Borri v Argentina, Request for a ruling on jurisdiction, No 11225 ...

Borri v Argentina, Request for a ruling on jurisdiction, No 11225 ... Borri v Argentina, Request for a ruling on jurisdiction, No 11225 ...

geneva.academy.ch
from geneva.academy.ch More from this publisher
16.11.2013 Views

ong>Borriong> v ong>Argentinaong>, ong>Requestong> ong>forong> a ong>rulingong> on jurisdiction, No 11225; ILDC 296 (IT 2005) 88 Rivista di diritto internazionale 856 (2005) (in Italian); 27 May 2005 Parties: Luca ong>Borriong> ong>Argentinaong> Date of Decision: 27 May 2005 Jurisdiction/Arbitral Institution/Court: Italy, Court of Cassation, all civil sections Judges/Arbitrators: V Carbone (President of the court); G Olla; A Vella; E Papa; A Elefante; E Lupo; V Proto; F Miani Canevari; MR Morelli Procedural Stage: ong>Requestong> ong>forong> a ong>rulingong> on jurisdiction OUP Reference: ILDC 296 (IT 2005) Subject(s): Human rights – Immunities – Statehood, jurisdiction of states, organs of states Keyword(s): Human rights, gross violations – Immunity from jurisdiction – Immunity from jurisdiction, relative – Immunity from jurisdiction, states Core Issue(s) Whether the issuance of state bonds and subsequent legislative acts extending the term of interest payment on account of a situation of national public emergency fell within acta iure imperii and thus required state immunity. Facts F1 Luca ong>Borriong>, an Italian citizen, had purchased €183,000 worth of ‘global bonds’ issued by ong>Argentinaong> that had been sold on the market of New York in 1998. In July 2002, after ong>Argentinaong> had passed Laws 25,561 and 25,565 of 2002, 25,725, 25,820 and 25,827 of 2003) aimed at extending the term of interest payment as a result of a major economic crisis, Mr ong>Borriong> requested and obtained from the justice of the peace of Florence (giudice di pace di Firenze) injunctions requiring ong>Argentinaong> to pay a sum of money (€500 ong>forong> each injunction) as a fraction of the total amount due, under Article 1186 of the Civil Code (Italy) which is applicable to insolvency of debtors. The original term of payment was April 2008. F2 ong>Argentinaong> opposed the injunctions by claiming state immunity from jurisdiction under international law. The issue of jurisdiction was brought beong>forong>e the Court of Cassation ong>forong> a preliminary ong>rulingong>. ong>Argentinaong> advanced three main arguments in support of its claim ong>forong> state immunity: (i) because the proceedings concerned state bonds whose extension in interest payment stemmed from domestic laws that were based on reasons of public interest; (ii) because a provision of the Rules governing the bonds (Article 22) attributed jurisdiction to the courts either of New York or of ong>Argentinaong>; and (iii) because there was no link with Italian jurisdiction under the Law No 218 of 31 May 1995 (Italy) on the conflict of laws. F3 Mr ong>Borriong> claimed that the issuance of bonds by ong>Argentinaong> and their sale on the market was private in character and could be subjected to the Italian jurisdiction. Moreover, Mr ong>Borriong> argued that the Italian jurisdiction was based on the Brussels Convention of 27 September 1968 on Jurisdiction and the Enong>forong>cement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (‘Brussels convention’), which is binding on Italy, since the case related to a contract within the scope of the Brussels Convention. Held H1 Under general international law, ong>forong>eign state jurisdictional immunity could only be granted in respect of acts perong>forong>med iure imperii, ie sovereign acts of ong>Argentinaong>,

<str<strong>on</strong>g>Borri</str<strong>on</strong>g> v <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>Request</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> a <str<strong>on</strong>g>ruling</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>, <strong>No</strong> <strong>11225</strong>; ILDC 296 (IT<br />

2005) 88 Rivista di diritto internazi<strong>on</strong>ale 856 (2005) (in Italian); 27 May 2005 Parties:<br />

Luca <str<strong>on</strong>g>Borri</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

Date of Decisi<strong>on</strong>: 27 May 2005 Jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>/Arbitral Instituti<strong>on</strong>/Court: Italy, Court of<br />

Cassati<strong>on</strong>, all civil secti<strong>on</strong>s Judges/Arbitrators: V Carb<strong>on</strong>e (President of the court); G<br />

Olla; A Vella; E Papa; A Elefante; E Lupo; V Proto; F Miani Canevari; MR Morelli<br />

Procedural Stage: <str<strong>on</strong>g>Request</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> a <str<strong>on</strong>g>ruling</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> OUP Reference: ILDC 296 (IT<br />

2005)<br />

Subject(s): Human rights – Immunities – Statehood, jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> of states, organs of<br />

states Keyword(s): Human rights, gross violati<strong>on</strong>s – Immunity from jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> –<br />

Immunity from jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>, relative – Immunity from jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>, states Core Issue(s)<br />

Whether the issuance of state b<strong>on</strong>ds and subsequent legislative acts extending the<br />

term of interest payment <strong>on</strong> account of a situati<strong>on</strong> of nati<strong>on</strong>al public emergency fell<br />

within acta iure imperii and thus required state immunity.<br />

Facts<br />

F1 Luca <str<strong>on</strong>g>Borri</str<strong>on</strong>g>, an Italian citizen, had purchased €183,000 worth of ‘global b<strong>on</strong>ds’<br />

issued by <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g> that had been sold <strong>on</strong> the market of New York in 1998. In July<br />

2002, after <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g> had passed Laws 25,561 and 25,565 of 2002, 25,725, 25,820<br />

and 25,827 of 2003) aimed at extending the term of interest payment as a result of a<br />

major ec<strong>on</strong>omic crisis, Mr <str<strong>on</strong>g>Borri</str<strong>on</strong>g> requested and obtained from the justice of the peace<br />

of Florence (giudice di pace di Firenze) injuncti<strong>on</strong>s requiring <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g> to pay a sum<br />

of m<strong>on</strong>ey (€500 <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> each injuncti<strong>on</strong>) as a fracti<strong>on</strong> of the total amount due, under<br />

Article 1186 of the Civil Code (Italy) which is applicable to insolvency of debtors.<br />

The original term of payment was April 2008.<br />

F2 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g> opposed the injuncti<strong>on</strong>s by claiming state immunity from jurisdicti<strong>on</strong><br />

under internati<strong>on</strong>al law. The issue of jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> was brought be<str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>e the Court of<br />

Cassati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> a preliminary <str<strong>on</strong>g>ruling</str<strong>on</strong>g>. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g> advanced three main arguments in<br />

support of its claim <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> state immunity: (i) because the proceedings c<strong>on</strong>cerned state<br />

b<strong>on</strong>ds whose extensi<strong>on</strong> in interest payment stemmed from domestic laws that were<br />

based <strong>on</strong> reas<strong>on</strong>s of public interest; (ii) because a provisi<strong>on</strong> of the Rules governing the<br />

b<strong>on</strong>ds (Article 22) attributed jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> to the courts either of New York or of<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g>; and (iii) because there was no link with Italian jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> under the Law<br />

<strong>No</strong> 218 of 31 May 1995 (Italy) <strong>on</strong> the c<strong>on</strong>flict of laws.<br />

F3 Mr <str<strong>on</strong>g>Borri</str<strong>on</strong>g> claimed that the issuance of b<strong>on</strong>ds by <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g> and their sale <strong>on</strong> the<br />

market was private in character and could be subjected to the Italian jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>.<br />

Moreover, Mr <str<strong>on</strong>g>Borri</str<strong>on</strong>g> argued that the Italian jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> was based <strong>on</strong> the Brussels<br />

C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong> of 27 September 1968 <strong>on</strong> Jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> and the En<str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>cement of Judgments<br />

in Civil and Commercial Matters (‘Brussels c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>’), which is binding <strong>on</strong> Italy,<br />

since the case related to a c<strong>on</strong>tract within the scope of the Brussels C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>.<br />

Held<br />

H1 Under general internati<strong>on</strong>al law, <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>eign state jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>al immunity could <strong>on</strong>ly<br />

be granted in respect of acts per<str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>med iure imperii, ie sovereign acts of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g>,


whereas acts iure gesti<strong>on</strong>is as well as acts amounting to serious violati<strong>on</strong>s of human<br />

rights by <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g> were not covered by immunity. (paragraphs 2, 4.3)<br />

H2 While the issuance of b<strong>on</strong>ds is per se ‘private’, the Argentine legislative acts<br />

extending the payment term were undeniably acta iure imperii and thus exempt from<br />

domestic jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>. (paragraphs 4, 4.2, 5)<br />

Date of Report: 31 August 2006 Reporter(s): Carlo Focarelli<br />

Analysis<br />

A1 The principle based <strong>on</strong> the distincti<strong>on</strong> between acts per<str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>med iure imperii and<br />

iure gesti<strong>on</strong>is (‘restrictive theory’ of state immunity) is invariably applied by Italian<br />

courts. Absent specific domestic legislati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>eign state jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>al immunity,<br />

such a principle is applied by Italian courts as a principle of internati<strong>on</strong>al customary<br />

law incorporated under Article 10(1) of the C<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong>, 1947 (Italy) (‘C<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong>’).<br />

A2 It follows that the most important problem <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> Italian courts was to identify state<br />

acts that were to be regarded as per<str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>med iure imperii rather than iure gesti<strong>on</strong>is. The<br />

general trend in the Italian case law was to regard acts the character of which was<br />

uncertain or questi<strong>on</strong>able as iure imperii by making reference to both their nature and<br />

purpose. Both approaches were followed in judicial practice. A compromise was<br />

reached in Article 2(2) of the United Nati<strong>on</strong>s C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> Jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>al Immunities<br />

of States and Their Property, 2 December 2004 (‘UN C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>’), whereby in<br />

determining whether a c<strong>on</strong>tract or a transacti<strong>on</strong> is a ‘commercial transacti<strong>on</strong>’ <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />

UN C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong> purposes, ‘reference should be made primarily to the nature of the<br />

transacti<strong>on</strong>, but its purpose should also be taken into account’ if the parties to the<br />

c<strong>on</strong>tract or transacti<strong>on</strong> have so agreed or if, in the practice of the state of the <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>um,<br />

that purpose is relevant to determining the n<strong>on</strong>-commercial character of the c<strong>on</strong>tract<br />

or transacti<strong>on</strong>. In the present case, the court emphasised that both the nature of the<br />

Argentine laws extending the term of payment (as nati<strong>on</strong>al budget laws) and their<br />

manifestly public purpose of safeguarding basic needs of the populati<strong>on</strong> in a situati<strong>on</strong><br />

of serious nati<strong>on</strong>al emergency were clear signs of the exercise of sovereign power.<br />

(paragraph 4.2) In drawing this c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>, the court relied <strong>on</strong> the C<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong>al<br />

Court's decisi<strong>on</strong> <strong>No</strong> 329 of 15 July 1992 affirming that all state acts aimed at<br />

extending the term of interest payment with regard to <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>eign debt are acts of state<br />

falling within its sovereign powers; as well as <strong>on</strong> its previous Decisi<strong>on</strong> <strong>No</strong> 331 of<br />

1999, where it stated that even when pecuniary claims are involved, the immunity rule<br />

applies to the extent that their assessment implies an enquiry into the sovereign<br />

powers of a <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>eign state. (paragraph 5)<br />

A3 The decisi<strong>on</strong> is particularly interesting as it stated that under internati<strong>on</strong>al law<br />

immunity can be denied when the defendant state is accused of serious violati<strong>on</strong>s of<br />

human rights. (paragraphs 2, 4.3) This was first affirmed by the Court of Cassati<strong>on</strong> in<br />

the well-known case of Ferrini, decisi<strong>on</strong> <strong>No</strong> 5044; ILDC 19 (IT 2004), 11 March<br />

2004. The noti<strong>on</strong> that <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>eign state jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>al immunity can be denied when the<br />

defendant state is accused of internati<strong>on</strong>al crimes or gross violati<strong>on</strong>s of human rights<br />

is defended by a large number of scholars, but it lacks supporting evidence in judicial<br />

practice. In the present decisi<strong>on</strong>, the Court stated that, besides acts per<str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>med iure<br />

gesti<strong>on</strong>is, a ‘further excepti<strong>on</strong>’ to the immunity rule has recently emerged when it


comes to acts affecting ‘universal values of respect <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> human dignity that transcend<br />

the interests of individual state communities’. (paragraph 2) The court emphasised<br />

that <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g>, in this case, was not accused of an internati<strong>on</strong>al crime or a gross<br />

violati<strong>on</strong> of human rights; <strong>on</strong> the c<strong>on</strong>trary, <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g> had in fact tried to protect such<br />

‘universal values of human dignity’ by enacting laws aimed at extending the term of<br />

interest payment. (paragraph 4.3) According to the Court, the infringement of<br />

pecuniary rights of <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>eign nati<strong>on</strong>als does not amount to a violati<strong>on</strong> of ‘universal<br />

values of human dignity’ which justify the ‘excepti<strong>on</strong>al’ derogati<strong>on</strong> from the<br />

immunity rule. (paragraph 4.3) Thus, in the Court's view, <strong>on</strong>ly serious violati<strong>on</strong>s of<br />

human rights could allow a nati<strong>on</strong>al court to deny state jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>al immunity, while<br />

the infringement of pecuniary rights does not fall within such serious violati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />

Overall, the Court seems to suggest that the seriousness of the human rights involved<br />

is the ultimate criteri<strong>on</strong>, at least in the present case, to decide whether state immunity<br />

should be granted or not. To this end, a balance is somehow struck between the basic<br />

human rights (of the defendant state's citizens) protected by the laws extending the<br />

term of interest payment and the human rights (of the b<strong>on</strong>d purchasers) infringed by<br />

them. It is apparently the purpose of, and the need <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>, protecti<strong>on</strong> of basic human<br />

rights that makes a state act into an act iure imperii, whereas a state b<strong>on</strong>d issuance per<br />

se does not infringe human rights and falls within the category of acts iure gesti<strong>on</strong>is.<br />

Date of Analysis: 31 August 2006 Analysis by: Carlo Focarelli<br />

Decisi<strong>on</strong> – full text<br />

Fatto<br />

1. L'avvocato L.B. — che, nel giugno 2001, per il (dichiarato) complessivo importo di<br />

euro 183.000,00, aveva acquistato da B.N.L. e M<strong>on</strong>te Paschi Siena, che già li<br />

detenevano nel loro portafoglio, titoli obbligazi<strong>on</strong>ari (denominati global b<strong>on</strong>ds) c<strong>on</strong><br />

scadenza aprile 2008 e tasso di intesse annuo dell'8, 125% [come emessi, nel 1998,<br />

dalla Repubblica <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g> nello Stato di New York, quotati in Lussemburgo e poi<br />

rivenduti sul “mercato sec<strong>on</strong>dario”] — chiedeva ed otteneva, nel successivo luglio<br />

2002, decreti ingiuntivi, c<strong>on</strong> i quali il Giudice di Pace di Firenze intimava al Governo<br />

Argentino di pagare al ricorrente, per ciascun decreto, la somma di euro 500,00 (quale<br />

frazi<strong>on</strong>e del suo maggior credito di euro 183.000,00). E ciò in applicazi<strong>on</strong>e del<br />

principio (sub art. 1186 c.c. ) della “decadenza dal beneficio del termine”, applicabile<br />

quando il debitore versi in c<strong>on</strong>clamato stato di insolvenza; come nel caso, appunto,<br />

della <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g> che — in c<strong>on</strong>seguenza della grave crisi ec<strong>on</strong>omica che aveva colpito<br />

quel paese dall'inizio del 2002 — si era vista costretta a dichiarare, c<strong>on</strong> legge n. 25 del<br />

2002, la “emergenza pubblica in materia sociale, ec<strong>on</strong>omica e finanziaria”.<br />

2. La parte ingiunta si opp<strong>on</strong>eva ai provvedimenti m<strong>on</strong>itori.<br />

Stigmatizzava, in premessa, le iniziative giudiziarie del B. volte a “soddisfare i propri<br />

pretesi diritti in modo unilaterale ed a scapito della paritetica posizi<strong>on</strong>e di altre<br />

centinaia di migliaia di partecipanti al medesimo prestito obbligazi<strong>on</strong>ario. I quali nella<br />

quasi totalità, avevano «prescelto, invece, la via dell'azi<strong>on</strong>e collettiva sotto il profilo<br />

dell'intervento politico e diplomatico», in vista di «una soluzi<strong>on</strong>e globale che soddisfi<br />

in modo paritario le ragi<strong>on</strong>i di tutti gli obbligazi<strong>on</strong>isti nella misura che risulterà<br />

possibile».


— Articolava, quindi, numerosi motivi di opposizi<strong>on</strong>e, in rito e nel merito:<br />

pregiudizialmente ai quali eccepiva, per altro, il difetto di giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>e del giudice<br />

italiano. E ciò sotto il triplice profilo: a) della propria “immunità” da tale giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>e,<br />

per il principio “par in parem n<strong>on</strong> habet iurisdicti<strong>on</strong>em”, venendo nella specie<br />

propriamente in c<strong>on</strong>siderazi<strong>on</strong>e i provvedimenti statuali — l. n. 25/02 cit., d.M. n.<br />

73/02: l. n. 25/03 — c<strong>on</strong> i quali, per ragi<strong>on</strong>i di interesse pubblico, era stato disposto il<br />

differimento di pagamenti delle obbligazi<strong>on</strong>i pubbliche; b) dell'esistenza di una<br />

clausola (art. 22) del regolamento del prestito obbligazi<strong>on</strong>ario in questi<strong>on</strong>e, attributiva<br />

della giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>e ai giudici dello Stato di New York o della Repubblica <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

per qualsiasi c<strong>on</strong>troversia inerente a quei titoli (“L'<str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g> si sottoporrà<br />

irrevocabilmente alla giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>e di qualsiasi delle suddette Corti, c<strong>on</strong> riferimento a<br />

qualsiasi delle suddette azi<strong>on</strong>i legali e rinuncerà irrevocabilmente a proporre qualsiasi<br />

eccezi<strong>on</strong>e relativa al difetto di competenza di dette Corti …”); c) della inesistenza<br />

anche di alcun criterio di collegamento, dell'odierna c<strong>on</strong>troversia, alla giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>e<br />

del giudice italiano, ex lege di d.i.p. n. 218 del 1995.<br />

2. The questi<strong>on</strong> should be resolved by the applicati<strong>on</strong> of the so-called principle of<br />

“restricted or relative immunity” under customary internati<strong>on</strong>al law, incorporated into<br />

Italian law by virtue of the provisi<strong>on</strong>s of Art. 10 of the C<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong>.<br />

Under this principle, the exempti<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>eign States from civil jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> is limited<br />

to acts per<str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>med iure imperii (that is, those acts with which public State functi<strong>on</strong>s are<br />

per<str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>med) and does not extend to acts which are iure gesti<strong>on</strong>is or iure privatorum<br />

(namely acts of a private nature, which the <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>eign State carries out independently of<br />

its sovereign power, like a private citizen (cfr., ex plurimus, All Secti<strong>on</strong>s nos.<br />

2329/1989; 919/1999; 531/2000; 17087/2003).<br />

– This is the same as saying that, <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> the purposes of exempti<strong>on</strong> from the jurisdicti<strong>on</strong><br />

of nati<strong>on</strong>al courts, the c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong> of whether the applicati<strong>on</strong> made to that court is<br />

well founded requires evaluati<strong>on</strong>s, investigati<strong>on</strong>s or decisi<strong>on</strong>s which may effect or<br />

interfere with acts or behaviour which are an expressi<strong>on</strong> of the sovereign power of the<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>eign State (or the public body through which that State indirectly pursues its<br />

instituti<strong>on</strong>al purposes).<br />

– With the further limit (recently highlighted, moreover, by the value attributed to the<br />

obligati<strong>on</strong> to respect inviolable human rights as a fundamental principle of the<br />

internati<strong>on</strong>al system) under which it is agreed that even the exercise of sovereignty is<br />

not covered by immunity when it involves behaviour of a <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>eign State which is<br />

harmful to those values of universal respect <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> human dignity which transcend the<br />

interests of individual States (cfr, <strong>on</strong> this point, All Secti<strong>on</strong>s no. 5044/2004, involving<br />

a claim <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> damages c<strong>on</strong>nected to war crimes attributed to the <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>eign State against<br />

which proceedings were commenced by an Italian citizen be<str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>e a nati<strong>on</strong>al court).<br />

3. Nel giudizio così instaurato, il B. ha proposto, quindi, regolamento preventivo per<br />

far dichiarare la giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>e, invece, del giudice italiano. E ciò in ragi<strong>on</strong>e: a) della<br />

natura privatistica, e n<strong>on</strong> iure imperi, della attività svolta dalla <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g> attraverso la<br />

collocazi<strong>on</strong>e sul mercato di titoli del debito pubblico e della “irrilevanza del d.M.<br />

73/02 e della l. n. 25/03 citt. ai fini del ric<strong>on</strong>oscimento dell'autorità giudiziaria<br />

italiana”; b) della “irrilevanza dell'art. 22 del c.d. Accordo quadro”; c) della esistenza<br />

della giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>e nazi<strong>on</strong>ale in virtù del combinato disposto dell'art. 3, co. 2º, l.


218/1995 e 5, co. 2º n. 1, l. n. 804/1971, di ratifica della C<strong>on</strong>venzi<strong>on</strong>e di Bruxelles del<br />

27 settembre 1968 (per cui, in materia c<strong>on</strong>trattuale, il c<strong>on</strong>venuto può essere citato in<br />

uno degli Stati c<strong>on</strong>traenti in relazi<strong>on</strong>e al luogo ove l'obbligazi<strong>on</strong>e dedotta in giudizio è<br />

stata o deve essere eseguita).<br />

— L'intimata ha replicato c<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>troricorso.<br />

– Il P.G. presso questa Corte, nelle sue c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>i scritte, ha chiesto respingersi il<br />

ricorso c<strong>on</strong> declaratoria del difetto di giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>e del giudice italiano.<br />

3. In this case, the “relative” character of the immunity from the jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> of the<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>eign State, in that it does not extend to “iure gesti<strong>on</strong>is” acts, is in fact raised by the<br />

applicant as a foundati<strong>on</strong> of his applicati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> the establishment of the jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> of<br />

Italian courts over the Republic of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g>, in the present proceedings.<br />

This is <strong>on</strong> the basis that “the activity carried out by that State, through the placing <strong>on</strong><br />

the internati<strong>on</strong>al stock market of Public Debt securities which must be h<strong>on</strong>oured at<br />

their respective expiry dates without delay”, c<strong>on</strong>stitutes “ec<strong>on</strong>omic activity of a<br />

private law nature”, equivalent to that carried out by any other debtor which issues<br />

securities in return <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> loans and financing received from investors, this activity<br />

cannot be classified as a manifestati<strong>on</strong> of sovereign power, outside the courts powers<br />

of review.”<br />

Diritto<br />

1. Nel presente giudizio — che, in relazi<strong>on</strong>e alla nota vicenda dei b<strong>on</strong>ds argentini, n<strong>on</strong><br />

vede coinvolto alcun soggetto (istituto intermediario/autorità di vigilanza) di<br />

nazi<strong>on</strong>alità italiana, ma solo ed esclusivamente la Repubblica <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g> — il quesito<br />

pregiudiziale sulla giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>e si p<strong>on</strong>e, quindi, in relazi<strong>on</strong>e, in primo luogo, al<br />

profilo (potenzialmente di ogni altro assorbente) della sussistenza, o meno, della<br />

immunità giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>ale di quello Stato in relazi<strong>on</strong>e al rapporto dedotto in causa.<br />

2. La questi<strong>on</strong>e va risolta in applicazi<strong>on</strong>e del principio di diritto c<strong>on</strong>suetudinario<br />

internazi<strong>on</strong>ale, recepito dall'ordinamento italiano in virtù di richiamo dell'art. 10<br />

Costituzi<strong>on</strong>e: principio, c.d. della “immunità ristretta o relativa”.<br />

In virtù del quale l'esenzi<strong>on</strong>e degli Stati stranieri dalla giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>e civile è limitata<br />

agli atti iure imperii (a quegli atti, cioè, attraverso i quali si esplica l'esercizio delle<br />

funzi<strong>on</strong>i pubbliche statali) e n<strong>on</strong> si estende, invece, agli atti iure gesti<strong>on</strong>is o iure<br />

privatorum (ossia agli atti aventi carattere privatistico, che lo Stato straniero p<strong>on</strong>ga in<br />

essere, indipendentemente dal suo potere sovrano, alla stregua di un privato cittadino<br />

(cfr., ex plurimis, Sez. un. nn. 2329/1989; 919/1999; 531/2000; 17087/2003).<br />

– Il che equivale a dire che, al fine dell'esenzi<strong>on</strong>e dalla giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>e del giudice<br />

nazi<strong>on</strong>ale, è richiesto che l'esame e l'indagine sulla f<strong>on</strong>datezza della domanda, a questi<br />

proposta, comporti apprezzamenti, indagini o statuizi<strong>on</strong>i che possano incidere o<br />

interferire sugli atti o comportamenti dello Stato estero (o di un ente pubblico<br />

attraverso il quale detto Stato operi per perseguire anche in via indiretta le sue finalità<br />

istituzi<strong>on</strong>ali), che siano espressi<strong>on</strong>e dei suoi poteri sovrani.


– C<strong>on</strong> l'ulteriore limite (di recente, per altro, evidenziato, in ragi<strong>on</strong>e del valore di<br />

principio f<strong>on</strong>damentale dell'ordinamento internazi<strong>on</strong>ale assunto dall'obbligo di<br />

rispetto dei diritti inviolabili della pers<strong>on</strong>a umana) per cui si c<strong>on</strong>viene che anche<br />

l'esercizio della sovranità n<strong>on</strong> resti coperto dalla immunità quando si risolva in<br />

comportamenti dello Stato estero lesivi, appunto, di quei valori universali di rispetto<br />

della dignità umana che trascend<strong>on</strong>o gli interessi delle singole comunità statuali (cfr.,<br />

sul punto, Sez. un. n. 5044/2004, in fattispecie di domanda risarcitoria di danni<br />

c<strong>on</strong>nessi a crimini di guerra imputabili allo Stato estero c<strong>on</strong>venuto in giudizio da<br />

cittadino italiano innanzi al giudice nazi<strong>on</strong>ale).<br />

3. Nel caso in esame, il carattere “relativo” della immunità dalla giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>e civile<br />

dello Stato straniero, per il profilo della sua inestensibilità agli atti “iure gesti<strong>on</strong>is”,<br />

viene, appunto, invocato dal ricorrente, a f<strong>on</strong>damento della propria istanza di<br />

affermazi<strong>on</strong>e della giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>e italiana nei c<strong>on</strong>fr<strong>on</strong>ti della Repubblica <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g>, in<br />

relazi<strong>on</strong>e al giudizio a quo. E ciò sul rilievo che “l'attività svolta da quello Stato,<br />

attraverso la collocazi<strong>on</strong>e sul mercato borsistico internazi<strong>on</strong>ale di titoli del Debito<br />

Pubblico che dovevano essere <strong>on</strong>orati senza ritardo alle rispettive scadenze,<br />

costituisca “attività ec<strong>on</strong>omica di mero diritto privato, equiparabile a quella svolta da<br />

un qualunque altro soggetto debitore che emetta obbligazi<strong>on</strong>i a fr<strong>on</strong>te di prestiti e<br />

finanziamenti ricevuti dagli investitori, che n<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>sente, come tale, allo Stato<br />

straniero di sottrarsi alla potestà dello Stato ospitante, n<strong>on</strong> potendosi quella stessa<br />

attività c<strong>on</strong>figurasi come manifestazi<strong>on</strong>e di un potere sovrano, ostativo all'esercizio di<br />

un sindacato giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>ale”.<br />

4. Questa prospettazi<strong>on</strong>e difensiva, pur muovendo da esatte premesse, n<strong>on</strong> può essere,<br />

però, c<strong>on</strong>divisa nella sua c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>e.<br />

– Ciò perché, mentre natura innegabilmente privatistica hanno gli atti di emissi<strong>on</strong>e e<br />

di collocazi<strong>on</strong>e sul mercato internazi<strong>on</strong>ale delle obbligazi<strong>on</strong>i di che trattasi, n<strong>on</strong><br />

analoga natura paritetica hanno i successivi provvedimenti di moratoria, adottati dal<br />

Governo argentino, ai quali, del resto, lo stesso ricorrente sostanzialmente pretende di<br />

ricollegare la perdita del beneficio del termine ex art. 1186 c.c. ed il c<strong>on</strong>seguente<br />

inadempimento di quello Stato.<br />

4.1. Il riferimento va, in particolare, a:<br />

– la legge n. 25.561 del 6 gennaio 2002 (in Boletin Official del 7.1.2002 n. 19810)<br />

che ha dichiarato “l'emergenza pubblica in materia sociale, ec<strong>on</strong>omica, finanziaria e<br />

cambiaria, in c<strong>on</strong><str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>mità a quanto disposto dall'art. 76 della Costituzi<strong>on</strong>e nazi<strong>on</strong>ale,<br />

delegando il Governo a procedere al riordinamento del sistema finanziario …”;<br />

– la l. n. 25.565 in pari data (Bol. Off. n. 29863/02) che ha autorizzato il Ministro<br />

dell'Ec<strong>on</strong>omia a compiere ogni atto necessario al fine di “adeguare i servizi del debito<br />

pubblico alle possibilità di pagamento del Governo nazi<strong>on</strong>ale …”;<br />

– la Risoluzi<strong>on</strong>e n. 73 del 25 aprile 2002 (Bol. Off. n. 29888/02) che, al fine di “un<br />

ordinato processo di riprogrammazi<strong>on</strong>e di alcune obbligazi<strong>on</strong>i e di rimborso del<br />

debito del Governo nazi<strong>on</strong>ale”, ha disposto “il differimento, nella misura necessaria al<br />

funzi<strong>on</strong>amento dello Stato nazi<strong>on</strong>ale, dei pagamenti dei servizi del debito pubblico del


Governo nazi<strong>on</strong>ale fino al 31 dicembre 2002 ovvero sino a che si completi il<br />

rifinanziamento dello stesso, qualora ciò accada prima di questa data”;<br />

– le leggi n. 25.725 e n. 25.820 del 2003 (ivi nn. 30065 e 30291/03) di proroga della<br />

delega al Governo, rispettivamente, fino al 31 dicembre 2003 ed al 31 dicembre 2004;<br />

– la legge, infine, n. 25.827 del 2003 (Boll. Off. n. 30302/03) c<strong>on</strong> la quale il<br />

Parlamento ha ulteriormente disposto “il differimento dei pagamenti dei servizi del<br />

debito pubblico del Governo nazi<strong>on</strong>ale, c<strong>on</strong>tratto prima del 31 dicembre 2001 o in<br />

virtù di norme dettate prima di tale data, fino a che il Governo nazi<strong>on</strong>ale dichiari la<br />

c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>e del processo di ristrutturazi<strong>on</strong>e dello stesso”.<br />

4.2. Tali provvedimenti — incidenti sul momento funzi<strong>on</strong>ale del rapporto obbligatorio<br />

tra le parti, c<strong>on</strong> un effetto che sarebbe assurdo ritenere limitato ai soli interessi (come<br />

deduce parte ricorrente) e che invece, in relazi<strong>on</strong>e alla finalità perseguita, deve<br />

c<strong>on</strong>siderarsi esteso anche alla sorte capitale — manifestano, evidentemente, la potestà<br />

sovrana dello Stato. E ciò sia per la loro natura di leggi di bilancio [quali la nostra<br />

Costituzi<strong>on</strong>e sottrae anche a referendum abrogativo], sia, soprattutto, per le già<br />

sottolineate finalità, eminentemente pubbliche, perseguite, di governo della finanza in<br />

funzi<strong>on</strong>e della tutela di bisogni primari di sopravvivenza ec<strong>on</strong>omica della popolazi<strong>on</strong>e<br />

in un c<strong>on</strong>testo storico di grave emergenza nazi<strong>on</strong>ale.<br />

4.3. Né rileva in c<strong>on</strong>trario il fatto che dette leggi incidano su diritti patrim<strong>on</strong>iali di<br />

cittadini stranieri, poiché ciò n<strong>on</strong> vale certamente a c<strong>on</strong>figurare quella deroga<br />

eccezi<strong>on</strong>ale alla immunità che, come sopra detto, è prospettabile solo in presenza di<br />

atti di esercizio della sovranità che si presentino lesivi di “valori universali della<br />

dignità umana”. Valori, c<strong>on</strong> i quali le leggi della Repubblica <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g>, sù riferite,<br />

n<strong>on</strong> si p<strong>on</strong>g<strong>on</strong>o evidentemente in c<strong>on</strong>flitto, ma che tend<strong>on</strong>o, anzi, a salvaguardare.<br />

4.4. Su questa linea, c<strong>on</strong> affermazi<strong>on</strong>e incidentale che leggesi nella sentenza n. 329<br />

del 1992, la Corte costituzi<strong>on</strong>ale ha già, del resto, mostrato a sua volta di ritenere che<br />

rientrino nella sfera dei poteri sovrani e di governo dello Stato i provvedimenti di<br />

moratoria del debito estero ed il piano, successivamente predisposto, di ripianamento<br />

delle obbligazi<strong>on</strong>i c<strong>on</strong>tratte.<br />

4. Although based <strong>on</strong> precise presuppositi<strong>on</strong>s, the c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s of the applicant's<br />

arguments cannot be accepted.<br />

– This is because, while the issuing and placing in the internati<strong>on</strong>al market of the<br />

securities c<strong>on</strong>cerned are undeniably of a private law nature, the subsequent<br />

moratorium adopted by the Argentinean government, to which the applicant links the<br />

loss of the benefits of the terms under art. 1186 c.c , and the c<strong>on</strong>sequent breach by that<br />

State, are not of an analogous character.<br />

4.2. These laws are clear manifestati<strong>on</strong>s of the sovereign power of the State — it<br />

would be absurd to hold that the provisi<strong>on</strong>s — affecting the functi<strong>on</strong>al timing of the<br />

binding relati<strong>on</strong>ship between the parties, are limited <strong>on</strong>ly to interest (as stated by the<br />

applicant) they must instead be c<strong>on</strong>sidered as extending also to the destiny of the<br />

capital, in relati<strong>on</strong> to the purposes pursued. This is both because they are budgetary<br />

laws [to which under our C<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong> an abrogative referendum cannot apply] and,


above all, because of their purposes which have already been highlighted and which<br />

are manifestly public and pursued to regulate finances <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> the protecti<strong>on</strong> of the<br />

primary needs of the ec<strong>on</strong>omic survival of the populati<strong>on</strong> in the c<strong>on</strong>text of a serious<br />

nati<strong>on</strong>al emergency.<br />

4.3. It is not c<strong>on</strong>trary to this interpretati<strong>on</strong> that these laws affect the rights of <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>eign<br />

citizens over their assets, since this certainly cannot be classified as an excepti<strong>on</strong>al<br />

derogati<strong>on</strong> from immunity which, as was stated above, can be raised <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> acts<br />

exercising Sovereign power which harm “universal values of human dignity”. The<br />

laws of the Republic of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g> referred to above are not in evident c<strong>on</strong>flict with<br />

these values, but in fact tend to safeguard them.<br />

4.4. In its incidental observati<strong>on</strong>s which can be read in judgement no. 329 of 1992, the<br />

C<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong>al Court has already c<strong>on</strong>firmed its view that the moratorium measures <strong>on</strong><br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>eign debt and the subsequent rescheduling of obligati<strong>on</strong>s under securities fall<br />

within the sphere of State sovereign and governmental powers.<br />

5. La preminenza assoluta degli interessi della collettività organizzata a Stato, che c<strong>on</strong><br />

i provvedimenti indicati si è esteso tutelare, esclude, pertanto, la valutabilità degli<br />

stessi sotto il profilo della eventuale violazi<strong>on</strong>e del regime giuridico di atti negoziali<br />

posti in essere “iure privatorum”. Il che, appunto, comporta il ric<strong>on</strong>oscimento della<br />

immunità dalla giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>e della Repubblica <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g>, in relazi<strong>on</strong>e alle pretese nei<br />

suoi c<strong>on</strong>fr<strong>on</strong>ti azi<strong>on</strong>ate dal B. nel giudizio a quo.<br />

C<strong>on</strong>fermandosi, così, per tal profilo, il principio, già enunciato c<strong>on</strong> la sentenza<br />

n.331/1999 di questa Corte, per cui l'immunità ricorre anche nel caso di pretese a<br />

c<strong>on</strong>tenuto patrim<strong>on</strong>iale, sempre che il ric<strong>on</strong>oscimento delle stesse richieda<br />

apprezzamenti ed indagini sull'esercizio dei poteri pubblicistici dello Stato o ente<br />

straniero. Il quesito sulla giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>e va, quindi, risolto c<strong>on</strong> declaratoria del difetto<br />

di giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>e del giudice italiano nella presente c<strong>on</strong>troversia (Il che, evidentemente,<br />

n<strong>on</strong> esclude che per le sottostanti pretese esistano altre <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>me di tutela, anche<br />

giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>ali, compatibili c<strong>on</strong> la immunità dello Stato qui resistente: v. art. 22<br />

Accordo Quadro sopra cit.).<br />

5. Furthermore, the absolute pre-eminence of the collective interest which the State<br />

seeks to protect with the measures referred to, does not permit analysis of whether the<br />

acts have breached the regime of “private” acts under c<strong>on</strong>tractual law.<br />

This in fact gives rise to the granting of immunity of the Republic of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Argentina</str<strong>on</strong>g> in<br />

relati<strong>on</strong> to the claims against it brought by B. in these proceedings. It is c<strong>on</strong>firmati<strong>on</strong><br />

of the principle, previously stated by this Court in judgement no. 331/1999, under<br />

which immunity also arises in relati<strong>on</strong> to claims involving assets, when these require<br />

the investigati<strong>on</strong> and assessment of an exercise of public power by a State or <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>eign<br />

entity.<br />

The jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>al questi<strong>on</strong> should there<str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>e be resolved with a declarati<strong>on</strong> of the lack<br />

of jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> of the Italian courts in this dispute (which evidently does not mean that<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> the claims raised in these proceedings there do not exist other <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>ms of protecti<strong>on</strong>,<br />

including jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>al, which are compatible with the immunity of the Resp<strong>on</strong>dent<br />

State: see art. 22 of the Framework Agreement cited above).


6. La natura della lite induce a compensare tra le parti le spese dell'intero giudizio.<br />

P.Q.M<br />

La Corte, a Sezi<strong>on</strong>i unite, dichiara il difetto di giurisdizi<strong>on</strong>e del giudice italiano nella<br />

presente c<strong>on</strong>troversia e compensa le spese dell'intero giudizio.<br />

Roma, 21 aprile 2005<br />

DEPOSITATA IN CANCELLERIA IL 27 MAG. 2005

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!