />
““meCeCi” ideurad mcdari nawarmoebia,” _ ar CamorCeba<br />
meore; “avtori ar endoba sityvas”, _ ityvis mesame da Tu<br />
maincadamainc qilikis gunebaze ar xar, egeb kiTxvac dasva:<br />
es adamianebi romanze (mxatvrul nawarmoebze) weren “literaturul<br />
werilebs” Tu partiul dadgenilebebs iReben?!<br />
amgvari damokidebuleba saqarTvelos mwerlobas ar<br />
gulisxmobda mxolod, es sabWoTa gamocdileba iyo, Tumca<br />
“moZme”respublikebis literaturaze sagangebo simkacriT<br />
vrceldeboda. erTi magaliTi: sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa<br />
plenumze nikolai tixonovma Tavis gamosvlaSi oTar Cxei-<br />
Zis nawarmoebebic (novela “geri” da moTxroba “mimqrali<br />
naTeli”) aRiniSna. TavisTavad, literaturul forumze<br />
yuradRebis centrSi moqceva, axalgazrda avtoris gvaris<br />
xsenebac ki warmatebis niSania. miT ufro, rom moxseneba<br />
erT-erT centralur sakavSiro gazeTSic daibeWda. amiT<br />
ar dasrulebula, metic, broSuradac gamoica. ram gaaCina<br />
amxela yuradReba? gavrcelebuli informacia (yvelas
324 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
Tu ara, bevrs mainc) sabWoel mkiTxvels unda scodnoda _<br />
vrceli, mravalferovani, diadi sabWoTa kavSiris literaturis<br />
aRmavlobas sami qarTveli mwerali uSlida xels:<br />
konstantine gamsaxurdia, levan goTua da oTar CxeiZe.<br />
“bneli anaqronizmebiT gatacebuli”, _ es ukve Sefaseba<br />
araa, aramed miniSneba... albaT, imdenad saSiSi, rom meore<br />
CxeiZem (borisma), am dros sakmaod cnobilma avtorma, sagangebo<br />
gancxadeba gaakeTa: “amx. n. tixonovis moxsenebaSi...<br />
ganxiluli moTxroba “geri” CxeiZisa _ me ar mekuTvnis.”<br />
sworedac rom kuriozuli SemTxvevaa. literaturis istoriam<br />
araerTi faqti icis, roca aRSfoTebuli avtori saku-<br />
Tar siuJets, personaJs Tu saxe-simbolos viRac plagiatorisagan<br />
rom icavs; “gadamwers” amxels da arcTu iSviaTad,<br />
mkveTr sityvebs amgvarive saqcielic rom sdevs (sasicocxlod<br />
mniSvnelovania es misTvis); magram sabWoTa sinamdvileSi<br />
aranakleb xSiri iyo frazebi: me es ar migulisxmia,<br />
amgvarad ar mivaraudiao, an aforiaqebuli ganmarteba: es<br />
me ar damiweriao...<br />
ramdenime wlis Semdeg cnobil qarTvel mecniers, aleqsandre<br />
manveliSvils, erT-erT radiogadacemaSi miiwveven.<br />
es is manveliSvilia, wlebis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva<br />
saxelmwifoSi saqarTvelos istorias da literaturas<br />
rom ikvlevda, wignebs gamoscemda, parizSi patriotul<br />
organizacias _ “TeTri giorgi” _ ideologiurad rom<br />
xelmZRvanelobda da gansaxilvel Temebsac sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />
rakursiTa da codniT rom sTavazobda sazogadoebas.<br />
magaliTad, amgvars: “vefxis-tyaosani da rusTvelis<br />
zneobrivi ideologia”...<br />
“saqarTvelosac Tavisi pasternaki gauCnda. es aris mwerali<br />
oTar CxeiZe”, _ iTqva araerTi adamianis gasagonad da<br />
romanis (“meCeCi”) ucxoeTSi mcxovrebi radiomsmenelisaTvis<br />
gacnobas da, imavdroulad, ganxilvasac Seudga. sayuradRebo<br />
recenzia ramdenime varaudis (versiis) SesaZleblobas<br />
itovebs. amjerad mxolod erT niSans minda mivaqcio<br />
Tqveni yuradReba: “saqarTvelos pasternaki” _ raze<br />
mianiSnebs? es xom ara mxolod erTi avtoris gvar-saxelia,<br />
aramed sabWoeTSi moRvawe protestanti inteleqtualis<br />
simboloc.<br />
1956 wlis 18 ianvari (martis movlenebamde ori TviT<br />
adre). saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis<br />
pirveli mdivnis, vasil mJavanaZis, gamosvlidan:<br />
“zogierTi Cveni mwerali, romlebmac sworad ver gaiges<br />
partiis moTxovna, nacvlad imisa, rom gabedulad gamoaaSkaravos<br />
cxovrebis winaaRmdegobani da konfliqtebi, meo-
portreti 325<br />
re ukiduresobaSi moeqca. isini azviadeben Cveni cxovrebis<br />
uaryofiTs, aratipiur mxareebs. swored amgvari naklovanebani<br />
axasiaTebs oTar CxeiZis nawarmoebs «buruss»”.<br />
konkretuli mwerali, konkretuli nawarmoebi, konkretuli<br />
braldeba _ arcTu “dabali” tribunidan. metic, im<br />
tribunas, romelzec albaT, momxsenebelia dayrdnobili,<br />
wina mxridan namgali da uro aqvs mixatuli. “burusi” Jurnal<br />
“mnaTobis” 1955 wlis nomrebSi ibeWdeboda. “marTali<br />
literatura” – daiwereba mogvianebiT.Nnurc imgvarad<br />
warmovidgenT, rom kargi, vTqvaT ase, gabeduli araferi<br />
iwereboda. rasakvirvelia, ara! urTules epizodebSic ki<br />
qarTul mwerlobas ar Semolevia amayi SeZaxili, gamxneveba,<br />
Tanadgoma. namdvili Sefasebebic iwereboda (bevr<br />
avtors vgulisxmob!) es ar iyo erTferovani suraTi, rogoradac<br />
arcTu iSviaTad ixateba erovnuli literaturuli<br />
cxovreba. arc oTar CxeiZis SemTxveva yofila gamonaklisi.<br />
“didebuli mweralia oTar CxeiZe”, _ Seafasebs erTi Tanamokalme;<br />
“oTar CxeiZe martodmarto iyo Sebmuli amxela<br />
imperias,” _ ar daukargavs damsaxurebas sxva...<br />
axali nawarmoebebis _ romanebis seria: “veneciuri WaRi”,<br />
“Cemi savane”, “mTagrexili,” “amaRleba” mxatvrul-dokumenturi<br />
yaidis teqstebia. dokumenturi proza Tavisi arsiT<br />
_ Tamamia. mxatvrul nawarmoebSi meti Tavisuflebaa, aq _<br />
kidev ufro meti pasuxismgebloba. saTqmels realuri (da<br />
ara gamogonili gvar-saxelis) personaJebis konteqstSi gacilebiT<br />
meti simZafrec eniWeba. “moqalaqeobrivi uxerxulobis<br />
gancda”, rogorc amgvar SemTxvevebSi ityvian xolme.<br />
ai, Tundac “artistuli gadatrialeba”. 90-iani wlebis<br />
araCveulebrivi dokumenturi romani. araCveulebrivi ramdenime<br />
ganzomilebiT: ara-Cveulebrivi simarTliT, ara-<br />
Cveulebrivi personaJebiT, ara-Cveulebrivi saTqmeliT<br />
dawerili wigni.<br />
“eri eria Tu erTiania. gaxleCili erTi erTi aRar aris.<br />
gaxleCili Eerica aRar aris erio. amovardeba. aRmohxdeba:<br />
eri ideaa da xorcielebacaa eri. ganxorcielda ideai axla<br />
am erTSi da unda viwamoT swored es erTi, rogorc ro kaci,<br />
rogorc ro idea da rogorc ro erio anu erTi da ganuyofelio.”<br />
alaparakda Tbilisi. ara mxolod literaturuli<br />
Tbilisi... movlenebi, romlebzec mwerali werda, sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
ara mxolod “nacnobi” iyo, aramed TviTon qmnida<br />
mas. sakuTari Tavis Zebna an mimsgavseba (mixvedra) ar<br />
sWirdebodaT. isedac dasaxelebuli iyo yvela, magram es<br />
ar gaxldaT faqtebis dafiqsireba. mxatvrul nawarmoebs<br />
gacilebiT didi funqcia hqonda _ saTqmeli, romelic
326 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
faqts ganazogadebda. magaliTisaTvis: “mxolodRa brmebi<br />
mihxvdnen, risxva ro daatydaT, jer brmebi mihxvdnen da<br />
SemosZaxes simRerai omaxiani, ar SegeSindeTo: cxra laxvari<br />
rom dagvartyan cxrajer gulSi, mtris jinaze cxrajer<br />
mwared gavicinebTo. mihxvdnen. SemosZaxes. da ahyva xalxi.”<br />
es 9 aprilis Ramea. saerTo ganwyobis xatvis garda, am epizodSi<br />
simReras Tavisi datvirTva (dramaturgiuli) aqvs.<br />
es araa “quCis msmenelTa” gasarTobad namReri. musikaluri<br />
raoba da idea (gnebavT, ideologia) identuria. “cxra<br />
laxvari rom dagvartyan...” mravlobiTSi namReri (arada,<br />
saleqso teqstSi avtors mxolobiTSi aqvs). aq ki igi am Sekrebili<br />
adamianebis moqmedebis Semadgeneli nawilia.<br />
sxvagvari nimuSic:<br />
“mzad iyo yvelaferi. moaxseneben. dgeba, rukas ro ar<br />
aSorebs Tvalsa, ro SehRimis, sanTlis ali ro dasTamaSebs<br />
gafiTrebul saxezeda. dgeba. dgas. dgas. fanqars dauSvebs<br />
mere. dadebs. gaasworebs.<br />
“...iqneba... Cveni... Cveni... Cveni iqneba...” gadis. Tvali ro<br />
rCeba rukisakena. fanqari tao-klarjeTze devs. egrisi daTvis<br />
tors CaubRujia, Siga qarTlic CaubRujia daTvis torsa.<br />
mTlad ruqas iTrevs, WmuWnis da fxrews, fxrews da ReWavs,<br />
ReWavs da afurTxebs, afurTxebs da ilokavs tuCebsa.”<br />
dinamika. azrobrivi dinamika. “didi saqarTvelos” maradiuli,<br />
verSeleuli ocneba. iseT umZimes dReebSic ki,<br />
roca tao-klarjeTi ki ara, dRevandeli saqarTvelos damoukidebloba<br />
gecleba xelidan. egeb davsva ritorikuli<br />
kiTxva: iqneb es erTsa da imaves niSnavs? urTules situaciaSic<br />
poulobs Zalas, ipovos optimizmis sababi. es<br />
fataluri optimizmia. daTvis tori _ gamWvirvale simbolo.<br />
win wamoweuli detali _ fanqari. egeb esaa perspeqtivac?<br />
personaJi ki moqmedebs maSinac, roca dums. ra<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas imaze mniSvnelovani, rogorc amjerad<br />
(Tu amJamad) Camomdgari siCumea. omis win Camomdgari garindebuli<br />
siCume.<br />
oTar CxeiZe romanebSi arcTu iSviaTad mimarTavs igavur<br />
xerxs. “saxifaTo epizodebSic” SeuZlia “gariskos” _<br />
sarkazmi erTi damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebaa misi prozisa.<br />
SesaZloa, is stilur xerxadac iqces, magram avtorisaTvis<br />
Sinagani tragizmis nawilic aris. mwerali saTaursac<br />
seriozul mniSvnelobas aniWebs. Sesabamisad, isini friad<br />
metyvelia: “uSreti Tvali”, “mozare gmirTa varamisa”,<br />
“burusi”, “ra gadaarCens saqarTvelos”, “bermudis samku-<br />
Txedi”. Tundac “bermudis samkuTxedi” _ romanis dasaTureba,<br />
is interpretaciis araerT SesaZleblobas uSvebs.
portreti 327<br />
“bermudis samkuTxedi” _ saidumlo, romlis axsna kacobriobam<br />
ver SeZlo.<br />
“bermudis samkuTxedi” _ sadac uCinardeba (Tu nadgurdeba)<br />
yvelaferi, rac mis arealSi moxvdeba.<br />
“bermudis samkuTxedi” _ romelic geografiulad erT<br />
konkretul sivrceSi arsebobs, magram ras moicavs Tavad,<br />
yovlad gaurkvevelia.<br />
bermudis samkuTxedSi moqceuli XX saukunis miwurulis<br />
saqarTvelo.<br />
“TeTri daTvi”, “bermudis samkuTxedi”, “2001 weli”, _<br />
es bolo xanebSi gamoqveynebuli romanebia. saTqmeli ar<br />
ileoda, arc fantazia iSriteboda, arc mkiTxveli dahklebia.<br />
muSaobda, TavauReblad muSaobda. arc gansakuTrebul<br />
daRlas grZnobda. 83 wlis asakSi gamoaqveyna romani “mor-<br />
Cili”, ukve 84-isa iyo, roca sazogadoebas misi axali romani<br />
_ “lazerSou” _ hqonda xelT.<br />
XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> sazogadoebis tragikuli, faTerakiani,<br />
Rirseuli Tavgadasavali _ 22 romani, 22 mxatvruli<br />
Tavgadasavali.<br />
Seulamazebeli, marTali, amayi istoria...
gamoxmaureba<br />
rezo marsagiSvili<br />
kulturaTa dialogi da orenovani leqsikoni<br />
A Comprehensive Georgian-English Dictionary,<br />
Vol. I-II, London: Garnett Press, 2006 – didi<br />
qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni, tomi<br />
I-II, londoni: garneti, 2006, 1730 gv.<br />
rogorc unda icvlebodes enaTmecnieruli paradigmebi<br />
Tu kvlevis formebi, droisa da sivrcis ama Tu im monakveT-<br />
Si enobrivi sistemis romel aspeqtsac unda aniWebdnen<br />
mecnierebi prioritets, enis RerZi iyo da iqneba misi<br />
leqsikuri Sedgeniloba. swored masSia warmodgenili<br />
upiratesad enis mier danawevrebuli samyaro rogorc garemomcveli<br />
sinamdvilis pirveladi aRqmisa da gacnobierebis<br />
Sedegi. Eenis mier segmentirebuli da saxeldebuli<br />
realoba is Sualeduri garemoa, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT.<br />
masSi davanebuli xedviT _ mniSvnelobaTa da RirebulebaTa<br />
erTobliobiT _ vikvlevT gzas mTeli Cveni arsebobis<br />
manZilze.<br />
amas garda, samyaros Secnobisa da gaTavisebis uwyvetoba<br />
aseve upirvelesad leqsikur fondSi aisaxeba da amdenad<br />
leqsikis sistematizaciisa da misi mecnierulad Seswavlis<br />
procesic usasruloa, rac erTniSnad gulisxmobs mudmivad<br />
ganaxlebadi leqsikonebis Sedgenis aucileblobas. erovnuli<br />
enis TiToeuli amgvari leqsikoni ki imis sawindaria,<br />
rom ena mzadaa warmarTos warmatebuli kulturuli<br />
dialogi leqsikis doneze, ramac, Tavis mxriv, realizacia<br />
orenovan leqsikonSi unda povos.<br />
erovnuli enis leqsikiT ganivTebuli enobrivi realoba<br />
unikaluria. amdenad, orenovani leqsikonis avtorebis,<br />
rogorc or enasa da or kulturas Soris Suamavlebis, ur-<br />
Tulesi amocanaa ori gansxvavebuli samyaroseuli xatis<br />
warmoCena maT urTierTkavSirSi, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />
Tanamedrove transnacionalur epoqaSi, rodes-<br />
329
330 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
ac xdeba TviT enis rogorc warmatebuli komunikaciis kulturologiuri<br />
fenomenis axleburi gaazreba da Seswavla.<br />
leqsikis sferoebi, romlebic enaSi gansxeulebuli samyaros<br />
xatis xelSesaxebi da aRqmadi saxiT warmodgenis saSualebas<br />
iZleva, umTavresad emociur-eqspresiuli, Sefasebi-<br />
Ti da sociokulturuli konotaciis mqone leqsemebisagan<br />
Sedgeba. Aam fenas agreTve realiebi (toponimebi, anTroponimebi)<br />
da egreT wodebuli “kulturuli simboloebi“ miekuTvneba.<br />
xSirad swored orenovani leqsikoni amkvi drebs<br />
maT fonetikur, orTografiul, gramatikul formebs samizne<br />
enebSi. yvela amgvar leqsikur erTeuls Sesabamisi gamokveTili<br />
komentari esaWiroeba. zemoCamoTvlili momentebis<br />
sruli gaTvaliswineba ufro iolia, Tu leqsikonis<br />
SedgenaSi ramdenime avtori monawileobs (rac subieqturobis<br />
faqtors mniSvnelovnad abaTilebs) da Tu avtorTa<br />
SemadgenlobaSi arian orive enis matareblebi.<br />
Zalian mniSvnelovania agreTve, Tu ras niSnavs “ena“<br />
leqsikonis avtorebisaTvis: Semoifargleba ena maTTvis<br />
mxolod normatiuli saliteraturo eniT Tu mis gverdiT<br />
isini aRiareben agreTve enobriv variantebs: dialeqturs,<br />
sociokulturuls (Jargoni, dargobrivi ena...), stilisturs.<br />
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi maT mouwevT markerebis mTeli<br />
sistemis SemuSaveba.<br />
aRniSnul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT avtorebma Tavidanve<br />
calsaxad unda daafiqsiron pozicia. swored amazea<br />
damokidebuli, iqneba sityvanis speqtri farTo Tu viwro.<br />
Aaq wydeba agreTve ZiriTadad sakiTxi, Tu visTvisaa gamiznuli<br />
leqsikoni da ra amocanebis gadaWras emsaxureba is.<br />
metad mniSvnelovania agreTve sityvanSi im uaxlesi leqsikis<br />
Setana, romelic ukve damkvidrda masobrivi komunikaciis<br />
saSualebebSi, bolo wlebis mxatvrul literaturaSi<br />
da, SesaZloa, akademiur gamocemebSi jer dafiqsirebuli<br />
ar aris.<br />
rogor upasuxebs am moTxovnebs 2006 wels londonSi<br />
donald reifildis redaqtorobiT or tomad gamocemuli<br />
didi qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni?<br />
xelSi aRebisTanave leqsikoni pativiscemas da ndobis<br />
grZnobas iwvevs: pativiscemas tipografiuli xarisxi ganapirobebs,<br />
xolo ndobas – SemdgenelTa jgufis “<strong>qarTuli</strong>nglisuri”<br />
Semadgenloba: Tavad donald reifildi, rusudan<br />
amirejibi, Suqia afridoniZe, lorens broersi, TinaTin<br />
margalitaZe, levan CxaiZe, ariane Wanturia.<br />
aqve unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom amJamad _ globalizaciis<br />
xanaSi _ inglisuri enis gansakuTrebuli roli
gamoxmaureba 331<br />
aSkaraa, vinaidan igi xuTive kontinentze uproblemo<br />
saerTaSoriso komunikacias uzrunvelyofs da msoflio<br />
masStabiT “lingva frankas” statuss dRiTidRe imyarebs.<br />
amdenad Tanamedrove leqsikografiis miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
Sedgenili orenovani _ inglisurisa da nebismieri<br />
enis _ leqsikonis gamosvla did mniSvnelobas iZens.<br />
xolo qarTul-inglisuris SemTxvevaSi es mniSvneloba kidev<br />
ufro izrdeba. saqme isaa, rom dRemde arsebuli mcire<br />
moculobis qarTul-inglisuri leqsikonebi veRar upasuxeben<br />
Tanamedroveobis gamowvevebs: mxedvelobaSi maqvs,<br />
erTi mxriv, <strong>qarTuli</strong> mosaxleobis swrafva, daeuflos inglisuri<br />
enis koreqtul gamoyenebas rac SeiZleba met sakomunikacio<br />
sferoSi, xolo meore mxriv _ qveynis gareT qar-<br />
TuliT dainteresebul pirTa ricxvis intensiuri zrda,<br />
rac saqarTvelos rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifos<br />
saerTaSoriso sarbielze gasvlas ukavSirdeba.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis leqsikuri <strong>fondi</strong>s srulad warmodgenisaTvis<br />
leqsikonis Semdgenlebma gamoiyenes xuTi ZiriTadi<br />
wyaro: <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulis<br />
yvela sityva-statia, 1999-2002 wlebis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
yoveldRiuri da kvireuli presis masala daaxloebiT ori<br />
milioni sityva-formis moculobiT, Tanamedrove qarTveli<br />
romanistebis ormocamde teqstis yvela sityva-forma,<br />
Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong>s, aseve dialeqturi, terminologiuri leqsikonebi<br />
da savele muSaobis dros Tanamedrove sasaubro<br />
metyvelebidan moZiebuli masala. amdenad, yovelgvari gadaWarbebis<br />
gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxeze gvaqvs metnaklebad<br />
sruli <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvani da misi Sesabamisi inglisuri<br />
ekvivalentebi.<br />
didi qarTul-inglisuri leqsikonis maqsimaluri sisrule<br />
ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom leqsikonis Semdgenlebi<br />
enas xedaven rogorc variantul sistemaTa sistemas:<br />
enobrivi variaciebi calkeul sistemebs qmnian da am sistemebis<br />
erTianoba enis erTian sxeulad warmogvidgeba. <strong>qarTuli</strong>,<br />
romelic ase mdidaria dialeqturi formebiT, leqsikonSi<br />
warmodgenilia Sesabamisi markerebiT, rac didad daexmareba<br />
leqsikonis inglisurenovan momxmarebels ara mxolod<br />
dialeqturi variantebiT uxvad gajerebuli <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis<br />
kiTxvisas, aramed sagrZnoblad gauadvilebs mas<br />
qarTulenovan garemoSi saTanado enobriv orientacias. sociolingvisturi<br />
markerebiTaa aRniSnuli aseve konkretul<br />
socialur garemoSi gamoyenebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi.<br />
swori enobrivi qmedeba gulisxmobs adekvaturi enobrivi<br />
repertuaris SerCevas. leqsikonis specifikidan gamom-
332 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
dinare, am repertuaris sistemuri asaxva arcaa savaldebulo,<br />
Tumca did qarTul-inglisur leqsikonSi araerTi<br />
SemTxvevaa imisa, rom Sesabamisi TargamaniT gakeTdes erTi<br />
da igive intenciis gamomxatveli formebis diferencireba<br />
qmedebis situaciis mixedviT. mag. damSvidobebis intenciis<br />
gamomxatveli enobrivi erTeulebi qarTulSi “naxvamdis!”,<br />
“jerjerobiT!”, “droebiT!” gadmocemulia saTanado enobrivis<br />
qcevis formebiT: “Goodbye!”, “See you soon!”, “See you<br />
later!”. magram, warmatebuli komunikaciis ucilobel winapirobad<br />
miCneuli marTebuli pragmatikuli kompetenciis<br />
daxvewis mcdeloba leqsikonSi mxolod amiT ar Semoifargleba:<br />
pragmatikuli markerebia gamoyenebuli leqsemebis<br />
Sinaarsis emociuri komponentis gadmosacemad, rac leqsikonis<br />
momxmarebels akvalianebs rogorc sakomunikacio<br />
strategiis swor ganxorcielebaSi, ise uzualuri emociuri<br />
Sinaarsebis gamomxatveli leqsikis diferencirebulad<br />
aRqmaSi.<br />
leqsikur sistemaSi arsebuli emociuri Seferilobis<br />
mqone fena Zalze vrcelia. emociuri Sinaarsebi, romlebsac<br />
molaparake mimarTavs maSin, rodesac surs verbalurad<br />
gamoxatos Tavisi damokidebuleba obieqtisadmi, kodirebulia<br />
yvela enis sitemaSi da met-naklebad saerToa am enis<br />
yvela matareblisaTvis. swored emociuri informaciis<br />
kodirebis diapazoni da wesi, Cveni azriT, didwilad<br />
amJRavnebs ama Tu im enis mier samyaros interpretaciis TavisTavadobas.<br />
Tumca aRniSvnis Rirsia is faqtic, rom leqsemis<br />
emociuri Seferiloba mniSvnelovnad ukavSirdeba<br />
dekodirebis aqts da amdenad molaparakis pragmatikul<br />
kompetencias. leqsikografebsac, cxadia, gansxvavebuli<br />
pragmatikuli kompetencia aqvT, rac zogadad gamoixateba<br />
leqsikur erTeulebSi kodirebuli emociuri Sinaarsis<br />
gansxvavebul, ramdenadme subieqtur interpretaciaSi. ase<br />
magaliTad, <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi gvxvdeba<br />
uaryofiT-emociuri Sinaarsis gamomxatveli markerebi<br />
“salanZRavi”, “upativcemulobisa”, “dacinviTi”; isidore<br />
da Tamar gvarjalaZeebis inglisur-qarTul leqsikonSi<br />
aRar figurirebs markeri – “upativcemuloba”, sanacvlod<br />
zemoaRniSnul markerebs emateba _ “agdebuloba”. sxadasxvagvaradaa<br />
miniSnebuli uaryofiT-emociuri Sinaarsebi<br />
inglisur erTenovan leqsikonebSic: Longman Dictionary of<br />
Contemporary English mimarTavs mxolod erTi saxis aRniSvnas<br />
– “derogatory”, maSin roca The Oxford English Dictionary imave Sinaarss<br />
uaRresad danawevrebulad warmoadgens: “execrative”,<br />
“reprobation”, “vituperation”, “depreciatory”, “abusive”, “opprobrious”,
gamoxmaureba 333<br />
“derisive”, “disparagement”, “contempt”. i. galperinis redaqciiT<br />
gamocemul “did inglisur-rusul leqsikonSi” fiqsirebuli<br />
markerebia: “бранное”, “неодобрительно”, “презрительное”,<br />
“пренебрежительное”, “грубое”. sarecenzio leqsikonSi uaryofiT-emociuri<br />
Sinaarsis gadmosacemad gamoyenebulia Semdegi<br />
markerebi: “damcirebiTi”, “ironiuli”, “uaryofiTi”.<br />
sruliad naTelia, rom subieqturobisagan bolomde Tavisufali<br />
leqsikonis Semdgenlebi ver iqnebodnen, Tumca sasurveli<br />
iqneboda pragmatikuli Sinaarsebis ufro mkafio<br />
niuansireba. miuxedavad amisa, leqsikonSi gamoyofili<br />
stilistikuri markerebi mniSvnelovan informacias awvdis<br />
mkiTxvels Sesabamisi registris SesarCevad.<br />
dabolos, aSkaraa, rom saxezea saetapo mniSvnelobis<br />
mqone leqsikografiuli movlena, romelsac SeuZlia hqondes<br />
sruli pretenzia gansazRvros mravali lingvisturi<br />
faqtis axleburi xedva da Caanacvlos damkvidrebuli,<br />
Tumca ki araswori, formebi axali, magram marTebuli,<br />
formebiT. ase magaliTad, geografiuli saxelebis gadmosacemad<br />
inglisurSi rusulidan Sesuli <strong>qarTuli</strong> toponimebis<br />
aRmniSvneli leqsemebis nacvlad, vfiqrobT, upriani<br />
iqneboda am realiebis pirdapiri transliteraciT gadmocema,<br />
magaliTad, “kaxeTis”, “imereTis”, “afxazeTis” da sxv.<br />
leqsikonSi gamoyenebuli “Kakhetia”, “Imeretia”, “Abkhazia” -s<br />
nacvlad, “Kakheti”, “Imereti”, “Abkhazeti”- is damkvidreba.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom sarecenzio naSromi gamiznulia<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong>T dainteresebuli ucxoenovani mkiTxvelisaTvis,<br />
darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom didi qarTul-inglisuri<br />
leqsikonis momxmarebelTa speqtri gacilebiT mravalferovani<br />
iqneba _ is aseve did samsaxurs gauwevs inglisuris<br />
Semswavleli <strong>qarTuli</strong> mosaxleobis yoveldRiurad<br />
mzard auditorias, enis specialitebsa da mTargmnelebs.
merab RaRaniZe<br />
guruli dialeqtis<br />
monografiuli Seswavlis nagvianebi nayofi<br />
grigol imnaiSvili, guruli dialeqti:<br />
Seswavlis istoria, gramatikuli mimoxilva,<br />
teqstebi leqsikoniTurT, Tb.:<br />
arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis instituti;<br />
gamomcemloba “universali”, 2006,<br />
416 gv.<br />
avtoris gardacvalebis Semdeg, 17 wlis dayovnebiT,<br />
gamoqveynda wigni, romelic <strong>qarTuli</strong> dialeqtebis TvalsaCino<br />
da nayofier mkvlevars, grigol imnaiSvils, Tavad<br />
gaumzadebia gamosacemad da romelic moicavs guruli dialeqtis<br />
Seswavlis mimoxilvas, Tavad dialeqtis aRwerilobas,<br />
Caweril teqstebs, am teqstebis leqsikonsa da Temis<br />
bibliografias.<br />
uTuod RirsSesaniSnavia am naSromis gamosvla, Tundac<br />
dagvianebuli (samecniero ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT<br />
droSi amgvarad CamorCena umTavresad siaxleTa gauTvaliswineblobis<br />
gardauvalobaSi aisaxeba xolme): xangrZlivi<br />
droiTi Sualedis Semdeg mowadine mkiTxvels<br />
miewoda guruli dialeqtis monografiuli Seswavlis<br />
axali da yvelaze sruli mcdeloba (wina, sergi JRentiseuli<br />
pirveli _ da aqamde erTaderTi _ monografia gurulis<br />
Sesaxeb Svidi aTeuli wlis winaT daibeWda [JRenti<br />
1936]).<br />
lingvistTa mier aRiarebulia gurulis mniSvnelovani<br />
da gamorCeuli adgili qarTul dialeqtTa Soris da,<br />
bunebrivia, aseve aRiarebulia, rom gurulis monacemebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe SeuZlebelia, zogadad, qar-<br />
Tuli dialeqtologiis sakiTxebis kvleva da gadaWra.<br />
gurulis gansakuTrebuloba ki, jer erTi, gamowveulia<br />
masSi aSkarad aRbeWdili kolxuri (zanuri) enis gavle-<br />
334
gamoxmaureba 335<br />
niT, radgan gurulad molaparakeni erTaderTi qarTulenovani<br />
tomia, romelic kolxuri enis or dialeqtze<br />
_ megrulsa da lazurze _ molaparakeTa Sorisaa<br />
SeWrili (“SeWrili” pirdapiri mniSvnelobiTac, radgan,<br />
damkvidrebuli mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, es qar-<br />
Tulenovani tomi samxreT-aRmosavleTi saqarTvelodan<br />
abargebula da dasavleT saqarTveloSi, zRvasTan<br />
axlos dabanakebula, _ kolxurenovan tomebs Soris);<br />
amasTanave, am garemoebaTa gamo misma izolaciurobam<br />
ganapiroba, rom baris dialeqtTa Soris guruli, erTi<br />
mxriv, metad inarCunebs Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis sxvadasxva<br />
morfologiur Tu leqsikur formebs da, meore mxriv,<br />
yvelaze daSorebulia, _ Cans, aWarul-imerxeulTan er-<br />
Tad, _ saliteraturo qarTuls, rac asaxulia mraval<br />
enobriv gadaxalisebaSi, gansakuTrebiT, sintaqsSi. am<br />
mxriv, guruli sainteresoa ara oden TavisTavad, ara<br />
oden mis am TaviseburebaTa gamo, _ rogorc dialeqti,<br />
sadac “organuladaa Sexamebuli arqauli formaciisa<br />
da sakuTriv dialeqturi inovaciis Sedegad warmoqmnili<br />
movlenebi” [jorbenaZe 1989: 514], aramed, amasTanave,<br />
tipologiuradac, _ rogorc nimuSi centridan<br />
moSorebisa, da aq xazgasasmelia swored moSoreba da<br />
ara mowyveta. Tu izolaciuri ganviTarebisa da CamoyalibebisaTvis<br />
Cveulia rogorc formaTa degradacia, ise<br />
imgvar arqaul formaTa SenarCuneba, romlebic centrSi<br />
ukve dakarguli da miviwyebulia, guruli dialeqtis-<br />
Tvis erTica da meorecaa damaxasiaTebeli, magram is,<br />
amasTanave, am erTmxriv daSorebas uTavsebs meoremxriv<br />
gamijvnas, raki aSkarad ar kargavs kavSirs centrTan _<br />
saerToerovnul enasTan: myarad inarCunebs qarTul metyvelebas<br />
da, enobrivi mezoblobis miuxedavad, emijneba<br />
im garemocvas, sadac mis irgvliv mcxovrebi qarTveli<br />
tomebi araqarTulad _ kolxurad _ metyveleben.<br />
amas garda, guruli sayuradRebo monacemebs iZleva, _<br />
miT umetes, misTvis xvdomil izolaciur enobriv sivrceSi,<br />
_ zogadad, im mimarTebaTa gasarkvevad, romelic dgindeba<br />
saliteraturo enis normirebul SezRudvasa da dialeqtis<br />
ganviTarebis silaRes Soris (Tundac es ganviTareba<br />
_ xSir SemTxvevaSi _ erozias gulisxmobdes, Tundac enis<br />
Sefaruli Sidapotenciis gamovlenas). am sferoSi gamokve-<br />
Tilma sakiTxebma Semdgom, SesaZloa, biZgi misces ara marto<br />
sufTa lingvistur, aramed lingvofsiqologiur, lingvosocialur,<br />
lingvoeTnologiur da lingvokulturul<br />
kvlevebs.
336 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
dabolos, gurulis gamorCeuloba imaSic gamoixata,<br />
rom, rogorc Cans, sxva arc erT qarTul dialeqts ara aqvs<br />
ase Zveli teqstobrivi literaturuli dadastureba (rac<br />
metad sayuradReboa <strong>qarTuli</strong> istoriuli dialeqtologiisaTvis):<br />
gurulis formebi daculia Suasaukuneebis<br />
qarTul prozaul TxzulebaSi _ “rusudaniani”, romelic<br />
XVII saukuneSi an, SesaZloa, kidev ufro adrea dawerili<br />
[rusudaniani 1957: XXVII-XXVIII]. es garemoeba ki metad<br />
xelsayrelia guruli dialeqtis diaqroniuli ganviTarebis<br />
suraTis ara marto warmosadgenad, aramed xelSesaxebad<br />
saCveneblad da dasadasturebladac.<br />
grigol imnaiSvilis axalgamosul wignze msjelobamde<br />
uTuod unda iTqvas, rom aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
lingvistebs, _ niko maridan dawyebuli, _ uyuradRebod<br />
ar darCeniaT guruli dialeqti. gurulis vrceli gramatikuli<br />
aRweriloba, rogorc iTqva, ekuTvnis sergi JRents<br />
[JRenti 1936]; gurulis STambeWdavi leqsikoni Seudgenia<br />
gigo SaraSiZes [SaraSiZe 1938: 1-96]; aleqsandre Rlonts<br />
gamocemuli aqvs guruli teqstebis mozrdili krebuli<br />
[Rlonti 1937], romelic gamosadegia rogorc folkloristTaTvis,<br />
aseve lingvistTaTvis; polievqt jajaniZis<br />
“guruli dialeqti” [jajaniZe 1977] moicavs sayuradRebo<br />
teqstebsa da mozrdil leqsikons da sxv. <strong>qarTuli</strong> dialeqtologiis<br />
zogad saxelmZRvaneloebSi gurulis mokle,<br />
magram mkafio daxasiaTeba ekuTvnis ivane gigineiSvils<br />
[gigineiSvili 1961: 413-415], xolo ufro mozrdili da<br />
sistemuri _ besarion jorbenaZes [jorbenaZe 1989: 514-<br />
539], _ orive maTgani, moculobiT kompaqturi, maRali<br />
lingvisturi profesionalizmis niSniTaa aRbeWdili.<br />
grigol imnaiSvilis <strong>wignis</strong> _ “guruli dialeqtis”<br />
_ mniSvnelovani nawili eTmoba gurulis Semxeb swored<br />
winamorbed gamokvlevaTa mimoxilvas, Tumca es mimoxilva,<br />
romlis Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos misi sisrule da<br />
amomwuraoba, arcTu mowesrigebulia da is sinamdvileSi<br />
calkul naSromTa araTanazomieri, mokle Tu vrceli, calkeuli<br />
referatebis nakrebia, xolo Tavad mimomxilveli,<br />
rogorc Cans, masalis arc imdenad qronologiur da<br />
arc imdenad sistemur klasificirebas cdilobda.<br />
kvlevaTa mimoxilvas mosdevs Tavad guruli dialeqtis<br />
fonetikuri da gramatikuli daxasiaTeba, _ yvelaze<br />
sruli aqamde ganxorcielebul mcdelobaTa Soris, _<br />
rasac, dialeqtis paradigmuli da struqturuli modelis<br />
uCveneblad, ufro CamonaTvalis saxe aqvs, amasTanave,<br />
sailustracio masalac xSirad Raribulad aRiqmeba. naS-
gamoxmaureba 337<br />
romis es monakveTi metwilad aRwerilobiTia da naklebadaa<br />
analitikuri, xolo calkeul monacemTa aRwerilobas<br />
aklia sistemuroba, integraluroba da sisrule. amas<br />
garda, misi kidev erTi nakli isicaa, rom metad mwiradaa<br />
gamoyenebuli Tundac SedarebiT-istoriuli meTodi da<br />
isic, rom mkiTxveli iq versad naxavs am dialeqtis sxvadasxva<br />
kolokavTa diferencirebul aRwera-daxasiaTebas.<br />
<strong>wignis</strong> momdevno, yvelaze mozrdili nawili eTmoba<br />
mkvlevris mier gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi guriaSi<br />
Caweril teqstebs. maTi Rirebuleba, rogorc mopovebuli<br />
pirvelwyarosi, uTuo da saWiroa, magram isic unda<br />
iTqvas, rom verc lingvisturi da verc kulturuli mniSvnelobiT<br />
isini ver Crdilavs im teqstebis mniSvnelobas,<br />
romlebic ara marto aleqsandre Rlontis vrcel nakrebSia<br />
Sesuli, aramed im metad yuradsaRebi teqstebisac,<br />
romlebic polievqt jajaniZes Seukrebia da mouTavsebia<br />
Tavis wignSi 1 .<br />
wigni mTavrdeba guruli dialeqtis leqsikoniT, romelic,<br />
molodinis miuxedavad, mokrZalebuli zomisaa da<br />
ar scildeba wignSi gamoqveynebuli teqstebis leqsikis<br />
farglebs.<br />
sxvaTa Soris, imave niSniT xasiaTdeba jajaniZiseuli<br />
ufro vrceli leqsikonic, romelic, aseve, mxolod mis<br />
wignSi gamoqveynebuli masalis leqsikas moicavs, rac im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, albaT, imiTacaa ganpirobebuli, rom polievqt<br />
jajaniZis wigni guruli dialeqtis kvlevaTa mxolod<br />
pirvel nakveTad ivaraudeboda. dRemde Rirebulebas ar<br />
kargavs gigo SaraSiZis vrceli leqsikonic, romelSic, faqtobriv,<br />
daculia XIX saukunis miwurulisa da XX saukunis<br />
dasawyisis guruli yofis amsaxveli leqsika. amdenad,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs ramdenime sakmaod mozrdili<br />
guruli leqsikoni, guldasawyvetia, rom aqamde ver<br />
moxerxda da isev ausrulebel miznad rCeba sruli guruli<br />
leqsikonis Sedgena, da ara marto srulisa, _ Tundac<br />
imgvari leqsikonisa, romelic Sekrebda, gaaerTianebda,<br />
daajamebda mTel im leqsikur masalas, rac aqamde dagrovebula<br />
gurul leqsikografiaSi.<br />
1.<br />
sxvaTa Soris, grigol imnaiSviliseul masalebs Soris moTavsebulia erTi<br />
(erTaderTi) poeturi teqsti _ leqsi “firal” daTiko SevardnaZis (SavardnaZis)<br />
Sesaxeb, rac erT, mciredad gansxvavebul versias SesZens guruli folkloris<br />
im farTo nakads, romelsac mixeil Ciqovanma Tavis droze amgvarad<br />
uwoda: “firalis eposi guriaSi” [Ciqovani 1934: 109-141] (Sdr. [sixaruliZe<br />
1967: 96, Smd.]; gansakuTrebiT, daTiko SevardnaZis Sesaxeb ix. [iqve: 127-138,<br />
402-420]; Tavad am leqsis odnavad saxecvlili versia ix. [iqve: 407-409]).
338 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
naSroms erTvis guruli dialeqtis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebul<br />
gamokvlevaTa, cnobaTa, TezisTa, avtoreferatTa Ti-<br />
Tqmis sruli bibliografia, rac ueWvelad gamoadgeba yvela<br />
im mkiTxvels, vinc am dargSi apirebs kvlevas. samwuxarod,<br />
rogorc Cans, bibliografiis Semdgenels miznad ar<br />
dausaxavs srulad aRenusxa guruli folkloris gamocemebi,<br />
_ teqstebi, romlebic, bunebrivia, nayofieri wyaroa<br />
guruli dialeqtis Sesaswavlad (magaliTad, masalebi<br />
anton xinTibiZis [xinTibiZe 1938], qsenia sixaruliZis<br />
[sixaruliZe 1967] an sxvaTa istoriul-eTnografiul-folkloristuli<br />
krebulebidan).<br />
albaT, naklebmniSvnelovania, magram wigniT sargebloba<br />
metad mouxerxebelia imis gamo, rom samecniero wyaroebi<br />
SeniSvnebSi miTiTebulia avtorebis dasaxelebis gareSe<br />
(im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es avtori teqstSia moxseniebuli).<br />
da mainc, wigni RirsSesaniSnavia imiT, rom is yvelaze<br />
mozrdili naSromia, romelic mkiTxvels mTlianad<br />
wamoudgens imas, rac aqamde gakeTebula guruli dialeqtis<br />
Seswavlis saqmeSi: pirvel yovlisa, kvlevaTa srul<br />
mimoxilvas da, meore mxriv, gurulis erTian fonetikurgramatikul<br />
daxasiaTebas. amas garda, mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
wignSi gamoqveynebuli teqstebsa da saleqsikono masalas.<br />
amdenad, grigol imnaiSvilis “guruli dialeqti”<br />
unda miviCnioT gasaTvaliswinebel, saWiro, aucilebel<br />
safuZvladac da moxmobadac _ moxmobad saqmis gasagr-<br />
Zeleblad _ yoveli imisTvis, vinc guruli dialeqtis<br />
ufro gaRrmavebul, sistemur da konceptualurad gaazrebul<br />
Seswavlas gadawyvets da yoveli imisTvisac, vinc momavalSi<br />
guruli sruli leqsikonis Sedgenas Seudgeba.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
gigineiSvili 1961: gigineiSvili i., Tofuria v., qavTaraZe i. qar-<br />
Tuli dialeqtologia, I: <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis kiloTa mokle ganxilva,<br />
teqstebi, leqsikoni, Tb.: Tsu gam-ba, 1961.<br />
JRenti 1936: JRenti s. guruli kilo: gamokvleva, teqstebi, leqsikoni,<br />
tf.: ssrk mecn. akad. saq. filialis gam-ba, 1936.<br />
rusudaniani 1957: rusudaniani, ilia abulaZisa da ivane gigineiSvilis<br />
redaqciiT, Tb.: sabWoTa mwerali, 1957.<br />
sixaruliZe 1967: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri saistorio sityviereba, III,<br />
teqstebis momzadeba, redaqcia, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi qsenia<br />
sixaruliZis, Tb.: mecniereba, 1967.<br />
Rlonti 1937: Rlonti a. guruli folklori: teqstebi, nawili I,<br />
Tb.: sax. un-tis gam-ba, 1937.
gamoxmaureba 339<br />
SaraSiZe 1938: SaraSiZe g. guruli leqsikoni, qarTvelur enaTa<br />
leqsika, I, Tb.: ssrk mecn. akad. saq. filialis gam-ba, 1938.<br />
Ciqovani 1934: Ciqovani mix. firalis eposi guriaSi, marqsistuli<br />
enaTmecnierebisaTvis, tf.: sax. un-tis gam-ba, 1934.<br />
xinTibiZe 1938: xinTibiZe ant. guruli firalebi, Tb.: saq. samxareTmcodneo<br />
saz-bis gamoc., 1938.<br />
jajaniZe 1977: jajaniZe p. guruli dialeqti, I: teqstebi, leqsikonis<br />
masalebi, Tb.: quTaisis saxelmw. pedagog. instituti,<br />
1977.<br />
jorbenaZe 1989: jorbenaZe b. <strong>qarTuli</strong> dialeqtologia, I, Tb.:<br />
mecniereba, 1989.
zaza firaliSvili<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturismcodneobis<br />
axali perspeqtiva<br />
literaturis Teoria: XX saukunis ZiriTadi<br />
meTodologiuri koncefciebi<br />
da mimdinareobebi, Tb.: literaturis<br />
institutis gamomcemloba, 2008, 362 gv.<br />
SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis institutma<br />
gamosca avtorTa jgufis werilebis krebuli “literaturis<br />
Teoria: XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi<br />
da mimdinareobebi”. es aris meore _ Sevsebuli da<br />
gadamuSavebuli gamocema da is faqti, rom es wigni zedized<br />
meored gamoica, ukve mravlismTqmelia. Cans, moTxovnileba<br />
_ maT Soris samecniero da inteleqtualuri literaturis<br />
moTxovnileba _ arsebobs. ubralod, misi amocnobaa<br />
saWiro. humanitaruli samecniero literaturis mimarT ki<br />
umTavresi moTxovna, rac SeiZleba arsebobdes dRes, pirvel<br />
rigSi, albaT, es aris cocxali kavSiri mTeli danarCeni<br />
samyaros sulier procesebTan da es gamocema swored mas<br />
upasuxebs.<br />
mecniereba, cxadia, erTian samecniero sakomunikacio<br />
sivrceSi CarTulobas gulisxmobs. es aris aucilebeli piroba,<br />
romlic gareSec mxolod hermetul kvazimecnierul<br />
saqmianobasTan gveqneba saqme, romelsac CvenSi, raRac manqanebiT,<br />
zogjer erovnul samecniero tradiciasac uwodeben<br />
xolme da amiT cdiloben, Tavi aaridon im Zalisxmevas,<br />
romelsac globalur konteqstSi CarTuloba moiTxovs.<br />
arada, TviTizolirebul humanitarul azrovnebaze antierovnuli<br />
Zneli warmosadgenia, iseve, rogorc lukrimasis<br />
mdgomareobaze, rodesac individi Tu sazogadoeba<br />
miiswrafis “namdvili” arsebobisaken da uaryofs sakuTars,<br />
rogorc “aranamdvilsa” da “simulaciurs”. arc erTsa da<br />
arc meores saqme ara aqvs mecnierebasTan, anu sulis im mdgo-<br />
340
gamoxmaureba 341<br />
mareobasTan, romelic gulisxmobs rogorc cxovelmyofel<br />
komunikaciebs, ise sakuTari Tavis mniSvnelobis gancdas.<br />
Cvens SemTxvevaSi rogorc pirveli, ise meore ukiduresobebi<br />
samocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi humanitaruli mecnieruli<br />
konteqstidan amovardnis Sedegia. Tu zogadad<br />
da erTgvari gadaWarbebiT vityviT, cocxali da Tanac<br />
droSi acdenili kavSirebi, umetesad, arsebobda rusuli<br />
revoluciis wina, _ ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, 20-iani wlebis<br />
samecniero cxovrebasTan. amis Semdeg iwyeboda vakuumi da<br />
mxolod dResRa vaxerxebT mis Sevsebas. wigni, romelic<br />
avtorTa jgufma SemogvTavaza, am TvalsazrisiT, Zalze<br />
mniSvnelovan mcdelobas warmoadgens.<br />
ra Tqma unda, <strong>qarTuli</strong> humanitaruli mecnierebaSi ar<br />
gvqonia mxolod sruliad izolirebuli da mxolod saku-<br />
Tar an sabWoTa fundamentze dafuZnebuli gamokvlevebi.<br />
cxadia, gvyavda mkvlevrebi, romlebic nebismier samecniero<br />
tradiciaSi moZebnidnen adgils, magram isic cxadia, rom<br />
isini umeteswilad Cndebodnen yovelgvari logikis gareSe,<br />
radgan mTeli sabWoTa samecniero industria mimarTuli<br />
iyo iqiT, rom amgvarTa gaCena ar daeSva, raTa hermetuli,<br />
mTeli danarCeni samyaros winaaRmdeg SeTqmuli samecniero<br />
sivrce Camoeyalibebina. da mainc, isini iyvnen da swored es<br />
iyo sabWoTa postmoderni: oficialuri versiiT, maT mxolod<br />
mecnierebis periferiebze ganekuTvnebodaT adgili<br />
da amiT, erTgvari ironiiT Tu vityviT, verc sabWoTa mecnierebam<br />
aarida Tavi postmodernis mdgomareobas.<br />
kidev erTxel: Cven viyaviT unikalur situaciaSi, rodesac<br />
principulad SesaZlebeli iyo, yofiliyavi humanitari<br />
mecnieri ise, rom ar gezruna kavSirze yvelafer imas-<br />
Tan, rac mTels danarCen samecniero samyaroSi xdeboda. es<br />
ukanaskneli TiTqmis arafers gvavaldebulebda da TiTqmis<br />
arafriT gangvsazRvravda. cxadia, amgvari sruliad<br />
arabunebrivi mdgomareoba didxans ver SenarCundeboda da<br />
ukve 60-ian wlebSi gaCnda niSnebi imisa, rom odnavi daTbobac<br />
ki sakmarisi iyo bunebrivi mdgomareobis aRdgenisaken<br />
mimarTuli moZraobis gasaCenad. 80-ianma wlebma ki<br />
sabolood daadastura, rom ideologizebuli samecniero<br />
industria zedmetad myife niadagzea nagebi saimisod, rom<br />
mcire Tavisuflebis pirobebSic ki gaZlos.<br />
Cven SeiZleba dausruleblad vikamaToT imaze, Tu ras<br />
warmoadgens literaturis kritika: “arnaziarebTa” profanul<br />
mcdelobas, Seiqmnas mxatvruli sityvis hermetulobis<br />
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli diskursi, am ukanasknelis<br />
“mxilebis” instrumentalur arsenalze rom iqneba dafuZ-
342 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
nebuli da romelic gansazRvravs im sivrces, rac mxatvarma<br />
Tavis normad da legalur ganzomilebebad unda aRiqvas,<br />
_ Tu es aris mcdeloba imisa, rom mxatvruli Semoqmedebis<br />
mTeli mravalferovneba da perspeqtiuli siRrme<br />
kulturis lingvistur qsovilSi “iqnas amocnobili” da<br />
raRac miaxloebaSi mainc gansazRvros is veli, romelzec<br />
mxatvruli azrovnebis mTeli drama TamaSdeba. mkvlevar-<br />
Ta am da mraval sxva mizandasaxulebaTa Soris gansxvavebam<br />
XX saukuneSi mogvca iseTi meTodologiuri “polarobebi”,<br />
rogorebicaa rusuli formalizmi da bevri niSniT misi<br />
monaTesave franguli struqturalizmi, erTi mxriv, xolo<br />
meore mxriv, hermenevtika, fenomenologia da (garkveuli<br />
azriT) poststruqturalizmi. rusuli formalizmisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebel sociologizmTan da istorizmTan<br />
erTad am saukunem mogvca Tomas eliotiseuli “axali kritika”,<br />
romlisTvisac poetis arseba depersonalizebuli<br />
mediumis roliT ganisazRvreba da romlisTvisac poetur<br />
aqtSi mocemuli inteleqtisa da emociis, “msoflSegrZnebiTi”<br />
mTlianobis aRdgena umTavresi principia. da amis sapirwoned<br />
aqve ar SeiZleba is gavlena ar gavixsenoT, romelic<br />
XX saukunis literaTuraTmcodneobaze moaxdina fridrix<br />
Slaiermaxeriseulma hermenevtikam da romantikulma<br />
individualizmma, romlis wiaRSic hermenevtikosi umal<br />
TanaSemoqmedad gaiazreba.<br />
mTeli es giganturi Zalisxmeva mimarTulia iqiT,<br />
rom mxatvruli sityvis raoba iqnas gaazrebuli, gagebuli<br />
iqnas is meqanizmebi, romliTac avtori socialur<br />
lingvistikaSi sruliad gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas<br />
mopovebs _ rodesac individi mxolod ki ar adasturebs<br />
sakomunikacio sivrcesa da mis mtyvelebas, anu kulturis<br />
narativis kidev erT SemTxvevas ki ar gvTavazobs,<br />
aramed Tavisi metyvelebiT acocxlebs am ukanasknelis<br />
substancias da axal paradigmatul elfers aZlevs mas.<br />
literaturismcodneoba cdilobs, gaiazros, Tu rogor<br />
yalibdeba mxatvruli sityvis wiaRSi kulturis axali<br />
dinamika da rogor eniWeba axali naratiuli elferi<br />
marad adamianur kiTxvas “ra xdeba?”. am azriT, literaturismcodneoba,<br />
albaT, SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc<br />
im paraleluri gamocdilebis produqti, romelic<br />
mxatvruli nawarmoebis gaazrebis aqtSi iqmneba da romelic<br />
erTgvar mediumur rols asrulebs avtorsa da kulturas<br />
Soris. es aris aqti, romelic Semoqmeds Svelis,<br />
rom sayovelTao lingvisturi qsovilis energetikuli<br />
centris roli moipovos.
gamoxmaureba 343<br />
cxadia, amas axlavs Tavisi uaryofiTi mxarec: rogorc<br />
merab mamardaSvili aRniSnavda Tavis “leqciebSi prustis<br />
Sesaxeb”, Cndeba saSiSroeba imisa, rom avtors Caenacvleba<br />
misi socio-kulturuli oreuli, misi socio-kulturuli<br />
xati, romelic Tavad mas adgils ar dautovebs. albaT, es<br />
gaxlavT is wyalgamyofi, romelze gavlac uwevs yovel kritikossa<br />
da xelovnebis Teoretikoss. Tavis moRvaweobaSi<br />
igi yovelTvis im safrTxis winaSea, rom SedevrTa araadekvatur<br />
socio-kulturul enaze TargmniT da mwerlis<br />
mier ganxorcielebul sulier aqtTa tiraJirebiT uneburad<br />
avtori da da teqsti maTi simulaciebiT SeiZleba Canacvldes.<br />
da mainc, gavimeorebT, rom nebismieri mecniereba da,<br />
cxadia, maT Soris humanitaruli, erTgvari paraleluri<br />
gamocdilebis wyalobiT viTardeba _ gamocdilebiT, romelic<br />
grovdeba, miuxedavad mecnierebaSi arsebuli tradiciuli<br />
sicxadeebisa da inteleqtualuri pirobiTobebisa,<br />
miuxedavad mecnierul interaqciaSi Camoyalibebuli<br />
sakomunikacio imperativebisa. swored es qmnis humanitaruli<br />
mecnierebis giganturi, mravalsaxa da dinamikuri panoramis<br />
sicocxles, romelic, erTi mxriv, kavSirSia Tavis deklarirebul<br />
obieqtTan, literaturasTan da, meore mxriv,<br />
viTardeba da percefciis aqtSi yalibdeba, rogorc avtonomiuri<br />
inteleqtualuri sxeuli, rogorc avtonomiuri<br />
sakomunikacio diskursi da rogorc kulturis reJimis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
gamoxatuleba.<br />
axlad gamosuli krebuli, misi avtorebis sasaxelod<br />
unda iTqvas, yovelive amis sakmaod damajerebel gamoxatulebas<br />
warmoadgens. Cven ar SevexebiT mis naklovanebebs.<br />
amgvari naklovanebebis SemCneva nebismier gamocemaSi Sei-<br />
Zleba. mTavari aq sxvaa: krebuli warmoadgens Zalze damajerebel<br />
mcdelobas imisa, rom mkiTxvelebs mxatvruli sityvis<br />
raobis SesaZlo gaazrebaTa mTeli mravalferovneba<br />
SesTavazos.
ela wifuria<br />
antiutopiuri realoba da antiutopiuri romani<br />
irma ratiani, qronotopi antiutopiur<br />
romanSi: esqatologiuri antiutopiis<br />
interpretaciisaTvis, Tb.:<br />
Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba,<br />
2005, 288 gv.<br />
antiutopiis (an distopiis) rogorc literaturuli<br />
fenomenis kvleva saqarTveloSi xangrZliv istorias ar<br />
iTvlis, Tumca Cven xangrZlivad mogviwia antiutopiur istoriul<br />
droSi cxovreba. maSin, roca dasavlur kultura-<br />
Si utopiuri modelis opoziciuri, antiutopiuri saazrovno<br />
modelis Camoyalibeba da utopiis realizaciis precedentebis<br />
gaanalizeba xdeboda, sabWour sinamdvileSi<br />
moqceuli adamianebi realurad ganicdidnen, Tu ra Sedegi<br />
SeiZleba mohyves kacobriobis utopiuri ocnebis istoria-<br />
Si xorcSesxmis mcdelobas.<br />
iqmneboda Tu ara im periodis saqarTveloSi antiutopiuri<br />
teqstebi, anu xdeboda Tu ara sakuTari sinamdvilis<br />
adekvaturi gacnobiereba? SeiZleba Tu ara sabWouri periodSi<br />
Seqmnili <strong>qarTuli</strong> teqstis wakiTxva dasavluri<br />
antiutopiuri modelis gamoyenebiT? bevr sxva kiTxvasTan<br />
erTad irma ratianis wigni am kiTxvebsac upasuxebs (an, Tu<br />
gnebavT, am kiTxvebsac aRZravs).<br />
sanam mkiTxvels <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturuli teqstis antiutopiuri<br />
modeliT gaazrebas SesTavazebdes, wignSi<br />
“qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi: esqatologiuri antiutopiis<br />
interpretaciisaTvis” avtoris mier Catarebulia<br />
vrceli analitikur-diskripciuli samuSao da wamoWrilia<br />
mTeli rigi literaturismcodneobiTi problemebisa:<br />
rogor xdeboda utopiuri da antiutopiuri modelebis<br />
ganviTareba; rogor yalibdeboda utopia da antiutopia<br />
literaturuli Janris saxiT da rogori filosofiuri<br />
344
gamoxmaureba 345<br />
wanamZRvrebi hqonda am literaturul movlenebs; ra rols<br />
asrulebs droisa da sivrcis kategoriebi antiutopiis,<br />
rogorc literaturuli Janris determinaciaSi; rogor<br />
qmnis individi materialuri dro-sivrcis alternatiul,<br />
zRvrul da Sualedur, liminarul samyaros da rogor xdeba<br />
literaturuli diskursi alternatiuli liminaluri<br />
samyaros saarsebo garemo, rogor iqmneba mxatvruli teqstis<br />
aramaterialuri dro-sivrce, romelic materialuri<br />
epoqis bunebas amxels mas Semdegac, rac am epoqis arseboba<br />
warsuls Cabardeba.<br />
irma ratianis wignSi, mis mier gaanalizebuli literaturuli<br />
teqstebis Sesabamisad, naTel pasuxs ipoviT im ki-<br />
Txvaze, Tu ra aqcevs utopiuri mizandasaxulebis sivrces<br />
antiutopiad _ am Sedegs iwvevs pirovnebis ugulebelyofa,<br />
misi daTrgunvis mcdeloba idealuri wesrigis SemqmnelTa<br />
da mcvelTa mier, individualobis msxverplad gaRebis mo-<br />
Txovna swored idealuri wesrigis saxeliT. literaturuli<br />
teqstebi, romlebic am azrisken istoriuli da pirovnuli<br />
gamocdilebis safuZvelze mogviZRvian, amave dros,<br />
gviCveneben, Tu rogor daikarga meoce saukuneSi idiliuri<br />
miwieri samyaros Seqmnis imedi. es aris saukune, roca mwerals<br />
aRar uCndeba utopiis xilvis molodini da amgvar<br />
molodins ucruebs im mkiTxvelsac, romelsac jer kidev<br />
sjera miwieri idealuri samyarosi, amgvari TavdajerebiT<br />
cxovrobs da kiTxulobs. magram kiTxvisas sul male xdeba<br />
sacnauri, rom perfeqcionistuli, organizebuli samyaro<br />
sinamdvileSi fiqciaa da mis miRma boroteba imaleba. amitom<br />
meoce saukune antiutopiuri romanebis saukunea.<br />
antiutopiuri modelis ganviTareba utopiuri idealisadmi<br />
frustraciis uSualo Sedegia. Tuki utopiis, rogorc<br />
filosofiuri Temis da literaturuli Janris Seqmna, _<br />
platonidan Tu Tomas moridan dawyebuli, _ ararsebuli<br />
(arsad arsebuli) idealuri samyarosaken swrafvam ganapiroba,<br />
antiutopiis saboloo formireba, _ evgeni zamiatinidan<br />
moyolebuli, _ realobaSi Seqmnil fsevfoidealur<br />
samyarosTan Sejaxebam gamoiwvia. Tumca niSandoblivia<br />
isic, rom meoce saukuneSi uxvad producirebuli antiutopiuri<br />
romanebis absoluturi umravlesoba swored totalitaruli<br />
reJimebis moqmedebis gareT iqmneboda. ra uSlida<br />
xels am Janris farTo ganviTarebas reJimebis samoqmedo<br />
sivrcis farglebSi? am mizezebs Soris aris cenzura,<br />
kulturul da SemoqmedebiT aqtivobaze kontroli, aseve<br />
_ kulturuli da samoqalaqo poziciis gamoxatvis uaxlesi<br />
tendenciebisagan izolireba. im SemTxvevaSic, roca esa
346 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
Tu is tendencia sabWouri reJimis gamefebamde erTian modernistul<br />
sivrceSi iyo Casaxuli, totalitaruli ideologiuri<br />
cenzura axerxebda rogorc SemoqmedebiTi mimar-<br />
Tulebis CaxSobas, aseve Semoqmedis fizikur likvidacias<br />
_ rogori bedic mixeil javaxiSvils xvda, an mis fizikur<br />
gandevnas _ rogorc es zamiatins mouwia.<br />
mixeil javaxiSvili erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi avtoria,<br />
romlis SemoqmedebiTi da pirovnuli magaliTiTac<br />
SeiZleba vimsjeloT sabWouri sistemisadmi <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
mwerlobis rezistentobaze. misi SemoqmedebiTi biografia<br />
modernizmis individualistur kulturul sivrceSi<br />
daiwyo, amdenad, misTvis miuRebelia is samyaro, romelic<br />
danaSaulebrivia swored individis, misi uflebebis, misi<br />
materialuri da moraluri kuTvnilebis winaSe, rac “jayos<br />
xiznebSi” naTlad gamoTqva kidec. es romani, rogorc antitotalitaruli<br />
teqsti, irma ratianis mier antiutopiuri<br />
Teoriis safuZvelzea aRqmuli, xolo komparatistuli<br />
meTodiT is vladimir nabokovis romanebTan “mopatiJeba<br />
sikvdilze” da “Bend Sinister” erTad aris gaanalizebuli.<br />
nabokovs yofierad da fizikurad ar ugemia sabWoTa sinamdvile,<br />
Tumca is, rogorc rusuli emigrantuli ojaxis<br />
warmomadgeneli, verasodes iqneboda sruliad gareSe piri<br />
am sinamdvilisadmi. antiidealuri politikuri realobis,<br />
pirovnebisa da totalitarizmis mimarTebaze orive<br />
avtori piraduli da pirovnuli gadasaxedidan wers. es<br />
personalizebuli damokidebuleba problemisadmi warmoadgens<br />
irma ratianisaTvis maTi romanebis esqatologiuri<br />
antiutopiuri tipologiis gansazRvris erT-erT<br />
arguments. gaanalizebul romanebs marTlac aerTianebs<br />
sabWouri konteqsti, irma ratianisaTvis politikuri konteqsti<br />
maTi Janruli gamTlianebisaTvis zogadi fonia,<br />
am niadagze iqmneba romanebis konceptualuri da motivaciuri<br />
maxasiaTeblebi. Tumca wignSi “qronotopi antiutopiur<br />
romanSi” nabokovisa da javaxiSvilis romanebis<br />
komparatistuli analizi, uwinaresad, dro-sivrcis kategoriebisadmi<br />
avtoris, personaJebisa da teqstis mimarTebis<br />
niSniT, struqturuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT aris<br />
Catarebuli. <strong>wignis</strong> literaturul-Teoriuli poziciac<br />
swored im azrs emyareba, rom antiutopiis Janruli determinaciis<br />
safuZveli teqstis qronotopuli sistemaa. aseve,<br />
“qronotopuli kategoriebis subieqturi gaazreba ganapirobebs<br />
antiutopiis Janris determinacias calkeuli tipis<br />
antiutopiebad: mecnieruli antiutopia, fantastikuri<br />
antiutopia, satiruli antiutopia da sxva” (gv. 158).
gamoxmaureba 347<br />
javaxiSvilisa da nabokovis romanebs irma ratiani esqatologiuri<br />
antiutopiis rakursSi kiTxulobs, Tavis mxriv,<br />
literaturuli teqstebis analizisas ki, zogadad, Janris<br />
determinaciis kriteriumebs gamokveTs: “esqatologiuri<br />
antiutopiis centraluri problema aris ara mxolod<br />
groteskuli protesti arsebuli reJimis mimarT, aramed<br />
“idealuri wesrigis”, “koleqtiuri” paTosisa da “masobrivi”<br />
ideologiis wiaRSi Cakarguli pirovnebis gamoRviZeba,<br />
individualuri “me”-s sabediswero janyi realobis winaaRmdeg,<br />
arsebul dro-sivrcul garemosTan misi sruli<br />
SeuTavseblobisa da sxva alternatiuli dro-sivrculi<br />
ganfenilobisaken ltolvis demonstrireba” (gv. 158).<br />
irma ratianis “qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi” literaturuli<br />
antiutopiis Teoriuli kvlevisa da Janruli<br />
determinaciis axal safexurs warmoadgens. literaturis<br />
TeoriaSi am gziT iqmneba antiutopiis JanrSi esqatologiuri<br />
antiutopiis tipologiis gansazRvris, liminalobis<br />
TeoriasTan antiutopiis Janris dakavSirebis, mxatvruli<br />
dro-sivrcis JanrganmsazRvreli da transformaciuli<br />
funqciis gamokveTis precedentebi. amave gziT miRebulia<br />
uSualod <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturismcodneobiTi sivrcis<br />
erT-erTi umTavresi gamowveva; Sesrulebulia ara mxolod<br />
dasavluri Teoriuli kulturis aTvisebis, aramed misi gamdidrebis<br />
amocana. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani amocana ukavSirdeba<br />
zogadad <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturuli memkvidreobisa<br />
da konkretuli teqstebis interpretacias aqamde ucnobi<br />
rakursiT, rac qarTul kvleviT sivrceSi inteleqtualuri<br />
pluralizmis niadags qmnis. amave dros, gadadgmulia<br />
kidev erTi nabiji <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis antitotalitaruli<br />
gamocdilebis kvlevaSi, rac, Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove<br />
saqarTvelos kulturul-inteleqtualuri liberaciis<br />
mizanTan gvaaxlovebs.
eqvTime koWlamazaSvili<br />
giorgi mTawmidelis “Tvenis” gamocemisaTvis<br />
giorgi mTawmidelis Tveni (seqtemberi),<br />
gamosca, gamokvleva, saZieblebi da<br />
leqsikoni daurTo lali jRamaiam, Tb.:<br />
naTlismcemeli, Tbilisi, 2007, 562 gv.<br />
“Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis Zeglebis” serias, romelsac<br />
gamoscems saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis korneli<br />
kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti (amJamad _ xelnawerTa<br />
erovnuli centri), amas winaT Seemata IX gamoSvebis<br />
– giorgi mTawmidelis `Tvenis~ – pirveli nakveTi,<br />
romelSic seqtembris sagaloblebia gamoqveynebuli. teqsti<br />
gamosca, gamokvleva, saZieblebi da leqsikoni daurTo<br />
lali jRamaiam.<br />
wigni STambeWdavi moculobisaa: is didi formatis (A4)<br />
562 gverds moicavs. amitomac mkiTxvels ar gaukvirdeba,<br />
rom misi momzadebisa da daxvewisaTvis mkvlevars ramdenime<br />
weliwadi moundomebia _ 1962-dan 1967 wlamde. kvlevis<br />
pirveli Sedegebi, avtoris sityviT, gzadagza qveyndeboda<br />
da bolos Sejamda sadisertacio naSromSi _ “XI saukunis<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> himnografiis istoriidan (giorgi mTawmidelis<br />
Tveni)” (gv. 6). samwuxarod, am naSromis wignad<br />
gamocema didi xniT Seyovnda (gamoica 2007 wels), magram,<br />
meore mxriv, am Seyovnebam avtors saSualeba misca, naSromis<br />
calkeuli detalebi Seesworebina da Seevso. saxeldobr,<br />
uSualod gamocemis win Seadgina avtorma saZieblebi<br />
(heortologiur xsenebaTa, himnografTa, ZlispirTa<br />
da RmrTismSoblisaTa, troparTa da, rac gansakuTrebiT<br />
mniSvnelovania, qristes da RmrTismSoblis epiTetebisa).<br />
amrigad, Cvens winaSea mravalwliani Tavdadebuli<br />
Sromis nayofi: giorgi mTawmidelis monumenturi liturgikul-himnografiuli<br />
naSromis _ `Tvenis~ – <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
Targmanis monografiuli Seswavlis pirveli etapi _ seqt-<br />
348
gamoxmaureba 349<br />
embris Tve (winaa “Tvenis” Semdegi nakveTebis _ TerTmeti<br />
uzarmazari tomis _ mecnieruli Seswavla da gamocema).<br />
vfiqrobT, aq uadgiloa saubris gagrZeleba im Rvawlis<br />
Sesaxeb, rac giorgi mTawmidels miuZRvis <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis<br />
da, gansakuTrebiT, liturgikul-himnografiuli<br />
krebulebis qarTulad Targmnis saqmeSi. am Rvawls jerovnad<br />
warmoaCens lali jRamaia sarecenzio naSromSi (gv.<br />
8-31). mkvlevari Tvenis mravalricxovan nusxebSi daculi<br />
teqstebisa da mTargmneliseuli anderZebis kritikuli<br />
Seswavlisa da samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis<br />
analizis safuZvelze Tavis gamokvlevaSi na-<br />
Tel warmodgenas gviqmnis giorgi mTawmidelis mTargmnelobiTi<br />
muSaobis specifikasa da <strong>qarTuli</strong> Tvenis Taviseburebebze;<br />
warmoaCens am Zeglis udides rols <strong>qarTuli</strong> da<br />
berZnuli himnografiis istoriis mravali sakiTxis kvlevisaTvis.<br />
gamokvlevas erTvis teqstis dadgenisaTvis gamoyenebul<br />
nusxaTa mokle aRweriloba (gv. 32-34), SeniSvnebi “teqstisaTvis”<br />
(gv. 35) da seqtembris “Tvenis” sruli teqsti oTxi<br />
uZvelesi xelnaweris (Jer.110, Jer.124, Sin.7 da Ath.73) mixedviT<br />
(gv. 40-386), aseve, sami damateba [“oxiTani sekdenberisani”<br />
(gv. 387-391), seqtembrisave “stiqaronni” (gv. 392-462)<br />
da giorgi mTawmidelis anderZebi (gv. 463-468)], zemoaRniSnuli<br />
saZieblebi (gv. 478-554), leqsikoni (gv. 555-562)<br />
da reziumeebi (gv. 469-477).<br />
mkiTxvelTa farTo wris gansakuTrebul interess aRZravs<br />
“Tvenis” kritikuli teqsti, romelic amjerad pirvelad<br />
qveyndeba. giorgi mTawmidelis RmrTivbrwyinvale naSromis<br />
mimarT interesi gamoixata jer kidev imiT, rom anonimma<br />
mkvlevrebma ramdenime wlis winaT ukve scades misi gamocema<br />
praqtikul-liturgikuli saWiroebisaTvis (gamosces kidec<br />
ianvrisa da dekembris “Tvenebi” bodbis dedaTa monastris<br />
xelSewyobiT). rakiRa es gamocemebi, calkeuli Rirsebebis<br />
miuxedavad, teqstobrivad bolomde gamarTuli ar<br />
aRmoCnda (ix. Cveni recenzia Jurnal “religiaSi”, # 4-5-6,<br />
2006, gv. 89-91), bunebrivia, lali jRamaias mier mecnierulkritikuli<br />
aparatis darTviT gamocemuli seqtembris “Tvenis”<br />
gamoCenisas mkiTxvels uTuod Caesaxeboda imedi, _<br />
giorgi mTawmidelis am didebuli naSromis gacnobis saSualeba<br />
axla mainc gveZlevao iseTi ubiwo saxiT, rogoriTac<br />
igi mTargmnelis xelidan gamovida, _ magram, samwuxarod,<br />
es molodini bolomde ver marTldeba.<br />
mcire recenziaSi gansaxilveli publikaciis yvela xarvezis<br />
CamoTvla SeuZlebelia maTi simravlis gamo: isini
350 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
<strong>wignis</strong> TiTqmis yvela gverdze iCens Tavs (zogierT gverdze<br />
_ ramdenimec). amitom davkmayofildebiT ramdenime<br />
tipuri cdomilebis CvenebiT:<br />
1. teqstis araswori amokiTxva.<br />
zogierT adgilas gamocemis teqsti bundovania xelnaweridan<br />
calkeuli sityvebis araswori amokiTxvis gamo.<br />
magaliTad, 1 seqtembris erT-erT gangebaSi (“wmidaTa ormeocTa<br />
qalwulTa¡”) “ufalo RaRatyavis” dasdebelSi vki-<br />
TxulobT: “qalwulTa wmidaTa erTi ganzraxva¡ aCuenes<br />
ormeocTa guamTa Sina da monazonebisa ufalTa mianiWes<br />
Ruawli wamebisa¡” (gv. 59). dasdeblis pirveli fraza Zalze<br />
gamWvirvalea (wmida ormoci qalwuli erTi ganzraxviT<br />
yofila aRZruli, e. i. erT sulad Sekrulan), magram amas<br />
mosdevs sruliad gaugebari Txroba: “...da monazonebisa<br />
ufalTa mianiWes Ruawli wamebisa¡”. vinaa “monazonebis<br />
ufali”? an rogor SeiZleba “wamebis Rvawlis” miniWeba?<br />
bundovanebis mizezi isaa, rom xelnaweridan ori sityva<br />
mcdarad amoukiTxavs mkvlevars: “ufalTa” nacvlad unda<br />
iyos: “RuawlTa”; “mianiWes” nacvlad ki _ “SeaerTes” (Secdomis<br />
mizezi, rogorc Cans, am sityvebis grafikuli msgavsebaa).<br />
amrigad, swori amokiTxvis SemTxvevaSi gveqneboda:<br />
“...da monazonebisa RuawlTa SeaerTes Ruawli wamebisa¡”,<br />
e. i. ormoci qalwuli samonazvno moRvaweobasTan erTad<br />
mowameobis RvawliTac gabrwyinvebula. amasve mowmobs<br />
momdevno dasdebeli: “cecxliTa SemwuarTa da m£ecTa<br />
miTxeulTa da tanjvaTa mier gankafulTa da max¢liTa<br />
daWrilTa ara uvar-gyves Sen ormeocTa qalwulTa mowame-<br />
Ta, qriste, rameTu iwylnes Sen uxrwnelisa siZisa trfialebiTa”.<br />
xelnaweridan teqstis araswori amokiTxvis Sedegia<br />
bundovaneba sxva mraval dasdebelSic: “¥ sanatrelo an-<br />
Timos... sisxli Seni Seswire qristes m£snelisa, Seswirevd<br />
wmidad, Sewynarebulad da kadniereba¡ didebuli gaqus<br />
Sen mis winaSe. meox gueyav, dido mamaTmTavaro, survilT<br />
aRmsarebelTa yovlad patiosnisa dResaswaulisa SenisaTa”<br />
(gv. 82). rogorc vxedavT, am sityvebis warmomTqmeli<br />
Tavis Tavs dResaswaulis “survilT aRmsareblad” moixseniebs.<br />
magram gaugebaria: dResaswauls ra “survilebi”<br />
SeiZleba hqondes, an ras niSnavs am survilebis “aRsareba”<br />
(e. i. aRiareba) vinmes mier? bundovanebas iwvevs is, rom<br />
“survilT aRmsarebeli” mkvlevars SecdomiT amoukiT xavs<br />
“surviliT aRmasrulebelis” nacvlad. am SesworebiT<br />
frazaSi gamoTqmuli azri naTeli xdeba. Tumca winamdebare<br />
sagalobelSi sxva Secdomacaa: “Seswirevd wmidad”, _
gamoxmaureba 351<br />
amis nacvlad unda iyos: “Sesawiravad wmidad da Sewynarebulad”.<br />
“kadnierebiT eneba mRdeloba¡ warmdebsa kores, vina¡ca<br />
STa£da jojoxeTs krebuliTurT, rameTu RmerTman pativgca<br />
Sen, mose, da patiJi sameufo¡ da samRdelo¡ dagimk¢dra”<br />
(gv. 102). aq saubaria mose rjulmdebelze, magram gaugebaria:<br />
Tu RmerTma mas pativi miago, patiJi (e. i. tanjva, sasjeli)<br />
rogorRa daumkvidra? _ aq nonsensis wyaroa `pativis~<br />
nacvlad arasworad amokiTxuli `patiJi~.<br />
`zR¢sa mier gamohsaxe, [mose], wmida¡ naTlisReba¡ da<br />
cxorebisa Zelsa damokidebiTa juarcuma¡ £snilisa¡<br />
g¢qadage~ (gv. 96). aSkaraa, aq unda iyos: `m£snelisa¡~.<br />
mcdaradaa amokiTxuli aseve Zlispiri: `war£da saxe<br />
Seni~ (gv. 42). unda iyos: `war£da saxe SjulTa maT pirvel-<br />
Ta da gamoCnda madli dRes...~ da a. S.<br />
2. sityvaTa araswori gankveTa.<br />
svimeon halabelis (1 seqt.) erT-erT dasdebelSi vki-<br />
TxulobT: “Rirs iqmen madlsa kurnebaTasa, Rirso s¢meon...<br />
momec Cuen, madidebelTa SenTa, sulTa vnebisa ganTavisufleba¡”<br />
(gv. 59). ratom viTxovT Rirsi svimeonisagan sulTa<br />
vnebis ganTavisuflebas? vin daatyveva es vnebebi, an ratom<br />
gvsurs maTi ganTavisufleba? aq bundovaneba gamowveulia<br />
sityvebis araswori gankveTiT; unda iyos: “momec Cuen... sulisa<br />
vnebaTagan Tavisufleba¡” (swori forma _ “vnebaTa”<br />
_ mkvlevars ratomRac sqolioSi Cautania).<br />
3. marTebuli formis sqolioSi Catana da ZiriTad teqstSi<br />
mcdari formis datoveba.<br />
aseTi saxis Secdomebi gansakuTrebiT uxvadaa “Tvenis”<br />
gamocemaSi.<br />
magaliTad, wm. babilas gangebaSi vkiTxulobT: “saTnoebaTa<br />
hasaki SromiTa moRuawebisa¡Ta Sehmzade da aRavse<br />
igi afriTa miT juarisa¡Ta...” (gv. 91). saTnoebaTa “asaki”<br />
rogor unda “Sehmzado” da, miT ufro, jvris afriT rogor<br />
unda `aRavso” is _ asaki? am bundovanebis wyaroa “larnakis”<br />
nacvlad arasworad amokiTxuli “asaki” (am variantis<br />
marTebulobas xazs usvams sxva variantic _ “kidobani”, romelic<br />
mkvlevars “larnakTan” erTad sqolioSi Cautania,<br />
mcdari forma `hasaki~ ki _ ZiriTad teqstSi dautovebia).<br />
aseve: “saRmrTo¡Ta bWobiTa SeniTa gamorCeul iqmna<br />
mwyemsad pirmetyuelad samwysoTa SenTa babila...” (gv. 93).<br />
mwyemsis “pirmetyueleba” aravisTvis ucxo ar aris da arc<br />
mosalodneli iyo, rom avtors es aReniSna. marTlac, aq<br />
mxolod samwysos “pirmetyuelebazea” saubari. maSasadame,<br />
unda iyos: “pirmetyuelTa”.
352 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
“£elTagan oqro¡sa mohkueTe Sen kerpisa¡ mis, Rirso...”<br />
(gv. 131). aq unda Seswordes: “£eli oqro¡sa¡”.<br />
“evedre qristesa, Zesa Cuensa”, weria RmrTismSoblisadmi<br />
mimarTul erT sagalobelSi (gv. 135). Tu gadamwers<br />
aseTi uneblie mkrexeloba SeemTxva (unda iyos: “Zesa Sensa”<br />
da ara “Zesa Cuensa”), teqstis gamomcemels uTuod hmarTebda<br />
Sesworeba. magram, samwuxarod, mcdari forma ZiriTad<br />
teqstSia dafiqsirebuli, swori forma ki _ sqolioSi.<br />
msgavs mkrexelobas (amjerad _ RmrTismSoblis araqalwulebis<br />
mtkicebas) vawydebiT 8 seqtembris sxva sagalobelSi:<br />
“...kari dakrZaluli mxolo¡ Zisa RmrTisa<br />
mxolo¡sa¡, romelsa Sevida [igulisxmeba: qriste] da<br />
ganRebuladve daicva...” (gv. 139). ra Tqma unda, aq “ganu<br />
Rebeladve” unda eweros (“ganRebuli kari” am konteqstSi<br />
qalwulebis darRvevas niSnavs). msgavsi varianti (“ganu-<br />
Rebelad”), marTlac, sqolioSia dafiqsirebuli. xolo A<br />
xelnaweris varianti mkvlevars arasworad amoukiTxavs:<br />
iq, aSkarad, “ganuRebeladve” ewera da ara “ganRebuladve”.<br />
da asec rom yofiliyo, kritikuli teqstis damdgens sxva<br />
variantebis mixedviT mainc hmarTebda misi Sesworeba. es<br />
SemTxveva ki, rogorc sxva mravali, ar Seefereba satitulo<br />
furcelze warweril “Defenitive text”-s.<br />
“romelica £eliTa wina¡swarmetyuelTa¡Ta emsgavsa<br />
RmerTi, aw aRsruleba¡ aCuena SobiTa miT SeniTa, raJams<br />
Sengan gamouCnda sofelsa”, weria kvlav RmrTismSoblisadmi<br />
mimarTul sagalobelSi (gv. 151). ar Cans, vis emsgavsa<br />
RmerTi, Tanac “£eliTa”. bundovaneba moixsneba, Tu arasworad<br />
amokiTxul “£eliTa”-s nacvlad CavsvamT “£miTa”-s,<br />
xolo “emsgavsa”-s nacvlad _ “ityoda”-s.<br />
“mTavarsa mas naTesavTasa, qriste, locviTa miT s¢meon<br />
marTlisa¡Ta juarcumulisa avazakisaebr uwode” (gv. 58).<br />
“naTesavTa mTavari~ _ nonsensia; unda iyos: `mTavarsa mas<br />
avazakTasa”.<br />
“aRtexilman tanjvaTa samnakecTa RelvaTaman wmidaTa<br />
navsa danTqmad ver uZlo...” (gv. 61). unda iyos: “aRtexaman”.<br />
“ugunurTa huriaTa samxilebelad da mowamed yofadTa<br />
ukeTurTa saqmeTa maTTa dascen lodni igi Sen, iso brZeno”<br />
(gv. 64). grafikulad urTierTmsgavsi “c” da “x” asoebis<br />
aRrevis Sedegad gaCenili “dascen” unda gaswordes Semdegnairad:<br />
“dasxen lodni igi” (Sdr. isu navesi 4,3-8; 4,20).<br />
“RmrTisa dedao... yovelTagan sabr£eTa mterisaTa ara<br />
meSinis, rameTu saxid da zRuded Sen gesav, ubiwovo” (gv.<br />
72). aqac “c” da “x” asoebis aRreva gvaqvs. unda iyos: “sacod”<br />
(da ara “saxid”).
gamoxmaureba 353<br />
“aRmavsen Cuen, qriste, naTelTa SenTa mier” (gv. 42). aq<br />
unda iyos: “...keTilTa SenTa mier”.<br />
“hsufev saRmrTo¡Ta sixaruliTa mgalobelTa maT Sen-<br />
Ta netarTa Tana” (gv. 68). unda iyos: “mSobelTa”.<br />
“erTi buneba¡ aqunda mravalTa guamTa Sina... ormeocTa<br />
maT RirsTa qalwulTa” (gv. 61). ormoc qalwuls rom erTi<br />
buneba (kacobrivi buneba) hqonoda, amaSi ucnauri araferia.<br />
himnografi aq yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom ormoc qalwuls<br />
erTi goneba (e. i. azri, fiqri, ganzraxva) hqonda.<br />
swori forma _ “goneba” mkvlevars variantad Cautania sqolioSi,<br />
mcdari forma _ “buneba” ki ZiriTad teqstSi dautovebia.<br />
“gonebisa” da “bunebis” grafikuli msgavseba gvafiqrebinebs,<br />
rom “buneba” arc erT xelnawerSi ar weria; ubralod,<br />
mkvlevarma amoikiTxa ase, da ara marto amoikiTxa, ZiriTad<br />
teqstSic Seitana. analogiuri Secdomaa wm. deda Teodoras<br />
sagalobelSic: “samoseli mamaTa¡ da buneba¡ca Seimose,<br />
Rirso...” (gv. 181). aqac, rasakvirvelia, “goneba¡” unda<br />
eweros, Torem gamoucdeli mkiTxveli, SesaZloa, SeeWvdes:<br />
nuTu es dedakaci mamakacad gardaiqmnao?<br />
variantul wakiTxvaTa araswori SerCeviT gamowveuli<br />
Secdomebis simravle gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tavad xelnawer-<br />
Ta variantebi xSir SemTxvevaSi mcdaradaa amokiTxuli (es<br />
iTqmis gansakuTrebiT A literiT aRniSnuli xelnaweris<br />
variantebze). sxvagvarad, variantebs mcire azrobrivi (an<br />
orTografiuli) niuansebi unda daefiqsirebina, da ara<br />
nonsensebi, rogorc ganxilul SemTxvevebSi gvaqvs.<br />
teqstobrivi Secdomebi sarecenzio gamocemaSi, samwuxarod,<br />
amiT ar amoiwureba. marto im SecdomaTa ricxvi,<br />
romlebic Cven SevamCnieT xelnawerebSi Cauxedavad, ramdenime<br />
aseulia. kodikologiuri Zieba ki Semdgom mkvlevarT,<br />
imedia, teqstis saboloo dadgenis saSualebas miscems.<br />
is kvleviTi monapovari, rac lali jRamaias naSromSi<br />
dafiqsirda, mainc udaod mniSvnelovnad wingadadgmuli<br />
nabijia giorgi mTawmidelis “Tvenis” teqstologiur-istoriuli<br />
Seswavlis saqmeSi da Cveni SeniSvnebiT sulac ar<br />
gvsurs, davakninoT mkvlevris damsaxureba. Tu Cveni recenzia<br />
usaxur panegirikad ar gadavaqcieT da ufro meti yuradReba<br />
Secdomebis gasworebas davuTmeT, _ mxolod imisaTvis,<br />
raTa Cveni werili sulieri sargeblis gareSe ar darCeniliyo<br />
da Cvenc mciredi raime wvlili Segvetana “Tvenis”<br />
teqstis dazustebis saqmeSi: im saqmeSi, risi didi nawilic<br />
warmatebiT Seasrula gamomcemelma da mkvlevarma.<br />
naSromis erT-erT mniSvnelovan Rirsebad gvesaxeba<br />
qristesa da RmrTismSoblis epiTetebis saZiebeli, rome-
354 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
lic wigns boloSi erTvis. amgvari saZieblis saWiroeba<br />
bolo xanebSi xSirad gvsmenia mistikuri da mxatvruli<br />
saxismetyvelebis mkvlevarTagan. am saqmeSi sasiamovno<br />
prioriteti, rasakvirvelia, lali jRamaias ekuTvnis.<br />
Tumca, samwuxarod, qristesa da RmrTismSoblis epiTetebis<br />
saZiebels aqvs ramdenime nakli, romlis gamoc mkvlevarT<br />
misi nayofieri gamoyenebis saSualeba ver miecemaT:<br />
1. epiTetebi, romelTagan zogi mistikuri saxea da zogi<br />
_ mxatvruli, seqtembris `Tvenis~ teqstidan gamokrebilia<br />
wyaros miuTiTeblad, e. i. saZieblidan ver SeityobT,<br />
romel sagalobelSia gamoyenebuli TiToeuli maTgani.<br />
amitom es ubralo CamonaTvali ufroa, vidre “saZiebeli”.<br />
2. macxovrisa da RmrTismSoblis bibliur saxeebTan<br />
sasurveli iyo, miTiTebuli yofiliyo Sesabamisi wyaro.<br />
magaliTad, “mayuali Seuwuvelis” wyaroa gamoslvaTa 3, 2;<br />
“mTa poxilisa” _ fs. 67, 16; “sawmisisa” _ msajulTa 6, 37-40;<br />
“WeSmariti naTelisa” _ iovane 1, 9 da a. S. aseTi miTiTebebiT<br />
saZiebeli didad gamdidrdeboda.<br />
3. zogierTi epiTeti sruliad ar Seefereba macxovarsa<br />
da RmrTismSobels. magaliTad, RmrTismSoblis erT-erT<br />
epiTetad moxseniebulia “berwyofili” (gv. 487). RmrTismSobeli<br />
ki berwi arasodes yofila. “berwyofili” dedamis<br />
anazea naTqvami da ara qalwul mariamze.<br />
meore epiTeti _ “dedofali dambadebelTa¡” (gv. 487),<br />
Tu koreqturuli Secdomis Sedegi araa, mkrexeloba gamodis:<br />
“dambadebeli” anu Semoqmedi, qristianuli RmrTismetyvelebiT,<br />
_ RmerTia. “dambadebelTa dedofali” ki<br />
imdenad gaugebari cnebaa, rom, SeuZlebelia, qristianuli<br />
mwerlobis romelime teqstSi wavawydeT.<br />
aseve, RmrTismSobeli ar SeiZleba ixseniebodes “mizezad<br />
yovlisa” (gv. 488), radganac yovlis mizezi _ mxolod<br />
RmerTia, da SeuZlebelia, RmrTismSobeli am epiTetiT<br />
ixseniebodes giorgi mTawmidelis “TvenSi”; SeuZlebelia,<br />
RmrTismSobeli iyos “qalwulisagan Sobili” (gv. 490),<br />
radganac es epiTeti mxolod qristes ekuTvnis; SeuZlebelia,<br />
RmrTismSobeli moixsenebodes “yovelTa saukuneTa<br />
Semoqmedad” (gv. 491); ase mxolod RmerTs moixsenieben wmida<br />
werilni, da a. S.<br />
“macxovris epiTetebSicaa” Sereuli iseTi wodebani,<br />
romelsac nebismieri saeklesio mwerali (da, ra Tqma unda,<br />
giorgi mTawmidelic) mkrexelobad anu eresad CaTvlida.<br />
saxeldobr, sabelianuri mwvalebloba anu antitrinitarizmia<br />
macxovris moxsenieba “samebad ganuyofelad”, “samebad<br />
erTarsebad”, “samebiT da erTarsebiT qebulad”, “sa-
gamoxmaureba 355<br />
mebad, samguamovnebiT ganuyofelad” (gv. 494). aseve, qristes<br />
gankacebis (ganxorcielebis) uaryofas amoikiTxavda<br />
“u£orco RmerTad” (gv. 495) qristes moxseniebaSi nebismieri<br />
gadamweri, araTu iseTi didebuli mTargmneli, rogoric<br />
giorgi mTawmideli iyo, da a. S. amitomac, SeuZlebelia,<br />
“TvenSi” aseTi epiTetebiT ixseniebodes qriste. romeli<br />
troparebidan amokriba mkvlevarma es “epiTetebi”, ver<br />
vityviT (samwuxarod, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, epiTetebis<br />
saZiebels wyaroTa miTiTeba ar axlavs).<br />
Tuki amgvari Secdomebisagan gaiwmindeba “epiTetebis<br />
saZiebeli”, daerTveba wyaroTa miTiTeba (rogorc Tvenis<br />
troparebis, aseve bibliuri wyaroebisa) da Seivseba, vfiqrobT,<br />
aseTi saxiT igi humanitaruli dargis yvela specialistisaTvis<br />
sasargeblo naSromad gardaiqmneba.
gaga lomiZe<br />
interteqstualuri anu globalisturi kritika<br />
zaza SaTiriSvili, galaktionis poetika<br />
da ritorika: 1915-1927, Tb.: logos<br />
presi, 2004, 209 gv.<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi zaza SaTiriSvilis <strong>wignis</strong> _ “galaktionis<br />
poetika da ritorikis” _ mniSvneloba, albaT,<br />
emociuri damokidebulebidan ufro metad racionalurSi<br />
gadaizarda, _ anu im sakiTxebis gaazrebasa da SefasebaSi,<br />
rac am naSromSia ganxiluli. da es imis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
Tu gavixsenebT, rom <strong>wignis</strong> gamoqveynebamde, periodul gamocemebSi<br />
statiebis saxiT dabeWdili naSromis fragmentebi<br />
akademiur wreebSi erTgvar gaognebas Tu dabneulobas<br />
iwvevda. SesaZloa, wlebis win imave akademiuri wreebisTvis<br />
uCveulo iyo Tanamedrove literaturismcodneobiTi<br />
leqsikiT Tavisufali operireba, an iqneb ucnauri eCvenebodaT<br />
globaluri perspeqtividan danaxuli sakiTxebi da<br />
maTi masStaburi analizi. am TvalsazrisiT, iqneb zaza Sa-<br />
TiriSvilis “galaktionis poetika da ritorika” amboxad<br />
Tu ara, erTgvar revoluciad mainc miviCnioT qarTul<br />
literaturismcodneobaSi. marTlac, galaktionis Semoqmedebis<br />
kvleva-analizi, garkveulwilad, TiTqos iribi,<br />
SemovliTi gzaa da imis sababi xdeba, rom mkvlevari sxva,<br />
ufro globaluri, zogadkulturuli sakiTxebis analizze<br />
gadavides.<br />
Tuki SevTanxmdebiT, rom interteqstualuri kvleva,<br />
konkretul Teoriul praqtikasTan Tu kvlevis strategiasTan<br />
erTad, sxvadasxva kulturebs Soris saerTos aRmo-<br />
Cenis mcdelobacaa, maSin isic SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom amgvari<br />
kvleva globalizaciis erTgvari gamovlinebaa. interteqstualoba<br />
SemTxveviT ar gvixsenebia, vinaidan zaza Sa-<br />
TiriSvilis wignSi swored interteqstualuri praqtikaa<br />
is xerxi, romliTac avtori, erTi mxriv, galaktionis mi-<br />
356
gamoxmaureba 357<br />
marTebas gansazRvravs mis winamorbed avtorebTan da gansakuTrebiT<br />
“vefxistyaosanTan”, _ rogorc <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovan teqstTan. meore mxriv, sxvadasxva<br />
epoqaSi “vefxistyaosnis” recefciis sakiTxi iqceva<br />
imis winapirobad, rom rusTavelis poemis recefciis fonze,<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis istoriaSi erTgvari diskursuli<br />
praqtikebi gamoyos (es sakiTxi SemdgomSi zaza SaTiriSvilma<br />
daamuSava Tavis wignSi “narativis apologia”). ufro<br />
farTo konteqstis damuSavebis gareSe ki, cxadia, SeuZlebelia<br />
romelime konkretuli sakiTxis analizi.<br />
Tuki kvlevis meTodebs movniSnavT, galaktionis Semoqmedebis<br />
zaza SaTiriSviliseuli analizisas, aq upirvelesad<br />
unda vaxsenoT, erTi mxriv, harold blumis naSromSi _ “gavlenis<br />
SiSi” _ Camoyalibebuli postulatebi, sadac momdevno<br />
xanis poetze winamorbedis (am SemTxvevaSi galaktonze<br />
akakis gavlena) froidistul aspeqtSia ganxiluli; meore<br />
mxriv, avtoris analizs safuZvlad udevs maikl rifateriseuli<br />
“interteqstis” Teoria. calkeul leqsTa Tematurma<br />
analizma ki, SesaZloa, Tavisi aluziurobiT baxtiniseuli<br />
dialoguri kritika mogvagonos, xolo aporiulobiT _<br />
poststruqturalisturi Tu dekonstruqtivistuli praqtikebi<br />
(ufro pol de maniseuli). galaktionis teqstebis<br />
poeturi figurebis “gamowvlilviTi analizis” (kliford<br />
gircis termini rom moviSvelioT) paralelurad, mkvlevari<br />
sagulisxmo teqstologiur dazustebebsac gvTavazobs.<br />
Tumca yvelaze mniSvnelovani, albaT, galaktionis poeziis<br />
invariantuli motivebis saSualebiT, qronologiuri mimdevrobiT<br />
dasazRvruli periodebia _ galaktionis poezia<br />
“artistul yvavilebamde”, anu akakis epigonobamde; “artistuli<br />
yvavilebidan” 1927 wlamde, rodesac poeti “da-<br />
Rupuli mamis” Crdils Tavs aRwevs da wina planze gamodis<br />
“me” (sxvadasxva variaciebiT, maT Soris formulirebiT _<br />
“mefe”); da 1928 wlidan 1958 wlamde _ galaktionis “meore<br />
dabadeba”, rodesac poeti “axali rusTavelis” statusis<br />
moipovebas cdilobs. amgvari analizi alag-alag gajerebulia<br />
fsiqoanalitikuri kritikis, gansakuTrebiT lakaniseuli<br />
Teoriis aluziebiT, sadac poetis “meore rusTavelad”<br />
Camoyalibebis safexurebi pirovnebis formirebis<br />
froidistul models mogvagonebs. am STabeWdilebas kidev<br />
ufro amZafrebs bartis “S/Z”-s kvalad gaanalizebuli<br />
poetis saxeli galak(/q)tioni, riTac, erTgvari fsiqoanalitikuri<br />
konturebiT, galaktionis fsiqologiuri portreti<br />
iqmneba. amasTanave, avtori arcTu iSviaTad analizs<br />
lakonur da zust definicias urTavs.
358 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
amitomac SemTxveviTi araa, rom zaza SaTiriSvilis am<br />
naSromSi ama Tu im mosazrebam SemdgomSi sxvadasxva mkvlevaris<br />
mier galaktionis teqstebis romelime konkretuli<br />
kuTxiT Seswavlas misca gezi _ iqneba es “nikorwminda”,<br />
rogorc arqiteqturuli Zeglis xelaxla Seqmnis motivi<br />
Tu galaktionis narcisistuli ritorika, romelic misi<br />
hipertrofirebuli “me”-s saxiT vlindeba.<br />
amis Semdeg wignSi ganxilulia qarTul kulturaSi<br />
paradigmaTa cvlis sakiTxi “vefxistyaosnis” recefciis<br />
safuZvelze, sadac naCvenebia, rogor icvleba rusTavelis<br />
poemis Sefasebis kriteriumebi. avtoris TqmiT, XVI-XVIII<br />
saukuneebSi “vefxistyaosani” ganixileboda, rogorc oden<br />
fiqciuri narativi; XIX saukunidan ki _ rogorc nacionaluri<br />
narativi, romelsac “ori urTierTgadaWdobili<br />
da daucilebeli ganzomileba aqvs: pirveli _ esqatologiur-mesianisturia,<br />
romelic gmirsa da mxsnels momavalSi<br />
moelis, xolo meore _ “dakargul samoTxeze”, anu Tamaris<br />
droindel “oqros xanaze” mogviTxrobs, romelic Soreul<br />
warsulSi iyo”.<br />
<strong>wignis</strong> boloTqma eTmoba <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturisTvis manamde<br />
gamoukvlev _ saliteraturo kanonis sakiTxs, sadac<br />
avtori, harold blumis “dasavluri kanonis” kvalad, qar-<br />
Tuli saliteraturo kanonis formulirebas gvTavazobs:<br />
“<strong>qarTuli</strong> saliteraturo kanoni sam periods moicavs: XVI-<br />
XVIII ss. _ anu klasikuri kanoni, XIX s. _ nacionaluri kanoni,<br />
XX s. _ axali kanoni”.<br />
rac Seexeba <strong>wignis</strong> garegan mxares, vrceli SeniSvnebi, bibliografia<br />
da saxelTa da Tematuri saZieblebi naSromis<br />
akademiurobis kidev erTi maniSnebelia, rac, samwuxarod,<br />
aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi, qarTul literaturismcodneobaSi<br />
ugulebelyofili iyo.<br />
Tuki “galaktionis ritorikas da poetikas” struqturuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT, advilad davinaxavT<br />
froidistul models, romelic aq galaktionis Semoqmedebis<br />
da misi pirovnebis Seswavlis qvakuTxedad iqceva. Tumca,<br />
Tu gansxvavebuli perspeqtividan SevxedavT, zaza Sa-<br />
TiriSvilis naSromSi, sadac “vefxistyaosnis” recefciis<br />
mixedviT, <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis paradigmaTa cvla ikiTxeba,<br />
igive froidistuli modeli SegviZlia movargoT kulturis<br />
ganviTarebis sakiTxs da is ganvixiloT, rogorc mudmivad<br />
zrdadi erTeuli, romelic pirovnebis msgavsad yalibdeba.<br />
swored imave fsiqoanalitikuri interpretaciidan gamomdinare,<br />
es saetapo mniSvnelobis wigni erTsa da imave
gamoxmaureba 359<br />
dros SeiZleba wavikiTxoT, rogorc “igi”-dan “me”-s stadiaze<br />
gadasvla _ <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis “TviTSemecneba”; da<br />
rogorc “me”-dan “ze-me”-Si gadasvla _ sxvis mier Cveni kulturis<br />
aRiarebis moTxovnileba. miT umetes, rom interteqstualuri<br />
kvleva sxva araferia, Tu ara globalizaciis<br />
procesSi CarTvis erT-erTi gamovlineba, an rogorc iulia<br />
kristeva werda “interteqstualobis istoriaSi” interteqstualobis<br />
cnebis Sesaxeb: “vfiqrob, dReisTvis yvelaze<br />
efeqturi iqneboda, dagveviwyebina yovelive is, rasTanac<br />
am koncepts Cven, literaturis Teoretikosebi vakavSirebT<br />
– anu oden literaturis analizi, da misi SesaZleblobebis<br />
gansxvavebuli kuTxiT, ufro farTo perspeqtiviT<br />
danaxva dagvewyo”.
qronika<br />
“literaturaTmcodneobis<br />
Tanamedrove problemebi”<br />
II saerTaSoriso simpoziumi<br />
2008 wlis 16-18 dekembers SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
literaturis institutSi Catarda meore saerTaSoriso<br />
simpoziumi _ “literaturaTmcodneobis Tanamedrove<br />
problemebi”. Tavdapirvelad simpoziumis TariRad<br />
ivaraudeboda seqtemberi, magram agvistos omis gamo Tavyriloba<br />
zamTris dasawyisisaTvis gadaido. simpoziumis<br />
farglebSi Catarda, agreTve, Tematuri samecniero konferencia<br />
_ “sulxan-saba orbeliani da <strong>qarTuli</strong> evropeizmi:<br />
literatura, kultura, cnobiereba”.<br />
saerTaSoriso simpoziumis sazeimo gaxsnis ceremonia<br />
gaimarTa 16 dekembers <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis institutis<br />
sxdomaTa darbazSi. gaxsnas eswrebodnen ganaTlebisa<br />
da mecnierebis saministros, mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis,<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis, ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis,<br />
rusTavelis <strong>fondi</strong>s, sxva akademiur dawesebulebaTa<br />
warmomadgenlebi.<br />
gaxsnis ceremoniaze Sesavali sityviT gamovida da simpoziumi<br />
gaxsnilad gamoacxada SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
literaturis institutis direqtorma, simpoziumis<br />
saorganizacio komitetis Tavmjdomarem, profesorma irma<br />
ratianma, Semdgom simpoziumis muSaobis dawyebas miesalmnen<br />
mowveuli stumrebi. plenarul sxdomaze moxseneba waikiTxa<br />
profesorma rusudan canavam.<br />
simpoziumSi monawileobis misaRebad saorganizacio<br />
komitetSi Sesuli orasze meti ganacxadidan saeqsperto<br />
komisiis mier SeirCa 123 moxseneba. sabolood, simpoziumze<br />
moxsenebiT wardgnen SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
literaturis institutis, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis, ilia WavWava-<br />
Zis saxelmwifo universitetis, akaki wereTlis saxelobis<br />
quTaisis universitetis, SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis<br />
361
362 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
baTumis universitetis, iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis<br />
Telavis universitetis, goris saxelmwifo universitetis,<br />
giorgi wereTlis aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis,<br />
xelnawerTa erovnuli centris, aseve, azerbaijanis,<br />
ukrainis, latviis, bulgareTis, germaniis, Sveicariis,<br />
aSS-is, ruseTis samecniero da sauniversiteto dawesebulebaTa<br />
warmomadgenlebi. politikuri mdgomareobis<br />
miuxedavad, ucxoel monawileTa mniSvnelovanma nawilma<br />
moaxerxa Camosvla da simpoziumSi monawileoba. 16<br />
dekembris 14 saaTidan 18 dekembris saRamomde II saer-<br />
TaSoriso simpoziumis seqciebis muSaoba paralelurad<br />
mimdinareobda <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis institutis oTx<br />
samuSao darbazSi.<br />
simpoziumze muSaobda Svidi seqcia: teqstis komparativistuli<br />
analizi da kulturis tipologia; interkulturuli<br />
komunikaciebi; miTosi, rituali, simbolo; medievistika;<br />
Tanamedrove literaturuli procesebi; romanis sazRvrebi;<br />
teqsti da mkiTxveli. amas garda, gaimarTa ramdenime mrgvali<br />
magida Temebze: mxatvruli saxis funqciuri modelebi<br />
teqstSi; XX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis literaturuli<br />
procesebi. sul mTlianad Catarda ocdaxuTi sxdoma.<br />
simpoziumis daxurvis ceremoniali gaimarTa <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
literaturis institutis sxdomaTa darbazSi 18 dekembers,<br />
19 saaTze.<br />
simpoziumis dawyebamde gamoica programa da Tezisebi<br />
(qarTul da inglisur enebze). ivaraudeba simpoziumis masalebis<br />
calke wignad gamoqveyneba.<br />
Semdgomi, III saerTaSoriso simpoziumis _ “literaturaTmcodneobis<br />
Tanamedrove problemebis” _ Catareba momavali<br />
wlis Semodgomaze igegmeba.<br />
“sulxan-saba orbeliani da <strong>qarTuli</strong> evropeizmi:<br />
literatura, kultura, cnobiereba”<br />
Tematuri samecniero konferencia<br />
2008 wels Sesrulda 350 weli sulxan-saba orbelianis<br />
dabadebidan. am TariRTan dakavSirebiT SoTa rusTavelis<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis institutSi 16-18 dekembers Catarda<br />
Tematuri konferencia “sulxan-saba orbeliani da<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> evropeizmi: literatura, kultura, cnobiereba”<br />
(konferencia daafinansa rusTavelis fondma). am kon-
qrinika 363<br />
ferenciis muSaoba warimarTeboda literaturaTmcodneobis<br />
II saerTaSoriso simpoziumis _ “literaturaTmcodneobis<br />
Tanamedrove problemebis” _ farglebSi.<br />
Tematur konferenciaSi monawileobis misaRebad saorganizacio<br />
komitetSi Sevida 38 gancxadeba, romelTagan<br />
saeqsperto komisiis mier SeirCa 27 moxseneba. konferenciis<br />
muSaobaSi monawileobdnen SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
literaturis institutis, arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis<br />
institutis, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />
institutis, politologiisa da filosofiis institutis<br />
TanamSromlebi, aseve, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis<br />
saxelmwifo universitetis, ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis, akaki wereTlis saxelobis quTaisis<br />
saxelmwifo universitetis warmomadgenlebi.<br />
Tematuri samecniero konferencia muSaobda eqvs seqciad.<br />
literaturis istoriisa da Teoriis mkvlevrebma,<br />
folkloristebma, lingvistebma, istorikosebma da filosofosebma<br />
ganixiles mwerlisa da moRvawis cxovrebisa da<br />
Semoqmedebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi _ misi literaturuli<br />
Tu leqsikografiuli moRvaweoba, misi mimarTeba sxva literaturul<br />
teqstebTan, elCoba evropaSi.<br />
konferenciisaTvis daibeWda programa da Tezisebi.<br />
uaxloes xanSi dagegmilia konferenciis masalebis gamocema.<br />
leqsmcodneobis II samecniero sesia<br />
2008 wlis 28 maiss SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis<br />
institutSi Catarda leqsmcodneobis meore samecniero<br />
sesia (pirveli sesia Catarda 2007 wlis gazafxulze).<br />
es samecniero sesiebi agrZelebs leqsmcodneobis<br />
aqtualuri sakiTxebis kvlevis im tradiciebs,<br />
romlebsac safuZveli Caeyara ramdenime aTeuli wlis win:<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis cnobili mkvlevris, akaki xinTibiZis,<br />
TaosnobiT sistematurad tardeboda samecniero seminarebi,<br />
romlebSic monawileobdnen leqsmcodneobis rogorc<br />
qarTveli, aseve rusi specialistebi.<br />
2008 wlis samecniero sesia mieZRvna ana kalandaZis<br />
xsovnas. saxelganTqmuli qarTveli poetis Semoqmedeba<br />
ganxiluli iyo Suqia afridoniZis, Tea beriZis, manana gelaSvilis,<br />
qeTevan enuqiZis, manana kakabaZis, Tamar paiWaZis,<br />
akaki xinTibiZis, marika jiqias moxsenebebSi.
364 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
apolon silagaZem warmoadgina Tavisi leqsmcodneobiTi<br />
koncefciis zogierTi axali aspeqti; Tamar lomiZis<br />
moxseneba miznad isaxavda dasabuTebas, rom iuri<br />
tinianovis mier leqsis TeoriaSi Semotanili analitikuri<br />
terminologia SemuSavda ferdinand de sosiuris<br />
Teoriis ZiriTadi konceptebis safuZvelze da maTi<br />
analogiiT, rac, erTgvarad, xels uwyobs am terminologiis<br />
adekvatur interpretacias; irine meliqiSvilma<br />
ganixila galaktionis Sedevris _ `qari hqris~ _<br />
bgerweriTi struqtura; sofio mujirma daaxasiaTa enis<br />
fonetikuri, akustikuri da vizualuri ganzomilebebi<br />
e.w. “konkretul poeziaSi”; levan bregaZem daaxasiaTa<br />
rostom erisTavis ori galeqsili epistolis teqstebis<br />
versifikaciuli da poetikuri Taviseburebani; venera<br />
kavTiaSvilis moxsenebaSi ganxiluli iyo germanuli xalxuri<br />
formis _ knitelversisa da germanuli hegzametris<br />
versifikacia; XX saukunis sparseli poeti qalis,<br />
foruy faroxzadis, Semoqmedebis ZiriTad tendenciebze<br />
isaubra giorgi lobJaniZem; naira bepievam ganixila<br />
arqauli osuri xmiT natirlebis versifikaciis problemebi;<br />
nino popiaSvilma gaaanaliza pirveli osi poetis,<br />
TemirbolaT mamsurovis, poeziis versifikacia da<br />
poetika.<br />
mogvianebiT sesiis masalebi SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
literaturis institutma calke wignad gamosca (redaqtori<br />
_ Tamar barbaqaZe).<br />
ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
humanitarul mecnierebaTa<br />
da kulturis kvlevebis fakultetis<br />
sulxan-saba orbelianis seminari<br />
2008 wlis martSi ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
humanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebis<br />
fakultetze Seiqmna sulxan-saba orbelianis seminari,<br />
romelsac xelmZRvanelobs profesori merab RaRaniZe. seminarze<br />
ivaraudeba filologiuri problematikis moxsenebebis<br />
mosmena da ganxilva.<br />
seminaris sxdomebze universitetis profesorebma waiki-<br />
Txes moxsenebebi, romelTa Semdeg imarTeboda diskusiebi:
qrinika 365<br />
26 marti, 2008 _ merab RaRaniZe<br />
ilia WavWavaZe da “romis sakiTxi”<br />
2 aprili, 2008 _ qeTevan bezaraSvili<br />
versifikaciisa da hermenevtikuli gramatikis ganmarteba<br />
bizantiur da qarTul wyaroebSi<br />
16 aprili, 2008 _ Tamar lomiZe<br />
feris mxatvruli gaazreba nikoloz baraTaSvilis<br />
poeziaSi<br />
19 maisi, 2008 _ nino doborjginiZe<br />
enaTa klasifikaciis nusxebi gvianantikurobis religiur<br />
istoriografiaSi (cnobebi qarTveluri enebis<br />
Sesaxeb)<br />
28 maisi, 2008 _ Suqia afridoniZe<br />
poeturi mimarTva
avtorebi<br />
afridoniZe Suqia _ enaTmecnieri; ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis profesori, arnold Ciqobavas<br />
enaTmecnierebis institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli;<br />
avtoria wignebisa: “sityvaTganlageba axal qarTulSi”<br />
(1986), “Cveni ena <strong>qarTuli</strong>” (2002), TanaSemdgeneli didi<br />
qarTul-inglisuri leqsikonisa or tomad (2006).<br />
bezaraSvili qeTevan _ filologi; ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis profesori, xelnawerTa erovnuli<br />
centris mecnieri TanamSromeli; avtoria <strong>wignis</strong>a:<br />
“ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika” (2004),<br />
gamoqveynebuli aqvs grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa<br />
Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebi (t. I-V) seriiT: Corpus<br />
Christianorum: Corpus Nazianzenum (1998-2007).<br />
dauSvili rusudan _ istorikosi; ivane javaxiSvilis<br />
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisa da<br />
ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis miwveuli<br />
profesori, zaqaria faliaSvilis saxelobis operisa da<br />
baletis saxelmwifo Teatris muzeumis gamge; gamoqveynebuli<br />
aqvs wignebi: “qarTveli mrewvelebi da gamomgoneblebi<br />
amerikaSi” (2002), “evropuli saistorio Txzulebebi<br />
XIX saukunis II naxevris saqarTveloSi” (2003),<br />
`<strong>qarTuli</strong> emigracia 1921-1938 wlebSi~ (2007) da sxv.<br />
doborjginiZe nino _ filologi; ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis profesori; avtoria <strong>wignis</strong>a: “Die<br />
georgische Sprache im Mittelalter. Das Selbstverständnis der georgischen<br />
Väter zwischen Beharrung und Neuerung” (2009), statiebisa<br />
Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> mTargmnelobiTi tradiciisa da <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
enis istoriuli sociolingvistikis Sesaxeb.<br />
evgeniZe iuza _ literaturismcodne; ivane javaxiSvilis<br />
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori;<br />
gamoqveynebuli aqvs monografiebi: “<strong>qarTuli</strong> romantizmis<br />
sakiTxebi” (1982), “vaJa-fSavela” (1989), “grigol<br />
orbeliani” (1995) da sxv.<br />
367
368 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
elbaqiZe maka _ filologi; ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori, SoTa<br />
rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis institutis direqtoris<br />
moadgile; gamoqveynebuli aqvs wigni: “vefxistyaosnis<br />
poetikis zogierTi sakiTxi Suasaukuneebis<br />
frangul raindul romanTan tipologiur mimarTebaSi”<br />
(2005, 2007).<br />
kiknaZe zurab _ filologi, aRmosavleTmcodne; ilia<br />
WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori; gamoqveynebuli<br />
aqvs wignebi: “Suamdinaruli miTologia”<br />
(1976, 1979, 2006), “<strong>qarTuli</strong> miTologia. I. jvari da saymo”<br />
(1996), “xuTwigneulis Targmaneba” (2004), “<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
folklori” (2008) da sxv.<br />
koWlamazaSvili eqvTime _ filologi, kulturis istorikosi;<br />
ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori;<br />
gamocemuli aqvs wignebi: “pavles epistoleTa<br />
ganmarteba” (2003), “SiomRvimis tipikoni” (2006) da sxv.<br />
lebaniZe guram _ filologi; ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis profesori; gamoqveeynebuli aqvs wignebi:<br />
“dasavleTi” (2000), “kulturologiis safuZvlebi” (2004),<br />
“siRrmeTa dialogi da «tragikuli tradicia»” (2006).<br />
lomiZe gaga _ literaturismcodne; SoTa rusTavelis<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis institutis ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli;<br />
gamoqveynebuli aqvs statiebi literaturis<br />
Teoriisa da <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis Sesaxeb, agreTve,<br />
Targmanebi: piter biorki, “renesansi” (2001), iuri lotmani,<br />
“kultura da afeTqeba” (2004).<br />
lomiZe Tamar _ literaturismcodne; ilia WavWavaZis<br />
saxelmwifo universitetis profesori, SoTa rusTavelis<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli;<br />
gamoqveynebuli aqvs wigni: “<strong>qarTuli</strong> riTmis<br />
istoriidan” (1988).<br />
loria kaxaber _ literaturismcodne; ivane javaxiSvilis<br />
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
profesori, amave universitetis skandinavistikis centris<br />
xelmZRvaneli; gamoqveynebuli aqvs monografia<br />
“mowodebac da movaleobac: rezo WeiSvilis Semoqmedeba”<br />
(2005).
avtorebi 369<br />
marsagiSvili rezo _ lingvisti; ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis profesori; gamoqveynebuli aqvs<br />
statiebi inglisuri enis Teoriis Sesaxeb.<br />
menabde darejan _ filologi; SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
literaturis institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli; gamoqveynebuli<br />
naSromebi Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturisa da<br />
qarTul-rusul literaturul urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb.<br />
niSnianiZe rusudan _ filologi; ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori;<br />
gamoqveynebuli aqvs wignebi: “XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
literaturis istoriidan” (2000), “saqarTvelo samans<br />
aqeT... da samans iqiT”, w. I-II (2005), “Sexvedrebi” (2008).<br />
oTxmezuri Tamar _ filologi; xelnawerTa erovnuli<br />
centris mecnieri TanamSromeli; aris avtori <strong>wignis</strong>a:<br />
“Pseudo-Nonniani in IV orationes Gregorii Nazianzeni commentarii”<br />
(2002), gamoqveynebuli aqvs grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa<br />
komentarebis Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebi (t.<br />
I-IV) seriiT: Corpus Christianorum: Corpus Nazianzenum (1998-<br />
2004).<br />
omiaZe salome _ filologi; ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori;<br />
gamoqveynebuli aqvs naSromebi <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis stilistikisa<br />
da lingvokulturologiis sakiTxTa Sesaxeb.<br />
ratiani irma _ literaturismcodne; ivane javaxiSvilis<br />
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori,<br />
SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis institutis<br />
direqtori; gamoqveynebuli aqvs wignebi: “qronotopi<br />
antiutopiur romanSi: esqatologiuri antiutopiis<br />
interpretaciisaTvis” (2005), “qronotopi ilia<br />
WavWavaZis prozaSi” (2006).<br />
rafava maia _ filologi; xelnawerTa eronuli centris<br />
mecnieri TanamSromeli; gamoqveynebuli aqvs wignebi:<br />
ioane damaskelis “dialeqtika” (1976), “amonios ermisis<br />
Txzulebebi qarTul mwerlobaSi” (1984), “S. Gregorii Nazianzeni<br />
opera: Versio Iberica I-V” (TanavtorobiT; 1998-2007).<br />
sayvareliZe nino _ filologi, Teologi; miunxenis ludvig-maqsimilianis<br />
universitetis marTlmadidebluri
370 waxnagi 1.2009<br />
Teologiis institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, trieris<br />
liturgikuli institutis mecnieri mkvlevari; gamoqveynebuli<br />
aqvs statiebi aRmosavluri patristikis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
sulava nestan _ filologi; axalcixis saxelmwifo institutis<br />
profesori; gamoqveynebuli aqvs wignebi: “XII-<br />
XIII saukuneebis <strong>qarTuli</strong> himnografia” (2003), “<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
himnografia: tradicia da poetika” (2006), gamocemuli<br />
aqvs nikoloz gulaberisZis Txzulebani (2007).<br />
firaliSvili zaza _ filosofosi; ivane javaxiSvilis<br />
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori;<br />
gamoqveynebuli aqvs wignebi: “mcire eri da istoriuli<br />
perspeqtiva” (1995), “i. g. fixtes fausturi an-<br />
Tropologia” (2002), “<strong>qarTuli</strong> politikis Teatraluri<br />
dialeqtika” (2007) da sxv.<br />
fircxalava nino _ literaturismcodne, kulturologi;<br />
ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori;<br />
gamoqveynebuli aqvs naSromebi SedarebiTi literaturismcodneobisa<br />
da kulturis kvlevebis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.<br />
fruiZe nana _ literaturismcodne; ivane javaxiSvilis<br />
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
miwveuli profesori, SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis<br />
institutis TanamSromeli; gamoqveynebuli<br />
aqvs wignebi: “akaki wereTlis mxatvruli prozis problematika<br />
da struqtura” (1999), “akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa<br />
mxatvruli specifikisa da SemoqmedebiTi istoriis<br />
sakiTxebi” (2005) da sxv.<br />
qurdaZe ramaz _ lingvisti; ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori;<br />
gamoqveynebuli aqvs wignebi: “xmovanmonacvle zmnebi<br />
Tanamedrove qarTulSi” (2005), “svanuri ena” (2007; TanaavtorobiT).<br />
RaRaniZe merab _ literaturismcodne, kulturisa da religiis<br />
istorikosi; ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
profesori, qristianuli Teologiisa da<br />
kulturis centris xelmZRvaneli; gamoqveynebuli aqvs<br />
monografia “sinamdvile da warmosaxva daviT guramiS-
avtorebi 371<br />
vilis «mxiarul zafxulSi»” (2002) da statiebis krebulebi:<br />
“imedisa da rwmenis gzaze” (2003), “wvdomisa da<br />
gamoxatvis ostatoba” (2004).<br />
wifuria bela _ literaturismcodne; ilia WavWavaZis<br />
saxelmwifo universitetis profesori; gamoqveynebuli<br />
aqvs statiebi XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis Sesaxeb.<br />
xaCiZe lela _ filologi; ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori; gamoqveynebuli<br />
aqvs wignebi: “ioane minCxis poezia” (1987),<br />
“<strong>qarTuli</strong> qristianuli kulturis istoriidan” (2000),<br />
“Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> mTargmnelobiTi xelovnebis Sesaxeb”<br />
(2005).
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>wignis</strong> <strong>mxardaWeris</strong> <strong>fondi</strong><br />
“memkvidreoba”<br />
1. Tamaz Cxenkeli, tragikuli niRbebi, Tb., 2009.<br />
2. waxnagi: filologiur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli, 1. 2009,<br />
Tb., 2009.