q a r T u l i e n a d a l i t e r a t u r a

zedsarTavi saxeli 1
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viola kalandaZe
zedsarTavi saxeli, a d i e q t i v i , metyvelebis nawili; damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis
mqone sityva, romelic gamoxatavs sagnis niSan-Tvisebas. zedsarTavi saxelis
kiTxvebia: rogori? romeli? sadauri? rodindeli? (didi saxli, TeTri iasamani, uRrublo
zeca, qarTuli sagaloblebi, saSviliSvilo saqme, SarSandeli Tovli). zedsarTavi
saxeli miekuTvneba msazRvrel saxelebs. ibrunvis rogorc a t r i b u t u l i
(SeTanxmebuli) m s a z R v r e l i ; winadadebaSi asrulebs atributuli gansazRvrebis
funqcias, gamoiyeneba agreTve Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxelad nawilad (`boroti kaci
daniaSic boroti aris~. iv. maCab., Targm.).
tradiciulad imijneba erTmaneTisagan zedsarTav saxelTa ori ZiriTadi jgufi:
viTarebiTi, romelic sagnis niSan-Tvisebas asaxelebs uSualod, sxva saganTan mimarTebis
gareSe (wiTeli vaSli, keTili kaci, avi ZaRli) da m i m a r T e b i T i , romelic
sagnis niSan-Tvisebas warmoaCens sxva saganTan mimarTebiT (xavsi _ xavsiani qva,
kultura _ kulturuli memkvidreoba, Soban _ saSobao ardadegebi).
viTarebiT zedsarTav saxelTa udidesi nawili pirveladi, aramotivirebuli
sityvaa. mag.: TeTri, Savi, didi, patara, kargi, cudi, viwro, farTo, boroti, keTili,
mlaSe, mcire, mtkice, wminda, WeSmariti, brma, yru, cru... warmodgenili masala Sedgenilobis
mixedviT araerTgvarovania. istoriulad martivfuZian (sakuTar Tu nasesxeb)
zedsarTav saxelTan erTad misi Sevseba xdeboda (da xdeba) dabinduli struqturisa
da semantikis mqone nasaxelari zedsarTavi saxelisa da im mimReobebis xarjze,
romlebsac dakarguli aqvT zmnuri kategoriebi. amitom, viTarebiTi zedsarTavi
saxelis pirveladobisa da aramotivirebulobis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, amosavlad Tanamedrove
qarTulis viTareba ivaraudeba.
viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxeli garkveuli gramatikuli da leqsikuri TaviseburebebiT
xasiaTdeba: a) awarmoebs xarisxis formebs (didi _ udidesi _ modido); b) unari
aqvs egeve Sinaarsi aRweriTi formiTac gadmosces (Zalian didi _ odnav didi); g)
qmnis sapirispiro mniSvnelobis mqone (antonimur) wyvilebs (didi _ patara, maRali _
dabali); d) aqvs zmnizeduri formebi (Cqari _ Cqara, kargi _ kargad); e) abstraqtul
saxelebs upiratesad si _ e afiqsebiT awarmoebs (axali _ siaxle, Rrma _ siRrme). es
niSnebi yvela zedsarTavi saxelisTvis erTnairad damaxasiaTebeli ar aris. brma,
yru, cru, neli, Cumi... absolutur, mudmiv niSans gamoxatavs, amitom xarisxis formebs
ver awarmoebs; xarisxis naklulovani sistemiT xasiaTdeba: wminda _ uwmindesi,
axali _ uaxlesi... feris da, nawilobriv, zomis aRmniSvneli saxelebisaTvis bunebrivi
Cans odnaobiTi xarisxis formebi: wiTeli _ mowiTalo, yviTeli _ moyviTalo (uwiTlesi,
uyviTlesi gramatikulad dasaSvebi formebia, Tumca es mniSvneloba saliteraturo
enaSi upiratesad aRweriTad gadmoicema: muqi wiTeli, xasxasa mwvane, qaTqaTa
TeTri), aseve: didi-modido, grZeli-mogrZo... zogi specialisti am formaTa warmoSobas
sityvawarmoebas ukavSirebs (T. zurabiSvili).
miRebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, xarisxis formebi, sazogadod, viTarebiTi zedsarTavi
saxelis kuTvnilebaa, mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxeli am unars moklebulia.
is niSan-Tviseba, romelsac igi gamoxatavs (mqonebloba _ uqonloba, warmomavloba,
daniSnuleba...) sagans SeiZleba axasiaTebdes, an ar axasiaTebdes. am Tvisebis met-naklebi
odenobiT warmodgena ki SeuZlebelia. Tu romelime mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi
saxeli xarisxis formas awarmoebs, es imas niSnavs, rom mas dakarguli aqvs mimarTebiToba
da viTarebiTad aris qceuli (a. SaniZe). es zedsarTavebia: Zlieri (Zal-ier-i),
Ronieri, gonieri, bednieri, mSvenieri, gemrieli, Wkviani (Wku-ian-i), patiosani (pativosan-i),
mniSvnelovani, guliTadi, diadi (did-ad-i), Zvirfasi, erTguli, keTilSobili.
1 qarTuli ena, enciklopedia, Tb., 2008.