q a r T u l i e n a d a l i t e r a t u r a
q a r T u l i e n a d a l i t e r a t u r a q a r T u l i e n a d a l i t e r a t u r a
`momwons~, ara marto `vaxsovar~, aramed agreTve `maxsovs~ da sxva. aseTive zmnebia: `vuyvarvar~ da `miyvars~, `vsZulvar~ da `mZuls~, `vundivar~ da `minda~ da sxva. amisTana zmnebs, saerTod wesis Tanaxmad, qvemdebare saxelobiTSi unda hqonodaT dayenebuli, magram amJamad eseni, gardamavali zmnebis inversiuli formebis msgavsad, qvemdebares micemiT brunvaSi warmogvidgenen. magaliTebi: vanos gakveTili axsovs, kakos koxtaoba moswons, dedas Svili uyvars, maros wasvla unda, katas ZaRli sZuls da sxv. marto obieqturi wyoba aqvT zmnebs: mZinavs, mRviZavs, mSia, mwyuria, maqvs, mesmis, mciva, mcxela da sxva, am zmnebTanac qvemdebare micemiTSia dayenebuli, mag.: bavSvs sZinavs, qeTos RviZavs, mowafes esmis, maswavlebels aqvs da sxva». aseTi gaSuqeba sakiTxisa me mcdarad mimaCnia da Sevecade Semdgom gamocemebSi ramdenadme mainc Semerbilebina araswori gamoTqma da Sememcirebina Secdomebi: meore gamocemaSi (1941 w.) gamotovebulia `mciva~ da `mcxela~, rogorc yvelaze ufro aSkara Seusabamo magaliTebi. mesame gamocemaSi (1946 w. $ 228, gv. 135) wvrili SriftiT aris dabeWdili Semdegi: `gardamaval zmnaTa inversiul formebSi qvemdebare, rogorc viciT, micemiTSi dgas ($ 221). inversiuli formebis gavleniTY`uyvars~, `moswons~, `sZinavs~, `axsovs~ da msgavsi agebulebis zmnebTan qvemdebared miaCniaT micemiTSi dasmuli saxeli: `dedas Svili uyvars~, `bavSvs sZinavs~ da misT~. meoTxe gamocemisas (1948) gramatika, manamde erTiani, or wignad gaiyo. pirveli Seicavs fonetikasa da morfologias (V_VI klasis kurss), meore ki _ sintaqss (VII-VIII klasis kurss). sintaqsi didad gadavamuSave da Sevavse. mas daerTo savarjiSoebi, romelTa SedgenaSi monawileoba miiRes i. gigineiSvilma, i. imnaiSvilma da l. kvaWa- Zem. vcade sakiTxis swored dayeneba da gadaWra da saskolo gramatikaSi elementaruli saxiT Setana, magram ganaTlebis saministroSi mxari ar damiWires da sakiTxi gaurkveveli darCa. am xnidan moyolebuli `uyvars~ da msgavs gardauval zmnaTa qvemdebaris Sesaxeb saskolo gramatikaSi sazogadod ar aris saubari. ra aris gramatikuli subieqti anu qvemdebare? gramatikuli subieqti Semasmenlis wyvilis calia da misi raoba yovelTvis SemasmenelTan mimarTebiT irkveva. Semasmeneli ki, rogorc cnobilia, qarTulSi umTavresad zmnis piriani formaa, romelic winadadebis xerxemals warmoadgens. SemasmenelTan wyvilis calad SeiZleba winadadebis sxva wevrebic iyos (pird. obieqti da sxv.), magram amJamad Cveni kvlevis sagania subieqti (qvemdebare). gramatikuli subieqtis raoba kargad irkveva winadadebaSi, romelSiac Semasmenlad gardamavali zmnaa mwkrivTa I an II seriaSi. mag., b i Z a - C e m i kurdRels moklavs, sandrom xe moWra, qalma furi mowvela, biWi kokas gatexs, jibgirma fuli amomacala da misT. aseT SemasmenelTa qvemdebare igivea, rac realurad moqmedi sagani. marTlac, roca vTqviT, `qalma furi mowvelao~, amiT garkveviT aRvniSneT, rom realurad moqmedia qali da ara furi; an kidev: roca gavigoneT `sandrom xe moWrao~, mivxvdiT, vin aris moqmedi da ra aris samoqmedo: realurad moqmedia sandro, xe ki misi moqmedebis sagania. aviRoT igive zmnebi sxva piris formebiT da SevuwyoT nacvalsaxelebi: me kurdReli movkali, me xe movWeri, me furi movwvele; Sen kurdReli mohkali, Sen xe mos- Wri, Sen furi moswvele. aRniSnul winadadebebSi realurad moqmedi pirebi icvala, samoqmedo sagani ki igive darCa. Tu analizs vuyofT zmnis formebs, SevniSnavT, rom realuri subieqti igivea, rac zmnis subieqturi piri, romelic subieqturi niSniTaa gamoxatuli: mo-v-kali me, mo-hkali Sen, mokl-a man (biZa-Cemma); mo-v-Weri me, mo-s-Weri Sen, moWra man (sandrom); mo-vwvele me, mo-s-wvele Sen, mowvel-a man (qalma). maSasadame, aRniSnul zmnebSi subieqturi piri an misi fardi saxeli (nacvalsaxeli) realurad moqmedi piria. am SemTxvevaSi realurad moqmedi piri daemTxva gramatikul subieqts, romelic sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara subieqturi piri an misi fardi saxeli (nacvalsaxeli). 14
gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans subieqti winadadebaSi, Tu Semasmeneli gardamavali zmnaa II seriis romelime mwkrivis mesame piris formiT. magram aris Tu ara realurad moqmedi piri yovelTvis igive, rac gramatikuli subieqti? ara, yovelTvis ar aris. marTlac, realurad moqmedi piri rom igive iyos, rac gramatikuli subieqti (anu qvemdebare), maSin, cxadia, vnebiTi gvaris zmnis formian winadadebaSi subieqtis saki- Txi sxvagvarad gadawydeboda, vidre dRes Cveulebriv wydeba qarTulisa da sxva enebis masalis mixedviT; magaliTad, am winadadebaSi `gaiToxna simindebi~ subieqti ar gveqneboda, radganac realurad moqmedi piri ar Cans, xolo am winadadebaSi `kldeze gadaCexili cxeni SeWmul iqna turebisagan~ subieqtad `turebisagan~ unda migveCnia. exla es magaliTi vnaxoT: `soflidan Zma momivida~; realurad moqmedia `Zma~, gramatikuli subieqtic is aris. magram davuyenoT mas pirispir aseTi winadadeba: `soflidan werili momivida fostiT~. romelia aq realurad moqmedi piri? werili? magram werili xom ar dadis! fosta? _ arc fosta dadis. maSasadame, winadadebaSi subieqti ara gvqonia. aqedan ra gamodis? is, rom `realurad moqmedi piri~ gramatikuli cneba ar aris, igi sayofacxovrebo sityvaa, romelic zogierT SemTxvevaSi gvSvelis gramatikuli cnebis dasadgenad, magram amas iqiT ar midis misi SesaZlebloba. amitom cxadia, sityvebi `realurad moqmedi piri~ sintaqsur cnebas ver mogvcems da gramatikul terminad ver gamodgeba. maS ra aris gramatikuli subieqti? sazogadod gramatikuli subieqti (anu qvemdebare) is saxelia winadadebaSi, romelic fardia subieqturi pirisa, e. i. saxeli, romelic Seesatyviseba subieqtur pirs. es fardoba (korespondencia) mxolod mesame pirTan gamoaCens saxelis brunvis formas qarTulSi: Tu Semasmenlad naxmari zmna gardauvalia, yovelgvari saxeli, masTan saxelobiTis formiT Sewyobili, gramatikuli subieqti iqneba, sul erTia, zmna erT-piriania Tu or-piriani: sanTeli gaqreba, sanTeli gaqra, sanTeli gamqrala; sanTeli gauqreba, sanTeli gauqra, sanTeli gahqrobia. ra saxelic unda SevuwyoT moyvanil zmnas saxelobiTSi, yvela gramatikuli subieqtis gagebas mogvcems: cecxli gauqreba, TvalSi sinaTle gauqreba, ocneba gauqreba da misT. specialur literaturaSi gvxvdeba gamoTqma: saxeli marTavs zmnas pirSi da zmna _ saxels brunvaSio. Seuferebeli gamoTqmaa. zmnisa da saxelis formebi Seqmnilia saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi. saxeli ki ar marTavs zmnas pirSi, aramed Cven, molaparakeni, vxmarobT zmnasa da saxels garkveuli wesiT, romelic SemuSavebulia saukuneobiT, Cven SevuwyobT xolme zmnis formas saxels an saxels zmnis formas, rogorc es saWirod migvaCnia, mag., Tu gvinda rom `SeWama~ zmnas `mgeli~ subieqtad SevuwyoT, gveqneba `mgelma SeWama~; da Tu gvinda obieqtad, unda vTqvaT: `mgeli SeWama~. Tu gvinda, rom `mgelma~ forma iyos winadadebaSi, masTan `SeWma~ zmna uTuod II seriis formiT unda vixmaroT: `mgelma SeWama~ an `mgelma SeWamos~. ase rom gamoTqma `saxeli marTavs zmnas pirSio~ da `zmna saxels marTavs brunvaSio~ sruliad Seuferebelia da odnavadac ar gadmogvcems saqmis namdvil viTarebas. zemoT vTqviT, rom saxeli, romelic Sewyobilia zmnis subieqtur pirTan, aris gramatikuli subieqtio, subieqtur pirs ki arkvevs subieqturi niSnebi, romlebsac meTaurobs v da amis gamo vinis rigi ewodeba (qarT. gram. safuZvlebi, § 239). subieqtur niSnebs garda, qarT. zmnas moepoveba obieqturi niSnebic, romlebsac meTaurobs m da ewodeba manis rigi (iqve, § 239). yoveli saxeli, romelic Sewyobilia obieqtur pirTan, aris gramatikuli obieqti, pirdapiri an iribi (saskolo gramatikis terminologiiT: gramatikuli damateba, pirdapiri an iribi). es zogadi debuleba irRveva III seriis mwkrivebSi, sadac gardamaval zmnebSi inversias aqvs adgili; aq formebi moqmed pirad, e. i. subieqtad gamoxataven im pirs, romlis obieqturi niSania naxmari Sig, xolo umoqmedo, e. i. obieqtur pirad _ imas, romlis subieqturi niSniT aris Sig warmodgenili. amitom maTi fardi saxelebic sa- Tanado kvalifikacias iReben; amis gamoa, rom, magaliTad, es ori winadadeba: `vaxtangs cxeni daukargavs~ da `vaxtangs cxeni dahkargvia~ erTmaneTisagan imiT gansxvavdebian, rom `vaxtangi~ erT SemTxvevaSi subieqtad aris warmodgenili da meore 15
- Page 1 and 2: g a m o c d e b i s e r o v n u l i
- Page 3 and 4: S e s a v a l i `maswavleblis bibli
- Page 5 and 6: lopis kunZuls niSnavs: Πελοπό
- Page 7 and 8: da, roca qaragmas gavxsniT da Zvel
- Page 9 and 10: merme Camodga S e r T u l T a (*501
- Page 11 and 12: 3. Sexewie bolnisis sionis sakurTxe
- Page 13: gramatikuli subieqti zogierT gardau
- Page 17 and 18: luri mxare, aramed am zmnebis mniSv
- Page 19 and 20: da, yvarebia, eyvareba; uyvardes, y
- Page 21 and 22: fologiurad gagebuli da dafasebulia
- Page 23 and 24: Tqmulis Semdeg advili gadasawyvetia
- Page 25 and 26: vTqvaT, rom `moaqvs~ da `mohyavs~ i
- Page 27 and 28: gardauvalma zmnebma ki sazogadod in
- Page 29 and 30: dinamikurs, kerZod, gamoxatavs dina
- Page 31 and 32: gramatikulma subieqtma sabolood dak
- Page 33 and 34: Tavis adgils. es procesi enis ganvi
- Page 35 and 36: ⎡ i⎤ sga / ska da qa zmniswineb
- Page 37 and 38: gamoekueTa kldisagan (DE mT 27, 60)
- Page 39 and 40: ma- zmniswini yovelgvari asimilacii
- Page 41 and 42: amitom is I piris myofobis areSi ig
- Page 43 and 44: war- zmniswinis zemoaRniSnuli mniSv
- Page 45 and 46: mimarTulebas gadmoscems; mag.: a R
- Page 47 and 48: 7. uku-, wiaR-. Zvel qarTulSi iSvia
- Page 49 and 50: Sinaarsobrivi an stiluric aris, ker
- Page 51 and 52: lian xSirad aris warmodgenili erTi
- Page 53 and 54: seburi daboloebiTac, magaliTad: ibm
- Page 55 and 56: tipis vnebiTebSic (gaTbnen, aSendne
- Page 57 and 58: g. orpiriani vnebiTi gvaris zmnebis
- Page 59 and 60: zog SemTxvevaSi gamoCndeba), magram
- Page 61 and 62: saTvis. asea sil. xundaZesTan, ias.
- Page 63 and 64: 1. awmyosagan iwarmoeba (`awmdgomis
gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans subieqti winadadebaSi, Tu Semasmeneli gardamavali<br />
zmnaa II seriis romelime mwkrivis mesame piris formiT. magram aris Tu ara realurad<br />
moqmedi piri yovelTvis igive, rac gramatikuli subieqti? ara, yovelTvis ar<br />
aris. marTlac, realurad moqmedi piri rom igive iyos, rac gramatikuli subieqti (anu<br />
qvemdebare), maSin, cxadia, vnebiTi gvaris zmnis formian winadadebaSi subieqtis saki-<br />
Txi sxvagvarad gadawydeboda, vidre dRes Cveulebriv wydeba qarTulisa da sxva enebis<br />
masalis mixedviT; magaliTad, am winadadebaSi `gaiToxna simindebi~ subieqti ar<br />
gveqneboda, radganac realurad moqmedi piri ar Cans, xolo am winadadebaSi `kldeze<br />
gadaCexili cxeni SeWmul iqna turebisagan~ subieqtad `turebisagan~ unda migveCnia.<br />
exla es magaliTi vnaxoT: `soflidan Zma momivida~; realurad moqmedia `Zma~, gramatikuli<br />
subieqtic is aris. magram davuyenoT mas pirispir aseTi winadadeba: `soflidan<br />
werili momivida fostiT~. romelia aq realurad moqmedi piri? werili? magram<br />
werili xom ar dadis! fosta? _ arc fosta dadis. maSasadame, winadadebaSi subieqti<br />
ara gvqonia. aqedan ra gamodis? is, rom `realurad moqmedi piri~ gramatikuli<br />
cneba ar aris, igi sayofacxovrebo sityvaa, romelic zogierT SemTxvevaSi gvSvelis<br />
gramatikuli cnebis dasadgenad, magram amas iqiT ar midis misi SesaZlebloba. amitom<br />
cxadia, sityvebi `realurad moqmedi piri~ sintaqsur cnebas ver mogvcems da<br />
gramatikul terminad ver gamodgeba.<br />
maS ra aris gramatikuli subieqti? sazogadod gramatikuli subieqti (anu qvemdebare)<br />
is saxelia winadadebaSi, romelic fardia subieqturi pirisa, e. i. saxeli, romelic<br />
Seesatyviseba subieqtur pirs. es fardoba (korespondencia) mxolod mesame<br />
pirTan gamoaCens saxelis brunvis formas qarTulSi: Tu Semasmenlad naxmari zmna<br />
gardauvalia, yovelgvari saxeli, masTan saxelobiTis formiT Sewyobili, gramatikuli<br />
subieqti iqneba, sul erTia, zmna erT-piriania Tu or-piriani: sanTeli gaqreba,<br />
sanTeli gaqra, sanTeli gamqrala; sanTeli gauqreba, sanTeli gauqra, sanTeli gahqrobia.<br />
ra saxelic unda SevuwyoT moyvanil zmnas saxelobiTSi, yvela gramatikuli<br />
subieqtis gagebas mogvcems: cecxli gauqreba, TvalSi sinaTle gauqreba, ocneba gauqreba<br />
da misT. specialur literaturaSi gvxvdeba gamoTqma: saxeli marTavs zmnas<br />
pirSi da zmna _ saxels brunvaSio. Seuferebeli gamoTqmaa. zmnisa da saxelis formebi<br />
Seqmnilia saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi. saxeli ki ar marTavs zmnas pirSi, aramed<br />
Cven, molaparakeni, vxmarobT zmnasa da saxels garkveuli wesiT, romelic SemuSavebulia<br />
saukuneobiT, Cven SevuwyobT xolme zmnis formas saxels an saxels zmnis<br />
formas, rogorc es saWirod migvaCnia, mag., Tu gvinda rom `SeWama~ zmnas `mgeli~ subieqtad<br />
SevuwyoT, gveqneba `mgelma SeWama~; da Tu gvinda obieqtad, unda vTqvaT: `mgeli<br />
SeWama~. Tu gvinda, rom `mgelma~ forma iyos winadadebaSi, masTan `SeWma~ zmna<br />
uTuod II seriis formiT unda vixmaroT: `mgelma SeWama~ an `mgelma SeWamos~. ase rom<br />
gamoTqma `saxeli marTavs zmnas pirSio~ da `zmna saxels marTavs brunvaSio~ sruliad<br />
Seuferebelia da odnavadac ar gadmogvcems saqmis namdvil viTarebas.<br />
zemoT vTqviT, rom saxeli, romelic Sewyobilia zmnis subieqtur pirTan, aris<br />
gramatikuli subieqtio, subieqtur pirs ki arkvevs subieqturi niSnebi, romlebsac<br />
meTaurobs v da amis gamo vinis rigi ewodeba (qarT. gram. safuZvlebi, § 239).<br />
subieqtur niSnebs garda, qarT. zmnas moepoveba obieqturi niSnebic, romlebsac<br />
meTaurobs m da ewodeba manis rigi (iqve, § 239). yoveli saxeli, romelic Sewyobilia<br />
obieqtur pirTan, aris gramatikuli obieqti, pirdapiri an iribi (saskolo gramatikis<br />
terminologiiT: gramatikuli damateba, pirdapiri an iribi).<br />
es zogadi debuleba irRveva III seriis mwkrivebSi, sadac gardamaval zmnebSi inversias<br />
aqvs adgili; aq formebi moqmed pirad, e. i. subieqtad gamoxataven im pirs,<br />
romlis obieqturi niSania naxmari Sig, xolo umoqmedo, e. i. obieqtur pirad _ imas,<br />
romlis subieqturi niSniT aris Sig warmodgenili. amitom maTi fardi saxelebic sa-<br />
Tanado kvalifikacias iReben; amis gamoa, rom, magaliTad, es ori winadadeba: `vaxtangs<br />
cxeni daukargavs~ da `vaxtangs cxeni dahkargvia~ erTmaneTisagan imiT gansxvavdebian,<br />
rom `vaxtangi~ erT SemTxvevaSi subieqtad aris warmodgenili da meore<br />
15
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