q a r T u l i e n a d a l i t e r a t u r a
q a r T u l i e n a d a l i t e r a t u r a q a r T u l i e n a d a l i t e r a t u r a
Si gan preverbiani zedsarTavi saxeli gvqondes: `Ãmel~ gaiazres rogorc mimReoba da preverbis darTvac aRar iyo SeuZlebeli. -el sufiqss mimReobaTa warmoebaSi xSirad -ar enacvleba. gvaqvs am afiqsTa paralelurad xmarebis SemTxvevebi: m-xedv-el || m-xedv-ar, m-zraxv-el || m-zraxv-al←m-zraxv-ar, sayud-el || sa-yud-ar... -ar sufiqsi gvxvdeba gardamaval zmnaTagan nawarmoeb awmyo drois mimReobebSi msufiqsTan erTad, myofadi drois mimReobaSi sa-prefiqsTan erTad da namyo drois mimReobaSi na- prefiqsTan erTad. namyo droisaa agreTve dinamikur ugvaro zmnaTagan m- prefiqsiTa da -ar sufiqsiT nawarmoebi mimReobebic. -ar sufiqsi Sedis rTuli sufiqsis -ar-e-s SemadgenlobaSic, romelic mxolod m- prefiqsTan erTad gvxvdeba da awarmoebs mimReobas gardauvali statikuri zmnebidan: m-wux-ar-e, m-RÂZ-ar-e, m-dum-ar-e, m-brwyinv-al-e ← m-brwyinv-are... -are-sufiqsi rTulia (ar+e), radgan: 1. qarTulisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli ormarcvliani mawarmoebeli afiqsi. yvela rTuli afiqsi iSleba: ier←iv-er, eul←ev-ul, iad←iv-ad... da 2. mimReobis warmoebaSi gvxvdeba -ar sufiqsica da -e-c cal-calke. -ar sufiqsi unda aRvadginoT sufiqsad mimReobis im formebSi, sadac mimReobis mawarmoeblad oden r Tanxmovani gvaqvs: m-kueT-r, m-Zov-r, m-wux-r... oden Tanxmovniani warmoebis gverdiT moipoveba paraleluri -ar sufiqsiani variantebic: m-Zov-ar, m-wuxar-e... uxmovno, r Tanxmovniani warmoeba mimReobisa im kilosi da drois kuTvnilebad unda CaiTvalos, sadac da roca intensiuri dinamikuri maxvili moqmedebda. -e sufiqsi mimReobaSi gvxvdeba m-, me-, mo- prefiqsebTan erTad awmyos mimReobaSi. myofadi drois mimReobaSi -e sufiqsi mimReobis mxolod or formaSi Cans aSkarad: sa-qm-e da sa-vs-e. magram -e gvaqvs mimReobis mawarmoebel sufiqsad sxva SemTxvevebSic: sa-Tn-o←sa- Tn-v-e (←sa-Tn-ev-e, sa-S-o←sa-Sv-e←sa-Sev-e, sa-s-o←sa-sv-e←sa-sav-e, sa-c-o←sa-cv-e← sa-cav-e... o mimReobis am formebSi pirveladi ar aris da zmnis fuZiseuli -v-isa da mimReobis mawarmoebeli -e sufiqsis Serwymis gziT aris miRebuli. im SemTxvevebSi, roca aRniSnuli fonetikuri safuZveli ar Cans (sa-wyin-o, sa-Cin-o, sa-swav-l-o...) o-s arseboba analogiiT unda aixsnas. -ur, -ed, -al sufiqsiT nawarmoebi mimReobis formebi SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba. -ed sufiqsi mimReobis mxolod or formaSi dasturdeba: mo-qm-ed, mo-rb-ed. -al sufiqsis gamoyenebis arec Zalze SezRudulia ukve Zvel qarTulSi: mo-mk-al, sa-mk-al, da-m-lb-al, dam-lp-al 4 . -al sufiqss gamoyofs mimReobis mawarmoeblad iv. javaxiSvili m-Zev-al formaSic (amosavalia Z-ev-s zmna) 5 . mimReobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi Cans namyos mimReobis zog formaSi -ev sufiqsic: na-qmn-ev (Sdr. na-qm-ar), na-Ruar-ev 6 . iSviaTad gvxvdeba mimReobis mawarmoeblad -an sufiqsic m-prefiqsTan erTad: m- 4 mimReobis `damlbal” da `damlpal” formebSi SesaZlebelia al←ar. mimReobis es formebi dinamikuri ugvaro zmnebisaa, romelnic mxolod m-prefiqsiTa `da ar sufiqsiT awarmoeben mimReobas. amasTan erTad sagulisxmo isic aris, rom amosavali zmnebis fuZeSi orsave Sem- TxvevaSi l Tanxmovani gvaqvs. amitom asimilaciis procesic gasaTvaliswinebelia. 5 i v . j a v a x i S v i l i , qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli buneba da naTesaoba, gv. 231-232. 6 sainteresoa, rom svanurSi, romelic mimReobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebiT metad Raribia, naprefiqsiT nawarmoebi mimReoba -s gamoavlens: na-tix- _ `nabrunebi”, na-kid- _ `anaRebi”: es qarTulis -ev sufiqss unda ukavSirdebodes, romelic swored na||ne prefiqsebTan gamovlindeba qarTulSic. 104
tyuv-an, m-tkiv-an, m-siv-an, m-civ-an... specialur literaturaSi mimReobis am formebSi gamovlinebuli -an mimReobis mawarmoebel sufiqsad aris miCneuli 7 . magram -an sufiqsi gamovlindeba garkveuli tipis zmnaTa mimReobebSi. es is zmnebia, romlebsac awmyoSi mesame subieqturi piris niSnad a aqvT: kiv-a, yiv-a, Civ-a, civ-a, tkiv-a, Cxav-a... an elementis gamovlena mxolod am tipis zmnaTa mimReobebSi eWvs badebs, xom ar aris an zmnis fuZis kuTvnileba da ara mimReobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi? ar unda iyos gamoricxuli, rom am tipis zmnebSi a←an (n-s dakargva auslautSi ar aris ucxo fonetikuri movlena qarTveluri enebisaTvis). -an iqneb mesame subieqturi piris uZvelesi niSani iyos, romelic mTliani saxiT mimReobis am formebSia Semonaxuli. -il da -ul sufiqsebi mimReobas prefiqsis gareSec awarmoeben, drois mixedviT -il da -ul sufiqsiani mimReoba namyo droisaa da amosavali moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnis pirdapir obieqts udris. -ul sufiqsi Cveulebriv bagismieri bgeriT daboloebul zmnaTa mimReobaSi gvaqvs; amitom, SesaZlebelia, igi -il sufiqsisagan momdinareobdes i-s labilizaciis Sedegad 8 . magram garkveul SemTxvevebSi -ul damoukidebeli morfologiuri odenoba Cans: qmn-ul, Sj-ul, gavT-ul, msaj-ul, mo-saj-ul, mo-qadul, mo-nan-ul, mo-ciq-ul... am magaliTebSi labializaciis procesisaTvis safuZveli ar Cans. rogorc aRvniSneT, mimReobis mawarmoebeli yvela sufiqsi garda -il da -ul sufiqsebisa mxolod prefiqsTan erTad awarmoebs mimReobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom oden sufiqsiT nawarmoebi mimReoba Cveulebriv preverbiania (upreverbo formebi subsantivebs warmoadgenen: Txrili, krebuli, werili...). preverbis darTva da prefiqsis uqonloba TiTqos Sinagan kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. vfiqrobT, ar unda iyos SeuZlebeli prefiqsis uqonloba oden sufiqsian warmoebaSi preverbis arsebobiT avxsnaT (analogiuri viTarebaa megrul-WanurSic). mimReobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi uaryofiTi formebis warmoebaSic iReben monawileobas. mimReobis mawarmoebeli prefiqsebi uaryofiT formebSi ar gvxvdeba. gvaqvs mxolod u- prefiqsi, romelsac uaryofiToba ukavSirdeba swored. mimReobis uaryofiTi formebi namyo drois saobieqto mimReobebs aqvT. sasubieqto mimReobas sapirispiro uaryofiTi formebi ara aqvs da saTanado Sinaarsi gadmoicema sasubieqto mim- Reobis dadebiT formaze u-prefiqsis darTviT: u-mgbar (xolo ukueTu, u m g b a r iyvis, i. da efT. 70, 12), u-m c x o r b e l (Seumkobel iyos sofeli da u m c x o r e b e l cxorebaÁ _ ekl. 163,27), u-m c v a l e b e l (da Secvala... uZravi Semcvaleblad da moZravi u m c v a l e b l a d . Stb. mr. gv. 10)... axal qarTulSi sasubieqto mimReobis uaryofiTi formebi aRweriTad iwarmoeba `ara~ nawilakis darTviT mimReobis dadebiT formaze: argamkeTebeli, armcodne... Tumca amgvari warmoeba Zvel qarTulSivea dadasturebuli nuwarsawymedeli, arameCuqvari... magram gvaqvs udavo magaliTebic imisa, roca uaryofiTi mimReoba SinaarsiT (da ara mxolod warmoebiT) upirispirdeba sasubieqto mimReobas: u-tyu da me-tyu-el, urC da mo-rC-il, u-Ruaw da mo-Ruaw, u-kudav da mo-kudav, u-sm da m-smen-el, u-qm da mqmn-el; axal qarTulSi: uqnara kaci, uTqmeli kaci (sapirispiro formebia: mqmnel, mTqmel). cnobilia, rom qarTuls mimReobis formaTa mravalferovneba axasiaTebs, rac warmoebis saSualebaTa mravalferovnebiT aris gamowveuli da rasac ZiriTadad mim- Reobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi da prefiqsis xmovniTi nawili qmnis. amitom qarTulSi mimReobaTa warmoebis ganxilvis dros upirvelesad yovlisa unda gairkves mizezebi mimReobis warmoebis mravalferovnebisa. 7 a r n . C i q o b a v a , saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi, gv. 95, $ 39. 8 a) G. deeters, das khartvelische Verbum, gv. 225, $ 424. b) a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, gv. 593, $ 59. 105
- Page 53 and 54: seburi daboloebiTac, magaliTad: ibm
- Page 55 and 56: tipis vnebiTebSic (gaTbnen, aSendne
- Page 57 and 58: g. orpiriani vnebiTi gvaris zmnebis
- Page 59 and 60: zog SemTxvevaSi gamoCndeba), magram
- Page 61 and 62: saTvis. asea sil. xundaZesTan, ias.
- Page 63 and 64: 1. awmyosagan iwarmoeba (`awmdgomis
- Page 65 and 66: gan gansxvavebiT, TurmeobiTi meore,
- Page 67 and 68: axsna mecnierebis mizans warmoadgen
- Page 69 and 70: TulSi gvaqvs (ubrZanebies, dauteveb
- Page 71 and 72: Zveli qarTulis ZeglebSi ar mogvepov
- Page 73 and 74: struqciis ganviTarebis meqanizmi? T
- Page 75 and 76: velSi SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos pi
- Page 77 and 78: viCnioT. sailustraciod SeiZleba pir
- Page 79 and 80: nareobs -en sufiqsisagan, romlic zm
- Page 81 and 82: neboda imis codna, -a enacvleba Cve
- Page 83 and 84: umTavresad e, ufro iSviaTad o/i rig
- Page 85 and 86: gvaqvs prefiqsiani dinamikuri vnebi
- Page 87 and 88: 87 ivane qavTaraZe dro-kiloTa mesam
- Page 89 and 90: Ruawli keTili mogiRuawebies: xanZT.
- Page 91 and 92: moTxr. 278. ukanaskneli valdebuli i
- Page 93 and 94: aq moeyarnaT Tavi alvanel mwyemsebs
- Page 95 and 96: meore TurmeobiTis zemoT moyvanilma
- Page 97 and 98: sis gavrcelebisaken ufroa midrekile
- Page 99 and 100: yvela am tipis zmnaSi? -n marTlac,
- Page 101 and 102: mimReobis warmoeba qarTulSi 1 101 e
- Page 103: kÂrn-e _ m-i-kÂr-s, mo-cal-e _ i-
- Page 107 and 108: me gvqondes qarTuli enis ganviTareb
- Page 109 and 110: drois gamoxatvis sakiTxi mimReobaTa
- Page 111 and 112: adgan mimReobis formebSi istoriulad
- Page 113 and 114: `zogs oci kaci hyvanda, zogs ocdaaT
- Page 115 and 116: ev: sa-kum-ev-el, aR-r-e(v)-ul, rC-
- Page 117 and 118: niSnavda; subieqti _ moqmedebis Sem
- Page 119 and 120: fiqsi unda gvqonoda (sainteresoa, r
- Page 121 and 122: adamianTa saxelebs ganmeorebis maRa
- Page 123 and 124: dasaxelebuli zedsarTavi saxelebi aw
- Page 125 and 126: maT mravlobiTi ricxvi morfologiurad
- Page 127 and 128: cipia gatarebuli _ yvela brunvaSi w
- Page 129 and 130: verc imas vityviT, rom zemomoyvanil
- Page 131 and 132: siwiTle _ abstraqciaa (`wiTlis Tvis
- Page 133 and 134: dabali _ dabla neli _ nela Cqari _
- Page 135 and 136: Tandebuli qarTulSi 1 135 aram marti
- Page 137 and 138: * * * Tandebulia nawilaki, romelic
- Page 139 and 140: saSuali qarTulis zogierT ZeglSi ari
- Page 141 and 142: Ti qarTulSi odesRac garCeuli gramat
- Page 143 and 144: Sina Sedis Sinagan zmnisarTSi: Sina
- Page 145 and 146: saxelsac) e r T a d zmnisarTi mosde
- Page 147 and 148: poves saxlaki erTi C r d i l o ჲ
- Page 149 and 150: ebr Tandebuli aRniSnavs m s g a v s
- Page 151 and 152: saS. qarTulSi g a n Tandebulian sax
- Page 153 and 154: zogierT ZeglSi u r T Tandebuli mcda
tyuv-an, m-tkiv-an, m-siv-an, m-civ-an... specialur literaturaSi mimReobis am formebSi<br />
gamovlinebuli -an mimReobis mawarmoebel sufiqsad aris miCneuli 7 .<br />
magram -an sufiqsi gamovlindeba garkveuli tipis zmnaTa mimReobebSi. es is zmnebia,<br />
romlebsac awmyoSi mesame subieqturi piris niSnad a aqvT: kiv-a, yiv-a, Civ-a, civ-a,<br />
tkiv-a, Cxav-a...<br />
an elementis gamovlena mxolod am tipis zmnaTa mimReobebSi eWvs badebs, xom ar<br />
aris an zmnis fuZis kuTvnileba da ara mimReobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi?<br />
ar unda iyos gamoricxuli, rom am tipis zmnebSi a←an (n-s dakargva auslautSi<br />
ar aris ucxo fonetikuri movlena qarTveluri enebisaTvis). -an iqneb mesame subieqturi<br />
piris uZvelesi niSani iyos, romelic mTliani saxiT mimReobis am formebSia<br />
Semonaxuli.<br />
-il da -ul sufiqsebi mimReobas prefiqsis gareSec awarmoeben, drois mixedviT -il<br />
da -ul sufiqsiani mimReoba namyo droisaa da amosavali moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnis<br />
pirdapir obieqts udris. -ul sufiqsi Cveulebriv bagismieri bgeriT daboloebul<br />
zmnaTa mimReobaSi gvaqvs; amitom, SesaZlebelia, igi -il sufiqsisagan momdinareobdes<br />
i-s labilizaciis Sedegad 8 . magram garkveul SemTxvevebSi -ul damoukidebeli<br />
morfologiuri odenoba Cans: qmn-ul, Sj-ul, gavT-ul, msaj-ul, mo-saj-ul, mo-qadul,<br />
mo-nan-ul, mo-ciq-ul... am magaliTebSi labializaciis procesisaTvis safuZveli<br />
ar Cans.<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, mimReobis mawarmoebeli yvela sufiqsi garda -il da -ul sufiqsebisa<br />
mxolod prefiqsTan erTad awarmoebs mimReobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom oden sufiqsiT<br />
nawarmoebi mimReoba Cveulebriv preverbiania (upreverbo formebi subsantivebs<br />
warmoadgenen: Txrili, krebuli, werili...). preverbis darTva da prefiqsis uqonloba<br />
TiTqos Sinagan kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. vfiqrobT, ar unda iyos SeuZlebeli<br />
prefiqsis uqonloba oden sufiqsian warmoebaSi preverbis arsebobiT avxsnaT (analogiuri<br />
viTarebaa megrul-WanurSic).<br />
mimReobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi uaryofiTi formebis warmoebaSic iReben monawileobas.<br />
mimReobis mawarmoebeli prefiqsebi uaryofiT formebSi ar gvxvdeba. gvaqvs<br />
mxolod u- prefiqsi, romelsac uaryofiToba ukavSirdeba swored. mimReobis uaryofiTi<br />
formebi namyo drois saobieqto mimReobebs aqvT. sasubieqto mimReobas sapirispiro<br />
uaryofiTi formebi ara aqvs da saTanado Sinaarsi gadmoicema sasubieqto mim-<br />
Reobis dadebiT formaze u-prefiqsis darTviT: u-mgbar (xolo ukueTu, u m g b a r iyvis,<br />
i. da efT. 70, 12), u-m c x o r b e l (Seumkobel iyos sofeli da u m c x o r e b e l<br />
cxorebaÁ _ ekl. 163,27), u-m c v a l e b e l (da Secvala... uZravi Semcvaleblad da moZravi<br />
u m c v a l e b l a d . Stb. mr. gv. 10)... axal qarTulSi sasubieqto mimReobis uaryofiTi<br />
formebi aRweriTad iwarmoeba `ara~ nawilakis darTviT mimReobis dadebiT formaze:<br />
argamkeTebeli, armcodne... Tumca amgvari warmoeba Zvel qarTulSivea dadasturebuli<br />
nuwarsawymedeli, arameCuqvari...<br />
magram gvaqvs udavo magaliTebic imisa, roca uaryofiTi mimReoba SinaarsiT (da<br />
ara mxolod warmoebiT) upirispirdeba sasubieqto mimReobas: u-tyu da me-tyu-el, urC<br />
da mo-rC-il, u-Ruaw da mo-Ruaw, u-kudav da mo-kudav, u-sm da m-smen-el, u-qm da mqmn-el;<br />
axal qarTulSi: uqnara kaci, uTqmeli kaci (sapirispiro formebia: mqmnel,<br />
mTqmel).<br />
cnobilia, rom qarTuls mimReobis formaTa mravalferovneba axasiaTebs, rac<br />
warmoebis saSualebaTa mravalferovnebiT aris gamowveuli da rasac ZiriTadad mim-<br />
Reobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi da prefiqsis xmovniTi nawili qmnis.<br />
amitom qarTulSi mimReobaTa warmoebis ganxilvis dros upirvelesad yovlisa<br />
unda gairkves mizezebi mimReobis warmoebis mravalferovnebisa.<br />
7 a r n . C i q o b a v a , saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi, gv. 95, $ 39.<br />
8 a) G. deeters, das khartvelische Verbum, gv. 225, $ 424.<br />
b) a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, gv. 593, $ 59.<br />
105
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