q a r T u l i e n a d a l i t e r a t u r a
q a r T u l i e n a d a l i t e r a t u r a q a r T u l i e n a d a l i t e r a t u r a
zmnizedis swavlebis zogierTi sakiTxi 1 130 cira RvinaZe zmnizeda swavlebis TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi rTuli da `daCagruli” metyvelebis nawilia. amaze jer kidev 50-ian wlebSi miuTiTebdnen mkvlevrebi 2 . zmnizedis swavlebis sirTules iwvevs e. w. zmnizedis funqciiT naxmari sityvebis raodenoba da formaTa nairgvaroba. zmnizedadaa CaTvlili: a) viTarebiT brunvaSi dasmuli yvela zedsarTavi da ricxviTi saxeli (kargad, mSvidad, bevrad, orad, xu- Tad...), krebiTi arsebiTi saxelebi (jgufad, mwkrivad...); b) moqmedebiT brunvaSi dasmuli abstraqtuli, moqmedeba-mdgomareobisa da emociurobis gamomxatveli nazmnari arsebiTi saxelebi (gagiJebiT, siyvaruliT...), adgilmdebareobis, droisa da zoma-wonis arsebiTi saxelebi (gverdiT, moSorebiT, diliT, wlobiT, droebiT, tonobiT, urmobiT...), ricxviTi saxelebi (asobiT, milionobiT, bevriT, measediT...), Txzuli arsebi- Ti saxelebi (drogamoSvebiT, RapaRupiT, gulistkeniT...), Sorisdebulebi da nawilakebi (vaiT, jerjerobiT, viSviSiT...), g) micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli zogi arsebiTi da zedsarTavi saxeli (dRes, wels, Zirs, didxans, pirs, Sors, axlos). 3 gamodis, rom zmnizedis funqciiT SeiZleba ixmarebodes zmnis garda yvela sityva. samecniero literaturaSi ki zmnizedis funqciiT sxva sityvaTa gamoyenebis nacvlad saubaria zmnizedaTa jgufebis simravleze, raki zmnizedebad miiCneven zmnizedad gamoyenebul zog zedsarTavsa da ricxviT saxels, arsebiTsa da nacvalsaxels da a. S. es, Cveni azriT, logikur Seusabamobas iwvevs: roca metyvelebis nawilTa funqciaze vlaparakobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is, Tu ras aRniSnaven isini, sityvaTa rogor erTobliobas aerTianeben erTi niSnis qveS. mag., arsebiTi saxelis funqcia sagnis aRniSvnaa, zedsarTavi saxelisa ki _ sagnis niSan-Tvisebisa. es sityvebi xSirad ixmareba erTmaneTis funqciiT (brmam manqana ver dainaxa; erTi uremi SeSa gayida), magram amis gamo `brma~ arsebiTi saxelia, xolo `uremi~ _ zedsarTavio, aravin ityvis. maS ratom iTvleba SesityvebebSi `tba lurjad kamkamebs” da `lurji tbis sikamkame~ _ `lurji~ xan zedsarTav saxelad, xan ki zmnizedad? Cveni azriT, aseTi Seusabamobis saTave SemdegSi mdgomareobs: zmnizedis gramatikul-sintaqsuri funqcia winadadebaSi garemoebis gadmocemaa da amitom yvela sityva, romelic garemoebas gamoxatavs, specialur literaturaSi morfologiuri TvalsazrisiT zmnizedadaa miCneuli. gramatikul literaturaSi warmodgenili gansazRvrebis mixedviT, zmnizedad iTvleba yvela is sityva, romelsac: a) damoukidebeli mniSvnelobac aqvs da b) formaucvalebelicaa. pirveladi zmnizedebi akmayofileben am orive moTxovnas. igive ver iTqmis meoreul zmnizedebze, romlebic specialur literaturaSi sxva metyvelebis nawilebisagan miRebulad iTvlebian `ZiriTadi mniSvnelobisagan daclisa~ da `formis gaqvavebis~ Semdeg. rogorc cnobilia, sityvis mniSvneloba icvleba maSin, roca met-naklebad icvleba aRsaniSni. magaliTad: qudi _ aRniSnavs sagans (`adamianis Tavze dasaxuravi~); 4 qudiani _ aRniSnavs niSans (`visac qudi axuravs~); saqude _ niSania (`qudisaTvis gankuTvnili~) da a. S. aseve, wiTeli _ niSania; wiTldeba _ moqmedebaa (`wiTel fers iRebs~); 1 qarTuli enis da literatura skolaSi, N1-4, 1987. 2 m. TalakvaZe, qarTuli enis swavlebis meTodika, Tb., 1959; m. CinCalaZe, qarTuli zmnizedis swavleba skolaSi, Tb., 1955. 3 magaliTebi amoRebulia m. CinCalaZis dasax. naSromidan. 4 ganmartebebisaTvis gamoyenebulia `qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni”, t. I-VIII., 1950-1965.
siwiTle _ abstraqciaa (`wiTlis Tviseba, wiTeli feris qona~). Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom aq moyvanil yvela erTeuls (qudi_qudiani_saqude; wiTeli_wiTldeba_siwiTle) damoukidebeli mniSvneloba aqvs, e. i. yoveli momdevno erTeuli `daclilia ZiriTadi mniSvnelobisagan~. vnaxoT, rogor aris es momenti warmodgenili zmnizedis SemTxvevaSi. ganvixiloT winadadebaTa wyvilebi: 1. matarebeli zantad daiZra; 2. zanti kameCi gzaze miizlazneba. 1. lurjad molaplape tba gamoCnda; 2. lurj caze mze anaTebs. 1. mdumared ijda; 2. mdumare Rame SiSis momgvrelia. 1. Seikra mrisxaned warbi; 2. mrisxane batonis SiSiT yvelas guli uskdeba. 1. xalxi orad gaiyo; 2. or abazad gayida. 1. iq jgufad isxdnen buzebi; 2. moseirneTa jgufi tyeSi gauCinarda. 1. es iseTnairad miTxra, rom... 2. iseTnairi xma momesma, romelic arasdros gamigonia. Cveni azriT, warmodgenil winadadebebSi araviTari `mniSvnelobisagan dacla~ da `damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis~ miReba ar xdeba. aq sityvam mxolod funqcia icvala: `viTarebiT brunvaSi dayenebuli zedsarTavi (an mimReoba) 5 , rogorc amas Zveli gramatikosebic aRniSnavdnen, zmnizedis funqciiTaa aRWurvili~ 6 . zmnizedis sintaqsuri funqcia ki am SemTxvevaSi viTarebis garemoebis gamoxatvaa, razedac adrec gvqonda laparaki. garda amisa, zmnizedis Seswavlamde, saxelebisa da zmnis analizis dros yuradReba maxvildeba imaze, rom enaSi arsebobs sityvis mniSvnelobis mcvleli (e. w. warmomqmneli) da sityvaTa Soris urTierTobis aRmniSvneli (e. w. mimosaxreli) afiqsebi. warmomqmneli afiqsebi sityvis mniSvnelobis cvlasTan erTad xSir SemTxvevaSi funqciasac ucvlian mas: xerx-i _ xerx-ian-i xerx-av-s a-xerx-eb-s mo-xerx-eb-ul-i Sav-i _ si-Sav-e a-Sav-eb-s Sav-d-eb-a or-i _ or-ob-iT-i ga-or-d-a Cem-i _ Cem-eul-i Cem-ob-a (SenCemoba) u-Cem-o-d 5 amaT unda daematos yvela ricxviTi saxeli, zogi arsebiTi saxeli da nacvalsaxeli, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT. 6 a. SaniZe, Txzulebani, t. III, Tb., 1980, gv. 592. 131
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siwiTle _ abstraqciaa (`wiTlis Tviseba, wiTeli feris qona~).<br />
Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom aq moyvanil yvela erTeuls (qudi_qudiani_saqude;<br />
wiTeli_wiTldeba_siwiTle) damoukidebeli mniSvneloba aqvs, e. i. yoveli momdevno<br />
erTeuli `daclilia ZiriTadi mniSvnelobisagan~.<br />
vnaxoT, rogor aris es momenti warmodgenili zmnizedis SemTxvevaSi. ganvixiloT<br />
winadadebaTa wyvilebi:<br />
1. matarebeli zantad daiZra;<br />
2. zanti kameCi gzaze miizlazneba.<br />
1. lurjad molaplape tba gamoCnda;<br />
2. lurj caze mze anaTebs.<br />
1. mdumared ijda;<br />
2. mdumare Rame SiSis momgvrelia.<br />
1. Seikra mrisxaned warbi;<br />
2. mrisxane batonis SiSiT yvelas guli uskdeba.<br />
1. xalxi orad gaiyo;<br />
2. or abazad gayida.<br />
1. iq jgufad isxdnen buzebi;<br />
2. moseirneTa jgufi tyeSi gauCinarda.<br />
1. es iseTnairad miTxra, rom...<br />
2. iseTnairi xma momesma, romelic arasdros gamigonia.<br />
Cveni azriT, warmodgenil winadadebebSi araviTari `mniSvnelobisagan dacla~ da<br />
`damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis~ miReba ar xdeba. aq sityvam mxolod funqcia icvala:<br />
`viTarebiT brunvaSi dayenebuli zedsarTavi (an mimReoba) 5 , rogorc amas Zveli<br />
gramatikosebic aRniSnavdnen, zmnizedis funqciiTaa aRWurvili~ 6 . zmnizedis sintaqsuri<br />
funqcia ki am SemTxvevaSi viTarebis garemoebis gamoxatvaa, razedac adrec gvqonda<br />
laparaki.<br />
garda amisa, zmnizedis Seswavlamde, saxelebisa da zmnis analizis dros yuradReba<br />
maxvildeba imaze, rom enaSi arsebobs sityvis mniSvnelobis mcvleli (e. w. warmomqmneli)<br />
da sityvaTa Soris urTierTobis aRmniSvneli (e. w. mimosaxreli) afiqsebi.<br />
warmomqmneli afiqsebi sityvis mniSvnelobis cvlasTan erTad xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />
funqciasac ucvlian mas:<br />
xerx-i _ xerx-ian-i<br />
xerx-av-s<br />
a-xerx-eb-s<br />
mo-xerx-eb-ul-i<br />
Sav-i _ si-Sav-e<br />
a-Sav-eb-s<br />
Sav-d-eb-a<br />
or-i _ or-ob-iT-i<br />
ga-or-d-a<br />
Cem-i _ Cem-eul-i<br />
Cem-ob-a (SenCemoba)<br />
u-Cem-o-d<br />
5 amaT unda daematos yvela ricxviTi saxeli, zogi arsebiTi saxeli da nacvalsaxeli, rogorc<br />
zemoTac aRvniSneT.<br />
6 a. SaniZe, Txzulebani, t. III, Tb., 1980, gv. 592.<br />
131
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