q a r T u l i e n a d a l i t e r a t u r a
q a r T u l i e n a d a l i t e r a t u r a q a r T u l i e n a d a l i t e r a t u r a
obs) an e m o c i u r - S e m f a s e b l u r i (moubari gamoxatavs emociur damokidebulebas informaciis mimarT)... maSasadame, CarTul sityvebsa da gamoTqmebs, miuxedavad funqciaTa mravalgvarobisa, literaturis mixedviT, axasiaTebT erTi specifikuri niSani: ambavi danaxuli Tu Sefasebulia mudam da mxolod mTqmelis poziciidan. sxva damaxasia- Tebel niSnebTan erTad (rom gramatikulad es jgufi `Wrelia~ da mis Semadgenloba- Si ar Sedis konkretuli sagnobrivi mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebi; rom CarTuli sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis adgili winadadebaSi Tavisufalia), aRniSnuli niSnis safuZvelzedac CarTuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi gaerTianebulia erT l e q s i k u r - sintaqsur jgufSi 6 . ramdenadac CarTuli sityvebi (da gamoTqmebi) winadadebas `subieqtur-modalur~ Sinaarss sZenen, amitom maT `modalur sityvebsac~ uwodeben da ganixilaven modalobis kategoriis gamomxatvel leqsikur saSualebebs Soris, rogorc sityvaTa g a n - s a k u T r e b u l `gramatikul klass~... 7 Tu e. w. ,,obieqtur-modaluri~ Sinaarsi yvela winadadebas aqvs da iTvleba, rom arc arsebobs predikatuloba modalurobis gareSe, ,,subieqtur-modaluri~ Sinaarsi yvela gamonaTqvams SeiZleba arc hqondes, emociurad Seferili SeiZleba yvela winadadeba ar iyos... 8 da, raki CarTuli sityvvbi erT-erTi saSualebaa am subieqtur-modaluri Sinaarsis gamosaxatavad, g r a m a t i k u l a d ki isini ar ukavSirdebian winadadebas, amitom CarTulis definiciaSi gaCnda aseTi Tezisi: CarTulis amoRebiT winadadebis azri ar irRvevao. am debulebas SeiZleba hqondes mxolod SefardebiTi (da ara absoluturi) mniSvneloba: CarTulis amoRebiT ar irRveva gramatikuli azri, ukeT, winadadebis struqtura, Torem Sinaarsi irRveva (winadadebis Sinaarss ar arRvevs mxolod zedmeti damxmare sityvebis amoReba. amaze _ qvemoT)... CarTulis amgvar ganmartebas gaumar- Tleblad Tvlian meToduri TvalsazrisiTac 9 . ukanasknel xans gamoiTqva am debulebis diametrulad sawinaaRmdego mosazrebac, rom TiTqos `komunikaciis dros TiTqmis arc erTi metyvelebiTi procesi ar mimdinareobs komentarebis gareSe, CarTuli sityvebis an sityvaTa SeTanxmebis (!) saxiT...~ 10 magram yovel saliteraturo enaSi erTmaneTisagan imijneba neitraluri da emociuri xasiaTis winadadebebi. maT bevri niSani ganasxvavebs: sityvaTganlageba, winadadebis intonaciur-melodikuri struqtura, damxmare, `modaluri sityvebis~ metnakleboba da sxva... rac Seexeba, kerZod, CarTuli konstruqciebis gamoyenebas saliteraturo enaSi, yuradRebas iqcevs teqstebze dakvirvebebi ama Tu im saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis mTels manZilze. rusuli saliteraturo enis mkvlevrebs, magaliTad, SeniSnuli aqvT, rom me-18 saukunis teqstebSi CarTuli konstruqciebi SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba, me-19 saukunis teqstebSi ki maTi raodenoba TandaTan izrdeba. CarTuli sityvisa da winadadebis gamoyeneba Zvel qarTul saliteraturo enaSi specialurad Seiswavla ant. kiziriam. mkvlevari aRniSnavs: `Zvel qarTulSi CarTuli sityvebi SedarebiT iSviaTia, magram mainc gvxvdeba. gadmocemulia viTarebis garemoebis formebiT~... (mag., WeSmaritad, mcnebisaebr...) da Semdeg: `CarTuli gamoTqmebisaTvis, rogorc wesi, damaxasiaTebelia iseTi formebi, romelTac Sesityvebis centrad zmna-Semasmeneli moepovebaT. igi ZiriTad winadadebasTan dakavSirebulia ukav- Sirod an kavSiris meSveobiT. sxva saxis CarTuli sityva, romelic axal qarTulSi 6 Русская грамматика, II, gv. 228-229. 7 В. Виноградов, О категории модальности и модальных словах в русском языке, Исследования по русской грамматике, М., 1975, gv. 53-87. 8 Русская грамматика, II, gv. 214-216. 9 r. SamelaSvili, gankerZoebuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi qarTulSi da maTi swavlebis meTodika, Tb., 1958, gv. 161. 10 l. naxapetova, teqstis valenturi kavSirebis Sesaxeb qarTul konstruqciebSi, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, #2, 1986, gv. 135. 254
gvxvdeba, Zvel qarTulSi araa mkveTrad gamyofili, rogorc gankerZoebuli gamoTqma (!)...~ CarTuli gamoTqmebis magaliTebi aseTia: me viTar vhgoneb, viTar igi gibrZane, viTarca gauwyeT [RmrTismoyuarebasa Tqvensa], viTarca vTquT... viTarca xedavT... vi- Tarca xityჳs pavleÁ... 11 msgavsi faqtebis safuZvelzea gamoTqmuli varaudi, rom CarTuli sityvebi Tu konstruqciebi gviani warmonaqmnia; rom CarTul sityvad SeiZleba iqces garemoebiTi sityvebi an reducirebuli winadadebebi (v. vinogradovi); rom CarTuli sityva warmoadgens TiTqos daumTavrebel winadadebas an miRebulia sruli winadadebisagan, romlisaganac darCenilia mxolod esa Tu is nawili. es ukanaskneli zogjer nawilakadacaa qceuli (d. ovsianiko-kulikovski); rom CarTuli sityvebi da Sesityvebebi warmoqmnilia. e . w. CarTuli winadadebebisagan... (a. peSkovski); rom CarTuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi... rogoricaa: `WeSmaritad, sityჳsaebr uflisa, msgavsad Zalisa Tჳsisa~ da misT., warmoSobiT viTarebis garemoebis formebia, oRond dakarguli aqvT garemoebis gageba da ganelebulia sintaqsuri urTierTobis gamoxatvis saSualebac. amitomaa, rom odesRac marTuli wevri winadadebisa, romelsac saamiso formac aqvs, ar gaigeba winadadebis wevrad. winadadebis Semadgenlobidan is gamoTiSa pauzam, romelic gankerZoebuli sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis gamoyofis erT-erTi saSualebaTagania~ 12 . aRniSnuli debulebebic ar aris absoluturi xasiaTisa (ver gavrceldeba yvela saxis CarTulze) da zog dazustebasac moiTxovs. nawili CarTuli sityvebisa Tu gamoTqmebisa etimologiurad marTlac `reducirebuli winadadebebia~. aseTebia, magaliTad, qarTul enaSi damkvidrebuli e. w. `ficilis formulebi~ _ RmerTmani, dedaSvilobas, daZmobam, miwis madlma... da misT. SesaZloa, hipotaqsuri konstruqciis moSlis Sedegad iyos warmoqmnili Sedgenili Semasmenlis formis mqone CarTulebi: rasakvirvelia, bunebrivia da misT. 13 rac Seexeba e. w. garemoebiTi an sxva sityvebis CarTulad `qcevas~, igi mimdinare, uwyveti procesia. dazustebisaTvis: jer erTi, esa Tu is srulmniSvnelovani sityva, cvdeba ra jer semantikurad, Semdeg ki _ funqciurad, CarTulad ki ar iqceva, aramed _ arasrulmniSvnelovan sityvad (mag., zmnisarTi an zmna _ nawilakad). rogorc erTma, ise meorem (e. i. rogorc srulmniSvnelovanma, ise misma saxenacvalma _ arasrulmniSvnelovanma sityvam), SesaZloa, garkveul poziciaSi Seasrulos CarTulis funqcia. meorec: erTsa da imave frazaSic ki, sxvadasxva sintaqsur pirobebSi, erTi da igive sityva ssvadasxva sintaqsur funqcias asrulebs _ viTarebis garemoebisa, CarTulisa an modaluri nawilakisas 14 . ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli sintaqsuri pirobebi ki sityvaTganlageba 15 da intonaciaa. sintaqsur pirobebTan erTad sityvis ama Tu im sintaqsuri funqciis realizebas xels uwyobs am sityvis semantika da zogjer formac. amitom CarTul sityvebs funqciur-sintaqsur omonimebsac uwodeben... 16 amitomac iTvleba albaT CarTuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi advilad Sevsebad leqsikursintaqsur jgufebad 17 . rac Seexeba CarTuli sityvebisa Tu gamoTqmebis met-naklebad gamoyenebas ama Tu im epoqis saliteraturo enaSi, amis mizezi ufro eqstralingvistur faqtorebSi unda veZioT (rogoricaa, mag., saliteraturo enis funqciebis gamravalferovneba. in- 11 a. kiziria, CarTuli sityva da winadadeba Zvel qarTulSi, ike, XV, gv. 176-177. 12 a . k i z i r i a , dasax. naSr., gv. 172-173, 180. 13 SevniSnavT, rom es `formulebi~ morfologiurad SorisdebulTa Soris ganixileba. ix. a. SaniZe, qaTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, morfologia, Tb., 1973, gv. 625; o . gaCe- C i l a Z e , Sorisdebuli axal saliteraturo qarTulSi, Tb., 1979, gv. 106-112. 14 Sdr. О. Ахманова, Г. Б. Микаэлян, dasax. naSr., gv. 134-135. 15 aRniSnuli terminisaTvis ix. b . f o C x u a , sityvaTganlagebisaTvis qarTulSi, ike, XIII, Tb., 1962; S . a f r i d o n i Z e , sityvaTganlageba axal qarTulSi, Tb., 1986, gv. 3. 16 В. М. Панькин, Омонимия лексическая и синтаксическая, Русская речь, #1, 1975, gv. 74-75. 17 Русская грамматика, II, gv. 228. 255
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obs) an e m o c i u r - S e m f a s e b l u r i (moubari gamoxatavs emociur damokidebulebas<br />
informaciis mimarT)...<br />
maSasadame, CarTul sityvebsa da gamoTqmebs, miuxedavad funqciaTa mravalgvarobisa,<br />
literaturis mixedviT, axasiaTebT erTi specifikuri niSani: ambavi danaxuli<br />
Tu Sefasebulia mudam da mxolod mTqmelis poziciidan. sxva damaxasia-<br />
Tebel niSnebTan erTad (rom gramatikulad es jgufi `Wrelia~ da mis Semadgenloba-<br />
Si ar Sedis konkretuli sagnobrivi mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebi; rom CarTuli<br />
sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis adgili winadadebaSi Tavisufalia), aRniSnuli niSnis safuZvelzedac<br />
CarTuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi gaerTianebulia erT l e q s i k u r -<br />
sintaqsur jgufSi 6 .<br />
ramdenadac CarTuli sityvebi (da gamoTqmebi) winadadebas `subieqtur-modalur~<br />
Sinaarss sZenen, amitom maT `modalur sityvebsac~ uwodeben da ganixilaven modalobis<br />
kategoriis gamomxatvel leqsikur saSualebebs Soris, rogorc sityvaTa g a n -<br />
s a k u T r e b u l `gramatikul klass~... 7<br />
Tu e. w. ,,obieqtur-modaluri~ Sinaarsi yvela winadadebas aqvs da iTvleba, rom<br />
arc arsebobs predikatuloba modalurobis gareSe, ,,subieqtur-modaluri~ Sinaarsi<br />
yvela gamonaTqvams SeiZleba arc hqondes, emociurad Seferili SeiZleba yvela winadadeba<br />
ar iyos... 8 da, raki CarTuli sityvvbi erT-erTi saSualebaa am subieqtur-modaluri<br />
Sinaarsis gamosaxatavad, g r a m a t i k u l a d ki isini ar ukavSirdebian winadadebas,<br />
amitom CarTulis definiciaSi gaCnda aseTi Tezisi: CarTulis amoRebiT winadadebis<br />
azri ar irRvevao.<br />
am debulebas SeiZleba hqondes mxolod SefardebiTi (da ara absoluturi) mniSvneloba:<br />
CarTulis amoRebiT ar irRveva gramatikuli azri, ukeT, winadadebis struqtura,<br />
Torem Sinaarsi irRveva (winadadebis Sinaarss ar arRvevs mxolod zedmeti<br />
damxmare sityvebis amoReba. amaze _ qvemoT)... CarTulis amgvar ganmartebas gaumar-<br />
Tleblad Tvlian meToduri TvalsazrisiTac 9 . ukanasknel xans gamoiTqva am debulebis<br />
diametrulad sawinaaRmdego mosazrebac, rom TiTqos `komunikaciis dros TiTqmis<br />
arc erTi metyvelebiTi procesi ar mimdinareobs komentarebis gareSe, CarTuli<br />
sityvebis an sityvaTa SeTanxmebis (!) saxiT...~ 10<br />
magram yovel saliteraturo enaSi erTmaneTisagan imijneba neitraluri da emociuri<br />
xasiaTis winadadebebi. maT bevri niSani ganasxvavebs: sityvaTganlageba, winadadebis<br />
intonaciur-melodikuri struqtura, damxmare, `modaluri sityvebis~ metnakleboba<br />
da sxva... rac Seexeba, kerZod, CarTuli konstruqciebis gamoyenebas saliteraturo<br />
enaSi, yuradRebas iqcevs teqstebze dakvirvebebi ama Tu im saliteraturo enis<br />
ganviTarebis mTels manZilze. rusuli saliteraturo enis mkvlevrebs, magaliTad,<br />
SeniSnuli aqvT, rom me-18 saukunis teqstebSi CarTuli konstruqciebi SedarebiT iSviaTad<br />
gvxvdeba, me-19 saukunis teqstebSi ki maTi raodenoba TandaTan izrdeba.<br />
CarTuli sityvisa da winadadebis gamoyeneba Zvel qarTul saliteraturo enaSi<br />
specialurad Seiswavla ant. kiziriam. mkvlevari aRniSnavs: `Zvel qarTulSi CarTuli<br />
sityvebi SedarebiT iSviaTia, magram mainc gvxvdeba. gadmocemulia viTarebis garemoebis<br />
formebiT~... (mag., WeSmaritad, mcnebisaebr...) da Semdeg: `CarTuli gamoTqmebisaTvis,<br />
rogorc wesi, damaxasiaTebelia iseTi formebi, romelTac Sesityvebis centrad<br />
zmna-Semasmeneli moepovebaT. igi ZiriTad winadadebasTan dakavSirebulia ukav-<br />
Sirod an kavSiris meSveobiT. sxva saxis CarTuli sityva, romelic axal qarTulSi<br />
6 Русская грамматика, II, gv. 228-229.<br />
7 В. Виноградов, О категории модальности и модальных словах в русском языке, Исследования по русской грамматике,<br />
М., 1975, gv. 53-87.<br />
8 Русская грамматика, II, gv. 214-216.<br />
9 r. SamelaSvili, gankerZoebuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi qarTulSi da maTi swavlebis<br />
meTodika, Tb., 1958, gv. 161.<br />
10 l. naxapetova, teqstis valenturi kavSirebis Sesaxeb qarTul konstruqciebSi, macne,<br />
enisa da literaturis seria, #2, 1986, gv. 135.<br />
254
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