q a r T u l i e n a d a l i t e r a t u r a
q a r T u l i e n a d a l i t e r a t u r a q a r T u l i e n a d a l i t e r a t u r a
febSi wyoba pirdapiria: is aqebs, man aqo _ mas uqia, eqo, eqos. magram pirveli da meore jgufi wyobis mixedviT ar aris gamoyofili, iq warmoebaa amosavali, mesame jgufi sxva princips daemyara. amosavali principis cvla klasifikaciis elementaruli wesis darRvevad iTvleba mecnierebis yvela dargSi; enis movlenaTa aRwerac aq gamonakliss ver Seqmnis. mere da: wyobis cvla _ sintaqsuri konstruqciis cvla _ axasiaTebs gardamaval zmnebs; gardauval zmnebSi aseTi cvla ara gvaqvs. marTalia, gardauval zmnebSi TurmeobiTSi meSvelzmniani warmoeba iCens Tavs, magram es exeba erTpir i a n gardauval zmnebs (vSobilvar, vSobilviyav, vSobilviyo...). o r p i r i a n gardauval zmnebSi ki meSvel zmnas iyenebs TurmeobiTi pirveli (SevhkiTxebivar, SehkiTxebixar, SehkiTxebia); TurmeobiTs II-sa da kavSirebiTs III-Si aseTi warmoeba (SevhkiTxebiyav, SevhkiTxebiyve) fakultaturad-Ra gvxvdeba, ZiriTadi varianti organul formebs iZleva (SevhkiTxebodi, SevhkiTxebode). rac Seexeba konstruqcias, arc erTpiriani da arc orpiriani gardauvali zmna konstruqcias ar icvlis: uRvlilebis procesSi awmyos konstruqcia ucvlelad rCeba. amrigad, w a r m o e b i s wesi da s i n t a q s u r i konstruqcia TurmeobiTi jgufis gamosayofad mxolod gardamaval zmnebSi SeuZliaT ixmaron, da aqac igi klasifikaciis ZiriTadi wesis darRvevas niSnavs. iqneb, TurmeobiTis jgufi f u n q c i i s erTianobam gamogvayofinos: TurmeobiToba (unaxaoba) procesisa, rogorc niSandoblivi Tviseba jgufisa. a. SaniZe, romelsac ekuTvnis termini TurmeobiTi, wers: `pirvel TurmeobiTSi sami elementia: dro (wars.), kilo (Txr.) da aqti unaxavi. magaliTebi: miswavlia, micxovria; miweria (damiweria), miSenebia (amiSenebia)~ 10 ... `unaxavi aqtis mwkrivebi (kerZod I TurmeobiTi) `Turme~-s gagebas Seicavs: yofila=iyo Turme, wasula=wavida Turme. radganac unaxaobis kategoria marto warsulSi SegviZlia sagangebo formiT gamovxatoT, amitom iq, sadac forma gvaklia, `Turmes~ viSveliebT xolme. `sawyal gogos Tavisis TiTebiT mogrovilis fuliT erTi CiTmerdini u y i d n i a , imas (elisabeds) unaxavs da w a u r - T m e v i a . exla T u r m e Tavzed ikravs (Wav., `kac-ad~). aq `ikravs~ awymos formiT aris gadmocemuli, romelsac unaxaobis gamoxatva ar SeuZlia da aucilebelia Turmes darTva. TurmeobiTis formas ki `Turmes~ darTva aras hmatebs, _ is isedac aris Sig gamoxatuli da aqedan warmodga misi saxeli~ 11 . TurmeobiTi meoris Sesaxeb ak. SaniZe wers: `Sedgenilobis TvalsazrisiT II TurmeobiTi I-isagan erTi elementiT gansxvavdeba. es elementia Tanamdevroba (uwinaresi). [es] mwkrivi gadmogvcems iseT unaxav moqmedebas, romelic sxvas uswrebda: eswavla, ecxovra; ewera (daewera), eSenebina (aeSenebina). am mwkrivis kilo Cveulebriv Txrobi- Tia, magram SeiZleba misi gamoyeneba iseTi moqmedebis gadmosacemadac, romelic faqti ar iyo, magram romelic ivaraudeboda, rogorc piroba sxva moqmedebis SesrulebisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi misi kiloa ara TxrobiTi, aramed pirobiTi ($ 257) da aqtis elementi (unaxaoba) formaSi aRar aris. miuxedavad amisa _ wers avtori _ mwkrivis saxeli mainc II TurmeobiTia~ 12 . amasTan dakavSirebiT, saWiroa iTqvas: 1. Tanamimdevroba (`Tanamdevroba~) TurmeobiT pirvelTanac xelSesaxebad igrZnoba: Sdr. `sawyal gogos... erTi CiTmerdini uyidnia~ _ `sawyal gogos... erTi CiTmerdini Turme eyid[n]a~: `uyidnia~ awymosTan aris mimarTebaSi, `eyidna~ _ namyosTan, fardoba oriveSi igrZnoba; am mxriv TurmeobiTi meore TurmeobiTs pirvels ver daupirispirdeba. 2. roca TurmeobiTi meore pirobiTis Sinaarss gadmogvcems (modaloba pirobiTi kilosi aqvs), maSin, marTlac, TurmeobiToba zmnaSi ara gvaqvs, `aqtis elementi (unaxaoba) formaSi aRar aris~; amitom gaugebaria, ratom aris misi saxeli `mainc meore TurmeobiTi~. pirobis aRniSvna TurmeobiTi meorisaTvis iSviaTi rom iyos, kidev _ ho, magram ase ar aris: pirobis aRniSvna am nakvTisaTvis Cveulebrivia. 3. TurmeobiTi pirveli, rogorc samarTlianad SeniSnavs a. SaniZe, ar saWiroebs `Turmes~ darTvas. mis- 10 a. S a n i Z e, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, morfologia, Tb., 1953, $ 281, gv. 226. 11 iqve, $ 281, gv. 227. 12 iqve, $ 282, gv. 227. 64
gan gansxvavebiT, TurmeobiTi meore, am damxmare sityvas (`Turme~) saWiroebs, Tu TxrobiTi kilos funqcia aqvs (da ara pirobiTisa). kavSirebiTi mesamis Sesaxeb: `TviToeul serias TavTavisi kavSirebiTi moepoveba, romelTac ama Tu im seriaSi Semavlobis mixedviT vnomravT: pirveli, meore, mesame. III kavSirebiTis magaliTebia: meswavlos, mecxovros; meweros (dameweros), meSenebinos (ameSenebinos). III kavSirebiTis xmarebis are axal qarTulSi Semcirda: fuli rom mqoneboda, gasesxebdi (nacvlad amisa: rom mqonebodes, gasesxebdi). Zveli konstruqcia SemorCenilia aqa-iq, mag., `raWaSi~ 13 . samwuxarod, aq araferia naTqvami imis Taobaze, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi aqvs `TurmeobiTis gageba~ kavSirebiTs mesames. Tu TxrobiT kilosTan am nakvTs araferi aqvs saerTo, Tu is yovelTvis pirobiTi kilos funqciiT gvevlineba, Turmeobis gageba mas ar aRmoaCnda (iseve, rogorc ara aqvs TurmeobiTs meores pirobis aRniSvnis SemTxvevaSi). zemoTqmulidan erTi daskvna gamomdinareobs: TurmeobiTi jgufis nakvTebi ver gaerTiandeba maTi funqciiT mixedviT; kerZod, TurmeobiToba ar aris am jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli: kavSirebiTi mesamisaTvis TurmeobiTis gageba ucxoa. TurmeobiTi meore ar iZleva TurmeobiTobis Sinaars, roca risame pirobaze miuTiTebs; xolo roca TxrobiTi kilos funqcia aqvs TurmeobiT meores, maSin misTvis ganmsazRvrelia sxva drosTan fardoba (e. i. `Tanamimdevroba~). rCeba TurmeobiTi pirveli. `Turmes~ gageba masSi mkveTrad igrZnoba, Tumca aris TurmeobiTis erTi gamoyeneba, sadac TurmeobiToba am nakveTs ar axasiaTebs: ar uke- Tebia, ar dauweria, ar moutania, ar uTqvams... am SemTxvevas ak. SaniZem miaqcia yuradReba da scada es movlena daekavSirebina `unaxaobis aqtTan~, e. i. TurmeobiTis gageba daedasturebina aqac: `naxva SeiZleba mxolod dadebiTad Sesrulebuli moqmedebisa (vnaxe, rom werils werda da amitom vambob: d a w e r a _ meTqi). magram ar SeiZleba naxva iseTi moqmedebisa, romelsac adgili ara hqonia; amas vambobT mxolod Sedegis an sxvisi naTqvamis mixedviT da e s a r i s m i z e z i , rom moqmedebis uaryofa am mwkrivis saSualebiT aris xolme gadmocemuli~ 14 . mizezi rom `es ar aris~, es Cans TiTqos iqve moyvanili magaliTebis Sepirispirebidan: `dawera _ ar dawera _ ar dauweria~. `dawera~ formas uaryofiTad upirispirdeba ara misive mwkrivis `ar dawera~, aramed sxva mwkrivis forma (`ar dauweria~). es imitom, rom `ar dawera~ naxulis formaa da raki vnaxe, vici, rom ar i n e b a dawera. ase rom, aq gamoxatulia uaryofiTi damokidebuleba subieqtisa zmniT aRniSnul moqmedebisadmi. maSasadame, uaryofa orive mwkriviT SeiZleba gadmoices, magram ubralo uaryofisaTvis I TurmeobiTia gankuTvnili, wyvetili ki nebismier Caudenel moqmedebas aRniSnavs~ 15 . magaliTebis Sepirispireba, marTlac, cxadyofs, rom `ar dawera~ da `ar dauweria~ erTmaneTs upirispirdeba; ufro sruli iqneba suraTi, Tu SevupirispireT: `ver dawera~, `ar dauweria~. pirvel SemTxvevaSi S e u Z l e b l o b a s esmis xazi: `ar SeeZlo~ da imitom ar Sesrulda moqmedeba; meore SemTxvevaSi, subieqts a r u n d o d a da aman gamoiwvia moqmedebis Seusrulebloba: ar dawera imis gamo, rom ar undoda. `ar dauweria~-Si mizezi ara Cans, S e d e g i a R n i S n u l i a s t a t i k u r a d : `ar dauweria~ _ ara aqvs dawerili; ratom moxda es _ ver SeZlo, ar moindoma, Tu sxva ram iyo mizezi, amaze zmna arafers gveubneba. ki, magram ratom aRmoCnda swored TurmeobiTi amis gadmosacemad gamosadegi? safiqrebelia, imitom, rom TurmeobiTs pirvels statikurobasTan warmomavloba akavSirebs (maSasadame, TurmeobiTi pirvelis gamoyenebas uaryofis gadmocemisas unaxaoba ar unda iwvevdes) 16 . `unaxaoba~, saerTod, ar unda iyos niSandoblivi TurmeobiTis SinaarsisaTvis. yo- 13 a. S a n i Z e, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, morfologia, Tb., 1953, $ 283, gv. 227. 14 iqve, $ 281, gv. 226-227. xazi Cvenia _ a. C. 15 iqve, $ 283, gv. 227. 16 uaryofiTi formebis gamoxatva, potencialisi da statikuroba qarTvelursa da zog iberiul-kavkasiur enaSi specialur ganxilvas moiTxovs. 65
- Page 13 and 14: gramatikuli subieqti zogierT gardau
- Page 15 and 16: gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans subieqti
- Page 17 and 18: luri mxare, aramed am zmnebis mniSv
- Page 19 and 20: da, yvarebia, eyvareba; uyvardes, y
- Page 21 and 22: fologiurad gagebuli da dafasebulia
- Page 23 and 24: Tqmulis Semdeg advili gadasawyvetia
- Page 25 and 26: vTqvaT, rom `moaqvs~ da `mohyavs~ i
- Page 27 and 28: gardauvalma zmnebma ki sazogadod in
- Page 29 and 30: dinamikurs, kerZod, gamoxatavs dina
- Page 31 and 32: gramatikulma subieqtma sabolood dak
- Page 33 and 34: Tavis adgils. es procesi enis ganvi
- Page 35 and 36: ⎡ i⎤ sga / ska da qa zmniswineb
- Page 37 and 38: gamoekueTa kldisagan (DE mT 27, 60)
- Page 39 and 40: ma- zmniswini yovelgvari asimilacii
- Page 41 and 42: amitom is I piris myofobis areSi ig
- Page 43 and 44: war- zmniswinis zemoaRniSnuli mniSv
- Page 45 and 46: mimarTulebas gadmoscems; mag.: a R
- Page 47 and 48: 7. uku-, wiaR-. Zvel qarTulSi iSvia
- Page 49 and 50: Sinaarsobrivi an stiluric aris, ker
- Page 51 and 52: lian xSirad aris warmodgenili erTi
- Page 53 and 54: seburi daboloebiTac, magaliTad: ibm
- Page 55 and 56: tipis vnebiTebSic (gaTbnen, aSendne
- Page 57 and 58: g. orpiriani vnebiTi gvaris zmnebis
- Page 59 and 60: zog SemTxvevaSi gamoCndeba), magram
- Page 61 and 62: saTvis. asea sil. xundaZesTan, ias.
- Page 63: 1. awmyosagan iwarmoeba (`awmdgomis
- Page 67 and 68: axsna mecnierebis mizans warmoadgen
- Page 69 and 70: TulSi gvaqvs (ubrZanebies, dauteveb
- Page 71 and 72: Zveli qarTulis ZeglebSi ar mogvepov
- Page 73 and 74: struqciis ganviTarebis meqanizmi? T
- Page 75 and 76: velSi SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos pi
- Page 77 and 78: viCnioT. sailustraciod SeiZleba pir
- Page 79 and 80: nareobs -en sufiqsisagan, romlic zm
- Page 81 and 82: neboda imis codna, -a enacvleba Cve
- Page 83 and 84: umTavresad e, ufro iSviaTad o/i rig
- Page 85 and 86: gvaqvs prefiqsiani dinamikuri vnebi
- Page 87 and 88: 87 ivane qavTaraZe dro-kiloTa mesam
- Page 89 and 90: Ruawli keTili mogiRuawebies: xanZT.
- Page 91 and 92: moTxr. 278. ukanaskneli valdebuli i
- Page 93 and 94: aq moeyarnaT Tavi alvanel mwyemsebs
- Page 95 and 96: meore TurmeobiTis zemoT moyvanilma
- Page 97 and 98: sis gavrcelebisaken ufroa midrekile
- Page 99 and 100: yvela am tipis zmnaSi? -n marTlac,
- Page 101 and 102: mimReobis warmoeba qarTulSi 1 101 e
- Page 103 and 104: kÂrn-e _ m-i-kÂr-s, mo-cal-e _ i-
- Page 105 and 106: tyuv-an, m-tkiv-an, m-siv-an, m-civ
- Page 107 and 108: me gvqondes qarTuli enis ganviTareb
- Page 109 and 110: drois gamoxatvis sakiTxi mimReobaTa
- Page 111 and 112: adgan mimReobis formebSi istoriulad
- Page 113 and 114: `zogs oci kaci hyvanda, zogs ocdaaT
gan gansxvavebiT, TurmeobiTi meore, am damxmare sityvas (`Turme~) saWiroebs, Tu<br />
TxrobiTi kilos funqcia aqvs (da ara pirobiTisa).<br />
kavSirebiTi mesamis Sesaxeb: `TviToeul serias TavTavisi kavSirebiTi moepoveba,<br />
romelTac ama Tu im seriaSi Semavlobis mixedviT vnomravT: pirveli, meore, mesame.<br />
III kavSirebiTis magaliTebia: meswavlos, mecxovros; meweros (dameweros), meSenebinos<br />
(ameSenebinos). III kavSirebiTis xmarebis are axal qarTulSi Semcirda: fuli rom<br />
mqoneboda, gasesxebdi (nacvlad amisa: rom mqonebodes, gasesxebdi). Zveli konstruqcia<br />
SemorCenilia aqa-iq, mag., `raWaSi~ 13 . samwuxarod, aq araferia naTqvami imis<br />
Taobaze, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi aqvs `TurmeobiTis gageba~ kavSirebiTs mesames. Tu TxrobiT<br />
kilosTan am nakvTs araferi aqvs saerTo, Tu is yovelTvis pirobiTi kilos<br />
funqciiT gvevlineba, Turmeobis gageba mas ar aRmoaCnda (iseve, rogorc ara aqvs<br />
TurmeobiTs meores pirobis aRniSvnis SemTxvevaSi).<br />
zemoTqmulidan erTi daskvna gamomdinareobs: TurmeobiTi jgufis nakvTebi ver gaerTiandeba<br />
maTi funqciiT mixedviT; kerZod, TurmeobiToba ar aris am jgufisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli: kavSirebiTi mesamisaTvis TurmeobiTis gageba ucxoa. TurmeobiTi meore<br />
ar iZleva TurmeobiTobis Sinaars, roca risame pirobaze miuTiTebs; xolo roca<br />
TxrobiTi kilos funqcia aqvs TurmeobiT meores, maSin misTvis ganmsazRvrelia sxva<br />
drosTan fardoba (e. i. `Tanamimdevroba~).<br />
rCeba TurmeobiTi pirveli. `Turmes~ gageba masSi mkveTrad igrZnoba, Tumca aris<br />
TurmeobiTis erTi gamoyeneba, sadac TurmeobiToba am nakveTs ar axasiaTebs: ar uke-<br />
Tebia, ar dauweria, ar moutania, ar uTqvams... am SemTxvevas ak. SaniZem miaqcia yuradReba<br />
da scada es movlena daekavSirebina `unaxaobis aqtTan~, e. i. TurmeobiTis<br />
gageba daedasturebina aqac: `naxva SeiZleba mxolod dadebiTad Sesrulebuli moqmedebisa<br />
(vnaxe, rom werils werda da amitom vambob: d a w e r a _ meTqi). magram ar SeiZleba<br />
naxva iseTi moqmedebisa, romelsac adgili ara hqonia; amas vambobT mxolod Sedegis<br />
an sxvisi naTqvamis mixedviT da e s a r i s m i z e z i , rom moqmedebis uaryofa<br />
am mwkrivis saSualebiT aris xolme gadmocemuli~ 14 .<br />
mizezi rom `es ar aris~, es Cans TiTqos iqve moyvanili magaliTebis Sepirispirebidan:<br />
`dawera _ ar dawera _ ar dauweria~. `dawera~ formas uaryofiTad upirispirdeba<br />
ara misive mwkrivis `ar dawera~, aramed sxva mwkrivis forma (`ar dauweria~). es<br />
imitom, rom `ar dawera~ naxulis formaa da raki vnaxe, vici, rom ar i n e b a dawera.<br />
ase rom, aq gamoxatulia uaryofiTi damokidebuleba subieqtisa zmniT aRniSnul moqmedebisadmi.<br />
maSasadame, uaryofa orive mwkriviT SeiZleba gadmoices, magram ubralo<br />
uaryofisaTvis I TurmeobiTia gankuTvnili, wyvetili ki nebismier Caudenel moqmedebas<br />
aRniSnavs~ 15 .<br />
magaliTebis Sepirispireba, marTlac, cxadyofs, rom `ar dawera~ da `ar dauweria~<br />
erTmaneTs upirispirdeba; ufro sruli iqneba suraTi, Tu SevupirispireT: `ver dawera~,<br />
`ar dauweria~. pirvel SemTxvevaSi S e u Z l e b l o b a s esmis xazi: `ar SeeZlo~<br />
da imitom ar Sesrulda moqmedeba; meore SemTxvevaSi, subieqts a r u n d o d a da aman<br />
gamoiwvia moqmedebis Seusrulebloba: ar dawera imis gamo, rom ar undoda. `ar dauweria~-Si<br />
mizezi ara Cans, S e d e g i a R n i S n u l i a s t a t i k u r a d : `ar dauweria~ _<br />
ara aqvs dawerili; ratom moxda es _ ver SeZlo, ar moindoma, Tu sxva ram iyo mizezi,<br />
amaze zmna arafers gveubneba. ki, magram ratom aRmoCnda swored TurmeobiTi amis<br />
gadmosacemad gamosadegi? safiqrebelia, imitom, rom TurmeobiTs pirvels statikurobasTan<br />
warmomavloba akavSirebs (maSasadame, TurmeobiTi pirvelis gamoyenebas<br />
uaryofis gadmocemisas unaxaoba ar unda iwvevdes) 16 .<br />
`unaxaoba~, saerTod, ar unda iyos niSandoblivi TurmeobiTis SinaarsisaTvis. yo-<br />
13 a. S a n i Z e, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, morfologia, Tb., 1953, $ 283, gv. 227.<br />
14 iqve, $ 281, gv. 226-227. xazi Cvenia _ a. C.<br />
15 iqve, $ 283, gv. 227.<br />
16 uaryofiTi formebis gamoxatva, potencialisi da statikuroba qarTvelursa da zog iberiul-kavkasiur<br />
enaSi specialur ganxilvas moiTxovs.<br />
65
Change language