q a r T u l i e n a d a l i t e r a t u r a

g a m o c d e b i s e r o v n u l i c e n t r i
maswavleblis biblioTeka
q a r T u l i e n a d a
l i t e r a t u r a
tomi II
qarTuli ena
Tbilisi
2009
1

q a r T u l i e n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i s j g u f i
redaqtorebi:
elene babunaSvili
mzeqala SaniZe
C ssip gamocdebis erovnuli centri, 2009.
2

S e s a v a l i
`maswavleblis biblioTekis~ II tomSi Tavmoyrilia statiebi, romlebSic
ganxilulia qarTuli enis gramatikis sakiTxebi. dabeWdilia iseTi fundamenturi
gamokvlevebi, rogorebicaa _ akaki SaniZis `naSTebi mesame piris obieqturi
prefiqsis xmarebisa qarTul zmnebSi~ da `gramatikuli subieqti zogierT
gardauval zmnasTan qarTulSi~; arnold Ciqobavas `qarTuli zmnis nakv-
TeulTa dajgufebis principebisaTvis~ da `martivi winadadebis evoluciis
tendenciebi~; aram martirosovis `Tandebuli qarTulSi~, statiebi qarTuli
enis metyvelebis kulturasTan dakavSirebul praqtikul sakiTxebze, kerZod,
elene koSoriZis `kvlav erTi sadavo sakiTxis gamo~; neli cqitiSvilis `erTi
sintaqsuri movlenis Sesaxeb~, lia leJavas `msazRvrelTa rigi araerTgvar
msazRvrelebian SesityvebaSi~ da misT. garda amisa, ibeWdeba qeTevan lomTaTi-
Zis statia, romelic qarTuli enis fonologiuri modelis rRvevis problemebs
exeba.
krebulSi dabeWdilia rogorc lingvisturi gamokvlevebi, ise samecnieropopularuli
statiebi. garda amisa, didi adgili eTmoba publikaciebs, romlebic
sagangebod maswavleblebisaTvis momzadda da sxvadasxva dros gamoqveynda
JurnalebSi: `qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi~ da `balavari~.
vfiqrobT, es krebuli saTanado daxmarebas gauwevs qarTuli enisa da literaturis
pedagogebs sasertifikacio gamocdisaTvis momzadebaSi da, rac mTavaria,
saswavlo procesis warmarTvaSi.
teqstebis nawili gadmotanilia srulad, nawili ki _ kupiurebiT.
avtorTa stili yvelgan daculia.
gamocdebis erovnuli centri pasuxs ar agebs statiebis avtorTa sadavo
debulebebsa Tu calkeul uzustobebze.
3

naSTebi mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsis xmarebisa xmovnebis win
qarTul zmnebSi 1
4
akaki SaniZe
ukve gamorkveulia, rom obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa qarTulSi moepoveba
mxolod micemiT damatebian zmnebs, e. i. iseT zmnebs, romelnic damatebas micemiT
brunvaSi moiTxoven ara marto awmyoSi, aramed namyo srulSic 2 . gamorkveulia isic,
rom am prefiqss qarTulSi saerTod ramdenime saxe aqvs (h, Á, x, R, s, S, z, J, romel-
Taganac Zvel saliteraturo qarTulSi Cveulebriv mxolod h, s da S gvxvdeba), magram
misi xmareba mxolod TanxmovniT dawyebuli fuZeebiT aris gansazRvruli. raica
Seexeba xmovniT dawyebul fuZeebs, aq obieqturi prefiqsi (Teoriulad h) ikargeba,
rogorc Zvels, ise axal saliteraturo enaSi da agreTve cocxal kiloebSic. magram
xmovnis win marto mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsi rodi ikargeba; ikargeba agreTve
meore piris subieqturi prefiqsic, romelsac iseTive fonetikuri saxeebi aqvs, rogoric
mesame piris obieqtur prefiqss. mxolod aq erTi gamonaklisi moipoveba: esaa
aris zmna, romelsac dRemdisac ki daucavs subieqturi prefiqsis xmareba xmovnis
win meore piris formaSi: var, xar, ari-s. magram es erTi zmna yvelgan da yovelTvis
ganmartoebiT dgas, radganac misi uRleba arc erTi cnobili kilos uRlebis normebs
ar egueba: xmovnis win ara gvaqvs sxva SemTxveva meore piris subieqturi niSnis
Senaxvisa. samagierod SeiZleba mas paralelebi movuZebnoT mesame piris obieqturi
prefiqsis xmarebis SemTxvevebidan xmovnebis win. es paralelebia: xerTvis, xeyav, Sexewie
da SexubaT.
1. xerTvis
qarTulSi ar moipoveba zmnis forma xerTvis, magram moipoveba am formisagan nawarmoebi
saxeli xerTvis-i. ras niSnavs igi? s. o r b e l i a n i s leqsikoniT xerTvisi
aris `zRvaTa da wyalTa saSualo adgili xmeli~. am ganmartebaSi `wyali~ uTuod
mdinaris mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari da, maSasadame, s. orbelianis axsnis dRevandeli
Targamani iqneba: zRvebsa da mdinareebs Soris mdebare xmeli adgili. magram zRvebsa
da mdinareebs Soris mdebare xmeli adgili CvenTvis dRes SeiZleba kunZulic iyos
da naxevar-kunZulic, imisda mixedviT, mTlad aris igi Semofargluli wyliT, Tu
ara. romeli maTgani aqvs sulxans mxedvelobaSi? Tu yuradRebas mivaqcevT im garemoebas,
rom xerTvisi mas miaCnia k u n Z u l i s a da W a l a k i s sinonimad (misi ganmarteba
kunZulisa aseTia: xerTÂsi, Walaki, xolo Walakisa: kunZuli, gina Wala), SeiZleba
vifiqroT, rom mas xerTvisi dRevandel kunZulad esmodes. magram ara! aseTi gageba
iqneboda dRevandel cnebaTa gadatana Zvels droSi da Cveni Sexedulebis moxveva
sulxanis Tavze. Tumca axal qarTulSi gansxvavebuli gvaqvs k u n Z u l i da n a x e -
v a r - k u n Z u l i , magram Zvel qarTulSi aseTi diferenciacia ar unda yofiliyo da
iq erTi da igive sityva (xerTvisi iqneboda igi, kunZuli, Tu Walaki) gamoyenebuli
unda yofiliyo rogorc k u n Z u l i s , ise n a x e v a r - k u n Z u l i s aRsaniSnavad. aseTi
ganurCevloba kunZulisa da naxevar-kunZulisa Zvel qarTulSi gasakviri ar
aris, radganac igi marto Zvel qarTuls rodi axasiaTebs: msgavsive movlenaa arabulSic.
arc Tu Zvel berZnulSia Zalian garCeuli k u n Z u l i da n a x e v a r - k u n Z u -
li. Tumca aq naxevar-kunZulisaTvis specialurad χερσόνησος (anu χεῤῤονησος), ή, moipoveba,
raica qarTulad xmeleT-kunZuls niSnavs, magram mainc νσος, ή, aRniSnavs
ara marto k u n Z u l s sakuTriv, aramed n a x e v a r - k u n Z u l s a c . es cxadad Cans, magaliTad,
peloponesis naxevar-kunZulis saxelwodebidan, raica etimologiurad p e -
1 a . S a n i Z e , Txz., t. II, Tb., 1981 (ibeWdeba mcireodeni SemoklebiT).
2 a. SaniZe, subieqturi prefiqsi meore pirisa da obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa qarTul
zmnebSi, Txz., t. II, Tb., 1981.

lopis kunZuls niSnavs: Πελοπόννησος, ή = Πέλοπος νσος. maSasadame, s u l x a n i s xer-
Tvisis axsnaSi Cven unda davinaxoT rogorc kunZuli, ise naxevar-kunZuli.
d. CubinaSvilis leqsikonis pirvel gamocemaSi (1840 w.) xerTvisi axsnilia
kunZulad (остров, île), raica unda eyrdnobodes sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebas,
romelic gagebulia ar ise, rogorc igi TviT s u l x a n s esmoda, aramed
Sig Cadebulia axali mniSvneloba. meore gamocemaSic (1887_90 w.w.) misi qarTuli axsnaa
Walaki, kunZuli, xolo rusuli Targmania перешеек, остров. es перешеек -i cota
ver udgeba iqve moyvanil qarTul axsna-ganmartebas (`Walaki, kunZuli~) da ar vici,
saidan momdinareobs da ras emyareba igi. d. C u b i n a S v i l s am ukanasknel gamocemaSi
adgilic ki mohyavs, sadac xerTvisi unda gvxvdebodes: es yofila `tim. 36~. es
`tim.~ unda iyos albaT `moxila wmidaTa da sxaTa aRmosavleTisa adgilTa timoTesagan
qarTlisa mTavar-episkoposisa~, romelic dabeWda pl. i o s e l i a n m a tfiliss
1852 wels. magram verc am wignis 36 gverdze da verc sazogadod sadme am wignSi me
ver vipove x e r T v i s i . t i m o T e am Tavis `moxilaSi~ Cveulebriv an W a l a k s xmarobs
(23, 20; 24, 4; 31, 1; 103, 17; 123, 9; 123, 20; 124, 3; 125, 9, 12_13; 174, 19; 179, 7, 10, 13, 15,
16_17, 22; 180, 6; 184. 13; 185, 1) an kidev k u n Z u l s (25, 17; 53, 21; 103, 1_2; 116, 5; 121, 5_6;
123, 23). erT adgilas, magaliTad, igi wers: `mier warvediT kunZulsa subuqsa da mier
Walaksa kunZulsa (sic) rodoss~ (125, 15_17) 3 .
xerTvisi rom kunZulia, an naxevar-kunZuli, amis dasamtkiceblad SegviZlia
marTlac davimowmoT Zveli Zeglebi.
xerTvisi kunZulia
a) grigol n o s e l i s erT wignSi, romlis Targmanic or redaqciad aris moRweuli.
erT redaqciaSi x e r T v i s i ikiTxeba, xolo meore redaqciaSi _ W a l a k i :
aramed jer iyo WeSmaritad, raÁTa
ganimzados samefoÁ pirvel da maSinRa
gamoCndes mefÀ. da viTar ganmzada
dambadebelman yovelTaman saunjÀ sameufoÁ,
_ da ars ese qveyanaÁ, zRuaÁ
da xerTvisni. ese caÁ, romeli ars
magrilobel maT zeda, daiunja saunjesa
amas yoveli simdidrÀ (`kacisa
SesaqmisaTÂs~ 4 , Zveli redaqcia, Senaxuli
Satberdis krebulSi, gv. 11 b).
aramed pirvel samTavrosa jer-iyo Semzadeba
da esreTRa Semoyvaneba mefisao.
xolo vinaTgan yovelTa dambadebelman
viTarca sameufoni ezoni esreT ganumzadna
meufed yofadsa mas zRuaÁ da Ãmeli
da caÁ da queyanaÁ da W a l a k n i 5 da
mdinareni da viTarca sarTuli da kamara
modrika maT zeda samyaro ese yovlad
Suenieri da sameufoTa amaT Sina simdidre
pirad-piradi dauunja [`dabadebisaTÂs
kacisa~, axali redaqcia giorgi mTawmidlisa.
wera-kiTxvis saz. muzeumis xelnaweri
#1358 (f. 146); agreTve ##2666 (rv. 13,
gv, 3); 272 (gv. 223) da 120 (gv. 121)].
3 saRvTo werilis qarTul TargmanSi Cveulebriv W a l a k i ixmareba (mcxeTis dabadebaSic,
T. Jordaniaseul xelnawerSic, moskovis gamocemaSic). dab. 10, 5; fsalm. 71, 10; 96, 1 (asea
fsalmunis Zvel xelnawerSic).
k u n Z u l i ukve vefxis tyaosanSia naxmari (d. kariWaSvilis gamoc.[1920] 584, 2 = kakaba-
Zis gamoc. 564, 2 = abulaZis gamoc. 540, 2), saiubileo gamoc. 601, 2.
4 am ZeglSi rom x e r T v i s i gvxvdeba, am garemoebaze Cemi yuradReba miaqcia varl. T o -
furiam.
5 W a l a q n i ase ikiTxeba 1358 nomerSi. 272-sa da 2666-Si ikiTxeba b a l a k n i , xolo 120-Si jer
b a l a k n i yofila da Semdeg bani Warad gadausworebiaT.
5

) timoTe episkoposis wamebaSi 6 vkiTxulobT:
xolo gulis-TqumaÁ saeSmakoÁ daenerga gulsa domentianos mefesa hromisasa, romeli
iyo Semdgomad neron mefisa. ese aRegzna risxviTa didiTa zemo Ãsenebulsa
amas zeda wmidasa iovanes RmrTis-metyuelsa da SuriTa saeSmakoÁTa gandevna igi qalaqiT
efesoÁT da ubrZana, raÁTa daemkÂdros igi Walaksa patmonisasa, romeli ars
erTi S e c v u l T a x e r T v i s T a g a n i 7 . aq moyvanil citataSi sityva `Secvuli~ SeiZleba
ornairad gavigoT: igi unda iyos an daculi samxedro ZalebiT (romaelebi xom
iq pyrobilebs gzavnidnen), an kidev garemoculi, irgvliv Semortymuli wyliT. wamebis
gamomcemeli prof. k. k e k e l i Z e ukanasknel ganmartebas uWers mxars da mec ase
mgonia da, maSasadame, teqstis ukanasknel sityvebSi `romeli ars erTi SecvulTa
xerTvisTagani~ unda igulisxmebodes kunZuli dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT. irgvliv garemoculi
wyliT. magram, Tu ki SeiZleba, rom xerTvisi iyos `Secvuli~ (e. i. kunZuli),
albaT SeiZleba, rom igi iyos agreTve `Seucavic~ (e. i. naxevar-kunZuli). da,
marTlac, aseTi mniSvnelobiTac aris igi naxmari Zvel ZeglebSi.
xerTvisi naxevar-kunZulia
a) evfemiane da aleqsis cxovrebaSi vkiTxulobT:
pova mun navi Ãuamaldi da Sevida mas Sina da hrqua menaveTa maT: warvemarTneT
asureTa, sada-igi ars xerTvisi da xati RmrTisaÁ. da warvides mier da ganvides
lavdikiad da povnes mogzaurni mekarauleni da Seevedra maT da warvida x e r T v i -
s a d asureTisa, sada-igi ars xati RmrTisaÁ 8 . aq asureTis x e r T v i s a d nagulisxmevia
mesopotamia, anu Suamdinare, romelic marTlac naxevar-kunZuls warmoadgens
dijlasa da evfrats Sua. swored mesopotamiaSi mdebareobs urha qalaqi anu edesa,
sadac, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, TiTqo iyo xelT-uqmneli xati, romelzedac saubaria
moyvanil citatSi.
b) wm. miqaelis wamebaSi vkiTxulobT: `miugo monazonman [amirmumlsa] da hrqua:
oTxni kideni oTxTa saxarebaTani da aTormetni nawilni aTormetTa mociqulTani,
romel arian eseni: sindeTi da hindoeTi, nubeTi da afrikeTi, guTeTi da saberZneTi,
burRaneTi da qersoneTi, afxazeTi da xazareTi, delameTi da farRaneTi, _ ese arian
zRÂs-kideni; xolo Tquen, sarkinozni, mpyrobelni xarT erTisa x e r T v i s i s a n i da
umravlÀsni erni queyanisa Tquenisani morwmuneni arian uflisa Cemisa da Sennica
msaxurni warCinebulni mwignobarni da mkurnalni mosavni mÃsnelisa Cemisani~ 9 . moyvanili
adgilidan cxadia, rom x e r T v i s i unda iyos n a x e v a r - k u n Z u l i , ase rom
`Tquen, sarkinozni, mpyrobelni xarT erTisa xerTvisisani~ dRevandel enaze gadmoTargmniT
iqneba: T q v e n , s a r k i n o z e b s (e. i. a r a b e b s ) , g i p y r i a T e r T i n a -
xevar-kunZuli.
g) j u a n S e r s Tavis istoriaSi orjer aqvs naxmari xerTvisi. erT adgilas igi
mogviTxrobs:
(mariam dedof. red.)
ewyunes igini zRuis kidesa mas, romel
ars Walaksa, riyesa xerTÂsssa
(*351, gv. 152).
(ana dedof. red.)
ewyvnes igini zRuis kidesa mas, romel
ars Walaki, riye xerTviSisa (rveuli
i´e, gv. 15).
mariam dedofliseul redaqciaSi ukanaskneli sityva pativs qveS unda vigulisxmoT
6 vin icis, egebis am timoTes wamebas gulisxmobda leqsikologi d . C u b i n a S v i l i romelime
xelnaweris mixedviT, roca igi x e r T v i s i s mniSvnelobis gamorkvevisaTvis romeliRac
Zegls imowmebda.
7 prof. k. k e k e l i Z e , qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi, nawili pirveli, kimeni, t. I,
tfilisi 1918, gv. 105, 13-18.
8 prof. k. k e k e l i Z e , Op. cit., 162, 1-5.
9 iqve., 170, 7-14.
6

da, roca qaragmas gavxsniT da Zvel orTografiasac aRvadgenT, miviRebT: `Walaksa,
riyesa xerTvisisasa~. ana dedofliseul redaqcias misdevs Teimuraz batoniSviliseuli
xelnaweric, magram aq ukanaskneli sityvis formaa ara xerTviSisa, aramed xer-
Tvisisa: `ewyvnes igini zRuis kidesa mas, romel ars Walaki, riye xerTvisisa~ (qar--
Tlis cxovreba, I, peterb. 1849, gv. 129). am adgilma cotaodnad sagonebelSi Caagdo m.
b r o s e , romelmac igi ase gadaTargmna: `Le combat s'engage, au bord de la mer, dans l'ile caillouteuse
de Khertwis~ da Tanac aseTi SeniSvna daurTo 10 . `sityva x e r T v i s i , romlis warmoSoba
me ar vici, sulxanis leqsikonis mixedviT aris `zRvaTa da wyalTa saSuali adgili
xmeli~ da, maSasadame, k u n Z u l i , somx. վղզի. speri, sadac qarTvelebs dauxeviaT,
arc Tu egre axloa zRvasTan, magram, rogorc Cans, vaxtangi daaxlovebia lazikis
napirs. esec kia, rom, mematianis moTxrobis mixedviT, laparaki unda iyos, cxadia,
ara zRvaSi mdebare kunZulze, aramed, ueWvelia, qveynis romelsame nawilze, romelic
ramdenime mimdinare wyals Soris aris moqceuli da romelsac xerTvisi erqmeoda,
rogoric aris amave saxelis mqone cixe iq, sadac sakuTriv mtkvars erTvis mdinare,
romelsac vaxuSti javaxeTis mtkvars uwodebs~. am SeniSvnis meore nawili mxolod imdenad
aris swori, ramdenadac igi sazogadod xerTvisis semantikas exeba. magram b r o -
se cdeba, roca igi, axali qarTulis gavleniT, brZolis asparezs zRvas aSorebs. mar-
Tlac da: sada aqvs j u a n S e r s warmodgenili omi: zRvis napirze, Tu zRvisagan mo-
SorebiT? davukvirdeT mis moTxrobas. vaxtangma ganacxada Turme: `aRvdgeT aqaÁT da
davibanakoT zRuasa somxiTiT kerZo, raÁTa guaqundes Cuen gzaÁ Wirisa da lxinisaÁ~-o.
amis Semdeg Turme `aRiyara laSqari igi garemos qalaqisa da vles xuTisa dRisa savali
somxiTiT kerZo da dadges speriT kerZo 11 (qarT. cxovr., I, 1849, gv. 128). raki amis
Semdeg moTxrobilia, rom `ewyunes igini zRuis kidesa mas, romel ars Walaki, riye
xerTvisisa~ (an `romel ars Walaksa, riyesa xerTvisisasa~), cxadia, juanSeris warmodgeniT,
omi momxdara zRvis pirad, riyeze, magram es zRvis piri Tavisi mdebareobiT
yofila Walaki, e. i. am SemTxvevaSi naxevar-kunZuli, romelic erTi mxriT SesaZloa
mdinariTac iyo Semofargluli. maSasadame, sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, es adgili
yofila x e r T v i s i da SeiZleba, rom saxeladac mas sakuTrad x e r T v i s i erqva. am
SemTxvevaSi ki bunebrivi iqneboda misi xerTviS-ad gadakeTeba Wanur-megrul wesze,
rogorc es ana dedofliseul xelnawerSi ikiTxeba (dasaxelebul midamoebSi xom
Wan-megrelTa tomebi mosaxleobdnen), rom aq ubralo Secdoma ar gvqondes.
d) meore adgilas j u a n S e r i mogviTxrobs:
(mariam dedof. red.)
cnes sparsTa, rameTu damZimda vaxtang,
da moaoÃres tfilisi da armazi
qalaqi; xolo mcxeTa ver daipyres,
garna romeli zRudesa garegniT iyo,
moaoÃres, romeli muxraniT da aragusa
x e r T v i s s a iyo (*397_398, gv. 183).
(ana dedofl. red.)
cnes sparsTa, viTarmed damZimda
vaxtang, moaoÃres tfilisi qalaqi da
armazi qarTli, xolo mcxeTa ver daipyres,
garna romeli zRudesa garegniT
iyvnes, moaoÃrnes, romelni-igi
muxraniT da aragusa xerTvisisa iyo
(rveuli i´À, meoTxe gverdi bolodan).
gamodis, maSasadame, rom sparselebs, j u a n S e r i s azriT, mcxeTisTvis rom vera
daukliaT ra, mouoxrebiaT misi zRudis gareSe adgili `romeli-igi muxraniT da
aragusa x e r T v i s s a iyo~, e. i. muxranidan mokidebuli rac ki mtkvarsa da aragvs
Sua naxevar-kunZulsaviT mdebare adgilebi iyo. m. b r o s e s xerTvisi aq kidev ufro
farTod esmis: misTvis igia `aragvsa, mtkvarsa da qsans Soris mdebare adgili~ 12 . magram
me mgonia, rom xerTvisis sazRvrebi aq mxolod mtkvriT da aragviT unda Semoi-
10 Histoire de la Géorgie, I, gv. 171.
11 mariam dedofliseulsa (*346-347, gv. 149) da agreTve ana dedofliseul redaqciaSic es adgili
cotaodenad Seryvnilia.
12 Histoire de la Géorgie, I, gv. 198, SnS. 4.
7

sazRvros. arsaidan ara Cans, rom j u a n S e r s qsanic hqondes mxedvelobaSi. xerTvisi
misTvis, ueWvelia, or wyals Sua mdebare adgilia. marTalia, am or wyalTagan igi
mxolod aragvs axsenebs, magram cxadia, rom meore mdinared mas mtkvari aqvs nagu-
lisxmevi.
Zveli teqstebis mowmobiT, maSasadame, xerTvisi aRniSnavda rogorc dRevandel
k u n Z u l s , ise agreTve n a x e v a r - k u n Z u l s a c , romelTa diferenciacia maSin arc
arsebobda. miuxedavad amisa, mainc unda vTqvaT, rom xerTvisi Tavdapirvelad unda
yofiliyo naxevar-kunZuli da ara kunZuli, Tanac iseTi naxevar-kunZuli, romelic
ori mdinaris SeerTebiT (an mdinaris zRvasTan SerTviT) aris warmomdgari.
amas is garemoeba gvafiqrebinebs, rom sazogado saxeli xerTvisi sakuTar saxelad
iqca qarTulSi da geografiul nomenklaturaSi amoyo Tavi.
xerTvisi dResac geografiuli saxelia da igi ramdenimejer gvxvdeba. magaliTad,
xuT-versian rukaze, romelic gamocemuli iyo kavkasiis samxedro topografiuli ganyofilebis
mier, am saxelwodebiT (Хертвиси, Хертвисъ) xuTi sofelia aRniSnuli:
1. j a v a x e T S i , iq, sadac mtkvars axalqalaqis wyali erTvis.
2. f o c x o v S i , wurwyabidan 15-iode versis manZilze, CrdiloeTiT.
3. k l a r j e T S i , artanujis aRmosavleTiT, aTiode versis manZilze.
4. a W a r a S i , sadac Woroxs aWaris wyali erTvis (= zeda xerTvisi?).
5. aWaraSive, maWaxelis wyalze (qveda xerTvisi).
magram unda vifiqroT, rom xerTvisi, rogorc geografiuli saxeli, gacilebiT
ufro metia saqarTveloSi, vidre rusul xuT-versian rukazea aRniSnuli. magaliTad
SemiZlia davasaxelo
6. J i n v a n s gaRma mdebare adgili, sadac fSavis aragvs mTiuleTis aragvi uer-
Tdeba da romelsac xerTvisi hqvian. igi dasaxelebul rukaze aRniSnuli ar aris.
Tu yuradRebas mivaqcevT zemore CamoTvlili adgilebis mdebareobas, vnaxavT, rom
yvelani mdinaris pirad imyofebian; metsac vityviT: yvelani SerTul mdinareebs Soris
arian moqceulni; `arian moqceulni~-meTqi, magram ufro swori iqneboda, meTqva: `unda
iyvnen moqceulni~, radganac ueWvelad da danamdvilebiT amis mtkiceba jer-jerobiT
mxolod sami xerTvisis Sesaxeb SemiZlia: aragvisa, mtkvrisa da Woroxisa. erT maTgans
vaxuSti batoniSvili ase niSandobliv agviwers: `sad erTvis mtkvars javaxeTis
mtkvari, am ors mdinares Soris ars xerTvisi: mtkvris aRmosavleTis kidezed
da javaxeTis mtkvris samxriT~ 13 . sxva xerTvisebsac albaT aseTive mdebareoba aqvT,
Tu, rasakvirvelia, romelime maTgani sxva xerTvisidan gadmosaxlebuli xalxis mier
gaSenebuli ar aris da saxelic iqidan, Zveli xerTvisidan, gadmotanili da axalSenis
mdebareobis Seufereblad darqmeuli ar aris. erTi sityviT, xerTviss unda movelodeT
Cveulebriv mxolod iq, sadac mdinare mdinaresve an zRvas erTvis.
erTvis _ ai is zmnis forma, romelTanac etimologiuri kavSiri aqvs xerTviss 14 .
rom es kavSiri udavoa, amas erTTavad isic adasturebs, rom rTva zmnisagan sxva geografiuli
saxelic gvaqvs nawarmoebi, saxeldobr S e r T u l i , romelic sofelia
didisa da patara liaxvis SesarTavTan. oRond S e r T u l i axali formaa, Zvelad ki
igi mravlobiT ricxvSi yofila xmarebuli: S e r T u l n i , S e r T u l T a , rogorc
amas gviCvenebs Semdegi adgili qarTlis cxovrebisa:
(mariam dedofl. red.)
TÂT Tavadi surtani dadga kar-bsa da
8
(ana dedofl. red.)
da TuiT Tavadi surtani dadga karbs
13 ReoRraჶiuli aRwera saqarTveloჲsa batoniSvilis vaxuStis mier, peterburgi, 1842, gv., 96.
14 xerTvisis etimologiuri kavSiri erTvis formasTan gaTvaliswinebuli hqonia i. rostomaSvilsac,
romelsac oRond xani SecdomiT Semoklebuli xevi (scil. Ãevi) hgonia. igi wers: «Хертвис
– слово грузинское. Образовалось оно из двух слов: х сокращенное хеви – река, вода и эртвис (erTvis) –
соединяется. И действительно, Хертвис стоит как раз у соединения р. Топараванки с Курой, на левой стороне первой
и на правой – второй» (Ахалкалакский уезд в археологическом отношении: Сборник материалов, XXV, 115).

merme Camodga S e r T u l T a (*501, gv. 271-
272) 15 .
da merme Camovida S e r T u l T a (rv. k´e,
gv. 5).
am sityvis etimologia, dakavSirebuli soflis geografiul mdebareobasTan, jer
kidev vaxuStis aqvs sworad ganmartebuli, romelic wers: `varians zeiT erTvis liaxvs
aRmosavleTidam patara liaxvi, amis gamo ewoda dabasa amas S e r T u l i ~ - o 16 .
maSasadame, xerTvisi sul sxvanairad nawarmoebi saxeli yofila, vidre mravali
geografiuli saxeli, romelTac boloSi is sufiqsi aqvT: aranisi, birTvisi, bolnisi,
daTvisi, egrisi, Tuxarisi, krwanisi, largvisi, manglisi, marilisi, niCbisi, olTisi,
pankisi, ruisi, sacxenisi, tfilisi, urbnisi, farcxisi, qsovrisi, yinwvisi, yornisi,
ceronisi, wavkisi da sxvani, imitom rom x e r T v i s S i –is daboloebaSi me-3 piris
niSani Sedis (i-s), CamoTvlil saxelebSi ki is naTesaobiTi brunvis niSania. es naTes.
brunva am SemTxvevaSi gamowveulia sazRvruli sityvis mier, romelic Semdeg dakargula
17 , Tumca xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca msgavs warmoebaSi msazRvrelTan er-
Tad Senaxulia agreTve sazRvrulic: axo [aÃo], (baris aÃo), gori (ifnis gori), Tavi
(rusTavi, wyaros Tavi, xidis Tavi), kari (RarTis kari, xidis kari, taSis kari, lebais
kari), piri (aragvis piri, ruis piri), ubani (vardis ubani), yana (dolis yana), yuri
(lalis yuri), cixe (velis cixe, lastis cixe, mwyeris cixe, turis cixe, uflis cixe),
Ziri (taxtis Ziri, cixis Ziri), wyaro (kodis wyaro), Wala (xevis Wala), xevi [Ãevi]
(kavTis xevi, kisis xevi), xidi [Ãidi] (tinis xidi), juari (cixis juari) da sxv.
egebis gvkiTxon: SeiZleba ki, rom zmnis forma gamoyenebul iqnes qarTulSi saxelad?
_ ratom ara! iqneba Cveni pasuxi. Tavi rom davaneboT iseT zmnis formebs, romlebic
sakuTar saxelad qceula qarTulSi, rogoricaa: RvTisa var, mindi (mindia),
gamixardi, maxare, gamaxela, gindra (=gind ra), mewyina (qalis sax.), kmara (qalis sax.),
minda (qalis sax.), qalunda (=qali unda) 18 , Cven SegviZlia moviyvanoT imisi magali-
Tebic, rom saxelad awmyos TxrobiTis mesame piris forma iyos qceuli imgvaradve,
rogorc xerTvisi; esenia: Rirs-i, ars-i da msgavs-i. am magaliTebSi Rirs-isa da arsis
warmoeba naTelia [Rirs-i = Rirs + i: v-Rir, h-Rir 19 , Rir-s. ars-i = ar-s + i: v-ar,
x-ar, ar-s]. SeiZleba mxolod msgavs’ma Cagvagdos sagonebelSi. am ukanaskneli sityvis
warmoSoba rom gamovarkvioT, igi orad unda gavyoT: ms + gavsi. pirvel nawilSi
TiTqo gvaqvs Sekvecili mas, meoreSi ki _ hgavs zmnis forma. maSasadame, msgavsi miRebuli
unda iyos mas hgavs jgufisagan anisa da haes dakargviT da inis darTviT saxe-
lobiTSi 20 .
raki sakiTxi yovel mxriv aris ganxiluli, exla, maSasadame, SegviZlia davaskv-
naT, rom xerTvisi, romelic Tavdapirvelad unda yofiliyo w y l e b i s S e s a r T a v -
Tan mdebare adgili, Semdeg or wyals Sua mdebare adgili, aqedan mer-
15 Teimuraz batoniSviliseuli xelnaweri mariam dedofliseul redaqcias uWers mxars: `da
TჳT Tavadi sultani dadga karbs da merme Camodga SerTulTa~ (broses gamoc., 131, 10).
16 Op. cit., gv., 250.
17 amis analogiebi moipoveba agreTve megrulSica da svanurSic.
18 qristesa-c amave jgufs unda ekuTvnodes, vinaidan qristesia miRebuli Cans aqedan:
qristesi ars, Tumca SesaZlebeli kia, rom ani aq kninobiTis formisa iyos, rogorc
saxelebSi: gogia, pet-ria, pavlia, Teklia, ninua da sxv.
TiTqo aseTive warmoebisaa araSenda soflis saxeli.
19 vRir, hRir _ es Zveli formebia, romelTa nacvlad axal qarTulSi vRirvar da hRirxar
gvaqvs.
20 saeWvoa, rom msgavs-is winare forma mis-i + hgavs-i iyos da ara mas + hgavs-i. kidev ufro
saeWvoa, rom mani aq aqtiur mimReobaTa formebis analogiiT iyos ganviTarebuli, xolo sani
haes bgerinacvlobas eweodes, e. i., sxvanairad rom gamovxatoT, TiTqo msgavi = m + hgavs-i →
m + sgavs-i.
unda aRniSnul iqnes gansakuTrebiT is garemoeba, rom Zvel qarTulSi ara gvaqvs Sem-
Txveva sanis asimilaciisa ganTan: msgavsi, emsgavsa da sxv. (da ara mzgavsi, emzgavsa da sxva).
9

me naxevar-kunZuli da, ukanasknel, kunZuli, saSualebas gvaZlevs aRvadginoT zmnis
forma mesame subieqtur-obieqturi pirisa awmyos TxrobiTSi mxolobiT ricxvSi: xer-
Tvis. am formis dRevandeli Sesatyvisia erTvis, romelic vnebiTia Tavisi warmoebiT
da romelsac damateba aqvs micemiTSi: erTvis mas. dRevandeli erTvis istoriulad
*herTvis formisagan aris warmoSobili, rogorc amas Tanxmovniani zmnebis uRlebis
normebi gviCvenebs. herTvis-Tan SedarebiT xerTvis-i dialeqturi formaa mxolod: hae
(*herTvis→erTvis) da xani (xerTvis) mesame piris obieqturi niSnebia da erTimeoris
bgerinacvalni.
sakiTxavia: SeiZleba ki qarTulSi sazogadod aseTi dialeqturi forma? gvaqvs ki
raime msgavsi warmoeba kidev, rom mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsi xmovnis win mar-
Tlac Senaxuli iyos xanis saxiT romelsame zmnis formaSi? _ gvaqvs, rogorc gvarwmunebs
Semdegi magaliTebi.
2. xeyav
mcxeTis jvris saydris warwerebSi orjer aris naxmari zmna, romelsac Tema
xmovniT ewyeba da damatebac aqvs micemiTSi: erTia adrnerse vipatosis warweraSi,
xolo meore _ demetre vipatosisaSi. orive vipatosi mTavarangelozebs evedreba: adrnerse
gabriels, demetre ki miqaels. orive vipatosis vedreba mTavarangelozebisadmi
erTnairad aris Sedgenili. gansxvaveba, Tumca mcireodeni, magram metad mniSvnelovani,
moipoveba mxolod zmnis formaSi.
(Crdilo aRmosavleTis sarkmelze)
wmidao gabriel mTavarangelozo,
adr[ne]rses Âpatossa meox eyav.
(samxreT-aRmosavleTis sarkmelze)
wmidao gabriel mTavarangelozo,
demet[r]es Âpatos[s]a m[e]ox xeyav.
arc a. n a t r o S v i l s a 21 da arc e. T a y a i S v i l s 22 , romelTac moyvanili aqvT
warwerebi, aRniSnuli ara aqvT, rom miqael mTavarangelozisadmi mimarTul locvaSi
ikiTxeba meox xeyav da ara meox eyav, rogorc isini kiTxuloben. magram, rom warweraSi
ori xania (meox xeyav) da ara erTi (meox eyav), amas amtkicebs d. e r m a k o v i s
mier gadaRebuli fotografiuli suraTi, romelic amJamad tfilisis universitetis
fotografiul kabinetSia daculi (#18800/793) 23 . amasve amtkicebs igive warwera, moyvanili
b a r T l o m e s numizmatikur-arqeologiuri werilebis bolos darTuls mesame
tabulaze meoTxe nomrad, da agreTve TviT teqstSic dabeWdili, romlis Sesaxebac
igi ambobs: SesaZlebelia, rom ukanasknel striqonebSi iseTive formula iyos, romliTac
Tavdeba marjvena suraTis legenda 24 , magram esec kia, rom me kargad gavarCie
ori x, romlebic aq erTurTs misdeveno. maSasadame, ori xanis arseboba udavoa da
forma meox xeyav damowmebulia werilobiT. aq, marTlac, metad iSviaTi movlena: xanis
saxiT xmovnis win Senaxulia obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa; o b i e q t u r i m e -
samisa da ara subieqturi mesame pirisa, vinaidan meox xeyav _ es brZanebiTis kiloa,
brZanebiTis formas ki subieqturi prefiqsi ar unda. aq gasakvirveli mxolod is
aris, rom igive movlena ar aris dadasturebuli meore analogiur warweraSi, romelic
adrnerse vipatoss ixseniebs. ras niSnavs es? egebis aq ubralo Secdomaa warweris
amomWrelisa da rogorc adrnerses warweraSi, ise demetresaSiac ikiTxebodes
namdvilad meox eyav? swored ase unda dagveyenebina sakiTxi, rom mcxeTis saydris
xeyav formisaTvis ar moipovebodes analogiuri warmoeba imaze adrindelis bolnisis
sionis warwerebSi da Tanac ara erTi, aramed ori.
21 Мцхет и его собор Свэти-цховели, 1901, gv. 19.
22 jvris monastris warwerebi: `saxalxo furceli~, 1914, 8 ivlisi, #32.
23 Semdeg igi Sevida saq. saxelmwifo muzeumis fondSi.
24 marjvena mxares imave tabulaze b a r T l o m e s mohyavs adrnerse vipatosis vedreba gabriel
mTavarangelozisadmi.
10

3. Sexewie
bolnisis sionis sakurTxevlis sarkmlis Tavze, garedan, uZvelesi asoebiT gamoy-
vanilia Semdegi warwera, romelSic Caxatulia wreSemovlebuli jvari.
qriste, daviT ep[isk]opo[s]i krebuliTurT
da amas eklesiasa Sina Senda mimarT TaÂyanismcemelni
Seiwyalen da m[S] ⎡ r⎤ om´⎡ e⎤ lTa amas ekle[si]´⎡ a⎤ sa
⎡ Si⎤ na ⎡ S⎤ ´exewie ii
es warwera pirvelad gamoaqveyna brosem barTlomes mier misTvis gagzavnil werilSi.
magram zogi ram iq ver aris garCeuli. warwera nawilobriv dazianebulia da
zogs Cem mier amokiTxul sityvasac ganmarteba unda.
TaÂyanismcemelni. es sityva kargad ikiTxeba. es Zveli da sayuradRebo formaa, sadac
vinisagan warmoSobili  (Tav_yanis_mcemeli→TaÂyanismcemeli) jer kidev Tavis
adgilzea da ar gadasula yars Semdeg. pirvandeli vini damowmebulia, magaliTad,
Temestias warweraSi mcxeTis jvris eklesiis dedaTa sayoflis karze, SigniT mxares,
sadac ikiTxeba: Tavyanisacemelad dedaTa.
mSromelTa. aq pirveli aso mxolod nawilobriv Cans. meore aso srulebiT aRar
aris, mesamisa isev nawilia Senaxuli, meoTxe da mexuTe kargad irCeva, meeqvsisa cotaRaa
darCenili, sami ukanaskneli ki srulad aris daculi. Cemi azriT, aq unda
ikiTxebodes mSromelTa. Tumca amaSi mTlad darwmunebulic ara var da cota eWvi
kidev rCeba, magram kidev ufro saeWvoa mdgomelTa da sul ar udgeba mlocvelTa.
b a r T l o m e s gadmowerilis mixedviT b r o s e s aq amoukiTxavs mxld mTlTa da, rogorc
franguli Targmanidan Cans, igi ase gaugia: mxolod marTalTa, magram aseTi
ram sul mTlad uadgiloa.
Sexewie. am sityvaSi Sini cota dazianebulia, xans TavSi amotexili aqvs, magram
Zalian kargad Cans da araviTar eWvs ar badebs. raica Seexeba wils, mas aRaraferi
SehrCenia Tavis garda, romelic, konteqsti rom ara, taris Tavadac SegveZlo migve-
Ro. am sityvis Tanxmovnebi Sxw rom kargad aris wakiTxuli, amas, erTi mxriT, b a r -
T l o m e s wanakiTxic amtkicebs: mas ver gaurkvevia sityvis forma da Seexvwe[bian]
daunaxavs.
ii. warweris bolos rom ori ini zis, amis Sesaxeb ki ra mogaxsenoT. aq mosalodnelia
an qronikoni, an kidev amÀn, ufro ki ukanaskneli. kaci ifiqrebda, rom aq swored
es sityvaa gamoyvanili isofsefiurad, rogorc es berZnebsa da koptebs sCvevia-
To 25 , magram am SemTxvevaSi ii gvaZlevs an ass (10X10), an ocs (10 + 10) da ara gamodis
ra, vinaidan amÀn sityvis asoebis ricxvebi Seadgens oTxmocdacxramets (1 + 40 + 8 +
50 = 99) da erTi gvaklia, xolo, Tu amin’ad wavikiTxavT, raica metad saeWvo gamoTqmaa
VI_VII saukunisaTvis, maSin erTiT mets miviRebT (1 + 40 + 10 + 50 = 101) 26 . SeiZleba,
ukanasknel, is azric gamovTqvaT, rom am or ukanasknel asoSi warweris amomWreli
saxeli imalebodes, magram es azri kidev ufro nakleb misaRebia.
ramdenadac saeWvoa am warweris ukanaskneli ii, imdenad ueWvelia da cxadi Sexewie.
aqac brZanebiTis formaa vnebiTi gvaris zmnisa, romelsac fuZe agreTve xmovniT
ewyeba. damateba masac micemiTSi aqvs (`mSromelTa~) da am damatebis aRsaniSnavad
zmnaSi moipoveba obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa xanis saxiT. aq, maSasadame, iseTive
movlenaa, rogorc mcxeTis jvris saydris warweris meox xeyav formaSi, romelzedac
zemoT iyo saubari.
4. SexuabT
imave bolnisis sionis meore warweraSi, romelic moTavsebulia CrdiloeTis karis
Tavze erT grZel striqonad, moTxrobilia karis Sebmis ambavi. warwera daziane-
25 V. Gardthausen, Griechiche Paläographie, Bd. II, Lpz. 1913, gv. 309.
26 amen mogvcemda oTxmocda Teqvsmets (1 + 40 + 5 + 50 = 96).
11

uli yofila jer kidev Du Bois-s dros, romelsac igi gadmouweria da brosesTvis
gadaucia. brosem igi gamoaqveyna am gadmonaweris mixedviT da saWirod aRar dainaxa,
rom barTlomes mier gadmowerilis mixedviTac gamoeca igi meored. warweraSi
ikiTxeba:
[Sewevni]Ta [q] ˜ÀsiTa me farn [---] da azaruxt
Sexua[b]T e[s]e kar[i sa]locvelad s[ul]Ta [CuenTaTÂs].
zmnis forma am warwerisa SexuabT kargad ikiTxeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom bani dazianebulia.
d v i b u a s tabulazedac agre ikiTxeba da teqstSic (gv. 107), sadac mxolod
koreqturuli Secdomaa: JgxoHabT nacvlad am formisa: JgxoKabT maSasadame, wakiTxuli
sworad aris da araviTari eWvi ar aris, rom zmnis formaa SexuabT. es
forma aseT winadadebaSia: me farn [---] da azaruxt SexuabT ese kari. dRevandel enaze
rom gadmovTargmnoT, es iqneba: «me, farn [---]ma da azarxutma SevabiT ese kari» 27 .
Sevabi micemiT damatebiani zmnaa (Sevabi mas igi), romelsac axal qarTulSi ini aqvs
ganviTarebuli boloSi; Zvel saliteraturo qarTulSi es ini saWiro ar iyo. am Zveli
saliteraturo qarTulis normebis mixedviT Sebma zmnis uRleba namyo srulis
TxrobiTi kilos mesame obieqtur pirSi aseTi iqneba: S e v a b , S e a b , S e a b a , S e -
v a b T , S e a b T , S e a b e s . am formebSi Teoriulad yvelgan mesame piris obieqturi
prefiqsi igulisxmeba haes saxiT: *Sevhab, *Sehab, *Sehaba, *SevhabT, *SehabT, *Sehabes.
xmovnis win hae, rasakvirvelia, unda dakarguliyo qarTulis sazogado tendenciis
mixedviT da daikarga kidec, magram romeliRac kiloSi es hae xanad qceula da amis
gamo pirveli piris formas mravlobiT ricxvSi miuRia aseTi saxe: SevxabT. v qar-
TulSi metad moZravi bgeraa, romelic SeiZleba gadaisv-gadmoisvas sxvadasxva fonetikur
garemoebaSi. SevxabT formaSi mas adgili ucvlia xanisaTvis da warmomdgara
SexvabT, romelSic Semdeg es vini ukve umarcvlo unad qceula: SexuabT. vinis umarcvlo
unad qceva gasakviri ar aris, radganac igive movlenaa movals _ movida zmna-
Si, sadac meore pirisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi aseTi formebi moipoveba: moxual (←←
xval), moxued (←moxved), moxÂde (←moxuide←moxvide). maSasadame, bolnisis sionis
warweris SexuabT formaSic Senaxuli gvaqvs obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa xanis
saxiT, romelsac oRond adgili ucvlia da pirveli piris subieqturi prefiqsis win
moqceula.
* * *
zemore ganxiluls oTx zmnis formaSi (xerTvis, xeyav, Sexewie da SexuabT) qar-
Tuls Semounaxavs, maSasadame, naSTebi mesame piris obieqturi prefisis xmarebisa
xmovnebis win. es naSTebi srul analogias warmoadgens ars zmnis meore piris formasTan
mimarTebiT (xar), sadac agreTve Senaxuli gvaqvs naSTi meore piris subieqturi
prefiqsis xmarebisa xmovnis win. es ori prefiqsi _ subieqturi meore pirisa da
obieqturi mesame pirisa _ Tumca sxvadasxva funqcias asrulebs morfologiurad,
magram maT erTsa da imave fonetikur viTarebaSi erTi da igive bgeriTi saxe aqvT.
amitom Tanabar fonetikur pirobebSi erTis xmareba romelime saxiT meoris xmarebasac
gulisxmobs imave saxiT. am garemoebis wyalobiT xar formis gverdiT mosalodneli
iyo da kidevac aRmoCnda analogiuri warmoebani mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsiT
xmovnebis win. ase da amgvarad, yvela es formebi: xar, xerTvis, xeyav, Sexewie da
SexuabT erTimeores mxars uWeren da amJRavneben, rom erTsa da imave dialeqtur
wres, anu kilos ekuTvnian.
27 aq rom karis Sebmazea saubari, aseTi magaliTi sxvac SegviZlia davasaxeloT: mRvimevis eklesiis
karze, romelic amJamad saqarTvelos muzeumSi inaxeba, sweria: ama karisa Sembmelsa
ierusalimis TemiT mosulsa abesaloms lominas Zesa da missa meuRlesa Seundos RmerTma amin:
amin: (Sdr. Г. Церетели, Археологическая экскурсия по Квирилскому ущелью: Материалы по археологии
Кавказа, VII, 94).
12

gramatikuli subieqti zogierT gardauval zmnasTan qarTulSi 1
13
akaki SaniZe
am werilis mizania, gamoarkvios qvemdebaris sakiTxi zogierTi tipis winadadeba-
Si, sakiTxi, romelic sacilobeli gamxdara specialistebs Soris.
roca me 1939 wels pirvelad gamoveci gansaxkomis davalebiT dawerili Cemi saskolo
gramatika, romlis redaqtorebi iyvnen prof. g. axvlediani, prof. v. Tofuria
da damsaxurebuli maswavlebeli f. rurua, saWirod vcani winasityvaobis ukanasknel
abzacSi meTqva Semdegi:
`dasasrul unda aRiniSnos, rom avtors ver miewereba aq warmodgenili gaSuqeba
ramdenime sakiTxisa; aseTebia: zmnaTa dayvana pirian formebamde ($ 120) da amis mixedviT
dapirispireba zmnebisa da saxelzmnebisa ($$ 201. 235). gardamavlobis niSnad qvemdebaris
brunvis dasaxeleba ($$ 183. 184) da gardauval zmnasTan micemiTSi dasmuli
saxelis qvemdebared miCneva ($ 228)~.
wigni ibeWdeboda zafxulSi, roca me saagarakod cixis jvarSi viyavi. erTic vnaxoT,
depeSa momivida ganaTlebis saxalxo komisris giorgi kiknaZisagan, romelic winadadebas
maZlevda winasityvaobis ukanaskneli abzaci, romelic zemoT moviyvane,
sruliad amomeRo. me pasuxad vwerdi depeSiTve, rom saerTod SeiZleba amoRebul iqnes,
magram ramdenime calSi mainc darCes-meTqi. me vvaraudobdi, rom erT asiode
calSi mainc datovebuli iqneboda aRniSnuli abzaci, magram abzaci saerTod amoi-
Res da samagierod aseTi SeniSvna waumZRvares wigns (meore gverdze):
«ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatisagan»
«winamdebare `qarTuli enis gramatika~ mimdinare wels gamodis pirvelad. Cven moveliT,
rom qarTuli enisa da literaturis praqtikosi maswavleblebi yuradRebiT
gaicnoben mas da mogvawvdian am saxelmZRvanelos Sesaxeb TavianT SeniSvnebsa da mosazrebebs,
romlebic Semdegi gamocemebis dros mxedvelobaSi iqneba miRebuli».
ueWvelia, rom, raki Cemi SeniSvna gauSves, yoveli mkiTxveli me momawerda gramatikuli
sakiTxebis im gagebas, romelic aRniSnul paragrafebSi iyo mocemuli.
ra sakiTxebia es sakiTxebi?
1) pirvel yovlisa es aris sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu ara zmna mxolod piriani
sityva, Tu Sig upiro formebic Sedis, rogoricaa xvna, Tesva, keTeba da sxva? am
sakiTxis Sesaxeb me bevri miweria da aq aRar gavimeoreb. vityvi mxolod, rom, roca
anton I-ma aseTi formebisaTvis SemoiRo termini `saxel-zmna~, man amiT isic aRniSna,
rom sityvebis am jgufs saxelis niSnebic aqvs da zmnisaco. es Sexeduleba sworia
da amaoa cda sawinaaRmdegos damtkicebisa.
2) gardamavlobis Sesaxeb specialuri nakvlevi maqvs, sadac garkveulia misi namdvili
niSani da aq aras gavimeoreb 2 .
am ori sakiTxis sworad gadaWra saskolo gramatikaSi TandaTanobiT gamosworda,
magram darCaA mougvarebeli mesame sakiTxi,
sakiTxi qvemdebaris Sewyobisa zogierT gardauval zmnasTan
am sakiTxis Sesaxeb Cemi saskolo gramatikis pirvel gamocemaSi (1939 w.) Semdegi
cnobaa mocemuli:
«228. qvemdebare micemiTSi. zogierT gardauval zmnas moepoveba orive wyoba: subieqturic
da obieqturic. magaliTad, iTqmis ara marto `movswonvar~, aramed agreTve
1 a. SaniZe, Txz., t. II, Tb., 1981 (ibeWdeba mcireodeni SemoklebiT).
2 zmnaTa gardamavlobis sakiTxisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, saq. ssr mecn. akad. moambe (II, 1942,
#2, gv. 183-189) da II (iqve, #3, gv. 289-295).

`momwons~, ara marto `vaxsovar~, aramed agreTve `maxsovs~ da sxva. aseTive zmnebia:
`vuyvarvar~ da `miyvars~, `vsZulvar~ da `mZuls~, `vundivar~ da `minda~ da sxva.
amisTana zmnebs, saerTod wesis Tanaxmad, qvemdebare saxelobiTSi unda hqonodaT
dayenebuli, magram amJamad eseni, gardamavali zmnebis inversiuli formebis msgavsad,
qvemdebares micemiT brunvaSi warmogvidgenen. magaliTebi: vanos gakveTili axsovs, kakos
koxtaoba moswons, dedas Svili uyvars, maros wasvla unda, katas ZaRli sZuls
da sxv.
marto obieqturi wyoba aqvT zmnebs: mZinavs, mRviZavs, mSia, mwyuria, maqvs, mesmis,
mciva, mcxela da sxva, am zmnebTanac qvemdebare micemiTSia dayenebuli, mag.: bavSvs
sZinavs, qeTos RviZavs, mowafes esmis, maswavlebels aqvs da sxva».
aseTi gaSuqeba sakiTxisa me mcdarad mimaCnia da Sevecade Semdgom gamocemebSi
ramdenadme mainc Semerbilebina araswori gamoTqma da Sememcirebina Secdomebi:
meore gamocemaSi (1941 w.) gamotovebulia `mciva~ da `mcxela~, rogorc yvelaze
ufro aSkara Seusabamo magaliTebi.
mesame gamocemaSi (1946 w. $ 228, gv. 135) wvrili SriftiT aris dabeWdili Semdegi:
`gardamaval zmnaTa inversiul formebSi qvemdebare, rogorc viciT, micemiTSi dgas
($ 221). inversiuli formebis gavleniTY`uyvars~, `moswons~, `sZinavs~, `axsovs~ da
msgavsi agebulebis zmnebTan qvemdebared miaCniaT micemiTSi dasmuli saxeli: `dedas
Svili uyvars~, `bavSvs sZinavs~ da misT~.
meoTxe gamocemisas (1948) gramatika, manamde erTiani, or wignad gaiyo. pirveli Seicavs
fonetikasa da morfologias (V_VI klasis kurss), meore ki _ sintaqss (VII-VIII
klasis kurss). sintaqsi didad gadavamuSave da Sevavse. mas daerTo savarjiSoebi,
romelTa SedgenaSi monawileoba miiRes i. gigineiSvilma, i. imnaiSvilma da l. kvaWa-
Zem. vcade sakiTxis swored dayeneba da gadaWra da saskolo gramatikaSi elementaruli
saxiT Setana, magram ganaTlebis saministroSi mxari ar damiWires da sakiTxi
gaurkveveli darCa. am xnidan moyolebuli `uyvars~ da msgavs gardauval zmnaTa qvemdebaris
Sesaxeb saskolo gramatikaSi sazogadod ar aris saubari.
ra aris gramatikuli subieqti anu qvemdebare? gramatikuli subieqti Semasmenlis
wyvilis calia da misi raoba yovelTvis SemasmenelTan mimarTebiT irkveva. Semasmeneli
ki, rogorc cnobilia, qarTulSi umTavresad zmnis piriani formaa, romelic winadadebis
xerxemals warmoadgens. SemasmenelTan wyvilis calad SeiZleba winadadebis
sxva wevrebic iyos (pird. obieqti da sxv.), magram amJamad Cveni kvlevis sagania
subieqti (qvemdebare).
gramatikuli subieqtis raoba kargad irkveva winadadebaSi, romelSiac Semasmenlad
gardamavali zmnaa mwkrivTa I an II seriaSi. mag., b i Z a - C e m i kurdRels moklavs,
sandrom xe moWra, qalma furi mowvela, biWi kokas gatexs, jibgirma fuli
amomacala da misT. aseT SemasmenelTa qvemdebare igivea, rac realurad moqmedi sagani.
marTlac, roca vTqviT, `qalma furi mowvelao~, amiT garkveviT aRvniSneT, rom
realurad moqmedia qali da ara furi; an kidev: roca gavigoneT `sandrom xe moWrao~,
mivxvdiT, vin aris moqmedi da ra aris samoqmedo: realurad moqmedia sandro, xe ki
misi moqmedebis sagania.
aviRoT igive zmnebi sxva piris formebiT da SevuwyoT nacvalsaxelebi: me kurdReli
movkali, me xe movWeri, me furi movwvele; Sen kurdReli mohkali, Sen xe mos-
Wri, Sen furi moswvele. aRniSnul winadadebebSi realurad moqmedi pirebi icvala,
samoqmedo sagani ki igive darCa.
Tu analizs vuyofT zmnis formebs, SevniSnavT, rom realuri subieqti igivea, rac
zmnis subieqturi piri, romelic subieqturi niSniTaa gamoxatuli: mo-v-kali me, mo-hkali
Sen, mokl-a man (biZa-Cemma); mo-v-Weri me, mo-s-Weri Sen, moWra man (sandrom); mo-vwvele
me, mo-s-wvele Sen, mowvel-a man (qalma). maSasadame, aRniSnul zmnebSi subieqturi
piri an misi fardi saxeli (nacvalsaxeli) realurad moqmedi piria. am SemTxvevaSi
realurad moqmedi piri daemTxva gramatikul subieqts, romelic sxva ara aris
ra, Tu ara subieqturi piri an misi fardi saxeli (nacvalsaxeli).
14

gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans subieqti winadadebaSi, Tu Semasmeneli gardamavali
zmnaa II seriis romelime mwkrivis mesame piris formiT. magram aris Tu ara realurad
moqmedi piri yovelTvis igive, rac gramatikuli subieqti? ara, yovelTvis ar
aris. marTlac, realurad moqmedi piri rom igive iyos, rac gramatikuli subieqti (anu
qvemdebare), maSin, cxadia, vnebiTi gvaris zmnis formian winadadebaSi subieqtis saki-
Txi sxvagvarad gadawydeboda, vidre dRes Cveulebriv wydeba qarTulisa da sxva enebis
masalis mixedviT; magaliTad, am winadadebaSi `gaiToxna simindebi~ subieqti ar
gveqneboda, radganac realurad moqmedi piri ar Cans, xolo am winadadebaSi `kldeze
gadaCexili cxeni SeWmul iqna turebisagan~ subieqtad `turebisagan~ unda migveCnia.
exla es magaliTi vnaxoT: `soflidan Zma momivida~; realurad moqmedia `Zma~, gramatikuli
subieqtic is aris. magram davuyenoT mas pirispir aseTi winadadeba: `soflidan
werili momivida fostiT~. romelia aq realurad moqmedi piri? werili? magram
werili xom ar dadis! fosta? _ arc fosta dadis. maSasadame, winadadebaSi subieqti
ara gvqonia. aqedan ra gamodis? is, rom `realurad moqmedi piri~ gramatikuli
cneba ar aris, igi sayofacxovrebo sityvaa, romelic zogierT SemTxvevaSi gvSvelis
gramatikuli cnebis dasadgenad, magram amas iqiT ar midis misi SesaZlebloba. amitom
cxadia, sityvebi `realurad moqmedi piri~ sintaqsur cnebas ver mogvcems da
gramatikul terminad ver gamodgeba.
maS ra aris gramatikuli subieqti? sazogadod gramatikuli subieqti (anu qvemdebare)
is saxelia winadadebaSi, romelic fardia subieqturi pirisa, e. i. saxeli, romelic
Seesatyviseba subieqtur pirs. es fardoba (korespondencia) mxolod mesame
pirTan gamoaCens saxelis brunvis formas qarTulSi: Tu Semasmenlad naxmari zmna
gardauvalia, yovelgvari saxeli, masTan saxelobiTis formiT Sewyobili, gramatikuli
subieqti iqneba, sul erTia, zmna erT-piriania Tu or-piriani: sanTeli gaqreba,
sanTeli gaqra, sanTeli gamqrala; sanTeli gauqreba, sanTeli gauqra, sanTeli gahqrobia.
ra saxelic unda SevuwyoT moyvanil zmnas saxelobiTSi, yvela gramatikuli
subieqtis gagebas mogvcems: cecxli gauqreba, TvalSi sinaTle gauqreba, ocneba gauqreba
da misT. specialur literaturaSi gvxvdeba gamoTqma: saxeli marTavs zmnas
pirSi da zmna _ saxels brunvaSio. Seuferebeli gamoTqmaa. zmnisa da saxelis formebi
Seqmnilia saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi. saxeli ki ar marTavs zmnas pirSi, aramed
Cven, molaparakeni, vxmarobT zmnasa da saxels garkveuli wesiT, romelic SemuSavebulia
saukuneobiT, Cven SevuwyobT xolme zmnis formas saxels an saxels zmnis
formas, rogorc es saWirod migvaCnia, mag., Tu gvinda rom `SeWama~ zmnas `mgeli~ subieqtad
SevuwyoT, gveqneba `mgelma SeWama~; da Tu gvinda obieqtad, unda vTqvaT: `mgeli
SeWama~. Tu gvinda, rom `mgelma~ forma iyos winadadebaSi, masTan `SeWma~ zmna
uTuod II seriis formiT unda vixmaroT: `mgelma SeWama~ an `mgelma SeWamos~. ase rom
gamoTqma `saxeli marTavs zmnas pirSio~ da `zmna saxels marTavs brunvaSio~ sruliad
Seuferebelia da odnavadac ar gadmogvcems saqmis namdvil viTarebas.
zemoT vTqviT, rom saxeli, romelic Sewyobilia zmnis subieqtur pirTan, aris
gramatikuli subieqtio, subieqtur pirs ki arkvevs subieqturi niSnebi, romlebsac
meTaurobs v da amis gamo vinis rigi ewodeba (qarT. gram. safuZvlebi, § 239).
subieqtur niSnebs garda, qarT. zmnas moepoveba obieqturi niSnebic, romlebsac
meTaurobs m da ewodeba manis rigi (iqve, § 239). yoveli saxeli, romelic Sewyobilia
obieqtur pirTan, aris gramatikuli obieqti, pirdapiri an iribi (saskolo gramatikis
terminologiiT: gramatikuli damateba, pirdapiri an iribi).
es zogadi debuleba irRveva III seriis mwkrivebSi, sadac gardamaval zmnebSi inversias
aqvs adgili; aq formebi moqmed pirad, e. i. subieqtad gamoxataven im pirs,
romlis obieqturi niSania naxmari Sig, xolo umoqmedo, e. i. obieqtur pirad _ imas,
romlis subieqturi niSniT aris Sig warmodgenili. amitom maTi fardi saxelebic sa-
Tanado kvalifikacias iReben; amis gamoa, rom, magaliTad, es ori winadadeba: `vaxtangs
cxeni daukargavs~ da `vaxtangs cxeni dahkargvia~ erTmaneTisagan imiT gansxvavdebian,
rom `vaxtangi~ erT SemTxvevaSi subieqtad aris warmodgenili da meore
15

SemTxvevaSi _ obieqtad, xolo `cxeni~ pirvel SemTxvevaSi warmodgenilia pirdapir
obieqtad, meoreSi _ subieqtad. maSasadame, inversiis garda, aq gvaqvs konversiac, e. i.
rac pirvel winadadebaSi pirdapiri obieqtia, meoreSi subieqtad aris warmodgenili 3 .
konversiuli viTarebaa maTs saTanado formebs Soris I-sa da II seriaSic:
moqmedebiTi
I vaxtangi cxens dakargavs
II vaxtangma cxeni dakarga
III vaxtangs cxeni daukargavs
vnebiTi
(vaxtangis) cxeni daikargeba
(vaxtangis) cxeni daikarga
vaxtangs cxeni dahkargvia
aqedan cxadia, rom `daukargavs~ aqtivi formebis rigSi dgas, `dahkargvia~ ki _ vnebiTisaSi.
amis mixedviT `vaxtangs~ pirvel SemTxvevaSi subieqtia, meoreSi _ obieqti.
rogorc cnobilia, statikuri vnebiTis sasxviso qcevis formaTa warmoeba (Tu
zmna aviani ar aris) garegnulad emTxveva moqm. gvaris III seriis uzmniswino formaTa
warmoebas, magram ise, rom imisi awmyo amisi I TurmeobiTia, imisi wyvetili _ amisi II
TurmeobiTi, xolo imisi II kavSirebiTi _ amisi III kavSirebiTi. magaliTi:
statikuri vneb.
awmyo uweria
wyvetili ewera
II kavS. eweros
moqmed.
I Turm. uweria
II Turm. ewera
III kavS. eweros
pirveli rigis zmnaTa formebi vnebiTia. amitom mis subieqtur pirTan Sewyobili
saxeli gramatikuli subieqti iqneba, obieqturTan Sewyobili _ obieqti (iribi). frazaSi
`vaxtangs rveulSi leqsi uweria~ gram. subieqtia `leqsi~, iribi obieqtia `vaxtangs~,
xolo am winadadebaSi: `wuxel vaxtangs Turme leqsi uweria~ subieqtia `vaxtangs~,
obieqtia `leqsi~.
statikur zmnebTan Sewyobili saxelebis sintaqsuri kavSiris raobis garkveva SeiZleba
sazogadod did uTanxmoebas ar iwvevdes, magram mainc unda iTqvas, rom maT-
Tan micemiTSi dasmuli saxeli iribi obieqtia, saxelobiTSi dasmuli ki _ subieqti.
magaliTebi (qvemdebare Savad aris dabeWdili): kotes Coxa acvia; gigos qudi hxuravs,
qaTmebs sakenki uyria; Taroze wignebi miwyvia, xelSi saaTi miWiravs, sofels tye akravs,
kurdRels Tvalebi uWyetia, qveS eSala lekuri nabadi, sxvebis nasroli isari
kunZs erWoo da misT.
inversiuli formebi qarTul zmnas marto III seriis formebSi aqvs. arao, gvarwmuneben,
inversiuli zmnebi I seriaSic mogvepovebao da mohyavT magaliTebi: miyvars,
mZuls, maqvs, mZinavs da misT. magram Seefereba ki es saqmis namdvil viTarebas? vnaxoT.
me jer kidev 1920 wels gamosul wignSi vwerdi:
hyavs zmna da misTanani. aris erTi jgufi micemiT damatebiani zmnebisa, romlebSiac
obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa h (_) || s (S) sazogado wesiT ixmareba. es gaxlavs
swored is zmnebi, romlebic prof. n. maris `ZiriTad tabulebSi~ 4 miCneulia
gansakuTrebuli `obieqturi agebulebis~ (объективный строй) mqoneebad da romlebic
TiTqos arsebiTad gansxvavdebodnen danarCeni zmnebisagan, romelTac Tavisi `subieqturi
agebuleba~ (субъективный строй) aqvT gankuTvnili 5 .
n. maris mier miRebuli dayofa qarTuli zmnebisa subieqturebad da obieqturebad
egebis arc cudi iyos qarTuli enis evropelTaTvis Sesaswavlad, magram arsebi-
Tad swori ar aris, radganac aseTi dayofis dros miRebulia ara uRlebis forma-
3 a. S a n i Z e , qarT. gramatikis safuZvlebi, §§ 346-352.
4 Н. Марр, Основные таблицы, tabula XIX da XX.
5 iqve, tabulebi XIII_XVIII.
16

luri mxare, aramed am zmnebis mniSvneloba, gamoxatuli evropis enebis verbal saSualebaTa
SemweobiT, e. i. miRebulia ara TviT qarTuli zmnebis morfologiur-sintaqsuri
saxe, aramed Sesaferis zmnaTa uRlebis wesi ucxo enebSi. ucxo enebze qarTuli
zmnebis Targmnis dros ki Cveulebriv yuradReba eqceva azris sworad gadaRebas,
zmnis realuri mniSvnelobis gadacemas, magaliTad, aqus zmna rusulad Cveulebriv
ase iTargmneba он имеет то, aÃsovs он помнит то, uyuars он любит его, sZuls он ненавидит
его, hrwams он верит в то da sxva misTanani. Targmani, ra Tqma unda, sworia; sworia im
mxriv, rom azri da mniSvneloba qarTuli zmnisa kargad aris gadaRebuli, magram er-
Ti ram mainc ucilobelia: konstruqcia qarTuli zmnisa sxvaa, rusulisa kidev sxva.
marTlac da: qarTulSi rom qvemdebarea, rusulSi is damatebad aris Sebrunebuli
da qarTuli damateba ki rusulSi qvemdebared aris Seqceuli 6 . amgvarad, qarTuli
zmnis gramatikuli buneba rusul TargmanSi daculi ar aris. SeiZleba isec iTargmnos,
rom Taviseburoba qarTuli zmnisa TargmanSiac daculi iyos. aqus то имеется у
него, aÃsovs то помнится ему, uyuars он любим им, sZuls он ненавидим им, hrwams он верится
ему da sxva misTanani. azri winadadebaTa то имеется у него da он имеет то, rasakvirvelia,
erTi da igivea, magram gramatikulad maT Soris didi gansxvavebaa: erTi (то имеется у
него) Seegueba qarTuli enis bunebas, meore ki (он имеет то) evropeizmia.
magram qarTuli zmnebis klasifikaciis dros gamovdiodeT unda ara maTi mniSvnelobidan
evropis enebze (vTqvaT, es enebi arc ki arsebobs qveyanaze), aramed maTi
morfologiur-sintaqsuri struqturidan TviT qarTul enaze. Tu gnebavT, vTargmnoT
kidevac, magram vTargmnoT rogorme ise, rom qarTuli konstruqcia Sebrunebuli ar
darCes TargmanSi da maSin erTsa da imave nacvalsaxelovan nawilaks aRar mivawerT
sxvadasxva funqcias sxvadasxva dros (TiTqos, magaliTad, prefiqsi pirveli pirisa
mani xan subieqtis rols asrulebdes da xan obieqtisas). Tu konstruqcia qarTuli
zmnisa ucvlelad iqna datovebuli, maSin, rasakvirvelia, `loRikuri subieqti~ igive
iqmneba, rac gramatikuli qvemdebare, da agreTve `loRikuri obieqti~ da gramatikuli
damateba sxvadasxva aRar gamova. am SemTxvevaSi ki qarTuli zmnebis mariseburad
dayofa dahkargavs Tavis Zalas da aRar iqneba saWiro arc aseTi dayofis dasabuTeba
7 da aRarc loRikur cnebaTa Semotana gramatikaSi.
relatiuri zmnebis uRlebis dros qarTulSi subieqtsa da obieqts Tanabari yuradReba
eqceva. es morfologiurad. sintaqsurad ki zog zmnaSi subieqtis mniSvneloba
sWarbobs, zogSi ki obieqtisa. hyavs da hbaZavs zmnas Tu SevadarebT, magaliTad,
erTimeores, vnaxavT, rom uRleba maT erTi da igive aqvT, magram hyavs zmnaSi damatebis
mniSvnelobaa ufro Zlieri, hbaZavs zmnaSi ki _ qvemdebarisa. amgvarive urTier-
Tobaa uyuars da uwers zmnas Soris. da Tu rame gansxvavebaa am ukanasknels Soris,
mxolod im mxriv, rom pirvel maTgans erTi damateba aqvs (mas), meore ki ori (mas
wigns); qvemdebare ki orTav erTi da igive aqvs (uyuars i g i , uwers i g i ). gansxvavebaze
Tua saqme, ufro is SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom hyavs, uyuars da misTana zmnebSi iSvia-
Tad ixmareba pirvelisa da meore piris subieqturi formebi 8 , maSin rodesac kombinacia
mesame subieqturi pirisa yvela obieqturTan xSiria da Zalian gavrcelebuli 9 .
qarTuli zmnebi rom TiTqo or jgufad iyofodes _ subieqturi wyobisad da obieqturi
wyobisad, _ amisi dasabuTeba, romelzedac zemoTaa miTiTebuli, Semdegia:
6 qvemdebare-damatebaze rom vubnobT, saxeSi gvaqvs, rasakvirvelia, sintaqsuri qvemdebare da
damateba. radganac gramatikaSi mxolod gramatikul kategoriebze SeiZleba laparaki.
7 И. Кипшидзе, Грамматика мингрельского (иверского) языка (Материалы по яфетическому языкознанию, кн.
VII ) СПБ, 1914, §58, (стр. 051).
8 zogierT zmnas srulebiTac ara aqvs es formebi: hRÂZavs, sZinavs, hmSiin, swyurin da
misTanani.
9 sub. prefiqsi meore pirisa da ob. prefiqsi mesame pirisa qarTul zmnebSi, §34, gv. 68-71 (a. S a -
n i Z e , qarTuli enis struqturisa da istoriis sakiTxebi. 1, 1957, gv. 170-171).
17

`megrul zmnebs, rogorc yvela iafeturebs 10 , ori wyoba aqvT: s u b i e q t u r i da
o b i e q t u r i . am dayofis safuZveli isaa, rom erTsa da imave nacvalsaxelovan nawilakebs,
romelTa SemweobiT xdeba uRleba, SeuZliaT aRniSnon zmnis formebSi ori
sawinaaRmdego kategoria, xan s u b i e q t i (qvemdebare), xan o b i e q t i (damateba).
roca TviTeul subieqtur da obieqtur nawilaks zmnis formebSi aqvs Tavisi pirdapiri
mniSvneloba, asruleben, ase vTqvaT, Tavis pirdapir rols, e. i. pirveli maTganni
gviCveneben subieqts, meoreni ki obieqts, aseT zmnebs wyoba subieqturi aqvT;
xolo roca nawilakebs Soris rolebis gacvla-gamocvla xdeba, e. i. subieqturi nawilakebi
gviCveneben obieqts, obieqturebi ki, piruku, subieqts, aseT zmnebs wyoba obieqturi
aqvT 11 .
TviT n. mari, romlis Teoriasac iziarebda i. yifSiZe, ase asabuTebda qarT. zmna-
Ta or jgufad dayofas: qarTul uRlebas aqvs ori wyoba: subieqturi da obieqturi.
subieqturi wyobiT rom vauRloT, unda aviRoT zmnis fuZe, e. i. Ziri garkveuli
formiT, da mas unda davurToT cnobili nacvalsaxelovani nawilakebi _ subieqturebi,
mx. r-is me-3 pirSi sufiqsi, danarCen pirebSi prefiqsebi; amasTanave mr. ricxvSi
zmnis fuZes 1-sa da me-2 pirSi moerTvis mravlobiTis maCvenebeli T, me-3 pirSi ki
mxolod daboloeba an, en, ed an es, rogorc es ganmartebulia 146_147 paragrafebSi.
obieqturi wyobiT rom vauRloT, zmnis fuZes, romelsac awmyoSi moepoveba subieqturi
sufiqsi me-3 pirisa s, unda daerTos obieqturi prefiqsi m, gu (naTesaob. mi,
gÂ, micem. ma, gua), Tanac zmnis fuZes awmyoSi SeuZlia miiRos mr. ricxvis forma
imiT, rom nacvalsaxelovani s sufiqsis nacvlad miiRebs mr. ricxvis an daboloebas
da es uTuod xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu loRikuri obieqti, saxelobiT brunvaSi dayenebuli,
agreTve mr. ricxvisa: m-rwam-s RmerTi (я верую в бога, Zveli qarTuliT agreTve:
мы веруем в бога), gu-rwam-s RmerTi (мы веруем в бога), magram m-rwam-an RmerT-n-i (я верую,
Zveli qarTuliT agreTve: мы веруем в богов), gu-rwam-an RmerT-n-i (мы веруем в богов); mag.,
loRikuri obieqti mxolobiTSia
m-rwam-s
g-rwam-s
h-rwam-s
m-, gu-rwam-s
g-rwam-s
h-rwam-s
18
loRikuri obieqti mravlobiTSia
m-rwam-an
g-rwam-an
h-rwam-an
m-, gu-rwam-an
g-rwam-an
h-rwam-an
obieqtur prefiqsiani zmna, romelic warmoadgens obieqturi wyobis formas, svams
obieqts (loRikurs), Tu is zmnis mniSvnelobiTaa gamowveuli, saxelob. brunvaSi:
petresa sZinavs (Петр спит), petresa hrwams RmerTi (Петр верует в бога) 12 .
`hyavs~ tipis zmnebTan rom qvemdebare TiTqo micemiTSi dasmuli saxeli iyos, amas
Zvelebic aRniSnavdnen, mag., d. CubinaSvili werda: `nacvalsaxelovani zmnebi moiTxoven
qvemdebares Tavis win micemiT brunvaSi, Tavis Semdeg ki saxels saxelobiT brunvaSi,
mag., lomsa hswyuris wyali (Лев имеет жажду), Tamars uxarian Svilis bedniereba
(Тамара радуется счастъю сына) 13 . samwuxarod, d. CubinaSvili aras ambobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ras warmoadgens sintaqsurad meore saxeli, romelic saxelobiT brunvaSia dasmuli.
araferia amaze naTqvami arc s. xundaZis 1904 wels gamosul gramatikaSi, sadac
micemiTi brunvis Sesaxeb ikiTxeba: `micemiTi brunva ixmareba... meore mimoxris zmnebs
Semdeg, rogorc qvemdebare, yvela drosa da kiloSi: bavSvs uyvars, uyvarda, Seuyvar-
10 im dros, roca i. yifSiZis `megruli gramatika~ ibeWdeboda (1914 w.), qarTuli, Wanur-megruli
da svanuri, n. maris mcdari Teoriis Tanaxmad, iafetur enebad iwodeboda.
11 И. Кипшидзе. Грамматика… §58.
12 Н. Марр, Грамматика древнелитературного груз. языка, Л. 1925, §§164, 165, 169.
13 Краткая груз. грамматика, СПБ, 1855, стр. 53.

da, yvarebia, eyvareba; uyvardes, yvareboda, yvarebodes, eyvarebodes, eyvaros; eyvareboda
da sxv~. (gv. 150).
samagierod m. janaSvilis qarT. gramatikaSi (1906, gv. 138) damatebis Sesaxeb naTqvamia:
`damateba aris pirdapiri da ara-pirdapiri. pirdapiri damateba daismis saxelobiT
1-lsa da micemiTs brunvebSi, ara-pirdapiri _ naTesaobiTsa, SemoqmedebiTsa da
zmnizediTs brunvebSi. Seadare:
qvemdeb.
SoTam
petrem
ivanes
vanos
Sesm.
daswera
moiyvana
uswavlia
uyvars
19
damat.
vefxistyaosani
cxeni
gakveTili
mama~
aqedan cxadia, rom janaSvils `uyvars~ zmnasTan saxelobiTSi dasmuli saxeli
(`mama~) pird. damatebad miaCnia.
unda aRiniSnos, rom `hyavs~ tipis zmnaTa konstruqciis iseTi gageba, romelic mocemulia
zemoT moyvanil amonawerSi Cemi wignidan, sxvebsac moepoveba; mag., p. mirianaSvili
werda: `Глаголы vyevar (я у него, я имеюсъ у него) или myavs (он у меня, он имеется у
меня) относятся к категории глаголов, спрягаемых с помощью вспомогательного глагола (я есмь) и во
всех временах имеют подлежащее в именительном и дополнение в дательном падеже, отвечая на
вопроси vis ra? (кому что) Например, mamas vyevar me (я имеюсь у отца); imas hyavs mama (у
него имеется отец); imas aqvs dafa (у него имеется доска); vuyvarvar (я любим им); miyvars (он
любим мною)~ 14 .
p. mirianaSvili ufro Sorsac midis: gardamavali zmnis III seriis formebi mas rusuli
zmnis vnebiTis formebiT aqvs naTargmni: `mas uqia kaci (им хвален человек); imas
eqo kaci (чтобы им был хвален человек), imas eqos kaci (еслы бы им был хвален человек)~ 15 . es,
ra Tqma unda, sworia warmoSobis TvalsazrisiT da ara dRevandeli viTarebis mixedviT.
p. mirianaSvils aRniSnuli Targmnis sistema yvelgan ara aqvs daculi (meore gamocemaSic
ki), mag., `maxsovan они памятны мне~ (gv. 301), magram: `maxsovs я помню его (gv.
140), `vaxsovar он помнит меня~ (gv. 139), `Semimosavs я одел его~ (gv. 303), `miWiravs я
держу~ (gv. 304), `maqvs я имею~ (gv. 153) da sxv.
p. mirianaSvilisebri gageba aqvs e. liozensac, romelmac 1911 wels TbilisSi gamosca
wigni qarTuli zmnis Sesaxeb, sadac ikiTxeba: `mamas uyvars Svili~ Tavisuflad
iTargmneba: Le père aime le fils, aso-asod ki (Littéralement) es fraza amas niSnavso: Au
père à lui amour est le fils~ 16 .
msgavsi Sexeduleba sxvebsac aqvs gamoTqmuli; mag., vandriesi imowmebs finkis
wigns 17 da ambobs, rom qarTulSi moipoveba orgvari mimoxra (deux types de flexion): visurveb
`je désire~ da msurs `désir est à moi~, viyvareb `j'aime~ da miyvars `amour est à moi~ da
sxva 18 . meore tipis zmnebs igi afeqtiurs eZaxis (verbes affectifs).
amgvaradve xsnida `miyvars~ zmnis formebs a. diric:
m-i-yvar-s mir- lieb-(ist) er = ich liebe (ihn)
m-i-yvar-xar mir- lieb-du bist = ich liebe dich
14 П. Мирианашвили, Практический курс груз. языка, Изд. 2-ое, 1914, стр. 292. pirvel gamocemaSic
(1903, gv. 182) Targmani pirdapiria, formula (albaT SecdomiT) _ Sebrunebuli.
15 iqve, gv. 297.
16 E. Liauzin, Matériaux pour servir à l'étude du verbe du géorgien moderne, Tbil., 1911, gv., 9.
17 F.N. Finck, Die Haupttypen des Sprachbaus, Leipzig, 1910.
18 J. Vendryès, Le Language, Paris, 1921, gv., 123.

g-i-yvar-xar dir-lieb-ich bin = du liebst mich da sxv. 19
n. marisa da m. brieris wignSi zmnis formebi mrwams, miyuars da maqus asea naTargmni:
mrwams `je le crois, litt.: `pour moi objet de foi lui~, miyuars `je l'aime~, litt.: ` pour moi objet d'amour
lui~, maqus litt.: `je l'ai~ `à moi objet de possession lui~ 20 .
aRniSnuli tipis zmnebi h. foqts gardauvalTa ricxvSi aqvs moqceuli da zog
maTgans ase Targmnis: miyvars il m'est cher>je l'aime, mZinavs litt. cela me dort> je dors, mtkiva cela
me fait mal, je souffre 21 da sxv.
b. rudenko amgvar zmnebs pirdapirac Targmnida da subieqt-obieqtis Sebrunebi-
Tac: mZuls он мне ненавистен = я ненавижу, myavs он мне имеется = я имею; miyvars он мне люб
= я люблю da misT. 22 .
zemoT moyvanilia amonaweri Cemi wignidan, sadac naTqvamia, rom `hyavs~ tipis zmnebi
rusulad Cveulebriv Sebrunebuli konstruqciiT iTargmnebao; subieqti da obieqti
rom rusuladac Tav-Tavis adgilas darCes, saWiroa sxvagvari xerxi Targmnisa;
unda gvaxsovdes, rom, Tavi rom davaneboT pirTa raodenobis sakiTxs (rusulSi zmna
erTpiriania, qrTulSi _ orpiriani), struqtura rusuli zmnisa sxvaa da qarTulisa
_ sxva. Seubruneblad Targmnisas rusuli zmna mraval SemTxvevaSi formiT ukuqcevi-
Ti (возвратный) iqneba, an vnebiTi (имеется, любим, ненавидим da sxv.), maSin rodesac
zmna saSualia. winadadeba `mamas uyvars Svili~ subieqt-obieqtis Seubruneblad SeiZleba
iTargmnos ase: сын любим отцом, magram ufro axlos iqneba, rom vTqvaT: отцу
любим сын; winadadebas `mowafes wigni aqvs~ ufro axlo gadmogvcems aseTi Targmani:
у ученика есть книга, vidre aseTi: у ученика имеется книга.
sxvaTa Soris, `hyavs~ tipis zmnebSi urevia `moswons~, romelic rusulad ise
iTargmneba, rom subieqt-obieqtis Sebruneba saWiro aRar aris: lizas andro moswons
_ Лизе нравится Андрей. arc erT enaTmecniers ar SeuZlia Tqvas, rom aRniSnul rusul
winadadebaSi qvemdebarea Лизе, xolo Андрей damatebaao. ara, rusuli enis specialisti
ityvis: aq qvemdebarea Андрей, Лизе ki damatebaao.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarT. winadadeba `lizas andro moswons~ da rusuli ` Лизе
нравится Андрей~ sintaqsuri urTierTobis mixedviT erTnairia, gvarwmuneben: ara, qvemdebareao
`lizas~. daveTanxmoT erT wuTas da vTqvaT, rom winadadebaSi `lizas moswons
andro~ qvemdebarea `lizas~. cxadia, maSin ~lizas~ qvemdebare iqneba agreTve am
winadadebaSic: `lizas moewona andro~ da amaSic `lizas moswonebia andro~. Tu egrea,
maSin `lizas~ iqneba qvemdebare am winadadebebSic:
lizas mosCvenebia andro
lizas Tavs dasdgomia andro
lizas gahqcevia andro
` daswevia `
` Sehxvedria `
` avad gahxdomia `
` mohkvdomia `
` dahsizmrebia `
` gahSorebia `
` dahmdurebia ` da misT.
ai, ra daskvnamdis mivalT, Tu gaviziarebT zemoT moyvanil mtkicebas!
ra iwvevs gaugebrobas? is, rom zmnis forma, romelTanac Sewyobilia saxeli, mor-
19 A. Dirr, Einführung in das Studium der kaukasischen Sprachen, 1928, gv., 78-79.
20 N. Marr et M. Brière, La langue géorgienne, Paris, 1931, gv., 116, 117, 119.
21 Hans Vogt, Esquisse d'une grammaire du géorgien moderne, Oslo, 1936, gv., 195-198.
22 Б. Руденко, Грамматика грузинского языка, М.-Л., 1940, стр. 186-187.
20

fologiurad gagebuli da dafasebulia ara ise, rogorc es saWiroa.
aris erTi garemoeba, romelic xels uwyobs, rom aseTi tipis zmnebTan micemiTi
brunvis forma iyos subieqtad gagebuli: zogi maTgani mxolod obieqturi pirebis
mixedviT icvleba: maqvs, gaqvs, aqvs da Semdgomi; mZinavs, gZinavs, sZinavs da Semdgomi;
mciva, gciva, sciva da Semdgomi. amis gamo forma, warmoSobiT or-piriani, erT-pirianad
aris qceuli. erT-piriani zmnebi ki Cveulebriv subieqturi piris mqoneebia: aris,
zis, wers, xtis, duRs, qris, dneba, Sreba, iRupeba, Savdeba da misT.
saSual zmnebs garda moipoveba rigi vnebiTi gvaris zmnebisa, romlebic ama Tu im
grZnobas gamoxataven, maT Soris miCnevisa da gunebis vnebiTis formebi (qarT. gram.
safuZvlebi §§ 361, 362): mejavreba, mezizReba, mexaliseba, mebilweba (`mas ymasa Tavi
ar misca, Wvretadca ebilweboda~. `vefx. –ty~. 232), memwareba, memeteba, medideba, mem-
Rereba, metireba da misT. saerTo wesis Tanaxmad, aqac qvemdebared unda miviCnioT
saxelobiTSi dasmuli saxeli (Tu ki aseTi zmnas ewyoba, mag., `mekeTa ese TaTbiri~.
`vefx. ty.~ 426), micemiTSi dasmuli saxeli ki iribi obieqtia; mag., `gogras etireba~
(vaJa, V, 217).
gamoTqma `Rori boZs efxaneba~ iseTia, rom qvemdebared saxelobiTSi dayenebuli
`Rori~ migvaCnia. amaze, mgonia, aravin idavebs. magram swored aseTive gamoTqmaa esec:
`biWs Tavi efxaneba~. gansxvaveba maT Soris is aris, rom pirvel winadadebaSi Roris
moqmedeba naTelia, meore winadadebaSi ki Tavi iwvevs fxanis grZnobas biWSi da misi
`moqmedeba~ ise naTeli ar aris, rogorc pirvelSi. romelia mainc qvemdebare? saer-
To wesis mixedviT aqac qvemdebared saxelobiTSi dayenebuli sityva unda miviCnioT,
e. i. `Tavi~, `biWs~ ki iribi obieqti iqneba. `Tavi efxaneba~ sintaqsurad igivea, rac
`Tavi eqaveba~. maSasadame, winadadebaSi: `dRes diliT xelis guli meqaveboda~ qvemdebarea
`xelis guli~, I piri ki iribi obieqtis gagebas gvaZlevs.
Tqmulis Semdeg cxadia, Tu rogor unda miviCnioT sintaqsuri TvalsazrisiT saxelobiTsa
da micemiTSi dasmuli saxelebi Semdeg winadadebebSi: eg Seni ambavi Zalian
mikvirs; ara miSavs ra; maros guli uwuxs; vanos kritika Zalian swyins; wuxel
Tavi mtkioda Zalian; Seni dawinaureba yvelas uxarian, saamisod Zala ar Semwevs da
misT.
gamoTqmulia azri, TiTqo `mZuls~ tipis zmnebSi obieqturi piris niSniT gadmocemuli
iyos realurad moqmedi piri. ai, magaliTad ras vkiTxulobT a. Ciqobavas erT
werilSi:
`gardauval zmnebSi aris erTi jgufi, romelic awmyoSive Sebrunebuli wyobiT
aris warmodgenili; aseTia, magaliTad: maqvs, myavs, mZuls, miyvars, mSia, mwyuria, minda,
msurs. yvelgan obieqtis niSniT (m TavsarTiT) gadmocemulia realuri subieqti,
is piri, romelsac `aqvs~, `hyavs~, `sZuls~, `uyvars~, `hSia~, `swyuria~... xolo subieqtis
niSniT (s bolosarTiT) realuri obieqti (rac aqvT, hyavT, sZulT, uyvarT...)~ 23 .
magram sakiTxavia: saidan Cans, rom wyoba Sebrunebulia? saidan Cans, rom realurad
moqmedi piri am zmnis formebSi pirvelia? es arsaidan ar Cans. is garemoeba, rom es
zmnebi gardauvalia (amas xom a. Ciqobavac adasturebs), imis maCvenebelia, rom maT ar
SeiZleba hqondeT pird. obieqti, romelzedac subieqtis moqmedeba vrceldeba. maSasadame,
roca vTqviT, zmna gardauvaliao, amiT isic vTqviT, rom subieqti aq sxvaze ar
moqmedebs, da, Tu kidev sxva piria warmodgenili formaSi, urTierToba am pirsa da
subieqts Soris ar SeiZleba iyos iseTi, rogorc or-piriani gardamavali zmnis subieqtsa
da obieqts Soris. maSasadame, Tu `miyvars~ gardauvalia, am winadadebaSi: `vanos
uyvars mama~, `mama~ ar SeiZleba iyos pird. obieqti (pird. damateba), rogorc es
m. janaSvils (da masTan erTad bevr sxvas) esmis. maS raRaa is obieqti, romelzedac
a. Ciqobava laparakobs? iribi? aba irib obieqts (a. Ciqobavas mixedviT pirovnebis
obieqts) ra esaqmeba saxelobiTSi?!
23 a. C i q o b a v a , qarT. enis zogadi daxasiaTeba, 057-058 (ganmartebiTi leqsikonis pirvel tom-
Si).
21

gancxadeba imisa, rom `maqvs~, `myavs~, `mZuls~ an misTana zmnebSi obieqturi niSniT
gamoxatuli piri realurad moqmedi piriao, araa dasabuTebuli. mivmarToT magaliTs:
aviRoT `mZuls~, romelic tipiuria grZnobis gamomxatvel zmnebs Soris
(mZuls, miyvars, momwons, msurs, mZags, mezizReba da sxv.). ra moqmedebas gviCvenebs is?
_ mxolod imas, rom viRaca siZulvilis grZnobiT aris Sepyrobili garkveuli piris
an sagnis mimarT: qeTos kote sZuls, qeTos Tevzi sZuls, qeTos Cxubi sZuls da misT.
Cans Tu ara, rom qeTo moqmedebdes an koteze, an Tevzze, an sxva rameze? _ ara, ar
Cans. maS ra urTierTobaa maT Soris? Tu msjelobis gamosavlad qeTos aviRebT, unda
vTqvaT, rom qeTo aris moZule kotesi, Tevzisa Cxubisa da misT. da Tu gamosavlad
kotes, Tevzsa da sxvas aviRebT, gveqneba: kote, Tevzi, Cxubi siZulvilis sagnebia qe-
TosTvis, e. i. es iseTi sagnebia, romlebic siZulvils aRZraven qeToSi. vTqvaT qeTo
sacole iyo kotesi. kotem qeTos nacvlad sxva SeirTo da qeTom amis Semdeg kote
SeiZula. sakiTxavia realurad vin imoqmeda visze, vin gamoiwvia siZulvilis grZnoba?
ra Tqma unda, ara qeTom, aramed kotem, magram es iyo dasawyis periodSi, exla ki,
roca vTqviT, `qeTos kote sZuls~-o, aRiniSna mxolod is, rom kote siZulvilis sagania
qeTosTvis.
SeiZleba Tqmuli sakmarisi ar iyos imis dasamtkiceblad, rom `mZuls~ tipis
zmnebTan realurad moqmedi piri ar SeiZleba iyos micemiTSi dayenebuli saxeli.
amitom saWiroa ufro vrceli ganmarteba.
daviwyoT martivi magaliTidan. `civa~ zmna pir-naklia, ixmareba marto mesame sub.
pirSi, isic raime saxelis Seuwyoblad, e. i. impersonalurad: civa, cioda, ciodes.
raki saxeli ar ewyoba, arc viciT, vin moqmedebs, an ra moqmedebs. amitom, roca mas
or-pirianad gadavakeTebT (mciva, gciva, sciva, gvciva...), moqmedi mainc ar moemateba,
impersonaluri gageba mainc darCeba (subieqturi pirisaTvis), oRond moemateba iribi
piri, romelsac sicivis SegrZneba aqvs, sxva ki araferi. mciva-Si rom I piri miviCnioT
gramatikul subieqtad, es imas niSnavs, rom absoluturi forma (e. i. civa) imitom
gaxda impersonaluri, rom mas Camoecala m an sxva manis rigis niSani. amitom `mciva~-
Si rom pirv. piri vicnaT gramatikul subieqtad, es absurdi iqneba, imitom rom aq
aravin ar moqmedebs, ise rogorc `mcxela~ an `damcxa~-Si: `dRes Zalian dacxa~, aq
zmna erT-piriani impersonaluri formaa subieqtisaTvis. amitom am winadadebaSi `vanos
dRes Zalian dascxa~ subieqti ar Cans, `vanos~ ki iribi obieqtia.
amgvarive usubieqto gamoTqmebia: mawvims, maTovs da rigi sxva zmnebisa: maciebs,
macxelebs, cxvirs maceminebs, maslokinebs, guls mazidebs, muxlebi momkveTa, gamaJrJola,
tanSi mzaravs da misT. am zmnebs subieqturi piris fardi saxeli ar Seewyoba
da, maSasadame, saTanado winadadebac usubieqto iqneba. raRaa maSin I piri `mciva~
an `damcxa~ formaSi? pasuxi SeiZleba erTad-erTi iyos: umoqmedo piri, e. i. gramatikuli
obieqti. `mcivasaviT~ usubieqtoa dRes zmnebi: mZinavs, mRviZavs, mSia, mwyuria
da misT. maTTan Sewyobili saxeli micemiT brunvaSi iribi obieqti iqneba (da ara subieqti):
bavSvs sZinavs, hRviZavs, hSia, hswyuria da misT. Tu aseT zmnebs Seewyoba saxelobiTSi
dasmuli saxeli, es saxeli iqneba qvemdebare: bavSvs wyali swyuria, bavSvs
puri hSia da misT. maSasadame, ase: `bavSvs puri hSia~, qvemdebarea `puri~ da ara
`bavSvs~, romelic iribi obieqtia. samagierod aq: `bavSvs sZinavs~ _ gramatikuli subieqti
ara gvaqvs (zmnis forma impersonaluria), xolo `bavSvs~ iqneba iribi obieqti.
sul sxvaa winadadeba: `bavSvi iZinebs~, sadac `bavSvi~ gramat. subieqtia (qvemdebarea).
didi Secdoma iqneba Tqma imisi, rom es ori winadadeba `bavSvs sZinavs~ da `bav-
Svi iZinebs~ Tanabari sintaqsuri urTierTobis gamomxatveliao; ara, isini sxvadasxva
sintaqsuri urTierTobis gamomxatveli winadadebebia.
rac iTqva `sZinavs~ formasTan Sewyobil saxelze, igive iTqmis imave tipis `hRvi-
Zavs~ zmnis wyvilis calzedac. `bavSvs hRviZavs~ _ aq `bavSvs~ agreTve iribi obieqtia.
samagierod aq: `bavSvi iRviZebs~ `bavSvi~ qvemdebarea (subieqtia). ra mimarTebacaa sZinavs
_ iZinebs da hRviZavs _ iRviZebs zmnebs Soris, igivea agreTve Semdeg wyvilebs
Sorisac: uyvars _ iyvarebs, sZuls _ iZulebs, stkiva _ itkivebs da misT.
22

Tqmulis Semdeg advili gadasawyvetia, Tu rogor unda SevxedoT or-pirian gardauval
zmnaTa wyvilis calebs, rogoricaa:
qeTos kote sZuls,
qals koxtaoba moswons,
Svils deda uyvars,
petres saxli aqvs,
Tebros cxvari hyavs,
luarsabs gaexarda, elisabeds ewyina (i. WavW.) da misT.
aRniSnuli saerTo wesis gamonakliss Seadgens `vici~ zmnis mesame seriis formebi
da `maqvs~ da `myavs~ zmnaTagan darTviT nawarmoebi zmnebi: momaqvs, momyavs da sxvebi.
vici. am zmnas metad Taviseburi warmoeba aqvs. rogorc ara erTxel aRminiSnavs
(pirvelad gamokvlevaSi subieqt-obieqturi prefiqsebis Sesaxeb, gv. 6, SnS 2) 24 , `vici~
warmoSobiT II seriis formaa. saxeldobr II xolmeobiTisa, rasac mesame piris sintaqsuri
Zala aCens: megobarma icis, man icis. mas sazogadod II seriis mwkrivebi aklia,
radganac Tavad II xolmeobiTis formaa warmoSobiT, sxva mwkrivebi am seriisa adre
dakarga da I seriaSi gadmosvlasTan dakavSirebiT xelaxla gaikeTa samagiero mwkrivebi:
vici, vicodi, vicode. III seriis formebia: mcodnia, mcodnoda, mcodnodes, rac
warmoebis TvalsazrisiT srul kontrasts warmoadgens `vici _ vicodi _ vicode~
formebTan dapirispirebiT, radganac `vici~ pirdapiri wyobis formaa da gardamavali
da III seriaSi mas unda moeca ara mcodnia, mcodnoda, mcodnodes, aramed raRac amgvari:
micnia, mecna, mecnos (an: micodnia, mecodna, mecodnos), rogorc amas adgili
aqvs inversiuli formebis warmoebis dros. `mcodnia~ ki warmoebis TvalsazrisiT
imave tipisaa, rac `mwolia~ (romelsac awmyod `miwevs~ an `mawevs~ aqvs), an `mdgomia~
(romlis awmyoa `midgas~ an `madgas~). maSasadame, vici _ mcodnia Sereuli uRlebis
zmnaa: awmyos wris mwkrivebis formebi gardmavali zmnis tipisaa, III seriisa ki _ gardauvalisa.
gviandeli mwkrivebic (myofadis wrisa) agreTve gardauvali zmnis msgavsad
aqvs gakeTebuli: mecodineba, mecodineboda, mecodinebodes (Sdr. maxlavs: mexleba,
mexleboda, mexlebodes da misT.).
exla aviRoT aseTi winadadeba: `vanom durgloba icis~ da davuyenoT mas pirispir
meore winadadeba: `vanos durgloba scodnia~ da vikiTxoT: ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris?
pirvel winadadebaSi Semasmeneli gardamavali zmnis formiTaa mocemuli da
cxadia, rom gramatikuli subieqtia `vanom~, xolo `durgloba~ pird. obieqtia. meore
winadadebaSi ki Semasmeneli (`scodnia~) gardauvali zmnis formiTaa mocemuli da
erTi SexedviT is ise unda dafasdes, rogorc sxva gardauvali zmnis SemTxvevaSi,
vTqvaT aseT winadadebebSi: vanos durgloba dahviwynia, vanos durgloba gahxsenebia,
vanos durgloba moswyenia, vanos durgloba Sesjavrebia, vanos durgloba moswonebia,
vanos durgloba Sehyvarebia da misT., sadac gramatikuli subieqti yvelgan
`durgloba~ aris, xolo `vanos~ _ iribi obieqti. ukanasknelTa kvalifikacia ar aris
Zneli, radganac maT I da II seriis mwkrivebSic iseTive sintaqsuri urTierToba aqvT,
rogorc mesamisaSi: vanos durgloba daaviwydeba, vanos durgloba daaviwyda, vanos
durgloba dahviwynia; vanos durgloba moewoneba, vanos durgloba moewona, vanos
durgloba moswonebia da misT. ase rom aRniSnul gardauval zmnebTan, romlebic
gvaris TvalsazrisiT vnebiTebia, sintaqsuri konstruqcia yvela seriis formebSi er-
Ti da igivea, maSasadame, winadadebis wevrTa kvalifikaciac erTi da igive iqneba:
`durgloba~ iqneba subieqti (anu qvemdebare), `vanos~ ki _ iribi obieqti.
sul sxva viTareba gvaqvs `vici~ zmnis SemTxvevaSi: miuxedavad imisa, rom `vici~
da `mcodnia~ sxvadasxvagvarad agebuli formebia, gramatikuli SinaarsiT isini er-
Tnia da erTmaneTis magivrobas ewevian mwkrivebSi. marTlac, zmnebi icis _ scodnia
24 a. S a n i Z e , qarTuli enis struqturisa da istoriis sakiTxebi, 1. 1957, gv. 121.
23

iseTsave urTierTobaSia erTmaneTTan, rogorc iswavlis _ uswavlia, aSenebs _ uSenebia,
akeTebs _ ukeTebia, acxobs _ ucxvia, iwyebs _ uwyia da misT., e. i. rogorc esenia
erTisa da imaves, zmnis formebi, ise icis _ scodnia erTisa da imave zmnis formebia.
aqedan is daskvna gamodis, rom winadadeba `vanos durgloba scodnia~ sintaqsurad
imgvaradve unda Sefasdes, rogorc `vanom durgloba icis~, e. i. subieqtia `vanos~,
pird. obieqtia `durgloba~. amitom «vefxis-tyaosnis» am taepSi: `Cemni saqmeni yovelni
gcodnian~ (151) `saqmeni~ pird. damateba iqneba.
`mcodnia~ zmna formis mixedviT dgas gardauval zmnaTa rigebSi: werili momsvlia,
cxeni damkargvia, Tma gamTeTrebia da misT. miuxedavad amisa, mas aqtiuri gageba
aqvs, radganac `vicis~ enacvleba III seriaSi da Tanac mas araferi udgas sapirispirod,
rom gardauvalad vicnaT igi, rogorc es amave warmoebis zmnebs aqvT: dahkargvia
_ daukargavs, dahmalvia _ daumalavs da misT.
SeiZleba miTxran: `arc dahkvdomia~-s udgas raime pirispir da ratom aqtiurad ar
gvesmis igio? amaze unda vupasuxoT: imitom, rom I da II seriis mwkrivebSi mas isev
vnebiTis formebTan aqvs kavSiri: daakvdeba, daakvda.
SeniSvna: megruli `miCq~ (`vici~) da svanuri `mixal~ (`vici~) yvela seriaSi
erTnairad ikeTeben formebs. amitom isini yvelgan gardauval zmnaTa rigebSi
dganan.
moaqvs _ moitans. es zmnebi erTmaneTs enacvlebian I seriis mwkrivebSi: moaqvs _
moitans, mohqonda _ moitanda, mohqondes _ moitandes. II seriaSi marto `moitans~
zmnis formebi ixmareba: moitana, moitanos. III seriaSi erTic ixmareba da meorec (aspeqtis
mixedviT): mohqonebia _ moutania da sxva.
msgavsive Senacvlebaa amave fuZeebis zmnebisa sxva zmniswinebiTac; Seaqvs _ Seitans,
gaaqvs _ gaitans, gadaaqvs _ gadaitans da sxva. oRond `daaqvs~ ucaloa: igi
marto awmyos wris mwkrivebSi ixmareba da sxvagan araferi enacvleba. erTi SeniSvna
kidev: mo da mi zmniswiniT xmarebisas `aqvs~ zmnas meore fuZis zmna enacvleba: moaqvs
_ wamoiRebs _ moitans; miaqvs _ waiRebs _ miitans. `moaqvs~ igive zmnaa, rac
`aqvs~, oRond zmniswinis darTviT leqsikuri mniSvneloba ecvala, xolo sintaqsuri
urTierToba saxelebTan iseTive SehrCa, rogoric hqonda: vanos SeSa aqvs, vanos SeSa
moaqvs. miuxedavad amisa, `moaqvs~ iseTi zmnaa, romelsac vunacvlebT gardamaval
zmnas: vanos SeSa moaqvs _ vano SeSas moitans, vanom SeSa moitana. azrobliv es zmnebi
erTsa da imaves aRniSnaven da, es rom ar iyos, maTi Senacvlebac SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
aqedan is daskvna gamodis, rom `moaqvs~ gardamaval zmnaTa rigebSia Cayenebuli
da, maSasadame, mas ise unda SevxedoT, rogorc III seriis formebs gardamvali
zmnebisas: vanos SeSa moutania _ vanos SeSa moaqvs. masTan Sewyobili saxelebic er-
Tnairad unda miviCnioT sintaqsuri viTarebis mixedviT: `vanos SeSa moutania~ _ qvemdebarea
`vanos~, pirdapiri damatebaa `SeSa~. `vanos SeSa moaqvs~ _ qvemdebarea `vanos~,
pirdapiri damatebaa `SeSa~.
mohyavs _ moiyvans. `aqvs~ zmna usulo sagnebze iTqmis, sulier sagnebze Tua saubari,
mas `hyavs~ enacvleba: `saxli aqvs~, magram `cxeni hyavs~. es zmnac dairTavs
zmniswinebs: mohyavs, mihyavs, gadahyavs, gahyavs, gamohyavs da sxva. es zmnebi marto awmyos
wreSi ixmareba, sxvagan ki enacvleba yvan fuZisagan imave zmniswiniT nawarmoebi
zmnebi: mohyavs _ wamoiyvans, moiyvans, mihyavs _ waiyvans, miiyvans, gahyavs _ gaiyvans
da sxv.
Senacvleba aqac imave xasiaTisaa, rogorc moaqvs_moitans zmnaTa SemTxvevaSi.
aqac daSorebaa formisa da Sinaarsisa, magram gramatikuli formis kvalifikaciis
dros gamovdivarT Sinaarsidan da ara formidan, amitom aqac igive viTareba gveqneba,
rac `moaqvs~ zmnaze vnaxeT: vanos cxeni mouyvania _ vanos cxeni mohyavs. orsave Sem-
TxvevaSi qvemdebarea `vanos~, `cxeni~ ki pirdapiri damateba iqneba.
maSasadame, `moaqvs~ da `mohyavs~ formebi enas gaTanabrebuli aqvs gardamaval
zmnaTa III seriis formebTan, sadac inversias aqvs adgili. amis mixedviT SegviZlia
24

vTqvaT, rom `moaqvs~ da `mohyavs~ inversiuli zmnebiao, sxvaTa Sesaxeb ki amisi Tqma
ar SeiZleba.
P. S.
25
dekemberi 1952 w.
es narkvevi dawerilia 1952 wels. mas Semdeg azri aRniSnuli gramatikuli sakiTxis
Sesaxeb ar Semcvlia, oRond damatebiT unda vTqva oriode sityva.
qarTulSi metad Taviseburi viTareba Seiqna imis wyalobiT, rom gardamavali
zmnis formebs III seriis mwkrivebSi gardauvali Seenacvla da aqtiur formebs _ pasiuri,
rasac Tavis dros h. SuxarTi aqcevda yuradRebas. amis gamo gardamaval zmna-
Ta irib-obieqturma pirma III seriis mwkrivTa formebSi subieqtis gamoxatvis Zala
moipova da amis Sedegad maTTan micemiTSi dasmul saxels gramatikul subieqtad aRviqvamT,
saxelobiTSi dasmuls ki _ pirdapir obieqtad. Cven Tanabrad vunacvlebT III
seriis formebs I da II seriisas ara marto gardauval zmnebSi, aramed gardamavleb-
Sic; mag., `qals winda mouqsovia~ iseTive azris gadmomcemia sintaqsurad, rogorisac
`qali windas moqsovs~ da `qalma winda moqsova~. am sam winadadebaSi gramatikuli
formebi sxvdasxvanairia, sintaqsuri urTierToba ki _ erTnairi. subieqtma da pirdapirma
obieqtma brunvebi icvala, sintaqsuri viTreba ki igive darCa. es brunva-cvalebadoba
zmnis struqturaze aris damokidebuli, an, ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, zmnis
struqturasTan aris Sefardebuli. subieqtisa da pirdapiri obieqtis brunva-cvalebadoba
qarTuli enis damaxasiaTebeli niSania da msgavsi ram sxva tipis enebSi ar
moipoveba.
Tu romelime inversiuli forma, warmoSobiT gardauvali, vTqvaT, `momiqsovia~,
gardamavlad gvesmis, es imitom, rom igi Senacvlebis gziT gardamavalTa rigebSia
Cayenebuli: movqsov windas, movqsove winda, momiqsovia winda. da, Tu igive forma,
warmoSobiT pasivi, aqtiurad gvesmis, es imitom, rom igi, erTi mxriT, aqtiur forma-
Ta rigebSi gveguleba (movqsov _ movqsove _ momiqsovia), meore mxriT ki igi upirispirdeba
formas, romelic pasivia: winda momiqsovia _ winda momqsovia.
sazogadod, roca romelime zmnis formas winadadebaSi viRebT da mas sintaqsurad
ganvixilavT masTan Sewyobil saxelebTan urTierTobaSi, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs am
zmnis formaTa warmoeba ara marto erTs mwkrivsa da erTs seriaSi, aramed yvela seriis
mwkrivebSi. amitomaa, rom aSkarad gardauvali `momyavs~ gardamavlad warmogvidgeba
imis gamo, rom mas enacvleba gardamavali zmnis formebi: moviyvan _ moviyvane.
aseTive Senacvlebis gamoa, rom udaod gardauvali warmoebis forma `mcodnia~
gardamavlad warmogvidgeba `vici~-s gverdiT, xolo masTan saxelobiTSi Sewyobili
saxeli _ pirdapir obieqtad: wera-kiTxva vici, wera-kiTxva mcodnia 25 .
25 es azria gatarebuli `vici~, `momaqvs~ da `momyavs~ zmnebis Sesaxeb l. kvaWaZis `qarTuli
enis sintaqsSi~, romelic Cemi redaqciiT gamovida (pirveli gamocema, 1956, gv. 47; meore gamocema,
1958, gv. 61).

`miWirs~ zmna da maswavleblis gasaWiri 1
26
damana meliqiSvili
qarTuli enis gramatikis programisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis gantvirTva
zogierTi zerTuli da praqtikuli saWiroebisagan mowyvetili masalisagan
saSuri saqmea; magram Tavad maswavlebeli yovelTvis mzad unda iyos nebismieri
rTuli gramatikuli movlenis gansamartavad, Tuki amis saWiroeba gakveTilis
procesSi gaCndeba. inversiul zmnebTan dakavSirebiT maswavleblis
winaSe garkveuli sirTuleebi wamoiWreba, romlis gadaWras isaxavs miznad
am statiis avtori.
1. inversiis arseboba qarTul zmnaSi sayovelTaod cnobili faqtia. nebismier
moswavles rom vkiTxoT, maqvs, miyvars, momwons, mwyins, mwams... da msgavs zmnebSi moqmedi
piri, subieqti romeliao, uyoymanod pirvel pirs dagvisaxelebs. aseve: gaqvs..,
aqvs.., formebSi Sesabamisad _ II da III pirs. eWvs gareSea, rom am tipis (grZnoba-aRqmis
gamomxatvel) zmnebSi Tanamedrove qarTveli kacis cnobierebaSi subieqtad micemiTSi
dasmuli saxeli aRiqmeba.
xalxi, `enis kanonis damdebi~, rogorc ilia ityoda, ase fiqrobs. magram... gramatikul
literaturaSi subieqtis sakiTxi amgvar zmnebTan karga xania sadavo gamxdara
2 . da radganac sadavoa, amitom saskolo gramatikis saxelmZRvanelodan igi saer-
Tod amoRebulia. maswavleblebi swavlebis procesSi amgvar zmnebs, ramdenadac SeiZleba,
gverds uvlian, magram, samwuxarod (Tu sabednierod), es zmnebi iseTi xSiri
saxmarisia, amasTanave, isini TandaTan ise ifarToeben ares, rom saSinao da saklaso
savarjiSoebis Sesrulebisas moswavleebi maT wamdauwum, yovel nabijze xvdebian.
maswavlebeli, romelsac SemTxveviT `wamoufrindeba~ romelime `miWirs~ zmna gakve-
Tilze, marTlac did gaWirvebaSi vardeba: bavSvebi gahyvirian, `me qvemdebareao~. maswavlebelic,
cxadia, gonebiT bavSvebis mxarezea, magram ra qmnas, rodesac morfologiis
saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi sakuTriv am tipis zmnebis subieqtis Sesaxeb araferia
naTqvami 3 , sintaqsis saxelmZRvaneloSi ki weria, rom `gardauvali zmnis me-3 piris
formasTan Sewyobili qvemdebare yovelTvis saxelobiTSiao~, xolo saTanado
adgilas (`qvemdebaruli damokidebuli winadadebis raoba~) savarjiSoebSi motanili
winadadebebis mixedviT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom saxelmZRvanelos avtorebi romelime
`etyoba~ zmnisaTvis qvemdebared saxelobiTSi dasmul saxels miiCneven (`saxis
moZraobaze etyoboda, rom grZnobis als mTlad moebura misi arseba~ _ aq damokidebuli
winadadeba miCneulia qvemdebarul saxisad). Tu maswavlebeli bavSvs daeTanxmeba
da ityvis, rom qvemdebare (subieqti) micemiTSi dasmuli saxeliao, ra daarqvas saxelobiTSi
dasmul saxels maSin, rodesac bavSvebma ician, rom damatebebidan (obieqtebidan)
saxelobiT brunvaSi mxolod pirdapiri SeiZleba idges?
maSasadame, mdgomareoba specifikuria, bevr siZnelesTanaa dakavSirebuli da gramatikuli
movlenebis kvalifikaciis gadasinjvas moiTxovs. da gana amitom skolaSi
Tvali unda davxuWoT da dumiliT avuaroT gverdi qarTuli zmnisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
am metad mniSvnelovan movlenas?
magram ase grZeldeba wlebis ganmavlobaSi: bavSvebi sruliad gaucnobiereblad
izepireben, rom `qarTulSi inversia axasiaTebs marto gardamaval zmnebs III seriaSi.
1 qarTuli ena daliteratura skolaSi, #4, 1978.
2 amis Sesaxeb ix. a. SaniZe, gramatikuli subieqti zogierT gardauval zmnasTan qarTulSi,
Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, t. 7, 1961 w. gv. 209.
3 Tumca maswavlebeli saWiro SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, xelmZRvanelobs a. SaniZis `qarTuli enis
gramatikis safuZvlebiT~, sadac inversiul formebTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi azria gatarebuli:
`piris niSanTa inversias garkveuli adgili uWiravs zmnaTa uRlebis sistemaSi: is gvxvdeba
marto III seriis formebSi da isic gardamaval zmnebSi, gardauvalma zmnebma sazogadod
inversia ar icis...~ (a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, 1973, $241, gv. 197).

gardauvalma zmnebma ki sazogadod inversia ar icis~; magram es mxolod Teoriulad,
praqtikulad ki grZnoba-aRqmis zmnebTan isini subieqtad micemiTSi dasmul saxels
miiCneven, rac am tipis gardauval zmnebSi swored inversiis arsebobas adasturebs.
qarTuli enis gramatikis am metad saWirboroto da sadavo sakiTxs prof. varlam
Tofuriam specialuri werili uZRvna, romelic TerTmeti wlis win daibeWda swored
am Jurnalis furclebze. 4 statiaSi sruliad garkveviT da damajereblad aris dasabuTebuli
upirveles yovlisa is, rom, radganac sakiTxi exeba `mTel jgufs zmnebisas,
amitom saxelmZRvaneloSi misi sul gamotoveba SeuZlebelia~ da rom `grZnobaaRqmis
gamomxatveli obieqturi wyobis mqone saSualo gvaris zmnebi analogiur viTarebas
gviCveneben gardamaval zmnaTa III seriis formebTan: es zmnebic inversiulia~ 5 .
magram, samwuxarod, es sakiTxi dRemde ar mogvarebula da saskolo gramatikis
saxelmZRvanelo kvlav dums amis Taobaze.
2. is faqti, rom grZnoba-aRqmis gamomxatvel zmnebTan qarTulSi micemiTSi dasmuli
saxelia gagebuli subieqtad, Tavis droze kargad SeniSna akad. niko marma. Tavis
`ZiriTad tabulebSi~ 6 man calke adgili miuCina da gamoyo gansakuTrebuli, `obieqturi
wyobis~ mqone zmnebis jgufi, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba danarCeni zmnebisagan.
aseTive interpretacia misca am tipis zmnebs moris briermac, romelmac maris
TanaavtorobiT 1931 wels parizSi frangul enaze gamosca didi naSromi `qarTuli
ena~ 7 . dabolos, am tipis zmnaTa Camoyalibebis procesis arsis gageba mZlavri
mecnieruli argumentaciiT da uxvi enobrivi masalis safuZvelze mogvca prof. arnold
Ciqobavam Tavis fundamentur naSromSi `martivi winadadebis problema qar-
TulSi~ 8 da statiaSi `martivi winadadebis evoluciis ZiriTadi tendenciebi qar-
TulSi~ 9 . am naSromebSi sakiTxi gacilebiT ufro farTod ismis: qarTuli saliteraturo
enis ganviTarebis mTel manZilze micemiTi brunvis sintaqsuri rolis gaZliereba
da Sesabamisad _ saxelobiTSi dasmuli obieqtis sintaqsuri rolis Sesusteba,
rac moicavs CvenTvis saintereso zmnebsac da, saerTod, inversiis procesis Casaxvasa
da ganviTarebas qarTul zmnaSi.
3. inversiis process qarTul zmnaSi sakmaod xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. es movlena
qarTuli enis istoriis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani ubania. inversiis
procesi qarTuli zmnis bunebidan (kerZod, misi polipersonalizmidan) gamomdinare
kanonzomieri procesia. swored inversiis procesi gaxda erT-erTi mizezi
da safuZveli qarTuli enis sintaqsSi im didi Zvrebisa, romlebmac enis sistemaSi
sxva cvlilebebTan erTad Zveli qarTuli mkveTrad gamijna axali qarTulisagan.
ra aris inversia? rogorc prof. akaki SaniZe wers, `inversia hqvia Seqcevas, anu
Sebrunebas, romelic sazogadod Tavs iCens rigis SemTxvevaSi~. 10
zmnaSi inversia `Tavs iCens~ piris niSanTa funqciebis SenarCunebaSi. magram es ukve
Sedegia, gamovlinebaa, gamoxatulebaa garkveuli procesisa da ara safuZveli, mizezi,
arsi.
ra aris inversiis safuZveli? raSi mdgomareobs inversiis procesis arsi? aris
Tu ara inversia gramatikuli movlena?
aviRoT nebismieri statikuri zmnis relatiuri forma, davuSvaT, miweria is me (Zv.:
miweries igi me). rogorc statikuri zmna, igi ar Seicavs moqmedi piris gagebas.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, radganac es zmna mdgomareobas gamoxatavs da ara moqmedebas,
4 ix. v. Tofuria, qarTuli enis gramatikis sadavo sakiTxebi, `qarTuli ena da literatura
skolaSi~, #3, 1977 w., gv. 3.
5 v. Tofuria, dasax. naSr., gv. 7.
6 Н. Марр, Основные таблицы, tab. XIX, XX.
7 N. Marr et M. Brière, La langue géorgienne, Paris, 1931.
8 arn. Ciqobava, `martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi~, meore gamocema, Tbilisi, 1968 w.
9 arn. Ciqobava, martivi winadadebis evoluciis ZiriTadi tendenciebi qarTulSi. ix. iqve, damateba
II, gv. 269.
10 a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, 1973, gv. 195.
27

mas ar gaaCnia realurad moqmedi piris gageba, e. i. realuri (logikuri) subieqti,
Tumca gramatikulad yvelaferi rigzea: saxelobiTSi dasmuli gramatikuli subieqti
gamoxatulia subieqtis niSniT (S3-a), xolo micemiTSi dasmuli gramatikuli obieqti
_ obieqtis formantiT (O1-m). magram realurad _ gramatikuli subieqti pasiuria,
umoqmedoa.
amgvarad, statikur zmnaTa gramatikuli subieqti realurad pasiuria; obieqti gramatikuli
(sintaqsuri) TvalsazrisiT masTan Tanasworuflebiania (isic mmarTavia, masac
sakuTari niSani aqvs zmnaSi), amave dros es obieqti yovelTvis aRmqmelia, mqonebelia,
mgrZnobelia, ganmcdelia (mokled _ logikuri subieqtia) da amitom xSirad sulier
pirs gamoxatavs, maSin, rodesac masTan kombinaciaSi myofi gramatikuli subieqti,
Cveulebriv, aRqmis, qonebis, grZnobis, gancdis sagania (realuri obieqtia), amitom
xSirad usuloa. (cxadia, am TvalsazrisiT gadamwyvetia Tavad zmnis semantika).
swored amis gamo gramatikuli obieqti, rogorc realurad aqtiuri piri (mdgomareobis
an moqmedebis ganmcdeli), metyvelis cnobierebaSi win iwevs da Tavisi aqtiurobiT
aWarbebs gramatikul subieqts. amgvarad, molaparakis cnobierebaSi safuZveli eyreba
inversiis process, e. i. am process safuZvlad udevs fsiqologiuri faqtori: polipersonaluri
bunebis mqone relatiuri statikuri zmna (romlis gramatikuli subieqti
da gramatikuli obieqti 11 sintaqsurad Tanasworuflebiania; orive mmarTavia,
realurad ki aqtiuri grO meti uflebebiT sargeblobs, vidre pasiuri grS) iZleva misi
gramatikuli Sinaarsis logikurad inversiuli SinaarsiT gagebis SesaZleblobas.
piris niSanTa funqciebis inversiis mizezi aris polipersonaluri bunebis garkveuli
tipis zmnebSi logikurad pasiuri subieqtisa da logikurad aqtiuri obieqtis arseboba;
inversiis procesis arsi mdgomareobs molaparakis cnobierebaSi Sinaarsobrivi
mxaris win wamowevaSi da Sesabamisad _ logikurad aqtiuri piris saTanado formalur
(gramatikul) gaaqtiurebaSi. rogorc vnaxeT, inversiis procesi isaxeba cnobierebis
sferoSi. igi garkveul dromde logikis sferoSi rCeba: manam, sanam ar moxdeba
misi formaluri gamoxatva, gramatizcia. rodesac es logikuri procesi formalur
gamoxatulebas povebs, maSin igi SeiZleba CaiTvalos gramatikul movlenad 12 .
4. rodis moxda inversiis procesis gramatizacia?
vnaxoT es statikuri zmnis Sinaarsis ganviTarebis magaliTze.
aviRoT igive miweria (is me) forma da ganvagrZoT misi analizi. sanam am tipis
zmnaSi realurad moqmedi piris gageba ar arsebobs, igi statikuri Sinaarsisaa. sakmarisia
realurad moqmedi piris gageba gaCndes, da es forma SeiZens dinamikur Sinaarss:
realurad aqtiuri piris arseboba dinamikuri zmnis mTavari logikuri maxasia-
Tebelia. amgvarad, gansxvavebiT statikuri Sinaarsis miweria (is me) formisagan, realurad
aqtiuri piris Semcveli miweria (me is) iZens dinamikur Sinaarss. igi ukve gamoxatavs
ara mdgomareobas, aramed moqmedebas. magram rogor moqmedebas? Tavdapirvelad
igi iTavsebs or Sinaarss: Tavisi amosavali formisas _ statikurs da axals _
11 qvemoT terminebi saTanado simboloebiT iqneba warmodgenili: gramatikuli subieqti _ grS,
gramatikuli obieqti grO, realuri subieqti RS da reluri obieqti RO.
12 sxvaTa Soris, micemiTSi dasmuli saxelis subieqtad gagebis tendencia grZnoba-aRqmis gamomxatvel
zmnebSi Tavs iCens evropuli enebis zmnebis mimarTac. amas xazgasmiT aRniSnavs
prof. v. Tofuria, romelsac zemoT dasaxelebul statiaSi rusuli enis akademiuri gramatikidan
mohyavs amonawerebi, sadac micemiTSi dasmuli forma mdgomareobis Tu gancdili moqmedebis
subieqtadaa miCneulia. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Semdegi magaliTebi: мне спится, мне страшно,
мне грустно, мне нужно говоритъ, ему больно и смешно da sxv. magram inversia aq ar SeiZleba
iyos gramatikuli movlena, radganac rusul enaSi micemiTSi dasmuli saxeli moklebulia
sintaqsur uflebebs: mas ara aqvs zmnis pirSi marTvisa da ricxvSi SeTanxmebis unari. indoevropuli
zmna monopersonaluria, xolo inversiis logikuri sferodan gramatikul sferoze
(gamoxatulebis planze) gavrceleba SesaZlebelia mxolod polipersonaluri bunebis
zmnebSi, sadac iribi obieqti gramatikulad subieqtis Tanasworuflebiania: mmarTavia, Sem-
Tanxmebelia, da amdenad, mas aqvs unari Tavisi Tavis zmnaSi aRniSvnisa.
28

dinamikurs, kerZod, gamoxatavs dinamikas warsulSi da statikas awmyoSi anu: warsulSi
momxdari moqmedebis Sedegs awmyoSi.
amgvarad, statikur zmnaTa inversiaqmnil formebSi isaxeba perfeqtuli Sinaarsis
gageba da dasabami eZleva perfeqtul droTa formebis ganviTarebas qarTuli zmnis
uRlebis sistemaSi.
statikur zmnaTagan ganviTarebulma dinamikurma Sinaarsma TandaTan formaluri
gamoxatulebac pova: miweries tipis formebs daerTo zmniswini, da-miweries, rac SesaZlebeli
gaxda mxolod mas Semdeg, rac am tipis zmnebma inversiis Sedegad dinamikuri
Sinaarsi SeiZines. zmniswinis darTva, dinamikurobis maCvenebeli erT-erTi formaluri
maxasiaTeblis (niSnis) gaCena am formebs kidev ufro umkvidrebs dinamikur
Sinaarss perfeqtulobis niuansiT _ igulisxmeba dinamika warsulSi: es formebi gamoxataven
warsulSi momxdari moqmedebis Sedegs, rezultats (amitom maT Zveli qar-
TulisaTvis SeiZleba rezultatiuri formebi ewodos). amgvarad, mas Semdeg, rac (da)
uweries (mas igi) zmnaSi micemiTSi dasmuli saxeli gaazrebul iqna subieqtad da
TviT am zmnam ki miiRo dinamikuri Sinaarsi, igi bunebrivad iqca gagrZelebad im dinamikuri
gardamavali zmnis paradigmisa, romelSic saxelobiTSi dasmuli Sesabamisi
piri aris rogorc realuri, ise gramatikuli subieqti, awmyos jgufis ZiriTadi
forma vwer (me mas) _ wers (igi mas); aoristis jgufis ZiriTadi forma davwere (me
igi) _ dawera (man igi), dabolos, perfeqtuli jgufis ZiriTadi forma _ damiweries
(me igi) _ dauweries (mas igi), romelic gamoxatavs warsulSi momxdari moqmedebis
Sedegs awmyoSi (awmyos rezultativi). aqedan ganviTarda am formaTa erT-erTi Ziri-
Tadi (dRes yvelaze gamokveTili) Sinaarsobrivi niuansi unaxaoba, TurmeobiToba, e.
w. unaxavi aqtis gageba: awmyoSi vxedavT Sedegs im moqmedebisas, romelic warsulSi
momxdara. da ase gagrZelda mTels sistemaSi kanonzomierad: imave statikuri zmnis
wyvetilis formam mogvca dinamikurad gaazrebuli forma damewera (me igi), romelmac
gamoxata winare warsulSi momxdari moqmedebis Sedegi warsul droSi (aqedan _
namyos rezultativi anu namyo winarewarsuli); Sesabamisad _ imave statikuri zmnis
II kavSirebiTis formis inversiisa da gadinamikurebis gziT miviReT mesame formac
dameweros (me igi), sadac warsulSi momxdari moqmedebis Sedegi Cans momavalSi (momavlis
rezultativi).
amgvarad, statikur zmnaTa inversiaqmnilma gadinamikurebulma (dinamikurad gadaazrebulma)
formebma gaagrZeles moqmedebiTi gvaris dinamikur zmnaTa paradigma 13 da
Seavses is xarvezi, romelic qarTuli zmnis uRlebis sistemas hqonda: kerZod, warmoiSva
perfeqtul droTa formebi. magram paradigmis gagrZeleba da Sevseba ase martivad
ar dasrulebula. jer erTi, es Seexo ara mxolod gardamaval zmnebs, aramed
moicva qarTuli zmnis uRlebis mTeli sistema: kerZod, analituri, aRweriTi warmoebis
statikurma formebma daxatul var _ daxatul viyav _ daxatul viyo tipisa mogvca
gardauvali dinamikuri zmnis awmyos, namyos da myofadis rezultatiuri sinTeturi
formebi davxatulvar... da sxv. (saidanac Semdgom imave mizeziT, rac zemoT,
ganviTarda TurmeobiTobis, unaxaobis Sinaarsi).
xolo, rac Seexeba dinamikur gardamaval zmnaTa paradigmis gagrZelebas, rogorc
mosalodneli iyo, Senacvlebulma statikurma formebma (mixaties, mikeTies...) dairTes
dinamikurobis kidev erTi niSani _ paradigmis sawyisi (awmyos) formebis maxasiaTebeli
Sesabamisi Tematuri sufiqsebi (vxat-av _ damixat-av-s, vakeT-eb _ gamikeT-eb-ies),
riTac formaluradac daemsgavsnen maT. (_eb Tematur sufiqsian zmnebSi es procesi
ufro Sors wavida da analogiiT gavrcelda e. w. II TurmeobiTis formebzec: gameke-
Ta _ gamekeT-eb-ia _ gamekeT-eb-in-a).
amgvarad, statikur zmnaTa inversiis Sedegad qarTuli zmnis uRlebis sistemaSi
TandaTan Camoyalibda dro-kiloTa sruliad axali jgufi, romelic dRes III seriis
13 am sakiTxis irgvliv dawvrilebiT ix. n. naTaZe, mesame seriis dro-kiloTa warmoebisaTvis
qarTulSi, ike, t. VII, Tb., 1955 w.
29

(TurmeobiTebis) saxeliTaa cnobili. am jgufis formebi warmoadgenen ara Sesabamis
dinamikur gardamaval zmnaTa inversiul formebs, aramed TavianTi winapari, amosavali
statikuri zmnebisas. miweria (is me) _ (da)miweria (me is). miweria (is me) formis
inversiulad gaazrebam mogvca (da)miweria (me is) Sebrunebuli konstruqciis dinamikuri
zmna, romelic dRes dinamikuri vwer (me mas) formis gagrZelebas warmoadgens,
magram ara misi inversiiT miRebul formas. dinamikur gardamaval zmnebs aqtiuri subieqti
aqvT. aqedan cxadia, rom moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebSi inversiis procesisaTvis
safuZveli ar arsebobs. am zmnaTa gramatikuli subieqti yovelTvis emTxveva realur
subieqts, igi sakmaod aqtiuria imisaTvis, rom ar dauTmos Tavisi asparezi irib obieqts.
swored imitom, rom damiweria zmnis axali konstruqcia mogvca miweria zmnis
pirebis funqciaTa Sebrunebulma, inversiulma gaazrebam, I TurmeobiTis relatiurma,
saobieqto qcevis formebma dakarges qcevis kategoriis gageba. amitomvea, rom III seriaSi
sampiriani formebi ar arsebobs.
amgvarad, III seriaSi sampirianma formebma ki ar dakarges piri da iqcnen orpirianebad
(rogorc amas xSirad gaigonebT), aramed maT arasodes ar hqoniaT mesame piri,
radganac isini warmoSobiT orpiriani statikuri zmnebia.
amas sruliadac ar ewinaaRmdegeba is faqti, rom dRes gardamaval zmnaTa II TurmeobiTis
statikur formaTa inversiis gziT miRebuli formebis (mewera, gamekeTebina)
gverdiT Camoyalibda iseTi inversiuli formebic, romlebic miRebulia ukve ara statikur
zmnaTa inversiis Sedegad, aramed gardamaval sampirian, Cveulebriv, kauzatiur
formaTa inversiis Sedegad. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs gansxvavebuli konstruqciis
mqone omonimuri wyvilebi: wyvetili _ II TurmeobiTi: gamagebina man me is _ (rom an
netavi) gamagebina me is, Camagdebina man me is _ (xelSi) rom Camagdebina me is, gamake-
Tebina man me is _ (rom an netavi) gamakeTebina me is, maCvena man me is _ (netavi an
rom) maCvena me is da sxva. rogor miviReT meore rigis formebi? sampirianma kauzatiurma
(SualobiTi kontaqtis) formebma dakarges gramatikuli subieqti _ makauzirebeli
piri da erTaderT subieqtad moqmedebis Semsrulebeli, realurad moqmedi piri
darCa. kauzatiur formaTa inversiis es faqti ar ewinaaRmdegeba arc im azrs, rom
inversiis safuZveli realurad pasiuri subieqtis (da realurad aqtiuri obieqtis)
mqone zmnebSia: cnobilia, rom kauzatiuri formebis gramatikuli subieqti moqmedebis
realuri Semsrulebeli ki ar aris, aramed `xelmZRvanelia, iniciatoria~, xolo
moqmedebis realuri, faqtiuri, uSualo Semsrulebeli ki iribi obieqtia. amgvarad,
inversiis ZiriTadi piroba aqac daculia. grS dakargvas da inversias am formebSi,
vfiqrobT, xeli Seuwyo gardamaval zmnaTa II TurmeobiTis formebma (gamakeTebina me
is), romelTac, rogorc cnobilia, kavSirebiTi (// natvriTi) kilos gageba SeiZines.
swored maTi gavleniT unda mieRo kauzatiur gamakeTebina formasac kavSirebiTi (//
natvriTi) kilos gageba da piris dakargvis Sedegad inversiuli Sinaarsic. amgvarad,
II TurmeobiTis (rom) gamekeTebina (me is) formis gverdiT gaCnda (rom) gamekeTebina
(me is) forma, romelic, gansxvavebiT pirvelisagan, ganmartoebiT dgas da ar gaaCnia
sxva mwkrivis formebi da arc grS piris mixedviT cvalebis unari 14 .
rogorc vnaxeT, statikur formebs TandaTan emateboda axali formaluri niSnebi
dinamikurobisa da maTi inversiis procesi sabolood dasrulda maSin, rodesac micemiTSi
dasmulma saxelma, rogorc realurad aqtiurma, moqmedma pirma (rogorc subieqtma)
formaluradac gaamyara Tavisi uflebebi: Tavisi arseboba subieqtis mravlobiTobis
_ T sufiqsiT aRniSna zmnaSi 15 maSin, rodesac saxelobiTSi dasmulma
14 inversiuli Sinaarsi aqvs mxolod obieqturi pirebis mixedviT monacvle formebs: gamake-
Tebina, gagakeTebina, gaakeTebina.
15 igulisxmeba II da III grO piri. rac Seexeba I grO pirs, iq mravlobiTis niSnad aris gv-(

gramatikulma subieqtma sabolood dakarga zmnis ricxvSi SeTanxmebis unari, rogorc
logikurad pasiurma pirma. dRes gvaqvs dauweria-T (maT isini) da ara dauwerian
(maT isini), rogorc Zvelad iyo. amgvarad, formaluri SeTanxmebis wesi, rac Zveli
qarTuli enisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, axalSi Secvala Sinaarsobrivad, logikurad
safuZveldebulma wesma: zmnas ricxvSi iTanxmebs realurad aqtiuri piri, logikuri
subieqti (istoriulad gramatikuli obieqti, romelsac, rogorc micemiTi brunvis
formiT warmodgenil saxels, zmnis ricxvSi SeTanxmebis unari ar hqonda) da ve-
Rar iTanxmebs gramatikuli subieqti, romelsac, rogorc saxelobiTSi dasmul saxels,
istoriulad zmnis ricxvSi SeTanxmebis unari hqonda (igi zmnaSi aCenda mravlobiTis
imave -n (

lad SegviZlia mivceT subieqturi niSnis kvalifikacia, xolo -s sufiqss ki _ obieqturi
niSnisa. ase rom, TviT prof. a. SaniZis mier mocemuli gansazRvris mixedviT
grZnoba-aRqmis gamomxatveli zmnebi inversiulad unda miviCnioT. magram Cven zemoT
aRvniSneT, rom logikuri movlenis gramatizacia (gramatikul movlenad qceva) xdeba
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac igi formalur gamoxatulebasac hpovebs.
aris Tu ara grZnoba-aRqmis gamomxatvel zmnebSi micemiTSi dasmuli logikuri subieqti
formaluri TvalsazrisiT saTanadod aRniSnuli? _ aris. da mis aRniSvnas iseve
didi xnis istoria aqvs, rogorc damiweria tipis zmnebSi: maqvs, miyvars... tipis
zmnebSi micemiTSi dasmulma saxelma karga xania moipova zmnis ricxvSi SeTanxmebis
unari. grO2 da grO3 (imave RS2 da RS3)-is mravlobiToba zmnaSi dRes aRniSnulia subieqtis
mravlobiTobis _ T sufiqsiT: gaqvT Tqven is, isini, giyvarT Tqven is, isini
(Sdr. Zv. gqon-an Sen, Tquen, igini, giyuar-an Sen, Tquen, igini). rac Seexeba grO 1 pirs,
igi Zvelsave qarTulSi iZens zmnis ricxvSi SeTanxmebis unars; Cveni azriT, Zvel qar-
TulSi guaqus Cuen da maqus Cuen formaTa paralelur xmarebaSi asaxuli unda iyos
micemiTSi dasmuli saxelis mier zmnis ricxvSi SeTanxmebis Zalis mopovebisa da misi
uflebebis damkvidrebisaTvis brZolis suraTi (daaxloebiT iseTive Widilisa, rogoric
aris dRes inversiulobisaken gadaxrili zmnebis gr O3 piris mravlobiTis formebSi:
ekveceba maT is II ekvecebaT maT is; ekargeba maT is II ekargeba-T maT is 16 .
amgvarad, am tipis zmnebSi, zustad ise, rogorc miweria tipis zmnebSi, realurad
moqmed pirad gaazrebuli gramatikuli obieqti, rogorc aqtiuri piri, iZens zmnis
ricxvSi SeTanxmebis unars, da Tu Zvel qarTulSi saxeli zmnas formaluri niSnebis
mixedviT iTanxmebda (dawer-n-a wig-n-i, uyuar-an igini), TandaTan SeTanxmebis sintaqsuri
meqanizmi icvleba _ dRes saxeli zmnas iTanxmebs ukve Sinaarsobrivi, logikuri
da ara formaluri TvalsazrisiT. amitomac micemiTis sintaqsuri roli Zlierdeba,
saxelobiTisa ki sustdeba.
amgvarad, aqvs, uyvars... tipis statikur zmnaTagan TandaTan inversiis safuZvelze
Camoyalibda axali tipis gardauvali inversiuli zmnebi, romlebic statikuri zmnebisagan
gansxvavebiT Seicaven moqmed, aqtiur pirs; dinamikur zmnaTagan ki gansxvavdebian
imiT, rom maTi istoriuli gramatikuli subieqti ar emTxveva realur subieqts,
aramed realurad igi obieqts warmoadgens. rolebis amgvari Secvla gamoixata imiT,
rom micemiTSi dasmulma saxelma, rogorc subieqtma, zmnaSi mravlobiTis niSani gaa-
Cina, rac aSkarad miuTiTebs imaze, rom dasaxelebuli zmnebi Tavis winapar, amosaval
formebTan SepirispirebiT inversiulnia. am zmnebis statikur (weria tipis) da
dinamikur zmnebs Soris saSualo adgili uWiravT. isini, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, gamoxataven
ara ubralod mdgomareobas, aramed garkveuli moqmedebis (siyvarulis, siZulvilis,
wyenis, gaWirvebis...) mdgomareobas.
6. zemoT araerTxel mogvixda aRniSvna, rom inversiis safuZveli da pirobebi statikur
zmnebSia, romelTac realurad pasiuri gramatikuli subieqti aqvT: rom mar-
Tlac pasiuri subieqtis arseboba iwvevs inversias, es iqidanac Cans, rom dRes vnebi-
Ti gvaris dinamikuri zmnebic ki, romelTac pasiuri subieqti aqvT, inversiis tendencias
iCenen (mag, exatebaT maT momavali, ekvecebaT maT bolo, ekiTxebaT maT leqcia...)
17 , maSin rodesac am tendenciisagan Tavisufalia dinamikuri vnebiTisave, oRond
aqtiur subieqtiani zmnebi (rogoricaa emaleba is maT, eSveleba is maT, etmasneba is
maT...).
amgvarad, inversiis procesi dResac moqmedi procesia da sul ufro ifarToebs
moqmedebis ares. igi moicavs sul ufro farTo jgufs saerTod pasiursubieqtiani
zmnebisas da Tanamedrove qarTuli enis zmnis uRlebis sistemaSi mtkiced imkvidrebs
16 ix. d. meliqiSvili, `m- da gu- prefiqsTa urTierTobisaTvis~, Tsu XVII samecn. sesia, filologiis
fakulteti, muSaobis gegma da Tezisebi 1974 w. 21-24 maisi, gv. 32-33.
17 am jgufs miekuTvneba e. w. gunebis, SesaZleblobis, miCnevis vnebiTebic (memRereba, meWmeva,
mecotaveba), romelTagan pirvels dakarguli aqvs grS: emRereba mas.
32

Tavis adgils. es procesi enis ganviTarebis Sinagan kanonzomierebaTa erT-erTi gamovlinebaa
da qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis ZiriTad xazs mihyveba.
qarTuli enis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze, rodesac inversiis yvela labiluri
SemTxveva stabiluri gaxdeba, am formaTa inversiis sakiTxi, albaT, mxolod istoriul
gramatikas SemorCeba, praqtikul gramatikaSi ki `miyvars~ tipis zmnebSi subieqturi
piris niSnebad kvalificirebuli iqneba `manis rigis~ niSnebi da subieqtad _
micemiTSi dasmuli saxeli, xolo obieqtur pirisad _ `vinis rigisa~ da obieqtad _
saxelobiTSi dasmuli saxeli.
magram rogori kvalifikacia SeiZleba mieces am sakamaTo formebs enis ganviTarebis
Tanamedrove etapze?
radganac dRes normad miCneulia `vakeTeb~ tipis zmnebis piris niSanTa mniSvneloba,
amitom es formebi inversiul formebad unda CaiTvalos: maTSi subieqturi piris
niSans saxelobiTSi dasmuli realuri obieqtis gamoxatva akisria, xolo obieqturi
piris niSans _ micemiTSi dasmuli realuri subieqtisa (romelic garda imisa,
rom marTavs zmnas pirSi, iTanxmebs kidec ricxvSi, riTac saxelobiT-formian saxel-
Tan SedarebiT sintaqsurad met aqtiurobas amJRavnebs).
amgvarad, dRes qarTulSi SeiZleba gamovyoT ZiriTadad sami tipis inversiuli
formebi:
1) gardamaval moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnaTa (aqtivTa) da Sesabamisad _ medioaqtivTa
(umefia mas, utiria mas) III seriis formebi.
2) grZnoba-aRqmis gamomxatveli gardauvali statikuri zmnebi (maT Sorisvea mTeli
jgufi pirnakli zmnebisa, romelnic grS piris dakargvis gamo icvlebian mxolod
grO piris mixedviT da inversiul zmnaTa rigSi dgebian, rogoricaa: maciebs, maxvelebs,
mamTqnarebs, mazmorebs, makankalebs da sxv.).
3) pasiuri subieqtis mqone inversiisken gadaxrili gardauvali dinamikuri zmnebi
vnebiTi gvarisa, romelTac grO3-Si meryevi inversia axasiaTebT. maTve SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT
e. w. SesaZleblobis (meWmeva, medgomeba), miCnevis (memwareba, mecotaveba), gunebis
(memRereba, mecineba) vnebiTebic, romelTa yvela forma stabilur inversias
gviCvenebs. amaTgan ukanasknelni (gunebis vnebiTebi) moklebulni arian piris mixedviT
cvalebis unars. amaT rigsve SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT iseTi pirdakarguli zmnebi, rogoricaa
meSveleba me (meSveleba is me).
garda amisa, inversiul zmnaTa ricxvs uerTdeba warmoSobiT gardamavali pirdakarguli
zmnebis mTeli rigi, miRebuli gardamaval zmnaTa II TurmeobiTis analogiiT,
rogoricaa: (netavi) gamagebina me is, rom macemina me is, (xelSi) rom Camagdebina
me is, netavi maCvena me is, netavi maWama me is da sxv. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, maTi winapari
pirdapiri formebi SualobiTi kontaqtis Sinaarsisaa, amaT ki es Sinaarsi dabinduli
aqvT, radganac maT dakarges grS, moqmedebis iniciatori anu maiZulebeli
piri, xolo moqmedebis realuri Semsrulebeli grO ki, bunebrivia, subieqtad iqna gagebuli.
radganac es formebi aSkarad gardamaval zmnaTa II TurmeobiTis analogiiT
aris miRebuli (rom, netavi gamekeTebina _ rom, netavi gamakeTebina), amitom, vfiqrobT,
isini SeiZleboda I tipSic gangvexila, magram aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom
maT ara aqvT sxva mwkrivis formebi da icvlebian mxolod grO piris mixedviT (gamagebina,
gagagebina, gaagebina), ris gamoc gancalkevebiT dganan.
rogorc davinaxeT, Tanamedrove qarTulSi inversiul zmnaTa are sakmaod farToa,
amitom maTi ignorireba qarTuli zmnis swavlebis procesSi dauSvebelia.
33

34
aram martirosovi
zmniswinebis Sedgeniloba da maTi pirveladi funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi 1
qarTul enaSi cnobili zmniswinebi damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebisagan
(zmnisarTebisagan) momdinareoben.
zogierTi zmnisarTi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, Cven Tvalwin gadaiqca zmniswinad.
Zvel qarTulSi, magaliTad, ukun || uku, ukumo, wiaR, wiaRmo, gardamo zmnisarTadac
ixmareboda da zmniswinis funqciasac asrulebda. eseni zmniswinad xmarebisas jer
kidev zmnasTan ise mtkiced ar iyvnen SeerTebuli, rogorc sxva danarCeni zmniswinebi.
amJamad gardamo cota saxecvlili formiT (gadmo) mxolod zmniswinad ixmareba,
zmnisarTis funqcia ki man karga xania dakarga.
saliteraturo qarTuli enis ganviTarebis mTel manZilze gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxvevebi,
roca zmnis funqcias mTlianad zmniswiniRa asrulebs. am movlenas Cveulebriv
vxvdebiT `vida~ zmnasTan; mag.: ityodes urTierTas mwyemsni igi: m o da mivideT beTlemdmde
(C l 2,15); xolo aw m o da mivideT misa (iqve, iov. 11, 15); m o , davsxdeT, tarielisTvis
cremli gvdis SeuSrobeli (v. t. 7); m o , sadac Sen mohkvdebi, mec iq unda
movkvde (yazb. 16)... w a , Seebi xataelTa, Tavi kargad damaCvene... (v. t. 379); ...w a , magra
momxvdes, raRa vqna, Tu siSorisa grZeloba! (iqve, 144).
msgavs movlenas adgili aqvs megrulsa da svanurSic. megrulSi zogjer zmnisagan
mxolod zmniswinia darCenili; mag.: qomu (←qomuCi)═= mome⎡ ci⎤ , mola (←mola-rTi) wamo⎡
di⎤ 2 . svanurSi `SekiTxvaze dadebiTi pasuxis gacema marto windebuliTac xerxdeba:
bz. qCd mo? (gavida?) _ qa (ga-)... CvnÃid mo? (CamoiRo?) _ Cu... bqv. sgafiSvd mo?
(SeuSva?) _ sga...~ 3 .
vefxistyaosanSi gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca zmnis nacvlad mxolod zmniswinebi
upirispirdebian erTmaneTs; mag.: feri hkrTa da gauficxa S e da g a m o gulman
krToma (1544); oden davmiwdi, davnacrdi, guli m i da m o krTeboda (512). amJamad midamo
saxelad aris qceuli da sruliad ar igrZnoba masSi Semaval zmniswinTa pirvandeli
mniSvneloba (Sdr. war-mo-eba).
rogori warmoSobisac unda iyos yvela es movlena, mainc angariSgasawevia zmniswinTa
odindeli damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebisas.
am mxriv yuradRebas iqcevs agreTve Zveli qarTulis damaxasiaTebeli movlena,
roca zmniswini SeiZleboda gancalkevebuli yofiliyo zmnisgan erTi an ramdenime
sityviTac ki, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom im periodSi zmniswinis zmnasTan SeerTebis
procesi jer kidev ar iyo damTavrebuli da zmniswini nawilobriv mainc inarCunebda
damoukidebel mniSvnelobas.
zmniswinebs masalobrivad saerTo aqvT rogorc zmnisarTebTan, ise Tandebuleb-
Tan. qarTulSi ar aris TiTqmis arc erTi zmniswini, romelic ar ukavSirdebodes
zmnisarTebs.
zmniswini da Tandebuli, garda imisa, rom geneturad kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan,
xSirad msgavs funqciebsac avlenen: mag., gan nawilaki qarTulSi zmnasTanac da saxelTanac
TiTqmis erTi mniSvnelobiT ixmareba, aRniSnavs moSorebas, mocilebas
(Sdr. Z m i s a g a n ganaSora da g a n S o r d n e n isini erTmaneTs). erTnairi funqciiT
gvevlineba agreTve Se- zmniswini da -Si Tandebuli (Sdr. agreTve: mo-dis _ Cemda-mo,
mi-dis _ misda-mi).
qarTveluri enebidan svanurSi dadasturebulia, rom erTi da igive nawilaki
zmnasTan zmniswinis rols asrulebs, saxelebTan ki _ Tandebulisas; mag., Ji, Cu,
1 iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, t. V, 1953.
2 И. Кипшидзе, Грамматика мингрельского (иверского) языка. gv. 0106.
3 v . T o f u r i a , svanuri ena, I, zmna, 1931, gv. 63.

⎡ i⎤ sga / ska da qa zmniswinebi saxelsac marTaven micemiT brunvaSi 4 .
am oriode faqtis gaTvaliswinebiTac sruliad gasagebia, Tu Zvel qarTulSi ratom
unda yofiliyo uTandebulo formebi maSin, roca Tandebulis movaleobas
zmniswini asrulebda. iseT SemTxvevebSi, rogoricaa: ver S e v i d e s sasufevelsa ca-
Tasa (xanZT. g 36); S e x  d o d e T iwrosa mas bWesa (xanmeti, 378); tanjvasa didsa S e -
g a g d o n Sen (SuS. III 25), episkoposman saydarsa igi d a s  s (xanZT. gv. 41), micemiTSi
dasmuli saxelebi sasufevelsa, bWesa, tanjvasa, saydarsa uTandebuloa, radgan -Sina
da -zeda Tandebulis Sinaarss Se- da da- zmniswini gadmogvcems.
zmniswini yvela enisaTvis rodia damaxasiaTebeli. zogierT enaSi (maT Soris qar-
Tvelur enebSic) zmniswins mniSvnelovani roli aqvs dakisrebuli; zog enaSi ki igi
sruliad ar moipoveba. magaliTad, rig mTis iberiul-kavkasiur enaSi brunvaTa mravalfunqciianobisa
da Tandebulian brunvaTa xSiri gamoyenebis gamo zmniswini Cveulebriv
ar ixmareba. Zveli somxuri, romelsac faqtobrivad zmniswini ar gaaCnda,
zmniswinis funqcias sxva saSualebiT gamoxatavda; magaliTad, mimarTulebis gadmosacemad
igi iyenebda sruliad sxvadasxva fuZis zmnebs an kidev nacvalsaxelebs,
zmnisarTebsa da saxelur windebulebs. mag., iqiTa da aqeTa mimarTulebis aRsaniSnavad
gamoyenebuli iyo sxvadasxva zmna. iqiTa mimarTulebisaTvis Cveulebriv ixmareboda
moZraobis aRmniSvneli zmnebi.
qarTulis msgavsad rusulic sakmaod mdidaria zmniswinebiT. aq zmniswinebs SeuZlia
gadmocema yvela im mimarTulebisa, romelsac qarTuli zmniswinebi aRniSnaven,
magram am or enas Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba mainc Cans; rusul zmniswinebs mxolod
erTi rigi moepoveba, qarTuls ki _ ori. is, rac qarTulSi rTuli zmniswinebiT gamoixateba,
rusulSi verc erTi zmniswinebiT ver gadmoicema.
qarTuli am mxriv zog rameSi zanurisganac gansxvavdeba. megrul-Wanuri gansakuTrebiT
mdidaria zmniswinebiT. es iTqmis umTavresad rTul zmniswinebze. rogorc
cnobilia, qarTulSi rTuli zmniswinis meore Semadgenel nawilad mo gamodis, xolo
or SemTxvevaSi _ da (gar-da, Se-da→STa→Ca), megrul-WanurSi ki rTuli zmniswinis
meore komponentad bevri iseTi nawilaki ixmareba, romelic qarTulisaTvis sruliad
ucxoa. aseTia, magaliTad, WanurSi -ka-, -ko-, -wa- (|| -we-), -Sa-, -Se-, -la- (||-lo-)
da sxva, megrulSi amas garda -To- da -no- 5 . rTuli zmniswinis am meore komponentis
saSualebiT megrul-Wanuri axerxebs moZraobis mimarTulebasTan erTad damatebiT
gadmosces sxva garemoebac; mag.: ekikidu (←e-ka-kidu) _ moikida (`ukan aikida~); ewebudgamT
_ SevudgamT (`davudgamT qvemodan zemoTken~); qekuxunu _ ukan mousva (`zeviT
ukan dasva~); qeSafuTxu _ amofrinda (`Signidan zeviT afrinda~); elaxedi _ dajeqi
(`ramesTan Camojeqi, risame gverdiT dajeqi~); mewukapu _ Camoxta (`moqveSxta~),
goSatkoCu _ gadaagdo (`gaSigtyorcna~) da sxva 6 . am damatebiT mniSvnelobebs qarTuli
ena zmnisarTebis an Cveulebriv Tandebulebis saSualebiT gadmoscems.
zanuriseburi rTuli zmniswinebi nawilobriv svanurSic moipoveba. aseTia: Ji+an-,
Cu+ad-, sga+a-, qa+es-, sga+la 7 . qarTulTan da agreTve zanurTan SedarebiT svanur
zmniswinebs ki is Tavisebureba gaaCniaT, rom martivi zmniswinebi, rogoricaa: Ji, Cu,
sga, qa ara marto TavSi daerTvian zmnas, aramed mis Semdegac gvevlinebian; mag.: anmre
Ji _ J’anmre (=moamzada), adaWeme Cu _ CadWeme (=daTiba), adie qa _ qdie (=gaitana,
gaiyvana) da sxva 8 . zogjer egeve zmniswinebi zmnas TavSic daerTvis da bolo-
Sic. saerTod es Tavisebureba swored iseT zmniswinebs axasiaTebs, romlebic saxel-
Tan Tandebulebadac ixmareba.
4 v . T o f u r i a , svanuri ena, I, zmna, gv. 64.
5 a r n . C i q o b a v a , Wanuris gramatikuli analizi,Gv. 118, 129.
6 yvela nimuSi saTanado SesatyvisiT warmodgenilia arn. Ciqobavas monografiidan: Wanuris
gramatikuli analizi, gv. 120-128.
7 v . T o f u r i a , iqve, gv. 53.
8 i q v e , gv. 62.
35

vidre Zvel qarTulSi zmniswinTa funqciebis ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, saWirod
migvaCnia ramdenadme SevexoT zmniswinTa gamoyenebaSi zogierT sxvaobas, romelic
adiSis, jruWisa da parxlis oTxTavebis redaqciebis Sedarebam gviCvena. am mxriv mopovebuli
masala saSualebas iZleva nawilobriv mainc gaTvaliswinebul iqnes
zmniswinTa gavrcelebis are Zvel qarTulSi.
1. zogierTi zmna, rogoricaa: Semwuxrda, Sewuxnes, SekarT, SeimarTlon, romlebic
DE redaqciaSi Se- zmniswiniT gvxvdeba, C redaqciaSi xSirad da- zmniswiniT ixmareba;
mag.: da viTarca Semwuxrda... (DE mT 8, 16) _ damwuxrda (C); da viTarc Semwuxrda,
hrqua saxlisa ufalman... (DE mT 20, 8, 22, 20) _ raJams damwuxrda (C)... da igini Sewuxnes
friad (DE mT 26, 22) _ da dawuxnes friad (C); SekribeT pirvelad RuarZli igi
da SekarT Zneulad (DE mT 13, 30) _ dakarT (C).
2. aris SemTxvevebi, roca DE redaqciaSi zmna daasrulna da- zmniswiniT ixmareba,
C redaqciaSi ki zogan es zmna war- zmniswiniT aris warmodgenili: mag., da iyo ra-
Jams daasrulna... sityvani ese... (DE mT 7, 28) _ warasrulna (C). iSviaTad war- zmniswinian
formas E redaqciac mimarTavs, magram aseT SemTxvevaSic D redaqciaSi mainc daasrulna
gvxvdeba.
3. samagierod DE redaqcia xSirad warvediT, waravlina-s xmarobs, C redaqcia ki
am SemTxvevaSi mi- zmniswins mimarTavs; mag.; warvediT da uTxarT ZmaTa CemTa raÁTa
warviden galilead (DE mT 28, 10) _ mivediT da uTxarT ZmaTa CemTa, raÁTa mividen...
(C): warvides da moiZios SecTomili igi (DE mT 18, 12) _ mivides da... (C); waravlinna
igini venaÃsa TÂssa (DE mT 20, 2) _ miavlinna igini sayurZensa TÂssa (C); hrqua: warvide...
da ara warvida (DE mT 21, 29) _ mivide... da ara mivida (C); warvediT dabasa magas...
(DE mT 21, 2) _ mivediT dabasa imas... (C); Svilo, warved dRes... (DE mT 21, 28) _ mived
(C); da kualad meored warvida (DE mT 26, 42) _ mivida (C) da sxv. zogjer parxlis
redaqcia mi- zmniswinsac xmarobs, magram am SemTxvevaSi jruWis redaqcia mainc war-
zmniswins mimarTavs.
4. DE redaqciis gan- zmniswins C redaqciaSi zogjer da- zmniswini Seesatyviseba;
mag.: romelman ganutevos coli TÂisi, miecin mas gansatevebeli (DE mT 5, 31) _ romelman
dauteos (C); gibrZana gantevebaÁ colTa TquenTaÁ (DE mT 19, 8) _ datevebaÁ
(C)... da romelman gantevebuli SeirTos... (DE mT 5, 32) _ datevebuli (C)... viTarmed ganukÂrdebodaca
maT da ityodes... (DE mT 13, 54) _ daukÂrdeboda (C).
sainteresoa, rom iqac ki, sadac gan- da da- zmniswins sruliad sawinaaRmdego
mniSvneloba SeaqvT zmnaSi, DE redaqcia gan-s xmarobs, C ki _ da-s; mag.: ganiyareT
mtueri ferÃTagan TquenTa (DE mT 10, 14) _ daiyareT mtueri ferÃTagan TquenTa (C).
aq zmnebi ganiyareT da daiyareT sruliad sawinaaRmdego mniSvnelobisaa.
sagulisxmo aq isicaa, rom DE redaqciaSi saxels -gan Tandebuli ar axlavs, radgan
zmnam amave funqciis gan- zmniswini gamoiyena. C redaqciaSi ki saxels -gan Tandebuli
aqvs, romelic da- zmniswinTan araviTar saerTo funqcias ar avlens.
5. oTxTavis redaqciebis mixedviT xSirad aseTive monacvleobaa gardamo- (DE) _
damo- (C), gamo- (DE) _ damo- (C), gan- (DE) _ aR- (C) zmniswinebs Soris: gardamovidoda
_ damovidoda, gardamocÂven _ damoscÂven, gamokidebul arian _ damokidebul arian;
Tmanica ganracxil arian _ aRracxil arian da sxv.
zmniswinTa aseTi dapirispirebisas mxedvelobaSi ar aris miRebuli iseTi SemTxvevebi,
roca redaqciebis mixedviT gansxvavebuli zmniswinebi zogjer Tandebulis xmareba-uxmareblobazea
damokidebuli, an kidev gansxvavebuli Tandebulebis xmarebas-
Tan aris dakavSirebuli; mag.: da mohguares viri igi da kic mis Tana da daasxes samoseli
mas zeda da dajda... mas zeda (DE mT 21, 7) _ a R j d a mas (C))... romeli
36

gamoekueTa kldisagan (DE mT 27, 60) _ romeli-igi a R m o e k u e T a k l d e s a
Sina (C) da sxv.
ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli agreTve iseTi masobrivi SemTxvevebi, roca erTi redaqciis
mo-, aRmo-, gamo-, warmo- zmniswinebi meore redaqciis mi-, aR-, gan-, war-
zmniswinebs upirispirdeba da piriqiT. zmniswinTa aseTi monacvleoba SesaZlebelia
imiTac aixsnebodes, rom ena im dednisa, saidanac qarTuli oTxTavia naTargmni, ver
ganasxvavebda pirveli anu moubari piris damokidebulebas zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis
mimarTulebisadmi da mTargmneli, radganac am mxriv SeboWili ar iyo, ama Tu
im formas nebismierad gadmoscemda xolme.
6. redaqciebi gansxvavebas gviCveneben im mxrivac, rom erTsa da imave pirobebSi
zogjer erTi redaqcia Tu zmniswins mimarTavs, meore gaurbis mas; mag.: gzasa warmarTTasa
nu m i x u a l T (DE mT 10, 5) _ nu x u a l T (C); hrquaT mTasa mas: m i i c v a l e
amier iqi, da m i i c v a l o s (DE mT 17, 20) _ i c v a l e amier, da mun i c v a l o s (C)...
ukueTu ara m o i q c e T (DE mT 18, 3) _ ara Tu i q c e T (C); romelman m o i p o v o s Tavi
TÂsi... (DE mT 10, 39) _ p o o s (C); S e m i w y a l e n Cuen... (DE mT 20, 30) _ m i w y a l e n Cuen
(C).
warmodgenili masalis mixedviT ZiriTadad C daupirispirda DE redaqcias, magram
es rodi niSnavs imas, rom zmniswinTa aseTi dapirispireba rogorc sistema ise iyos
gatarebuli da TiTqos piriqiT SemTxvevebs adgili ar hqondes. miuxedavad amisa, zeviT
ganxiluli masalis safuZvelze mainc SeiZleba zogierTi daskvnis gakeTeba.
a) uZveles periodSi qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi yvela zmniswini erTnairad ar
unda yofiliyo gavrcelebuli. ara marto gavrcelebis mxriv, aramed funqciis mixedviTac
esa Tu is zmniswini erTnairad ar unda yofiliyo gagebuli. amis kvali nawilobriv
oTxTavis redaqciebis Sedarebidan Cans; magaliTad, C redaqcia midrekilebas
iCens rig SemTxvevaSi DE redaqciaSi xmarebuli Se- da gan- zmniswinis nacvlad da-
zmniswini ixmaros: Sewuxnes, Semwuxrda, SekarT, Seimarilon... ganuteva, ganukÂrdeboda
_ dawuxnes, damwuxrda, dakarT, daimarilon... dauteva, daukÂrdeboda. aseve, C redaqcia
cdilobs DE-Si xmarebuli gardamo- zmniswinis nacvlad damo- gamoiyenos da
sxv.
b) zmniswinTa xmareba-uxmareblobis mxriv redaqciebis Cveneba cxadyofs, rom Zvel
qarTulSi moqmedebis sruli saxiT gamoxatva zmnebSi zmniswinze ar iyo damokidebuli.
erTi redaqciis zmniswiniani forma meoris uzmniswino formas upirispirdeba,
magram ise, rom erTica da meorec moqmedebis srul saxes gamoxatavs; an kidev, piriqiT,
erTi redaqciis uzmniswino forma meoris zmniswinian formas upirispirdeba da
ganurCevlad amisa iqac da aqac zmna mainc usruli saxisaa.
g) Sesadarebeli masala imis Cvenebasac iZleva, rom Tandebuls SeuZlia zmniswinis
magivroba gaswios da rig SemTxvevaSi msgavsi funqcia Seasrulos.
* * *
zmniswinis a d g i l i qarTulSi mtkiced aris gansazRvruli. igi yovelTvis zmnas
TavSi erTvis piris niSnebis win, xolo Tu zmnas es niSnebi ar gaaCnia, maSin zmniswini
uSualod zmnis fuZes mierTvis.
amJamad zmniswini zmnasTan isea Semtkicebuli, rom mis nawils Seadgens, Zvel qar-
TulSi ki, roca jer kidev mTlianad ar iyo dasrulebuli zmniswinis. zmnasTan SeerTebis
procesi, SeiZleboda zmniswinsa da zmnis fuZes Soris nawilaki an zogjer
nacvalsaxelic Casmuliyo 9 . CaerTvoda martiv nawilakTagan: ve, Ra, Tu, viTa, mca, me,
ra, raÁ, nu, re, oden, ara, Zi, ukue, oden, xolo; Sedgenil nawilakTa da damoukidebeli
mniSvnelobis mqone sityvaTagan: RaTu, Tumca, sadme, raÁukue, xoloTu, vieTme, ra-
Áme, raÁoden, odesme; mag.: mo-ve-eRos misgan (DE mT 25, 29), gan-ve-ryuna (Tekl. 96)... da-
9 ix. a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, gv. 253.
37

Tu-uteos (C mrk 10, 11), Se-Tu-iZinos sofeli yoveli (iqve, 8, 36)... aRmo-Ra-iRe pirvelad
dire igi Tualisagan Senisa (iqve 7, 5)... mo-mca-ved me da mo-mca-viRe (iqve 25, 27),
Se-mca-rTul ars (xanZT. o 45)... mo-me-iwia Tquen zeda (DE mT 12, 28)... mo-raÁ-vidis (iqve,
12, 44), mi-raÁ-iRes (iqve, 20, 11), mi-ra-scna salteni (Tekl. 120)... mo-nu-isTulian ekal-
Tagan yurZeni (C mT 7, 16)... da-re-scxra (SuS. VI, 24), gan-re-idgina (kim. I, 19, 4)... mo-Zivides
(C mT 27, 49)... Se-viTa-uZlo (xanZT. le 16)... Tquen Se-ara-xualT da SemavalTa
ayenebT (C l 11, 52)... war-oden-vida (kim. I, 21, 13)... mi-xolo-vida (xanZT. n 10)... Se-Tumca-uZles
(C mrk 13, 22), da-Tumca-xayenebdiT (xanmeti mravalT. 15a6-7)... aR-odenmca-ivso
igi (C mrk 4, 37)... da-raÁme-stkbebis (Tekl. 95)... wars-sadme-wymedul ars (iqve, 102)... miraÁoden-srul
iyo mun (kim. I, 20, 25)... maSin mi-vieTme-uges mwignobarTaganTa (DE mT 12,
38)... mo-xoloTu-gerCdes Sen (Tekl. 96)... mo-odesme-vides misa (saba asur. 6, 30)... Se-Ra-
Tu-wuxna mefჱ igi (DE mT 14, 9); Se-RaTu-mxudes SenTana sikudili (C mrk 14, 31)... mi-Tuvisme-utevneT
codvani (C iov. 20, 23)... Se-esev˜ri-xgvanda (xanmeti mravalT. 22a9)... aRvinme-iaros
igi (C iov. 9, 22).
rTul nawilakTa CarTvisas Cveulebriv daculia aseTi rigi: Ra-Tu, Tu-mca, raÁ-oden,
raÁ-ukue, xolo-Tu, Tu-vis-me, xolo-viTar, ese-viTar da ara: Tu-Ra, mca-Tu, odenraÁ,
ukue-raÁ da sxv.
rogorc cnobilia, qarTulSi zmniswini oTx funqcias asrulebs: a) gadmoscems
zmnis fuZiT gamoxatuli moqmedebis mimarTulebas; b) aRniSnavs zmniT gadmocemuli
moqmedebis srul saxes (srul aspeqts); g) awarmoebs dros, awmyosagan myofads da d)
arsebiTad cvlis zmnis fuZis mniSvnelobas.
amaTgan zmniswinis pirveladi funqciaa mimarTulebis aRniSvna. Cvenc amjerad
zmniswinTa mxolod am funqcias SevexebiT.
1. mi-, mo-. es zmniswinebi, gansakuTrebiT ki mo-, zmnisarTebsa da TandebulebSi
gvevlineba, rogorc maTi Semadgeneli nawili: gareSe-mo || garSe-mo, ga-mo, gare-mo,
winauk-mo, ukana-mo, zegarda-mo, mo-Rma, mi-Rma, mi-RmarT. mo gvaqvs gardigard-mo-Sic.
es zmniswinebi gvxvdeba saxelebTanac Tandebulis funqciiT: amxanagisad-mi, misda-mi,
Cemda-mo.
am zmniswinebSi m zmnisarTul-nacvalsaxeluri Zireuli masalaa (mand, mun, amier...
ama, ima) da funqciiT nacvalsaxelTa da zmnisarTTa g, s, q, w Zireuli Tanxmovanebis
monacvlea (e-g-e, i-g-i, e-s-e, i-s-i, a-q, i-q, a-w, a-g-re, e-g-re, i-g-re, a-s-re, e-s-re, i-sre).
xmovanTagan i-s funqcia naTeli Cans: igi CvenebiTi afiqsia, aRniSnavs sagnis siaxloves
mesame pirTan da geneturad ukavSirdeba im i-s, romelic i-g-i, i-s-i, i-m, i-q
nacvalsaxelebsa da zmnisarTebSi gvxvdeba. gaurkveveli Cans o-s warmomavloba, radgan
mas TiTqmis araviTari paraleli ar daeZebneba. axsnas moiTxovs, Tu i-s sapirispirod
pirvel pirTan siaxlovis gadmosacemad o ratom unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli
maSin, roca qarTulSi sameulTa sistemidan, e-s Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, i-s
Cveulebriv a upirispirdeba: i-m _ a-m, i-q _ a-q, i-gi _ a-gi (dialeq.), i-gre _ a-gre
(dialeq.), i-sre _ a-sre (dialeq.), i-ger _ a-ger (dialeq.), i-mier _ a-mier da sxv. TiTqos
mosalodneli iyo aqeTa mimarTulebis gadmosacemad zmniswinSi a yofiliyo gamoyenebuli,
radgan qarTulSi mas i-s sapirispiro pozicia uWiravs da, Tu SeiZleba
ase iTqvas, cocxal mawarmoebel afiqsad gvevlineba nacvalsaxelebisa da zmnisarTebis
sameulTa sistemaSi. molaparake pirTan siaxlove-siSoris gansazRvra rom a da i
xmovanebTan aris dakavSirebuli, es Cans iqidanac, rom dialeqtebSi oden xmovnebi (a,
e, i) asruleben saTanado nacvalsaxelisa da zmnisarTis zemoaRniSnul funqcias.
gamodis, rom mi-s sapirispirod qarTulSi ma- zmniswini unda gvqonoda. am mxriv
yuradRebis Rirsia qarTuli kiloebis zogierTi Cveneba. rogorc cnobilia, ma-
zmniswini axasiaTebs rogorc baris, ise mTis aRmosavlur kiloebs. rig SemTxvevaSi
igi asimilaciis Sedegad miRebulad SeiZleboda CaeTvala kacs; mag., maaqvs, maarbenina,
maaxsena da sxva, magram sxva SemTxvevaSi ma-s xmareba asimilaciiT ver aixsneboda;
mag., mamdevs, mamiTrevs, mamivida, maiwera, maiyvana da sxva mravali.
38

ma- zmniswini yovelgvari asimilaciis gareSe dadasturebulia jer kidev XV saukunis
istoriul sabuTebSi; mag.: makuda (dok. 505). mamicia (iqve, 564) maiyvaneT (sabuT.),
mamirTmevia (gujr.), mamgvare (saq. siZv.) da sxv. igi amave periodidan moyolebuli
mxatvrul leteraturaSic xSirad gvxvdeba; mag.: ar mamkal (sibrZne sicr. 30); wigni
wina mamigdo (Sahn. I, 1466); mamdrika (Sahn. II, 405), mamidga (iqve, 377), mamekida (amirandarej.
28), mamegeba (rusudan. 106), mamwons (vaxtang VI, 27), mamedva (Teimuraz I, 66), mamiyvanes
(arCili, II, 53).
amJamad ma-s xmarebaSi yvela kilo erTnair Cvenebas ar iZleva. saerTod mTis kiloebSi,
gansakuTrebiT xevsurulsa da moxeurSi, igi Zalian gavrcelebulia, qarTlursa
da kaxurSi ki SedarebiT naklebad gvxvdeba da literaturuli enis gavleniT
TandaTanobiT idevneba xmarebidan. mTis kiloebisa da me-15_18 saukuneTa saliteraturo
enis Cveneba gvavaraudebinebs, rom adre ma- ufro metad unda yofiliyo gavrcelebuli
qarTuli enis aRmosavlur kiloebSi. SesaZlebelia, rom igi, rogorc damoukidebeli
windebuli, qarTuli enis romeliRac fenisa Tu kilos kuTvnileba iyo.
funqciis mixedviT mi- da mo- sapirispiro zmniswinebia: moubari piris TvalsazrisiT
mi- iqeTa (III pirisaken) mimarTulebas aRniSnavs, mo- ki, piriqiT, aqeTa (I pirisaken)
mimarTulebas gadmoscems.
a) mimarTuleba gansakuTrebiT naTlad iseT zmnebTan Cans, romelTa fuZe moZraobas
gamoxatavs; mag.: Sen Cemda m o x u a l a ? (DE mT 3, 14) _ sikudid m i v a l (SuS. V 26);
m o u à d e s mas mowafeni TÂsni (DE mrk 6, 35) _ maSin m i u à d e s (C mT. 26, 50); m o g i v -
l i n o Tquen mamisa mier (C iov. 15, 26) _ da m i a v l i n n e s mowafeni maTni (DE mT 22,
16); m o v a q c i o (SuS. V8) _ m i v i q c i e saxid Cemda (mT 12, 44); m o i v l t i n (xanZT. oჱ
37) _ m i i v l t o d e T sxuad (mT 10, 23), m o x i w i a (x. t 385) _ m i v i w i e (SuS. III 9); Sen
momdevdi me (DE mT 8, 22) _ m i s d e v d e s mas mowafeni misni (C mT 8, 23).
b) mo- da mi- zmniswini mimarTulebas gadmoscems iseT zmnebTanac, romelTa fuZe
moZraobas ar gamoxatavs, magram migviTiTebs gadaadgilebaze; mag.: da m o a r T u e s
mas ganrRueuli (mT 9, 2) _ miarTua (SuS. VI10); mogagos (mT 6, 4) _ miagos; movizido
(iov. 12, 32) _ miizida; momiZRuana _ miuZRuana da sxv.
g) met-naklebad mimarTuleba igrZnoba zogierT iseT zmnasTanac, romlebic arc
moZraobas aRniSnaven da arc gadaadgilebaze miuTiTeben; mag.: m o u t e v a _ m i u t e -
va, moemadla _ miemadla, moaswavebs _ miaswavebs, mogewyos _ miuwyoT,
moixmo _ miixmo, moayvira _ miayvira da sxv.
d) axal saliteraturo qarTulSi rigi zmnebi mo-s dairTaven ise, rom maT sapirispiro
mi- zmniswiniani forma Cveulebriv ar moepovebaT; Zvelsa da e. w. saSual
qarTulSi ki mi- zmniswiniani forma Cveulebrivi iyo; mag.: miuwoda... da hrqua (C
iov. 18, 33); m i e l o d a uwyebulsa mas (xanZT. v10); myis mixedna mas... da m i i t a c a igi
quabad (kim. I, 20); ar m i s c i l d e b a TinaTin misi mas, visgan swvav ali (v. t. 147); vi-
Tarca mkudari m i e T r i a (SuS. VIII 15).
axal qarTulSi zogierT am zmnasTan mi- zmniswinis nacvlad wa- ixmareba xolme;
mag.: mieTria _ waeTria, miitaca _ waritaca da sxv.
e) amJamad miReba zmna sapirispiro mo- zmniswins aRar dairTavs, Zvel qarTulSi
ki am zmnasTan mo-c ixmareboda; mag.: da m o i R o xuTi igi puri da ori Tevzi (C mT
14, 19); nu moiRebT oqrosa (E mT 10, 9); Sdr. nu m i i R e b T (D mT 10, 9), m i i R o s
(SuS. XIV12).
v) axal qarTulSi uTxra zmna Cveulebriv uzmniswinod ixmareba, Zvel qarTulSi
ki meore seriaSi mi- zmniswins irTavda; mag.: m i u T x r e s ese yoveli (C l 24, 9); movides
da m i u T x r e s saqme igi yovelive (iqve, mT 18, 31); m i e T x r a tites misTÂs
39

(Tekl. 92). am zmnisganaa warmoqmnili m i u T x r o b e l i : da iyo Jamsa mas mwuxarebaÁ
m i u T x r o b e l i (saba asur. 14).
Zvel qarTulSi miuTxra zmnas sapirispiro martivi zmniswiniani (mouTxra) forma
ar hqonda, magram iyenebda rTul warmo- zmniswins; mag.: manca w a r m o u T x r a amisve
pasuxisa msgavsad (xanZT. kg 26); w a r m o u T x r a y˜i saqmჱ Cemi (kim. I, 24).
miuTxra-s msgavsad gvxvdeba mihrqua-c; mag.: netarman man ara ismina, aramed m i h -
rqua (xanZT. nv62); SuSanik m i h r q u a esreT (SuS. XII3).
z) uzmniswinoa amJamad zmna viyide (viyidi, viyido), Zvel qarTulSi ki es zmna
wyvetilSi xSirad mo- zmniswins dairTavda xolme: mag.: ganyida yovelive, raÁca aqunda
da m o i y i d a agaraki igi (DE mT 13, 44); m o i y i d e s miT agaraki igi mekecisaÁ... (C
mT 27, 7).
axal qarTulSi ga- zmniswins gayida zmnaSi sapirispiro an Se- aqvs (Seisyida), an
kidev zmna upreverboa (iyida).
esa da zeviT aRniSnuli msgavsi faqtebi miuTiTeben, rom axalTan SedarebiT Zvel
qarTulSi ufro TvalsaCinod igrZnoboda zmniswinTa mier mimarTulebis aRniSvnis
funqcia. axal qarTulSi zogierTma zmniswinianma zmnam Zveli sapirispiro formebi dakarga
da amdenad zmniswinis mniSvnelobac erTgvarad daiCrdila; zogierT zmnas ki
sruliad Camoscilda zmniswini da amJamad mimarTulebis aRniSvnas veRar axerxebs.
T) rigi zmnebi an mxolod mi- zmniswins iyeneben, an kidev _ mo-s, orive erTad (sapirispiro
formebi) maT ar gaaCniaT; magaliTad: m i i c v a l e amier iqi (mT 17, 20);
mihrida da g˜neSora (saba asur. 8); sarecelsa z ˜a mieZina (xanZT. oe59); m i e r u -
l a yovelTa da daiZines (mT 25, 5). aseTebia agreTve Semdegi zmnebi da mimReobebi:
miiviwya, misustda... moCans, mosTxova, moagrova, moerida, moSorda, mowyvita, moismina,
mokvda... miuvali, miuwdomeli, miwuruli, miucilebeli, miSvebuli, fermixdili da
sxv. adre SesaZlebelia zogierT aseT zmnas sapirispiro formac gaaCnda, magram Semdeg
Camoscilda. amas gvavaraudebinebs zeviT aRniSnuli zogierTi SemTxveva.
i) mo- zmniswini moZraobis aRmniSvnel zmnebTan zogjer an garSemo moZraobas aRniSnavs,
an kidev avlens imave mniSvnelobas, rasac sxva SemTxvevaSi mimo- zmniswini
gadmoscems; mag.: m o v l n a yovelni wmidani adgilni (xanZT. ib 57); rameTu m o h v l i T
zRuasa da Ãmelsa (C mT 23, 15 Sdr. rameTu mimoxualT zRuasa zeda da Ãmelsa
DE); mohvlida dabnebsa mas garemoÁs da aswavebda (C mrk 6, 6; Sdr. m i m o i q c e o -
d a garemo soflebsa mas... DE). somxur oTxTavSi am adgilas naxmaria zmna, romelic
sityvasityviT garSemo svlas, garSemo trials aRniSnavs. arsebiTad aseTsave mniSvnelobas
unda atarebdes mo- zmniswini aseT zmnebTan: warhÃocda mCuriTa miT, romel
moertya (iov. 13, 5); Tualni moarna yovelgan (v. t. 92).
k) mo- da mi- zmniswini zogjer miuTiTebs zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis mimdinareobaze
moZraobis procesSi, siarulisas; mag.: moegeba, m o t i r o d a , cremlman misman
kldeni Rarnes (v. t. 916)... miT amas m o i t y o d i a n (iqve, 1647); m i h x o c e s da m i -
i s r o d e s , mindors sisxlTa moasxmides (iqve, 76).
aseTi zmnebi zmniswinis gareSe gadaadgilebas ar gamoxataven, magram saTanado
zmniswinebis darTvisas damatebiT Sinaarss iZenen.
l) qarTulSi CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebisa da zmnisarTebis saSualebiT sagnis siaxlove-siSore
samive piris mixedviT ganirCeva: es (pirvel pirTan axlos), eg (meore
pirTan axlos), is an igi (mesame pirTan axlos), aseve: aq, mand, iq da sxv. `saerTo mosazrebis
Tanaxmad mosalodneli iyo, rom II pirisaken miqceuli moqmedebac aSkarad
gamoCndeboda, magram qarTul enas amisi saSualeba ar moepoveba, radganac II piri is
piria, romelsac eubnebian, xolo aseTi piri Cveulebriv iqve aris, sadac moubaria,
40

amitom is I piris myofobis areSi igulisxmeba...~ 10 . amis mixedviT mo- zmniswini Cveulebriv
Tanabrad gadmoscems mimarTulebas rogorc pirveli, ise meore pirisaken;
mag.: movidodian T q ˜n d a (x. t. 378); S e n s a moivltin (xanZT. oჱ 37); raÁTa moiwios
Tquen zeda (DE mT 23, 35); mogivlino T q u e n (C iov. 15, 20) da sxv.
iSviaTi araa agreTve iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca mo- zmniswini mesame pirTanac
gxvdeba; mag.: mouÃdes da hmsaxurebdes m a s (C mT 4, 11); morbiodes m i s a (saba asur.
18); moarTues m a s daÃsnili erTi (C mT 9, 2); mohguares m a s (DE mT 8, 16) da sxv.
erT-erTi aseTi zmna, romelic Zvel qarTulSi mesame pirTan mi- zmniswinis paralelurad
mo-sac iyenebda, aris mosca; mag.: romelsa m o s c e m d a mas kacT-moyuare
(SuS. XI3_4); mamaman Tq˜nmn.. m o s c e s keTili (x. t. 378); m o s c e m d a mas (kim. I. 32) da
sxva mravali. es zmna am saxiT gvxvdeba momdevno periodSic. mas xmarobs rusTaveli,
n. baraTaSvili, a. yazbegi, vaJa-fSavela da sxva, amJamad ki daculia mTis kiloebsa
da qarTlurSi; mag.: ena m o e c a sityvisa gamomgebare (v. t. 1032)... m o e c mas sadguri
myudroebisa (n. baraT. 19)... da roca m o s c e m s sicxesa-utydeba texa wylulisa (vaJa,
303); imas xma m o s c e s sxvebma (yazb. 192) da sxv.
m) Zvel qarTulSi Tu micema zmnasTan mesame pirSi mi- zmniswinis nacvlad mo- ixmareboda,
piriqiT, amave zmnasTan da zogierT sxvasTanac meore pirSi xSirad mo-s
magier mi- zmniswini iyo gamoyenebuli; mag.: mTxove me, raÁca gnebavs, da m i g c e Sen
(mrk 6, 22); ve˜mdis migesmodes locvaÁ (xanmeti mravalT. 1b22); raÁsaTჳs ese m i v -
were Tquenda (SuS. II10); arca maman Tquenman m i g i t e v n e s Secodebani Tquenni (C
mT 6, 15); m i g e t e v n e d S e n codvani Senni (C l 5, 20).
amJamad aseTi formebi arsad ar dasturdeba.
n) mi- zmniswins zogjer mo- daerTvis da vRebulobT mimo-s, romelic zogierT
zmnasTan ormxriv _ aqeTa da iqiTa _ mimarTulebas aRniSnavs. mimo- Cveulebriv xolmeobiTsa
da uwyvetelSi ixmareba; mag.: m i m o v a l n urwyulTa adgilTa (DE mT 12, 43);
da mimorbiodes yovelsa mas soflebsa (iqve, mrk 6, 55); da ufroÁsad mimoedeboda
sityuaÁ igi misi (C lk 5, 15); TmiTa m i m o i T r e v d a (SuS. VI17).
axal qarTulSi aseTi mniSvneloba zmnis gaorkecebiTac gadmoicema, mag.: miavlmoavlo;
midi-modis da sxv.
2. war-. am zmniswinSi gamoiyofa wa da r. r narCenia re nawilakisa, romelic zmnisarTebSi
dasturdeba: ga-re, ze-re, ga-re-Se, ga-re-mo, ga-r-Se-mo (←ga-re-Se-mo), ga-rda
(←ga-re-da), ga-r-na (←ga-re-na). wa-re megrul wa-le zmnisarTs ukavSirdeba, romelic
Tavis mxriv iseTive Semadgenlobisaa, rogorc Ji-le, ga-le 11 .
war- zmniswinis w igive unda iyos, rac w-in, w-inaSe zmnisarTebSi gvaqvs, SesaZlebelia
mas ukavSirdebides agreTve a-w zmnisarTis Tanxmovani elementi.
war- zmniswinis kavSiri win zmnisarTTan, rogorc amas qveviT davinaxavT, mtkicdeba
msgavsi funqciiTac.
war- || wa- gvxvdeba zmnisarTsa da saxelSic; mag.: winaÁswar, winaÁswar-metyueli,
war-marT _ wa-marT, aqedan saxeli war-marTi. egeve war unda gvqondes wara-mara-Si.
arn. Ciqobavas specialur SromaSi `war- prebervis mniSvnelobisaTvis qar-
TulSi~ megrul-Wanurisa da qarTuli enis masalebis mixedviT dadasturebuli aqvs,
rom war- zmniswins iseTive mniSvneloba unda hqonoda, rogoric aqvs wa-s WanurSi.
mas qveviT, Zirs mimarTuleba unda gadmoeca. am mosazrebis sasargeblod isic aris
aRniSnuli, rom qarTuli wa-s adgils megrulSi zogjer mi-da- zmniswini iWers, rom-
lis meore komponenti swored Zirs, qveviT mimarTulebas aRniSnavs 12 .
10 a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, gv. 239.
11 a r n . C i q o b a v a , war- preverbis mniSvnelobisaTvis qarTulSi, enimkis moambe, I, 1937, gv. 43.
12 i q v e , gv. 42.
41

wa- zmniswinis aseTi mniSvneloba gamarTlebulia amave avtoris mier warmodgenili
qarTuli masaliTac: mag.: w a r w e r a _ wera zevidan qveviT, w a q c e v a _ Zirs, qveviTken
mimarTeba, wvima w a m o v i d a _ zevidan qveviT13 .
qarTul da megrul-Wanur wa-s avtori ukavSirebs afxazur wa- preverbs, romelic
niSnavs `qveS, qveviT~ 14 .
war- zmniswinma Zvel qarTulSive dakarga bolokiduri Tanxmovani r; mag.: waudginos
R˜a (saba asur. 20); Tualni wamocჳvnebul iyvnes (kim. 1. 30); wamokidebuli (iqve,
20). e. w. saSual qarTulSi es zmniswini gamartivebuli saxiT ukve xSirad gvxvdeba;
mag.: wadi, uxme... (v. t. 105); cnoba wauvida (visr. 35); waitana (iqve, 44), wauRoT (Sahn. II,
402), waÃdebis (Sahn. I, 1950), wavitaneT (amirandarej. 12), wauZRva... da wavidnen (rusudan.
164), waiRos (sibrZne sicr. 10), wabZandes (qil. 38), wasTqvams (vaxtang VI, 106), wauZRva
(gur. 244), wawymdao (arCili, 11, 2), wavide (Teimuraz 1, 13), wavides (Teimuraz II,
65), wamepare (bes. 11) da sxv.
Zveli saxiT war- axal qarTulSi mxolod zogierT zmnasa da saxelzmnas SerCa:
mag.: waradgina, warmoTqva... warmavali, warCinebuli, wargzavnili da sxv.
a) funqciiT war- zmniswini mi-s utoldeba, warmo- ki imasve gadmoscems, rasac martivi
mo- zmniswini. amiT aixsneba, rom xSirad es ori zmniswini erTimeoris Semcvlelad
gamodis, rogorc zeviT davinaxeT, es kargad Cans oTxTavis redaqciebis Sedarebidan:
warvediT _ mivediT, warvide _ mivide...
war- da mi- zmniswinTa msgavs funqciaze miuTiTebs iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca iqe-
Ta mimarTulebis gadmocemisas war- aris gamoyenebuli, aqeTa mimarTulebisaTvis ki
_ misi sapirispiro mo-; mag.: vhrqჳ amas: warved! da warvidis; da sxuasa: moved!
da m o v i d i s (DE mT. 8. 9).
b) mo- windebulis mqone zogierTi zmna, roca sapirispiro mi- ar gaaCnia, war-
zmniswins iyenebs: mag.: moipares _ waripares, moasxa _ waasxa, moeTria _ waeTria, moitaca
_ waritaca, moigo _ waago da sxv.
g) miuxedavad msgavsebisa, mi- da war-, mo- da wamo- gamoyenebis mxriv urTierTisagan
mainc sakmaod gansxvavdebian: mi- da war- yovelTvis da yvela zmnasTan ar enacvlebian
erTmaneTs; mi- TiTqmis yvela droSi gvxvdeba, maT Soris awmyoSic (midis, mihyavs,
migoravs), war- ki awmyoSi Cveulebriv ar ixmareba, amave dros war- zmnaTa garkveul
jgufSi gvevlineba. Zvel qarTulSi misi xmarebis are sakmaod SezRuduli
iyo, amJamad ki SedarebiT iSviaTad gamoiyeneba.
d) es ori zmniswini zogjer mniSvnelobis mxrivac gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan;
magaliTad, TiTqos sxvadasxva Cans warvida da mivida, wariyvanes da miiyvanes. am Sem-
TxvevaSi mi- zmniT gamoxatuli moZraobis dasasrul punqtze miuTiTebs, war- zmniswini
ki am mniSvnelobas moklebulia.
war-, marTalia, iqiTa mimarTulebas gadmoscems, magram zogjer es mimarTuleba
sivrcis garkveul monakveTs, wina mxares gulisxmobs15 ; mag.: winaSe msajulTa da mefeTa
w a r g a d g i n n e n Tquen (C mrk 13, 9); w a r d g a mis winaSe ganboklebuli (C mT 8,
2); Tuali w a m o u c ჳvnebul iyvnes (kim. I, 30).
SeiZleba amave mniSvnelobiTaa aqac: x˜ mcire xiyo hasakiTa da warbioda (x. t.
385); xolo wignebi igi mefisaÁ warsca (kim. I, 17); RamiT warTqჳan aTxuTmeti kanoni...
(saba asur. 7). es ukanaskneli zmna Cveulebriv locvis SesrulebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
13 a r n . C i q o b a v a , iqve, gv. 43.
14 iqve, gv. 44.
15 a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, gv. 238.
42

war- zmniswinis zemoaRniSnuli mniSvneloba kargad daculia zmnisarTebSi: waRma
(Sdr. ukuRma), waRmarT (Sdr. ukuRmarT)...
3. Se-, gan-. Se- zmniswini masaliTa da ZiriTadi funqciiTac Sina Tandebuls ukav-
Sirdeba. egeve iTqmis gan- zmniswinisa da -gan Tandebulis Sesaxeb.
gan- zmniswinSi ga Zireuli masala Cans. am saxiT igi daculia sxva zmniswinsa,
Tandebulsa da zmnisarTSic: ga-mo, ga-re, ga-re-Se, ga-re-mo (aqedan ga-re-mo-eba), ga-r-
Se-mo (←ga-re-Se-mo), ga-r-da (←ga-re-da) da sxv. (Sdr, i-g-i, e-g-e ma-g) 16 . gan- zmniswin-
Si ga Zireuli masalis gamoyofas mxars uWers zanuris (megrul-Wanuris) Cvenebac,
sadac ga-s Sesatyvisad go- gvaqvs.
gan-Si n narCenia na elementisa, romelic dasturdeba Tandebulebsa da zmnisar-
TebSi: Si-na, ze-na, Ta-na, wi-na, mu-n (←mu-na), que-na, ga-r-na. na-s sxva SemTxvevaSi da
enacvleba: ze-da, Si-da, que-da, ga-r-da da sxv.
Zvel qarTulSi gan- zmniswini gamartivebuli ga-s saxiTac gvxvdeba; mag.: da xiyunes
Zen[i] noeÁsni, rl˜ni g a n v i d e s kidobnisa m[isgan] (x. t. 371); Tmanica Tavisa Tquenisani
yovelni g a r a c x i l arian (C l 12, 7); Sdr. g a n r a c x i l arian (DE); romeli
gahÃsna (DE); gasyidul iqmna (kim. I, 8).
rTul ganmo- zmniswins n Zvel qarTulSive Camoscilda, aq ganmo- iSviaTad
gvxvdeba; mag., g a n m o x e c x a d a i˜ჳ mowafeTa TჳsTa (s. t. 389).
Semdgom periodSi gamartivebuli ga- zmniswinis xmareba ukve xSiri movlenaa; mag.:
gawira (visr. 228), gavidis (Sahn. II, 369), gahkveTa (amirandarej. 15), gavides (sibrZne
sicr. 15), gaaRo (qilila da dam. 30), gausvenes (rusudan. 433) da sxv.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodis Zeglebis enaSi gan- zmniswinis bolokiduri n zogjer
zmnisa da saxelzmnis iseT formebSi ikargeba, romelTanac Tanamedrove saliteraturo
qarTulSi zmniswini Cveulebriv sruli saxiT aqvT Semonaxuli; aseTebia,
mag.: gazraxulia (Sahn. I, 4048), gaTqmuli (iqve, 4718), gacxadebuli (iqve, 3075), garisxda
(qilila da dam. 314), gauyrelni (rusudan. 2081) da sxv.
a) Se- zmniswinis funqciaa mimarTuleba gamoxatos garedan SigniT; mag.: ver S e -
v i d e s sasufevelsa (xanZT. g 35); S e a y e n e s sapyrobiles (kim. I. 9); tanjvasa didsa
Segagdeben Sen (SuS. III25); SevidodeT iwrosa mas bWesa (C mT 7, 13); Sevida
saxlsa zaqaraÁssa (l 1, 40); mutribTa S e u x m o b d i a n (visr. x).
b) Se zmniswini gamoxatavs agreTve cotaobas, Tvisebis xarisxis an moculobis
SedarebiTs simcires, naklulobas. Zvel qarTulSi Cveulebrivia, magaliTad, Semwuxrda
(cotaTi dabindda, cotaTi daRamda): viTar S e m w u x r d e b o d a da mzჱ dahvidoda
(mrk 1, 32); viTarca S e m w u x r d a , mohguares mas eSmakeulebi (mT 8, 16).
Se- zmniswinis es mniSvneloba kargad igrZnoba axal qarTulSi aseTi SepirispirebiT:
SewiTlda da gawiTlda, SeTeTrda da gaTeTrda... 17 .
g) Zvel qarTulSi Se- zogierT zmnasTan imasve gadmoscems, rasac mi- da ga- zmniswinebi;
mag.: S e u d g a mas simravlჱ erisaÁ da dedaTaÁ (l 23, 27); sofeli yoveli S e -
u d g e s mas (iov. 12. 19) maT meyseulad dautoves bade maTi da S e u d g e s mas (mT 4,
20); S e u d g e s kualsa missa (C iov. 1, 40).
d) Sedgenili Semo- zmniswini aRniSnavs garSemo, irgvliv moqmedebas; mag.: mefeman
brZana laSqarni uxmeniT, S e m o j a r e n i T (v. t. 167); Semosxdomodnen, SemoRoba, Semoaglija,
Semourbina da sxv.
16 a r . m a r t i r o s o v i , Tandebuli qarTulSi, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, I, gv. 228.
17 ix. a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, gv. 252.
43

e) axal qarTulSi Se- zmniswini gadmoscems zeviTa mimarTulebasac 18 ; mag.: urems
S e u g d e s (yazb. 34). Renerals moarTves Cinebuli cxeni, romelzedac S e b r Z a n d a
(iqve, 116); zecas Sestyorcnis (Wola, 40) da sxv. es mniSvneloba kargad daculia
SeRma zmnisarTSic, romelsac daRma upirispirdeba.
mniSvnelobis mxriv Se- zmniswins gan- upirispirdeba.
gan- aRniSnavs:
a) moZraobis mimarTulebas Signidan gareT; mag.: da g a n v i d a taZrisa misgan (C
iov. 8, 59)... xolo raJams suli arawmindaÁ g a n v i d i s k a c i s a g a n . . . (DE mT 12, 43);
ganasxa sulebi igi (C mT 8, 16); ganÃades igi gare (C iov. 9, 34).. gamovida...
saxlsa misgan (mT 13, 1); g a m o h y v a n d a igi taZriT (SuS. IX2).
b) war- zmniswinis msgavsad, gan- zogjer mi- zmniswinTan saziaro funqcias avlens;
gadmoscems aqedan iqeT mimarTulebas; mag.: ganyo Ãeli da Seaxo mas (l 5,
13); Sdr. m i y o Ãeli misi da Seaxo mas (mrk 1, 41); munquesve Ãeli g a n u x a r a yl˜Ta
(saba asur. 17).
g) sxva zmniswinTagan gan-is funqcia imiT gansxvavdeba, rom igi zogjer iseT mniSvnelobas
gadmoscems, romelic garkveul mimarTulebas ar gulisxmobs. aRniSnavs
mocilebas, moSorebas da amave funqciiT Tandebuladac ixmareba; mag.: coli Seni
gandgomil ars Sengan (SuS. IV9); g a n e t e v a wmidaÁ SuSanik (iqve, VI20); da viTarca
g a n e S o r n e s igini... (C mT 2, 13); aRmoiRe igi da g a n a g d e Sengan (DE mT 5, 29).
4. aR-, da-. es ori zmniswini funqciiT urTierTs upirispirdeba ara marto zmneb-
Si, aramed zmnisarTebSic, gvaqvs: aR-marT _ da-marT (aqedan: aRmarTi _ daRmarTi).
egeve zmniswinebi fuZiseul masaladaa gamoyenebuli SedarebiTi xarisxis warmoebisas:
u-aR-res-i _ u-da-res-i 19 . aR- zmniswini Sedis agreTve wi-aR-sa 20 da m-aR-n-ar-Si 21 .
da-s pirvandel saxed dab aris miCneuli da warmoSobiT igivea, rac svanuri db
(`yana~, `saxnavi miwa~) da megruli dob-er-a || dob-ir-a (`saxnavi miwa~) 22 . egeve dab daculia
sxvaganac: m-dab-al-i (Sdr. m-aR-al-i), dab-a... dab-n-eb-i... u-dab-n-o... m-dab-i-o... mdab-ur...
m-dab-or 23 ...
aR- zmniswinSi R adreve daikarga. Zveli qarTulis ZeglebSi ukve gvxvdeba marto
a-s xmarebis SemTxvevebi; mag.: rameTu a S e n e b T Tquen saflavebsa mas (C mT 23, 29);
rad a h Ãs n i T kicusa magas (iqve, mrk 9, 5) a Ãd a navsa (iqve, 4, 1)... da samareni a e x u -
nes... (iqve, mT 27, 52) aiRe (h. t. 371), amaRldes (iqve, 373).
ufro xSiria aR- zmniswinis R Tanxmovnis dakargvis SemTxvevebi e. w. saSuali
qarTulis ZeglebSi. igi ikargeba rogorc TanxmovaniT, ise xmovniT dawyebul zmneb-
Si; mag.: aÃades (Sahn. II, 411), adeg (visr. 128), a v s i l iyo (iqve, 32) amaRlda (sibrZne
sicr. 17), amovida (Sahn. I, 3172), amoigdo (amirandarej. 5), aages (iqve, 31), aiRon (Teimuraz
II, 65), aiyvanes (visr. 14), aevseboda (Sahn. I, 2559) da sxv.
amJamad Zveli saxiT SemorCenilia zogierT zmnasa da saxelzmnaSi, mag.: aRniSna,
aRzarda... aRSfoTeba, aRdgena, aRmosavleTi da sxv. aR- yovelTvis sruli saxiT
gvxvdeba aRiareba-Si, Zvel qarTulSi ki, piriqiT, am zmnaSi R xSirad Camocilebuli
iyo; mag.: a g i a r e b Sen (mT 11, 25); a u v a r e b d e s codvaTa maTTa (C mT 3, 6); romelman
a m i a r o s me winaSe kacTa (iqve, 10, 32).
aR- zmniswini qvevidan zeviT moZraobas aRniSnavs, da- ki, piriqiT, zevidan qveviT
18 a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, gv. 251.
19 a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, gv. 254; arn. Ciqobava, saxeli fuZis
uZvelesi agebuleba qarTveler enebSi, gv. 26.
20 a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, gv. 255.
21 a r n . C i q o b a v a , saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba, gv. 26.
22 a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, gv. 254; arn. Ciqobava, saxelis fuZis
uZvelesi agebuleba, gv. 27.
23 a r n . C i q o b a v a , saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba, gv. 15-16.
44

mimarTulebas gadmoscems; mag.: a R v i d a mTasa (mT 5, 1); upyra Ãeli da a R a d g i n a
igi (mrk 1, 31); maSin... aRmoiyvana... udabnod (DE mT 4, 1); aRmovidoda wylisa
misgan (mT 3, 16)... romelime d a v a r d a gzasa zeda (iqve, 13, 14); SeTxzes gჳrgჳni ekal-
Tagan da d a a d g e s Tavsa missa (iov. 19, 2); d a m o à e d magier (x. t. 385); cremlni...
d a m o s d i o d e s (saba asur. 10); d a m o v i d o d a igi mier mTiT (C mT 8, 1); da maskulavni
zeciT d a m o c ჳv n e b u l iyvnen (iqve, mrk 13, 25)...
amJamad rTuli damo- zmniswini aRar gvxvdeba, igi SemorCenilia mxolod damokidebul-Si
da misgan warmoqmnil sityvebSi. misi adgili Camo- zmniswinma daiWira.
mimarTulebis gadmocemis SesaZlebloba da- zmniswinisa sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro
SezRudulia. es igrZnoba ara marto Tanamedrove saliteraturo enaSi, aramed
arsebiTad ase iyo Zvel qarTulSic. erTi mxriT, Tu am zmniswins mimarTulebis aRniSvnis
funqcia TandaTan Camoscilda da Ca-s daekisra, meore mxriT, man gaiCina meoreuli
mniSvneloba. meoreulia moqmedebis intesiobis aRniSvna, rac pirdapiri obieqtis
simravlis gamoxatvaSi mdgomareobs24 . Zvel qarTulSi da-s es funqcia ar gaaCnda,
radgan pirdapiri obieqtis mravlobiTobas zmnaSi specialuri formanti (en, n)
gadmoscemda. e. w. saSual qarTulSi, roca es formanti xmarebidan gadavarda, nawilobriv
da-s daekisra es funqcia. am mniSvnelobiT da- zmniswins xSirad vxvdebiT,
magaliTad, `vefxistyaosanSi~; mag.: yvela kai d a a m d i d r e T , saboZvriTa aavseniT
(164); misi yvelai d a m o s a . . . (682); d a v k a z m e T navi, katarRa da ricxvi spaTa jarisa
(613).
da- zmniswini am funqciiT amJamad qarTuli enis aRmosavlur kiloebSi ufro xSirad
gvevlineba: mag.: d a à k a z m a v s ÃarT (xevs.); nafexurebi d a z o m a ; taqnebi d a a v -
so (qarTluri); qalebi daaTxova (kaxuri) da sxv. yvela am zmnasTan da- sxva
zmniswiniT Seicvleba, Tuki obieqti mxoloobiTSi iqneba: gaamdidra, Semosa, SevkazmeT,
gazoma, aavso, gaaTxova da sxv.
da- zmniswinis Tavisebureba imaSic mdgomareobs, rom erTsa da imave zmnaSi mniSvnelobis
Seucvlelad igi zogjer sxva zmniswins inacvlebs xolme; mag.: g a n u k  r d e -
boda ersa mas (mT 7, 28) _ d a u k  r d e b o d a ersa mas (iqve, 9, 13); ixiles igi da g a -
n u k  r d a (l 2, 48) _ ixiles raÁ ese erman man, d a u k  r d a (mT 9, 8); igini S e w u x -
n e s friad (mT 17, 23) _ d a w u x n e s friad (C mT 26, 22); esma raÁ ese mas, S e w u x n a
(iqve, l 18, 23) _ igi d a w u x n a sityuasa mas zeda (iqve, mrk 10, 22); gulni maTni S e -
s u l e b u l iyvnes (iqve, 6, 52) _ iyvnes gulni maTni d a s u l e b u l (DE) da sxv.
5. STa-. samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom es zmniswini warmoSobiT rTulia,
warmomdgaria Se- da da- zmniswinis SeerTebiT: Se+da→Sda→STa→Ca. yvela fonetikuri
procesi (xmovnis reduqcia, asimilacia, TanxmovanTa Serwyma) Zvel qarTulSive
Catarda. am periodis ZeglebSi STa- zmniswini Ca-s saxiTac gvxvdeba; mag.: C a v i -
d e s mdinared wmidad iordaned (kim. I, 4); aRiRo astami da uxeTqna mas Tavsa, da C a -
h f l a , da Tuali erTi daubuSta (SuS. VI15_16); `ismine Cemi da C a m o v e d taZrad...~
(iqve, XIII 13_14). am saxiT igi mtkiced fexs ikidebs meTerTmete saukunidan da sabolood
batondeba kidec.
mas Semdeg, rac Ca- miviReT, STa- erTbaSad ar gamosula xmarebidan. Ca-s paralelurad
igi dasturdeba saSuali saukuneebis ZeglebSi; mag.: daaSTves da S T a a g d e s
ormoSi (sibrZne sicr. 139); budesa... S T a x d e s (qilila da dam. 17); budeTa S T a x d e -
b o d a (iqve, 30). Sdr. C a i v s o mzesa Tana (visr. 25); C a j d a xomaldsa (sibrZne sicr.
12); mdinaresa C a y a r a (iqve, 10); C a i d v a Cemze avi guli (rusudan. 1016).
Zveli saxiT es zmniswini ukanasknel xanebamdisac SemogvrCa rig zmnebsa da nazmnar
saxelebSi; mag.: STa-goneba, STa-momavloba, STa-beWdileba, STa-nTqmuli.
Zvel qarTulSi kargad igrZnoboda STa-Si Serwymuli orive zmniswinis (Se+da)
24 a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, gv. 248-249.
45

mniSvneloba. STa-s ormagi mniSvneloba hqonda: aRniSnavda rogorc garedan SigniT,
ise zevidan qveviT mimarTulebas; mag.: S T a u t e o n kaci sabliTa da aRmoiquan yrmaÁ
igi (saba asur. 17); S T a e g z n i s (mT 6, 30), ganTxares da S T a u t e v e s cxedari igi (C
mrk 2, 4); ara-me ornive jurRumulsa STacÂven (l 6, 39)... STavardes igi dResa
SabaTsa jurRumulsa (mT 12, 11).
miuxedavad imisa, rom axal qarTulSi STa-m fonetikuri saxe mTlianad Seicvala,
man pirvandeli mniSvneloba mainc SeinarCuna. marTalia, Ca- amJamad da- zmniswinis magivradac
ixmareba (davida _ Cavida), magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom orive erTnairi
mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. da- aRniSnavs moZraobas zevidan qveviT risame zedapirisaken,
Ca- ki gadmogvcems amave mimarTulebas siRrmisaken 25 .
6. garda-. es zmniswinic rTuli Sedgenilobisaa, Seicavs ga re da-s: da-, rogorc
davinaxeT, damoukidebel zmniswinadac gvxvdeba, romelsac mniSvnelobiT aR- upirispirdeba
(da-vida _ aR-vida, da-frinda _ a-frinda). r narCenia re nawilakisa, ga ki
igive Zireuli masalaa, rac sxva zmniswinebsa da zmnisarTebSic dasturdeba: ga-n, gamo,
ga-re, ga-re-Se, ga-r-na...
garda- da gardamo- zmniswinSi da-s bolokiduri a moekveca saSual saukuneebSi.
am periodis ZeglebSi gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi, roca garda- zmniswinSi bolokidur xmovanTan
erTad aRar gvxvdeba r Tanxmovanic, zogjer ki r SerCenilia, magram d aris
dakarguli. magaliTebi: gardiara (amirandarej. 24), gardiyara (Sahn. I, 341), gardiglija
(Tims. 199), gardigdo (sibrZne sicr. 153)... gardmoÃdian (visr. 124), gardmovixvewe
(Sahn. I, 384), gardmoxda (rusudan. 217), gardmouxedavs (Tims. 157)... gadivlis (Sahn. I,
2246), gadiÃades (amirandarej. 149), gadurCeboda (sibrZne sicr. 109), gadvardebis (Teimuraz
I, 84)... garmozdis (Sahn. I, 230).
saerTod am periodSi es zmniswini paralelurad gvevlineba rogorc Zveli, ise
axali saxiT.
Tanamedrove qarTulSi gada- damkvidrda, Zveli formiT igi SemogvrCa mxolod
zogierT zmnaSi; mag.: garda-icvala, garda-iqmna da sxv. zog dialeqtSi (magaliTad,
xevsurulsa da imerulSi) am zmniswinis r Semogvenaxa, d ki daikarga; mag.: garmoÃdas
(xevs. mas. 141), garmavÃi (iqve, 231), garmaÃdebis (iqve, 126); garevida, garmevida (imer.).
a) garda- zmniswini aRniSnavs mimarTulebas i q e T , gardamo- ki gadmoscems a q e T
mimarTulebas. orive SemTxvevaSi Cveulebriv igulisxmeba raime dabrkolebis gadalaxva;
mag.: g a r d a a g o r v a lodi igi karisa misgan saflavisa (mT 28, 2); g a r d a v i -
d a naviT petre (C mT 14, 29)... viTar g a r d a m o v i d o d e s igini mier mTiT (iqve, 17, 9);
g a r d a m o h às n a igi juarisagan (mrk 15, 46).
b) Zvel qarTulSi da nawilobriv axal qarTulSic gardamo-, gadmo- zevidan qveviT
moZraobas aRniSnavs. es gasagebicaa, radgan am rTul zmniswinSi da-c Sedis, romelic
damoukideblad swored am mimarTulebas gadmoscems; mag.: da g a r d a m o à d a
wÂmaÁ (C mT 7, 25); ÃmaÁ ciT g a r d a m o e s m a (iqve, mrk 1, 11); ixileT... aRmavalni da
g a r d a m o m a v a l n i Zesa zeda kacisasa (iov. 1, 51); varskulavni g a r d a m o c  v e n zeciT
(mT 24, 29); romeli g a r d a m o v a r d i s tablisagan mis mdidrisaÁsa (C l 16, 21).
g) meoreulia garda- zmniswinis iseTi mniSvneloba, roca igi aRniSnavs erTi
mdgomareobis meoriT Secvlas, sxvagvarad gadaqcevas an gadaadgilebas; mag.: sixaruli
mwuxarebad g a r d a i q c a (SuS. IV 4); sada-igi g a r d a a q c i a wyali RÂnod (C iov.
4, 46); g a r d a i c v a l o s igi sikudilisagan cxorebad (iov. 5, 24); raJams g a r d a v -
d g e mnobisagan (l 16, 4); coli Cemi g a r d a s r u l ars dReTa misTa (l 1, 18); g a r -
d a g u a l e amier da warvideT huriastanad (iov. 7, 3).
25 a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, 238.
46

7. uku-, wiaR-. Zvel qarTulSi iSviaTad zogierT zmnasTan ixmareba uku _ ukumo-
(→ukmo-) da wiaR _ wiaRmo- zmniswinebi.
uku- momdinareobs ukuana-sagan (Sdr. ukuana-Ásknel, ukun, sa-ukun-e), wiaR- ki iSleba
ase: wi-aR. wi igivea, rac wi-n (←wi-na), wi-na-Se zmnisarTebSia, aR- ki cnobili
zmniswinia 26 . a. SaniZis azriT, wiaR- `warmomdgari Cans wylis-aR-isagan, rogorc wi-sqvili
wylis-safqvelisagan~ 27 .
Zv. qarTulSi wiaR gvevlineba agreTve Tandebulad (micemiTsa da naTesaobiT-
Tan) 28 . zmnisarTad ixmareba Cveulebriv wyalTan (zRvasTan, mdinaresTan) dakavSirebiT
da orive SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavs gaRma, gadaRma mxares. berZnul, somxur da rusul
oTxTavebSi amave mniSvnelobiT wiaR-is Sesatyvisad zmnisarTi ixmareba.
Zv. qarTulSi wiaR arsebiTi saxelicaa, romlis mniSvnelobaa kalTa, ube 29 ; mag.,
sawyauli Sexrili da datenili mogeces w i a R T a TquenTa (l 6, 38). berZnul, somxur
da rusul oTxTavebSic am adgilas amave mniSvnelobiT arsebiTi saxelia naxmari:
Мерою доброю, утрясенною, нагнетенною и переполненною отсыплют вам в лоно ваше.
Zv. qarTulSi uku- || ukun- ukumo- aRniSnavda moqmedebas ukana areSi, xolo wiaR-
da wiaRmo-, gada- zmniswinis msgavsad, dabrkolebis gadalaxvaze miuTiTebda, oRond,
rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, `wyalTan dakavSirebiT ixmareboda: wiaR-Ãda _ wyalze gadavida,
wiaRmo-Ãda _ wyalze gadmovida~ 30 . saamiso magaliTebia: w i a R v i d o d e s
zRuasa mas kaparnaumd kerZo (C iov. 6, 17); da viTarca w i a R Ã d a kualad... mier ker-
Zo... (mrk 5, 21); aRÃda navsa mas da w i a R m o à d a (C mT 9, 1)... mravalni mowafeTa mis-
Taganni u k u n d g e s (C iov. 6, 66); u k u n i q e c , Cemgan, eSmako (iqve, mrk 8, 33); u k u n -
sca vercxli igi... (mT 27, 3); nu ukumoiqcevian... aRebad samoslisa TÂsisa (C mT
24, 18); u k u m o i q c a (saba asur. 10), SuSanik u k m o h x e d n a ersa mas (SuS. IX 13_14);
ukmovides (kim. I, 4) da sxv.
uku- da wiaR- ise gamovida xmarebidan, rom TviT Zvel qarTulSive zmniswinad
xmarebisas zmnasTan ise mtkiced ar iyo SeerTebuli rogorc sxva danarCeni zmniswinebi,
xolo wiaR arc Tandebulad iyo savsebiT Camoyalibebuli.
26 Cveni: Tandebuli qarTulSi. iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, I, gv. 241.
27 a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, gv. 255.
28 Cveni: Tandebuli qarTulSi. iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, I, 242.
29 i . i m n a i S v i l i , qarTuli oTxTavis simfonia-leqsikoni, gv. 753.
30 a. SaniZe, iqve, gv. 237.
47

48
elene babunaSvili
saSualo gvaris zmnebTan dakavSirebuli zogi sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi 1
sayovelTaod cnobili dayofis mixedviT, e.w. saSualo gvaris zmnebi /an, rac faqtiurad
imasve niSnavs, `statikuri gardauvali zmnebi~ /1,052/ iyofa or jgufad: medioaqtivad
da mediopasivad [2, 304]. warmoebis TaviseburebaTa TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT
saintereso suraTs gviCvenebs swored e.w. medioaqtivi, romelic `danaklis
formaTa Sesavsebad Tavisi fuZis moqm. gvaris saTaviso qcevis formebs iyenebs, magram
erTi mniSvnelovani cvlilebiT: pirdapir-obieqturi piris gamoricxviT~ [2,305].
amrigad, arsebobs a . S a n i Z i s myari debuleba, romlis mixedviTac medioaqtivi
zmnebi danaklis formebs ivseben moqmedebiTi gvaris saTaviso qcevis formebiT. amiT
aris gamarTlebuli maTi saxelwodebac _ medioaqtivi zmnebi da amiTve upirispirdeba
es zmnebi e.w. mediopasiv zmnebs. magram saqme isaa, rom am zmnaTa analizi sxvagvar
suraTs warmogvidgens, saxeldobr, didisagan didi umravlesoba aseTi zmnebisa danaklis
formebs moqmedebiTi gvaris formebis paralelurad vnebiTi gvaris formebi-
Tac ivsebs, mag.:
ZagZagebs, iZagZagebs, iZagZaga, uZagZagia, magram:
ZagZagebs, aZagZagdeba, aZagZagda, aZagZagebula.
wkavwkavebs, iwkavwkavebs, iwkavwkava, uwkavwkavia, magram:
wkavwkavebs, awkavwkavdeba, awkavwkavda, awkavwkavebula.
cekvavs, icekvebs, icekva, ucekvia, magram:
cekvavs, acekvdeba, acekvda, acekvebula.
laparakobs, ilaparakebs, ilaparaka, ulaparakia, magram:
laparakobs, alaparakdeba, alaparakda, alaparakebula.
wrialebs, iwrialebs, iwriala, uwrialia, magram:
wrialebs, awrialdeba, awrialda, awrialebula.
knavis, iknavlebs, iknavla, uknavlia, magram:
knavis, aknavldeba, aknavlda, aknavlebula.
yefs, iyefebs, iyefa, uyefia, magram:
yefs, ayefdeba, ayefda, ayefebula.
bunebrivia, rom es movlena SeumCneveli ar darCenila qarTuli enis mkvlevarTaTvis:
`aris SemTxvevebi, rom saSuali enacvleba vnebiTs, es xdeba usruli aspeqtis
SemTxvevaSi, mag., `aduRebs~ zmnis sapirispirod saSualic gvaqvs /`duRs~/ da vnebi-
Tic /`duRdeba~/, magram vnebiTi gvaris formaTa xmareba sruli aspeqtis SemTxvevebiTYamoiwureba
/aduRdeba, aduRda, aduRebula da sxva/; rac Seexeba usrul aspeqts,
aq vnebiTis magivrobas mediumi eweva: duRs, duRda, duRdes, iduRebs, iduRa, uduRnia.
wyalma i d u R a , i d u R a da bolos a d u R d a ~ [2, 305]. `statikur erTpirians _ yvavis,
dums, wuxs, Civis, cxovrobs _PsakuTari fuZisagan ewarmoeba mxolod awmyo, namyo
usruli da kavSirebiTi pirveli. namyo ZiriTadSi nasesxebi nakvTebi gvaqvs. es nasesxebi
nakvTebi dinamikuri zmnebisaa; saxeldobr, esaa an -d-iani vnebiTi /ayvavda,
dadumda _ ayvavdeba, dadumdeba zmnebisa/, an i-TavsarTiani warmoeba gardamavali
zmnebisa /icxovra, iCivla _ icxovrebs, iCivlebs zmnebisa/, anda paraleluri warmoeba
-d-iani vnebiTisa da i-ani gardamavali zmnisa /Sewuxda da iwuxa/” [1,072-073].
savsebiT samarTlianad gveCveneba a . S a n i Z i s mosazreba, rom gansxvaveba pasiur
da aqtiur formebs /e. i. -d-ian warmoebasa da i-an warmoebas Soris aspeqturia: vnebi-
Ti, marTlac, sruli aspeqtis gagebas Seicavs, i-ani saTaviso ki _ usrulisas. Cveni
mxriT isic SeiZleba davumatoT, rom garkveul zmnur fuZeebTan gansxvaveba wminda
1 Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, 267, 1986.

Sinaarsobrivi an stiluric aris, kerZod, aqtivis formebisagan gansxvavebiT, pasivis
formebi gardaqcevas aRniSnavs /Sdr.: avazakobs, iavazakebs, iavazaka, uavazaknia, erTi
mxriT, da gaavazakdeba, gaavazakda, gaavazakebula, meore mxriT, [3,13] an sxva mniSvnelobisaa,
sxva stiluri elferi aqvs /moqmedebs, imoqmedebs // moimoqmedebs, imoqmeda
// moimoqmeda, umoqmedia // moumoqmedebia da amoqmeddeba, amoqmedda, amoqmedebula;
metyvelebs, imetyvelebs, imetyvela, umetyvelia da ametyveldeba, ametyvelda, ametyvelebula/.
isic safiqrebelia, rom zemoaRniSnuli pasiuri formebi Tavdapirvelad sa-
Suali gvaris `Semavsebel~ formebs ki ar warmoadgendnen, aramed awmyoSi saTanado
formebis uqonlobis gamo TviTon `sesxulobdnen~ saSuali gvaris zmnaTa imave fu-
Zis formebs [3,13]. magram rogoradac ar unda aixsnas zemoaRniSnuli paraleluri
formebis arseboba, vfiqrobT, maTi Sefaseba mxolod aseTi SeiZleba iyos: saSuali
gvaris zmnaTa erTi wyeba Tanamedrove qarTulSi danaklis formebs ivsebs orgvarad:
an saTanado moqmedebiTi gvaris i-ani saTaviso qcevis formebiT, an saTanado -d-iani
vnebiTis formebiT. am konteqstSi arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom amave zmnebis relatiur
formebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini Sesabamisi absoluturi formebisagan mxolod
sasxviso qcevis u-niSniT gansxvavdebian /ZigZigebs, _ uZigZigebs, kankalebs _
ukankalebs, frTxialebs – ufrTxialebs, WikWikebs _ uWikWikebs.../, nasesxeb mwkriveb-
Si oden pasiuri formebi aqvT, mag.:
ugizgizebs, augizgizdeba, augizgizda, ahgizgizebia
uqaTqaTebs, auqaTqaTdeba, auqaTqaTda, ahqaTqaTebia
umoZravebs, aumoZravdeba, aumoZravda, amoZravebia
umoqmedebs, aumoqmeddeba, aumoqmedda, amoqmedebia
usrialebs, gausrialdeba, gausrialda, gasrialebia
umetyvelebs, aumetyveldeba, aumetyvelda, ametyvelebia
uyaraulebs, dauyarauldeba, dauyaraulda, dahyaraulebia
uboboqrebs, auboboqrdeba, auboboqrda, aboboqrebia
ucimcimebs, aucimcimdeba, aucimcimda, ascimcimebia
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom specialur saenaTmecniero literaturaSi miCneulia,
rom aseTi warmoebis relatiur medioaqtiur zmnebs sesxebis unari ara aqvT: `erT-piriani
medioaqtivis zmnis fuZisagan mraval SemTxvevaSi orpiriani formebic gvaqvs:
duRs _ uduRs, dis _ sdis, yars _ uyars, xtis _ uxtis, wuxs _ uwuxs, budobs _
ubudobs, goravs _ ugoravs, frinavs _ ufrinavs, tiris _ utiris, icinis _ ucinis da
misT... aseT zmnaTagan sazogadod mxolod erTpirianebs SeuZliaT awarmoon sesxebis
gziT yvela mwkrivis formebi, or-piriani formebis xmareba ki Cveulebriv awmyos
wris mwkrivebiT aris Semofargluli~ [2,475]. `mxolod nakvTTa awmyos wyebaSi” [4,1428,
1501...] xmarebul zmnebad aris kvalificirebuli es zmnebi `qarTuli enis ganmartebiT
leqsikonSic~. vfiqrobT, rom `guli uwuxs~ da `guli Seuwuxda~ erTmaneTis mimarT
iseTsave damokidebulebaSia, rogorc `wuxs~ da `Sewuxda~ da am mxriT relatiuri
medioaqtivi zmnebi arafriT ar gansxvavdebian absoluturi medioaqtivi zmnebisagan.
gansxvaveba mxolod erTia: absoluturi agebulebis medioaqtiuri zmnebi nasesxeb
mwkrivebSi an mxolod aqtiur formebs inacvlebs, an aqtiurTan erTad pasiursac; relatiuri
agebulebis medioaqtiuri zmnebi ki nasesxeb mwkrivebSi mxolod pasiur
formebs inacvleben da a . S a n i Z i s terminebi rom vixmaroT, medioaqtiurni ki ar
arian, aramed mxolod mediopasiurni. bunebrivia, rom a . S a n i Z i s a T v i s , rogorc
saSuali gvaris zmnebis medioaqtiv da mediopasiv jgufebad dayofis momxrisa da
gamtareblisaTvis, arc imas aqvs mniSvneloba, rom zogi saSuali gvaris zmna erTsa
da imave dros erTsa da imave mwkrivebSi aqtiur formebsac inacvlebs da pasiursac
da arc imas, rom, misi gagebiT, medioaqtiuri zmnebis relatiuri formebis Semavsebeli
formebi mxolod pasiuria, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Ziri eTxreba saSuali gvaris
zmnebis dayofas medioaqtiv da mediopasiv zmnebad, magram sruliad gaugebaria, ratom
ar miiCneva `uwuxs~ da `Seuwuxda~... erTmaneTis monacvle formebad `qarTuli
49

enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi~, maSin, rodesac `wuxs~ da `Sewuxda~ imave leqsikonSi
iseTive kanonzomierad monacvle formebia, rogoric `wuxs~ da `iwuxebs?~
aseve: sakmarisia, e.w. medioaqtiv zmnebs awmyoSive mimarTulebis aRsaniSnavad
zmniswini daerTos da maT nasesxeb mwkrivebSi mxolod pasiuri formebi SeenacvlebaT,
mag.:
jiriTobs, ijiriTebs, ijiriTa, ujiriTia, magram:
mijiriTobs, mijiriTdeba, mijiriTda, mijiriTebula.
bandalebs, ibandalebs, ibandala, ubandalia, magram:
mibandalebs, mibandaldeba, mibandalda, mibandalebula.
wanwalebs, iwanwalebs, iwanwala, uwanwalia, magram:
miwanwalebs, miwanwaldeba, miwanwalda, miwanwalebula.
bancalebs, ibancalebs, ibancala, ubancalia, magram:
mibancalebs, mibancaldeba, mibancalda, mibancalebula.
cunculebs, icunculebs, icuncula, ucunculia, magram:
micunculebs, micunculdeba, micunculda, micunculebula.
rogorc a . S a n i Z e s , ise arn. C i q o b a v a s e. w. saSuli gvaris /gardauvali statikuri/
zmnebi gardauval zmnebad miaCniaT /`medioaqtivi zmnebi gardauvalia, pird.
_ obieqturi mimarTebis formebi aklia da amis mixedviT arc saTanado fardi aqvs
pird. obieqtis saxiT~ [2,305]. `statikuri zmna yvela gardauvalia~ [1,052]), magram qar-
TulSi arsebobs garkveuli tipi zmnebisa /TamaSobs, fiqrobs, cekvavs, swavlobs.../,
romelTac uRvlileba zustad iseTive aqvT, rogoric `cxovrobs~, `mefobs~, `cocxlobs~
da sxva amgvar zmnebs /Sdr.: TamaSobs, iTamaSebs, iTamaSa, uTamaSia da cxovrobs,
icxovrebs, icxovra, ucxovria/.
radganac es zmnebi gardamavalia, a . S a n i Z e saerTod ar Tvlis maT saSuali
gvaris zmnebad: `gvaris sakiTxi wydeba sapirispiro formaTa paraleluri arsebobiT
konversiis niadagze, gardamavlobisa ki _ pirdapiri obieqtis Sewyobis unariT... `qiraobs~
gardamavalia /`qiraobs oTaxs~, `iqirava oTaxi~/, magram is ar aris gvariani,
radganac konversiuli formebi aklia~ [2,311], an `danaklis mwkrivTa formebis Sevsebis
sakiTxSi medioaqtivis formaTa warmoebas iziarebs ramdenime gardamavali zmna,
rogoricaa, angariSobs... Taobs /← Tav-obs, myof. iTavebs/, Takilobs, qiraobs, xmarobs
/myof. ixmars/, Civis /myof. iCivlebs/ da sxv. Sig urevia sam-piriani zmnebic: s-Tavazobs
/myof. uTavazebs/, u-Civis /myof. uCivlebs/ da sxv. zogi zmna gardauvaladac
ixmareba da gardamavaladac, aseTebia: galobs, glovobs, TamaSobs, laparakobs, nanobs,
ocnebobs, fiqrobs da sxv. es zmnebi sakuTriv marto I seriis formebs awarmoeben,
danarCenebs ki ivseben nasesxebi formebiT. sesxebisas isini imave wess adganan,
rasac gardauvali medioaqtivi zmnebi; mag., vTaob, viTaveb, viTave, miTavebia; vuCivi,
vuCivleb, vuCivle, miCivlia da misT.~ [2,483].
rogorc `qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi~ saTanado erTeulebis gramatikuli
kvalifikaciidan Cans, aq e. w. `gardauvali statikuri zmnebi~ awmyos wris mwkrivebSi
gardauvalad aris miCneuli: `TamaSob-s /iyen. iTamaSa, uTamaSia/ grduv. stat.~
[4,300]. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa am zmnis gamoyenebis sailustracio magaliTebi:
`da bavSvebic swavlis Semdeg TamaSoben Zera-Zeras /i. daviT./, biWebi koWsa TamaSobdnen
/T. razik./~ [4,301]. myofadidan dawyebuli, `TamaSobs~ tipis zmnebis monacvle fu-
Zeebi imave leqsikonSi gardamavlad aris CaTvlili: `iTamaSebs, /iTamaSa _ uTamaSnia/
grdm.~ [4,627]. Teoriuli dasabuTeba aseTi kvalifikaciisa Semdegia: `SeiZleba winadadebaSi
ori saxeli ukavSirdebodes SinaarsiT zmnas /Tan iseT brunvaSi iyos dasmuli,
rom piris niSani Seeferebodes/, magram zmnaSi mxolod erTi piri gvqondes, zmna
erTpiriani iyos /bavSvi burTs TamaSob-s: zmnaSi erTi piriRa Cans, subieqtisa~/ [1,057].
am mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod araferi iqneboda saTqmeli, rom erTi garemoeba
ara: am debulebis mixedviT, zmna qarTulSi imdenpiriania, ramdeni piric aris zmnaSi
warmodgenili, magram faqtiuri viTareba amis sawinaaRmdegod metyvelebs: zmnaSi Za-
50

lian xSirad aris warmodgenili erTi niSani, magram is amis gamo aravis miuCnevia
erTpirianad. aseT zmnebs xan orpirianad Tvlian /deda zrdi-s bavSvs/ da xan sampirianad
/ZiZa uzrdi-s dedas bavSvs/. meorecaa-da, rom kidevac CavTvaloT `TamaSobs~
zmna gardauvalad, rogori kvalifikacia unda mieces aseT SemTxvevaSi am zmnasTan
dakavSirebul meore saxels? ra aris is, Tu ara pirdapiri obieqti?
amrigad, a. SaniZes `TamaSobs~ tipis zmnebi gardamaval zmnebad miaCnia da amitom
maT saSuali gvaris zmnebad ar Tvlis, arn. C i q o b a v a am zmnebs `statikur gardauval
zmnebs~ uwodebs, rac gamoricxavs am zmnebis gardamavlad CaTvlis SesaZleblobas.
vfiqrobT, rom zemoT ganxiluli zmnebi, udavod, gardamavalia, sxvanairad gaWirdeba
maTTan dakavSirebuli meore saxelis kvalifikacia, magram, amasTan erTad, arc sa-
Suali gvaris zmnebis ricxvidan maTi amoricxva unda iyos gamarTlebuli, radganac
maTi uRvlileba zustad imeorebs saSuali gvaris zmnebis uRvlilebas. aRsaniSnavia
kidev erTi garemoeba: Tu saSuali gvaris zmnam SeiZleba naklul mwkrivebSi isesxos
aqtiuri formebi mTeli Tavisi atributebiT: brunvacvalebadi subieqtiT, saTaviso
qcevis i- niSniT myofadsa da II seriaSi, -es daboloebiT wyvetilSi III piris subieqtis
mravlobiTis aRsaniSnavad, inversiuli formebiT III seriaSi, ratom ar SeiZleba
amave aqtiuri zmnebis analogiiT iSviaT SemTxvevaSi man pirdapiri obieqtic gaiCinos?
miT umetes, rom, sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom es pirdapiri obieqti ar aris ise-
Ti Zalisa da mniSvnelobisa, rogorc moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebis pirdapiri obieqtia
da, amasTan, meryevi bunebisaa: xan ixmareba aseTi tipis zmnebTan da xan ara.
rom `TamaSobs~ tipis gardamavali zmnebis saSuali gvaris zmnebis ricxvidan amoReba
naZaladevia da araTanmimdevruli, amas isic unda adasturebdes, rom `swavlobs~
zmna, romelic a. SaniZis gramatikaSi erT SemTxvevaSi daxasiaTebulia rogorc mxolod
gardamavali, rogorc Cans, ugvaro zmna [2,311]. sxva SemTxvevaSi iqve, imave naSromSi,
saSuali, saxeldobr, medioaqtivi zmnis magaliTad aris dasaxelebuli [2,493].
amrigad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT:
1. e.w. saSuali gvaris /`statikuri gardauvali~/ zmnebis didisagan didi umravlesoba
danaklis formebs moqmedebiTi gvaris formebis paralelurad vnebiTi gvaris
formebiTac ivsebs. rac Seexeba am zmnebis relatiur da zmniswinian formebs, iq nakluli
mwkrivebis erTaderTi SesaZlebloba pasiuri formebis gamoyenebaa /es ukanaskneli
garemoeba imis maCvenebelic unda iyos, rom aqtiuri da pasiuri formebis paraleluri
xmarebisas aseTi zmnebis absoluturi agebulebis formebSi pasiuri formebi
iseTive sruluflebiani monacvle fuZeebia am zmnebisaTvis, rogorc aqtiuri/. amgvarad,
arsebobs ara marto ori jgufi saSuali gvaris zmnebisa _ mxolod medioaqtivi
an mxolod mediopasivi, aramed mesame jgufic _ medioaqtivi da mediopasivi er-
Tsa da imave dros.
2. saSuali gvaris medioaqtiv zmnebTan rig SemTxvevaSi pirdapiri obieqtis xmareba,
safiqrebelia, arc imis safuZvels iZleva, rom isini ar CavTvaloT saSuali gvaris
zmnebad da arc, miT umetes, imisas, rom es zmnebi gardauvalad gamovacxadoT:
saSuali gvaris zmnebi, Cveulebriv, gardauvalia, magram iSviaTad, nasesxebi aqtiuri
formebis analogiiT, SeiZleba gardamavalic iyos.
l i t e r a t u r a
1. arn. C i q o b a v a , qarTuli enis zogadi daxasiaTeba, qegl, t. I, Tbilisi, 1950.
2. a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t.
III, Tbilisi, 1980.
3. m . t a b i Z e , saSuali gvaris zmnebisaTvis qarTulSi, studentTa XXXV samecniero
konferenciis masalebi, Tbilisi, 1973.
4. q e g l , t. IV, Tbilisi, 1955.
51

vnebiTis formaTa marTlwerasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi 1
52
TinaTin RvinaZe
Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo enaSi vnebiTi gvaris zmnebis formaTa warmoebasa
da gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebulia mravali sakiTxi. amaTgan saliteraturo
enis normaTa TvalsazrisiT zogi mogvarebulia da zogic mosagvarebeli rCeba. ker-
Zod, amasTan dakavSirebuli araerTi orTografiuli da morfologiuri sakiTxi gadawyvetilia,
rac asaxulia `qarTuli enis orTografiul leqsikonsa~ (1968 w.) da
`Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebSi~ (1970 w.). gadawyvetas elis sintaqsur-stilistikuri
zogi sakiTxi vnebiTi gvaris zmnebis gamoyenebisa.
Tanamedrove qarTulSi vnebiTi gvarisaa yvela gardauvali zmna, romelsac awmyo-
Si mesame subieqturi piris niSnad aqvs -a (mxolobiTSi), -an (mravlobiTSi). zmniT gamoxatuli
Sinaarsis miuxedavad, mesame subieqturi piris niSans win uswrebs Temis
niSani, umetesad -eb an -ev, iSviaTad -ob, -of, -em.
yovelgvar sufiqsiani zmna vnebiTad qcevisas -eb sufiqsiani xdeba umetesad, mxolod
-ev, zogjer -ob, -of, -em, SerCeba ucvlelad.
Tu moqmedebiTia a-Sen-eb-s, vnebiTi iqneba Sen-d-eb-a,
xat-av-s _ i-xat-eb-a
dg-am-s _ i-dg-m-eb-a
a-ngr-ev-s _ i-ngr-ev-a
a-p-ob-s _ i-p-ob-a
warmo-S-ob-s _ warmo-i-S-ob-a
y-of-s _ i-y-of-a
gamo-s-c-em-s _ gamo-i-c-em-a da a. S.
vnebiTadve ganixileba uZvelesi gardauvali dinamikuri zmnebi Tb-eb-a tipisa maTi
formisa da funqciis gamo Sinaarsis miuxedavad. amaTganaa nawarmoebi moqmedebiTis
formebi: a-Tb-ob-s, a-dn-ob-s, a-Wkn-ob-s da misT.
amgvarad, vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa umetesoba dRes -eb-a an -ev-a, -ob-a, -of-a, -em-a daboloebiania
awmyos III pirSi, xolo I-sa da II pirSi _ -eb-i, -ev-i, -ob-i, -of-i, -em-i
daboloebiani. maSasadame, vnebiTebia zmnaTa aseTi formebi:
v-Sen-d-eb-i v-i-far-eb-i v-e-far-eb-i v-Tb-eb-i
Sen-d-eb-i i-far-eb-i e-far-eb-i Tb-eb-i
Sen-d-eb-a i-far-eb-a e-far-eb-a Tb-eb-a
v-Sen-d-eb-i-T v-i-far-eb-i-T v-e-far-eb-i-T v-Tb-eb-i-T
Sen-d-eb-i-T i-far-eb-i-T e-far-eb-i-T Tb-eb-i-T
Sen-d-eb-i-an i-far-eb-i-an e-far-eb-i-an Tb-eb-i-an
agreTve aseTebi: ingreva (engreva), irRveva (erRveva), irkveva (erkveva), iqceva (eqceva),
ireva (ereva), imRvreva (emRvreva), eteva, eweva da sxvebi, aseve: i-xrC-ob-a (exrCoba)
da misT.
Zvel qarTulSi yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi subieqturi mesame piris niSnad, rogorc
wesi, -s gamoiyeneboda. iyo: Tbebis, Sendebis, ifarebis, efarebis, ingrevis, iqcevis da
a. S. axal saliteraturo qarTulSi awmyos mesame pirSi moekveca fuZis bolokiduri
-i- da damkvidrda amgvar formebSi subieqturi mesame pirisaTvis -a niSani (Tbeba, Sendeba,
ifareba, efareba, ingreva, engreva, iqceva...). es Tavisebureba Zveli da axali
qarTulis movlenaTa erT-erT ganmasxvavebel niSnadac iqca.
Tanamedrove qarTulSi arsebobs vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa formebi Zveli qarTuli-
1 qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi, #3, 1981.

seburi daboloebiTac, magaliTad: ibmis, idagvis, idgmis, iTqmis, ikargvis, ikvlis, ikvris,
iwvis, ismis, iZvris, ixatvis da a. S. isini sxvadasxvanairi sixSiriT gamoiyenebian.
maTgan umravlesobas moepoveba -eb-a daboloebiani formebic (idageba, idgmeba, iTqmeba,
ikargeba, ikvleba, ikereba, iwveba da misT). Tanamedrove saliteraturo enis
normaTa TvalsazrisiT orivegvari daboloeba sworia, magram zog SemTxvevaSi Zveli
formebi erTaderTi da Seucvlelia jer kidev (mag. sio ar iZvris, sio ar iZroda),
xolo axleburi formebi iSviaTia: `qarxanaSi yofnisas SenSi aRiZvreba axali emociebi~
(pres.); `matarebeli, sadac aris, daiZvreba~ (pres); `es cixe aZlevda pirvel ni-
Sans, Tu dasavleTidan mteri daiZvreboda~ (pres).
iTqmis, erwymis, ekvris... da misTana formebi ufro bunebrivad ixmareba, vidre iTqmeba,
erwymeba, ekvreba... formebi: `sadRegrZeloebi SesaniSnavi wesrigiT iTqmoda~ (`lit.
saq.~); `sicili gmirebis bunebidan gamomdinareobs, maTi utexi sulis Tvisebaa da organulad
erwymis piesis qsovils~ (pres); `mwyeri inabeba, ekvris dedamiwas~ (vaJa).
zogjer Zveli da axali warmoebis paralelur formebTan gansxvavebuli stilistikuri
funqciaa dakavSirebuli: erTi mxriv, bunebrivia aseTi gamoyeneba: `Cvens ezos
baRCa ekvris~ (ekvroda), magram aseT konteqstSi: `qilebs ekvreba iarliyi~ (pres), ekvris
forma aRar gamodgeba; unda iyos an ekvreba forma, anda sulac aravnebiTi, aqtiuri
akraven zmna.
ufro bunebrivi Cans sunTqva ekvris, vidre sunTqva ekvreba: `misi soprano, romelic
altis siRrmemde eSveba da iqac Cinebulad JRers, iseT mgznebarebas, Zalas... da
eqspresiulobas, siTbosa da siwrfeles afrqvevs, rom kacs sunTqva ekvreba xolme~
(pres).
ekvreba formis varianti Cans ekroba, romelic zogjer gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove
saliteraturo qarTulSic: `mtveri cxviris Siga lorwovan zedapirs ekroba“ (pres.),
_ magram dialeqturi formaa da unda uarvyoT.
aseTive Sinaarsobriv-stilistikur niuansebs SevniSnavT iwvis _ iwveba da ewvis _
ewveba zmnebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebSic: Tvalebi daewvis, guli daewvis, magram mWadi
daewveba, xelebi daewveba: `me Sen getyvi, cecxlis danTebaze daewveba xelebi~
(pres).
ucecxlod iwvis, magram: `merabma SeamCnia, rom bigelis Semxebi nawili xSirad iwveboda~
(pres).
* * *
vnebiTi gvaris zmnebi erTpiriani da orpirianebia. erTpirianebia: Tbeba, Sendeba,
ifareba da misTanebi. orpirianebia: uTbeba, uSendeba, efareba da misTanebi. orpirianebis
erT-erTi piri yovelTvis iribi obieqtia, amitom aseT zmnebSi obieqturi piris
niSani aucilebelia, roca saamiso fonetikuri garemo arsebobs. magram, raki orpiriani
vnebiTi gvaris zmnebi xmovanTavsarTianebia, dro-kiloTa I da II jgufis formeb-
Si mesame obieqturi piris h- niSnis gamoCenisaTvis pirobebi ar arsebobs Tanamedrove
saliteraturo qarTulSi moqmedi wesis Tanaxmad. dro-kiloTa III jgufis formeb-
Si ki, ramdenadac es formebi TanxmovnebiT iwyeba, obieqturi mesame piris niSnis
warmoCena Cveulebrivia, Tu fonetikurad asatani jgufi miiReba Tanxmovnebisa. amitom
gvaqvs TurmeobiT I-Si (kiTxvaze ra uqnia?):
mo-h-fer-eb-i-a
mo-h-far-eb-i-a
ga-s-Tb-ob-i-a
ga-s-wiTl-eb-i-a
ga-s-javr-eb-i-a da sxv.
TurmeobiT II-Si (kiTxvaze ra eqna?):
mo-h-fer-eb-od-a
mo-h-far-eb-od-a
53

ga-s-Tb-ob-od-a
ga-s-wiTl-eb-od-a
ga-s-javr-eb-od-a da sxv.
obieqturi mesame piris niSnis xmarebis sxva wesebTan erTad es wesic didi xania
dadgenilia 2 , magram amis miuxedavad jer kidev gvxvdeba misi darRvevis SemTxvevebi:
`magda dedas aRar gatirebia im dilis Semdeg~ (pres). unda iyos: ga-s-tir-eb-i-a.
`gzaSi siaruli gauWirda. fexi moyinoda~ (pres). unda iyos: mo-h-yin-od-a.
`murias kudi aeprixa, Tvalebi dakusoda~ (pres). unda iyos: da-h-kus-od-a da a. S.
* * *
vnebiTi gvaris zmnebis dro-kiloTa sxvadasxva jgufis formaTa warmoebis TvalsazrisiT
jer kidev araa daculi erTgvaroba.
dro-kiloTa I jgufis formebis marTlweris wesebi iSviaTad irRveva, II da III
jgufis dro-kiloTa formebis marTlwerisas ki darRvevebi jer kidev SeiniSneba, miuxedavad
imisa, rom dadgenili normebi am sakiTxebze arsebobs da gamoqveynebulicaa.
kerZod, miRebulia da Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi gatarebuli unda iyos
Semdegi wesebi:
1. dro-kiloTa II jgufis formebi i da e prefiqsiani vnebiTebisa mravlobiTi
ricxvis III pirSi nen daboloebiani unda iyos, Tumca pirvelsa da meore pirSi Zveli
qarTuli normisTvis damaxasiaTebeli n- axal saliteraturo qarTulSi aRar Cans 3 .
Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo enis norma iyo:
davimaleniT (kiTxvaze ra vqeniT? namyo ZiriTadSi)
daimaleniT
daimalnes
xolo kavSirebiT II-Si (kiTxvaze ra vqnaT?) iyo aseTi norma:
da-v-i-mal-n-e-T
da-i-mal-n-e-T
da-i-mal-n-e-n
Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis normaa aseTi formebi: namyo ZiriTad-
Si (kiTxvaze ra vqeniT?):
da-v-i-mal-e-T da-v-e-mal-e-T
da-i-mal-e-T da-e-mal-e-T
da-i-mal-nen da-e-mal-nen
kavSirebiT II-Si (kiTxvaze ra vqnaT?):
da-v-i-mal-o-T da-v-e-mal-o-T
da-i-mal-o-T da-e-mal-o-T
da-i-mal-o-n da-e-mal-o-n
Zveli qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebi (davimaleniT, daimaleniT... namyo
ZiriTadisa an davimalneT, daimalneT, daimalnen kavSirebiTi meorisa da maTi msgavsni)
aqa-iq axlac iCens xolme Tavs nabeWd produqciaSi, magram isini Tanamedrove saliteraturo
enis normaTa TvalsazrisiT arqaizmad an dialeqtizmad miiCneva.
arasworia namyo ZiriTadis mravlobiTi ricxvis mesame pirSi daimalnen formis
adgilas daimalen formis gamoyenebac, radganac dadgenilia, rom daimalnen forma
ZiriTadia gavrcelebis mixedviT. -nen daboloeba erTaderTia namyo srulisaTvis sxva
2 Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebi, I, 1970, gv. 197-198.
3 iqve, gv. 185-187.
54

tipis vnebiTebSic (gaTbnen, aSendnen, gauTbnen, auSendnen...).
-nen daboloebis aucilebloba namyo ZiriTadis mravlobiTi ricxvis mesame pirSi
iwvevs ev sufiqsiani zmnebis formebSi sufiqsiseuli v- Tanxmovnis SenarCunebasac, 4
roca namyo srulSi aseTi zmnebi -ia daboloebiania.
awmyo: namyo ZiriTadi: mravlobiTi ricxvi:
e-wv-ev-a e-wv-i-a e-wv-iv-nen
e-Cv-ev-a mi-e-Cv-i-a mi-e-Cv-iv-nen
e-r-ev-a mo-e-r-i-a mo-e-r-iv-nen
Tanamedrove qarTuli mxatvruli Tu publicisturi nawerebis enaSi jer kidev
gvxvdeba amgvari darRvevebi: ewvien, miewien, mieCvien, moerien da misT. amgvari formebic
dialeqtizmad miiCneva Tanamedrove saliteraturo enis TvalsazrisiT.
* * *
kavSirebiTi II-is formebi i- da e- prefiqsiani vnebiTebisa, rogorc dasaxelebuli
magaliTebidanac gamoCnda, -o sufiqsiTaa nawarmoebi Tanamedrove saliteraturo qar-
TulSi, nacvlad Zveli qarTulis -e sufiqsiT warmoebisa. maSasadame, normad miiCneva
amgvari formebi:
ra vqnaT? da-v-i-far-o-T da-v-e-far-o-T
da-i-far-o-T da-e-far-o-T
da-i-far-o-n da-e-far-o-n
`aoxrebuli qveynis fexze dasayeneblad erTgulni unda Semoikribon mefis taxtis
garSemo~ (pres).
gvxvdeba am mxriv darRvevebic: `mamakacebs vurCevT ewvivnon samomxmareblo kooperaciis
bazrobebs~ (pres).
ewvivnon formaSi II kavSirebiTis Zveli da axali warmoebis aRrevis Sedegi
gvaqvs. kavSirebiTis axleburi -o mawarmoebeli ki aris, magram SemorCenilia Zveli
qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli -n- sufiqsic. Zvelad iyo e-w-iv-n-e-n, axla unda iyos
e-wv-i-o-n kavSirebiTi meorisaTvis.
* * *
2. dro-kiloTa II jgufSi formaTa erTnairobas ver gviCvenebs -ev sufiqsiani zmnebis
vnebiTi gvaris formebi. kerZod, namyo ZiriTadis formebSi -ev sufiqsiseuli -i(v)
zog zmnas SemorCenili aqvs, zogs ara. amitom erTmaneTis gverdiT gvaqvs amgvari
formebi: erTi mxriv, ingreva (engreva), imtvreva (emtvreva) da misTana zmnebisaTvis
namyo ZiriTadSi:
mx. r. _ daingra (daengra); daimtvra (daemtvra) da misT.
mr. r. _ da-ingrnen (daengrnen); daimtvrnen (daemtvrnen).
meore mxriv, eweva, ewveva, eCveva, ereva da misTana zmnebisaTvis namyo ZiriTadis
formebi: miewia, ewvia, mieCvia, moeria da misTanebi, romelTa mravlobiTis formebSi,
rogorc iTqva, sufiqsiseuli -v- Tanxmovani aRdgeba (mi-e-w-iv-nen, e-wv-iv-nen, mi-e-Cv-ivnen.
mo-e-r-iv-nen...).
-ev sufiqsiani zmnebis vnebiTi gvaris formebSi iqneba Sesabamisad, erTi mxriv, daingres
(daengres), daimtvres (daemtvres), daingrnen (daengrnen); meore mxriv, ewvios,
miewios, mieCvios, moerios (mx. r.); ewvion, miewion, mieCvion, moerion da sxv. (mr. r.).
-ev sufiqsiani vnebiTi gvaris zmnebis formaTa warmoebis aseT sxvadasxvaobas
dro-kiloTa II jgufSi morfologiuri safuZveli aqvs. ar SeiZleba daingria an daimtvria
formebi vnebiTad vixmaroT moqmedebiTTan formaTa damTxvevis gamo. amitom
4 `normebi”, gv. 207-210.
55

vnebiTisTvis gvaqvs daingra, daimtvra. 5
sadac formaTa damTxvevis saSiSroeba ar aris, SegvrCa -ia daboloebiani formebi:
miewia, ewvia, moexvia da misT. es erT-erTi gza iyo moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi gvaris
zmnaTa garCevisa.
-ev sufiqsian zog zmnas aRar SerCa vnebiTis warmoebis unari moqmedebiTTan dam-
Txvevisa da meorenairi formebis uqonlobis gamo. aseT SemTxvevaSi aRwerilobiTi
vnebiTiT Seicvala mosalodneli organuli warmoeba. aseTi zmnebia, magaliTad, ikvlevs,
iwvevs, sZlevs, aCvevs, arbevs, amCnevs da sxvebi, romelTagan gamoikvlia, moiwvia,
daiZlia, SeimCnia, dairbia, daiCvia... formebi mxolod moqmedebiTis Sinaarsisaa.
saTanado vnebiTebi ki aRwerilobiTad ewarmoebaT da gveqneba mxolod ase: gamokvleul
iqna, mowveul iqna, daZleul iqna, SemCneul iqna, darbeul iqna, daCveul iqna da
sxva. calke sakiTxia, ramdenad gamodgeba es formebi sxvadasxvagvar konkretul Sem-
TxvevebSi.
* * *
3. Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi yvelaze xSirad irRveva dro-kiloTa III
jgufis formebis marTlwera vnebiTi gvaris zmnebisa. amgvari SemTxvevebisaTvis dadgenilia
ramdenime wesi:
a. erTpiriani vnebiTi gvaris zmnebi TurmeobiT pirvelSi (kiTxvaze ra uqnia?)
rTuli Sedgenilobisaa. kerZod, namyo drois mimReobisa da meSveli zmnis awmyos
formisagan Sedgeba (da-v-badebul-var, ga-v-zrdil-var) Zvel qarTulSi pirveli piris
niSani -v- mimReobis win ar ixmareboda, pirveli piri aRiniSneboda mxolod meSveli
zmniT, romelic yvela sxva pirSic srulad iyo warmodgenili, e. i. gvqonda aRweri-
Ti warmoeba:
mx. gazrdil var mr. gazrdil varT
gazrdil xar gazrdil xarT
gazrdil ars gazrdil arian
II pirSi mxolod marTlwera Seicvala, erTmaneTs Seerwya mimReoba da meSveli
zmna (gazrdilxar, gazrdilxarT). I pirSi ki mimReobis formaSi, zmniswinis Semdeg
CaerTo subieqturi piris niSani da dRes sadavo aRar aris formebi:
gavzrdilvar, davbadebulvar,
gavzrdilvarT, davbadebulvarT.
subieqturi pirveli piris niSani meSveli zmnis winac aris SenarCunebuli. 6
b. TurmeobiTi meore (ra meqna? kiTxvaze) amgvar zmnebs ase ewarmoebaT: mimReobis
fuZes daerTvis meSveli zmnis namyo ZiriTadis forma:
gavzrdiliyav davbadebuliyav
gazrdiliyav dabadebuliyav
gazrdiliyo dabadebuliyo
gavzrdiliyaviT davbadebuliyaviT
gazrdiliyaviT dabadebuliyaviT
gazrdiliyvnen davbadebuliyvnen
organul warmoebaze gadasvla aq damTavrebulia imiT, rom meSvel zmnaSi subieqturi
pirveli piris niSani aRar ixmareba; igi mimReobis win CaerTo imgvaradve, rogorc
TurmeobiT pirvelSi. amitom erTpiriani vnebiTi gvaris zmnebisaTvis TurmeobiT
II-Si swori formebia:
gavzrdiliyav, gavmTbariyav, avSenebuliyav da misT. 7
5 `qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebi”, I, 1970, gv. 207-210.
6 iqve, gv. 211-213.
7 iqve.
56

g. orpiriani vnebiTi gvaris zmnebis I da II TurmeobiTis formaTa marTlwerisaTvis
pirvel rigSi unda gvaxsovdes ukve naTqvami obieqturi mesame piris niSnis mar-
Tlweris Sesaxeb: raki am zmnebs am formebSi xmovanTavsarTebi aRar uCanT, aucilebeli
xdeba mesame obieqturi piris niSnis warmodgena, Tu zmnis dasawyisi Tanxmovani
ar uSlis xels; ase:
ahkidebia, mihgebebia, waswydomia, dasjaxebia, gastirebia da a. S.
d. orpiriani vnebiTi gvaris zmnebis I TurmeobiTis formebic erTpirianTa msgavsad
iwarmoeba nawilobrivad. am SemTxvevaSic saliteraturo qarTulis dRevandeli
sistemiT es formebi meSvelzmniania da kanonieria I pirisaTvis iseTi formebi, romlebSic
var meSveli zmnac moipoveba da v prefiqsic: movhferebivar, mivhgebebivar,
movhkvdomivar, SevsZulebivar da a. S. oRond amgvar formebSi, Tumca, saerTod, savaldebuloa
obieqturi mesame piris h- an s- prefiqsis xmareba, dasaSvebadaa miCneuli
Semdegi: roca zmnis formaSi III irib obieqtur pirTan erTad I subieqturi piria
warmodgenili, pirveli subieqturi piris v- niSnis Semdeg h- da s- prefiqsebi aRar
ixmarebodes.
amgvarad, mivhgebebivar da mivgebebivar Tanabaruflebiani paraleluri formebia.
aseve: movhferebivar da movferebivar
movhkvdomivar da movkvdomivar
SevsZulebivar da SevZulebivar da misTanebi. 8
e: orpiriani vnebiTi gvaris zmnebis I TurmeobiTis formaTa sawarmoeblad meSveli
zmna erTvis ara mimReobis fuZes, aramed zmnur fuZes: mo-v-fereb-i-var, Se-v-Zuleb-i-var
da a. S.
zogjer Tanamedrove qarTulSi gvxvdeba darRvevebi am wesisa: erTpirianTa msgavsad
amosaval fuZed aseT zmnebTanac mcdarad mimReobis fuZea miCneuli. Segvxvdeba
mo-v-ferebul-var, Se-v-Zulebul-var da misTanebi, romlebic dialeqtizmad unda CaiTvalos.
3. orpiriani vnebiTi gvaris zmnebis II TurmeobiTis formaTa warmoeba ufro metadaa
gansxvavebuli erTpiriani zmnebis warmoebisagan. jer erTi, aqac amosavalia ara
mimReobis fuZe, aramed zmnisa, romelsac erTpirianTa -iyav meSveli zmnis magivrad
aq erTvis -od-i daboloeba. amgvari warmoeba gabatonebulia Tanamedrove saliteraturo
qarTulSi da istoriuli TvalsazrisiTac gamarTlebulia. amitom unda ixmarebodes
mxolod amgvari formebi:
ra meqna? _ movferebodi, movkvdomodi, SevZulebodi
mohferebodi, mohkvdomodi, SesZulebodi
mohfereboda, mohkvdomoda, SesZuleboda. 9
miuxedavad amisa, jer kidev xSiria amgvar formaTa marTlwarmoebisa da marTlweris
darRvevis SemTxvevebi. kerZod, erTi mxriv, gvxvdeba -od-i (-od-a) warmoebis magivrad
-iyav (-iyo) meSvelzmniani formebi: damalviyo, dasdgomiyo, gasCeniyo da misT.
meore mxriv, erTpirianTa msgavsad am nakvTis forma gvxvdeba mimReobis fuZeze dar-
Tuli meSveli zmniT: Sexvedriliyo, migebebuliyo, ziarebuliyo, SeerTebuliyo da
sxva (nacvlad formebisa: Sexvedroda, mihgebeboda, ziareboda, SeerTeboda).
`is am muSaobaSi iyo, rodesac glaxam miaxwia darialis cixes, sadac unda Seer-
Tebuliyo sxva mgzavrebs da jars” (a. yazb).
amgvari movlenebi umTavresad aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan gamosul nawerebSi SeiniSneba,
radgan aRmosavluri dialeqtebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Tanamedrove saliteraturo
enis norma istoriulad swori formis dakanonebas moiTxovs.
orpiriani vnebiTi gvaris zmnebisaTvis TurmeobiTi II-is kanonieri formebia Semdegi:
ra meqna?
v-u-erT-d-eb-i- (me mas) zmnisTvis:
8 `normebi~, gv. 201.
9 iqve, gv. 214.
57

SeverTebodi
SeerTebodi
SeerTeboda
v-xvd-eb-i (me mas) zmnisTvis:
Sevxvedrodi
Sexvedrodi
Sexvedroda
mi-v-e-geb-eb-i (me mas) zmnisTvis:
mivgebebodi
mihgebebodi
mihgebeboda
v-e-ziar-eb-i (me mas. monawile, moziare gavxdebi) zmnisTvis:
vziarebodi
ziarebodi
ziareboda
magram am zmnis formaTa marTlwerisaTvis aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom zogjer es
Cveulebrivad e niSniani orpiriani zmna erTpirianis gagebiT gamoiyeneba (roca niSnavs:
ziarebas miiRebs). aseT SemTxvevaSi dro-kiloTa III jgufis formebi mas amgvari
eqneba:
ra miqnia? _ vziarebulvar, ziarebulxar, ziarebula.
ra meqna? _ vziarebuliyav, ziarebuliyav, ziarebuliyo.
am zmnis msgavsad SeiZleba aqve aRiniSnos zogi calkeuli SemTxveva:
1. erToba zmnas forma orpiriani vnebiTi gvaris zmnis msgavsi aqvs, magram mxolod
erTi piris gagebas Seicavs. I da II jgufis dro-kiloTa formebSi ar Cans gansxvaveba
Cveulebrivi orpiriani vnebiTis formebisagan.
mx. _ erToba, gaerToba, gaerTo, gaerTos (rogorc eTmoba, daeTmoba, daeTmo, daeTmos).
mr. _ erTobian, gaerTobian, gaerTnen, gaerTon (rogorc eTmobian, daeTmobian, daeTmnen,
daeTmon).
dro-kiloTa III jgufis formebSi gamoCndeba erToba zmnis erTpirianoba. I TurmeobiTSi,
ra uqnia? kiTxvaze gveqneba:
gavrTulvar gavrTulvarT
garTulxar garTulxarT
garTula garTulan
II TurmeobiTSi (ra eqna? kiTxvaze):
gavrTuliyav gavrTuliyaviT
garTuliyav garTuliyaviT
garTuliyo garTuliyvnen
gvxvdeba mimReobis sxva fuZeze damyarebuli formebic am zmnisa mniSvnelobis er-
Tgvari gadaxriT:
I TurmeobiTSi: gavrTobilvar II TurmeobiTSi: gavrTobiliyav
garTobilxar garTobiliyav
garTobila garTobiliyo
amgvari gamoyenebac dialeqtizmad unda CaiTvalos.
2. aqrobs moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnis Sesabamisad qarTulSi aris qreba vnebiTi gvaris
zmna. istoriulad SeiZleba ivaraudeba am zmnaSi v Tanxmovnis arseboba (rac
58

zog SemTxvevaSi gamoCndeba), magram Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi arc moqmedebiTi
gvaris formaSi sadme da miT umetes arc vnebiTis formaSi araa marTebuli
v Tanxmovnis gamoCena. Secdomaa qvreba, Cauqvria formebi, romlebic arc Tu iSvia-
Tad ixmareba moswavleTa da abiturientTa nawerebSi, zogjer nabeWd produqciaSic.
`WaRebi daaqvreo, es iyo pirveli sityva stumrisa~, an `Suqi raRad ginda, daaqvreo
WaRebi~ (k. gamsax.); `maSin Caqvra SenSi adamianis suli~ (pres.).
aqrobs-qreba zmnaTa formebi sxvadasxva jgufis dro-kiloebSi iqneba: aqrobs, Caaqro,
Cauqria.
qreba, Caqra, Caaqres, Camqrala, Camqraliyo...
* * *
Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo enaSi vnebiTi gvaris formaTa gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba
sul ufro da ufro izrdeba. amis gamo amgvari formebis marTlweraze
yuradRebis gamaxvileba aucilebeli xdeba. yvela gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi garkvevisaTvis
dagvexmareba `qarTuli enis orTografiuli leqsikoni~.
59

qarTuli zmnis nakvTeulTa dajgufebis principisaTvis 1
60
arnold Ciqobava
moxsenebis sagania TurmeobiTis jgufis sakiTxi qarTulSi. am jgufis gamoyofa
dro-kiloTa sistemaSi n. marma danerga. 1908 w. gamosul cnobil SromaSi: `ZiriTadi
tabulebi Zveli qarTuli enis gramatikisa~, n. mari ganasxvavebs subieqtursa da obieqtur
wyobas (absoluturi da mimarTebiTi formebiT), gamoyofs sam uRvlilebas (vaqe...
v k a l ... v k r i b e ...), moqmedebiTsa da vnebiTs gvars, moqmedebiTSi _ xuT klassa
da vnebiTSi _ oTx klass (saTanado jiSebiTa anu qcevebiT). zmna nauRvlebia cxra
droSi, romelTac avtori sam jgufSi aerTianebs, pirvelSi Sedis awmyo (vaqeb), namyo
usruli I (vaqebdi) da II (natvriTi _ v a q e b d e ) . meore jgufSi Setanilia: aoristi
(vaqe) da kavSirebiTi (сослагат. vaqo). mesame jgufs qmnis: namyo sruli (wignuri m i -
qies da xalxuri [вульгар.] m i q i a ) , winarewarsuli (meqo), namyo kavSirebiTi (прош.
сослагат. meqos).
raime ganmarteba am dajgufebas ar axlavs, magram isedac cxadia, rom pirveli
ori jgufi gamoyofilia imis mixedviT, Tu ra gvaqvs amosavlad _ awmyo Tu aoristi,
dajgufebis safuZvelia sawarmoebel fuZeTa sxvaoba. v a q e b da misgan nawarmoebi
vaqebdi║ vaqebde, erTis mxriT, vaqe da vaqo, meore mxriT, imave wesiT aqvs n.
mars gaerTianebuli, rogorc, vTqvaT, laTinuri laudo (vaqeb), laudabam (vaqebdi), laudabo
(Sevaqeb) da laudavi (Sevaqe), laudaveram (ukve Sevaqe), laudavero (myof. II). aqac ori jgufi
gvaqvs (awmyosi da namyosi) da n. maris sqemaSic, oRond erTi garemoeba iqcevs yuradRebas:
laTinurSi Tavmoyrilia mxolod TxrobiTi kilos droebi, mariseul sqemaSi
natvriTi (желат. vaqebde) da kavSirebiTi (сослагат. vaqo) Semoeria TxrobiTi
kilos droebs: natvriTi da pirobiTi n. mars calke ara aqvs gamoyofili.
qarTuli enis praqtikul gramatikebSi zmnis nakvTebs (droebs) axasiaTebdnen funqciis
mixedviT (da ara warmoebisda kvalad!); funqciebi erTsa da imave erTeuls gansxvavebuli
SeiZleba hqondes (Sdr. `mogewera~ frazebSi: Sen rom mogewera, daviTi
ukve wasuli iyo _ Sen rom mogewera, daviTi dagxvdeboda...); qarTulsa da, saerTod,
iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi sauRvlebel nakvTebSi drois garda sxvadasxva modaloba
SeiZleba iyos aRniSnuli; amitom funqciaTa mixedviT nakvTebis kvalifikacia da
dajgufeba rTuldeba; masTan funqciuri TvalsazrisiT natvriTi da pirobiTi calke
unda gamoiyos.
zemoxsenebul garemoebas arc Tu mcire wvlili udevs zmnis uRvlilebis sqemaTa
im sirTuleSi, praqtikul gramatikebSi rom gvaqvs. oriode nimuSi:
antonis `qarTuli Rrammatika~ sam kilos ganasxvavebs: TxrobiTs (sazRvrebiTi
sqesi), brZanebiTsa da natvriTs (sawadisi sqesi). TxrobiTs kiloSi gvaqvs 6 dro:
awmyo (Sevhkrav), namyo usruli (SevhkraÂdi), namyo sruli (Sevhkar), namyo usrulesi
(Semikravs), namyo uusrulesi (Semekra), m y o o b a d i (Sevhkra). natvriTs kilo-
Si garCeulia awmyo da myoobadi (vaSaTu SevkrÂde), namyo usruli (vaSaTu S e v -
h k r  d i ) , namyo sruli da usrulesi (vaSaTu S e m i k r  e s ) , namyo uusrulesi (vaSa-
Tu S e m e k r a ) ; erTi sityviT, natvriTi imave erTeulebs Seicavs, rasac TxrobiTi,
oRond daerTvis `netavi~ (vaSaTu). garda amisa, saziaro erTeulebi aqvs awmyosa da
myofads, namyo srulsa da usruless. terminebi: `namyo sruli~, `namyo usrulesi~,
`namyo uusrulesi~ gvagrZnobineben, ramdenad nebismieri da xelovnuria saTanado
nakvTebis (Sevhkar, Semikravs, Semekra) daxasiaTeba funqciis mixedviT, amasve mowmobs
erTi da imave nakvTis Setana TxrobiTs kiloSic da natvriTSic.
zogi avtori cdilobda ar gaemeorebina erTi da igive nakvTi TxrobiTsa da natvriTs
kiloSi, nakvTebis wyeba erTi kilosTvis ganekuTvnebina, sxva kidev _ meori-
1 iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, t. XIII, 1962.

saTvis. asea sil. xundaZesTan, ias. nikolaiSvilTan... sil. xundaZeca da ias. nikolaiSvilic
gamoyofen TxrobiTs, natvriTsa da pirobiTs kilos (garda brZanebiTisa,
romelic arsebiTad yvelgan erTi da imave saxiTa gvaqvs).
sil. xundaZis sqema 2 ;
T x r o b i T i (`moTxrobiTi~) kilo
awmyo: vwer
namyo I: vwerdi
namyo II: vwere
namyo III: miweria
myofadi: davwer
natvriTi kilo
awmyo: vswerde
namyo I: mewera
namyo II: meweros
myofadi I: vswerde (!)
myofadi II: vswero
pirobiTi kilo
vswerdi
es ori sqema erTmaneTs Zalian hgavs: ias. nikolaiSvilis sqemaSi igive erTeulebia,
rac sil. xundaZisaSi, oRond TxrobiTSi myofadi ara Cans, natvriTSi namyo usruli
da awmyo erTi da igive gamodis (iseve, rogorc sil. xundaZesTan myofadi I da awmyo).
sil. xundaZe sam namyosa da or myofads ganarCevs da rigis nomrebs usxams, ias.
nikolaiSvili _ kvalifikacias iZleva (namyo usruli, sruli, usrulesi, uusrulesi;
martivad `namyoc~ Seutania; `myofadi sruli~ da `myofadi mravalgzisic~ gamouyvia...
kargi eqsperimentia imis naTelsayofad, Tu ra siZnele axlavs uRvlilebis nakvTis
daxasiaTebas funqciaTa mixedviT. Taviseburi da Zalze rTuli sqema gamoudis d. yifians.
mis gramatikaSi TxrobiTi kilosaTvis 9 droa naCvenebi, pirobiTi kilosaTvis
_ 5 da 6; sul oci. droSi ireva saxe (sruli, usruli). (es miT ufro moulodnelia,
rom dim. yifianma absoluturi da mimarTebiTi formebi ganasxvava qarTuli zmnis
uRvlilebaSi sakmao sizustiT). Tavisebur terminebs xmarobs d. yifiani droTa aRsaniSnavad:
axlandeli dro (awmyos badlad), gavlili dro (=namyo), dro momavali
(qvesaxeebiT: myoobadi, gasaTavebeli).
I. TxrobiTikilo (`daxra CvenebiTi~) 4
1. `dro axlandeli~: vakeTeb
2. dro gavlili usruli: vakeTebdi
3. dro gavlili sruli: gavakeTebdi
4. dro gavlili usrulesi: vakeTe
5. dro gavlili usrulesi sarwmuno:
gavakeTe
6. dro gavlili _ berZnuli aoristi:
mikeTebia
7. dro gavlili _ aoristi gaTavebuli:
gamikeTebia
8. dro momavali myoobadi martivi: `am
ias. nikolaiSvilis sqema 3 ;
T x r o b i T i (`moTxrobiTi~) kilo
awmyo: vakeTeb
namyo usruli: vakeTebdi
namyo sruli: vakeTe
namyo usrulesi: mikeTebia
namyo uusrulesi: mekeTebia
natvriTi kilo
awmyo: (neta) vakeTebde
namyo (!): (neta) mekeTebia
namyo usruli: (neta) vakeTebde(!)
myofadi sruli: (unda) vakeTo
myofadi mravalgzisi: mekeTebios
pirobiTi kilo
namyo: vakeTebdi
II. pirobiTi kilo (`daxra pirobiTi~)
1. dro axlandeli usruli: vakeTebde
2. dro axlandeli sruli: gavakeTebde
3. dro gavlili usruli: mekeTebina
4. dro gavlili sruli: gamekeTebina
5. dro momavali martivi: vakeTo
III. n a t v r i T i kilo (`daxra natvriTi~)
1. dro axlandeli usruli: makeTebinos(?!)
2. dro axlandeli sruli: gamakeTebinos(?!)
3. dro gavlili usruli: mekeTebinos
2 s i l . x u n d a Z e , qarTuli gramatika, 1907, gv. 61-65.
3 ias. nikolaiSvili, qarTuli mokle gramatika, 1917, gv. 34-37.
4 d i m . y i f i a n i , axali qarTuli gramatika, sankt-peterburRi, 1882, gv. 87 da Semdeg.
61

zmnas es martivi saxe ara aqvs; amis magivrad
ixmareba saxe axlandeli: vake-
Teb~
9. dro momavali gasaTavebeli: gavake-
Teb
4. dro gavlili sruli: gagvekeTebinos
5. dro momavali martivi: makeTebina
6. dro momavali gaTavebadi: gagvake-
Tebina
sruli saxeobis formebi calke droebad aris gamoyofili. es formebi rom gamovakloT,
TxrobiTs kiloSi miviRebT 5 dros (vakeTeb, vakeTebdi, vakeTebde, mikeTebia,
gavakeTeb), pirobiTSi _ 3-s (vakeTebde, mekeTebina, vakeTo), natvriTSi namdvilad mxolod
erTi dagvrCeboda (mekeTebinos); makeTebinos (agreTve preverbiani: gamakeTebinos),
makeTebina (gagvakeTebina) kauzativis nakvTebia da aq uadgiloa. rogorc Cans,
natvriT kiloSi es nakvTebi moeqca. albaT, imitom, rom iTqmis: `netav makeTebina~,
`netav makeTebinos~. sakonteqsto funqcia rom nakvTebis dasaxasiaTeblad ar gamodgeba,
amas es SemTxvevac mowmobs.
calke ganxilvas moiTxovs d. CubinaSvilis qarTuli gramatika. avtoris mier
TxrobiTs kiloSi xuTi droa naCvenebi, pirobiTSi _ oTxi, saxeldobr:
`sazRvrebiTi~ TxrobiTi kilo: 5
1. `awmdgomi~ (awmyo): vhswer, vapob,
vhsTli
2. `qmnili usruli~ (namyo usruli):
vhswerdi, vapobdi, vhsTlidi
3. `qmnili sruli~ (namyo sruli):
vhswere, vape, vhsTale
4. qmnili uusrulesi (namyo winarewarsuli):
miweria, mipia, miTlia
5. qmnadi (myofadi): davhswer, davapob,
gavhsTli
TxrobiTi (pirobiTi) kilo
1. `awmdgomi~ (awmyo): vhswerde, vapobde,
vhsTlide
2. qmnili sruli: mewera, mepo, meTala
3. qmnili uusrulesi: meweros, mepos,
meTalos
4. qmnadi: vhswero, vTalo, vapo
d. CubinaSvili ganmartavs: awmyosa da myofads erTi da igive saxe aqvT, oRond
myofads Tavisi Tandebuli erTviso: vhswer, vapob, vhsTli _ davhswer, davapob, gavhsTli
6 .
pirobiTs kiloSi d. CubinaSvils samive kavSirebiTi mouqcevia da TurmeobiTi II.
aRsaniSnavia, rom iqve piris niSnebTan dakavSirebiT d. CubinaSvili sqemas iZleva
da am sqemaSi TxrobiTis garda kavSirebiTis nakvTebi Seutania:
1. awmdgomi (awmyo): vhswer
2. qmnili usruli: vhswerdi
3. awmdgomi Tuobisa (`awmyo pirobiTi~): vhswerde
4. qmnili sruli: vhswere
5. qmnadi TuobiTi: vhswero
6. qmnili sruli TuobiTi: mewera
sqema im rigisad gamoiyureba, rogoradac axla valagebT: vwer _ vwerdi _ vwerde
_ vwere _ vwero _ mewera (gvaklia myofadi, romelsac d. CubinaSvilis TqmiT igive
saxe aqvs, rac awmyos, TurmeobiTi pirveli da kavSirebiTi III).
ufro sayuradReboa, rom d. CubinaSvils naCvenebi aqvs, ra fuZec risgan iwarmoeba.
calke Tavad gamoyofilia `warmoeba d r o T a o r T a p i r v e l T a m i m o x v r a S i ~ .
aq d. CubinaSvili CamoTvlis, awmyosagan rac iwarmoeba da namyo ZiriTadisagan
(wyvetilisagan) rac iwarmoeba:
5 d a v . C u b i n o v i , qarTuli Rrammatika, s. peterburRi, 1887 (wamZRvarebulia `qarTul-rusul
leqsikons~), gv. XIV (§ 24).
6 iqve § 24,1. SeniSv. 1.
62

1. awmyosagan iwarmoeba (`awmdgomis drosagan hswarmoeben~):
a. namyo usruli TxrobiTi kilosi (-di- marcvlis mimatebiT, an –odi- marcvlis
mimatebiT, Tu zmna vnebiTia)
b. awmyo pirobiTi kilosi de-s (vnebiTSi _ ode-s) darTviT: vhswerde _ viwerode (?!).
g. TurmeobiTi pirveli (`qmnili uusrulesi~) vh, va, vi-s mi-T Secvlisa da ia, ies
darTviT: vhswer _ miweria, miweries, viWer _ miWeria an miWeries. amas SeniSvna aqvs: -eba,
-oba-Ti daboloebul zmnebs ekargebaT es marcvalio: qeba _ miqia da ara miqebia; -av
da -a-ze daboloebulT ekvecebaT es marcvali (!) da daerTvis -ia an -avs: vhmarTav _
mimarTvia an mimarTavs; vhxnav _ mixnia, mixnavs... vnebiTSi mimReoba da meSveli zmna
iqneba gamoyenebuli: werilvar, yofilvar, daWerilvar 7 .
2. namyo ZiriTadisagan (namyo srulisagan) iwarmoeba:
a. myofadi pirobiTi: vhswere _ vhswero (a, e, vi-s darTviT?!)
b. namyo pirobiTi: vhswere _ mewera... vaSene _ meSena; vhsZebne _ meZebna, vvle _ mevlo...
g. kavSirebiTi mesame (namyo uusrulesi pirobiTi kilosi): mewera _ meweros, mexsna
_ mexsnas (amosavlad aq TiTqos TurmeobiTi II aqvs avtors navaraudevi _ a. C.).
vnebiTi zmnebi mimReobasa da meSvels zmnas iyenebeno: weril viyav, weril viyo. brZanebiTs
_ wers d. CubiniSvili _ ara aqvs `gansakuTrebuli daboloeba~ _ namyo Ziri-
Tadis meore pirs iRebs meore pirisaTvis da kavSirebiTs II-s _ mesame pirisaTvis 8 .
es yvelaferi exeba pirveli da meore uRvlilebis (`mimoxvris~) zmnebs (calkea
ganxiluli mesame uRvlilebis zmnebi (hyvars (?!), miyvars; hrwams, mrwams; hsjera, mjera;
uxarian, mixarian). aq dazustebas moiTxovs piris niSnebi, sawarmoebeli sufiqsebi,
ucnaurad gamoiyureba zogi zmnac (vneb. viwerode... III uRvlil. hyvars). is mainc
faqtia, rom d. CubinaSvilis gramatikaSi kavSirebiTis nakvTebi sworad aris gamoyofili
(oRond TurmeobiTi II aris maTTan gaerTianebuli). rac mTavaria, naCvenebia
ori amosavali nakvTi da rac iwarmoeba maTgan (ra _ awmyosagan da ra _ namyo Ziri-
Tadisagan), inversiuli formebic ki (TurmeobiTi I, II) ayvanilia amosaval fuZeebTan.
sakmarisia SevadaroT qarTuli zmnis uRvlilebis sqemebi praqtikul gramatikeb-
Si (antoni I, dim. yifiani, sil. xundaZe, ias. nikolaiSvili) im sqemasTan, rac d. CubinaSvilTan
da n. maris tabulebSia mocemuli, rom cxadi gaxdes, ra TvalsaCino upiratesobac
aqvs am ukanasknels. sqemas TxrobiTisagan ara aqvs gamorCeuli pirobiTi
da natvriTi, magram erTnairi warmoebis nakvTebis erTad moqcevas zmnis uRvlileba-
Si garkveuloba Seaqvs, funqciaTa mixedviT dalagebisas ki qaosis STabeWdileba iqmneba.
fuZeTa urTierToba zmnis uRvlilebaSi n. marze adre iyo cnobili, magram uRvlilebis
es wesi n. marma d a n e r g a samecniero gramatikaSi, da es misi uTuo damsaxureba
aris.
n. maris sqema droTa pirvelsa da meore jgufs sawarmoebeli fuZis mixedviT
alagebs, mesame jgufs ki aseTi fuZe ar moepoveba. ris mixedviT aris es jgufi gamoyofili?
n. mari wers: `mesame jgufi Seicavs TxrobiTi kilos namyo srulsa da winarewarsuls
da kavSirebiTis namyos. es sami dro erTad unda iyos, radganac isini nawarmoebia
erTi da imave wesiT, Tumca verc erT maTgans ver ganvixilavT, rogorc
sayrdenad xmarebul dros, romlisaganac sxvebi arian warmoqmnili~ 9 .
TurmeobiTis jgufs ar moepoveba saerTo fuZe, amosavlad rom gvqondes warmoebisas.
amiT gansxvavdeba TurmeobiTis jgufi awmyos da namyo ZiriTadis (n. mariT: aoristis)
jgufisagan: awmyos jgufi awmyos fuZezea damyarebuli, namyo ZiriTadisa _
namyo ZiriTadis fuZeze. Tu mesame jgufi (TurmeobiTis jgufi) mainc gaerTianda, es
imitom, rom am jgufSi Semavali droebi `erTi da imave wesiT iwarmoeba~. marTlac,
am jgufSi inversiuli wyoba gvaqvs maSin, rodesac awmyosa da namyo ZiriTadis jgu-
7 dav. C u b i n o v i , dasax. wigni, gv. XVI, § 27.
8 iqve, gv. XVII, § 27.
9 N. marr et M. Briére. La Language géorgienne, Paris, 1931, § 163, 3, gv. 138.
63

febSi wyoba pirdapiria: is aqebs, man aqo _ mas uqia, eqo, eqos. magram pirveli da meore
jgufi wyobis mixedviT ar aris gamoyofili, iq warmoebaa amosavali, mesame jgufi
sxva princips daemyara. amosavali principis cvla klasifikaciis elementaruli
wesis darRvevad iTvleba mecnierebis yvela dargSi; enis movlenaTa aRwerac aq gamonakliss
ver Seqmnis. mere da: wyobis cvla _ sintaqsuri konstruqciis cvla _ axasiaTebs
gardamaval zmnebs; gardauval zmnebSi aseTi cvla ara gvaqvs. marTalia, gardauval
zmnebSi TurmeobiTSi meSvelzmniani warmoeba iCens Tavs, magram es exeba erTpir
i a n gardauval zmnebs (vSobilvar, vSobilviyav, vSobilviyo...). o r p i r i a n gardauval
zmnebSi ki meSvel zmnas iyenebs TurmeobiTi pirveli (SevhkiTxebivar, SehkiTxebixar,
SehkiTxebia); TurmeobiTs II-sa da kavSirebiTs III-Si aseTi warmoeba (SevhkiTxebiyav,
SevhkiTxebiyve) fakultaturad-Ra gvxvdeba, ZiriTadi varianti organul formebs
iZleva (SevhkiTxebodi, SevhkiTxebode). rac Seexeba konstruqcias, arc erTpiriani da
arc orpiriani gardauvali zmna konstruqcias ar icvlis: uRvlilebis procesSi awmyos
konstruqcia ucvlelad rCeba. amrigad, w a r m o e b i s wesi da s i n t a q s u r i
konstruqcia TurmeobiTi jgufis gamosayofad mxolod gardamaval zmnebSi SeuZliaT
ixmaron, da aqac igi klasifikaciis ZiriTadi wesis darRvevas niSnavs.
iqneb, TurmeobiTis jgufi f u n q c i i s erTianobam gamogvayofinos: TurmeobiToba
(unaxaoba) procesisa, rogorc niSandoblivi Tviseba jgufisa. a. SaniZe, romelsac
ekuTvnis termini TurmeobiTi, wers: `pirvel TurmeobiTSi sami elementia: dro
(wars.), kilo (Txr.) da aqti unaxavi. magaliTebi: miswavlia, micxovria; miweria (damiweria),
miSenebia (amiSenebia)~ 10 ... `unaxavi aqtis mwkrivebi (kerZod I TurmeobiTi) `Turme~-s
gagebas Seicavs: yofila=iyo Turme, wasula=wavida Turme. radganac unaxaobis
kategoria marto warsulSi SegviZlia sagangebo formiT gamovxatoT, amitom iq, sadac
forma gvaklia, `Turmes~ viSveliebT xolme. `sawyal gogos Tavisis TiTebiT
mogrovilis fuliT erTi CiTmerdini u y i d n i a , imas (elisabeds) unaxavs da w a u r -
T m e v i a . exla T u r m e Tavzed ikravs (Wav., `kac-ad~). aq `ikravs~ awymos formiT aris
gadmocemuli, romelsac unaxaobis gamoxatva ar SeuZlia da aucilebelia Turmes
darTva. TurmeobiTis formas ki `Turmes~ darTva aras hmatebs, _ is isedac aris Sig
gamoxatuli da aqedan warmodga misi saxeli~ 11 .
TurmeobiTi meoris Sesaxeb ak. SaniZe wers: `Sedgenilobis TvalsazrisiT II TurmeobiTi
I-isagan erTi elementiT gansxvavdeba. es elementia Tanamdevroba (uwinaresi).
[es] mwkrivi gadmogvcems iseT unaxav moqmedebas, romelic sxvas uswrebda: eswavla,
ecxovra; ewera (daewera), eSenebina (aeSenebina). am mwkrivis kilo Cveulebriv Txrobi-
Tia, magram SeiZleba misi gamoyeneba iseTi moqmedebis gadmosacemadac, romelic faqti
ar iyo, magram romelic ivaraudeboda, rogorc piroba sxva moqmedebis SesrulebisaTvis.
am SemTxvevaSi misi kiloa ara TxrobiTi, aramed pirobiTi ($ 257) da aqtis
elementi (unaxaoba) formaSi aRar aris. miuxedavad amisa _ wers avtori _ mwkrivis
saxeli mainc II TurmeobiTia~ 12 . amasTan dakavSirebiT, saWiroa iTqvas: 1. Tanamimdevroba
(`Tanamdevroba~) TurmeobiT pirvelTanac xelSesaxebad igrZnoba: Sdr. `sawyal
gogos... erTi CiTmerdini uyidnia~ _ `sawyal gogos... erTi CiTmerdini Turme eyid[n]a~:
`uyidnia~ awymosTan aris mimarTebaSi, `eyidna~ _ namyosTan, fardoba oriveSi igrZnoba;
am mxriv TurmeobiTi meore TurmeobiTs pirvels ver daupirispirdeba. 2. roca
TurmeobiTi meore pirobiTis Sinaarss gadmogvcems (modaloba pirobiTi kilosi
aqvs), maSin, marTlac, TurmeobiToba zmnaSi ara gvaqvs, `aqtis elementi (unaxaoba)
formaSi aRar aris~; amitom gaugebaria, ratom aris misi saxeli `mainc meore TurmeobiTi~.
pirobis aRniSvna TurmeobiTi meorisaTvis iSviaTi rom iyos, kidev _ ho, magram
ase ar aris: pirobis aRniSvna am nakvTisaTvis Cveulebrivia. 3. TurmeobiTi pirveli,
rogorc samarTlianad SeniSnavs a. SaniZe, ar saWiroebs `Turmes~ darTvas. mis-
10 a. S a n i Z e, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, morfologia, Tb., 1953, $ 281, gv. 226.
11 iqve, $ 281, gv. 227.
12 iqve, $ 282, gv. 227.
64

gan gansxvavebiT, TurmeobiTi meore, am damxmare sityvas (`Turme~) saWiroebs, Tu
TxrobiTi kilos funqcia aqvs (da ara pirobiTisa).
kavSirebiTi mesamis Sesaxeb: `TviToeul serias TavTavisi kavSirebiTi moepoveba,
romelTac ama Tu im seriaSi Semavlobis mixedviT vnomravT: pirveli, meore, mesame.
III kavSirebiTis magaliTebia: meswavlos, mecxovros; meweros (dameweros), meSenebinos
(ameSenebinos). III kavSirebiTis xmarebis are axal qarTulSi Semcirda: fuli rom
mqoneboda, gasesxebdi (nacvlad amisa: rom mqonebodes, gasesxebdi). Zveli konstruqcia
SemorCenilia aqa-iq, mag., `raWaSi~ 13 . samwuxarod, aq araferia naTqvami imis
Taobaze, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi aqvs `TurmeobiTis gageba~ kavSirebiTs mesames. Tu TxrobiT
kilosTan am nakvTs araferi aqvs saerTo, Tu is yovelTvis pirobiTi kilos
funqciiT gvevlineba, Turmeobis gageba mas ar aRmoaCnda (iseve, rogorc ara aqvs
TurmeobiTs meores pirobis aRniSvnis SemTxvevaSi).
zemoTqmulidan erTi daskvna gamomdinareobs: TurmeobiTi jgufis nakvTebi ver gaerTiandeba
maTi funqciiT mixedviT; kerZod, TurmeobiToba ar aris am jgufisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli: kavSirebiTi mesamisaTvis TurmeobiTis gageba ucxoa. TurmeobiTi meore
ar iZleva TurmeobiTobis Sinaars, roca risame pirobaze miuTiTebs; xolo roca
TxrobiTi kilos funqcia aqvs TurmeobiT meores, maSin misTvis ganmsazRvrelia sxva
drosTan fardoba (e. i. `Tanamimdevroba~).
rCeba TurmeobiTi pirveli. `Turmes~ gageba masSi mkveTrad igrZnoba, Tumca aris
TurmeobiTis erTi gamoyeneba, sadac TurmeobiToba am nakveTs ar axasiaTebs: ar uke-
Tebia, ar dauweria, ar moutania, ar uTqvams... am SemTxvevas ak. SaniZem miaqcia yuradReba
da scada es movlena daekavSirebina `unaxaobis aqtTan~, e. i. TurmeobiTis
gageba daedasturebina aqac: `naxva SeiZleba mxolod dadebiTad Sesrulebuli moqmedebisa
(vnaxe, rom werils werda da amitom vambob: d a w e r a _ meTqi). magram ar SeiZleba
naxva iseTi moqmedebisa, romelsac adgili ara hqonia; amas vambobT mxolod Sedegis
an sxvisi naTqvamis mixedviT da e s a r i s m i z e z i , rom moqmedebis uaryofa
am mwkrivis saSualebiT aris xolme gadmocemuli~ 14 .
mizezi rom `es ar aris~, es Cans TiTqos iqve moyvanili magaliTebis Sepirispirebidan:
`dawera _ ar dawera _ ar dauweria~. `dawera~ formas uaryofiTad upirispirdeba
ara misive mwkrivis `ar dawera~, aramed sxva mwkrivis forma (`ar dauweria~). es
imitom, rom `ar dawera~ naxulis formaa da raki vnaxe, vici, rom ar i n e b a dawera.
ase rom, aq gamoxatulia uaryofiTi damokidebuleba subieqtisa zmniT aRniSnul moqmedebisadmi.
maSasadame, uaryofa orive mwkriviT SeiZleba gadmoices, magram ubralo
uaryofisaTvis I TurmeobiTia gankuTvnili, wyvetili ki nebismier Caudenel moqmedebas
aRniSnavs~ 15 .
magaliTebis Sepirispireba, marTlac, cxadyofs, rom `ar dawera~ da `ar dauweria~
erTmaneTs upirispirdeba; ufro sruli iqneba suraTi, Tu SevupirispireT: `ver dawera~,
`ar dauweria~. pirvel SemTxvevaSi S e u Z l e b l o b a s esmis xazi: `ar SeeZlo~
da imitom ar Sesrulda moqmedeba; meore SemTxvevaSi, subieqts a r u n d o d a da aman
gamoiwvia moqmedebis Seusrulebloba: ar dawera imis gamo, rom ar undoda. `ar dauweria~-Si
mizezi ara Cans, S e d e g i a R n i S n u l i a s t a t i k u r a d : `ar dauweria~ _
ara aqvs dawerili; ratom moxda es _ ver SeZlo, ar moindoma, Tu sxva ram iyo mizezi,
amaze zmna arafers gveubneba. ki, magram ratom aRmoCnda swored TurmeobiTi amis
gadmosacemad gamosadegi? safiqrebelia, imitom, rom TurmeobiTs pirvels statikurobasTan
warmomavloba akavSirebs (maSasadame, TurmeobiTi pirvelis gamoyenebas
uaryofis gadmocemisas unaxaoba ar unda iwvevdes) 16 .
`unaxaoba~, saerTod, ar unda iyos niSandoblivi TurmeobiTis SinaarsisaTvis. yo-
13 a. S a n i Z e, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, morfologia, Tb., 1953, $ 283, gv. 227.
14 iqve, $ 281, gv. 226-227. xazi Cvenia _ a. C.
15 iqve, $ 283, gv. 227.
16 uaryofiTi formebis gamoxatva, potencialisi da statikuroba qarTvelursa da zog iberiul-kavkasiur
enaSi specialur ganxilvas moiTxovs.
65

vel SemTxvevaSi, unaxaobas ver vivaraudebT, roca realuri subieqti pirvel pir-
Sia 17 : `arc mqonia, arca maqvs, ar meqneba, mgonia~... `arc aravis ymad v y o f i l v a r ,
arc aravin ymad myolia, Zveli Rvino wliT wlobamdis gamyolia~... Znelia
mTqmels mivaweroT, rom mas uSualo codna ar moepoveboda imisa, rom mas `ara hqonda~,
rom is `ar iyo yma~, rom mas `arc hyavda yma~, rom mas `gahyveboda Zveli puri da
Rvino wliT wlobamdis~... pirveli piri TurmeobiTis dadebiTs formebSic araa iSviaTi:
`saidam ici es? rogor Tu saidam?... Tvali m q o n i a , m i n a x a v s , yuri m q o n i a _
msmenia, gulisyuri mqonia _ mivxvedrilvar, xsovna mqonia _ gonebaSi
CamrCenia~ (ilia). `rom momgonebia Cemi uilajoba..., davcemulvar iatakzed
da miwa miRrRnia, kbiliT xorci miglejnia, TiTebidan Cemi sisxli miwovnia~
(ilia). mqonia, msmenia, minaxavs, mivxvedrilvar, CamrCenia, momgonebia,
davcemulvar, miRrRnia, miglejnia, miwovnia... unaxaobaze miTiTebiT
amgvari faqtebis axsna SeuZlebelia.
es aRniSnuli aqvs iv. qavTaraZes. masve damajereblad aqvs naCvenebi, rom TurmeobiTis
funqciebi ar daiyvaneba `unaxaobamde!~, rom TurmeobiTs ufro `Sedegebrivi~
mniSvneloba Seefereba, vinem, `unaxaobis aqti~ 18 .
amrigad: TurmeobiTi jgufis nakvTebi f u n q c i u r i TvalsazrisiT ver gaerTiandeba;
Turmeobas ar gulisxmobs kavSirebiTi mesame; mxolod nawilobriv egueba es
Sinaarsi TurmeobiTs meores; TurmeobiTs pirvelSic unaxaoba ar gadmoicema pirvels
pirSi, uaryofiTi nawilakebis xmarebisas ki _ sxva pirebSic.
Tu Sedegis aRniSvnas miviCnevdiT mesame jgufis ZiriTad funqciad, mainc imave Sedegs
miviRebdiT: Sedegis gamoxatva ar ekisreba kavSirebiTs mesames arc TurmeobiTi
meorisaTvis aris is niSandoblivi.
sawarmoebeli fuZe TurmeobiTs, rogorc cnobilia, ar aerTianebs. rCeba mxolod
konstruqcia winadadebisa; am niSnis mixedviT TurmeobiTi marTlac gamoirCeva da
upirispirdeba pirvel or jgufs (is akeTebs, man akeTa, mas ukeTebia), oRond gardauval
zmnebSi es niSani ar gamogvadgeba.
sami jgufis gamoyofa zmnis uRvlilebaSi n a w i l o b r i v gamarTlebulia sintaqsuri
TvalsazrisiT, nakvTebis warmoeba ki sintaqsis sagani ar aris, igi fuZeTa warmoebas
ganekuTvneba da morfologiis sagani unda iyos (im TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT,
rac am rigis fuZeTa warmoebas axasiaTebs).
TurmeobiTis jgufi zmnis uRvlilebis aRwerisas gamoiyo. enis movlenebis, ker-
Zod, enis agebulebis aRwera rom mecnieruli iyos, is garkveul pirobas unda akmayofilebdes:
unda iyos Tanamimdevruli da amisaTvis ki saWiroa, movlenaTa klasifikacia
moaxdinos a r s e b i T i niSnis mixedviT _ struqturis movlenebi _ struqturuli
niSnis mixedviT daajgufos, funqciuri cnebebi _ funqciur momentze daafuZnos. advili
ar aris imis garkveva, ra miekuTvneba struqturis samyaros da ra unda daxasiaTdes
funqciis TvalsazrisiT. magram siZnele ar iklebs imis gamo, rom struqturisa
da funqciis momentebi erTmaneTSi aireva, ganurCevlad iqneba xan erTi, xan meore
gamoyenebuli sayrdenad, aras vambobT imis Sesaxeb, rom saklasifikaciod niSnebis
cvla movlenaTa aRweris procesSi mecnierebisaTvis savaldebulo elementaruli
normis ugulvebelyofa iqneboda. gramatikis istoria sakmarze met masalas iZleva
amgvari ugulvebelyofis sailustraciod. sakmarisia movigoniT metyvelebis nawilTa
tradiciuli sqema, moZRvreba sintaqsis Sesaxeb, enaTmecnieruli codnis sxvadasxva
dargis urTierTobis sakiTxi da sxva.
mecnierulad swori aRwera enobrivi sistemisa mTel rig sakiTxebs gamoavlens,
sakiTxis sworad dasmisaTvis safuZvels qmnis da movlenis istoriis daxmarebiT gasagebs
gaxdis faqts, romelic sistemaSi ucnaurad gamoiyureba. Tu movlenis gageba,
17 a. SaniZis saanalizo masalaSi pirveli piris formebi ar mogvepoveba.
18 iv. qavTaraZe, unaxaobis kategoriis istoriisaTvis qarTulSi, iber.-kavkas. enaTmecniereba,
VIII (1956), gv. 180-192.
66

axsna mecnierebis mizans warmoadgens, swori aRwera movlenis istoriis sakiTxebs
dagvasmevinebs sworad da miT movlenis gagebas xels uwyobs. nakvTi sauRvlebeli
zmnis fuZes warmoadgens. nakvTebis warmoeba fuZeTa regularuli warmoebis tips iZleva
(daaxloebiT im tipisas, rogoric aris sadaurobis aRmniSvneli warmoeba).
nakvTebis warmoeba, rogorc fuZeTa warmoebis erTi tipi, moiTxovs imis garkvevas,
risgan iwarmoeba esa Tu is nakvTi da riT (ra TavsarT-bolosarTebis meSveobiT)
iwarmoeba igi. rac Seexeba nakvTis funqcias, aq saWiroa iyos gaTvaliswinebuli nakvTis
semantikur-stilisturi Sinaarsi, erTis mxriT, da sintaqsuri mxare, e. i. konstruqcia,
romelsac nakvTi moiTxovs. semantikuri TvalsazrisiT nakvTis Seswavla
rTul viTarebas amJRavnebs; erTi romelime funqciiT nakvTis daxasiaTeba, ra Tqma
unda, miT ufro SeuZlebelia, rom iseTi SedarebiT martivi movlena, rogorsac warmoadgens
sadaurobis warmoeba, sadaurobis aRniSvniT ar amoiwureba (TuS-i _ TuSuri:
Sdr. zmna _ zmnur-i da subieqt-i _ subieqturi). gaugebrobas agvacilebda nakvTis
saxeli struqturuli TvalsazrisiT mogveca (ubralo nomeraciis wesiTac ki!), xolo
Tu funqciebze dayrdnobiT davaxasiaTebdiT nakvTs, ZiriTadi funqcia unda gamovyoT
da ar vivaraudoT, TiTqos amiT sruli funqciuri daxasiaTeba warmovadgineT.
yovel SemTxvevaSi imas ver daviviwyebT, rom nakvTebis warmoeba aris fuZeTa warmoeba
da, maSasadame, nakvTebis sistemaSi ama Tu im nakvTma is adgili unda daikavos,
rac mas ekuTvnis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT.
warmoebis TvalsazrisiT TurmeobiTis jgufi saerTo sayrdens moklebulia. mereda:
gardamavali da gardauvali zmnebi gansxvavebulad iwarmoebs saTanado nakvTebs.
I. gardamaval zmnaTa kavSirebiTi mesame da TurmeobiTi meore kavSirebiTi meorisa
da namyo ZiriTadisagan iwarmoeba, maTs e-nian vnebiTs warmoadgens:
aqo
albo
amko
adno
awyo
adgina
aCina
amtvria
amCnia
grixa
gawminda
drika
kla
wva
sva
Cagra
kortna
gzavna
eqo
elbo
emko
ednos
ewyo
edgina
eCina
emtvria
emCnia
egrixa
ewminda
edrika
ekla
ewva
esva
eCagra
ekortna
egzavna
aqos
albos
amkos
adnos
awyos
adginos
aCinos
amtvrios
amCnios
grixos
wmindos
drikos
klas
wvas
svas
Cagros
kortnos
gzavnos
67
eqos
elbos
emkos
ednos
ewyos
edginos
eCinos
emtvrios
emCnios
egrixos
ewmindos
edrikos
eklas
ewvas
esvas
eCagros
ekortnos
egzavnos
II. gardauval erTpirian zmnaTa TurmeobiTi sauRvlebeli zmnis mimReobisa da
meSveli zmnis SeerTeba-Serwymas warmogvidgens. meSveli zmna aRebulia awmyoSi, namyo
ZiriTadsa da kavSirebiTs meoreSi; Sobila, Sobiliyo, Sobiliyos... momkvdara,
momkvdariyo, momkvdariyos... awmyo (var, xar, a-) TurmeobiTi pirvelis sawarmoeblad

ixmareba, namyo ZiriTadi (viyav, iyav, iyo) _ TurmeobiTi meorisaTvis, kavSirebiTi meore
(viyo, iyo, iyos) _ kavSirebiTi mesamisaTvis.
amrigad, erTpiriani gardauvali zmnebi meSvel zmnas imave nakvTebSi iyenebs, rac
gardamavali zmnebis sawarmoebel fuZes warmoadgens.
aq erTi garemoebac iqcevs yuradRebas: namyos mimReoba, romelic gardauval zmna-
Ta uRvlilebisas aris gamoyenebuli, nawarmoebia _ xSir SemTxvevaSi _ gardamavali
zmnis fuZisagan.
aris dis keTdeba iwereba rCeba
yofil-a den-il-a keTebula [da]werila [da]rCenila
yofiliyo deniliyo keTebuliyo [da]weriliyo [da]rCeniliyo
yofiliyos deniliyos keTebuliyos [da]weriliyos [da]rCeniliyos
mimReobaTa aseTi warmoeba garkveul Cvenebas iZleva aseTi mimReobis warmoqmnis
qronologiisaTvis _ ris Semdeg SeiZleboda es mimReoba yofiliyo warmoebuli, risgan
da rogor iwarmoeba orpirian gardauval zmnaTa TurmeobiTis nakvTebi? aq orgvari
warmoeba gvaqvs: organuli da aRweriTi. aRweriTi iSveliebs i y o da i y o s,
namyo ZiriTadsa da kavSirebiTs meores (hqonia, hqoniyo, hqoniyos). organuli warmoeba
namyo usrulis sufiqss xmarobs TurmeobiTi meoresaTvis da kavSirebiTi pirvelisas
_ kavSirebiTi mesamisaTvis (hqonia, h q o n o d a , h q o n o d e s ) . rogorc organuli,
ise aRweriTi warmoeba TurmeobiTs pirvelzea dafuZnebuli: gasarkvevia, ras warmoadgens
TurmeobiTi pirvelis fuZe. Tu es ZiriTadi nakvTia, TurmeobiTis jgufi _
orpirian gardauval zmnebSi _ damoukidebel jgufad unda miviCnioT (warmoebis
TvalsazrisiT). Tu TurmeobiTi pirvelis fuZe nawarmoebia, maSin TurmeobiTis jgufi
mTlianad saTanado amosaval fuZes daukavSirdeba, rogorc meore rigis nawarmoebi
nakvTi.
TurmeobiTi pirveli orpirian gardauval zmnaSi imeorebs, erTis SexedviT, saTanado
awmyos fuZes:
etyoba dastyobia
eyrdnoba dahyrdnobia
espoba mospobia
ewyeba daswyebia
evseba avsebia
eCveva SesCvevia
ewveva swvevia
ecema scemia
edgmis dasdgmia
ewvis daswvia
magram amgvari magaliTebis mixedviT ver vityviT: orpirian g a r d a u v a l zmnaTa
TurmeobiTi a m a v e zmnaTa awmyosagan iwarmoebao; bevria iseTi zmna, romelTa TurmeobiTis
fuZe ar emyareba maTsave awmyos fuZes, sxvaoba TvalSi sacemia:
imedi uqreba _ gahqrobia
xeli uTbeba _ xeli gasTbobia
pirSi udneba _ gasdnobia
tyavi sZvreba _ gasZrobia...
am SemTxvevaSi g a r d a m a v a l i zmnis fuZe Cans amosavali: aqrobs, aTbobs, adnobs,
aZrobs... am zmnebs axal qarTulSi TurmeobiTi pirveli namyo ZiriTadisagan
ewarmoeba (da ara awmyosagan): aqrobs _ uqvria, aTbobs _ uTbia, adnobs _ udvnia, aZrobs
_ uZvria...
namyo ZiriTadis fuZidan TurmeobiTi pirvelis warmoeba qronologiurad Zvelia,
awmyos fuZidan warmoeba _ SedarebiT axali, Tumca es ufro axali tipi Zvel qar-
68

TulSi gvaqvs (ubrZanebies, dautevebies, aRuSfoTebies-is msgavsad: miuRebies = miuRia,
Seundobies = Seundvia, Seucvalebies = Seucvlia, ucnobies = ucvnia, udebies = udvia,
dauZinebies = dauZinia, miucemies = miucia, miugebies = miugia, uSobies = uSvia,
uyofies = uyvia...): TurmeobiTi I-is warmoebis xsenebuli ori tipidan ufro Zveli is
tipi unda iyos, sadac amosavalia namyo ZiriTadis (aoristis) fuZe 19 .
amrigad: gardamavali zmna aTbobs-tipisa TurmeobiTs pirvels iwarmoebs namyo ZiriTadis
fuZisagan (aTbo _ uTbia), saTanado orpiriani gardauvali zmna ki awmyos
fuZisagan, isev gardamavali zmnisa: aTbob-s: ga-s-Tbobia... awmyos fuZis gamoyeneba aq
iseve mowmobs warmoebis siaxles, rogorc gardamaval zmnebTan. sakiTxavia: aris ki
SesaZlebeli gardauvali zmnis nakvTi daemyaros gardamavali zmnis fuZes?
SesaZlebelia iseve, rogorc SesaZlebelia `vnebiTi gvaris~ mimReoba iwarmoos
moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnis fuZisagan: yof-s: yof-i-l-i, na-yof-i; Sob-s: na-Sob-i, Sobil-i;
aSeneb-s: na-Sen-ebi, aSeneb-ul-i, a-sa-Seneb-el-i...
nayof-, yofil-s igive fuZe aqvs, rac myof-s, myof-el-s (Seuracxmyofeli)... Sdr.
aseve: naSob-i, Sob-il-i da mSob-el-i... naSenebi, aSenebuli da m-Seneb-el-i...
cnobilia, rom gvarebis garCeva aq meoreulia (gardamavalisa da gardauvalis
garCeva Zvelia)...
gardauvalis warmoebisas gardamavalis fuZea aRebuli sawarmoeblad _ es SesaZlebloba
garkveul kanonzomierebis saxes iRebs: mimReobaTa warmoebisas, masdaris
warmoebisas (e. i. nazmnari atributivebisa da nazmnari substantiveb
i s warmoebisas): aris _ yofa-a // yof-n-a... m-yof-i _ nayof-i...
es kanonzomiereba saSualebas gvaZlevs defeqtur warmoebaTa Tavisebureba aixsnas.
zemoTqmulis safuZvelze bunebrivia iseTi warmoeba, romlis nimuSicaa:
aseve:
sinaTle uqreba _ gahqrobia (sayrdenia: aqrob-fuZe)
xeli uTbeba _ gasTbobia ( ` aTbob- ` )
pirSi udneba _ gasdnobia ( ` adnob- ` )
hbardeba _ Cahbarebia
dRe uTendeba _ gasTenebia
sakvebi akldeba _ dahklebia
guli uRondeba _ SehRonebia
naRrZobi usivdeba _ gasivebia
tkivili uyuCdeba _ gahyuCebia
vada uTavdeba _ gasTavebia
umcirdeba _ Semcirebia
kani sZvreba _ gasZrobia...
erTi SexedviT, iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos TurmeobiTisaTvis amosavali
iyos masdari: Cabareba, gaTeneba, dakleba, daRoneba, gasiveba, gayuCeba, gaTaveba, Semcireba...
garegnulad, yovel SemTxvevaSi, masdars mogvagonebs sawarmoebeli fuZe... magram
masdari TviTon awmyos fuZes emyareba, awmyos fuZisagan iwarmoeba garkveuli sufiqsebiT
(-a...); da swored es sufiqsi aq ara gvaqvs, _ i-sufiqsi (Cahbareb-i-, gasTeneb-i-,
dahkleb-i-...) erTvis awmyos fuZes (da ara: awmyosagan nawarmoeb masdars). da es awmyo
gardamavali zmnis awmyoa (met wil SemTxvevaSi).
rom gardamavali zmnis awmyos fuZesTan aqvs kavSiri orpirian gardauvali zmnis
TurmeobiTs, es mkveTrad igrZnoba xmovanmonacvle zmnebSi, -i sufiqsian zmnebSi da
av- sufiqsian zmnebSi.
19 a r n . C i q o b a v a , TurmeobiTi pirvelis warmoebis erTi Tavisebureba uRvlilebis sistemis
istoriasTan dakavSirebiT qarTulSi, literaturuli Ziebani, II, (1944).
69

xmovanmonacvle zmnebi:
exileba Tvali: gahxelia (amosavalia: axel-s)
eZineba vaJi : SesZenia ( ` SesZens)
efineba Suqi: mohfenia ( ` mohfens)
uCndeba azri: gasCenia ( ` gaaCens)
swyindeba lodini: moswyenia ( ` moawyens)
ucdeba gakveTili: gascdenia ( ` gaacdens)
-i- niSniani zmnebi:
eRvreba wyali: dahRvria (amosavalia: da-Rvris)
ecvleba feri: scvlia ( ` cvlis)
eqmneba pirobebi: Sehqmnia ( ` qmnis)
exsneba gza: gahxsnia ( ` xsnis)
eSleba xeli: SeSlia ( ` uSlis)
eRleba mklavi: dahRlia ( ` Rlis)
esvreba fexsacmeli: dasvria ( ` svris)
ebrZvis: SehbrZolebia ( ` a-brZoleb←br-Zav-al-eb-)
av- sufiqsiani zmnebi:
eRupeba Svili: daRupvia (amosav.: eRupvis: -av; Rupavs Zv. awmyo: *Rup-v-i-s)
exateba suraTi: dahxatvia ( ` exatvis ` xatavs: *xat-v-i-s)
exarjeba fuli: dahxarjvia ( ` exarjvis ` xarjavs: *xarj-v-i-s)
enaxeba fuli: Senaxvia ( ` enaxvis ` inaxavs: *nax-v-i-s)
ekargeba imedi: dahkargvia ( ` ekargvis ` kargavs: *karg-v-i-s)
epareba eWvi: Sehparvia ( ` eparvis ` paravs: *par-v-i-s)
ebereba muceli: gahbervia ( ` ebervis ` beravs: *ber-v-i-s)
emaleba mzes: dahmalvia ( ` emalvis ` malavs: *mal-v-i-s)
ewamleba sicocxle: moswamlvia ( ` ewamlvis ` wamlavs: *waml-v-i-s)
exuWeba Tvali: daxuWvia ( ` exuWvis ` xuWavs: *xuW-v-i-s)
exureba: daxurvia ( ` exurvis ` xuravs: *xur-v-i-s)
bunebrivi da Tanamimdevruli iqneba, Tu amave TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT, m o s -
w o l i a , a h y o l i a da msgavsi tipis zmnaTa TurmeobiTi pirvelis warmoebas. mowola,
ayola masdari aqac ar unda iyos amosavali TurmeobiTisaTvis. TviT am masdaris
warmoeba moiTxovs axsnas. saidan miviReT wol-a masdarSi, ra aris aq masdaris sawarmoebeli
afiqsi da risgan awarmoebs igi masdars?
masdaris sawarmoebeli sufiqsi aqac iseve, rogorc zmnaTa did wilSi, Cvenis gagebiT
-a aris; rac mas win uZRvis, awmyos fuZea:
wol-←wv-al- ←wv-an-
yol-←yv-al ←yv-an-
qon-←qv-al ←qv-an
awveba gulze: moswolia wol- wv-al-
ahyveba amxanags: ahyolia yol-← yv-al-
eqneba sazrunavi: hqonia qon-← qv-an-
uZRveba saqmes: gasZRolia ZRol-← ZeRv-al
amave gziT unda aixsnas:
dasdgomia, dasjdomia, gasZRomia, SehbrZolebia...
adgeba Tavze: dasdgomia (amosavalia: *deg-v-em-...)
daujdeba Zvirad: dasjdomia ( ` : *jed-v-em-...)
uZReba muceli: gasZRomia ( ` : *ZeR-v-em-...)
70

Zveli qarTulis ZeglebSi ar mogvepoveba fuZeebi: deg-v-em-, jed-v-em-, ZeR-v-em-...
rac mTavaria, ara Cans, ris maqnisi unda yofiliyo es sufiqsebi (-v-em), gardauval
zmnebSi, Tu dgoma, jdoma, ZRoma gardauval zmnaTa masdaria. aris ki dgoma, jdoma,
ZRoma da analogiuri masdarebi gardauval zmnaTa masdari? vfiqrobT, rom ara. aq
gardamaval zmnaTagan nasesxeb masdarebTan unda gvqondes saqme: em (dgoma, jdoma,
ZRoma-Si) iseve ar aris gardauvali zmniseuli sufiqsi, rogorc yof-n-a masdarSi -
of- da -n ar miiCneva gardauval zmnaTa fuZeebidan momdinared (oRond yofna-Si mTeli
fuZe isesxa aris _ zmnam; dgoma, jdoma-Si nasesxebia imave fuZis gardamavali varianti).
sakiTxi specialur Seswavlas moiTxovs.
davaskvniT:
a. zmnis nakvTebSi, romelTac droisa da kilos funqcia aqvT qarTulSi, gairCeva
Z i r i T a d i da n a w a r m o e b i nakvTebi.
b. nawarmoebi nakvTebi SeiZleba iyos p i r v e l i rigisa da m e o r e rigisa (anu nawarmoebisagan
nawarmoebi).
g. ZiriTadi nakvTebia: a w m y o da n a m y o Z i r i T a d i . maTgan iwarmoeba yvela
sxva nakvTi: u S u a l o d an S u a l o b i T , p i r d a p i r i wyobiT anda i n v e r s i u -
lad.
amisdakvalad nakvTebis warmoebisas gveqneba ori jgufi: a w m y o s jgufi da n a m -
yo ZiriTadis jgufi.
awmyos jgufi amJamad yvelaze mravalricxovania.
I. gardamavali zmnis awmyosagan (cvl-i-s) iwarmoeba.
a. pirdapiri wyobis nakvTebi:
1. namyo usruli (cvl-i-da) → 3. kavSirebiTi pirveli (cvl-i-d-e-s)
2. myofadi (Se-cvl-i-s) 4. myofadiseuli namyo usruli (Se-cvl-i-d-a)
[5. 6. 7. TurmeobiTi I, II, kavSirebiTi III gardauval orpirian zmnaTa ([Se]scvlia,
scvloda, scvlodes)].
b. Sebrunebuli (inversiuli) wyobisa:
8. TurmeobiTi pirveli gardamaval zmnaTa (u-cvl-i-a)
II. n a m y o Z i r i T a d i s a g a n (cval-a) iwarmoeba nakvTebi:
a. pirdapiri wyobisa:
9. namyo ZiriTadis xolmeobiTi (Zv. qarTulSi): (cval-i-s)
10. kavSirebiTi meore (cval-o-s)
b. Sebrunebuli (inversiuli) wyobisa:
11. TurmeobiTi meore gardamaval zmnaTa ([Se]ecvala)
12. kavSirebiTi III gardamaval zmnaTa ([Se]ecvalos)
71

mesame seriis dro-kiloTa warmoebisaTvis qarTulSi 1
72
nodar naTaZe
dro-kiloTa mesame seria damaxasiaTebelia samive qarTveluri enisaTvis. pirveli
da meore seriisagan gansxvavebiT mesame seriis nakvTTa calke seriad gamoyofis safuZvels
warmoadgens ara amosaval fuZeTa erToba, aramed warmoebis erTgvaroba (inversia
gardamaval zmnebTan da aRweriTi warmoeba gardauvalebTan) da Sinaarsobrivi
msgavseba. pirveli da meore seriisagan mesame serias isic asxvavebs, rom masSi Semaval
nakvTebs ara aqvT warmoebis msgavsi yalibi sxvadasxva tipis zmnebisaTvis. er-
TmaneTs upirispirdeba, erTi mxriv, gardamavali zmnebi, romelTac nawilobriv orpiriani
gardauvalebic mihyveba, da, meore mxriv, erTpiriani gardauvali zmnebi. amdenad
mesame seriis nakvTebis warmoeba sxvadasxva tipis zmnebTan sxvadasxva odenobas
warmoadgens rogorc enis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze, ise istoriulad. rac Seexeba
Sinaarsobriv mxares, am mxriv yvela zmnaTa mesame seriis nakvTebi srul igiveobas
gviCveneben rogorc axalsa da Zvel qarTulSi, ise megrulsa da svanurSi.
gardamavali zmnis datiuri konstruqcia, romelic damaxasiaTebelia qarTveluri
enebisaTvis, mxolod mesame serias axasiaTebs. amdenad gardamavli zmnis datiuri
konstruqciis sakiTxi qarTveluri enebisaTvis mesame seriis nakvTTa genezisis sakiTxia.
datiuri konstruqcia gardamavali zmnisa specialur literaturaSi meoreulad
aris miCneuli ergatiul da nominatiur konstruqciebTan SedarebiT. arn. Ciqobava
wers: `inversiuli wyoba, sadac amosavlad gardamavali zmna gvaqvs, meoreulia:
uklavs←← → →klavs, ekla←← → →ukla || kla, eklas←← → →uklas || klas. aqedan cxadia,
rom TurmeobiTis nakvTebi SeiZleboda warmoqmniliyo mxolod mas Semdeg, rac
Seiqmna is nakvTebi, romelTa inversiis gziTaa miRebuli TurmeobiTi pirveli, TurmeobiTi
meore da kavSirebiTi mesame. es ki niSnavs: gardamaval zmnebTan datiuri
konstruqcia ufro axalia, vinem nominatiuri da ergatiuli konstruqciebi~ 2 .
rac Seexeba datiur konstruqcias gardauval zmnebTan, aq is uZvelesad aris miCneuli.
is aramcTu ar gulisxmobs nominatiuri konstuqciis nakvTTa arsebobas, romelTa
inversiis gziTac is iqneboda miRebuli, aramed SeiZleba nominatiursa da ergatiul
konstruqciaze Zvelic iyos. arn. Ciqobavas azriT, `es zmnebi (igulisxmeba
gardauvali inversiuli zmnebi: aqvs, hyavs, uyvars, sZuls, swads, swyuris. _n. n.) didi
siZvelisaa; maTTan datiuri konstruqcia gacilebiT ufro Zvelia, vinem datiuri
konstruqcia gardamaval zmnebTan, ufro Zvelia, vinem nominatiuri da ergatiuli
konstruqcia imave gardamavali zmnebisa. gardauval zmnaTa datiuri konstruqciis
sibrtyeze SeiZleba dadges uflies, upyries, hmosies... zmnaTa datiuri konstruqciac:
aq saqme gvaqvs statikuri zmnebis saobieqto qcevasTan, raic inversiul
wyobas iZleva~ 3 .
amgvarad, erTsa da imave dros datiur konstruqcias qarTulSi gviCveneben, erTi
mxriv, gardauvali zmnebi (garkveuli tipisa) da, meore mxriv, gardamavali zmnebi mesame
seriaSi, sadac datiuri konstruqcia nominatiuri konstruqciis mqone nakvTTa
inversiis gziTaa miRebuli. amasTan, meore SemTxvevaSi datiuri konstruqcia gacilebiT
ufro axalia, vidre pirvelSi. am konteqstSi bunebrivia daisvas sakiTxi datiuri
konstruqciis am ori SemTxvevis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb: ra kavSirSia gardamavali
zmnis datiuri konstruqcia gardauvali zmnis datiur konstruqciasTan?
ukavSirdeba geneturad pirveli meores Tu saqme gvaqvs datiuri konstruqciis damoukideblad
warmoSobis or SemTxvevasTan? Tu ukavSirdeba, maSin rogor unda warmovidginoT
gardauvali zmnis inversiuli formebidan gardamavali zmnis datiuri kon-
1 iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, VII, 1955.
2 arn. C i q o b a v a , ergatiuli konstruqciis problema iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, gv. 5.
3 iqve.

struqciis ganviTarebis meqanizmi? Tu ara, maSin rogor unda avxsnaT inversiis warmoSoba
gardamavali zmnis formebSi? ai sakiTxebi, romelnic gadawyvetas moiTxoven
mesame seriis nakvTTa warmoebis Seswavlisas.
1. gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTi pirvelis srul analogias warmoebis mxriv, rogorc
aRniSnulia, gviCvenebs gardauvali statikuri zmnis awmyo. es iTqmis rogorc
statikuri vnebiTis Sesaxeb, ise zogi sxva -av, -am Temis niSniani zmnis Sesaxebac,
romlebic mniSvnelobiT statikur vnebiTs udgeba. msgavseba TurmeobiT pirvelsa da
xsenebuli statikuri zmnebis awmyos Soris imaSi iCens Tavs, rom gardamavali zmnis
TurmeobiTi pirvelis warmoebaSi ar gvxvdeba arc erTi iseTi yalibi, romelic ar
gvqondes statikuri zmnis awmyoSi.
a) gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTi pirvelis damaxasiaTebeli Zvel qarTulSi aris
-i-e daboloeba, romelsac III pirSi piris niSani -s, -n an -d da mravlobiTi ricxvis
niSani -an an -ed erTvis (mravlobiTis niSnis darTvisas TurmeobiTis damaxasiaTebeli
-e aRar Cans):
u m z a d e b i e s mas igi (kim. 1,134)
d a u t e o b i a n mas igini (antioq. 93).
egeve warmoebaa warmodgenili statikuri zmnis (statikuri vnebiTis) awymoSi:
ze a R u p y r i e d (warty. iÀ)
m i f l o b i e s (iqve, md)
`rameTu xedviTca ara miflobies xilvaÁ misi.~ miflobies aq awmyoa.
uflies (iqve, me)
mgonies (saxismety., gv. 8)
hgonien (iqve, gv. 10)
umtkmied (iqve, gv. 28)...
axal qarTulSi amgvari warmoeba ara gvaqvs. -ie(s) daboloebis adgili daiWira -i-a
daboloebam mesame pirSi da -v-var -i-xar daboloebam _ pirvelsa da meore pirSi. es
cvlileba Tanabrad Seexo rogorc gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiT pirvels, ise statikuri
vnebiTis awmyos. maSasadame, moyvanili tipis warmoebaSi arc Zvelsa da arc
axal qarTulSi TurmeobiT pirvelsa da statikuri vnebiTis awmyos Soris gansxvaveba
ar aris.
stat. vnebiTis awmyo TurmeobiTi pirveli
ubnevia gaubnevia
ugdia daugdia
unTia aunTia
uwyvia dauwyvia
b) -av, -am Temis niSniani gardamavali zmnebisaTvis TurmeobiTi pirvelis warmoebis
gabatonebuli yalibi Zvelsa da axal qarTulSi aris uniSnoba. fuZe TurmeobiT
pirvelSi, Tu ar CavTvliT prefiqsebs, warmodgenilia imave saxiT, rogoriTac awymo-
Si.
awymo TurmeobiTi Zvel qarT.
v-klav me mas mo(v)uklav me mas
h-klav Sen mas mouklav Sen mas
klav-s igi mas mouklav-s igi mas
axal qarTulSi TurmeobiTis I da II piris formebs daerTo meSveli zmna: movuklavar
me mas, mouklavxar Sen mas. amgvari warmoeba mxolod -av, -am Temis niSnian
73

zmnebTan aris SesaZlebeli. sxva SemTxvevaSi misi gamoyenebis magaliTebi ara gvaqvs.
asea gardauval statikur zmnebTanac, romelnic specialur literaturaSi `statikur
vnebiTad~ arian miCneuli 4 . aseTi zmnebia:
-av Temis niSniani:
hnebavs (warty. mÀ)
uxilved: Tualni ze uxilved (saxismety. 30)
uZlavs (dabadeba, 32,25)
sZinavs (Sdr. namyoSi e Z i n a )
-am Temis niSniani:
Casdgams (gori ram Casdgams Subis wvrad: vaJa-fSavela, `baxtrioni~).
axal qarTulSi rogorc sasaubro metyvelebaSi, ise dialeqtebSi aris gaTanabrebis
tendencia -av, -am Temis niSnian zmnaTa TurmeobiTi pirvelis formebisa danarCen zmna-
Ta TurmeobiTis warmoebasTan, saxeldobr -av, -am Temis niSnebis magier Cndeba -i-a
daboloeba; mag.:
mouklavs magram amboben: mouklia
Causxams ` ` Causxia
uTqvams ` ` uTqvia da sxv.
analogiuri tendencia statikuri zmnis awmyoSic SeiniSneba. Zvel qarTulSi dadasturebuli
-av Temis niSnis adgilas axal qarTulSi -i-a daboloebiani forma
gvaqvs:
Zv. qarT. uZlavs ax. qarT. SeuZlia
uxilved uxelia
rogorc magaliTebidan Cans, Zvelica da axali qarTulic arCevs, erTi mxriv, -av,
-am Temis niSnian zmnebs da, meore mxriv, yvela danarCenebs rogorc TurmeobiT pirvelSi,
ise statikuri zmnis awmyoSi. gaTanabrebis tendenciac orive SemTxvevaSi SeiniSneba.
es garemoeba gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTi pirvelisa da statikuri zmnis
kavSirze miuTiTebs. am mxriv sayuradReboa xevsurulis Cvenebac, sadac yvela zmnis -
i-a daboloebiani warmoebis adgilas gvaqvs -av niSniani warmoeba, ganurCevlad imisa,
statikuri zmnis awmyos exeba saqme Tu gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiT pirvels. xevsurulSi
gvaqvs:
statikuri zmna TurmeobiTi pirveli
Rgulav (=hgulebia) giqnav (=giqnia)
xkidav (=hkidia) amiRav (=amiRia)
usxav (=usxia) minebebav (=minebebia)
aCnav (=aCnia) wauyvanav (=wauyvania)
xyenav (=hyenebia) gamigonavis (=gamigonia)
uWerav (=uWeria) gaugonav (=gaugonia) da sxv.
rogorc vxedavT, xevsurulSi aris imis sawinaaRmdego tendecia, romelic saliteraturo
qarTulSi SeiniSneba. Tu saliteraturo qarTulSi -av, -am Temis niSniani
zmnebi -i-a tipis warmoebaze gadadis da amiT unifikacia xdeba, xevsurulSi yvela
tipis zmnaTa warmoeba -av Temis niSnianebisas gauTanabrda. es tendenciebi mxolod
statikuri zmnis awmyoSi da gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiT pirvelSi SeiniSneba. maSasadame,
am ori odenobis urTierTkavSiris gageba jer kidev cocxali yofila enaSi.
2. rogorc garkveulia specialur literaturaSi, gardamavali zmna TurmeobiT pir-
4 a. S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 1953, gv. 327.
74

velSi SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos pirveli seriis fuZiTac da meore seriis fuZi-
Tac. fuZeTa garCevis kriteriumad gamoyenebulia Temis niSnis qona-arqona, fuZis kum-
Sva da fuZis dreka 5 . am TvalsazrisiT Tu davyofT statikuri vnebiTis awmyos formebs,
miviRebT or jgufs, romelTagan erTi warmodgenili iqneba im fuZiT, romelic
pirvel seriaSi gvaqvs, xolo meore im fuZiT, romelic meore seriaSia gamoyenebuli.
a) rig statikur zmnas awmyoSi aqvs Temis niSani, rigs _ ara. Temis niSnebi aqvT:
hburavs, akravs, uWiravs, hxuravs... Temis niSnebi ara aqvT: abia, abadia, agdia,
abeWdvia, agrovia, avalia, ukavia, ukeTia, alagia, hmarxia da sxv.
b) fuZedrekadi zmnebi yvela uklebliv warmodgenilia TurmeobiT pirvelSi udrekeli
fuZiT. udrekeli fuZiT aris warmodgenili statikuri zmnac awmyoSi:
abnevia, ubjenia, akmevia, umwyvdevia, urevia, urCevnia, afrqvevia, uWeria, uWyetia,
uxelia, uxvevia... gamonaklisi ar arsebobs.
g) fuZekumSvadi zmnebi TurmeobiT pirvelSi warmodgenilia SekumSuli fuZiT.
asea awmyoSi statikuri vnebiTic:
hRvria, hyria, hSlia, sCria...
aris SemTxvevebi (sul ociode zmna), roca statikuri zmna awmyoSi uTemisniSnodaa
warmodgenili, mis Sesatyvis moqmedebiTs ki TurmeobiT pirvelSi Temis niSani
aqvs, mag.: ukeTia _ ukeTebia, xatia _ dauxatavs da sxv. es movlena Tavis axsnas saWiroebs.
statikuri zmnebis didi nawili awmyoSi imave fuZiT aris warmodgenili, ra fuZi-
Tac warmodgenilia TurmeobiTSi maTi Sesatyvisi moqmedebiTi. maSasadame, TurmeobiTi
pirveli da statikuri zmnis awmyo msgavsia ara marto sufiqsaciiT, aramed fuZiTac.
statikuris awmyo moqmedebiTis TurmeobiTi
upyries daupyries
uxilved (saxismety.) uxilavs
hrTavs (m 13,27 C) daurTavs
hmosies Seumosies
Casdgams Caudgams
agdia daugdia
avlia dauvlia
anTia aunTia
da mravali sxva.
3. svanurSi gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTi pirveli (anu namyo sruli) iwarmoeba -a
sufiqsis saSualebiT 6 .
es -a awarmoebs rogorc gardamavali, ise realatiuri gardauvali zmnis TurmeobiTs,
msgavsad qarTuli warmoebisa. mag.:
mimr-a mimzadebia amaxtvn-a damxatvia
jimr-a gimzadebia ajxatvn-a dagxatvia
xomr-a umzadebia aTxatvn-a daxatvia
igive -a gvxvdeba statikur zmnaTa garkveuli jgufis awmyoSi im zmnebisa, romelnic
mniSvnelobiT qarTulis statikur vnebiTs udgebian:
xmTqa (sCvevia), xaWna (axvevia), xჲra (aweria), xafra (afaria) da sxvebi.
es -a sufiqsi, romelic gvxvdeba statikuri vnebiTis awmyosa da TurmeobiT pirvelSi,
TavisTavad am ori nakvTis iseTsave kavSirze miuTiTebs, rogoric gvaqvs qar-
TulSi `weria _ dauweria~ formebs Soris. aseTi urTierTkavSiris naTel ilustra-
cias svanurSi warmoadgens `wva~ zmnis magaliTi.
5 arn. C i q o b a v a , ergatiuli konstruqciis problema iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, gv. 92.
6 v. T o f u r i a , svanuri ena, zmna, gv. 174.
75

qa wva (Cans) _ miwva (minaxavs)
agreTve: xorkala (urekia: stat. vnebiTi) _ qa xorkala (gaurekavs):
`Cxara yvil sgvebin xorkala~
(svanuri poezia, gv. 8).
amgvarad, TurmeobiTi pirvelis kavSiri statikuri vnebiTis awmyosTan svanurSi
faqtia.
4. TurmeobiTi pirvelis kavSiri statikuri zmnis awmyosTan naTlad Cans megrul-
Sic. TurmeobiTi pirveli iseve eyrdnoba statikuri zmnis formas (im SemTxvevaSi,
roca Sesatyvisi statikuri zmna moepoveba), rogorc qarTulsa da svanurSi.
Warun (weria) miWarun (miweria)
Sdr. qa wva (Cans) miwva (minaxavs)
upyries daupyries
weria miweria, damiweria.
yuradRebas iqcevs gramatikuli subieqtis pirTa aRniSvna megruli gardamavali
zmnis TurmeobiT pirvelSi. pirvelsa da meore pirSi mxoloobiTSi gamoiyeneba -q sufiqsi,
mesame pirSi _ -n, xolo mravlobiTSi -T I da II pirisaTvis da -an III pirisaTvis.
amaTSi -q sufiqsi mxolod awmyoSi gvxvdeba yvela zmnasTan, -n mxolod awmyoSi
gardauval zmnasTan (Zu-n _ Zevs; Waru-n _ sweria), -T yvela nakvTSi da -an ramdenime
nakvTSi awmyos CaTvliT 7 . es imas mowmobs, rom TurmeobiTi pirveli megrulSi araTu
awmyos fuZes eyrdnoba, aramed formiT TviT aris awmyo.
5. rogorc davinaxeT, TurmeobiTi pirveli gardamavali zmnisa, samsave qarTvelur
enaSi emTxveva Tavisi Sesatyvisi statikuri zmnis awmyos. saerTo gamodis fuZe, sawarmoebeli
afiqsebi, warmoebis yalibis evoluciis tendenciebi. amdenad, am ori
odenobis urTierTkavSiri faqtia.
rogorRa aris es SesaZlebeli? ratom aris, rom erTi da igive forma gamodis
erT SemTxvevaSi rogorc statikuri zmna, meore SemTxvevaSi rogorc moqmedebiTi;
erT SemTxvevaSi rogorc awmyo, meoreSi _ rogorc warsuli? es mxolod imitom aris
SesaZlebeli, rom TurmeobiTi pirveli gardamavali zmnisa istoriulad aris ara
warsuli, aramed awmyo, SeiZleba vTqvaT, `awmyo sruli~ iseTive mniSvnelobisa, rogori
mniSvnelobac aqvs `perfeqts~ Tanamedrove evropul enebSi. misi funqciaa aRniSnos
dasrulebuli moqmedebis faqti, aRniSnos, rom moqmedeba momxdara, sul er-
Tia _ rodis, da mocemul momentSi ukve dasrulebulia.
TurmeobiTi pirvelis warmoSobis naTel suraTs iZleva `upyries~ zmna. am zmnis
Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba aris mxolod awmyo. is aRniSnavs, rom arsebobs (statikurad)
subieqtis mier obieqtis pyrobis faqti, aqedan ki ganviTarebulia TurmeobiTi
pirveli (upyries, daupyries). rom mniSvnelobis amgvari evolucia SesaZlebelia, es
Cans erTpiriani gardauvali zmnis TurmeobiTi pirvelis magaliTze. `warslul var~
aSkarad awmyoa, amasTan statikuri, `wavsulvar~ _ dinamikuri zmnaa warsulSi iseTive
mniSvnelobisa, rogoric aris `daupyries~. `warslul var~ formidan `wavsulvar~
formamde evolucia qarTulis werilobiTi istoriiT aris dadasturebuli da eWvs
ar iwvevs. maSasadame, bunebrivia `upyries _ daupyries~ SemTxvevaSiac analogiuri Sinaarsobrivi
evolucia vivaraudoT.
rogorc Zveli qarTuli, ise sxva qarTvelur enaTa monacemebi mxars uWeren im
azrs, rom TurmeobiTi pirvelis pirvandel mniSvnelobad swored es `awmyo srulis~
mniSvneloba vcnoT da misi mniSvnelobis sxva niuansebi Semdeg ganviTarebulad mi-
7 sayuradReboa, rom qarTulSic Turm. pirveli gramatikuli subieqtis pirTa aRniSvnisaTvis
pirisa da ricxvis mxolod im niSnebs iyenebs, romlebic awmyoSi ixmareba: mx. -s, -n, -d, -a, mr.
-an, -ed.
76

viCnioT. sailustraciod SeiZleba pirvel rigSi moviyvanoT axali qarTulidan kiTxviTsa
da uaryofiT winadadebebSi TurmeobiTi pirvelis xmarebis magaliTebi. iseTi
gamoTqmebi, rogoricaa: `es suraTi ginaxavs?~ `moskovSi ar vyofilvar~, srulebiT
moklebulia TurmeobiTobis gagebas da mxolod imas gamoxatavs, rom zmniT aRniSnuli
moqmedeba dasrulebulad ivaraudeba am momentisaTvis.
am mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba TurmeobiTi pirveli warTqmiT winadadebebSic (`amisTanebi
bevri minaxavs~), oRond aq ufro xSirad TurmeobiTis niuansi sZlevs.
Turmeobis gageba mesame seriis nakvTebSi saerTod naklebad igrZnoba svanurSi.
damaxasiaTebelia am mxriv, rom garda mesame seriisa svanurs arainversiuli TurmeobiTic
aqvs gamomuSavebuli. Zvel qarTulSic TurmeobiTi pirveli iseT SemTxvevaSic
ixmareba, roca aRsaniSnia moqmedeba, romelic momxdara mocemul momentamde, sul
erTia _ rodis, da Cven misi Sedegebis mixevdiT vmsjelobT. sailustraciod SeiZleba
mravali magaliTis moyvana Zveli qarTulidan. sayuradReboa, rom im SemTxvevaSi,
roca qarTuli oTxTavi TurmeobiT pirvels xmarobs, germanul oTxTavSi umetes Sem-
TxvevaSi perfeqtis formebia gamoyenebuli:
Tquen arasada ÃmaÁ misi gesma, arca elvaÁ misi gixilavs (i 5,37)
Ihr habt nie weder seine Stimme gehört noch seine Gestalt gesehen.
Jami Cemi arRa aRsrulebul ars (i 7,8)
Meine Zeit ist noch nicht erfüllet.
ese mcnebaÁ momiRebies mamisa Cemisagan (i 10,18).
Solch Gebot habe ich empfangen von meinem Vater.
me miZlevies sofelsa (i. 16, 33).
Ich habe die WeIt überwunden.
6. rogorc statikuri vnebiTis, ise TurmeobiTi pirvelis damaxasiaTebeli -i-e daboloebis
paralelurad mesame pirSi -i-a tipis warmoebac gvxvdeba Zvel qarTulSi,
magram iSviaTad. I da II pirSi am variantiT nawarmoebi TurmeobiTi I Zvel qarTulSi
Cven mier Seswavlili Zeglebis mixedviT ar Cans, -i ki yovelTvis aris statikur vnebiTSic
da TurmeobiTSic rogorc Zvel, ise axal qarTulSi.
specialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom es -i igivea, rac xolmeobiTis -i, magram
xolmeobiTis -i gvxvdeba agreTve mravali zmnis awmyoSi. sakiTxavia, ra gziT aris
es -i mosuli TurmeobiT pirvelSi? gadmoyolilia is rogorc xolmeobiTobis gaqvavebuli,
fuZes Sexorcebuli formanti xolmeobiTi meoridan (Tu TurmeobiTi xolmeobiTis
fuZes iyenebs), Tu gadmosulia statikuri vnebiTidan? (xolmeobiTs maSin
mxolod imdenad daukavSirdeba, ramdenadac awmyos -i igive xolmeobiTis -i aris).
vfiqrobT, meore SesaZlebloba ufro sarwmunoa. jer erTi, Tu davuSvebT -i sufiqsis
gadmoyolas xolmeobiTidan, maSin is Zneli asaxsneli iqneba statikur vnebiTSi,
statikuri vnebiTisa da TurmeobiTis formantTa igiveoba ki faqtia. meorec,
is auxsneli darCeba im zmnebSi, romelTac awmyoSi -i ara aqvT, TurmeobiTSi da statikur
vnebiTSi ki aSkarad pirveli seriis fuZiT warmogvidgebian. aseTebia fuZedrekadi
zmnebi: ufenia _ daufenia, afrqvevia _ daufrqvevia, udrekia da sxv. Aamgvari magaliTebi
mowmobs, rom -i TurmeobiTi pirvelis sakuTari mawarmoebelia da ara gadmoyolili
moqmedebiTi zmnis xolmeobiTi meoridan. -i-e daboloeba qarTulis werilobiTi
ZeglebiT dadasturebuli istoriis manZilze ukve TurmeobiTis sakuTari mawarmoebelia.
misi xmareba morfologiur normad aris qceuli.
es garemoeba xsnis erT-erT dabrkolebas gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTi pirvelisa
da statikuri vnebiTis awmyos dakavSirebisaTvis, saxeldobr imas, rom rig zmnas
aqvs TurmeobiTi pirveli, magram ar moepoveba Sesatyvisi statikuri vnebiTi (magali-
Tad, `uqria~ tipis zmnebi). Tu –ie/-ia formantiT warmoeba morfologiur normad
aris qceuli ukve uZveles qarTulSi, SesaZloa am morfologoiuri normis gavrceleba
`uqria~ tipis zmnebzedac vivaraudoT.
77

meore da umTavresi dabrkoleba TurmeobiTi pirvelisa da statikuri vnebiTis
dakavSirebisaTvis is aris, rom TurmeobiTi pirveli iyenebs moqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
Temis niSnebs: -eb, -ob, -of, -em. arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad am
moqmedebiTis fuZisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sufiqsebis gamoyeneba TurmeobiT pirvelSi
meoreulia da zmnis gaaqtiurebiT aris gamowveuli. magram esec rom ar iyos, am Temis
niSnebis gamoyeneba mainc ver daCrdilavda TurmeobiTi pirvelisa da statikuri
vnebiTis awmyos urTierTkavSiris faqts. aseT SemTxvevaSi, roca TurmeobiTis fuZeSi
moqmedebiTis sufiqsebi Cans, amosavlad dagvrCeboda masdari, romelic moqmedebiTi
gvaris zmnebidan gadmoyolil niSnebs Seicavs: cnoba _ ucnobies, cema _ miucemies...
aseTi varaudis sabuTad isic gamodgeboda, rom orpiriani gardauvali zmnis TurmeobiTi
pirveli, romelic agreTve -i-e tipis warmoebas misdevs, aSkarad masdaris fuZes
iyenebs:
dgas adgens dgoma dasdgomia
wevs awevs wola daswolia
ZReba aZRobs ZRoma misZRomia
wvdeba awvdens wvdoma miswvdomia
uZRveba ZRola gasZRolia
jdeba jdoma dasjdomia
icis codna scodnia
rCeba arCens rComa darComia (Sdr. rCena _ darCenia)
skdeba xeTqs skdoma gahskdomia...
zemoTqmuls isic dauWerda mxars, rom -ie tipis warmoeba statikur zmnebTan uZvelesi
movlenaa. igi gulisxmobs warmoebas arazmnuri (saxeluri an gaudiferencirebuli)
fuZisagan. maSasadame, am yalibiT masdarisgan zmnis warmoeba, e. i. misi xelaxla
`gazmnaveba~ moulodneli ar unda iyos, miT umetes, rom es warmoeba (statikuri
vnebiTis SemTxvevaSi) dResEsaxelur fuZeebTan gvxvdeba: aqvavia, aSavia da sxv.
7. TurmeobiT pirvelSi Zvelsa da axal qarTulSi -i-s win xSirad Cndeba -n. axal
qarTulSi gansakuTrebiT xSiria es aRmosavlur kiloebSi.
Zv. qarTulis ax. qarTulSi
gipovnies gipovnia
giToxnia
giTxovnia
gikocnia
gityorcnia
gcodnia
uyidnia
ulewnia
usesxnia
am -n-s warmoSoba naTeli araa. morfologiuri funqcia mas ara aqvs arc dRes,
arc qarTulis werilobiT ZeglebSi. is fuZeSi Sesuli uZvelesi sufiqsis naSTi unda
iyos. is gvxvdeba zogi zmnis pirian formebSi: kocnis, Toxnis, tyorcnis. am zmnebis
TurmeobiTSi is SeiZleba piriani formidan momdinaredac migveCnia. magram rCeba
`gcodnia, gipovnia, giTxovnia~ zmnebi, sadac -n pirian formebSi ar aris. aseT zmneb-
Si is masdaridan momdinared unda vcnoT. amdenad, TurmeobiTisTvis aqac masdari unda
viguloT amosavlad. sxva SemTxvevebSi -n analogiiT SeiZleba iyos gaCenili, rogorc
es saenaTmecniero literaturaSia aRniSnuli.
arsebobs TurmeobiTSi -n-s gaCenis sxva axsnac. mas xsnian im -n-s analogiiT, romelic
TurmeobiT meoreSi gvxvdeba. amgvari axsna rom marTebuli iyos, maSin -n sistematurad
unda yofiliyo TurmeobiT pirvelSi. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom -n momdi-
78

nareobs -en sufiqsisagan, romlic zmnis fuZis mawarmoebelia (iv. q a v T a r a Z e ) .
Tu naTqvami swori aRmoCndeboda, miviRebdiT aseT suraTs: TurmeobiTi pirveli
iqneboda igive statikuri zmnis awmyo `upyries~ tipis zmnebSi da -av, -am Temis niSnian
zmnebSi, romelTac Sesatyvisi statikuri vnebiTi aqvT. aqedan -i-e yalibiT warmoebis
gavrcelebas vivaraudebdiT, erTi mxriv, `uqria~ tipis zmnebze (romelTac Sesatyvisi
statikuri vnebiTi ar moepovebaT) da, meore mxriv, Temis niSnian masdarebze,
romlebic gamoyenebuli gamovidoda rogorc fuZe TurmeobiTis warmoebaSi. ucnobies
_ ucnia, miucemies _ miucia tipis dapirispireba aixsneboda, rogorc erTi da imave
zmnis paraleluri warmoeba orive variantiT.
8. qarTuli TurmeobiTi pirvelisa da statikuri vnebiTis -i sufiqsis Sesatyvisi
megrulSi aris -u.
mitax-u-n (mitexia). Sdr. Z-u-n (Zevs)
miWar-u-n (miweria), War-u-n (sweria)
es -u Temis -un niSnis naSTad ver miiCneva, radganac sistemebr gatarebulia rogorc
im zmnaTa TurmeobiTSi, romelTac es Temis niSani aqvT, ise im zmnaTa TurmeobiTSic,
romelTac es Temis niSani ara aqvT.
magram:
taxuns (texs) gutax-u-n (gautexia)
radagans (laparakobs) uragad-u-n (ulaparakia)
qarTulis TurmeobiTi pirvelis daboloebis -e elementis Sesatyvisi megrulSi
ar moipoveba.
qarTuli TurmeobiTi pirvelis -a sufiqsis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom
es aris `ars~ meSveli zmnis naSTi (a. SaniZe). -i sufiqsi vnebiTi gvaris mimReobis -
il sufiqsis naSTad aris miCneuli (n. mari). Tu es mosazreba sworia, igi Tanabrad
gamodgeba rogorc gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTi pirvelis, ise statikuri vnebiTis
-ia daboloebis asaxsnelad.
magram TurmeobiTi pirvelisa da statikuri vnebiTis fuZe Sekvecil mimReobas ar
SeiZleba warmoadgendnen, ramdenadac aq fuZeSi yovelTvis -i gvxvdeba, mimReobis sawarmoebeli
ki yovelTvis -il sufiqsi ar aris. magaliTad:
dadginebuli, magram TurmeobiTia: damidginebies...
a. S a n i Z i s mosazrebis sasargeblod laparakobs is garemoeba, rom amgvar warmoebaSi
gramatikuli subieqtis pirvel da meore pirTan `var~, `xar~ meSveli zmnaa gamoyenebuli:
`unaxivar, unaxixar~, agreTve: `vxativar, vwerivar~ da sxv. amave axsnis
sasargeblod laparakobs isic, rom orpiriani gardauvali zmnis TurmeobiT meoreSi
meSveli zmnis namyoa gamoyenebuli (aRmosavlur dialeqtebSi):
scodnia, magram: scodniyo, scodniyos.
vfiqrobT, arc erTi am ori faqtidan gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisa ar aris. pirveli
isevea miRebuli, rogorc `vzivar, vdgavar~ zmnebi, sadac `var~ meSveli zmna darTulia
`vzi~, `vdga~ statikur zmnebs. es movlena damaxasiaTebelia ara marto qarTulisaTvis,
aramed svanurisTvisac (Sdr. svanuri: sgurxvi || sgur _ vzivar). imave tendenciam,
romelmac gamoiwvia `var~ meSveli zmnis darTva xsenebul statikur zmnebze,
gamoiwvia misi darTva statikur vnebiTsa da TurmeobiT pirvelzedac rogorc qar-
TulSi, ise svanurSi: vabivar, vunaxivar... xomaraxvi (vumzadebivar). pirvel SemTxveva-
Si (vzi-var... sgur-xvi) meSveli zmnis darTva aSkarad meoreuli movlenaa. maSasadame,
meoreuli unda iyos is TurmeobiTisa da statikuri vnebiTis SemTxvevaSic.
rac Seexeba gardauvali orpiriani zmnis TurmeobiT meoreSi `iyo~ meSveli zmnis
gamoyenebas, is SeiZleba TurmeobiT pirvelSi SemoRebuli meSvelzmniani warmoebis
TurmeobiT meoreSi gadataniT aixsnas. statikuri vnebiTis namyoSi meSveliani warmoeba
79

ar gvxvdeba.
a. S a n i Z i s misazrebis sasargeblod TiTqos xevsuruli orpiriani gardauvali
zmnis TurmeobiTi laparakobs. xevsurulSi aseT SemTxvevaSi -a niSnis adgilas
gvaqvs -as, romelic aSkarad `ars~ (xevsurulad: as) meSvel zmnas warmoadgens. Tu am
-as niSans TurmeobiTisaTvis pirveladad vcnobdiT, maSin iseTi formebi, sadac -as
elementi ara gvaqvs, ukanasknelis mokvecis Sedegad unda CagveTvala.
xevsurulSi gvxvdeba: dagvdgomiv _ dagvdgomiv-as
scodniv
xqvivnebiv...
Sdr. xyonivas || xyoniv
xqonivas
gazZRolios || gazZRolivas
Caswevivas || misweviv
zdgomivas suli
miaxloebivas
gaxÃdios || gaxÃdivas...
magram amis mixedviT zogadi daskvna ver gakeTdeba. xevsurulSi amgvari warmoeba
moudis mxolod gardauval orpirian zmnebs. arc gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiT pirvelSi,
arc statikur vnebiTSi -as-iT gaTavebuli forma ar gvxvdeba. aseTi warmoeba
miRebuli unda iyos I da II pirTa formebis gavleniT `mivswevivar, miswevixar... miswevivas~...
rac Seexeba -v-s gaCenas (misweviv), is miRebuli unda iyos an pirveli piris
formis analogiiT, sadac -v meSvel zmnaSi pirveli piris niSania (mivwevi-v-ar) an -av
Temis niSniT nawarmoebi `gaukeTebav, daukidebav~ tipis zmnaTa analogiiT, sadac -v-s
qona TurmeobiTi pirvelisTvis morfologiur normad aris qceuli.
-a sufiqsis warmomavloba meSveli zmnisagan rogorc statikur vnebiTSi, ise TurmeobiT
pirvelSi mosalodneli iyo qarTvelur da sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa saerTo
konteqstis mixedviT 8 , ramdenadac am enebSi gvaqvs statikur zmnasTan meSveli
zmnis gamoyenebis faqtebi. magram qarTveluri enebis faqtobrivi viTareba mainc ar
gvaZlevs -a-s mimarTac amgvari varaudis uflebas: megrulSi meSveli zmna ixmareba
erTpiriani gardauvali zmnis TurmeobiT pirvelSi (aRweriTi warmoeba), magram srulebiT
ar ivaraudeba gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTSi (SeiZleboda aseTad migveCnia -
q sufiqsi, magram isic mxolod I da II pirSi).
-a, romelic vlindeba statikuri vnebiTis awmyosa da gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiT
pirvelSi mxoloobiTi ricxvis mesame pirSi, igive unda iyos, rac -a, romelic
vnebiTSi enacvleba mesame piris Zvel niSans: TeTrdebis _ TeTrdeba, dgebis _ dgeba.
rom statikuri vnebiTis awmyoSi da moqmedebiTis TurmeobiTSi es -a iseTive meoreuli
unda iyos, rogoric am vnebiTSi, iqidan Cans, rom mravlobiT ricxvSi orive Sem-
TxvevaSi is niSnebi gamoiyeneba, romlebic -s an -d, -n piris niSnebs Seesabameba da
ara -a-s.
Ddgebis, dgeba, magram: dgebian
uqries, uqria _ gauqrian
hgonies, hgonia _ hgonian...
amgvarad, TurmeobiTi pirvelisa da statikuri vnebiTis awmyos warmoebis -ie variantis
Secvla -ia variantiT iseve unda aixsnas, rogorc `Tbebis~ tipis warmoebis
Secvla `Tbeba~ tipiT awmyoSi.
rac Seexeba -e sufiqss (upyri-e, daudginebi-e), misi momdinareoba meSveli zmnisagan
iseve mosalodnelia qarTvelur-kavkasiur enaTa konteqstSi, rogorc -a-si, magram
aseTi varaudis sasargeblod sabuTebi jerjerobiT ar Cans. am mxriv saintereso iq-
8 q. l o m T a T i Z e , q sufiqsi megrulSi: iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, t. I, 1946.
80

neboda imis codna, -a enacvleba CvenTvis saintereso SemTxvevaSi -e-s, Tu erTvis mas
da mis Cavardnas iwvevs, e. i. `Seumosia~ formas win uswrebda `Seumosiea~ forma Tu
ara? bolodroindel samecniero literaturaSi garkveulia, rom aq -e-s mokvecasTan
gvaqvs saqme.
9. gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTi meore da kavSirebiTi mesame qarTulSi Tavis Sesatyvis
prefiqsiani vnebiTis relatiur formas emTxveva. erTi da igive forma konteqstis
mixedviT SeiZleba mesame seriis formac iyos da misi Sesatyvisi vnebiTis meore
seriis formac. sintaqsuri konstruqcia orive SemTxvevaSi erTi da igivea.
meore seria (vnebiTi) mesame seria (gardamavali)
damewera me igi damewera me igi
dameweros me igi dameweros me igi
amgvaradve ewarmoeba TurmeobiTi meore da kavSirebiTi mesame im zmnebsac, romel-
Ta Sesatyvisi prefiqsiani vnebiTi enaSi ar moipoveba:
momekla me igi gametexa me igi
momeklas me igi gametexos me igi
TurmeobiTi meorisa da kavSirebiTi mesamis sxva warmoeba gardamaval zmnebTan
qarTulma ar icis.
statikur zmnas qarTulSi, rogorc cnobilia, meore seriis warmoeba sakuTari
fuZisagan ar SeuZlia. statikuri vnebiTi da zogi -av niSniani zmna, romelic mniSvnelobiT
statikuri vnebiTis tolia, namyo drois gamosaxatavad Tavisi Sesatyvisi dinamikuri
vnebiTis aoristis formas iyenebs, xolo kavSirebiTis gamosaxatavad _ mis
kavSirebiT meores.
upyries _ epyra, epyras (epyrobis zmnis II seriis formebi)
abia _ eba, ebas (ebmebis zmnis II seria)
uZlavs _ eZlo, eZlos (eZlebis ` ` )
sZinavs _ eZina, eZinos (eZinebis ` ` )
hnebavn _ eneba, enebos (enebebis ` ` )
-am Temis niSniani statikuri zmnebi qarTulSi mcirea. maT namyo uwyvetlis sufiqsiT
vxedavT axal qarTulSi:
Casdgams, mosdgams, mosdgamda, mosdgamdes...
miuxedavad amisa, ar aris SeuZlebeli es movlena meoreulad miviCnioT iseve, rogorc
bevr sxva amgvar SemTxvevaSi, da `dgams~ zmnis namyod `idga~ vivaraudoT istoriulad.
maSin -av da -am Temis niSniani zmnebi iseve moeqceoda erT sibrtyeze, rogorc
eqceva TurmeobiTi pirvelis warmoebisas.
amgvarad, gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTi meore da kavSirebiTi mesame, erTi mxriv,
da statikuri zmnis namyo da kavSirebiTi, meore mxriv, Sesatyvisi dinamikuri vnebi-
Tis aoristisa da kavSirebiTis formebs iyenebs. amitom, Tu gvaqvs erTi Ziridan nawarmoebi
moqmedebiTi da statikuri vnebiTi, pirvelis meore TurmeobiTi meoris namyos
daemTxva, xolo pirvelis mesame kavSirebiTi _ meoris kavSirebiTs.
statikuri moqmedebiTi (mesame seria)
epyra, epyras daepyra, daepyras
eba, ebas daeba, daebas
ewera, eweros daewera, daeweros
10. svanurSi gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTi meore dinamikuri vnebiTis aoristTan
siaxloves gviCvenebs. `namyo winarewarsuls namyo srulisagan aoristSi gamoyenebu-
81

li vnebiTis mawarmoebeli bolosarTi asxvavebs~ 9 . es bolosarTia -n Tavisi dialeqturi
variaciebiT. moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnas is mxolod TurmeobiT meoreSi aqvs, dinamikur
vnebiTs _ mxolod aoristSi.
moqmedebiTi dinamikuri vnebiTi
mixtav n (mexata) TvSixn (daviwvi)
jixtav n (gexata) TSixn (daiwvi)
xoxtav n (exata) dSixn (daiwva)
amgvari damTxveva qarTulis analogiuria.
igive n sufiqsi gamoyenebulia statikur zmnaTa garkveuli jgufis namyo drois
sawarmoeblad. es swored is statikuri zmnebia, romelTac awymoSi TurmeobiT pirvelTan
saerTo -a bolosarTi aqvT.
awymo namyo
xuRva (aqvs) xuRvn || xuRvnda (hqonda)
xoydna (uWiravs) xoydnn (eWira)
xmTqa (sCvevia) xmTq n (sCveoda)
xaJxa (hqvia) xeJxn(da) (erqva)
xÁra (aweria) xeÁrn(da) (ewera)
xabJa (hgonia) xebJn(da) (egona)
xaSkda (aWedia) xeSkdn (eWeda)
xmÁeda (SeuZlia) xemÁedn (SeeZlo)
qa w a (Cans) qa wn(da) (Canda)
aq -da sufiqsi namyo uwyvetlisaa. am formebSi is meoreulia, rac paraleluri
xuRvn _ xuRvnda formebis arsebobidan Cans. misi darTva gamowveulia imiT, rom
xuRvn Tumca warmoSobiT wyvetilis formaa, mniSvnelobiT uwyvetels utoldeba.
igive movlenaa qarTulSi: sZinavs _ eZina (Sdr. araliteraturuli axali forma:
sZinavda).
Tu moqmedebiTsa da amgvar statikur zmnas erTi fuZe aqvs, pirvelis meore TurmeobiTi
iseve emTxveva meoris namyos, rogorc qarTulSi.
statikuri moqmedebiTi
awmyo namyo TurmeobiTi I TurmeobiTi II
qu w a qa wn (Cans, Canda) miwa miwn (minaxavs, menaxa)
xorkala xorkaln (urekia, qa xorkala qa xorkaln (gaurekavs,
ereka) gaereka)
Sdr. upyries epyra daupyries daepyra
analogiis sisrules qarTulTan is uSlis xels, rom qarTulSi gardamavli
zmnis TurmeobiTi meorec da Sesaferi statikuri vnebiTis namyoc aucileblad erTi
da imave e- prefiqsiT aris warmodgenili (ewera _ daewera). orive emTxveva erTmaneTs
da Sesatyvisi dinamikuri vnebiTis relatiur formasac, Tu ki am zmnas prefiqsiani
vnebiTi moepoveba (ewera igi, daewera igi mas, daewera mas igi). svanurSi ki moqmedebiTi
gvaris TurmeobiT meoreSi qcevis aRsaniSnavad o/i prefiqsebi ixmareba, vnebiTi
gvaris sasxviso qcevis aoristSi _ o/i rigic da e-c, xolo statikur zmnaTa namyoSi
9 v. T o f u r i a, svanuri ena, zmna, gv. 178.
82

umTavresad e, ufro iSviaTad o/i rigi 10 . magram xsenebuli sami nakvTis (statikuris
namyo, vnebiTis aoristi, moqmedebiTis TurmeobiTi meore) urTierTmimarTebis igiveobas
qarTulsa da svanurSi es garemoeba mainc ver daCrdilavs. jer erTi, is faqti,
rom -n sufiqsi am sam nakvTSi gvaqvs da arsad sxvagan ar gvxvdeba uRvlilebis sistemaSi,
am sami nakvTis fuZeTa igiveobaze miuTiTebs, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre
gansxvaveba qcevis prefiqsebSi. Mmeorec, e- da o/i prefiqsTa paraleluri arseboba
statikuris namyosa da vnebiTis aoristSi nebas gvaZlevs maTi amgvarive paraleluri
xmareba istoriulad moqmedebiTis TurmeobiTi meorisTvisac vivaraudoT. Tu
amas davuSvebdiT, maSin o/i qcevis prefiqsTa gabatoneba TurmeobiT meoreSi TurmeobiTi
pirvelis gavlenisTvis unda migvewera, sadac mxolod es prefiqsebi ixmareba.
jeTxn (`geSova~ vnebiTi) da jiTxn (`geSova~ TurmeobiTi)
Sdr.: jiTxa (`giSovia~)
gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi garemoebac: svanurSi statikur vnebiTs namyoSi saarviso
qcevis formebic SeiZleba hqondes.
Qqa wva (Cans) _ qa wvn(da) (Canda)
qarTulSi ki statikuri vnebiTis namyo yovelTvis e- prefiqsiTaa warmodgenili,
rac saTanao, sasxviso an sazedao formas gulisxmobs:
uyria eyara
ayria eyara
hyria eyara
unda vifiqroT, rom svanuris TurmeobiT meoreSi qcevis aRniSvna imitom aris gansxvavebuli
qarTulisagan, rom gansxvavebulia Sesatyvisi statikuri zmnis qcevis aRniSvna
namyoSi.
11. gardamavali zmnis kavSirebiTi mesame qarTulsa da svanurSi iseTsave SefardebaSia
TurmeobiT meoresTan, rogorSic vnebiTis kavSirebiTi meore wyvetilTan da
statikuri vnebiTis kavSirebiTi mis namyosTan:
qarTuli
statikuri: epyra _ epyras ewera _ eweros
vnebiTi: daewera _ daeweros
Turm. II daepyra _ daepyras... daewera _ daeweros...
svanuri
statikuri: xeirn _ xeirns (ewera _ eweros) qa wvn _ qa wvns
(Canda _ Candes)
vnebiTi: dSixns _ dSixns CvdmeCn _ CvdmeCns
(daiwva _ daiwves) (daberda _ daberdes)
Turm. II: xoÁr n _ xoÁrns xowvn _ xowvns (enaxa_enaxos) 11
(ewera _ eweros)
laSxurSi kavSirebiTi mesamis fuZes zogjer kavSirebiTi pirvelis -de mawarmoebeli
erTvis. sxva kiloebSi igive formanti erTvis statikuri vnebiTis kavSirebiTs.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi misi damateba imiT unda iyos gamowveuli, rom kavSirebiTi mesamis
Sinaarsobrivi Sefardeba TurmeobiT meoresTan iseTivea, rogoric kavSirebiTi
pirvelisa uwyvetelTan. meore SemTxvevaSi is imitom aris gamoyenebuli, rom stati-
10 v. T o f u r i a , svanuri ena, gv. 178-181; 203-204.
11 v. T o f u r i a , svanuri ena, I, gv. 199, 205, 178-180, 181.
83

kuri vnebiTis namyo da kavSirebiTi (warmoSobiT aoristi da kavSirebiTi meore) dRevandel
enaSi uwyvetlisa da kavSirebiTi pirvelis funqciiT gamodis.
12. megrulSi mesame seriis nakvTTa urTierTmimarTeba principulad gansxvavebulia
imisagan, rasac qarTuli da svanuri gviCvenebs. gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTi meore
da kavSirebiTi mesame iseve iwarmoeba TurmeobiTi pirvelisagan, rogorc kavSirebiTi
pirveli da uwyveteli awmyosagan.
miWaru(n) _ miWarudu _ miWarudas (miweria, mewera, meweros).
es viTareba Tanxvdeba statikuri vnebiTis viTarebas, sadac namyo da kavSirebiTi
agreTve awmyos fuZisagan iwarmoeba:
Warun _ Warudu _ Warudas (weria, ewera, eweros).
magram ar Tanxvdeba dinamikuri vnebiTis aoristsa da kavSirebiT meores maSin,
roca qarTulsa da svanurSi es Cveulebrivia.
13. qarTulSic da svanurSic gardamavali zmnis mesame seriaSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba,
erTi mxriv, TurmeobiTi pirveli da, meore mxriv, TurmeobiTi meore da kav-
SirebiTi mesame.
a) TurmeobiTi pirveli Tavisi formiT awmyoa, TurmeobiTi meore da kavSirebiTi
mesame _ meore seriis formebi.
b) TurmeobiTi pirveli Tavisi formiT statikuria, TurmeobiTi meore da kavSirebiTi
mesame _ dinamikuri.
mesame seriis nakvTTa warmoqmna dasaxelebul sam nakvTze ar Cerdeba. Zvel qar-
TulSi SeniSnulia `mesame xolmeobiTi~ (sul ramdenime SemTxvevaa):
ebrZanis (cxovr. iovanesi da efTvimesi, 58,11)
brZola ecis... Seekribis... ganevlnian, moesrnian (giorgi mTawmindelis
cxovreba)
Tavs-edvis (iqve)
etvirTvnian (xronoRr. 168) 12 .
es nakvTi rogorc formiT, ise SinaarsiT imgvarsave SefardebaSia TurmeobiT meoresTan,
rogorSic xolmeobiTi meore aoristTan. enaSi is ar damkvidrda, albaT,
xolmeobiTis saerTo gaqrobis mizeziT.
axal qarTulSi gvaqvs iseTi formebi, rogoric aris `gagegoneba~ `gagonili geqneba~
`albaT, gagigonia~-s mniSvnelobiT (gare kaxeTSi msmenia). es aris momavlis nakvTi
im dinamikuri vnebiTisa, romlis aoristi da kavSirebiTi meore TurmeobiT meoresa
da kavSirebiT mesames qmnis. aseTi warmoeba iSviaTia, magram produqtiulia cocxal
metyvelebaSi.
orive xsenebuli nakvTi Tavisi warmoebiT TurmeobiT meoresa da kavSirebiT mesames
ekedleba da upirispirdeba TurmeobiT pirvels.
14. amgvarad, qarTulisa da svanuris uRvlilebis sistemaSi gvaqvs sami sxvadasxva
nakvTi, romlebic imdenad emTxveva erTmaneTs formis mxriv, rom SeuZlebelia maT
Soris geneturi kavSiri ar viguloT. es nakvTebia: statikuri zmnis namyo da kavSirebiTi,
dinamikuri prefiqsiani vnebiTis aoristi da kavSirebiTi meore, gardamavali
zmnis TurmeobiTi meore da kavSirebiTi mesame. statikuri vnebiTi rom namyosa da
kavSirebiTSi dinamikuri vnebiTis formebs sesxulobs, es faqtia, magram ra mimarTebaSia
maTTan gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTi meore da kavSirebiTi mesame? statikuri
zmnis namyosa da kavSirebiTis formebs iyenebs igi Tu dinamikuri vnebiTi aorist-kav-
SirebiTisas? vfiqrobT, rom sakiTxi pirveli SesaZleblobis sasargeblod unda gadawydes.
aseTi gadawyvetis sasargeblod laparakobs megrulis viTarebac, sadac
12 a. S a n i Z e , erTi ucnobi mwkrivi Zvel qarTulSi, gv. 4-10.
84

gvaqvs prefiqsiani dinamikuri vnebiTi, magram TurmeobiTi meore mainc aSkarad statikuri
vnebiTis namyos iyenebs, xolo kavSirebiTi mesame mis kavSirebiTs:
Warun _ Warudu _ Warudas (weria, ewera, eweros)
miWarun _ miWarudu _ miWarudas (damiweria, damewera, dameweros).
aseTi gadawyveta udavod mosalodnelia, Tu marTalia varaudi, rom TurmeobiTi
pirveli aris statikuri vnebiTis awmyo. maSin TurmeobiTi meore da kavSirebiTi mesame
iqneba amave zmnis namyo da kavSirebiTi, gamoxatuli im dinamikuri vnebiTis formiT,
romelsac statikuri zmna namyosa da kavSirebiTis gamosaxatavad iyenebs. mesame
seriis nakvTTa Sinaarsobrivi Sefardebac amgvar varauds adasturebs. es Sefardeba
iseTivea, rogoric pirveli seriis nakvTTa awmyo-uwyvetel-kavSirebiTisa. pirveli
TurmeobiTi gamoxatavs dasrulebuli moqmedebis arsebobis faqts awmyoSi, meore
TurmeobiTi gamoxatavs amgvari faqtis arsebobas im momentSi, romelsac saubari exeba
(aqedan _ Tanamdevrobis gageba). xolo kavSirebiTi mesame _ amgvari faqtis arsebobis
SesaZleblobas an survils. sayuradReboa, rom kavSirebiTi SeiZleba gamoxatavdes
amgvari faqtis arsebobas momavalSic, e. i. gviCvenebdes, rom esa da es moqmedeba
dasrulebuli iqneba ama da am droisaTvis (es gamomdinareobs kavSirebiTis
funqciidan _ aRniSnos momavali dro).
`vidre arRa eyivnos qaTamsa, sam gzis uvar-myo me~ (maTe, 26,75).
TurmeobiTobis gageba TurmeobiTi pirvelis msgavsad arc am or nakvTSi igrZnoba
Zveli qarTulis ZeglebSi.
15. mesame seriis nakvTTa Sinaarsobriv urTierTobaze naTel warmodgenas mogvcems
maTi Sedareba evropuli enebis `perfeqtis~ droebTan.
inglisuri germanuli franguli
awmyo perfeqti: I have seen Ich habe gesehen ј’ ai vu Sdr. minaxavs
namyo perfeqti: I had seen Ich hatte gesehen J’ a vais vu menaxa
qarTuli gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTi pirveli, rogorc zemoT gvqonda aRniSnuli,
Sinaarsobrivad udgeba germanuli, inglisuri da franguli gardamavali zmnis
perfeqts, xolo qarTuli TurmeobiTi meore am enebis pluskuamperfeqts, anu `warsul
perfeqts~. rac Seexeba gardauval erTpirian zmnas, misi perfeqtis droTa warmoeba
evropul enebSi zustad imeorebs qarTulis TurmeobiTebs rogorc SinaarsiT,
ise formiT.
germanuli qarTuli
Ich bin gegangen warslul var
Ich war gegangen warslul viyav
msgavsi Sinaarsis gamosaxatavad sxvadasxva enam msgavsi saSualeba gamoimuSava.
16. orpiriani gardauvali zmnis TurmeobiTi meorisa da kavSirebiTi mesamis warmoeba
svanurSi gardamavali zmnis yalibs misdevs. TurmeobiTi meore imave - n sufiqs
dairTavs, rasac gardamaval zmnasTan, kavSirebiTi mesame ki imave -n sufiqsiT warmogvidgeba.
xvayen n (vyolodi) xvaynn (vyolode)
xayen n (hyolodi) xayenn (hyolode)
xayen n (hyoloda) xayenns (hyolodes)
qarTulSi sawinaaRmdego viTareba gvaqvs. TurmeobiTi meore da kavSirebiTi mesame
relatiur gardauval zmnas TurmeobiTi pirvelisagan ewarmoeba -od uwyvetlisa da -e
85

kavSirebiTis formantTa saSualebiT.
scodnia _ scodnoda _ scodnodes.
amis mizezi is unda iyos, rom TurmeobiTi meore enaSi gagebulia rogorc TurmeobiTi
pirvelis namyo uwyveteli, xolo kavSirebiTi mesame _ rogorc misi kavSirebi-
Ti. gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTi meorisa da kavSirebiTi mesamis warmoebasTan SedarebiT
aseTi warmoeba gviandeli unda iyos: is gulisxmobs mesame seriis mwkrivTa
dasrulebuli sistemis arsebobas Sinaarsobrivi SefardebiT: awmyo, uwyveteli, kav-
SirebiTi. magram gasarkvevia: gvqonda am zmnebSi gardamavali zmnisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
warmoeba, romelic mere -od warmoebiT Seicvala, Tu amgvar zmnebs Turmeobi-
Tebi saerTod ar ewarmoebodaT da maTi mesame seria saerTod gviandeli warmonaqmnia.
uZveles ZeglebSi orpiriani gardauvali zmnis TurmeobiTi saerTod ar gvxvdeba.
Cndeba SedarebiT gvian.
is garemoeba, rom -od sufiqsi, romelic relatiuri gardauvali zmnis TurmeobiT
meoreSi ixmareba, uZvelesi formantia, `scodnoda~ formebis gviandelad miCnevisaTvis
dabrkoleba ver iqneba. Tumca es sufiqsi Zvelia, magram dResac cocxali formantia,
maSasadame, SesaZlebelia enam igi ixmaros axal nakvTSi, Tu ki Sesaferisi Sinaarsis
aRniSvna gaxdeba saWiro. amis magaliTad SeiZleba gamodges `bneloda~ `cxeloda~
tipis zmnebi, sadac -od formantis darTva aSkarad Semdegdroindeli movlenaa
(awmyoSi: bnela `bnel ars~, cxela `cxel ars~).
SeiZleba davaskvnaT: gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTi pirveli qarTvelur enebSi
warmoadgens istoriulad statikuri zmnis sasxviso qcevis awmyos.
TurmeobiTi meore Sesatyvisi statikuri vnebiTis zmnebTan igivea, rac am zmnaTa
vnebiTis namyo. aseve kavSirebiTi mesame warmoadgens Sesatyvisi statikuri vnebiTis
kavSirebiTs. im moqmedebiT zmnebze, romelTac statikuri vnebiTi ar moepovebaT, mesame
seriis warmoebisas arsebuli morfologiuri norma gavrcelda.
maSasadame, gardamavali zmnis mesame seria qarTvelur enebSi miRebuli Cans statikuri
vnebiTis awmyosa, namyosa da kavSirebiTisagan mxolod mniSvnelobis evoluciis
Sedegad. ukanasknelma asaxva ver pova formaSi romelime mawarmoeblis saxiT
(Tu ar CavTvliT, erTi mxriv, preverbis darTvas samsave qarTvelur enaSi, rac arsebiTi
ar aris, da, meore mxriv, sxvaobas qcevis aRniSvnaSi svanurSi, rac agreTve fu-
Zes ar exeba).
86

87
ivane qavTaraZe
dro-kiloTa mesame seriis warmoebis erTi Tavisebureba axal qarTulSi 1
qarTuli enis gramatikuli wyobis Seswavla arkvevs rogorc am enis struqturisa
da istoriis rTul movlenebs, ise misi ganviTarebis Sinagan kanonzomierebaTa specifikas.
enis gramatikuli wyoba `ufro nela icvleba, vidre ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondi.
igi, ra Tqma unda, icvleba droTa viTarebaSi, igi ufro srulyofili xdeba, aumjobesebs
da azustebs Tavis wesebs, iZens axal wesebs, magram gramatikuli wyobis
safuZvlebi rCeba metad didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, radgan am safuZvlebs, rogorc istoria
gviCvenebs, SeuZliaT warmatebiT emsaxuron sazogadoebas mTeli rigi epoqebis
manZilze~ 2 .
am debulebidan Sinagani aucileblobiT gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom gramatikul
wyobaSi uaxlesi warmoebis formaTa gverdiT, ganviTarebis procesSi SeZenil axal
erTeulebTan erTad, SeiZleba Semonaxuli gvqondes uZvelesi warmoebis formebic,
winaT moqmedi gramatikuli kanonzomierebis gadmonaSTebi. cxadia, rom swored amitom
enaSi moqmedi obieqturi kanonebis ZaliT, TandaTanobiT, xangrZlivad mimdinare
procesebis Sedegad xdeba enobrivi formebis mudmivi srulyofa da mowesrigeba-gaumjobeseba.
Eena Tavidan iSorebs uZvelesi periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zedmet konkretulobas,
erideba erTnairi mniSvnelobiT sxvadasxva formebis xmarebas da cvlis
maT ufro abstraqtuli formebiTa da kategoriebiT.
am aspeqtSi unda ganvixiloT dro-kiloTa mesame seriis warmoebis erTi Tavisebureba
axal qarTul enaSi. saqme exeba gardamaval zmnaTa -n elementdarTul formebs
TurmeobiTebsa da iSviaTad kavSirebiTs mesameSi: u m u S a v - n - i a , g a u t a c - n - i a ,
uyid-n-ia... emuSav-n-a, gaetac-n-a, eyid-n-a da misTana zmnebs, agreTve
gardauval daviwy-n-i-a, damarT-n-i-a tipis warmoebas, romlis xmarebaSic er-
Tgvari midrekileba SeiniSneba mxatvruli literaturisa da presis enaSi.
qarTul gramatikul literaturaSi am -n sufiqsis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mosazrebaa
gamoTqmuli. igi SeniSnuli hqonda jer kidev Tedo J o r d a n i a s , romelic u y i d - n -
i-a, uqadag-n-i-a tipis formebSi -n-s keTilxmovanebis moTxovnilebiT gaCenilad
miiCnevda 3 . s. x u n d a Z e s miaCnda, rom -n sufiqsiani zmnebis gamoyenebasTan saTanado
morfologiuri gansxvavebaa dakavSirebuli: minadirn-i-a, miyvar-n-ia _ saSuali
gvaris zmnebia, xolo m i n a d i r e b i a , m i y v a r e b i a _ moqmedebiTi zmnis formaao
4 . samagierod, meore qarTveli gramatikosi ar. q u T a T e l a Z e -n-s xmarebaSi aravi-
Tar gamarTlebas ar xedavda. igi werda: `SeniSnulia, rom namyo gagrZelebulSi da
namyo srulSi zmnebs uzis xSirad aso `n~, romelic, Cvenis azriT, `paraziti~ unda
iyos, radganac araviTari Zala da mniSvneloba mas uRvlilebis dros ara aqvs _ mag.,
`wov-n-a (wova), tyorc-n-a (tyorca)...~ 5 .
avtoris Tvalsazrisi gasagebia: parazitia (e. i. zedmetia) es sufiqsi imdenad,
ramdenadac misi xmareba aucilebeli araa, umisodac formebi advilad iwarmoeba da
gasagebia, magram Secdomaa, roca avtors igi klasikuri qarTulidan momdinared miaCnia
da d e v - n - a tipis formebSi -n sufiqss imave odenobad miiCnevs, rac gan-acv-n-a-
Si gvaqvs 6 .
TurmeobiTebSi gamovlenili -n sufiqsis axsnisaTvis iyo cda imave nakvTebis pre-
1 iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, VII, Tb., 1955.
2 i. stalini, marqsizmi da enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, 1954, gv. 23.
3 T. J o r d a n i a , qarTuli grammatika: etimologia da sintaqsi, tfilisi, 1889, gv. 28.
4 s. xundaZe, qarTuli zmnebi, quTaisi, 1891, gv. 62.
5 ar. q u T a T e l a Z e , qarTuli zmnebis klasifikacia, tfilisi, 1897, gv. 38.
6 Sdr. iqve.

fiqsuli vnebiTebis mravlobiTis warmoebaze miTiTebisa 7 , magram SemdegSi aseTi gageba
aRar gvxvdeba 8 .
-n sufiqsi dro-kiloTa mesame seriis zmnebSi werilobiTi Zeglebis mixedviT sistemebr
dasturdeba meTxuTmete saukunidan. igi am droidan gansakuTrebiT Tanamimdevrulad
ixmareba qarTlur-kaxuri warmoSobis istoriul sabuTebSi 9 , Tumca sporadulad
misi xmarebis SemTxvevebs Zveli qarTulis ZeglebSic vadasturebT: arcaRa
israÀlTa Soris esodeni sarwmunovebaÁ m i p o v - n - i e s : mT 8,10; hgonebda viTarmed safase
dafaruli u p o v n i a : kim. I, 327,6; romelsa-ese u j o b - n - i e s huriisa: urh. 334,14.
magram Zvel qarTulSi -n aseT SemTxvevaSi mxolod maSinaa, roca igi nasaxelar
zmnaTa da masdaris Sesabamis fuZeSicaa: Sdr., erTi mxriT, ToÃ-i: ToÃ-n-a: vidremde
m o u T o à n o me magas garemo: lk. 13, 8; meore mxriT, Z e b - n - a (Zebna evlogiaÁ:
zarzm. 179,30). p o v - n - a (umzirdes mas p o v n a d rasme sityuasa: lk. 11,44) da sxv.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Zvel qarTulSi zmnasa da saxelSi -n yovelTvis Tanamimdevrulad
rodi meordeba: masdarebSi aris -n sufiqsi 10 : Sewev-n-a, datev-n-a, mor
e v - n - a (=daZleva)... magram zmnebSi araa; zmnaSi ar aris, magaliTad -n, saxelSi ki
Tavs iCens: araras bralsa v h p o v - e b kacisa amis Tana: lk. 2, 3, 4; a R x u t y o r c - e b
tyavsa amas ze aerTa: qrest. 16,21. sazogadod, rogorc qvemoTac vnaxavT, -eb sufiqsi
ufro wignuri Cans aseT SemTxvevebSi. nagvianev ZeglebSi (XIII _ XV saukuneebidan)
igi zmnaSi Cveulebriv aRar Cans, mis adgils -n iWers: styorc-eb-s sayovelTaod
Secvala styorc-n-i-s, xolo mogiRuaw-eb-ies (Ruawli keTili mogiRuaweb
i e s ; xanZT. iÀ 29) adgilas umetes SemTxvevaSi m i R v a w - n - i a gvaqvs: (uari miTqvams
maszed, rac xmeleTze m i R v a w n i a : i. maCab. Targm. I, 184,19).
Zveli qarTulis magaliTebidan irkveva, rom mesame seriis nakvTebSi -n sufiqsi
erTbaSad ar gavrcelebula. roca vambobT _ mas vadasturebT XIV_XV saukuneebidano,
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs pirvel yovlisa iseTi fuZeebi, romlebSic -n TiTqos ar
iyo mosalodneli. esaa uyid-n-i-a tipis zmnebi, romelTa xmareba pirvelad am xanebidan
SeiniSneba: m i u y i d - n - i a venaÃi: dokum. II, 31.
rogor unda warmovidginoT -n sufiqsis gaCena aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi?
-n sufiqsi qarTulSi gavrcelebuli elementia zmnur fuZeTa sawarmoeblad. igi
sxvadasxva xmovnebTan erTad qmnis zmnis Tematur niSanTa wyebas rogorc gardamaval,
ise gardauval zmnebSi 11 . igi TiTqmis Tanabradaa gamoyenebuli nasaxelar zmneb-
Tanac da iseTebSic, romelTac amosavlad saxeladi fuZe ar uCanT. oRond Wirs
Tqma: yovelTvis ivaraudeba Tu ara -n-s win xmovani da romelia igi (erTia Tu sxvadasxva).
rogorc vTqviT, Zvel qarTulSi -n sufiqsi srulebiTac ar iyo aseT SemTxvevaSi
imdenad gavrcelebuli, ramdenadac dResaa. Zvel qarTulSi srulebiT ar iyo igi fu-
ZeSi, anda fuZis savrcobad -eb sufiqsi ixmareboda: iTxov-s, iglov-s... hpov-eb-s,
styorc-eb-s... yovel SemTxvevaSi, gamoyenebis mxriv -eb sufiqsi ufro Zveli da gavrcelebulia
Semdeg zmnur fuZeebSi:
saÃmari Cemi momiRebies: kim. I, 209, 23.
me momivlinebian igini Senda: saqme mociq. 10,20 g.
Sdr. me momivlenian igini Senda: iqve, a.
7 a. S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatika, morfologia, 1930, § 155, gv. 157-158.
8 Sdr. a. S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I , 1953, gv. 454.
9 i. q a v T a r a Z e , XIII _ XVIII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis enis fonetikuri da morfologiuri
Taviseburebani: enis institutis VI samecniero sesia, 1949, muSaobis gegma da moxsenebaTa
Tezisebi, gv. 8-9.
10 -n sufiqsiani masdarebis Sesaxeb: a. S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I,
1953, $ 573.
11 v. Tofuria, zmnis uZvelesi sufiqsaciisaTvis qarTulSi: saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akad. moambe,
III5, 1942, gv. 489-491.
88

Ruawli keTili mogiRuawebies: xanZT. iÀ 29.
romelTa dahviwyebies ufali: iob. 8, 13.
dedaena daviwyebia: i. gogeb. II, 375.
did xans ar daviwyebia esmas: g. wereT. 34,18.
ara sxÂsa... xuÀdrebulisagan hqonebia: tibik. 52,9.
naTesavTa CemTa... mimsaxurebia: tibik. 10,17.
rogorc umsaxurebiaT, iseve msaxuron: dokum. I, 394 (1738 wl.).
mamani da papani Tquenni... erTgulebasa Sigan daÃocilan da CuenTa guarTaTÂs
umsaxurebiaT: saq. siZv. I1, 2(1451 w.).
ori dRe mka, ori dRe barva damidebia: dokum. I, 15 (1603 w.).
sxuaÁ araÁ visi momixmarebies: rkonis sigeli: qronik. II, 134,8.
ra guarica amas winaT hqonebia: dokum. I, 3 (1477 w.).
rogorc Tquens mama-papas hqonebia, isTe TquenTvis gviboZebia: saq. siZv. III, 453
(1739 w.).
Zalian saqme gqonebiaT: e. ninoSv. I, 15,18.
rom sxvaze mdidrulad mqoneboda saxli morTuli: l. ardaz. 67, 25.
rom saliteraturo fondi mqoneboda: i. gogeb. I, 432.
visic siyvaruli unda hqoneboda: akaki, IV, 331`,16.
TiTqos meore Tvalic SuSis hqonebodes: r. gvet. kreb. 1948 w. 88, 28.
aqedan da qvemoT aRwerili magaliTebidan Cans, rom awmyo-myofadis -eb sufiqsi
gadahyveba pirvel da meore TurmeobiTSi agreTve iseT zmnebs, romelnic nakluli
nakvTebis Sesavsebad vnebiTis fuZes iyeneben; amave rigisaa Cveulebriv zogierTi e-
prefiqsiani vnebiTic: icis: e c o d i n e b a _ scodnebia; e s a x e b a _ Casaxebia:
TiTqos sdomebia mTeli saflavi... gulSi Caikraso: ilia, II, 324.
magas qe sdomebia macis sacolo; a. furc. 50.
ufross sdomebia Tavis colisda andrias gaurigos: i. ekal. 37,15.
Tu Seni suli Cahsaxebia visme: ilia, II, 61.
omi dagiwyia, Svilo, mamas ar dakiTxebixar: l. qiaC. II, 40.
SeiZleba Cvens uneburad mtris mzveravebs SevCexebodi: mix. mrevl. 51.
ar ifiqroT, rom me SurisZieba mdomebodes: akaki, 380.
rac avs kacs damarTebodes: dokum. I, 49. (1673 wl.).
magram e- prefiqsiani vnebiTi gvaris im zmnebisaTvis, romelTac awymo-myofadSi
-av Tematuri sufiqsi awarmoebs, TurmeobiTis ufro Zveli da tipobrivi saxeobaa
damkvidrebuli saliteraturo enaSi. am Zveli saxeobisaTvis amosavalia awymos uZvelesi
varianti, romelic -eb sufiqsiT araa garTulebuli: mal-av-s: e-mal-v-i-s (Sdr.
e-mal-eb-i-s), aqedan: da-mal-v-i-a. asea yvela -av sufiqsiani zmna: damarTvia (ilia, II,
238), dafarvia, dakargvia da a. S.
TurmeobiTis fuZis warmoeba am xaziT rodi warimarTa. rig SemTxvevaSi awymoseuli
-eb sufiqsi an Secvala -n sufiqsma, an zogjer nawarmoeb fuZesac ki daerTo (magaliTad:
eZebs || Zeb-n-i-s: momeZeb-n-a: a. yazb. 152; Sob-s, Sv-a: uSob-n-i-a; i. gogeb. I, 158.
Sdr. Zveli qarTuli: arame magas uSobie Sen: kim. I, 136,29). amgvarad, zemoT ganxiluli
zmnuri fuZeebi an tipobrivad maTTan axlo mdgomi, Semdegnairadac ixmareba literaturaSi:
laSqari miTxovnia: saq. siZv. I1, 34 (1611 wl.).
amilaxorisagan miSovnia: iqve.
uglovnia da daumarxia: i. gogeb. I, 494; i. maCab. II, 483.
sikos sami wlis glovis Semdegac ar daviwynia... deda: e. ninoSv. II, 245,37;
I, 128,22.
rac mTavaria, dagviwyniaT: mix. mrevl. 9.
89

ava damviwynia... Cemi xeloba: a. beliaSv. ium. 31,32.
ar dagviwyniaT cekva: r. gvet. 10.
bavSvebs ar daviwyniaT... mSvenieri wigni: `lit. da xelovn.~ 1952, 1/VII, 2.
Sen batonoba gdomnia: baC. 448,9.
arc imis ubedureba mdomnia: ilia, II, 421.
analogiiT -n Cndeba kauzativis fuZis mqone saxelebSi da zmnebSi: mirTmev-n-a,
Wmev-n-a (afxazeTis sakaTalikozos glexTa davTari, XVI _ XVII ss., gv. 56): amis feSqaSad
momirTmevnia: saq. siZv. III, 128 (1578 wl.). -eb Secvala -n-m agreTve tyorc-n-a,
tyorc-n-i-s fuZeebSi.
Zvel qarTulSi zogierTi zmnisaTvis pirveli TurmeobiTis sawarmoeblad awymos
saziaro fuZe iyo gamoyenebuli, axalSi igi meore seriis (namyo wyvetilis) fuZiT
Seicvala, anda piriqiT 12 . vfiqrobT, am aspeqtSi unda SeiZlebodes saSuali gvaris
zmnaTa pirveli TurmeobiTis fuZis ganxilva. sagulisxmoa, rom saSual zmnaTa monacvle
fuZe (danaklisi nakvTebis Sesavsebad gamoyenebuli) -eb sufiqsiania da es sufiqsi
TurmeobiTSi Cveulebriv gadahyveboda xolme. rogorc zemoT aRwerili erTi
tipis magaliTebidan Cans, es wesi daculia ufro adrindel ZeglebSi da nawilobriv
Tanamedrove saliteraturo enaSic (Sdr. uyvars: eyvar-eb-a _ h-yvar-eb-i-a...). magram
aqvs, hyavs zmnebSi da agreTve rig gardamaval fuZeebSi masdarTan an meore serias-
Tan saziaro fuZea gamoyenebuli. ase, rom am saxiT sakmaod gavrcelebuli da zogierTi
maTgani ukve damkvidrebulicaa (mag. h q o n i a ) :
sasaflao ara hqoniaT: saq. siZv. III, 178. (1797 wl.).
Ãeli hqonodes da am wesiT emsaxuros: dokum. I, 29 (1645 wl.).
ori dRe muSaoba damidvia: dokum. I, 15 (1716 wl.)...
pirveli TurmeobiTis awmyoze dayrdnobili fuZidan TandaTanobiT idevneba -av, -
eb sufiqsebi da maT adgils -n sufiqsi iWers.
-av sufiqsiani zmnebi. I da II TurmeobiTi:
SenTvis ramdenjer Semomificnia: saq. siZv. III, 35 (1788 w.).
Sin ar Semouxednia: ilia, II, 43.
laparakic ver gaubednia: i. gogeb. I. 213.
rogor gagibedniaT xelis mowerao: akaki. I, 46.
arc Cems Tvals waukiTxnia: i. gogeb. I, 420.
aravisTvis ar miubaZnia: i. javax. saist. mwerl. I, 288.
Tavi ar dauzognia nikos gamozrdaSi: akaki, I, 88.
yoveli ndoba daukargnia moyvasTa Soris: i. gogeb. I. 158.
Zlier moumarTnia xeli skolisaTvis: i. gogeb. I, 151.
saqme ufro kidev auwewnia: i. gogeb. I. 181.
`wyalsac uzidnia cxorica da qveyanac~: a. yazb. II, 74.
bulbuls Tvalebi dauxuWnia: i. gogeb. I, II. 58.
momilocnia, Tbilis-qalaqo: g. leon. samg. 15,11.
simindic uparnia am aramzadas: s. SanS. moTxr. 225.
Cveni ambavi gekiTxna: saq. siZv. III, 77 (1798 wl.). aseve: i. gogeb. I, 329; ilia, II, 37;
l. qiaC. II, 10; s. SanS. moTxr. 101.
naTesavni Tan mohyolodnen da eficnaT: saq. siZv. I1, 127 (1706 wl.).
vervis gaebedna wasuliyo: axali q´ca 36,13. aseve: i. gogeb. I, 407; i. javax. saist.
Mmwerl. I, 231; l. qiaC. II. 64, 174.
rom... calmxriv ar Seexedna: i. gogeb. I, 433. aseve: l. qiaC. II, 38; s. SanS.
12 a r n. C i q o b a v a, TurmeobiTi pirvelis warmoebis erTi Tavisebureba axal qarTulSi: literaturuli
Ziebani, III, 1943, gv. 134.
90

moTxr. 278.
ukanaskneli valdebuli iyo... fiCxi... ezidna: i. gedev. 214,13;
darabis WuWrutanidan ezverna: s. SanS. 36.
Rrublebi alisfrad SeeRebna:L s. SanS. 187.
karga xania gadaelaxnaT Zveli Cveuleba: mix. mrevl. moTxr. 6.
gza da biliki... mtvers gadaelesna: iqve, 104.
qali cdilobda imedi daeTesna adamianis gulSi: iqve, 84.
eqimisaTvis migemarTnaT da ara CemTvis: i. maCab. II, 78.
Sarvlis totebi Caekecna CeqmebSi: ilia, II, 195.
rom meoreebs... pirvelebis... magaliTis mixedviT waebaZnoT: i. gogeb. II, 136.
saerTo wesisa da Zveli literaturuli normis mixedviT TiTqos -eb sufiqsi unda
hqonoda pirvelsa da meore TurmeobiTSi qvemoT CamoTvlil zmnebs, magram ufro
xSirad aris amgvaradac:
berua daupatiJnia Rvinosa: i. gogeb. I, 179.
zogjer avtori TviT moTxrobas gautacnia: i. javax. saist. Mmwerl. 130; aseve:
i. gogeb. I, 260; vaJa I, 166,34; ilia, II, 31; mix. mrevl. 85; uiaraRo, mamel. 85.
ar uRalatnia sinidisisaTvis: g. Ciqovani, kreb. 1948, 533,18; aseve: mix. mrevl.
158,7; `lit. da xelovn.~ 1952, # 31, gv. 4.
mSvenieri nawarmoebi Seumatnia Cveni literaturisaTvis: i. gogeb. I, 136.
TiTo winadadebis meti ar gamoumetnia: i. javax. saist. mwerl. I, 204.
Ãeli sxvagan moukidnia: saq. siZv. III, 323 (1797 w.). aseve: i. gogeb. I, 69; 78.
Cems gamdels swyenia da es upasuxnia: akaki, I, 4; aseve: i. gogeb. I, 550; ilia, II,
87; `lit. da xelovn.~ 1952, # 31, gv. 2.
patara mowafes ukarnaxnia: s. SanS. moTxr. 317.
samzareuloSi moukalaTnia: n. lorTq. II, 26; aseve: T. razik. 373, 14; i. gogeb.
moTxr. 57.
orpiroba arasodes mikadrnia: i. gogeb. I, 424.
mec movgonebivar gaWirvebis Jams da ai, gaumarjvnia kidec; l. qiaC. moTxr.
kreb. 373.
weros daepatiJna da qoTanSi moexarSa saWmeli: ilia, II, 410; aseve mix. mrevl. 3.
saxalxo skolisaTvis aekidna kiserze es movaleoba: i. gogeb. I, 101; aseve:
T. razik. 211,12; a. yazb. I, 18; k. lorTq. 380; 385; mix. mrevl. 82.
radgan xmis umetesoba daadgenda, is ueWvelad TviTeul wevrsac unda ekisrna:
akaki, I, 105; aseve: i. gogeb. I, 65, 246.
daeca da veRar adga, frTaSi Zalas eRalatna: g. leon. samg. 79, 4.
ver hpovebda verc verafers Zliers da mtkices, rom exla ekarnaxna misTvis:
barnovi, ferad-feradi 354,25.
cdilobda... alersisaTvis TavdaWerili RimiliT epasuxna: mix. mrevl. 25.
Jins metad gaetacna: a. yazb. I, 120,23; aseve: barnovi f.f. 320,10; b. CxeiZe 558,40;
s. SanS. 58; i. gogeb. moTxr. 73.
rom mowafeebis raodenobas ematna: i. gogeb., I, 266.
rom Tavi ar gamoemetna, mefec datyvevebuli Seiqneboda: i. gogeb. moTxr. 288.
gadaebotna uSvelebels savse rumbzed: ilia II, 229.
cecxlTan... axlo... moekalaTna... katas: l. qiaC. II, 39,55.
mirCies fasanauramde cxeni meqiravna: ilia, II, 23.
zogT mkvdrebis TavSi daebudnaT: i. maCab. I, 53.
gadawyvetili hqondaT an gaemarjvnaT, an brZolis velze daxociliyvnen:
i. gogeb. moTxr. 68.
aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi -n sufiqsi gamodis -eb sufiqsis monacvled pirvelsa da
meore TurmeobiTSi maSin, roca awymoSi zmna -eb niSniania. rac Seexeba -av sufiqsia-
91

nebs (h-xed-av-s), TurmeobiTebSi gamovlenili -n aq analogiiT gaCenilia. sagulisxmoa,
rom dadasturebulia zmnis paraleluri formebi -n da -eb sufiqsiT orive TurmeobiTSi
da maTi Tanabari mniSvnelobiT xmareba:
-eb sufiqsiT:
Cixa-maxoebi TqvenTvis miCuqebia: g. erisTavi, gayra, 157.
mkiTxaoba miCuqebia SenTvis: ilia, II, 214.
aznauroba miCuqebiao: e. ninoSv. I, 6,9.
sicocxle uCuqebia SenTvis: d. maCxaneli, 21,15.
raki gaumindvrebia da gauvaknia, rogorRac is devgmiruli xma Caswyvetia
[Tergs]; ilia, II, 9.
Semcdarxar, ver giangariSebia kargad: l. qiaC. II, 42.
kerZo interesebiT ar mixelmZRvanelebia: iqve, 101.
qulaja eCuqebia: g. wereTeli, moTxr. 448,3, aseve: a. yazb. mamis mkvl. 211,39;
k. lorTqif. 289,3.
SesaZleblad vcani es qali TeatrSi damepatiJebina: W. lomT. II, 63,1.
bevrjer davupatiJebivar: g. wereT. 156,3, aseve vaJa, V, 60,2.
didisa da sazogadosaTvis... ar miRalatebia: akaki, I, 72.
rom despine gaetacebina dilamde: e. ninoSv. II, 162,3.
sayvarelas Svildi moemarjvebina: S. aragvisp. 198.
pasuxi veRar moexerxebinaT: a. yazb. elguja, 122,1. aseve: akaki, IV, 405,19.
-n sufiqsiT 13 :
fSavelebisaTvis uCuqniaT pankisi da alvani: «lit. gazeTi», # 15, 1954, gv. 4.
[`gogoTur da afSinaSi~] vaJas Tavis Tavi ugulisxmnia gogoTuris saxiT:
iqve.
sxva aRaravin undomnia: ilia, II, 325.
`unda mexerxna rame, rom sawyali gogo maxeSi ar gabmuliyo~: ilia, II, 89.
komisia iyo arCeuli, romelsac mindobili hqonda SeemuSavna... wesdeba:
v. gunia, 156.
frTxilobda meduqne _ zedmeti ar eangariSna: s. SanS. 180.
amgvarad, aq ganxilul fuZeebSi cxadia -n da -eb sufiqsebis monacvleoba arsebi-
Ti funqciuri gansxvavebulobis gareSe. ramdenadac meore TurmeobiTi axal qarTul-
Si, Cveulebriv, pirveli TurmeobiTis fuZes emyareba, amdenad uangariSebia da eangariSna
tipi unda miviCnioT erTi da imave aRnagobis zmnis or monacvle formad, Ti-
Toeuli maTgani SeiZleba dasturdebodes orive nakvTSi.
aRweril zmnur fuZeTa umetesobis damaxasiaTebeli isaa, rom awmyo-myofadis fu-
Zes aq -eb sufiqsi awarmoebs. magram amis miuxedavad -n aqac Cndeba. igi gvaqvs xSirad
-i sufiqsian an fuZedrekad da martivTemian zmnebSic:
ese yoveli... mogviyidnia: saq. siZv. II, 117.
erTi CiTmerdini uyidnia: ilia, II, 145.
jogi veRar gauyidnia: mix. mrevl. 99. aseve: uiaraRo, 1954, 85.
`kbiliT xorci miglejnia... Cemi sisxli miwovnia~: ilia, II, 105.
arc naTesavebi dauxocniaT TqvenTvis: s. SanS. 15.
batonis guli cxeli tyviiT gauxvretnia: a. furc. 4.
sosanas Zlier undoda Tan gahyoloda an eSvelna rogorme misTvis: i. gogeb.
moTxr. 312. aseve: mix. mrevl. 218.
kargi iqneboda sasxvisod ar gaexadna Tavi: ilia, II, 285.
13 magaliTebi Seadare agreTve zemoT.
92

aq moeyarnaT Tavi alvanel mwyemsebs: mix. mrevl. 7.
melia didxans ilokavda Tavis iaras... rom sisxlis dena Seewyvitna: i. gogeb.
moTxr. 78.
pirveli rigebi zvrisa ukve Camoekrifna... axalgazrdobas: mix. mrevl. 71.
yvela cdilobda Tavisi grZnobebi am xelismoweraSi Caeqsovna: mix. mrevl. 16.
saqarTvelos dascemodnen da Cxubi aetexnaT: i. gogeb. 223, 289.
roca xeivans gaivlida... winidanac srola aetexnaT: l. qiaC. II, 71.
ar vicodi, rom unda damezRvevna: s. SanS. 282.
`miwevnia uReli~: ilia, II, 40.
sandro... xalxs aivnis moajirTan mieWylitna: mix. mrevl. 139.
moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, rom zmnis fuZis agebulebas -n sufiqsis gaCenisaTvis
ara aqvs arsebiTi mniSvneloba, Tumca, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, misi SenarCunebisaTvis
fuZiseul Tanxmovnebs erTgvari gavlena SeiZleba hqondes.
ratom da rogor gaCnda aq -n sufiqsi?
cnobilia, rom pirveli TurmeobiTi awmyos fuZes iyenebs, meore TurmeobiTi ki
wyvetilis fuZes emyareba. magram es Cveulebrivia axali qarTulis zogi magaliTis
CvenebiT. saqme isaa, rom sxva SemTxvevebSi pirveli TurmeobiTi awmyos fuZesac iyenebs
da wyvetilisasac. `TurmeobiTi pirvelis warmoebis xsenebuli ori tipidan ufro
Zveli is tipi unda iyos, sadac amosavalia aoristis fuZe (meore jgufis droTa
fuZe)~ 14 . amdenad sarwmunoa, rom zemoT aRweril formaTagan ufro Zvelia is fuZe,
romelSic -eb sufiqsi ara Cans. marTalia, -eb sufiqsiani warmoeba Zvel qarTulSi
gvaqvs (miuRebies, mogiRuawebies...), magram igi erTgvari neologizmi Cans, rasac,
sxvaTa Soris, axalSi zogi zmnis usufiqso formebiT Secvlac adasturebs. axali
qarTulis m i u R i a , m i R v a w i a . . . tipis zmnebi saliteraturo enis fuZe-dialeqtebis
Semonatani Cans.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas meore TurmeobiTis Sesaxebac: axal qarTulSi aq awmyosA(resp.
TurmeobiTi pirvelis) fuZec gvaqvs da wyvetilisac. gardamaval zmnaTa meore
TurmeobiTi savsebiT emTxveva e- prefiqsian zmnaTa wyvetils: moqmedebiTi d a a -
w e r a , d a u x o c a ; vnebiTi d a e w e r a , d a e x o c a . es d a e w e r a , d a e x o c a amave
dros gardamaval zmnaTa meore TurmeobiTicaa. es ufro sagrZnobi iyo Zvel qar-
TulSi, radganac vnebiTis e- prefiqsiani warmoeba ufro gavrcelebuli iyo zogierT
fuZeSi, vidre -d sufiqsiani: a R e n i S n a , a R e s rula, daemkÂdra, daemyara... 15
Zvel qarTulSi sistemebr gatarebulia meore TurmeobiTis amgvari warmoeba. amosavali
fuZea ara pirveli TurmeobiTi, aramed namyo wyvetili. aseTi viTareba sporadulad
mecxramete-meoce saukunis zog qarTvel mweralTanac SeiniSneba. msgavsi vi-
Tarebaa qarTuli enis mTis dialeqtebSi, agreTve ingilourSi, fereidnulSi, qiziyurSi.
rameTu igi netarsa dedasa febronias ganezarda da mamisa grigolisda daemowafa:
xanZT. p. ingoroyvas gamoc. 87,25.
siCCoÁTganve RÂnoÁ da Ãorci ara SeÃda pirsa missa, vinaÁTgan qristÀsa ganekuTvna
suli TÂsi: iqve, 14,8.
[grigol] aRzrdil iyo ÃeliTa keTilad msaxurisa dedoflisa... romelsaca
eSvila: iqve, 14,1.
Semdgomad samisa dRisa SevediT navsa, romelsa daezamTra mas Walaksa Sina:
saqme mociq. 28,11.
da erCdes mas, rameTu mravliT JamiTdan grZnebiTa ganekÂrvnes igini: iqve, 8,11.
romelni brZolasa Sina daSures da romelni mcvelad daetevnes, maT egreve
misca daviT nawili; kim. II, 184,20.
14 arn. C i q o b a v a , TurmeobiTi pirvelis warmoebis erTi Tavisebureba qarTulSi: literaturuli
Ziebani, III, 1943, gv. 137.
15 a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, 1953, $ 368.
93

vaÁ weli daeyo sukaÁs lavrasa ganmgeblobasa da skÂTopoliss aReSÀna mo-
nasteri: kim. II, 216,31.
eseni iyvnes, romelTa SeeCuena Tqumuli krebulisa qalkidonisaÁ: kim. II, 180,6.
da moemzada yoveli saÃmari: kim. II, 209,6.
movides... Zeni da coli misi udabnod, sada-igi daebanaka mTasa mas sinas: ga
moslvaTaÁ, 18,5.
mefe giorgis sofeli eboZa TqvenTvis: saq. siZv. II, 332 (XVII s.).
amis meti ambavi ar vicodi, rom momexsena: saq. siZv. III. 32, 1787 w.
meore oqmi kidev amilaxvar mdivanbegzed ebrZana: dokum. I, 65. (1680 w.).
sigeli vnaxeT, esreT ewera da gaeriga: saq. siZv. I1, (1611 w.).
rus wyali marneulelT moendomaT: saq. siZv. I1, 1706 w.
saydari gaekeTa da gaeaxlebina: T. Jordania, qarTl-kax. sabuT. 33. (1710 w.).
batons Teimurazsac egreT daemtkica: saq. siZv. III, (511, 1710 w.).
taZari Tqueni sulkurTxeulTa ÃelmwifeTa... aRemaRlnes da edidnes: dokum.
I, 415, (1746 w.).
jgufad momigrovda yoveliferi, rac ki dametova Cems... qveyanaSi; ilia, II, 11.
daekvirva Tvali xatebisaTvis da tuCebs acmacunebda: ilia, II, 440.
mraval saeWvo sulierebs SeeZloT SiSianobis dros aq Tavi SeefaraT: ilia,
II, 130.
kerasTan cecxlis Sori-axlo ZaRli iwva... Tavzed banjvliani kudi gadmoe-
fara, cxviri kudis boloSi waeyo da eZina: ilia, II, 321.
`vgdebuliyav CemTvis bakSi, erTi lazaTianad gamomeZina~: ilia, II, 235.
sulels fiqradac ar mouvida, rom TiTon gaegebina yvelaferi: ilia, II, 209.
ver moegona, sad enaxa: ilia, II, 231. aseve: s. SanS. 125; uiaraRo, 114.
avtors... undoda... ganeziara mkiTxvelisaTvis Tavisi sagramatiko mosazrebani:
i. gogeb. I, 159.
rom mis sisxlisTvis mimeniWos mefis Rirseba: i. maCab. I, 38.
rom Cems dReSi ar wameqezos Cemi xelmwife: i. maCab. I, 36.
me valad medo morCileba gamomecxada: i. maCab. II, 16.
gaige, rogor daemcira Tavi lord hastings im dedakacis winaSe: i. maCab. I, 8.
cota rom gameqarva misi wuxili, baasi isev Seqspirze Camovagde: v. gunia, 161.
ganieri... Sarvali windebSi Caetana: k. lorTq. 380.
nanas ar undoda daejera: `lit. gaz.~ 1954, # 13, gv. 3.
amgvarad, konteqstis gareSe g a d m o e f a r a , e k u r T x a , C a e t a n a . . . SeiZleba
vnebiTis namyo wyvetilic iyos da gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTi meorec. magram epoqaTa
ganmavlobaSi enis gramatikuli wyoba icvleba, igi ufro daxvewili da srulyofili
xdeba, ena Tavidan iSorebs omonimur formebs, scvlis mas unificirebuli
formebiT. unifikaciis Sedegebi gamomJRavnda rogorc vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa warmoebaSi,
ise TurmeobiTi meoris gamoxatvaSi. Tu Zvel qarTulSi vnebiTis prefiqsiani
warmoebis gverdiT sufiqsiani aqa-iq SeiniSneba (magaliTad: gan-e-mtkic-n-es ferÃni
misni || gan-u-mtkic-n-es ferÃni misni: saqme mociq. 3,7 a, g), axal qarTulSi ukanaskneli
sabolood damkvidrda an mkvidrdeba. Cveulebrivia: upirispirdeba, gaumklavda 16
ganumtkicda da sxva 17 , nacvlad epirispireba, gaemklava, ganemtkica... formebisa, TurmeobiTi
meorisaTvis ki pirveli TurmeobiTis fuZe iqna gamoyenebuli. ase rom, pirvelsa
da meore TurmeobiTs Soris fuZeTa warmoebis mxriv ZiriTadad iseTi mimarTeba
damyarda, rogoric axal qarTulSi awmyosa da namyo uwyvetels Soris: g a a k e -
Tebs _ gaukeTebia, xolo gaakeTa _ g a e k e T a wyvilebis nacvlad saliteraturo
enaSi gvaqvs: gaakeTebs _ gaukeTebia _ gaekeTebina. amitomaa, rom
16 Sdr. gamogvemklaveba: ilia, II, 1941, gv. 171.
17 iv. q a v T a r a Z e , zmnis ZiriTadi kategoriebis istoriisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi, 1954, gv. 311.
94

meore TurmeobiTis zemoT moyvanilma formebma gadmonaSTis saxe miiRo da umetes
SemTxvevaSi -eb-i-n-a daboloebiT Seicvala: d a e k v i r v a →daekvirvebina, daemcira→daemcirebina,
gameqarva→gameqarvebina da a. S.
magram meore TurmeobiTSi -eb aRmoCnda im SemTxvevebSi, roca igi pirvel TurmeobiTSic
moipoveboda. sxva SemTxvevaSi amis adgilze -n sufiqsi SeiniSneba. amitom ise-
Ti STabeWdilebaa, TiTqos meore TurmeobiTis formebi e k u r T x - n - a (i. javaxiSvili,
saist. mwerl. I, 169) da e k u r T x - e b - i n - a erTdroulad, magram sxvadasxvagan
Cndeba: maT gamoyenebaSi Tavdapirvelad dialeqturi sxvadasxvaoba SeimCneva (-eb ufro
dasavluri fenis kuTvnileba Cans). asea Tu ise, am sufiqsebis gamoyenebas Sedegad
mohyva gardauvali zmnis namyo wyvetilisa da gardamavalTa meore TurmeobiTis
formaTa gansxvaveba. sagulisxmoa, rom -n sufiqsis gamoyeneba meore TurmeobiTSi,
gansakuTrebiT iseT zmnebTan, romelTac awmyoSi -eb niSani ara aqvT, garkveviT avlens
dapirispirebas namyo wyvetilsa da TurmeobiTs Soris gardamaval da gardauval
zmnebSi:
namyo wyvetili TurmeobiTi meore
Seelaxa = Seilaxa misi rom... Tavmoyvareoba misi ar Semelaxna:
i. gogeb. I, 311.
`iqneb ar wasula da me damemala~: magidas dayrdnoboda da saxe mklavebSi
a. yazb. 533. Caemalna: s. SanS. 58.
gaZRa cxvari da daeyara: T. razik. aq moeyarnaT Tavi alvanel mwyemsebs:
210, 1. mix. mrevl. 7.
magdeni fiqriT feri sul daekarga: Tundac Toki ar daekargna: s. SanS. 269.
S. aragvispireli, II, 517.
daexarja = daixarja misi imis dro xom mqonda, rom megobrebSi...
dro damexarjna (pres.).
aekida = ahkides mas SesaZlod racxda... skolisaTvis aekidna
kiserzed es movaleoba: i. gogeb. I, 101.
daebada = daibada misi am movlenas unda daebadna is ucnauri
Secdoma: i. gogeb. I. 176.
ebrZola = brZola gaumarTa yvela sawarmos rom... meti energiiT
ebrZolna (pres.).
moelaparaka = molaparakeba awarmoa `me mindoda daTikosTan momelaparakna~.
ilia, II, 99.
eTamaSa = iTamaSa masTan imis dro xom mqonda, rom amxanagebSi
preferansi meTamaSna (pres.)
amgvarivea warmoebiT gaexada da gaexadna, daekiTxa da daekiTxna, moeTxova da moeTxovna,
Caikeca da Caekecna da rigi sxva, rac literaturaSi ixmareba.
rac Seexeba pirvel TurmeobiTs, aq -n sufiqsi meore TurmeobiTSi gaCenis imavdroulad
vlindeba. ase, rom Znelia Tqma _ igi aq meore TurmeobiTis analogiiT
iyos gaCenili 18 . es imiT ufro nakleb sarwmunoa, rom pirveli TurmeobiTi zogjer
sxvagvaradaa nawarmoebi, vidre meore (Sdr. daexarjna da dauxarjavs...). Tu analogiaze
midga saqme, maSin -n orive TurmeobiTSi analogiiT SeiZleba iyos gavrcelebuli.
da am analogiis safuZveli, rogorc es aRniSnulia, iseTi zmnebi iqneboda, romelTa
fuZeSi -n moipoveba (Sov-n-a, pov-n-a, m o T x o v - n - a da misT.). damaxasiaTebelia, rom -n
sufiqsi dinamikuri gardamavali zmnebis TurmeobiTSia, xolo statikuri gardauvali
zmnebis awmyoSi igi ar SeiZleba. amitom gvaqvs, erTi mxriT: u x a r i a , u w e r i a ,
uTesia, uyenia (uremi ezoSi uyenia), da, meore mxriT: uxar-n-i-a, uwer-ni-a,
uTes-n-i-a, [mo]uyen-eb-i-a. marTalia, ukanaskneli formebi uzmniswinod
18 Sdr. a. S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, 1953, gv. 455, § 493.
95

ar ixmareba (da amiTac gansxvavdeba statikuri awmyosagan), magram -n-s gamovlena mainc
angariSgasawevia:
gauxarnia mis WroRa Tvalsa: s. mgalobl. I, 180,4.
visac siyrmeSi ar gauxarnia: k. gamsaxurdia, didost. 82,21.
cotaodeni sikeTe damiTesnia: i. gogeb. I, 314.
magram ZiriTadi gansxvaveba -n sufiqsiani zmnebisa sxva formebisagan aqac mainc
amosavali fuZis TaviseburebaSi mdgomareobs: -n sufiqsi gvxvdeba iseTi saSuali gvaris
zmnebSi, romelTac gardamaval zmnaTagan aqvT nasesxebi formebi, anda saTaviso
qcevas awarmoeben gansxvavebulad 19 . amitom ZiriTadad paradigmi aseTia: xarobs _ gaixara
_ gauxarnia; axarebs _ gaaxara _ gauxarebia:
vin icis, ramdeni... qvrivi Tu oboli gagixarebiaT simarTliT: l. ardaz. 167,9.
[balaxi] daminergavs gulSi da... cremliT gamixarebia: a. WumbaZe, 190,10.
daamuSavebs _ daamuSava _ daumuSavebia; muSaobs _ imuSava _ umuSavnia:
CemTvis mimuSavnia: saq. siZv. III, 529, (1789 w.).
moZRvars svindisierad umuSavnia: i. gogeb. I, 149.
rac giorgi mTawmindels umuSavnia: i. javaxiSv. I, 148.
axalgazrdobasTan bevri umuSavnia studiis mTavar reJisors: (pres.).
agemebs _ agema _ ugemebia; igemebs _ igema _ ugemnia:
bevrs Tqvengans zamTris susxi amis metad ar ugemnia: T. razik. 377,5.
visac odesme siyvaruli gamoucdia, mas ugemnia TviT sikvdili: k. gamsaxurdia,
didost. 233,22.
asesxebs _ asesxa _ usesxebia; isesxebs _ isesxa _ usesxnia:
rac medicinaSi uebari wamalia, eqimebs xalxisagan usesxnia: i. gogeb. I, 156.
bevrjer gvisesxnia misgan fuli. g. wereTeli, 177,11.
daafiqrebs _ daafiqra _ daufiqrebia; fiqrobs _ ifiqra _ ufiqrnia:
didxans aRar ufiqrnia: ilia, II, 78.
ilikos gaqceva aRar ufiqrnia: i. ekalaZe, rC. 9,18, aseve: T. razik. 231,17;
e. ninoSv. II, 228, 23...
avtors yvelaferi windawinve moufiqrnia: i. javax. saist. mwerl. I, 67.
amgvaradve unda aixsnas usauzmnia (s. SanS. 297), ulaparaknia (n. lorTq. Txz. 162).
uavadmyofnia (f. gogiCaiSvili, i. gogeb. kreb. 280) umoqmednia, unadirnia (g. wereT.
382,30), uqeifniaT (ilia, III, 26), dauZinia da dauZinebia zmnebis xmareba Tanamedrove
mxatvrul literaturasa da presaSi.
marTalia, -n da -eb sufiqsebis gamoyenebaSi aseTi ganawileba igrZnoba, magram es
araa Zveli movlena; maTi monacvleoba maTi odindeli erTobis maCvenebelia. amgvari
monacvleoba erTsa da imave fuZeSi zeviTac aRiniSna: g a u m a r j v e b i a || gaumarjvnia;
daumsaxurebia || daumsaxurnia (i. gogeb. I, 158); daumarTebia ||
d a u m a r T n i a (l. qiaC. II, 26) da sxv. 20 danarCen SemTxvevebSi -n fonetikur mizezTa
gamo ar Cans, Torem -eb sufiqsis monacvled is ivaraudeba: d a s c l i a || dascalebia,
hyolia || h y o l e b i a tipis formebi amis damadasturebelia. Tu fonetikuri
piroba damabrkolebeli araa, -n sufiqsi TiTqmis yovelTvisaa warmodgenili. sayuradReboa,
rom ramdenime vnebiTi gvaris zmnaSi dRes saliteraturo enaSi -n sufiq-
19 amis mixedviT aris gansxvavebuli qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi formebi: gaiWrialebs
_ gauWrialnia; daaZaxebs _ dauZaxebia; dauZaxebs _ dauZaxnia, Tumca -n da -eb sufiqsebis
xmarebaSi normatulobis principi araa daculi: ainavardebs _ aunavardnia, magram: gainavardebs
_ gaunavardnia || gaunavardebia; gautacnia || gautacebia...
20 Sdr. daaZax-eb-ina-s mniSvnelobiT imerxeulSi daaZaxnia (iman emri qna, Telals daaZaxnia:
TP. VII, gv. 61).
96

sis gavrcelebisaken ufroa midrekileba: S e s c i v d a _ S e s c i v n i a (Sdr. Sescivebia),
mohSivda _ mohSivnia (Sdr. mohSivebia), astkivda _ astkivnia (Sdr. astkivebia),
m o u n d a _ m o s d o m n i a (Sdr. mosdomebia), jani g a v a r d a _ jani g a -
v a r d n i a (ilia, II, 160) da a. S.
magram aseTi warmoeba yvelgan ar damkvidrda. vnebiTi gvaris orpirian zmnaTaTvis
TurmeobiT pirvelSi xan -en sufiqsiani fuZea (dasavlur dialeqtebSi upiratesad),
xan masdaris fuZe: daxvda: daxvdomia da daxvdenia; moukvda:
mokvdomia da mokvdenia; darCa: darComia da darCenia; gadaxda: gadaxdomia
da gadaxdenia.
-en sufiqsiani formebi aq im sibrtyeze unda iqnes ganxiluli, razedac d a m a r -
T n i a tipis zmnebSi. es kia, rom -en aqac axalia 21 da ori variantidan ufro Zvelia
is, romelic masdaris saziaro fuZes iyenebs. amgvarad, am ramdenime zmnasTan gamovlenili
-en sufiqsi gvafiqrebinebs, rom -e xmovani unda miuZRodes -n Tanxmovans yvela
zemoT ganxilul zmnaSi. aseTi sufiqsi sxva SemTxvevaSic gvaqvs: Sdr. aRagzebs
da aRvagz-en:
siborgilsa aRagzebs: equsTa dReTaჲ. 102, 23.
agzebdes mRdeli igi SeSasa: levit. 6, 2.
raჲTa Seugznan ali cecxlisaჲ: kim. II, 24,7.
marTalia, astkivda _ astkivnia vnebiTi gvaris zmnaa, magram -n sufiqsi
yvelgan vnebiTis rodia TurmeobiTebSi. es sufiqsi sxva nakvTis formaSic gvaqvs da
aravnebiTSic. sazogadod, vnebiTis niSnad misi miCneva gaWirdeboda. magaliTebis SeswavliT
irkveva, rom igi Cndeba erTsa da imave dros pirvelsa da meore TurmeobiT-
Si. Tu pirvel TurmeobiTSia, meoreSic gadahyveba (Sdr. mosuliyvnen iosebTan da
Sexvewn odnen: saq. siZv. III, 376, 1769 w.). ricxvs mniSvneloba ara aqvs: mxoloobiT-
Siacaa da mravlobiTSic. amgvarad, miyidnia, gamitexnia zmnebSi ver iqneba -n vnebiTisa
iseve, rogorc sxva zmnebSi, romelTa sintaqsuri mniSvneloba garkveviT moqmedebiTia.
isicaa mxedvelobaSi misaRebi, rom -n sufiqsis xmarebas TurmeobiTSi ase Tu
ise sistemuri xasiaTi eZleva XIV_XV saukuneebidan. cnobili kia, rom am droisaTvis
-n, rogorc vnebiTis sufiqsi, mkvdaria. is ar ixmareba aRarc nasaxelar fuZeTa
vnebiTis sawarmoeblad, arc miT ufro sxva zmnebSi.
dasturdeba, rom es -n (← -en) zmnuri fuZis iseTive sawarmoebeli sufiqsia, rogoric
-an, -on, -ev da sxvebi, gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva seriis formebSi 22 . es -n gvqonda
erTi tipis zmnebSi da maTi analogiiT aqac gavrcelda. yuradRebas iqcevs –n (← -en)
sufiqsis xmareba rig SemTxvevaSi iq, sadac sxva magaliTebis mixedviT -eb sufiqsicaa
cnobili (mou-mat-eb-ia || mou-mat-n-ia...). ramdenadac sarwmunoa, rom saxelisa da
zmnis fuZeSi -eb sufiqsi erTi da igive odenobaa geneturad da istoriulad 23 , xolo
saxelis morfologiur kategoriaSi gamoyenebuli -n da -eb sufiqsebi semantikurad
agreTve erTi da igivea 24 . amdenad cxadia, rom -n-s igive funqcia aqvs moumat-n-ia-Si,
rac -eb-s amave moumat-eb-ia-Si. am sufiqsis gaCenasa da damkvidrebas ramdenime Sem-
TxvevaSi SegviZlia kidec vadevnoT Tvali qarTuli enis istoriaSi. cnobilia, rom
Zvel qarTulSi statikuri zmna martivi fuZiT ixmareboda h-mat-s. rodesac axal
formaTa warmoebis SesaZlebloba da saWiroeba warmoiSva, dialeqtebis mixedviT
sxvadasxva sufiqsi iqna gamoyenebuli, erTi mxriT: mou-mat-eb-ia, meore mxriT, mou-
21 Sdr. gadaxdomia || gadaxdenia (s. SanS. 5): xed (Ãed) fuZes erTvis -en.
22 Sdr. daicavs _ daicev, davadg-er...
23 iv. q a v T a r a Z e , zmnis ZiriTadi kategoriebis istoriisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi: 1954, gv. 93.
24 arn. C i q o b a v a , mravlobiTobis sufiqsTa genezisaTvis qarTulSi: iberiul-kavkasiuri
enaTmecniereba, VI, 1954, gv.gv. 72-73.
97

mat-n-ia, maSasadame: vu-mat-eb || vu-mat-en 25 ... swored iseT SemTxvevebSi aqvs adgili sufiqsTa
monacvleobas, rodesac zmnis fuZe odindeli martivi fuZea da Tematur ni-
SanTa darTva, ase vTqvaT, Cven Tvalwin xdeba. literaturaSi dasturdeba d a i k v e -
xebs da daikvexnis 26 imitom, rom SesaZlebelia i-kvex-s, rac amosavalia orive
maTganisaTvis:
_ eg ra aris? me ki ar davdgebodi xolme gaWenebul cxenze Cem patara biWoba-
Si! _ daikvexa luarsabma.
_ nu ikvex.
_ gana kvexnisaTvis vambob? (ilia, II, 196).
verc erTi kavkasiis nawili ver daikvexebda amisTana myudroebas: i. gogeb. I, 407.
bunebrivia, rom ori aseTi sufiqsis gamoyenebas SemdegSi dakavSireboda saTanado
diferenciacia mniSvnelobis mixedviT. -n sufiqsi gamoyenebuli iqna wyvetilis vnebi-
Tisagan moqmedebiTis meore TurmeobiTis gasarCevad 27 , erTi mxriv, aqtivisa da medioaqtivis
formaTa sadiferenciaciod, meore mxriv 28 , Tumca am sufiqsis gareSec TurmeobiTSi
rigi zmnuri fuZe ixmareba axal qarTulSi:
dauviwyia (`mnaTobi~. # 6, 1954, gv. 128), gikisria (akaki, 153).
ukisria (i. maCab. II, 249, 19), gautacia (g. leonoiZe, 442,18).
daukidiaT (i. elefTeriZe, 51,24), dauZaxia (S. aragvisp. I, 126).
misaubria (l. qiaC. 146), dahxocia (k. lorTq. 24,5; mix. mrevl. 99) amoukenkia (s.
SanS. 41)...
menaxa (ilia, II, 11), gagexeTqa, gageyara (ilia, II, 424), aekrifa (mix. mrevl. 137),
gaemarjva (uiaraRo, 24), gadaetexa (mx. mrevl. 126), amoekiTxa (mix. mrevl. 81), mepasuxa
(s. SanS. 315), gaemarTaT (s. SanS. 109), aekida (s. SanS. 17), ekadra (i. gogeb. 73), daezilaT
(ilia, II, 264), daenaxaT (ilia, II, 252), CaeSala, SeelaxaT (i. gogeb. 295), moeyaraT
(ilia, II, 426), Camoefxata (ilia, II. 24), gaeCexaT, gaetexaT (a. yazb. I, 22), eyida (a. yazb.
I, 13), daepatiJaT (s. kld. 169,14), moemarjva (s. SanS. 104), moekalaTaT (baCana, 371,20).
egulisxma (a. SaniZe, gramat. safuZvl. 29.).
Sinaarsobrivi gansxvavebisaTvis -n-s gamoyeneba meoreuli, SedarebiT gviandeli
movlena Cans. Tavdapirveli misi funqcia _ zmnuri fuZis savrcobad gamoyenebaa. pirveli
TurmeobiTi eyrdnoba Zveli permansivis fuZes, romelsac SemdegSi cnobili -av,
-eb afiqsebi jer kidev ar moudioda. amitom T e s - i - s _ u T e s i a tipi ufro Zvelia,
vidre Tesavs _ uTesavs. es ukanasknelia Zvel qarTulSi gamomuSavebuli, wignuri
tradiciiT ganmtkicebuli da literaturul normad damkvidrebuli. danarCen Sem-
TxvevebSi amnairi formebi swored amosaval fuZeSi gansxvavebuli viTarebiT unda
aixsnas. Tu awmyo i x m a r e b s formas gvidasturebs, pirvel TurmeobiTSi mosalodnelia
m o u x m a r e b i a , xolo i x m a r s , c v e T s , k v e T s , t e x s ... tipis fuZeebSi aseve
gauvrcobel fuZes gamoiyenebs TurmeobiTic. oRond analogiiT -n sufiqsiani formebicaa
dadasturebuli 29 .
Tu -n zmnuri fuZis sawarmoebeli sufiqsia, ratom araa aucilebeli misi xmareba
25 zmnis Tematur sufiqsTa monacvleobiT dialeqtTangan yvelaze met yuradRebas iqcevs
mesxur-javaxuri (akeT-eb-s || akeT-en-s... S. Z i Z i g u r i , Ziebani qarTuli dialeqtologiidan,
1954, gv. 142. a. m a r t i r o s o v i , javaxuris mesxurTan mimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis: puSkinis
saxelobis Tbilisis ped. institutis Sromebi, 1950, t. VIII. gv. 295).
26 Sdr. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. III. 1953 w., sv. 361.
27 a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, 1953, gv. 421-453, $ 492.
28 iqve, gv. 421, Sdr. gv. 488.
29 SedarebiT erTferovnebas am mxriv vpoulobT i a k o b g o g e b a S v i l i s nawerebSi: uxmarnia
(I, 88), SegekveTnaT (I. 138). aetexnaT (moTx. 223).
98

yvela am tipis zmnaSi? -n marTlac, ar gvxvdeba yvelgan. zogjer erTi winadadebac
ki mis xmareba-uxmareblobas gvidasturebs 30 . es imiT unda aixsnebodes, rom -n saliteraturo
enaSi gamoyenebiT jer kidev axalia da farTod gavrcelebuli araa. -n sufiqsis
nakleb gavrcelebaSi garkveul SemTxvevebSi udavod wili uZevs fonetikur
process: l, r, n narnara Tanxmovnebze damTavrebul fuZeebTan igi umetes SemTxveva-
Si ikargeba. usargeblnia (i. javax. 88) da esargebla (i. javax. 73). gamoulaSqria
|| gamoulaSqrnia (iqve, 247), ecxovra || e c x o v r n a (iqve, 185), g a -
daufiqria || m o u f i q r n i a (iqve, 247; 67)... misi gauCinareba TanxmovanTa SejgufebiT
unda aixsnas. amitomaa yovelTvis: g a u S l i a , C a u y r i a , m o u x d i a . . . magram
Cveulebriv: gaeSalna, Caeyarna, moexadna...
kiTxva ismis: ra progresul movlenas warmoadgens am sufiqsis gamoyeneba, aqvs
Tu ara farTod gavrcelebis perspeqtiva, SeiZleba Tu ara damkvidrdes igi sayovel-
Taod dRevandel qarTul saliteraturo enaSi?
qarTuli saliteraturo enis normaTa damdgenma saxelmwifo komisiam am kiTxvas
1936 wels uaryofiTad upasuxa da paralelur formaTagan _ d a u W e r i a || dauWernia,
gautexia || g a u t e x n i a ... marTebulad CaTvala da miiRo pirveli 31 .
marTlac, -n sufiqsi TurmeobiTebis formebSi arc ise Zveli movlenaa saliteraturo
enaSi. marTalia, TiTqmis xuTi saukunis istoria aqvs mis xmarebas qarTlur-kaxur
dialeqtebSi, magram igi upiratesad SeiniSneba iseT fuZeebSi, romlebSic sxva
niSnebi iyo ukve gamoyenebuli (-av, -am, -eb...). sagulisxmoa isic, rom -n sufiqsi Tanabrad
araa gavrcelebuli qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi dRes, zogma dialeqtma igi srulebiT
ar icis (xevsuruli, TuSuri, fSauri, mesxur-javaxuri, raWuli, imeruli, guruli...).
amdenad, dRevandel qarTul metyvelebaSi igi jer kidev araa sakmaod gavrcelebuli.
-n sufiqsi Tavdapirvelad SeimCneva qarTlur-kaxurSi, rogorc zmnuri fuZis sawarmoebeli
niSani. SemdegSi igi gamoyenebul iqna gardamavali da gardauvali zmnebis
sxvadasxva nakvTebis sadiferenciaciodac, magram rig SemTxvevaSi misi gramatikuli
daniSnuleba gauCinarebulia. amiTac aixsneba, rom -n sufiqsiani da usufiqso
formebi an gverdigverd ixmareba (m i y i d i a || miyidnia; ametexa || a m e t e x n a 32 .
`lit. gaz.~ 1954, 27.VIII, gv. 4), an srulebiTac ara gvaqvs igi... m i u c i a _ m i e c a , a u -
R i a _ a e R o , d a u g d i a _ d a e g d o , S e u q i a _ S e e q o , g a u z r d i a _ g a e z a r -
da, dauklia _ daeklo, ganucdia _ ganecada, gauSvia _ gaeSva, Sehxvedria,
dastexia, Cahkecia, damalvia da a. S.
SemTxveviT damsgavsebuli sxvadasxva nakvTis formaTa garCevisaTvis -n-s gamoyenebis
aucilebloba srulebiTac ar igrZnoba, gansxvaveba umisodac gvaqvs konteqstSi
rogorc morfologiurad, ise sintaqsurad. morfologiurad: erTi tipis zmnebis didi
wili uzmniswinoa da uTemisniSno, meore tipisa ki zmniswiniani an TemisniSniani.
Sdr. muSaobs da daamuSavebs: umuSavia 33 da d a u m u S a v - e b - i a ; v a r j i -
Sobs da avarjiSebs: uvarjiSia da uvarjiS-eb-ia...
rac Seexeba meore TurmeobiTs, igi axal saliteraturo qarTulSi -eb sufiqsian
zmnebTan ufro da ufro farTod iyenebs pirveli TurmeobiTis fuZes, Zalian iSvia-
Tad namyo wyvetilisas: awmyo: gaitacebs, datovebs, dabadebs, uRala-
30 araa, Cveulebriv, i l i a s nawerebSi, Tanamedrove mweralTa nawerebis did umetesobaSi,
presis enaSi.
31 saliteraturo qarTulis normebi, I, 1936, gv. 34-39: sadavo sakiTxebi droTa mesame jgufis
warmoebisas (arn. C i q o b a v a s moxsenebis mixedviT).
32 aseTi faqtebi SeiniSneba i. gogebaSvilis (moTxr. gv. 48, Sdr. gv. 51), ilias (II, 264; 259),
akakis (Tavgadas. 428; 447), i. ekalaZis, S. aragvispirelisa da sxvaTa nawerebSi.
33 -n sufiqsian formebs (u m u S a v-n-i a , u m s a x u r-n-i a , u v a r j i S-n-i-a, u g e m-n-i a ...) vxvdebiT
mxolod qarTlur-kaxurSi, romlis gavleniTa da mibaZviTac aixsneba maTi xmarebis SemTxvevebi
mxatvrul literaturasa da presaSi.
99

tebs, ahkidebs... TurmeobiTi pirveli: gautac-eb-ia, dautov-eb-ia, daubad-eb-ia,
uRalat-eb-ia, aukid-eb-ia... TurmeobiTi meore: gaetac-eb-ina,
daetov-eb-ina, daebad-eb-ina, eRalat-eb-ina, aekid-eb-ina... (da
ara g a e t a c a an g a e t a c n a da misT.).
sintaqsuri safuZveli am gansxvavebisa imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mesame seriaSi
sxvagvaria qvemdebare-damatebisa da Semasmenlis urTierToba, meoreSi _ sxvagvari:
meore seriaSi (namyo wyvetilSi), roca Semasmeneli e- prefiqsiani vnebiTia, mas qvemdebarec
iTanxmebs mravlobiT ricxvSi da garkveul SemTxvevaSi iribi damatebac:
d a e R u p a S v i l i sanaTas.
daeRupnen Svilebi sanaTas.
daeRupaT Svili fSavelebs.
meore TurmeobiTSi ki Semasmenels iTanxmebs mxolod realuri subieqti, iribi damateba
ara gvaqvs, pirdapiri damateba Cveulebriv ar iTanxmebs. amas garda, gansxvavebas
sxvadasxva tipis zmnebSi, -n sufiqsis gareSe, zmnasTan Sewyobili pirebic iZleva:
umuSavia, umsaxuria _ mas; daumuSavebia, daumsaxurebia _ mas igi.
amgvarad, formaTa gasarCevad ufro arsebiTi niSnebi da konteqsti gvaqvs. sxva
saSualebis gamoyeneba am daniSnulebiT gamoiwvevda formaTa siWreles enaSi. Tu ki
aseTi saWiroeba mxedvelobaSi araa miRebuli da miTqvams, mimalavs, minaxavs
(awymo, resp. TurmeobiTi pirveli) formebis gverdiT daSvebuli araa saliteraturo
enaSi m i T q v i a , [da]mimalia, m i n a x i a (sakuTriv TurmeobiTisaTvis), cxadia, amgvarive
unda iqnes damokidebuleba -n sufiqsis mimarTac.
uyidia _ uyidnia, gaetexa _ gaetexna, umuSavia _ umuSavnia... iseT
mimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan, rogorSiac g a h y i d v o d a _ g a h y i d v i y o , g a s t e x o d a
_ dastexiyo, damuSaveboda _ damuSavebiyo... Zvelia da ufro gavrcelebuli
pirveli saxeobebi.
amgvarad, -n sufiqsiani formebi srulebiT gaumarTlebelia iseT fuZeebSi, romelTac
awymo-myofadSi awarmoebs -av, -am, -eb sufiqsebi. paralelur formaTagan: d a -
viwyebia || daviwynia || daviwyia; daukidebia || daukidnia || daukidia;
daetovebina || daetova... unda darCes mxolod -eb sufiqsiani, rogorc
ufro Zveli da gavrcelebuli, gramatikulad swori da saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis
perspeqtivisaTvis Sesaferisi. igive SeiZleboda gveTqva u m u S a v - n - i a tipis
zmnaTa (e. w. medioaqtiur varjiSobs, fiqrobs, cxovrobs, nadirobs, sadilobs,
sauzmobs, trialebs, laparakobs, qadagobs, yaraulobs, uZaxis, moqmedebs, ybedobs,
arSiyobs, navardobs...) Sesaxeb, miuxedavad imisa, rom -n sufiqsiani formebi aq, am bolo
dros TiTqos ufro vrceldeba da saliteraturo enaSic lamobs danergvas.
100

mimReobis warmoeba qarTulSi 1
101
ekaterine osiZe
mimReoba zmnis fuZidan nawarmoebi saxelia, nazmnari zedsarTavi saxeli. rogorc
saxels, mas yvela is morfologiuri kategoria aqvs, rac ama Tu im enaSi saxels moepoveba.
amave dros mimReoba Cveulebriv zmnis romelsame (an ramdensame) gramatikul
kategoriasac gamoxatavs. amiT gansxvavdeba igi zmnis fuZidan nawarmoeb arsebiT saxelTagan
_ moqmed pirTa saxelebisagan.
qarTulSi mimReobis warmoebis ganxilvis dros Cven ZiriTad mizans Seadgens mim-
Reobis warmoebis istoriis, misi Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis gzebis gaTvaliswineba.
mimReobaTa warmoebis istoriuli viTarebis gasaTvaliswineblad ki unda gairkves,
ramdenad damaxasiaTebelia istoriulad mimReobisaTvis zmnis gramatikuli kategoriebis
gamoxatva.
im enebSi, sadac droisa da gvaris kategoria moepoveba mimReobas, unda gvqonoda
moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReoba samive droisa da vnebiTi gvaris mimReoba awmyo, namyo
da myofadi droisa. magram enaTa did umravlesobaSi aseTi sizuste warmoebisa ar
aris daculi. riT aris es gamowveuli?
es kiTxva qarTulSi mimReobaTa warmoebis ganxilvis drosac dgeba da axsnas
Txoulobs. amgvarad, mimReobaSi droisa da gvaris gamoxatvis sakiTxia gasarkvevi da
amasTan dakavSirebiT ki mimReobis fuZisa da mawarmoebel afiqsTa analizia saWiro.
qarTulSi mimReoba 2 gairCeva drois, gvarisa da aspeqtis mixedviT. gvaqvs sami
drois _ awmyo, namyo da myofadi drois mimReoba. moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi gvaris mim-
Reobebi, sruli da usruli aspeqtis mqone mimReobis formebi.
qarTulSi mimReoba iwarmoeba zmnis fuZidan; e. i. zmnis im nawilidan, romelic
arcerTi gramatikuli kategoriis matarebeli ar aris da romelic saerToa zmnis
yvela piris, drois, qcevisa da a. S. formebisaTvis. zmnis fuZeze garkveuli afiqsebis
darTviT viRebT mimReobas.
mimReobas awarmoebs: a) prefiqs-sufiqsi, b) mxolod prefiqsi, g) oden sufiqsi. aqedan
sufiqsuri warmoeba namyo drois mimReobaSi gvaqvs mxolod; prefiqsul-sufiqsuri
da oden prefiqsuli warmoeba samive drois mimReobaSi SeiZleba Segvxvdes.
prefiqsebad mimReobaTa warmoebaSi gvxvdeba m-, sa-, na || ne. mimReobis mawarmoebel
prefiqsTagan sa- prefiqsiani mimReoba myofadi droisaa, na- || ne- prefiqsiani warmoeba
namyo droisa, m-iani warmoeba awmyo da namyo droisa.
m- prefiqsiani mimReoba aqvs gardamaval zmnebs (m-cem-el, m-tanjv-el, m-Reb-el, m-
Tesv-el...), gardauval ugvaro dinamikursa (m-wyr-al, m-STv-ar, m-kud-ar, m-wyud-ar...) da
statikur zmnebsac (m-frinv-al, m-tir-al, m-dum-ar, m-rokv-el...). gardamaval zmnaTagan
da statikuri zmnebidan m prefiqsiT (xmovniTurT) nawarmoebi mimReoba awmyo droisaa,
gardauval ugvaro dinamikur zmnaTagan nawarmoebi mimReoba ki namyo droisa.
m- prefiqsiT nawarmoebi mimReoba yovelTvis sasubieqtoa, e. i. etoleba Sesabamisi
zmnis subieqts. calke dgas mxolod inversiuli statikuri zmnebi. aq m- TavsarTiani
mimReoba saobieqtoa, udris Sesabamisi zmnis gramatikul obieqts (magram realur subieqts):
mo-Zul-e _ `visac sZuls~, mo-yuar-e _ `visac uyvars~, mokÂrne _ `visac
ukÂrs~ (da viyav raÁ ama saqmisaTÂs? mokÂrne, kimeni I, 297, 20).
sa- prefiqsiani mimReoba iwarmoeba gardamaval zmnaTagan da inversiul statikur
zmnTagan. erTpirian zmnas (statikursa Tu dinamikurs) sa- (agreTve na- || ne-) prefiqsi-
1 Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, 67, Tb., 1957.
2 termini `mimReoba” xelovnurad aris nawarmoebi, ar aris zusti da ar gadmoscems im
Sinaarss, rasac am terminiT gamoxatuli gramatikuli kategoria aRniSnavs. upiratesoba am
terminisa imaSi mdgomareobs mxolod, rom igi tradiciiT aris damkvidrebuli specialur
literaturaSi.

ani formebi mimReobisa Cveulebriv ara aqvs. Tumca aqa-iq erTpirian zmnas mimReobis
sa-prefiqsiani formebic moepoveba, magram isini dros ar gamoxataven da aRniSnaven
an moqmedebis adgils (sa-rb-i-el, sa-dg-ur...), an iaraRs, riTac moqmedeba warmoebs.
gardamaval zmnaTagan sa- prefiqsiT nawarmoebi mimReoba myofadi droisaa, xolo
imave prefiqsiT statikur inversiul zmnaTagan nawarmoebi mimReoba dros ar aRniSnavs
(sa-yuar-el, sa-Zul-el, sa-wad-el...).
drois momenti daCrdilulia im formebSic, romlebic gasubstantivdnen. amis gamovea,
rom iaraRisa da moqmedebis adgilis aRmniSvnel mimReobebSi preverbiani variantebi
ar gvxvdeba. preverbis darTvis SemTxvevaSi myofadi drois mimReobas viRebT:
sa-zrd-el da ga-sa-zrd-el, sa-vseb-el da a-sa-vseb-el, sa-Txr-el da ga-sa-Txr-el...
mimReobis mawarmoebel prefiqsad gvxvdeba Tanxmovani xmovnis TanxlebiT da uxmovnodac.
s prefiqsTan mudam a xmovani gvaqvs, n-sTan _ a da e xmovnebi, m- prefiqsi
uxmovnodac aris gamoyenebuli da a, e, o xmovanTa TanxlebiTac. qarTulSi mimReoba-
Ta warmoebis erT-erTi sakiTxia, gairkves ra funqciis mqone arian es xmovnebi da saerTod
aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli mimReobis mawarmoebel prefiqsTa daSla xmovniT
da TanxmovniTs elementebad?
mimReobis mawarmoebel prefiqsTa daSlis SesaZleblobas is garemoeba iZleva,
rom erTsa da imave TanxmovanTan sxvadasxva xmovani gvxvdeba da isic, rom xmovnian
mawarmoebelTa gverdiT gvaqvs prefiqsis uxmovno variantebic.
magram erTia daSlis SesaZlebloba da meore _ TiToeuli elementisaTvis funqciis
daZebna. kiTxva dgas: aqvs Tu ara xmovniT elements garkveuli funqcia?
specialur literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba, romlis mixedviT mimReobis mawarmoebeli
prefiqsis xmovniT elements kavSiri unda hqondes zmnis fuZis prefiqsul
xmovanTan 3 .
am varauds garkveuli dabrkolebebi xvdeba win:
1. sxvadasxva xmovani mxolod m- prefiqsTana gvaqvs. s-sTan mxolod a xmovani gvxvdeba.
nawilobriv es iTqmis na- prefiqsis Sesaxebac.
2. zmnis fuZes xSirad i xmovani awarmoebs; mimReobis formebSi i prefiqsi ar Cans.
3. da piriqiT, zmnis fuZis mawarmoeblad ara gvaqvs o prefiqsi; mimReobis warmoebaSi
prefiqsTan o xmovani iRebs monawileobas.
4. mimReobis warmoebaSi monawile prefiqsebi (xmovniTurT) gvxvdeba saxelisagan
nawarmoeb saxelebSic. Tu mimReobaSi prefiqsis xmovniTi nawili zmnis fuZis mawarmoebeli
prefiqsia, ra funqcia aqvs imave xmovnebs saxelebSi?
magram CamoTvlil dabrkolebaTa miuxedavad es varaudi bevr SemTxvevaSi mar-
Tldeba.
kerZod, roca a xmovani gvxvdeba m- prefiqsTan erTad, igi zmnaTa absoluturi umravlesobisaTvis
fuZis mawarmoebeli prefiqsia: ma-mko-bel _ amkobs, maqebel _ aqebs,
maSenebel _ aSenebs, mauwyebel _ auwyebs, maginebel _ aginebs...
gamonaklisia mxolod mimReobis sami forma: ma-ZR-ar, ma-Sur-al, ma-val.
mTel rig SemTxvevebSi e xmovanic zmnis fuZis mawarmoebeli prefiqsi Cans: metyuel
_ etyvis, meZiebel _ eZiebs, metyebel || metyebar _ etyebda...
o zmnis fuZis mawarmoebel prefiqsad ar gvaqvs qarTulSi da saerTod o xmovani,
rogorc afiqsi, bevr SemTxvevaSi meoreulia da fonetikur niadagzea miRebuli.
aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli mimReobis mawarmoebeli prefiqsis xmovniTi elementis
o-s axsna fonetikur niadagze.
am mxriv yuradRebas iqcevs im zmnaTa mimReobis formebi, romelTa fuZes i xmovani
awarmoebs; mimReobaSi Sesabamisad prefiqsTan o xmovania warmodgenili: mo-yuar-e
_ m-i-yuar, mo-ZRu-ar _ m-i-ZRÂs, mo-swraf-e _ i-swraf-i-s, mo-cin-ar _ i-cin-i-s, mo-
3 ix. a) G. deeters, das khartvelische Verbum, Leipzig, 1930, gv., 225, § 425, 413, 434.
b) a r n . C i q o b a v a , saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi, $ 85, gv., 214.
102

kÂrn-e _ m-i-kÂr-s, mo-cal-e _ i-cl-i-s, mo-urn-e _ i-urv-i-s, mo-qm-ed _ i-qm-s, mo-qadul
_ i-qad-i-s, mo-nan-ul _ i-nan-i-s, mo-Ruaw _ i-Ruw-i-s, mo-Tmin-e _ i-Tmen-s, mo-brZav
(sulT-mobrZavi) _ i-brZv-i-s, mo-Zrav _ i-Zrv-i-s, mo-zard-ul || mo-zard _ i-zrd-eb-a,
mo-rev _ i-rev-a.
vfiqrobT, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom i- prefiqsiani zmnebi mimReobaSi o xmovans
gamoavlenen. aseTi damTxveva garkveuli kanonzomierebis xasiaTs atarebs.
magram sakmao raodenobiT aris imis magaliTebic, roca zmnas i prefiqsi ar awarmoebs,
magram mimReobaSi o prefiqsi gvaqvs (mo-rC-il _ erCis, mo-rbed _ rb-i-s, mo-kudav
_ kudavs, mo-sav _ vesav...). o xmovnis arseboba aseT SemTxvevaSi analogias miewereba:
enaSi iyo garkveuli yalibi mimReobis warmoebisa da misi gamoyeneba SeeZlo
sxvadasxva prefiqsiT warmoebul zmnas.
mainc aRsaniSnavia, rom is zmnebi, romlebic, ase vTqvaT, umarTebulod gamoavlenen
mimReobaSi o xmovans, ZiriTadad statikuri zmnebia: mo-Zul-e, mo-surn-e || mo-surv-e,
mo-rcxv-i, mo-Tn-e, mo-sav, mo-rC-il, mo-rb-ed, mo-Surn-e...
statikur zmnaTa umravlesobaSi i statikurobis morfologiuri niSani (romelic
istoriulad diuratiuli aspeqtis maCvenebelia) warmodgenilia, magram igi sufiqsad
gvxvdeba yovelTvis.
iqneb mimReobis am formaTa mixedviT vivaraudoT, rom am aspeqtiseuli -i afiqsis
adgili zmnaSi ar iyo imTaviTve fiqsirebuli da igi SeiZleba prefiqsadac mogvvlineboda.
am mxriv sainteresoa zog inversiul statikur zmnaSi i prefiqsis gamovlena I da
II pirSi (III-Si i→u), romelic arc qcevisaa da arc vnebiTi gvarisa: m-i-yuar, gi-yuar,
m-i-kÂr-s, g-i-kÂr-s, m-i-xar-i-s.
ras unda gamoewvia mimReobis formebSi i-s o-d Secvla? labializaciis procesiT
amis axsna gaWirdeboda imis gamo, rom m prefiqsTan a da e xmovnebic gvxvdeba da amgvar
fonetikur process adgili ara aqvs.
safiqrebelia, rom mi-m mogvca mo garkveul dialeqtSi. iqneb am fonetikur process
xeli Seuwyo im garemoebam, rom i-iani forma mimReobisa zmnis pirian formas
daemTxveoda bevr SemTxvevaSi: mi-yuar-e, mi-Zul-e, mi-Tmin-e, mi-wyal-e, mi-surv-e...
qarTuli metad mdidaria mimReobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebiT, Cveulebriv sufiqsebi
prefiqsTan erTad arian warmodgenili mimReobaSi. mxolod -il da -ul sufiqsebi
prefiqsis gareSec awarmoeben mimReobas. oden sufiqsiani warmoeba mimReobisa namyo
droisaa yovelTvis. mimReobis mawarmoebeli sxva sufiqsebi sxvadasxva droisa da
gvaris mimReobebSi gvxvdeba.
gansakuTrebiT produqtiulia qarTulSi mimReobis mawarmoebeli -el sufiqsi. igi
m-, ma-, me-, mo- prefiqsebTan erTad awarmoebs sasubieqto mimReobas gardamavali da
gardauvali statikuri zmnebidan. imave gardamaval zmnaTagan -el sufiqsiTa da sa-
prefiqsiT nawarmoebi mimReoba ki saobieqtoa, e. i. udris amosavali zmnis pirdapir
obieqts.
namyo drois mimReobaSi na- prefiqsTan erTad -el sufiqsi ar gvxvdeba, Tu mimReobis
formad ar miviCnieT na-T-el _ nawarmoebi saxeli (Sdr. a-T-ev-s, gan-T-en-a, T-end-eb-a,
gan-T-i-ad).
oden -el sufiqsi Cans mimReobis mawarmoeblad mimReobis ganmÃel formaSi. `ganÃmel~
rom mimReobis formaa, amas preverbi cxadyofs. mxolod kiTxva ismis, xom ar
aris am formaSi m- prefiqsi dakarguli fonetikur niadagze n-s mezoblobaSi? aseTi
SesaZlebloba gamoricxuli ar aris. magram, meore mxriv, iqneb prefiqsis uqonloba
Sinagan kavSirSi iyo preverbis darTvasTan (Seadare analogiuri viTareba Wanur mim-
ReobaSi).
Ãmebis `zmnisagan (romlis mimReobac ars `ganÃmel~) ganmÃmar mimReobis forma iyo
mosalodneli, romelic gvxvdeba kidec. magram gvaqvs `Ãmel~ zedsarTavi saxelic.
`ganÃmar~ mimReoba da `Ãmel~ zedsarTavi saxeli SinaarsiT savsebiT faraven erTmaneTs
(Sdr. am mxriv `didi~ da `gadidebuli~). amitom, SesaZlebelia, `ganÃmel~ forma-
103

Si gan preverbiani zedsarTavi saxeli gvqondes: `Ãmel~ gaiazres rogorc mimReoba da
preverbis darTvac aRar iyo SeuZlebeli.
-el sufiqss mimReobaTa warmoebaSi xSirad -ar enacvleba. gvaqvs am afiqsTa paralelurad
xmarebis SemTxvevebi: m-xedv-el || m-xedv-ar, m-zraxv-el || m-zraxv-al←m-zraxv-ar,
sayud-el || sa-yud-ar...
-ar sufiqsi gvxvdeba gardamaval zmnaTagan nawarmoeb awmyo drois mimReobebSi msufiqsTan
erTad, myofadi drois mimReobaSi sa-prefiqsTan erTad da namyo drois
mimReobaSi na- prefiqsTan erTad. namyo droisaa agreTve dinamikur ugvaro zmnaTagan
m- prefiqsiTa da -ar sufiqsiT nawarmoebi mimReobebic.
-ar sufiqsi Sedis rTuli sufiqsis -ar-e-s SemadgenlobaSic, romelic mxolod m-
prefiqsTan erTad gvxvdeba da awarmoebs mimReobas gardauvali statikuri zmnebidan:
m-wux-ar-e, m-RÂZ-ar-e, m-dum-ar-e, m-brwyinv-al-e ← m-brwyinv-are...
-are-sufiqsi rTulia (ar+e), radgan:
1. qarTulisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli ormarcvliani mawarmoebeli afiqsi. yvela
rTuli afiqsi iSleba: ier←iv-er, eul←ev-ul, iad←iv-ad... da
2. mimReobis warmoebaSi gvxvdeba -ar sufiqsica da -e-c cal-calke.
-ar sufiqsi unda aRvadginoT sufiqsad mimReobis im formebSi, sadac mimReobis
mawarmoeblad oden r Tanxmovani gvaqvs: m-kueT-r, m-Zov-r, m-wux-r... oden Tanxmovniani
warmoebis gverdiT moipoveba paraleluri -ar sufiqsiani variantebic: m-Zov-ar, m-wuxar-e...
uxmovno, r Tanxmovniani warmoeba mimReobisa im kilosi da drois kuTvnilebad
unda CaiTvalos, sadac da roca intensiuri dinamikuri maxvili moqmedebda.
-e sufiqsi mimReobaSi gvxvdeba m-, me-, mo- prefiqsebTan erTad awmyos mimReobaSi.
myofadi drois mimReobaSi -e sufiqsi mimReobis mxolod or formaSi Cans aSkarad:
sa-qm-e da sa-vs-e.
magram -e gvaqvs mimReobis mawarmoebel sufiqsad sxva SemTxvevebSic: sa-Tn-o←sa-
Tn-v-e (←sa-Tn-ev-e, sa-S-o←sa-Sv-e←sa-Sev-e, sa-s-o←sa-sv-e←sa-sav-e, sa-c-o←sa-cv-e←
sa-cav-e... o mimReobis am formebSi pirveladi ar aris da zmnis fuZiseuli -v-isa da
mimReobis mawarmoebeli -e sufiqsis Serwymis gziT aris miRebuli. im SemTxvevebSi,
roca aRniSnuli fonetikuri safuZveli ar Cans (sa-wyin-o, sa-Cin-o, sa-swav-l-o...) o-s
arseboba analogiiT unda aixsnas.
-ur, -ed, -al sufiqsiT nawarmoebi mimReobis formebi SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba.
-ed sufiqsi mimReobis mxolod or formaSi dasturdeba: mo-qm-ed, mo-rb-ed.
-al sufiqsis gamoyenebis arec Zalze SezRudulia ukve Zvel qarTulSi: mo-mk-al,
sa-mk-al, da-m-lb-al, dam-lp-al 4 . -al sufiqss gamoyofs mimReobis mawarmoeblad iv.
javaxiSvili m-Zev-al formaSic (amosavalia Z-ev-s zmna) 5 .
mimReobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi Cans namyos mimReobis zog formaSi -ev sufiqsic:
na-qmn-ev (Sdr. na-qm-ar), na-Ruar-ev 6 .
iSviaTad gvxvdeba mimReobis mawarmoeblad -an sufiqsic m-prefiqsTan erTad: m-
4 mimReobis `damlbal” da `damlpal” formebSi SesaZlebelia al←ar. mimReobis es formebi
dinamikuri ugvaro zmnebisaa, romelnic mxolod m-prefiqsiTa `da ar sufiqsiT awarmoeben
mimReobas. amasTan erTad sagulisxmo isic aris, rom amosavali zmnebis fuZeSi orsave Sem-
TxvevaSi l Tanxmovani gvaqvs. amitom asimilaciis procesic gasaTvaliswinebelia.
5 i v . j a v a x i S v i l i , qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli buneba da naTesaoba, gv.
231-232.
6 sainteresoa, rom svanurSi, romelic mimReobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebiT metad Raribia, naprefiqsiT
nawarmoebi mimReoba -s gamoavlens: na-tix- _ `nabrunebi”, na-kid- _ `anaRebi”: es
qarTulis -ev sufiqss unda ukavSirdebodes, romelic swored na||ne prefiqsebTan gamovlindeba
qarTulSic.
104

tyuv-an, m-tkiv-an, m-siv-an, m-civ-an... specialur literaturaSi mimReobis am formebSi
gamovlinebuli -an mimReobis mawarmoebel sufiqsad aris miCneuli 7 .
magram -an sufiqsi gamovlindeba garkveuli tipis zmnaTa mimReobebSi. es is zmnebia,
romlebsac awmyoSi mesame subieqturi piris niSnad a aqvT: kiv-a, yiv-a, Civ-a, civ-a,
tkiv-a, Cxav-a...
an elementis gamovlena mxolod am tipis zmnaTa mimReobebSi eWvs badebs, xom ar
aris an zmnis fuZis kuTvnileba da ara mimReobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi?
ar unda iyos gamoricxuli, rom am tipis zmnebSi a←an (n-s dakargva auslautSi
ar aris ucxo fonetikuri movlena qarTveluri enebisaTvis). -an iqneb mesame subieqturi
piris uZvelesi niSani iyos, romelic mTliani saxiT mimReobis am formebSia
Semonaxuli.
-il da -ul sufiqsebi mimReobas prefiqsis gareSec awarmoeben, drois mixedviT -il
da -ul sufiqsiani mimReoba namyo droisaa da amosavali moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnis
pirdapir obieqts udris. -ul sufiqsi Cveulebriv bagismieri bgeriT daboloebul
zmnaTa mimReobaSi gvaqvs; amitom, SesaZlebelia, igi -il sufiqsisagan momdinareobdes
i-s labilizaciis Sedegad 8 . magram garkveul SemTxvevebSi -ul damoukidebeli
morfologiuri odenoba Cans: qmn-ul, Sj-ul, gavT-ul, msaj-ul, mo-saj-ul, mo-qadul,
mo-nan-ul, mo-ciq-ul... am magaliTebSi labializaciis procesisaTvis safuZveli
ar Cans.
rogorc aRvniSneT, mimReobis mawarmoebeli yvela sufiqsi garda -il da -ul sufiqsebisa
mxolod prefiqsTan erTad awarmoebs mimReobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom oden sufiqsiT
nawarmoebi mimReoba Cveulebriv preverbiania (upreverbo formebi subsantivebs
warmoadgenen: Txrili, krebuli, werili...). preverbis darTva da prefiqsis uqonloba
TiTqos Sinagan kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. vfiqrobT, ar unda iyos SeuZlebeli
prefiqsis uqonloba oden sufiqsian warmoebaSi preverbis arsebobiT avxsnaT (analogiuri
viTarebaa megrul-WanurSic).
mimReobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi uaryofiTi formebis warmoebaSic iReben monawileobas.
mimReobis mawarmoebeli prefiqsebi uaryofiT formebSi ar gvxvdeba. gvaqvs
mxolod u- prefiqsi, romelsac uaryofiToba ukavSirdeba swored. mimReobis uaryofiTi
formebi namyo drois saobieqto mimReobebs aqvT. sasubieqto mimReobas sapirispiro
uaryofiTi formebi ara aqvs da saTanado Sinaarsi gadmoicema sasubieqto mim-
Reobis dadebiT formaze u-prefiqsis darTviT: u-mgbar (xolo ukueTu, u m g b a r iyvis,
i. da efT. 70, 12), u-m c x o r b e l (Seumkobel iyos sofeli da u m c x o r e b e l
cxorebaÁ _ ekl. 163,27), u-m c v a l e b e l (da Secvala... uZravi Semcvaleblad da moZravi
u m c v a l e b l a d . Stb. mr. gv. 10)... axal qarTulSi sasubieqto mimReobis uaryofiTi
formebi aRweriTad iwarmoeba `ara~ nawilakis darTviT mimReobis dadebiT formaze:
argamkeTebeli, armcodne... Tumca amgvari warmoeba Zvel qarTulSivea dadasturebuli
nuwarsawymedeli, arameCuqvari...
magram gvaqvs udavo magaliTebic imisa, roca uaryofiTi mimReoba SinaarsiT (da
ara mxolod warmoebiT) upirispirdeba sasubieqto mimReobas: u-tyu da me-tyu-el, urC
da mo-rC-il, u-Ruaw da mo-Ruaw, u-kudav da mo-kudav, u-sm da m-smen-el, u-qm da mqmn-el;
axal qarTulSi: uqnara kaci, uTqmeli kaci (sapirispiro formebia: mqmnel,
mTqmel).
cnobilia, rom qarTuls mimReobis formaTa mravalferovneba axasiaTebs, rac
warmoebis saSualebaTa mravalferovnebiT aris gamowveuli da rasac ZiriTadad mim-
Reobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi da prefiqsis xmovniTi nawili qmnis.
amitom qarTulSi mimReobaTa warmoebis ganxilvis dros upirvelesad yovlisa
unda gairkves mizezebi mimReobis warmoebis mravalferovnebisa.
7 a r n . C i q o b a v a , saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi, gv. 95, $ 39.
8 a) G. deeters, das khartvelische Verbum, gv. 225, $ 424.
b) a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, gv. 593, $ 59.
105

damaxasiaTebelia am mxriv ak. SaniZis SeniSvna am sakiTxze: `arsad ar aris areuli
erTmaneTSi sxvadasxva epoqisa da sxvadasxva kilos qoneba, rogorc mimReobis
formebSi~ 9 .
amgvarad, warmoebis saSualebaTa mravalferovnebis axsna sxvadasxva mizeziT SeiZleba:
I. SesaZlebelia qarTulSi erTi da imave Sinaarsis mqone mimReobis sxvadasxva
formaTa arseboba imaze miuTiTebdes, rom saqme gvaqvs sxvadasxva dialeqtur monacemTan.
Zvel qarTulSi mimReobis sxvadasxva formaTa arseboba ukve imis maCvenebelia,
rom Zvel qarTulSive (samwerlo enaSi) iyo SeduRebuli sxvadasxva dialeqtis monacemebi.
amitom erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxi mimReobaTa warmoebisa qarTulSi aris gamijvna
sxvadasxva dialeqturi monacemisa, mimReobis warmoebis tipebis ganawileba
dialeqtTa mixedviT.
mimReobaTa warmoebis mxriv qarTulis dialeqtebSi cotad Tu bevrad msgavsi vi-
Tarebaa. arsebiTi xasiaTis sxvaoba maT Soris ar SeiniSneba. calke dgas mxolod ingilouri,
romelic mimReobaTa warmoebaSi rig Taviseburebebs gamoavlens:
1. na- prefiqsiani mimReoba namyo drois saobieqto mimReobis garda awmyo drois
sasubieqto mimReobis gamosaxatavad ixmareba; e. i. gvaqvs iq, sadac m- prefiqsiani mim-
Reobaa mosalodneli: danagdev _ damgdebi, naqnar _ myofi, nacodn _ mcodne...
2. uaryofiTi mimReobis formebSi uaryofiTobis u- prefiqsi preverbis winac gamoCndeba:
u-mo-u-fiqrvel, u-go-u-yidel...
3. myofadi drois mimReobebSi, mimReobis mawarmoebeli sa- prefiqsis TanxmovniTi
nawili preverbis darTvis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba: ma-a-Wr-el, da-a-mbel, ma-a-klol...
4. myofadi drois gamosaxatavad ingilours sakuTari nakvTi ar moepoveba. saTanado
Sinaarss aq gadmoscems myofadi drois sa- prefiqsiani forma mimReobisa, romelsac
subieqturi piris aRsaniSnavad erTvis meSveli zmna: wa-a-yon-e var _ waviyvan,
saqnevar _ vizam...
sainteresoa, rom udur enaSic myofadis warmoebis igive principi gvaqvs, rac ingilourSi.
mimReobaTa warmoebis ganxilvam qarTul dialeqtebSi gviCvena, rom qarTuli enis
dialeqtTa Tanamedrove mdgomareoba ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom mimReobis warmoebis
tipebi dialeqtTa mixedviT ganawildes.
dialeqturi formebis gamoyofis SeuZlebloba, safiqrebelia, dialeqtebze saliteraturo
enis gavleniT iyos gamowveuli. es gavlena, SesaZlebelia, Zveli qarTuli
saliteraturo enis epoqaSive dawyebuliyo saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis
Semdgom.
magram erTi garemoebac aris gasaTvaliswinebeli: mimReobis warmoebaSi monawile
yvela sufiqsi upirveles yovlisa martiv arsebiTsa da zedsarTav saxelebSi dasturdeba.
am afiqsTa funqciaa moaxdinos gaudiferencirebeli fuZis (Ziris) rogorc
saxelis fuZis konkretizacia. sufiqsTa (saxelis fuZis determinantTa) amgvari interptretaciT
ixsneba imave sufiqsTa arseboba mimReobaSic. mimReobaSi es sufiqsebia,
zmnur fuZes rom saxelad aqcevs 10 .
saxelis fuZis yvela determinanti, romelic mimReobis mawarmoebel sufiqsebad
gvevlineba, imav dros, qarTulis yvela dialeqtSi gvxvdeba. amitom dialeqts SeeZlo
yvela determinanti gamoeyenebina mimReobis sawarmoeblad.
arc es momentia gamosaricxavi, roca mimReobaTa warmoebaSi dialeqturi tipebis
gamoyofis SeuZleblobaze vlaparakobT.
II. mimReobis formaTa mravalferovneba SeiZleba imiTac iyos gamowveuli, rom saq-
9 a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, gv. 588, $ 584.
10 a r n . C i q o b a v a , saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi, Tbilisi, 1942.
106

me gvqondes qarTuli enis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
warmoebasTan.
Zvelsa da axal qarTuls (vgulisxmobT XII_XIX s.s. qarTuls) Soris mimReobaTa
warmoebis mxriv arsebiTi xasiaTis sxvaoba ar dasturdeba. mimReobis warmoebis Camoyalibebis
procesi Zvel qarTulSivea damTavrebuli da imitom.
Zvel qarTulSi dadasturebuli mimReobis warmoebis yvela tipi axal qarTulSic
gvxvdeba; magram zogierTi warmoebis moqmedebis are SezRudulia. es warmoebis is
tipebia, romlebic Zvel qarTulSive ar iyo produqtiuli.
Zvelsa da axal qarTuls Soris mimReobaTa warmoebaSi sxvaoba ZiriTadad imaSi
SeiniSneba, rom axali qarTuli upiratesobas aZlevs mimReobaTa oden prefiqsian
warmoebas; maSin, roca Zveli qarTulisaTvis prefiqsul-sufiqsuri warmoeba iyo damaxasaiTebeli.
specialur literaturaSi oden prefiqsuli warmoebis gabatoneba axal qarTulSi
sufiqsTa funqciis daCrdilviT aris axsnili 11 . mimReobis mawarmoebel sufiqsTa
funqcia rom savsebiT daCrdilulia, es upirveles yovlisa iqidan Cans, rom misi
uqonloba mimReobaSi mniSvnelobis cvlilebas ar iwvevs.
sufiqsi mimReobis sawarmoeblad enis ganviTarebis garkveul safexurze, kerZod,
enaSi gramatikuli klas-kategoriis moqmedebis periodSi, aucilebeli iyo. sufiqsis
saSualebiT zmnis klasovani forma nazmnar saxelad formdeboda.
pirovan uRvlilebaze gadasvlis Semdeg ki mimReoba, romelic Zveli mawarmoeblebiT
(e. i. klasis niSnebiT) darCa gaformebuli, zmnis piriani formisagan gansxvavebuli
iyo. amis gamo sufiqsis funqciac daiCrdila.
magram gramatikuli klas-kategoriis arsebobis kvali ukve Zvel qarTulSive ar
igrZnoboda. aseT SemTxvevaSi riT avxsnaT is garemoeba, rom usufiqso warmoebam
Zvel qarTulSive ar moikida fexi?
Zvel qarTulSi mimReobis sawarmoeblad prefiqsTan erTad sufiqsis gamoyeneba
tradicias unda mieweros. sufiqsis darTvis saWiroeba im drois gadmonaSTia Zvel
qarTulSi, roca misi darTva zmnis fuZisagan saxelis gasaformeblad iyo aucilebeli.
mimReobaTa warmoebis mravalferovnebis mizezebis rkvevisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda
iyos mesame momentic: SesaZlebelia, mimReobis formaTa mravalferovneba imiTac
iyos gamowveuli, rom sxvadasxva tipis zmnebi (gardamavali Tu gardauvali, statikuri
da dinamikuri, moqmedebiTi Tu vnebiTi gvarisa) mimReobis sawarmoeblad sxvadasxva
mawarmoebels iyenebdes.
es kiTxva gadaWrili iqneba mimReobis warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli ori ZiriTadi
sakiTxis ganxilvis Semdeg: riT da risgan iwarmoeba qarTulSi mimReoba; e. i. roca
gaanalizebuli iqneba mimReobis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli zmnis fuZe da mimReobis
mawarmoebeli afiqsebi.
moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnas qarTulSi samive drois mimReoba aqvs: awmyo, namyo da
myofadi droisa. awmyo drois mimReoba sasubieqtoa, e. i. udris Sesabamisi zmnis
subieqts, xolo myofadi da namyo drois mimReobebi amosavali moqmedebiTi gvaris
zmnis pirdapir obieqts gamoxatavs.
moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnas ara aqvs sasubieqto mimReoba namyo da myofadi droisa
da saobieqto mimReoba awmyo droisa. enaSi xSirad am formebis gamoxatvaa saWiro da
sainteresoa, ra saSualebas mimarTavs amisaTvis ena?
axal qarTulSi namyo da myofadi drois mimReobis Sinaarss gadmoscems awmyo
drois mimReobis preverbiani forma: mkiTxveli _ `vinc kiTxulobs~, wamkiTxveli _
`vinc waikiTxavs~ an `vinc waikiTxa...~ magram preverbi ver qmnis sxvaobas myofadi da
namyo drois mimReobebs Soris.
magram namyo drois sasubieqto mimReobis gamosaxatavad ena sxva saSualebasac mi-
11 iqve, gv. 126, $ 47.
107

marTavs: namyo drois saobieqto mimReobis win daismis amosavali zmnis pirdapiri
obieqti da es rTuli fuZe mTlianad moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnis subieqts gamoxatavs:
xmalamowvdili, pirdaRebuli, cxviraweuli... es warmoeba Zvel qarTulSivea farTod
gavrcelebuli: naTelRebuli, Tmagardatevebuli, bunebaSecvalebuli, pirdayofili...
principi am warmoebisa damaxasiaTebelia iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisaTvis. amitomac
warmoebis es tipi ar SeiZleba Zveli ar iyos 12 .
am warmoebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs pirdapiri obieqtis adgils. Tu is
win uZRvis mimReobis formas, mTlianad mimReoba sasubieqtoa: xmalamowvdili _
`vinc xmali amoiwvada~. kompozitSi monawile forma mimReobisa calke aRebuli ki saobieqtoa
_ amowvdili xmali.
arsebiTad aseTsave warmoebasTan gvaqvs saqme `nacarqeqias~ tipis mimReobebSic.
saxeladi nawili kompozitisa aqac Sesabamisi zmnis pirdapir obieqts warmoadgens.
mimReobis es tipi axal qarTulSia (zepirmetyvelebaSi, zRaprebSi) gavrcelebuli: nacarqeqia,
kaciWamia, doylapia, xatiparia, Citirekia, nemsiylapia, gudabertyia...
am tipis mimReobebSi zmnuri nawili brZanebiTis formiT aris warmodgenili: nacarqeqia←nacarqeqe-a,
_ nemsi-ylapia←nemsiylape-a. e daviwroebulia a sufiqsis dar-
Tvis gamo. megrulSi i. yifSiZes dadasturebuli aqvs kompozit mimReobaTa iseTi
warmoeba, roca saxeladi nawili Sesabamisi zmnis pirdapir obieqts warmoadgens, xolo
meore nawili zmnis brZanebiTi kilos formas meore pirisa: uSquri-korobi _
`vaSlis Semkrebi` [vaSli-krife], Caka-zidi _ `kalaTis mzidavi~ [kalaTi-zide] 13 ...
rom `nacarqeqias~ tipis mimReobaSi sufiqsiseuli i←e da TviT mimReoba zmnis
brZanebiTi kilos formaa, amas isic mowmobs, rom am tipis warmoebaSi mxolod is
zmnebi monawileoben, romlebic brZanebiTSi e-s gamoavlenen: ylape, bertye, Wame, reke...
(da ara gvaqvs kaci-klia, SeSi-Wria, da a. S. formebi). radgan zmnuri nawili kompozitis
am formebSi zmnis piriani formaa, saxeladi nawilis i sufiqsi ar SeiZleba
naTesaobiTi brunvis niSniseuli iyos.
-a sufiqsi am warmoebaSi masubstantivebeli elementi Cans.
mimReoba iwarmoeba agreTve ugvaro dinamikuri zmnebidan (e. w. uniSno vnebiTi gvaris
zmnebidan). am tipis zmnebs mxolod namyo drois mimReoba aqvs: gamTbari, gamSrali, gamxmari,
mkvdari, maSvrali... awmyo da myofadi drois mimReobis formebi dinamikur ugvaro
zmnebs ara aqvs. roca es Sinaarsia gamosaxatavi, ena sawarmoeblad iyenebs ara zmnis
fuZes, aramed masdarisas da saTanado afiqsTa darTviT awarmoebs awmyos (m- prefiqsiT)
da myofadis (sa- prefiqsiT) mimReobebs: m-Zrom-el _ `vinc Zvreba~, m-Srom-el _
`vinc Sureba~, sa-cxrom-el _ `rac dacxreba~, sa-STom-el _ `rac daSTeba~ 14 ...
mimReobis formebi statikur zmnebsac aqvT (aq Sedis e. w. saSualo gvaris zmnebic).
erTpirian statikur zmnebs mxolod sasubieqto mimReobis formebi aqvT m- prefiqsiT
nawarmoebi. inversiul statikur zmnebs ki mimReobis or-ori forma aqvT: moyuar-e
da sa-yuar-el, mo-Zul-e da sa-Zul-el, mo-kÂrvn-e da sa-kÂrv-el, mo-Tn-e da sa-
Tn-o... m- da sa- prefiqsiani formebi drois mixedviT ar arian dapirispirebuli.
amgvarad, qarTulSi mimReoba iwarmoeba moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebidan, ugvaro dinamikuri
zmnebidan da ugvaro statikuri zmnebidan. amasTan TiToeul maTgans ar axasiaTebs
mimReobis warmoebis mxolod erTi garkveuli tipi. m_ar warmoeba mimReobisa,
magaliTad, damaxasiaTebelia ara marto dinamikuri ugvaro zmnebisaTvis, aramed
amave prefiqs-sufiqsiT awarmoebs mimReobas moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebica da statikuri
zmnebic.
12 a r n . C i q o b a v a , qarTuli enis zogadi daxasiaTeba, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni,
t. I, gv. 77, $ 45, SeniSvna.
13 И. Кипшидзе, Грамматика мингрелъского (иверского) языка c х рестоматиею и словарем, СПБ, 1913, gv. 131,
§ 129.
14 amosavali fuZe masdariseulad miviCnieT imis gamo, rom -om, -ol sufiqsebi mxolod masdarSi
gvxvdeba.
108

drois gamoxatvis sakiTxi mimReobaTa warmoebaSi
dro zmnis gramatikuli kategoriaa, magram mimReobac, rogorc nazmnari zedsar-
Tavi saxeli, drois mixedviT aris gansazRvruli. qarTulSi sami drois mimReoba
gvaqvs: awmyo, namyo da myofadi droisa. drois gamoxatvis momentiTaa, rom mimReoba
saxelisagan nawarmoeb saxels upirispirdeba.
im enebSi, sadac mimReoba drois mixedviT aris gansazRvruli, drois gamoxatva
ekisreba mimReobis sawarmoeblad aRebul zmnur fuZes (magaliTad xunZurSi) an mim-
Reobis mawarmoebel afiqss (magaliTad, udurSi).
ra viTarebaa qarTulSi? gamoixateba Tu ara mimReobaTa warmoebaSi dro gramatikulad
da drouli gageba zmnur fuZesTan aris dakavSirebuli Tu ara? sxvanairad
rom vTqvaT: namyos mimReoba zmnis namyos fuZeze aris damyarebuli da Sesabamisad
awmyos mimReoba Tu iyenebs amosavlad zmnis awmyos fuZes? 15
mimReobis fuZeTa analizi cxadyofs, rom sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli zmnis fuZe
ar iZleva droul gansxvavebas. mimReobaTa absoluturi umravlesoba (awmyo da namyo
droisac) sawarmoeblad iyenebs zmnis awmyos fuZes:
m-yof-el _ na-yof, yo-f-il _ sa-yof-el
m-Sob-el _ na-Sob, So-b-il _ sa-Sob-el
m-taceb-el _ na-taceb
m-cem-el _ cem-ul _ sa-cem-el
m-cum-el _ cum-ul
m-cxeb-el _ cxeb-ul
m-Reb-el _ Reb-ul
da-m-badeb-el _ da-badeb-ul
ma-uwyeb-el _ uwyeb-ul
ma-gineb-el _ gineb-ul
ma-qeb-el _ qeb-ul _ sa-qeb-el
m-qadageb-el _ qadageb-ul
ma-Seneb-el _ Seneb-ul _ sa-Seneb-el
ma-SfoTeb-el _ aR-SfoTeb-ul
ma-xareb-el _ xareb-ul
m-pyrob-el _ pyrob-il _ sa-pyrob-el
ma-vneb-el _ vneb-ul _ sa-vneb-el...
arafers gveubneba sawarmoebeli fuZe erTemian zmnaTa mimReobebSi imis gamo, rom
am zmnebs saerTo fuZe aqvs awmyosa da aoristSi.
(m-wer-el _ wer-il, m-Wam-el _ Wam-ul, m-Txov-el _ Txov-il...)
erTi SexedviT TiTqos sawarmoebeli fuZis mixedviT arian dapirispirebuli -av
Temis niSnian zmnaTagan nawarmoebi mimReobebi: m-xil-v-el da xil-ul, m-tanj-v-el da
tanj-ul, m-klv-el da (mo)-kl-ul, m-far-v-el da far-ul... magram am SemTxvevebSic
zmnis awmyos fuZea amosavali namyos mimReobisaTvis: xil-ul←xil-v-il, tanj-ul-
←tanj-v-il, mo-klv-ul←mo-klv-il, far-ul←far-v-il...
mimReobis fuZeTa analiziT irkveva, rom mimReobis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebul
zmnis fuZesTan ar aris dakavSirebuli drois aRniSvna mimReobaSi.
arc mimReobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi miuTiTeben droze: mimReobis mawarmoebeli
TiToeuli sufiqsi sxvadasxva drois mimReobebSi gvxvdeba.
amJamad da Zvel qarTulSic drois gamoxatva mimReobaSi prefiqsebTan aris dakav-
Sirebuli: m- awmyos mimReobas awarmoebs, sa- myofadisas, na || ne namyo drois mimReo-
15 myofadi drois gamoxatvis sakiTxi amosavali zmnis fuZis mixedviT ixsneba imis gamo, rom
myofadi drois gamosaxatavi sakuTari nakvTi Zvel qarTulSi ar arsebobda.
109

as. magram istoriulad arc prefiqsebi unda yofiliyvnen drois gamomxatveli elementebi.
prefiqsebiT drois aRniSvnis sakiTxi moxsnilia ukve im debulebiT, rom igive m-,
sa-, na- afiqsebi saxelisagan nawarmoeb saxelebSi gvaqvs, sadac drois aRniSvna gamoricxulia.
istoriulad arc prefiqsTan da arc sufiqsTan ar aris dakavSirebuli drois gamoxatva
mimReobaSi. aseT viTarebaSi mosalodneli iyo swored, rom zmnis fuZes moeca
miTiTeba droze; magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, arc mimReobis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli
zmnis fuZe iZleva drois gagebas.
maSasadame, gramatikulad dro mimReobaSi imTaviTve ar yofila gamoxatuli.
mimReobaTa warmoebaSi drois aRniSvnis meoreulobaze isic miuTiTebs, rom zmnis
erTi formidan yvela drois mimReoba ar iwarmoeba:
1. moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnis sasubieqto mimReoba mxolod awmyo droisaa da ara
gvaqvs mimReobis namyo da myofadi drois formebi. amave zmnebidan nawarmoebi saobieqto
mimReobebi ki namyo da myofadi droisaa. awmyo drois saobieqto mimReobebi ki
ara gvaqvs.
2. dinamikur ugvaro zmnebs mxolod namyo drois mimReobis warmoeba SeuZlia.
3. statikur zmnaTa mimReobebSi saerTod moxsnilia drois gamoxatvis sakiTxi.
amJamad mimReobaTa warmoebaSi drois kategoria gamoxatulia, magram drois mixedviT
gansxvavebuli mimReobebi SedarebiT axali viTarebis amsaxvelia. istoriulad
qarTulSi drois mixedviT dapirispirebuli mimReobis formebi ar unda gvqonoda.
radgan mimReobaTa warmoebaSi drois kategoria imTaviTve ar iyo gamoxatuli, ar
aris gamoricxuli SesaZlebloba, mimReobaTa Camoyalibeba zmnis uRvlilebaSi drois
kategoriis warmoqmnamde vivaraudoT.
magram garkveuli dabrkolebebi am varauds mainc eRobeba win: Tu davuSvebT, rom
mimReoba Camoyalibda im xanaSi, roca drois kategoria ar iyo warmoqmnili da zmnis
uRvlileba ganarCevda aspeqtebs (e. i. gvqonda mxolod ori ZiriTadi nakvTi: aoristi
da xolmeobiTi), maSin mimReobis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli zmnis fuZe martivi unda
iyos dro-kiloTa meore wyebisa; magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, mimReoba Cveulebriv
zmnis awmyos fuZes iyenebs amosavlad.
da mainc gvaqvs mimReobis formaTa erTi wyeba, romlebic am varauds (e. i. imas,
rom mimReobaTa Camoyalibeba droSi win uswrebs zmnis uRvlilebaSi drois kategoriis
warmoqmnas) uWers mxars. es is mimReobebia, romelTac sawarmoeblad gamoyenebulad
aqvT zmnis martivi, dro-kiloTa meore wyebis fuZe: pir-m-S-o (←pir-m-Sev-e), sa-So
(←sa-Sev-e), sa-vs-e, ne-St, ne-rg, sa-mos-el, m-mos-el, m-kurn-al, mo-kicx-ar, m-tkecil,
sa-b-el, sa-rty-el, ne-stu, m-xed, m-zrax, Se-m-racx, Se-u-racx, mo-Ruaw, sa-tyorc,
u-sm, u-rC, za-m-T-ar...
aRsaniSnavia, rom dinamikuri ugvaro zmnebi (e. w. uniSno vnebiTebi) mimReobis war-
moebisaTvis amosavlad iyeneben mxolod zmnis martiv fuZes: m-kud-ar, ma-ZR-ar, ma-
Sur-al, m-wyued-ar, m-STv-ar, m-gb-ar, m-wyr-al, m-dn-ar, m-Wn-ar...
am tipis zmnebi ki uZvelesi xanis zmnebad arian miCneuli specialur literaturaSi
(ak. SaniZe, q. lomTaTiZe).
mimReobis es formebica da mimReobaTa warmoebaSi drois gamoxatvis meoreulobac
mxars uWers im mosazrebas, rom SeuZlebeli ar aris mimReobaTa Camoyalibeba
zmnis uRvlilebaSi drois kategoriis warmoqmnamde vivaraudoT.
awmyos fuZis gamoyeneba mimReobis sawarmoeblad SedarebiT axali viTarebis amsaxvelia,
kerZod, awmyos wyebis dro-kiloTa Camoyalibebis Semdegdroindeli. drois
aRniSvnac mimReobaSi am xanidan unda dawyebuliyo; oRond droze miTiTeba daekisra
ara zmnis fuZes, aramed ufunqciod darCenil afiqsebs.
Tu zmnis uRvlilebaSi drois kategoria ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo, ratom imTaviTve
ar gamoixata dro mimReobaTa warmoebaSi da mere daekisra es funqcia mimReobis
mawarmoebel afiqsebs?
110

adgan mimReobis formebSi istoriulad drois kategoria arc gramatikuli afiqsiT
da arc sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli zmnis fuZiT ar aris gamoxatuli, cxadia,
mimReobaTa warmoebaSi drois gamoxatva meoreulia.
TavisTavad drois gamoxatvis meoreuloba mimReobaTa warmoebaSi sainteresoa
masdarisa da mimReobis istoriuli urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT. specialur literaturaSi
gamoTqmulia mosazreba masdarisa da mimReobis diferenciaciis meoreulobis
Sesaxeb 16 . masdarSi drois gamoxatvis sakiTxi moxsnilia. mimReobaSi drois gamoxatvis
meoreuloba am mxrivac mosalodneli iyo.
gvaris gamoxatvis sakiTxi mimReobaTa warmoebaSi
rogor dgas gvaris gamoxatvis sakiTxi mimReobaTa warmoebaSi? specialur literaturaSi
aRniSnulia, rom mimReobas moepoveba gvaris kategoria. mimReobis formebi
garda droisa gvaris mixedviTac arian dapirispirebulni: ma-Seneb-el _ `vinc aSenebs”
_ moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobaa, sa-Seneb-el aSeneb-ul _ `rac aSendeba”, `rac
aSenda” _ vnebiTi gvarisaa.
ra gvaZlevs mimReobis am formebis vnebiTi gvarisad miCnevis SesaZleblobas? _
mxolod Sinaarsi. saWiroa gavarkvioT aris Tu ara mimReobaTa warmoebaSi gvari gamoxatuli
gramatikulad, ramdenad damaxasiaTebelia istoriulad gvaris gamoxatva
mimReobisaTvis?
am sakiTxis gasarkvevad gaanalizebuli unda iqnes mimReobis mawarmoebeli afiqsebi
da mimReobis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli zmnis fuZe. fuZeTa analiziT garkveuli
iqneba, gvaqvs Tu ara mimReobaTa warmoebaSi gvaris gamomxatvelad igive afiqsebi,
rac zmnis pirian formaSi gvxvdeba; e. i. miuTiTebs Tu ara zmnis fuZe gvarze. xolo
afiqsTa analizi gaarkvevs, vnebiTi gvaris mimReobas moqmedebiTi an ugvaro zmnaTa
mimReobis formaTagan gansxvavebuli mawarmoeblebi aqvs Tu ara; e. i. dakavSirebulia
Tu ara gvaris gamoxatva mimReobis mawarmoebel afiqsTan.
mimReobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi ver CaiTvleba gvaris aRmniSvnelad imis gamo,
rom TiToeuli maTgani gvxvdeba rogorc moqmedebiTi, ise vnebiTi da ugvaro zmnebis
mimReobebSic.
igive iTqmis mimReobis mawarmoebel prefiqsTa Sesaxebac.
mimReobaTa warmoebaSi gvaris gamoxatvis sakiTxis garkvevisaTvis gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs vnebiTi gvaris mimReobis fuZeTa analizs. Tu mimReobaTa warmoebisaTvis
gamoyenebulia vnebiTi gvaris zmnis fuZe, cxadia, mimReobis es formebi vnebi-
Ti gvarisad CaiTvleba.
vnebiTi gvaris zmnis fuZeebi moqmedebiTi gvarisagan vnebiTis afiqsebiT gansxvavdeba.
vnebiTi gvaris mawarmoebelia i- da e- prefiqsebi, -d sufiqsi. gvaqvs Tu ara es
afiqsebi vnebiTi gvaris mimReobis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebul zmnaTa fuZeebSi? vnebi-
Ti gvaris mimReobad miCneul formebSi arsad ara Cans vnebiTis mawarmoebeli afiqsebi.
yvelgan sawarmoeblad gamoyenebulia moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnis fuZe: sa-Seneb-el,
Seneb-ul, gakeTeb-ul da a. S. _ vnebiTi gvaris mimReobebi amosavlad iyeneben moqmedebiTi
gvaris zmnis fuZes. vnebiTi gvaris zmna rom gvqonoda mimReobis am formebSi
gamoyenebuli, am mimReobebs Semdegi saxe eqnebodaT: *sa-Sendeb-el, *Sendeb-ul, *gakeTdebul
da a. S. mimReobis amgvari formebi ki enaSi ar gvxvdeba.
rom vnebiTi gvaris zmnebidan mimReoba ar iwarmoeba, amaze fuZedrekadi zmnebis
mimReobebic miuTiTeben. namyo drois vnebiTi gvaris mimReobani fuZedrekadi zmnebisa
e-s Seicaven: drek-il, wyvet-il, wyued-il... da es imitom, rom es mimReobebic moqmedebiTi
gvaris zmnis awmyos fuZisagan aris nawarmoebi.
radgan vnebiTi gvari ar aris gamoxatuli mimReobaSi, amitom gvaris gamoxatvis sakiTxi
mimReobaTa warmoebaSi saerTod ixsneba da arc gvaris mixedviT dapirispire-
16 a r n . C i q o b a v a , masdarisa da mimReobis istoriuli urTierTobisaTvis qarTulSi, iberiul-kavkasiuri
enaTmecniereba, t. V, 1953.
111

uli mimReobis formebi gvaqvs. amitomac mimReobaTa warmoeba im droisad unda miviCnioT,
roca zmnis uRvlilebaSi gvaris kategoria ar iyo Camoyalibebuli da zmnebi
gardamavloba-gardauvlobis mixedviT iyvnen dapirispirebulni (mTis kavkasiur eneb-
Si axlac ar aris Camoyalibebuli gvaris kategoria. zmna gardamavalia, magram ar
aris moqmedebiTi gvarisa; iseve, rogorc gardauvali zmna ar aris vnebiTi gvarisa).
e. w. vnebiTi gvaris mimReobebi gardamavali zmnisagan aris nawarmoebi da Tavdapirvelad
mxolod gardamavali zmnis pirdapir obieqts aRniSnavdnen, xolo gvarTa
Camoyalibebis Semdeg vnebiTi gvaris mimReobis sawarmoeblad enam imitom ar gamoiyena
vnebiTi gvaris zmnis fuZe, rom gardamavali zmnis sasubieqto mimReobiT vnebiTi
gvaris zmnis subieqtis gamoxatvac SeiZleboda (moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnis pirdapiri
obieqti vnebiTSi subieqtad gvevlineba da imitom). am mxriv damaxasiaTebelia, rom m-
prefiqsiani (e. i. gardamavali zmnis subieqts rom aRniSnavs) mimReoba vnebiTi gvarisa
ara gvaqvs.
im mcire SemTxvevebSi, roca mimReoba vnebiTi gvaris zmnidan iwarmoeba, mimReobis
fuZeSi vnebiTis niSanic aris warmodgenili: ga-m-ty-d-ar, ga-m-sq-d-ar-, mo-Zrav, mozard
|| mo-zard-ul (zmnis fuZiseul i-s rom o enacvleba mimReobaSi, amis Sesaxeb
ukve iyo naTqvami). sainteresoa, rom `gamsqdari~, `gamtydari~ formebi Zvel qarTul-
Si ar gvxvdeba. mimReobis es formebi SedarebiT axali warmoebisa Cans.
vnebiTi gvaris zmnis mimReobebia agreTve m-frin-d-al (g a d a m f r i n d a l a s ma-
Sin qalundauri saniske, b. g. 159, 14), ga-u-frin-d-om (gaRvfrindi g a u f r i n d o m s a
jarais wyaros sxvisasa, b. g. 178, 11), a-tir-d-om-il (a t i r d o m i l vin gaacinis, ilia:
II, 27). mimReobis am formebSi vnebiTis d mawarmoebeli warmodgenilia.
cxadia, mimReobis es formebi zmnis uRvlilebaSi gvaris kategoriis Camoyalibebis
Semdegdroindelia.
radgan moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnas awmyo drois saobieqto mimReobis formebi ar
moepoveba, enas ara aqvs Sesabamisad vnebiTi gvaris zmnis subieqtis gamosaxatavi
formac awmyo droisa. magram enaSi xSirad am Sinaarsis gamoxatvaa saWiro da ena
amisaTvis sxvadasxva saSualebas mimarTavs:
1. vnebiTi gvaris awmyo drois mimReobis Sinaarss ena zogjer moqmedebiTi gvaris
formiTve gadmoscems:
Se-m-w-e _ vinc Seawevs da Seeweva
mo-m-rev _ vinc urevs da vinc ereva
Se-m-bm-el _ vinc abams da vinc Seebmis
da-m-sxm-el _ vinc asxams da vinc esxmis 17 ...
2. magram ena cdilobs vnebiTi gvaris awmyo drois mimReobebi moqmedebiTi gvaris
sasubieqto mimReobisagan gansxvavebulad awarmoos. Cveulebriv es aris oden me- || mo-
prefiqsebiT nawarmoebi formebi mimReobisa: me-Trev-i _ `rac eTreva~, mo-rev-i _ `rac
ireva~, me-wv-el-i _ `rac iwveleba~, me-tex-i _ `rac tydeba~, me-ryev-i _ `rac iryeva~,
mo-zard-i _ `rac izrdeba~.
sainteresoa, rom vnebiTi gvaris mimReobis am formebSi m- prefiqsi gvaqvs warmodgenili.
m- prefiqsis gamoyeneba am warmoebaSi imaze miuTiTebs, rom misi funqciaa Sesabamisi
zmnis subieqtis aRniSvna da gaxazavs im faqts, rom sa- da na- prefiqsiT nawarmoebi
mimReoba moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnis kuTvnilebaa.
3. iSviaTad awmyo drois vnebiTi gvaris Sinaarss gadmoscems moqmedebiTi gvaris
zmnis namyo drois saobieqto mimReobac:
`kninRa yovelTa araxilulTa da xilulTa.. warmoaCinna~... (ekl. 2,17).
`yoveli arsi, sulieri Tu usulo, xiluli Tu uxilavi, erTsadaimave msoflio
kanons eqvemdebareba (akaki IV, 9). aq xiluli vnebiTi gvaris zmnis subieqts gamoxatavs:
xiluli _ `TvaliT dasanaxi~, `rac ixilveba~.
17 ix. a k . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, 1953, gv. 603, $ 605.
112

`zogs oci kaci hyvanda, zogs ocdaaTi hyvanda cxvris mixedulaTa~ (gudamayruli).
mixeduli _ mwyemsi, meTvalyure; mixedulia _ `vinc ixedeba~.
4. vnebiTi gvaris awmyo drois mimReobis Sinaarsis gadmosacemad gamoyenebulia
agreTve masdari mimarTulebiT brunvaSi: Wedadi _ `rac iWedeba~, drekadi _ `rac idrikeba~,
msxvrevadi _ `rac imsxvreva~...
es warmoeba Zvel qarTulSivea sakmaod gavrcelebuli: ganxrwnadi, dacemadi, daWnobadi,
daviwyebadi, Wamadi...
amgvarad nawarmoebi formebi potencialisis (SesaZleblobis) gagebas Seicaven.
mimReobaTa warmoebaSi gvaris sakiTxis garkvevasTan dakavSirebiT erTi kiTxva
dgas: ramdenad zustia terminebi `moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReoba~, `vnebiTi gvaris mim-
Reoba~, `saSualo gvaris mimReoba~?
terminis qveS `vnebiTi gvaris mimReoba~ SeiZleba is igulisxmebodes, rom mimReoba
nawarmoebia vnebiTi gvaris zmnidan (es termini aseTi gagebis SesaZleblobas uTuod
iZleva). amitom aq ara marto terminis sakiTxi dgas, aramed mas arsebiTi mniSvneloba
eniWeba.
radgan vnebiTi gvaris zmnidan mimReoba ar iwarmoeba, xolo saSualo gvaris Sesaxeb
specialur literaturaSi garkveuli azri arsebobs (kerZod, uaryofilia am
gvaris calke gamoyofa) da, maSasadame, saSualo gvaris mimReobazedac ver vilaparakebT,
amitom sruliad gamarTlebuli iqneba, Tu am terminebis nacvlad gamoviyenebT
q. lomTaTiZis mier xmarebul terminebs `subieqturi mimReoba~, `obieqturi mimReoba~
18 . es mizanSewonili iqneba, Tundac mxolod termins Seexebodes sakiTxi.
warmoebis mixedviT SesaZlebelia ufro zusti iyos terminebi: `sasubieqto mimReoba~,
`saobieqto mimReoba~; e. i. subieqtisaTvis gankuTvnili da obieqtisaTvis gankuTvnili
mimReoba.
mimReobis fuZeTa analizi
mimReobis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli zmnis fuZeTa analizi, garda imisa, rom
mimReobaSi zmnis gramatikuli kategoriebis gamoxatvis sakiTxs arkvevs, sxva mxrivac
aris saintereso. kerZod, zogi mimReobis fuZeTa analizma, SesaZlebelia, garkveuli
zmnebis fuZeTa agebulebas Suqi mohfinos.
mimReoba Cveulebriv sawarmoeblad iyenebs Sesabamisi zmnis awmyos fuZes; magram
garkveul SemTxvevebSi mimReobis formebSi iseTi elementebia warmodgenili, romlebic
arc mimReobis mawarmoeblad miiCneva da arc amosavali zmnis fuZeSi dasturdeba.
es ucnobi elementebia ZiriTadad -n, -v, -eb. asaxsnelia am elementTa funqcia da
daniSnuleba.
faqtobriv am sakiTxis garkveva zmnis fuZis analizis saqmea da mimReobaTa warmoebas
ar Seexeba, magram vinaidan es elementebi mimReobis formebSi gamovlindeba
(xSirad masdarSic) da zmnis pirian formebSi ar gvxvdeba, amitom es sakiTxi mimReobaTa
warmoebis ganxilvis drosac dgeba.
-v elementi (←av) warmodgenilia mimReobis Semdeg formebSi da ara gvaqvs Sesabamisi
zmnis fuZeSi: m o - k u d a v (kudeb-i-s), m - S j - a v - r (Sj-i-s), m - x u r - v - a l - e (xurs),
sa-kÂrv-el (u-kÂr-s), m o-sur-v-e, sa-su-rv-el (sur-i-s), war-ZRuan-vil
(war-u-ZRuan-ebs).
-av elementi unda aRvadginoT mimReobis Semdeg formebSi: sa-mk-a-ul← sa-mkav-il,
sa-sw-a-ul← sa-sw-av-il, Se-mk-ul← Se-mk-av-il, sa-wy-a-ul←
sa-wy-av-il, sa-cn-a-ur← sa-cn-av-ur, u-cn-a-ur← u-cn-av-ur.
-n elementi mimReobis Semdeg formebSi gvxvdeba: m - t k i v n - e : dedakaci vinme Zu-
ZuÁTa mtkivne evedreboda w˜dsa mas (kimeni, I, 291, 8); m o - k  r - n - e : da viyav raÁ amis
18 q . l o m T a T i Z e , T b e b a tipis zmnis istoriisaTvis qarTulSi, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba,
t. IV, 1953.
113

saqmisaTÂis mokÂrne (kimeni, I, 297, 20); m o - s u r - n - e : da movida maTda sasurveli igi
kaci RmrTisaÁ mosurneTa maT Tana (xanZT. l. 12) m o - u r - n - e : da uvis vinme kaci... mourne
da mzrunveli eqsoriobasa Sina (ekl. 35, 29). (axali qarTulis `kolmeurne ~, `meurneoba~.)
mo-wev-n-ul, Se-sa-wev-n-el, pov-n-il, mo-m-pov-n-eb-el, m-din-ar-e, dam-tev-n-el, Se-urev-n-el,
da-u-lev-n-el, m-rb-en-el...
eb elementi ara gvaqvs Sesabamisi zmnis fuZeSi da warmodgenilia mimReobis Semdeg
formebSi:
W a m - e b - u l : daukla mas zuaraki igi Wamebuli (l. 15, 30 DE).
SinaarsiT `Wamebul~ mimReobis kauzatiuri formaa. -eb kauzativis mawarmoebeli
Cans. magram TviT zmna kauzativis maCveneblad -ev-s gamoavlens: a-Wm-ev-s.
m - c v a l e b - e l : quyanisa cad Semcvalebelno (xanZT. a. 10)
m - T x r - e b - l : da ornive STacÂvian mTxreblsa (mT. 15. 14 C || DE)
u - c - e b (Sdr. u-vic): uceb xar Sen mefe sasmenelTagan da saxedvelTagan (kimeni I,
152, 18).
rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, mimReobis zemoT CamoTvlil formebSi warmodgenili
elementebi amosavali zmnis fuZeSi ar dasturdeba; amitom SeiZleboda es elementebi
mimReobis mawarmoebel sufiqsebad migveCnia. magram am varauds garkveuli dabrkolebebi
axlavs: jer erTi, mimReobis am formebSi mimReobis mawarmoebeli sxva sufiqsi
gvaqvs; meore _ igive elementebi masdaris fuZeSic gamovlindeba xSirad (pov-n-a,
cval-eb-a, sur-v-il-i, d-en-a...)
amitom es elementebi zmnis fuZis kuTvnileba unda iyos. mimReobebSi maTi adgilis
mixedviT isini zmnis Temis niSnis morfologiur ekvivalentad unda davsaxoT.
mimReobis es formebi imiT aris saintereso, rom maTi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia
aRvadginoT zmnis iseTi formebi, romlebic ara Tu dRes, Zvel qarTulSic ar dasturdeba.
mimReobis am formaTa mixedviT aRdgenili zmnebi am saxisa unda yofiliyo:
*kudavs, *Ãuravs, *sjavs, *kÂravs, *cnavs, *suravs, *Txrebs, *icebs...
safiqrebelia, zmnis es formebi qarTulis romelime dialeqtis kuTvnilebas warmoadgendnen.
aRdgenili *sjavs zmnis mixedviT m-saj-ul || mo-saj-ul mimReobis formebSi SeiZleba
-ul sufiqsi aRar gamovyoT: m-saj-ul←m-saj-av-il (amosavali iqneboda aRdgenili
*sjavs zmna).
SesaZlebelia, sxva SemTxvevebSic -ul sufiqsi mimReobis formebSi am gziT iyos
miRebuli da ar iyos pirveladi. sa-mk-a-ul, sa-wy-a-ul mimReobis formebi amis SesaZ-
leblobas iZleva.
gamoricxuli ar aris SesaZlebloba, rom mo-ciq-ul, mo-qad-ul, mo-nan-ul formebSi
-ul ar iyos pirveladi. am varauds is garemoebac uWers mxars, rom mimReobaTa
oden sufiqsur warmoebaSi -ul momdinareobs -il sufiqsidan.
Tu prefiqsul-sufiqsur warmoebaSic -ul sufiqsi ar aris pirveladi, maSin yvela
SemTxvevaSi is fonetikur niadagze iqneba miRebuli. Tu es asea, maSin prefiqsTan er-
Tad qarTulSi -il sufiqsi gveqneba dadasturebuli mimReobis am formebSi.
rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, mimReoba amosavlad zmnis awmyos fuZes iyenebs. awmyos
fuZis mawarmoebeli elementebi (Temis niSnebi) mimReobebSi Cveulebriv warmodgenilia:
eb: da-m-bad-eb-el, m-RaRad-eb-el, m-gz-eb-el
av: m-par-av, m-kl-v-el, mo-baZ-av...
am: sa-b-m-el, sa-su-m-el, sa-c-m-el...
em: sa-c-em-el, m-c-em-el...
ob: m-gm-ob-el, m-pyr-ob-el...
of: na-y-of, m-y-of-el
114

ev: sa-kum-ev-el, aR-r-e(v)-ul, rC-e(v)-ul...
en: m-rq-en-al, m-kb-en-ar...
magram i Temis niSniani zmnebis mimReobebSi ar Cans i elementi: zrd-i-s _ m-zrdel,
sa-zrd-el, mk-i-s _ mo-mk-al, sa-mk-al; xrwn-i-s _ m-xrwn-el, sa-xrwn-el, Txr-i-s _
sa-Txr-el, m-Txr-el...
sainteresoa, rom im zmnaTa mimReobebi, romelTac i aqvT awmyoSi, i-s nacvlad -n,
-av elementebs gamoavlenen: sur-i-s _ mo-sur-n-e || mo-sur-v-e, iurv-i-s || mo-ur-n-e, sj-i-s
_ m-Sj-av-r, d-i-s _ m-d-in-ar-e←m-d-en-ar-e... -i sufiqss mimReobaSi zogjer -eb-ic enacvleba:
Txr-i-s _ m-Txr-eb-l, cvl-i-s _ m-cval-eb-el, i-c-i-s _ u-c-eb...
mimReobis am formaTa mixedviT -n, -av, -eb elementebi i sufiqsis morfologiur
monacvled unda miviCnioT.
magram kategoriulad mtkiceba imisa, rom i sufiqsi ara gvaqvs mimReobis sawarmoeblad
gamoyenebuli zmnis fuZeSi, ar SeiZleba: i iqneb fonetikur niadagze iyos dakarguli
mimReobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsis darTvis gamo. am mxriv sagulisxmoa is
faqti, rom i Temis niSnian zmnaTa awmyo drois mimReobebSi mimReobis mawarmoebeli
sufiqsi yovelTvis aris warmodgenili (m-Txr-el, m-Wr-el, m-yvir-al, m-xrwn-el, m-Tlel,
m-qmn-el...) 19 .
magram isic SesaZlebelia, rom i sufiqsis warmodgena mimReobis fuZeSi ar iyo
aucilebeli.
-i sufiqsis funqcia garkveulia specialur literaturaSi. igi istoriulad diuratiuli
(gangrZobiTi) aspeqtis maCvenebelia zmnaSi 20 .
-i rom ara gvaqvs mimReobis fuZeSi warmodgenili, es imaze xom ar unda miuTiTebdes,
rom diuratiuli aspeqtis gamoxatva mimReobaSi aucilebeli ar iyo. amis daSveba
TiTqos SesaZlebelia: mimReoba nazmnari zedsarTavi saxelia da zedsarTavis
msgavsad raime niSnis mixedviT axasiaTebs sagans. statikuri zmnac (gangrZobiTi aspeqti
da statikuroba Sinagan kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. statikuri zmna diuratiuli
aspeqtisaa yovelTvis) sagnis mdgomareobas aRniSnavs da es mdgomareoba Tvisebis
msgavsad ucvlelia, erTgvarovania. statikuroba da mimReobis Sinaarsi erTgvarad faravs
erTmaneTs. amitom statikurobis, diuratiulobis -i sufiqsi SeiZleba arc gvqo-
noda mimReobis formebSi.
Tu es axsna marTebulia, maSin statikur zmnebs mimReoba ar unda hqondes. mainc
aRsaniSnavia, rom statikur zmnaTa did umravlesobas arc dRes ewarmoeba mimReobis
formebi.
statikuri zmnebisagan mimReobis warmoeba rom ar unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli,
amas mimReobis is formebic mowmoben, romlebic zmnis pirian formas warmoadgenen.
aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela es forma mimReobisa an statikuri zmnaa an dinamikuri
zmna diuratiuli aspeqtiT. `arsi~, `Rirsi~, `xerTvisi~, `miyuar~, `msgavsi~ _ zmnis piriani
formebicaa da imave zmnis mimReobebic.
mimReobaTa warmoebis Camoyalibebis gza
mimReobis warmoebis Seswavla gulisxmobs mimReobis warmoebis Camoyalibebis
gzebs, Tuki amis SesaZleblobas masala iZleva.
am mxriv qarTulis mimarT risame kategoriulad mtkiceba ar iqneboda swori; magram
qarTulis masala iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa monacemebis moSveliebiT garkveuli
19 safiqrebelia, sufiqsis darTvis aucilebloba i-ian zmnaTagan nawarmoeb mimReobebSi imiT
aris gamowveuli, rom sufiqsis gareSe mimReoba saxelobiT brunvaSi zmnis pirian formas daemTxveoda;
m-yid-i, m-tyorcn-i, m-tkepn-i... amas isic mowmobs, rom i-ian zmnaTagan sa- da na- prefiqsiT
nawarmoeb mimReobebSi ar aris aucilebeli sufiqsis warmodgena: sa-cer-i, na-car-i,
na-yid-i, sa-t-yorcn-i.., mimReobis es formebi zmnis pirian formas ver daemTxveva da imitom.
20 ix. a r n . C i q o b a v a , ergatiuli konstruqciis problema iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, I, 1948.
115

varaudebisa da mosazrebaTa gamoTqmisaTvis SesaZleblobas mainc iZleva.
qarTulSi mimReobas zmnis gramatikuli kategoriebidan gvarisa da drois gamoxatva
SeuZlia. a. SaniZis azriT, mimReobas moepoveba agreTve gezi, orientacia (romlebic,
imave avtoris azriT, zmnis gramatikul kategoriebs warmoadgens), aspeqti da
kontaqti 21 . amaTgan gezi, orientacia da aspeqti (axlandeli gagebiT) zmniswiniT gamoixateba
da Tavad mimReobaSi ar aRiniSneba. kontaqti (kauzativi) ki zmnis fuZeSia
gamoxatuli, magram zmnis kauzatiuri formisagan mimReoba Cveulebriv ar iwarmoeba.
mimReobis warmoebaSi droisa da gvaris gamoxatvis sakiTxis ganxilvisas gamoirkva,
rom mimReoba istoriulad arc drosa da arc gvars ar aRniSnavda.
mimReobis prefiqsul warmoebaSi prefiqsi miuTiTebs erTdroulad drosa da
gvarzedac. m- prefiqsiani warmoeba awmyo droisaa, na- prefiqsiani warmoeba namyo
droisa, sa- prefiqsiani _ myofadi droisa; m-iani warmoeba moqmedebiTi gvarisaa, na-
da sa- prefiqsiani warmoeba vnebiTi gvarisa.
oden sufiqsur warmoebaSi ki sufiqsi Cans droisa da gvaris gamomxatveli (-il
da -ul sufiqsiani warmoeba vnebiTi gvarisaa da namyo droisa). prefiqsul-sufiqsur
warmoebaSi sufiqsi ufunqcio Cans da gvarsa da dros prefiqsi gamoxatavs.
qarTuli aglutinaciuri tipis enaa da aglutinaciur enaTa principis safuZvelze
yovel afiqss Tavisi erTi funqcia SeiZleba hqondes.
radgan oden prefiqsul warmoebaSi prefiqsia droisa da gvaris gamomxatveli, unda
vivaraudoT, rom mas erTi funqcia hqonda istoriulad. igive iTqmis prefiqsulsufiqsur
warmoebaSi mimReobis mawarmoebeli prefiqsis Sesaxeb; xolo sufiqss, romelic
amJamad ufunqcio Cans, ar SeiZleba istoriulad funqcia ar hqonoda.
zeviT SevniSneT, rom am ori funqciidan, romelic mimReobis mawarmoebel afiqsebs
aqvT dakisrebuli, arc droisa da arc gvaris aRniSvna ar aris pirveladi. maS
ra funqcia hqonda am afiqsebs istoriulad?
mimReobis mawarmoebeli prefiqsi axlac aSkarad Sesabamisi zmnis subieqtisa da
obieqtis maCvenebeli Cans: m- moqmedebis subieqtze miuTiTebs gardamaval da gardauval
zmnaTa mimReobebSi, sa- da na- pirdapir obieqtze. amitom mosalodneli iyo mim-
ReobaSic subieqtisa da obieqtis igive maCveneblebi gvqonoda, rac zmnaSi gvaqvs.
zmnaSi subieqti da obieqti piris mixedviT gairCeva; mimReobaSi prefiqsi imave subieqtsa
da obieqts aRniSnavs, magram piris gaurCevlad. amave dros zmnaSi m- prefiqsi
subieqtis niSnad ara gvaqvs (igi obieqtis maCvenebelia) da n-, s- ki obieqts ar aRniSnavs.
cxadia, m-, n-, s- mimReobis mawarmoebeli prefiqsebi zmnis subieqturi da obieqturi
piris maCveneblebi ar arian.
specialur literaturaSi mimReobis mawarmoebeli prefiqsebi gramatikuli klasis
maCveneblad aris miCneuli. m adamianis klasis aRmniSvneli iyo, n-, s- nivTis
klasisa 22 .
Tu mimReobis mawarmoebeli prefiqsebi istoriulad gramatikuli klasis niSnebia,
romlebic amosavali zmnis subieqtsa an obieqts aRniSnavdnen, maSin am gramatikuli
kategoriis moqmedebis periodSi gardauval zmnas eqneboda subieqtis aRmniSvneli
sami (ori ZiriTadi) forma mimReobisa: m- prefiqsiani forma mimReobisa subieqt-adamians
gamoxatavda, n-, s- prefiqsiani forma _ subieqt-nivTs. m- prefiqsiani sasubieqto
mimReoba dResac aqvs gardauval zmnas. ar dasturdeba s- da n- prefiqsiani formebi
sasubieqto mimReobisa.
cvlilebebi mimReobaTa warmoebaSi gramatikuli klas-kategoriis moSlis Semdeg
unda vivaraudoT. roca enaSi aRar iyo dapirispirebuli nivTi da adamiani, bunebrivia,
subieqtis gamosaxatavad mimReobis erTi forma darCeniliyo. m- prefiqsiani forma
mimReobisa ki imis gamo darCa subieqtis aRsaniSnavad, rom m- adamians, aqtiurs aR-
21 a k . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, gv. 586, $ 582.
22 ix. a r n . C i q o b a v a , saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi, Tbilisi, 1942.
116

niSnavda; subieqti _ moqmedebis Semsrulebeli ki Cveulebriv vin klasis saxelia.
ra viTareba igulisxmeba gardamaval zmnebTan?
gardamaval zmnas aqvs sasubieqto da saobieqto mimReobis formebic. Tu gramatikuli
klas-kategoriis moqmedebis periodSic aseT viTarebas vigulisxmebT, maSin sasubieqto
da saobieqto mimReobebi formiT erTmaneTs daemTxveoda.
magram gardamavali zmnis mimReobaSi morfologiurad mxolod erTi afiqsia warmodgenili.
is an obieqtis klasis maCvenebeli iyo an subieqtisa. aseT pirobebSi rogorRa
aris SesaZlebeli erTma da imave formam mimReobisa moqmedebis subieqtsa da
obieqtzec miuTiTos. Teoriulad es Zneli warmosadgenia, magram amis daSvebis SesaZleblobas
mTis kavkasiur enaTa monacemebi iZleva.
bacburSi gardamavali zmnis mimReoba mxolod pirdapiri obieqtis klass aRniSnavs,
magram imis mixedviT Tu ra pozicia ukavia mimReobis mimarT pirdapir obieqts,
is SeiZleba moqmedebis subieqtsac etolebodes da pirdapiri obieqtic aRniSnos:
`dayin~ mimReobis forma calke aRebuli qarTulis saobieqto mimReobasac udris
(`SeWmuli~) da sasubieqto mimReobasac (`mWameli~), Tu pirdapiri obieqti win uZRvis
mimReobis formas, is gardamavali zmnis subieqts aRniSnavs `fhor dayin~ _ vaxSmis
mWameli (vaxSam-naWami); Tu obieqti mosdevs mimReobas, is gardamavali zmnis obieqts
udris: dayin fhor _ SeWmuli vaxSami (naWami vaxSami).
qarTulSi savsebiT analogiuri warmoeba gvaqvs `xmalamowvdilis~ tipis mimReobebSi.
qarTulSic gramatikuli klas-kategoriis moqmedebis periodSi gardamavali zmnis
mimReobaSi obieqtis klasis niSani iyo warmodgenili, xolo mimReoba SeiZleba sasubieqtoc
yofiliyo.
gardamaval zmnas dResac mimReobis sami forma aqvs: m-, s- da n- prefiqsiani; amaTgan
m- prefiqsiani forma mimReobisa sasubieqtoa, s- da n- prefiqsiani formebi moqmedebis
obieqts aRniSnaven.
n- da s- prefiqsebi mimReobaSi obieqtis maCveneblad darCa; es imiT aixsneba, rom
obieqti pasiurs, umoqmedos warmoadgens da mas nivTis klasis niSani ganekuTvna, mim-
Reobac mxolod obieqtze miuTiTebs.
m- prefiqsiani forma mimReobisa sasubieqtoa; mxolod m- prefiqsi ukve moqmedebis
subieqtis maCvenebelia da ara pirdapiri obieqtisa. subieqtze miTiTeba ki mimReobaSi
zmnis fuZis gaaqtivebis Semdeg, e. i. awmyos wyebis dro-kiloTa Camoyalibebis Semdgom
unda dawyebuliyo, roca zmnaSi subieqtis aRniSvnac gaxda aucilebeli. amitomvea
mimReobis m- prefiqsiani forma awmyo droisa.
ra funqcia hqonda mimReobis mawarmoebel sufiqsebs?
mimReobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebis funqcia garkveulia monografiaSi `saxelis
fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi~ 23 .
mimReoba nazmnari zedsarTavi saxelia, zmnis fuZidan nawarmoebi saxeli. imisaTvis,
rom zmnisagan saxeli migveRo, bunebrivi iyo saxelis fuZis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi
gamoeyenebina enas. prefiqss, romelic mimReobis warmoebaSi iRebs monawilebas, ar
SeeZlo zmnuri fuZe saxelad eqcia. prefiqsi gramatikuli klasis niSani iyo da Tanabrad
damaxasiaTebeli rogorc zmnisa, ise saxelisaTvis. zmnur fuZes saxelad
swored mimReobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi aqcevda.
amgvarad, mimReobis mawarmoebeli afiqsebidan prefiqsi gramatikuli klasis maCvenebeli
iyo istoriulad, xolo sufiqsi saxelis fuZis determinanti, romelic
zmnur fuZes saxelad aqcevda. drosa da gvarze miTiTeba am afiqsebma mas Semdeg
ikisres, roca maTi pirvandeli funqcia daiCrdila.
radgan istoriulad mimReobaSi arc gvari da arc dro ar gamoixateboda, mimReoba
zmnis fuZidan nawarmoebi Cveulebrivi saxeli unda yofiliyo (droisa da gvaris
mixedviT ganusazRvreli), romelic mxolod subieqtis an obieqtis klass aRniSnavda.
23 ix. a r n . C i q o b a v a , saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi, Tbilisi, 1942.
117

gramatikuli klas-kategoriis moSlisa an zmnis uRvlilebaSi drois kategoriis Camoyalibebis
Semdeg zmnis fuZidan nawarmoebi saxeli mimReobad Camoyalibda: gramatikuli
klasis niSnebma droisa da gvaris gamoxatva ikisres.
aseTi unda iyos qarTulSi mimReobaTa warmoebis Camoyalibebis gza, magram TiTqos
SesaZlebelia ufro adrindeli safexurebis gaTvaliswinebac.
vidre zmnis fuZisagan saxels miviRebdiT, mimReobas sxva forma da Sinaarsi unda
hqonoda.
mimReobas, rogorc saxels, istoriulad mimReobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi aformebda.
magram qarTulSi gvxvdeba usufiqso mimReobaTa erTi tipi, romelic ZvelisZveli
viTarebis amsaxvelad aris miCneuli da romlis siZvele dokumentobrivad mtkicdeba
24 . mimReobis es formebi qarTuli enis uZveles ZeglebSia dadasturebuli. damaxasiaTebelia,
rom mimReobis am formebSi zmnis martivi fuZea mocemuli, rac maT siZveles
gaxazavs: me-ot, me-ox, u-rC, mo-Ruaw, u-Ruaw, u-qm, u-tyu, u-sm, m-xed, m-zrax, nerg,
ne-St, ne-stu.
mimReobis es tipi erTi mxriv iqcevs yuradRebas: arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs im
faqts, rom mimReobebis am formebSi sufiqsi ara gvaqvs.
raki mimReobis Camoyalibebis dros gramatikuli klasis kategoria cocxali iyo
da zmnac gramatikuli klasis mixedviT iuRvloda (nacvlad ufro gviandeli pirovani
uRvlilebisa), maSin zmnis klasovani forma da usufiqso forma mimReobisa erTmaneTs
daemTxveoda: prefiqsebi m-, n-, s- obieqtis an subieqtis klasis maCveneblebi iqneboda
zmnasa da mimReobaSic (imis mixedviT gardamavali iyo zmna Tu gardauvali).
rom istoriulad SesaZlebeli iyo mimReobis forma zmnis klasovan formas dam-
Txveoda, amas dRevandeli qarTulis masalac cxadyofs.
mimReobis funqciiT qarTulSi zmnis piriani formebica gvxvdeba: `arsi~, `Rirsi~,
`msgavsi~, `xerTvisi~ _ varT Cuen x e r T Â s i s a erTisani... (kimeni, II, 23, 24), `iqcevisi~
_ da daadgina qerobini motyinare da maxvili i q c e v i s i dacvad gzisa cxorebisasa
(dab., 3’ 24), `iZrvisi~ _ ars romelime i Z r v i s i , romeli iwodebis grZRabi (mÃecT,
iz.,1) `mrwamsi~ _ mrwamssa ityoda da cremlooda (kimeni I, 170,35), `miyuari~ _ miy
u a r i siZisaÁ mis, romeli dgan da ismenn (i. 3, 29 C; DE redaqciaSi: `megobari siZisa~).
zmnis piriani forma rom mimReobis funqciiT gamoiyenebodes, amis magaliTebs uxvad
gvawvdis Wanuri (i. yifSiZe megrulSic adasturebs amis magaliTebs). es ki imas
mowmobs, rom qarTveluri enebisaTvis zmnis piriani formiT mimReobis Sinaarsis gamoxatva
da Semdeg misi saxelad qcevis SesaZlebloba ar unda yofiliyo SeuZlebeli.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo is aris, rom mimReobis es formebi statikuri zmnebia
imav dros. statikuri zmna ki drois mixedviT SezRudulia; faqtobriv drois kategoria
statikur zmnebs ara aqvT. e. i. zmnis iseT formas SeiZleboda hqonoda mimReobis
funqcia, romelic drois mixedviT ar aris gansazRvruli.
meore mxriv, zmnis is formebi, romlebic mimReobis Sinaarssac gadmoscemen, dinamikuri
zmnis diuratiuli aspeqtis formas warmoadgenen (iZvrisi, xerTvisi, iqcevisi).
zmna statikur-diuratiuli sawyisiT minimalurad gansxvavdeba saxelisagan (arn.
Ciqobava), diuratiulobis i sufiqsis gamoa, rom zmnis piriani forma imav dros mim-
Reobis Sinaarssac gadmogvcems.
Tu istoriulad mimReobaTa warmoebis usufiqso tipia Zveli, maSin dinamikur
zmnas mimReobis Sinaarsi SeeZlo gadmoeca mxolod im SemTvevaSi, Tu igi diuratiuli
aspeqtis formiT iqneboda mocemuli.
amitom dinamikur zmnaTa usufiqso mimReobebSi, romlebic gramatikuli klas-kategoriis
moqmedebis periodSi zmnis klasovan formas emTxveoda, diuratiulobis i su-
24 a r n . C i q o b a v a , saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi, gv. 126, $ 47.
118

fiqsi unda gvqonoda (sainteresoa, rom svanur mimReobasa da masdarSic i sufiqsi
aris SerCenili).
maSasadame, mimReobis warmoebis Camoyalibebis gza qarTulSi SesaZlebelia aseTi
yofiliyo: Tavdapirvelad mimReobis Sinaarss gamoxatavda zmnis piriani (klasovani)
forma diuratiuli aspeqtiT; Semdeg mimReobis mawarmoebel sufiqsTa darTviT mivi-
ReT droisa da gvaris mixedviT ganusazRvreli nazmnari saxeli, xolo enaSi gramatikuli
klas-kategoriis gaqrobis Semdeg _ nazmnari zedsarTavi saxeli, romelic
ukve zmnis morfologiur kategoriebsac aRniSnavs.
SemoklebaTa ganmartebebi 25
dab. = dabadebisaÁ, wigni Zuelisa aRTqumisani, a. SaniZis gamocema, t. I, nakveTi I,
Tbilisi, 1947 w.
ekl. = TargmanebaÁ eklesiastisaÁ mitrofane zmÂrnel mitropolitisaÁ, k. kekeliZis
gamocema, tfilisi, 1920 w.
i. da efT. = cxovrebaÁ... iovanesi da efTÂmesi..., gamosacemad daamzada iv. javaxiSvilma,
Tbilisi, 1946 w.
i., lk., mrk., mT. = iovane, luka, markoz, maTe, qarTuli oTxTavis ori Zveli redaqcia.
sami Satberduli xelnaweris mixedviT. a. SaniZis gamocema, Tbilisi, 1946 w.
kimeni = qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi, k. kekeliZis gamocema t. I, tfilisi, 1918
w.; t. II, Tbilisi, 1946 w.
mÃecT = mÃecTaTÂs saxisa sityuaÁ, n. maris gamocema, Тексты и разыскания по армяно-грузин-
ской филологии, VI, С-Пб., 1904.
Stb. mr. = Satberdis mravalTavi, S 1141, xelnaweri, saq. muzeumi.
xanZT. = SromaÁ da moRvawebaÁ... grigolisi... xanZTisa da Satberdisa aRmaSÀnebelisaÁ,
n. maris gamocema, Тексты и разыскания по армяно-грузинской филологии, VI, С-Пб.,
1911.
b. g. = besarion gabuuri, Ãevsuruli masalebi, a. SaniZis redaqciiT, weliwdeuli,
I_II, 1923_1924 w. w.
akaki = akaki wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, p. ingoroyvas redaqtorobiT,
t. IV, Tbilisi, 1948 w.
ilia = ilia WavWavaZe, nawerebis sruli krebuli, p. ingoroyvas da al. abaSelis redaqciiT,
1926 w.
25 mogvyavs mxolod is teqstebi, romlebic damowmebuli gvaqvs am werilSi.
119

arsebiTi saxeli 1
120
viola kalandaZe
arsebiTi saxeli, substantivi, metyvelebis nawili; damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis
mqone sityva, romelic aRniSnavs sagans. gramatikuli niSnebis mixedviT sagnad
iTvleba yvelaferi (materialuri sagnebi Tu aramaterialuri, ganyenebuli sagan-cnebebi
da movlenebi), rasac daesmis kiTxva vin? an ra? (adamiani, dedamiwa, samSoblo,
Tavisufleba). zedsarTav, ricxviT da nacvalsaxelTan erTad arsebiTi saxeli ganekuTvneba
saxelTa klass. xasiaTdeba farTo sityvawarmoebiTi SesaZleblobebiT; icvleba
brunvisa da ricxvis mixedviT; winadadebaSi upiratesad asrulebs qvemdebarisa
da damatebis funqcias; gamoiyeneba agreTve gansazRvrebad, garemoebad da Sedgenili
Semasmenlis saxelad nawilad.
gamoiyofa arsebiTi saxelTa urTierTgadamkveTi leqsikur-gramatikuli jgufebi:
sulierTa da usuloTa, adamianTa da araadamianTa (vin jgufi da
r a jgufi), sakuTari da sazogado, konkretuli da abstraqtuli,
krebiTi, nivTierebaTa da moqmedebisa, romlebic formawarmoebis, sityvawarmoebisa
da sityvaTSexamebadobis TvalsazrisiT sakuTar qvesistemebs qmnian.
s u l i e r T a jgufs ganekuTvneba sulier, sakuTari ZaliT moZrav cocxal arseba-
Ta _ adamianTa da cxovelTa saxelebi: qali, megobari, ciyvi, Tevzi. u s u l o T a
jgufs ganekuTvneba usulo, sakuTari ZaliT gadaadgilebis unars moklebul saganTa
saxelebi: ca, varskvlavi, zRva, mTa. usuloTa jgufSia gaerTianebuli mcenareTa saxelebi:
cacxvi, ia... sulierTa jgufis masTan gaTanabrebul saxelebs Seewyoba hyavs
zmna (Svili, ZaRli, manqana hyavs), usuloTa jgufis da saxelebs _ aqvs zmna (mamulebi
aqvs).
qarTulSi adamianTa, gonier arsebaTa saxelebi gamijnulia sxva cocxal arseba-
Ta saxelebisagan. es ukanasknelni usulo, aragonieri sagnis saxelebTan arian gaTanabrebuli.
a d a m i a n T a ( g o n i e r T a ) jgufSi gaerTianebulia adamianTa, RvTiur
da miTologiur arsebaTa saxelebi. daesmis kiTxva vin? (aqedan _ termini v i n j g u -
fi): RmerTi, angelozi, adamiani, mwyemsi, devi. araadamianTa (aragonierTa) jgufs
ganekuTvneba sxva danarCeni sulieri (cxovelebis, frinvelebis, wylis binadrebis,
qvewarmavlebis, mwerebis) da usulo sagnis saxelebi. daesmis kiTxva ra? (aqedan _
termini r a j g u f i ) : vefxvi, orbi, delfini, mdinare, saxli.
adamianis saxelebs sadaurobis mawarmoeblad upiratesad -el sufiqsi moudis (kaxeli
glexi), araadamianTa saxelebs _ -ur sufiqsi (kaxuri Rvino).
s a k u T a r i saxeli saxels sdebs erT romelime sagans (giorgi, bagrationi, saqarTvelo,
gelaTi). s a z o g a d o saxeli aRniSnavs mraval erTgvar sagans (qalaqi,
qveyana, daTvi, mgeli). sakuTari saxeliT sagnis erTaderTobis xazgasma, misi individualizacia
xdeba, sazogado saxeliT _ erTgvar saganTa ganzogadeba.
sakuTar saxelebSi gamoiyofa Semdegi Tematuri jgufebi: geogr. saxelebi _ toponimebi,
adamianTa (pirTa) saxelebi _ anTroponimebi, RmerTebis saxelebi _ Teonimebi,
xalxTa da tomTa saxelebi _ eTnonimebi, cxovelTa saxelebi _ zoonimebi, ciur sxeulTa
saxelebi _ kosmonimebi da sxv.
sakuTari saxelebi, rogorc sagnobrivi mniSvnelobisagan met-naklebad daclili
sityvebi, enis Cveulebriv ganmartebiT leqsikonSi ar SeaqvT (gamonaklisia mxolod
eTnonimebi). am leqsikis Tavmoyra onomastikur leqsikonebSi xdeba. mas enaTmecnierebis
specialuri dargi onomastika Seiswavlis.
sazogado saxelebTan SedarebiT, sakuTar saxelTa ricxvi gacilebiT mcirea. ma-
Ti formawarmoebiTi da sityvawarmoebiTi SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia. sakuTari saxelebi
leqsikis naklebad cvalebad da naklebad Sevsebad sferos ganekuTvnebian.
1 qarTuli ena, enciklopedia, Tb., 2008.

adamianTa saxelebs ganmeorebis maRali sixSire axasiaTebs, geografiul saxelebSi
damTxvevas SemTxveviTi xasiaTi aqvs.
sakuTar saxelebSi calke jgufad gamoyofen moculobiT did da semantikurad
mravalferovan leqsikas _ e. w. saxelwodebebs. esenia mxatvruli nawarmoebebis, Jurnal-gazeTebis,
dResaswaulebis, sxvadasxva kulturuli Tu sayofacxovrebo obieqtebis
(Teatrebis, kafe-barebis...), Rvinoebis, seriuli warmoebis saganTa da misT. saxelebi.
saxelwodebad, sakuTar saxelTan erTad, farTod gamoiyeneba sazogado saxelic,
romelic konteqstSi sakuTari saxelis funqcias asrulebs. mag.: leqsi `merani~,
Jurn. `ciskari~, dResaswauli `giorgoba~, sastumro `metexi~, gemi `saqarTvelo~, ludi
`Satili~ da misT. leqsikis es nawili, aRsaniSni obieqtebis msgavsad, swrafad
icvleba da ivseba axal-axali saxelebiT. saxeldeba adamianTa mizanmimarTuli saqmianobis
Sedegia da masSi yovelTvis irekleba saxelmdebi koleqtivis kultura da gemovneba.
k o n k r e t u l i a saxeli, romelic aRniSnavs konkretul sagnebs, faqtebsa da movlenebs.
bunebaSi realurad arsebul saganTa saxelebis (kaci, adamiani, mze, Senoba,
yvavili) garda, aq aramaterialur saganTa saxelebic Semodis (dro, saukune, mizani,
fiqri, dardi). a b s t r a q t u l i saxeli nawarmoebi (motivirebuli) saxelia, aRniSnavs
ganyenebul sagan-cnebebs, ixmareba mxoloobiTi ricxvis formiT (amaoeba, dideba,
WeSmariteba, mSvidoba, sikeTe).
k r e b i T i saxeli leqsikurad (mxoloobiTi ricxvis formiT) gamoxatavs erTgvar
saganTa simravles, krebuls, rogorc erT ganuyofel mTels. pirveladi krebiTi saxelebia:
eri, xalxi, Temi, fara, jogi, rema. nawarmoebi krebiTi saxelebia: glexoba,
Tavadaznauroba, naZvnari, bewveuli, vercxleuli.
n i v T i e r e b a T a saxelebi aRniSnaven erTgvarovan nivTierebebs, romelTa danawileba,
awona da gazomva SeiZleba, calkeul sagnebad warmodgena ki _ ara. nivTiereba-
Ta saxelebs ganekuTvneba metalebis, mineralebis, kvebis produqtebis, sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturebis, sxvadasxva masalebis, qsovilebisa da misT. saxelebi (oqro, graniti,
Rvino, xorbali, xe-tye, farCa).
m o q m e d e b i s saxelebi zmnis fuZisagan nawarmoebi saxelebia, aRniSnaven moqmedebas
an mdgomareobas (xatva, keTeba, dgoma, wola). moqmedebis saxelis mniSvnelobiT
ixmareba agreTve terminebi sawyisi da masdari.
lit.: S a n i Z e a., qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, Tb., 1953; k v a W a Z e l ., qar-
Tuli ena, I, Tb., 1981; Русская грамматика, I, М., 1982.
121

zedsarTavi saxeli 1
122
viola kalandaZe
zedsarTavi saxeli, a d i e q t i v i , metyvelebis nawili; damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis
mqone sityva, romelic gamoxatavs sagnis niSan-Tvisebas. zedsarTavi saxelis
kiTxvebia: rogori? romeli? sadauri? rodindeli? (didi saxli, TeTri iasamani, uRrublo
zeca, qarTuli sagaloblebi, saSviliSvilo saqme, SarSandeli Tovli). zedsarTavi
saxeli miekuTvneba msazRvrel saxelebs. ibrunvis rogorc a t r i b u t u l i
(SeTanxmebuli) m s a z R v r e l i ; winadadebaSi asrulebs atributuli gansazRvrebis
funqcias, gamoiyeneba agreTve Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxelad nawilad (`boroti kaci
daniaSic boroti aris~. iv. maCab., Targm.).
tradiciulad imijneba erTmaneTisagan zedsarTav saxelTa ori ZiriTadi jgufi:
viTarebiTi, romelic sagnis niSan-Tvisebas asaxelebs uSualod, sxva saganTan mimarTebis
gareSe (wiTeli vaSli, keTili kaci, avi ZaRli) da m i m a r T e b i T i , romelic
sagnis niSan-Tvisebas warmoaCens sxva saganTan mimarTebiT (xavsi _ xavsiani qva,
kultura _ kulturuli memkvidreoba, Soban _ saSobao ardadegebi).
viTarebiT zedsarTav saxelTa udidesi nawili pirveladi, aramotivirebuli
sityvaa. mag.: TeTri, Savi, didi, patara, kargi, cudi, viwro, farTo, boroti, keTili,
mlaSe, mcire, mtkice, wminda, WeSmariti, brma, yru, cru... warmodgenili masala Sedgenilobis
mixedviT araerTgvarovania. istoriulad martivfuZian (sakuTar Tu nasesxeb)
zedsarTav saxelTan erTad misi Sevseba xdeboda (da xdeba) dabinduli struqturisa
da semantikis mqone nasaxelari zedsarTavi saxelisa da im mimReobebis xarjze,
romlebsac dakarguli aqvT zmnuri kategoriebi. amitom, viTarebiTi zedsarTavi
saxelis pirveladobisa da aramotivirebulobis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, amosavlad Tanamedrove
qarTulis viTareba ivaraudeba.
viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxeli garkveuli gramatikuli da leqsikuri TaviseburebebiT
xasiaTdeba: a) awarmoebs xarisxis formebs (didi _ udidesi _ modido); b) unari
aqvs egeve Sinaarsi aRweriTi formiTac gadmosces (Zalian didi _ odnav didi); g)
qmnis sapirispiro mniSvnelobis mqone (antonimur) wyvilebs (didi _ patara, maRali _
dabali); d) aqvs zmnizeduri formebi (Cqari _ Cqara, kargi _ kargad); e) abstraqtul
saxelebs upiratesad si _ e afiqsebiT awarmoebs (axali _ siaxle, Rrma _ siRrme). es
niSnebi yvela zedsarTavi saxelisTvis erTnairad damaxasiaTebeli ar aris. brma,
yru, cru, neli, Cumi... absolutur, mudmiv niSans gamoxatavs, amitom xarisxis formebs
ver awarmoebs; xarisxis naklulovani sistemiT xasiaTdeba: wminda _ uwmindesi,
axali _ uaxlesi... feris da, nawilobriv, zomis aRmniSvneli saxelebisaTvis bunebrivi
Cans odnaobiTi xarisxis formebi: wiTeli _ mowiTalo, yviTeli _ moyviTalo (uwiTlesi,
uyviTlesi gramatikulad dasaSvebi formebia, Tumca es mniSvneloba saliteraturo
enaSi upiratesad aRweriTad gadmoicema: muqi wiTeli, xasxasa mwvane, qaTqaTa
TeTri), aseve: didi-modido, grZeli-mogrZo... zogi specialisti am formaTa warmoSobas
sityvawarmoebas ukavSirebs (T. zurabiSvili).
miRebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, xarisxis formebi, sazogadod, viTarebiTi zedsarTavi
saxelis kuTvnilebaa, mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxeli am unars moklebulia.
is niSan-Tviseba, romelsac igi gamoxatavs (mqonebloba _ uqonloba, warmomavloba,
daniSnuleba...) sagans SeiZleba axasiaTebdes, an ar axasiaTebdes. am Tvisebis met-naklebi
odenobiT warmodgena ki SeuZlebelia. Tu romelime mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi
saxeli xarisxis formas awarmoebs, es imas niSnavs, rom mas dakarguli aqvs mimarTebiToba
da viTarebiTad aris qceuli (a. SaniZe). es zedsarTavebia: Zlieri (Zal-ier-i),
Ronieri, gonieri, bednieri, mSvenieri, gemrieli, Wkviani (Wku-ian-i), patiosani (pativosan-i),
mniSvnelovani, guliTadi, diadi (did-ad-i), Zvirfasi, erTguli, keTilSobili.
1 qarTuli ena, enciklopedia, Tb., 2008.

dasaxelebuli zedsarTavi saxelebi awarmoeben xarisxis formebs: bednieri _ ubednieresi,
keTilSobili _ ukeTilSobilesi. xarisxis formaTa warmoebis unaris gamo vi-
TarebiT zedsarTav saxelad ganixileba agreTve mimReoburi formebi: mwife, morcxvi,
myrali, mxurvale.
mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxeli yvela nawarmoebi, motivirebuli saxelia gam-
Wvirvale struqturiTa da semantikiT. fuZis mixedviT mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxeli
warmoqmnili an Txzulia. warmoqmnil zedsarTavebSi Zireul saxelad
(semantikur birTvad) upiratesad arsebiTi saxeli gvxvdeba (Saqriani, sazeimo), SedarebiT
iSviaTad _ sxva metyvelebis nawili: zedsarTavi saxeli (saswrafo, mciredi),
nacvalsaxeli (Cveneburi, saCveno), ricxviTi saxeli (erTiani, pirveladi), zmnisarTi
(aqauri, samudamo), zmna (mSvenieri, mSieri), damxmare sityva (saTuo, uebro); formis
mixedviT warmoqmnili zedsarTavi saxeli, Cveulebriv, sufiqsuri (mziani, wignieri)
an prefiqsul-sufiqsuria (meocnebe, saSemodgomo), iSviaTad _ oden prefiqsuli (uricxvi,
alogikuri, araordinaruli, antikorufciuli); semantikis (mniSvnelobis) mixedviT
gamoiyofa warmoqmnil zedsarTav saxelTa Semdegi jgufebi: qonebis (yabalaxiani,
Subosani, Zalovani, wesieri), uqonlobis (ugemuri, uwignuri, ugulo, udisciplino),
warmomavlobis (qalaqeli _ qalaquri, wliuri, guSindeli), daniSnulebis (safosto,
saqveyno, saswrafo).
yuradRebas iqcevs moqmedebiTi da viT.arebiTi brunvis niSnebiT nawarmoebi zedsarTavi
saxelebi: dadebiTi, weriTi, ricxviTi, JangviTi; drekadi, denadi, xsnadi, kum-
Svadi. am tipis zedsarTavTa gamoyenebis are terminologiuri daniSnulebiT ganuzomlad
farToa.
T x z u l i zedsarTavi saxeli aris fuZegaorkecebuli (giJmaJi, uzarmazari, ma-
Ral-maRali) an nairfuZiani (Rarib-Rataki, cocxal-mkvdari; vardisferi, gulqva,
gulkeTili, gulgatexili).
zedsarTavi saxeli, rogorc niSan-Tvisebis gamomxatveli sityva, sagnis saxelTan
_ arsebiT saxelTan (sazRvrulTan) erTad funqcionirebs: qmnis msazRvrel-sazRvrulis
sintaqsur wyvils, ibrunvis rogorc atributuli msazRvreli (wiTeli vaSli,
wiTelma vaSlma...). zedsarTavi saxeli konteqstSi SeiZleba damoukideblad, arsebiTi
saxelis (sazRvrulis) gareSec Segvxvdes. am SemTxvevaSi igi gasubstantivebulia, Sesityvebas
qmnis zmnasTan, asrulebs arsebiTi saxelis funqcias da ibrunvis rogorc
saTanado fuZis arsebiTi saxeli (mag.: kuzians samare gaasworebso).
zogierTi enaTmecnieri afarToebs zedsarTavi saxelis tradiciul CarCos da mas-
Si, rogorc nazmnari zedsarTavi saxeli, mimReobac Seaqvs (S. kekelia, a. daviTiani).
rusul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi es CarCo kidev ufro gafarToebulia da zedsarTavi
saxelis, rogorc metyvelebis nawilis, SemadgenlobaSi, sakuTriv zedsarTavi
saxelis garda, brunebis wesisa da sintaqsuri funqciis msgavseba-erTianobis safuZvelze,
mimReobasTan erTad SeaqvT rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli da nacvalsaxeli
(piris nacvalsaxelis garda).
lit.: S a n i Z e a . , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I. morfologia, Tb., 1953 (1973);
imnaiSvili i., saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957;
zurabiSvili T., odnaobiTis formaTa istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi. _ «smam»,
1962, t. 29, #5; k e k e l i a S . , d a v i T i a n i a., qarTuli ena, Tb., 1973; k v a W a Z e l .,
qarTuli ena, naw. 1, Tb., 1981.
123

nacvalsaxeli 1
124
aram martirosovi
nacvalsaxeli, sityva, romelic miuTiTebs saganze an mis Tvisebaze. saxelwodeba
miRebulia ori sityvis SeerTebiT: nacval + saxeli. adrindel gramatikul literaturaSi
am terminma arsebiTi roli Seasrula nacvalsaxelis raobisa da mniSvnelobis
dadgenaSi. igi ganisazRvreboda iseT enobriv erTeulad, romelic saxelis nacvlad,
mis magivrad ixmareba. mag., gaioz reqtoris `qarTul RrammatikaSi~ (1789)
ikiTxeba: `nacual-saxeli ars nawili sityisa, romelic naclad saxelisa daidebis
sityaTa Sina~. aseTi ganmarteba sxvadasxva redaqciiT dResac ZalaSia rogorc qar-
Tul, ise sxva enebis normatiul gramatikebSi. daxasiaTeba zogadad sworia, magram
sruli ar aris, radgan igi erTnairad ar moicavs yvela nacvalsaxels. tradiciuli
ganmarteba ar gamodgeba, mag., I da II piris nacvalsaxelebis mimarT, romlebic mTqmelisa
da Tanamosaubris, e. i. piris saerTo, zogadi saxelebia. cnobilia, rom saxeli
zmnas Seewyoba III piris formaSi, amitom sintaqsurad es nacvalsaxelebi ar SeiZleba
ixmarebodes saxelis nacvlad. yovel SemTxvevaSi, maT mier saxelis Secvla ise, rom
ar dairRves winadadebis mTeli wyoba, SeuZlebelia. amdenad, nacvalsaxeli SeiZleba
ganisazRvros iseT sityvad, romelic winadadebaSi umTavresad arsebiTis, zedsarTavis
an ricxviTi saxelis ekvivalentad gvevlineba.
antikuri gramatikuli literaturidan dRemde, metyvelebis nawilTa tradiciuli
klasifikaciis mixedviT, nacvalsaxelis ZiriTadad damoukidebel metyvelebis nawilad
iyo miCneuli. Tu amovalT iqidan, rom `metyvelebis nawili morfologiis cnebaa
da am cnebis dadgenisas safuZveli morfologiuri niSani unda iyos~ (arn. Ciqobava)
da, amave dros, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT nacvalsaxelTa ZiriTad daniSnulebasac,
isini calke metyvelebis nawilad ar gamoiyofa. erTi nawili SeiZleba arsebiT saxelTa
jgufSi gaerTiandes, sxvebi ki _ zedsarTavebs daukavSirdes. amis mixedviT,
yvela nacvalsaxeli Seva saxelis Semcvlel metyvelebis nawilSi, Tumca misgan mainc
gansxvavdeba. nacvalsaxelis ZiriTadi Tviseba aris abstraqciis Taviseburi unari.
abstraqcia, marTalia, met-naklebad axasiaTebs yvela metyvelebis nawils, magram
zogadisa da kerZos SeTavseba ise, rogorc es nacvalsaxelSia mocemuli, sxva metyvelebis
nawilisaTvis ar aris niSandoblivi. saxelisaTvis mTavaria is, Tu ras aRniSnavs,
nacvalsaxelisTvis ki _ rogor aRniSnavs. arsebiTi, zedsarTavi (agreTve
ricxviTi) saxeli pirdapir asaxelebs sagans, moqmedeba-mdgomareobas, aRniSnavs mis
niSan-Tvisebas, xarisxsa da raodenobas, nacvalsaxeli ki zogadad, ganyenebuli saxiT
miuTiTebs maTze. sxvadasxvagvar situaciaSi, xmarebis calkeul SemTxvevebSi igi
avlens konkretul mniSvnelobasac.
XIX s. I nax-idan qarTul gramatikul literaturaSi nacvalsaxelTa klasifikacias
safuZvlad sxvadasxva principi edo. gansxvavebuli iyo agreTve nacvalsaxelTa
jgufebis raodenoba da maTi aRmniSvneli terminebic. Tanamedrove gramatikuli literaturris
mixedviT, gamoiyofa nacvalsaxelTa Semdegi jgufebi: piris (me, Sen, Cven,
Tqven...) (ix. piris nacvalsaxelebi), k u T v n i l e b i T i (Cemi, Seni, Cveni, Tqveni, misi...),
C v e n e b i T i (es, eg, is › igi, aseTi...), k i T x v i T i (vin? ra? romeli? rogori?...), m i -
marTebiTi (vinc, rac, romelic, rogorc...) urTierTobiTi (erTmaneTi), gans
a z R v r e b i T i (TviT, TviTon, TiToeuli, yvela, yoveli...), g a n u s a z R v r e l o b i -
T i (vinme, rame, romelime, zogi, zogierTi...), u a r y o f i T i (aravin, veravin...).
gramatikuli TvalsazrisiT, nacvalsaxelebs sxva saxelebTan aqvT msgavsebac da
gansxvavebac. ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba isaa, rom maT ar moepovebaT erTiani morfologiuri
yalibi. mag., I da II piris nacvalsaxelebi brunvaTa mixedviT ar icvleba,
1 qarTuli ena, enciklopedia, Tb., 2008.

maT mravlobiTi ricxvi morfologiurad ar ewarmoebaT; kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli vin?
oTxi brunvisaTvis sul or formas gviCvenebs (vin _ saxelobiTi da moTxrobiTi, vis
_ micemiTi da naTesaobiTi), mravlobiTi, Cveulebriv, ar ewarmoeba; Zireuli Cvenebi-
Ti nacvalsaxelebi brunvaTa formebs upiratesad supleturad awarmoeben, or sxvadasxva
fuZes iyeneben: erTia saxelobiTisaTvis _ ama, maga, ima, im; yvela es nacvalsaxeli
saxelobiTSi fuZis saxiT ixmareba. moTxrobiTSi maT organul warmoeba axasia-
TebT: ma-n, ama-n, ima-n, maga-n. rac Seexeba kuTvnilebiT da zogierT sxva nacvalsaxels,
isini TavianTi daniSnulebiT msazRvreli sityvebia da ise ibrunvian, rogorc
zedsarTavi saxelebi.
lit.: SaniZe a., qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, Tb., 1953; martiroso-
v i a., nacvalsaxeli qarTvelur enebSi, Tb., 1964; C a r T o l a n i n., CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa
sistemebi qarTulSi sxva qarTvelur enebTan SedarebiT, Tb., 1985.
125

icxvi 1
126
lali ezugbaia
ricxvi, logikur-gramatikuli kategoria. logikuri TvalsazrisiT, ricxvi gulisxmobs
semantikur opozicias: erTi _ erTze meti. es ukanaskneli SeiZleba iyos
ori, sami, oTxi da a. S. garda amisa, arsebobs jgufi e. w. uTvladi sagnebisa, romel-
Ta ricxvis gageba gansxvavebulia Tvladi sagnebis ricxvis gagebisagan. gramatikuli
TvalsazrsiT, ricxvis kategoria emyareba semantikur opozicias: mxoloobiTi _
mravlobiTi, rac enaTa umravlesobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. zog enaSi gvxvdeba
orobiTi, samobiTi da a. S. ricxvic.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, specialur literaturaSi ricxvis warmoebis ori
sistemaa gamoyofili: logikuri da gramatikuli, romelTa Tanxvedra arsebiT saxelebSi
xdeba. sxvagvarad, ricxvi aris enobrivi azrovnebis obieqtTa (saganTa) raodenobrivi
maxasiaTebeli, romelic mxolod arsebiT saxelebsa da piris (CvenebiT) nacvalsaxelebs
SeiZleba hqondes. danarCen metyvelebis nawilebs ricxvi sintaqsurad
ewarmoeba. kerZod, saxelis an nacvalsaxelis ricxvis formas eTanxmeba zmnis forma.
aseve, zedsarTavi saxelis formac gamoxatavs mimarTebas arsebiTi saxelis r-is
formisadmi. orsave SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs ricxvSi SeTanxmeba, romelic sintaqsuri kategoriaa
da ara logikuri.
saxelis mravlobiTi ricxvi gulisxmobs simravlis (raodenobriobis) cnebas, romelic
yvela enaSi erTnairad aRiqmeba, amave dros logikurad da gramatikuladac
erTi da igive odenobaa. saxelis mxoloobiTi ricxvi erTis gagebas emyareba, Tumca
isic pirobiTia da damokidebulia ama Tu im enis msoflxedvaze.
zmnis ricxvis forma gviCvenebs, moqmedebs erTi, Tu erTze meti piri. amdenad,
mravlobiTobis gageba sakuTriv zmnaSi ki ar devs, aramed qvemdebare-subieqtSi, anu:
`isini modian~ gamoxatavs ara imdenad `siaruls~, ramdenadac `mosiaruleebs~. esaa
gramatikuli movlena, romlis safuZvelzedac gamoiyofa ricxvis morfosintaqsuri
kategoria.
amrigad, ricxvis kategoria moicavs enis morfologiur, sintaqsur da semantikur
doneebs. Sesabamisad, erTi mxriv, ricxvi gramatikuli kategoriaa, meore mxriv, is
leqsikur kategoriaTa sferosac ganekuTvneba. aq igulisxmeba ricxviTi saxelebi,
raodenobis aRmniSvneli saxelebi, rogoricaa `bevri~, `mravali~ da a. S.
qarTulSi gramatikuli ricxvis warmoeba afiqsTa saSualebiT xdeba. arsebobs
mravlobiTis aRmniSvnel morfemaTa sxvadasxvagvari kvalifikacia: ricxvi warmoqmnis
kategoriad aris miCneuli, amitomac saxelis mravlobiTis mawarmoebeli -eb sufiqsi
warmosaqmnel afiqsTa rigSi dgas (a. SaniZe). fleqsiur da derivaciul afiqsTa gverdiT
gamoyofilia e. w. gardamavali tipis afiqsebi _ -eb morfema saxelebSi da -T _
zmnaSi (arn. Ciqobava). mesame TvalsazrisiT, saxelTa mravlobiTobis -n da -eb sufiqsebi,
msgavsad pirTa mravlobiTis -T, -en sufiqsebisa zmnaSi, leqsikur mniSvnelobas
ver cvlian formebSi, isini mxolod fleqsiuri elementebia (T. uTurgaiZe). ramdenadac
zmnas ricxvi sintaqsurad ewarmoeba, zmnaSi gamoyenebuli ricxvis formantebi
oden fleqsiuri elementebi SeiZleba iyos. saxelebSi gansxvavebulad dgas sakiTxi,
radgan amosavalia ricxvis logikur-semantikuri gageba, erTisa da mravlis semantikuri
opozicia.
qarTul enaSi saxelis mravlobiTis warmoeba xdeba -eb, -n da -T sufiqsebiT. amaTgan
-eb Zvel qarTulSi naklebad ixmareboda, ZiriTadad usulo sagnebis an `socialurad
pasiur arsebaTa~ aRmniSvnel saxelebTan (k. dondua). Sesabamisad, -eb morfemas
ar hqonda sintaqsuri Zala. am funqciiT aRWurvili iyo n/T-iani mravlobiTi. magram
imTaviTve arsebobda sxvaoba: -eb morfemiT r-is warmoebis aglutinaciuri prin-
1 qarTuli ena, enciklopedia, Tb., 2008.

cipia gatarebuli _ yvela brunvaSi warmodgenilia -eb sufiqsi, rogorc ricxvis
formanti da mas erTvis brunvis niSani. amas ver vityviT -T-sufiqsze, romelic er-
Tdroulad ricxvisa da brunvis niSnis funqciebs iTavsebs. -n morfema oden ricxvis
aRmniSvnelia, magram mxolod or brunvaSi _ saxelobiTsa da wodebiTSi. saxelisa
da zmnis ziari ricxvis formantebia swored -n da -T elementebi, romlebsac oden
fleqsiuri funqcia Tu SeiZleba hqondes. am TvalsazrisiT calke dgas -eb morfema.
misi Tavdapirveli funqcia, rogorc Cans, semantikuri opoziciis (erTi _ erTze meti)
im wevris markireba iyo, romelic simravles aRniSnavda. -eb krebiTobis sufiqsma
mogvianebiT SeiZina sintaqsuri Zala, romelic qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi dResac
meryeobs. imave dialeqtebSi SeiniSneba tendencia -eb morfemis sityvawarmoebiTi funqciiT
xmarebisa.
arsebiT saxelTa mravlobiTi ricxvis gamoxatva xSirad saxeluri Ziris semantikazea
damokidebuli. iseTi saxelebi, rogoricaa abstraqtuli, geografiuli, sakuTari,
nivTierebis, agreTve ricxviTi saxelebi, masdarebi (sawyisi) mxoloobiTi ricxvis
formiT ixmareba. mravlobiTobis niSniT maTi markireba mxolod garkveul konteqstSia
SesaZlebeli. rogorc wesi, aseT SemTxvevaSi xdeba aRsaniSnis gaazreba Tvlad
sagnad. mag. (1) qvevrSi Rvino asxia; (2) marnis Taroze Rvinoebi awyvia. (1) pirvel winadadebaSi
Rvino ver gadmoicema mravlobiTis formiT, radgan konteqstiT nagulisxmevia
sityvis pirveladi mniSvneloba `siTxe~. (2) meore winadadebaSi mravlobiTis
forma _ Rvinoebi _ dasaSvebia, radgan konteqstiT xdeba mniSvnelobis sxvagvarad
gaazreba. igulisxmeba WurWeli (mag., boTli), romelSic siTxe (Rvino) asxia. moqmedebs
ekonomiis wesi, roca substantivi Cavardeba da msazRvreli iTavsebs mis mniSvnelobas.
winadadeba: `marnis Taroze Rvinoebi awyvia~ igivea, rac: `marnis Taroze
Rvinis boTlebi awyvia~.
adamianis sakuTari saxelic SeiZleba mravlobiTis formiT gadmoices, rodesac
isini iZenen sazogado saxelis funqcias: `RmerTma gazardos daviTebi, Tamarebi~... dasaSvebia
ricxviTi saxelis mravlobiTis warmoebac, Tu igi Sefasebis semantikiT daitvirTeba
da substantivad gaigeba: `bavSvma xuTebi miiRo~ da a. S. aseve masdaric,
romelic, Cveulebriv, mr. ricxvs ar iwarmoebs, garkveul konteqstSi SesaZlebelia
am formiT warmogvidges: `Catarda sakontrolo werebi~.
Taviseburia nacvalsaxelTa mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebac. zogs mxolod n-ariani
formebi gaaCnia: ra-n-i, yovel-n-i, igi-n-i... zogs _ orive: nar-ianic da eb-ianic: Cemn-i
/ Cem-eb-i; sxva-n-i / sxv-eb-i... zogierTs ki saerTod ar ewarmoeba: ramdeni, araviTari,
romelime... Tumca sasaubro enaSi ki gvxvdeba aseTi formebic: visebi, vinmeebi, rameebi.
rogorc Cans, nacvalsaxelTa ricxvis gramatikuli gamoxatvis procesi gviandelia.
savaraudoa, rom Tavdapirvelad erTisa da mravlis garCeva leqsikuri supletivizmiT
xdeboda: me ~ Cven, Sen~ Tqven.
qarTulisTvis ucxo ar aris mravlobiTis formaTa leqsikalizaciis procesic.
mag., daviT-n-i, locva-n-i tipis saxelebs mravlobiTi ricxvis gageba ar axlavs. amgvari
formebi xSiria geografiul saxelebSi, rogoricaa rko-n-i, koSk-eb-i, mowame-Ta...
aRsaniSnavia, rom mTel rig toponimebSi Semonaxulia -ev, -eT ricxvis sufiqsebi
(a. SaniZe).
lit.: C i q o b a v a a r n ., enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1952; d o n d u a k . , rCeuli
naSromebi, I, Tb., 1967; S a n i Z e a . , Txzulebani, III, Tb., 1973; u T u r g a i Z e T . , qarTuli
enis saxelis morfonologiuri analizi, Tb., 1986; jorbenaZe b., qarTuli dialeqtologia,
I, Tb., 1989.
127

ormagsufiqsiani mravlobiTi guSin da dRes 1
128
levan bregaZe
-eb-iani (anu pirveli) da nar-Taniani (anu meore) mravlobiTis formebi uxsovari
droidan Tanaarsebobs gverdigverd qarTul enaSi, oRond Tuki narTaniani mravlobi-
Ti Zvel teqstebSi ufro xSirad iyo gamoyenebuli, vidre -eb-iani, amJamad piriqiT
aris: eb-iania ufro gavrcelebuli narTanianTan SedarebiT.
iSviaTad orive sufiqsi erTdroulad gamoiyeneboda.
akaki SaniZis `qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebSi~ vkiTxulobT: `sasaubro ena-
Si xSirad gvxvdeba ormagi sufiqsi mravlobiTSi. saliteraturo ena amas gaurbis,
magram SeiZleba sadme Segvxvdes~, da iqve batoni akaki ormagsufiqsiani mravlobiTis
nimuSebad imowmebs formebs aleqsandre yazbegis Txzulebebidan: ~asamdin msurveli
gamovida CerqezebTagan, TuSebTagan da danarCen mTiel qarTvelebTagan~, `sxva daxocilebT
Soris~, `erTs im bilikebTaganzed~ (SaniZe a., 1973: $112).
magram es ormagsufiqsiani mravlobiTis guSindeli dRea. amJamad saliteraturo
ena amgvar formebs aRar gaurbis. dRes mravlobiTSi ormag sufiqss SeiZleba SevxvdeT
gamoCenil prozaikosTanac da profesional enaTmecnierTanac.
magaliTebi:
`JurnalistebTagan ramdenime gogonas, moqcevisa Tu dalagebuli saxis mixedviT, etyoboda
ojaxiSviloba...~ (rezo WeiSvili, `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 2001, #8, gv. 1);
`...fsiqiatriul stacionarebs, romlebTac Cvendauneburad, xSirad Segnebuladac, sagiJes
vuwodebT, gverds vuvliT xolme~ (rezo WeiSvili, `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 2001, #8, gv.
16);
`warmodgena ar gvqonda masonTa loJebze, romlebTac saqarTveloSi, faqtiurad, arc SemouRweviaT~
(rezo WeiSvili, gaz. `mwerluri cxovreba~, 2005, 30 oqtomberi _ 14 noemberi, #7,
gv. 9);
`sirbilaZeebs, didbariZeebs, ebauriZeebT (isini saamqveynod aRar eweren), ise rogorc bare
orsa da bevrsa, visac ekiTxeboda, ara gaugiaT-ra~ (rezo WeiSvili, `jvarisa~, `kalmasoba~,
@2007, #2 (101), gv. 3).
`...dedamdinare _ mtkvari _ daupirispira saqarTvelos danarCen mdinareebs, romlebTac,
Tu enis amoRebaa, marTlac ar amoeRebaT ena, radgan mtkvari yvela maTganze didia...~ (aleqsandre
focxiSvili, ~literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 2007,N#6, gv. 7).
aseT SemTxvevebSi ori sufiqsis gamoyeneba SeiZleba ase agvexsna: radgan -T
sufiqsi or funqcias asrulebs (gamoxatavs mravlobiT ricxvs da brunvas), igi erT
funqcias (mravlobiTobis gamoxatvas) `uTmobs~ -eb sufiqss da TviTon mxolod
brunvas aRniSnavs. magram saqme is aris, rom -T sufiqsiT gamoixateba sami brunva
(moTxrobiTi, micemiTi da naTesaobiTi), Tandebulis am konteqstis gareSe -Tsufiqsiani
formis brunvis garkveva SeuZlebelia. es ormagsufiqsian formebSic asea.
amdenad, -eb sufiqsi aseT SemTxvevebs ver `Svelis~.
iqneb stilistikur doneze moeZebnos rame axsna aseT formebs?
paraleluri formebi _ romlebsac // romelTac, Jurnalistebisgan // JurnalistTagan
_ mniSvnelobiT erTni arian da mxolod stilistikur doneze gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisagan: pirvelni stilistikurad neitralurni arian, meoreni ki arqaulad
da maRalfardovnad JReren da saTanado stilistikuri efeqtis Seqmnas emsaxurebian.
ver vityviT, rom ormagsufiqsiani forma raRac saSualo iyos amaT Soris (arc
mTlad arqauli, arc mTlad neitraluri), an sulac raime sruliad axali stilistikuri
niuansis gadmocema xerxdebodes misi meSveobiT. yovel SemTxvevaSi, jerjerobiT
amgvar pretenzias is ver acxadebs.
1 qarTuli saliteraturo enis sakiTxebi: istoria da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, Tb., 2007.

verc imas vityviT, rom zemomoyvanil citatebSi es formebi mdabiuri stilis imitaciisTvis
gamoeyenebinoT avtorebs.
amrigad, vidre ormagsufiqsiani mravlobiTisTvis raime mkafio funqcia gamoikve-
Tebodes, manamde es formebi saliteraturo qarTulis TvalsazrisiT umarTebulod
unda CaiTvalos da maT kvlavindeburad TiTosufiqsiani mravlobiTis formebi unda
vamjobinoT.
* * *
gvxvdeba Tu ara ormagsufiqsiani mravlobiTi saxelobiTSi?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad gavecnoT amonarids Salva sabaSvilis werilidan,
`weris maRali kulturisaTvis~ (`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 16. 03. 2007,N#10, gv. 5):
`saintereso saxis Secdomaa frazaSi: `maSin oci-ocdaerTi wlisanebi viyaviT~. ufro
sworad, sainteresoa forma `wlisanebi~, kuriozulic ki. igi mcdaria. marTlac,
erT adamianze iTqmis: `ocdaerTi wlisa~, ramdenimeze ki _ `ocdaerTi wlisebi~, an
`ocdaerTi wlisani~. orive sufiqsi _ `eb~ da `an~ _ mravlobiT ricxvs awarmoebs.
pirvels `ebiani forma~ hqvia, meores ki `narTaniani forma~ (am ukanasknelis nimuSebi
sxvadasxva brunvaSi aris `kacni~, `kacTa~). maSasadame, wlisebi~ da `wlisani~ aSkarad
migviTiTebs, rom saubaria adamianTa simravleze. maS, `wlisanebi~ raRaa? swored rom
kuriozuli forma, vinaidan masSi mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebis ori sxvadasxva
xerxi, ori sxvadasxva sufiqsi (`eb~ da `n~) erTdrouladaa gamoyenebuli. es zedmeti
da xelovnuri operacia, vfiqrob, avtorma uneblieT moaxdina, magram igi sxvebs SeumCneveli
ar unda darCenodaT~ (damowmebulia fraza vano CxikvaZis miniaturidan
`ludi~, `kalmasoba~, 2006, #1, gv. 10).
meore magaliTi ormagsufiqsiani mravlobiTisa saxelobiTSi, romelzedac Salva
sabaSvilma migviTiTa, aseTia: `kukiaze arian Cemi xnisanebi, romlebsac araferi stkivaT,
Tamarjan~ (alan Toreli, `mairiki~, `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 24. 11. 2006, gv.
13).
orive SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs sazRvrulis gareSe warmodgenil marTul anu naTesaobiT
brunvaSi mdgar msazRvrelTan, romelic imis gamo, rom usazRvrulod dar-
Ca, iZulebulia TviTon dairTos brunvis niSnebi naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis Semdeg.
sazRvruli, romelic gamotovebulia, advili aRsadgenia: `oci-ocdaerTi wlisani~
gulisxmobs oci-ocdaerTi wlis axalgazrdebs, `Cemi xnisani~ gulisxmobs Cemi xnis
adamianebs. wina magaliTebisagan gansxvavebiT aq jer meore mravlobiTis sufiqsi
gvaqvs (n) da Semdeg _ pirvelisa (eb).
gansaxilavi formebi (wlisanebi, xnisanebi) Cveni azriT, analogiis gziT unda
iyos miRebuli, kerZod, daboloebiT es sityvebi -ovan sufiqsiani zedsarTavebis
mravlobiTis daboloebebs hgavs: Zalovani // Zalovanebi, (mcire)wlovani // (mcire)wlovanebi
da misT. wlisanebi da msgavsi formebi SeiZleba wlovanebis tipis
warmoebis analogiiT miRebulad miviCnioT.
sxva SemTxveva saxelobiTSi mravlobiTis ormagi sufiqsis gamoyenebisa CvenTvis
cnobili ar aris. arsebiT saxelebSi amgvari ram SeuZlebeli Cans: Zneli warmosadgenia
vinmem, Tundac saubarSi, Tqvas qalaqebni an qalaqnebi, kacebni an kacnebi, Tumca
TiTqos SesaZlebeli Cans aseTi gaarsebiTebuli zedsarTavebis gamoCenac: didebni,
marTlebni, gambedavebni da misTanani, rac funqcias moklebuli da, amdenad, gaumarTlebeli
iqneba.
129

zmnizedis swavlebis zogierTi sakiTxi 1
130
cira RvinaZe
zmnizeda swavlebis TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi rTuli da `daCagruli” metyvelebis
nawilia. amaze jer kidev 50-ian wlebSi miuTiTebdnen mkvlevrebi 2 .
zmnizedis swavlebis sirTules iwvevs e. w. zmnizedis funqciiT naxmari sityvebis
raodenoba da formaTa nairgvaroba. zmnizedadaa CaTvlili: a) viTarebiT brunvaSi
dasmuli yvela zedsarTavi da ricxviTi saxeli (kargad, mSvidad, bevrad, orad, xu-
Tad...), krebiTi arsebiTi saxelebi (jgufad, mwkrivad...); b) moqmedebiT brunvaSi dasmuli
abstraqtuli, moqmedeba-mdgomareobisa da emociurobis gamomxatveli nazmnari
arsebiTi saxelebi (gagiJebiT, siyvaruliT...), adgilmdebareobis, droisa da zoma-wonis
arsebiTi saxelebi (gverdiT, moSorebiT, diliT, wlobiT, droebiT, tonobiT, urmobiT...),
ricxviTi saxelebi (asobiT, milionobiT, bevriT, measediT...), Txzuli arsebi-
Ti saxelebi (drogamoSvebiT, RapaRupiT, gulistkeniT...), Sorisdebulebi da nawilakebi
(vaiT, jerjerobiT, viSviSiT...), g) micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli zogi arsebiTi da
zedsarTavi saxeli (dRes, wels, Zirs, didxans, pirs, Sors, axlos). 3
gamodis, rom zmnizedis funqciiT SeiZleba ixmarebodes zmnis garda yvela sityva.
samecniero literaturaSi ki zmnizedis funqciiT sxva sityvaTa gamoyenebis nacvlad
saubaria zmnizedaTa jgufebis simravleze, raki zmnizedebad miiCneven zmnizedad gamoyenebul
zog zedsarTavsa da ricxviT saxels, arsebiTsa da nacvalsaxels da a. S.
es, Cveni azriT, logikur Seusabamobas iwvevs: roca metyvelebis nawilTa funqciaze
vlaparakobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is, Tu ras aRniSnaven isini, sityvaTa rogor
erTobliobas aerTianeben erTi niSnis qveS. mag., arsebiTi saxelis funqcia sagnis
aRniSvnaa, zedsarTavi saxelisa ki _ sagnis niSan-Tvisebisa. es sityvebi xSirad ixmareba
erTmaneTis funqciiT (brmam manqana ver dainaxa; erTi uremi SeSa gayida), magram
amis gamo `brma~ arsebiTi saxelia, xolo `uremi~ _ zedsarTavio, aravin ityvis. maS
ratom iTvleba SesityvebebSi `tba lurjad kamkamebs” da `lurji tbis sikamkame~ _
`lurji~ xan zedsarTav saxelad, xan ki zmnizedad? Cveni azriT, aseTi Seusabamobis
saTave SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
zmnizedis gramatikul-sintaqsuri funqcia winadadebaSi garemoebis gadmocemaa da
amitom yvela sityva, romelic garemoebas gamoxatavs, specialur literaturaSi morfologiuri
TvalsazrisiT zmnizedadaa miCneuli.
gramatikul literaturaSi warmodgenili gansazRvrebis mixedviT, zmnizedad iTvleba
yvela is sityva, romelsac: a) damoukidebeli mniSvnelobac aqvs da b) formaucvalebelicaa.
pirveladi zmnizedebi akmayofileben am orive moTxovnas. igive ver
iTqmis meoreul zmnizedebze, romlebic specialur literaturaSi sxva metyvelebis
nawilebisagan miRebulad iTvlebian `ZiriTadi mniSvnelobisagan daclisa~ da `formis
gaqvavebis~ Semdeg.
rogorc cnobilia, sityvis mniSvneloba icvleba maSin, roca met-naklebad icvleba
aRsaniSni. magaliTad:
qudi _ aRniSnavs sagans (`adamianis Tavze dasaxuravi~); 4
qudiani _ aRniSnavs niSans (`visac qudi axuravs~);
saqude _ niSania (`qudisaTvis gankuTvnili~) da a. S.
aseve, wiTeli _ niSania;
wiTldeba _ moqmedebaa (`wiTel fers iRebs~);
1 qarTuli enis da literatura skolaSi, N1-4, 1987.
2 m. TalakvaZe, qarTuli enis swavlebis meTodika, Tb., 1959; m. CinCalaZe, qarTuli zmnizedis
swavleba skolaSi, Tb., 1955.
3 magaliTebi amoRebulia m. CinCalaZis dasax. naSromidan.
4 ganmartebebisaTvis gamoyenebulia `qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni”, t. I-VIII., 1950-1965.

siwiTle _ abstraqciaa (`wiTlis Tviseba, wiTeli feris qona~).
Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom aq moyvanil yvela erTeuls (qudi_qudiani_saqude;
wiTeli_wiTldeba_siwiTle) damoukidebeli mniSvneloba aqvs, e. i. yoveli momdevno
erTeuli `daclilia ZiriTadi mniSvnelobisagan~.
vnaxoT, rogor aris es momenti warmodgenili zmnizedis SemTxvevaSi. ganvixiloT
winadadebaTa wyvilebi:
1. matarebeli zantad daiZra;
2. zanti kameCi gzaze miizlazneba.
1. lurjad molaplape tba gamoCnda;
2. lurj caze mze anaTebs.
1. mdumared ijda;
2. mdumare Rame SiSis momgvrelia.
1. Seikra mrisxaned warbi;
2. mrisxane batonis SiSiT yvelas guli uskdeba.
1. xalxi orad gaiyo;
2. or abazad gayida.
1. iq jgufad isxdnen buzebi;
2. moseirneTa jgufi tyeSi gauCinarda.
1. es iseTnairad miTxra, rom...
2. iseTnairi xma momesma, romelic arasdros gamigonia.
Cveni azriT, warmodgenil winadadebebSi araviTari `mniSvnelobisagan dacla~ da
`damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis~ miReba ar xdeba. aq sityvam mxolod funqcia icvala:
`viTarebiT brunvaSi dayenebuli zedsarTavi (an mimReoba) 5 , rogorc amas Zveli
gramatikosebic aRniSnavdnen, zmnizedis funqciiTaa aRWurvili~ 6 . zmnizedis sintaqsuri
funqcia ki am SemTxvevaSi viTarebis garemoebis gamoxatvaa, razedac adrec gvqonda
laparaki.
garda amisa, zmnizedis Seswavlamde, saxelebisa da zmnis analizis dros yuradReba
maxvildeba imaze, rom enaSi arsebobs sityvis mniSvnelobis mcvleli (e. w. warmomqmneli)
da sityvaTa Soris urTierTobis aRmniSvneli (e. w. mimosaxreli) afiqsebi.
warmomqmneli afiqsebi sityvis mniSvnelobis cvlasTan erTad xSir SemTxvevaSi
funqciasac ucvlian mas:
xerx-i _ xerx-ian-i
xerx-av-s
a-xerx-eb-s
mo-xerx-eb-ul-i
Sav-i _ si-Sav-e
a-Sav-eb-s
Sav-d-eb-a
or-i _ or-ob-iT-i
ga-or-d-a
Cem-i _ Cem-eul-i
Cem-ob-a (SenCemoba)
u-Cem-o-d
5 amaT unda daematos yvela ricxviTi saxeli, zogi arsebiTi saxeli da nacvalsaxeli, rogorc
zemoTac aRvniSneT.
6 a. SaniZe, Txzulebani, t. III, Tb., 1980, gv. 592.
131

da-i-Cem-a
wer-s _ wer-il-i
m-wer-al-i
da-wer-il-i
mimosaxrel afiqsebze ki, kerZod, brunvis niSnebze, moswavleebs aseTi kategoriuli
debuleba eZlevaT saxelmZRvaneloSi: `erTi da igive saxeli mniSvnelobis Seucvlelad
SeiZleba Svidi sxvadasxva formiT Segvxvdes~ 7 . maSasadame, maT ician, rom
Sav-i qud-ian-i
Sav-ma qud-ian-ma
Sav-s qud-ian-s
Sav-is qud-ian-is
Sav-iT qud-ian-iT
Sav-ad qud-ian-ad
Sav-o qud-ian-o
formebi tolfasia mniSvnelobiT da winadadebaSi sxva sityvebTan saurTierTod ixmareba.
zmnizedis swavlebisas ki veubnebiT, rom saxeli romelime formiT `qvavdeba~
da es gaqvavebuli forma sxva metyvelebis nawilia, romelic erTvis zmnas.
mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba arc hqondes imas,
`Savad~ zmnizeda iqneba Tu zedsarTavi saxelis viTarebiTi brunvis forma, magram
moswavleebs uWirT am rTuli procesis cxadad warmodgena. saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi
da saenaTmecniero literaturaSi warmodgenili aRniSnuli formula ase SeiZleba
gamartivdes: viTarebiT brunvaSi dasmuli zedsarTavi saxeli rCeba imav metyvelebis
nawilad anu zedsarTav saxelad, oRond mas sintaqsurad viTarebiTi garemoebis
funqciis gamoxatva daekisreba.
gramatikis erT-erT odiTganve saintereso da sadavo sakiTxs metyvelebis nawil-
Ta klasifikacia warmoadgens. imis mixedviT, Tu ras aviRebT saklasifikacio principad
(Sinaarss, formas Tu funqcias), sityvaTa sxvadasxva dajgufebebs miviRebT. ara
marto sityvaTa, nebismieri sistemis elementTa klasifikaciisas, rogorc wesi, or
savaldebulo moTxovnas iTvaliswineben: 1. sistemis arc erTi elementi ar unda dar-
Ces klasifikaciis gareT; 2. erTi elementi mxolod erT jgufSi unda Sediodes. Cven
SemTxvevaSi ki `Savi~ da, saerTod, yvela zedsarTavi saxeli yovelgvari Sinaarsobrivi
cvalebadobis gareSe erTdroulad ori klasis wevri gamodis _ zedsarTavi saxelicaa
da zmnizedac. aq SeiZleba Semogvedavon: Sinaarsi Tu ar icvleba, funqcia
xom aris gansxvavebulio, magram gavixsenoT analogiuri viTareba: naTesaobiTSi dasmuli
arsebiTi saxeli anu marTuli msazRvreli winadadebaSi gansazRvrebis funqcias
asrulebs, im sintaqsur funqcias, romelSic, Cveulebriv, zedsarTavi saxeli gvevlineba
xolme, magram aravis uTqvams konstruqciaSi `xis saxli~_ `xis~ zedsarTavi
saxeliao.
`viTarebiTi brunvis formiT (zogjer brunvis niSnis nawilobrivi SekveciT) warmodgenilia
Semdegi zmnizedebi: Cqara (Cqarad), nela (nelad), maRla (maRlad)~... 8
mocemul SemTxvevaSi warmodgenilia zedsarTavi saxelisagan nawarmoebi iseTi
formebi, romlebic moqmedebis ragvarobas an adgilmdebareobas gamoxataven da mniSvnelobiTac,
formiTac da funqciiTac zmnizedebia. enam maTi zedsarTavi saxelebisagan
gamosayofad TviTon monaxa saSualeba _ moakveca brunvis niSnis bolo Tanxmovani,
aqcia `gaqvavebul~ formad da mospo zedsarTav saxelTan maTi gaigivebis SesaZlebloba.
dRes enaSi erTmaneTis gverdiT arsebobs paraleluri formebi:
maRali _ maRla
7 a. SaniZe, i. imnaiSvili, l. kvaWaZe, qarTuli ena, V kl. saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 1983, gv. 32.
8 a. SaniZe, Txzulebani, t. III, Tb., 1980, gv. 591.
132

dabali _ dabla
neli _ nela
Cqari _ Cqara
kargi _ karga (karga mozrdili lukma)
marTali _ marTla
maTi erTmaneTSi areva gamoricxulia.
imaves ver vityviT meore SemTxvevaze:
`micemiTis formiT warmodgenilia Semdegi zmnizedebi: Zirs, axlos, Sors, saRamos,
dilas, dRes, wels...~ 9 dasaxelebul zmnizedaTagan zogi arsebiTi saxelisagan
aris miRebuli (Zirs, saRamos, dilas...), zogi _ zedsarTavi saxelisagan (axlos,
Sors). am SemTxvevaSi enam, rogorc Cans, ver miaRwia formobriv cvlilebas, samagierod,
am fuZeTa Cveulebrivi micemiTis forma Sinaarsobrivad ise dascilda Tavis
`gaqvavebul~ variants, rom dRes isini ufro omoformebad aRiqmebian, vidre erTsa
da imave sityvebad: maT erTmaneTTan pirdapiri Sinaarsobrivi kavSiri dakarges:
Zirs _ dabla, qveviT, qvemoTken;
Zir-i (Zir-s) _ raime sagnis an movlenis qveda nawili.
maSasadame, yvela zedsarTavi saxeli da ricxviTi saxeli, zogi arsebiTi saxeli
da nacvalsaxeli `ZiriTadi mniSvnelobisagan ki ar icleba~ da zmnizedad ki ar iqceva,
funqcias icvlis da winadadebaSi viTarebis garemoebis rolSi gamodis.
rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, samecniero literaturaSi iTvleba, rom viTarebiT brunvaSi
dasmuli yvela zedsarTavi saxeli da ricxviTi saxeli, zogi arsebiTi saxeli
da nacvalsaxeli `gadaqceulia viTarebis zmnizedad~.
es `gadaqceva~ ase SeiZleba warmovidginoT: raki viTarebis garemoeba viTarebis
zmnizediT unda iyos gadmocemuli, xolo zmnizeda TavisTavad formaucvleli
sityvaa, sxva gamosavali ar aris, garemoebad gamoyenebuli saxelebi viTarebiTi
brunvis formiT gaqvavebul formad unda gamovacxadoT. magram daviwyebulia is garemoeba,
rom, raki zmnizeda zmnas `gansazRvravs~, xolo zmna, rogorc cnobilia,
masze damokidebuli metyvelebis nawilis formis Tavisuflebas `ver itans~, TavisTavad
viRebT `gaqvavebul~ formebs. ganvixiloT ori Sesityveba:
Tavs kargad maCvenebs _ Tavs bavSvad maCvenebs.
Tavi kargad momaCvena _ Tavi bavSvad momaCvena.
Tavi kargad mouCvenebia _ Tavi bavSvad mouCvenebia.
ratom aris gayinuli, gaqvavebuli forma `kargad~, `bavSvad~ ki ara? Tu zmnas arsebiTi
saxelisagan SeuZlia viTarebiTi brunvis forma moiTxovos, zedsarTavi saxelisagan
ratom ar SeuZlia? ratom iTvleba, rom `bavSvad~ arsebiTi saxelia ubralo
damatebis funqciiT, xolo `kargad~ zmnizedaa da ara zedsarTavi saxeli viTarebis
garemoebis funqciiT? aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom viTarebiTi brunvis funqcia
`viTarebis~, moqmedebis ragvarobis gamoxatvaa da zedsarTav saxels, romelic arsebiT
saxels axasiaTebs, igi sulac ar sWirdeba (Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT msazRvrel-sazRvrulis
e. w. Sebrunebul wyobas, romelic Tanamedrove qarTulSi Zalian
iSviaTia):
Savad dauRamda _ Sav dRed dauRamda.
orad gaiyo _ or nawilad gaiyo.
Cemad momeCvena _ Cem wignad momeCvena.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan aseTi daskvna SeiZleba gakeTdes: 1) viTarebiT brunvaSi
9 iqve, gv. 589.
133

dasmuli yvela zedsarTavi saxeli da ricxviTi saxeli, zogi arsebiTi saxeli da
nacvalsaxeli formis gaqvavebis gamo sxva metyvelebis nawilad ki ar unda CaiTvalos,
aramed ufro logikuri iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom isini, Zireuli funqciisagan
gansxvavebiT, garemoebadac gamoiyenebian winadadebaSi.
amrigad, Cveni azriT, zmnizedebad CaiTvleba:
a) e. w. pirveladi zmnizedebi, romelTa formac dRevandeli TvalsazrisiT, mar-
Tlac, gaqvavebulia: guSin, xval, aq, iq, win, ukan...
b) meoreuli zmnizedebi, romlebic
1. fuZis gaormagebiTaa miRebuli: adgil-adgil, xSir-xSirad, naWer-naWer, Tanda-
Tan, SoriSors...
2. saxelis fuZiTaa warmodgenili: Zlier, nakleb, Zalian...
g) meoreuli zmnizedebi, romlebic sityvaTwarmomqmneli afiqsebis darTviTaa mi-
Rebuli:
1. `-obiT~ _ zafxulobiT, wlobiT, urmobiT, tonobiT, dilaobiT...
2. `-obliv~, `-obriv~ _ fuTobliv...
3. `-iv~ 10 _ marjvniv, marcxniv, miwyiv, nawilobriv...
4. `jer~ _ `xel~ _ `gzis~ nawilakdarTulni _ orjer, aTjer, erTxel, mravalgzis,
samgzis...
d) meoreuli zmnizedebi, romelnic brunvis formis modifikaciiT arian miRebulni:
1. zedsarTavi saxelis viTarebiTi brunvis niSans ekeceba bolo Tanxmovani: maRla,
dabla, magra, nela, Cqara...
2. arsebiTi da zedsarTavi saxelis micemiTi brunvis forma `qvavdeba~ da mniSvnelobac
ecvleba: dRes, wels, Sors, Zirs...
10 `iv” sufiqsi Zvel qarTulSi moqmedebiTi brunvis niSani iyo.
134

Tandebuli qarTulSi 1
135
aram martirosovi
Tandebulebi momdinareoben calke, damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone sityvaTagan.
TavisTavadi sityvebi xSiri xmarebisagan droTa viTarebaSi ise gacvTnen, rom nawilakebad
iqcnen. nawilakebi mxolod sxva sityvasTan urTierTobisas asruleben
garkveul funqcias da maTi leqsikuri mniSvnelobac maSin mJRavndeba. zogierT enaSi
dResac aris darCenili kvali am odesRac damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone sityva-
Ta pirvandeli brunvisa. berZnulSi kargadaa daculi έν da περί windebulTa brunebis
odindeli saxe: ἕνί (adgil. br.: ‘ze, Si’); πέρί (adgil. br.), παραί (mic. br.), παρά (instr.)
πάρος (naTes. br.).
istoriulad Tandebuli saxels rom miekedla, dakarga damoukidebeli mniSvneloba
da Tavis mxriT gavlena moaxdina saxelTa brunebis sistemaze. procesi ise Sors
wavida, rom Tandebulianma brunvam nawilobriv Seaviwrova da rig SemTxvevaSi gandevna
kidec zogierTi damoukidebeli brunva. aseTi bedi ewia brunvebs, mag., frangulsa
da inglisurSi. rusulSi windebulianma brunvam Sescvala odindeli adgilobrivi
brunva. qarTulSi e. w. dawyebiTs brunvas mogvianebiT Tandebuliani forma
Seenacvla. aseve, lokativis mniSvnelobis micemiTis adgili Tandebulianma micemiTma
daiWira. amas garda, saxelze Tandebulis darTvam qarTulSi gamoiwvia isic, rom
zogierTi brunvis formebs daekargaT brunvis niSani da garegnulad fuZes daemsgavsnen
(saxl+Si, amxanag+Tan, magida+ze, dRe+mde).
Tandebulebi qarTulSi imave funqcias asruleben, rasac sxva enebSi windebulebi.
arsebiTi gansxvaveba isaa, rom windebuli win uZRvis saxels, Tandebuli ki mosdevs
mas. magram es gansxvavebac umniSvnelo aRmoCndeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ganviTarebis
im gzas, romelic gaiares windebulianma enebma. mag., germanulSi SeniSnulia, rom
rigi windebulebi, romlebic jer axlo kavSirSi iyvnen zmnisarTebTan, win ki ar
uZRodnen saxels, aramed mosdevdnen mas. Tanamedrove germanulSi mraval am rigis
windebuls aqa-iq SemorCenili aqvs Zveli wesi, aseTebia: durch, über, rodesac dros aRniSnaven.
mag. drei Tage durch, den Tag über... Nach SeiZleba saxelis Semdeg gvevlinebodes
maSin, roca igi gamoxatavs ‘Tanaxmad’ (‘согласно, по’), mag., dieser Methode nach, meiner Meinung
nach. aseve ixmareba gemäss. Zu gamoyenebulia saxelis Semdeg, roca igi gadmoscems moZraobis
mizans, mag., er strebt dem Ziele zu.saxelis Semdeg SeiZleba iyos agreTve: entgegen,
gegenxber, zuwider, zufolge, wegen da sxv. Halber ki yovelTvis postopoziciurad ixmareba 2 .
aseve rusulSi ради windebuli zogjer saxels mosdevs.
ase iyo Zvel qarTulSic: nawilaki saxelTan windebuladac gvevlineboda da Tandebuladac.
Tandebuli erTvis arsebiTs, zedsarTavsa da ricxviT saxelebs, nacvalsaxelebs,
zmnisarTebsa da saxelzmnas ama Tu im brunvaSi. sxva enebis msgavsad, qarTulSi Tandebuli
ixmareba irib brunvebTan. moTxrobiTi da wodebiTi Tandebuls ver iguebs.
saxelobiTTan mxolod v i T Tandebuli gvxvdeba da isic mogviano periodis qar-
TulSi. misi sabolood Camoyalibeba jerac ar aris dasrulebuli.
Tandebuli Cveulebriv erT romelime brunvas erTvis, zogi ki orsa da samsac moiTxovs,
magram sxvadasxva brunvasTan xmarebuli Tandebuli sxvadasxva funqciis mqonea,
rusulSi, mag., windebuli в, на braldebiTsa da windebulian brunvebs erTvis,
germanulSi ki an, auf, hinter, neben, in, über, vor, zwischen _ braldebiTsa da micemiTs, magram
am brunvaTa gamoyenebaSi is gansxvavebaa, rom pirvelTan kiTxvaze sad? (где? wo?) sag-
1 iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, I, 1946.
2 Л. Р. Зиндер и Т. В. Сокольская, Научная грамматика немецкого языка, gv. 79.

nis adgilmyofobas uCveneben, braldebiTTan ki kiTxvaze saiTken? (куда? wohin?) _ mimarTulebas.
rusulSi сошел с вершины, ростом с сестру, говорил со мною, с windebuli pirvel
winadadebaSi (naTesaobiTTan) gadmoscems mimarTulebas, meoreSi (braldebiTTan)
_ Sedarebas, mesameSi ki (moqmedebiTTan) Tanaobas. aseve qarTulSi gan Tandebuli
kiTxvaze visgan? risgan? naTesaobiTs erTvis da gamoxatavs moqmedebis Camdens an
masalas, risganac rame keTdeba, xolo moqmedebiTTan kiTxvaze saidan? _ gamosaval
punqts adgilisas Tu droisa.
qarTveluri enebidan mxolod qarTulia mdidari TandebulebiT. megrul-Wanuri
da svanuri SedarebiT Raribia. amasTan, Wanuris oTxi Tandebulidan k a l a , n i , q i s ,
k e l e ukanaskneliRaa bgeriTi SedgenilobiT da mniSvnelobiTac qarTul k e n (←
`kerZo~) ̕s Sesatyvisi 3 . svanuri imiT gansxvavdeba megrul-Wanurisa da TviT qarTulisagan,
rom zogierTi kavkasiuri enis msgavsad, iyenebs or Tandebuls erTad (lSx.
lyr-Te+Ji = saxuravis-ken+ze, koj-Te+isa = kldisa-ken+Si: -Te+Ji = -ken+ze, -Te+isa =
-ken +Si), Tumca msgavs movlenas vxvdebiT xevsurulSic 4 .
miuxedavad imisa, rom sxva enebis windebulTa funqcias qarTulSi zmniswinebi da
Tandebulebi asruleben, qarTuls mainc ar axasiaTebs ukanasknelTa (TandebulTa)
simcire.
Tandebulebi, romlebic saxels TavSic erTodnen da boloSic (Sina, zeda, Tana),
amJamad mxolod mosdeven maT. saxelis Semdeg ganmtkicdnen Tandebulis funqciis
mqone zmnisarTebic (qveS, qveviT, zeviT, win, gareT, garSemo da sxv.), Tumca zogi maTgani
(rogoricaa: msgavsad, nacvlad, garda, maxloblad da sxv.) saxelis winac
gvxvdeba, magram, rogorc d. k a r i W a S v i l i SeniSnavda, maTi ase xmareba eucxoveba
axal qarTuls 5 .
Zveli adgili SeinarCuna TiTqmis yvela erTmarcvlianma Tandebulma: -g a n , -ur T ,
-m d i s , -T v i s , -e b r , -d a m da sxva.
Seicvala urTierToba brunvebisa TandebulebTan. g a m o Tandebuli Zv. qarTulSi
ixmareboda moqmedebiTsa, naTesaobiTsa da viTarebiT brunvebTan, amJamad mxolod na-
TesaobiTs marTavs. analogiuria - k e n (kerZo) Tandebulis gamoyeneba brunvebTan.
z e d a , T a n a , w i n a S e Tu naTesaobiTsa da micemiT brunvas iTxovdnen, axla z e ,
T a n mxolod micemiTs daerTvis, w i n a S e ki _ naTesaobiTs.
istoriulad cvlileba mouvida ara marto Tandebuls, aramed saxelis brunviTs
formasac masTan Tandebulis Serwymis gamo. ase, mag., Sina, zeda Tandebulebs moekvecaT
-na, -da elementebi da saxelma dakarga micemiTi brunvis niSani -s TandebulTa
Tavkidur S da z TanxmovanTan mezoblobis gamo. brunvis niSani SemorCa mxolod mesame
piris nacvalsaxels (masSi), -Si Tandebuli zog kiloSi iqca Ci-d.
Tana Tandebulsac moekveca bolo xmovani (-a). misi darTvisas boloTanxmovnian
saxelebs ekargebaT micemiTis niSani -s.
(kerZo→) ken Tandebulma axal qarTulSi da dialeqtebSi icvala saxe: ked, ke, ka,
k, yen, ye.
aseve nairsaxovania Tvis Tandebuli kiloebSi: Tvin, Tvi, Tun, da mde Tandebulic:
mdis, mdisi, mdisin, mdi, mdin, mden, mdvin.
zogi funqcia daekarga gamo, gareSe Tandebuls, gaufarTovda daniSnuleba Si, ze,
gan, Tan, Tvis Tandebulebs da Tandebulis funqciiT xmarebul zmnisarTebsac.
SeizRuda urT Tandebulis xmarebis sfero.
xmarebidan gamovida TÂnier, wiaR, wil da maTi funqcia ikisres sxva Tandebulebma.
mogviano qarTulSi gamovlinda viT, dam Tandebulebi, pirveli ganmtkicda Tanamedrove
saliteraturo enaSi, meore ki xmarebidan gavida.
3 a r n . C i q o b a v a , Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, gv., 65-66.
4 v . T o f u r i a , brunebis sistemisaTvis lakur enaSi: saq. muzeumis moambe, Xb, gv.
5 qarTuli enis gramatika, etimologia, 1930, gv., 126.
136

* * *
Tandebulia nawilaki, romelic saxels marTavs garkveul brunvaSi. ase ar iyo gagebuli
Tandebuli. amitom zogierTi gramatikosi Tandebuls uwodebda zmniswinebsac.
yvela saxis nawilakic Tandebulad iyo miCneuli. mag., p. k v i c a r i Z e werda:
`Tandebulebi arian orgvarni: w i n a m Z R o lni da mimyolni. winamZRolebad iwodebian
isini, romelnic sityvas TavSi moezavebian da gviCveneben moqmedebis mimarTulebas,
anu kidev saxis sisrules a(R), ga(n), Ca, Se, aRma, Semo, mimo, gada,
u k e da sxv. mimyolni Tandebulni sityvas boloSi moesmian. eseni arian: S i , z e (d),
urT, viT, gamo, ebr, Tvis, dmi, mde, ken, ve da sxv. 6
aseve gaerTianebuli aqvs Tandebuli da zmniswini d. y i f i a n s 7 . zmniswini Tandebulad
aris kvalificirebuli d. CubinaSvilis gramatikaSic 8 . m. janaSvilis
azriT, zmniswinebi saxels TavSi dasmuli Tandebulebia 9 , g. f i r a l o v i cota sxvanairad
yofs zmniswinebs da Tandebulebs: `Tandebulni arian ganyofilni da ganuyofelni~.
misTvis Sina, Soris, TÂs, mde, zeda... Tandebulebi arian ganyofilni, ganuyofelni
ki: qÀ, vi, Se, garda, gan. mag., q À - mdebare, v i - msaxure, S e - viyvare, g a n - vixile.
10 aq zmniswins rom Tavi davaneboT, pirveli pirisa da qcevis niSani v-i- Tandebulad
aris gamocxadebuli. pl. i o s e l i a n i mi, mo, Se, Sa, Ca da msgavsT uwodebs ganmaviTarebel
marcvals, `romelnica moezavebian sityÂsa nawilTa~, da yvela amas TandebulTan
erTad ixilavs. 11
erTi SexedviT kaci ifiqrebda, rom zmniswinisa da Tandebulis erTad moqceva ubralo
saxelwodebis saqmeao. magram ase rom yofiliyo, maSin avtorebs unda gaemijnaT
zmniswinisa da Tandebulis morfologiuri da sintaqsuri funqcia, Tundac ise,
rogorc es a n t o n i s gramatikaSia. a n t o n i zmniswinebsa da nawilakebs aseT magaliTebSi
_ aRviReb, miviReb, mimovhxri, STaval, davhsjdebi, ganvhxdi, Tana-vhÃmob, av-
RÂarebca, daviwyebiesye, valsadame da sxv. Tandebulebs ar uwodebs. `xolo ese vi-
TarTa ar SesaZlo Tandebulad Tqmaჲ, Tumca ar iynesmca saxelTa zeda darTul,
xolo Tan-debulni sakuTrad igini arian, romelnica a R a S e n e b e n b r u n asa,
anu iTxoven~ 12 (dayofa Cvenia. _ a. m.). a n t o n i sruliad samarTlianad zmniswinebsa
da sxva nawilakebs ar Tvlis Tandebulad, ramdenadac maTTvis araa damaxasia-
Tebeli marTva brunvaSi.
zmniswinebs Tandebulebs uwodebs T. J o r d a n i a c , magram maT mainc ganasxvavebs
erTmaneTisagan. `arian Tandebulni sazmneboni, romelnic SeuerTdebian zmnaTa da
ara iTxoven brunvaTa, mag.: ga, wa, me... da sxv.~ 13
zmniswini da Tandebuli gamijnulia da cal-calkea ganxiluli z . S a n S o v a -
nis, gaiozis, d. kariWaSvilis, s. xundaZis, i. nikolaiSvilis,
ar. quTaTelaZis gramatikebSi.
rigi zmniswinebisa da Tandebulebis aRreva uTuod imitom xdeboda, rom garegnulad
msgavsni geneturadac erTi da igive arian. zogi maTgani zmnasTan zmniswinis
rols asrulebs, saxelTan ki _ Tandebulisas da orive SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi funqcia
TiTqmis erTi da igivea. aseTia, magaliTad, gan. 14 Se- zmniswinic iseTive warmo-
Sobisa Cans, rogoric Si- Tandebuli. amaze miuTiTebs maTi msgavseba mniSvnelobis
mxrivac.
6 qarTuli swormetyveleba, pirveli wigni, gv. 154.
7 axali qarTuli grammatika, gv. 131.
8 qarTuli Rrammatika, gv. XXVIII.
9 qarTuli grammatika, gv. 128.
11 pirÀl-dawyebiTni kanonni qarTulisa Rrammatikisa, 1840, gv. 79.
12 qarTuli Rrammatika, gv. 99.
13 qarTuli grammatika, gv. 154.
14 v . b e r i Z e , sagan-sityvis etimologiisaTvis: saq. ssr mecn. akad. moambe, III, # 4, gv. 382-383.
137

Tandebulebi mi, mo, romlebic saxelis winac ixmareba da Semdegac (miukunisamde,
moaqamomde, misdami, Cemdamo), zmniswinadac aris gamoyenebuli (mi-vida, mo-itana). specialur
literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom `mi da mo TandebulTa gadatana saxelis bolos
maCvenebelia axali etapisa qarT. salit. enis istoriaSi~ 15 .
istoriulad zmniswinisa da Tandebulis kavSirze miuTiTebs is garemoebac, rom
zogierTi zmnisarT-TandebulSi elementad Sedis zmniswini mi, mo, aR: m i m a r T ,
garSemo, gamo, wiaR.
Tu movigonebT, rom meti wili Tandebulebisa damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone
sityvebidan _ zmnisarTebidan momdinareobs da zmniswinebic amgvarive warmoSobisa
arian, maSin sruliad bunebrivi aRmoCndeba maTi geneturi kavSiri. es kavSiri amJamadac
xelSesaxebia rusul enaSi. aq ramdenime rTuli Sedgenilobis windebuli (для,
ради, кроме da sxv.) ar gvevlineba zmniswinad, Torem TiTqmis yvela martivi windebuli
amave dros zmniswinadac ixmareba, aseTebia, mag., в, за, из, на, без da sxv.
miuxedavad amisa, arc rusulSi da, miT umetes, arc qarTulSi ar SeiZleba gavaigiveoT
es ori gramatikuli kategoria. zmniswini zmnasTan ixmareba da, mimarTulebis
aRniSvnis garda, aspeqts awarmoebs, dros ganasxvavebs da sxv. Tandebuli ki saxels
garkveul brunvaSi marTavs da sxvadasxva brunvasTan sxvadasxva funqcia aqvs. Tandebuli
saxelis kategoriaSi Sedis, zmniswini ki _ zmnis kategoriaSi.
TandebulTa Sesaxeb gramatikuli literaturis mokled daxasiaTebis Semdeg gadavalT
TviT TandebulTa mimoxilvaze 16 . aq mizanSewonilad migvaCnia Semdegi Tanamimdevroba
davicvaT: uwinares yovlisa warmovadginoT amJamad martivi Sedgenilobis,
erTmarcvliani Tandebulebi, Semdeg or- da metmarcvliani Tandebulebi, romlebic
calke iwerebian, da bolos zmnisarTebi, romlebic Tandebulis funqciasac
iTavseben. amosavlad axali qarTulia aRebuli. Tandebulebi Tavis mxriv dajgufebulia
brunvaTa mixedviT da, SeZlebisdagvarad, gamovlinebulia TiToeuli maTganis
mniSvneloba. klasifikaciisas amosavlad semantikuri principi ver gamodga, ramdenadac
TandebulTa met wils mravali funqcia aqvs.
I. martivi erTmarcvliani Tandebulebi
1. zeda →ze
Zvel qarTulSi ixmareba zeda. igi Mam saxiT e. w. saSual qarTulSic gadmovida
da me-19 saukunis mweralTa enaSi (rogoricaa n. baraTaSvilis, al. WavWava-
Z i s , g. o r b e l i a n i s ena) arqaizmad gvevlineba. saS. qarTulSive mas ekveceba -da
elementi da -ze uerTdeba saxels. z’s gavleniT saxeli hkargavs micemiTi brunvis
niSans -s’s da STabeWdilebaa, TiTqos uSualod ukavSirdebodes igi saxelis fuZes:
saxelsa zeda → saxelsa zed → saxelsze → saxelze. ara Cans, rom procesi amgvari
cvlilebisa erTdroulad an garkveuli TanamimdevrobiT momxdariyo. mag., `vefxistyaosanSi~
gvxvdeba samive saxe: zeda, zed, ze. 1707 wlis dokumentSi moipoveba ramdenime
forma, sadac zeda Serwymulia saxelTan da brunvis niSani – s’c Semonaxulia:
mamulszeda (dokumentebi, 182)... magram amaze adrindel ZeglebSi dasturdeba
formebi, romelTac brunvis niSani dakarguli aqvT da Tandebuli Sekvecili saxi-
Tac daerTvis (zed, ze). es Tandebuli sruli formiT daculia xalxur leqsebSi, mag.:
kurdRelma Tqva: CirgvSi vzivar, vervin mova Cemz e d a o ,
gavixede serz e d a o , batoni zis cxenz e d a o ...
15 a. S a n i Z e , mde Tandebulis genezisaTvis: saq. ssr mevn. akad. moambe, III, # 4, gv. 370.
16 Segnebulad gverds vuxvevT im SecdomaTa aRnusxvas, romelTac uSveben gramatikosebi TandebulTa
kvalifikaciisas; mag., Tandebulad miaCniaT -dmi -dami (g a i o z s , C u b i n a S v i l s a
da sxv.) maSin, roca igi viTar. brunvis -d׀׀-da sufiqsisa da -mi Tandebulisgan Sedgeba ( v . T o -
f u r i a : enimkis moambe, I, gv. 119); gaugebaria roca -meTqi, -Tqo nawilakebi TandebulebSi aqvs
moqceuli d . y i f i a n s .
138

saSuali qarTulis zogierT ZeglSi aris SemTxveva, roca saxels brunvis niSani
mokvecili ara aqvs ze TandebulTanac: lazaresze (Teimuraz II, 32)...
Tanamedrove qarTulSi micemiTi brunvis niSani ze Tandebulis darTvisas mxolod
mesame piris nacvalsaxelSia SenarCunebuli (m a s z e , Sdr. Zmaze...), yvela sxva
saxelTan ki brunvis niSani ikargeba.
saSual qarTulSi Tu, erTi mxriT, zeda Tandebuli gamartivda da ze’mdis davida,
meore mxriT, mas boloSi daerTo n elementi (←na) da miviReT zedan. 17 am saxiT
igi me-19 saukunemdis modis, Tumca sporadulad zogierT kiloSi dResac ixmareba.
tariel Savsa z e d a n zis (v. t. 1409); casa z e d a n damalul iyvnes (visr. 22,); moxuediT
karsa z e d a n (saq. siZv. III, 186); dilaz e d a n (Teimuraz II, 78), cecxlz e d a n
(gr. orbeliani, 41), biWebz e d a n , Sindebz e d a n (mesxuri) 18 .
ze || zed Tandebuli dialeqtebSi fonetikur cvlilebebs ganicdis. mag.: xevsureT-
Si z Tanxmovani r’s Semdeg Z’d aris qceuli: karZed maudis mlocavi (xevs. poez.
13)... zemoaWarulSi xmovanfuZian saxelebTan ze Tandebuli martivdeba _ ikargeba z:
kaloe (←←kaloze), t b a e (← ←tbaze), m T a e (←← mTaze) da misT 19 .
zeda’s paralelurad unda gvqondes zena, rac Semonaxulia imerulSi zen saxiT:
fxarzen, dilazen, stolzen 20 .
xevsurulsa, fSaursa da mTaraWulSi dawyebiTi brunvis -iT sufiqsi xSirad er-
Tvis ze, Si Tandebulian formas. `am SemTxvevaSi adgili, saidanac raime gamodis, meti
sisworiTaa aRniSnuli~. 21 mag.:
c x e n z e i T Camadioda = cxenze ijda da iqidan Camodioda; erekle batoniSvili
t a x t z e i T garmamÃdarao (xevs. poez. 19); Ãmalsa nu SamxsniT w e l z e i T ÃevsurTad
kais mqnelia (gabur. 161)...
aseTi formebi ar aris damaxasiaTebeli saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis. am mxriv
mTis zogierTi kilo gancalkevebiT dgas qarTulisagan. aseve `vefxistyaosanSi~
brunvaSi xmarebuli Tandebuliani forma `man sxva uxmos mkurnali da m a j a S i s a
Semtyvebari~ (univ. gamomc. 662) sruliad uCveuloa qarTulisaTvis. sxva gamocemebSi
am formis magier aris: `... da majisa Semtyobari~.
adgilis mixedviT Zv. qarTulSi zeda Cveulebriv saxels mosdevs, magram araiSvia-
Tad saxelis winac ixmareba. e. w. saS. qarTulSi saxelis win sporadulad gvxvdeba,
axal saliteraturo qarTulSi ki win srulebiT ara Cans: sabolood ganmtkicda boloSi.
zeda Tandebuli erTvis arsebiTs, zedsarTavsa da ricxviT saxelebs, nacvalsaxelebsa
da saxelzmnas. amas garda, Zv. qarTulSi igi kerZo zmnisarTis winac ixmareba:
moaqcie z e d a k e r Z o missa bunebaგ wyalTaგ (antioq. 129 27_8); da vixilÀ lanknasa
z˜a... kravi erTi... da z˜a kerZo misa tredi erTi f˜d brwyinvalÀ (Опис. 112) (Sdr. S i -
nakerZo).
Zvel qarTulSive zeda erTvis naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuls z e d a ’ s da viRebT
zmnisarTs zedaჲs-zeda: z e d a ჲ s - z e d a miuwerda ebistoleTa ersa mas (kim. 13130); movaln
misa z e d a ჲ s z˜a da etyჳn mas (boln. 5011). saS. qarTulSi ki zedaჲs-zeda zmnisarTi
iRebs zeda-zed an zedi-zed saxes.
Zv. qarTulSi zeda da axalSi zed ixmareba zmnisarTis funqciiT. igi wevria kompozitisac;
z e d a miwevniT (ax. qarT. zedmiwevniT), z e d a p i r i da sxv.
17 -n’s darTvaze miuTiTebs svanuri Ji || Jn ‘ze’ da -n’Ti garTulebuli winaSen. mag.: R ˜Tis
w i n a S e n me daviT... amis mowame var (saq.siZv. I, 153 12).
18 S. Z i Z i g u r i , mesxuri dialeqtis aRweriTi analizi: enimkis moambe, X, gv. 244.
19 S. ZiZiguri, zemoaWaruli dialeqtis Taviseburebani (wakiTxulia moxsenebad qarTv. ena-
Ta gany. sxdomaze 1944 wl. noemberSi).
20 Ш. Дзидзигури, К характеристике нижнеимерского говора: Пам яти акад., Н. Я. Марра, gv. 127.
21 a. S a n i Z e , qarTuli kiloebi mTaSi, gv. 195.
139

zeviT da qveviT an zemoT da qvemoT zmnisarTebi axali warmoebisaa, Zv. qarTulSi
amaT movaleobas mxolod ze da que asrulebda:
z e aRamaRla bunebaჲ adameanTaჲ (sasul. rg 38); aRtyorca z e aerTa (xan-meti, 391) 22
(Sdr. q u e : r ˜i q u e idva aRadgina da r ˜i z e iyo ara utevebs (boln. 42 1_2).
ze SemorCenilia z e c a saxelSi, romlis sapirispiroa q u e y a n a : gamoSCndi yovelTa
dabadebulTa z e c i s a da q u e y a n i s a T a (sasul. od 155 ).
Zv. qarTulSi zeda Tandebuli saxels marTavda micemiTsa da naTesaobiT brunva-
Si. mag.:
mic. br.: davrdomil idva queyanasa zeda (kim. 14913)
ara daSTes qvaჲ q v a s a z e d a (qrest. 912)
davardes p i r s a z ˜a maTsa (haemeti, 6V14)
naT. br.: moiwia... samgzis sanatrelisa S u S a n i k i s z e d a wylulebaÁca
(SuS. 39)
ganrisxna o˜i s o l o m o n i s z ˜a (III mef. 11,9)
Ãeli o˜lisaჲ iyo m s a j u l i s a m i s z˜a (kim. 1925-6)...
saS. qarTulSi am Tandebulebis naTesaobiT brunvasTan xmarebis TiTo-orola
SemTxvevaRa gvaqvs. mag.: asre da ama p i r i s a z e d a (dokumentebi, 608); wamsve movida
m i s z e d a suli RvTis movlinebisa (Teimuraz II, 1) da amdenad arqaizmad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos. `vefxistyaosanSi~ arc erTi SemTxveva ara gvaqvs, rom zeda naTesaobiT
brunvas erTodes.
Tanamedrove qarTulSi z e Tandebuli saxels mxolod micemiT brunvaSi marTavs.
brunvis niSani mokvecilia: k e d e l z e , m a g i d a z e , x e z e da sxv.
micemiT da naTesaobiT brunvasTan zeda Tandebulis gansxvavebuli xmareba Zv.
qarTulSi pirvelad aRniSna k. k e k e l i Z e m da ase Camoayaliba: `usulo saganTa aRmniSvneli
saxelebi, agreTve maTi Semcvleli nacvalsaxelebi (mas, romelsa) yovel-
Tvis micemiTs brunvaSia~; micemiT brunvaSia agreTve sulieri sagnebi ra jgufisa da
arsebiT saxelad gagebuli zedsarTavi; aseve `Tu mxedvelobaSi miRebulia ara konkretuli
romelime pirovneba, aramed zogadad, ganyenebulad, es ukanasknelic micemiTs
brunvaSia~. magram `adamianis sakuTari saxelebi da maTi Semcvleli nacvalsaxelebi
(mis, romlisa) yovelTvis naTesaobiTSia. naTesaobiT brunvaSia agreTve `sulieri~
sagnebi vin jgufisa (mamisa, mefisa, disa, monisa, mTavarepiskoposis~ 23 . Tu
sadme es wesi darRveulia, amis axsnac mocemuli aqvs avtors 24 .
Zveli qarTulis analogiuri mdgomareobaa svanurSi, sadac Tandebulebi saerTod
daerTvis micemiT brunvas, magram adamianis sakuTari da zogierTi zogadi saxeli na-
TesaobiTSia maT mier marTuli 25 . mag.:
lSx. mi xvard i v a n Smy (naT.) = me viyavi ivanesas, magram: mi xvard m e z -
vbelmy (mic.) = me viyavi mezoblisas...
bz. mi esRvri i v a n cax n (naT.) = me mivdivar ivanesTan (erTad), magram: mi es-
Rvri m racax n (mic.) = me mivdivar kacTan (erTad)...
lSx. laჲr emÃad i v a n S x e n (naT.) = werili momivida ivanesgan; laჲr emÃad m e z -
vbelxen (mic.) = werili momivida mezoblisagan da sxv.
Zveli qarTulis es Tavisebureba axsnili aqvs k. kekeliZes, rogorc gadmonaS-
22 drois gamomxatveli ze’c egeve ze Cans.
23 `winaSe~, `Tana~ da `zeda~ TandebulTa sintaqsuri funqciisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi, II: saq.
ssr mecn. akad. moambe, t. III, # 3, gv. 284.
24 iqve, gv., 285.
25 amaze mimiTiTa da saTanado masalac SearCia v . T o f u r i a m .
140

Ti qarTulSi odesRac garCeuli gramatikuli klas-kategoriisa. axsna misaRebi Cans,
ramdenadac es uZvelesi movlena sxva SemTxvevebSic dadasturebulia (iv. javaxiSvili,
arn. Ciqobava, k. dondua) 26 da swori Cans debulebac, rom `gramatikul
klas-kategoriaTa m o r f o l o g i u r i s i s t e m i s moSla sxvadasxva qarTvelur
enebSi erTdroulad ar unda momxdariyo: yvelaze adre es qarTulsa da zanurs
(Wanur-megruls) unda dastyoboda, ufro gvian _ svanurs~ 27 .
mniSvnelobis mxriv zeda → ze Tandebuli
a) gamoxatavs sagnis a d g i l m y o f o b a s z e d a p i r z e . mag.: daeca m k e r d s a
z e d a netarisasa (kim. 16430); Sen gzasa zeda maxe dauge (visr. 4916-17); m x a r z e d
xeli dahkra (ilia, III, 17)...
Zvelsa da zogjer saSual qarTulSi am funqciis gamosaxatad uTandebulo micemiTic
ixmareba. mag., daidva s a f l a v s a , viTarca mkudari (sasul. ie XX3); meoresa
k u b o s a mwvanesa dajda dedofali (amirandarej. 85)... (Sdr. Sina Tandebuli, gv. 219).
b) gadmoscems d r o s : s m a s a z e d a umizezod gavxe rame ugemurad (v.t. 1127); am
s i t y v a s a z e d a mas kacsa gaecina (sibrZne sicr. 13); mamlis y i v i l z e wamodgeboda
(akaki, 358)... saRamoze, gazafxulze, magram: zamTarSi.
Zv. qarTulSi am funqcias asrulebs ze, romelic naTesaobiT brunvas daerTvis:
konstantine didisa m e f i s a z e (kim. 436) r˜ni iwamnes antioq˜is ql˜qsa antioxos m e -
fisa zeÀ (Опис. 128).
g) ixmareba x a r i s x T a n , oRond es axali funqcia gamovlinda e. w. saSualo qar-
TulSi da amJamad ganmtkicebulia: Sen ukekluce xar yovelTa k e k l u c s a z e d a o
(visr. 54); T q v e n z e ufrosi var (Teim. II. 146); q v i S a z e d umravlesi jari axvevia
Turme (ilia, 401). Zveli qarTuli am SemTxvevaSi naTesaobiTi brunvis formas iyenebda
uTandebulod.
d) z e d a ’ s Seenecvla Tanamedrove qarTulSi m i m a T an w i n a a R m d e g : viT moixmaros
monaman p a t r o n s a z e d a xmalia (v. t. 1485); wamoemarTa qarTvelTa m e f e s a
z e d a (qarT. cx. 38)...
e) saSualsa da axal qarTulSi ze Tandebuli moxmarebulia mniSvnelobis gasaZliereblad:
ganmeorebuli obieqtidan meore saxeli z e Tandebuliania: nu moimateb
Wirsa W i r z e d a (visr. 252); daCemebiT sclida yanws y a n w z e (d. kld. 150)... zogjer
saxelis ganmeorebas enacvleba zmnisarTi zedazed an zedized: ambavs zediz
e d gacnobeb saqmesa patronisasa (Sahn. II, 3068); papiross zedized eweoda (qiaCeli).
mniSvnelobisave gasaZliereblad ze darTul saxels kvlav z e d zmnisarTi emateba
xolme: saldaTebma z e d g v e r d z e d Camouares (ilia, III, 11)...
ze Tandebulis funqciebi amiT ar amoiwureba. zogjer Wirs misi konkretuli daniSnulebis
moZebna. magram aqedanac kargad Cans, rom Zveli qarTulidan moyolebuli
dRemde am Tandebulma sakmaod Seicvala leqsikuri mniSvneloba. amis Sedegia, albaT,
rom ze zogjer sxva Tandebulis adgilas ixmareba. mag.:
is gauyvania d a f a z e (akaki, 396), Sdr. d a f a s T a n gauyvania; didi namsaxuri da
garjili xar C v e n z e d (saq. siZv. I, 14) = C v e n T v i s ; Sen rasca CemTuis iqm, m a s
R m e r T s a z e d a ( = RvTisaTvis) iqm (visr. 166)... araiSviaTad erTmaneTs enacvlebian
ze da Si Tandebulebi: mec unda wevide s a y d a r z e (nin. I, 7) = s a y d a r S i ; Sens
m o l o d i n z e ( = m o l o d i n S i ) davmale arayiani minao (xevs. poez. 144)...
amgvarad, Zvel qarTulSi xmarebuli zeda aRwevs me-19 saukunemde da romantikos
mweralTa enaSi arqaizmad gvevlineba. igi saSual qarTulSive ze’mdis dadis da
am saxiT sabolood batondeba axal saliteraturo enaSi. saS. qarTulSi vlindeba
26 iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli buneba da naTesaoba, gv.
165-234; К . Дондуа, О двух суффиксах множественности в грузинском: Язык и мышление, I, 43-66; a r n.
C i q o b a v a , saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi, gv. 135-262.
27 a r n . C i q o b a v a , saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi, gv. 261.
141

zedan (←← *zedana), romelic zogierT kiloSi dResac ixmareba. imerulSi dasturdeba
zeda’s paralelurad mosalodneli z e n a ’ s Sekvecili saxe z e n . yvela eseni
iSleba: ze-da, ze-na, *ze-da-na.
2. Sina → Si
am Tandebulebmac arsebiTad igive gza gaiara, rac z e d a ’ m . Zvel qarTulSi gabatonebulia
S i n a , zogierT ZeglSi gvxvdeba agreTve S i d a da S i g a n . mag., nu STahvardebi
wyalsa magas S i d a (Tek. 116); SuSanik TreviT moiTria TiÃaTa S i g a n (SuS.
27).
e. w. saSual qarTulSi mravldeba Sina Tandebulis s a x e c v l i l i formebi, saxeldobr:
Sin, Sigan, Siga, Sig, Sidan, Sida, Sid, Si, Ciga, Ci. ai Ti-
To-orola magaliTi:
da iyo svimon mefe cixesa S i n tfilisisa (ax. qarT. cx. 163); kokasa S i g a n raca
dgas, igive warmosdindebis (v. t. 1094); sicocxlisa S i g a ver avhÃdebiT RmrTisa
gangebasa (visr. 66); gibednieros... Cvensa erTgulad s a m s a x u r S i d a n (dokument.
676); s a n T e l S i d (saq. siZv. I, 53); f a r v a n a C i g eweros (saq. siZv. III, 142, 1626 w.)...
S i g a n , S i d a , S i d Cveulebriv dokumentebSi gvxvdeba da isic xSirad imereTidan
gamosulSi. rac Seexeba S i g a n , S i g a , S i g formebs, eseni mTels saS. qar-
Tuls axasiaTeben da saxelTan Seuxorcebladac warmogvidgebian da Sexorcebuladac.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi brunvis niSani saxels SenarCunebuli aqvs:
mindorsa S i g a n (amirandarej. 44); erTgulobasa S i g a n (saq. siZv. II, 21)... meore
SemTxvevaSi ki dakargulia: gveli W a n g S i g a n eWira (Teim. II, 206); dRe S i g a (amirandarej.
61); dReSig (saq. siZv. II, 61)...
S i d da S i zogjer SeerTebulia saxelTan, magram micemiTi brunvis niSani -s
jer kidev ar aris dakarguli: gacemasSid (saq. siZv. I, 47); mTis kacsSi (dokument.
583)...
axal saliteraturo qarTulSi SemorCenilia mxolod Si, kiloebSi ki daculia:
Siga, Sig, Sid, SiT, Ci. amaTgan Siga, Sig xevsurulSi gvxvdeba. mag.: Ãeli
gkra sayeloS i g a (xevs. poez. 15); lekeTS i g ÃevsurT jaria (iqve, 102)... S i d d a
S i T ki dasavlur kiloebSi ixmareba. rac Seexeba Ci’s, igi axasiaTebs rogorc aRmosavlur,
ise dasavlur dialeqtebs; mag.; ube C i , Wala C i , qalaq C i (xevs.), saaT C i
(qvemoimer.), sax C i (zemoaWaruli), sangar C i , bolo C i (fereid.), asevea: gurulsa,
mTiulursa da ingilourSi.
-ze Tandebulianis msgavsad mTis kiloebSi -Si Tandebulian brunvas erTvis dawyebiTi
brunvis -iT daboloeba:
Tol Camodis c a S i g i T a (xevs. poez. 285); mTaS i g i T ambav mavida (iqve, 65); qistebS
i g i T ori qali gamaerCiva (gabur. 172).
misi adgilis Sesaxeb igive iTqmis, rac zeda’ze iyo aRniSnuli: igi saxelis winac
ixmareboda da Semdegac, amJamad mxolod mosdevs. saxelisa da saxelzmnis garda
Zvel qarTulSi igi erToda uformo sityvebsac: m u n , a q a , mag.:
qmna m u n S i n a saswaulni mravalni (kim. 19320); iloce mun Sina farulad
(boln. 1828); poon a q a S i n a mravali sargebeli (Опис. 170).
S i n a ixmareba naTesaobiT brunvaSi gaqvavebul nasaxelar zmnisarTTan m y i s .
mag.: m y i s v e S i n a Tqua kacman man (kim. 19413); dadga myisa Sina ferÃTa T ˜sTa z ˜a
(saba asuri, 18). am Zeglis gamomcemeli s. j a n a S i a SeniSnavs, rom micemiTis magier
S i n a Tandebuli naTesaobiT brunvasTan aris SeTanxmebulio 28 .
zogjer S i n a Tandebulis darTvisas m y i s zmnisarTi micemiT brunvaSi moeqceva:
mosca maT myissa Sina (kim. 1117). aseve S i n a erTvis k e r Z o ’ s : S i n a k e r Z o T a
maT adgilTa Sevides (antioq. 1159).
28 arili, gv. 23.
142

Sina Sedis Sinagan zmnisarTSi: Sinagan mocale ars muceli magisi (kim.
15515); erTiTa xolo S i n a g a n sacmeliTa dga (iqve, 2008-9).
Sina warmodgenilia maSin zmnisarTSi (←mas Sina), romlis amgvar warmoSobas
kiTxvis qveS ayenebs n. m a r i da ufro SesaZleblad miiCnevs gamoyos Ziri m a S , naTesaobiTis
-i n (maS-in) da micemiTis -a formanti (maS-a) 29 .
Zvel qarTulSi S i n a zmnisarTicaa; mag.: viTar Seved S i n a , vixile xati misi
(SuS. 21); xolo igi S i n a ara daxuda (xanZT. T13). amave mniSvnelobiT S i n a _ S i n
axal qarTulSi: Sin mivdivar...
Sina→→ S i Tandebuli saxels marTavs micemiT brunvaSi, oRond axal qarTulSi,
garda mesame piris nacvalsaxelisa, brunvis -s niSani yovelTvis ikargeba.
mniSvnelobis mxriv S i n a → S i Tandebuli
a) gamoxatavs S i g m y o f o b a s :
[mSrome]lTa amas e k l e s i a s a S i n a Sexewie (qrest. 18); jda igi s a x l s a S i n a
missa (haemeti, 15V13-14); wver-ulvaSSi WaRara gamorevia (ilia, 476). aseTive gageba aqvs
am SemTxvevaSic: ama sawuTrosa Sigan.... veras gaixareb (visr. 28.); konstantine
warvida T a T r e b S i g a n (ax. qarT. cx. 36) W l e q S i Cavardeba (nin. I, 49).
b) gadmoscems d r o s :
maSin imarxviden mas d R e s a S i n a (haemeti, 20V9-10); vimarxav SabaTsa Sina or
dRÀ (boln. 538); Cems patara b i W o b a S i bevri kargi naxula (ilia, 388)...
g) saSualsa da axal qarTulSic zogjer Si enacvleba S o r i s Tandebuls:
aqamdis mudam omi iyo C v e n S i da g a n j e l e b S i (saq. siZv. III, 223); aRara darComila
ra C e m s a da S e n S i salaparako (dokument. 225)...
d) Si ixmareba erTnair saganTa Soris erT-erTis amorCevisas:
y v a v i l e b S i Sen xar Raribi, f r i n v e l e b S i me var, mgonia (Teim. I, 11); rad gamoerCie
tol q a l e b S i (ardaz. 14).
mniSvnelobis gasaZliereblad Si Tandebulian saxels win S i g emateba: S i g Sua
w y a l S i cxenidam gadmovxti (ilia, 382); S i g marcxena Z u Z u S i dambaCa daveci (iqve,
380).
rogorc CamoTvlil mniSvnelobaTgan Cans, Zvelsa da saSual qarTulSic S i n a
Tandebuls rig SemTxvevaSi sxva araviTari funqcia ara hqonda, Tu ara is, rom ufro
metad daezustebina Sinaarsi, romelic micemiT brunvas TviTonve moepoveboda. leqsikuri
mniSvneloba S i n a Tandebulisa Zv. qarTulSi SezRuduli iyo, Cveulebriv
gamoxatavda d r o s a da a d g i l s da amitom am funqciis gadmocema micemiT brunvas
uTandebuloTac SeeZlo. mTeli qarTulis manZilze Tandebuliani micemiTis funqcias,
araiSviaTad, viTarebiTi brunvac asrulebda; mag.: avazaki Sevida s a m o T x e d
(boln. 227); martoჲ Sevidoda t a Z r a d (Опис. 6) rac miuTiTebs am ori brunvis zog
msgavs funqciaze.
amgvarad, rom SevajamoT naTqvami S i n a → S i Tandebulis Sesaxeb, aseTi suraTi
gadagveSleba: Zvel qarTulSi gvxvdeba S i n a , S i d a , S i n a g a n ; saSual qarTulSi
amaT paralelurad gamoyenebulia: Sin, Siga, Sig, Sidan, Sid, Si, Ciga,
C i . axal saliteraturo qarTuls mxolod Si SehrCa, kiloebSi ki daculia: S i g a ,
Sig, Sid, SiT, Ci.
naTelia am formaTa Sedgenilobac: Si-na, Si-da, Si-ga, Si-da-n ← *Si-da-na, Si-ga-n←←
*Si-ga-na (Sdr. ze-na, ze-da).
3. Tana → Tan
Zv. qarTulis Tana gadmovida saS. qarTulSic. axal qarTulSi T a n a Semonaxulia
-c da -ve nawilakis darTvisas.
saS. qarTulSi mTavrdeba procesi am Tandebulis saxelTan Serwymisa: xmovanfuZia-
29 Грамматика древнелит. Груз. Языка, gv. 116.
143

ni saxelebi inarCuneben micemiTi brunvis niSans, TanxmovanfuZianebi ki hkargaven mas 30 .
saS. qarTulis ZeglebSi dasturdeba gardamavali formebic, rodesac boloTanxmovnian
saxels Tandebulis win brunvis niSani Semonaxuli aqvs: moabadsTana (visr.
50), arabsTana (amirandarej. 50)... sainteresoa, rom msgavsi magaliTebi dResac mravlad
daiZebneba xevsurulsa da imerulSi. aq Cveulebrivia: ufrosebsTana (xevs. poez.
167), qalsTan (iqve, 148), lekebsTanao (iqve, 109), debsTan, qmrebsTan, mamebsTan (imeruli).
31
aris piriqiTi movlenac: s-s mezoblad Tan Tandebulis T ikargeba xolme imerulsa,
gurulsa da aWarulSi: xelmwifesan, masan...
Zv. qarTulSi T a n a da axalSi T a n asrulebs zmnisarTis funqciasac. igi zmnas
Cveulebriv win uswrebs da iSviaTad mosdevs kidec: angelozni T a n a dges... (sasul.
rT 194-195); Tana hyvanda kaci naTesavi misi (kim. 2528); T a n moitana da sx. w a r à d a
zmnas T a n mniSvnelobas ucvlis: gverdi auqcia; magaliTad: ... da viTarca SeuZlebelsa
Tana warvhÃdeT (antioq. 7136-37)...
gansakuTrebiT Zv. qarTulSi T a n a xSirad erTvis saxels axali cnebis gamosaxatad:
Tanaarsi, Tanamyofi, TanaSemoqmedi, TanaSemwe, Tanaswori, Tanamdebi, Tanamorwmunoebaჲ,
Tanamodase, Tanaganmgebeli, Tanamzraxvali...
z e d a Tandebulis msgavsad, T a n a Zv. qarTulSi saxels m a r T a v d a m i c e m i T -
sa da naTesaobiT brunvaSi. magaliTad, mic.: Seviyvano erTsa senaksa r ˜ l ars
karsa Tana (kim. 2057_8); ... da ese miiRis erTgzis kჳriakesa Sina k a p a r s a T ˜ na damwnilsa
mariliTa (saba as. 5 14_15) da sxv. naT.: Rirs yos m a m i s a T a n a (sasul. nb
151); wmidisa mis k a c i s a T a n a viyveniT (antioq. 926)... gamorkveulia, rom T a n a
TandebulTan `Tu saxeli cocxali `sulieri~ sagnis aRmniSvnelia, is naTesaobiTs
brunvaSia, xolo Tu `usulosi~ _ micemiTSi~ 32 .
saS. qarTulSi T a n a - sTan naTesaobiTi brunvis xmarebis TiTo-orola SemTxveva-
Ra gvxvdeba, ax. qarTulSi ki T a n mxolod micemiT brunvas moiTxovs (xesTan, saxlTan).
Tana→ T a n Tandebulis funqciaa aRniSnos:
a) a d g i l i , romelime saganTan s i a x l o v e , axlos, piras, gverdiT yofna:
Tavadi dga k i d e s a T a n a tbisa mis genesareTisasa (haemeti, 19г3_4); STavideT venaÃad,
romel ars g z a s a T a n a opizisasa (xanZT. oe1-2); daagdo igi s u e t s a T˜a
mis w˜disisa (kim. 2385-6)...
b) Tanaoba, erToba, erTad yofna, erTad moqmedeba:
gamovida igi nersÀs Tana (habo, 6729); s˜lni ÃorciTa T a n a ganbanna (kim. 1029);
warityuÀna zaqaria... da m i s T ˜na simr˜vle erisaჲ (boln. 44_5); ... S e n T a n sicocxle,
S e n T a n sikvdili, S e n T a n yofna da S e n T a n darCena (ilia, I149)... amave mniSvnelobiT
SeiZleba Segvxvdes T a n a v e : m i s T a n a v e iyo arseni (xanZT. mb 169); meca
vtirode misTanave (SuS. 810_11)... ax. qarTulSi T a n a o b a zogjer gaZlierebulia
e r T a d zmnisarTis darTviT: baTayvam z a l i k a s T a n e r T a d mTas Seafara Tavi
(lit. saq. 26 seqt. 1941 w.)...
Zv. qarTulSi amave mniSvnelobisaa T a n a mimarTvis aseT konteqstSi: mSÂdobaÁ
T˜qn T a n a (qrist. iov 20, 26); mSÂdobaÁ gaqundes C e m T a n a (boln. 262)...
g) dro:
d a s a s r u l s a T a n a galobisasa sulica mis ...ÃorcTagan ganvida (antioq. 9626);
à m a s a m a s T a n a sayÂrisasa... warmoudge meufesa (zarzm. 15226_28)...
Tanamedrove qarTulSi dros gadmoscems, Tu Tan Tandebulian sawyiss (iSviaTad
30 a . S a n i Z e , qarT. gramat. safuZvlebi, I, gv. 68.
31 Ш. Дзидзигури, К характеристике нижнеимерского говора... gv. 126.
32 k. k e k e l i Z e , `winaSe~, `Tana~ da `zeda~ TandebulTa sintaqsuri funqciisaTvis... saq. ssr
mecn. akad. moambe, III, # 3, gv. 283.
144

saxelsac) e r T a d zmnisarTi mosdevs: m i s a l m e b a s T a n e r T a d qali gulSi Caikra
(yazb. 103); am s i t y v e b T a n e r T a d ucnobi kaci mivida qvasTan (iqve, 68).
d r o s gadmoscems agreTve -ve nawilakiani T a n a , darTuli naTesaobiTi brunvis
sawyiss: w a s v l i s T a n a v e , a S e n e b i s T a n a v e da sxv. 33
d) m i m a r T u l e b a , v i n m e s T a n a n r a m e s T a n misvla, gagzavna...:
xvale ganslvaÁ ars Cemi ÃorcTagan da misvlaÁ... iesu qristჱs Tana (habo, 7038_39);
maSinve v i r o s T a n a kaci gagzavna (visr. 88); mivediT iamansa W a b u k s a T a n a 34 (amirandarej.
25) da sxv. Zvel qarTulSi Cveulebriv amas udris nagenetivari mimarTulebiTi:
maSin movida i ˜ Â iovanჱsa (kim. 129); warvide mamisa Cemisa da vrhq˜ a
(boln. 3617); moved C ˜ nda savsჱ madliTa (kim. 1039)...
e) ixmareba Sedarebisas:
kanjris jogsa l o m T a n ara SeeZlebis (Sahn. II, 4355)...
T a n iSviaTad g a n Tandebuls enacvleba, roca igi moSorebas gadmoscems: Cemi
d a T i k o s T a n (=daTikosgan) moSorebac eZneleboda (ilia, 314)...
4. TÂs → Tvis
n. m a r s aRniSnuli aqvs, rom Zv. qarT. T Â s || Tuis (ax. qarT. Tvis) Tandebuli
da T Â s || Tuisi (Tvisi) nacvalsaxeli momdinareobs Tu (← Tavi) Ziridan. igi amave
Zirs ukavSirebs T Â n -s (ax. qarT. T v i n ), romelic Zv. qarTulis T Â n - i e r (Tuin-ier)
zmnisarTSi gvaqvs da, rogorc Tandebuli, Zvelsa da saSual qarTulSi ixmareboda. 35
am azrs iziarebs a. S a n i Z e c . marTlac T Â s Tandebulis amgvari warmoSoba eWvmiutaneli
Cans, oRond igi uSualod qarT. T a v - i d a n rom momdinareobdes, nakleb dasajerebelia,
radganac saTanado normebis mixedviT T a v sityvis reduqciis Semdeg
umarcvlo u-s miReba (T) Zv. qarTulisaTvis sruliad uCveuloa. amitom ufro bunebrivi
iqneboda, rogorc es TviT n. m a r s aqvs aRniSnuli36 , rom es T u migveCnia Sekvecil
saxed TuT Zirisa, romlis Sesatyvisia megr. d u d - i ̕̕̕Tavi̕̕̕.
maSin gamarTlebuli
iqneboda umarcvlo u-s arseboba T Â s || T u i s TandebulSi.
Zv. qarTulSi gvxvdeba mxolod TÂs|| Tuis Tandebuli. me-11 saukunis erT-erT
xelnawerSi dadasturebulia Tuin formac: sityuani... araTu mdidarTaTuin oden
33 a. S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, nakveTi pirveli, gv. 69.
34 Tanamedrove qarTulSi naTesaobiT brunvasTan T a n a msgavsebas aRniSnavs: d e d i s T a n a ,
a m i s T a n a ... a . S a n i Z e fiqrobs, rom es T a n a sxva warmoSobisaa. igi wers: `msgavsis~ mniSvnelobiT
megrulSi ixmareba `cali~, romelic qarTulidan aris gadasuli: Cqimi-cali (`CemisTa-na~)...
`cal~is aRsaniSnavad ki `marcvlis~ aRmniSvneli sityva aris xolme gamoyenebuli
zogierT enaSi (sparsulSi, TurqulSi, somxurSi). es aris spars. dna (romelic TurqulSia
Sesuli da Tana-d gamoiTqmis) da somx. hat... `qarTuli `Tana~ (`mezoblisTana~ da `amxanagis-
Tana~-Si) aris sparsuli `dna~ (`marcvali~) im gamoTqmiT, romelic TurqulSia dadasturebuli
da im mniSvnelobiT, romelic saTanado sityvas somxurSi aqvs miRebuli~. avtori ar uaryofs
meore SesaZleblobasac, rom es Tana warmoSobiT igive T a n a Tandebuli iyos, romelic
Zv. qarTulSi naTesaobiT brunvasTan ixmareboda: Tana Tandebulis `mniSvnelobisagan
`msgavsis~ miReba SeuZlebeli ar aris, magram naTeli araa aseTi semantikuri ganviTarebis
gzebi~ (qarT. gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, 115-116).
miuxedavad aseTi mravalmxrivi Ziebisa da Sedarebisa, SeiZleba SeiniSnos, rom `msgavsis~
funqciiT T a n a mxolod ax. qarTulSi gvevlineba. Tumca Zneli ar iqneboda am periodSi
sparsuli an Turquli enis iseTi rigis gavlena gvevaraudebina, rogoricaa morfologiuri
elementis (T a n a - s ) sesxeba, magram T a n a TandebulisaTvis `msgavsis~ miReba SesaZlebeli
Cans, ramdenadac saS. qarTulSi sporadulad T a n gamoyenebulia Sedarebis dros da, meorec,
Zv. qarTulSi or brunvasTan xmarebuli T a n a SemdgomSi micemiT brunvasTan inarCunebs
Zvel funqcias da naTesaobiTTan iviTarebs axals.
35 Грамматика древнелит . груз. языка gv. 94.
36 iqve, gv. 95
145

Tqmul ars a˜ d glaxakTaca (Опис. 7 2 ).
TÂs|| T u i s formiT igi gvxvdeba saS. saukuneebis adrindel ZeglebSic. umarcvlo
unis gadavardnis Semdeg viRebT T v i s -s. mis paralelurad saSual qarTulSi
ixmareba Tuin, Tvin(a) da Tvins formac: naxvisa Tuin (visr. 208), kacisa Tvin
(saq. siZv. III, 63), TurisaT v i n s (Sahn. II, 424)...
Tvis Tandebuls -s aqvs mokvecili. saS. saukuneTa zogierT ZeglSi: SvilTa T -
vi, TanazrdilTa Tvi, simagrisaTvi (Sahn. II, 3436); mijnurTaTui (Sahnavaz.. 4), Cven-
T v i (guram. 32), mejinibis T v i (dokument. 82), Svilebis a T v i (saq. siZv. II, 141).
ax. saliteraturo qarTulSi gabatonda Tvis, kiloebSi ki ixmareba agreTve
Tvin, Tvi (rogorc baris, ise mTis kiloebSi), Tun (ingiloursa da mesxurSi), Ti
(fereidnulSi).
TÂs → T v i s Tandebuli uCvenebs:
a) daniSnulebas, gankuTvnebas:
viTarca igi a b r a h a m i s T  s ufali ity s (xanZT. ia27); gardamoÃda zeciT...
momwydarTaTÂs (sasul. oe184-185); romeli TquenTÂs da mravalTaTÂs ganitexebis
(Jamis-wir. lÀ3_4); t a r i e l i s a T v i s cremli gvdis SeuSrobeli (v. t. 7).... gadaeSala...
kalTebi... pawia s t u m r e b i s a T v i s (ilia, III, 65)...
b) moqmedebis m i z e z s :
...sada igi xiyvnes mowafeni damalul S i S i s a T Â s huriaTaÁsa (qrest. iov. 20, 19);
visos g a y r i s a T v i s guli umcrdeboda (visr. 128); mogyide Cvenis didis g a W i r e -
b i s a T v i n (saq. siZv. I, 81)... vai Tu baxva gaeba sisxlis samarTlis saqmeSi kacis
d a W r i s a T v i s (g. wer. 52)...
daniSnulebisa da mizezis gadmocemisas Zvelsa da gansakuTrebiT saS. qarTulSi
T v i s Tandebuls xSirad scvlis nagenetivari viTarebiTi: umjobÀs ars C e m d a sikudili
R˜ Tisa CemisaTÂs (kim. 88_9); mza var x v a l i s a d (amirandarej. 64)... amJamad ase-
Ti formebi metad damaxasiaTebelia xevsurulsa da fSaurisaTvis. zogjer mas xmarobs
il. W a v W a v a Z e c . magaliTebi: erTxan mefe e r e k l i s a d gamaucxadebav omi
TaTars (xevs. 161); bevr saCuqaric uZlevav aludaurisad (iqve, 174); xolo simar-
Tlis T q m i s a d a rad ginda Cveni gvemao (vaJa, IV, 7); Tu aqvs, rad uWris erTi T a -
v i s a d , meore S v i l i s a d ? (ilia, III, 78). naTesaobiTis -is niSans darTulma viTarebiTis
-da formantma dasavlur kiloebSi urTierTgavlenis gamo Semdegi fonetikuri
cvlileba ganicades: i s d a → izda → iza: d-sTan s asimilaciiT z-d iqca da d
daikarga 37 : marto Tvaltanadobis g u l i z a waiyvanen saldaTaT (nin. II, 174)... s a x -
l i z a minda, w y a l i z a wevida 38 ; raWulSi adrindeli (gardamavali) saxecaa Senaxuli:
glexebizda, jixvebizda 39 .
5. kerZo → ken
Zv. qarTulSi kerZo garda saxelisa erToda zeda da Sina Tandebuls: moaqcie
z e d a k e r Z o missa bunebaჲ wyalTaჲ (antioq. 12927); maRnarsa amas S i n a k e r Z o SemovidodeT
(iqve, 11531)... igi mosdevda agreTve m i e r da w i a R (mier k e r Z o , w i a R
kerZo), quemo da ukuanaგ zmnisarTebs: ganvediT litaniasa q u e m o k e r Z o lavrasa
(kim. 16519-20); davdeg ukuanaჲ kerZo maT yl˜Tasa (iqve, 21135-36); dadga e r T k e r -
Z o da Ãma yo (iqve, 14313)...
Zv. qarTulsa da saS. qarTulis adrindel xanaSi k e r Z o sam brunvasTan gvxvdeba:
moqmedebiTsa, viTarebiTsa da naTesaobiTTan. mag.:
moqmedebiTTan: adgili erTi ars huriastaniT kerZo (qebaTa qeba, ld1);
37 Н. Марр, Грамматика древнелит. груз. языка, gv. 010.
38 s. J R e n t i , guruli kilo, gv. 66.
39 S. Z i Z i g u r i , qarTuli enis mTaraWuli dialeqtis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani: enimkis moambe,
II, gv. 78.
146

poves saxlaki erTi C r d i l o ჲ T kerZo (SuS. 283)...
v i T a r e b i T T a n : aRvida m T a d k e r Z o mokiTxvad... elisabedisa (kim. 18232-33);
egrÀT waremarTa x a n Z T a d k e r Z o (xanZT. ob79)...
naTesaobiTTan: romelni mis kerZo da misTa saqmeTa ziar xarT (SuS. 15)...
naTesaobiTTan iSviaTia da, rogorc Cans, mas SedarebiT gvian daerTo. saxelis sam
brunvaSi marTva am Tandebulis funqciis nairsaxeobiT ar aixsneba: igi yvelgan aRniSnavs
adgils an mimarTulebas.
axal qarTulSi k e r Z o - s Seenacvla ken Tandebuli. igi saxelebTan marto naTesaobiTSi
ixmareba da mxolod da mxolod m i m a r T u l e b a s gamoxatavs; magaliTad:
soflisaken, saxlisaken da sxv. -ken Tandebuli moqmedebiT brunvasTan aris
SemorCenili zmnisarTebSi: saiT k e n , aqeT k e n , qveviT k e n , zeviT k e n . xevsurulSi am
zmnisarTebsac ken || ke-s saxiT naTesaobiTSi erTvis: i q i s k e gaxpatiJeben (xevs. poez.
210); saiske mimavalia? (iqve, 27); mainc iqisken gamwevda (iqve, 139)... Cans, naTesaobi-
Ti da moqmedebiTi brunva erTmaneTs enacvlebian.
saS. qarTulSive ken-is paralelurad gvxvdeba ke-c: mindorTake (v. t. 567), RmrTisake
(visr. 34), sawolisake (Sahnavaz. 171), m i s k e (amirandarej. 37), imereTisake (saq.
siZv. III, 130)...
sxvadasxvagvarad Seicvala k e n Tandebuli kiloebSi: ke aqvs mTis kiloebs (xevsuruls,
fSaurs, mTaraWuls): marcxni s k e (xevs. poez. 16). miwiske, ciske (vaJa, IV,
22)... zogjer ke Sekvecili da dasulia k Tanxmovnamdis: Sini s k (xevs. poez. 217). xevsureTisak
(iqve, 213), kaci s a k (ingilouri, 231)... gvxvdeba ked, ka-c: Sini s k e d (xevs.
poez. 277), gaviqe wisqvili s a k a (iqve, 267); fSauri isr i k a (=iqiTken), asr i k a (=aqeTken)
40 ...
mTaraWulSi ke-s darTvisas ikargeba naTesaobiTi brunvis -s elementi: saxli k e ,
svanebi k e 41 .
rig kiloebSi (ingilouri, fereidnuli, garekaxuri, mTaraWuli, qvemoimeruli) ken
Tandebuli warmodgenilia agreTve yen || yes-s saxiT. fereidnulSi -ye erTvis naTesaobiTsa
da micemiTs da mniSvnelobiT Seesatyviseba moqmedebiT brunvasTan xmarebul
-g a n Tandebuls kiTxvaze saidan? zogjer ki -k e n Tandebuls udris. magaliTad: ispanisaye
qaRazi mouvida (=ispaanidan); Caviyav, amoiRe j i b e s a y e fuli (=jibidan),
magram: Tebsaye geveparneTye (=mTebisaken) 42 ... qvemoimerulSi y e n Tandebulis gamoyenebisas
naTesaobiTs s Tanxmovani -y-sTan erTad (sy) wy kompleqsad iqceva: saxliw
y e n , tyiw y e n 43 .
Zv. qarTulSi k e r Z o , etyoba, Tandebulad Camoyalibebis procesSia. saxelis
brunvaSi marTvis mxriT mas jer kidev ar gaaCnia iseTi Zala, rogoric sxva Tandebulebs:
saxeli mas nakleb angariSs uwevs brunvaSi. igi Tavisuflad erTvis uformo
sityvebsac. saS. qarTulSi igi naTesaobiTTan ufro ganmtkicda da sistematuradac
ixmareba. amave dros igi damoukideblobasac kargavs da sakmaod cvTeba.
masalaTa analizis mixedviT k e r Z o s - s ganviTarebis aseTi safexurebi Cans: jer
ekveceba o xmovani: kaci s a k e r Z (amirandarej. 5), afxazTa k e r Z (qarT. cx. 224)... SemdegSi
TiTqos Z-s dakargviTa da r-sa da n-s monacvleobiT miRebul iqna ken: xorasni
s a k e n (visr. 25)... ukanaskneli saxiT Semovida igi axal saliteraturo qarTulSi.
saS. qarTulis ZeglebSi ara Cans, jer Z daikarga da Semdeg r-s n Seenacvla, Tu
orive procesi erTdroulad moxda. imis dadgenac ki Wirs, Tu am Tandebulebma ro-
40 a . S a n i Z e, qarTuli kiloebi mTaSi, gv. 196.
41 S. ZiZiguri, qarT. enis mTaraW. dialeqtis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani: enimki-s moambe. II1, gv.
77.
42 arn. C i q o b a v a , -ye nawilaki fereidnulSi da misi mniSvneloba gramatika-loRikis urTierTobis
TvalsazrisiT: weliwdeuli, gv. 32-33; misive, fereidnulis mTavari Taviseburebani:
tf. universitetis moambe, VII, gv. 214.
43 Ш. Дзизигури, К характеристике нижнеимеретинского говора... gv. 126-127.
147

dis rogori cvlileba ganicada, magaliTad, vefxistyaosanSi gvxvdeba samive saxe:
kerZo, ken, ke.
k e r Z o -dan k e n -is miReba TiTqos advilad mtkicdeba: boloSi Tanxmovnisa da
xmovnis mokveca Cveulebrivi movlenaa (es sxva Tandebulebsac mouvida), magram er-
Tgvarad Wirs dasabuTeba r → n. egebis aq Senacvleba ki ar gvqondes, aramed k e r -
Z o - d a n uSualod miRebul k e -ze -n ← -na elementis darTva (Sdr. zedan, Sigan, wina-
Sen). gamodis, rom ke ufro Zveli saxea, vidre ken. am mxriv sagulisxmoa is faqti,
rom vefxistyaosanSi ken iSviaTia, ke ki aTeuls iTvlis.
n. m a r i ken-s ukavSirebs keda-ro-s, romlis ro elementi mas CaCnuris mr.
ricxvis го-s fardad miaCnia. 44 aqve kiTxvaa dasmuli _ aris Tu ara amis Sesatyvisi
k e d e l i . k e d a r o - sTan k e n - i s dakavSirebas TiTqos mxars uWers xevsurulSi
k e d (a) Tandebulis arseboba: wamava a r x o t i s k e d a (xevs. poez. 105); stumreb Sinisked
vawie (iqve, 277)... magram, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, faqtiuri masala k e r Z o - sgan
warmomavlobas ufro adasturebs, xevsuruli k e d || k e d a ki unda Seicavdes -da
elements iseve, rogorc Sida, zeda... da igi (-da) fardi unda iyos -na-si (ke-da || kena,
Sdr. ze-da || ze-na...).
k e r Z o Tandebulis kvali Cans zmnisarTSi c a l k e (←←cal-kerZ←← calkerZo).
c a l k e r Z saS. qarTulSi aRniSnavs: erT mxares, cal mxares, cal mxriv, cal kedaros.
magaliTad: C e m k e r Z gamoxvalo (amirandarej. 66); xvavi calkerZ daagroves da
bze c a l k e r Z (sibrZne sic. 148). aseTi mniSvneloba k e r Z o Tandebuls savsebiT Seefereba.
6. ebr
n. m a r i Tavdapirvelad am Tandebuls yofda or nawilad: eb (=сущий) + r (resp. re
= образ), m e b r formaSi ki m ganusazRvreli me (Sdr. vin-me) nawilakis narCenad miaCnda45
. SemdegSi uaryo man aseTi analizi da ebr-s sxvanairi axsna misca: `Суффикс ebr
цельное по происхождению иверское этнонимическое слово (ebr ← ber или e-b[u]r), со значением,
вскрываемым палеонтологически: ̕̕̕дитя
̕̕̕
→ ̕̕̕
род || образ ̕̕̕
(→ подробно, подробный)~ 46 .
m. b r i e r T a n erTad gamocemul qarTuli enis gramatikaSi n. m a r i am azrs avi-
Tarebs da aRniSnavs, rom e b r miRebulia ber-isagan bgeraTa gadasmis saSualebiTo.
aqve Sedarebulia b e r → e b r xalxur f e r - T a n A da amave konteqstSi moyvanilia:
u-ebr-o47 .
-e b r Tandebulis dakavSireba b e r -Tan SeuZlebelia, ramdenadac bgeraTa iseTi
gadasma, rom b e r -s -e b r moeca, faqtiuri masaliT ar dasturdeba. ebr-is gamoyofa
u-br-o, u-ebar-Si ki savsebiT gasaziarebelia.
m. andronikaSvili ebr-s ebar-iasgn momdinared Tvlis da ase Slis: e + br
← e + bar. misi azriT, e naSTia es CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisa, bar ki igivea, rac sityvebSi:
Tanabari (Tanaswori), baribari48 .
sabuTiani Cans e b r - i s somx. իբըև -Tan dakavSireba49 .
44 Граматика древнелит. груз. языка, gv. 33.
45 Тексты и разыскания по армяно-грузинской филологии, VI, gv., 97.
46 О кавказской версии библии в грузинских палимпсестных фрагментах: Тексты и разыскания по кавказской филологии,
gv., 52, SnS. 2.
47 La langue géorgienne, gv., 628
48 -ebr sufiqsi `vefxistyaosanSi~ (wakiTxulia moxsenebad studentTa saenaTmecniero wris
sxdo-maze 1941 wels).
49 hr. aWarianis mtkicebiT ebr somxuridan aris Semosuli qarTulSi, radganac
e b r i v -Si -iv momdinareobs somx. եւ-sagan, romelsac aqvs indoevropul warmoSobao. -iv-s dakavSireba
somx. եւ-Tan saeWvoa.
148

ebr Tandebuli aRniSnavs m s g a v s e b a s . zogjer igi udris v i T Tandebuls da
sityvas mixedviT. mTeli qarTulis manZilze zogjer mas enacvleba msgavsad.
saxels marTavs n a T e s a o b i T brunvaSi. magaliTad: ganikurnes s i t y ჳsa ebr...
grigolisa (xanZT. 63523); Saqrisaebr tkbiliTa, naRvlisaebr mware pasuxi SeuTvala
(visr. 2823-24)... laparaki locvisaebr... esmoda (nin. I, 69).
zogierT kiloSi e b r ixmareba micemiTis daboloebian nacvalsaxelTan: S e n s e e f
(←←Sensaebr←←←Sensaebr), C e m s e e f (←←Cemsaeb←← Cemsaebr) 50 .
e b r Tandebuli erTvis fuZesac, boloxmovnianebs SeiZleba bolo xmovani moekvecos:
kualad ganaxlebad ars p i r v elebr ÃeliTa sabanisiTa (xanZT. id3-4); xrqua
mas hebraelebr (qrest. 1310); sxuad saxed y r m e b r ara raჲ hqmen (SuS. 40)... mis bednierebas
c a e b r gasxivebuli Zvirfasi Tvali aklda (g. wer. 67).
e b r Tandebuliani forma zogjer saxeladaa gamoyenebuli da ibruneba kidec: nuca
eZiebT Ã o r c i e l e b r s a rasme (boln. 2120); gulisagan n a R v l i s a e b r i sityva
amoyara (visr. 2025)...
-e b r rTuldeba -iv sufiqsiT da -ebriv-is mqone saxeli ibruneba Cveulebriv: a n -
g ˜lzebriviTa moq˜lqobiTa (barlaam, 12216); T o v l e b r i v TeTrsa... (ilia, IV21)...
ebr-s -ur sufiqsic daerTvis 51 : s a m a r i s e b u r i siCume Camovarda (qiaC. 30); tanze
nacvami begTari vaJma f q v i l e b u r gayara (xevs. poez. 4).
saSualsa da axal qarTulSi e b r Tandebuli r Tanxmovnis mokveciTac ixmareba:
zogjer zafranisaeb gayuiTldis (visr. 17230); rkinis W a x r a k i s e b magra veWire
(ilia, 368)...
e b r -s paralelurad mTeli qarTulis manZilze gvxvdeba agreTve mebr: S j u l i -
samebr mos ჱsisa (xanmeti, 382); s i t y ჳsamebr (kim. 7712), moqmedebisamebr (saq.
siZv. III, 274)... m e b r Zvel qarTulSi da i. W a v W a v a Z e s T a n a c gamoyofilia xolme
saxelisagan da damoukidebeli mniSvnelobiT ixmareba.
i. g r i S a S v i l s samarTlianad aqvs SeniSnuli, rom m e b r v e -s am SemTxvevaSi
ilia xmarobs rusuli и тому подобный-s mniSvnelobiT, gasaziarebeli araa amave avtoris
azri, TiTqos m e b r v e sparsuli sityva iyos 52 .
m e b r igive ebr-ia, oRond, rogorc m. a n d r o n i k a S v i l i varaudobs, m aris ma
nacvalsaxelis naSTi 53 .
7. gan
adre n. mari gan-Si (erT-gan, sxua-gan, yovel-gan) Ziriseulad ga-s gamohyofda da
sparsul `adgils~ ukavSirebda, n (←an) ki meore micemiTis (D II) daboloebad miaCnda.
1929 w. sxva sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT n. mari kvlav daubrunda am Ziris analizs da
igi daukavSira arabul `mxares~, egvipt. gamoTqmiT: ganāb 54 .
ukanasknel xanebSi saTanado masalis analizis safuZvelze gairkva, rom igi qar-
Tvelur enaTa saerTo kuTvnilebaa. gan-i Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda adgils. es
mniSvneloba daculia gan TandebulSic: yvelgan, misgan, TbilisiTgan 55 ...
gan TandebulSi ga Zireuli masala Cans, romelic sxva Tandebulsa da zmnisar-
TSic dasturdeba: ga-mo, ga-re, ga-re-Se, ga-rda da sxv. (Sdr. i-g-i, e-g-e, ma-g).
g a n sxvadasxva saxes iRebs kiloebSi. xevsurulSi moqmedebiTTan zogjer igi ges
formiT gvevlineba: a d r i T g e TuSeTs mavala? (xevs. poez. 63); o ÃS m o b i T g e Saudeg
(iqve, 211)... Tg → dg: gaTeneb i d g e wamova (iqve, 89); dabadeb i d g e (iqve, 81)... xan
50 m. andronikaSvili, -ebr sufiqsi `vefxistyaosanSi~.
51 a. S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, 114.
52 ilia da mebvre: literaturuli saqarTvelo, 1937, # 14 (36).
53 ebr sufiqsi `vefxistyaosanSi~.
54 Арабский термин hanif в палеонтологическом освещении: ИАН, 1929, gv. 87.
55 v. b e r i Z e , sagan-sityvis etimologiisaTvis: saq. mecn. akad. moambe, III, # 4, gv. 382.
149

ge garTulebulia saniTac: a d r i d g e s miCveulia (xevs. poez. 288); sami w l i d g e s am
aludaurs Tavi gaunebebav yaraulobisad (xevs. 175) s i k v d i l i d g e s (iqve, 160)... m.
a n d r o n i k a S v i l s dadasturebuli aqvs, rom xevsurulSi ge an ges mxolod maSin
ixmareba, roca igi dros gadmoscems. amave kiloSi g a n Tandebulis g Tanxmovani
gamkveTrebulia k-d da iSviaTad y-d «bevrgan, sxvagan, yvelgan» da sxva znmisarTebSi:
b e v r k a n bevria TiToi (xevs. 228); qali ara sjob s x v a k n u r i (xevs. poez. 2459);
Sarcxvnili xar y v e l y a n a (iqve, 2456).. visramianSic gvaqvs erTi SemTxveva k a n -is
xmarebisa: romeli m i s k a n kide aravisgan Ãams wyalobisa molodna.
gurulSi g a n Tandebuli Secvlilia gin formiT dawyebiT brunvaSi: v i z d g i n
(← visiTgin) es saqme momxTara; C e m d g i n nufers nu eli da sxv. 56 ; aWarulSi g a n →
q a n ; baRnebis e r T q a n gayvana veRar gabeda; Seiyares e r T q a n 57 . . . aSkaraa, q miRebulia
T-sTan progresuli asimilaciiT.
naTesaobiT brunvasTan g a n Tandebuli a R n i S n a v s :
a) ganyofas, mocilebas, moSorebas:
SeunierTa dedisa da Z m i s g a n mogaSora (visr. 69)... cxeni... q o x i s a g a n sakmaod
moSorebiT daeyenebia (yazb. 216)...
b) w y a r o s , visganac an risganac zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedeba momdinareobs.
magaliTad: r˜i igi iSva m a r i a m i s a g a n (kim. 821); samgzis... ganZebul viqmen mamisa
grigolisagan (xanZT. ჲg5_6); Seni vardi a n g e l o z i s a g a n dargulia da R m r T i -
s a g a n daculi (visr. 189); bevrjer minaxavs iremi damfrTxala Z a R l i s a g a n (ilia,
306)... saerTod vnebiTi gvaris zmnebTan yof. qvemdebare -g a n Tandebulian ubralo
damatebad iqceva: s˜lieri samoseli m a m i s a g a n moiqsoebis (boln. 4621). axal saliteraturo
qarTulSi am funqciiT Cveulebriv m i e r Tandebuliani saxeli ixmareba.
g) masalas, risganac rame keTdeba:
Sehqmen m i w i s g a n k˜ci (Опис. 161); sazrdelad misa iyo puri q a t o ჲ sag˜ n qrTilisa
(saba as. 513); qaRaldi q v i s g a n arodes Seiqmnebis da arca Ruino l i m o s a g a n
(visr. 272)... [tariels] balaxisagan dawnuli qudi daexura (qiaC. 57)...
d) mizezs:
r˜li Z v r i s a g ˜n daeca (Опис. 179)... aCrdilisagan Senobebi Cabnelebuliyo (g.
wer. 105)... am mniSvnelobiT -g a n Tandebulis magier Tanamedrove saliteraturo qar-
TulSi g a m o Tandebulic ixmareba, zogjer ki moqmedebiTi brunvac Seenacvleba.
e) saS. qarTulis zogierT ZeglSi, gansakuTrebiT vefxistyaosansa da visramianSi,
araiSviaTad ixmareba -gan-iani naTesaobiTi iq, sadac axal qarTulSi uTandebulo
formaa; magaliTad: aqvs T a v i s a g a n imedi, viyvneT guliTa mSvidiTa (v. t. 1036; Sdr.
ax. qarTuli: aqvs Tavis imedi); a v T a n d i l i s g a n Senc ici CemTvis Tavisa dadeba
(iqve, 1470).
v) saS. qarTulSi da sporadulad me-19 s. romantikosTa enaSi g a n Tandebuli ixmareba
ufroobiT xarisxTan. g a n erTvis Sesadarebel saxels, xolo zedsarTavi an
ufroobiT formiTaa warmodgenili, an aRweriT. magaliTad: h e m z i s a g a n umaRleso
Ãelmwifeo (visr. 132); q a r i s a g a n umale iara (iqve, 192); erTgulTaTuis mowyaleba
gWirs; S a q r i s a g a n utkbilesi (Sahnavaz. 306); s i k v d i l i s a g a n sicocxle awi Cemi
ufro mwarea (Teim. I, 21); irmisagan umkvircxlesi jixvi... Sescqeris myinvars (al.
WavW. 20)...
paralelurad gvxvdeba uTandebulo naTesaobiTic: saqme mWirs s i k v d i l i s uaresia
(Sahn. II, 4312); d e d o f l i s ulamazesi, mefis c x e n i s umsuqnesi da mefis S e -
v a r d n i s umalesi ar iqnebis (sibrZne sicr. 55)...
am SemTxvevaSi saS. qarTulSive -gan-is monacvled Cndeba -ze Tandebuli da batondeba
axal qarTulSi: S a q a r z e utkbesi, c x e n z e umsuqnesi da sxv.
56 s. J R e n t i , guruli kilo, gv. 67.
57 j. noRaideli, aWara dialeqtologiurad, gv. 32-33.
150

saS. qarTulSi g a n Tandebulian saxels Tu mosdevs zmnisarTi k i d e , maSin mas
mniSvneloba aqvs g a r d a Tandebulisa (an meti-sa). magaliTad: Sen gueli xar,
c r e m l i s a g a n k i d e ara ici; Sen mgeli xar, romel v n e b i s a g a n k i d e aras iqm
(visr. 196); R m r T i s a g a n k i d e vin iyo kaci amisad msaxvelad! (v. t. 1180)... amave
mniSvnelobisaa k i d e v uTandebulo naTesaobiTTanac: m e f o b i s a C e m i s a k i d e
romelica mTxovo, mogceo! (sibrZne sicr. 18).
gan Tandebuli erTvis moqmedebiT brunvasac. Zveli qarTulidan moyolebuli
dRemdis dasturdeba fonetikuri cvlilebis sami safexuri: iT-gan →→id-gan →→id-an
(sofliT-gan →→soflid-gan→→ soflidan). pirveli forma Zv. qarTulSi Cndeba, modis
me-19 s-mdis da zogierT kiloSi dResac aris SemorCenili, meore saS. qarTulSi vi-
Tardeba da axal qarTulSic iCens Tavs, mesame ki dasturdeba me-18 s-is ZeglebSi 58
da sabolood batondeba axal saliteraturo qarTulSi. magaliTad: k a x e T i d a n
(Teim. II, 102), v a W r o b i d a n (sibrZne sicr. 1658)... igi me-18 saukunis dokumentebSic
Cans: erTis s o f l i d a n meore sofelSi asaxlebs (1786 w.: saq. siZv. I, 157); e r e v a -
n i d a n (1790 w.: saq. siZv. III, 57); S a m S a d i l i d a n (1787 w.: iqve, 26)...
moqmedebiT brunvasTan g a n Tandebuli a R n i S n a v s :
a) a d g i l s , moqmedebis dawyebis p u n q t s da miugebs kiTxvaze saidan? magali-
Tad:
kidiTgan cisaჲT vidre kidedmde c i s a esჱ ars (xanZ. pa12_13); guemul iyo
ferÃiTa b a r k l i T g a n misiT (kim. 24430); Ã u r e l i T a g a n guelsa gamoiyvaneben
(visr. 59); k˜ci movida stamboliTg˜n (saq. siZv. I, 61)...
Zvelsa da araiSviaTad saS. qarTulSi aris SemTxvevebi, roca kiTxvaze saidan
moqmedebiTis nacvlad g a n Tandebuliani naTesaobiTia: gamoved q u e y a n a s a g a n Senisa
da naTesavisagan Senisa da saxlisagan mamisa Senisa (habo, 641_2); v˜r gamoეda
u d a b n o გ s a g a n (xanmeti mravalT. 24b21_22); SuaRame c i x i s a g a n Camovida
(visr. 295); yma c x e n i s a g a n gardiWra... (v. t. 1335)...
Zv. qarTulSi zogjer erTsa da imave winadadebaSi kiTxvaze saidan erTgan uTandebulo
moqmedebiTia: aRmogiRo wueli igi TualiT SeniT (xanmeti, 376), meoregan
ki g a n - i a n i naTesaobiTi: aRmoiRe... T u a l i s a g a n S e n i s a (iqve, 379). aris iseTi
SemTxvevebic, rodesac winadadebaSi erTgvari wevrebidan erTi uTandebulo moqmedebiTi
brunviTaa warmodgenili, meore ki _ g a n - i a n i naTesaobiTiT. magaliTad: moiwines...
Zmani antioqiad i˜ჱmiT da qalaqisagan ludisa (kim 311_12)...
vefxistyaosansa da visramianSi kiTxvaze saidan sporadulad micemiTi brunvac ixmareba:
... c x e n s a gardaxda asmaTis mosaxvevelad (v. t. 1358); ra moabad c i x e s a gaiyvana
visi, casa erTi mze sxua moemata (visr. 132)...
b) d r o s kiTxvaze r a d r o i d a n ? magaliTad: iyo sixaruli d i l i T g a n (kim.
6123); gardacvalebiTgan misiT daiwera cxorebaÁ (xanZT. pg3); raminis guli a d -
r i T g a n wyluli iyo (visr. 85) 59 ...
cnobilia, rom Zv. qarTulSi kiTxvaze s a i d a n Cveulebriv uTandebulo moqmedebiTi
mougebda. magaliTad: gardamovarda z e c i T q ˜ynad (boln. 2714)...
uTandebulo moqmedebiTi amave funqciiT saS. qarTulSic xSiria: yovliT q u e y -
niT... mecnierni moiyvanna (visr. 21); taxtiT gardiWra (Teim. I, 55); omiT mosruli
tariel saWvretad sasurvelia (v. t. 475); m T i T baramdi ukleblad TquenTvis guiboZebia
(saq. siZv. III, 140)... igi SemorCa mTel rig kiloebs (xevsuruls, moxeurs, fSa-
58 Sdr. arn. C i q o b a v a , erTi ucnobi Tandebuli axal qarTulSi: enimkis moambe, I, gv. 57.
59 amave mniSvnelobiTaa, rom me-18 s. dokumentebsa da zogierTi mwerlis nawerebSi gvxvdeba
Z v e l a d g a n . magaliTad: Z v e l a T g a n a c saxaso da Cveni yma yofiliyveniT (dokument. 557);
Z v e l a d g a n Tqveni samkuidro iyo (saq. siZv. II, 156); Z v e l a d g a n saxelganTqmuli
(baraTaSv. 35); rac ki Z v e l a d g a n gaugonia (nin. 1, 8). ise ki Cveulebrivia Zveli d g a n . sxva
SemTxveva, viTarebiTTan rom g a n Tandebuli iyos naxmari, ar Segvxvedria. Cans, -g a n aq daerTo
Z v e l a d zmnisarTs.
151

urs, ingilours, fereidnuls da mTaraWuls).
irkveva, rom Zv. qarTulSi uTandebulo moqmedebiTi mxolod gamosvlis, moqmedebis
dawyebis p u n q t s gamoxatavda da igi drois gadmosacemad Cveulebriv ar ixmareboda
60 . isic irkveva, rom am funqciiT gan Tandebuli adre mxolod naTesaobiT brunvasTan
unda xmarebuliyo, moqmedebiTTan ki misi gamoyeneba SedarebiT gviandelia.
amas gvafiqrebinebs: 1. Zv. qarTulSi gamosvlis punqts kiTxvaze saidan unaklod gadmoscemda
e. w. dawyebiTi brunva (uTandebulo, moqmedebiTi); 2. xSirad am funqcias
g a n Tandebuliani naTesaobiT asrulebda; 3. g a n Tandebuliani moqmedebiTi dawyebi-
Tis mniSvnelobiT Zveli qarTulis adrindel ZeglebSi iSviaTia; 4. g a n Tandebuliani
moqmedebiTi brunvis pirveladi funqcia d r o i s gamoxatva iyo, SemdegSi mas adgilis
gadmocemac daekesra.
8. dam
m o q m e d e b i T b r u n v a s erTvis dam Tandebulic, igi saSual qarTulSi vlindeba
da gadmodis axal qarTulSi. gramatikul literaturaSi d a m miCneuli iyo gan
Tandebulis saxecvlad: iTgan→→ idgan→→ idan || idam (mari, kariWaSvili, qu-
T a T e l a Z e ) . amJamad udavod garkveulia misi genezisi arn. Ciqobavas mier 61 . igi
wers: `Tu -am-iani warmoeba (soflid-am) -an-ianis (soflid-an) davukavSireT, is am ukanasknelisagan
miRebulad unda CavTvaloT (da ara piruku)... magram Tu asea, saxlidam,
soflidam mas SemdegRa SeiZleboda migveRo, rac saxlidam, soflidam saxeobas
miaRwia movlenis ganviTarebam, e. i. istoriulad saxlidam, soflidam ar SeiZleba
uswrebdes saxlidan, soflidan- tips. is mas unda mosdevdes. namdvilad ki -am- tipi
gacilebiT ufro adre Cndeba, vinem is -an, romlisgan miRebuladac es -am miaCniaT~. 62
-dam Tandebuli miRebulia daRma zmnisarTisagan. am ukanasknelma gamartivebis
procesSi gaiara ramdenime safexuri: daRma || daRme → dame ( || dama) → dam~ 63 . ai
oriode magaliTi: ramin k o S k i d a R m a n . . . dainaxa (visr. 300); s a y r i d a R m e n . . . warmoviReT
(qarT. cx. 896); k b i l i d a R m e . . . margalitis feri gamohkrTis (Teim. II, 192);
Camobrunda m T i d a m (Sahnavaz. 712)...
T. J o r d a n i a d a m -s g a m o Tandebulisagan miRebulad Tvlida wyl-id-amM=wyliT-gamo
64 . erTi SexedviT dam-is amgvarad miReba advili Cans da Tavisi fonetikuri
cvlilebiT mogvagonebs moqmedebiTi brunvis niSnisa da gan Tandebulis cvlas (iTgan→→
idgan→→ idan); daRma || daRme→→ dame→→ dam procesi ki ufro rTuli da mravalmxrivia,
magram, miuxedavad amisa, ar iqneboda swori, ukanaskneli uargveyo, ramdenadac
misi istoriuli ganviTarebis yvela safexuri TvalnaTlivi Cans. daRma ||
daRme→dame→dam formebi `istoriulad dasturdeba mecamete saukunidan meTvrametemdis
(CaricxviT)~ 65 .
9. urT
m o q m e d e b i T brunvasTan gamoiyeneba urT Tandebulic. genetikurad igi ricxviT
saxels e r T -s ukavSirdeba. am saxiT gvevlineba igi Zv. qarT. u r T i e r T a s -Si 66 .
Zv. qarTulis ZeglebSi urT xSiria r a ჲ kiTxviT nacvalsaxelTan, romelic kvlav
moq. brunvaSia dasmuli. magaliTad: viTarme... spetak ars da r a ჲ TurTiT siSavჱ ara
ars misTana (fiz. v5_7) n. mari raჲT u r T i T formas arqaulad Tvlis 67 .
60 ix. q. Z o w e n i Z e , gan Tandebuliani moq. br. funqciisaTvis Zv. qarTulSi, ike, I, 1946.
61 erTi ucnobi Tandebuli axal qarTulSi: enimkis moambe, I, gv. 55.
62 iqve, gv. 57.
63 iqve, gv. 62-63.
64 qarTuli grammatika, gv. 153.
65 arn. C i q o b a v a , erTi ucnobi Tandebuli, gv. 63.
66 Н. Марр, Грам.., gv. 33.
152

zogierT ZeglSi u r T Tandebuli mcdari analizis Sedegad T u r T - a d aris gagebuli
da gvaqvs magaliTebi: soflebiT-TurT, yovliT-TurT, e r i T - T u r T , ZaliT-
TurT, wmidiT-TurT (warty. 72); vcodeT, ufalo, mamiT CueniT-TurT (Wil-etr. 91
V5_6)... gramatikis zogierT avtorsac T u r T miaCnda Tandebulad (pl. i o s e l i a n i ,
d. CubinaSvili, d. yifiani). saeWvoa, maTi mcdari daskvnis wyaro yofiliyo
Zeglebis zemomoyvanili SemTxvevebi, d. y i f i a n i s gagebiT T u r T pirdapir saxelobiTs
daerTvis. aSkaraa, daskvna araswori analizis Sedegia: moqmedebiTi brunvis T
elementi u r T Tandebuls aqvs mikuTvnebuli 68 .
saS. qarTulis zogierT ZeglSi da v a J a - f S a v e l a s nawerebSic aqa-iq urT Tandebuli
T mokvecilad ixmareba xolme; magaliTad: RmerTman Tqvenca gyvnes Z i T u r
gebulad (Tamariani, XII, 76); yovliTur TqvenTvin... gviboZebiaT (saq. siZv. II, 122)... saxlic
waiRo W e r x o T u r (vaJa, IV, 53)...
urT Tandebuli aRniSnavs Tan, erTad, -ianad. magaliTad: gardamovarda
xati igi... s u e t i T u r T (kim. 1455_6): x˜ i˜ჳ m o w a f i T u r T ganeSora maTgan (haemeti,
374); me da useni S v i l i T u r T aw axlad davibadeniT (v. t. 1120)...
araiSviaTad uTandebulo moqmedebiTiTac aris gadmocemuli egeve mniSvneloba.
magaliTad: aRmovida babilovniT iჱmad coliT-SviliT misiT (kim. 16622); misi
coli da Svilebi q a l i T d a v a J i T mogarTviT (saq. siZv. I, 76)... amitom gaumar-
Tlebeli geCveneba kacs p . k v i c a r i Z i s sayveduri axali mwerlebis mimarT, rom
isini ar xmaroben u r T Tandebuls: `moqmedebiTs brunvas jerdebian da erTi ram ugvanoba
gamodis, mag. `erTi mandilosani patara qaliT baRSi modioda~, `gladstoni
Tavis meuRliT noTingemSi wavida~... TiTqo patara qali, an gladstonis meuRle etli
iyos an cxeni~ 69 .
axal qarTulSi u r T Tandebuli marTlac iSviaTad ixmareba; mis magier xSirad
gvxvdeba aseTi formebi: colSvilianad, qalebianad da sxv. etyoba, aseTi formebi
u r T Tandebulis sruliad gandevnian xmarebidan.
10. mde || mdis
n. m a r i s azriT mdis || mde-Si m msazRvreli nawevaria, di || de ki Tandebuli. es
ukanaskneli ukavSirdeba xunZuri enis mimarTulebiTi brunvis de _ di niSans 70 .
a. S a n i Z e m marTebulad miiCnia mde || mdis Tandebulis or nawilad gayofa:
m+de, magram ar gaiziara n. m a r i s azri maTi warmoSobis Sesaxeb, TviTon sworad
warmogvidgina m d e Tandebulis genezisi: `m miRebuli Cans mi-sgan, romelic saxeleb-
Si Tandebulad aris gamoyenebuli, zmnebSi ki _zmniswinad~... (mi-vida, mi-ukunisamde),
de ki naSTi unda iyos dRe sityvisa, `romelic Tavdapirvelad viTarebiTis formiT
unda yofiliyo, warmodgenili: dRed... mde Tandebulis pirvandeli saxe yofila mi-dRed...
mdis miRebulia mi-dis, e. i. mi-dRis-agan, e. i. dRe sityvis naTesaobiTi brunvis
formisagan, romelsac win mi aqvs darTuli~ 71 .
Zv. qarTulSi gabatonebulia mde, araiSviaTia mdis, sporadulad mdin-ic gvaqvs.
zogierT ZeglSi igi m d À saxiTac ixmareba. magaliTac: mcenareTa m d À (qebaTa qeba,
e101), Jamadm d À (fiz. b33), naTesavadm d À (xanZT. b9)... am SemTxvevaSi À e-sa da À -s aRrevis
Sedegia, Tumca n. mari fiqrobda, rom ` Быть может, существовал тогда говор с такою
особенностью, и форма послелога dÀ (вм. di resp. de) соответственно древняя~ 72 .
67 Тексты и разыскания по армяно-грузинской филологии, VI, gv. XLIII.
68 v. T o f u r i a , bunebrivi kompleqsebisaTvis: enimkis moambe, I, gv. 119.
69 qarTuli swormetyveleba, gv. 155.
70 Грам.,, gv. 63-64; misive, Непочатый источник истории Кавказского мира: ИАН, 1917, gv. 309.
71 mde Tandebulis genezisaTvis: saq. ssr mecn. akad. moambe, III, # 4, gv. 369-371.
72 ТР, VII, gv. I.I.
153

m d i n gvevlineba magaliTebSi: v˜e SoaR a m e m d i n (Опис. 182); moiRo netarebaÁ TesliTi-T
e s l a m d i n (kim. 17938)...
saS. qarTulSi mdin ukve sistematur xmarebaSia, aqve gvxvdeba mdi formac: s a m -
x r a m d i (visr. 137). q v e y a n a m d i (v. t. 1374)... SahnameSi xSirad m d i n s gvaqvs. magaliTad:
s a R a m o m d i n s orTave erTmaneTsa sces (II, gv. 43024); ZiriT-T a v a m d i n s marmariloTa
nagebi aris (424); k o W T a m d i n s Caswvdeboda (383); m T a m d i n s mimiyvanes
(377)... Sdr. mteris saqmisa T v i n s da Zmis sikvdilis a T v i n s nu daiRrej (iqve, 426)...
am SemTxvevaSi s-s daniSnuleba ara Cans. unda vifiqroT, rom igi mdin da mdis
_ am ori paraleluri formis Serwymis Sedegia: mdin + s (Sdr. T v i n da T v i s →
Tvin + s); cxadia, s gviandeli danarTia. aseve Serwymis Sedegia saS. qarTulSi naxmari
mdisin: samxramdisin (amirandarej. 47), Seyramdisin (Sahnavaz. 84)... xolo -n
mokvecilia mdisi: c a m d i s i (Sahn. II, 427); dabla m d i s i (Sahnavaz. 709)... -n(-a) elementdarTulia
mden: ukunisa m d e n (dokument. 380)...
TiTqmis yvela es saxe Semovida axal qarTulSi: a q a m d i s i n (d. kld. I, 152), manamdisin
(ardaz. 12); dilidan saRamomdisin ar mqonda mosvenebao (xalx.)... Semodgoma
m d i n (ilia, 346).. xelmwife m d i (ilia, III, 36)..
Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi gabatonebulia mde da mdis. presa cdilobs
m d e gaabatonos, mwerlebi ki erTsac xmaroben da meoresac. kiloebSi gvxvdeba
agreTve: mdin, mdi, mden, mdisin, mdvin. ukanasknelSi v-s S. ZiZiguri
Tvin-is analogiiT xsnis 73 .
mde || mdis marTavs v i T a r e b i T brunvas. jer kidev Zv. qarTulSi viTarebiTi
brunvis sruli formis paralelurad m d e xSirad d mokvecilsac erToda. magali-
Tad: aRsasrulamde soflisa (qrest. 5), Sua d R e m d e (kim. 161)... saS. qarTulis adrindel
ZeglebSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba m d e TandebulTan sruli formis viTarebiTi (sikvdiladm
d i s _ v.t. 610)... gr. o r b e l i a n i s cadmde arqaizmia.
mde || m d i s TandebulTa viTarebiTi brunvis d elementis dakargvam gamoiwvia
erTgvari gaugebroba. zogierT gramatikaSi aRniSnulia, rom mde Tandebuli naTesaobiT
brunvas daerTviso (d o d a S v i l i 74 , quTaTelaZe75). h. fogtis qarTuli
enis gramatikaSi a m d e Setanilia im TandebulTa wyebaSi, romelnic saxelobiTsa da
micemiT brunvasTan ixmarebian 76 .
al. c a g a r e l i SecdomiT wers, rom m d e , m d i n Tandebuli saxelobiTs daer-
Tvis da i-ze daboloebuli saxelebi am xmovans a-d gadaaqcevso 77 .
viTarebiTSi d-s dakargvis mizezi dasabuTebuli aqvs p. kvicariZes: `mde iTxovs
cvalebiTs brunvas: qalaqadmde... raTgan ori d-d-s gamoTqma enisaTvis saZneloa,
amisTvis pirveli maTgani fonetikuraT spobila da vambobT: qalaqamde~ 78 ...
mde || m d i s Tandebulis funqciaa gamoxatos `garkveul punqtamde miwevna~
adgilisa, droisa da raodenobis mixedviT 79 . magaliTad: meored m o s v l a d m d e
qristჱsa (xanZT. ma11); Tma koWamdis Casdioda (Teim. II. 192); Ãari mokla ocamdis
i n , risxua maTze moawivna (Sahnavaz. 240)...
m d e Tandebulis gamoyenebisas zogjer saxels win erTvis vidre an kidev mi, mo
nawilaki: v i d r e cecxlisa S e m T x e v a d m d e hlocvides (spevs. 33580); m i s a z R -
vradmde qaldiaÁsa (habo, 663); M m o a q a m o m d e (ax. qarT. cx. 7); xazina Cemi gavrcelda
v i d r e ocdaaT T u m n a m d i s (ardaz. 24)...
73 qarT. enis mTaraW. dialeqtis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani: enimkis moambe, II, 77.
74 Semoklebuli qarTuli Rrammatika, gv. 64.
75 pirvel-dawyebiTi qarTuli grammatika, 121.
76 Esquisse d ̕̕̕une
grammaire du géorgien moderne, gv. 56.
77 Сведения , I, вып. III, gv., 74.
78 qarTuli swormetyveleba, gv. 154.
79 a . S a n i Z e , mde Tandebuli genezisaTvis, gv. 362.
154

11. viT
sxvebTan erTad h. fogtma aRniSna, rom viT aris v i n nacvalsaxelis moq. brunvis
forma 80 .
sxva TandebulebTan SedarebiT v i T Taviseburia, jer erTi, imiT, rom igi iribi
brunvebis (micemiTi, naTesaobiTi) garda saxelobiT brunvasac erTvis, rac uCveuloa
qarTuli TandebulisaTvis da saerTod windebulebis mqone sxva enebisTvisac: meorecaada,
es Tandebuli brunvaSi marTvis mxriv ganasxvavebs boloxmovnian da boloTanxmovnian
saxelebs erTmaneTisagan. albaT amiT aixsneba is eWvi, romelic adreve iyo
gamoTqmuli gramatikul literaturaSi misi Tandebuleobis Sesaxeb (k a r i W a S v i -
li, ioseliani, CubinaSvili).
marTlac, saS. qarTulSi viTa zmnisarTi iyo, igi kavSiris funqciasac asrulebda,
magram es garemoeba mas xels ar uSlida Tandebulis movaleobac Seesrulebina. igi
sityvas yovelTvis win uZRoda. ax. qarTulSi mas a moekveca da aRniSnuli sami funqciidan
ukanaskneliRa SemorCa da Cveulebriv saxelis Semdeg moeqca. zogierT kiloSi
viT-s ekveceba bolo Tanxmovanic: S a S v i v i (xevs. poez. 106), t u r a s v i ,
kdarvi, Cemsvi (ingilouri) 81 .
saS. qarTulis adrindel ZeglebSi viTa, rogorc Tandebuli, ara Cans. magaliTad,
vefxistyaosanSi igi mxolod kavSirisa da zmnisarTis funqcias asrulebs. SahnameSi
mJRavndeba misi Tandebulad qcevis tendencia. aq mas adgili ucvlia, saxelis Semdeg
gadasula, magram saxels jer kidev ar Serwymia, magaliTad: miwis piri sisxlis z R v a
viTa Relvida (II, gv. 422); gagzavnili, qari viTa, wavida (iqve, 402); mokazmes qalaqi
samoTxe viTa (iqve, 400); sisxli ru viTa vadinoT (iqve, 426) da sxv. mTaraWulSi
fuZexmovnian saxelebTan aseTi formebi dResac ixmareba: xeviT, mzeviT, gundaviT
82 .
kavSirad xmarebisas v i T yovelTvis win uZRvis saxels. amitom swored adgilis
Senacvleba unda iyos pirveli niSani misi gaTandebulebisa.
viT Tandebuli imasve a R n i S n a v s , rasac sityva rogorc: miuTiTebs msgavsebaze.
igi sam brunvasTan ixmareba: boloxmovnian saxelebsa da nacvalsaxelebs mxolod micemiT
brunvaSi daerTvis, boloTanxmovnian saxelebs ki _ micemiTsa, naTesaobiTsa
da saxelobiTSi.
magaliTebi: viT micemiT brunvasTan: dedasaviT uyvardi (visr.); Saqris yinulsaviT
tkbilad SegaberoT (ilia, 354)... naTesaobiTTan: erTi TuTi hyvanda, adamianisaviT
laparakzed gawrTvnili (Teim. II. 159), SvilisaviT gavzardeo (saq. siZv.
II, 53); xevis b e r i s a v i T (ilia, 475), g i J i s a v i T (yazb. 102)... boloxmovnianTanac:
d e d i s a v i T (ilia, III, 52)...
gramatikis zogi avtori cdilobda SemoeRo viT Tandebulis xmarebis garkveuli
wesi. ase, magaliTad, s. xundaZis mixedviT `Tu Tandebuli viT i-ze daboloebul saxelTan
aris naxmari, maSin xan saxelobiTs Txoulobs da xan micemiTs; magaliTad: es
bavSvi yurdgeliviT zis, am bavSvs yurdgelsaviT sZinavs. am SemTxvevaSi viT im brunvas
Txoulobs, romelSic qvemdebarea dasmuli, e. i. aq brunva Semasmenelzea damokidebuli~
83 .
ase msjelobda i. nikolaiSvilic 84 .
magaliTebidanac kargad Cans, rom v i T Tandebulis mier brunvis marTva sruliad
araa damokidebuli Semasmenelze. winadadebaSi Tandebuls SeuZlia brunva Secvalos:
saxelobiTis magier micemiTs daerTos da piriqiT, magram sintaqsurad da mniSvnelo-
80 Esquisse d ̕̕̕une
grammaire du géorgien moderne, gv. 64.
81 m. janaSvili, saingilo: Zveli saqarTvelo, II, gv. 232.
82 S. Z i Z i g u r i , qarT. enis mTaraW. dialeqtis Taviseburebani, gv. 77.
83 qarTuli gramatika, meore gamocema, 1907, gv. 52.
84 qarTuli enis gramatika, 1927, gv. 105.
155

is mxriTac mdgomareoba ar Seicvalos 85 .
UII. calke mdgomi Tandebulebi
1. gamo
g a m o TiTqos iSleba: ga+mo. ga albaT igivea, rac g a n zmniswini da Tandebuli.
ga warmodgenilia zmnisarTebSi: ga-re, ga-re-mo, ga-re-Se, ga-r-da (← ga-re-da), ga-r-na
(← ga-re-na). meore nawilic mo igivea, rac windebul-Tandebuli da zmniswini mo (movida,
mo-aqamomde, Cemda-mo; Sdr. garSe-mo, gare-mo, zegarda-mo).
Zvelsa da saSual qarTulSi gamo moqmedebiT da naTesaobiT brunvasTan
ixmareboda. brunvaTa mixedviT am Tandebulis funqciac gansxvavebuli iyo. m o q m e -
d e b i T T a n , kiTxvaze saidan adgils, gamosaval p u n q t s aRniSnavda, n a T e s a o -
biTTan ki, kiTxvaze ris gamo, ra mizeziT _ mizezis garemoebas gadmoscemda.
magaliTad: moqmedebiTTan: ÃmaÁ hiyo zeciT gamo (haemeti, 369); dajda da
aswavebda ersa mas n a v i T g a m o (iqve, 383); mun xma iyo R r u b l i T g a m o (Teim. II,
31)... naTesaobiTTan: x˜aw amis i u d a ჲs g a m o amier videvnebi (qrest. 523)...
g a m o Tandebulis Sedgenilobidan Cans, rom Tavdapirveli misi funqcia gamosavali
punqtis gadmocema unda yofiliyo, mizezis garemoebis funqcia ki ufro gviandelia.
SemdegSi pirveli funqciis gadmocema g a n Tandebulian moqmedebiTs daekisra
(rac isedac hqonda) da ax. qarTulSi g a m o -s daumkvidrda meore _ mizezis garemoebis
aRniSvna. magaliTad: k u W i s s i s u s t i s gamo yurZnis Wama akrZaluli hqonda
(akaki, 378); Cemis e r T g u l o b i s g a m o bevrs SevZuldi (ilia, 349)...
2. Soris, Sua
Zv. qarTulSi ori saxiT ixmareba: S o r i s , S o v r i s . n. m a r i am Tandebuls ukav-
Sirebs *Sovar || Suval ← *Suvan fuZes. amasTan erTad avtori asaxelebs axal qar-
TulSi Senaxul Svan-a-s, romelic momdinareobs S u v a n - i d a n da romlis paraleluri
formaa Sual (gansxvaveba bolokidur TanxmovnebSia), xolo es ukanaskneli
igive fuZea, romelic gvaqvs saSual-o-Si. jer kidev Zv. qarTulSi daikarga bolokiduri
n || l da miviReT Sua, aqedan dialeqturi Sva(Si). avtori am Sva-s axal qarTulis
formad warmogvidgens. n. m a r i s azrTa msvleloba sqematurad aseTia: Sovris
← *Sovar || Suval ← *Suvan; amasTan dakavSirebiT: Svan [← *Suvan] || Sual (←←sa-Sual-o)→→
Sua→→ Sva 86 .
adgilis mixedviT axal qarTulSi S o r i s Tandebuli Cveulebriv s a x e l i s
S e m d g o m ixmareba, Zv. qarTulSi ki igi ufro xSirad s a x e l i s w i n iyo, xolo mesame
piris nacvalsaxelTan (mx. ricx.) Cveulebriv saxelis Semdeg Cans.
marTvis mxriv yvela saxels micemiT brunvaSi moiTxovda, III p. nacvalsaxels
ki _ n a T e s a o b i T S i . magaliTad: damkჳdrebul ars RmerTi mis Soris (kim. 23432_33);
SiSi mkჳdr iyo mis Soris (xanZT. ib8)... amgvarsave SemTxvevebs vxvdebiT saSualsa da
axal qarTulSic.
axal qarTulSi boloTanxmovaniani saxeli zogjer kargavs micemiTis niSans. magaliTad:
oTaxis k e d l e b S o r i s momwyvdeuli Tina SiSisagan gamxdariyo (qiaC. 27).
Soris Tandebuli a R n i S n a v s a d g i l s : mdinare sisxlisaჲ dioda S o r i s q a -
laqsa (warty. z19); dadga Soris saÃumilsa mas (Tek. 105); aravin ars naTesavsa
Sensa Sovris, r˜lsa hrqჳan saxeli ege (haemeti, 381); Seiqmna didi Tqmuloba
mefesa, vazirsa da ruqas Soris (sibrZne sicr. 7028)... dadga dedasa da
85 dawvrilebiT T. S a r a Z e n i Z e , viT Tandebuli qarTulSi: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
Sromebi, X.
86 Грам., gv. 33-34.
156

S v i l s Soris mZime siCume (g. wer. 81)...
mogviano qarTulSi am funqciiT xSirad Sua || Suva-c ixmareba da zogjer cvlis
kidec mas. magaliTad: c a s a da q v e y a n a s S u v a (saq. siZv. I, 13922); C v e n s S u v a (guram.
20262)... Camovarda Suri k a x b a t o n s a da... s v i m o n s Sua (qarT. cx. 956); sofel-
Si gazrdil da qalaqSi myof b a v S v e b s S u a iseTi gansxvavebaa, rogoric n a m -
d v i l s a da mis a C r d i l s Sua (akaki, 350)... 1647w. imerul dokumentSi dasturdeba
Sva-c: ama z R u r e b i s S v a SenTvis gviboZebia (dokument. 674).
S u a Cveulebriv or saxels Soris gvevlineba, erT saxelTan ki maSin SeiZleba
iyos, Tu igi mravlobiTSia 87 .
a d g i l i s aRsaniSnad Zv. qarTulSi S o r i s -Tan erTad gamoyenebulia agreTve
saSual || saSuval. magaliTad: vpoveT saSuval qalaqsa oras sameoc (warty,
ჲ g21); r˜mdinarÀ cecxlisaჲ dis s a S u a l m a T s a (boln. 73)...
Sua-c saxels micemiTSi daerTvis, magram ax. qarTulSi araiSviaTia misi naTesaobiT
brunvasTan gamoyenebis SemTxveva. magaliTad: bewvis xidia, s i b n e l i s a da s i -
n a T l i s Sua bedisagan gadebuli (akaki, 288). ori saxelidan zogjer erTi micemiT-
Sia da meore naTesaobiTSi: romel ars Z a l i s a da W a p u r s Sua (ax. qarT. cx.
5213_14).
ax. qarTulSi S u a TandebulTan boloTanxmovniani saxeli zogjer kargavs micemiTis
s niSans. magaliTad: warbeb-Sua (ilia, III, 99); adgileb Sua (yazb. 22); foTleb
da buCqeb Sua gamoCnda (ilia, 306)...
3. Tჳnier
T ჳn i e r modis Zv. qarTulidan moyolebuli TiTqmis me-19 s.-mdis. axal qarTulSi
mas Seenacvla g a r d a . misi Sedgeniloba aseTia: Tu-in-ier. Tuin efardeba Tuis-s
da iSleba Tu Zirad da in formantad, ier ki igivea, rac m-ier, mag-ier, im-ier-Si
gvaqvs. n . m a r i T er ← * her || *ჲer 88 , rac swori ar unda iyos. namdvilad ier ←
iv-er (Sdr. Zliv: Zlier).
Tჳnier yovelTvis saxelis win ixmareboda, marTavda mas naTesaobiTSi da
aRniSnavda imasve, rasac amJamad g a r d a , g a r e S e , u m i s o d (saba). magaliTad:
v˜rmca gamovida muclisgan Svili T ჳnier mamakacisa (kim. 17920_21); r˜amca mouvlina
netari iovane T ჳnier SfoTisa antioqelTag˜n (qrest. 558); arRa-ra izraxeboda
sxa ena qarTlsa Sina, T ჳnier qarTulisa (qarT. cx. 3224_25);
zmnisarTadac gamoyenebulia zog konteqstSi T ჳn i e r , magaliTad: mosres yoveli
naTesavi maTi, T ჳn i e r daSTes orni Svilni maTni (qarT. cx. 5826_27)...
saS. saukuneTa dokumentebSi T ჳn i e r -Tan gvxvdeba k i d e darTuli -gan Tandebuliani
saxeli. magaliTad: aravin gvibrZanebia mSleli da macilebeli Tvinier Tanadgomisagan
kide (dokument. 151); nu mouSliT Tviniar (sic) Sewevnisa da Ta-
nadgomisagan kide (iqve, 137).
mniSvnelobis g a s a Z l i e r e b l a d T ჳn i e r -isgan marTul saxels zogjer emateba
meti: aravin iyos amisi mcile da modave T v i n i e r R ˜T i s meti (saq. siZv. I, 140)...
4. garda
g a r d a saS. qarTulSi gamovlinda. Zveli qarTulis ZeglebSi igi ar iyo: iq
T ჳnier iyo gamoyenebuli.
garda geneturad gares-s ukavSirdeba. n. maris azriT, gar (←kar) Zirma, ro-
87 a.SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatika, gv. 32.
88 Грам., gv. 32.
157

melic Tavdapirvelad karebs aRniSnavda, mimarTulebiTSi mogvca gaqvavebuli forma:
garda 89 . sinamdvileSi ki igi sxvagvari Sedgenilobisa Cans: garda ← ga-re-da (aseve:
garna ← ga-re-na). Zireuli masalaa ga (Sdr. ga-re, ga-mo).
garda-s adgili Tavisufalia: saxelis winac ixmareba da Semdegac. roca mosdevs
saxels, ukanaskneli micemiT brunvaSic SeiZleba iyos da naTesaobiTSic.
magaliTad, mic.: nasyidobis w i g n s g a r d a erTi xmali giboZeT (dokument. 561); m a -
m u l s g a r d a rac nivTi darCeba, samad gaiyofa (saq. siZv. III, 139)... mcireoden n a -
w i l s g a r d a , yvelam icoda (nin. I. 45)...
naT.: saydris ymis garda... nuras kacs nu daanebeb (dokument. 587) sikvdils ar-
Cevda, vinem l e v a n i s g a r d a sxvas misTxovdeboda (qiaC. 71)... aqve unda SevniSnoT,
rom es / eg CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTan garda Cveulebriv m i c e m i T T a n da zogjer na-
TesaobiTTan ixmareba, is / igi nacvalsaxelTan ki _ naTesaobiTTan. magaliTad:
amas garda cxeni moukuda (saq. siZv. III, 88); amas garda rac wlis Wirnaxuli
hqonda, mesamedi gamoiRo (g. wer. 15)... a m i s g a r d a esec motyuebiT momixda (saq. siZv.
159)... magram: i m i s g a r d a ... kidev sxva gamogverTos (saq. siZv. I, 154); mis garda
yvela maswavlebels vuyvardi (akaki, 396)...
g a r d a Tu win aris, saxels yovelTvis n a T e s a o b i T S i moiTxovs: yovelive ke-
Tilad Seicvleba, g a r d a dedis... s i k v d i l i s a (gr. orb. I, 10); es bavSvuri scenebi...
suyvelas moewona g a r d a m o u r a v i s a (akaki, 384)...
Tundac Tandebulsa da mis mier marTul saxels Soris ramdenime msazRvreli CaerTos,
naT. brunvaSi marTva mainc ar aris darRveuli. magaliTad: g a r d a darejan
batoniSvilis ufrosi v a J i s a , ukanve daabrunes gzidan (akaki, 358)...
saS. saukuneTa ZeglebSi, umTavresad ki dokumentebSi, g a r d a - T i marTul CvenebiT
nacvalsaxels da kavSiri Seerwymis da viRebT: a m a s d a g a r d a . magaliTad:
amasdagarda... brZanebul viqmeniT... da aRvasruleT sityua (saq. siZv. II, 10122_24);
a m a s d a g a r d a sxva gamosaRebi arc ara Tqvena gTxovoT (dokument. 387)... amave ZeglebSi
garda Tandebuli naT. da nanaTesaobiTar viTarebiTSic gvxvdeba. magaliTad:
kidevac amas g a r d a i s SegiwyaleT (saq. siZv. II, 277); amasda gardaisad... (dokument.
124)...
5. wil
modis Zvelidan moyolebuli me-19 s.-dis. mas vxvdebiT n. baraTaSvilis, gr. orbelianis,
al. WavWavaZisa da a. wereTlis zogierT leqsSi, viTarca gardmonaSTs. magaliTad:
satrfos c r e m l i s w i l ...damecemian ciurni cvarni (baraTaSv. 2921); Sen
wamlis wil myis momapyar dana guls (a. WavW. 3); Rvinis wil _ kvasi, mzisa
w i l _ yinva (gr. orb. 34); t k b i l i s w i l xmasa mwares naRvliT savse naRvlad vismen
(akaki, 48)...
Tanamedrove qarTulSi xmarebaSi aRaraa, Tu ar Zvel gamoTqmebSi: sisxli s i s -
xlisa wil; Tvali Tvalisa wil.
wil Tandebuli yovelTvis saxelis Semdgom ixmareba da mas marTavs naTe-
s a o b i T brunvaSi. w i l i saxelia. amitom bunebrivia, rom mis mier saxelis marTva
iseTive xasiaTisa iyos, rogoric saxelis mier saxelis marTva. igi saxelis mniSvnelobiT
dResac cocxalia. adiSis oTxTavSi vkiTxulobT: xolo juars-acues igi, ganiyves
samoseli misi w i l i T , raჲ Ta aResrulos Tqmuli winaswarmetyuelisaჲ : ganiyves
samoseli Cemi da Tavisa maTisa da kuarTsa Cemsa zeda w i l igdes (mT. 27, 35):
wil igdes=ax. qarTuliT w i l i y a r e s .
w i l i saSualsa da axal qarTulSi ixmareba kuTvnili nawilis mniSvnelobiT. magaliTad:
Tvisi w i l i mamuli... ZmiswulebisaTvis mieca (saq. siZv. II, 1082_3); dedaCems
Tvisi w i l i gaugzavne (ilia, 320)... w i l -s Seicavs n a w i l i da orive erTi da igivea
am winadadebaSi: Seni w i l i da n a w i l i gudans gasayo rCebisa (xevs. poez. 19)...
89 iqve, 32, 165.
158

dokumentebSi w i l -s zogjer enacvleba k e r Z i . magaliTad, giboZeT... b e J a n i s
k e r Z i (=wili) mamuli (saq. siZv. II, 67)...
wil Tandebulis funqciaa gamoxatos magivroba da udris magier,
n a c v l a d . magaliTad: s i y u a r u l i s a Cemisa w i l masmendes me (qrest. 437); axareT
raqels g o d e b i s a w i l galobaჲ (sasul. ჲb); dajda m i s w i l ZÀ misi (habo, 6312);
Z v l i s a w i l spilenZi Cavugdev (sibrZne sicr. 95)... nawilobriv saS. qarTulSi,
mTlianad ki ax. qarTulSi w i l -is funqcias asrulebs n a c v l a d da m a g i e r .
6. wiaR
SedgenilobiT aris wi+aR: wi igive Cans, rac win, winaSe TandebulebSia, aR ki
cnobili preverbia. igi gamoyenebulia Zvelsa da saSual qarTulSi, axalma qarTulma
ar icis. w i a R ise gamovida xmarebidan, rom Zvelsa da saS. qarTulSi savsebiT
arc ki iyo Camoyalibebuli Tandebulad. mas ufro metad zmnisarTuli mniSvneloba
hqonda da amave dros igi arcTu xSirad gamoiyeneboda.
wiaR Tandebuli micemiTsa da naTesaobiTTan gvevlineboda. ixmareboda
Cveulebriv w y a l T a n (zRvasTan, mdinaresTan) dakavSirebiT da aRniSnavda a d -
g i l s . magaliTad: movida w i a R z R u a s a mas (haemeti, 374); ganvida qvemoT kerZo
w i a R m d i n a r i s a m i s (qarT. cx. 917)... amitomaa, a. S a n i Z e varaudobs, rom `es wiaR
warmomdgari Cans wylis aR-isagan~ 90 .
7. mier
am Tandebulis m nacvalsaxeluri Ziria, ier ki rTuli sufiqsia: -iv-er.
saxels marTavs naTesaobiT brunvaSi da aRniSnavs visgan an risgan
xdeba moqmedeba. visi saSualebiT warmoebs moqmedeba. miuTiTebs moqmedebis
C a m d e n z e . magaliTad: kanjari... moivlina o ˜lisa mier (kim. 14312); v a r s k u l a -
visa mier euwya Sobaჲ (sasul. oe 163)...
am funqciiT gansakuTrebiT saS. qarTulSi xSirad g a n Tandebuli ixmareba (gv.
229).
araa swori, TiTqos es Tandebuli Zv. qarTulSi moqmedebiT brunvasac erToda (n.
mari da m. brieri) 91 . am SemTxvevaSi albaT mxedvelobaSia miRebuli aseTi magaliTebi:
gardamovediT m i e r k o S k i T (kim. 30); gardamovidoda igi m i e r t a Z r i T
(boln. 5524). ase rom iyos, maSin mier viTarebiT brunvasTanac unda gvevaraudebina.
magaliTad: raTa ganuteos... m i e r q u e y a n a d afxazeTisa (habo, 6535). faqtiurad aq
m i e r z m n i s a r T i a ; igi damoukidebeli mniSvnelobisaa. Zvel qarTulSi mier-Tan
erTad xmarebaSia m a g i e r .
T. Jordaniasa da ar. quTaTelaZis mier aseve umarTebulod aris gamocxadebuli
Tandebulad a m i e r da i m i e r zmnisarTebi 92 .
8. magier
ma-g-ier iseTive Semadgenlobisaa, rogoric m-ier (ma-g nacvalsaxeluri Ziria).
Tandebulis funqciiT da im gagebiT, rogoric mas amJamad aqvs, saS. qarTulSi
vlindeba 93 . igi niSnavs n a c v l a d . Zv. qarTulSi swored es ukanaskneli ixmareboda
magier-is adgilas.
saxels marTavs naTesaobiT brunvaSi: qeba Seasxa ramins da agre miuwera visis
magier (visr. 20413_14)... k a c i s m a g i e r tomara Camohkides (ilia, III, 15)...
90 qarT. gram. safuZvl. I, gv. 255.
91 La langue géorgienne, gv., 343.
92 T. J o r d a n i a , qarTuli grammatika, gv. 155, a. q u T a T e l a Z e , pirvel dawyebiTi qarTuli
grammatika, gv. 121.
93 Zv. qarTulSi ki TiTo-orola SemTxvevaa amisa: hrqua m e f i s a m a g i e r (kim. 8561).
159

C e m nacvalsaxelTan m a g i e r -is Serwymisas mosalodneli ori m-dan zogjer er-
Ti m rCeba, magaliTad: moaÃsene C e m a g i e r ramins (visr. 299); egre uTxar C e m a g i e r
(iqve, 2827);); Sdr. C e m s m a g i e r maT kacTa uTxar (sibrZne sicr. 103).
dokumentebSi dasturdeba magiar da magiarad (rogorc es mTis kiloebSia:
ier → iar); xuTi Tumani zaalis wilis y m i s m a g i a r geeRo (dokument. 593); sxva
s a C u q r i s m a g i a r a d Tqven gaCuqeT kuabli (sic) nacvalaSvili moZRvara (iqve, 178)...
9. mimarT, momarT
am TandebulebSi mi da mo gamoiyofa da SerCenili aqvs mimarTulebis mniSvneloba.
Zv. qarTulidan moyolebuli dRemde daculia wesi, rom pirveli piris nacvalsaxelTan
(Cem, Cven) m o m a r T ixmareba, meore da mesamesTan ki _ m i m a r T , Tumca es wesi
zogjer irRveva: piriqiTac gvxvdeba.
mimarT da momarT Cveulebriv saxels mosdevs xolme, Zv. qarTulSi sporadulad
m i s w i n a c ixmareba. mag.: mimarT apolonisa (kim. 13632); mimarT R˜Tisa
(Опис. 29) da sxv.
Zv. qarTulSi erTvis nanaTesaobiTar viTarebiTsa da viTarebiTs, Tanamedrove
qarTulSi ki mxolod n a T e s a o b i T s . orive SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavs m i -
marTulebas. magaliTad: iloca R˜isa mimarT (kim.346)... aRutevebda Ãmasa c a d
mimarT (antioq. 867); [aristo] ukan gamobrunda ginebiTa da lanZRviT m a s p i n Z l i s
m i m a r T (d. kld. 182)...
III. zmnisarTuli Tandebulebi
qarTulSi erTi wyeba z n m i s a r T e b i s a Tavisuflad iTavsebs Tandebulis funqciasac.
eseni sintaqsurad ar gansxvavdebian maTgan: Tandebulis msgavsad uSualod
daerTvian saxels ama Tu im brunvaSi da kargaven damoukideblobas.
zmnisarTSi Tandebulis funqciis SeTavseba sruliad bunebrivia, radganac rigi
Tandebuli da zmnisarTi leqsikurad erTia. SemTxveviTi araa, rom rogorc qarTul-
Si, ise sxva enebSic TandebulTa funqciiT mxolod adgilisa da drois zmnisarTebia
gamoyenebuli, sxvebi ki ara, radganac isini leqsikurad ar Seesatyvisebian Tandebuls.
Tuki zogierTi zmnisarTi Tandebulad gamoiyeneba, riT unda ganvasxvaoT es ori
gramatikuli erTeuli _ zmnisarTi da Tandebuli erTmaneTisgan? sxva niSnebTan er-
Tad mTavaria b r u n v a S i m a r T v a . Tandebuli saxels marTavs brunvaSi; Tuki aseTi
Zala zmnisarTsac aRmoaCndeba, maSin mas SeiZleba vuwodoT z m n i s a r T u l i T a n -
d e b u l i _ zmnisarTuli Tandebulebia:
1. gareSe, gareT
Zv. qarTulSi yovelTvis w i n uZRvis saxels, Tanamedrove qarTulSi ki mosdevs.
orive SemTxvevaSi moiTxovs micemiTs.
Zvelad mas ori mniSvneloba hqonda: a) uCvenebda adgils da udrida gareT-s.
magaliTad: ...r˜ lsa ewoda kanob gareSe qalaqsa (kim. 10819); pova adami... gareSe samoTxesa
mas v˜ a cxovari gareSe baksa (Опис. 40). am mniSvnelobiT Zvelsa da saS.
qarTulSi ixmareboda agreTve gare. magaliTad, z m n i s a r T a d : v˜d gamovides gare
da zraxva yves misTჳs (qrest. 21); Tandebulad: rameTu vaqsen velsa gare dga
(qarT. cx. 1892_3)...
saS. qarTulSive gareSe-sa da gare-s enacvleba gareT zmnisarTi da mxolod es
ukanaskneli ixmareba Tanamedrove qarTulSi. gareT gvxvdeba saxelis Semdeg micemiTsa
da naTesaobiT brunvasTan. magaliTad: qalaqs gareT qaravani axlos dadga
(sibrZne sicr. 14323); gaviqeci qalaqs gareT (ardaz. 23)... saydris gareT ezoSi SeiyareniT
(saq. siZv. I, 199); cxovrebis wris gareT gamdgarviyaviT (ilia, IV, 66)...
160

) udrida garda Tandebuls. win ixmareboda Tu Semdeg, saxels moiTxovda n a -
TesaobiT brunvaSi, sporadulad micemiTSic. magaliTad: ara gareSe saRmrToჲsa
gangebisa iqmna saqme ese (antioq. 6731_32); gareSe Senisa... aravin vakurTxoT (kim.
1296).
saS. saukuneTa ZeglebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki dokumentebSi, da sporadulad yazbegis
nawerebSic gareT ixmareba gareSe da garda Tandebulis funqciiT. magaliTad:
amas gardaisad, rac agre rigi saydris ymas gareT anu aznauriSvili da glexi
esaxlos. isinic isrev mouSlelad iyunen (dokument. 38); mamul gareT yvela davanebe
(saq. siZv. I, 114); im qalis g a r e T monadiris dedasTanac miirbens (yazb. 74)...
2. garSemo
esec a d g i l s aRniSnavs. -mo mis mniSvnelobas azustebs. garSemo gamoxatavs
irgvliv da es ukanaskneli zogjer enacvleba kidec.
g a r S e m o saSualsa da axal qarTulSi ixmareba, Zvel qarTulSi ki am mniSvnelobis
gadmocema Cveulebriv ekisreboda zmnas, romelsac mi-mo zmniswini erToda.
saS. sauk-is Zeglebsa da i. WavWavaZis nawerebSic garSemo-s paralelurad gareSemoc
ixmareba. orive Cveulebriv naTesaobiT brunvas moiTxovs. magaliTad: iqidama TeTr
cixis gareSemo davwviT alabuti (qarT. cx. 946); am sabZlis gareSemo adamianis
kvali ar sCanda (ilia, 308)...
3. queSe → qveS
Zvelsa da saS. qarTulSi queSe-a. amJamad q v e S saxels mosdevs, rogorc es iyo
Zv. qarTulSic, Tumca iq zogjer saxelis w i n a c gvevlineboda. mniSvnelobiT a d -
gils uCvenebs.
Zvelsa da saSual qarTulSi m i c . b r u n v a s T a n ixmareboda, sporadulad mesame
piris nacvalsaxelTan naTesaobiTTanac, ax. qarTulSi ki orive brunvasTan
TiTqmis Tanabrad ixmareba, Tumca igrZnoba tendencia naTesaobiTTan gabatonebisa.
magaliTad: s a r T u l s a q u e S e ara Sesruliyo igi (saba as. 1633_34); Sensa f a r m a n -
s a q u e S e iyos (visr. 613); cota mteri ormos hgavs, Tivas qveS damalulsa (sibrZne
sicr. 7822)... SeZvren s uf r a s qveS (akaki, 354), magram i f n i s q ve S isxden (vaJa.
IV, 34)...
micemiT brunvaSi saxels zogjer moekveceba s niSani, aseT SemTxvevaSi Tandebuli
saxelTanaa Serwymuli. magaliTad: k a k a l q v e S CavsxediT (ilia, 486); f e x q v e S
Cauvardebi (iqve, 359).
4. winaSe
Zvelsa da saSual qarTulSi winaSe Cveulebriv saxels win uZRoda, axal qar-
TulSi ki saxels mosdevs.
me-18 saukunis sabuTebsa da TxzulebaSi gvxvdeba winaSen. magaliTad: rac mizezi
qondes RmerT winaSen (saq. siZv. III, 10)... RvTis winaSen davapire wamodgoma,
magram weli ver avitane (s. mgal. 93)...
Zv. qarTulSi winaSe marTavda saxels micemiTsa da naTesaobiTSi. magali-
Tad, mic.: mRdelman Sesawiravi ganhmzada w i n a S e patiosansa j u a r s a (xanZT. ჲz2_3)...
naT.: maradis hnaTob winaSe RmrTisa (sasul. la11); wargadginnes winaSe mamisa
misisa (spevs. 330 38)...
asevea saS. qarTulSi, axalSi ki igi saxels naT. brunvaSi marTavs. dadgenilia,
rom Zv. qarTulSi Tu saxeli `sulieri~ sagnis aRmniSvnelia, is ueWvelad naTesaobiTs
brunvaSia, xolo Tu `usulosi~ _ micemiTSi 94 .
94 k . k e k e l i Z e , `winaSe~, `Tana~ da `zeda~ TandebulTa sint. funqciisaTvis Zvel qarTul-
Si, gv. 283.
161

5. wina → win
momdinareobs Zv. qarTulidan da cocxalia dResac. Zvelsa da axal qarTulSi
win ixmareba naTesaobiT brunvasTan, zogjer ki micemiTTan, saSual qar-
TulSi ki ufro metad m i c e m i T T a n .
Zvelad igi Cveulebriv d r o s gadmoscemda. magaliTad: h˜qa mas helene: v˜r S e n -
sa wina r˜li naTesavi iyo (qrest. 5013)... es funqcia mas saSualsa da axal qarTul-
Sic gadmohyva. w i n a -s gverdiT gamovlinda win, uwin (Zv. qarT. uwinarჱs), w i n a T ,
w i n e T . magaliTad: yovel d R e s a s w a u l o b i s w i n ... did mosakiTxebs ugzavnida (akaki,
369); mxolod ziarebas wineT Serigebulan (iqve, 345); TxuTmets weliwads
u w i n ... javaxeTs gardasula (dokument. 463).
ama CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTan w i n a T ganusazRvrel dros gadmoscems, magaliTad:
a m a s w i n a T Cems mefesa... nugeSsacemi wigni mouvida (saq. siZv. III, 273).
saSualsa da axal qarTulSi w i n aRniSnavs a d g i l s a c , magaliTad: sadac
s a x l i s w i n Wandari idges da W a n d r i s win auzi iyos, mun monaxe da povebo!
(sibrZne sicr. 169)... b u x r i s w i n qvabebs dastrialebda (ilia, 331)...
6. ukuana → ukan
Zvel qarTulSi ukuana gvaqvs, xevsurulSi ukven formac. saxels marTavs m i c e -
miTSi, axal qarTulSi mic. da naTesaobiTSi.
Zv. qarTulSi a d g i l s aRniSnavs, saS. da axal qarTulSi ki a d g i l T a n erTad
d r o s a c gadmoscems, magaliTad: s a x l s u k a n iyo midgmuli (g. wer. 9).. s a x l i s
u k a n kalo-sabZelia (ilia, III, 41)...
7. Semdeg, Semdgom
Semdeg da Semdgom axal qarTulSi d r o s gadmoscems, orive Cveulebriv mosdevs
saxels da marTavs mas n a T e s a o b i T s a da m i c e m i T S i , magaliTebi:
naT.: s a d i l i s S e m d e g luarsabi Seqeifianebuli wavida (ilia, 425); l o d i n i s
S e m d e g erTad Seyriliyvnen (yazb. 103)..
mic.: l e v a n s S e m d e g ilaparaka tarielma (qiaC. 54)...
mwerlebi da presis muSakebi brunvis mxriT am Tandebuls Tavisufalad epyrobian:
naTesaobiTTanac xmaroben da micemiTTanac, Tumca nacvalsaxelebs ufro metad
micemiTSi svamen.
zogierTi mwerali S e m d e g -is nacvlad mere(T)-s iyenebs: sasiZo xom mova n i S -
n i s m e r e T , imas raRas uzam (ilia, 434); Cemi TinaTin ar daiCagros C e m s m e r e (qiaC.
72).
8. aqeT, iqiT
Tandebuli funqciiT pirvelad saS. qarTulSi gvxvdeba Cveulebriv m i c e m i T
brunvasTan, zogjer ki n a T e s a o b i T T a n a c . am mxriv meryeoba ufro Tanamedrove
qarTulSi SeimCneva. misi f u n q c i a a aRniSnos a d g i l i da d r o . magaliTad: didsa
w y a l s i q i T Ãidi CemTuis sworia (visr. 13); k e r a s a q e T - i q i T TiTo taxtia dafenili
(ilia, III, 42)... a d a m s a q a T mexuTe Ãelmwife yofila (visr. 725)... d i l a s
a q e T ara miWamia-rao (ilia, III, 16)...
ZvelTan SedarebiT saSualsa da axal qarTulSi gaizarda zmnisarTebis Tandebulad
xmarebis sfero. gamovlinda zogi axali Sedgenilobis zmnisarTic, magram Cven
amiT davkmayofildiT da sanimuSod davaxasiaTeT ramdenime zmnisarTuli Tandebuli
da isic umTavresad saxelTa brunvaSi marTvis TvalsazrisiT.
162

Sorisdebuli axal saliteraturo qarTulSi 1
163
sergi JRenti
qarTuli da kerZod axali qarTuli saliteraturo ena gansakuTrebiT mdidaria
SorisdebulebiT. rogorc cnobilia, sxva metyvelebis nawilebisagan Sorisdebulebi
gamoirCevian da qmnian Tavisebur sistemas. amis gamo zogierTi avtori Sorisdebulis
miCnevas metyvelebis nawilad sacilobladac ki Tvlis.
frangi enaTmecnieri J. v a n d r i e s i Sorisdebulebs samarTlianad miakuTvnebs
`afeqtur~ metyvelebas da ganasxvavebs mas `inteleqtualurisagan~ 2 .
Sorisdebuli adamianis rTul emociebsa da sulieri ganwyobilebis eqspresias
gadmogvcems. Sorisdebulebs xmis sakuTari modulacia da intonacia axasiaTebs, amitom
afeqturi elferi, intonaciur-eqspresiuli da fonetikuri mxare Sorisdebulebs
gacilebiT ufro mdidari aqvT, vidre sxva metyvelebis nawilebs. garda amisa,
Sorisdebuls xSirad Tan axlavs Jest-mimikuri moZraobebic. samagierod Sorisdebuli
moklebulia nominatiur funqcias, materialur mniSvnelobas da gramatikul gaformebas.
calkeuli Sorisdebuli udris sityva-winadadebas: `Sorisdebulebi warmoadgenen
sityvaTa da winadadebaTa ekvivalentebs~, _ wers v. v i n o g r a d o v i 3 .
Cveulebriv Sorisdebuli winadadebis wevrs ar Seadgens. is winadadebebis warmoTqmaSi
gamoiyofa gansakuTrebuli intonaciiT, xolo weraSi _ mZimiT.
SorisdebulTa semantika mdidaria da mravalferovani. is SeiZleba gamoxatavdes
aRtacebas, sixaruls, siamovnebas, mowodebas, kmayofilebas, zizRs, dawunebas, moulodnelobas,
tanjvas, vnebianobas, Civils, muqaras, wyenas, mwuxarebas, tkivils, dananebas,
sayvedurs, gankicxvas, natvras, gakvirvebas, gaqirdvas, dacinvas, niSnisgebas,
akrZalvas, waqezebas, gambedaobasa da sxv.
SorisdebulTa klasifikaciis umTavresi siZnele imaSi mdgomareobs, rom erTi da
igive Sorisdebuli SeiZleba sxvadasxva mniSvnelobisa iyos 4 . mis mniSvnelobas konteqsti
gansazRvravs, ase, mag., `ui~ umTavresad gamoxatavs mwuxarebas, wyenas, magram
amave dros sxva konteqstSi man SeiZleba gamoxatos aRfrTovaneba, sixaruli; mag.:
`ui, qa, sawyali torua~ (vaJa) `ui, mexi ki dageces mag uxeiro Tavze~ (i. WavW.), magram
`ui, Sen ki Cagekone mag gemriel sulSi~ (i. WavW.)... aseve sapirispiro mniSvnelobis
gamomxatvelia Sorisdebulebi: `uh~, `ox~, `oh~, `hm~ da sxv. mag.: `uh, ra SemeSinda~ (ninoSvili);
`u h , u h , ra mtkiva muxlebi~ (iqve), magram `u h , u h , u h ! eg Roris sukebi~
(i. WavW.); `u h , u h , u h ! ra tkbilia! _ tuCebis cmacuniT da siamovnebiT viZaxdiT yvelani~
(S. aragvisp.)... `o x , o x ! miSveleT, momkla!~ (W. lomT.), magram `o x , Cemo Tvalis
Cino!~ (S. aragvisp.)... o h , rogor civa da msusxavi qaric uberavs~ (Seqsp. `hamleti~),
magram `o h ! gabadrulo mTvarev!~ (al. WavW.)... hm, hm, hm! daigmina qalbatonma~
(ninoSvili), magram `h m ! Caicina moxevem~ (i. WavW.) da sxv.
emociuri xasiaTis Sorisdebulebisgan unda ganvasxvaoT imperatiuli xasiaTis Sorisdebulebi;
mag. `ei, msaxurno! daamzadeT sanadimod yovelive~ (al. sumbaTaSvili,
`Ralati~). Sdr. `hei, didi seiri iqneba~ (iqve); `hei, Zamiebo, sayvarlebo, lamazebo,
mSvenierebo...~ (W. lomT.)... `hau, kudianebo, h a u ! Tqveni sviT da Tqveni WameT...~ (iqve).
zogierTi avtori, mag. H. Paul-i 5 , E. Schwentner-i 6 emociis gamomxatvel SorisdebulTa
gverdiT ganixilaven e. w. onomatopoetur bgeriT kompleqsebsa da sityvebs, romlebic
xmis mibaZvis safuZvelze arian warmoSobilni. Cven aseTi bgeriTi kompleqsebi da
1 iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, I, 1946.
2 Ж. Вандриес, Язык, rusuli Targ., Москва 1937, gv. 135.
3 В. В. Виноградов, Современний русский язык, II, Москва, 1939, gv. 569.
4 А. Шахматов, Синтаксис русского языка, вып. II, 101.
5 Prinzipien der Sprachgesichte, 1909, gv., 179.
6 Die primare Interjectionen in der Indogermanischen Sprachen, Heidelberg, 1924.

sityvebi Segnebulad ar SevitaneT SorisdebulebSi da isini calke gamovyaviT.
qarTul SorisdebulTa agebuleba
fonetikurad Sorisdebuli yovelTvis ufro metia, vidre is asoebiT gadmoicema.
Sorisdebuls weraSi mxolod miaxloebiT gadmovcemT.
qarTulSi Sorisdebuli, ise rogorc sxva enebSi umetesad erTi an ramdenime
xmovnisagan Sedgeba. SesaZlebelia xmovans Tan axldes Tanxmovanic. Sorisdebuli,
rogorc adamianis rTul emociaTa gamomxatveli, usaTuod gulisxmobs xmovnur elements,
radganac tonis moZraoba _ misi awev-dawevis gamoxatva _ mxolod xmovnis sa-
SualebiT xerxdeba. zogjer Sorisdebuli weraSi SesaZlebelia warmodgenili iyos
uxmovnodac. magram aseT SemTxvevaSi savaraudoa TanxmovanTan erTad e. w. neitraluri
xmovani () igulisxmebodes, rac weraSi gamoxatuli araa.
Sorisdebuli SesaZlebelia Sedgebodes mxolod erTi xmovnisagan; mag.: `a, abdulav,
a, samurav!~ (vaJa). tonis moZraobisa da afeqturi elferis gasaZliereblad SesaZlebelia
Sorisdebuli pirobiTac ori an sami erTnairi xmovniT iyos gadmocemuli:
`aa, migixvdi, axla rogor iqneboda saqme~ (ninoSvili); `aa, Tavado, kuWs nu meiyvan,
Tvara adre daberdebi~ (iqve); `aaa, mSiSarav, mSiSarav~ (S. aragvisp.); `aaa, moi-
SiSvle im adgils, sadac gaq dakodili~ (ninoSvili). xSirad xmovan a-s win uZRvis
yelismieri spiranti h; mag.: `h a , yurSa, h a ! _ dauZaxa moZRvarma~ (yazbegi); `h a , bur-
Ti, h a , moedani~ (ak. wereTeli).... SesaZlebelia a-s mosdevdes h; mag.: `a h ! ... levan! _
warmosTqva iman~ (yazbegi); `a h , gojaspir xasiaSvilma qvrivi ki ar SeirTo~ (kldiaSvili).
xmovan a-s, SesaZlebelia win uZRodes an mosdevdes ukanaenismieri spiranti x;
mag.: `ax, ra kargia!... a x ... ra.. kargia!~ (S. aragvisp.)... `aax! _ Tavisda uneburad wamoikvnesa!~
(S. aragvisp.)... `aaaax! _ fexzed wamovardniT wamoiZaxa saSineli xmiT titikom~...
(S. aragvisp.). xSirad am Sorisdebuls pirveli piris nacvalsaxeli `me~ daer-
Tvis: ` a x m e ! _ kbilebis xrWialiT da Tavis gaqneviT wamoiZaxa...~ (yazbegi). zogjer
SeZaxilis Sorisdebuli warmodgenilia a da u xmovanTa SeerTebiT: `au, bedSavo Cemo
Tavo~ (yazbegi); `au, ras meubnebi~ (iqve)... SesaZlebelia `au~-s h uZRodes win: `hau,
kudianebo, h a u ! Tqveni sviT da Tqveni WameT, Cvensas jvari dagviwereT, h a u , kudianebo,
h a u ! (W. lomT.). SesaZlebelia xmovan a-s win uZRodes kbilbagismieri v; mag.:
`v a , darejan, mama gicxondaT~ (vaJa); `v a , dalocvilo, raRasa javrob~ (vaJa). zogjer
Sorisdebuli `va~ h-s gaiCens boloSi: `v a h , dedas Cemis mtrisas~ (vaJa); `v a h , droni,
droni, nagebni mtkbarad...~ (al. WavW.). xSirad es Sorisdebuli pirveli piris nacvalsaxels
`me~-s dairTavs: ` v a h m e , Cemo sicocxlis momniWebelo~ (vaJa); ` v a h m e ! v a h -
m e ! Cveno mamalo! _ tirilis xmazed ambobdnen bavSvebi~ (vaJa). xmovnis Secvlis safuZvelze
es Sorisdebuli `vohme~ formiTac gvxvdeba: ` v o h m e , v o h m e , Cemo nikora
kameCo!~ (vaJa). dadasturebulia `vohxme! variantic: `vohxme, vohxme, ro magondeba,
TavSi damkravs Jruanteli da fexebSi gamvardeba~ (vaJa). aris SemTxveva, roca
mxolod `va~ dairTavs `me~-s: `vame, Sors myofsa Sensa~ (al. WavW.). v-s Semcvelia `vai~;
mag.: `vai, sawyalo! v a i , sawyalo! _ Semoirtya ivanem TavSi xeli~ (ninoSvili);
`vai, v a i , v a i ! aki venacvale imas i ena-pirSi~ (vaJA); `vai, misi Wirime, ramxela gazrdila~
(lalioni); Sdr. `hai, h a i , rom vnaxe, _ upasuxa biWma...~ (yazbegi). ` v a i ~ - s
SesaZlebelia a xmovanic gauCndes win: ` a v a i , jajalau! ras sCadi?~ (yazbegi); `cota
xans Semdeg viRaca dedakacma kvnesiT da xmis kankaliT warmosTqva: `avai!~ (yazbegi).
Sorisdebuli SesaZlebelia e xmovanzedac iyos agebuli: `e, Sexede, Se kaco, Tu
vcdebi! Tu sisuleles geubnebi! e, Sexede, e, Tu vcdebi... e, rava etyoba! axlac ver
xedav! (kldiaSvili). xSirad es Sorisdebuli gaormagebuli da gasammagebuli saxi-
Taa warmodgenili; mag.: ` e e , RmerTo, ici kidev ras gexvewebi?~ (vaJA); `biWo, beJano,
sada xar, e e e ! ? (vaJa). xSirad xmovan e-s win uZRvis h: `he! _ niSnis mogebiT warmos-
Tqva giorgim~ (yazbegi); `he, RmerTo erTo, Sen Sehqmen saxe yovlisa tanisa~... (rusTaveli);
`he, mamulo sasurvelo~ (gr. orbeliani). aseve SesaZlebelia h mosdevdes e
xmovans: `m e k i , e h ! _ mwared Caiqnia xeli da mosxletiT daeSva taxtzed~ (S. arag-
164

visp.); `eh, Zmav, wadi Sen Sens gzaze simReriT~ (gr. orbeliani); `e h jani gavardes,
aTi iyos~ (i. WavWavaZe)... `eeeh! ra kacia da...~ (vaJa). SesaZlebelia es Sorisdebuli e
da i xmovanTa SeerTebiT iyos warmodgenili: `ei, msaxurno! daamzadeT sanadimod yovelive~
(al. sumbaTaSvili, `Ralati~); `ei, ufroso~ (iqve). `ei~-s SesaZlebelia h uZRodes
win; mag.: `h e i , h e i ! _ naRvlianad wamoiZaxa man~ (kldiaSvili); `hei, Zamiebo,
sayvarlebo, lamazebo, mSvenierebo!..~ (W. lomT.)... e-s SesaZlebelia win uZRodes kbilbagismieri
v da mosdevs h; mag,: `v e h !~ _ daiyvira. cud niSans vxedav...~ (ak. wereTeli)...
xSirad e-s win uZRvis an mosdevs ukanaenismieri spiranti x: `Sen styui, Sen unda
daisajo... x e ! x e ! x e ! amitom mibrZandi karcerSi~ (W. lomT.); `x e ! x e ! x e ! _
xvixvinebs ufrosi, _ x e ! x e ! x e !~ (iqve)... `eeex~ _ amoskda gulis siRrmidan da
gulCaTuTqulma Tvalebi mixuWa~ (S. aragvisp.); ` e e e x ! marTla da ra suleli gamovdeqi~
(iqve).
Sorisdebulis safuZvlad SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iyos i xmovani: `iiii, ra
Zaan Rvinoa~ (S. aragvisp.). msgavsad a da e xmovnebisa, SeiZleba i-s win uZRodes an
mosdevdes h; mag.: `h i , venacvale RmerTsa! _ etyoda xolme qmars elisabedi. h i , venacvale!
jer Cemze ukeTesi unda SeerTo da merme CemTvis niSni moego! h i , venacvale
RmerTsa!~ (i. WavW.); `h i , Se baiyuSo, iqneba xeli moiWeri~ (vaJa); `h i , h i , h i ! miyvars.
ma ra?~ (W. lomT.)... `i h , i h ! ra gemrielia~ (S. aragvisp.); `i h , bednieri qveyana yofila
guria, kniaz!~ (W. lomT.). zogjer i-s ukanaenismieri spiranti x uZRvnis win; mag.: `x i ,
x i , x i ! _ CavixiTxiTe, roca es miTxra~ (S. aragvisp.). SesaZlebelia am Sorisdebuls
haec daerTos: `x i h ! sisulele!.. RreWiT upasuxa SeSlilma~ (S. aragvisp.). xSirad i-s
win uZRvis kbilbagismieri v da mosdevs h; mag.: `v i h ! uneblieT wamoiZaxa, rodesac
uecriv Tvali mohkra Tavis dambnedavs...~ (S. aragvisp.); `v i h , avetiq, netavi Cems gulSi
Cagaxeda~ (al. WavW.); `v i h , netavi ras ambob?~ (iqve). SesaZlebelia es Sorisdebuli bolovdebodes
spirant S-ze; mag.: `v i S , ra dilaa, ra dilaa, RmerTo Cemo~ (W. lomT.). aris
SemTxveva, rodesac i-s wyvilbagismieri f mosdevs: `i f ! i f !.. damixedeT, damixedeT
mTis mebatonis Svils~ (yazbegi); `i f !... Seni Wirime, Seni, Cemo biZia~ (kldiaSvili).
xSirad Sorisdebulad gamoyenebulia o xmovanic; mag.: `o, o, eg didi saqmea~ (i.
WavW.)... ` o o o , gaumarjos Cvens Tamadas! uraa! _ daiZaxes TiTqmis yvelam erTad~ (S.
aragvisp.). ise rogorc a, e, i xmovnian SorisdebulebTan, o-sac SesaZlebelia win
uZRodes an mosdevdes h; mag.: `h o , h o , h o , h o , ra pur-Rvinoa~ (ninoSvili)... ` h o o ,
Seni Wirime, RmerTo!~ (vaJa). es Sorisdebuli zogjer o da i xmovanTa SeerTebiTaa
warmodgenili: ` h o i , sazaro saSinelo usjuloebav!~ (Seqsp. `hamleti~); ` h o i , bnelo
Ramev, mejavrebi me~ (i. WavW.)... o-s mosdevs h; mag.: `o h , o h ! vahme, movkvdi, dedas
Cemo, aRaravina xarT qristiani~ (vaJa); o h , netavi ki maSin TqvenTan mec vyofiliyav~
(Seqsp. `hamleti~)... xmovan o-s SesaZlebelia win uZRodes an mosdevdes ukanaenismieri
spiranti x; mag.: `x o , x o , x o ! ra kargi ramaa~... `o x ! Cemo Tvalis Cino~ (S. aragvisp.);
`o x , o x , miSveleT, momkla, momkla!~ (W. lomT.)... `am dros mucelam SimSilic igrZno
da erTi Rrmad amoixvneSa: o o x , dedav!~ (vaJa).
Sorisdebulia u xmovanic; mag.: `kirile, batono kirile!.. u... u~ (kldiaSvili)! `u!
u! u! _ gugunebda tusaRTa brbo da talRebad iwevda win~ (S. aragvisp.)... u u ! u u ! ufro
uaresad waigmines tusaRebma~ (iqve). xSirad u-s win uZRvis an mosdevs h; mag.: `h u ,
h u , h u ! _ gangeb Caaxvela Tedom~... (S. aragvisp.)... `huu!.. Cemda uneburad magrad amovisunTqe~
(S. aragvisp.)... `u h , u h ! . . ranairad yinavs!~ (iqve); `u h , u h , u h ! eg Roris
sukebi~ (i. WavW.). aris SemTxveva, rodesac u-s wyvilbagismieri f mosdevs; mag.: `u-uf!
rogor moRuSa warbebi, rogor gajavrda!~ (W. lomT.); `u f , ra grili Ramea~ (ninoSvili).
zogjer Sorisdebuli warmodgenilia u da i xmovanTa SeerTebiT; mag.: `u i , Sen
ki Cagekone mag gemriel sulSi~ (i. WavW.); `ui, u i ! daxe imas, im wyeuls...~ (iqve). am
Sorisdebuls SesaZlebelia pirveli piris nacvalsaxeli `me~ daerTos; mag.: ` u i m e ,
uime! _ iyvira darikom da gamwarebuli loyazed xels irtyamda, _ uime... uime...
es ra gaigona Cemma yurebma!~ (kldiaSvili). mTel rig SemTxvevaSi u-s win uZRvis
wyvilbagismieri f; mag.: `f u , Se verano! _ wamoiZaxa Tedom da xvela auvarda~ (S.
165

aragvispireli); `f u , SegaCvenos RmerTma~ (W. lomT.). SesaZlebelia es Sorisdebuli
`fui~ saxiT iyos warmodgenili; mag.: `f u i , dalaxvra RmerTma~ (ilia); `fui, f u i , _
saCqarod gadaafurTxa da xelebi gaasavsava...~ (S. aragvispir.). aris SemTxveva, rodesac
am Sorisdebuls win T miuZRvis; mag.: `Tfui! _ sibraziT gadaafurTxa daTuam da
Tvalebi daxuWa~ (S. aragvispireli).
zemoganxiluli Sorisdebulebis mixedviT erTi metad saintereso movlena irkveva:
SorisdebulebSi xmovanTa win hae daculia maSin, rodesac qarTulSi garda `haer~
da `hava~ sityvebisa hae xmovnis win ikargeba. vfiqrobT, rom SorisdebulebSi h-s
gaCena xmovanTa win xmovnis fSvinvieri SemarTvis safuZvelze unda momxdariyo da
xmovnis win misi SenarCunebisaTvis xeli unda Seewyo im rTuli emociuri grZnobis
intensiurobas, romelsac SorisdebulTa warmoTqmisas aqvs adgili 7 . amis gamo Sorisdebulebi
h-s auslautSic inarCuneben da inlautSic; mag.: ` a h a , Tendeba is didi
dRe, Zneli saambod~ (gr. orbeliani); `aha, guli gamijnurda, mihxdomia velTa rbena~
(rusTaveli)... ` a h u , diaci yofilxar~ (yazbegi)... ` e h e , rogor gaigo, kaco, mkiTxavi
xom ara xar?~ (vaJa); ` e h e e , didi Zala aqvs sofelsa~ (vaJa)... `vina xar, e h e mSveniero,
moxveli siTa~ (vax. orbeliani)... ` o h o , o e ! _ sTqva kvlav gogolam gamxiarulebulma~
(vaJa); `oho! _ gaikvirva beJiam~ (yazbegi) 8 .
Tumca iSviaTia aseTi magaliTebi, magram mainc gvxvdeba, rodesac Sorisdebuli
erTi an ori TanxmovniTaa warmodgenili uxmovnod. ase, mag., Tu garkveuli sulieri
ganwyobilebis gamosaxatavad (gminva, Cacineba) haernakadis dena cxviris gziT xdeba
da ara piridan, maSin warmovTqvamT Sorisdebuls: h m , romelic Serwymul cxvirismier
fSvinvier bgeras warmoadgens; mag.: `h m , h m , h m ! _ daigmina qalbatonma~ (ninoSvili);
`h m ! _ Caicina oficerma~ (i. WavW.). Sorisdebuli zogjer weraSi erTi Tanxmovni-
Tac aris gamoxatuli; mag.: `rodis visesxe, rom Sagimowmebia, h?~ (S. aragvisp.): `uu!...
h! h!.. uecriv wamoikvnesa beram da qviTini morTo~ (S. aragvisp.). aseT SemTxvevaSi, rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, Cven TanxmovanTan erTad vgulisxmobT e. w. neitralur xmovans
(-s), romelic weraSi ar gadmoicema. aseve zogjer Sorisdebulad gamoyenebulia
mxolod s; mag.: `s s s ! cota siCumis Semdeg uTxra direqtorma~ (Wola lomTaTi-
Ze); `s s s !.. CumaT! tyuilad irjebi, versad waxval!~ (lalioni). es Sorisdebuli SesaZlebeli
t-sa da s-s SeerTebiTac iyos warmodgenili: `t s ! ar gabedo meorejer
CemTan egeni! _ waulaparaka maswavlebelma mowafes~ (W. lomT.).
garda zemoganxiluli bgeriTi kompleqsebisa, Sorisdebulad gamoyenebulia sityvebi:
aba; aba-ba-ba; mag.: `aba, mdevari, a b a mdevari!_ hyvirian~ (vaJa)... `aba-ba-ba, ra ZaRli
yofila eg dalocvili~ (vaJa); `aba-ba-baa! ramodena xalxi wavida~ (vaJa). gvxvdeba
`aba~-s variantic apa: `apa, Se glaxav, Sen magas rogor mibedav...~ (vaJa). `aba~ zogjer
gaZlierebulia `ha~ Sorisdebulis darTviT: `aba h a , daTiko, Sen xom amisTanoba Zalian
gexerxeba~ (ninoSvili); `aba ha, gavwioT~ (iqve). zogjer `aba~-s pirveli piris
nacvalsaxeli `me~ erTvis; mag.: `abame, abame, ranairi Ronieria~ (S. aragvisp.); `abai
m e , onise! _ wamoiZaxa erTma da yvelam Tofebi CamouSves~ (yazbegi).
vaSa: `gamarjveba mZlevel jarso! v a S a ! v a S a ! imaT Rvawlsa...~ (ak. wereTeli);
`vaSa! v a S a ! dahkariT taSi, dahkariT taSi, amxanagebo! (W. lomT.).
ura (rus.): `ura, u r a ! _ daiRriala xalxma da imaTac Sestyorcnes maRla Cabalaxebi~(W.
lomT.); `ura! _ daiyvira luarsabma...~ (i. WavW.).
heri: es sityva dRes Sorisdebulia, magram warmoSobiT ki zmnaa da niSnavs imasve,
rasac rus. марш (←frang. marche). am mniSvnelobiT es sityva dadasturebuli aqvs in-
7 s. J R e n t i , xmovanTa fSvinvieri SemarTva svanurSi: saq. ssr mecn. akademiis moambe. t. VI,
1945, # 5.
8 aris SemTxveva, rodesac mwerali Sorisdebuls arasworad agebs; mag;: `u h u , u h u , u h u ,
eZaxian, eZeben erTi meores...~ marTalia, u xmovani Zaxilis Sorisdebulia, magram vinaidan or
erTnair xmovans h hyofs, igi Zaxilis Sorisdebulad ver gamodgeba.
166

gilourSi m. j a n a S v i l s (`her~ _ iare!). rogorc irkveva, aseTi mniSvneloba aqvs am
sityvas qarTul saliteraturo enaSic; Sdr. `aba, biWo, tanT Caicvi da skolisken
heri, heri~; `melas dro darCa, Sexta, erTbaSad xeli staca qals, Seigdo kudze
da h e r i , biWo! gaswia da ra gaswia~ (vaJa).
eriha: `eriha, mohyevi Seneburad raxuns!~ (ninoSvili); `eriha, mgonia, Sen kidec Segyvarebia,
_ gaexumra deda Tavis qals~ (iqve)... `eriha~ Sedgenili Sorisdebuli unda
iyos: eri+ha. pirveli naxevari igive `heri~ Cans, xolo h dakargula. Tavkidur h-s dakargva
SeiZleba `ha~-s darTviT iyos gamowveuli (*heriha → eriha).
yoCaR: ` y o C a R , y o C a R ! _ daiZaxes devebma da iseTi mxiaruleba SeeqmnaT, rom
sul maRla-maRla xtodnen~ (vaJa); `y o C a R , kodala! baraqala...~ (vaJa).
dililme: `dililme, dililme, xval CurCxelebsa vWamo, gozinaysac vWamo~
(S. aragv.). `dililme~ Sedgenili Sorisdebulia: d i l i l + m e . ras unda niSnavdes
pirveli naxevari, CvenTvis ucnobia.
afsus (spar.): `afsus, a f s u s ! wisqvilo! Tedes amago!~ (vaJa); `afsus, badrisa da
usupis jiSo, rogor wamxdarxarT da gafuWebulxarT~ (vaJa).
ololo: `ololo Sen, ver gamoican~ (i. WavW.).
biWo! biWos!: `heri, biWo! gaswia da ra gaswia~ (vaJa); `biWos! mosula? (xalxuri).
Wov (aWar. Sekvecili biWo): `Wov da _ me qali minda, qals me undebvar, Sen vin
xar, Sen TiTon CamomeTxove-meTqi~ (W. lomT.).
qa (qalo): `q a , eg biWi ise ar ucqeris ma qalsa, TiTqos SeWma undodeso~ (vaJa);
`ui, q a , sawyali torua!~ (vaJa).
baraqala (arab.): `baraqala, Cemo daTo!~ (i. WavW.); `baraqala, baraqala, Seni
erTguleba mec ar maviwydeba~ (yazbegi).
beCa (bedSavi): `beCa! dedakaci yofila!~ (yazbegi); `beCa! rada mklav?~ (S. aragvisp.);
`beCau! erTai, erTai mainc makoce...~ (yazbegi).
ojo (vaJo): `o j o , carieli fuli aferi araa, Tu kaci TiTon ar varga~ (lalioni);
`ra saqmea axla imisTanai, o j o ? ai adgili amasobaSi qe Cagelia xelSi~ (iqve);
`miswere, o j o , viSoni Tu ara, mainc ase sjobs~(iqve).
daxe (← daxede): `d a x e , d a x e , Tqveni Wirime! es ra moigona~ (i. WavW.); `d a x e , sada
yofilxar~ (al. sumbaTaSvili, `Ralati~).
Wita: `SeSinebuli bavSvebi saSineli wiviliT garbodnen iqiT-aqeT da imaleboden,
magram marine poulobda maT, daRunavda Tavs, gauWvretda, TiTqo kata Cits eparviso,
`W i t a ~ _ daiZaxebda da gaiqceoda damalul bavSvisaken, radgan marine Tavisi `Witas~
ZaxiliT Soridanve atyobinebda bavSvs movdivaro, bavSvi aswrobda gaqcevas da
sxva adgilze damalvas~ (ninoSvili).
su (←←sule): am sityvas Cveni yuradReba miaqcia prof. v. b e r i Z e m 9 . es ukanaskneli
forma Cveulebriv gavrcelebuli sityvaa qarTlsa da kaxeTSi da iyeneben mas
bavSvis gasaCumeblad. `sule~ `vefxistyaosanSic~ gvxvdeba:
`etyoda: `sule, ramc giyav, kaci var, adamiani~ (t. 257) 10 .
s a b a s dadasturebuli aqvs: `sulelva _ cxenT dasamSvidebeli stuena~ da `d a -
s u l e b a _ daCumeba~. dRes es Sorisdebulad qceuli sityva Cveulebriv `su~ formiT
ixmareba; mag.: `s u , s u , naCalnikma ar gaigonos~ (ninoSvili); `s u , Cumad meTqi!~
(vaJa). am Sorisdebuls s Semdgom boloSi gasCenia: `susss!.. Cumadve upasuxa elisabedma~
(yazbegi).
Cupri-Cupri: `Cupri-Cupri, Cupri-Cupar, Cupri darejansa! ura! ai gidi, qudi
WerSi~ (ilia).
ime (imer. ime): `Se kaco, SenTan rom movide da ucxo kaci momyves, Cemi keTili saw-
yenad dagirCeba?.. a, miTxari, Tu Zma xar?.. karSi gamomagdeb? _ i m e !~ (kldiaSvili);
`i m e , raRa vTqva... riTi gadagixado magieri~ (iqve).
9 v. b e r i Z e , `vefxistyaosnis~ garSemo; tf. sax. un. Sromebi, t. III, 1935, gv. 156.
10 S. rusTaveli, vefxistyaosani, k. WiWinaZis gamocemiT.
167

evri qarTuli Sorisdebuli bgeriTi kompleqsisa da xSirad semantikis mxrivac
msgavsia evropul enebSi xmarebuli Sorisdebulebisa. amaSi rom davrwmundeT, davasaxelebT
ramdenime magaliTs:
ger. ach, hol. ach, polon. ach, Cex. ach, rus. ax 11 ; Sdr. `a x , ra kargia!.. ax... ra... kargia!~
(S. aragvisp.).
msgavsad qarTulisa, germanulsa da zog sxva evropul enaSi a da o xmovnian Sorisdebulebs
fSvinvieri SemarTvis safuZvelze uviTardebaT h; mag.:
germ. ha! ha! ing. ha, halloo, holand. ha, ha, polon. ha, berZ. ά; Sdr. rus. xa; Sdr. ` h a ,
burTi, h a , moedani~ (ak. wereTeli).
germ. hai, Zv. ind. hai, Zv. frang. hai, rum. hai; Sdr. ` h a i , h a i , rom vnaxe, upasuxa
biWma~ (yazbegi).
germ. hei, laT. hei, rum. hei, ing. hey, Cex. hey; ` h e i , h e i _ naRvlianad wamoiZaxa
man~ (kldiaSvili).
germ. ho, esp. ho, ho, ing. ho, Cex. ho, ho, rum. ho, ax. frang. ho; Sdr. `hoo, Seni Wirime,
RmerTo~ (vaJa).
germ. hi, hi, hi; esp. hi, hi; rum. hi; Sdr. `h i , h i , h i ! miyvars, ma ra?~ (W. lomTaTiZe).
germ. hu, hu; Sdr. ` h u u . . . Cemda uneburad magrad amovisunTqe~ (S. aragvisp.).
germ. aha, Cex. aha; Sdr. ` a h a ! guli gamijnurda, mihxdomia velTa rbena~ (rusTaveli);
rus. ух: `Ух жарко!~ ( Некрасов): Sdr. `u h , u h ... ranairad yinavs~ (S. aragvisp.).
rus. чу: `Чу, два похоронных удара!~ ( Некрасов): Sdr. `C u , gamoxta ager mwyeri~.
germ. uff, uph, frang. ouf, berZ. ὅπ, rum. uf; Sdr. `u f , ra grili Ramea~ (ninoSvili).
berZ. φϋ laT. fue, fū germ. pfui, esp. fu, rus. тьфу; Sdr. `Tfui! _ sibraziT gadaafur-
Txa daTuam da Tvalebi daxuWa~ (S. aragvisp.).
germ. hm, Sved. hm, hum; Zv. ind. hūm? rus. гм; Sdr. `h m ! agi umisod vicodi me~ (ninoSvili).
germ. weh: `Weh! Weh! Weh! sie kommen Bitter Tod~ (Goethe); Weh! Weh! Du hast sie zerstört...
Sdr. `v e h !~ _ daiyvira, cud niSans vxedav~ (ak. wereTeli) da sxv.
am Sedarebidan naTlad Cans, rom yovel enas specifikur SorisdebulebTan erTad
moepoveba iseTebic, romelnic msgavsni arian sxva enaSi arsebuli Sorisdebulebisa.
ibadeba kiTxva: am SemTxvevaSi xom ara gvaqvs saqme sesxebasTan an gavlenasTan? vfiqrobT,
rom ara. am sxvadasxva sistemis enebSi (vgulisxmobT qarTulsa da indoevropul
enebs) bgeriTi kompleqsis mxriv da zogjer semantikuradac msgavsi Sorisdebulebi
erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad unda Camoyalibebuliyvnen. Cans, sxvadasxva enas
rTul emociur grZnobaTa gamosaxatavad erTnairi enobrivi masala gamouyenebia. es
garemoeba nawilobriv unda aixsnas im fsiqiur-fiziologiuri TaviseburebebiT, romelnic
SorisdebulTa safuZvels Seadgenen da mas sxva metyvelebis nawilTagan ga-
11 E. Schwentner, Die primare Interjectionen in der Indogermanischen Sprachen, Heidelberg, 1924, gv., 17.
168

nasxvaveben. mdidari intonaciur-eqspresiuli da fonetikuri mxare Sorisdebulebs
sxvadasxva enaSi erTnair xmovanTa an erTnair TanxmovanTa da xmovanTa SeerTebiT
gamouxatavs, magram es srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom saerTod Sorisdebulis sesxebas
adgili ar hqondes. ase, mag., SeiZleba davasaxeloT rusulidan qarTulSi Semosuli:
u r a a ! b r a v o ! somxuridan _ a f s u s ! Turqulidan: i a l a h ! da sxv. evropul
enebs da kerZod rusuls inglisuridan usesxebia Sorisdebulad qceuli sityvebi:
стой! алло! TaTrulidan rusulSi nasesxebia: айда da sxv.
Sorisdebuli winadadebaSi
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Sorisdebuli damoukidebeli winadadebaa. amitom isini
yovelTvis gamoiyofian winadadebisagan warmoTqmaSi gansakuTrebuli intonaciiT,
xolo weraSi _ mZimiT.
bevr SemTxvevaSi Sorisdebuli momdinareobs metyvelebis sxva nawilebisagan, ase,
mag.: ` d a x e , d a x e , Tqveni Wirime, es ra moigona~ (i. WavW.). am winadadebaSi `daxe~
Sorisdebulia da momdinareobs igi zmnisgan `daxede~; an kidev: `C u , gamoxta ager
mwyeri~: `Cu~ warmodga formisgan: C u m a d . zemoxsenebuli forma W i t a uTuod miRebulia
W v r e t a - s a g a n ; zmnuri warmoSobisaa Sorisdebuli: h e r i , s u (sule) da
sxv. wodebiTi formis saxelebisagan momdinareoben Sorisdebulebi: q a , romelic
sityva `qalo~-s Sekvecili formaa, b e C a (← bedSavo), o j o (← vaJo), W o v (← biWo:
aWar.), biWo, biWos! da sxv.
amasTan erTad aRsaniSnavia isic, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi Sorisdebuli dRes winadadebis
wevrad (qvemdebared an danamatad) gvevlineba 12 ; mag.: ` u r a a ! _ daiyvira luarsabma
da, radgan gulaRma iwva, Taviseburad taxtzed erTi fexic aiSvira maRla da
manam `ura~ ar gaaTava, fexi ar CamouRia~ (i. WavW.). am magaliTSi pirveli `ura~ Sorisdebulia,
magram meore `ura~ Sorisdebuli ki ar aris, aramed Sorisdebulis saxelwodebaa
da winadadebaSi is damatebis rols asrulebs. `gauTlels CeCens, rogorc
Cvena gvgonia, piri mouridebia, zizRiT gadaufurTxebia da Tvalebis cisken
miqceviT wamouZaxnia: i a l a h ! magram es `ialah!~ unda gaegonaT, ra xmiT warmouTqvams
imas~ (yazbegi). am magaliTSi pirveli `ialah!~ Sorisdebulia, meore _ Sorisdebulis
saxelwodebaa, damatebaa. `fSataZe rom brazobda da misZaxoda `hai-huis~ tyesa
da velsa...~ (vaJa). aq ` h a i - h u i s ~ Sorisdebulis saxelwodebaa, damatebaa. `hai-haa, hai-haa~-s
ZaxiliT erTmaneTs aRar vaclidiT~ (S. aragvisp.). `hai-haa~ am winadadebaSi
damatebaa. `mjiRis gulSi CakvriT daiZaxes `vahi~ da saCqarod gavidnen~ (yazbegi). `vahi~
damatebaa saxelobiT brunvaSi dasmuli. `v a i s gaveyare, u i s Seveyareo~ _ `vais~,
`uis~ damatebebia micemiTSi dasmuli. `luarsabs iama da, rom ukan ar CamorCes alersSi,
TiTonac uCqmita da zed tkbilis xmiT da RimiliT `hi~ daatana~ (i. WavW.). `hi~ am
winadadebaSi damatebaa. `rodesac miuaxlovdnen, `vai~-ze `ui~ meti daerToT~ (ak. wereTeli).
aq `u i ~ qvemdebarea, xolo `vai~ damateba. `gaCnda ` h a i - h u i ~ , afrines kaci
mefesTan (vaJa). `h a i - h u i~ am winadadebaSi qvemdebarea; xolo `Cven jer gavjavrdiT,
`hai-huis~ viZaxdiT, magram bolos vsdumdiT~ (vaJa) _ `hai-hui~ damatebaa. `magram ubralo
`viSi~ saqmes ver Sveloda~ (yazbegi). `viSi~ aq qvemdebarea. `vai Sens moses~ (i.
WavW.). aq `vai~ qvemdebarea da sxv.
zemoT moxsenebulis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT:
1. qarTulSi Sorisdebuli SesaZlebelia agebuli iyos aeio an u xmovanze an
kidev difTongebze: a i , e i , o i , u i . xmovnebs SesaZlebelia win uZRodes an mosdevdes
spirantebi: yelismieri h an ukanaenismieri x, an kidev kbilibagismieri v da
wyvilbagismieri f. zogjer tonis moZraobisa da afeqtis gasaZliereblad xmovnis
gaormagebasa da gasammagebas aqvs adgili.
12 А. И. Германович, Междомеьтие как часть речи: `Русский язык в школе~ 1941, # 2, gv. 30: Sdr.
a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, nakv. I, Tbilisi, 1942, gv. 76.
169

2. aris magaliTebi, Tumca mcire, rodesac Sorisdebuli gadmocemulia uxmovnod
erTi an ori TanxmovniT (mag., h! hm!). aseT SemTxvevaSi warmoTqmaSi sagulisxmebelia
e. w. neitraluri xmovani.
3. hae qarTulSi xmovanTa win Cveulebriv ikargeba (garda `haer~ `hava~ sityvebisa),
magram igi SorisdebulebSi xmovanTa win Tu Semdeg da xmovanTa Soris SenarCunebulia.
4. qarTuli Sorisdebulebi bevr SemTxvevaSi mimdinareoben sxva metyvelebis nawilTagan;
mag.: `daxe~, `Wita~, `heri~, `su~, `qa~, `biWo~, `ojo~, `beCa~ da sxv.
5. bevri qarTuli Sorisdebuli bgeriTi kompleqsisa da semantikis mxrivac msgavsia
indoevropul enebSi xmarebuli Sorisdebulebisa. isini am sxvadasxva sistemis
enebSi erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad unda Camoyalibebuliyvnen.
6. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sorisdebulebi winadadebaSi, rogorc saxelwodeba, gvevlineba
qvemdebared da damatebad.
170

nazmnari modaluri elementebi qarTulSi 1
171
besarion jorbenaZe
qarTulSi gamoiyofa ramdenime modaluri elementi, romlebic zmnuri warmomavlobisa
arian: egeb/egeba, iqneb/iqneba, etyoba, Cans, lamis, unda, ginda/gind, Tugind/
Tunda... zogi maTgani (egeb/egeba, lamis...) mxolod modaluri elementis statusiT
daCndeba Tanamedrove qarTulSi, sxvani gamoiyenebian rogorc modaluri daniSnulebiT,
aseve sakuTriv zmnis funqciiT.
* * *
egeba/egeb forma Zvel qarTulSi warmodgenili iyo rogorc egebis; esaa e-prefiqsiani
vnebiTis yalibis mqone zmna, romlis fuZea (Ziria) -g-: e-g-eb-i-s. masdaria geba.
Zvel qarTulSi igi sakmaod xSirad gamoiyeneboda mniSvnelobiT `SeZleba, jeryofa~. 2
sagulisxmoa, rom Zvel qarTulSive paralelur teqstebSi am zmnis mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda
`SesaZlebel ars~ da `jer ars~ aRweriTi formebi:
miugo nikodemos da hrqua mas: viTar e g e b i s ege yofad? || miugo nikodemos da hrqua:
viTar SesaZlebel ars ese yofad? (i. 3,9).
hrqua mas naTanael: da nazareTiT e g e b i s - m e raჲ keTili raჲme yofad? || hrqua mas
naTanael: nazareTiT SesaZlebel arsa keTilisa raჲsame yofad (i. 1,46).
araჲ e gebis kacisa huriaჲsa; || ara j e r a r s kacisa huriisa (saq. moc. 10,28).
am mniSvnelobiT Tanamedrove qarTuls egebis zmna SemorCa mxolod gamoTqmaSi
ar egebis, romlis variantia ar egeba (`ar SeiZleba, SeuZlebelia, ar iqneba~). 3
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulSi magaliTebad dasaxelebulia:
`mewyina, magram daSla aRar egeboda~ (ilia), `sanovagis gataceba ar egeboda~ (v.
barn.).
Tanamedrove qarTulSi es forma mxolod modaluri elementis (nawilakis, morfemoidis)
daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba (gamonaklisia zemoT dasaxelebuli gamoTqma).
misi mniSvnelobaa: `iqneba SeiZleba; vin icis, vinZlo~ 4 (anu: gamoixateba SesaZlebloba
an daeWveba). aseTi semantikuri cvlileba moulodneli ar aris: `SesaZlebel ars,
SeiZleba~`SesaZloa, iqneb, vin icis~.
modalur elementad gamoyenebisas paralelur formebad gvxvdeba: egebis || egeba
da egebi || egeb; zog dialeqtSi (mesxurSi) dadasturebulia agreTve egia.
amgvari formobrivi cvlilebac advilad aixseba: zmnuri mniSvnelobis daCrdilvis
Semdgom xdeba formis fonetikuri cveTa, igi `garegnuladac~ nawilakebis rangSi
gadadis: e-g-eb-i-segebi || egeb, e-g-eb-aegeb, agreTve: e-g-eb-a*e-g-e-a (b-s CavardniT)egia
(eaia fonetikuri cvlilebis safuZvelze).
ufro arsebiTi cvlileba moxda sintaqsuri wyobis TvalsazrisiT: e.w. masdaruli
konstruqcia (`egebis yofad~ tipisa) Seicvala SesityvebiT, romelSic egebis || egeba
Sexamebulia kavSirebiTis formasTan: `egeb inebos batonma~ (vaJa). Sexameba xdeba samive
kavSirebiTis formasTan (oRond Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo enaSi III
kavSirebiTis adgilas ixmareba II SedegobiTi; garda amisa, ar SeiniSneba myofadis
kavSirebiTi): egeb werdes, daweros, dawera (=daeweros). arsebiTad aq SesaZleblobis
kilos funqciaa gamoxatuli. imavdroulad egeba || egeb ifarToebs gamoyenebis ares
da exameba sxva paradigmis formebsac.
1 qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi, wigni meaTe, 1993.
2 i . a b u l a Z e , Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1973.
3 egebis _ egeba formobrivi cvlileba saerTo movlenaa vnebiTi gvaris zmnebisaTvis: tf-eb-i-s
Tb-eb-a, e-mal-eb-i-s e-mal-eb-a da misT.
4 qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, III, Tbilisi, 1953.

I seria: awmyo: wers
namyo usruli: egeb werda
kavSirebiTi: werdes
ar dasturdeba myofadis wris formebTan.
II seria: aoristi: dawera
II kavSirebiTi: egeb daweros
III seriaSi gvxvdeba II SedegobiTisa da III kavSirebiTis formebTan: egeb daewera,
daeweros (amaTgan, rogorc iTqva, II SedegobiTi gamoyenebulia III kavSirebiTis nacvlad).
zemoxsenebulis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas: qarTulSi gamoikveTa SesaZleblobis
kilos gamoxatvis tendencia. gamoxatva xdeba nazmnari modaluri elementis (egeba
|| egeb) saSualebiT, romelic exameba awmyos, namyo usrulis (gangrZobiTis), awmyos
kavSirebiTis, aoristis (namyo ZiriTadis), II kavSirebiTis, II SedegobiTis (III kavSirebiTis
funqciiT gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi) da III kavSirebiTis (upiratesad dialeqtebSi)
formebs.
* * *
Zvel qarTulSi lamis aseve damoukidebeli zmnis daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneboda. am
zmnis masdarad ivaraudeba lama `ndoma, wadili; survili, wafa~. i. abulaZes nimu-
Sad dasaxelebuli aqvs: `hlamoda Seslvasa ovseTad~. lamis imave struqturis zmnaa,
rac `sur-is/sur-i-n~ `surs~ (`viTarca sur-i-n iremsa~, _ fs. 41, 2; `sur-od-a sulsa
Cemsa~, fs. 118, 174), s-wyur-i-s (`s-wyur-i-an || sur-i-an sulsa Cemsa Sendami~, fs. 62,2 da
misT.) anu lam-i-s, sadac -s mxoloobiTi ricxvis III subieqturi piris niSania, -i _
zmnuri sufiqsi; fuZea lam-, romelic amJamad, rogorc zmna, -ob Temis niSniTaa gaformebuli:
lam-ob-s (`gakeTebas lamobs~). 5
lam-i-s forma zmnis funqciiT XIX saukunemde iyo SemorCenili, ufro mogvianebiT
igi upiratesad stilizaciis mizniT Cans gamoyenebuli. Sdr.:
mokvlas l a m o d a (saba): lam-i-slam-od-a; utandari geaxla, dedofalo, Sens xilvas
lamis (S. dad.). 6
amdenad, qarTuli enis ganviTarebis gviandel safexurze erTmaneTis paralelurad
dasturdeba ori forma:
awmyo: v-lam-i || v-lam-ob
h-lam-i || (h)-lam-ob
(h)-lam-i-s || (h)-lam-ob-s
namyo usruli: v-lam-od-i || v-lam-ob-d-i
h-lam-od-i || (h)-lam-ob-d-i
(h)-lam-od-a || (h)-lam-ob-d-a
kavSirebiTi: v-lam-od-e || v-lam-ob-d-e
h-lam-od-e || (h)-lam-ob-d-e
(h)-lam-od-e-s || (h)-lam-ob-d-e-s
amaTgan, pirveli sistemidan SemorCa lamis, rogorc modaluri elementi (mniSvnelobiT:
`TiTqmis, kinaRam~). xolo meore sistema damkvidrda rogorc lam-ob-s zmnis
uRvlileba.
modaluri elementi lamis upiratesad II kavSirebiTis formas exameba: `SiSisgan
lamis me Cemi damemarTos~. Rirssacnobia, rom mas modalur elementad gamoyenebis
drosac unari aqvs zmnisTvis damaxasiaTebeli konstruqcia Seqmnas (Tumca zmnuri
5 i. abulaZe, dasax. naSr.
6 nimuSebi dasaxelebulia qeglidan, t. IV.
172

semantikisgan daclilia): `lamis, rom ar Saewios~ (vaJa). 7 lamis am SemTxvevaSi mTavari
winadadebis daniSnulebiTaa gamoyenebuli sintaqsurad, Tumca morfologiurad
da semantikurad modaluri elementia (nawilakia). es, Tavis mxriv, xdeba imis mizezi,
rom lamis formasTan Cndeba aris zmna: `lamis aris, SiSisgan guli wauvides~. gasaTvaliswinebelia
isic, rom Tavad aris formac qarTulSi zogjer gamoiyeneba modaluri
elementis daniSnulebiT: `oriod-sami puric aris waiReo~ (saba); gamoixateba
mniSvneloba: `mainc, ki~. 8 gvxvdeba asec: mainc aris (`sikvdiliT mainc aris exsna am
mwuxarebisagan~, _ a. furc.). ra Tqma unda, lamis-Tan aris formas es mniSvneloba ar
aqvs, aq igi ufro meSveli zmnis daniSnulebas asrulebs: `lamis aris || lamisaa, guli
wauvides~ (Sdr. `es-esaa movida~).
lamis ifarToebs zmnur formasTan gamoyenebis sferos: II kavSirebiTis garda, igi
SeiZleba Seexamos sxva paradigmis formebsac: lamis tiris, tiroda, itira, etira;
anu: awmyos, namyo usruls (gangrZobiTs), aorists (namyo ZiriTads), II SedegobiTs
(gamoyenebuls III kavSirebiTis funqciiT).
* * *
i-qn-eb-a Tanamedrove qarTulSi ori daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba: sakuTriv zmnisa
da modaluri elementisa.
i-qn-eb-a zmna polisemiuria:
a)Ggamoxatavs myofobas, uRvlilebisas Seenacvleba ari-s zmnas:
I seria awmyo: ari-s
Mmyofadi: i-qn-eb-a
pirobiT-xolmeobiTi: i-qn-eb-od-a
kavSirebiTi: i-qn-eb-od-e-s
II seria: aoristi: i-y-o
II kavSirebiTi: i-y-o-s
III seria: I SedegobiTi: yofil-a
II SedegobiTi: yofil-iyo
III kavSirebiTi: yofil-iyos
Sdr. `is kaci axla iq aris~ _ `is kaci xval ar iqneba~.
b) gamoiyeneba Sedgenili Semasmenlis zmnur wevrad: `patara Tu ar gaizarda, didi
rogor iqnebao~ (andaza).
aqac i-qn-eb-a Seenacvleba ari-s zmnas, magram wina SemTxvevisagan gansxvavebiT
(roca II seriaSi mas mxolod i-y-o zmna Seenacvleboda), am daniSnulebiT (i-y-o
zmnasTan erTad) i-qn-eb-ai-qn-a II seriaSic daCndeba:
awmyo: didi arisdidia
myofadi: didi iqneba
aoristi: didi iyo/didi (Se)iqna
arsebiTad meSveli zmnis daniSnulebiT aris gamoyenebuli i-qn-eb-a aRweriTi vnebiTis
formebSic (am SemTxvevaSi II seriaSi upiratesad am fuZisgan nawarmoebi formebia
damowmebuli; i-y-o iSviaTia):
moqmedebiTi: vnebiTi:
myofadi: ga-i-R-eb-s (Tanxas) gaRebul i-qn-eb-a (Tanxa)
aoristi: ga-i-R-o (Tanxa) gaRebul i-qn-a (Tanxa).
am rigisaa: ayvanil, atanil... iqneba (iqneboda, iqnebodes; iqna, iqnas...).
7 a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, Tb., 1973, gv. 615.
8 l . k v a n t a l i a n i , qarTuli zepiri metyvelebis sintaqsis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1990, gv. 98-100.
173

g) dadasturebulia SesaZleblobis funqciis gamosaxatavad: `erTxelac iqneba
(=SesaZloa), melas mindorze gauTendebao~, `Tofis srola ar iqneba~ (=ar SeiZleba). 9
SevniSnavT, rom gamoTqmaSi ar iqneba zmna SesaZloa arqauli formiTac iyos warmodgenili:
ar iqnebis (Sdr.: ar egeba da ar egebis): `kakali unaWuWod ar iqnebis~ (andaza).
d) daCndeba gamoTqmebSi: ra || raRa iqneba (iqna), rogorc iqneba (iqna), rac iqneba,
ver || ar iqna (an: vera da ver iqna, ara da ar iqna)...
yvela am SemTxvevaSi i-qn-eb-a (i-qn-a) i-prefiqsiani vnebiTis formaa.
amave fuZis moqmedebiTis forma II da III seriaSia damowmebuli da isic mxolod
am mniSvnelobiT: `gaakeTa, Caidina, moimoqmeda~ (`madli qeni da marilic moayareo~,
`maS davsxdeT da samarTali vqnaT~ 10 ).
am zmnis paradigma aseTia:
awmyo: Svr-eb-a
myofadi: i-zam-s
aoristi: qn-a
I SedegobiTi: u-qn-i-a.
Tavis mxriv qn-a da i-qn-a formobriv ki aris erTmaneTis mimarT moqmedebiTi da
vnebiTi, magram semantikurad maT Soris amgvari kavSiri daCrdilulia (Sdr.: h-y-o da
i-y-o).
zogadi mniSvneloba i-qn-eb-a zmnisa aris: `iarsebebs~, aqedan ganviTarebulia sasurvelobis
semantika `vinZlo iyos || iarsebos~, rac safuZvlad daedo kidec am formis
gamoyenebas modaluri elementis daniSnulebiT: `mgeli cxvars sami weli dasdevda
_ iqneba duma Camouvardeso~ (andaza). 11
i-qn-eb-a zmnis modalur elementad gamoyenebam ganapiroba misi fonetikuri cveTa:
i-qn-eb-aiqneb, i-qn-eb-a*i-qn-e-a (b-s CavardniT)iqnia (eaia fonetikuri cvlilebis
safuZvelze); bolo forma dadasturebulia mesxurSi (Sdr.: egia).
rogorc iTqva, i-qn-eb-a formis modalur elementad gamoyenebas safuZvlad daedo
sasurvelobis (survilobis) semantika, Semdgom igi ifarToebs semantikur sferos da
amJamad gamoxatavs varaudis mniSvnelobasac. Sesabamisad gafarTovda misi formobrivi
Sexamebis sferoc: II kavSirebiTis formebis garda (iqneba || iqneb daweros, gaakeTos,
movides, gaTbes...), igi SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes sxva paradigmis formebTanac:
iqneba || iqneb wers, werda, werdes; dawera, daewera, daeweros; iqneba || iqneb icis,
icoda, icodes (anu: awmyos, namyo usrulis, awmyos kavSirebiTis, aoristis, II SedegobiTis,
III kavSirebiTis formebTan, II SedegobiTTan _ III kavSirebiTis nacvlad).
iqneba, rogorc damoukidebeli an meSveli zmnis, da iqneba, rogorc modaluri
elementis, gamoyenebis sferoebi enaSi mkveTrad gamijnulia: saxelTan (an pirvel
masdarTan, mimReobasTan) igi mxolod zmnis funqciiT gvxvdeba (iqneba kaci, zeimi, gakeTebuli),
xolo zmnasTan _ mxolod modaluri elementis daniSnulebiT (iqneba ||
iqneb wers, werda, dawera...)
* * *
unda zmnis amosavali fuZe (Ziri) n aris, igive, rac uZveles u-n-eb-s/u-n-eb-n zmna-
Si (`unebn maT~, _ m. 27, 15). u-nd-a istoriulad namyo usrulis formaa, 12 awmyoa u-nd-a
(romelic zog dialeqtsa Tu kilokavs _ mesxurs, qiziyurs _ dRemde daucavs). Semdgom
unda awmyos formad iqna gaazrebuli da, amis kvalobaze, axali paradigmuli ri-
gi aigo. Sdr.:
9 ix.: qegl, t. IV, 1955.
10 ix.: qegl, t. VII, 1962.
11 qegl, t. IV.
12 a . S a n i Z e , dasax. naSr. gv. 223-225.
174

awmyo: u-n-a u-nd-a
namyo usruli: u-n-d-a u-nd-od-a
kavSirebiTi: u-n-d-e-s u-nd-od-e-s.
u-n-eb-s/u-n-eb-n formaSi -eb Temis niSania, romelic Semdgom fuZes Seuxorcda da
sxva (-av) Temis niSani dairTo: h-neb-av-s/h-neb-av-n. es cvlilebac sakmaod adreul periodSi
moxda _ ukve oTxTavis paralelur teqstebSi SeiniSneba maTi Senacvlebis
SemTxvevebi: `xolo dResaswaulTa Cueul iyo mTavari igi, miutevis ersa mas pyrobili
erTi, romelica u-n-eb-n maT~; paralelur variantSia: `romelica h-neb-av-n~ (m. 27,
15). unebs xmovani prefiqsis gareSec gvxvdeba Zvel qarTul teqstebSi: h-n-eb-s.
es zmnebi survilis, ndomis semantikas gamoxatavdnen. Ggvaqvs maTi urTierTCanacvlebis,
agreTve amave semantikis sxva zmnebTan Senacvlebis SemTxvevebi:
raoden gzis m i n d a Sekrebaჲ naSobTa SenTaჲ; Sdr.: raoden gzis v i n e b e Sekrebaჲ
SvilTa SenTaჲ (m. 23, 37)
v-i-neb-e aoristia, m-i-n-d-a _ namyo usruli (=`mindoda~); orsave SemTxvevaSi survilis
mniSvnelobaa gamoxatuli.
xolo herode viTarca ixila iesu, ganixara friad, rameTu unda (=`undoda~) misi xilvaჲ
mravliT JamiTgan amisTჳ s; Sdr.: rameTu swadoda mravliT JamiTgan xilvaჲ misi (l. 23, 8).
unda Zvel qarTulSive gamoiyeneba rogorc subieqturi, aseve obieqturi wyobiT:
a) (v-)u-nd-i, u-nd-i (`undi me~ 13 ); igivea, rac axali qarTuli: v-u-nd-i-var, u-nd-ixar;
b) m-i-nd-a, g-i-nd-a, u-nd-a.
Tanamedrove qarTulSi unda zmna ori mniSvnelobiT ixmareba:
a) `surs, swadia~: `brmas ra unda da _ oriv Tvalio~ (andaza);
b) `esaWiroeba, saWiroa misTvis~: `karg mTqmels kargi gamgone undao~ (andaza) 14 .
marTalia, es ori mniSvneloba sakmaod axlosaa erTmaneTTan, magram am Tundac
mciredma semantikurma sxvaobam isini uRvlilebiTac ganasxvava: rogorc subieqturi,
aseve obieqturi wyobis uRvlileba am zmnas mxolod pirveli mniSvnelobis gamoxatvisas
aqvs:
awmyo: vundivar, undixar, [unda]
minda, ginda, unda
namyo usruli: vundodi, undodi, [undoda]
mindoda, gindoda, undoda
awmyos kavSirebiTi: vundode, undode, [undodes]
mindodes, gindodes, undodes
myofadi: vendomebi, endomebi, [endomeba]
mendomeba, gendomeba, endomeba...
I SedegobiTi: v(n)domebivar, s(n)domebixar, [s(n)domebia]
m(n)domebia, g(n)domebia, s(n)domebia...
zmna inversiulia, axasiaTebs defeqturi uRvlileba (saerTod ara aqvs II seria;
13 i . a b u l a Z e , dasax. naSr., gv. 326 (ix.: ndoma).
14 qegl, t. VI, 1960.
175

awmyos wris garda, sxva paradigmebSi iyenebs Senacvlebul fuZes: e-prefiqsiani vnebi-
Tis yalibs).
meore mniSvnelobis gamoxatvisas unda zmnas mxolod obieqturi wyoba aqvs da,
Tanac, oden awmyos wris paradigmebi moepoveba (`kargi gamgone minda~ = `kargi gamgone
mWirdeba~, `kargi gamgone mindodes, vipovnidi~ = `kargi gamgone mWirdebodes, vipovnidi~).
swored am meore mniSvnelobisagan ganviTarda is semantika, romelsac modaluri
elementi unda gamoxatavs: `saWiroa, aucilebelia~.
mniSvnelobaTa amgvari gadasvla moulodneli ar aris: `surs, survili
aqvs~→`sWirdeba, esaWiroeba~→`saWiroa, aucilebelia~.
modaluri elementis statusiT aRWurvili unda Tavisi formobrivi qmedebiT (moqceviT)
principulad gansxvavdeba unda zmnisagan: `unda~ modaluri elementi exameba
mxolod kavSirebiTis formebs (garda myofadis kavSirebiTisa) da ar iuRleba.
marTalia, survilis gamomxatveli unda zmnac kavSirebiTis formebTan ixmareba,
magram sxvaobac aSkaraa:
a) icvleba piris, ricxvisa da dro-kilos mixedviT:
TxrobiTi kilo:
awmyo: minda vakeTebde, gavakeTo
I
minda vakeTebdeT, gavakeToT
II
III
ginda akeTebde, gaakeTo
gindaT akeTebdeT, gaakeToT
unda akeTebdes, gaakeTos
undaT akeTebdnen, gaakeTon
namyo: I mindoda gamekeTebina (=gamekeTebinos)
gvindoda gagvekeTebina (gagvekeTebinos)
II
III
kavSirebiTi kilo:
gindoda gagekeTebina (gagekeTebinos)
gindodaT gagekeTebinaT (gagekeTebinoT)
undoda gaekeTebina (gaekeTebinos)
undodaT gaekeTebinaT (gaekeTebinoT)
awmyo: mindodes vakeTebde, gavakeTo
gindodes akeTebde, gaakeTo
undodes akeTebdes, gaakeTos
namyo: m(n)domeboda (|| m(n)domebodes) gamekeTebina (gamekeTebinos)
g(n)domeboda (|| g(n)domebodes) gagekeTebina (gagekeTebinos)
s(n)domeboda (|| s(n)domebodes) gaekeTebina (gaekeTebinos)...
anu: TxrobiTi kilos gamoxatvisas awmyoSi erTmaneTs exameba unda zmna awmyos formiT
da awmyos an II kavSirebiTi; namyoSi: unda zmna namyo usrulis formiT da II SedegobiTi
(|| III kavSirebiTi). kavSirebiTi kilos gamoxatvis SemTxvevaSi ki awmyoSi Sexamebulia
unda zmna awmyos kavSirebiTis formiT da awmyos an II kavSirebiTi, nam-yoSi _ unda
zmna II SedegobiTis an III kavSirebiTis formiT da II SedegobiTi (|| III kavSirebiTi).
SeniSvna: 1. II kavSirebiTisa da II SedegobiTis (III kavSirebiTis) formebi SesaZloa
gamoyenebul iqnes rogorc zmniswiniT, aseve uzmniswinod: minda vakeTo || gavakeTo,
mindoda mekeTebina || gamekeTebina...; 2. TxrobiTi kilos namyoSi mosalodneli iyo unda
zmna II SedegobiTis formiTac yofiliyo warmodgenili (mndomeboda, gndomebo-
176

da...), magram imis gamo, rom II kavSirebiTi, Cveulebriv, III kavSirebiTis funqciiT
gamoiyeneba, es forma kavSirebiTis kilos gamoxatvisas daCndeba, xolo TxrobiTi kilos
namyoSi unda mxolod namyo usrulis formiTaa damowmebuli; 3. pirTa Sexameba
SesaZloa nairgvari iyos:
minda vakeTebde, akeTebde, akeTebdes
gavakeTo, gaakeTo, gaakeTos...
ginda vakeTebde, akeTebde, akeTebdes
gavakeTo, gaakeTo, gaakeTos da misT.
4. II kavSirebiTis formebTan Taviseburi semantikuri viTareba iqmneba: minda /ginda
/unda (=`survili~) awmyoa, xolo sauRlebeli zmna (gavakeTo /gaakeTo /gaakeTos) myofads
gamoxatavs.
b) saqme gvaqvs rTuli qvewyobili winadadebis erT-erT nairsaxeobasTan: minda
vakeTebde an minda gavakeTo arsebiTad igivea, rac: minda rom vakeTebde, an: minda,
rom gavakeTo... amitomac minda vakeTebde an minda gavakeTo tipis konstruqciebi dawerilobisas
zogjer asec aris warmodgenili: minda, vakeTebde an minda, gavakeTo (e.
i. ise, rogorc ukavSiro rTuli qvewyobili winadadeba).
garda amisa, sasurvelobis gamomxatveli unda zmna SesaZloa Sexamebuli iyos
masdarTan: minda (ginda, unda...) am saqmis gakeTeba (an: TamaSi, varjiSi, simRera...), agreTve
arsebiT saxelTan: minda (ginda, unda) wigni (suraTi...), rac gamoiricxeba maSin,
roca unda modaluri elementis funqciiTaa gamoyenebuli.
gamoiricxeba zemoxsenebuli ori damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebac unda zmnisa.
a) modaluri elementi unda gamoiyeneba kavSirebiTis yvela piris formasTan (orsave
ricxvSi) ucvleli formiT (ar gvxvdeba mxolod myofadis kavSirebiTTan).
vakeTebde
awmyo: unda akeTebde
akeTebdes
(ga)vakeTo
myofadi: unda (ga)akeTo
(ga)akeTos
gamekeTebina (gamekeTebinos)
namyo: unda gagekeTebina (gagekeTebinos)
gaekeTebina (gaekeTebinos)...
b) unda modaluri elementi gamoricxavs unda vakeTebde an unda gavakeTo tipis
struqturaTa gagebas hipotaqsur (rTul qvewyobil) konstruqciebad (unda, rom
vakeTebde an unda, rom gavakeTo niSnavs, rom `mas survili aqvs vakeTebde || gavakeTo~,
da ara valdebulebas, ris gamoxatvac akisria modalur elements unda).
g) niSandoblivia, rom am SemTxvevaSi ar ganirCeva TxrobiTi da kavSirebiTi kilo.
saqme is aris, rom unda modaluri elementiT gamoixateba specifikuri _ valdebulebebis
(debitivis) mniSvneloba, romelic kavSirebiTi kilos erT-erT semantikur
nairsaxeobad unda ganisazRvros (Sdr.: kargi iqneba, gaakeTos _ gaakeTos! _ unda gaakeTos!).
SevniSnavT, rom orsave SemTxvevaSi (maSinac, roca unda warmodgenilia zmnis
funqciiT, da im SemTxvevaSic, roca unda modaluri elementia) dasaSvebia unda formisa
da zmnis gaTiSva zmnisarTebiT: minda (/ginda /unda) swrafad (kargad, dRes,
xval...) gavakeTo (/gaakeTo/ gaakeTos), Sdr.: unda swrafad (kargad, dRes, xval...) gavakeTo
(/gaakeTo/ gaakeTos).
177

modalur elementad gamoyenebisas unda SesaZloa formobrivadac icvalos _ fonetikuri
cveTis Sedegad. aseTi viTarebaa, magaliTad, aWarulsa da mesxurSi, sadac
unda || unanda || da || na (zmnas daerTvis windebulad an ukudebulad): iq-nda || iq-na
mivides `iq unda mivides~, dasweros-na `unda daweros~ (aWaruli), na-gavakeTo || gavakeTo-na
`unda gavakeTo~, gaakeTos-da `unda gaakeTos~ (mesxuri). sakuTriv zmnis funqciiT
gamoyenebuli unda ki arasdros ganicdis amgvar fonetikur cvlilebebs. es
kidev erTi nimuSia imisa, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens funqciuri mxare formobrivze.
* * *
unda zmnis II piris forma sxvadasxva modifikaciiT damoukidebliv (ginda || gind ||
gin) an Tu nawilakTan Serwymulad (Tuginda || Tugind) aseve gamoiyeneba modaluri
daniSnulebiT (sintaqsurad kavSirebs warmoadgenen), amave funqciiT gvxvdeba agreTve
Tu nawilakTan Serwymuli III piris forma (Tu ginda _ Tunda || Tund):
gind regvenisaTvis giswavlebia, gind mkvdrisTvis giwamlebiao (andaza); Tunda amodi, mzeo, da Tund
nu amoxval mbrwyinavi (vaJa).
analogiuri viTareba Zvel qarTulSive daCndeba, roca gamoiyeneboda II piris forma
gina: `moiwiis Wiri gina devnulebaჲ sityჳsa misTჳs~.
zemoxsenebuli mniSvnelobebis mqone gina amJamad gvxvdeba zog dialeqtsa Tu kilokavSi
(qiziyurSi...).
* * *
nazmnari formebis gamoyeneba modaluri elementebis daniSnulebiT qarTulSi
arcTu ise iSviaTi movlena Cans.
nazmnar formebad miiCneva, magaliTad, TiTqmis (←*Tu iTqmis) 15 da TiTqos (←*Tu
iTqvas). SesaZloa, zmnuri warmomavlobisa iyos vinZlo elementic (*vin-(Se)-iZlo→
vinZlo); sxva varaudiT: *vin-Zi ro(m)→vinZlo. 16 zmnuri Sesityvebisganaa miRebuli
varaudis gamomxatveli modaluri elementi vinicobaa (←vi-nicoba aris←vinicoba←
vin-ic(is)-oba←vin icis): `vinicobaa, eWvi aiRon, ase uTxari~... varaudis modalobas
gamoxataven agreTve Cans da etyoba formebi: `Cans, barSiac Tovli mosula~ (xSirad
Sexamebulia rogorc formasTan: rogorc Cans); `etyoba, stumars iqauroba moewona~ 17 .
modaluri mniSvnelobebi SeuZeniaT modi da adga zmnur formebsac.
pirveli waqezebis daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba (`modi, vnaxoT, venaxi~), meore eqspresiulobas
matebs frazas (`adga mewisqvilema da SaaWma erTi qaTmi~, _ nimuSi
mTiuluridanaa).
* * *
nazmnar formaTa gamoyenebas modaluri daniSnulebiT uwinares yovlisa TviT amosavali
zmnis semantika uwyobs xels: unda `surs~→unda `sWirdeba~→unda `saWiroa,
aucilebelia~; Tu iTqmis (gamoixateba varaudi)→TiTqmis (gamoixateba miaxloebiTobis
semantika) da misT.
TviT amgvari semantikuri gadaxris SesaZlebloba ki enis imanenturi dinamizmis
uSualo Sedegia.
15 a . S a n i Z e , dasax. naSr., gv. 614.
16 iqve.
17 qegl, t. III, 1953; t. VIII, 1964.
178

kvlav erTi sadavo sakiTxis gamo 1
179
elene koSoriZe
ubralo damatebisa da garemoebaTa gamijvnis sakiTxi dResac sadavoa gramatikuli
literaturis mixedviT. amis mizezi gaxlavT gamijvnis kriteriumis subieqturi
arCevani: winadadebis wevrTa gamoyofisas xom mxolod formalur niSnebs ar veyrdnobiT,
viTvaliswinebT Sinaarssac, es ki movlenis subieqturi aRqmisa da Sesabamisi
interpretaciis saSualebas iZleva.
es werilic erT-erTi cdaa ubralo damatebisa da garemoebaTa urTierTobidan
erTi sakiTxis garkvevisa, kerZod, -ken Tandebuliani saxelis funqciebisa Tanamedrove
qarTulSi.
gramatikulsa da meTodikur literaturaSi -ken Tandebuliani saxelis mniSvnelobaze
sxvadasxva azria gamoTqmuli. zogi 2 -ken Tandebulian saxels garemoebad miiCnevs,
zogis 3 azriT ki aseTi saxeli garemoebis garda obieqtur mimarTebasac gamoxatavs.
es sadavo sakiTxi Tavs iCens swavlebis drosac. rogorc saskolo 4 , aseve studentTaTvis
gankuTvnil saxelmZRvaneloSi 5 -ken Tandebuliani saxelis mxolod erT
mniSvnelobazea miTiTebuli (garemoebis mniSvnelobaze) da aRniSnulicaa, rom -ken
Tandebuliani saxelis funqcia iyo garemoebis mniSvnelobis gadmocema da es funqcia
SemorCa mas dRemde 6 .
marTlac, Zvel qarTulSi -ken

garemoebis nimuSebia: tyisken gamoiseirna, sasaxlisaken gavwie... magram garkveuli
semantikuri jgufis saxelebSi -ken Tandebuliani formebi obieqtur mimarTebasac aRniSnavs
da amgvarad ubralo damatebasac gamoxatavs.
aseTad migvaCnia pirvel yovlisa, -ken Tandebuliani abstraqtul anu ganyenebul
cnebaTa gamomxatveli saxelebi: Cemi zurmuxti, Cemi Zowi, Cemi bivrili xelyofisaken
waaqezebs zogierT gvamebs 12 ; tkbilad iwvevdnen mas kerZo siamovnebisaken; (moWarbebuli
sisxli) Seucnobeli Trobisaken ezideboda; Tavisuflebisaken mltolvels mTa
ufro aRelvebda...
warmodgenil magaliTebSi -ken Tandebuliani saxelebi xelyofisaken, siamovnebisaken,
Trobisaken, Tavisuflebisaken ubralo damatebad gaiazreba, Tumca ver gamovricxavT
miznis garemoebis Sinaarssac.
aseve, TiTqos davas ar unda iwvevdes cocxali arsebis gamomxatveli -ken Tandebuliani
saxelebi, gansakuTrebiT `vin~ jgufisa. amis Taobaze Tavis leqciebSi SeniSnavda
prof. v. Tofuria. miuTiTeben sxvebic 13 .
Cvenc migvaCnia, rom ubralo damatebaa gamoxatuli `vin~ jgufis saxelebiT yvela
qvemoT moyvanil SemTxvevaSi: masac idumali grZnoba ezideboda vaJisaken; ar gamouxedavs
dedunasaken; ra mizidavda am gadagvarebuli adamianisaken.
ufro rTulia zRvari daidos ubralo damatebasa da garemoebas Soris, roca -ken
Tandebuli `ra~ jgufis saxelebs daerTvis, magram Cven mainc vcadeT damatebaTa Sinaarsis
gamomxatveli ramdenime semantikuri jgufi gamogveyo araadamianTa saxeleb-
Si, romlebic sabolood erTi niSniT gavaerTianeT.
ubralo damateba iqneba -ken Tandebuliani `ra~ jgufis yvela sulieri saxeli
(`gabrazebuli gaeqana Txisken~) da usulo saxelTagan iseTi, romelsac sivrceSi
masStaburi orientiris mniSvneloba ara aqvs, magaliTad, sxeulis nawilis, nivTis,
masalisa da a. S. aRmniSvneli saxelebi: gavaparebT mosaxvevis yurs Tvalebisaken;
ZarRvebi TiTebisaken micocavda; Tavi muxlebisaken mihqonda; mere radiomimRebisaken
gaiwoda xeli; kata xan kedels ebRauWa, xan pirdapir Zexvebisaken Sextoma scada; ra-
RacisaTvis taxtisaken daxrili moxuci isev biWisken Semobrunda; xeli lambaqze dalagebuli
atmebisaken waiRo; wiwilebma saswrafod gaswies nagvisken.
damatebis kiTxvas rom unda mieces upiratesoba, amas gansakuTrebiT naTlad warmoaCens
-Si da -ze Tandebulian kiTxvebze dakvirveba.
Sesadareblad ramdenime nimuSs warmovadgenT: momiteveT, qaRaldis naglejze
vwer: n. l. 111, 17,6; poetebi mxolod qaRaldze riTmebiT molaparakeni rodi arian. g.
l. 17,5; foTlebze Turme qristes tirili sweria: g. l. 42,31; ese ambavi melisa xevSi
erT qvaze sweria: 159,18; fardagze gaagora: in. 15,10 da sxva.
an kidev -Si Tandebuliani saxelebi: daWrils nigozSi Cavarda: S. ar. 10, muxrovan-
Si unda waiyvanoT da cxenis nakelSi CaawvinoT: in. 56, 2, dedaCemi mivida da Cadga
gubeSi: vaJa, 15, 20, Cahyo xeli TaflSi: S. ar. 8.
es urTierTgamowveuli da Sexamebuli formebi: -Si Tandebuliani da Ca- zmniswiniani:
nigozSi Cavardna, nakelSi CavawvinoT, gubeSi Cadga, TaflSi Cahyo ubralo damatebis
Sexamebas gvavaraudebinebs zmna-SemasmenelTan da raSi? raze? kiTxvasac Seiwyobs.
amave rigisad migvaCnia arsebiTi saxelis ekvivalenti piris nacvalsaxelebi, romlebic
pirovnebas aRniSnaven:
visken miaqvT es almebi,
vis uxdian CaCqans? l. as. gv. 68.
mouTmenloba gipyrobs, miawvdino yovelive maTac, viskenac gamudmebiT iswrafvi:
in. 8, 11, guli mainc Cvenken ufro aqvs: a. w. 417, 21. gaiZro tanisamosi da gadmoyara
12 yvela magaliTi amoRebulia XX saukunis qarTvel mweralTa Txzulebebidan, e.i. axali saliteraturo
enis faqts warmoadgens.
13 m. TalakvaZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 313; a . d a v i T i a n i , gv. 403; g . b e r i Z e , ubralo
damatebisa da adgilis garemoebis swavlebisaTvis, `qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi~,
1979, #4, gv. 18-22.
180

Cemken: ilia, 213, 3.
ubralo damatebas vvaraudobT maSinac, rodesac -ken Tandebuli daerTvis arsebiT
saxelTan gaTanabrebul sxva metyvelebis nawils: zedsarTavs an mimReobas. magaliTad:
da Seni marTali maxvili mtrisken, bnelisken mimarTe; romels mouxria vaJkacis
suli borotisaken; qalmac ramdenime nabiji gadadga mosulebisaken.
amrigad, -ken Tandebuliani saxeli, marTalia, yvela SemTxvevaSi mimarTulebas gamoxatavs,
magram garemoebis garda ubralo damatebadac gvevlineba, rodesac:
I. mimarTuleba Seexeba obieqts da ara sivrces.
II. metyvelebis nawilebad gvxvdeba:
a) sulieri arsebiTi saxelebi;
b) usulo, roca gamoxatavs raime sagans, obieqts an masalas, sxeulis nawils an
abstraqtul cnebas;
g) piris nacvalsaxelebi da
d) arsebiT saxelTan gaTanabrebuli sxva metyvelebis nawilebi.
III. ubralo damatebas kiTxvasac garemoebisagan gansxvavebuls SevuwyobT: visken?
risken?
aSkaraa, rom -ken Tandebulianma saxelma axal qarTulSi funqcia gaifarTova. Cveni
varaudi aseTia: rac -ken Tandebulma moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi brunvebidan naTesaobiTisaken
gadmoinacvla, amas Sedegad mohyva -ken Tandebulian saxelTa funqciebis
gafarToeba garkveuli jgufis saxelebTan, e. i. -ken Tandebulianma saxelma obieqturi
mimarTebac gamoxata mas Semdeg, rac sabolood daukavSira naT. brunvas.
ivaraudeba, rom -ken Tandebuliani saxelis am funqcias TviT naT. brunvis mniSvneloba
ganapirobebs. naT. brunvis ZiriTadi funqcia Zvel qarTulSive ar yofila garemoebis
gadmocema 14 , cnobilia -gan Tandebuliani naTesaobiTi gamosvliTis mniSvnelobiT
15 , magram mimarTulebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavda, roca mas mimarTulebi-
Ti brunvis niSani erTvoda (e. w. nanaTesaobiTari viTarebiTi) 16 ; amitom sruliad bunebrivia,
rom -ken Tandebuliani saxelis sabolood dakavSirebam naTesaobiTTan garkveuli
semantikuri jgufis -ken Tandebulian saxelebs axali mniSvneloba SesZina.
kiTxvis xerxTan erTad, romelic erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSualebaa winadadebebis
wevris amocnobisa, garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs imasac, Tu ra metyvelebis nawiliTa
da ra formiT gadmoicema esa Tu is wevri.
magram, rodesac orive kiTxvas iguebs Tandebuliani saxeli: garemoebisac da damatebisasac,
Cven im mosazrebas vuWerT mxars, romlis mixedviTac angariSi unda gaewios
semantikur mxares. aRniSnulicaa 17 , rom Zveli qarTulidanve garemoebis Sinaarss
brunvis formebi ara mxolod TandebuliT, aramed uTandebulod kidev ufro
xSirad gamoxatavda, Tumca ara yvela, aramed mxolod isini, romelTac semantikurad
teritoriuli Sinaarsi an raime kavSiri hqondaT teritoriis semantikasTan.
amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, Tu ra sintaqsur urTierTobas varaudobs -
ken Tandebuliani saxeli zmnasTan an saxelzmnasTan.
specialur literaturaSi es urTierToba miCneulia SualobiT marTvad 18 , sust mar-
Tvad (Tu am termins SemoviRebT) an subordinaciul doneze marTvad 19 .
zmna-Semasmeneli mxolod erTi formiT an ori formiT moiTxovs saxels.
magaliTad, erTi formiT moiTxovs: SemTxveviTi araa n. xomskis mobruneba mentaliz-
misaken: a. C. ike, XX, gv. 19, 8 ...xelovnebisaken savali gza gaxsnilia: g. k. `baxtr~. 159, 7.
14 a r . m a r t i r o s o v i , micemiTi da naTesaobiTi brunvebis warmoeba da funqciebi Zvel
qarTulSi, saxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, 1956, gv. 390.
15 ar. martirosovi, dasax. naSromi, gv. 386. iv. imnaiSvili, saxelTa bruneba da
brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, 1956, gv. 713-714.
16 ar. martirosovi, dasax. naSromi, gv. 390. iv. imnaiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 711-713.
17 a . d a v i T i a n i , dasax. naSromi, gv. 290.
18 a r n . C i q o b a v a , martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi 1968, gv. 117.
19 a . d a v i T i a n i , dasax. naSromi, gv. 287.
181

albaT, am SemTxvevaSi -ken Tandebuliani sityvebis sxva formiT warmodgena gaWirdeboda.
magram xSirad iolad icvleba -ken Tandebuliani saxeli sxva formiT. magaliTad:
mwuxare RrialiT gaqanda elgujasaken: a. y. 1, 74 (an SeiZleba: elgujasTan); raikomis
mdivnisaken gaemarTa: g. S. 147, 30 (mdivanTan gaemarTa).
es ukanaskneli viTareba ki, roca SeiZleba sxva Tandebuliani saxeli Seenacvlos
-ken Tandebulians, marTvis dasustebis gamomxatvelia, dadasturebaa imisa, rom `mar-
Tvis dasustebis procesi dResac grZeldeba~ 20 . am gziT, `marTvis dasustebis xaziT,
mivdivarT mirTvisaken. am xazze ki SeiZleba Segvxvdes iseTi movlenebi, romelTa Sesaxeb
Znelia Tqma _ marTvaa igi Tu mirTva~ 21 .
rogorc Cans, am sintaqsur urTierTobas ganapirobebs zmna-Semasmenelic. -ken Tandebuliani
saxeli swored `moZraobis~ wris zmnebTanaa mirTuli: `mihyavs~, `adis~,
`gaqanda~, `gaemgzavra~, `gaemarTa~ da a. S., romlebic gamonaklisis gareSe gadaadgilebas,
mimarTulebas (sivrculsa da arasivrculs) gamoxataven.
am sintaqsur wyvilSi -ken Tandebuliani saxelis marTva Sesustebulia, TiTqos
mirTvaa, magram mirTuli nimuSebi: gaqanda elgujasaken (elgujasTan), wavida mefisaken
(mefesTan), mihyavs didebisaken (didebasTan) mainc ubralo damatebad migvaCnia,
radganac mimarTuleba exeba pirovnebas an iseT cnebas, romlis sivrced, teritoriad,
adgilad aRqma SeuZlebelia. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi mimarTuleba, gadaadgileba
arasivrculi iqneba.
Tanac es nimuSebi `sad?~ kiTxvas ar gamoricxavs, rac erTxel kidev adasturebs
imas, rom enaSi SeiZleba arsebobdes ara marto iseTi Sualeduri movlenebi, romel-
Ta Sesaxeb Znelia Tqma _ marTvaa igi Tu mirTva, aramed Sualeduri movlenebi Sinaarsis
mixedviTac da miT ufro Sinaarsis mixedviT, radganac swored es ukanasknelia
subieqturi sazomi.
ase vvaraudobT ara marto -ken Tandebuliani saxelis mimarT, aramed yovelgvari
Tandebuliani saxelis mimarT, romelic orgvari mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba: damatebisa
da garemoebisa. magaliTad, miwas daeca da miwaze daeca _ cnobili enobrivi procesia:
iribi damateba (miwas) e. i. pirmimarTi damateba Tandebulis meSveobiT daukav-
Sirda zmna-Semasmenels, pirmiumarTavi gaxda, rogorc mas uwodebda prof. v. Tofuria.
amgvari sintaqsuri urTierTobis Secvlis Sedegi ubralo anu pirmiumarTavi damateba
unda iyos, magram droTa viTarebaSi -ze Tandebuliani saxeli garemoebad gaazrianda,
rodesac adamianis cnobierebaSi sivrcisa da teritoriis cneba daukavSirda
Tandebulian saxels.
mkacri sintaqsuri urTierTobis mixedviT rom vimsjeloT, SeiZleba ufro martivadac
gadawydes sakiTxi, Tuki yvela Tandebulian saxels meorexarisxovan wevrs vuwodebT,
radganac sintaqsuri urTierTobis mixedviT isini erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdebian.
am etapze ki, roca winadadebis wevrTa gamoyofisas araa ugulebelyofili Sinaarsobrivi
mxare, -ken Tandebuliani saxelic SeiZleba iyos rogorc garemoeba, aseve
ubralo, anu pirmiumarTavi damateba, radganac isic iseve monawileobs sityvaTSexamebebSi,
sadac gabatonebuli wevri zmnaa, rogorc sxva Tandebuliani sityvebi, romlebic
`orgvar semantikur damokidebulebas gviCveneben: damatebiTs (obieqturs) da
garemoebiTs (adverbialurs)~ 22 .
amgvarad, -ken Tandebuliani saxeli ubralo damatebad unda miviCnioT, Tu igi miuTiTebs:
a) arasivrcul gadaadgilebas an b) sivrcul gadaadgilebas sulieri yvela
da arasulieri iseTi sagnebisaken, romelTac sivrceSi masStaburi orientiris mniSvneloba
ara aqvT.
20 a . d a v i T i a n i , dasax. naSromi, gv. 293-294.
21 arn. Ciqobava, dasax. naSromi, gv. 120.
22 a . d a v i T i a n i , dasax. naSromi, gv. 288.
182

183
arnold Ciqobava
martivi winadadebis evoluciis ZiriTadi tendenciebi qarTulSi 1
I
narkvevSi `martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi, I...“ SemTxveva gvqonda Zveli
qarTulis masalis analizis saSualebiT gveCvenebina, rom:
1. qarTuli winadadebis sintaqsuri meqanizmi xasiaTdeba rigi TaviseburebiT, rac
arsebiTad ganasxvavebs mas evropis Zvel da axal enaTa winadadebis sintaqsuri meqanizmisagan;
2. am sintaqsur TaviseburebaTa wyaroa morfologiuri Tavisebureba: zmnaSi subieqtis
pirisa da ricxvis garda obieqtis pirisa da ricxvis aRniSvna, ris gamoc:
3. orpirian zmnebSi, gardamavalSica da gardauvalSic, subieqti da obieqti a r -
sebiTad erTnairi sintaqsuri uflebiT sargeblobs: subieqtis sintaqsuri Zala
ganelebulia, obieqtisa _ gaZlierebuli, da amis Semdeg sintaqsuri dapirispireba
subieqtisa (qvemdebarisa) da obieqtisa (damatebisa) moxsnilia, damateba winadadebis
meorexarisxovani wevri ki araa, aramed iseTive `mTavari~ wevria, rogorc qvemdebare 2 .
axal qarTulSi winadadebis sintaqsuri meqanizmis sqematurma analizma 3 cxadi gaxada,
rom sityvaTa sintaqsuri urTierTobis p r i n c i p i ar Secvlila; arc SeiZleboda
Secvliliyo, ramdenadac dagvrCa winandeli morfologiuri safuZveli: zmnis
polipersonaluroba _ axal qarTulSi zmnaTa didi wilis uRvlileba subieqtisa da
obieqtis pirTa cvlas gulisxmobs iseve, rogorc Zvel qarTulSi.
piris aRniSvnis cvlileba ar momxdara (mxedvelobaSi ar viRebT piris n i S a n T a
mxriv arsebul cvlilebebs). samagierod, moxda cvlileba ricxvis aRniSvnaSi: sintaqsuri
cvlileba, rac qarTuli martivi winadadebis meqanizmSi miviReT, ekvivalenturia
im cvlilebisa, rac winadadebis morfologiur safuZvelSi, zmnis uRlebaSi,
aisaxa.
ZiriTadi movlena, riTac xasiaTdeba es cvlileba, or garemoebaSi iCens Tavs: er-
Tis mxriT, viRebT saxelobiTi brunvis sintaqsuri rolis dasustebas, meore mxriv
ki, _ micemiTi brunvis rolis gaZlierebas 4 .
orive mJRavndeba mravlobiT ricxvSi saTanado saxelebisa (saxelobiTisa da micemi-
Tis) da zmnis urTierTobaSi, zmnis SeTanxmeba-arSeTanxmebaSi xsenebul saxelebTan.
raSi mdgomareobs es cvlileba? ra iwvevs mas?
saxelobiTi brunva Zvel qarTulSi, rogorc cnobilia, iwarmoeboda -n- da -eb-
sufiqsebiT. maTgan pirveli (-n-) zmnas iTanxmebda ricxvSi yovelTvis imisda miuxedavad,
realur subieqts udrida es saxelobiTi Tu realur obieqts:
...ZmaÁ igi vals _ Z m a n i i g i v l e n a n ...
...mas uyuars s a m w y s o Á T Â s i _ m a s u y u a r a n s a m w y s o n i T Â s n i ...
...petres k l i t À aqus _ petres k l i t e n i h q o n a n sasufevelisani...
...mas v e n a à i daunergavs _ mas v e n a à n i d a u n e r g v i a n ...
...ganakurva man igi _ ese v˜riTa sityÂTa g a n a k u r v n a mSobelni...
mesame piris Sesaxeb Tqmuli savsebiT exeba pirvelsa da meore pirsac.
1 a r n . C i q o b a v a , martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi, I, Tb., 1968.
2 a r n . C i q o b a v a , martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi, I. qvemdebare-damatebis sakiTxi
Zvels qarTulSi, Tbilisi, 1968, gv. gv. 213-222.
3 a r n . C i q o b a v a , ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs qarTuli enis agebulebas? V: Jurn. `kulturuli
aRmSenebloba, 1930, gv. 741, # 7/8.
4 pirvel rigSi es exeba mesame piris saxelebs.

-eb-iani saxelobiTi Zvel qarTulSi iSviaTad gvxvdeboda da zmnas ricxvSi ar
iTanxmebda imisda miuxedavad, iqneboda igi realuri subieqti Tu realuri obieqti:
...aRfrinda siri _ ...da r˜l igi s i r e b i a R f r i n d a ...
...movidoda xarWa _ ...da m o v i d o d a x a r W e b i c a mefisa agripaÁsi p e t r e À s a ...
...hyvanda... brma _ ...r˜lTa h y v a n d a maT Tana mkeloblebi, b r m e b i (ix. aqve, gv.gv.
204_207).
...daiswavla man wigni _ d a i s w a v l a m a n w i g n e b i ...
-eb-iani saxelobiTi, amrigad, mravlobiTis uflebiT ar sargeblobda.
aseTi gansxvaveba saxelobiTis or saxeobas Soris _ -n-ian saxelobiTsa da -eb-ian
saxelobiTs Soris, safiqrebelia, imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom pirveli organulad
ukavSirdeboda zmnis mravlobiTobis mesame piris niSans -en || -an sufiqsebs, romlebic
istoriulad mravlobiTobis niSnad unda iqnen miCneuli, xolo -eb- sufiqsi sul
sxva formaciisaa da sxva dialeqturi wridan momdinareobs. sainteresoa, rom misi
ekvivalenti sufiqsi mravlobiTisa qarTul z m n a S i ar moipoveba.
micemiTi brunvis mravlobiToba Zv. qarTulis zmnaSi ar aRiniSneboda arc maSin,
roca igi realur obieqtze miuTiTebda da arc im SemTxvevaSi, roca miT realuri
subieqti gadmoicemoda:
...hrqua mas _ hrqua maT...
...mouwoda mas _ mouwoda maT...
...uxaris mas _ uxaris maT: ...y˜l T u x a r i s d a x l d e b i a n ...
...swyuris mas _ swyuris maT: ...m a T s w y u r i s da sxuaTa asumen...
...STaucuams mas igi _ ...STaucuams m a T igi...
aq micemiTs brunvaSi mesame piris saxelia; aseve iqneboda, Tu meore pirs aviRebdiT:
...gkiTxav Sen _ gkiTxav Tquen: amas... xolo g k i T x a v T˜qn...
...gxedav Sen _ gxedav Tquen: ...a˜d gxedav Tquen r˜gnebavs smenad...
...giyuars Sen _ giyuars Tquen...
...grwams Sen _ grwams Tquen...
pirveli piris nacvalsaxeli _ Cuen _ TiTqos arRvevs saerTo wess; marTalia,
gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebi, rogoricaa:
...nu d a m i v i w y e b T Cuen... m e t y  a n C˜n megobarni...
maqus Cuen igi... m o m i g o Cuen abukura... da sxv.
am Cuen-obieqtis mravlobiToba zmnaSi ar aRiniSneba, magram aranakleb xSiria Cuen-obieqtis
aRniSvna gu-prefiqsiT, e. i. zmna TiTqos eTanxmeba micemiTSi dasmul obieqts
ricxvSi:
msuris me _ g u s u r i s Cuen... mibrZanebs me _ g  b r Z a n e b s Cuen... maswavebda me _
g u a s w a v e b d a Cuen... maxara me _ g u a x a r a Cuen...
amisda miuxedavad ver vityviT, gu- pirveli piris obieqtis mravlobiTobas aRniSnavdes:
roca Cuen-obieqti saxelobiTSia, mravlobiTobis aRsaniSnavad dairTavs -en ||
-n sufiqss imisda miuxedavad gu- prefiqsi gvaqvs Tu m- prefiqsi; es SeuZlebeli iqneboda,
gu- prefiqsi rom Zvel qarTulSi mravlobiTobis maCvenebeli yofiliyo:
...morwmuneni aw S e m o m k r i b n a winaÁswarmetyuelman daniel...
Sdr.: ...brZanebaman qristÀsman S e gukribn a dRes...
ix. agreTve iseTi magaliTebi, rogoricaa:
...dagubadna man Cuen... mogÂkiTxna man Cuen... daguamdablna man Cuen...
184

aRguamaRlna man Cuen... dagÂcven Sen Cuen...YguyveniT Tquen Cuen... da sxv.
-en- || -n- sufiqsis xmareba aq sruliad gaugebari iqneboda, Tu gu- prefiqsi ukve aRniSnavda
mravlobiTobas. xolo Tu gu- saxelobiTSi dasmul obieqtTan araa mravlobiTobis
prefiqsi, arc m i c e m i T S i dasmul obieqtTan iqneba am funqciis mqone;
gu- prefiqsi Zvel qarTulSi araa obieqtis mravlobiTobis aRmniSvneli arc iseT
magaliTebSi, rogoricaa ganguaZliern a man Cuen... arc iseT magaliTebSi, romel-
Ta nimuSia g u aswavebda Cuen.
maS, risi maqnisia igi? amaze _ calke [ix. arn. C i q o b a v a , martivi winadadebis
problema qarTulSi, I, Tb., 1968, , gv. 188, SeniSvna].
am ganmartebis Semdeg SegviZlia zogadad vTqvaT: micemiTSi dasmuli saxelebi samive
pirisa zmnas mravlobiTSi ar iTanxmeben imisda miuxedavad, realuri subieqti
iqneba am micemiTiT gadmocemuli, Tu realuri obieqti.
am mxriv Z v e l q a r T u l S i micemiTi brunva da eb-iani saxelobiTi erTnairs
sintaqsur Zalas amJRavneben: arc erTi iTanxmebs zmnas mravlobiTSi da arc meore.
ra xdeba Semdeg, _ meTormete saukunidan dRemdis?
n-ian saxelobiTis adgils iWers -eb-iani saxelobiTi; Zma-n-i _ Zm-eb-i... qva-n-i _ qveb-i...
xe-n-i _ xe-eb-i... Tu Zvel qarTulSi eb-iani saxelobiTi iyo iSviaTi, axal qar-
TulSi isaa gabatonebuli, -n-iani warmoeba ki SerCa zog nacvalsaxels (isi-n-i... yve-la-ni...),
anda misi SesaZlo xmareba daukavSirda stilistikur saWiroebas (Sdr. mimdinareobebi
_ mimdinareobani, dawesebulebebi _ dawesebulebani... da sxv.).
magram eb-iani warmoebis asparezze gamosvlam saxelobiTs daukarga is sintaqsuri
uflebebi, rac mas hqonda n-iani warmoebis gamoyenebisas: eb-ian saxelobiTs Zvel qar-
TulSi zmna arasodes eTanxmeboda, n-ian saxelobiTs yovelTvis eTanxmeboda (ix. zemoT).
eb-iani saxelobiTi cdilobs moipovos n-iani saxelobiTis uflebebi, SeiTanxmos
zmna ricxvSi: es procesi saliteraturo qarTulSi dResac ar damTavrebula, magram
misi mimarTuleba da perspeqtivebi cxadad Cans.
saxeldobr: eb-iani saxelobiTi obieqtad xmarebisas zmnas ar iTanxmebda Zvel
qarTulSi, ar iTanxmebs axal qarTulSi da am mxriv raime cvlilebas arc momaval-
Si unda movelodeT: Sdr. Zv. qarT. dawerna werilni _ ax. qarT.: dawera werilebi...
am SemTxvevaSi saxelobiTma brunvam sabolood dakarga is uflebebi, romlebic nian
warmoebas moepoveboda Zv. qarTulSi (am uflebis dacva maSinac ki Zneli mosaxerxebeli
iqneboda, n-iani warmoebis saxelobiTic rom winandeburad gabatonebuli
yofiliyo).
zmnis SeTanxmeba -eb-ian saxelobiTTan iwyeba im SemTxvevebidan, sadac saxelobiTi
realur subieqtad gvevlineba, masTan yvelaze aqtiur subieqts, adamians, aRniSnavs,
Semdeg ki vrceldeba iseT magaliTebze, sadac realuri subieqti adamiani araa, magram
zmna moqmedebiTi gvarisaa; aq jer kidev gvaqvs ryeva, Tumca ganviTarebis tendencia
naTelia...
Tqmulis Sesabamisad axal qarTulSi gvaqvs:
amxanagebi meubnebian... bavSvebi izrdebian; `WamiT isini vera sWamen, smiT isini ve-
Rara smen. ra kacebi arian? (ilia); `kacebi jgufad Segrovdnen~ (ilia);
`patara Cemi amxanagebi Cems gulCvilobas iq dascinodnen~ (ilia); Sdr.: mTeb
i m o C a n s ... x e e b i g a x m a ... `soflis saTaveSi o r R o b e e b i i w y e b o d a ~ (ilia);
`is s a r T u l e b i ai ra ferisa i y o ~ (ilia); `mTidan m o v a r d a R v a r e b i , wyliT
a v s e b u l a x e v e b i ~ (vaJa-fSavela)... `TiTqos k l d e e b i ingreva, ismis griali,
zanzari~ (vaJa). `jariskacebSi g a i s m i s x m e b i ~ .
axal qarTulSi SeuZlebelia `gaismian xmebi~, `sarTulebi ai ra ferisa iyvnen~,
magram Zvel qarTulSi normaluri iqneboda `Ãmani ismian~, `sarTulni iyvnes~ da sxv.
185

n-ianma saxelobiTma axal qarTulSic SeinarCuna T i T q m i s mTlianad winandeli
sintaqsuri Zala, _ vgulisxmobT realur s u b i e q t a d xmarebis SemTxvevas:
...`ileva bindi Ramisa, caSi v a r s k v l a v n i h q r e b i a n ~ ... `Tergi rbis, Tergi Rrialebs,
k l d e n i bans e u b n e b i a n ~ ... `isini iyvnen imis akvnad da bolos saflavadac
gadaeqcnen~ (i. W.)... `arian adamianis cxovrebaSi imisTana wuTni~ (ilia)... (Sdr.
`Cemi ganTiadisa d R e n i batonisa saxlSi d a m i R a m e b i a ~ ... (ilia) _ aq `dReni~ realuri
obieqtia) 5 .
roca realur subieqts adamiani ar warmoadgens, SeTanxmebaSi ryevaa: `baraqala
im kacis metyvelebas, romlis s i t y v e b i unugeSosac a n u g e S e b s saflavis karamdina~
(ilia) _ Sdr. ...`es s i t y v e b i a R o n e b d n e n guls~ (ilia)... `imis s i t y v e b i
gaWirvebaSi guls mogfxanen, Wirs gagiadvileben, gulsa da gonebas gagiwrTvnian
da sikeTisaTvis wagaxaliseben~ (ilia).
naTargmni literatura aZlierebs saxelobiTTan zmnis SeTanxmebis tendencias:
mecnieruli Tu mxatvruli literatura iTargmneba iseTi enebidan, sadac saxelobi-
Ti qvemdebarea da zmna mas eTanxmeba uciloblad...
amisda miuxedavad dResac, saliteraturo qarTulSi imdenad mkveTrad igrZnoba
gansxvaveba `bavSvebi izrdebian~ da `xeebi izrdeba~ konstruqciebs Soris, rom
ukanasknelSi SeTanxmeba p e r s o n i f i k a c i i s efeqts mogvcemda: `xeebi izrdebian~...
mxatvruls mwerlobaSi amis magaliTebi xSiria _ mas iyeneben, rogorc stilistikur
xerxs _: ...`xeebic me d a m x a r i a n zevidam, TviTon TavSiSvelni totebs me m a f a r e -
b e n ~ (vaJa-fSavela)... `yvavilebi siciliT ixoceboden~ (vaJa-fSavela).
saliteraturo qarTulSi -eb-ian saxelobiTTan zmnis SeTanxmebis procesis normaluri
ganviTareba rTuldeba ara mxolod realuri subieqtis sxvaobasTan da
zmnis gvarTan dakavSirebiT, aramed dialeqturi metyvelebis zegavleniTac: imerulsa
da gurulSi amJamadac -eb-iani saxelobiTi zmnas ar iTanxmebs iseve, rogorc ar
iTanxmebda zmnas Zv. qarT. -eb-iani saxelobiTi: Zveli qarTulis norma aq jerac daculia
da amis anarekli Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSic gvaqvs (...darCa
m g z a v r e b i cis qveS... a x a l g a z r d e b i quds a f r i a l e b s ... m o x u c e b i salams
m a Z l e v s ...) .
rTuli procesi saxelobiTisa da zmnis sintaqsuri urTierTobis ganviTarebisa
Zveli qarTulidan dRemdis monografiul damuSavebas gulisxmobs.
aq ZiriTadi tendenciis aRniSvniTRa vkmayofildebiT: -eb-iani saxelobiTis sintaqsur
uflebaTa intensiuri zrdis miuxedavad, saxelobiTi brunvis sintaqsuri Zala
axal qarTulSi gacilebiT ufro sustia, vinem Zvel qarTulSi. n-iani warmoebis -ebiani
warmoebiT Secvlaa imis erTi m T a v a r i mizezi, rom qarTuli winadadebis evoluciis
procesSi saxelobiTi brunvis sintaqsuri Zalis es dasusteba miviReT.
iyo sxva mizezic: micemiTis gaZliereba.
II
Zvels qarTulSi micemiTi brunvis mravlobiToba zmnaSi aRuniSvneli rCeboda ma-
Sinac, roca es micemiTi realur subieqtze miuTiTebda da im SemTxvevaSic, roca mas
realuri obieqtis aRniSvna uwevda.
es sintaqsuri urTierToba arsebiTad Seicvala XII_XVIII saukuneTa manZilze;
cvlileba moxda samsave pirSi, oRond ara Tanabari da ara erTi da imave mizezisa
gamo.
mesame pirSi cvlileba gamoiwvia saxelis funqciam: zmnam aRniSna iseTi saxelis
mravlobiToba, romelic realur subieqtze, moqmedze miuTiTebda.
5 Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom zogjer n-iani saxelobiTi, realuri subieqti, zmnas
ricxvSi aRar iTanxmebs: aq ukve n-iani warmoeba -eb-iani warmoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel normebs
eqvemdebareba iseve, rogorc obieqtis aRniSvnis SemTxvevaSi.
186

aseTi micemiTi inversiul zmnebTan 6 gvaqvs: inversiisaTvis swored isaa damaxasia-
Tebeli, rom obieqtis niSniT warmodgenili saxeli sinamdvileSi obieqti ki araa,
aramed _ subieqti, realuri subieqti; da, piruku, subieqtis niSniT gadmocemuli saxeli
realur obieqts etoleba.
inversiul zmnaTa ori jgufia Semdegi:
1. gardamaval zmnaTa TurmeobiTi: yoveli gardamavali zmna TurmeobiT pirvelSi,
TurmeobiT meoresa da kavSirebiTs mesameSi inversiuli xdeba:
Sdr. daviTi aSenebs saxls _ daviTs uSenebia saxli, daviTs (rom) eSenebina saxli,
daviTs (rom) eSenebinos saxli...
2. gardauvali zmnebi, romelTac awmyos jgufSive inversia axasiaTebs, e. i. romelnic
mxolod inversiuli wyobisani arian:
daviTs hyavs, aqvs, uyvars, esmis... is...
Sdr. inversiul zmnebTan micemiTi mesame pirisa Zvelsa da axal qarTulSi.
Zv. qarT.: maT s w y u r i s da sxuaTa asumen (xelnaw. # 1949) _ ax. qarT.: maT s w y u -
r i a T da sxvebs asmeven...
` ` qva da kiri friad SoriT m o a q u n d a ZnelTa maT gzaTa kacTa
zurgiTa (gr. xnZT. lg) _ qva da kiri metad Soridan m o h q o n
d a T Znelad saval gzebze da adamianTa zurgze.
` ` Tana h y v a n d a maT, erTi menaveTa maTgani (kim. 3811) _ Tan hyav
daT maT erTi im menaveTagani...
` ` maRlad u p y r i e s maT (aTon. kreb., 3142) _ maRla u p y r i a T
maT...
` ` Subli igi uSueradre g a m o u q m n i e s ÃelovanTa maT (kim.
15029) _Subli ulamazod g a m o u y v a n i a T (`gamouqmniaT”) osta
tebs.
` ` r ˜lTa STaucuams (kim. 15521) _ romelTac C a u c v a m T .
magram Tu zmna inversiuli araa, mesame piris mravlobiTs, micemiTSi dasmuls,
zmna ar SeeTanxmeba:
uTxra mas _ uTxra maT, mouwoda mas _ mouwoda maT, ubrZana mas _ ubrZana maT
da ase Semdeg.
sxvagvari mdgomareobaa pirvelsa da meore pirSi: amaTi mravlobiToba zmnaSi yovelTvis
aRiniSneba:
Tqven _ gwyuriaT, gaqvT, gqondaT... gikeTebiaT, CagicvamT...
Cven _ gvwyuria, gvaqvs, gvqonda, gvyavs, gvyavda... gvikeTebia, Cagvicvams...
es inversiuli formebia, micemiTis mravlobiTobis aRniSvnas zmnaSi aq igive safuZveli
aqvs, rac _ mesame pirSi (ix. zemoT).
magram arainversiul formebSic zmna eTanxmeba T q v e n , C v e n saxelebs ricxvSi:
man maT uTxra _ magram: Tqven giTxraT, Cven gviTxra...
` maT mouwoda _ ` Tqven mogiwodaT, Cven mogviwoda...
` maT ubrZana _ ` Tqven gibrZanaT, Cven gvibrZana...
` maT dauwera _ ` Tqven dagiweraT, Cven dagviwera...
inversiuls formebSi zmna micemiTs eTanxmeboda ricxvSi, radganac es micemiTi
realuri viTarebis mixedviT iyo moqmedi aqtiuri _ ris mixedviT? zmnis mniSvnelobis
mixedviT.
zmnis fuZis Sinaarsma es micemiTi mravlobiTSi SeTanxmebis uflebiT aRWurva mi-
6 inversiuli zmnebi yvela gardauvalia: saSualo an vnebiTi gvarisaa, kerZod TurmeobiTi
pirveli awmyos statikuri vnebiTis sasxviso qcevas etoleba, TurmeobiTi meore da kavSirebi-
Ti mesame _ aoristisa da kavSirebiTi meoris sasxviso qcevis vnebiTs.
187

uxedavad imisa, rom zmnis piris niSani amave micemiTs obieqtad saxavs _ zmnis formisa
da Sinaarsis kolizia ukanaskneli momentis sasargeblod gadawyda.
magram: giTxraT, gviTxra... gibrZanaT, gvibrZana... da msgavs magaliTebSi micemiTis
mravlobiTis aRniSnvas racionaluri safuZveli ar moepoveba: aq, cxadia, analogiis
moqmedebasTan gvaqvs saqme; analogia lamobs imis damTavrebas, ramac inversiul
zmnebSi garkveuli mizezebis gamo Tavi iCina.
erTi garemoebacaa mxedvelobaSi misaRebi: pirveli piris obieqtis niSani m- mravlobiTSi
ukve aRar gvaqvs axal qarTulSi; gv- prefiqsiRaa xmarebaSi. Zvel qarTul-
Si SeiZleboda m o m ec Cuen _ mogue c Cuen: obieqtis mravlobiToba arc erTSi ar
Canda; axal qarTulSi m o m e c Cven SeuZlebelia; erTi variantiRa _ m o g v e c i Cven _
SegvrCa da mas mieniWa mravlobiTobis Cvenebis funqcia (zemoT ukve iTqva, rom gu-
mravlobiTi ricxvis prefiqsi ar iyo Zvel qarTulSi).
aseT pirobebSi, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, stiqiurad aisaxa obieqtis mravlobiToba
pirvel pirTan: pirisa da ricxvis niSani SeTavsda gv- prefiqsSi.
amave niadagze zmnaSi aRniSnuli aRmoCnda Cven- nacvalsaxelis mravlobiTi, roca
igi saxelobiTis funqciisa iyo da obieqtze miuTiTebda: Cagvwera Cven, gvaqo Cven,
Segvawuxa Cven 7 ...
amrigad: zmnis fuZis Sinaarsma, gv- prefiqsis monopoliurma mdgomareobam (obieqtis
pirveli piris mravlobiTSi) da analogiis procesma gansazRvres micemiTi brunvis
sintaqsur uflebaTa intensiuri zrda axal qarTulSi Zvel qarTulTan SedarebiT.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan gamosuli zogi mwerlis enaSi SeimCneva zmnis SeTanxmeba
micemiT brunvasTan mesame pirSi maSinac ki, roca es micemiTi realur obieqts
aRniSnavs, e. i. roca zmna arainversiulia:
`erTi kuziani mxerxavi a e d e v n a T ~ (a. SanSiaSvili. `ur. SeSa~.).
`waiyvanes Temis aRmaskomis TavmjdomaresTan; ambako m i z d e v T TavCaRunuli~
(a. SanS. `amb.~).
`zurabi aRelvebas ver faravda; e k i T x e b o d a T : . (a. SanS.
`amb.~)...
`aladim ifiqra:
da g a e p a r a T ~ (a. SanS. `amb.”).
`rusi petro Znasa Slis. Tan uyviriT [glexebs]: ~ (a. SanS. `me
Con.~).
`zurabma S e u y v i r a T : ~ (a. SanS. `amb.~).
Znis patroni... e x v e w e b a T :... `gavaTavoT, Tqveni WirimeT!~ (a. SanS. `meCon.~).
`daRlili mevele movida da g a u c x a d a T : ~ (a. SanS.).
`...baTos mamam zRapari daiwyo da yvela smenad gadaiqca. m o u T x r o b d a T Ra
rib glexis Tavgadasavals~ (a. SanS.)...
maT _ aedevnaT... ekiTxebodaT... uyviriT... exvewebaT... gaucxadaT... mouTxrobdaT...
ra udevs safuZvlad amgvar SeTanxmebas? es realur subieqts ar warmoadgens,
realuradac obieqtia; masTan zmnis SeTanxmeba gaumarTlebeli Cans:
Cven agvedevna, Tqven agedevnaT, maT aedevnaT...
Cven gvekiTxeboda, Tqven gekiTxebodaT, maT ekiTxebodaT...
Cven mogviTxrobda, Tqven mogiTxrobdaT, maT mouTxrobdaT...
mesame piris es -T-iani formebi agrZeleben pirveli da meore piris formaTa xazs:
micemiTi brunvis obieqti samsave pirSi iTanxmebs zmnas ricxvSi.
7 TqvenTan ki, _ CagweraT, gaqoT, SegawuxaT..., _ analogia moqmedebs.
188

aseTia Sedegi. p r o c e s o b r i v ki mesame piris am formis warmoqmnaSi axali faqtori
unda gvqondes: dialeqtobrivi norma. zog qarTul kiloSi (raWulSi, kaxurSi,
ingilourSi, fereidnulSi, imerulSi), maT Soris, kaxurSic, xmarebaSia -ye || -ke nawilaki.
igi miuTiTebs, pirvel yovlisa, obieqtze mravlobiTis micemiTSi: aedevna mas _
aedevnaye maT... ekiTxeboda mas _ ekiTxebodaye maT... mouTxrobda mas _ mouTxrobdaye
maT... exveweba mas _ exvewebaye maT da sxva.
amrigad: aedevnaT, ekiTxebodaT, mouTxrobdaT, exvewebaT... da msgavs formebSi -T
sufiqsi -ye nawilakis adgilasaa gamoyenebuli da misi rolica aqvs dakisrebuli _
masala (T- sufiqsi) saliteraturo qarTulisaa, funqcia _ dialeqtobrivia.
qiziyurSic, kaxurSic amgvari -T-iani formebi: ekiTxebaT ... exvewebaT ... mouTxrobT
sakmaod xSiria; -ye nawilakis xmareba ki sul ufro da ufro iSviaTi
xdeba. es ori procesi erTmaneTTan Sinagan kavSirSi unda iyos: -T-s moxSirebaSi
-ye-s gaiSviaTebis kompensacia Cans.
ekiTxebaT ... tipis warmoeba jerxnobiT ucxoa saliteraturo enis kodeqsisaTvis,
magram saliteraturo enis saperspeqtivo ganviTarebis xazze ki Zevs, amdenadve
sagulisxmoa.
zmnis inversiuloba, analogia, gu- prefiqsis erTaderT prefiqsad qceva mravlobiTis
pirvel pirSi (obieqtisaTvis), dialeqtobrivi norma _ yvela es faqtori Taviseburad
xels uwyobs micemiTi brunvis sintaqsuri rolis zrdas.
zemoT vnaxeT, rom eb-iani saxelobiTi brunvis sintaqsuri funqciebic Zvel qar-
TulTn SedarebiT axal qarTulSi TvalsaCinod metia (Tumca -n-ian saxelobiTisas
CamorCeba.)
masTan cnobilia, rom saxelobiTica da micemiTic zmnis subieqtad da obieqtad
gvevlinebian erTdroulad _ orpirian gardauval da gardamaval zmnebTan:
is ekiTxeba mas... is hyavs mas... is sZuls mas... is unaxavs mas...
romel maTgans SeuTanxmdeba zmna mravlobiTSi _ saxelobiTs Tu micemiTs? zogadad
erTsac aqvs amis SesaZlebloba da meoresac. konkretulad? pirveli da meore
piri (Cven, Tqven), saxelobiTis funqciiT iqneba Tu micemiTisaTi, realuri subieqtis
aRmniSvneli iqneba Tu obieqtisa, Tanabrad uflebamosilia znma SeiTanxmos ricxvSi.
mesame pirSi ki mainc SeimCneva sxvaoba saxelobiTsa da micemiTs Soris, realur subieqtsa
da realur obieqts Soris, mTlianad: saxelobiTisa da micemiTis mravlobi-
Tobis aRniSvnaSi zmnis mier mJRavndeba urTulesi sintaqsuri urTierToba polipersonaluri
zmnis Semcveli winadadebisa. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis inversiul zmnaTa
Sesaxeb:
Tqven gv-iyvarxar-T Cven: Tqven _ saxel., Cven _ micem.; zmnaSi orives mravlobiTobaa
aRniSnuli: gv- Cven-ze miuTiTebs, -T_Tqven-ze...
Cven g-iyvarvar-T Tqven: Cven _ saxel., Tqven _ micem., aq saxelobiTis mravlobiTi
Cans. -T masze miuTiTebs; meore saxelic _ Tqven _ agreTve SeiZleboda -T sufiqsiT
aRniSnuliyo, magram aq -T misi mravlobiTobis maCvenebeli araa _ giyvar-var-T _ winamavali
var- amas mowmobs.
ufro martivia is SemTxvevebi, roca zmnaSi mocemulia ara pirveli da meore piris
_ Cven, Tqven _ saxelTa koordinacia, aramed pirvelisa da mesamis, anda meorisa
da mesame pirisa:
Cven _ isini, Tqven _ isini... Cven _ maT, Tqven _ maT...
Cven vuyvarvarT maT, Tqven uyvarxarT maT _ Cven, Tqven saxeloebiT-
Sia, maT _ micemiTSi; da es micemiTi mesame pirisaa, saxelobiTi _ pirveli da meore
pirisa; zmna am saxelobiTis mravlobiTobas aRniSnavs, micemiTis mravlobiToba aRuniSvneli
rCeba.
magram saxelobiTSi rom mesame piris saxeli gvqonoda, micemiTi gadaswonida:
Cven vuyvarvarT maT _ Sdr. isini uyvarT maT: zmnis sufiqsi -T maT-nacvalsaxel-
Tanaa dakavSirebuli, _ sakmarisia mas vixmaroT da -T sufiqsi zmnas ar aRmoaCndeba:
isini uyvarT maT _ isini uyvars mas.
189

`generlebi geyolebaT Tqven, qarTvelebs?~ (ilia WavWavaZe, `mgzavris werilebi~).
zmna SeeTanxma ricxvSi micemiTs Tqven: mravlobiToba saxelobiTisa zmnaSi ara
Cans, da es imitom, rom zmna orpiriania da saxelobiTis korelatad micemiTia warmodgenili.
erTpirian zmnas `generlebi~ SeiTanxmebda ricxvSi: generlebi seirnoben, ibrZvian,
musaifoben, sxedan, dganan...
aris SemTxvevebi, sadac saxelobiTi -n sufiqsiania da zmna mas mainc ar eTanxmeba:
`(Tergi miCumebulia imitom, rom) mobane kldeni gverdiT ar axlavs~ (i. W.)...
`Cemi ganTiadis dReni batonis saxl-karSi damiRamebia~ (i. W.).
Zvels qarTulSi gveqneboda: kldeni axlavan... dReni damiRamebian... axal qarTul-
Si aseTi SesaZlebloba gamoiricxa.
saxelobiTis sintaqsuri uflebebi, amrigad, Sepirobebulia meore, korelati, saxelis
uflebiT; maSasadame, roca vambobT: Tu saxelobiTi adamians aRniSnavs, zmna
mas ricxvSi eTanxmebao, es gulisxmobs erTpirian zmnebs. orpirian zmnebTan am wess
savaldebulo xasiaTi srulebiTac ara aqvs.
stumrebi modian _ magram: ...stumrebi myavs... stumrebi miyvars... stumrebi mZuls...
ar iTqmis axali qarTuliT: stumrebi miyvaran... mZulan... magram aucilebelia:
stumrebi gviyvars Cven, giyvarT Tqven, uyvarT maT... stumrebi gvZuls Cven, gZulT
Tqven, sZulT maT...
micemiTis sintaqsuri upiratesoba aq cxadi da ueWvelia.
magram saxelobiTisa da micemiTis xvedri wona aseTi sicxadiT yovelTvis rodia
mocemuli; xSirad Zneli gadasawyvetia, romels unda mieces upiratesoba, romels unda
SeuTanxmdes zmna, micemiTsa Tu saxelobiTs:
(maT ra egonaT, Tu) `mexreebi mbrZaneblebad gamouCndebodnen~? aq zmna SeTanxmebulia
saxelobiTTan, SeuZlebeli ar iyo micemiTs SeTanxmeboda: ar egonaT, Tu mexreebi
maT mbrZaneblad gamouCndebodaT...
SeiZleba erTma da imave zmnam erTs konteqstSi upiratesoba mianiWos saxelobiTs,
meoreSi ki _ micemiTs:
`stanciebSi cxenebi xSirad akldebaT~ (i. W. `mgz. wer.~).
maT akldebaT cxenebi _ zmna SeTanxmebulia micemiTTan maT.
Sdr. gakveTils akldebian mowafeebi _ gakveTilebs akldebian mowafeebi _ aq
zmna eTanxmeba saxelobiTs.
pirvels SemTxvevaSi _ maT akldebaT cxenebi _ akldeba inversiuli
z m n a a , meore SemTxvevaSi _ m o w a f e a k l d e b a g a k v e T i l s _ pirdapiri wyoba
gvaqvs: m o w a f e realuradac subieqtia da zmnis agebulebis TvalsazrisiTac, g a k -
v e T i l s _ realuradac obieqtia da verbaluradac (Sdr. inversiuli wyobis Sem-
Txveva: molares fuli daaklda... mzes Zala akldeba...).
konteqstis gareSe aRebul akldeba-zmnas ornairi mravlobiTi SeuZlia mogvces:
pirdapiri wyobisa: akldebian isini mas...
inversiuli wyobisa: akldebaT maT is...
ra mimarTebaSia saxelobiTisa da micemiTis sintaqsuri Zalis zrda am saxelebis
funqciasTan _ aRniSnon realuri subieqti gina realuri obieqti?
rogorc aq, ise zemoT Tqmulidan Cans, rom -eb-iani saxelobiTica da micemiTic
swored im SemTxvevebSi iTanxmebdnen zmnas mravlobiTSi, roca realurad moqmedebs,
aqtiur saxelebs gvavaraudebinebda zmnis Sinaarsi (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs mesame piri).
ase iyo d a s a w y i s S i . magram am faqtorebamdis ver daiyvaneba yvela is SemTxveva,
sadac saxelobiTma da micemiTma zmna SeiTanxma droTa viTarebaSi:
saxelebi: Cven, Tqven Tanabrad iTanxmeben zmnas ricxvSi imisda miuxedavad r e a -
l u r i s u b i e q t i a gadmosacemi Tu r e a l u r i o b i e q t i , saxelobiTis rolSi
gamodian es saxelebi, Tu micemiTisaSi:
190

RS _ Cven, Tqven _ saxelobiTSia: RO_ Cven, Tqven _ saxelobiTSia:
Cven vaqebT Cven gvaqo
Tqven aqebT Tqven g-aqo-T
RS _ Cven, Tqven _ micemiTSia: RS _ Cven, Tqven _ micemiTSia:
Cven gv-iqia is is gv-aqeb-s Cven
Tqven g-iqia-T is is g-aqeb-T Tqven 8
analogiisa da sxva momentebis wyalobiT (ix. zemoT) farTod gaexsna gza iseT
procesebs, romelTac stiqiuri xasiaTi aqvT.
maT moqmedebasac iqiTken mivyavarT, rom realuri subieqtisa da realuri obieqtis
sintaqsuri dapirispireba, principulad moxsnili orpirian (da sampirian) qar-
Tul zmnaSi, faqtobrivadac TandaTanobiT nakleb xelSesaxebi xdeba, _ Cven, Tqven _
saxelTa Sepirispirebisas ki nolamdis dadis.
teqstSi warmodgenili masala mxolod sailustracioa. is mowodebulia xelSesaxebi
gaxados, ramdenad rTulia qarTuli martivi winadadebis meqanizmi da ra tendenciebi
axasiaTebs mis ganviTarebas.
sirTulis wyaroa zmnis polipersonalizmi: zmnaSi subieqtis pirisa da ricxvis
garda obieqtis pirisa da ricxvis aRniSvna.
pirTa aRniSvna, rogorc morfologiuri faqti, qarTul zmnaSi mtkice da uryevia:
realurad (garkveuli afiqsiT) Tu potencialurad (nol-afiqsiT) samive piri aRiniSneba,
subieqtisac da obieqtisac.
ricxvis (mravlobiTis) aRniSvnaSi ryeva gvaqvs: am mxriv mniSvneloba aqvs, erTpiriania
zmna Tu orpiriani, pirdapiri wyobisaa Tu inversiulisa, ra brunvaSia saxeli
_ micemiTSi Tu saxelobiTSi, realuri subieqtia igi Tu obieqti.
ar SeiZleba qarTuli sintaqsis Sesaxeb vilaparakoT da es gamogvrCes iseve, rogorc
ar SeiZleba qarTuli morfologiis Sesaxeb vmsjelobdeT da zmnis orpirianoba
SeumCneveli dagvrCes.
8 principulad arafers cvlis iseTi SemTxveva, sadac RS mesame piria da zmnaSi misi mravlobiTobaRa
Cans: maT gaqes Tqven _ Sdr. man g-aqo-T Tqven.
191

192
anton kiziria
obieqtis mier zmnis SeTanxmeba mravlobiT ricxvSi Tanamedrove qarTulSi 1
obieqtebis Sewyoba zmnasTan Sepirobebulia subieqtisa da zmnis urTierTobiT:
roca subieqtad pirveli piria, obieqtad SeiZleba iyos meore an mesame piri; Tu subieqtad
meore piria, obieqtad gvaqvs pirveli an mesame piri, xolo, Tu subieqtad mesame
piria, obieqtad SeiZleba iyos pirveli, meore an mesame piri. rac Seexeba obieqtebs,
roca uaxloes obieqtad pirveli an meore piria, irib obieqtad SeiZleba iyos
mesame piri da piruku: roca uaxloes obieqtad mesame piria, irib obieqtad SeiZleba
iyos pirveli, meore an mesame piri da a. S.
obieqtis mravlobiTi ricxvis aRsaniSnavad Tanamedrove qarTulSi pirveli pirisaTvis
gamoyenebulia gv- prefiqsi, meore-mesame pirebisaTvis -T sufiqsi. es ukanaskneli
Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda mxolod subieqturi pirebis mravlobiTobas, isic mxolod
pirvelsa da meore pirSi, Semdeg ki ori obieqturi piris mravlobiTobis aRsaniSnavadac
iqna gamoyenebuli: iribisaTvis meoresa da mesame pirSi, uaxloesisaTvis ki _ marto
meore pirSi 2 . es -T miCneulia momdinared d-sagan, romelic Semonaxulia svanurSi 3 .
obieqtis mravlobiTi ricxvis aRniSvnisas qarTulTan mimarTebiT sxva qarTveluri
enebi msgavsebasTan erTad gansxvavebasac gviCveneben:
zanurSi damatebis mravlobiTi ricxvis aRmniSvnelia sufiqsebi:
O1 _ -an -es, -T
O2 _ -an, -es, -T
O3 _ -an, -es.
Sdr. subieqtis mravlobiTi ricxvis niSnebi:
S1 _ -T
S2 _ -T
S3 _ -an, -es 4 .
saerToa S1 da S2 mr. r. niSani -T da O1 da O2 niSani -T; S3 -an, -es da O1, O2, O3 _
-an, -es.
svanurSi ki gvaqvs: S1 _ -d, S2 _ -d, S3 _ -x;
O1 _ g_ (|| n-); O2 _ x, O3 _ x 5 .
aqac saerToa S3 da O3-is x niSani.
Zvel qarTulSi obieqti zmnas iTanxmebda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelobiT-
Si iyo da mravlobiT ricxvs -en -n niSniT gamoxatavda (obieqtis I piris mr. ricxvis
gv- niSani sxva warmoSobisadaa miCneuli), -T ki am funqciiT axali warmonaqmnia.
cxadia, uZveles qarTvelur enebSi mravlobiTi ricxvisa da pirTa gamoxatvis sa-
Sualebani erTnairi unda yofiliyo.
orpirian gardauval da sampirian gardamaval zmnas ukavSirdeba iribi obieqti,
gardamavals _ iqneba is orpiriani Tu sampiriani _ uaxloesi obieqti.
obieqtis pirveli piri aRiniSneba m- prefiqsiT mxoolobiT ricxvSi da gv- prefiqsiT
_ mravlobiTSi, Sdr. Sen memalebi me _ Sen gvemalebi Cven, Sen meferebi me _ Sen
gveferebi Cven, Sen mexmarebi me _ Sen gvexmarebi Cven..., Sen mxatav me _ Sen gvxatav
Cven, Sen maxareb me _ Sen gvaxareb Cven..., Sen me momeci igi _ Sen Cven mogveci igi,
Sen me damixate igi _ Sen Cven dagvixate igi da a. S.
magaliTebi:
Zmebo, Cvenc mogveciT TqvenTan bina: vaJa, VII, 37; erTi papirosi mogveciT, maswav-
1 iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, XXIV, 1985.
2 a. S a n i Z e , qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1973, gv. 182.
3 v. T o f u r i a, Sromebi, I, Tb., 1967, gv. 1-15.
4 a r n . C i q o b a v a, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, tfilisi, 1936, gv. 99-100.
5 v. T o f u r i a, Sromebi, gv. 9-10.

lebelo: n. dumb. 264.
roca obieqtis maravlobiTi ricxvi gamoxatulia pirvelisa da meore piris Seer-
TebiT, upiratesobas pirveli piri isakuTrebs da aRiniSneba pirveli piris mravlobiTi.
asevea maSinac, roca SeerTebulia pirveli da mesame piri: veravin da veraferi
gagvyris me da Sen: k. gams. V. 388; me da Sen... didi manZili gviZevs win: k. gams. V, 389...,
me da daTiko Segvaqo mezobelma; me da daTikos gamogvidga muria...
roca zmnas ukavSirdeba subieqtad meore an mesame piri da obieqtad pirveli piri,
obieqtis mravlobiTi ricxvis gv- niSani yovelTvis warmodgenilia: gv- niSniT
aRiniSneba ricxvi orive obieqtisa. orpiriani da sampiriani zmnebi ar gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisagan.
a) orpiriani gardauvali zmna:
minam cxenebi Camogvividoda, daTikom rusuli tanisamosi gaiZro: ilia, I, 294; Cven
ukan agvedevna erTi cxenosani: ilia, I, 313...
b) orpiriani gardamavali zmna:
Ceven dagvayenes did batonis naTlidedasTan: ilia, I, 270...
g) sampiriani gardamavali zmna:
maswavlebelma mogvatana Tvali: akaki, IV, 49; erTma... manqana gagviCera: n. dumb. 62...
meore piri obieqtad, uaxloesi iqneba igi Tu iribi, zmnas Seewyoba maSin, roca
subieqtad pirveli an mesame piria. sampirian zmnasTan ki, roca subieqtad pirveli piria,
orive obieqti mesame pirSia an erTi obieqti mesame pirSia, meore _ meoreSi.
roca subieqtad pirveli piria da obieqtad meore piri, erTmaneTs ecileba am saxelTa
mravlobiTi. metic _ obieqti upiratesobiT sargeblobs: aseT SemTxvevaSi
zmnaSi aRiniSneba mxolod obieqtis niSani. am movlenis axsna mogvca arn. Ciqobavam,
romelmac Seupirispira qarTulisa da mTis iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa monacemebi. mTis
iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, sadac zmna saxelTa klasebis mixedviT icvleba, igi mxolod
obieqts aRniSnavs, anda _ mxolod subieqts: oden obieqturia gardamaval zmna-
Ta uRvlileba (mag. xunZurSi) 6 .
arn. Ciqobavam aRniSna, rom klasovani uRvlileba warmoadgenda amosavals pirovani
uRvlilebisaTvis 7 . am ukanasknelma gamoiwvia subieqtis sintaqsuri rolis gaZliereba
gardamaval zmnaSi 8 .
ricxvis aRniSvna Tanabrad SeuZlia orive saxels, oRond, Tu aRniSnulia subieqtis
ricxvi, ar Cans obieqtisa; Tu aRniSnulia obieqtis ricxvi, ar Cans subieqtisa
da es xdeba amitom, rom orive ricxvi gamoxatulia -T sufiqsiT. ai, nimuSebic:
me giyureb Sen _ me giyurebT Tqven, Cven giyurebT Tqven...
me gemalebi Sen _ me gemalebiT Tqven, Cven gemalebiT Sen _ Cven gemalebiT Tqven...
me mogaxseneb Sen _ me mogaxsenebT Tqven, Cven mogaxsenebT Sen _ Cven mogaxsenebT
Tqven...
me giTxra Sen _ me giTxraT Tqven, Cven giTxraT Sen _ Cven giTxraT Tqven...
meore piris obieqtis mravlobiTi ricxvi aRiniSneba maSinac, rodesac subieqtad
mesame piria. aqac garegnulad SeTanxmeba ar Cans, Tu meore saxeli, mesame piris subieqti,
mravlobiT ricxvSia da aqvs ricxvSi SeTanxmebis unari: `wvrilfexaSvilebi
gedavebaT naxevar wisqvils~: akaki. IV, 164, magram `wvrilfexaSvilebi gedavebian naxevar
wisqvils~.
da ase:
6 a r n . C i q o b a v a , subieqtisa da obieqtis SefardebiTi rolisaTvis ergatiuli konstruqciis
istoriaSi: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesor-maswavlebelTa saiubileo samecniero
sesia, Tb. 1961, 17-20 maisi, Tezisebi, gv. 133.
7 a r n . C i q o b a v a , iqve, gv. 134.
8 a r n . C i q o b a v a , ergativis nairsaxobani da maTi sintaqsuri Zala klasovani da pirovani
uRvlilebis gardamaval zmnaSi: Tbilisis sax. universitetis filologiis fakultetis XVII
samecn. sesia 1974 wlis 21-24 maiss. muSaobis gegma da moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tb., 1974, gv. 24.
193

Tqvenma imedma ar mogatyuaT Tqven: ilia, I, 252.; man ar mogatyuaT Tqven _ maT ar
mogatyues Sen || Tqven; RmerTma mSvidobis mgzavroba mogceT: ilia, I, 248: man mogceT
igi _ maT mogces Sen || Tqven igi... Sdr. numc mogakldebaT dilis cvari: k. gams. II,
191; erTi fanjara Ria dagrCaT: ilia, I, 253...
amgvarad, zmna mravlobiT ricxvSi yovelTvis eTanxmeba I da II piris obieqts da
warmodgenilia igi gv- da -T niSnebiT; II piris obieqtis mravlobiTi ricxvis -T sufiqsi
ar Cans maSin, rodesac zmnasTan dakavSirebuli meore saxeli, subieqti, iqneba
is pirveli Tu mesame pirisa, mravlobiTSia.
cocxali metyvelebis anareklia iseTi formebi, roca Semonaxulia zmnasTan dakavSirebuli
orive saxelis (subieqtisa da obieqtis) mravlobiTi ricxvis niSani:
sxva mgaloblebic gaxlavanT: vaJa, VII, 82; gexvewebianT Tqven siymoSiiT: vaJa, VII, 145;
kargi iqneba, Tqvenc egre lekebma dagiWironT: vaJa, V, 58; Cveni xalxi... ar giRalatebenT
da ganze ar gagidgebianT (Tqven): a. yazb., I, 131...
aq obieqtis mravlobiToba gamoxatulia subieqtis mravlobiTobis gverdiT. msgavsi
formebi dadasturebulia moxeursa da fSaurSi da gvxvdeba vaJa-fSavelasa da al.
yazbegis nawerebSi 9 .
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac subieqtad pirveli piria da obieqtad mesame, obieqtis
ricxvi zmnaSi ar aRiniSneba.
magaliTebi:
wowialis Semdeg Cvenebs SevuerTdi: g. Satb. II, 305; mec Sevyureb patara rgolebs:
m. javax. II, 485..., egre daviWireT uamravi jagnarebi: k. gams. V, 357; isev gavmarTe sadRegrZeloebi:
k. gams. V. 787..., sadils mezoblebs vurigeb: m. javax. III, 432..., moCxubrebs
Soriaxlo Cavuare: k. lorTq. 14...
Tu subieqtad meore piria, xolo obieqtad _ mesame, obieqtis mravlobiToba arc
am SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba:
zestafonel biWebs Sen gaeqcevi? a. bel., nov. 399; Sen aaSene lamazi saxlebi, Sen daxate
kargi suraTebi; Sen waiyvane bavSvebi tyeSi... Sen auSene mezoblebs lamazi saxlebi;
Sen dauxate megobrebs kargi suraTebi; Sen wauyvane amxanagebs bavSvebi tyeSi...
zog gardauval orpirian zmnasTan inversiis procesi damTavrebulia. aseT Sem-
TxvevaSi SeTanxmebis unari aqvs micemiT brunvaSi dasmul saxels. winadadebaSi `stanciebSi
cxenebi Turme akldebaT~, ilia, I, 257. Sdr. `stanciebSi cxenebi gvakldeba~,
`stanciaSi cxenebi gakldebaT~... zmna inversiulia, aseve inversiulia winadadebaSi
`moxeleebsac dahklebiaT xarebi~: m. javax. IV, 28... magram pirdapiri wyobisaa zmna winadadebaSi
`moswavleebi akldebian gakveTils~ (Sdr. Cven vakldebiT gakveTils,
Tqven akldebiT gakveTils, isini akldebian gakveTils...), sadac iTanxmebs saxelobiT-
Si dasmuli saxeli, ver iTanxmebs micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli saxeli. `konteqstis gareSe
aRebul akldeba zmnas ornairi mravlobiTi SeuZlia mogvces: pirdapiri wyobisa:
akldebian isini mas... inversiuli wyobisa: aklebaT maT is~ 10 .
saxelobiTSi dasmuli saxelis sintaqsuri Zalis dasustebas mohyva micemiTSi
dasmuli saxelis sintaqsuri Zalis gaZliereba.
akldeba zmnis tipis ormagi bunebiT unda aixsnas saxelobiTis Sesusteba maSinac,
rodesac meore saxeli, micemiTSi dasmuli, mxolobiT ricxvSia: kruxs wiwilebi aklda:
vaJa, V, 191, Sdr. kruxebs wiwilwi akldaT, kruxebs wiwilebi akldaT...
gardauvali orpiriani zmna iguebs or Tanabari uflebis mqone saxels _ subieq-
tsa da irib obieqts. orive saxels SeuZlia zmna SeiTanxmos ricxvSi. sintaqsurad
9 i v . q a v T a r a Z e , micemiTis mravlobiTSi dasmuli saxelis gamoxatvis istoriisaTvis zmna-
Si, saiubileo krebuli, al. baramiZes, dabadebis 70 wlisTavze, Tb. 1974, gv. 229.
10 a r n . C i q o b a v a , martivi winadadebis evoluciis ZiriTadi tendenciebi qarTulSi. saqarTvelos
ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, II, # 6, 1941, gv. 566.
194

aseTi zmna emsgavseba gardamavali zmnis mesame seriis formas, romelsac ukavSirdeba
micemiTSi dasmuli subieqti da saxelobiTSi dasmuli obieqti im gansxvavebiT,
rom gardauval zmnasTan, Tu is inversiuli ar aris, subieqtad gvaqvs saxelobiTSi
dasmuli saxeli, obieqtad _ mocemiTSi dasmuli saxeli. aseT orpirian zmnas midrekileba
aqvs inversiisaken. sampirian zmnasTan inversia gamoricxulia: orpiriani gardauvali
zmnis iribi obieqti meti sintaqsuri siZlierisaa, vidre sampiriani gardamavali
zmnisa. sampiriani gardamavali zmnis mesame seriis micemiTSi dasmuli saxelis
msgavsad xdeba micemiTSi dasmuli obieqtis mier zmnis SeTanxmeba ricxvSi.
SeTanxmebisaTvis amosavalia zmnis wyoba. mesame pirTan zmnis wyoba (subieqturi,
obieqturi) miCqmalulia, magram pirveli da meore piri obieqtur wyobas gvavaraudebinebs,
roca micemiTSi dasmuli saxelis sintaqsuri Zala sWarbobs saxelobiTSi
dasmuli saxelis sintaqsur Zalas: moxeleebs cxeni... gaeqcaT: m. javax. IV, 36 _ Cven
gagveqca cxeni, Tqven gageqcaT cxeni, maT gaeqcaT cxeni...: moxucebs Tvalebi ubrwyinavT:
g. Satb. II, 314 _ Cven gvibrwyinavs Tvalebi...
SeTanxmeba SeimCneva maSin, rodesac Semasmenlad gardauvali orpiriani zmnaa im
pirobiT, rom mas `ar unda hqondes aseTi qvemdebare, romelic zmnisagan aucileblad
moiTxovdes mravlobiTi ricxvis formas~ 11 .
mesame piris subieqtTan obieqtad SeiZleba iyos pirveli, meore an mesame piri.
pirveli da meore obieqturi piri iTanxmebs zmnas ricxvSi, mesame pirvelisa da meoris
xazs agrZelebs da manac daimkvidra pirvelisa da meore pirebis Tvisebebi: gaCnda
tendencia mesame piris obieqtmac SeiTanxmos zmna ricxvSi.
amisi damadasturebelia aseTi magaliTebic: naxiri... moudiT aq saZovrad soflidan
mwyemsebs: vaJa, VII, 36; TavSi mRvdeli daujdaT: akaki, IV, 17; viRac wvermoSvebuli
mestvire moadgaT: akaki, IV, 174; SabaT saRamos estumraT Tevdore: vaJa, VI, 193;
win CauZRvaT totia: vaJa, VI, 13; axla misi SiSic miemataT mezoblebs: d. kld. I, 30;
erT adgilas maTken mimavali mRvdeli SexvdaT: d. kld. I, 191; mdevari mieSvelaT: m.
javax. IV, 198; menaveebs Sig Sua mdinareSi didi qariSxali amouvardaT: i. gogeb. V,
351; mariamobas Cinebuli dari daudgaT ofoTlebs: g. wer. 487; isidore RimiliT SemoegebaT
WiSkarTan: `ciskari~, 1981, # 5, 47...
mesame piris obieqtis mier zmnis SeTamxmebisas xSiria meryeoba, mag.: `iremi monadireebs
tyeSi daemala~: i. gogeb. V. 197 da `iremi monadireebs tyeSi daemalaT~: iqve,
399; dedakaci bavSvebs mouZRoda~: g. Satb. II, 301; maT win mouZRoda... TeTrcxeniani
mxedari~: akaki, IV, 399 da `win kirile mRvdeli uZRodaT~: akaki, IV, 125..
SeTanxmebisaTvis mniSvneloba aqvs sxva garemoebasac: rodesac zmnasTan Tavs iyris
mravlobiTi ricxvis cocxali sagnis aRmniSvneli subieqti da aracocxali sagnis
aRmniSvneli obieqti an aracocxali sagnis aRmniSvneli subieqti da cocxali
sagnis aRmniSvneli obieqti, maTi damokidebuleba zmnasTan sxvadasxvanairia, Sdr.
`mezoblebi... egzavnebodnen daviTs da mis Svilebs~: e. nin. I, 208 da `gazeTebi egzavnebaT
xelismomwerlebs~. egzavnebodnen || egzavnebaT pirdapiri wyobis zmnebia, magram
erT SemTxvevaSi zmna eTanxmeba saxelobiT brunvaSi dasmul saxels, subieqts,
meore SemTxvevaSi _ micemiT brunvaSi dasmul saxels, irib obieqts.
labiluria ricxvSi SeTanxmeba, roca subieqtica da obieqtic mravlobiT ricxvSia
da orive cocxali sagnis aRmniSvnelia: erT SemTxvevaSi subieqtis sintaqsuri
Zala metia obieqtisaze, meore SemTxvevaSi _ piriqiT: obieqti iTanxmebs, subieqti ver
iTanxmebs: Cveulebriv ki iTanxmebs subieqti _ saxelobiTSi dasmuli saxeli: kurdRlebs
mohyvnen Svlebi: vaJa, VII, 42; Svlebs arCvebi mohyvnen: vaJa, VII, 42; TuSebs inteligentebi
blomad moepovebian: vaJa, X, 81; stumrebi karga xans esaubrnen tyveebs:
k. lorTq. 185...
roca saxelobiTSi dasmuli saxeli (subieqti) cocxali sagnis aRmniSvnelia, mi-
cemiT brunvaSi dasmuli saxeli (obieqti) _ aracocxalisa, an orive aracocxal sa-
11 a. S a n i Z e , qarTuli enis gramatika, II, Tb., 1948, gv. 119.
195

gans gamoxatavs, subieqtis sintaqsuri Zala metia obieqtisaze: wyeuli buzebi daexvien
Cem tkbil masalebs: akaki, VII, 32; gvadis Tvalebic maSinve moswydnen Soreul saxeebs:
l. qiaC. III, 259...
magram micemiTSi dasmuli saxeli (obieqti) iTanxmebs zmnas ricxvSi, roca saxelobiTSi
dasmuli saxeli aracocxali sagnis aRmniSvnela: beJanis ZaRlebs ramdeni
nakbilarebi etyobaT: vaJa, VII, 20 gaunaTdaT Tvalebi moxucebs: (pres.)
Tumca SeTanxmeba dasaSvebia maSinac, roca saxelobiTSi dasmuli saxelic cocxali
sagnis aRmniSvnelia: ZaRlebi, katebi da qaTmebic ki moudiodaT (maT) wisqvilis
sanaxavad: vaJa, V, 108..
es gamowveulia imiT, rom erTmaneTs daupirispirda adamianis aRmniSvneli micemiTSi
dasmuli saxeli, romelic iTanxmebs zmnas mravlobiT ricxvSi, da saxelobiT-
Si dasmuli araadamianTa klasis aRmniSvneli cocxali sagnis gamomxatveli saxeli.
saxelobiTisa da micemiTis dapirispireba ricxvis aRniSvnisas naTlad naCvenebia
arn. Ciqobavas gamokvlevaSi `martivi winadadebebis evoluciis ZiriTadi tendenciebi
qarTulSi~. avtori aanalizebs mravlobiTi ricxvis aRniSvnis SemTxvevebs da miuTi-
Tebs, rom mravlobiTi ricxvis aRniSvnaSi ryeva gvaqvs: am mxriv mniSvneloba aqvs,
erTpiriania zmna Tu orpiriani, pirdapiri wyobisaa Tu inversiulisa, ra brunvaSia
saxeli, micemiTSi Tu saxelobiTSi, realuri subieqtia is Tu obieqti 12 .
erTpirian zmnaSi subieqtis mravlobiToba aRiniSneba im SemTxvevaSi, roca subieqtad
cocxali sagnis aRmniSvneli saxelia, an, Tu aracocxali sagnis aRmniSvnelia,
cocxalis TvisebebiTaa aRWurvili, Tumca SeTanxmebaSi meryeoba aqac SeiniSneba:
glexebi sxvadasxva mxares gaikrifnen: m. javax. IV, 236; Tagvebi cxovrobdnen Tavis-
Tvis: akaki, IV, 318; saqaTmidan gamoiSalnen qaTmebi: i. gogeb. V. 484...
da ase:
qviTinebdnen simebi: akaki, IV, 179; Rrublebi kvlav CaiSalnen: S. dad. III. 59; nela
qanaoben maRali alvebi: k. gams. V. 949...
magram:
wisqvilis qvebi gafuWda: vaJa, V, 108; dadumda ZarRvebi: n. lorTq. I, 23; es Tvalebi
xafangSi gabmul TagviviT darbis: m. javax. III. 428...
erTpiriani zmnis beds iziareben orpiriani da sampiriani zmnebic: aqac zmna maSin
eTanxmeba subieqts, roca es ukanaskneli sulieri sagnis aRmniSvnelia an sulieris
Tvisebebi miewereba, magaliTad: xmels wifels xeebi Soridan udganan: vaJa, I, 84; xeebi
amayad dascqerian beCavs xmels wifels: vaJa, V, 86...; es sityvebi aRoneben guls:
ilia, I, 264; kunTebSi moZraoba daiwyes: S. aragv. II, 191; daTvi wylulebma Seawuxes:
vaJa, VI, 269...
magram:
yurebma wivili damiwyo: akaki, IV, Sdr. iqve: yurebma wivili damiwyes: 186.
Saqros sityvebma magdana gamoafxizla: S. aragv. I, 15, Sdr. Cemma sityvebma imas guli
Cemken moubrunes: ilia, I, 302 da a. S.
subieqtisa da obieqtis erTnairi sintaqsuri Zalis gamovlenis Sedegad orive saxels
Seswevs unari zmna SeiTanxmos mravlobiT ricxvSi:
isini daxvdnen mas || maT _ is daxvdaT maT
isini mohyvnen mas || maT _ is mohyvaT maT
isini moswydnen mas || maT _ is moswydaT maT
isini esaubrnen mas || maT _ is esaubraT maT
isini moadgnen mas || maT _ is moadgaT maT
isini estumrnen mas || maT _ is estumraT maT
isini miematnen mas || maT _ is miemataT maT
isini Sexvdnen mas || maT _ maT is SexvdaT maT
isini gauwyrnen mas || maT _ is gauwyraT maT
12 a r n . C i q o b a v a , martivi winadadebis evoluciis ZiriTad tendenciebi qarTulSi, II, gv. 567.
196

isini mieSvelnen mas || maT _ is mieSvelaT maT
isini Semoegebnen mas || maT _ is SemoegebaT maT..
mesame pirSi rom micemiTSi dasmuli obieqti iTanxmebs zmnas ricxvSi, es axali
qarTulis warmonaqmnia, Zvel qarTuls aseTi forma ar hqonda. saerTod ar aRiniSneboda
agreTve meore piris micemiTSi dasmuli saxelis mravlobiTi ricxvi. aseT vi-
TarebaSi Zvel qarTulSi iyo erTaderTi forma _ ricxvSi SeuTanxmebeli forma: igi
Segxuda Sen _ igi Segxuda Tquen, igi gxatavs Sen _ igi gxatavs Tquen...
amJamad meore piris damateba yovelTvis iTanxmebs zmnas ricxvSi: igi Segxvda Sen
_ igi SegxvdaT Tqven; igi gxatavs Sen _ igi gxatavT Tqven..., man dagxata Sen _ man
dagxataT Tqven...
rogorc Cans, pirveli piris msgavsad SeTanxmeba gaCnda meore pirTanac.
micemiTSi dasmuli saxelis mier zmnis mravlobiT ricxvSi SeTanxmebis formebi
SemCneulia XV _ XVII saukuneebis ZeglebSi da savaraudoa, rom igi cocxal metyvelebaSi
ufro adrec unda yofiliyo damkvidrebuli 13 .
aseT SemTxvevaSi `analogia lamobs imis damkvidrebas, ramac inversiul zmnebSi
garkveuli mizezebis gamo Tavi iCina~ 14 .
amgvarad, pirveli piris obieqtis simravle yovelTvis aRniSnulia zmnaSi gv- prefiqsiT.
meore pirmac Seisisxlxorca zmnis mravlobiTSi SeTanxmebis unari, rac aRiniSna
-T sufiqsiT. mesame pirmac -T niSani gamoiyena obieqtis mravlobiTi ricxvis
gamosaxatavad. amiT `es -T-iani formebi agrZeleben pirveli da meore piris formaTa
xazs: micemiTi brunvis obieqti samsave pirSi iTanxmebs zmnas ricxvSi~ 15 .
arn. Ciqobava aqve miuTiTebs, rom `mesame piris am formis warmoqmnaSi axali faqtori
unda gvqondes: dialeqtobrivi norma. zog qarTul kiloSi (raWulSi, ingilourSi,
fereidnulSi, imerulSi)... xmarebaSia -ye || -ke nawilaki: igi miuTiTebs...
obieqtze mravlobiTis micemiTSi~ 16 da aqedan gamomdinare naCvenebia, rom aedevnaT,
ekiTxebodaT, mouTxrobdaT, exvewebaT... da msgavs formebSi -T sufiqsi -ye nawilakis
adgilasaa gamoyenebuli da misi rolica aqvs dakisrebuli 17 . viTareba ise
warimarTa, rom -T’s moxSirebaSi -ye’s gaiSviaTebis kompensacia Cans 18 .
rogorc vxedavT, -T’sa da -ye’s mimarTeba dialeqturisa da saliteraturo enis mimarTebaa.
orive gamomxatvelia obieqtis mravlobiTi ricxvisa, magram dialeqtur -ye’s
aviwroebs saliteraturo -T sufiqsi, romelic TandaTan mkvidrdeba axal qarTulSi
da gvaqvs dialeqtebSic.
magram Cveulebrivia SeuTanxmebeli formebi: micemiTSi dasmuli iribi obieqti
ver iTanxmebs zmnas ricxvSi. es SeiZleba aixsnas imiT, rom zmna subieqturi wyobisad
aris gagebuli, magaliTad: am dros gerac miuaxlovda maT: l. qiaC. III, 89 (me mivuaxlovdi
maT, Sen miuaxlovdi maT, is miuaxlovda maT…); niavi sasiamovnod ealerseboda
bavSvebs: g. Satb. II, 399 (me vealersebodi maT, Sen ealersebodi maT, is ealerseboda
maT..); goCa buzRuniT daedevna maT: g. Satb. II, 407 (me davedevne maT, Sen daedevne
maT, is daedevna maT…) da a. S.
da ase:
frinveli dastrialebda irmebs: vaJa, VI, 191; magdana qalebs miuvarda: m. javax. IV,
117; mieaxla xogaisZe qistebs: k. gams. II, 199...…
Zvel qarTulSi saxelobiT brunvaSi dasmuli obieqti, Tu misi mravlobiTi ricxvi
n (-en) niSniT iyo aRniSnuli, zmnas iTanxmebda mravlobiT ricxvSi da aCenda n ni-
13 i v . q a v T a r a Z e , micemiTis mravlobiTSi dasmuli saxelis gamoxatvis istoriisaTvis
zmnaSi, gv. 228-229; a. k i z i r i a , qvemdebare da damateba axal qarTulSi, kreb. qarTuli enisa
da literaturis swavlebis sakiTxebi skolaSi, V, Tb., 1953, gv. 25.
14 arn. Ciqobava, martivi winadadebebis evoluciis ZiriTadi tendenciebi qarTulSi, gv. 562.
15 iqve, gv. 564.
16 iqve.
17 iqve.
18 iqve.
197

Sans 19 : aman cremliTa daaltvna ferÃni Cemni.: l 7, 44; qaTamman Seikribnis marTueni
queSe frTeTa: C m 23, 37; miscna igini sapyrobilesa mzaraulT moZRurisa mis: dab. 40,
5; ganutevna igini mTavarman man: kim. 1, 56, 20.…
SeTanxmebisas Cuen da Tquen nacvalsaxelebiT gamoxatul obieqtebs, Tu saxelobiTSi
ivaraudeboda, iseTive Zala hqonda, rogorc mravlobiTi ricxvis -n niSnian damatebas:
me Segiyuaren Tquen: i 15, 12; dagicvna Tquen RmerTman: warty. nz.; vixilne Tquen:
DE 16, 22... Sdr. aravin dagmidginna Cuen DE m 20, 7; aravin dagჳidginna Cuen: C m 20, 7...
axal saliteraturo qarTulSi aseTi SeTanxmeba gadaSenebulia, magram SemorCenilia
cocxal metyvelebaSi (raWulSi 20 , fSaurSi 21 ...).
mag.:
r a W u l i : avTandilma... daTalna Samfurni: S. ZiZiguri, qarT. dial. masalebi, Tbilisi,
1974, 135; amoarCivna orni lekvani: S. ZiZ. Ziebani qarT. dialeqtologiidan, 199...
fSauri: Caacvna i tanisamosni: g. cocaniZe, fSauri dialeqti, 122; avawioken
cxvar-mwyemsni: iqve, 122; iman iseni gaicilna: fSauri, qarT. dialeqtologia, 134; kacma...
daSWrna frCxilni: iqve, 134...
x e v s u r u l i : gaziT gaarTvna kalTani: Ãevs. 241, 17; Ãel-ukuRm garmaqneulma dagiWrna
ubis masrani: iqve, 221, 5...
TuSuri: iq daÃocnes orniv:L TuSuri, qarT. dial. 117; virebiT kalon galewnes:
TuSuri, qarT. dial. 110; ded-mamaT dagvzardnes: TuSuri, qarT. dialeqt. 123...
fSaurSi Semonaxuli Zveli qarTulis formebi gamoyenebulia vaJa-fSavelas mier
22 . Tvals xelni daifarnian: II, 80; erTs wiTel-wveras davtyliSe, davaglejinen
ybania: I, 44; Camovlnes Walani: III. 76 da sxva.
Tanamedrove qarTulSi gardamavali orpiriani zmnis mesame piris uaxloesi obieqti
zmnas ver iTanxmebs ricxvSi verc maSin, roca is micemiTSia da verc maSin, roca
saxelobiT brunvaSia. da es xdeba imitom, rom subieqti, romelic aseT zmnebTan saxelobiTsa
da moTxrobiTSi daismis, meti sintaqsuri Zalis mqonea. moTxrobiTSi
dasmuli saxelis sintaqsuri SesaZlebloba metia micemiTisa da saxelobiTisaze.
mag.:
avdari patarZlebs Tu SeaSinebs: k. gams. V, 55;
erTi RrmaT moxucebuli berikaci baRSi vaSlebs amynobda: i. gogeb. V, 198;
dRes qeTevanma wamoiRo rveulebi gasasworeblad: e. yif. I, 363...
cocxali metyvelebis kvalia, roca uaxloesi obieqti iTanxmebs zmnas ricxvSi da
aCens -T niSans.
magaliTebi:
aman kidev ufro gaajiutaT: akaki, VII, 793.
daswyevloT RmerTma _ sirajoben kideca: ilia, I, 345.
ai, dalaxvraT RmerTma _ sTqva TavisTavad petrem; ilia, I, 411.
dalaxvraT Cemma gamCenma: d. kld. I, 16.
SimSilma Zlier SeawuxaT... lekvebi: i. gogeb. IX. 45 23 .
saliteraturo qarTulSi sampirian zmnasTan III piris iribi obieqti ricxvis mixed-
viT araa dakavSirebuli: igi zmnas ver iTanxmebs ricxvSi: petrem ymawvilebs qveS gau-
Sala nabadi: ilia, 408; zaali ki qveyniur zraxvebs veRar aRwevda Tavs: akaki, VII, 131.
19 dawvrilebiT ganxilulia es sakiTxi a. Ciqobavas SromaSi `riT aris warmodgenili mravlobiTis
saxelobiTSi dasmuli morfologiuri obieqti Zvel qarTulSi~, tfilisis universitetis
moambe, I, 1929, gv. 107-119. araerTi avtori Sehxebia mas SemdgomSic.
20 S. ZiZiguri, Ziebani qarTuli dialeqtologiidan, Tb., gv. 198-199.
21 g. c o c a n i Z e , fSauri dialeqt. Tb., 1978, gv. 122.
22 i. i m n a i S v i l i , vaJa-fSavela da Zveli qarTuli ena, Tb., 1968, gv. 100-103.
23 msgavs formebze gaamaxvila yuradReba doc. i. kiknaZem moxsenebaSi _ `erTi enobrivi tendenciis
Sesaxeb Tanamedrove qarTulSi~, romelic wakiTxuli iyo Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi
akad. v. Tofurias xsovnisadmi miZRvnil `saenaTmecniero saubrebis~ sajaro sxdomaze
1981 wlis 8 ianvars.
198

aseTive mdgomareobaa orpirianad qceul zmnebTanac: yvavilebs tanSi Jruantelma
dauara: vaJa, VII, 36, Sdr. moxiblul msmenelebs Jruantelma dauaraT: akaki, IV, 178...
magram orpiriani gardauvali zmnis msgavsad sampirian zmnasTanac Tavs iCens tendencia
iribi obieqtis mier zmnis ricxvSi SeTanxmebisa, rac aixsneba cocxali metyvelebis
TaviseburebaTa moZalebiT. micemiTSi dasmuli obieqtis mier zmnis ricxvSi
SeTanxmebis SemTxvevebi gvaqvs rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan gamosuli, ise
dasavleT saqarTvelodan gamosuli mwerlebis (ilia, vaJa, s. SanSiaSvili 24 , m. javaxiSvili...,
akaki, daviT kldiaSvili, s. kldiaSvili...) nawerebSi.
magaliTebi:
sams dRes ukan biWma pasuxi moutanaT: ilia, I, 369; RmerTma memkvidre ar uboZaT:
ilia, I, 369; vin miscaT imaT neba: vaJa, VI, 86; es oini melam dahmarTaT: vaJa, V, 187;
mere Zili mostacebT Tvals: g. Satb. II, 398; Cemma saqcielma yovelgvari eWvi gaufantaT
(maT) ~literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 14, VIII, 81, gv. 15, sv. 4...
simravlis gamoxatvisas zogi zmna fuZemonacvlea. es monacvleoba calobiTisa da
krebiT saxelTa mimarTebas efardeba.
Zvel qarTulSi amisi nimuSebia:
j d a igi saxlsa Sina missa; DE mr. 2, 15 da: sxda eri garemo missa: C mr. 3, 32...
da ase:
gamoagdes igi mier savenaÃiT: DE mr. 12, 8, Sdr. gamoasxa eri igi: DE m 9, 25...
aseTivea:
dadva igi gamokueTilsa mas samaresa: C l 23, 53.
dadva samoseli TÂsi: i 13, 4..., Sdr. kacman vinme daasxa venaÃi: DE mr. 12, I.
daasxes samoseli kicusa mas: DE l 19, 35...
mravlobiTs ki Tavisi niSani hqonda. Tu saxelobiTSi dasmuli obieqti mravlobiT
ricxvSi iyo (n niSniT), igi ricxvSi iTanxmebda zmnas da aCenda mravlobiTis n niSans;
daasxna Ãelni misni mis zeda: C l 13, 13.
daasxna TiTni misni: mr 7, 33...
monacvleoba gvaqvs axal qarTulSic im gansxvavebiT, rom saxelobiTSi dasmuli
mesame piris obieqti zmnas ver iTanxmebs mr. ricxvSi: mravlobiTi ricxvi aRiniSneba
fuZis monacvleobiT. amgvarad sxma enacvleba formebs: sma, bma, yvana da a. S.: qaTams
svams _ qaTmebs sxams, qaTami dasva _ qaTmebi dasxa, vaSli abia _ vaSlebi asxia, Zroxa
waiyvana _ Zroxebi waasxa, cxvari waasxa...
simravle zmniswinis monacvleobiTac SeiZleba gamoixatos. zmniswinis monacvleoba
erT-erTi saSualebaa mravlobiTSi dasmuli uaxloesi obieqtis an zogjer gardauvali
zmnis subieqtis mr. r. asasaxavad zmnaSi. aseTi monacvleoba exeba zmniswinebs:
amo – da (amoaZro _ daaZro...), ga _ da (gaxada _ daxada...) gamo _ da (gamoacxo _ daacxo...),
Se _ da (SeWama _ daWama...)...
aseT SemTxvevaSi, `roca obieqti mxol. ricxvSia, maSin erTi zmniswinia naxmari
(ga, amo, Se, gamo da sxva), magram, roca obieqti mravlobiTSi gadadgeba, maSin SeiZleba
zmnaSi Cveulebriv zmniswins da Seenacvlos~ 25 .
magaliTad;
gaaTxovebs _ colad miscems visme 26 .
daaTxovebs _ gaaTxovebs bevrs.
gagzavnis _ gaamgzavrebs, gauSvebs, daavalebs, wavides, miavlens, gzas gauyenebs.
dagzavnis _ sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gagzavnis, wargzavnis bevrs.
gamoacxobs _ coms gaxurebul RumelSi (ToneSi, kecze... moaTavsebs, gamoSuSavs da
saWmelad gamosadegs gaxdis...
24 s. SanSiaSvilis moTxrobebSi naxmari formebi ganxiluli da axsnili aqvs arn. Ciqobavas:
a r n . C i q o b a v a, martivi winadadebis evoluciis ZiriTadi tendeciebi qarTulSi, II, gv. 563.
25 a. S a n i Z e, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, gv. 256.
26 damowmebulia qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT.
199

daacxobs _ gamoacxobs bevrs.
moxnavs _ saxvneli iaraRiT miwas daamuSavebs...
daxnavs _ moxnavs erTianad...
SeWams _ daReWavs da gadaylapavs...
daWams _ SeWams bevrs, sul erTianad SeWams...
da- zmniswinis aseT funqciaze a. SaniZem sagangebod gaamaxvila yuradReba da aseT
da’s uwoda TiToobis da- im azriT, rom aseT viTarebaSi masTan `xSirad dakavSirebulia
iseTi moqmedeba, romelic Sesrulebulia pirdapir obieqtze cal-calke~ 27 .
magaliTebi:
mecxvarem... cxvrebi dahkriWa: i. gogeb. V, 372; babuaCemma... daaTxova yvela qaliSvili:
d. kld. II, 122; imaT saZebnelad davgzavne... balRebi: vaJa, VI, 252...
amgvarad, pirveli da meore piris obieqti yovelTvis iTanxmebs zmnas ricxvSi.
ricxvSi SeTanxmeba gvaqvs maSinac, roca gardauvali orpiriani zmnis mesame piris
iribi obieqti mravlobiT ricxvSia.
sampiriani zmnis iribi obieqti naklebi sintaqsuri Zalis mqonea.
mesame piris obieqti zmnas ver iTanxmebs, Tu subieqtad pirveli an meore piria.
SemoklebaTa ganmartebebi
akaki IV, VII _ akaki wereTeli, Txzulebani, sruli krebuli Svid tomad, t. IV,
Tb. 1948, VII, Tb., 1949.
S. aragv. I, II _ S. aragvispireli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. I, Tb. 1947, t. II,
Tb., 1947.
k. gams. II, V _ k. gamsaxurdia, rCeuli Txzulebani, t. II, Tb. 1959, t. V, Tb., 1961.
i. gogeb. V, IX _ i. gogebaSvili, Txzulebani, t. V, Tb., 1957, t. IX, Tb., 1962.
n. dumb. _ n. dumbaZe, oTxi romani, Tb., 1973.
vaJa V, VI, VII, X _ vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, Tb., 1964.
i _ saxarebaÁ iovanÀsi; qarTuli oTxTavis ori Zveli redaqcia sami Satberduli
xelnaweris mixedviT (897, 936, 973 ww.), gamosca a. SaniZem, Tb., 1945.
ilia I _ ilia WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad, t. I, 137.
kim. I _ kimeni, qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi, k. kekeliZis gamocema, t. I, tfilisi,
1918.
d. kld. I, II _ d. kldiaSvili, Txzulebani, t. I, Tb., 1952, t. II, Tb., 1952.
k. lorTq. _ k. lorTqifaniZe, moTxrobebi, Tb., 1975.
n. lorTq. I _ n. lorTqifaniZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, I, Tb., 1958.
m _ saxarebaÁ maTÀsi, n. i.
mr _ saxarebaÁ markozisi, n. i.
e. nin. I _ e. ninoSvili, Txzulebani, I, Tb., 1932.
qarT. dial. _ i. gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria, i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia,
v. Tofurias redaqciiT, Tb., 1961.
l. qiaC. III _ l. qiaCeli, Txzulebani oTx tomad t. III, Tb., 1950.
a. yazb. I _ al. yazbegi, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. I, Tb., 1948.
e. yif. I _ ed. yifiani, moTxrobebi, t. I, Tb., 1974.
g. Satb. II _ g. SatberaSvili, Txzulebani oTx tomad, t. II, Tb., 1972.
warty. _ wartyuenvaÁ ierusalÀmisaÁ Tqumuli netarisa stratiki monazonisaÁ, n.
maris gamocema, TP, IX, СПб, 1909.
g. wer. I _ g. wereTeli, rCeuli nawerebi, t. I, Tq. 1947.
Ãevs. _ b. gabuuri, Ãevsuruli masalebi, a. SaniZis redaqciiT, qarTuli saenaTm.
sazogadoebis weliwdeuli, I_II, Tb., 1923_24.
m. javax. III. IV _ m. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani eqvs tomad, T. III, Tb., 1960, T. IV, Tb.,
1962.
27 a. S a n i Z e , qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, gv. 255.
200

erTi sintaqsuri movlenis Sesaxeb 1
201
neli cqitiSvili
am statiis dawera gadagvawyvetina erTma telereklamam, romelic ramdenime kviris
ganmavlobaSi yoveldRe meordeboda `imedis~ arxze, umetesad _ 22 sT-iani `qronikis~
win:
`ucxo qveynis moqalaqes, romelsac surs mieniWos saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, gancxadebiT
mimarTavs saqarTvelos prezidents, an _ saqarTvelos saelCos an sakonsulos~.
gramatikulad (sintaqsurad) es aris rTuli qvewyobili winadadeba, romlis e. w.
mTavari komponentia:
`ucxo qveynis moqalaqe [da ara moqalaqes!] mimarTavs [semantikurad albaT umjobesi
iqneboda: moqalaqem unda mimarTos...] saqarTvelos prezidents...~
am mTavar winadadebaSi CarTulia (`SeWrilia~) e. w. gansazRvrebiTi damokidebuli
winadadeba: `romelsac surs mieniWos saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba~.
`romelsac~ gramatikulad aris mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxeli da erTdroulad aqvs
ori (iqneb _ samic!) funqcia: igi akavSirebs damokidebul winadadebas mTavarTan, Tanac
gansazRvravs (semantikurad) Tavis misamarT sityvas _ mTavari winadadebis qvemdebares,
da warmoadgens damokidebuli winadadebis subieqts [romelsac surs = mas
(moqalaqes) surs], amitom mas wevr-kavSirsac uwodeben...
damokidebuli winadadebis zmna-Semasmeneli _ `surs~ marTavs Tavis subieqts
(`romelsac~) micemiT brunvaSi. mTavari winadadebis subieqtma (`moqalaqem~) `dakarga~
kavSiri Tavis SemasmenelTan (`mimarTavs~) da daemsgavsa brunvaSi romelsac wevr-kav-
Sirs. miviReT: moqalaqes mimarTavs [unda yofiliyo: moqalaqe mimarTavs].
es movlena, romelic samecniero literaturaSi `sintaqsuri atraqciis~ an `sintaqsuri
asimilaciis~ saxeliT (ufro _ ukanaskneliT) aris cnobili (k. dondua, f.
erTeliSvili, l. kvantaliani, a. arabuli...), ucxo ar aris qarTuli enisaTvis. ufro
metic: Zvel qarTul enaSi aseTi wyoba winadadebisa sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo.
arsebul masalaze dayrdnobiT, a. SaniZe werda: `Tu romelime saxeli gansazRvrulia
damokidebuli winadadebiT, igi brunvis mixedviT angariSs uwevs damokidebuli
winadadebis zmnas da ara mTavrisas~... magram, rogorc azustebs am mosazrebas f. er-
TeliSvili, es ar iyo norma Zveli qarTuli enisaTvis...
aRniSnuli konstruqcia, ra Tqma unda, SeniSnuli aqvs yvelas, visac ki umuSavia
rTuli winadadebis sintaqsis sakiTxebze. igi saTanadod aris Seswavlili. Cven
axals arafers vambobT. Cvens statias mxolod praqtikuli daniSnuleba aqvs: iqneb
Tavidan aviciloT erT-erTi arasasurveli enobrivi Secdoma, azrobriv Secdomasac
rom ukavSirdeba, da arRvevs qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis bunebriv
process.
gasakviri ar iqneba, vinmes (gansakuTrebiT _ albaT Jurnalistebs) gauCndes ki-
Txva: Tuki Zvel qarTul enaSi msgavsi konstruqciebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo,
dRes ratom unda CavTvaloT isini enis `momakvdinebel~ movlenad?
jer erTi, cnobilia, rom Zveli qarTuli enisa da axali (da Tanamedrove) qarTuli
enis gramatikuli formebi Tu konstruqciebi bevr SemTxvevaSi gansxvavdebian er-
TmaneTisagan. ena xom viTardeba... (oRond viTardeba bunebrivi da kanonzomieri
gziT!). meorec da _ rac mTavaria, Zvel qarTulSive CvenTvis saintereso konstruqciebi
`normidan gadaxrad~ ufro iTvleboda. maT warmoqmnas Tavisi axsna eZebneba. Tumca
axsna sxvadasxvagvaria. mkiTxvels gavaxsenebT zog rames arsebuli samecniero
literaturidan.
1 gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis Jurnali, Tb., 2005, #6.

k. dondua rTuli qvewyobili (daqvemdebarebuli) winadadebis amgvari wyobis mizezs
TviT winadadebis genezisSi xedavda. igi werda:
`mizezi is unda iyos, rom Tavdapirvelad, roca aseTi damokidebuli winadadeba
yalibdeboda, magram jer kidev Camoyalibebuli ar iyo, mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxeli
erTsa da imave dros misamarT sityvasac unda kuTvneboda da sakuTriv damokidebuli
winadadebis Semasmenelsac. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxeli warmoadgenda
misamarTi sityvis... atributs. am winadadebaSi: `sityuaTa, romelTa getyode
Tquen, sul arian da cxovreba...~ sityva `romelTa~ ara marto garegnulad... mosdevs
sityva `sityuaTa-s, aramed Sinaarsoblivadac uSualod ekuTvnis mas. pirveli mZime (,)
rom amoviRoT am winadadebidan, adrindeli Sinaarsis Sesatyvis formas miviRebT
[igulisxmeba rTuli Tanwyobili winadadebis Sinaarsi, n. c.], saxeldobr: `sityuaTa
romelTa [= romelTa sityuaTa] getyode Tqven, [da sityuai ese] sul arian da cxovreba~...
aseTi unda yofiliyo mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelis adrindeli funqcia”
(k. dondua).
f. erTeliSvili iziarebs k. donduas im debulebebs, rom `mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxeli
erTsa da imave dros misamarT sityvasac unda kuTvneboda da... damokidebuli
winadadebis Semasmenelsac... da rom `mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxeli warmoadgenda misamarT
sityvis atributs...~ oRond SeniSnavs: `es `ormxrivi kuTvnileba~ amJamadac moqmedia:
igi TviT mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelis bunebaSia mocemuli...~
aRniSnuli `...mosazreba movlenis axsnas TiTqos ver iZlevao~, _ aRniSnavs f. er-
TeliSvili. TviT movlenas ki (ara _ axsnis pretenziiT!) gansxvavebulad aRwers:
`rodesac damokidebuli winadadeba mTavarSi `SeiWreba~, mTavari winadadebis Semasmeneli
mTeli winadadebiT scildeba Tavis samarTav saxels: sityuani... ...sul arian
da cxovreba... ...Semasmenlis mier saxelis brunvaSi marTvis Zala sustdeba an savsebiT
iCrdileba. es garemoeba xels uwyobs imas, rom misamarTi sityva, romelic mimarTebiTi
nacvalsaxelis uSualo mezoblobaSia, Tavis Semasmenelze `orientacias~
kargavs da igi damokidebuli winadadebis Semasmenlisagan marTul mimarTebiT nacvalsaxels
ekedleba brunvaSi...~
k. donduas mosazrebas, rom `mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxeli warmoadgenda misamarTi
sityvis atributs~, ar iziarebs a. kiziria, radganac atributi damokidebuli sityvaa,
damokidebuls ar SeuZliao SeiTanxmos mTavari sityva. amas igi `SeuZlebel movlenas~
uwodebs. xolo e. w. asimilaciis faqts ase xsnis: `misamarTi sityvisa da mimar-
TebiTi nacvalsaxelis dasma erTsa da imave brunvaSi SeTanxmebiT ki araa gamowveuli,
aramed momdevno SemasmenelTan damokidebulebiT. [misamarTi sityvis] uSualod
momdevno Semasmeneli damokidebuli winadadebisaa. am SemasmenelTan srul sintaqsur
urTierTobaSia wevr-kavSiri `romelic~, magram imave Semasmenels exameba misamarTi
sityvac, romelic kavSirs amyarebs uaxloes momdevno SemasmenelTan imave wesis mixedviT,
rogoric arsebobs erTgvarSemasmenlebian Serwymul winadadebaSi, sadac
qvemdebare srul sintaqsur urTierTobaSia uaxloes momdevno SemasmenelTan...~
`sintaqsuri asimilaciis~ movlenas fsiqologiuri faqtoriTac xsnian. aRniSnaven,
rom misamarTi sityvis warmoTqmas win uswrebs mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelis warmodgena...
(v. Tofuria, l. kvantaliani).
vfiqrobT, fsiqologiuri faqtoris gamoricxva sxva nebismieri axsnis drosac ar
SeiZleba. iqneb gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegic: saSualo skolaSi TiTqmis yvelas uswavlia
da gauvlia `gramatikis saskolo kursi~ (aRarafers vambobT Jurnalistebis
mier miRebul ganaTlebaze...). gviswavlia:
1. Serwymul, kerZod, ramdenimeSemasmenlian winadadebaSi qvemdebare `emorCileba~
uaxloes Semasmenels, anu qvemdebares brunvaSi marTavs uaxloesi Semasmeneli.
2. gansazRvrebiT damokidebuliani rTuli winadadebis wyoba (romelic wevr-kavSiriT),
normis Tanaxamad, aseTi unda iyos: romelic mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxeli uSualo
mezoblobaSi unda iyos Tavis misamarT sityvasTan, e. i. im sityvasTan, romelsac
igi gansazRvravs, rom Tavidan iqnes acilebuli orazrovneba...
202

3. atributuli msazRvrel-sazRvruli, Cveulebriv, brunvaSi erTmaneTs eTanxmeba...
es gramatikuli wesebi met-naklebad daleqilia yvelas mexsierebaSi. iqneb maTi
fsiqologiuri zegavlenac iCens Tavs iseTi frazis warmoTqmisas, romlis mTavari
winadadeba `gaxleCilia~, mTavari winadadebis ZiriTadi wevri (subieqti Tu obieqti)
umetesad calad aris darCenili Tavkidur poziciaSi, mas ki uSualod mosdevs damokidebuli
winadadebis Semasmenlis mier brunvaSi marTuli romelic mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxeli.
ar aris gasakviri, rom `calad darCenili~, `orientaciadakarguli~, sakuTar
zmna-Semasmenels dacilebuli mTavari wevri (misamarTi, gansasazRvri sityva)
brunvaSi daemsgavsos `uSualo mezobels~ _ mimarTebiT nacvalsaxels, Tavissave msazRvrels...
f. erTeliSvilis sityviT rom vTqvaT, `rogoric unda iyos movlenis axsna, ...sainteresoa
TviT faqti: misamarTi sityva ar aris marTuli brunvaSi mTavari winadadebis
Semasmenlisagan. mosalodneli iyo erTi brunva, gvaqvs sxva _ mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelis
brunvis Sesabamisi~.
sainteresoa sxva faqtic: rogorc am sakiTxis mkvlevrebs aqvT SeniSnuli, roca
misamarTi sityva Sordeba Tavis Semasmenels da sustdeba maT Soris kavSiri, `mTavar
winadadebaSi misamarTi sityvis monacvled zogjer Cndeba nacvalsaxeli, romelic
brunvaSi mTavari winadadebis Semasmenlis mier aris marTuli. magaliTad, `yovelman
monazonman, romelman ese ara moigos, igi brma ars da mwuxare~... (l. kvantaliani).
aseT formebs `kompromisul formebs~ uwodeben (k. dondua, l. kvantaliani).
msgavs SemTxvevebSi, `gadmosacem Sinaarss rom sicxade ar daakldes, mimarTaven misamarTi
sityvis ganmeorebas(ac) ara marto nacvalsaxelis saxiT, aramed ucvleladac...
aseTi SemTxvevebi dadasturebulia saSualsa da axal qarTulSic (l. kvantaliani).
maSasadame, Zvel qarTulSive, `asimilirebuli~ formebis xmarebisas, igrZnoboda garkveuli
`uxerxuloba~ da Cndeboda winadadebis SinaarsSi sicxadis Setanis survili.
Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi SeniSvnebic:
a) nacvalsaxelis pleonastur xmarebas adgili aqvs `...im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac
misamarT sityvasa da mTavari winadadebis Semasmenels Soris normaluri sintaqsuri
urTierTobaa~, Tu misamarTi sityva dacilebulia mTavari winadadebisagan.
b) misamarTi sityvis ganmeorebas xSirad stilistikuri daniSnuleba aqvs...
(l. kvantaliani).
specialur literaturaSi xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom `sintaqsuri asimilaciis~
SemTxvevebi Zalian mcirea aramcTu saSualsa da axal qarTulSi, aramed Zvel qar-
TulSic ki, sadac `uasimilacio konstruqciebi~ bevrad Warbobs `asimilirebulT~,
ase rom, misamarTi sityvisa da mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelis formobrivi damsgavseba
Zveli qarTulisTvisac ki ar aris niSandoblivi~ (a. kiziria, f. erTeliSvili,
l. kvantaliani).
axal qarTul saliteraturo enaSi `asimilirebuli~ formebis xmarebis Sesaxeb,
gasuli saukunis meore naxevarSi, 80-ian wlebSic ki, mkvlevrebi aRniSnavdnen, rom
`misamarTi sityvisa da mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelis formobrivi damsgavseba (asimilacia)
... aqa-iq amotivtivdeba axal qarTulSi, gansakuTrebiT zepir metyvelebaSi (aqedanaa
SemoJonili samwerlobo enaSic)...~ (v. Tofuria, l. kvantaliani).
e. i. aRniSnuli movlena, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi axsnadia, Secdomad, `normidan
gadaxvevad~ unda Sefasdes. aris kidec Secdomad Sefasebuli (v. Tofuria, a. arabuli).
samwuxarod, dRes `sintaqsuri asimilacia~ lamis masmediis enis damaxasiaTebel
movlenad iqces.
Cven Segnebulad vamaxvilebT yuradRebas televiziis enaze (xSirad gvxvdeba igi
presis enaSic!): teleekranidan mosmenili (gansakuTrebiT _ reklamis gziT) mcdari
formebi swrafad vrceldeba da mkvidrdeba kidec... maT `cudi magaliTis Zala~ aqvT.
warmovadgenT nimuSebs, zusti `misamarTis~ dasaxelebis gareSe. erTi `misamarTiani~
reklama statiis dasawyisSive ganvixileT... isev reklama:
203

`erTaderT preparats, romelsac is amJamad iRebs, xvelis wamalia~ [unda iyos: er-
TaderTi preparati, romelsac is amJamad iRebs, xvelis wamalia].
`erma, romelmac ar icis SiSi, Cemi eria...~ [unda iyos: eri, romelmac ar icis Si-
Si, Cemi eria].
cnobilia, rom `arsebiTi saxeliT gadmocemul misamarT sityvas SeiZleba axldes
msazRvrelad CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli, romelic damokidebuli winadadebis fard saxels
warmoadgens mTavar winadadebaSi. mas misaTiTebel sityvas an korelats uwodeben~
(a. SaniZe, l. kvaWaZe, l. kvantaliani). korelatiT ufro xazgasmulia mTavari winadadebis
asaxsneli wevri, mis mier `orientaciis dakargva~ winadadebis sivrceSi
TiTqos naklebmosalodnelia, is marTuli unda iyos brunvaSi Tavisive Semasmenlis
mier. magram teleekranidan movismineT aseTi frazebi:
`is deputatebi, romlebic [misamarTi sityva korelati sityviTurT daemsgavsa
brunvaSi mimarTebiT nacvalsaxels!] dRes sxdomas ar eswrebian, xval daasaxeleben
[mandaturebi]~ [unda yofiliyo: im deputatebs, romlebic dRes sxdomas ar eswrebian,
xval daasaxeleben].
`is komitetis Tavmjdomare, romelic movaleobas ver asrulebs droulad, pasuxi
moeTxoveba~ [unda yofiliyo: im komitetis Tavmjdomares, romelic movaleobas ver
asrulebs droulad, pasuxi moeTxoveba].
`im movlenebze, romlebzec Cven momdevno siuJetSi gveqneba saubari, SeiZleba
muxrovanis sindromi vuwodoT~ [unda yofiliyo: im movlenebs, romlebzec... momdevno
siuJetSi gveqneba saubari, SeiZleba muxrovanis sindromi vuwodoT]. rogorc vxedavT,
nacvlad imisa, rom misamarTi sityva _ mTavari winadadebis obieqti (`movlenebi~)
marTuli yofiliyo Tavisi SemasmenliT bunebriv _ mic. brunvaSi, Tandebulian brunvaSi
daemsgavsa mimarTebiT nacvalsaxels!
`sintaqsuri asimilaciis~ SemTxvevebi, romlebic ZiriTadad romelic mimarTebiT
nacvalsaxels ukavSirdeba, Segvxvda vinc nacvalsaxelis monawileobiTac:
`qurdebma, vinc [ajobebda romlebmac] es suraTi moipares, warmodgena ara aqvT,
ra ganZTan aqvT saqme!~ [unda Kyofiliyo: qurdebs, (ufro sworad _ maT) vinc es suraTi
moipara, an _ romlebmac es suraTi moipares, warmodgena ara aqvT... meore damokidebul
winadadebas CvenTvis mniSvneloba aRara aqvs].
`is [mTavari winadadebis qvemdebare nacvalsaxeliTaa gamoxatuli da vinc nacvalsaxeli
bunebrivia], vinc am rubrikis stumari gaxdeba, eZleva saukeTeso Sansi...~
[unda yofiliyo: mas, vinc am rubrikis stumari gaxdeba, eZleva saukeTeso Sansi...].
amgvar frazebSi sityvaTa Soris mxolod gramatikuli kavSirebi ki ar aris darRveuli,
aramed _ logikuri kavSiric! am kavSirebis aRdgenas da frazis gamarTvas
umetes SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba kiTxvis dasmis wesiTac mivaRwioT: vis eZleva Sansi? vis
ara aqvs warmodgena? ras SeiZleba vuwodoT (sindromi)? vis moeTxoveba pasuxi? da a.
S. `mosaZebni gvyavs~ mTavari winadadebis Semasmeneli da... SevZlebT sworad davajgufoT
mTavari da damokidebuli winadadebebis wevrebi.
a. arabuli gvTavazobs `recepts~ Secdomisagan `Tavis dasazRvevad~:
`pirvel rigSi frTxilad unda viyoT amgvari rTuli winadadebebis gamoyenebis
dros (gansakuTrebiT maTi sasveni niSnebiT dayofis TvalsazrisiT). meorec: aucilebelia
SevZloT, amgvarad gaxleCili mTavari winadadebis subieqts vapovninoT saku-
Tari zmna, raTa misi forma am ukanasknelTan mimarTebiT ganisazRvros da ara uSulo
gamvleneli (`asimilaciis gamomwvevi~) wevris (wevrebis) karnaxiT~ (`qarTuli metyvelebis
kultura~).
204

ubralo damateba Tu adgilis garemoeba? 1
205
aleqsandre focxiSvili
rogorc cnobilia, Tan, ze da Si Tandebuliani saxelebi gamoiyenebian ubralo
damatebebad da adgilis garemoebebad, magram winadadebis am wevrTa zusti kvalifikacia
Wirs imis gamo, rom formalur damTxvevaTa garda erTnairad igueben urTier-
Tgammijnav kiTxvebsac. ase mag.: Tan Tandebulian wevrs winadadebaSi _ `sofio magidasTan
idga~ _ Tanaswori uflebiT daesmis kiTxvebi: rasTan? (ubralo damatebisa)
da sad? (adgilis garemoebisa).
xom ar arsebobs raime wesi, romliTac zustad ganvsazRvravdiT, winadadebis romel
wevrTan gvaqvs saqme? _ gvekiTxeba maswavlebeli m. didiZe Tbilisidan.
* * *
saSualo skolis moqmed saxelmZRvaneloSi (avtorebi: a. SaniZe, l. kvaWaZe) ubralo
damatebis zogad formalur mxareze naTqvamia: `ubralo damatebaTa brunvebia:
micemiTi, naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi. aseTi damateba uTandebuloc SeiZleba
iyos da Tandebulianic~.
micemiTSi dasmuli ubralo damateba, Cveulebriv, Tandebuliania, TandebulTagan
aq gvxvdeba: Tan, ze, Si. Tan _ Tandebulian ubralo damatebas zogjer SeiZleba
erTad daerTos.
micemiTSi dasmuli ubralo damatebis kiTxvebia: visTan? visTan erTad?
rasTan? rasTan erTad? visze? raze? raSi?
gvaklia kiTxva `visSi~?
zogadi cnobebis TvalsazrisiT naTqvams imeorebs l. kvaWaZis `Tanamedrove qar-
Tuli enis sintaqsis~ (Tbilisi, 1966w.) saxelmZRvaneloc, romelic pedagogiuri institutis
studentebisTvisaa Sedgenili. oRond am ukanasknelSi, rogorc mosalodnelic
iyo, sakiTxi ufro vrcladaa gaSuqebuli _ cal-calkea gaanalizebuli TiTqmis
yvela SemTxveva, roca mocemul TandebulTagan TiToeulis xmarebisas saxezea Sinaarsobrivi
siaxle. naTqvamia, rom Si Tandebulian ubralo damatebas daesmis kiTxvebi:
visSi? raSi?
adgilis garemoeba ufro vrcladaa ganxiluli orive saxelmZRvaneloSi da es,
ra Tqma unda, ganpirobebulia sakiTxis TaviseburebiTa da sirTuliT.
adgilis garemoebis raobis gansazRvris Semdeg saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi naTqvamia:
`...igi mogvigebs kiTxvebze sad? saidan? saiTken? sadamde?.. adgilis
garemoeba, Cveulebriv, zmnas axlavs (pirians Tu upiros), igi gadmoicema zmnizediT
da saxeliT~.
zmnizediT gadmocemuli adgilis garemoebebis Sesaxeb naTqvamia mxolod, rom winadadebaSi
_ `bRaWiaSvili iq imyofeba~ _ ` iq~ zmnizedaa.
wignSi calke paragrafadaa gamoyofili `saxelis brunvis formebi adgilis garemoebad~.
avtorebi weren: `adgilis garemoebis gadmosacemad saxeli Tandebuliania an
uTandebulo. igi SeiZleba idges oTx brunvaSi: micemiTSi, naTesaobiTSi,
moqmedebiTsa da viTarebiTSi~... Tandebuliani adgilis garemoebis gadmosacemad
micemiTis formas daerTvis: Tan, ze (zed, zeda), Si, Sua, Soris~.
pedagogiuri institutis studentTaTvis gankuTvnil saxelmZRvaneloSi am sakiTx-
Tan dakavSirebiTac vrcladaa msjeloba. aq sagangebodaa laparaki zmnizedebiT gadmocemul
adgilis garemoebaTa Taviseburebaze da cal-calkea daxasiaTebuli CamoTvlili
brunvebis formiT gadmocemuli winadadebis es wevrebi.
CvenTvis ZiriTadad saintereso formebs (micemiTs adgilis garemoebad) wignSi eTmoba
70-e paragrafi, romelSic miTiTebulia: `micemiTis forma adgilis garemoebad
1 al. focxiSvili, qarTuli ena, 2000.

uTandebuloa an Tandebuliani. aRniSnavs im adgils, sadac imyofeba sagani an xdeba
moqmedeba. miugebs kiTxvaze: sad? (gv. 129).
pirvelad ganxilulia uTandebulo micemiTi, mere _ Tandebuliani: `adgilis garemoebis
gadmosacemad micemiTis formas daerTvis Tandebulebi: ze (zed, zeda), Si,
Tan (Tana-c), Sua, Soris (agreTve zogierTi zmnizeda Tandebulis mniSvnelobiT).
Tandebuli azustebs da ufro konkretulad gamoxatavs moqmedebis mimarTebas saxeliT
aRniSnul saganTan. sxvadasxva Tandebuli am mxriv sxvadasxva niuanss gadmoscems~
(gv. 130). ase mag.: `ze Tandebuliani micemiTi gamoxatavs adgilmyofobasa Tu
moqmedebas saxeliT aRniSnuli sagnis zedapirze; Si Sinagan sivrces gulisxmobs
(siRrmes an SemozRudul rames)~ (gv. 130), riTac xazi esmis am TandebulebiT gadmocemul
`sxvadasxva niuanss~.
aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom dasaxelebuli Tandebulebi yovelTvis ver gadmogvcemen
aRniSnul `niuanss~. ase mag., roca vambobT: `wamwamebze cremli Camoekidao~, albaT,
araviTar zedapirs ar vgulisxmobT ise, rogorc `sila gaawna ybaSio~, rom vambobT,
arc siRrme igulisxmeba da arc SemozRuduli are. da, saerTod, gadasasinjia
Cvens gramatikul literaturaSi gabatonebuli debuleba, TiTqos ze TandebuliT
aRvniSnavT zedapirze moqmedebas, xolo Si-Ti _ SemozRudul areSi. orive am Tandebuls
dRes gacilebiT meti da mravalnairi funqcia akisria da sainteresoa isic,
rom zogjer erTmaneTsac enacvlebian kidec, ase mag.: `gavida pensiaSi~ da `gavida
pensiaze~, `daartya TavSi~ da `daartya Tavze~ da mrav. sxva.
arc erT ganxilul saxelmZRvaneloSi ar dasmula sakiTxi imasTan dakavSirebiT,
rom ze, Si da Tan darTul winadadebebis wevrebs xSirad SeiZleba daesvaT rogorc
ubralo damatebis (raze? raSi? rasTan?), ise adgilis garemoebis (sad?)
kiTxvebi da ra saSualebiT gavmijnoT isini erTmaneTisagan.
aRniSnul sakiTxze laparaki araa arc ant. kizirias wignSi `qarTuli ena~ (praqtikumi,
damxmare saxelmZRvanelod pedinstitutis studentTaTvis) da arc S. kekeliasa
da ak. daviTianis `qarTul enaSi~, romelic gankuTvnilia pedinstitutis biblio-
TekaTmcodneobis fakultetis studentTaTvis.
ubralo damatebisa da adgilis garemoebis urTierTobis sakiTxs qarTul samecniero
literaturaSi pirveli m. TalakvaZe Seexo wignSi `qarTuli enis gramatikis
swavlebis meTodika~ (Tbilisi, 1959w.).
avtori wers: `saerTod, winadadebis wevrTa amocnoba Sinaarsisa da kiTxvebis mixedviT
xdeba, daesmis saxels kiTxva damatebisa (brunvisa), Tu garemoebisa (zmnizedisa).
magram xSirad erTsa da imave wevrs SeiZleba orive kiTxva Seewyos (damatebisac
da garemoebisac). magaliTad: `oTaraanT qvrivma gulis `ficarzed~ daido xeli~. aq
Tandebuliani saxeli `ficarzed~ formalurad orive kiTxvas iguebs: `sad daido xeli?~
da `raze daido xeli?~
xSirad orive pasuxi dasaSvebad da misaRebadaa cnobili (avtori miuTiTebs p.
afanasievis wignze _ meTodika ruskogo iazika, 1944, gv. 131 _ a. f.). es ki meTodikurad
gaumarTlebelia: winadadebis erTi da igive wevri imisda mixedviT, Tu vin ra
kiTxvas miuyenebs _ damatebisas Tu garemoebisas _ erTisTvis iqneba damateba, meorisTvis
_ garemoeba.
gansakuTrebiT ireva erTmaneTSi adgilis garemoeba da damateba. aRrevas maSin
aqvs adgili, rodesac saxeli micemiT brunvaSia ze, Si, Tan TandebulebiT an naTesaobiTSi
_ ken TandebuliT, iSviaTad gan TandebuliTac~ (gv. 312).
avtoris azriT, `cxadia, adgilis garemoebisa da damatebis erTmaneTisagan gasar-
Cevad mxolod kiTxva ver gamodgeba, saWiroa sxva xerxebic moviSvelioT~ (iqve).
CamoTvlili xuTi xerxi, romelTaganac meore gulisxmobs, rom, Tu Tandebuliani
saxelis magier SesaZlebelia adgilis zmnizedis Casma, sakiTxs adgilis garemoebis
sasargeblod gadavwyvetdiT. magaliTad, `gulSemoyrili daeca miwaze~. aq Tandebuliani
saxeli `miwaze~ iguebs kiTxvas sad? da SeiZleba Seicvalos zmnizediT iq
(`gulSemoyrili daeca iq~).
206

es xerxi (igi m. venslovas SemouTavazebia) iolicaa da sakiTxis gadawyvetasTanac
gvaaxloebs, magram mas sakmao nakli aqvs, rac kargad SeuniSnavs Tavad m. TalakvaZes,
roca wers: `winadadebaSi `orive idayviT muxlebis Tavebze daebjina~, Tandebuliani
saxeli `Tavebze~ orive kiTxvas iguebs (raze daebjina? sad daebjina?), magram misi
zmnizediT Secvla SeuZlebeli xdeba (`orive idayviT muxlebs iq daebjina~)~.
Tumca, Cveni azriT, avtoric cdeba, Tandebulian wevrs `Tavebze~ damatebad rom
miiCnevs.
sakiTxis sworad gadaWrasTan gvaaxloebs mesame xerxic, romelic gulisxmobs winadadebis
Tandebuliani wevris mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebas: `Cveulebriv adgilis
garemoebas orive ZiriTadi funqcia aqvs: a) gviCvenebs moZraobas sivrceSi, sagnis an
nivTis erTi adgilidan meoreze gadaadgilebas... an migviTiTebs sagnis mdebareobas
sivrceSi, magaliTebi: `dam momkida xeli da wamiyvana samoaxloSi~, `sul saxlSi
ijda~, `WiSkarTan egdo daWrili wavia~, `karebs ukan ZaRlsaviT mivegdebi~,
`marto kuTxeSi, puris kidobanTan, Tagvi afxakunda~. aq Tandebuliani saxelebi
adgilis garemoebebia~ (gv. 313).
magram ufro rTuli da Znelad gamosayenebelia avtorTan pirvel punqtad dasaxelebuli
xerxi: `...mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ras miemarTeba moqmedeba _ sagans, obieqts
Tu sivrces. mTavaria azrobrivi viTarebis garkveva. Tu moqmedeba miemarTeba sagans,
obieqts, maSin damatebasTan gveqneba saqme da mas damatebis kiTxva unda mivuyenoT
(`yurebze (raze?) xaxvi ar damaWra~), Tu mimarTeba adgilis, sivrcisadmia, maSin
adgilis garemoebaa (`SesvlisTanave pirvel kedelTan (sad?) damayenes anbanze~).
saqme isaa, rom, rogorc wesi, sagani, obieqti Tavadac raRac sivrceSi imyofeba
da amitom moqmedebis mimarTulebis dapirispireba, erTis mxriT, sagnis mimarT, xolo,
meores mxriT, sivrcis mimarT, xelovnuri Cans. amis garda, metad Znelia imis
gansazRvra, ra farTobia saWiro sivrcobrivi mimarTebisaTvis: vTqvaT, winadadebis
ra wevri iqneboda `iatakze~, Tu zemoT motanil winadadebaSi sityvas `yurebze~ am
sityviT SevcvlidiT (`iatakze xaxvi daaWra~)?
Cveni azriT, am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebis Sesrulebis (daWris) adgili, is, sadac
`daaWres~, Tu razedac `daaWres~, mainc adgilia, miuxedavad imisa, ramodena farTobi
ukavia mas. amitom `yurebze~, ise rogorc `iatakze~, adgilis garemoebaa mxolod.
arc sulieri da usulo sagnebis dapirispireba (meoTxe xerxi) gamodgeba sakiTxis
gadasawyvetad, radgan enisaTvis `gaiqca saxlisaken~ da `gaiqca Svilisaken~ _ erTnairi
mniSvnelobisaa: orive SemTxvevaSi moqmedebis Semsrulebeli erTi unda gadaadgildes
erTi wertilidan meore wertilis mimarTulebiT raRac sivrceSi. amitomac
orive SemTxvevaSi erTnairad mosalodnelia adgilis garemoebis kiTxvac saiTken?
vfiqrobT, arasaimedoa mexuTe xerxic `...Cveulebriv, gardauvali mdgomareobisa da
moZraobis aRmniSvnel zmnebTan umetesad garemoeba ivaraudeba: agdia (kuTxeSi), dgas
(Sua oTaxSi), mifrinavs (samxreTisaken)~, radgan msgavs zmnebTanac mosalodnelia
iseTi Tandebuliani saxelebi, romelTa garemoebad miCneva yovlad SeuZlebelia (`Ca-
Zirulia fiqrebSi~ (raSi?), `imyofeba Sua ZilSi~ _ (raSi?); `dgas Tavis mosazrebaze~
_ (raze?) da a. S.
magram mTavari mainc isaa, rom gakveTilze, drois metad SezRudul monakveTebSi,
ar gveqneba saSualeba SevamowmoT CamoTvlili xerxebi.
yoveli xerxi, romelic skolaSi gamoiyeneba, upirvelesad yovlisa, unda akmayofilebdes
Semdeg moTxovnebs: iyos iolad dasamaxsovrebeli, advilad mosaxmari da
swrafad gamosayenebeli.
ubralo damatebisa da adgilis garemoebis urTierTgasasxvaveblad aseTi xerxi
SemdegSi mdgomareobs: Tu winadadebis wevrad gamoyenebul Tandebulian
saxels mxolod arsebiTi saxelis kiTxvebi (vin? ra? _ irib
brunvebSi 2 TandebuliT) Seewyoba, winadadebis wevri ubralo damate-
2 am terminiT aRvniSnavT micemiTs, naTesaobiTs, moqmedebiTsa da viTarebiTs erTad.
207

aa, xolo, Tu am kiTxvebTan erTad zmnizedis (sad? saidan? saiTken?) kiTxvebsac
moixdens igi, adgilis garemoebaa.
vfiqrobT, WoWmans ar gamoiwvevs iseTi Tandebuliani sityvebis kvalifikacia, romelTac
mxolod zmnizedis kiTxva (sad? saidan? saiTken?) daesmiT. ase mag.: `vcxovrob
TbilisSi~, `daiWra varSavaSi~ da a. S. aseTi wevrebi, ra Tqma unda, adgilis garemoebebia.
es wesi TiTqmis ugamonaklisoa da mas Cvens praqtikaSi karga xania viyenebT.
marTalia, zog SemTxvevaSi meore (zmnizedis) kiTxva iqneba stilurad mTlad gamarTuli
ar iyos (Tundac imave `yurze xaxvis daWris~ SemTxvevaSi), magram faqti
isaa, rom yvelgan moqmedeba raRac adgils, sayrden wertils, xelSesaxeb zedapirs
Tu met-nakleb sivrces gulisxmobs. Tanac gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi garemoebac:
imas garda, rom sagani raRac sivrceSi mdebareobs da sagnisken Tu sagnidan mdinare
moqmedeba adgils gulisxmobs, agreTve, TviT sagnis esa Tu is nawilic da masze,
masSi Tu mis mimarT Cadenili moqmedebac adgilis garemoebad gaiazreba. ase mag: `daiWra
xelSi~ daesmis orive kiTxva: raSi daiWra? sad daiWra? da, ra Tqma unda, aqac
da sxva msgavs SemTxvevaSic adgilis garemoeba igulisxmeba. amitomaa, rom Cveulebriv
ase vkiTxulobT: `sada aqvs Wriloba?~
sainteresoa isic, rom enam adgilis garemoebad aqcia iseTi moqmedebebic, romlebic
abstraqtuli saxeliT aris gadmocemuli da, erTi SexedviT, adgils ar gulisxmobs,
magram, radgan aseT saxelebTanac miniSnebiT mainc raRac SemosazRvruli sivrce
igulisxmeba, isini orive kiTxvas igueben. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs gamoTqmebi:
`sjobs monobaSi gadidkacebuls Tavisuflebis ZebnaSi mkvdari~, tyveobaSi
itanjeboda~, `patimrobaSi dalia suli~. yvela CamoTvlil magaliTSi enobrivad ra-
Rac SemosazRvruli adgili igulisxmeba, amitomacaa, rom maT swored sad? kiTxva
ufro eguebaT.
amis msgavsadve adgilis garemoebebia `omSi mokluli~ da `CxubSi cxvirgatexili~,
orives Cveulebriv daesmis kiTxva sad?
Cveni pasuxi ar iqneboda sruli, Tu ar SevexebodiT iseT SemTxvevebs, roca sakiTxis
gadawyveta Zneldeba an TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs gan da mde Tandebuliani zogi forma, mkvidrad fexmokidebuli
Tanamedrove qarTulSi. ase magaliTad, xSirad metyvelebaSi Tu weraSi romelime
debulebis moxmobisa da gaanalizebis Semdeg vwerT xolme: `am debulebidan
gamomdinareobs...~
ra wevria `debulebidan~, ubralo damateba Tu adgilis garemoeba? _ formalurad
ubralo damateba; Sinaarsobrivad _ adgilis garemoeba, aki xSirad ase vambobT:
`aqedan gamomdinareobso...~ e. i. Tandebuliani wevris nacvlad viyenebT adgilis zmnizedas.
ra Tqma unda, aseTi Tavsatexi ar gagviCndeboda, es rusuli gamoTqma sworad rom
gveTargmna, radgan misi Sesatyvisi `iz etogo~ qarTulad `amisgan~ iqneboda. gan Tandebuli
naTesaobiT brunvasTan ki, rogorc wesi, ubralo damatebas gadmogvcems.
msgavsadve Znelia kvalifikacia iseTi formebisa, rogoricaa `Cemamde Sen bevri
gaklia~ an `ostatamde mainc ver amaRldeba~ da misTanani. magram saqmes is Svelis,
rom aseTi gamoTqmebi enaSi metad mcire raodenobiTaa da SeiZleba isini ubralod
gamonaklisebad CavTvaloT.
maS, ase: Tu winadadebis wevrs orive kiTxva ewyoba, igi adgilis garemoebaa.
208

substantiuri msazRvreli 1
209
anton kiziria
substantiur msazRvrelad gvaqvs arsebiTi saxeli. amaze migvaniSnebs misi saxelic
_ substantivi (substantivum). aseT SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi saxeli ukavSirdeba sintaqsurad
isev arsebiT saxels. igi marTulia brunvaSi: daismis naTesaobiTSi da ucvlelad
ukavSirdeba sazRvruls. brunvis mixedviT icvleba sazRvruli saxeli, ucvleli
rCeba msazRvreli.
naTesaobiTSi dasmuli msazRvreli emfatikuri daboloebis gareSea an iSviaTad
SeiZleba axldes aseTi niSanic, upiratesad poeziaSi, rodesac amas moiTxovs leqsis
saWiroeba.
magaliTebi:
bazaleTisa tbis Ziras oqros akvani ariso: ilia, I, 100, 2; emag Sercxvenil xmlisa
patroni CemTan mosvlasa rogor bedavdi? ilia, I, 160, 15; momagondeba yvirilas piras
maRali bzisa naTeli toti: a. kaland. 1985. 177, 15...
aseTi msazRvreli SeiZleba iyos mxolobiT an mravlobiT ricxvSi da daukavSirdes
mxolobiTSi an mravlobiTSi dasmul saxels; ramdenadac msazRvrelisa da sazRvrulis
rolSi myof arsebiT saxelTa ricxvi erTmaneTisagan damoukidebelia, amitomac
mxolobiTSi dasmuli msazRvreli SeiZleba daukavSirdes mxolobiTSi an mravlobiTSi
dasmul sazRvruls da piriqiT, mravlobiTSi dasmuli msazRvreli SeiZleba
daukavSirdes mxolobiTSi an mravlobiTSi dasmul sazRvruls.
amis mixedviT SeiZleba gavarCioT oTxi saxe:
I. marTuli msazRvreli mxolobiTSia da ukavSirdeba mxolobiTSive dasmul sazRvruls:
magdanamac guliT Seiyvara naibis coli: i. gogeb. IX, 64, 15; manqanis kari gai-
Ro: r. inan. Tebro, 43, 3.
mazris ufrosma moedanze erTi uremi xe-tye kidev gagzavna: k. lorTq. 80, 21...
bavSvma gamoaZro wnelis konas mozrdili saxre: vaJa, VII, 27, 27; erTs Rames mkiTxavis
saxls buxridan cecxli waekida: i. gogeb. V, 451, 7.
laSqaras miwuri zaalis sasaxlis gverdze dgas: m. javax. IV, 78, 38; saxlis saxuravis
qveS moCanda naprali: i. gogeb. V, 503, 9.
yeens Wvartlis melniT savse jami eWira: m. javax. IV, 14, 23; gonebis TvaliT isev
im saRamos daubrunda: S. aragv. I, 63, 22.
netareba gadaiqca ukvdavebis wyarod: akaki, IV, 234, 5; ambavi mivida saxlis meufrosemdis:
g. leon. 257, 7.
gaswi Sav zRvaze, qarTlis xomaldo: g. leon. 420, 9. nu miaxlovdebi Sen, ciskris
varskvlavo: a. kaland. 163, I.
II. marTuli msazRvreli mxolobiTSia da ukavSirdeba mravlobiTSi dasmul sazRvruls:
uwyinarma qarma aRmosavleTisaken gadareka wvimis Rrublebi: k. gams. V, 39, 31;
Tedos manasaanT golasaTvis qamris Rilebi waerTmia: ilia, I, 433, 6.
sxeulis kunTebma moZraoba daiwyes: S. aragv. II, 191, 19; Saqros sityvebma magdana
gamoafxizla: S. aragv. I, 15, 20.
mze Tbilisisaken uxvad isroda cecxlis isrebs: S. aragv. I, 28, 18; Cavicvam rkinis
qalamnebs: r. inan., Tebro, 8, 20.
wavida petre avlabris bakebisaken: ilia, I, 414, 31.
Cveni Wala askilis buCqebiT aris savse: r. inan. Tebro, 108, 3.
III. marTuli msazRvreli mravlobiTSia, ukavSirdeba mxolobiTSi dasmul sazRvruls.
aseTi mravlobiTi SeiZleba iyos gamoxatuli -eb an -T-a niSnebiT.
magaliTebi:
erTxel Camosula Cvensa mezoblebis gamdeli: akaki. IV, 10, 25; aseTi wesi iyo Ser-
1 qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi, 1-4, 1987.

vaSiZeebis ojaxSi: k. gams. I, 29, 2; oraguli Tqmula Tevzebis mefed: ilia, I, 350, 15;
mexreebic ver bedavdnen mglebis SiSiT saqonlis galalvas: k. gams. V, 51, 5...
mgalobelTa gundi gamqraliyo: vaJa, VI, 81, 12; ekipaJi ekipaJs mosdevda, cxenosan-
Ta jgufi cxenosanTa jgufs: e. gab. I, 415, 30...
IV. marTuli msazRvreli mravlobiTSia, ukavSirdeba mravlobiTSi dasmul sazRvruls.
sazRvrulis ricxvi gamoixateba -eb da -T-a niSnebiT: maT Sua yvavilebis buCqebi
arian dargulni: i. gogeb. V, 523, 10; nisliT Semoibura cad atyorcnili mTebis
kalTebi: g. tab. 325, 3; mwvanis qaTibiT koxtaobs mTebis kalTebi tyiani: vaJa, III, 41, 5.
erT zafxuls Tormetamde avazaki gamoasalmes wuTisofels fSav-xevsurTa Tofebis
tyviebma: vaJa, IX, 200, 8; ujiraulTa qal-rZalni pirjvars iwerdnen: k. gams. V, 67, 17...
rogorc vxedavT, marTuli saxeli ubrunvelia, dasmulia naTesaobiT brunvaSi da
sazRvrulTan erTad ar icvlis brunvis niSnebs. esaa norma Zvelsa da axal qarTul-
Si, magram Zvel qarTulSi arc ise iSviaTad prepoziciuli marTuli msazRvreli
eTanxmeboda kidec sazRvruls brunvasa da ricxvSi: rebekaÁsi ZmaÁ iyo: dab. 24, 29; miiRo
mrokvalisaman moZRuarman ukeTurebisa mis moZRurebisaTÂs samoZRurebelad: sin.
mravalT. 210, 29; iovanÀssa mas naTlis-cemasa yovelTa maT eziareboda: sin. mravalT.
82, 3; romlisani sityuani lbil arian; mam. swavl. 72, 76...
analogiuri formebi gvaqvs axal qarTulSic: ficxela... Tovlisas buqs ayenebda:
vaJa VII, 189, 9; buera... Tavisis foTlebisas kabas mikeravs: vaJa, V, 64, 1; angelozebi
dafnisas gvirgvins adgamen gmirebsa: vaJa, II, 39, 9; SenSi kacisas grZnobas ar xedven:
ilia, I, 131, 30...
marTuli msazRvreli momdevno sazRvruls brunvaSi rom eTanxmeba, es meoreuli
movlenaa, romelic enam arc ki SeiTvisa 2 .
gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi garemoebac: sintaqsuri urTierTobisaTvis aucilebelia
erTmaneTs daukavSirdes ori sxvadasxva metyvelebis nawili (arsebiT saxels _
zedsarTavi saxeli, ricxviTi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli, zmna...); SeuZlebelia arsebiTi
saxeli, Tu is Tavisi ZiriTadi mniSvnelobiT ixmareba, brunvaSi SeTanxmebiT daukav-
Sirdes arsebiT saxels. aseve: zedsarTavi saxeli ar daukavSirdeba zedsarTav saxels,
nacvalsaxeli _ nacvalsaxels, ricxviTi saxeli _ ricxviT saxels..., arsebiTi
saxeli daukavSirdeba arsebiT saxels, Tu igi daismis naTesaobiT brunvaSi da Sei-
Zens sxva damatebiTs funqcias.
Tu mravlobiT ricxvs aviRebT, aqac mxolobiTis msgavsi mdgomareobaa: CxikvTa
qorwili, CxikvTa qorwilma... da ara: CxikvTam qorwilma...
substantiuri msazRvreli rom naTesaobiTis niSniTaa da es niSani ar SeiZleba
iyos warmoqmnis elementi, iqidanac Cans, rom es ukanaskneli ar ucvlis sityvas mniSvnelobas.
mniSvnelobis mixedviT marTuli msazRvreli aRniSnavs: 1. masalas an nivTierebas
(CiTis kaba, vercxlis qamari, xis saxli...), 2. daniSnulebas (Cais Wiqa, wignis maRazia,
aguris qarxana...), 3. kuTvnilebas (mezoblis saxli, mamis qudi, Zmis wigni...), 4. warmomavlobas
(xaris tyavi, mTis wyaro...), 5. profesias (kbilis eqimi, enis maswavlebeli,
binis qurdi...), 6. sxeulis nawils (Zroxis beWi, qaTmis barkali, cxviris nesto...) 3 ...
naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuli kuTvnilebis aRmniSvneli msazRvreli saxeli ise-
Tivea, rogoric sasxviso qcevis zmniT gamoxatuli kuTvnilebiTi urTierToba. aseT
2 a . k i z i r i a , martivi winadadebis Sedgeniloba Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1963, gv. 255-256; misive:
martivi winadadebis Sedgeniloba qarTvelur enebSi, Tb., 1982, gv. 52, Sdr. i v . i m n a i S v i l i ,
saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1958, gv. 584; misive: sinuri mravalTavi,
gamokvleva da leqsikoni, Tb., 1975, gv. 101-102.
3 l.leJava, msazRvrelTa rigi ramdenime araerTgvar msazRvrelTan SesityvebaSi: kreb. `qar-
Tuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi~, w. I, Tb., 1972, gv. 81-91; l.kvaWaZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli
enis sintaqsi, gv. 180; a.kiziria, martivi winadadebis Sedgeniloba qarTvelur enebSi, gv. 224-
225.
210

SemTxvevaSi `Tu sasxviso qcevis forma kuTvnilebiTs urTierTobas gamoxatavs (subieqtsa
da irib obieqts Soris an obieqtebs Soris), amave zmnaTa saarviso qcevis formasTan
iribi damateba substantiur gansazRvrebad gadakeTdeba: mgels lekvi ukvdeba
→mglis lekvi kvdeba; monadire mgels lekvs uklavs→monadire mglis lekvs klavs.~ 4
distanciuri substantiuri msazRvreli
msazRvreli saxeli sazRvruls SeiZleba daukavSirdes distanciuradac. aseT Sem-
TxvevaSi msazRvrelsa da sazRvruls Soris CarTulia zmna-Semasmeneli an romelime
sxva wevri. aseTi msazRvreli ornairad ukavSirdeba sazRvruls: an inarCunebs Tavis
brunvas da martiv naTesaobiTSia: kvaracxelias brunavs wisqvili: a. kaland. 351, 6; an
xelmeored irTavs brunvis niSans da eTanxmeba sazRvruls brunvaSi: sisxlisam morwyo
wvimama qarTvelTa mTa da baria: vaJa, III, 14, 20; siyvarulisas davwnav gvirgvinsa,
saTnoebiTa movqargav garsa: vaJa, V, 249, I; cisas igonebs rides: g. tab. 253, 6; me udidesi
sixarulisTvis Seni sityvisas moveli macnes: a. kaland. 271, 16...
Sdr. atributuli msazRvreli: Cemsas nu elis ymobasa: r. erisT. 139, 4...
distanciuri SeiZleba iyos postpoziciuri substantiuri msazRvrelic. sintaqsuri
urTierToba aq iseTivea, rogoric gvaqvs kontaqtur msazRvrelTan: pasuxs ar daucada
mdinarisas: vaJa, VI, 257, 20; tirian yvavilni cxared velisani: a. kaland. 39, 8.
substantiuri msazRvreli saxelis ganmartoeba
msazRvreli saxeli SeiZleba aRmoCndes sazRvrulis gareSe, umeteswilad aseTi
viTareba gvaqvs maSin, rodesac meordeba sazRvruli. msazRvrelTa ganmeorebis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT ukanasknels gamotoveben da masTan dakavSirebuli msazRvreli
rCeba sazRvrulis gareSe, ganmartovdeba da damatebiT dairTavs gamotovebuli
sazRvrulis brunvis niSans da ricxvis niSansac, Tu sazRvruli ivaraudeba saxelobiTi
brunvis mravlobiT ricxvSi 5 .
amis nimuSia: `kaklis xeebi ezoebSi da xilisani baRCebsa da baRebSi Seikunwla
axalis Tovlis quliTa~: ilia, I, 469, 39. xilisani msazRvreli unda yofiliyo, xeebisa,
mravlobiTSi dasmuli saxelisa: sazRvrulis ricxvis niSani daerTo msazRvrel
saxels da es ukanaskneli mosalodneli msazRvrelis magivrad mogvevlina Tavisi
sazRvrulis funqciiT.
marTuli ganmartoebuli msazRvreli irTavs ormag brunvis niSans _ erTs saku-
Tars, romliTac marTulia sazRvruli saxelis mier, xolo meore niSani gamoxatavs
Cavardnil sazRvrulTan `SeTanxmebas~. aseTi `SeTanxmeba~ gvaqvs saxelobiTSi, agreTve
`moTxrobiTSi: daviTis Svilma iswavla, vaxtangisam _ ara; micemiTSi: dedis magivrobas
bicola uwevda, mamisas ki _ biZa...; mimarTulebiTSi: Tavis Tavs Tvlida ara
soflis mcxovrebad, aramed qalaqisad~ 6 .
sxva magaliTebi:
lukaias gaCxiruli fexebi kaliisas waagavdnen: k. gams. I, 478, 14; babaias axlandeli
saqmianoba Zalian hgavda mariamisas: l. qiaC. III, 172, 26...
aseTi msazRvreli naTesaobiTSi iSviaTia da igi SeiZleba naTesaobiTadac darCes:
xrovaSi vcxovrob, mglebisa: m. javax. II, 169, 37...
nanaTesaobiTar saxeladve iqceva ganmartoebuli substantiuri msazRvreli sxva
SemTxvevaSic da asrulebs im saxelis funqcias, romelTanac is dakavSirebuli unda
yofiliyo. amis Sedegad aseTi sityva gvevlineba winadadebaSi damatebis an garemoebis
rolSi.
4 l . k v a W a Z e , Tanamedrove qarTuli enis sintaqsi, gv. 179.
5 a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1973, gv. 94; l. kvaWaZe, Tanamedrove
qarTuli enis sintaqsi, Tb., 1977, gv. 184.
6 v . T o f u r i a , nanaTesaobiTari msazRvreli saxelis SeTanxmeba sazRvrulTan brunvaSi,
saxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb., 1956, gv. 360.
211

winadadebebSi `SuadRis dros mdelos gadmoefina Zroxis naxiri~: vaJa, VII, 37, 10;
`SuaRamis dros is Sevidoda endisTan~: a. yazb. I, 440, 19; ...meore dRes, SuadRis xans,
Cven ukve cixelis saxlis karebTan moviyareT Tavi-Tavs: vaJa, VI, 156, 24... dros, xans
drois garemoebebia, xolo SuadRis, SuaRamis _ maTi msazRvrelebi.
magram igive msazRvrelebi, naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuli msazRvrelebi, sazRvrulis
dakargvis Sedegad damatebiT irTaven sazRvrulis brunvis niSans da ormagi
niSniT asruleben sazRvruli saxelis funqcias winadadebaSi.
amitom gvaqvs:
zafxulis mzem SuadRisas papanaqeba daatriala: i. gogeb. V, 492, 15; darajebma gan-
Tiadisas Tavi daxares didebul dedoflis winaSe: n. lorTq. I, 31, 25; Sua vaxSmisas
zurna awrialda: r. gvet. 106, 32; pataraobisas Tevzaoba Zlier miyvarda: i. gogeb. IX,
31, 16; gaTenebisas piramde savse navebs yudes miayenebdnen: k. lorTq. 166, 5...
da ase:
TaraS emxvaris... cxovreba arzayanisas gadaenaskva: k. gams. I, 649, 28; gamotexilis
saqmes mosamarTle erT saaTSi daasrulebda, gakerpebulisas ki zogjer ramdenime
dRes undeboda: m. javax. II, 175, 14...
am ukanasknelTan Tavidanve dakargulia sazRvruli saxeli da msazRvreli uSualod
ukavSirdeba momdevno sazRvruls (gamotexilis saqmes _ gamotexili kacis saqmes),
Semdeg ki ikargeba es ukanasknelic da xdeba msazRvrelis ganmartoeba.
ganmartoebuli msazRvrelia wlisa (da analogiur SemTxvevaSi sxva msgavsi saxeli)
winadadebebSi:
rva wlisa rom Sesrulda, quTaisSi Caiyvanes gimnaziaSi misabareblad: m. javax.
III, 15, 21; maSin simona TxuTmeti wlisa iqneboda: e. ninoSv. I, 194, 18.
Sdr.
mamaCemi oTxmocdaaTi wlis kaci iyo: vaJa, V, 72, 3; oTaraanT qvrivis Svili giorgi
ocdaerTis wlis biWi iyo: ilia, I, 431, 7.
aseTivea:
isic ueWvelad mglis jiSisa gamodgeba (m. javax. II, 168, 20) ← mglis jiSis ZaRli.
Sesityvebis SemadgenlobaSi msazRvrel-sazRvrulTa kompleqsSi SeiZleba erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli iyos ori, sami da meti saxeli, magram martiv sintagmaSi, romelSic
ori sityvis damokidebuleba igrZnoba, sintaqsurad erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba
swored es ori sityva. winadadebaSi `zaqrom aRmaskomis Tavmjdomaris kabinetis kari
moridebiT SeaRo~ (g. Satb. II, 348, 32) mTavari sityvaa `kari~, romelic marTavs saxels
brunvaSi (`kabinetis kari~), Tavis mxriv, `kabinetis~, brunvaSi marTuli sityva
da, amdenad, damokidebuli sityva, mTavari da mmarTveli sityvaa `Tavmjdomarisa~
(`Tavmjdomaris kabinetis~), xolo daqvemdebarebuli `Tavmjdomaris~ (`Tavmjdomaris
kabinetis~) marTavs brunvaSi winamaval sityvas (`aRmaskomis~).
amgvarad, sityvaTa urTierTobaSi Tavs iCens ierarqia `kabinetis kari~, `Tavmjdomaris
kabinetis~, `aRmaskomis Tavmjdomaris~. erTi sityvis mier brunvaSi marTuli
sityva mmarTvelia sxva sityvisa.
aseTivea:
Cvens derefanSi marilis qvis yoreebi koSkebad mdgara: g. leon. 87, 10.
magram msazRvrel-sazRvrulTa kompleqsSi Tanamimdevruli daqvemdebarebisas zogi
sintagmis komponenti erTmaneTs SeiZleba daukavSirdes SeTanxmebiT, zogi _ mar-
TviT. winadadebaSi `saqme... udanaSaulo kitunias yuris awevamde mivida~ (l. qiC. III,
112, 32) _ sintagmaSi `udanaSaulo kitunias~ _ SeTanxmebaa, daqvemdebarebulia `udana-
Saulo~, mTavaria `kitunias~. es ukanaskneli daqvemdebarebulia da marTviT ukavSirdeba
momdevno sityvas (`kitunias yuri~), romelic eqvemdebareba `awevamde~ komponents
(`yuris awevamde~).
aseTivea:
pantis Zirze mikrulia axladdakluli Txis rqebi: r. inan. keTili miwa, 134, I;
aqauri zamTris Rameebi cad iyo atanili turebis kiviliT: d. Seng. II, 199, 16;
212

unebas Cemi qveynis feri emateboda; ilia, 1. 249, 20;
sxva SemTxvevaSi erT sazRvrulTan SeiZleba gvqondes ramdenime saxis msazRvreli
marTviTa da SeTanxmebiT dakavSirebuli: Tanadamokidebuli sityvebi mTavar sityvas
ukavSirdebian an marTviT da an SeTanxmebiT. winadadebaSi `Sevedi stanciis cariels
oTaxSi~ (ilia, I, 249, 21) erT mTavar sityvasTan ori damokidebuli sityvaa dakavSirebuli:
pirveli _ marTviT, meore _ SeTanxmebiT (`stanciis oTaxSi~, `cariels
oTaxSi~).
aseTebia:
wamouSina wvimis brtyeli wveTebi: r. inan. Tebro, 29, 27; mTvare cecxlis mrgvali
burTiviT amogorda: m. javax. 1, 238, 20; meoTxe qisaSi inaxavda mojamagiris sajamagiro
fulsa: ilia, 1, 429, 5; ainTebian varskvlavebis Cumi Tvalebi: a. kaland. 114, 3 da
a. S.
marTul-SeTanxmebuli msazRvrelis formebi
marTul-SeTanxmebulia postpoziciuri substantiuri msazRvreli, romelsac adgilis
SecvliT naTesaobiT brunvaSi marTuli saxeli fuZed gamouyenebia. aseTi fuZe
SeiZleba iyos mxolobiTis an mravlobiTis formiT da igi xelmeored irTavs brunvis
niSnebs sazRvrulTan damokidebulebis mixedviT, oRond Zveli qarTulisagan
gansxvavebiT ar SeuZlia yvela brunvis warmoeba.
Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi marTul-SeTanxmebuli msazRvreli sazRvrulTan
erTad gvaqvs saxelobiTSi, moTxrobiTSi, micemiTSi, viTarebiTsa da wodebiTSi.
aqedan brunvis niSani ar erTvis saxelobiTsa da viTarebiTSi 7 . saxelobiTi:
wigni amxanagisa (da ase: wignebi amxanagisa, wigni amxanagebisa, wignebi amxanagebisa),
moTxrobiTi: wignma amxanagisam (Sdr. wignebma amxanagisam, wignma amxanagebisam, wignebma
amxanagebisam...), micemiTi: wigns amxanagisas (Sdr. wignebs amxanagisas, wigns amxanagebisas,
wignebs amxanagebisas...), viTarebiTi: wignad amxanagisa (Sdr. wignebad amxanagisa,
wignad amxanagebisa, wignebad amxanagebisa...), wodebiTi: wigno amxanagisav
(Sdr. wignebo amxanagisav, wigno amxanagebisav, wignebo amxanagebisav...).
msazRvreli aseT SemTxvevaSi eTanxmeba sazRvruls da warmodgenilia naTesaobi-
Tis sruli daboloebiT narTaul -a-sTan erTad (Sdr. wigni kotesi, qudi iraklisi,
sadac i gvaqvs saxelobiTisaTvis).
ricxvis pirveladi formebi damoukidebelia, SeTanxmebisaTvis mas mniSvneloba
ara aqvs. amis mixedviT gairCeva oTxi SemTxveva: 1. roca msazRvrelica da sazRvrulic
mxolobiTSia, 2. roca sazRvruli mxolobiTSia, msazRvreli _ mravlobiTSi, 3.
roca sazRvruli mravlobiTSia, msazRvreli _ mxolobiTSi da 4. roca msazRvrelica
da sazRvrulic mravlobiTSia.
am ukanasknelTan Zveli viTareba ricxvSi SeTanxmebiTac gamoixateba.
1. msazRvrelica da sazRvrulic mxolobiTSia:
mamaCemsa verafrad eWaSnika es naubari batonisa: ilia, I, 270, 14.
wveri mTisa udierad... gamoCnda: vaJa, V, 99, 37. taxs... silaCre daTvisa Zalian gaukvirda:
vaJa, VI, 269, 23.
mesame dRes ricxvma xalxisam iklo: vaJa, VIII, 164, 18.
mostaca Tvali movarvare diskom mTvarisam: k. gams. I, 725, 25.
Sdr. nu damitiros satrfom gulisa: n. baraT. 29, 18...
qalaqSi Ramis xarjs saqonlisas moeridnen: ilia, I, 408, 25.
gveli sxeuls adamianisas eZebs: n. lorTq. I, 66, 4.
mlivi ver iqneba kldis Svilad, viT kravi Svilad lomisa: vaJa, VII, 57, 14.
dedamisma siciliT Tavi dauqnia niSnad Tanxmobisa: akaki, IV, 137, 12.
7 v . T o f u r i a , nanaTesaobiTari msazRvreli saxelis SeTanxmeba sazRvrulTan brunvaSi.
saxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb., 1956, gv. 358-361; a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli
enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, gv. 92, 112.
213

dedav RvTisao, es qveyana Seni xvedria: ilia, I, 139, 14.
beCavi quCi var, Semibrale, niavo mTisav: vaJa, V, 203, 31.
Sen sulo darialisa: g. leon. 103, 6.
o. umweobav WeSmaritebis, _ avi sisini ismis Soridan: a. kaland. 287, 1...
2. sazRvruli mxolobiTSia, msazRvreli _ mravlobiTSi:
hangi Sors moaqvs exos mTebisas: x. ber. 9, 7.
gaisma saerTo xma frinvelTa: vaJa, V, 217, I.
3. sazRvruli mravlobiTSia, msazRvreli _ mxolobiTSi:
vardT SemounaxavT wveTebi wvimis: a. kaland. 32, 1.
uambobs ZiZa tkbil ambebs siyrmisas avadmyofs: k. gams. I, 672, 32...
4. sazRvrulica da msazRvrelic mravlobiTSia:
aseT SemTxvevaSi ricxvSi SeTanxmebac xdeba Cveulebriv, rac Zveli qarTulis anareklia:
dalewilebi eyarnen abjarni Cemis Zmisani: vaJa, III, 18, 12.
mogrovdnen yovelis mxridam vaJebi lomis ferani: vaJa, III, 153, 26.
arwivTa maRlis mTisaTa netav rad unda mqebari: vaJa, III, 10, 20...
distanciuri marTul-SeTanxmebuli msazRvreli
distanciuri marTul-SeTanxmebuli msazRvreli sintaqsurad ukavSirdeba sazRvruls
ise, rom msazRvrelsa da sazRvruls Soris CarTulia zmna-Semasmeneli an sxva
wevri winadadebisa. sityvaTa wyoba am SemTxvevaSi aseTia: sazRvruli + Semasmeneli +
substantiuri msazRvreli Tavisi ormagi niSniT: rad minda maSin sicocxle, lukmasa
vsWamde sxvisasa: vaJa, III, 40, 10; cud saqmeebs laparakoben daTasas: W. amir. I, 53, 24...
marTul-SeTanxmebuli msazRvreli Cveulebriv uSualod mosdevs sazRvruls, magram
sazRvrulsa da msazRvrels Soris SeiZleba CaerTos sxva msazRvreli. igi sintaqsur
kavSirSia marTul-SeTanxmebul msazRvrelTan. marTuli msazRvreli aseT
SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens sazRvrul saxels, romelTanac SeTanxmebiT an marTviT dakavSirebulia
es meore msazRvreli.
SeTanxmebis nimuSebia:
es saZageli suraTi saZagelis miwisa sasacilod axamebda am didebul samxreTis
casa: ilia, I, 341, 26;
Rori ZiZgnida leSs Tavisave goWisas: n. lorTq. I, 67, 14;
arwivTa maRlis mTisaTa netav rad unda mqebari: vaJa, III, 10, 19.
msazRvrelis mier marTuli saxeli rCeba marTuladve:
arasdros arc gayinula da arc gaiyineba, rogorc mogexsenebaT, buneba wyaros
wylisa: ilia, I, 221, 7;
xma glexTa ganTavisuflebisa... irxeoda soflidan sofelSi: d. Seng. baTa qeqia,
26, 7;
warmoudgeneli mimoxra sxeulTa xazebisa Tvals xiblavs: n. lorTq. I, 459, 20;
namdvils mizezs wisqvilis dadgomisas veravin mimxvdariyo: vaJa, V, 128, 16...
ganmartoebuli msazRvreli
msazRvreli SeiZleba ganmartovdes. aseT SemTxvevaSi atributuli msazRvreli
daismis imave brunvaSi, romelSic dakarguli sazRvruli unda yofiliyo. Tu es ukanaskneli
sxva saxelis mier marTuli iqneba, ganmartoebuli msazRvreli naTesaobiT-
Si warmogvidgeba da ise ukavSirdeba momdevno sazRvruls, magaliTad: `erT mcenares
meoris saxels uwodeben~ (d. kld. I, 87, 20) _ `erT mcenares meore mcenaris saxels
uwodeben~. aseTivea: `istorias kargTa saxelebi gadavceT (g. Satb. II, 479, 24) `istori-
214

as karg adamianTa saxelebi gadavceT~.
gauCinarebuli sazRvrulis zmnasTan dakavSirebis SemTxvevaSi ganmartoebuli
msazRvreli iRebs imave brunvis formas da uSualod ukavSirdeba zmnas: `axalma
welma Zveli Sescvala~ (i. noneSv. 251, II); im Rames is ori weli ocad gadaiqca:
k. lorTq. 48, 23; patara moedanze ori raindi movida... erTs zeidali acvia..., xolo
meores polotiki: m. javax. II, 471, 7.
ganmartoeba mosalodnelia maSinac, rodesac msgavsi sazRvrulebi distanciur vi-
TarebaSi aRmoCndeba, magaliTad: `mas marcxena xelze momcro Wreli xurjini gadaegdo,
marjveniT wvrili TasmiT dawnuli utaro maTraxi daebRuja~. g. Satb. II, 147, 35.
aseTivea: Wirimiam bardRunias Tavisad miCneuli kopali xelSi daunaxa: l. qiaC.
III, 226, 23.
ganmartoebuli gansazRvreba irTavs Tandebulsac, romelic nagulisxmev sazRvruls
unda darTvoda 8 :
xan erTis jibeSi viyavi, xan meorisaSi: akaki, VIII, 131, 5.
Tu xevsurebmac TavianTi `talavari~ nayid farCisaze gacvales, maSin yovlad SeuZlebelia
xevsureTSi xevsurebis arseboba: vaJa, IX, 223, I...
SemoklebaTa ganmartebebi
W. amir. _ W. amirejibi, daTa TuTaSxia, I, Tb., 1973.
akaki _ akaki wereTeli, Txzulebani, sruli krebuli Svid tomad, t. IV, Tb., 1948,
t. VII, Tb., 1959.
S. aragv. _ S. aragvispireli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli or tomad, Tb., 1947.
n. baraT. _ n. baraTaSvili, leqsebi, poema, werilebi. Tb., 1939.
x. ber. _ x. berulava, erTtomeuli, Tb., 1957.
e. gab. _ e. gabaSvili, rCeuli nawerebi. I, Tb., 1953.
gam. _ gamoslvaTaÁ: wignni Zuelisa aRTqumisani. t. I, nakv. 2, 1948.
k. gams. _ k. gamsaxurdia, rCeuli Txzulebani, t. I, Tb., 1958, t. III, Tb., 1960, t. V,
Tb., 1961.
r. gvet. _ r. gvetaZe, rCeuli, Tb., 1941.
i. gogeb. _ i. gogebaSvili, Txzulebani, t. V. Tb., 1957, t. IX, Tb., 1962.
dab. _ dabadebisaÁ n. gam.
r. erisT. _ r. erisTavi, rCeuli Txzulebani, Tb., 1958.
vaJa _ vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, Tb., 1964.
r. inan. _ r. inaniSvili, Tebro, Tb., 1983, keTili miwa, Tb., 1984.
ilia _ ilia WavWavaZe, Txzulebani, sruli krebuli xuT tomad, I, Tb., 1937.
a. kaland. _ a. kalandaZe, leqsebi, Tb., 1985.
g. leon. _ g. leoniZe, erTtomeuli, Tb., 1954.
n. lorTq. _ n. lorTqifaniZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli or tomad, I, Tb., 1958.
mam. swavl. _ mamaTa swavlani X da XI s-Ta xelnawerebis mixedviT, Tb., 1955.
e. ninoSv. _ e. ninoSvili, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, I, tfilisi, 1932.
sin. mravalT. _ sinuri mravalTavi 864 wlisa a. SaniZis redaqciiT, winasityvaobi-
Ta da gamokvleviT, Tb., 1959.
g. tab. _ g. tabiZe, leqsebi, tfilisi, 1927.
l. qiaC. _ l. qiaCeli, Txzulebani oTx tomad, t. III, Tb., 1950, t. IV, Tb., 1955.
a. yazb. _ a. yazbegi, Txzulebani, t. I, Tb., 1948.
g. Satb. _ g. SatberaSvili, Txzulebani oTx tomad, t. II, Tb., 1972.
d. Seng. _ d. Sengelaia, baTa qeqia, Tb., 1933, Txzulebani or tomad, t. II, Tb., 1960.
m. javax. _ m. javaxiSvili, rCeuli Txzulebani eqvs tomad, t. I, Tb., 1958, t. II.,
1959, t. III, Tb., 1960, t. IV, Tb., 1961.
8 l . k v a W a Z e , Tanamedrove qarTuli enis sintaqsi, gv. 184.
215

msazRvrelTa rigi araerTgvar msazRvrelebian SesityvebaSi 1
216
lia leJava
msazRvrelisa da sazRvrulis rigis sakiTxi qarTulSi sakmaodaa Seswavlili,
magram zogi ram mainc saWiroebs garkvevas an dazustebas.
amjerad sakiTxi exeba iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac ori an ramdenime araerTgvari
prepoziciuri msazRvreli saxeli erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad ganmartavs erT
sazRvruls. es msazRvrelebi sintaqsurad ar arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, yoveli
maTgani calke ukavSirdeba sazRvruls da masTan qmnis sintagmas. maSasadame, aq
ar Semova iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca sazRvruls darTuli ori an meti msazRvreli er-
Tgvaria (maRali, gamxdari kaci), an roca axlad darTuli amxsneli sityva msazRvrelis
msazRvrelia (ori kurdRlis madevari).
aseTi Sesityvebebi Cveulebriv Sedgenilia marTul- an SeTanxmebulmsazRvrelian
sazRvrulze kidev erTi an ori (iSviaTad meti) msazRvrelis damatebiT:
oqros saaTi + lamazi lamazi oqros saaTi;
qvis saxli + maRali → maRali qvis saxli;
ialqniani navi + patara patara ialqniani navi;
skolis Senoba + axali skolis axali Senoba...
Sinaarsobrivad Zveli, pirveli msazRvreli ZiriTadia sazRvrulisaTvis, axali,
meore _ araZiriTadi.
es damatebuli, meore msazRvreli xan ZiriTadi msazRvrelis win daismis, xan ki
am Sesityvebas gaTiSavs da SuaSi Caismis.
magaliTad, or sxvadasxva Sesityvebas _ vercxlis kovzi da mtris TviTmfrinavi
_ rom davurToT erTi da igive msazRvreli ori, es ori sxvadasxva adgils daiWers;
erTi mxriT, gveqneba ori vercxlis kovzi (ori pirvel adgilzea; ar ixmareba vercxlis
ori kovzi), xolo, meore mxriT, gveqneba mtris ori TviTmfrinavi (ori aq meore
adgilzea, SeuZlebelia ori mtris TviTmfrinavi). an kidev, or, agreTve sxvadasxva,
SesityvebasTan _ qvis Senoba da universitetis Senoba _ erTi da igive msazRvreli
axali sxvadasxva adgilze daismis miuxedavad imisa, rom igi orsave SemTxvevaSi
erT sazRvruls _ Senobas _ ganmartavs: Tu Senoba qvisaa, SeTanxmebuli msazRvreli
Sesityvebis win gveqneba (axali qvis Senoba), xolo Tu Senoba universitetisaa, Se-
Tanxmebuli msazRvreli SuaSi Caismis (universitetis axali Senoba; SeuZlebelia
axali universitetis Senoba).
mxatvrul literaturas, samecniero literaturasa Tu Jurnal-gazeTebSi amgvari
msazRvrelebi xSirad sxvadasxvagvaradaa dalagebuli; zogjer erTi da imave mwerlis
nawarmoebSic ki sxvadasxvagvari wyobaa warmodgenili.
magaliTebi:
1. [agaraSi] axla Saqris didi qarxanaa (o. Cx.).
uamisod saalalbedo iqneboda i m x e l a S a q r i s q a r x n i s w a m o w y e b a ( o . Cx.).
2. iReba didi rkinis WiSkari (g. xux.).
mZimed iReba rkinis didi WiSkari (g. xux.).
3. makas esmoda x i s s a x e l d a x e l o k i b e z e nela, mZimed momavali qmris fexis xma (o.
ios.).
[makam] saxeldaxelo xis kibeze... Cairbina (o. ios.).
4. Sampanurs brolis maRalfexebiani Wiqebi uxdeba (r. inan.).
isini swored lamazi, maRalfexebiani brolis WiqebiT svamen (r. inan.).
5. akmiam mSvidad gaxeda a l a z n i s n o y i e r v e l s (mix. mrevl.).
aivani farTod gaSlil alaznis velsa da Soreul kavkasions gadascqeroda
(mix. mrevl.).
1 qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi, I, 1972.

6. spilenZis veeba da mcire qvabebsa da tafebSi uxvad ixarSeba da ixra-
keba bozbaSi da CixirTma (m. javax.).
[magdam] a T u x T u x e b u l s p i l e n Z i s q v a b s saxuravi axada (m. javax.).
7. aqa-iq oTaxis samkaulad eyara... p i r m otexili spilenZis Tungi, qoniani Sanda-
li (ilia) 2 .
[moxucma] spilenZis maRal Tungs joxi Semohkra (i. rur.).
8. oqros sami medali (pres.).
Jiuris gankargulebaSia oTxi jildo: e r T i o q r o s d a s a m i v e r c x l i s m e d a l i
(pres.).
9. zRvisaken midiodnen, Tan p l a s t m a s i s w i T e l i C a n T a mihqonda (r. inan.).
gogonam yalibidan g a m z a d e b u l i p l a s t m a s i s n a w a r m i amoiRo (pres.).
bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva: rogor unda dalagdes es msazRvrelebi? romeli dalagebaa
ufro marTebuli Tanamedrove saliteraturo enis TvalsazrisiT: didi oqros
saaTi Tu oqros didi saaTi? pirmotexili spilenZis Tungi Tu spilenZis pirmotexili
Tungi? patara ialqniani navi Tu ialqniani patara navi? ori oqros medali Tu
oqros ori medali? maRali xis kibe Tu xis maRali kibe?
sakiTxs gansakuTrebiT mwvaves xdis is faqti, rom xSirad msazRvrelTa arajerovani
dalagebis Sedegad SesaZloa, sruliad umarTebulod, msazRvrelebi semantikurad
daukavSirdnen erTmaneTs da Sesityvebis azric gabundovandes. magaliTad: gamoTqma
ganyofilebis axali gamge niSnavs, rom g a m g e aris a x l a d d a n i S n u l i .
msazRvreli axali ukavSirdeba sazRvruls gamge da mas ganmartavs. Tu msazRvrelTa
rigs SevcvliT (axali ganyofilebis gamge), ori msazRvreli _ axali da ganyofilebis
_ garegnulad msazRvrel-sazRvruls daemsgavseba, axal jgufs Seqmnis (axali
ganyofilebis) da, cxadia, mTeli Sesityvebis azric Seicvleba: g a m g e k i a R a r a a
axali, aramed ganyofileba (axali ganyofilebis gamge).
amis msgavsad, sityvaTa sxvadasxvagvarad dalagebis Sedegad, sruliad gansxvavebuli
Sinaarsi eZleva erTi da imave sityvebisagan Sedgenil Sesityvebebs:
moswavlis kargi naweri niSnavs, rom kargia naweri, magram kargi moswavlis
naweri niSnavs, rom k a r g i a m o s w a v l e . SesityvebaSi koleqtivis axali wevri
a x a l i a w e v r i , xolo SesityvebaSi axali koleqtivis wevri axalia koleqtivi.
SesityvebaSi klasis pirveli damrigebeli pirvelia damrigebeli, magram
pirveli klasis damrigebeli pirvelia klasi. SesityvebaSi soflis yvela stumari
y v e l a gansazRvravs s t u m a r s , xolo SesityvebaSi yvela soflis stumari
yvela sofelzea laparaki. SesityvebaSi mtris ganadgurebuli aseuli ganadgurebulia
aseuli, meore SesityvebaSi ki _ ganadgurebuli mtris aseuli ganadgurebulia
mteri.
naTelia, rom msazRvrelTa adgilebis umarTebulo Secvla azrs abundovanebs,
orazrovnebas iwvevs. am orazrovnebis safrTxes grZnoben da cdiloben Tavi aaridon
mas. amitom, gansakuTrebiT bolo xanebSi, Zalze moxSirda msazRvrelTa inversia da
xSirad SeTanxmebul msazRvrels meore adgilze gadasvamen iqac, sadac es sulac
araa aucilebeli da zogjer meore ukiduresobamde midian, _ qarTulisaTvis SeuZlebel
sityvaTa wyobas qmnian. magaliTad, qarTuli enisaTvis ucxoa ase dalagebuli
Sesityveba: Roris gadamdnari qoni an Zroxis civi qoni, an kidev, sufris kargi Rvino
da sxv. da mainc xSirad vxvdebiT iseT Sesityvebebs, sadac SeTanxmebuli msazRvreli
umarTebulodaa gadasmuli meore adgilze.
magaliTad:
urmebze Segorebuli R v i n i s v e e b a k a s r e b i goliaTebiviT wamomsxdariyvnen (mix.
mrevl.).
2 radgan me-19 da me-20 ss. saliteraturo enaSi msazRvrelTa rigis TvalsazrisiT principuli
sxvaoba ar SeiniSneba, amitom sailustracio masala mogvyavs me-19 s. mxatvruli literaturidanac.
217

(Sdr.: veeba Rvinis kasrebi).
erT dabaSi w i g n i s o r i m a R a z i a maSin Zalian iSviaTi ambavi iyo (pres.).
(Sdr.: o r i w i g n i s m a R a z i a ) .
biWebi y v e l i s p i r m o k r u l g u d e b i T a da erbos kasrebiT tvirTavdnen manqanebs
(mix. mrevl.).
(Sdr.: pirmokruli yvelis guda).
idga t e l e f o n i s m i n e b C a m s x v r e u l i j i x u r i (r. inan.).
(Sdr.: minebCamsxvreuli telefonis jixuri).
Zroxis civi qoniT gapoxil TiTebs ilokavdnen (T. maRlaf.).
(Sdr.: civi Zroxis qoni).
orTqli asdioda S u S i s r Z i s f e r W a R e b s (e. yif.).
(Sdr.: rZisfer SuSis WaRebs) da sxv.
saqme isaa, rom enaSi xSirad erTmaneTis gverdiT gvaqvs ori iseTi msazRvreli,
romelTa Sinaarsobrivi dakavSireba adviladaa SesaZlebeli, magram aseTi dawyvilebis
safrTxe ar iqmneba, radgan naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuli msazRvreli am SesityvebebSi
ise mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli sazRvrulTan, rom maTi dacileba da ZiriTadi
msazRvrelis meore, axal msazRvrelTan dakavSireba ar xdeba. aseTia, magaliTad Sesityveba
msuqani Zroxis beWi. msuqani Zroxac SeiZleba iyos da, amdenad, SesaZlebeli
iyo es sityvebi erTmaneTs dahkavSireboda Sinaarsis mxriv, magram aseTi wyvilis
Seqmnis da azris gabundovanebis saSiSroeba ar Cans, radgan Zroxis beWi mtkice gamonaTqvamia,
misi Semadgeneli sityvebi mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli da ar
gaiyofa. aseTive magaliTebia: kargi qalis saaTi, lamazi qvis Senoba, susti wnelis
Robe, didi muxis ficari, Semwvari goWis Tavi da sxva.
am magaliTebSi erTmaneTis gverdiT dasmul msazRvrelTagan savsebiT SesaZlebelia
Seqmna wyvilebisa _ kargi qali, lamazi qva, susti wneli, didi muxa, Semwvari
goWi da sxva, magram, Cveulebriv, es ar xdeba.
miuxedavad amisa, rogorc vnaxeT, aseT SesityvebebSic ki SeTanxmebuli msazRvrelis
SuaSi Casmis SemTxvevebi mainc gvxvdeba.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan naTeli unda iyos, rom dRevandel qarTul saliteraturo
enaSi mogvarebas moiTxovs sityvaTa rigis sakiTxi iseT winadadebaSi, sadac erT
sazRvrulTan ramdenime araerTgvari msazRvrelia dakavSirebuli.
aRniSnuli sakiTxi didi xania ipyrobs mkvlevarTa yuradRebas. upiratesad iseT
Sesityvebebs ganixilavdnen, romelSic erTi msazRvreli marTuli iyo, meore _ Se-
Tanxmebuli. magaliTad, sil. xundaZem Tavis droze sagangebod ganixila es sakiTxi
da Semdegi wesebi Camoayaliba:
1) Tu sazRvruli da naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuli msazRvreli TiTqmis erT saxelad
qceula (qvis kedeli, rkinis xidi, TaTris qali, vaSlis xe...), am SemTxvevaSi meore
msazRvreli naTesaobiTSi dasmuli msazRvrelis win daismis (maRali qvis-kedeli,
lamazi TaTris-qali, didi vaSlis-xe...).
2) Tu naTesaobiTSi dasmuli msazRvreli mainc da mainc ar aris sasazRvris ganu-
Sorebeli epiTeti (moswavlis wigni, kacis simdidre, qalis Tvalebi...), maSin meore
msazRvreli naTesaobiTis Semdeg unda daisvas (moswavlis didi wigni, kacis SesaniSnavi
simdidre, qalis RvTaebrivi Tvalebi) 3 .
aqedan Cans, rom pirveli rigis Sesityvebebi sil. xundaZes kompozitebad miaCnia
(aerTebs kidevac maT defisiT). bunebrivia, rom SeTanxmebul msazRvrels win aTavsebs.
SeTanxmebuli (atributuli) msazRvrelis adgilis sakiTxi marTulmsazRvrelian
SesityvebasTan ganixila specialurma komisiam, romelic 1920 _ 21 wlebSi arsebobda
da romelsac evaleboda qarTuli saliteraturo enis sadavo sakiTxebis mowesrigeba 4 .
3 sil. xundaZe, qarTuli marTlweris da sworenis ZiriTadi safuZvlebi, quTaisi, 1927, gv. 58.
4 komisiis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen: a. SaniZe (Tavmjdomare), k. kekeliZe, g. axvlediani, v. beriZe,
s. gorgaZe, d. uznaZe.
218

ai, ras vkiTxulobT komisiis dadgenilebaSi:
`komisiam erTxmad upiratesoba misca sityvaTa wyobis im wess, romlis ZaliTac
msazRvreli sityva unda daisvas sazRvrulis win, ase:
bavSvis lamazi Tvalebi, roca lamazi ekuTvnis Tvalebs;
komisiis yvela wevri, roca yvela ekuTvnis wevrs;
msoflios danarCeni sxeulebi, roca danarCeni ekuTvnis sxeulebs;
qalaqis meore afTiaqi, roca meore ekuTvnis afTiaqs;
urmis kargi Tvali, roca kargi ekuTvnis Tvals~
komisiis or wevrs (a. SaniZe, d. uznaZe) SesaZleblad miuCnevia wyoba: meore qalaqis
afTiaqi, xolo a. SaniZes umjobesad CauTvlia kargi urmis Tvali, Tundac kargi
ekuTvnodes Tvals.
komisiam aseTi wyoba dasaSvebad miiCnia `mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu urmisTvali
daiwereba erTad, rogorc erTi rTuli sityva (kompoziti)~ 5 .
komisiis azri naTelia _ gaiTiSos marTulmsazRvreliani Sesityveba da Sig Caisvas
SeTanxmebuli (atributuli) msazRvreli.
a. SaniZe dRemde amave azrs icavs: zogjer marTuli msazRvreli ise mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli sazRvrulTan, rom maTi gaTiSva ar iqneba: urmis Tvali, cxvris mwvadebi.
iTqmis didi urmis Tvali da ara urmis didi Tvali, msuqani cxvris mwvadebi
da ara cxvris msuqani mwvadebi. zogi ki ase mtkiced aRaraa dakavSirebuli da SeiZleba
gaiTiSos: xilis iafoba _ iTqmis didi xilis iafoba an xilis didi iafoba 6 .
am sakiTxis sagangebod Seswavlis saWiroebas miuTiTebda iv. qavTaraZe: `Tu ra
adgilze unda vixmaroT gansazRvreba marTulmsazRvrelian sintagmaSi (didi qalaqis
meurneoba Tu qalaqis didi meurneoba), calke sakiTxiao~ 7 .
garkveuli wesebi aqvs mocemuli l. kvaWaZes Tavis wignSi `Tanamedrove qarTuli
enis sintaqsi~:
1) Tu sazRvrulis win gvaqvs ori atributuli gansazRvreba, `nacvalsaxeliTa da
ricxviTi saxeliT gadmocemuli gansazRvreba, Cveulebriv, pirvel adgilzea, zedsar-
TaviT da mimReobiT gadmocemuli _ meore adgilze~.
2) Tu sazRvruls win uZRvis erTi substantiuri da erTi atributuli gansazRvreba,
`uSualod sazRvrulis win xan atributuli gansazRvreba dgas da xan substantiuri.
es ukanaskneli zogjer Zalian mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli sazRvrul-
Tan da maTi gaTiSva ar iqneba. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki uSualod sazRvrulis win SeiZleba
iyos atributuli gansazRvreba~ 8 .
ramdenime msazRvrelis adgilis sakiTxs Zvel qarTulSi exebian iv. imnaiSvili,
c. kalaZe, l. qanTaria, a. kiziria... 9
amrigad, SeniSnulia faqti, rom axal qarTul enaSi marTulmsazRvrelian sintagmaze
postpoziciurad darTuli SeTanxmebuli msazRvreli marTuli msazRvrelis win
daismis im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Sesityveba myaria, da am marTul msazRvrelsa da sazRvruls
Soris Caismis, Tu Sesityveba araa myari.
5 saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis _ proeqti qarTuli orTografiis sadavo sakiTxebis mosawesrigeblad,
SemuSavebuli saorganizacio komisiisa da miRebuli saswavlo komitetis mier
(masalebi konferenciisaTvis), tfilisi, 1921, gv. 38.
6 a. S a n i Z e , qarTuli enis gramatika, nawili II, sintaqsi, Tbilisi, 1948, gv. 120.
7 i v . q a v T a r a Z e , gansazRvrebiTi damokidebuli winadadebis marTlwerisaTvis. Jurn. `komunisturi
aRzrdisaTvis~, 1954, #12, gv. 47.
8 l. k v a W a Z e , Tanamedrove qarTuli enis sintaqsi, Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 168, 170.
9 l. q a n T a r i a , msazRvrelis adgili ramdenime msazRvrelian winadadebaSi, aspirantTa V
samecniero konferenciis Tezisebi, Tbilisi, 1951, gv. 23-24; agreTve krebuli: `saxelis brunebis
istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi~, I, Tbilisi, 1956, gv. 328; i v . i m n a i S v i l i , saxelTa
bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tbilisi, 1957; c. k a l a Z e , gansazRvreba qar-
TulSi: qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, II, 1961; a. k i z i r i a , martivi winadadebis
Sedgeniloba Zvel qarTulSi, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 225.
219

magram kiTxva ismis: ra SemTxvevaSi unda iqnes miCneuli esa Tu is sintagma myar
Sesityvebad da, maSasadame, rodis unda daisvas meore msazRvreli ZiriTadi msazRvrelis
win, da, piruku, romeli Sesityvebaa aramyari? sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, rogor
gamovicnoT is myari Sesityveba, romlis gaTiSva ar xerxdeba, e. i. rogor gavarCioT,
unda gaiTiSos Tu ara Sesityveba; magaliTad, romeli wyobaa swori: didi brinjaos
figura Tu brinjaos didi figura.
an, meore mxriv, zogi Sesityveba rom asec ixmareba da isec (didi xilis iafoba ||
xilis didi iafoba), romeli wyobaa umjobesi Tanamedrove saliteraturo enis TvalsazrisiT?
am kiTxvebze pasuxi dRemde ar Cans da, miuxedavad zemoaRniSnuli cdebisa, aseT
SesityvebebSi msazRvrelis rigis sakiTxi dRevandel saliteraturo qarTulSi gadauWrelia.
* * *
imisaTvis, rom gaverkveT sityvaTa dalagebis wesebSi, unda ganvasxvaoT is Sesityvebebi,
romlebSic yvela msazRvreli SeTanxmebulia, atributulia, im Sesityvebebisagan,
romlebSic erT-erTi msazRvreli marTulia, radganac am sxvadasxva saxis SesityvebebSi,
rogorc davrwmundebiT, sityvaTa dalagebis sxvadasxva wesi moqmedebs.
sityvaTa rigis sakiTxi ramdenime msazRvrelian SesityvebaSi SedarebiT martivad
wydeba, rodesac yvela msazRvreli brunvaSi SeTanxmebulia, atributulia, da met
meryeobas aqvs adgili, rodesac erT-erTi msazRvreli naTesaobiT brunvaSia dasmuli,
marTulia.
savsebiT sworadaa SeniSnuli sityvaTa dalagebis ZiriTadi kanonzomiereba SeTanxmebulmsazRvrelebian
SesityvebaSi. saxeldobr, rodesac SeTanxmebul msazRvrelTagan
erT-erTi zedsarTavia, igi, upiratesad, meore adgilzea, xolo pirvel adgils
iWers sxva atributuli msazRvreli.
magaliTebi:
I. zedsarTavTan meore msazRvrelia nacvalsaxeli, igi yovelTvis pirvel
adgilzea.
a) CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli:
im bednier Rames Cems Tvals Zili ar mihkarebia (ilia).
gulSi xels icemda i s u b e d u r i m a m a (ilia).
Rorebs bevrjer uTxriaT e s s u r n e l i b u C o (ilia).
ra lamazi iyo im mSvenier dilas is mSvenieri qali! (ilia).
sxva rom ar iyos, Cven a m l a m a z i q a l e b i s e S x i dagvifaravda (l. asaT.).
Cvenia, aba visia e s b u m b e r a z i m T e b i ? (a. kaland.).
da i m b e d n i e r d R e s gaumarjos, roca Cven gavCndiT am qveyanaze! (l. asaT.).
es uwyobs xels a m d i d e b u l i x i s ugegmo Cexvas (pres.).
b) kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli:
mze iyo imisi wminda sanTeli (ilia).
misma magarma qertlma samive airekla (akaki).
misi qaluri Tavmoyvareoba zeimobda (pres.).
m i s i S e S l i l i x a r x a r i gamoZaxilis gamoZaxilebad Sxuoda gvirabiviT nestian de-
refnebSi (d. Seng.).
me vnaxe Seni lamazi fSavi (a. kaland.).
Camovfrindebi S e n s l u r j r t o e b z e , Camovfrindebi, iasamano (a. kaland.).
ra damaviwyebs Sens lamaz Tvalebs... (l. asaT.).
g) gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxeli:
ai, ra aris dRes... T i T o e u l i s a m e u r n e o m u S a k i s umniSvnelovanesi amocana (pres.).
mrcxvenoda ise, rogorc y v e l a s o f l e l b i W s rcxvenia Tavisi gamoxeuli Sarvlis
(n. dumb.).
iSviaTia iseTi mxare, sadac moipoveba xexilis i m d e n i a d g i l o b r i v i j i S i , ramdenic
saqarTveloSi (pres.).
220

d) kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli:
ra saamuri dro aris, ra saamuri wamia! (vaJa).
au, ra kargi dRe aris, au, ramdeni qalia! (i. griS.).
e) ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli:
iyo e r T i R a r i b i k a c i (xalx.).
me e r T i u T v i s t o m o b i W i viyav (ilia).
e r T i n o r C i n a Z v i s Ziras yayaCoSi saukunod CageZina (a. kaland.).
dainerga ramdenime teqnikuri siaxle (pres.).
... TiTqos bambaziis nakuwSi r a m d e n i m e w v r i l i C x i r i gauxveviaTo (r. inan.).
rac es r a R a c e S m a k u r i s k o l e b i SemoiRes (ilia).
Tumc iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxvdeba msazRvreli nacvalsaxelis meore adgilze
dasmis SemTxvevebi:
marto myinvarwveri rada Rirs, ra momxiblavia m a r a d T o v l i a n i e s g o l i a T i (pres.).
aseve meore adgilzea kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli Semdeg winadadebebSi:
[naprali] am mzisagan mkerdze danasxureb siTbos m o p i r d a p i r e T a v i s m e z o b e l s
uziarebda (vaJa).
u k a n a s k n e l i m i s i s i t y v a platons aRar gaugonia (d. kld.).
es iyo pirveli msoflio omis dros g a d a R e b u l i m i s i s u r a T i (g. Satb.).
aseTi dalageba zogjer stilis saWiroebiT SeiZleba iyos gamowveuli, Cveulebrivia
ki aseTi wyoba: es maradTovliani goliaTi, Tavis mopirdapire mezobels, misi
ukanaskneli sityva da a. S.
II. zedsarTavTan meore msazRvrelia ricxviTi saxeli:
erTma wvirianma Rorma asi Rori gasvarao (andaza).
o r i p u r a Z v i r i k a c i erTmaneTis mibaZviT SimSiliT daixocneno (andaza).
es ori turfa gvriti... sakvirvelad tkbilad cxovrobdnen (ilia).
viRacam ori mZime Cemodani Semoitana (o. ios.).
is eyofoda e r T d i d q a l a q s asaSeneblad (pres.).
ori mZime da autaneli Tve gaatara man iq simartoveSi (d. Seng.).
yvela SemTxvevaSi ricxviTi saxeli pirvel adgilzea, zedsarTavi _ meoreze.
pirvel adgilzea ganusazRvreli ricxviTi saxelic. mag.:
sawereTloSi bevri gamoCenili aznauriSvili iyo (akaki).
mazraSi bevri udedmamo bavSvi iyo (pres.).
gamoiTqva mravali sayuradRebo SeniSvna (pres.).
auzSi bevri oqrosferi Tevzi budobs (S. dad.).
III. zedsarTavTan meore msazRvrelia mimReoba, zedsarTavi meore adgilzea:
luarsab TaTqariZe gaxldaT kargad C a s u q e b u l i Z v e l i q a r T v e l i (ilia).
vardis rtoze SerCenili xmeli Tesli akenkes da gaitaces beRurebma (a. kaland.).
n a o m a r q a r T v e l m x e d r o b a s trial mindorSi eZina (l. asaT.).
[guris] CxubSi n a R r Z o b i m a r j v e n a c e r i dausivda (a. lom.)
Catarebul maTematikur olimpiadebSi... gamarjvebulni gamodian (pres.).
kornelim axeda mis ukan mdgar TeTrxalaTian daxlidars (o. ios.).
ai, sofelsac gavcdiT, x r e S m o y r i l i d i d i g z i d a n ewerSi gadavdivarT (r. inan.)
SeTanxmebulmsazRvrelebian SesityvebaSi sityvaTa dalagebis es kanonzomiereba
SeniSnulia specialur literaturaSi. davumatebT oriode mcire dakvirvebas.
1. Tu SeTanxmebulmsazRvrelebian SesityvebaSi orive msazRvreli zedsarTavia, _
erTi viTarebiTi, meore mimarTebiTi, _ pirvel adgilze viTarebiTi zedsar-
221

Tavi dgeba, meoreze _ mimarTebiTi:
[ezos] gars ertya Z v e l i t y r u S u l i R o b e (ilia).
qalaqSi mimdinareobs d i d i s a e r T a S o r i s o t u r n i r i WadrakSi (pres.).
[axmedi] meore sezonisaTvis axal, d i d i a l q n i a n n a v s iyidda (g. rCeul.).
aqedan zRvis napiramde u z a r m a z a r i m t v r i a n i a v t o b u s e b i dadiodnen (T. Wil.).
aq Zveli iberiuli mosaxleoba yvelaze nakleb Seicvala (g. qiq.).
aseve: mcire sagazeTo statia... SesaniSnavi istoriuli Zegli... kargi saskolo saxelmZRvanelo...
didi sakolmeurneo bazari... axali sportuli moedani...
amitom gveCoTireba, roca msazRvrelTa sxvagvari rigia Semdeg SesityvebebSi:
franguli axali filmi.
tyidan Ceqmebiani axalgazrda metyeve gamovida (r. inan.).
man exlave unda icodes, Tu ra balaxi gaixarebs venaxis bolos, sawreti mTavari
arxis orive mxares (o. ios.).
skolis oTxsarTuliani axali tipiuri Senoba gaTvaliswinebulia 960 moswavlisaTvis
(pres.).
(Sdr.: axalgazrda Ceqmebiani metyeve, mTavari sawreti arxi, axali
oTxsarTuliani tipiuri Senoba, axali franguli filmi...).
2. Tu erT-erT msazRvrelad ricxviTi saxelia, mimarTebiTi zedsarTavis win gadmoweva
Sesityvebis konstruqciis Secvlas moiTxovs, _ saWiro xdeba am atributuli
msazRvrelis Secvla marTuli msazRvreliT 10 . magaliTad, SesityvebaSi xuTi amerikuli
TviTmfrinavi msazRvrelebi rom gadavajgufoT, veRar vityviT ase: amerikuli xu-
Ti TviTmfrinavi, unda vTqvaT: amerikis xuTi TviTmfrinavi, aseve: ori brazilieli
deputati, Sdr.: braziliis ori deputati; meoTxe respublikuri spartakiada, Sdr.:
respublikis meoTxe spartakiada; ramdenime teqnikuri siaxle, Sdr.: teqnikis ramdenime
siaxle...
amitom msgavsi msazRvrelebi sxvadasxvagvarad, magram sworad Cans dalagebuli
Semdeg winadadebebSi:
mospes sxvadasxva tipis 6404 amerikuli TviTmfrinavi (pres.).
Camoagdes israelis sami TviTmfrinavi (pres.).
sityvaTa rigi orive winadadebaSi sworia; pirvelSi msazRvrelad gvaqvs mimarTebiTi
zedsarTavi (`amerikuli~), igi meore adgilze daismis da masTan ricxviTi saxeli
pirvel adgilzea. meore SesityvebaSi ki msazRvrelad aris naTesaobiT brunvaSi
dasmuli saxeli da mTeli Sesityveba kuTvnilebas gamoxatavs; masTan atributuli
msazRvreli meore adgilze daismis (dawvrilebiT qvemoT).
3. Tu orive msazRvrelad mimarTebiTi zedsarTavia, meore adgilze, upiratesad, -ur
sufiqsiT nawarmoebi zedsarTavi dgeba:
mTaSi ubiris kacisagan iseT rasme gaigonebT Cvens s a x e l o v a n i s t o r i u l m o R v a -
weebze (vaJa).
atributulmsazRvrelebian SesityvebaSi SeiZleba ar gvqondes zedsarTavi da
gvqondes sxva atributuli msazRvrelebi: mimReoba, ricxviTi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli.
gvxvdeba maTi sxvadasxvagvari dalageba; saxeldobr, ase:
a) Tu erT-erT msazRvrelad aris mimReoba, igi, msgavsad zedsarTavisa, meore adgils
iWers, pirvelze ki ricxviTi saxeli an nacvalsaxeli dadgeba (zedsarTavTan
ki, rogorc vnaxeT, mimReobaa pirvel adgilze: Casuqebuli Zveli qarTveli).
nacvalsaxeli + mimReoba
10 zogjer Sesityvebis Sinaarsic sxvagvar niuanss iZens.
222

is dalocvili mRvdeli xSirad migebda xolme (ilia).
ubirs kacs araviTari mzamzareuli Sedgenili azri ara aqvs (vaJa).
zogi... iqneb hkicxavda kidec natos a s e T i T a v d a d e b u l i S r o m i s a T v i s (mix.
mrevl.).
Tu mimReobas axlavs Tavisi amxsnelebi, man SeiZleba pirvel adgilze gadmoiwios,
nacvalsaxeli da ricxviTi saxeli ki meore adgils daikavebs.
magaliTad:
dardisagan welSi gawyvetili, udrood d a b e r e b u l i m i s i c o l i ojaxSi CeriasaviT
trialebda (d. Seng.).
(Sdr., misi daberebuli coli).
Saxtidan gavida saTbobiT datvirTuli ocdameSvide eSeloni (pres.).
oqros monetebiT savse Svidi qoTani iyo (pres.).
ricxviTi saxeli + mimReoba
o r i sacolSvilod a R e r e b u l i v a J k a c i s sikvdilis Semdeg levana kikabiZes am qveyanasTan
aRarc saqmiT hqonda raime urTierToba da aRarc sityviT (o. ios.).
banze x u T i r C e u l i b i W i erTbaSad amolagda (d. Seng.).
b) atributul msazRvrelTagan erT-erTi SeiZleba iyos ricxviTi saxeli. rogorc
vnaxeT, zedsarTavTan da mimReobasTan mezoblobisas ricxviTi saxeli pirvel adgils
iWerda, nacvalsaxelTan ki meore adgilzea.
nacvalsaxeli + ricxviTi saxeli
is ori xaliCa; Cemi oTxi wigni; misi erTi vaJi; Seni oriode sityva...
misi meore literaturuli fsevdonimi iyo `SavbiWa~ (pres.).
g) rac Seexeba nacvalsaxels, rogorc vnaxeT, sxva atributul msazRvrelebTan
(zedsarTavi, mimReoba, ricxviTi saxeli) TanamsazRvrelobisas igi yovelTvis pirvel
adgilzea, xolo, Tu orive msazRvrelad nacvalsaxelebia, aseTi wyoba gvaqvs:
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli + kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli:
ratom Cagivarda e g S e n i t i k t i k a e n a (ilia).
furkameCi ma Cemi rZlisaa (n. lom.).
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli + gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxeli:
es ramdenime biWi... es raRac eSmakuri skolebi (ilia).
ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli + kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli:
erTi Seni gamoxedva... erTi Seni gacineba...
gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxeli + kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli:
iq, barSi, y v e l a C e m i t o l e b i mtrebSi vefxviviT danavardoben (akaki).
Tavi rom movuyaroT yvelafer amas, yvela atributuli msazRvrelis sxvadasxvagvari
SesaZlo kombinacia aseT suraTs mogvcems:
zedsarTavi + nacvalsaxeli _ pirvel adgilzea nacvalsaxeli (`es bumberazi mTebi~).
zedsarTavi + mimReoba _ pirvel adgilzea mimReoba (`Catarebuli maTematikuri ol-
impiada~).
zedsarTavi + ricxviTi _ pirvel adgilzea ricxviTi (`erTma wvirianma Rorma~).
zedsarTavi + zedsarTavi _ pirvel adgilzea viTarebiTi (`Zveli tyruSuli Ro-
be~).
e. i. zedsarTavi, Cveulebriv, meore adgilzea.
223

nacvalsaxeli + zedsarTavi _ pirvel adgilzea nacvalsaxeli (`es bumberazi mTe-
bi~)
nacvalsaxeli + mimReoba _ pirvel adgilzea nacvalsaxeli (`is motexili toti~).
nacvalsaxeli + ricxviTi saxeli _ pirvel adgilzea nacvalsaxeli (`Cemi ori
Zma~).
nacvalsaxeli + nacvalsaxeli _ pirvel adgilzea CvenebiTi, meoreze _ kuTvnile-
biTi (`eg Seni tiktika ena~).
pirvel adgilzea CvenebiTi, meoreze _ ganusazRvrelobiTi (`es ramdenime biWi~).
pirvel adgilzea ganusazRvrelobiTi, meoreze _ kuTvnilebiTi (`erTi Seni gaci-
neba~).
pirvel adgilzea gansazRvrebiTi, meoreze _ kuTvnilebiTi (`yvela Cemi tolebi~).
e. i. nacvalsaxeli pirvel adgilzea.
ricxviTi saxeli + zedsarTavi saxeli _ pirvel adgilzea ricxviTi (`erTma wvi-
rianma Rorma~).
ricxviTi saxeli + nacvalsaxeli _ pirvel adgilzea nacvalsaxeli (`Cemi ori
Zma~).
ricxviTi saxeli + mimReoba _ pirvel adgilzea ricxviTi (`ori Tavgatexili ko-
dala~).
e. i. r i c x v i T s a x e l s S e i Z l e b a uswrebdes mxolod nacvalsaxeli.
mimReoba + zedsarTavi saxeli _ pirvel adgilzea mimReoba (`Catarebuli maTema-
tikuri olimpiada~).
mimReoba + nacvalsaxeli _ pirvel adgilzea nacvalsaxeli (`is motexili toti~).
mimReoba + ricxviTi saxeli _ pirvel adgilzea ricxviTi saxeli (`ori Tavgate-
xili kodala~).
e. i. mimReoba mxolod zedsarTavTan TanasazRvrulobis SemTxvevaSia
pirvel adgilze.
maSasadame, SeTanxmebul msazRvrelTa Soris pirvel adgilze yvelaze
mtkiced dgas nacvalsaxeli, Semdeg ricxviTi saxeli, romelsac
mxolod nacvalsaxeli SeiZleba uswrebdes, Semdeg mimReoba (igi pirvel
adgils uTmobs nacvalsaxelsa da ricxviT saxels), r a c S e e x e b a z e d s a r -
Tav saxels, igi, Cveulebriv, meore adgilzea.
* * *
zemonaTqvami exeboda iseT Sesityvebebs, sadac yvela msazRvreli atributuli, Se-
Tanxmebuli iyo.
sxva wesebi moqmedebs, rodesac ramdenime msazRvrelian SesityvebaSi erT-erTi
msazRvreli marTulia.
unda SevniSnoT, rom marTulmsazRvrelian Sesityvebas meore, mesame an meoTxe
msazRvrelad SeiZleba daerTos arsebiTi saxeli. aseT SemTxvevaSi es arsebiTi saxeli
naTesaobiT brunvaSia da yovelTvis win dgeba.
magaliTad:
s o f l i s Cais punqti (n. dumb.).
iranis xaliCebis fabrika (pres.).
d e d i s Savi satinis kofTa (o. ios.).
m c x e T i s sveticxovlis didi taZari (l. asaT.).
saxelmwifos oqros fondi (pres.).
Tbilisis abreSumis fabrika.
arsebiT saxelTa msgavsad marTul msazRvrelTan TanamsazRvrelobisas TiTqmis
yvela nacvalsaxelic (garda gansazRvrebiTisa) pirvel adgilze dgas.
a) CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli:
im kaklis xis aqeT Cveni saxlia (r. inan.).
224

jaba... im nikelis sawolSi iwva (e. yif.).
makam oriode sityviT axsena is qarxnis direqtori (o. ios.).
a m d e n i m g e l T a y m u i l i uambod ar Caivliso (andaza).
b) kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli:
es mSobliuri qaria C v e n i a l g e T i s v e l e b i s (l. asaT.).
ilia oTaxSi Sesula. iqidan gamoutania T a v i s i o q r o s k a l a m i (s. SanS.).
g) ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli:
amboben, rusT xelmwifis baRSi e r T i o q r o s o T a x i a o (ilia).
mamaSens e r T i o q r o s w y a r o aqvs (T. razik. zRap.).
mivida erT oqros qalaqSi (T. razik. zRap.).
d) kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli:
rogori oqros saciqveli xar, rom ar gvaTxovebo (xalx.).
e) uaryofiTi nacvalsaxeli:
[sursuls] a r a v i T a r i s o f l i s w a m a l i ar miudga (o. ios.).
rogorc aRvniSneT, nacvalsaxelTagan meore adgilze SeiZleba Segvxvdes gansazRvrebiTi
nacvalsaxeli:
Trusos xeoba m n a x v e l i s y v e l a m o l o d i n s aWarbebs (pres.).
pirvelad s a w a r m o s y v e l a u b a n i unda Semoiaros (pres.).
fabrikis yvela muSa-mosamsaxure... pasuxismgeblobiT ekideba... amocanebis Sesruleba
(pres.).
soflis yvela stumaric rom Tavs dahxveoda, yvelas gaukuWavda [kakals] (o. Cx.).
[materialurma waxalisebam] kidev ufro daainteresa w a r m o e b i s T i T o e u l i m u S a k i
(pres.).
SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxeli meore adgilzea Casmuli
yvela im SemTxvevaSi, roca Sesityvebis Sinaarsi kuTvnilebas gamoxatavs.
aseTi Sinaarsis Semcvel SesityvebaSi ganusazRvreli nacvalsaxelic meore adgilze
ismis.
magaliTad:
Zelqva farTodaa gavrcelebuli d a s a v l e T s a q a r T v e l o s z o g i e r T r a i o n S i
(pres.).
TavadaznaurTa ramdenime ojaxi...
magram amis Sesaxeb specialurad qvemoT.
arc is unda iyos SemTxveviTi, rom zogjer aucilebeli xdeba CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis
dasma meore adgilze. esec iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac Sesityvebis Sinaarsi
kuTvnilebas gadmoscems.
magaliTebi:
man veRar moiTmina s i Z i s a s e T i u d a r d e l o b a (d. kld.).
sityvaTa S i n a a r s i s a m g v a r i c v l a (g. Satb.).
amitom saerTo normidan gadaxvevas warmoadgens sityvaTa dalageba qvemomoyvanil
winadadebebSi:
sonia... amgvarma ekvirines laparakma sruliad mohRala (d. kld.).
bevrjer minaxavs sxvaganac magisTana fanjris... samkauli (ilia).
Cveulebriv iqneboda: ekvirines amgvarma laparakma... fanjris magisTana samkauli...
zemoganxilul SemTxvevebSi sityvaTa rigis sakiTxi arc Tu ise mwvaved dgas, advilad
xerxdeba garkveuli kanonzomierebis dadgena.
225

ufro rTulia viTareba, rodesac marTulmsazRvrelian Sesityvebas meore msazRvrelad
emateba romelime atributuli msazRvreli _ zedsarTavi, mimReoba an ricxviTi
saxeli.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, sityvaTa rigi meryevia, xan naTesaobiT
brunvaSi dasmuli msazRvrelia pirvel adgilze (amxanagis ori kovzi, soflis yvela
mcxovrebi; leninis didi suraTi; qalis TeTri xeli), xan ki _ atributuli (ori vercxlis
kovzi, viwro soflis orRobe, TeTri riyis qva...).
bunebrivad daismis kiTxvebi: ratom xdeba ase? ra SemTxvevaSi romeli msazRvreli
unda daisvas pirvel adgilze? SeiniSneba Tu ara raime kanonzomiereba? ram Seqmna
es sirTule enaSi? ra mdgomareoba gvqonda Zvel qarTulSi?
daviwyoT ukanaskneli kiTxvidan.
axali qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT Zvel qarTulSi msazRvreli eTanxmeboda sazRvruls
brunvaSi, brunvis niSnebi srulad iyo warmodgenili msazRvrelTanac. gansxvavebuli
iyo msazRvrel-sazRvrulis wyobac: msazRvreli upiratesad mosdevda
sazRvruls: asea iseT SesityvebebSi, sadac saxelTan erTi msazRvreli gvaqvs.
ramdenime msazRvrelian SesityvebaSi SeiZleboda msazRvrelebs sxvadasxvagvari
pozicia daeWiraT sazRvrulis mimarT:
a) an yvela mosdevda sazRvruls (es SemTxveva yvelaze xSiria Zvel qarTulSi).
kolti RorTaჲ mZovari (m 8,30).
b) an yvela win uZRoda:
d a f a r u l s a k a c T a s a q m e s a , viTarca cxadsa amxilebda (xanZT. mg 10).
g) an sazRvrulis orsave mxares nawildebodnen:
da ixila orni asulni misni (dab. 33,5).
msazRvrelTa aseTi sxvadasxvagvari pozicia damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu romeli
metyvelebis nawiliT iyo gadmocemuli es msazRvrelebi da ra saxis msazRvrelebi
iyo SesityvebaSi, _ yvela SeTanxmebuli, Tu erTi maTgani marTuli 11 .
pirvel adgils iWerdnen ricxviTi saxeli da nacvalsaxelebi (CvenebiTi, gansazRvrebiTi
da ganusazRvrelobiTi);
meore adgils _ zedsarTavi saxeli (roca yvela msazRvreli atributuli iyo),
naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuli msazRvreli (roca erT-erTi msazRvreli marTuli
iyo), mimReoba da kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli.
marTulmsazRvrelian SesityvebaSi ricxviTi saxeli da zedsarTavi saxeli xan
win uZoda sazRvruls, xanac mosdevda.
magaliTad:
SiSi didi bnelisaÁ moiwia mas zeda (dab. 15,12).
da iyo meyseulad b o r b a l i q a r i s a Á d i d i (mark. 4,37).
e. i. zedsarTavis adgili Zvel qarTulSi SeuzRudveli iyo: axal qarTulSi suraTi
Seicvala: msazRvrelma saxelma upiratesad sazRvrulis win daimkvidra adgili.
postpoziciuri wyoba mTlianad Seicvala prepoziciuriT da ukanaskneli gabatonda
kidec (mag.: vrceli qveyana da ara: qveyana vrceli...) amas mohyva SeTanxmebis
Sesusteba, boloxmovnian saxelTa SeTanxmebis moSla sazRvrul saxelTan (mwvane vel-
11 ix. iv. imnaiSvilis, c. kalaZis, l. qanTarias, a. kizirias zemodasaxelebuli
Sromebi; agreTve v . k a x a Z e , msazRvrel-sazRvrulis Tanmimdevroba oTxTavSi: studentTa
samecniero Sromebis krebuli, VI, Tbilisi, 1953, gv. 371-380; agreTve krebuli `saxelis brunebis
istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi~, I, Tbilisi, 1956, gv. 329-358. magaliTebi am avtorTa
Sromebis mixedviT mogvyavs.
226

ma, mwvane vels...)~ 12 .
amgvarad, Zvel qarTulSi iyo: saxl-man qvisa-man, axal qarTulSi aris: qvis saxl-ma.
rodesac saxels erTi msazRvreli axlavs prepoziciurad, brunvaSi SeTanxmebis
magivrobas advilad swevs msazRvrelis adgili, misi win dasma, magram sakmarisia
erT sazRvruls ramdenime msazRvreli daukavSirdes, rom maSinve dadgeba maTi dalagebis,
sityvaTa rigis sakiTxi. dangreuli (maRali, patara...) qvis saxli Tu qvis dangreuli
saxli; maRali xis kibe Tu xis maRali kibe...
es sirTule axal qarTulSi gaCnda, Zvel qarTulSi igi ar iyo, radganac, Cveulebriv,
aseT msazRvrels cvlida sazRvrulTan brunvasa da ricxvSi SeTanxmebuli
msazRvreli, romlis sintaqsuri kavSiri sazRvrulTan saTanado formiT iyo gadmocemuli.
es ki savsebiT sakmarisi iyo am sityvaTa kavSiris naTelsayofad, rogorc ar
unda daSorebodnen isini erTmaneTs.
axal qarTulSi mdgomareoba garTulda imiT, rom saqmeSi Caeria sruliad sxva
tipis Sesityveba, kerZod Sesityveba msazRvreliani msazRvreliT (ori kurdRlis madevari-s
tipisa).
Zvel qarTulSi aseT SesityvebaSic marTuli msazRvreli mosdevda sazRvruls;
specialur literaturaSi cnobilia aseTi nimuSi: dReÁ didisa mis dResaswaulisaÁ.
aseTi Sesityveba gansxvavdeboda CvenTvis saintereso Sesityvebisagan; ibruneboda
mxolod kiduri wevrebi: dReman didisa mas dResaswaulisaman 13 (iq ki ibruneboda yvela
wevri: yovelTa mwignobarTa erisaTa).
saSuali saukuneebis samwerlobo enaSi msazRvrelma Tavis sazRvrulianad win
gadmoiwia da miviReT: didis dResaswaulis dRe.
me-19 saukunidan ki pirveli msazRvrelis naTesaobiTi brunvis -s daikarga: didi
dResaswaulis dRe. 14 . ise rom, Zveli qarTulis ori sxvadasxvagvari Sesityveba:
saxli xisaÁ didi (saxlman xisaman didman) da dReÁ didisa mis dResaswaulisaÁ
(dReman didisa mis dResaswaulisaman) garegnulad savsebiT daemsgavsa erTmaneTs:
didi xis saxli
didi dResaswaulis dRe
ra Tqma unda, am ori Sesityvebis wevrTa Soris sintaqsuri urTierToba sxvadasxvagvaria.
didi pirvel SesityvebaSi gansazRvrebaa saxlisa da saxelobiT brunvaSia,
meore SesityvebaSi ki _ didi gansazRvrebaa dResaswaulisa da naTesaobiT brunvaSia.
bunebrivia, aseTi damsgavsebis Sedegad orazrovnebis safrTxe iqmneba, radgan
pirvel SemTxvevaSic msazRvrelis forma (didi) SeiZleba miCneul iqnes naTesaobiTi
brunvis formantmokvecil saxed da, Tuki SesaZlebelia momdevno msazRvrelTan misi
semantikurad dakavSireba, SesaZlebeli xdeba mTeli Sesityvebis azri sxvagvarad iqnes
gagebuli. magaliTad, aviRoT Sesityveba didi xis toti, radgan didi SeiZleba
iyos xec da totic, es Sesityveba SeiZleba gavigoT orgvarad: didi xis toti (didia
toti), didi xis toti (didi xe).
magram garegnulad damsgavsebuli am ori sxvadasxvagvari Sesityvebis wevrTa sintaqsuri
urTierTobis sxvadasxvagvaroba kargad gamoCndeba orive Sesityvebis brunebisas.
saxeldobr, Sesityvebis wevrebi ibrunvian sxvadasxvagvarad imisda mixedviT,
Tu rogor jgufdebian isini sintaqsurad: didi aris gansazRvreba marTuli msazRvrelisa
(didis xis), Tu sazRvrulisa (didi toti). Tu didi marTul msazRvrels
gansazRvravs, _ SeTanxmebulia masTan da aRar ibrunvis (didi[s] xis toti, didi[s]
xis totma), xolo, Tu didi sazRvrulis (toti) msazRvrelia da pirvel adgilze
dgas, ibrunvis (didma xis totma):
12 v. T o f u r i a , gramatikul movlenaTa erTgvarovani procesi qarTvelur enebSi. saxelis
fuZisa da brunvis niSanTa urTierTmoqmedeba; ike, VI, 1954, agreTve krebulSi: saxelis brunebis
istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, 1956, gv. 203.
13 dResa didisa mis dResaswaulisasa (ioane, 7,37).
14 i v . q a v T a r a Z e , gansazRvrebiTi damokidebuli winadadebis marTlwerisaTvis, Jurn. `komunisturi
aRzrdisaTvis~, 1954, #12, gv. 41-47.
227

sax.
moTxr.
mic.
mimarT.
naT.
moqm.
wod.
didi xis tot-i
did-ma xis tot-ma
did xis tot-s
did xis tot-ad
did-i xis tot-is
did-i xis tot-iT
did-o xis tot-o
228
didi xis toti
didi xis tot-ma
didi xis tot-s
didi xis tot-ad
didi xis tot-is
didi xis tot-iT
dido xis tot-o
aqedan Cans, am ori gansxvavebuli tipis Sesityvebis sruli formaluri damTxveva
gvaqvs saxelobiTsa, naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTs brunvaSi. swored es formebi qmnian
orazrovnebas:
sax. didi xis toti = didi xis toti da didi xis toti
naT. didi xis tot-is = didi xis totis da didi xis totis
moqm. didi xis tot-iT = didi xis totiT da didi xis totiT
rac Seexeba sxva brunvebs, atributuli msazRvrelis gaformeba brunvis niSnebiT
am ori tipis Sesityvebis garCevis SesaZleblobas qmnis:
didma xis totma ukve aRar ireva meore SesityvebaSi, romelic moTxrobiTSi asea:
didi xis totma. asevea mimarTulebiTsa da micemiTSi, Tumc sityvaTa rigi aqac veraa
gamarTuli.
magaliTad: [kacma] CibuxSi dauwyo TiTiT tena xelisgulze g a f S v n e t i l s
Tambaqos klertebs (vaJa).
radganac brunvis niSnebi ganarCeven am or gansxvavebul Sesityvebas, didi yuradReba
unda mieqces maT marTebulad xmarebas.
iakubma TviTon Seayena mixasi xmel SeSis zvinze (r. gvet.).
xmel msazRvrelia SeSisa, masTan unda iyos SeTanxmebuli (xmelis). aq ki xmel
brunvis niSanmokvecili formiTaa warmodgenili, zvin-Tan SeTanxmebuli gamodis da
iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom xmelia zvini. unda iyos: xmeli SeSis zvinze.
aseTia Cveni xvalindel gadacemaTa programa (telegadacema). Cveni msazRvrelia
gadacemebisa, amitom unda iyos: Cven... gadacemaTa an Cveni xvalindeli gadacemebis...
ambavi pirveli ofliani maneTis Sovnisa (m. javax.).
unda iyos: pirveli ofliani maneTis, radgan pirveli gansazRvrebaa maneTisa.
msgavsi SemTxvevebi SeTanxmebis aRrevisa gvxvdeba i. WavWavaZis nawerebSic: T a v i s
ganuSorebel meuRliTurT... buCo erTi mxriv mTel kalos samxreTis
n a p i r z e d gorasaviT gawoliliyo... luarsabi... swuxda e x l a n d e l d r o e b i s
Wirisa gamo da sxv.
maSasadame, sityvaTa rigSi istoriulad momxdarma cvlilebebma _ sityvaTa rigis
Secvlam da SeTanxmebis moSlam gamoiwvia ori gansxvavebuli Sesityvebis garegnulad
damsgavseba, ramac Seqmna orazrovnebis warmoSobis safrTxe.
ra saSualeba monaxa enam am orazrovnebis Tavidan asacileblad? pirveli STabeWdileba
aseTia: Tu SeTanxmebuli msazRvrelis win dasma orazrovnebas iwvevs, maSin
es amxsneli SuaSi Caismis (xis didi toti), sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, zedsarTauli amxsneli
didi uSualod win daesmis mis mier asaxsnel sityvas: Tu igi tots xsnis,
gveqneba: xis didi toti, xolo, Tu xis msazRvrelia _ didi xis toti (swored ase
esmiT es sakiTxi, rodesac weren: Zroxis civi qoni, wignis ori maRazia an Rvinis didi
kasri).
magram aseTi gadasma yovelTvis rodi xdeba. rogorc aRvniSneT, enaSi aris garkveuli
gamonaTqvamebi, romlebTanac atributuli msazRvreli uyoymanod win ismis

miuxedavad imisa, rom mezoblad moxvedril msazRvrelTa semantikuri dakavSireba
principulad SesaZlebelia.
magaliTad: kargi Rvinis doqi. kargi Rvinoc SeiZleba iyos, magram aseTi dawyvilebis
safrTxe ar iqmneba. aseve: maRali xis kibe (maRali kibe); uzarmazari muxis
ficari (uzarmazaria ficari); lamazi qalis saaTi (lamazia saaTi); kargi qvis saxli
(kargia saxli)...
meore mxriv, zogjer msazRvrelTa semantikuri dakavSireba sulac araa mosalodneli
da mainc atributuli msazRvreli meore adgilze Caismis xolme.
magaliTad: amerikis ori TviTmfrinavi; respublikis mudmivi warmomadgeneli; makas
guSindeli saqcieli; dedis SavCarCoiani suraTi...
SeuZlebelia SeTanxmebul msazRvrelTa win dasmiT aseTi wyvilebi Seiqmnes: ori
amerika, guSindeli makas, mudmivi respublikis, SavCarCoiani dedis...
maSasadame, sityvaTa wyoba aq orazrovnebis Seqmnis saSiSroebiT veRar aixsneba, e. i.
mxolod semantikuri mxare yovelTvis ver agvixsnis sityvaTa rigis Taviseburebebs.
cxadia, rom raRac sxva faqtori axdens gavlenas sityvaTa rigze, gansazRvravs
sityvaTa Tanamimdevrobas, awesrigebs mas.
dakvirvebam gviCvena, rom mosalodneli bundovaneba da orazrovneba enaSi mowesrigda
imis meSveobiT, rom moxda gamonaTqvamTa dajgufeba garkveuli wesis mixedviT.
naTelia, rom, erTi mxriv, aris Sesityvebebi, romlebic garkveul simyares iCenen,
ar iTiSebian da SeTanxmebul msazRvrels win daisvamen (Tundac iseTi msazRvrelebi
iyridnen Tavs, romelTa Sinaarsobrivad dakavSireba SesaZlebeli iyos).
meore mxriv ki _ gamonaTqvamebi, romelTac aseTi simyare ar gaaCniaT, iTiSebian
da atributul, SeTanxmebul msazRvrels SuaSi CairTaven (Tundac am msazRvrelTa
dasma orazrovnebis safrTxes ar qmnides).
ra qmnis myar gamonaTqvams, _ xSirad xmareba, Tu mniSvnelobiTi mxare? rom xSirad
xmareba ar aris gadamwyveti, iqidan Cans, rom bevri xSirad saxmari Sesityveba
araa myari, iyofa da SeTanxmebul msazRvrels SuaSi Caisvams.
magaliTad: zamTris Rame, mezoblis ezo, Semodgomis susxi, saqarTvelos spartakiada,
koleqtivis wevri.
vambobT: zamTris civi Rame, Semodgomis pirveli susxi, mezoblis amwvanebuli
ezo, saqarTvelos meoTxe spartakiada, koleqtivis axali wevri...
dakvirvebam gviCvena, rom marTulmsazRvreliani Sesityvebis simtkice da gamZleoba
dakavSirebulia TviT am gamonaTqvamis SinaarsTan, mis mniSvnelobiTs mxaresTan,
semantikasTan.
S e d a r e b i T m e t s i m y a r e s i C e n e n (e. i. ar gaiTiSebian da maT Soris atributuli
msazRvreli ar Caismis) i s e T i m a r T u l m s a z R v r e l i a n i S e s i t y v e b e b i ,
romlebSic msazRvrelebi gamoxataven masalas (nivTierebas), daniSnulebas
an warmomavlobas. xolo iseTi Sesityvebebi, romlebSic
msazRvrelebi kuTvnilebas gamoxataven, TiTqmis yovelTvis iTi-
Sebian da atributuli msazRvreli SuaSia Casmuli.
I. masalas an nivTierebas gadmoscemen msazRvrelebi Semdeg SesityvebebSi:
oqros saaTi (beWedi, sayure, samajuri, Zewkvi, qinZisTavi, medalioni, maneTiani,
fuli, gvirgvini, skiptra, medali, Rerbi, Tasi, Rili, jaWvi, madani, Zafi, Cardaxi,
asoebi, xana, saukune...);
vercxlis kovzi (beWedi, sayure, Tasi, Zewkvi, medali, saaTi, fuli, Rili, samarile,
samajuri, badia...);
spilenZis Tungi (qvabi, qafqiri, WurWeli, fuli, moneta, Sauriani, fari...);
rkinis javSani (WiSkari, moajiri, liandagi, sawoli, galia, Rilebi, perangi...);
jaWvis Cabalaxi (perangi...);
aluminis WurWeli (qafqiri, kovzi, jami, qvabi, saxeluri...);
Tujis qvabi (mili, fexebi...);
229

Tunuqis yuTi (nivTi, furceli...);
brinjaos figura (qandakeba, bareliefi...);
nikelis Caidani (sawoli, saxeluri...);
plastmasis CanTa (nawarmi, TefSi, finjani...);
rezinis mili (furceli, saburavi, fexsacmeli...);
qvis saxli (kibe, Senoba, kedeli, boZi, moajiri, qandakeba...);
xis kibe (saxli, Senoba, kedeli, boZi, yuTi, skami, sufra, sawoli, jami, kovzi, fexi...);
Tixis jami (doqi, WurWeli...);
faifuris finjani (jami, TefSi, WurWeli...);
brolis Wiqa (Tasi, larnaki, jami...);
aguris buxari (saxli, kedeli...);
giSris mZivi (sayure, Tma...);
qarvis krialosani (mZivi...);
margalitis mZivi (yelsabami, wveTi...);
ficris kedeli (skami, iataki, Robe, yuTi...);
wnelis Robe (kalaTi...);
fiWvis (muxis) ficari...
Txilis (Sindis...) wneli...
vazis jvari...
matylis winda...
CiTis kaba (perangi, Tavsafari, farda...);
satinis kaba (xalaTi...);
xaverdis farda (kaba, Sarvali, xalaTi, qsovili...);
tilos xalaTi (kaba, farda, fexsacmeli, Sarvali...);
narmis perangi;
Salis kaba (kostiumi, Sarvali, palto...);
abreSumis perangi (kaba...);
farCis kaba...
tyavis (rezinis, tilos) fexsacmeli, tyavis palto...
qonis (Taflis, kartofilis) sanTeli...
islis saxuravi;
Tovlis fanteli (gunda...);
comis gunda...
aseTi gamonaTqvamebi ar gaiTiSeba, maTTan atributuli msazRvreli win ismis, magaliTad:
didi oqros saaTi, pirmotexili spilenZis Tungi, patara aluminis qvabi,
axali nikelis sawoli, didi Tovlis gunda...
II. daniSnulebas gadmoscemen msazRvrelebi Semdeg SesityvebebSi:
Rvinis kasri (Wiqa, doqi, WurWeli, qarxana, boTli...);
wylis doqi (sufra, Wiqa, WurWeli...);
Cais Wiqa (fabrika, yuTi...);
navTis kasri (boTli, WurWeli...);
asanTis (papirosis...) yuTi (fabrika, Reri...);
papirosis qaRaldi (yuTi);
murabis (yvelis) qila...
skolis (samzareulos, saxlis...) aveji...
Saqris qarxana; xaliCebis fabrika; wignis maRazia; sufris Rvino; perangis Rili;
kecis miwa; Zmris doqi (boTli); Toxis tari; sportis (mTavrobis, pionerTa, mefis...)
sasaxle; xelovnebis (istoriis...) muzeumi; telefonis jixuri; qorwinebis saxli; televizoris
(radios) magida (antena...); moswavlis forma (CanTa, kalami, rveuli...); sko-
lis merxi; Ramis daraji (morige, tramvai...)...
am rigis gamonaTqvamebTanac atributuli msazRvreli win daismis: didi Rvinis
230

kasri; gatexili Rvinis Wiqa; lamazi papirosis yuTi; didi Saqris qarxana...
III. warmomavlobas gviCveneben msazRvrelebi Semdeg SesityvebebSi:
Txis (Roris, batis, Zroxis, daTvis, cxvris, qaTmis...) qoni;
Roris (Zroxis, qaTmis, indauris, batis, ixvis, Txis, kameCis, kurdRlis, daTvis,
xaris, wiwilis...) xorci;
Zroxis (kameCis, Txis, cxvris...) rZe, yveli;
xaris (jixvis, daTvis, Txis, melias, kurdRlis...) tyavi;
melias (kurdRlis, wavis...) bewvi;
zRvis kenWi (mcenare, Rori, lomi...), riyis qva, mTis qanebi; soflis wamali;
wyaros (mdinaris, tbis, zRvis, gubis, mtkvris...) wyali;
mTis wyaro (mdinare, nakaduli, haeri, niavi...);
tbis (zRvis, mdinaris, mtkvris...) Tevzi;
wvimis (sisxlis, Rvinis, oflis...) wveTi;
ZaRlis (mglis, lomis...) lekvi; katis knuti, daTvis beli, vefxvis bokveri, kurdRlis
baWia, qaTmis wiwila; batis (indauris) Wuki; indauris (ixvis) WuWuli; yvavis
baxala...
warmomavloba ivaraudeba, oRond gansxvavebuli niuansiT, iseT SesityvebebSi, rogoricaa:
vaSlis xe, Cais buCqi da sxv. maTi Sinaarsi migviTiTebs, rom sazRvruli
(xe, buCqi...) aris msazRvrelis wyaro, misi momcemi, warmomSobi. xe aris vaSlis momcemi,
buCqi _ Cais momcemi, wyaro _ ukvdavebis momniWebeli da sxv. aseTebia:
kaklis (vaSlis, msxlis, atmis, furclis, tyemlis...) xe;
Cais (askilis, vardis, kvrinCxis, kowaxuris...) buCqi;
mayvlis (gogris, kitris, lobios...) bardi;
ukvdavebis wyaro; siyvarulis wamali da sxv.
bunebrivad daismis sakiTxi, Tu ra mimarTebaa aseT Sesityvebebsa da kompozitebs
Soris. eseni xom myari Sesityvebebia, Zalian xSirad erTad rom ixmareba: mTis niavi,
wyaros wyali, spilenZis WurWeli, xis saxli... sruliad advili SesaZlebelia am
mtkice gamonaTqvamTa erT sityvad Serwyma. marTlac, aseT SesityvebaTagan miRebuli
Cans Semdegi kompozitebi: rkinigza, vercxliswyali, vardiswyali, piriswyali, jariskaci,
kariskaci, xevisberi, cxeniswyali, mejvrisxevi, cnobismoyvare, stumarTmoyvare,
pativmoyvare, mxareTmcodne, xelovnebaTmcodne...
Znelia Zieba imisa, Tu ratom iqceva zogi gamoTqma kompozitad da sxva ki ara. magaliTad,
rkinigza kompozitia, rkinis xidi araa kompoziti; miuxedavad amisa aucilebelia
da arc Tu Zneli kompozitisa da gamonaTqvamis gamijvna.
kompoziti gvaqvs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi Semadgeneli nawilebi ukve ise mWidrodaa
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, rom maTi gadasma an maT Soris sxva sityvis Casma
ar SeiZleba. magaliTad: jariskaci _ SeuZlebelia kaci jarisa an jaris mamaci kaci.
xolo, Tu ori sityvis iseTi SeerTeba gvaqvs, romelSic nawilebi SeiZleba gadaisvas
an maT Soris sxva sityva Caisvas, igi Sesityvebaa da ara kompoziti 15 . magaliTad:
rkinis xidi _ SeiZleba vTqvaT axali xidi rkinisa an rkinis axali xidi, magram ar
SeiZleba axali gza rkinisa an rkinis axali gza. SesaZlebelia mxolod da mxolod
axali rkinigza; aseve SesaZlebelia xevis Zveli salocavi an Zveli salocavi xevisa,
magram SeuZlebelia xevis axali beri an axali beri xevisa; unda axali xevisberi.
IV. zemomoyvanili sintagmebi myari Sesityvebebia. maTgan gansxvavdeba Sesityvebebi,
romlebic kuTvnilebas gamoxatavs. kuTvnilebas gamoxataven msazRvreli saxelebi qve-
moT CamoTvlil sintagmebSi:
amxanagis wigni (CanTa, rveuli, saxli, tansacmeli...);
15 a r n . C i q o b a v a , zogadi enaTmecniereba, I, 1946, gv. 162.
231

maspinZlis saxli (ezo, kar-midamo, venaxi, vaJi...);
saqarTvelos kurortebi (qalaqebi, soflebi, buneba, ca, miwa, Rerbi, droSa, teritoria...);
mtris cixe (jarebi, TviTmfrinavi...);
Tavadaznaurobis warmomadgeneli;
meTevzeTa (qistebis...) sofeli; muSaTa da glexTa saxelmwifo; TaTrebis moWidave;
qvemoelTa falavani; mxatvris fantazia; mtkvris (alaznis...) napirebi; koleqtivis
wevri, xalxis rwmena; avtoris buneba, mSenebelTa winadadebebi da a. S.
aseTi gamonaTqvamebi myari araa, iTiSeba da atributuli msazRvreli Zvel msazRvrelsa
da sazRvruls Soris Caismis:
mtris m r a v a l r i c x o v a n i jari; meTevzeTa p a t a r a sofeli; saqarTvelos S e -
s a n i S n a v i kurortebi; koleqtivis a x a l i wevri; kaxeTis p a t a r a sofeli; sportis
d a m s a x u r e b u l i ostati, qalaqis m o w i n a v e inteligencia...
kuTvnilebasve gulisxmobs Sesityveba, romelSic risame nawilia gamosaxuli:
bavSvis xeli; gogonas TiTebi; biWis fexi; qalis tani; kacis Tvalebi; cxenis Tavi
(kbilebi); spilos xorTumi; viris yurebi; melias kudi; arwivis frTebi; gvelis kani;
xis (palmis, msxlis...) toti (tani, fesvi, foToli...); kaklis (muxis, dafnis, Cais, Tambaqos...)
foToli; magidis ujra (fexi...); skamis fexi; roialis pedali; gazeTis gverdi;
oTaxis kuTxe (Weri, fanjara, kari, kedeli...); maranis (saxlis, cixis, boslis...);
Coxis (kabis, perangis...) kalTa da sxv.
aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom sxeulis nawilis aRmniSvneli zogi gamonaTqvami sityvaxmarebaSi
axali niuansiTaa aRWurvili, magaliTad: Zroxis beWi, Zroxis suki, qaTmis
barkali da sxv. warmomavlobaze miuTiTebs, mtkice gamonaTqvamadaa qceuli, amitom
ixmareba:
Semwvari goWis Tavi;
Semwvari cxvris barkali;
moxarSuli Zroxis beWi;
Semwvari Zroxis sukebi da sxva.
sxva SemTxvevaSi ki Sesityveba, romelic risame nawils gadmoscems, araa mtkice
Sesityveba. gvaqvs:
bavSvis lamazi Tvalebi;
magidis erTi fexi.
kuTvnilebis niuansi axlavs iseT Sesityvebebsac, romlebSic Semavali msazRvreli
droze miTiTebas Seicavs: zamTris Rame; zafxulis dRe; ivlisis mze; mkaTaTvis
mTvare; aprilis saRamo; Tebervlis Rame; Semodgomis susxi; Semodgomis wvima; ganTiadis
Suqi; gariJraJis Suqi; ganTiadis sigrile; Ramis siwynare; gazafxulis dari;
seqtembris dari; bavSvobis furclebi; siyrmis (skolis, studentobis) megobari...
kuTvnilebis niuansi axlavs iseT Sesityvebebs, romlebSic msazRvreli uCvenebs
adgils, sadac mdebareobs sazRvruli: mcxeTis taZari; SiomRvimis monasteri; Suam-
Tis tye; naWyvedis taZari; Tbilisis (navTluRis...) sadguri; Tbilisis universiteti
(fabrika, skola...); quTaisis qarxana; xaxmatis xati; kaxeTis (imereTis, guriis, xevsureTis)
sofeli da sxv. aseTi Sesityvebebi gaTiSulia:
SuamTis udabur tyeSi dadioda abduSahili (akaki).
diakonma naWyvedis mitovebul taZars Tavi Seafara (k. gams.).
jer xom mcxeTis s v e t i c x o v l i s d i d t a Z a r S i saqarTvelos cxeli guli asvenia
(l. asaT.).
aseve: Tbilisis samxatvro akademia; Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti; quTaisis
saavtomobilo qarxana; qalaqis pirveli saavadmyofo; qalaqis meore afTiaqi; Tbilisis
51-e teqnikuri saswavlebeli.
232

cota rTuldeba saqme, rodesac dawesebulebis saxelwodebaSi Sedis imis aRniSvnac,
Tu visi saxelobisaa es dawesebuleba.
gazeTebSi gamoqveynebul gancxadebebSi xSirad gvxvdeba:
Tbilisis v. sarajiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo konservatoria
(pres.).
Tbilisis akad. muxaZis saxelobis qirurgTa samecniero sazogadoeba
(pres.).
SeuZlebeli aseTi wyobac araa, magram ufro bunebrivi Cans sxvagvarad dalageba:
v. sarajiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoria.
akad. muxaZis Tbilisis saxelobis qirurgTa samecniero sazogadoeba.
ase dalagebis SemTxvevaSi msazRvrelTa Sinaarsobrivi dakavSireba naklebadaa
mosalodneli da orazrovnebac Tavidanaa acilebuli. maSasadame, umjobesia ixmarebodes:
S. rusTavelis saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo Teatraluri
instituti.
akad. muxaZis saxelobis Tbilisis qirurgTa samecniero sazogadoeba.
aseve:
Sromis wiTeli droSis ordenosani Tbilisis sasoflo-sameurneo
instituti.
kirovis saxelobis leninis ordenosani saqarTvelos politeqnikuri
instituti.
rusTavelis saxelobis leninis ordenosani Tbilisis saxelmwifo
akademiuri Teatri.
V. iTiSeba iseTi Sesityvebac, romelSic sazRvrulad gamoyenebulia saxelzmna,
masdari, maT Soris e. w. pirvandeli masdarebic:
bavSvis ganviTareba; mecnierebis aRmavloba; kamaTis gamwvaveba; Sromis gaRrmaveba;
meTodis gamoyeneba; Zalebis ganviTareba; partiis muSaoba; abreSumis moweva; cecxlis
agzneba; fexis adgma; masebis aboboqreba... mglis ymuili; turebis kivili; daTvis
burdRuni; Citebis WikWiki; mercxlis JRurtuli; mtredis RuRuni; ciknis kikini; go-
Wis Wyivili; katis knavili; ZaRlis yefa; saqonlis (irmis) bRavili; cxenis Wixvini;
qaTmis kriaxi; foladis JRera; xmlis wkriali (CaxaCuxi); faris JRriali; wyaros
likliki; wylis CuxCuxi; beqTris lawani; bavSvis tirili; qalis kivili (simRera);
kacis yvirili; bavSvis Rimili (sicili...); gogonas kiskisi; Tvalis xamxami da sxv.
e. i. imis mixedviT, Tu ra Sinaarsisaa marTulmsazRvreliani Sesityveba, SeTanxmebuli
msazRvreli xan Sesityvebis SuaSi Caismis, xan ki mis win daismis.
erT SemTxvevaSi ixmareba didi xis saxli, meore SemTxvevaSi ki xis didi toti,
imitom rom xis saxli iseTi Sesityvebaa, romelSic masalazea miTiTeba da meore
msazRvreli win ismis; xis toti ki kuTvnilebas gadmoscems, iTiSeba da meore msazRvreli
SuaSi Caismis. aseve: papirosis yuTi daniSnulebas aRniSnavs, amitom vambobT:
lamazi papirosis yuTi; xis yuTi masalaze miuTiTebs, amitom vityviT: lamazi xis yu-
Ti; magram mezoblis yuTi kuTvnilebaa, amitom aRar vityviT lamazi mezoblis yuTi,
aramed: mezoblis lamazi yuTi. aseve: amerikuli TviTmfrinavi warmomavlobas gulisxmobs,
miuTiTebs, Tu sadauria TviTmfrinavi, amitom vambobT: ori amerikuli TviTmfrinavi,
amerikis TviTmfrinavi ki kuTvnilebaze miuTiTebs, uCvenebs, Tu visia TviT-
mfrinavi, amitom vambobT: amerikis ori TviTmfrinavi.
233

maSasadame, Tu marTulmsazRvreliani Sesityveba gamoxatavs masalas, nivTierebas,
daniSnulebas an warmomavlobas, _ myaria, ar iTiSeba da meore msazRvrels win daisvams.
xolo Tu aseTi Sesityveba kuTvnilebis Sinaarss Seicavs, igi iTiSeba da meore
amxsnels SuaSi Caisvams.
* * *
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTul saliteraturo enaSi aseTi, TiTqos garkveuli kanonzomiereba
arsebobs, mainc misi darRvevis araerTi SemTxveva gvxvdeba.
erTi mxriv, TiSaven myar gamonaTqvamebs da Sig svamen atributul msazRvrels
(Zroxis civi qoni, Rvinis didi kasri, sufris kargi Rvino, wyaros civi wyali, spilenZis
gatexili Tungi...), xolo, meore mxriv, ar TiSaven aramyar gamonaTqvamebs da
atributul msazRvrels, nacvlad meore adgilisa, win svamen (drouli ganyofilebis
gamge, SavCarCoiani dedis suraTi, maRalxarisxovani soflis meurneobis produqcia).
spilenZis yurian qvabs xeli davtace (s. mTvar.).
Zroxis civi qoniT gapoxil TiTebs ilokavdnen (T. maRlaf.).
zestafonis Rvinis qarxanam q. frankfurtSi gagzavna s u f r i s m a R a l x a r i s x o -
vani Rvino (pres.).
[gogona] T x i l i s g r Z e l i w n e l i T Citebs afrTxobs (r. inan.).
magidaze... ido p a p i r o s i s T a v R i a k o l o f i c (o. Cx.).
iqidan gadaxedavda vel-mindvrebs, q a r T l i s m T e l z e g a n s (o. Cx.).
unda iyos: yuriani spilenZis qvabi, civi Zroxis qoni, maRalxarisxovani sufris
Rvino, grZeli Txilis wneli, TavRia papirosis kolofi, mTeli qarTlis zegani...,
radgan Sesabami msazRvrel-sazRvruli (Zroxis qoni, Rvinis kasri, spilenZis Tungi,
sufris Rvino...) miuTiTebs an warmomavlobas, an daniSnulebas, an nivTierebas (masalas)
da ara kuTvnilebas. amitomvea umarTebulo sityvaTa rigi Semdeg winadadebaSi:
`yurZnobaSi Txis msuqani xorci gemrielia~ (s. SanS.), unda iyos: msuqani Txis
xorci.
Tqva droulma ganyofilebis gamgem (m. elioz.).
qarTveli kavSirgabmulobis muSakebi (presa).
uzrunvelyofen maRalxarisxovani soflis meurneobis produqciis miRebas
(e. Tof.).
unda: ganyofilebis drouli gamge, kavSirgabmulobis qarTveli muSakebi, soflis
meurneobis maRalxarisxovani produqcia..., radgan am SesityvebebSi kuTvnilebaa gadmocemuli.
umarTebulodaa dasmuli msazRvreli ricxviTi saxeli marTuli msazRvrelis win
Semdeg winadadebaSi: `Tbilisis studentTa pirveli saestrado simRerebis
k o n k u r s i . . . tardeba Semdegi debulebis mixedviT~ (presa).
unda: Tbilisis studentTa saestrado simRerebis pirveli konkursi...
aseve araa bunebrivi sityvaTa rigi Semdeg winadadebaSi: `Seiqmna kurortebis sammarTvelo.
erT-erTi misi ZiriTadi amocanaa adgilobrivi kurortebis ke-
Tilmowyoba~ (presa). unda: misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi amocanaa..., _ radgan gansazRvrebi-
Ti nacvalsaxeli marTul saxelTan TanamsazRvrelobisas meore adgilze daismis,
xolo atributul msazRvrelTan TanamsazRvrelobisas _ pirvel adgilzea upiratesad.
(Sdr.: warmoebis TiToeuli muSaki da TiToeuli sameurneo muSaki).
* * *
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs winadadebis erTi tipi, sadac kuTvnilebis gadmomcem
Sesityvebas meore msazRvrelad erTvis mimReoba; iqmneba orazrovneba, magram
amis gverdis asaxvevad Sesityvebis gaTiSva da msazRvrelis Sig Casma ar xerxdeba,
saWiroa mTeli winadadebis konstruqciis Secvla, damokidebuli winadadebis gamoyeneba.
234

1. stendzea fotopiri ienis universitetis mier gacemuli karl marqsis sadoqtoro
diplomisa (presa).
unda iyos: stendzea fotopiri karl marqsis... diplomisa, romelic gacemulia ienis
universitetis mier.
2. minis sacavSi q a r T u l e n a z e s a i u b i l e o d g a m o c e m u l i S e v C e n k o s n a -
warmoebebia (presa).
unda iyos: minis sacavSi SevCenkos nawarmoebebia, qarTul enaze gamocemuli saiubileod.
an: ...nawarmoebebia, romlebic qarTul enaze gamoica saiubileod.
3. quTaisis TeatrSi gaimarTa Tbilisidan Camosuli sandro kavsaZis gundis
koncerti (presa).
unda iyos: gaimarTa koncerti sandro kavsaZis gundisa, romelic Tbilisidan Camovida.
4. ufro vrclad Sesrulebuli warwera moTavsebulia saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo
muzeumSi dacul daviT aRmaSeneblis saalamo jvarze (presa).
unda iyos: ...warwera moTavsebulia daviT aRmaSeneblis saalamo jvarze, romelic
daculia saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumSi.
5. kvarcxlbeks, romelzedac [SevCenkos] biusti dgas, amSvenebs oqros asoebiT a m o k v e -
Tili SesaniSnavi `anderZis~ ukanaskneli strofi (presa).
unda iyos: kvarcxlbeks... amSvenebs SesaniSnavi `anderZis~ ukanaskneli strofi,
amokveTili oqros asoebiT.
6. kirilem... podnosiT Cais Camomrigebel jimSeris qaliSvils miaZaxa (d. kld.).
unda iyos: miaZaxa kirilem jimSeris qaliSvils, romelic podnosiT Cais arigebda.
7. mnaxvelebi Cerdebian minis qveS g a m o f e n i l i k e d l i s n a t e x e b i s w i n (presa).
unda: mnaxvelebi Cerdebian kedlis natexebis win, romlebic minis qveSaa gamofenili.
8. `literaturul saqarTveloSi~ gamoqveynebul profesor qsenia sixaruliZis
werils rom vecnobodi, jer bolomde ar CamekiTxa, igive gavifiqre,
rac redaqciis komentarSia naTqvami (presa).
unda iyos: rodesac vecnobodi profesor qsenia sixaruliZis werils, romelic
`literaturul saqarTveloSia~ gamoqveynebuli...
aseTi konstruqciis winadadebis Secvla damokidebuli winadadebiT ar unda iqnes
ugulebelyofili.
* * *
amrigad, axal qarTul saliteraturo enaSi sityvaTa rigi, saerTod, da ramdenime
(araerTgvari) msazRvrelis rigi, kerZod, mkacrad gansazRvruli araa, magram ramdenime
msazRvrelis dalagebaSi garkveuli wesebi mainc SeiniSneba.
1. rodesac erT msazRvrelTan dakavSirebuli yvela msazRvreli atributulia,
brunvaSi SeTanxmebulia, pirvel adgilze upiratesad dgeba ricxviTi saxeli (`ori
puraZviri kaci~), nacvalsaxeli (`es bumberazi mTebi~), mimReoba (`naomari qarTveli
mxedroba~).
yvela SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi msazRvreli zedsarTavia da igi meore adgils iWers.
2. Tu orive msazRvreli zedsarTavia, pirvel adgilze upiratesad viTarebiTi zed-
sarTavi dgeba, meore adgilze _ mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi (`Zveli tyruSuli Robe~,
`didi saerTaSoriso turniri~...).
3. Tu orive msazRvreli mimarTebiTi zedsarTavia, meore adgils upiratesad -ur
(-ul) afiqsebiT nawarmoebi zedsarTavi iWers (`talaxiani yarabaRuli waRebi...~, `saxelovani
istoriuli moRvawe...~).
235

4. sxva atributul msazRvrelTa (nacvalsaxeli, mimReoba, ricxviTi saxeli) sxvadasxvagvari
kombinacia aseT suraTs gvaZlevs:
Tu TanamsazRvrelebia nacvalsaxeli da mimReoba _ pirvel adgilzea nacvalsaxeli
(`is motexili toti~).
Tu TanamsazRvrelebia nacvalsaxeli da ricxviTi saxeli _ pirvel adgilzea
nacvalsaxeli (`Cemi ori Zma~).
Tu TanamsazRvrelebia nacvalsaxelebi _ pirvel adgilzea CvenebiTi, gansazRvrebiTi
da ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebi (`eg Seni tiktika ena~..., `erTi Seni gamoxedva~...,
`es ramdenime biWi~), xolo meore adgilzea kuTvnilebiTi da ganusazRvrelobiTi
nacvalsaxelebi (`yvela Cemi tolebi~, `es raRac eSmakuri skolebi~...).
5. Tu marTul msazRvrelTan TanamsazRvrelia nacvalsaxeli an arsebiTi saxeli,
marTuli msazRvreli meore adgilzea (`is oqros wyaro...~, `amdeni mgelTa ymuili...~,
`xaverdis dilis xalaTi...~). gamonakliss warmoadgens gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxeli
(`miwis yoveli mtkaveli~).
6. rodesac marTul msazRvrelTan TanamsazRvrelia zedsarTavi saxeli, ricxviTi
saxeli an mimReoba, _ sityvaTa rigs gansazRvravs marTulmsazRvreliani Sesityvebis
buneba: Tu Sesityveba myaria, atributuli msazRvreli win ismis (`lamazi oqros sayure~);
Tu Sesityveba myari araa, igi gaiTiSeba da atributuli (SeTanxmebuli)
msazRvreli SuaSi Caismis (`xis didi toti~, `koleqtivis axali wevri~...).
xolo gamonaTqvami myaria, Tu Sesityveba gamoxatavs masalas, warmomavlobas an
daniSnulebas (`xis kibe...~, `Zroxis xorci...~, `Cais Wiqa...~) da araa myari, Tu gadmoscems
kuTvnilebas (`mtris TviTmfrinavi~, `skolis Senoba~, `amxanagis wigni~...).
SesityvebaTa dajgufeba semasiologiuri TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma unda, ar SeiZleba
iyos zusti Tavisi bunebis gamo. magram, vfiqrobT, warmodgenili klasifikacia
ramdenadme mainc gaaadvilebs saqmes.
236

237
cira kalaZe
sazRvruli saxelis ricxvi or da met msazRvrelTan (didi da patara saxli
Tu didi da patara saxlebi?) 1
qarTulSi, ise rogorc sxva enebSi, sazRvrul saxels SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes
erTze meti erTgvari an araerTgvari msazRvreli. es msazRvrelebi zogjer sxvadasxva
niSnis mixedviT, sxvadasxva mxriT axasiaTeben sazRvruls: keTili da sasiamovno
Rimili, saSinao da saojaxo saqme, maRali da gamxdari kaci, farTo da naTeli
darbazi... amgvari SemTxvevebi amJamad Cven ar gvainteresebs. amJamad arc iseT Sem-
Txvevebs ganvixilavT, rodesac erTze metmsazRvreliani sazRvruli mravlobiTSia
warmodgenili imitom, rom is Tavisi Tundac erT-erTi msazRvreliTurT Sinaarsobrivad
erTze met sagans varaudobs. magaliTad, Tu gamofenis ori darbazi mainc ivaraudeba
qvemoT moyvanil winadadebaSi, igi kargavs Cveni sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT interess:
`SoTa' rusTavelis saxelobis s a a q t o d a g a m o f e n i s d a r b a z e b S i
Sekrebis monawileni gaecnen ferwerul tiloebs~ (pres.).
aseve, radganac ar arsebobs calke specialoba `sabunebismetyvelo~ an calke _
`teqnikuri~, aramed aris ramdenime sabunebismetyvelo specialoba da ramdenime _
teqnikuri, arc qvemoT moyvanili magaliTia Cveni sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT saintereso:
`qarTveli kaci, romelic s a b u n e b i s m e t y v e l o d a t e q n i k u r s p e c i a -
l o b e b s eufleba, mSobliur literaturas mxolod saSualo skolaSi ecnoba~
(pres.).
analogiuri SemTxvevebia:
yvelas uTendeba cxovrebaSi k a r g i c a d a c u d i d R e e b i c (iv. maWav. Targm.).
Semdeg maT misdevda g r Z e l i , s q e l i , d i d i d a p a t a r a w i g n e b i _ yda
uwignod da wigni uydod (T. sayv. da l. titvin. Targm.).
[levini]... yovelTvis gonebrivi da sulieri Zalebis metismet daZabvas
iwvevda masSi (T. sayv. da l. titvin. Targm.).
sanTeli Suqsa hfenda anas mSoblebisa da megobrebis portretebs (T.
sayv. da l. titvin. Targm.).
am SemTxvevebSi sazRvruli mravlobiTSi imitomaa dasmuli, rom realurad erTze
meti sagani ivaraudeba: adamians SeiZleba hqondes erTze meti sulieri da erTze meti
gonebrivi Zala, cxovrebaSi mas SeiZleba gauTendes ramdenime kargi an ramdenime
cudi dRe. erTi sityviT, am SemTxvevebSi sazRvrulis gramatikuli ricxvi misive realuri
Sinaarsis erTaderTi Sesaferi gamoxatulebaa. zemoT moyvanil winadadebebSi
TiTo msazRvrelic rom yofiliyo warmodgenili, sazRvruli SeiZleboda mainc mravlobiTSi
dasmuliyo: sqeli wignebi, gonebrivi Zalebi, sabunebismetyvelo specialobebi
da a. S.
erT sazRvrulTan dakavSirebuli erTze meti msazRvrelis aqamde ganxilul Sem-
TxvevaTa ori rigi savsebiT marTebulad gviCvenebs sazRvrulis ricxvs. orivegan
warmodgenili viTarebaa dasaSvebi da swori. magram amasve ver vityviT sxva SemTxvevebze,
roca ramdenime msazRvrelisgan konteqstis mixedviT TiToeuls erTi sazRvruli
Seefereba da miuxedavad amisa, sazRvruli xan mxoloobiT ricxvSi dgas da
xan mravlobiTSi: germanuli da rusuli ena || germanuli da rusuli enebi; didi da
patara saxli || didi da patara saxlebi; moskovisa da Tbilisis konservatoria ||
moskovisa da Tbilisis konservatoriebi...
amjerad Cvens mizans swored amgvari SemTxvevebis ganxilva'warmoadgens.
erT sazRvruls SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes erTze meti atributuli, erTze meti
marTuli da orive tipis (atributuli da marTuli) msazRvrelebi, magaliTad:
1 qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi, II, 1979.

...qarTveli d a s o m e x i x a l x e b i s Zmoba-megobroba... (pres.).
Rirseulad dafasda respublikis m o z a r d m a y u r e b e l T a d a T o j i n e b i s T e a t -
rebis Rvawli (pres.).
pirvel jgufSi TbiliselebTan erTad gamodiodnen e s t o n e T i s a d a u z b e k e T i s
koleqtivebi.
aRniSnuli tipis Sexamebebi met-naklebad SeiZleba Segvxvdes yovelgvari saxis nawarmoebSi,
magram am bolo dros maTi siWarbe SeimCneva gansakuTrebiT presis enaSi.
es gamowveuli unda iyos im Tematikis specifikurobiT, romelsac, ZiriTadad, emsaxureba
presa. qvemoT moyvanili sailustracio masala am mosazrebis naTelyofas
isaxavs miznad.
k. gamsaxurdias rvatomeulis mesame da meoTxe tomebi mTlianad mieZRvneba tetralogias
`daviT aRmaSenebels~( pres.).
instituts kalaTburTel q a l T a d a v a J T a Z l i e r i g u n d e b i hyavs (pres.).
am lamaz SenobaSi meore weliwadia muSaobs m e q a n i k a - m a T e m a t i k i s a d a k i b e r n e -
tikis fakultetebi (pres.).
m e s a m e d a m e o T x e a d g i l e b z e arian Svecia da islandia (pres.).
[festivali] saqarTvelos saxelmwifo filarmoniis d i d d a m c i r e s a k o n c e r t o
darbazebSi gaimarTa (pres.).
jerjerobiT ver gadavwyviteT e s p a n u r i d a i t a l i u r i e n e b i s sakiTxi (pres.).
sailustracio magaliTebis gamravleba SeiZleba.
sakiTxi ismis: rogoria sazRvrulis ricxvi amgvar SesityvebebSi?
unda iTqvas, rom sakmaod gamokveTilia da xelSesaxebi tendencia, romelic mJRavndeba
saxelmZRvaneloTa da presis enaSi. tendencia iqiTkenaa mimarTuli, rom sazRvruli
warmodgenil iqnes mravlobiT ricxvSi. magram yovelTvis asea? SeiZleba Tu
ara raime kanonzomierebis dadgena am mxriv? riTaa gamowveuli sazRvrulis ricxvi?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema aucilebelia dasmuli sakiTxis gasarkvevad.
ukanasknel kiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT amTaviTve unda SevniSnoT Semdegi:
msazRvrelisa da sazRvrulis sintaqsuri urTierTobis dros sintagmaSi wamyvani
wevri sazRvrulia. is iTanxmebs msazRvrels (msazRvrelebs) brunvasa da ricxvSi da
is marTavs msazRvrels (msazRvrelebs) brunvaSi. amitom, rodesac vlaparakobT sazRvrulis
mravlobiTi ricxvis formis gamomwvevi mizezis Sesaxeb, ar igulisxmeba sintaqsuri
SeTanxmeba.
masalis analizi gviCvenebs, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi sazRvrulis ricxvis arCevas
Sinaarsobrivi momenti gansazRvravs. sazRvrulis dasma mxoloobiTSi an mravlobiT-
Si zogjer mniSvnelobas ucvlis frazas; amitom frazis avtori cdilobs daazustos
misi Sinaarsi, naTelyos, rom laparakia or (an met) saganze da am sagnis saxels
Sesabamisad mravlobiT ricxvSi warmogvidgens. magaliTad, rom aviRoT ori Sesityveba:
Tbilisisa da quTaisis gundi da Tbilisisa da quTaisis gundebi, _ pirvel Sem-
TxeevaSi mTlad naTeli ar aris, ori qalaqis or sxvadasxva gundzea laparaki, Tu
am qalaqebis erT (vTqvaT, nakreb) gundze, meore SemTxvevaSi ki aseTi aRreva gamoricxulia.
amitom sazRvrulis mravlobiTSi dasmas am SemTxvevaSi garkveuli semasiologiuri
funqcia ekisreba da es forma saTanado konteqstebSi savsebiT gamarTlebulia.
sailustracio masala mdidaria, qvemoT mxolod tipobriv SemTxvevebs davimowmebT:
saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutis q a lTa da vaJTa gundebi maspinZlobdnen
safrangeTis universitetis q a l T a d a v a J T a g u n d e b s (pres.).
gemze Seqmnilia fexburTis, frenburTis, Wadrakisa da magidis Cogbur-
Tis seqciebi (pres.).
obelisks amSvenebs S o T a r u s T a v e l i s a d a a l i S e r n a v o i s bareliefebi (pres.).
es... gaadidebda wylis modenas azovisa da kaspiis zRvebSi (pres.).
238

moyvanili magaliTebis gverdiT gvxvdeba araerTi SemTxveva, rodesac frazis Sinaarsobrivi
Taviseburebis gamo sazRvrulis mravlobiT ricxvSi dausmeladac gamoricxulia
orazrovneba, magram sazRvruli mainc mravlobiT ricxvSia warmodgenili.
magaliTad:
im dRes Cveulebrivi siwynare sufevda k l d i a S v i l i s a d a n i n o S v i l i s q u C e b i s
gadakveTaze (pres.).
x o b i s a d a g a l i s r a i o n e b i s mcxovrebni...
monblanis, myivinvarisa da ialbuzis simaRleTa saSualo ariTmetikuli
etoleba. (saxelmZR.).
mdinare nilosis, amazonisa da volgis sigrZeTa jami... (saxelmZR.).
...TbilisSive moewyo lado gudiaSvilis, koba gurulis, naTela ianqoSvilisa
da sxvaTa personaluri gamofenebi (pres.).
analogiur SesityvebaTa meore wyebaSi saTanado ricxviTi saxeliT aRniSnulia,
rom sazRvruli erTze metia. amitom sazRvruli, bunebrivia, dasmulia mxoloobiT
ricxvSi, magram dazustebis mizniT igi meordeba da ukve mravlobiTis formiTaa warmodgenili:
samarxSi ori gamoqandakebuli Tavi... ipoves _ x n i e r i m a m a k a c i s a d a W a b u k i m e -
omris Tavebi (g. fanjik.).
yvavilovan mcenareebs TeslSi lebnebis raodenobis mixedviT yofen or did klasad _
orlebnianTa da erTlebnianTa klasebad... (saxelmZR.).
...bevri ram gakeTda saqarTvelos ori udidesi Teatraluri koleqtivis _ r u s T a v e -
lisa da marjaniSvilis saxelobis Teatr e b i s Camoyalibebisa da ayvavebisaTvis
(pres.).
msgavs SesityvebebSi sazRvruli, Cveulebriv, mravlobiT ricxvSia warmodgenili.
am wesidan gadaxvevis SemTxvevebi Zalian iSviaTia, magram mainc gvxvdeba:
melor sturuam mkiTxvelebs gaacno kosmonavtebis _ C a r l z k o n r a d i s , r i C a r d
gordonisa da alan binis biografia (pres.).
levinebisa da SCerbackebis ojaxi Zveli, moskovel TavadTa ojaxebi iyo (T.
sayv. da l. titvin. Targm.).
saxlis meore sarTulze moewyo q a l T a d a m a m a k a c T a s a l o n i (pres.) 2 .
dauswrebeli swavlebis wili kidev ufro gazrdilia istoria-filologiis fakultetze,
dRisa da saRamos ganyofilebaze (pres.).
J . s a r a l i Z i s a d a c . a b e s a Z i s b r i g a d i s mkeravebi erT agregatze muSaobdnen
(pres.) 3 .
moyvanili sailustracio masalis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom or an
met marTul msazRvrelTan sazRvrulis mravlobiTSi dasma normas warmoadgens Tanamedrove
qarTul saliteraturo enaSi 4 .
gacilebiT ufro Wreli suraTia im SemTxvevaSi, roca atributulmsazRvreliani
2 igulisxmeba ori saloni: statiaSi saubaria saSxapo-samkurnalo dawesebulebebze.
3 teqstidan Cans, rom ori brigadaa. iqve vkiTxulobT: `wundebuli produqciis gamoSvebaSi
damnaSave iyo orive brigada~.
4 rusul specialur literaturaSi analogiur SemTxvevaTaTvis aRniSnulia, rom, radgan amgvar
SesityvebebSi sazRvrulis mxoloobiTi ricxvi xazs usvams msazRvrelTa Soris Sinagan
kavSirs (подчеркивает внутренную связь перечисляемых разновидностей предметов), amitom, Cveulebriv
mxoloobiTi ricxvia xolme gamoyenebuli e. w. terminologiuri xasiaTis SesityvebebSi (головной
и спинной мозг; брюшной и сыпной тиф…) ix. Д. Е. Розенталь, Практическая стилистика русского языка,
Москва, 1965, gv. 247-259. sainteresoa, rom dRevandel qarTulSi amgvari myari gamoTqmebic ki
moeqca xsenebuli tendenciis gavlenis qveS da gamoricxuli araa SevxvdeT `tvinebs~, `tifebs~
da misT.: `arc Tu iSviaTad salmonelebi zed erTvis sxva infeqciur daavadebebs (m u c -
l i s a d a S e b r u n e b u l i t i f e b i ..., hepatiti da sxv.) (pres.).
239

Sesityvebebi gvaqvs.
atributulmsazRvreliani sintagmebi gansxvavdeba marTulmsazRvrelianTagan,
upirveles yovlisa, SinaarsiT. pirvelni, ZiriTadad, sazRvrulis raime niSanze, Tvisebaze
miuTiTeben, meoreni ki _ kuTvnilebaze, warmomavlobaze. ramdenime atributul
msazRvrelTan xSirad gvxvdeba sazRvruli mxoloobiT ricxvSi imis gamoc,
rom niSanze an Tvisebaze miTiTeba xazs usvams sintagmis TiToeuli komponentis TavisTavadobas,
damoukideblobas. amitom aRreva TiTqos ufro nakleb mosalodnelia.
mivadeqi gaSlil midamos, sadac w i T e l i d a c i s f e r i s a s a x l e aRmarTuliyo (m.
gomarT. Targm.).
or sasaxlezea laparaki moTxrobis teqstSi da es, cxadia, sazRvrulis mravlobiTSi
dausmeladac igrZnoba. magram mravlobiTSi dasmis tendencia aqac iCens Tavs
da imave teqstSi sxva adgilas vkiTxulobT: `cisferi d a w i T e l i sasaxleebi
erTmaneTs emijneboda~.
sxva magaliTebi sazRvrulis mxoloobiTSi dasmisa:
arc mcxovreblebs dasWirvebiaT... bavSvebis qalaqis Soreul ubanSi mdebare e z o s T u
s a q a l a q o b a n a k S i miyvana (pres.).
didi seri sofels yofda orad _ q v e m o d a z e m o u b n a d (i. gogeb.).
da axlandel droSi, roca es z e d a d a q v e d a s a r T u l i s batonebi erTmaneTs Seetakebian
xolme, gamarjveba kuWsa rCeba (akaki).
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, atributuli msazRvrelis upirvelesi Tviseba _ miuTi-
Tos sagnis damaxasiaTebel niSanze an Tvisebaze _ ise aSkaras xdis zemomoyvanil
frazebSi ori sagnis (ori banakis, ori sarTulis, ori ubnis...) arsebobas, rom sazRvrulis
mravlobiT ricxvSi dasma amgvar SemTxvevebSi srulebiT aRaraa saWiro im
funqciis Sesasruleblad, romelzedac saubari iyo zemoT, marTulmsazRvrelian Sesityvebebze
msjelobisas. miuxedavad amisa, aqac, zemomoyvanilTa msgavs Sesityvebeb-
Si sazRvruli umetesad mravlobiTSi dgas.
geometriis erT-erT saxelmZRvaneloSi vkiTxulobT:
. . . g a r e d a S i g a z e d a p i r e b i s radiusebi...
piramidis zeda da qveda fuZeebi.
cxadia, arc gare da Siga zedapirebi da arc zeda da qveda fuZeebi erTmaneTSi
ar aireva. amitom aq sazRvrulis mravlobiTSi dasma raimes dazustebis saWiroebas
ki ar emsaxureba, aramed enaSi arsebuli garkveuli tendenciisadmi daqvemdebarebis
Sedegia. aseve ar aereva aravis erTmaneTSi geografiuli punqtebi _ zemo da qvemo
alvani, magram gazeTSi analogiur SemTxvevebSi sazRvruli mravlobiTis formiTaa
naxmari:
z e m o d a q v e m o a l v n e b S i didi xania, r a c kino ar uCvenebiaT.
analogiuri viTarebaa qvemoT damowmebul winadadebebSic:
Tbilisis universitetis axali kompleqsis teritoria dayofilia ramdenime zonad. esenia:
saswavlo-samecniero, sportuli, damxmare-sameurneo da sacxovrebeli
zonebi (pres.).
_ Sesvenebis saaTi? _ sicilad ar hyofniT avejis fabrikis # 4 d a # 5 f i l i a l e b i s
brigadirebs (pres.).
darRvevebi aRmoCnda agreTve ## 23, 34 da 69 m a R a z i e b S i (pres.).
sofias oTaxi iyo d i d s a d a p a t a r a s a s t u m r o o T a x e b s iqiT (iv. maWav. Targm.).
zeviT meTormete da mecamete nomrebia _ upasuxa kariskacma levins (T. sayv.
da l. titvin. Targm.).
sazRvruli, rogorc wesi, mravlobiTSi dgas maSinac, rodesac mas erTdroulad
240

sazRvravs atributuli da marTuli msazRvreli. esec enaSi gaCenili saerTo tendenciis
gamovlinebaa da ara raime orazrovnebis Tavidan acilebis cda.
sasoflo klubSi Seqmnilia d r a m a t u l i , g i t a r i s S e m s w a v l e l i d a c e k v i s
wreebi (pres.).
wynari da indoeTis okeaneebis sivrces Tveebis ganmavlobaSi ar toveben veSapmWeri
mcuravi qarxnebi (pres.).
wynari da atlantikis okeaneebis danaxva SeiZleba mTa `irazus~ wveridan (pres.).
cxadia, or ukanasknel winadadebaSi sazRvruli mxoloobiT ricxvSic rom iyos
dasmuli, mainc ori sxvadasxva okeane iqneboda navaraudevi.
qvemoT moyvanil magaliTSi laparakia or gamoqvabulze. maTgan erTs ewodeba geografiuli,
meores _ nazarovisa.
speleologebma gamoikvlies n a z a r o v i s a da geografiuli gamoqvabulebi.
sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom sazRvrulis mravlobiTSi dasmis amgvari SemTxvevebi
momravlda ukanasknel xanebSi. cota adre atributuli msazRvrelebis erT jgufTan
sazRvruli umetesad mxoloobiTSi daismoda. iliasTan gvaqvs:
minam didi mTavari aq brZandebodao... q a r T u l i d a s o m x u r i T e a t r i a r iyoo.
am SemTxvevam frTa Seasxa im didis xnis survils, rom samudamo s o m x u r i d a q a r T u -
li scena gaimarTos.
araerTxel atexila Cvens fexmokle literaturaSi saubari a x a l d a Z v e l T a o b a z e .
CvenSi amisTana sityvebi, rogorc Zveli da axali Taoba, calieri da fuye saxelebia.
marTla-da ra aris da vin aris a x a l i a n Z v e l i T a o b a ? 5
CvenTvis saintereso SemTxvevaTa erT wyebaSi atributul msazRvrelebad gvevlineba
rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi. XIX saukunis mweralTa nawerebidan damowmebul
oriode SemTxvevaSi amgvar SesityvebebSi sazRvruli mxoloobiT ricxvSi dgas:
p i r v e l s d a m e o r e S e m T x v e v a S i giraod miiReboda uZravi qoneba (ilia).
amasTanave umecreba gamoiCina gadaRmielma m e s a m e d a m e o T x e s i t y v i s dawunebiT (i.
gogeb).
ase gavida babalesTvis p i r v e l i d a m e o r e w e l i (e. ninoSv.).
Tumca iSviaTad, magram mainc amgvar SesityvebebSi sazRvrulis mxoloobiT ricxvSi
dasmis SemTxvevebi dResac gvxvdeba:
dedal-mamali qednebis RuRuniviT ismoda p i r v e l i d a m e o r e h o b o i s Sewyobili
xmebi (m. elioz.).
zogierTi mecnieris azriT, seviniT mowamluli adamianis m e s a m e d a m e o T x e T a o -
b a c ki maxinji gamodis (pres.).
magram SemTxvevaTa udides umravlesobaSi sazRvruli mravlobiT ricxvSia dasmuli:
vaJa-fSavelas prospeqtis p i r v e l d a m e o r e S e s a x v e v e b S i Tavidanve iyo ganaTeba
(pres.).
III, IV, V s p a r t a k i a d e b i s CempionisaTvis Zneli iqneba am maRali titulebis SenarCuneba
(pres.).
25-e da 26-e w u T e b z e xuciSvili orjer kargad Cavida mekaris sajarimo moedanze (pres.).
5 dRes am gamoTqmaSi sazRvruli yovelTvis mravlobiT ricxvSi dgas: erTi sityviT, Z v e l i
da axali Taobebi `samkvdro-sasicocxlo~ brZolaSi Caebnen (pres.).
magram analogiur SemTxvevebSi sazRvrulis mravlobiTSi dasma uaxlesi movlena rom ar
aris, amaze miuTiTebs magaliTebi iakob gogebaSvilis nawerebidan:
...rom cotaodnad mainc gacnobili hqonoda saukeTeso r u s u l i d a n e m e c u r i a n b a -
n e b i , ecodineboda, rom es usimetrioba yovelgana sufevs.
...r u s u l s d a n e m e c u r s a n b a n e b S i xelTnaweric aris moqceuli.
241

Zola gaimarTa meore da mesame saprizo adgilebisaTvis (pres.).
,,oqros qalRmerTis~ Tasis II da III g a T a m a S e b e b S i . . . urugvaelebi ar monawileobdnen
(pres.).
miReba iwarmoebs pirvel da mesame kursebze (pres.).
etiudebSi gamarjveba xvda eqim g. nadareiSvils, romelmac daimsaxura p i r v e l i d a
meore jildoebi (pres.).
m e S v i d e d a m e r v e t o m e b i Seicaven kritikul statiebs, werilebs (pres.).
amgvarad, ramdenime msazRvrelian SesityvebaSi, Tu es msazRvrelebi gamoxatulia
rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT, sazRvruli mravlobiT ricxvSi dgas.
atributul an marTul msazRvrelTa erT nawils amgvar SesityvebebSi damatebiT
msazRvrelad axlavs raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi da maTTan sazRvruli yovel-
Tvis mxoloobiT ricxvSia:
spartakiadaSi monawileobdnen 35 s a S u a l o d a 1 5 r v a w l i a n i skola-internatis
moswavleebi (pres.) 6 .
aq Seqmnilia da muSaobs 8 s a g n o b r i v i d a T v i T m o q m e d i w r e (pres.).
XIX olimpiur TamaSebSi gaTamaSebuli iyo 1067 o q r o s , v e r c x l i s a d a b r i n j a o s
olimpiuri m e d a l i (pres.).
axla Tavisi karis zRurblTan orni SeniSna _ e r T i d i d i d a e r T i p a t a r a kaci
(pres.).
SejibrebaSi monawileobda v a J T a 6 d a q a l T a 5 g u n d i (pres.).
magram iSviaTi gamonaklisebi aqac gvaqvs:
naxazze ori A da B burTulebi Tanabrad moZraoben (saxelmZR.).
saeqsploataciod gadaeca ori Tormetbiniani da erTi oTxbiniani sacxovrebeli
s a x l e b i (pres.) 7 .
bunebrivia, rom mxoloobiT ricxvSi gvxvdeba sazRvruli im SemTxvevaSi, roca
mas sazogadod ara aqvs unari awarmoos mravlobiTi ricxvi. aseTebia: presa, arena,
sazogadoebrivi azri, disciplina (wesrigis mniSvnelobiT), proza, poezia, Semoqmedeba,
musika, qseli, xelovneba, xuroTmoZRvreba, Sroma (garjis mniSvnelobiT) da misT.
es saxelebi sazRvrulis rolSi ramdenime msazRvrelTan yovelTvis mxoloobiT
ricxvs gviCveneben. magaliTebi:
amaze ukve daiwera s a m a m u l o d a u c x o e T i s p r e s a S i (pres.).
igi Zalze dadebiTad Seafasa q a r T u l m a d a u c x o u r m a p r e s a m (pres.).
delegacia mouwodebs msoflio da amerikis sazogadoebriv azrs SeaCeron
damnaSaveebi (pres.).
Zalze sainteresod mimaCnia vasil barnovis moTxrobebi, g a m z a T o v i s , y u l i e v i s
proza da poezia (pres.).
mas SeeZlo elaparaka yvelaferze _ q a r T u l , r u s u l d a e v r o p u l p o e z i a z e ,
prozaze, xelovnebaze, arqiteqturaze (pres.).
me ki vcdilob im novelis axirebuli gmiris TvalsazrisiT Sevxedo r u s T a v e l i s a da
dantes, tolstoisa da Seqspiris Semoqmedebas, beThovenisa da mocartis,
vagnerisa da baxis musikas (pres.).
yovelwliurad sul ufro xSirdeba e l e q t r o d a s a t e l e f o n o q s e l i (pres).
orive SemTxvevaSi gamovlinda qarTuli T e a t r a l u r i d a m u s i k a l u r i x e l o v n e -
bis maRali done (pres.).
srulyofen fizikur da teqnikur momzadebas (pres.).
6 Sdr. iqve: spartakiadaze warmatebiT gamovidnen k a s p i s , w y a l t u b o s , s e n a k i s a d a
axalcixis saSualo skolebis gundebi...
7 ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi sazRvrulis mravlobiTis forma imiTac unda iyos gamowveuli, rom
aq orisa da erTis msazRvrelobiTs Zalas aWarbebs Tormetbinianisa da oTxbinianis STabeWdileba.
242

Raribi xuros ojaxSi aRzrdilis ZarRvebSi Cqefda indielis, espanelisa da
zangis sisxli (pres.).
TandaTan iSleba sazRvari f i z i k u r s a d a g o n e b r i v S r o m a s S o r i s , qalaqsa da
sofels Soris (pres.).
magram tendencia sazRvrulis mravlobiTSi xmarebisa imdenad momZlavrebulia,
rom aqa-iq, magram mainc gvxvdeba: mwerlobebi, literaturebi, civilizaciebi, eposni,
meTodikani da misT.:
teotixuakanis civilizaciis nangrevebze Seiqmna je r t o l t e k e b i s , S e m d e g k i a c -
tekebis civilizaciebi (g. fanj.).
sul mokle drois manZilze zedized vnaxe e l i n u r i d a r o m a u l i , Z v e l e g v i p t u -
ri, qristianuli da mahmadianuri kulturebis yvelaze TvalsaCino Zeglebi
(pres.).
egviptis, mesopotamiis da saberZneTis kulturaTa ayvavebis xanaSi qar-
Tuli modgmis tomebs ekavaT gacilebiT ufro didi teritoria (pres.).
warumateblad gamovidnen qarTveli aTletebi q v e m Z i m e d a m Z i m e w o n e b S i (pres.).
mwvrTnelTa da specialistTa samarTlian SeSfoTebas iwvevs Cavardna u m C a t e s da
qvemsubuq wonebSi (pres.).
...me winaswar vWvret... gamxnevebas da rCevas, rac... xels Semiwyobs, rom Tundac mokrZalebuli
wvlili Sevitano q a r T u l i d a i n g l i s u r i m w e r l o b e b i s daaxloebaSi (pres.).
q a r T u l i d a r u s u l i l i t e r a t u r e b i s urTierTkavSiris matianes Seemata axali
furceli (pres.).
imdroindeli a r a b u l i d a s p a r s u l i l i t e r a t u r e b i iyo mTeli aRmosavleTis
fantaziis da ocnebis namdvili salaro (j. lomaS.).
... pedagogiuri institutis r u s u l i e n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i s m e T o d i k a T a ka-
Tedrebis wevrebi iuwyebian... (pres.).
pirvel SemTxvevaSi gaanalizebulia a m i r a n i s a d a g i l g a m e S i s e p o s T a siuJeturi
Sexvedris Svidi nimuSi (pres.).
es maCvenebelia imisa, rom fiWvis gvari uZlebs uaRresad m a R a l d a d a b a l t e m p e -
raturebs (pres.).
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, msazRvrelebi erTmaneTTan kavSirebiTaa SeerTebuli. aqamde
damowmebuli masalidanac Cans, rom da kavSiriT SeerTebul msazRvrelebTan
sazRvruli SeiZleba mxoloobiTSic Segvxvdes da mravlobiTSic. aRreva gvxvdeba
erTgvar SesityvebebSi, zogjer erTisa da imave avtoris nawerSic ki. Sdr. mag.:
s a z R v r u l i m r a v l o b i T S i a:
C da A wertilebs SevaerTebT AC swori xaziT....
gadakveTis es wertilebi aRvniSnoT 1 d a 2 c i f r e b i T . . .
... naxazze gamosaxulia ori SeerTebuli cilindri A da B dguSebiT...
naxevarsferos fuZeSi Caxazulia marTkuTxedi a da b gverdebiT.
s a z R v r u l i m x o l o o b i T S i a:
am wertilis miReba SeiZleba x da y R e r Z i s paraleluri swori xazebis gavlebi-
Tac.
SemovxazoT... fargliT R da r r a d i u s i a n i rkalebi.
Tu SevaerTebT... wertilebs swori xaziT, miviRebT O da O1 c e n t r z e Semoxazuli
wrexazebis... SeuRlebas...
zogjer erTgvaroba ara gvaqvs daculi saenaTmecniero literaturaSiac ki. Cveulebriv,
msazRvreli mravlobiTi ricxvis formiTaa warmodgenili (,,saxelobiTi da
moTxrobiTi brunvebi~...; ,,naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvebis daboloebani~; ,,moqmedebiTi
da viTarebiTi brunvebis warmoeba da funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi~; ,,micemi-
Ti da viTarebiTi brunvebis urTierTobisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi~; ,,fuZeukvec saxelTa
243

naTesaobiTisa da moqmedebiTis formantTa evoluciisaTvis~; ,,n da s fenebisaTvis
qarTvelur enebSi~...), magram iqve sazRvrulis mxoloobiT ricxvSi dasmis SemTxvevebic
gvxvdeba: (`micemiTi da viTarebiTi brunvis sintaqsuri funqciebis msgavseba da
maTi monacvleoba aixsneba...~ `es igive odenobaa, rac mxoloobiTi ricxvis micemiTi,
naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvis niSnebTan gvaqvs~...).
gamoTqmaTa erT saintereso jgufs qmnis Sesityvebebi qarTuli da rusuli enis
tipisa. am SemTxvevaSi sazRvruli saxeli umTavresad mravlobiT ricxvSia dasmuli.
inglisuri enis SeswavliT gatacebam... dabada saSiSroeba iseTi didi kulturuli tradiciebis
mqone enebis ganapirebisa, rogoric aris germanuli da franguli enebi
(pres.).
ramdens moigebda Cveni kultura, asobiT Tu ara, aTobiT qarTvelma axalgazrdam mainc
safuZvlianad rom icodes dantes ena, iaponuri da Cinuri enebi (pres.).
moxsenebebi gamoqveynebulia q a r T u l , r u s u l d a i n g l i s u r e n e b z e (pres.).
garTxrebis dros aRmoaCines Tixis firfitebi, romlebzec mocemulia lursmuli teqstebi
babilonur da elamitur enebze (pres.).
redaqciaSi rusul da azerbaijanul enebze mTargmnelad muSaobs... (pres.).
otopenis saerTaSoriso aeroporti morTulia misasalmebeli transparantebiT r u m i -
nul da rusul enebze (pres.).
[JurnalSi] werilebis nawili i n g l i s u r d a g e r m a n u l enebzec ibeWdeba (pres.).
yvela masalas mkiTxveli gaecnoba q a r T u l d a r u s u l e n e b z e (pres.).
qvemdebarisa da Semasmenelis urTierTobis Sesaxeb rusul da qarTul enebSi...
(pres.).
15-20 wlis Semdeg g e r m a n u l i d a f r a n g u l i e n e b i s mcodneni aRar gveyolebian
(pres.) 8 .
gamonakliss vxvdebiT, magram Zalian iSviaTad:
igi Rrmad swvdeboda qarTuli da sparsuli enis bunebas (d. kob.).
man kargad icoda r u s u l i d a f r a n g u l i e n a (pres.)
amgvarad, majgufebeli da kavSiriT SeerTebul ramdenime msazRvrelTan sazRvruli
gvxvdeba mxoloobiT ricxvSic da mravlobiTSic, magram meore rigis SemTxvevebi
Seudareblad ufro xSiria.
saTanado tipis SesityvebebSi msazRvrelTa SesakavSireblad majgufebeli kavSiri
Tu iSviaTad gvxvdeba, magram, roca ki gvxvdeba, sazRvruli mxoloobiTi ricxvis
formiTaa warmodgenili.
isini fiqroben, rom... didsa Tu mcire ers Tavisi Tvisobrivi Taviseburebani aqvs
(pres.)
u c x o T u S i n a u r i k a c i am rkinaze iwmendda talaxian fexsacmelebs (r. gvet.).
im SemTxvevaSi, roca msazRvreli saxelebi SeerTebulia macalkevebeli an kavSiriT,
sazRvruli mxoloobiT ricxvSi daismis:
mTavaria, axalgazrdam kargad icodes franguli, germanuli Tu inglisuri, e s p a n u r i
an italiuri ena (pres.) 9
furcelze unda gamoixazos yvela is xazi, romelic 41-e an 42-e n a x a z z e a naCvenebi (sa-
8 qvemoT moyvanil winadadebaSi sazRvrulis mxoloobiT ricxvSi dasma gamowveulia imiT,
rom igulisxmeba erTi qarTuli ena: `bevr axalgazrdas... surs... dedanSi Caswvdes r u s T a v e -
lisa da sulxan-sabas, besikisa da ilias, baraTaSvilisa da galaktionis
enas~ (pres.); sxva winadadebaSi ki sazRvrulis mravlobiTSi dasmis safuZvels
nagulisxmevi gansakuTrebuli Sinaarsi warmoadgens: d a v i T guramiSvilisa da anton pirvelis
samwerlobo enebs Soris gansxvaveba, raRa Tqma unda, aris~ (`ciskari~).
9 Sdr.: `rogorc wesi, igi leqciebs i n g l i s u r a n g e r m a n u l e n e b z e kiTxulobs~
(pres.). mravlobiTi ricxvis formis (`enebze~) uadgiloba am SemTxvevaSi sruliad aSkaraa.
244

xelmZR.).
dargvis sixSiris mixedviT iReben me-5 an me-6 r i g s (pres.).
sazRvruli mxoloobiT ricxvSia warmodgenilia maSinac, rodesac msazRvrelebi
xan-xan da arc-arc kavSir-nawilakebiTaa dakavSirebuli.
swored jariskacebiviT damwkrivdebodnen xan erT, xan or rigad (i. gogeb.).
remingtonze momuSave qalebi gadabeWdil qaRaldebs moarbeninebdnen x a n e r T , x a n
meore oTaxSi (r. gvet.).
magram a r c Z v e l i d a a r c a x a l i s a x l i mas ar moewona (pres.).
sazRvruli mxoloobiTSia warmodgenili im SemTxvevaSic, Tu msazRvrelebs Soris
dgas rTuli kavSiri rogorc ... ise || aseve.
rogorc Q, ise Q1 wertilidan Sesabamis marTobebze movzomoT wertilebi C da C1
(saxelmZR.) 10 .
SemovxazoT wrexazis rkalebi mTliani wvrili xazebiT r o g o r c A, ise C wertilidan
(saxelmZR.).
amgvar SesityvebebSi sazRvrulis mravlobiTSi dasmis SemTxvevebi Zalian iSvia-
Tia; nimuSisaTvis SeiZleba igive saxelmZRvanelo moviSvelioT:
rogorc m , ise n w e r t i l e b i d a n am marTobebze movzomoT wertilebi.
qvemoT moyvanili magaliTidan kargad Cans saanalizo sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT
dRevandel qarTulSi arsebuli viTareba:
... gavataroT O wertilze aqsonometriuli x, y da z R e r Z e b i ...; O wertilidan r o -
gorc x ise y RerZze... gadavzomoT... toli monakveTebi. miRebul wertilebze gavavlebT
x da y R e r Z i s paralelur swor xazebs (saxelmZR.).
rogorc cnobilia, calke mdgomi Tandebuli Soris gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi
ixmareba. specialur literaturaSi 11 miTiTebulia, rom es Tandebuli SeiZleba daer-
Tos or saxelsac da erTsac. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi am Tandebulian sityvas krebi-
Tobis Sinaarsi aqvs an mravlobiT ricxvSia warmodgenili. CvenTvis saintereso SesityvebaTa
umravlesobaSi Soris TandebulTan sazRvruli mxoloobiT ricxvSia:
ramdenime SemTxvevac iyo omisa k r i t e l T a d a o s m a l T a j a r s S o r i s (ilia).
SesaZlebeli iyo daviTisa da tarielis ojaxs Soris awindeli gamwvavebuli
damokidebulebis dros gzaze raime dabrkoleba SemTxveoda. (l. qiaC.).
gamonaklisi aqac gvaqvs:
matCi Tbilisis `spartakis~'da moskovis `cdkas~ gundebs Soris damTavrda
TbiliselTa gamarjvebiT (pres.).
warmodgenili masala aSkaras xdis, rom gansaxilveli sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT
Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi, presis, saxelmZRvaneloebis, mxatvruli literaturis
enaSi SeimCneva paralelur formaTa moWarbeba da zogjer am formaTa
aRrevac ki. es erTi mxriT. meore mxriT, warmodgenili masalis analizi aaSkaravebs
garkveul kanonzomierebebs, rac SemuSavebulia saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis
procesSi. ganxiluli masalis analizis safuZvelze, kerZod, SeiZleba davaskvnaT,
rom ramdenimemsazRvrelian SesityvebebSi:
10 Sdr. iqve: O da O1 wertilebze, rogorc centrebze, SemovxazoT wrexazis rkalebi.
11 Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebi, pirveli krebuli, Tbilisi, gv. 108, 121.
245

I. sazRvruli mravlobiTi ricxvis formiTaa warmodgenili,
1. roca SesityvebaSi msazRvrelebi marTulia (gelaTisa da bagratis taZrebi,
qalTa da vaJTa gundebi);
2. roca sazRvruls erTad axlavs atributuli da marTuli msazRvreli (wynari
da indoeTis okeaneebi, dramatuli da cekvis wreebi);
3. roca atributul msazRvrelebad gvaqvs rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi (pirveli
da meore Sesaxvevebi, me-4 da 26-e skolebi...);
4. roca SesityvebaSi gvaqvs erTi (umetesi) wyeba atributul msazRvrelTa
(qarTuli da rusuli eneb-is, gare da Siga fuZeeb-is, zemo da qvemo sarTuleb-is da
misT. tipisa).
II. sazRvruli mxoloobiT ricxvSia dasmuli,
1. roca mas saerTod ar ewarmoeba (ar Seefereba) mravlobiTi ricxvis forma
(presa, arena, proza, poezia, kultura, civilizacia...);
2. roca atributul msazRvrelebs damatebiT sazRvravs kidev raodenobiTi
ricxviTi saxelebi (erTi didi da erTi patara kaci, vaJTa 6 da qalTa 5 gundi...);
3. roca msazRvrelebi erTmaneTTan SekavSirebulia zogierTi kavSiriT (an,
rogorc _ aseve || ise, arc _ arc, xan _ xan) da TandebuliT (Soris).
III. sazRvrulis mravlobiTSi dasmis SemTxvevebi Seudareblad sWarbobs mxoloobiTSi
dasmis SemTxvevebs. tendencia enisa am mxriv dRes sakmaod gamokveTilia.
ram Seuwyo xeli am tendenciis gaCenas qarTulSi?
vidre am kiTxvaze vupasuxebdeT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom saanalizo sityvaTSexameba
axalia, Zveli da saSualo saukuneebis ZeglebSi aseTi Sewyoba ar gvxvdeba. mis sanacvlod
saSualo saukuneebis qarTuli iyenebs SeiZleba nakleb lakoniurs, magram
ufro cxad da qarTuli enisaTvis ufro bunebriv 'Sewyobas: didi da patara saxli ||
saxlebi-s nacvlad iq gvaqvs didi saxli da patara saxli.
Savi devi da xazaran devi sazarod kmano (`rusudaniani~).
erTi glaxaki kaci movidoda gzasa. naxa ori gveli _ e r T i S a v i da e r T i w i T e l i
(saba).
erTi rigi sul TeTri orxao ewyo erTmaneTze, e r T i w i T e l i , e r T i m w v a n e
(`rusudaniani").
samni amxanagni Seiyarnen: erTi ispaaneli, erTi gilaneli da erTi
ganjeli (saba).
'
Cven mier ganxiluli sityvaTSewyoba damkvidrda gasul saukuneSi da gabatonda
ukve Cvens droSi. warmoSobiT igi e. w. sintaqsur-konstruqciuli kalki Cans, romelic
mkvidrdeba saliteraturo enaSi. oRond saWiro xdeba dazusteba sazRvrulis
ricxvis sakiTxisa. im SemTxvevaSi, roca Sinaarsis gabundovaneba mosalodneli araa,
sadac sazRvrulis mxoloobiTi Tu mravlobiTi ricxvis forma frazas Sinaarss ver
ucvlis, qarTulisaTvis ufro bunebrivi Cans sazRvrulis mxoloobiTi ricxvis
formiT warmodgena. iseTi Sexamebebi, rogoricaa: pirveli da meore SemTxvevebi, IX
da X klasebi, qarTuli da rusuli enebi, gare da Siga fuZeebi, zemo da qvemo sar-
Tulebi, Zveli da axali Taobebi da misT. ar Cans bunebrivi. umjobesi iqneboda, saz-
Rvruli mxoolobiTi ricxvis formiT yofiliyo warmodgenili. frazis Sinaarsi ar
Seicvleboda da bunebriv qarTul gamoTqmasac SevinarCunebdiT. leqsikuri da gansakuTrebiT
sintaqsuri kalki mxolod maSin emsaxureba enis gamdidrebis mniSvnelovan
saqmes, Tu igi advilad Tavsdeba msesxebeli enis yalibSi, Tu msesxebel enaSi ucxo
sxeulad ar ganicdeba.
246

zmnisarT-kavSirTa gamoyenebisaTvis 1
247
lia leJava
saliteraturo ena normebis mqone enaa. misi wesebi unda Seiswavlebodes. saskolo
gramatika, garda enis agebulebis analizisa, saliteraturo enis Seswavlasac emsaxureba
_ marTlwerisa da swormetyvelebis wesebsac awvdis moswavles.
saliteraturo ena aris ena mxatvruli literaturisa, Jurnal-gazeTebisa, radiosa
da televiziisa, leqcia-moxsenebebisa, oficialur saqmeTa qaRaldebisa, Teatrisa
da kinos, moswavleTa Tu studentTa literaturuli Txzulebebisa (e. w. Temebisa) da
sxv.
unda iTqvas, rom mxatvruli literaturis ena Tumca organuli nawilia saliteraturo
enisa, magram imave dros misgan gansxvavebulicaa. mxatvruli literaturis
ena saliteraturo enaze metia, ramdenadac iyenebs iseT elementebs, romlebic an
jer ar qceula saliteraturo enis kuTvnilebad, anda romlebsac arc momavalSi
uweriaT aseTi ram. amitom saWiroa mxatvruli literaturis enisa da saerTo saliteraturo
enis gamijvna. moswavleebs unda ganvumartoT, rom zogi faqti, rac mxatvruli
literaturis enaSi gvxvdeba, SeiZleba ar iyos saliteraturo enis kuTvnileba
(magaliTad, vaJas, a. yazbegis, d. kldiaSvilis an eg. ninoSvilis dialeqtizmebi, v.
barnovis an k. gamsaxurdias arqaizmebi, g. leoniZis an l. goTuas neologizmebi)...
amis sailustraciod gamogvadgeba rTuli qvewyobili winadadebis sanam kavSirisa
da misi manam korelatis dialeqturi formebi, romlebic arc Tu iaSviaTad gvxvdeba
axali qarTuli literaturis cnobil ZeglebSi.
1. sanam _ manam
sanam drois garemoebiTi damokidebuli winadadebis erT-erTi kavSiria, niSnavs:
ra dromdisac, rodemdec, vidre. mis korelatad mTavar winadadebaSi ixmareba manam,
romelic niSnavs: im dromde, e. i. es ori makavSirebeli sityva erTad qmnian aseT gagebas:
ra dromdisac... im dromde.
mag.: sanam Tone cxelia, puri manam Caakario (andaza).
sanam, manam sityvebSi specialistebi gamoyofen sa- da ma- elementebs. erTi mosazrebis
mixedviT, manam sada-sTan SepirispirebiT iSleba: ma-na(m) _ sa-da iseve, rogorc
sxva zmnisarTebi: ze-da || ze-na; Si-da || Si-na; qve-da || qve-na; gar-da || gar-na; vi-d-re ||
vi-n-e-m... aRniSnulia, rom -da || -na Zveli formantebiT gaformebuli es paraleluri
formebi axal qarTuls SemorCa, magram semantikuri diferenciacia maT Soris aSkarad
igrZnoba. Sdr. zeda qva da zena qari; sadamdis wavida da sanamdis gagrZelda
(arn. Ciqobava, v. Tofuria). aris agreTve varaudi, rom sa-na-m sityvaSi igive n SeiZleba
gamoiyos, rac vi-n sityvaSio (arn. Ciqobava). am azrs iziareben da moTxrobiTi
brunvis n-s varaudoben ma-n-a-m sityvaSic (S. ZiZiguri).
cnobilia sxvagvari Tvalsazrisic, romlis mixedviT, sanam da manam Sesabamisad
sad da mun sityvebis viTarebiTi brunvis formebisagan miRebulad ivaraudeba: sadad-mde
da mun-ad-mde (mun Zvel qarTulSi adgils aRniSnavda, mniSvnelobiTi udrida
iq zmnisarTs). am formas gavlena mouxdenia erTmaneTze, saxeldobr: sadamde-s gavleniT
munadmde-s u xmovani a-d Secvlila da ase migviRia manamde, romelsac dRes
mxolod drouli gageba aqvs. manamdes gavleniT ki sadamde-s d Tanxmovani n-d gadaukeTebia
da agreTve drouli gageba SeuZenia (a. SaniZe), e. i. sanam, manam zmnisarTebs
aseTi safexurebi gauvlia:
sanam: sadamdis > sanamdis > sanamdi > sanam
1 qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi, N3, 1983.

(an: sadamde > sanamde > sanam)
manam: munamdis > manamdis > manamdi > manam
(an: munamdis > minamdi > minam)
e. i. specialistTa azriT, sanam-manam zmnisarTebSi fuZiseulia a da ara i xmovani,
romelic dialeqtur sinam || minam formebSi gamoCndeba xolme. manam-is nacvlad minam-s
xSirad xmaroben aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebi (qarTluri, kaxuri, fSauri,
ingilouri... SeiZleba saintereso iyos agreTve mesxurisa da javaxuris mirem,
miram, miramdi formebi da aseve leCxumuri marebamdin, zemoimeruli manobamdin...).
rac Seexeba zmnisarTTa sintaqsur rols, sanam zmnisarTi kavSiris funqcias asrulebs
da misi adgili damokidebul winadadebaSia, manam ki misi korelatia da misi
adgili, cxadia, mTavar winadadebaSia.
sanam kavSiriT SeerTebuli damokidebuli winadadebis Sesaxeb SeniSnaven, rom 1.
aseTi winadadeba Cveulebriv TavSia; 2. damokidebul winadadebaSi ixmareba xolmeobiTis
forma (`sanam petre movidoda~...), mTavarSi ki _ wyvetilisao (l. kvaWaZe).
es sakiTxi sagangebod ganxilvis Rirsia. saqme exeba im darRvevebs, rac mxatvruli
literaturis enaSi gvxvdeba sanam, manam makavSirebeli sityvebis xmarebisas.
es darRvevebi sxvadasxva xasiaTisaa:
1. dasturdeba sanam kavSirisa da manam korelatis adgilgadanacvleba: mTavar winadadebaSi
moeqceva sanam kavSiri da damokidebulSi manam || minam korelati.
magaliTad: minam stumris mkvlels ar mohklavs, unda iaros sanamde (vaJa).
Tanamedrove saliteraturo enis TvalsazrisiT es dauSvebelia.
2. zogjer sanam-manam wyvilis nacvlad uxmariaT sanam-sanam (e. i. winadadebis orive
nawilSi kavSiri), an manam-manam (e. i. mTavarSica da damokidebulSic korelati).
magaliTad: sanam icocxle, gogoTur
sanam casa zdis namia,
sanam mze aTbobs qveyanas,
dila-saRamos Jamia,
sanam tyes esxmis foToli,
miwa amcenebs mwvanilsa,
sanam jinWvela qalaqiT
zurgiT maitans marilsa (vaJa);
sanam navSi da godrebSi ar gamoilia yurZeni, sanam ar wasula samtvrevad (T. razikaSvili);
minam cxvirSi ar moxvdeba, manam ar mova gonsa (vaJa);
manam CvenSi Zveleburad mefes ar dainaxaven, manam ar moisveneben (iv. maWav. Targm.);
manam oTaxs avalageb, manam yavas movxarSav da mogarTmev (ek. gab.);
sicocxle manamde uRirs kacsa, manam imisi qveyana rasme gamoelis (vaJa);
es faqti, e. i. sanam-manam makavSirebel sityvaTa Secvla sanam-sanam-iT an manam-manam-iT
dialeqtebis Semonatania da saliteraturo enisaTvis miuRebelia.
3. saliteraturo enaSi sruliad bunebrivia da Zalian xSiric sanam kavSiris xmareba
calad, korelatis gareSe.
mag: sanam petre movidoda, pavles tyavi gaaZvreso (andaza);
sanam swori joxi ar ipovo, mrudes nu gadaagdebo (andaza);
sanam SenTan movidode, erTxelac ar davikvnese (S. mRvimeli);
magram imave saliteraturo enisaTvis aRar aris bunebrivi, rodesac calad xmaroben
manam korelats da isic ara mTavar winadadebaSi, aramed damokidebulSi, e. i.
sanam kavSiris adgilas.
mag: manam mindia hbeladobs, xevsurebs ara uSavs ra (vaJa);
manam sxva iaraRs moixmarda, Sig marcxena ZuZuSi dambaCa daveci (ilia);
248

manam mebaRe moitanda, vezirma sxva vaSlebs Sxami wausva (i. gogebaSvili);
manam es moxdeboda, oTaraanT qvrivi TiTqo Roneze movida (ilia);
manam deda cocxali myvanda, sul alersSi vyvandi (vaJa);
manam aq Semoxvidodi, rad ar SegWama miwama (baCana);
manam erT muWas movkrebdi, qila gaevso gogosa (vaJa);
manam Cven TbilisTan vidgebiT, TaTari gareSamo cixeebs isev daiWers da gaamagrebs
(v. barnovi);
da ra aReb-micemobis saswavlebeli gamouvliaT, manam am xelobas daadgebodnen
(r. erisTavi).
manam cocxali var, daiviwyeT sikvdili (goderZi Coxeli, `adamianis sevda~, `ciskari~,
#1, 1983, gv. 60).
xmeleTze rom Tevzad viqceode, manam wyalTan mividodi, xom movkvdebodi (iqve,
gv. 45).
aem Cem sxeuls xom xedavT, amas Savitan saxlSi, zemoTavSi mivayudeb da me saiqios
waval, manam movbrundebi, amas xeli aravin axlos, miwaSi ar damarxoT (iqve, gv. 50).
esec aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli faqtia. saliteraturo
enaSi ki msgavs winadadebebSi manam-is nacvlad unda ixmarebodes sanam (sanam
mindia beladobs... sanam mebaRe moitanda... sanam erT muWas movkrefdi....).
4. mxatvrul literaturaSi dasturdeba sanam da manam kavSiris sinam da minam saxeoba.
magaliTad: bavSvebma kai xans irbines, sinam qancgawyvetilebi ar daeyarnen erTi
patara buCqis Ziras (n. lomouri);
xedavs mefe, rom jari daunaxevrda da sinam mters miaRwevs erTi kacic ar SerCeba
(i. gedev.);
minam bulbuli ar gaaTavebda galobas... dedaSeni smenad iyo gadaqceuli (vaJa);
minam mwyrebi budoben, minamdin xelTa hyavs mimino (ilia);
minam erTi oriod groSi mqonda da vxarjavdi, minam minaxa (ilia);
ratom maledve ar mokvdi;
minam egeTsa gnaxavdi (vaJa).
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, es aRmosavluri dialeqtebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebia.
saliteraturo ena am formebs ver miiRebs.
5. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos metyvelebaSi sanam || manam-s xSirad vidre kavSiris
adgilas iyeneben. aseTi magaliTebi mxatvrul literaturaSic gvxvdeba.
imaTTvis rom SegexedaT, ufro salaSqro samzadisSi iyvnen, sanam xatobad mimavalni
(a. yaz.);
Cems sikvdils ufro male hnaxav, sanam magisas (a. yaz.);
[imeda] ufro imaTs ismenda, sanam Tavisas ambobda (baCana);
arabuls rom vkiTxulobde, ufro gavigebdi, manam Tqvens nawers (r. erisT.);
soflis haeri ufro kargad imoqmedebs Tqvenze, manam qalaqSi oTaxSi jdoma (ek.
gab.);
yvela saswavlebelSi Sveicars ufro mometebuli jamagiri aqvs, manam qarTuli
enis maswavlebelsa (i. gogeb.).
cxadia, saliteraturo enisaTvis miuRebelia sanam || manam-is amgvarad gamoyeneba.
6. mxatvruli literaturis enaSi gvxvdeba aseTi winadadebebi:
Svilo, sonajan... sanam Caicvi, genacvale, siZe-kniazi mobrZandeba (a. cagar.);
sanam me vecdebi, egebis movarjulo (a. yaz.);
sanam mec sabebio instituts davamTavreb (i. gulis.); efemiamac sanam tabla gaamzada,
cxrilze daalaga Svidi puris marcvali (T. razik.).
sonajan, sanam ramdenime franciculi sityva damiwere qarTuli asoebiT (a. cagar.).
ymawvilebo, davucadoT... sanam me sufras davaTvaliereb (a. cagar.).
Tumca aq rTuli qvewyobili winadadeba ara gvaqvs (sanam drois garemoebaa da ara
249

kavSiri), magram droSi mimarTebis sakiTxi mainc naTelia: am winadadebebSi gadmocemuli
moqmedeba unda uswrebdes wina konteqstSi gaTvaliswinebul moqmedebas. e. i. aq
ukeT miesadageba zmnisarTebi: manam, manamdis (manamdis Caicvi... manamdis me vecdebi...
efemiamac manamde sufra gaamzada...) da ara sanam, romelic niSnavs vidre. ise rom, saliteraturo
enisaTvis sanam zmnisarTis aseTi gamoyenebac miuRebelia.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT:
1. sanam drois kavSiris adgili damokidebul winadadebaSia, misi korelatisa (manam)
ki _ mTavarSi. umarTebuloa da uarsayofi maTi adgilebis Secvla _ sanam-is gadatana
mTavarSi da manam-isa damokidebulSi.
2. sanam-manam wyvilis nacvlad sanam-sanam-isa da manam-manam-is xmareba dRes dialeqtizmia
da, amdenad, uarsayofia.
3. manam korelatis calad xmareba damokidebul winadadebaSi sanam kavSiris adgilas,
agreTve, dialeqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli faqtia da saliteraturo enaSi mas
Tavi unda avaridoT.
4. sinam, minam saxeoba dialeqtizmia da saliteraturo enaSi ar unda ixmarebodes.
5. dialeqtebis Semonatania da saliteraturo enisaTvis miuRebelia sanam zmnizedis
xmareba vidre-s funqciiTa da aseve misi gamoyeneba nacvlad zmnisarTebisa: manamdis,
im dromdis.
2. ara marto _ aramed...
Serwymulsa da Tanwyobil winadadebaSi xSirad ixmareba wyvili kavSirebi _ majgufebeli:
ara marto _ aramed, ara mxolod _ aramed, araTu _ aramed... (mag: movidnen
ara marto bavSvebi, aramed mSoblebic, e. i. bavSvebic movidnen da mSoblebic) da mapirispirebeli:
ar _ aramed, ara _ aramed, ki ar _ aramed, ki ara _ aramed... (mag: movidnen
ara bavSvebi, aramed mSoblebi. e. i. bavSvebi ar mosulan, mSoblebi movidnen).
am kavSirTa marTebulad xmarebis principi orive tipis winadadebaSi erTia: kavSiri
Sesapirispirebeli Tu dasajgufebeli wevrebis mimarT garkveul adgils unda
iWerdes winadadebaSi, saxeldobr, Sesapirispirebeli an dasajgufebeli wevri unda
mosdevdes kavSirs. oRond es ar niSnavs imas, rom es wevri aucileblad kavSiris
uSualo mezoblad unda iyos. mas SeiZleba uZRodes Tavisi amxsneli sityva an sityvebi:
Semasmenels _ garemoebebi an damateba, xolo saxeliT gadmocemul romelime
wevrs _ gansazRvreba. magaliTad: movidnen ara marto patara bavSvebi, aramed maTi
mSoblebic. dasajgufebeli wevrebi bavSvebi da mSoblebi orSemadgenliani kavSiris
Sesabamis nawilTa Semdeg arian ganlagebuli, magram am wevrebs uZRvis Tav-Tavisi amxsnelebi:
patara bavSvebi, maTi mSoblebi.
Tanamedrove saliteraturo ena am wess icavs, magram gvxvdeba darRvevebic.
magaliTisaTvis warmovadgenT aseTi darRvevebis ramdenime SemTxvevasa da maT
gasworebas.
msgavs winadadebaTa gasworebisas aucilebelia damatebiT gaviTvaliswinoT zogi
ram; jer erTi, wyvili kavSirebi: ara mxolod _ aramed, ara marto _ aramed, araTu _
aramed da sxv., Zveli qarTulidan moyolebuli, sakmaod xSirad saxmari kavSirebia.
magram dRes isini umetesad mainc wignis enaSi ixmareba. cocxali metyveleba amjobinebs
an sul auaros gverdi maT, an pirveli nawili (ara marto, ara mxolod, araTu...)
Secvalos ki ar, ki ara, ki nu, nu ki nawilakebiT.
meore, am wyvil kavSirebTan erTad xSirad gamoiyeneba damxmare gamaZlierebeli
nawilakebi: -c, -ca, da, kidec, agreTve da sxv.
gasworebisas amis gaTvaliswinebacaa saWiro.
ramdenime magaliTi presidan:
mxatvari saSualebas iZleva gavaumjobesoT sareklamo saqmis ara marto Sinaarsobrivi
mxare, aramed avamaRloT reklamis mxatvruli donec (`Tbilisi”).
winadadebis pirveli nawili (mxatvari saSualebas iZleva gavaumjobesoT sareklamo
saqmis ara marto Sinaarsobrivi mxare) qmnis STabeWdilebas, rom meore nawil-
250

Si laparaki iqneba sareklamo saqmis sxva mxaris gaumjobesebaze; e. i. gaumjobesdeba
sareklamo saqmis Sinaarsobrivi mxarec da sxva mxarec. am STabeWdilebas qmnis ara
marto-s dasma damatebis _ `Sinaarsobrivi mxaris~ _ win. magram meore nawilSi (...aramed
avamaRloT reklamis mxatvruli donec) ukve irkveva, rom aq majgufebeli kavSiris
nawili (aramed) avamaRloT zmnasTanaa mimarTebaSi; es Semasmeneli unda dajgufdes
pirvel SemasmenelTan, amisaTvis ki saWiroa pirveli Semasmenelic mosdevdes kav-
Sirs, e. i. unda iyos ase:
mxatvari saSualebas iZleva ara marto gavaumjobesoT sareklamo saqmis Sinaarsobrivi
mxare, aramed avamaRloT reklamis mxatvruli donec.
an sxvagvarad: mxatvari ara marto sareklamo saqmis Sinaarsobrivi mxaris gaumjobesebis,
aramed reklamis mxatvruli donis amaRlebis saSualebasac iZleva.
sxva magaliTi:
es mkveTrad gaaumjobesebda ara marto ori germanuli saxelmwifos urTierTobas,
aramed didad Seuwyobda xels evropis daZabulobis Senelebasac (pres.).
erTgvari Semasmenelebia: gaaumjobesebda da xels Seuwyobda. kavSirebic maT win
unda daisvas. gveqneba:
es ara marto mkveTrad gaaumjobesebda ori germanuli saxelmwifos urTierTobas,
aramed didad Seuwyobda xels evropis daZabulobis Senelebasac.
es meTodi ganapirobebs ara marto yurZnis mosavals, aramed saSualebas gvaZlevs
davamzadoT maRalxarisxovani Rvino.
winadadeba Serwymulia Semasmenlebis mixedviT. qvemdebarea meTodi, erTgvari Semasmenelebia:
ganapirobebs da gvaZlevs. gadmosacemia azri, rom es meTodi kidec ganapirobebs
raRacas da kidec gvaZlevs raRacas. es azri rom naTlad iyos naTqvami, saWiroa
SemasmenelTa saTanado dajgufeba, rac majgufebel kavSirebs ara marto _ aramed-s
akisria. magram kavSirisa da Semasmenlis garkveuli mimarTebis asaxva xerxdeba
winadadebaSi sityvaTa saTanado ganlagebiT _ erTgvari Semasmenlebi unda mosdevdes
kavSirs. aq ki kavSiris pirvel nawils (ara marto) mosdevs ara Semasmeneli, aramed
damateba (ara marto yurZnis mosavals), bunebrivia, maszea maxvili da winadadebis
pirveli nawili qmnis STabeWdilebas, rom meTodi ganapirobebs garda yurZnis mosavlisa,
kidev raRac sxvasac. azri rom naTlad gadmoecaT, winadadeba ase unda aegoT:
es meTodi ara marto ganapirobebs yurZnis mosavals, aramed agreTve saSualebas
gvaZlevs davamzadoT maRalxarisxovani Rvino (pres.).
an: es meTodi marto yurZnis mosavals ki ar ganapirobebs, aramed agreTve saSualebas
gvaZlevs davamzadoT...
naTlad ver aris gadmocemuli azri Semdeg winadadebaSic:
ruqa aramc-Tu Suriani da borotia Tavisi bunebiT, aramed aseTivea Tavisi mrwamsiTac
(saxelm.).
e. i. unda gviTxran, rom ruqa boroti da Suriania Tavisi bunebiTac da mrwamsi-
Tac, e. i. dasajgufebelia ubralo damatebebi, amisTvis ki sityvebi ase unda dalagdes
am winadadebaSi:
ruqa aramcTu Tavisi bunebiT aris Suriani da boroti, aramed Tavisi mrwamsiTac
aseTivea.
(Tu saerTod naTelia azri am winadadebisa).
erT saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi aseTi winadadeba gvxvdeba:
moweuli mosavali sakmarisi iyo ara marto imaTTvis, vinc yanaSi muSaobda, aramed
rCeboda mosavlis nametic (saxelm.).
aqac moveliT, rom winadadebis meore nawilSi naTqvami iqneba, kidev visTvis iyo
sakmarisi moweuli mosavali. magram sxva ramis Tqmas apireben: mosavali muSebisTvisac
kmaroda da kidev meti _ nametic rCeboda. am ori nawilis azri rom naTlad davukavSiroT
erTmaneTs, sityvebi ase unda davalagoT:
moweuli mosavali ara marto sakmarisi iyo imaTTvis, vinc yanaSi muSaobda, aramed
rCeboda kidec mosavlis nameti.
251

SeiZleboda am kavSirTa gverdis avlac ase:
moweuli mosavali imaTTvisac sakmarisi iyo, vinc yanaSi muSaobda, da mosavlis na-
metic rCeboda.
zogjer umarTebulod iyeneben majgufebel arc _ arc wyvil kavSirsac. wesis mixedviT,
es kavSiric erTgvari wevrebis win unda ganlagdes. magaliTad, savsebiT mar-
Tebulad aris agebuli akakis cnobil nawarmoebSi Semdegi winadadeba:
es loTi maswavlebeli yuradRebasac ar aqcevda Tavis sagnebs, arc algebras,
arc geometrias, arc trigonometrias da arc fizikas (`Cemi Tavg.~). Tu erTgvari wevrebi
arc _ arc kavSiris momdevnod ar vixmareT, azri bundovandeba. aseTi viTarebaa
Semdeg winadadebaSi:
`komplimenturi~ kritika gzas uTmobs obieqtur da gonivrul kritikas, roca daviwyebuli
ar aris arc nawarmoebis kargi da arc negatiuri mxarea gazviadebuli
(`lit. saq.~).
aq arc _ arc wyvilma kavSirma unda daajgufos erTgvari Semasmenlebi: daviwyebuli
aris, gazviadebuli aris. amisaTvis saWiroa, rom es Semasmenlebi kavSirebs mosdevdes.
aq ki pirveli Semasmeneli uswrebs arc kavSirs (daviwyebuli ar aris... arc),
riTac azris naTlad gadmocema dabrkolebulia. rogorc ki erTgvar Semasmenlebs
kavSiris Semdeg davsvamT, winadadeba gaimarTeba, gveqneba:
`komplimenturi” kritika gzas uTmobs obieqtur da gonivrul kritikas, roca arc
nawarmoebis kargia daviwyebuli da arc negatiuri mxarea gazviadebuli.
aseve mWidro uerTierTobaSia dapirispirebul wevrebTan mapirispirebeli wyvili
kavSirebi.
mag.: [galaktioni] SemdegSi aqveynebs ara deklaraciebs axali cxovrebisadmi TanagrZnobis
Sesaxeb, aramed organulad ibrZvis sinamdvilis konkretuli, uSualo da
mxatvruli asaxvisaTvis.
wyvili mapirispirebeli kavSiria ara _ aramed. misi pirveli nawili (ara) win uZRvis
damatebas (aqveynebs ara deklaraciebs). amitom meore nawilSi mis sapirispiro
wevrs moveliT kavSiris meore nawilis Semdeg (magaliTad, ase: aqveynebs ara deklaraciebs,
aramed leqsebs), magram winadadebis meore nawilSi gveubnebian, rom galaktioni
ibrZvis sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvisaTvis, e. i. winadadebis pirvel nawilSi
yvelaferi rigze ar aris. ara-s Semasmeneli unda mosdevdes (ar aqveynebs), mxolod
aseT SemTxvevaSi iqneba naTeli am ori Semasmenlis Sepirispireba.
isic unda iTqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSi ara nawilakis gamoyenebas ajobebda ki ar
gvexmara da mTeli winadadeba aseT saxes miiRebda:
(galaktioni) SemdegSi deklaraciebs ki ar aqveynebs, aramed... ibrZvis sinamdvilis
konkretuli, uSualo da mxatvruli asaxvisaTvis.
gaanalizebuli masalis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT: Sepirispirebul an dasajgufebel
wevrTa dasma mapirispirebel Tu majgufebel kavSirTa win dauSvebelia,
radganac aseTi umarTebulo sityvaTa ganlageba azrs abundovanebs, _ Sesapirispirebeli
an dasajgufebeli wevrebi unda mosdevdes wyvili kavSiris orive nawils.
252

CarTuli 1
253
neli cqitiSvili
CarTulTan dakavSirebuli marTlweris sakiTxebi pirobiTad or jgufad SeiZleba
gaiyos: wminda stilistikuri Ra stilistikur-sintaqsuri xasiaTis sakiTxebad. es
ukanaskneli ki sabolood punqtuaciis wesebad yalibdeba. orive jgufis sakiTxebis
saTanado gadawyveta, cxadia, CarTulis raobis, bunebis garkvevas gulisxmobs.
CarTulis raoba specialur literaturaSi ZiriTadad garkveulia, Tumca arsebobs
urTierTgamomricxveli debulebebic. am literaturas aq dawvrilebiT ar mimovixilavT,
magram saWirod migvaCnia yuradRebis gamaxvileba zogierT sakiTxze (da iqneb
zogierTi debulebis dazustebac). ganvixilavT ZiriTadad e. w. CarTul s i t y -
v e b s , radgan sadavo sakiTxebic umetesad swored maT garSemo iyris Tavs.
specialuri literaturis mixedviT, CarTulis g r a m a t i k u l i daxasiaTeba Ziri-
Tadad ,,negatiuria~: CarTuli a r a r i s winadadebis wevri (Tundac gankerZoebuli);
CarTuli g r a m a t i k u l a d a r a r i s dakavSirebuli winadadebis konstruqciasTan.
rusul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi arsebobs amis sapirispiro mosazrebac: magaliTad,
a. rudnevis azriT, CarTulsa da winadadebis danarCen nawils Soris arsebobs
specifikuri xasiaTis urTierToba, specifikuri xasiaTis sintaqsuri k a v S i -
r i c ki, rac gamoixateba CarTuli sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis (romlebsac mkvlevari
msazRvrel sityvebs uwodebs) winadadebaSi `CarTvis f a q t i T ~ da sazRvrul sityvebTan
maTi m e z o b l o b i T . . . msazRvreli sityvebis forma ar aris damokidebuli
sazRvrul sityvebze da maT, rogorc wesi, ar daesmis logikuri kiTxvebi, magram
garkveul sintaqsur fuqcias isini mainc asruleben _ miekuTvnebian winadadebis ama
Tu im wevrs da gansazRvruli azrobrivi elferi SeaqvT gamonaTqvamSi. SemoTavazebulia
am urTierTobis amsaxveli terminic _ T a n a f a r d o b a a n T a n a f a r d o b i -
Ti kavSiri (`соотношение~ или `соотносительная связь~) 2 .
zogi mkvlevari (a. meSCaninovi, e. kroteviCi) CarTuls winadadebis wevradac acxadebs.
CarTulis funqcia ramdenadme gansxvavebuladaa gansazRvruli im gamokvlevebSi,
romlebSic winadadeba miCneulia ara marto enobriv (struqturul) erTeulad, aramed
metyvelebis (azrobriv-logikur) erTeuladac 3 . CarTuli, iseve rogorc winadadebis
gankerZoebuli wevrebi da winadadebasTan g r a m a t i k u l a d d a u k a v S i r e b e -
l i sxva sityva-gamoTqmebi, daxasiaTebulia, rogorc winadadebis a q t u a l i z e b i s
gamaZlierebeli saSualeba 4 .
CarTulis funqcia, zogierT sxva damxmare sityvasTan (nawilakTan, kavSirTan...)
erTad, Semdegnairadac aris gansazRvruli specialur literaturaSi: es sityvebi gamoyofen
sityvaTa mowesrigebuli rigis erT-erT wevrs, rogorc metad an nakleb
mniSvnelovans, SemohyavT axali wevri da xSaven sityvaTa rigs, anda gamoyofen erTerT
wevrs modaluri Sefasebis safuZvelze 5 .
da mainc, `pozitiurad~ CarTuli daxasiaTebulia umetesad stilistikur-semantikuri
TvalsazrisiT. CarTulis stilistikur-semantikuri funqciebi, romlebsac asaxeleben
saTanado literaturaSi, zogadad Semdegi xasiaTisaa: i n f o r m a c i u l i
(moubari azogadebs an akonkretebs ambavs; miuTiTebs naambobis Tanamimdevrobaze an
mowodebuli azris wyaroze), S e m f a s e b l u r i (moubari TviTve afasebs Tavis naam-
1 qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi,VIII, 1988.
2 ix. Г. Руднев, Синтаксис осложненного предложения, М., 1959, gv. 123.
3 SevniSnavT, rom zogi mkvlevari winadadebas saerTod ganixilavs ara enis, aramed metyvelebis
erTeulebad. ix. О. С.Ахманова, Г.Б. Микаэлян, Современные синтаксические теории, М., 1963, gv. 123.
4 a . d a v i T i a n i , qarTuli enis sintaqsi, Tb., 1973, gv. 158-159.
5 Русская грамматика, II, Синтаксис, М., 1980, gv. 173.

obs) an e m o c i u r - S e m f a s e b l u r i (moubari gamoxatavs emociur damokidebulebas
informaciis mimarT)...
maSasadame, CarTul sityvebsa da gamoTqmebs, miuxedavad funqciaTa mravalgvarobisa,
literaturis mixedviT, axasiaTebT erTi specifikuri niSani: ambavi danaxuli
Tu Sefasebulia mudam da mxolod mTqmelis poziciidan. sxva damaxasia-
Tebel niSnebTan erTad (rom gramatikulad es jgufi `Wrelia~ da mis Semadgenloba-
Si ar Sedis konkretuli sagnobrivi mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebi; rom CarTuli
sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis adgili winadadebaSi Tavisufalia), aRniSnuli niSnis safuZvelzedac
CarTuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi gaerTianebulia erT l e q s i k u r -
sintaqsur jgufSi 6 .
ramdenadac CarTuli sityvebi (da gamoTqmebi) winadadebas `subieqtur-modalur~
Sinaarss sZenen, amitom maT `modalur sityvebsac~ uwodeben da ganixilaven modalobis
kategoriis gamomxatvel leqsikur saSualebebs Soris, rogorc sityvaTa g a n -
s a k u T r e b u l `gramatikul klass~... 7
Tu e. w. ,,obieqtur-modaluri~ Sinaarsi yvela winadadebas aqvs da iTvleba, rom
arc arsebobs predikatuloba modalurobis gareSe, ,,subieqtur-modaluri~ Sinaarsi
yvela gamonaTqvams SeiZleba arc hqondes, emociurad Seferili SeiZleba yvela winadadeba
ar iyos... 8 da, raki CarTuli sityvvbi erT-erTi saSualebaa am subieqtur-modaluri
Sinaarsis gamosaxatavad, g r a m a t i k u l a d ki isini ar ukavSirdebian winadadebas,
amitom CarTulis definiciaSi gaCnda aseTi Tezisi: CarTulis amoRebiT winadadebis
azri ar irRvevao.
am debulebas SeiZleba hqondes mxolod SefardebiTi (da ara absoluturi) mniSvneloba:
CarTulis amoRebiT ar irRveva gramatikuli azri, ukeT, winadadebis struqtura,
Torem Sinaarsi irRveva (winadadebis Sinaarss ar arRvevs mxolod zedmeti
damxmare sityvebis amoReba. amaze _ qvemoT)... CarTulis amgvar ganmartebas gaumar-
Tleblad Tvlian meToduri TvalsazrisiTac 9 . ukanasknel xans gamoiTqva am debulebis
diametrulad sawinaaRmdego mosazrebac, rom TiTqos `komunikaciis dros TiTqmis
arc erTi metyvelebiTi procesi ar mimdinareobs komentarebis gareSe, CarTuli
sityvebis an sityvaTa SeTanxmebis (!) saxiT...~ 10
magram yovel saliteraturo enaSi erTmaneTisagan imijneba neitraluri da emociuri
xasiaTis winadadebebi. maT bevri niSani ganasxvavebs: sityvaTganlageba, winadadebis
intonaciur-melodikuri struqtura, damxmare, `modaluri sityvebis~ metnakleboba
da sxva... rac Seexeba, kerZod, CarTuli konstruqciebis gamoyenebas saliteraturo
enaSi, yuradRebas iqcevs teqstebze dakvirvebebi ama Tu im saliteraturo enis
ganviTarebis mTels manZilze. rusuli saliteraturo enis mkvlevrebs, magaliTad,
SeniSnuli aqvT, rom me-18 saukunis teqstebSi CarTuli konstruqciebi SedarebiT iSviaTad
gvxvdeba, me-19 saukunis teqstebSi ki maTi raodenoba TandaTan izrdeba.
CarTuli sityvisa da winadadebis gamoyeneba Zvel qarTul saliteraturo enaSi
specialurad Seiswavla ant. kiziriam. mkvlevari aRniSnavs: `Zvel qarTulSi CarTuli
sityvebi SedarebiT iSviaTia, magram mainc gvxvdeba. gadmocemulia viTarebis garemoebis
formebiT~... (mag., WeSmaritad, mcnebisaebr...) da Semdeg: `CarTuli gamoTqmebisaTvis,
rogorc wesi, damaxasiaTebelia iseTi formebi, romelTac Sesityvebis centrad
zmna-Semasmeneli moepovebaT. igi ZiriTad winadadebasTan dakavSirebulia ukav-
Sirod an kavSiris meSveobiT. sxva saxis CarTuli sityva, romelic axal qarTulSi
6 Русская грамматика, II, gv. 228-229.
7 В. Виноградов, О категории модальности и модальных словах в русском языке, Исследования по русской грамматике,
М., 1975, gv. 53-87.
8 Русская грамматика, II, gv. 214-216.
9 r. SamelaSvili, gankerZoebuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi qarTulSi da maTi swavlebis
meTodika, Tb., 1958, gv. 161.
10 l. naxapetova, teqstis valenturi kavSirebis Sesaxeb qarTul konstruqciebSi, macne,
enisa da literaturis seria, #2, 1986, gv. 135.
254

gvxvdeba, Zvel qarTulSi araa mkveTrad gamyofili, rogorc gankerZoebuli gamoTqma
(!)...~ CarTuli gamoTqmebis magaliTebi aseTia: me viTar vhgoneb, viTar igi gibrZane,
viTarca gauwyeT [RmrTismoyuarebasa Tqvensa], viTarca vTquT... viTarca xedavT... vi-
Tarca xityჳs pavleÁ... 11
msgavsi faqtebis safuZvelzea gamoTqmuli varaudi, rom CarTuli sityvebi Tu
konstruqciebi gviani warmonaqmnia; rom CarTul sityvad SeiZleba iqces garemoebiTi
sityvebi an reducirebuli winadadebebi (v. vinogradovi); rom CarTuli sityva warmoadgens
TiTqos daumTavrebel winadadebas an miRebulia sruli winadadebisagan, romlisaganac
darCenilia mxolod esa Tu is nawili. es ukanaskneli zogjer nawilakadacaa
qceuli (d. ovsianiko-kulikovski); rom CarTuli sityvebi da Sesityvebebi warmoqmnilia.
e . w. CarTuli winadadebebisagan... (a. peSkovski); rom CarTuli sityvebi da
gamoTqmebi... rogoricaa: `WeSmaritad, sityჳsaebr uflisa, msgavsad Zalisa Tჳsisa~ da
misT., warmoSobiT viTarebis garemoebis formebia, oRond dakarguli aqvT garemoebis
gageba da ganelebulia sintaqsuri urTierTobis gamoxatvis saSualebac. amitomaa,
rom odesRac marTuli wevri winadadebisa, romelsac saamiso formac aqvs, ar gaigeba
winadadebis wevrad. winadadebis Semadgenlobidan is gamoTiSa pauzam, romelic
gankerZoebuli sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis gamoyofis erT-erTi saSualebaTagania~ 12 .
aRniSnuli debulebebic ar aris absoluturi xasiaTisa (ver gavrceldeba yvela
saxis CarTulze) da zog dazustebasac moiTxovs. nawili CarTuli sityvebisa Tu gamoTqmebisa
etimologiurad marTlac `reducirebuli winadadebebia~. aseTebia, magaliTad,
qarTul enaSi damkvidrebuli e. w. `ficilis formulebi~ _ RmerTmani, dedaSvilobas,
daZmobam, miwis madlma... da misT. SesaZloa, hipotaqsuri konstruqciis
moSlis Sedegad iyos warmoqmnili Sedgenili Semasmenlis formis mqone CarTulebi:
rasakvirvelia, bunebrivia da misT. 13
rac Seexeba e. w. garemoebiTi an sxva sityvebis CarTulad `qcevas~, igi mimdinare,
uwyveti procesia. dazustebisaTvis: jer erTi, esa Tu is srulmniSvnelovani sityva,
cvdeba ra jer semantikurad, Semdeg ki _ funqciurad, CarTulad ki ar iqceva, aramed
_ arasrulmniSvnelovan sityvad (mag., zmnisarTi an zmna _ nawilakad). rogorc
erTma, ise meorem (e. i. rogorc srulmniSvnelovanma, ise misma saxenacvalma _ arasrulmniSvnelovanma
sityvam), SesaZloa, garkveul poziciaSi Seasrulos CarTulis
funqcia. meorec: erTsa da imave frazaSic ki, sxvadasxva sintaqsur pirobebSi, erTi
da igive sityva ssvadasxva sintaqsur funqcias asrulebs _ viTarebis garemoebisa,
CarTulisa an modaluri nawilakisas 14 . ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli sintaqsuri pirobebi
ki sityvaTganlageba 15 da intonaciaa. sintaqsur pirobebTan erTad sityvis ama Tu im
sintaqsuri funqciis realizebas xels uwyobs am sityvis semantika da zogjer formac.
amitom CarTul sityvebs funqciur-sintaqsur omonimebsac uwodeben... 16 amitomac
iTvleba albaT CarTuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi advilad Sevsebad leqsikursintaqsur
jgufebad 17 .
rac Seexeba CarTuli sityvebisa Tu gamoTqmebis met-naklebad gamoyenebas ama Tu
im epoqis saliteraturo enaSi, amis mizezi ufro eqstralingvistur faqtorebSi unda
veZioT (rogoricaa, mag., saliteraturo enis funqciebis gamravalferovneba. in-
11 a. kiziria, CarTuli sityva da winadadeba Zvel qarTulSi, ike, XV, gv. 176-177.
12 a . k i z i r i a , dasax. naSr., gv. 172-173, 180.
13 SevniSnavT, rom es `formulebi~ morfologiurad SorisdebulTa Soris ganixileba. ix.
a. SaniZe, qaTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, morfologia, Tb., 1973, gv. 625; o . gaCe-
C i l a Z e , Sorisdebuli axal saliteraturo qarTulSi, Tb., 1979, gv. 106-112.
14 Sdr. О. Ахманова, Г. Б. Микаэлян, dasax. naSr., gv. 134-135.
15 aRniSnuli terminisaTvis ix. b . f o C x u a , sityvaTganlagebisaTvis qarTulSi, ike, XIII, Tb.,
1962; S . a f r i d o n i Z e , sityvaTganlageba axal qarTulSi, Tb., 1986, gv. 3.
16 В. М. Панькин, Омонимия лексическая и синтаксическая, Русская речь, #1, 1975, gv. 74-75.
17 Русская грамматика, II, gv. 228.
255

formaciulobis zrda, rac, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs logikuri msjelobisa Tu modaluri
niuansebis Semcvel winadadebaTa Tu SesityvebaTa momravlebas, sasaubro enis nakadis
metad SemoWras saliteraturo enaSi da sxv.).
erTsac SevniSnavT: Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo enis teqstebi isev Sesaswavli
Cans am TvalsazrisiT. sayuradReboa, magaliTad:
1) d. meliqiSvilis dakvirvebebi Zvel naTargmn ZeglebSi berZnuli nawilakebis
Sesatyvisi nawilakebis (sadame / sadme / same, nuukue, nuume...) gamoyenebaze sakavSirebel
sityvebad. am nawilakebis gamoyenebas zogjer, mkvlevris azriT, mxolod formaluri,
stiluri daniSnuleba aqvs, da am `metnobiTi~ kavSirebis amoRebiT azrs `daSla
da vneba ar SeemTxveva~ (anton I) 18 . swored amgvari `Sinaarsisagan daclili~
sityvebi Seadgens CarTulTa erT fenas 19 .
2) l. SalvaSvilis dakvirveba Tavad zmnisarTze. rogorc avtori aRniSnavs,
,,sulxan-saba orbelianisa da misi drois literaturuli Zeglebis enaSi Tavad gavrcelebulia
jer, jer erTi, jer iyo da, isec, isedac, Tavidan, pirvelad, uwin...
zmnizedebisa da zmnizeduri wyvilebis SinaarsiT~ 20 . mkvlevars mohyavs aseTi winadadebebi:
`Tavad im saxlis agebuleba gvikvirda da mere imdeni feri sakravi da Tama-
Soba~ (`rusudaniani~); `Tavad morCena uxaroda [Rors) da mere is alagi moewona, Caliani,
tyiani da bevri xiliani~ (`Timsariani~); yvela gviSlida cotas naviT wasvlas.
Tavad avi saRelavi adgili iyo, merme _ eTiopisa da osmalos mekobre mravali (sulxan-saba
orbeliani, `mogzauroba evropaSi~) 21 . am winadadebebSi Tavad [= jer erTi]
zmnisarTi, vfiqrobT, intonaciurad gamoyofilia winadadebis wevrebisagan da Car-
Tulis funqcias asrulebs...
rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, CarTuli sityvebi gramatikulad araerTgvarovania.
CarTulad gvxvdeba rogorc srulmniSvnelovani sityvebi (zmna, zmnisarTi), ise damxmare
(nawilaki, kavSiri, Sorisdebuli). maT, Cveulebriv, stilistikur-semantikuri
funqciebis mixedviT ajgufeben. aseTi dajgufebisas erTmaneTis gverdiT xvdeba, magaliTad,
zmnuri formis sityvebi _ Cans, etyoba, mgoni || vgoneb da nawilaki albaT
(agreTve gamoTqmebi vin icis, vin uwyis, RmerTma uwyis...), romlebic saeWvo-saegebios
xdian miRebul informacias an gamoxataven mTqmelis eWvnarev dasturs winadadebaSi
gamoTqmuli azris mimarT; anda _ zmnisarTi amgvarad, da kavSiri maSasadame, romlebic
gamoxataven `damokidebulebas win gamoTqmul azrTan~ (a. SaniZe) da a. S. CarTulad
gamoyenebuli sityvebis sintaqsuri funqciebis gasarkvevad ki, imis gasarkvevad,
Tu rogor icvleba zogierTi sityvis funqcia sintaqsuri pirobebis Sesabamisad,
upirveles yovlisa, aucilebelia maTi gramatikuli dajgufeba. cal-calke Cans gansaxilveli
CarTulis funqciis mqone zmnisarTebi, nawilakebi, zmnis piriani formebi,
Sedgenili Semasmenlis formis mqone sityvebi...
Cveni dakvirvebebic swored amgvari dajgufebiTaa warmodgenili.
1. CarTulis funqciis mqone zmnisarTebi
rogorc cnobilia, CarTul sityvebad umetesad viTarebis an zoma-odenobis zmnisarTebi
gvxvdeba, e. i. zmnisarTebi, romlebsac modaluri Sinaarsi aqvT da winadadebis
ZiriTad SemadgenlobaSi viTarebis garemoebis sintaqsur rols asruleben.
viTarebis garemoebis adgili winadadebaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, mkacrad gansazRvrulia.
saTanado gamokvlevebSi aRniSnulia, rom `saliteraturo enaSi viTarebis da
18 d . m e l i q i S v i l i , zogi sakavSirebeli sityvisa da nawilakis warmomavlobisaTvis...
`macne~, enisa da lit. seria, #2, 1984, gv. 99.
19 Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo enaSi aseT `metnobiT~ kavSirebad gvevlineba zogjer
da mainc, arada (xSir SemTxvevaSi ki maTi xmareba garkveuli stiluri elferis Semcvelia).
20 l . S a l v a S v i l i , `sibrZne-sicruisas~ dasawyisis gagebisaTvis, `qarTuli ena da literatura
skolaSi~, #1-2, 1985, gv. 66.
21 l. SalvaSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 67.
256

zoma-odenobis aRmniSvneli zmnizedebi umetes SemTxvevaSi zmnas win uswrebs~ 22 da
rom `poziciis simyaris mxriv arc erTi wevri ar Seedreba aRniSnul garemoebas~ 23 .
axsnilia am myari poziciis mizezic: `...Semasmeneli arc SinaarsiT da arc Tavisi
formiT ar moiTxovs im dazustebas, romelic viTarebis garemoebas Seaqvs winadadebaSi.
TviT viTarebis garemoeba, winadadebis sxva wevrebisagan gansxvavebiT, Sinaarseulad
araa TavisTavadi, igi mxolod sxva sityvis _ Semasmenlis _ rogorobas aRniSnavs
da calke aRebuli arafers gamoxatavs. bunebrivia, Tu viTarebis garemoeba cdilobs
miekedlos `fuZe~-sityvas, Semasmenels~ 24 .
Tu aRniSnuli poziciis Secvla, erTi mxriv, `...stilistikuri Seusabamobis mizezi
xdeba da winadadebis Sinaarssac elfers ucvlis~, ganasxvavebs winadadebis wevrebs
(`tarieli q a r i v i T m i a q r o l e b d a cxens~ da `miaqrolebda q a r i v i T
cxens~) 25 , meore mxriv, igi xels uwyobs zmnisarTebis gankerZoebas.
specialur literaturaSi SeniSnulia Semdegic: Tu winadadebaSi ori viTarebis
garemoebaa, isini ganlagebulia imis mixedviT, Tu `romel semantikur erTeulTan amyareben
kavSirs: mTel winadadebasTan Tu mxolod SemasmenelTan. winadadebis
msazRvreli Tavkidur pozicias ikavebs winadadebaSi, Semasmenlisa ki _
mis winamavals~ 26 . Tvlian, rom `viTarebis garemoebaTa amgvari dayofa-diferencireba
iZleva gasaRebs CarTulis movlenis gagebaSic: CarTuli xSirad viTarebis garemoebad
realizdeba, Tu mas uSualod daukavSirdeba zmna-Semasmeneli da pauzis gareSe
CaerTveba winadadebaSi~ 27 .
da ara mxolod winadadebaSi warmodgenili ori zmnisarTidan erT-erTi, aramed
erTi zmnisarTic _ sxvadasxva poziciaSi _ SeiZleba realizebul iqnes viTarebis garemoebad
an CarTulad. amitom CarTulisa Tu zmnisarTebis (zmnizedebis) Sesaxeb arsebul
meTodur literaturaSi specialurad msjeloben viTarebis garemoebisa da
CarTulis gansxvavebis Sesaxeb da miuTiTeben swavlebis procesSi am sakiTxis mimarT
yuradRebis gamaxvilebis aucileblobazedac.
rogorc irkveva, gankerZoebuli zmnisarTi yovelTvis CarTulad SeiZleba arc iqnes
kvalificirebuli.
SedarebisaTvis jer moviyvanT winadadebebs, romlebSic zmnisarTs misTvis bunebrivi
pozicia uWiravs _ zmna-Semasmenels uSualod win uZRvis da viTarebis garemoebis
rols asrulebs (sanimuSod ZiriTadad iseTi winadadebebi mogvyavs, romlebSic
zmnisarTi sintaqsurad da intonaciurad ar aris gankerZoebuli, magram, raki igive
zmnisarTi xSirad gvevlineba CarTulad, SecdomiT gamoyofilia winadadebis wevrebisagan
mZimeebiT:
qalebma SeniSnes, rom Zveli dedebi, u m e t e s a d , aras akeTebdnen, mxolod kopwiaobas
undebodnen (akaki); es mimarTuleba, u p i r a t e s a d , logikur-semantikuri iyo (r. enuq. Targ.);
mwvane sasuqebis gamoyeneba, g a n s a k u T r e b i T , xelsayrelia borcvian-gorakian pirobebSi (a.
jafar.).
mWidro kavSiri, romelic axasiaTebs SemasmenelTan kontaqtur poziciaSi myof
viTarebis garemoebas (zmnisarTs), irRveva, Tu igi zmnis Semdeg gadainacvlebs. intonaciurad
igi ukve Sordeba `fuZe~-sityvas da gankerZoebisaken iswrafvis. mag.:
rogorc m o g e x s e n e b a T s a z o g a d o d qvrivis mdgomareoba [Sdr.: rogorc s a z o g a -
d o d m o g e x s e n e b a T qvrivis mdgomareoba], es dedakaci dids wvasa da dagvaSi iyo (al.
yazb.); erTxel, rodesac puris Wamad isxdnen darbaislebi mefesTan da S e e q c e o d n e n C v e -
22 m . C i n C a l a Z e , qarTuli zmnizedis swavleba skolaSi, Tb., 1955, gv. 151.
23 S. afridoniZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 42.
24 b . f o C x u a , dasax. naSr., gv. 119-120.
25 m . C i n C a l a Z e , dasax. naSr., gv. 151.
26 S. afridoniZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 44.
27 iqve, gv. 45.
257

ulebrivad [Sdr.: Cveulebrivad Seeqceodnen], viRac wvermoSvebuli mestvire moadgaT
da dauwyo maT Sairebi (akaki); misi mogvareba d a k a v S i r e b u l i a , u p i r v e l e s a d ,
[Sdr.: upirvelesad dakavSirebulia] sakurorto-turistuli da satransporto mSeneblobis
ganxorcielebasTan (pres.).
SemasmenelTan distanciur poziciaSi myofi zmnisarTi ki aSkarad gankerZoebulia
da swored igia CarTulad kvalificirebuli. mag.:
did adamianebs, C v e u l e b r i v , didi dabrkolebebis gadalaxva uxdebaT da maTi xasiaTi
brZolaSi iwrToba da kaJdeba (g. qiq.).
saTanado gamokvlevebSi, roca winadadebaSi CarTulis adgilis Sesaxeb msjeloben,
aRniSnaven, rom: a) es adgili Tavisufalia: `CarTuls axasiaTebs unari winadadebis
sityvier sivrceSi sintaqsuri moZraobisa~ 28 . b) CarTuli SeiZleba miemarTebodes
mTel winadadebas an mis romelsame wevrs; Tu mTel winadadebas miemarTeba, umetesad
winadadebis TavSia an boloSi, xolo Tu erT-erT wevrs (an winadadebis nawils), ma-
Sin maT gverdiT Tavsdeba 29 .
garkveuli xasiaTis msjelobas vxvdebiT CarTulis Tanmxlebi intonaciis Sesaxebac.
magaliTad, r. SamelaSvili ganasxvavebs winadadebis Tavsa da SuaSi CarTuli
sityvebis intonacias. TavSi mdgomi CarTuli sityva-gamoTqmebi, romlebic semantikurad
mTel winadadebas miemarTeba, avtoris azriT, `intonaciurad yovelTvis rodi
gamoiyofian... warmoiTqmian winadadebasTan mTlianobaSi~. xolo, roca CarTuli winadadebis
SuaSia, maSin `...Cveulebriv, erTi pauzaa CarTulis win an mis Semdeg. pauzis
adgili ganisazRvreba CarTulis azrobrivi kavSiriT winadadebis ama Tu im
sityvasTan. CarTulsa da im sityvas Soris, romelTanac igi semantikurad dakavSirebulia,
pauza Cveulebriv araa~ 30 .
Cveni azriT, Tu sityva C a r T u l i a , igi aucileblad mTel winadadebas miemar-
Teba da logikur-semantikurad winadadebis RerZs _ zmna-Semasmenels ukavSirdeba. intonaciurad
igi damoukidebelia _ mcire pauziT gamoeyofa mTel winadadebas, iqneba
es sityva winadadebis TavSi, SuaSi Tu boloSi. maSinac ki, roca CarTuli sityva
TiTqos winadadebis erT-erT wevrs exeba da mis gverdiT Tavsdeba, Semasmeneli maT
Soris azrobrivad mainc aRdgeba da CarTulis Semdeg (an win) Tavisuflad SeiZleba
daisvas elifsis aRmniSvneli tire. mag.: `melamac sicili daiwyo, rasakvirvelia,
Zalauneburad (vaJa) 31 . CarTulsa da viTarebis garemoebas Soris kavSiri am winadadebaSi
SeiZleba asec gamoixatos grafikulad: melamac sicili daiwyo, rasakvirvelia
_ Zalauneburad (= rasakvirvelia, Zalauneburad daiwyo sicili).
sainteresoa am mxriv swored zmnisarT-CarTulebze dakvirveba.
zmnisarTebis didi nawili, rogorc aRiniSna, zmna-Semasmenlisagan daSorebis Sem-
TxvevaSi gankerZovdeba winadadebisagan da asrulebs CarTulis funqcias. magram gankerZoebuli
zmnisarTis funqciis gansazRvrisaTvis mniSvneloba aqvs imasac, Tu winadadebis
romel wevrs miemarTeba zmnisarTi da romel wevrTan qmnis logikur-semantikur
da intonaciur wyvils. garda amisa, funqcias gansazRvravs TviT zmnisarTis
semantika da winadadebis aRnagobac.
magaliTad: zmnisarTebi kerZod, saxeldobr, magaliTad, upiratesad (umetesad,
miT umetes), romelTa semantikuri funqcia aris mravlisagan erTis gamoyofa, Tu winadadebis
romelsame (umetesad _ saxeliT gamoxatul) wevrs miemarTebian, maSin am
wevrTan erTad gankerZovdebian da sakavSirebeli an damxmare sityvis funqcias asru-
28 В. В. Виноградов, dasax., naSr., gv. 67; S. afridoniZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 45.
29 Современный русский язык, II, gv. 143.
30 r. SamelaSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 155-156.
31 es winadadeba mohyavs l. kvaWaZes imis erT-erT nimuSad, rom CarTuli SeiZleba exebodes
ara `mTel winadadebas, aramed mis erT-erT wevrs~ (am SemTxvevaSi _ viTarebis garemoebas). ix.
l . k v a W a Z e , Tanamedrove qarTuli enis sintaqsi, Tb., 1966, gv. 304.
258

leben. swored am SemTxvevaSi ara gvaqvs pauza `CarTulsa da im sityvas Soris, romelTanac
igi semantikurad dakavSirebulia~. mag.:
1) zmnisarTi danarTis sakavSirebeli sityvaa:
ufro xSirad wigni, m a g a l i T a d r o m a n i 32 calke gamosvlamde JurnalSi ibeWdeba (r.
jafar.); daaxloebuli amxanagebi, m i T u m e t e s , m e g o b r e b i , bevri ar hyavda (n. tab.);
narkotikuli nivTierebis miRebis Sedegad... adamiani, m i T u m e t e s , m o z a r d i , gonebrivad
Clungdeba (pres.); qali nebismieri movlenisadmi, g a n s a k u T r e b i T a d a m i a n T a g a s a W i -
r i s a d m i zedmiwevniT faqizi da gulisxmieri damokidebulebiT gamoirCeva (pres.).
saTanado literaturaSi aRniSnuli zmnisarTebi CamoTvlilia danarTis sakavSirebel
sityvebs Soris, magram ar aris msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis asruleben
isini danarTis sakavSirebeli sityvis funqcias da rodis _ CarTulisa. oRond, n. basilaia
miuTiTebs punqtuaciur Secdomebze kerZod da magaliTad zmnisarTebis gamoyenebisas:
`kerZod da magaliTad danarTTan an sxva gankerZoebul wevrTan winadadebaSi
asrulebs ara CarTuli, aramed sakavSirebeli sityvis rols (mravlisagan gamoyofs
erTs). Aamitom igi sasveni niSniT gamoiyofa ara calke, aramed im sityvebi-
TurT, romelTac axlavs...~ 33 .
2) zmnisarTi gankerZoebuli drois an adgilis garemoebis sakavSirebeli sityvaa
(SevniSnavT, rom am SemTxvevaSi zmnisarTi, garemoebasTan erTad, ra Tqma unda, zmna-
SemasmenelTanac amyarebs semantikur kavSirs):
...vaJas lirikaSi, g a n s a k u T r e b i T m i s i s i c o c x l i s ukanasknel wlebSi, gaisma
Rrma tragikuli motivebi... (g. qiq.); ukanasknel xans, g a n s a k u T r e b i T o m i s Semdeg, arasasiamovno
movlena SeiniSneba (r. jaf.); revoluciamdel saqarTveloSi, kerZod, TbilisSi,
sportis erT-erTi popularuli saxeoba Widaoba gaxldaT... (pres.).
magram, roca gankerZoebuli wevri ramdenimeSemadgenliania, xdeba intonaciuri
danawevreba: zmnisarTi calke gamoiyofa da CarTulis funqcias asrulebs. semantikurad
igi gankerZoebuli wevris TiToeul Semadgenels ukavSirdeba. magaliTad:
Tu speqtakli raime samxedro marSis Sesrulebas moiTxovda, Cndeboda adgilobrivi polkis
orkerstri, u p i r a t e s a d trombonebisa, kontrabasebisa da dafdafebisagan Semdgari (g.
qiq.). Sdr.: intonaciurad: upiratesad trombonebisagan Semdgari; maT didi yuradReba
dauTmes Sualeduri kulturebis, k e r Z o d , pamidvris, sufris Warxlisa da sxvaTa
moyvanas (pres.) Sdr.: kerZod pamidvris moyvanas.
damowmebul winadadebebSi zmnisarTis funqcias zmna-Semasmasmenlis mimarT misi
poziciac gansazRvravs: zmnisarTi mosdevs Semasmenels.
CarTulis funqcias asrulebs zmnisarTi im SemTxvevaSic, Tu igi ramdenimewevriani
danarTis erT-erT wevrs ukavSirdeba (an Serwymuli winadadebis erT-erT wevrs). zmnisarTis
gankerZoebas aseT SemTxvevaSi xels uwyobs winadadebis sigrZec. magaliTad:
mama... arc erT Svils ar axsovda, arc alales, arc iosebs _ ufros Zmas, da arc, m i T
umetes, umcros das, katos (r. inan.); arc gramatikul TaviseburebaTa gamovlena, arc leqsikisa
da frazeologia-idiomatikis Seswavla... arc, miT umetes, saliteraturo enis normaTa
darRvevis SemTxvevaTa aRnusxva... sakuTriv mwerlis enis suraTs ver qmnis (`saenaTm. Zieb.~).
Cveulebriv, sakavSirebeli sityvis funqciis mqone zmnisarTi (gankerZoebul wevrTan
erTad) winadadebis SuaSi eqceva, zmna-Semasmenels ki win uswrebs. Tu Sesityveba
_ zmnisarTi + danarTi _ winadadebis bolos moeqceva, maSin igi damoukidebel
erTeuladac warmogvidgeba da uSemasmenlo winadadebas utoldeba. amitom zmnisar-
Tsa da gankerZoebul wevrs Soris SeiZleba daiweros elifsis aRmniSvneli tirec.
32 punqtuacia aqac da sxvaganac dedniseulia.
33 n . b a s i l a i a , punqtuacia, Tb., 1973, gv. 55.
259

magaliTad:
vaJa-fSavela safuZvlianad icnobda sasuliero-saeklesio mwerlobas, g a n s a k u T r e b i T
_ biblias (`Zv. qarT. mwerl. mkv.~).
Sdr.: sasuliero-saeklesio mwerlobas, gansakuTrebiT biblias, vaJa-fSavela safuZvlianad
icnobda.
elifsur (Semasmenelnaklul) Sesityvebad warmogvidgeba zmnisarTi + danarTi ma-
Sinac, roca winadadebis qvemdebare gamoxatulia nacvalsaxeliT, romelsac azustebs
distanciur poziciaSi myofi da winadadebasTan zmnisarTiT dakavSirebuli danarTi.
Semasmenlis gameorebis SemTxvevaSi, semantikurad danarTis jgufTan dakavSirebuli
zmnisarTi viTarebis garemoebad mogvevlineboda. magaliTad:
am sibraluls veravis gauyofda, miT ufro oTx vaJkacs [Sdr.: miT ufro
gauyofda oTx vaJkacs], saiTac moeprianebodaT, iqiT rom gautevdnen, qarebiviT (o. Wil.);
z o g n i deida natos amSvidebdnen da anugeSebdnen, u m e t e s a d q a l e b i [Sdr.: u m e t e s a d
[ki] amSvidebdnen qalebi] (a. sulak.).
sakavSirebeli sityvis funqcia zmnisarTma SeiZleba da an ki kavSirTan erTadac
Seasrulos. am SemTxvevaSi erT intonaciur (da funqciur-semantikur) erTeuls warmoadgens:
kavSiri + zmnisarTi + misamarTi wevri (e. i. is wevri, romelsac miemarTeba
zmnisarTi da romelic gankerZovdeba winadadebisagan). magaliTad:
is jadosnuri Zala, romelic aqvs xelovnebas, k e r Z o d k i p o e z i a s , adamianze sityvis
zegavlenis Sedegia (m. gogib.); mas Semdeg, rac saWadrako kompoziciam, k e r Z o d k i
e t i u d e b m a , gaitaca, mixvda, rom aq mis SemoqmedebiT miswrafebebs meti gasaqani eqneboda
(pres.); arc erTi am kacTagani, upirvelesad ki guram joxaZe ucxoeTSi dausjelad
ver wavidoda (pres.); ra ar gvsmenia aq ucxoeTis da g a n s a k u T r e b i T S v e i c a r i i s Tavisufali
cxovrebis Sesaxeb (i. mansvet.).
rogorc damowmebuli magaliTebidanac Cans, da an ki kavSiriT Sedgenili zmnisarTiani
Sesityvebac, Cveulebriv, winadadebis SuaSi gvxvdeba; zmna-Semasmenels ki
igi win uswrebs.
kerZod, magaliTad (|| ase magaliTad), saxeldobr... zmnisarTebi, CarTulis funqciiT,
SeiZleba iwyebdnen winadadebas, rTuli winadadebis meore nawils an abzacsac,
romelic adre ganviTarebuli msjelobis dakonkretebas warmoadgens. magaliTad:
vaJa ar kmayofildeba `vefxistyaosnis~ alegoriulobis CvenebiT... da sxva sakiTxebze
amaxvilebda yuradRebas. k e r Z o d , originalobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT exeboda is poemis
tipaJsa da enas (`Zv. qarT. mw. mkv.~); qarTul saTamaSoebs bavSvebi Tavisi xeliT akeTeben, m a -
g a l i T a d , tafa-riks TiTon gamosWrian xolme (akaki); ...arsebobs... damajerebeli da udavo
faqtebi, romlebmac sabolood sarwmunod gaxada Zvel egvipteSi tradiciulad mimdinare Sinauri
mefutkreobis arseboba. ase m a g a l i T a d , kargadaa cnobili faqti, rom egviptis erTerT
piramidaSi daculi iyo Tafli, romelmac... ramdenime aTaseuli weli gasZlo (al. rob.).
abzacis dasawyisSi CarTuli zmnisarTi SeiZleba iyos ara marto Tavkidur poziciaSi,
aramed winadadebis SuaSic. mag.:
riT aris k e r Z o d gapirobebuli es interesi (`Zv. qarT. mw. mkv.~); aseTia, k e r Z o d , qar-
Tuli lxinis dedaazri: adamiani dgams bednierebis speqtakls (g. asaT.).
maSasadame, Tu zmnisarTi CarTulia, igi maSin Tavisuflad moZraobs `winadadebis
sityvier sivrceSi~. kargad Cans es im zmnisarTebis magaliTze, romlebic gankerZoebis
SemTxvevaSi mxolod da mxolod CarTulad realizdebian da semantikurad mTel
winadadebas miemarTebian.
sanimuSod ganvixiloT piriqiT zmnisarTi. piriqiT (|| piruku) zmnisarTs ori mniS-
260

vneloba aqvs: 1. iqiTa mxares, im mxares, iqiT (sapirisp. piraqeT), 2. Tqmulis an mosalodnelis
sawinaaRmdegod, sapirispirod (qegl).
CarTulis funqciiT es zmnisarTi meore mniSvnelobiT aris gavrcelebuli da
swored es mniSvnelobaa misi funciis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvrelic. am mniSvnelobiT piriqiT
viTarebis garemoebad gvxvdeba ZiriTadad martiv winadadebebSi _ Semasmenel-
Tan uSualo mezoblobaSi:
p i r i q i T gaakeTa yvelaferi (saub.); iqneb ...arc arasodes uZebnia sakuTari Tavi, iqneb
p i r i q i T moxda yovelive (e. maRr.).
magram, roca msjeloba dapirispirebis niSniT mimdinareobs, roca winadadeba wina
winadadebaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis sawinaaRmdego azrs Seicavs, maSin piriqiT
CarTulis funqcias asrulebs SemasmenelTan uSualo mezoblobaSic ki. aseT Sem-
TxvevaSi, Cveulebriv, urTierTdapirispirebul winadadebaTa Semasmenlebic semantikurad
opoziciur wyvilebs qmnian. mag.:
es sityvebi arafriT a r a m c i r e b s poetis Rirsebas, p i r i q i T , amaRlebs! (g. mind.
Targm).
aRniSnuli funqciiT piriqiT gvxvdeba rogorc Serwymul, ise Tanwyobil winadadebebSi.
magaliTebi:
es mTlianoba dialeqtikuria am sityvis yvelaze mZafri gagebiT, vinaidan nawilebi aq
aramc da aramc ar Tmoben Tavis Tavs, p i r i q i T , uaRresi formiT avlenen sakuTar bunebas
(g. asaTiani). saqme is ki ar aris, rom garemo Seiqmna iseTnairad, rom cocxal arsebaTa Sesabamisi
yofiliyo, aramed, p i r i q i T , cocxali arsebani Seicvalnen (`miTi da sinamdv.~).
winadadeba, romelSic piriqiT zmnisarTi monawileobs, SesaZloa, wina winadadebaSi
gamoTqmuli azris uSualo dapirispirebas an martiv uaryofas ki ar warmoadgendes,
aramed Seicavdes axal (ra Tqma unda, wina msjelobis sapirispiro) msjelobas.
magaliTad:
geniosi ki srulebiTac ar saWiroebs mowyalebas. p i r i q i T , amgvari midgomiT xelovnurad
vxedavT misi Sinagani samyarosaken mimaval bilikebs (n. tab.).
aseT SemTxvevaSi piriqiT zmnisarTi mTeli winadadebis tolfardi erTeulia da,
ase vTqvaT, `potenciuri~ CarTuli _ im winadadebis CarTuli, romelic stilistikuri
TvalsazrisiT zedmeti iqneboda, magram mainc igulisxmeba. mag.:
televiziis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva mxareze dawerili wignebis nakadi arc 80-ian wlebSi
Semcirebula, p i r i q i T (=piriqiT, gaizarda), magram am literaturisadmi mkiTxvelTa interesi
SesamCnevad Senelda (pres.).
da, raki faqtiurad winadadebis CavardnasTan gvaqvs mainc saqme, piriqiT zmnisarTis
Semdeg SeiZleba Segvxvdes aseTi sasveni niSnebic: _ an _,. mag.:
meteosamsaxuri jerjerobiT saimedo cnobas ar iZleva, p i r i q i T , _ mosalodnelia intensiuri
Tova (pres.); CemTvis yvelaferi sasixarulo iyo, rac Cems xalxs uxaroda da p i -
r i q i T , _ gulsac is mtkenda, rac mas awuxebda (pres.).
p i r i q i T , rogorc damoukidebeli erTeuli (rogorc CarTuli w i n a d a d e b a da
CarTuli s i t y v a ) , SesaZloa frCxilebSic moeqces. mag.:
...Semoqmedebis procesSi [mwerali] zegavlenas axdens enaze, xvews, amdidrebs, aviTarebs (an
piriqiT) Tavisi unarisa da SesaZleblobis da enobrivi poziciis mixedviT (`saenaTm. Zieb.~).
winadadebis rolis mtvirTveli piriqiT zmnisarTi SeiZleba abzacis dasawyisSic
261

Segvxvdes:
...piriqiT: fardobiTobis Teoriis, kvanturi meqanikisa da birTvuli fizikis Seqmnam, mecnierulma
aRmoCenebma... aramc Tu Ziri gamouTxares mizezis cnebis sasicocxlo Zalas, aramed
gaafarToves, gaaRrmaves da gaamdidres es cneba (`miTi da sinamdv.~).
gankerZoebis SemTxvevaSi mxolod da mxolod CarTulis funqcias asruleben agreTve
Semdegi zmnisarTebi: samagierod (|| sanacvlod), marTlac, Sesabamisad, Tavis-
Tavad, romlebic gamoxataven damokidebulebas wina winadadebaSi gamoTqmuli azris
mimarT, an logikur kavSirs amyareben winadadebis nawilebs Soris. agreTve _ mTqmelis
emociuri ganwyobilebis gamomxatveli zmnisarTebi _ samwuxarod, saubedurod,
sabednierod, bedad... es ukanasknelni CarTulis funqcias asruleben zmna-Semasmenel-
Tan uSualo mezoblobaSic 34 . mag.:
daudevnebeli varT qarTvelebi da kidec eg mogviRebs bolos, Tu Cven saubedurod
ar gavswordebiT rodisme (ilia); yvelam viciT, rom literaturas asazrdoebs sazogadoeba.
Cvenda samwuxarod, unda vaRiaroT, rom Cvens literaturas dRe-da-Rame sazogadoeba akldeba
(ilia); sabednierod, arian adamianebi, romelTac ar asvenebT mSobliur kuTxeze fiqri
(pres.); Tbiliss am rangisa da daniSnulebis sxva muzeumi, s a m w u x a r o d , ara aqvs... (pres.).
CamoTvlili zmnisarTebic ZiriTadad winadadebis TavSi an SuaSi gvxvdeba, winadadebis
bolos ki _ iSviaTad (iseve rogorc nebismieri CarTuli sityva). magram Tundac
damowmebul magaliTebSi zmnisarTs adgili rom SevunacvloT, misi funqcia ar
Seicvleba.
Sdr.: Tbiliss am rangisa da daniSnulebis sxva muzeumi, samwuxarod, ara aqvs;
samwuxarod, Tbiliss am rangisa da daniSnulebis sxva muzeumi ara aqvs; da _ Tbiliss
am rangisa da daniSnulebis sxva muzeumi ara aqvs, samwuxarod.
zmnisarTi samwuxarod winadadebis Tavic, SuaSic da boloSic CarTulis funqcias
asrulebs. zemoT ganxiluli zmnisarTebi ki (gansakuTrebiT, ZiriTadad, upiratesad...
kerZod), rogorc aRiniSna, poziciis SecvlasTan erTad funqciasac icvlian.
2. damxmare sityvebi (nawilaki, kavSiri) CarTulis funqciiT
viTarebis zmnisarTebi, romelTa leqsikur mniSvnelobaSi modaluri niuansi Warbobs,
xSiri xmarebis Sedegad SeiZleba nakladac iqcnen. 35 am ukanasknelma ki garkveul
sintaqsur pirobebSi SeiZleba CarTulis funqcia SeiZinos. sanimuSod ganvixilavT
albaT, agreTve, ubralod zmnisarT-nawilakebs.
albaT arabuli warmomavlobis zmnisarTia. rogorc miuTiTeben, misi ZiriTadi
mniSvnelobaa: rasakvirvelia, usaTuod 36 da ixmareba rogorc CarTuli sityvis, ise
dadasturebiTi diax nawilakis funqciiT (gansakuTrebiT _ sasaubro metyvelebaSi).
orsave SemTxvevaSi albaT eWvnarev (da ara ueWvel) dasturs gamoxatavs, e. i. moxda
sityvis ZiriTadi mniSvnelobisagan gadaxra. Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo ena-
34 swored aRniSnuli zmnisarTebi, romelTa SinaarsSi Warbobs modaluroba, amarTleben termin
CarTuls _ pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT (agreTve _ CarTuli winadadebebi da gamoTqmebi, romlebzedac
aq specialuri msjeloba ar gveqneba). gadataniTi (an uzogadesi) mniSvnelobiT ki
CarTuli SeiZleba vuwodoT nebismier gankerZoebul sityvasa da Sesityvebas, romlebic
gramatikulad ar ukavSirdebian winadadebas da mxolod modalur niuanss sZenen mas.
damaxasiaTebelia TuSur natirlebSi ritmuli struqturis darRvevebze, kerZod, mimarTvis
formebze msjelobisas avT. arabulis SeniSvna: `isini (mimarTvis formebi), erTi SexedviT,
saleqso sazomis darRvevis STabeWdilebas toveben. amgvari SemTxvevebis sworad aRsaqmelad
ukeTesi iqneboda CarTuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi (xazgasma Cvenia, n. c.) orTografiulad
ramenairad gamorCeuliyo...(`lit. saq.~).
35 О. С. Ахматова, Г. В. Микаэлиян, dasax. naSr., gv. 131.
36 qegl. I.
262

Si albaT TandaTan icleba leqsikuri mniSvnelobisagan, frazaSi intonaciurad
ekedleba misamarT sityvas da nawilakis rolSi gamodis.
nawilakis (da ara viTarebis garemoebis!) rolSi gamodis albaT, roca igi uSualo
mezoblobaSia SemasmenelTan. nawilaki mxolod modalur niuanss sZens Semasmenels
_ mTqmelis Semfaseblur damokidebulebas gamoxatavs gadmocemuli Sinaarsis
mimarT. magaliTad: a) nawilaki prepoziciuria Semasmenlis mimarT:
...rom saerTod kulturul-sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis... Seswavlisas literaturas didi
roli eniWeba sakiTxis srulad warmodgenisaTvis, amaSi, a l b a T , d a m e T a n x m e b a pativcemuli
avtori (`krit.~); matCamde da axlac maiasTan SesaniSnavi urTierToba maqvs. amiT, a l -
baT, yvelaferia naTqvami (pres.).
b) nawilaki postpoziciuria Semasmenlis mimarT:
TaTarmac i g r Z n o , a l b a T , miCveuli bude rom eSleboda (o. Wil.); mTeli es istoria...
saocrad hgavs ezopes... igavs. g a x s o v T a l b a T , sityviT guladi da saqmiT laCari kaci advilad
gamoicnobao (pres.).
SemasmenelTan kontaqtur poziciaSi myofi albaT, iseve rogorc msgavs pozicia-
Si viTarebis garemoebad realizebuli zmnisarTebi, mZimeebiT ar unda gamoiyos.
intonaciurad gamTlianebul erTeuls qmnis albaT frazeologizmebTan kavSir-
Sic. mag.:
kidev kargi, ...Txilamurebi ar hqondaT morgebuli da Tanac mouxeSavi saTxilamuro fexsacmelebi
ecvaT, Torem, albaT cocxali ver gavaswrebdi (pres.).
gankerZoebas ar iTxovs da nawilakisave funqcias asrulebs albaT mimReobasTan
kontaqtur poziciaSi. mag.:
Robis iqiT xma aRar ismoda. qaliSvili a l b a T x m a g a k m e n d i l i da gaocebuli misCereboda
Zlevis qedisaken gaqceul Wabuks (g.Satb.).
intonaciurad SedarebiT damoukideblobas iCens da CarTulad gvevlineba albaT
nawilaki SemasmenelTan distanciur poziciaSi.
a) winadadebis TavSi:
a l b a T , mwerebic Tavs a f a r e b d n e n iasamnis Crdils (g. Satb.); a l b a T im borcvidan
zRva xelisguliviT m o C a n s (a. sulak.); a l b a T bevri aseTi siymawvilis droindeli STambeWdavi
da uSualo striqoni d a i k a r g a . . . (e. maRr.).
b) winadadebis SuaSi:
...samSoblos moSoreba metnaklebad a l b a T yvelasaTvis Z n e l i a da maT Soris qarTveli
xalxic erTi pirvelTagania (v. Wel.); ai, morCebian am saqmesac da bevri, a l b a T , Tav-
Tavis sofels miaSurebs... (r. jafar.); xsenebul sammarTvelos, albaT, ukve bevri winadadeba,
mosazreba Tu SeniSvna e q n e b a m i R e b u l i . . . (pres.).
magram zemoT ganxiluli zmnisarTebisagan gansxvavebiT, albaT, roca igi mTel
winadadebas miemarTeba, SeiZleba Tavisuflad dadges nebismieri wevris (rogorc Semasmenlis,
ise saxeliT gamoxatuli wevris) gverdiT ise, rom ar gamoiyos mZimeebiT,
da amiT winadadebis azri ar dairRveva. swored es aaxloebs mas _ zemoT ganxilul
poziciaSic ki _ ufro nawilakTan, vidre CarTulTan. 37
37 ufro zusti iqneboda gveTqva: funqciurad igi CarTulTan aris axlos, magram formalurad
_ nawilakTan: sxva nawilakebisagan gansxvavebiT, albaT, rogorc modaluri nawilaki,
mTel winadadebas miemarTeba (iseve rogorc CarTuli) (ix. В. В. Виноградов, dasax. naSr., gv. 177),
magram, CarTulisagan gansxvavebiT, mZimeebiT gamoyofas ar iTxovs, raki gaqvavebulia (arafers
upirispirdeba) da arc erT sityvasTan uxerxul SexebaSi ar moxvdeba.
263

SesaZlebelia, albaT winadadebis romelime wevrs ufro miekedlos. maSin es wevri
sxva nawilakiTac Zlierdeba. mag.:
Cemi zneoba, a l b a T , mosalodnelia katastrofis winaSec ki ver wava kompromisze... (W.
amirej.); solomon brZenis baRi am baRs, a l b a T , solomon brZenis sicocxleSive Searqves
(r. miSv.).
albaT SeiZleba gankerZovdes winadadebisagan meorexarisxovan wevrTan erTad, e. i.
sxva zmnisarTebis msgavsad, mogvevlinos gankerZoebuli wevris sakavSirebel sityvadac.
mag.:
samni gulianad atyapunebdnen dominos, meoTxe ki, a l b a T C e m o d n i s p a t r o n i , Sav
qvebs frTxilad debda (g. doCan.); xoSorad naqsovi Sali, a l b a T r e c x v i s g a m o , sasiamovnod
darbilebuliyo da bzinavda (r inan.).
agreTve zmnisarTad SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba. misi mniSvnelobaa da kidev 38
da ZiriTadad -ca gaZlierebiTi nawilakis funqciiT ixmareba 39 .
am funqciiT igi SeiZleba uSualod uZRodes an mosdevdes rogorc Semasmenels,
ise saxeliT gamoxatul wevrs. mag.:
gamoricxuli a r a r i s a g r e T v e [igivea, rac `gamoricxuli arc is aris~], rom saTanado
informacia mas antiqarTuli wyaroebidan aqvs mopovebuli (g. asaT.); Cveni wamqezeblebi
imyofebodnen a g r e T v e peterburgSi [sxvagvarad: imyofebodnen peterburgSic] (i. mansvet.).
agreTve da c(a) nawilaki SeiZleba erTdrouladac Segvxvdes. mag:
Sexvedraze ganixiles a g r e T v e SemoqmedebiTi umaRlesi saswavleblis... winaSe dasmuli
problemebac (pres.).
c(a) nawilakis funqciiT xSirad gvxvdeba agreTve nawilaki Serwymul winadadeba-
Si _ erTgvarovani wevrebis sakavSireblad (da kavSiris gverdiTac). mag.:
cvilisebri simwifis (dabazebis) dros mcenare kargavs mwvane fers da yviTldeba, qveda
foTlebi xmeba, yvaviledi da agreTve marcvali Rebulobs [iRebs] maTTis, damaxasiaTebel
Sefervas (a. jafar.); uxvi Tova da Zlieri qari, a g r e T v e 3 0 g r a d u s i a n i y i n v a ,
seriozul siZneleebs uqmnis transports, rkinigzebis muSaobas... (pres.).
erTgvarovan wvvrebTan agreTve da kavSiris funqciasac asrulebs. mag.:
ganyofilebis, a g r e T v e g a e r T i a n e b i s muSakebi sistematurad monawileoben samrewvelo
sawarmoebsa da organizaciebSi mimdinare TaTbirebSi... (pres.).
Tu erTgvarovani wevrebi ramdenimeSemadgenliania, agreTve gankerZoebisaken iswrafvis
da CarTulis funqcias asrulebs. mag.:
gaviareT es saSiSi adgilebi da a g r e T v e kedlebiT SemozRuduli da zemodan magrad
daxuruli adgili (i. mansvet.).
(cxadia, aq intonaciuri gankerZoeba igulisxmeba).
CarTulad realizdeba agreTve nawilaki, roca igi rTuli Tanwyobili winadadebis
nawilebs aerTianebs da kavSirTan erTad. mag.:
...igi [maxa] uZvelesi mcenarea... axasiaTebs mZlavri bartyoba, zamTargamZleoba da, a g -
r e T v e (= amasTanave, Tanac), sokovani daavadebisadmi gamZlea (a. jafar.).
agreTve nawilaki winadadebisgan mZimeebiT unda gamoiyos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
38 qegl, I.
39 ix. akaki SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, gv. 611.
264

oca igi CarTulis funqcias asrulebs.
ubralod. am zmnisarTis mniSvnelobaa: Cveulebrivad, sadad, martivad. mag.: batoniSvils
ubralod eWira Tavi... (v. barn.). 40
Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo enaSi igi xSirad ixmareba nawilakis funqciiT
da enacvleba Sesityvebas sxva araferi (rogorc Semasmenlis, ise saxeliT gamoxatuli
wevris gverdiT). magaliTad:
...arc sayvarlad undoda igi da arc colad, u b r a l o d , gamocdili qali sWirdeboda...
(o. Wil.); ...egeb avtografi arsebobda da daikarga, egeb dResac arsebobs da u b r a l o d , ver
mivageniT (`krit.~); dasavleli prodiuserebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom CvenTan TanamSromloba,
u b r a l o d , ar aris momgebiani (pres.). u b r a l o d , gvarebia CamoTvlili, magram am
gvarebs qarTuli fexburTis istoriisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs... (pres.). zedmeti humanurobisa
Tu, u b r a l o d , uprincipobis gamo, axalgazrduli festivalis Jiuris wevrebi... cdilobdnen
jildos gareSe arc erTi filmi ar daetovebinaT (pres.).
ubralod nawilakis funqciiT sasaubro enis Semonatani Cans saliteraturo enaSi.
misi farTod gavrcelebisaTvis (rac TavisTavad arasasurveli movlenaa) xeli unda
Seewyo rusuli enis gavlenasac (Sdr. просто). 41 sxva modaluri nawilakebisagan gansxvavebiT,
ubralod nebismier poziciaSi gankerZoebulia intonaciurad da CarTuli
sityvis funqcias asrulebs. amitom unda gamoiyos kidec winadadebisagan mZimeebiT.
mis intonaciur damoukideblobas xels isic uwyobs, rom zmnisarTis mniSvneloba
ar aris dabnelebuli da, SesaZlebelia, man semantikurad Seuxamebeli wyvili Seqmnas
winadadebis romelime wevrTan. mag.: zemoT damowmebul winadadebaSic _ `dasavleli
prodiuserebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom CvenTan TanamSromloba, u b r a l o d ,
ar aris momgebiani~ _ Tu ubralod ar gamoiyofoda mZimeebiT da SemasmenelTan mezoblobaSi
viTarebis garemoebad mogvevlineboda, mTeli winadadeba SeiZleboda
SecdomiT ase gaazrebuliyo: ... ubralod = tyuilubralod (SemTxveviT, umizezod)
ar aris momgebiani.
SevniSnavT, rom nawilakadac uadgilod xmarebuli ubralod cvlis winadadebis
azrs. magaliTad:
...amjerad ori garemoeba u b r a l o d [unda iyos: aucileblad, gadaWriT] moiTxovs upasuxod
da ukomentarod ar davtovoT niceli kolegebis cda (pres.). 42
CarTulis funqciiT gvxvdeba kavSiric maSasadame, romelic warmoSobiT rTuli
sityvaa. igi Sedgenilia maSa da sadame nawilakebisagan, romlebic Zvel qarTulSi sakavSirebel
sityvebad ixmareboda `cal-calkec da sinonimuri wyvilis saxiTac... maTi
daniSnulebaa logikuri kavSiris damyareba winamaval msjelobasTan, daskvniTi debulebis
dakavSireba wanamZRvarTan, winamavali azris dadastureba, ganviTareba da an axsna~.
43 aRniSnuli mniSvnelobiT maSasadame umetesad winadadebis TavSi gvxvdeba. samecniero
literaturis enaSi igi xSirad iwyebs abzacs. misi sinonimebia: amgvarad || amrigad,
amdenad, ase rom... yovelTvis gankerZoebulia da gamoiyofa mZimiT. magaliTad:
maSasadame, efrem mcires ideologiuri saxe CvenTvis mTlianad gamorkveulia (m.Ggogib.);
m a S a s a d a m e , morfologiuri TvalsazrisiT zmna aris metad rTuli Sinaarsis sityva... (a.
San.).
es kavSiri gvxvdeba winadadebis SuaSic:
fsiqikurisadmi apelacia axsnis dros, m a S a s a d a m e , iseve kanonzomieria, rogorc fun-
40 qegl, VI.
41 ix. qsks, VII, gv. 333-334.
42 ix. qsks, VII, gv. 334.
43 d . m e l i q i S v i l i , dasax. naSr., gv. 99-100.
265

qciaTa aRweris dros (arn. Ciq.); raki patimrebi gareT gamouSves, SeTqmulni, m a S a s a d a m e ,
darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom solomoni maTi SemweobiTac verafers gaxdeboda... (r. jafar.).
magram maSasadame kavSirs aqvs meore mniSvnelobac _ ganmartebiTi: ese igi. mag.:
30 TibaTves, m a S a s a d a m e , g u S i n CvenTan mobrZandnen... (i. maWav., Targm.) 44 ; qristes Sobis
dResaswauli, qristianobamde, yvelgan, maSasadame CvenSiac iyo dResaswauli miTras
Sobisa (k. kek.).
am mniSvnelobiT maSasadame ukve gankerZoebuli wevris sakavSirebeli sityvis
funqcias asrulebs da im wevrTan erTad unda gamoiyos mZimeebiT. e. i. unda iyos: 30
TibaTves, maSasadame guSin, CvenTan mobrZandnen; ...yvelgan, maSasadame, CvenSiac, iyo...
3. zmnis formebi CarTulis funqciiT (e. w. `predikatuli CarTulebi~)
CarTulis funqciiT SeiZleba Segvxvdes: a) zmnis piriani formebi _ damoukideblad,
b) Sedgenili Semasmenlis formis mqone gamoTqmebi, g) aRniSnuli formebiT
Sedgenili Sesityvebebi da frazeologiuri gamoTqmebi. aseTebia: etyoba || etyoboda
da rogorc etyoba; Cans da rogorc Cans; vfiqrob || vfiqrobdi da rogorc vfiqrob
(|| rogorc fiqrobs); maxsovs da rogorc maxsovs; vgoneb || mgonia (|| mgoni); warmoidgineT;
ra(Ra) Tqma unda (|| Tqma a(Ra)r unda); SeiZleba || SesaZlebelia da gana SeiZleba
an savsebiT SesaZlebelia; cxadia da TavisTavad cxadia; bunebrivia, ueWvelia,
rasakvirvelia, marTalia da sxv.
aq ganvixilavT etyoba tipis formebs da rasakvirvelia tipis erTsityvian gamoTqmebs,
radgan maTTan dgeba funqciaTa gansazRvris sakiTxi da Cndeba sadavo sakiTxebi
punqtuaciis TvalsazrisiT.
cnobilia, rom modalur zmnaTa erTi nawili dRes nawilakadaa qceuli. aseTebia:
lamis, egeb(is), unda, iqneb... rogorc aRniSnulia specialur literaturaSi, aseTsave
tendencias iCens CarTulad xSirad gamoyenebuli vTqvaT, vnaxoT, davuSvaT... agreTve
SeiZleba... gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom `zogierTi dRevandeli nawilaki swored CarTulis
tipis zmnuri gamonaTqvamidan Cans warmoSobili. aseTebia: TiTqos (_ Tu iTqvas
= Tu SeiZleba iTqvas), mgoni(a) (|| mgoni)... 45 da rom ,,(ara) mgonia, mgoni gamoTqmis magaliTze
kargad Cans Tanamedrove qarTulSi CarTulis tipis gankerZoebuli gamoTqmis
nawilakad qcevis procesi, rac jer kidev damTavrebuli ar aris~. 46 amitom
mgoni(a) `CarTuladaa g a a z r e b u l i (xazgasma Cvenia, n. c.) zogjer amJamadac~. 47
modaluri zmnebis nawilakad qcevisaTvis marTlac xeli unda Seewyo am zmnebis
xSir monawileobas e. w. CarTul gamoTqmebSi, _ gamoTqmebSi, romlebSic es zmnebi
qmnidnen e. w. infinitiur konstruqcias da damxmare zmnis rolSi gamodiodnen 48 . magram
ufro zusti iqneba albaT vTqvaT, _ ara CarTuli iqca nawilakad, aramed, rogorc
zemoTac aRvniSneT, srulmniSvnelovani sityva _ zmna, damxmare zmnad gamoyenebis
gziT, TandaTan gacvda semantikurad da iqca arasrulmniSvnelovan, damxmare
sityvad _ nawilakad. zogierTi es nawilaki ki (mag., mgoni /a) garkveul sintaqsur pirobebSi
asrulebs CarTulis funqcias.
zmnis ama Tu im piriani formis funqcias (nawilakia igi Tu CarTuli) gansazRvravs
ZiriTadad isev da isev sityvaTganlageba Tu intonacia.
winadadebis TavSi moqceuli zmnis piriani forma, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra po-
44 qegl, V.
45 a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, gv. 614; a . p a p i Z e , II kavSirebiTis nakvTis
funqciebi... qsks, IV, gv. 157 da 164-165.
46 a . p a p i Z e , dasax. naSr., gv. 178.
47 iqve, gv. 177.
48 am konstruqciis raobisaTvis da swored infinituri konsrtruqciis gavliT zmnuri warmomavlobis
nawilakebis miRebisaTvis ix. a . p a p i Z e , dasax. naSr., gv. 161-163.
266

ziciaSia igi meore zmna-Semasmenlis mimarT, intonaciurad gamoyofilia winadadebis
danarCeni nawilisagan da CarTulis funqcias asrulebs. pauza CarTulsa da winadadebis
danarCen nawils Soris, cxadia, xangrZlivi ar aris 49 .
a) CarTuli kontaqtur poziciaSi zmna-Semasmenlis mimarT:
...etyoba, daugvianda amboxi, anda ubralod ar ewera upiro kacis saxeliT rom wasuliyo
am qveynidan (T. Wil.); e t y o b a daCveuli ar iyo aqauri xalxi aseT arasasurvel stumrebs da
es amodena cixe-simagrec imitom aegoT... (v. Wel.); S e i Z l e b a , xma gaiRos floqvis qveS, magram
sityvas ar dasZravs... (g. asaT.).
b) CarTuli distanciur poziciaSia zmna-Semasmenlis mimarT:
... m g o n i es nagazi guSinac Sexvda, guSinac ase upatronod dawanwalebda (a. sulak.);
v g o n e b , aq cotaodeni mniSvneloba unda hqonoda im garemoebasac, rom imis saxelis gagoneba
uneblieT gamoiwvevda saberZneTis gamoCenili filosofosis platonis saxels (i. mansvet.);
S e i Z l e b a , rusTaveli maniqevelur moZraobas TanaugrZnobda da Tavisi opozicioneroba
oficialuri qristianobis mimarT aqedan aiRo (m. gogeb.). S e s a Z l o a , scenaze gasvlis moTxovnileba
imanac gagvimZafra, rom ufro xSirad kulisebSi gvixdeboda yuryuti (g. asaT.).
winadadebis SuaSi moqceuli igive sityvebi funqciur sxvaobas avlenen sxvadasxva
poziciaSi:
winadadebis ZiriTad zmna-SemasmenelTan distanciur poziciaSi isini ufro damoukidebelni
arian intonaciurad da CarTulis funqcias asruleben.
magaliTad:
...mucelSi daZgerebulma Zalam, e t y o b a , mTeli taniT Semoabruna (o. Wil.). raki im wuTas
maincdamainc Sen gamovardi nasaydralidan, S e i Z l e b a , axla sul sxvis magivrad gdixar axla
pirqve... (`mnaT.~); yvela qalaqis aRdgenisas gardauvalia erTi: aRdgenils, S e s a Z l o a ,
cota Teatraluri ieri dahkravdes... (pres.).
zmna-SemasmenelTan kontaqtur poziciaSi ki isini intonaciurad gamTlianebul
wyvils qmnian SemasmenelTan erTad da modaluri nawilakis funqcias asruleben. winadadebis
`RerZi~ _ zmna-Semasmeneli SeiZleba sxvadasxva nakvTSi iyos. Cveni masalis
mixedviT, yeelaze xSirad igi uwyvetelSia an wyvetilSi. magaliTad:
mamis sikvdilzed pirvelSi bevri inaRvla da, mgoni, itira kidec (ilia); ...dedas ise-
Ti saxe hqonda, mgoni sayvedurobda (a. sulak.); viRacas, etyoba, agviandeboda
da mosacdel oTaxSi erTTavad wrialebda (g. doCan.); komisias, e t y o b a , m o e w o n a Cveni namuSevrebi,
magram samxatvro akademiaSi misaRebi gamocdebi mTavrdeboda...(pres.).
gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa aRniSnuli wyvilis intonaciuri mTlianoba, roca modaluri
zmna III piris formiTaa warmodgenili da zogadi awmyos semantikisaa, xolo
ZiriTadi Semasmeneli kavSirebiTi kilos zmnaa. magaliTad:
is, rac zogadia (universaluria) enebisaTvis, SeiZleba, aRmovaCinoT ara logikur
msjelobaTa gziT, aramed enaTa formebis erTmaneTTan SedarebiT (r. enuq., Targm.).
anda, roca modalur zmnasa da Semasmenels Soris darRveulia nakvTTa SesaZlebeli
Sexameba:
S e i Z l e b a g v e v a r a u d a [Sdr.: SeiZleboda, gvevarauda], rom isini Seedavebodnen er-
TmaneTs (pres.); mezoblebi amaod daSvrnen lodiniT, kotikos qaliSvili gareT gasvlas,
e t y o b a , a r a p i r e b d a [Sdr.: etyoboda, ar apirebda] (a. sulak.).
49 r. SamelaSvilis azriT, winadadebis TavSi mdgomi CarTulebi, raki `isini semantikurad
mTel winadadebas ekuTvnian, warmoiTqmian mTel winadadebasTan mTlianobaSi da amiT mis organul
nawilad gamodian~. r . S a m e l a S v i l i , dasax. naSr., gv. 156.
267

intonaciuri danawevreba _ gaTiSuloba gansaxilveli wyvilisa (modaluri sityva
+ zmna-Semasmeneli) naklebad igrZnoba maSinac, roca maT Soris erTi sityvaa
(zmna-Semasmenlis uaxloesi obieqti), an _ damxmare sityvebi. magaliTad:
mama, etyoba, dRiurs swerda... (T. Wil.); mamida yamarma medea Tavidanve mTvaris mxevlad
ganawesa da, SeiZleba, amitomac arasodes (ar) ufiqria sxvanair cxovrebaze (o. Wil.).
ganxiluli winadadebebi msgavsebas avlenen e. w. infinitiur konstruqciasTan
(gTxovT gamaTavisufloT tipisa). isini `agebulebiT... hipotaqsuri konstruqciisani
arian, magram aqvT martivi winadadebis semantika~ 50 .
Tu modaluri zmna aris ara III piris (da zogadi awmyos), aramed I an II piris (da
romelime sauRlebeli nakvTis) forma, maSin igi zmna-SemasmenelTan kontaqtur poziciaSic
ki inarCunebs damoukideblobas, gankerZoebulia da CarTulis funqcias asrulebs.
maSasadame, e. w. `predikatuli CarTulebis~ funqcias (zmnisarT-CarTulebisagan
gansxvavebiT) gansazRvravs ara marto sityvaTganlageba da intonacia, aramed _ maTi
formac 51 . magaliTebi:
ra gaqvs, risTvis unda mogklas Sen avazakma? erTi sulieri saunje gqonda da, vgoneb, isic
dahkarge (vaJa); me am qveynisaTvis avi ar viyav, me marto ubeduri viyav. bevri wili codva,
me mgonia, aqav gadavixade (ilia); ...giorgi saxlsa da ojaxSi batonobas ar Seecila dedasa.
g v g o n i a , pirvelobasa da ufrosobas arc ki deda dauTmobda (ilia); mamakaci mibrunda,
asanTs gahkra da, g e g o n e b o d a T , qari uberavso, daxrilma... moukida papiross (r. inan.).
sainteresoa am mxriv is CarTulebi, romelTac Sedgenili Semasmenlis forma
aqvT: cxadia, rasakvirvelia, ueWvelia, bunebrivia, marTalia da misT. es sityvebi SeiZleba
Segvxvdes winadadebis TavSi, SuaSi da (iSviaTad) boloSic: zmna-Semasmenlis
mimarT _ nebismier poziciaSi... da yvela poziciaSi isini aSkarad damoukidebel, gankerZoebul
erTeulebs warmoadgenen: intonaciurad gamoyofilni arian winadadebis
danarCeni nawilebisagan. magaliTad:
a) winadadebis TavSi, zmna-Semasmenlis mimarT kontaqtur poziciaSi:
r a s a k v i r v e l i a , iyvnen iseTnic, romelnic undoblobiT, eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen
Cvens laparaksa (i. mansvet.); b u n e b r i v i a , gainteresebT, rogor movida es sami axalgazrda
wlevandel Tbilisobaze?... (pres.); c x a d i a , vimuSaveb axal lirikul leqsebsa da Targmanebze
(pres.).
b) winadadebis TavSi, zmna-Semasmenlis mimarT distanciur poziciaSi (SevniSnavT,
rom Cvens xelT arsebuli masalis mixedviT winadadebis TavSi Warbobs swored distanciuri
pozicia, e. i. TiTqos ufro xazgasmulia CarTulad gamoyenebuli sityvebis
gankerZoebuloba). mag.:
r a s a k v i r v e l i a , xSirad Semxvedria am sabZlisaken avla da Camovla, radganac zed
gzis piras idga... (ilia); m a r T a l i a , Cemis erTgulebis gamo bevrs SevZuldi, bevri movimdure,
magram RmerTia mowame, usamarTloba aravisTvis gamiwevia (ilia); r a s a k v i r v e l i a , yoveli
WeSmariti xelovani gulisxmobs ganumeoreblobas (`krit.~); b u n e b r i v i a , arc Cems
fiqrSi warmosaxuli muzeumi iqneba mTlad idealuri (pres.); c x a d i a , yoveldRiur gazeTad
gadakeTebam redaqciis winaSe ufro mwvaved daayena sadavo enobrivi sakiTxebis mowesrigebis
saWiroeba... (pres.).
g) winadadebis SuaSi, zmna-Semasmenlis mimarT distanciur poziciaSi:
vinc luarsabis saxeSi Tavis-Tavs icnobs, vinc luarsabzed dawerils Tavis-Tavzed mii-
Rebs, is, rasakvirvelia, lafis srolas damiwyebs da `giJias~ dauZaxebs am moTxrobis
50 a. papiZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 162.
51 Sdr. infinitiuri konstruqciis wevrTa Soris mimarTebac damokidebulia am wevrTa formaze:
a. papiZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 159.
268

uxeiro damwersa (ilia); Tu rusTaveli maniqevelia, c x a d i a , misi RmerTi, upirveles yovlisa,
maniqeveli unda iyos (m. gogib.); rodesac Sen win dauZinebeli mteri dgas, Seni damqcevi
da damamxobeli, c x a d i a , yvelaferi gZuls misi (g. asaT.).
d) winadadebis SuaSi, zmna-Semasmenlis mimarT kontaqtur poziciaSi:
gr. orbelians axalgazrdebma Seuties. man r a s a k v i r v e l i a , iukadrisa axali mwerlebis
gamolaSqreba (i.Mmansvet.); quTaisSi Teatri Cemi drois axalgazrdobisaTvis, r a s a k v i r -
v e l i a , ar iyo martooden dasvenebisa da garTobis adgili (g. qiq.); ... petriws unda qristianoba
gonieri da dasajerebeli gaxados da, r a s a k v i r v e l i a , ar grZnobs, rom momavalSi
aristotele qristes daCrdilavs (m. gogib.); vaJa-fSavelas Tematika, sulieri simaRleebi,
c x a d i a , ar ifargleba mxolod erovnuli interesebiT (`krit.~).
e) winadadebis bolos (absolutur boloSi an Tanwyobili winadadebis pirveli
Semadgenlis bolos):
...xalxma daujera, r a s a k v i r v e l i a , da amiT gaTavda es ucnauri ambavi (akaki); ...aRzrdaSi
marto zrdilobas ar vgulisxmob, r a s a k v i r v e l i a (pres.).
zmna-Semasmenlis mimarT kontaqtur poziciaSi CarTuli da zmna-Semasmeneli SeiZleba
erTi intonaciuri maxviliT warmoiTqvas, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu winadadeba
martivi gauvrcobelia. magaliTad, winadadebaSi, _ `kodalasac, rasakvirvelia, gauxarda~
(vaJa), _ CarTuli intonaciurad ar gamoiyofa winadadebis wevrebisagan. magram
am sityvebis gankerZoebulobas nebismier poziciaSi xels uwyobs maTi formac: a
zmnuri elementi maT winadadebis tolfas erTeulebad aqcevs. maTi kavSiri winadadebis
danarCen nawilebTan ki hipotaqsuri xasiaTisaa. zogi am CarTulTagan SeiZleba
warmoSobiT rTuli winadadebis nawili iyos. aseTi azria, magaliTad, gamoTqmuli
marTalia CarTulis Sesaxeb. 52
sakmarisia, aRniSnuli sityvebidan romelime moxvdes SesityvebaSi Tundac damxmare
sityvasTan erTad, rom mTavari winadadebis rolSi gamovides da rom kavSiriT
gamoeyos winadadebas. mag.:
a q c x a d i a , r o m sofelSi namyof aTi Tvis bavSvs sasaxleSi yvelaferi meucxoveboda
da gaSterebuli viqnebodi... (akaki); ...magram u e W v e l i a , rom nawarmoebis `stilis idea~ unda
warmarTavdes mwerlis enis kvlevasac (`saenaTm. Zieb.~).
magram Sdr.:
adamians uZveles droSive gauCnda sitkbos gemo, romlis dakmayofilebis ueWvo wyaros
Tafli warmoadgenda. b u n e b r i v i a , r o m adamiani sargeblobda rogorc futkris, aseve
mcenaris TafliT (al. rob.).
zmnuri formis CarTulebis rom kavSiriT gamoyofa winadadebisagan s a l i t e r a -
turo qarTulisaTvis miuReblad iTvleba 53.
* * *
warmodgenili dakvirvebis mixedviT, C a r T u l s i t y v e b S i TiTqos sami fena gamoiyofa.
1. ,,sakuTriv CarTulebi~, romlebic reducirebul winadadebebs warmoadgenen an
winadadebaTa tolfasni arian da romelTa mniSvnelobaSi modaluri niuansi Warbobs.
isini nebismier poziciaSi CarTulis rols asruleben (da mTel winadadebas
miemarTebian). esenia: zmnisarTebi samwuxarod, sabednierod, bedad... da Sedgenili Semasmenlis
formis mqone sityvebi (rasakvirvelia, cxadia...).
2. damxmare sityvebi (nawilakebi, kavSirebi), romlebic mxolod stiluri daniSnu-
52 l . k v a W a Z e , dasax. naSr., gv. 413.
53 iqve.
269

lebiT xSiri gamoyenebis gziT `zedmet sityvebadac~ ki iqcevian (maSasadame, ubralod
da misT.).
3. sityvebi, romlebic sxvadasxva sintaqsur pirobebSi sxvadasxva sintaqsur funqcias
asruleben (viTarebis garemoebisa, CarTulisa an gankerZoebuli wevris sakav-
Sirebeli sityvisas _ zmnisarTebi _ gansakuTrebiT, ZiriTadad, kerZod, magaliTad...
CarTulisa an modaluri nawilakisas _ zmnis piriani formebi _ SeiZleba, etyoba,
mgoni, Cans...).
CarTul sityvaTa umravlesoba winadadebaSi C a r T u l i ki ar aris, aramed g a n -
k e r Z o e b u l i a winadadebisagan. raki maT gankerZoebas xels uwyobs sityvaTganlageba
da intonacia, raki maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia funqciaTa monacvleoba sintaqsuri
pirobebis Sesabamisad, maTTan dakavSirebuli punqtuaciuri Secdomebi tipobrivia
(da erTgvarad kanonzomieric) 54 . kerZod:
1. z m n i s a r T e b i s araswori gankerZoebis sami SemTxveva gvaqvs:
a) gankerZoebulia im zmnisarTiT gamoxatuli v i T a r e b i s garemoeba, romelic
xSirad gvxvdeba CarTulis funqciiT. mag.:
...soflis meurneobis produqcia, Z i r i T a d a d , modioda mSrali, xangrZlivi SenaxvisaTvis
vargisi (pres.); mwvane sasuqebis gamoyeneba, g a n s a k u T r e b i T , xelsayrelia msubuq qviSnar
da borcvian-gorakian pirobebSi (a. jafar.); dilis operatiuli TaTbirebi, C v e u l e b -
riv, aq imarTeba (pres.).
b) zmnisarTi danarTis sakavSirebeli sityvaa da mZime mxolod mis win (da danarTis
Semdeg) unda iyos.Ggagebulia ki CarTulad da orive mxridan gamoyofilia mZimeebiT:
...ram SesZra aTasobiT da aTi aTasobiT adamianis, g a n s a k u T r e b i T , axalgazrdobis
guli da goneba (pres.); saubrisas Seexen specialistebis, k e r Z o d , i n J i n r e b i s momzadeba-
Si umaRlesi skolis amocanebs (pres.); moxuci adamianis, s a e r T o d , u f r o s i s pativiscema
yvelaferSi umaRles zneobriv kanonad aris miCneuli (pres.).
g) mZimeebiT (an cali mZimiT) aris gamoyofili (e. i. CarTuladaa gaazrebuli)
zmnisarTebi, romlebic viTarebis garemoebis funqcias asruleben, magram frazis
logikuri maxvili maTze modis.
aki, f a q t i u r a d amovagdeT Cveni mimdinare literaturuli procesebidan da, masTan er-
Tad, xelovnebis sxva dargebidan (pres.); am ori gundis Sexvedra, f a q t i u r a d gadamwyveti
iyo Tbilisis saerTaSoriso turnirSi (pres.); dRes, x S i r a d , meti siTamamiT ityvian xolme...
(pres.); ...Tu momRerali maRelvebs, u m a l v e , Seumcdari daskvna gamomaqvs (pres.).
2. mZimeebiT gamoyofen logikuri maxvilis mqone TiTqmis yvela modalur nawilaksa
da Sorisdebuls (miT ufro _ Tu isini Semasmenlisagan daSorebulni arian). mag.:
...gaiges mere, rom upatronoa da, l a m i s , sulsa iqiT aRaraferi SemanarCunon (vaJa);
cxovrebas bevri gansacdeli sdevs da, v a i T u gauZneldes sustsa da uzrunvelobas Cveuls
(gr. abaS.); amxela garaJSi, b a r e samasamde mZRoli daiTvleba (g. xorg.). amaze, i q n e b , uneburad
ufiqria romelime fizikoss (pres.); T i T q o s , movismineT misi saubari galaktionze...
(pres.); televiziaSi, T u r m e , dausruleblad modioda werilebi (pres.); T u r m e , bevri maTgani
cnobili yofila (pres.) 55 .
garda logikuri maxvilis intensivobisa, zogierTi sityvis gankerZoebas SeiZleba
xels uwyobdes sxva faqtorebic, magaliTad, nawilakisa da zmnis bunebrivi Sexamebis
54 ar gamovricxavT punqtuaciis xmarebisas SemTxveviTobasac (koreqturas). mag.: `Segneba imisa,
rom Seni koleqtivi, Seni sawarmo mTels qalaqSi cnobilia... uTuod gmatebs siamayes da, b u -
n e b r i v i a , s u r v i l i TviTonac ise gaisarjo, rom misi Rirseuli wevri (pres.). [avadmyofoba]...
romelic TiTqos likvidirebuli iyo, bolo xans kvlav gavrcelda... rac ZiriTadad
TviTmkurnalobiT da, k e r Z o d , m k u r n a l o b i T ... aixsneba (pres.).
55 punqtuaciis Sesaxeb zogierT aseT nawilakTan da SorisdebulebTan ix. n . b a s i l a i a ,
dasax. naSr., gv. 171-178.
270

darRveva. masalis simciris gamo igi damatebiT dakvirvebas moiTxovs 56 . Turme nawilakis
gankerZoeba SeiZleba rusuli enis gavlenis Sedegic iyos `... yovel enas aqvs
raime struqturuli Tavisebureba. erTi da imave Sinaarsis fraza sxvadasxva enaSi
sxvadasxvagvarad aigeba. mag., mezobels a u S e n e b i a saxli. Sdr. rusuli сосед,
оказывается, построил дом~ 57 . maSasadame, TurmeobiTis nakvTis zmnasTan sityva Turme
qarTuli enisaTvis `Warbi~ nawilakia. sxva nakvTis zmnasTan igi kontaqtur postpozicias
arCevs (gaakeTa Turme, ubrZana Turme, wers Turme da misT.). mag.:
Tuki rogorme warsulSi Sebruneba SesZeli, mere ki warsulic gadalaxe, maradisobaSi
a R m o C n d e b i T u r m e da aRarasodes mokvdebi (o. Wil.).
nawilaki gankerZovdeba, Tu winadadebis romelime sxva wevrs (ara Semasmenels)
miemarTeba, magram gankerZovdeba am wevrTan erTad. magaliTad:
yvela suldgmulis bedi, T i T q m i s u s u l o s i c k i , cvalebadia (vaJa); mTvare amovida,
amocurda maRla, T i T q m i s S u a c a z e , naTlad kaSkaSebda (vaJa); sxva meleqseebs, visac ki
Sevxvedrivar am qveyanaze, sibralulis meti araferi aRuZravT CemSi. isini, T i T q m i s u k -
l e b l i v , svenakluli xalxia (r. inan.); arseboben sxva ZvelTaZveli Zeglebic. i q n e b i m
miwagadafarebul galavnebsa da abanoebze ufro xnierebic, magram Sen
mainc axali da Seni Tanamedrove ggonia (v. Wel.).
3. raki CarTulsa da winadadebis danarCen nawils Soris pauza xangrZlivi ar
aris, amitom winadadebis SuaSi moqceuli CarTuli xSirad mxolod cali mxridan
gamoiyofa mZimiT. mag.:
...rodesac axalgazrdani swavla-damTavrebulni dabrundebodnen CvenSi, maSinve samsaxuris
Zebnas Seudgebodnen. eseni p i r i q i T , mozard Taobas daumegobrdnen... (i. mansvet.); ...imave
drosve, r a s a k v i r v e l i a scdilobdnen puSkinis dedamiwasTan gasworebas (akaki).
* * *
zemoTqmulis safuZvelze da arsebuli literaturis gaTvaliswinebiT, punqtuaciis
ZiriTadi wesebi ase Camoyalibdeba:
1. zmna-Semasmenlis mimarT kontaqtur prepoziciaSi yofnisas viTarebis zmnisarTi
viTarebis garemoebis funqcias asrulebs da mZimeebiT ar unda gamoiyos. mag.:
es gamudmebuli Zieba g a n s a k u T r e b i T damaxasiaTebelia me-18 saukunisaTvis (g. asaT.);
Cveni naSromis mizania S e Z l e b i s a m e b r Seajamos da Sekras Cveni didi lirikosis xangrZlivi
cxovrebis ambavi (e. maRr.).
2. zmna-Semasmenlis mimarT distanciur poziciaSi da kontaqtur postpoziciaSic
viTarebis zmnisarTi, romelic mTel winadadebas miemarTeba da semantikur kavSirs
SemasmenelTan amyarebs, CarTulis funqcias asrulebs da unda gamoiyos erTi _ winadadebis
Tavsa da boloSi, an ori mZimiT _ winadadebis SuaSi (SevniSnavT, rom winadadebis
absolutur boloSi CarTuli zmnisarTebi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba).
mag., winadadebis TavSi:
C v e u l e b r i v [unda gamoiyos mZimiT!] manZili da dro siyvarulis sicxoveles anelebs
(m. gogib.).
winadadebis SuaSi:
56 Semasmenlisa da nawilakis Sexamebis Sesaxeb ix. S . a f r i d o n i Z e , Semasmenlisa da nawilakis
sintaqsuri urTierToba qarTulSi, qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi, 1970, #3, gv.
23-27.
57 a r n . C i q o b a v a , martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi, I, Tb., 1968, gv. 108.
271

niko musxeliSvilma, w e s i s a m e b r , yvela delegacia adRegrZela (pres.).
rTuli winadadebis pirveli nawilis bolos (da Semasmenlis mimarT postpoziciaSi):
gadmocemiTac aravis axsovs, k e r Z o d , rom zvavi Tavs dasdgomodes mulaxis sasoflo
sabWoSi Semaval uZveles sofel JamuSs (pres.).
SeniSvna: CarTulis funqcias asruleben zmna-Semasmenlis mimarT nebismier poziciaSi
mdgomi Semdegi zmnisarTebi: samwuxarod, saubedurod, sabednierod, bedad... magaliTebi:
s a m w u x a r o d , Cvenma am gafrTxilebam mosaxleobis erTi nawilis SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia
(pres.); nangrevebSi, s a b e d n i e r o d , Senobis Semadgeneli yvela detali ipovnes (pres.).
3. Tu zmnisarTi (gansakuTrebiT, miT umetes, metadre, ZiriTadad, kerZod, magali-
Tad) saxeliT gamoxatul wevrs miemarTeba da am wevrs gamoyofs raime niSniT winadadebis
danarCeni wevrebisagan, maSin masTan erTad gankerZovdeba da sakavSirebeli
sityvis funqcias asrulebs 58 , e. i. mZime unda daiweros zmnisarTis win da gankerZoebuli
wevris Semdeg. magaliTad:
...aspiranturaSi, gansakuTrebiT klinikur disciplinebSi, unda miviRoT mu-
Saobis gamocdilebis mqone kursdamTavrebulebi (pres.).
Tu igive zmnisarTi da an ki kavSirTan erTad gamoyofs ama Tu im wevrs, maSin
mZime unda daiweros da (ki) kavSiris win (da gankerZoebuli wevris Semdeg), e. i. ase:
erTi wuTiT Tvali gadavavloT sabWoTa wignis, d a k e r Z o d , q a r T u l i m x a t v r u -
l i w i g n i s , gamocemis gzas (r. jafar.).
da ara: ... sabWoTa wignis da, k e r Z o d , qarTuli mxatvruli wignis...
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi sabWoTa wigni da qarTuli (mxatvruli) wigni erTgvarovani
wevrebi gamodian da winadadebis azri irRveva.
aseve:
ra ar gvsmenia aq ucxoeTis d a g a n s a k u T r e b i T S v e i c a r i i s [unda gamoiyos mZimeebiT!]
Tavisufali cxovrebis Sesaxeb (i. mansvet.); vaJas rwmeniT, yvela mweralma, d a , m i T
u m e t e s , d i d m a m w e r a l m a [unda iyos: yvela mweralma, da miT umetes didma mweralma]
mSobliur enaze unda weros (`Zv. qarT. mw. mkv.~).
magram, Tu gankerZoebuli wveri TviTon aris mravalSemadgenliani, maSin zmnisar-
Ti CarTulis rolSi gamodis. mag.:
pedagogiur asparezze moRvaweobisas, k e r Z o d , didi ToneTis skolaSi maswavleblobis
periodSi, vaJa saRmrTo rjulsac aswavlida (`Zv. qarT. mw. mkv.~); moqmedebis raime programa,
m i T u m e t e s , garkveuli politikuri mrwamsi, TuTaSxias ar hqonda (`krit.~).
4. a) albaT, romelic warmoSobiT zmnisarTia, dRes modalur nawilakad aris
qceuli. nebismier poziciaSi igi mZimeebiT gamoyofis gareSec ar arRvevs winadadebis
azrs. mag. :
a l b a T yvelas gvinaxavs ekranis win Tvalebacimcimebuli cerodena...(pres.). Sdr: yvelas
gvinaxavs a l b a T . . . an yvelas a l b a T gvinaxavs...
magram Tu albaT Semasmenlisagan Zalze daSorebulia (da winadadeba grZelia),
umjobesia, albaT gamovyoT mZimeebiT. magaliTad:
58 Sdr. n . b a s i l a i a , dasax. naSr., gv. 53.
272

a l b a T , axalgazrdobas yvela droSi ainteresebda yovelive axali, rasac Cven `modurs~
vuwodebT (pres.); Tavisi mxatvruli mignebebiT, a l b a T , `vefxistyaosnis~ erT-erTi gamorCeuli
adgilia nestanisa da tarielis Sexvedra (`cisk~).
b) sityva agreTve c(a), kidev nawilakebis rols asrulebs SemasmenelTan uSualo
mezoblobaSi da mZimiT ar unda gamoiyos. mag.:
p. tabiZis Targmanidan a R s a n i S n a v i a a g r e T v e `nakadulSi~ gamoqveynebuli `radaa
zRva mariliani~ (n. tab.). JamTaaRmwerlis monacemebs i T v a l i s w i n e b s , a g r e T v e , [ar unda
iyos gamoyofili mZimeebiT!] `saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis~ mesame tomis Tanaavtori...
(`ciskari~). Sedegebma c x a d y v e s , a g r e T v e , [pirveli mZime zedmetia!] rom... xanZarsaSi-
Si mdgomareobaa Seqmnili (pres.).
ar unda gamoiyos mZimeebiT agreTve nawilaki erTgvarovan wevrebTanac, roca igi
da (an) kavSiris funqcias asrulebs, an _ c (a) nawilakis funqcias da kavSiris gverdiT.
mag.:
Cven mier miniSnebuli situaciebi... a g r e T v e (= da || an) SemTxvevebi, roca sazogadoebis
interesebis xelyofa xdeba... mikrogaremos efeqtis mniSvnelobas warmoaCens...
roca agreTve nawilakiT dakavSirebuli wevri mravalSemadgenliania, agreTve
gankerZovdeba da CarTulis funqcias Seasrulebs.
Sdr.: Cempionatis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos gundebi _ Tbilisis `dinamo~, a g r e T v e (=da
kavSirs) `guria~ damarcxdnen~. an: ,,...Tbilisis `dinamo~ d a a g r e T v e `guria~ (sxvagvarad:
[da] `guriac~) damarcxdnen~. magram: `Tbilisis `dinamo~, a g r e T v e (|| da agreTve), [Car-
Tuli!] umaRles ligaSi axalgadasuli (lanCxuTis gundi) `guria~ damarcxdnen~.
5. zmnis piriani formebi winadadebis Semasmenlis mimarT kontaqtur poziciaSi
modaluri nawilakis funqcias asrulebs da mZimiT ar gamoiyofa. e. i. iseTi Sesityvebebi,
rogoricaa SeiZleba davijeroT, mgoni davigvianeT, etyoba uWirT, Cans daijera
da misT. intonaciurad da semantikurad daunawevrebeli Sesityvebebia:
S e s a Z l o a S e i q m n a s STabeWdileba, rom xeli eSleba mkiTxvelis mier poemis esTetikuri
aRqmis mTlianobas.
Semasmenlis mimarT distanciur poziciaSi ki igive formebi CarTulad xorcieldeba
da unda gamoiyos mZimiT (mZimeebiT). mag.:
C a n s , `visramiani~ m. broses `vefxistyaosanTan~ mimarTebiTac ainteresebda (`Zv. qarT. mw.
mkv.~); Cveni luarsabi, m g o n i , TiTonac bevrs ar icemda TavSi, _ ratom swavla ara maqvso
(ilia); menave mardad usvams niCbebs. menaves, e t y o b a , magari kunTebi aqvs (o. ios.).
6. CarTulis funqcias asruleben Sedgenili Semasmenlis formis mqone sityvebi _
rasakvirvelia, cxadia, bunebrivia, ueWvelia, Znelia, warmoudgenelia, SeuZlebelia
da misT. winadadebis TavSi (an boloSi) es sityvebi TiTo mZimiT gamoiyofa, winadadebis
SuaSi ki _ ori mZimiT. magaliTebi:
winadadebis TavSi:
m a r T a l i a , arc am sisusteebis gamo Rirs wayrueba (g. asaT.); b u n e b r i v i a , mewisqvileni
da meTevzeni mdinaris pirad unda yofiliyvnen dasaxlebulni... (a. sulak.).
winadadebis SuaSi:
Cvens sulTamxuTavs, r a s a k v i r v e l i a , ufro eameboda, Cven rom erTgul uRalato qve-
Sevrdomebad gavgebodiT fexqveS (g. asaT.); religiam igrZno ganaTlebis sasruloba da, c x a -
d i a , igi mis kults ar miiRebda (pres.); me, r a s a k v i r v e l i a , ver gamovdgebi msajulad...
273

(pres.).
winadadebis bolos:
Tanaxma var gagimxiloT, qmarTagan saidumlod, r a s a k v i r v e l i a (pres.).
SeniSvna: am sityvebsa da winadadebis danarCen nawils Soris ar unda daisvas
rom kavSiri. mag.:
c x a d i a , r o m nawveralis damuSaveba... aCeCviT unda daviwyoT (a. jafar.).
rom kavSiri zedmetia, saerTod, zmnuri formis mqone CarTulebTan.
7. mZimeebiT ar gamoiyofa e.w. natvriTi (netav || neta || netamc), SesaZlebloba-varaudis
gamomxatveli (iqneb || egeb), unaxaobis (Turme) nawilakebi da sxva damxmare,
modaluri, sityvebi 59 , Tundac maTze modiodes frazis logikuri maxvili.
8. saerTod gaumarTlebelia winadadebis wevrTa gamoyofa mxolod logikuri maxvilis
safuZvelze 60 . mag.:
Tu adamiani mSromelia, igi, ueWvelad, zneobrivadac faqizi iqneba. festivalSi, amj
e r a d , 80 qveynis... 120 kinosuraTi monawileobda. axalgazrdobis aRzrdis saqme dRes, s a -
q a r T v e l o S i , gadaudebel, yoveldRiur saqmed mimaCnia.
* * *
CarTulis marTlwerasTan, rogorc aRvniSneT, dakavSirebulia wminda stilistikuri
xasiaTis sakiTxebic, kerZod, CarTuli sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis konteqstis Sesabamisad
gamoyenebis sakiTxi.
stilistikuri xasiaTis darRvevad CaiTvleba:
1. erTi CarTuli sityvis gamoyeneba meoris nacvlad (CarTulTa sinonimuri wyvilebi
yovelTvis Tavisuflad ver monacvleoben). magaliTad:
agroteqnikur RonisZiebaTa drouli da xarisxobrivi Catareba uzrunvelyofs maRal mosavals.
s a x e l d o b r [ajobebda magaliTad], erT-erT olqSi TiToeuli heqtaridan 30 c
xorblis mosavali aiRes (a. jafar.); msoflio warmoebaSi saSemodgomo xorblis naTesi mniSvnelovnad
metia sagazafxulo xorblis formebze. s a x e l d o b r [ajobebda kerZod], aziasa
da evropis kontinentze sagazafxulo xorbali umniSvneloa (a.jafar.) [SevniSnavT, rom stilistikurad
winadadeba saerTod gaumarTavia].
2. CarTuli sityvis wminda formaluri gamoyeneba _ roca igi frazis `cru samkaulad~
iqceva. Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo enaSi gansakuTrebiT moxSirda zogierTi
nawilak-CarTulis (ubralod, arada...) gamoyeneba sakavSirebel sityvad. mag.:
avadmyofs gadausxes ... sisxli, magram ... sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda. a r a d a , axali donoris
mosaZebnad dro aRar rCeboda [ajobebda: axali donoris mosaZebnad ki dro aRar rCeboda!]
(pres.); ramdeni xani velodi am Sexvedras! a r a d a , batoni oTari SeuZlod brZandeboda da
Sewuxebas veridebodi [arada-s xmarebas Tu Tavs ver davaRwevdiT, korespondentis survilsa
da sinamdviles Soris mimarTebas frazis aseTi ageba ufro gamoxatavda: batoni oTari SeuZlod
brZandeboda da Sewuxebas veridebodi. arada, ramdeni xani velodi am Sexvedras!] (pres.);
u b r a l o d , siarulic amxelda [SeiZleboda ubralod sityvis gareSec!], rom mTeli sxeuli
yovlisSemZvreli gaocebiT hqonda savse... (e. maRr.).
sasaubro enaSi ki dRes xSiria maSasadame, mokled, principulad (principSi),
sadRac... da msgavsi sityvebis stiluri mizniT gamoyeneba. amgvari stiliT metyveleba
59 ix. n . b a s i l a i a , dasax. naSr., gv. 173-178.
60 winadadebis calkeuli nawilebis, Sesityvebebis aseTi intonaciuri danawevreba, e. w. p a r -
c e l a c i a , TavisTavad, SeiZleba calke dakvirvebis sagani iyos. ix. `Грамматика современного
русского языка~, М., 1970, gv. 621-622.
274

gvagonebs glaxa WriaSvilis _ am ,,sityva-pasuxiani kacis~ _ metyvelebas, romelsac
didma iliam `feiqris qseliviT gabmuli~ uwoda. gavixsenoT:
`ise dalagebiT mogaxseneb, S e n i W i r i m e , siCqariT, S e n i W i r i m e , T q v e n c k a r -
g a d m o g e x s e n e b a T , sofeli aravis mouWamia. ai, amitomac minda Tavidam daviwyo, ise
sjobia, Tavidamve dalagebiT mogaxseno: papa-Cemi aznauri gxlebiaT _ es didixnis ambavi gaxlavs
_ nugzar erisTvis drosao, Tu gagigoniaT, sisxlis wvimebis drosao.
ase amboben, Tqveni RmTis-risxva ara maqvs, Torem mena im droebis ra mecodineba?
didi xnis kaci rodi var. m a r T a l i a , wver-ulvaSSi WaRara gamomrevia, magram magari
esaa, rom didi xnisa ara var...~ 61
damxmare sityvebiT `akinZuli~, gaumarTavi frazis oriode nimuSi presis enidan:
...yoveli mxridan miesalmebodnen mas, TiTqosda lideri da xalxis azrebis meufe yofiliyos.
TumcaRa, gana, marTlac, arsebiTad, asec-ar iyo? gana bunebrivi talantiT
madlcxebuli, xalasi naWiT dajildoebuli aTleti, p i r v e l y o v l i s a , T u k i e s
S e u Z l i a (!) mSobliuri xalxis gasaxarad ar unda iRvwodes?
am rigis darRvevebis Tavidan asacileblad normis daweseba, cxadia, gaZneldeba.
Cveni mizani iqneba davazustoT da warmovadginoT CarTuli sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis
funqciebi da gamoyenebis are funqcionaluri stilebis mixedviT, rac ukee calke
werilis Temaa.
imis sabuTad ki, Tu ra fsevdoefeqtis gamomwvevia CarTulebisa Tu damxmare
sityvebis `umisamarTo~ xmareba, xazgasmulad ,,amaRlebuli stiliT~ metyveleba, am
werils uCveulod davamTavrebT _ erTi Tanamedrove mwerlis moxdenili iumoriT:
`profesori adga: isa... me... maSasadame... unda vifiqroT... bavSvebis aRzrda... isa... sayuradReboa...
uSinski... rogorc vTqviT...~ oTaxSi zrdilobiani siCume idga. profesori dajda da merxze
TiTqos kakuni daiwyo... maswavlebelma mSoblebs gadaxeda: ,,mainc ras niSnavs ganaTlebuli
kaci! (T. WilaZe).
61 i l i a W a v W a v a Z e , rCeuli, xuT tomad, t. I, Tb., 1985, gv. 281.
275

276
qeTevan lomTaTiZe
qarTuli enis fonologiuri modelis darRvevis gamo warmoTqmaSi 1
qarTuli enis fonologiuri modeli Taviseburia da, rogorc p. uslari aRniSnavda
qarTuli anbanis dasaxasiaTeblad, saerTo kavkasiuri tipisaa da misi idealuri
amsaxvelia. misi idealuroba imaSi gamoixateba, rom fonologiur doneze masSi
Tanxvdenilia sametyvelo bgeris Sesabamisoba niSanTan, e. i. yvela sametyvelo fonemas
Sesabamisi niSani aqvs. friad sagulisxmoa isic, rom xangrZlivi da mdidari tradiciis
mqone qarTul enas _ miuxedavad imisa, rom igi iyo mwignobrobis ena mravalricxovani
ena-kiloebisa da xangrZlivi, mravalmxrivi, Tanac, sxvadasxva masStabisa
da siZlieris kontaqtebi hqonda aseve mravalgvar mter-moyvris enebTan _ es Tavisi
fonologiuri modeli qarTul enas arsebiTad ar Seucvlia TxuTmeti saukunis ganmavlobaSi.
es sabedniero `konservatizmi” udidesi mniSvnelobisaa Cveni istoriuli
erTianobisa, warsulTan Sinagani kontaqtis SenarCunebisa da momavalSi erovnuli
simtkicisaTvis.
da ai dRes, samwuxarod, isaxeba suraTi zemoT naxsenebi fonologiuri modelis
moSlisa. es sagangaSoa, Tumca ara imdenad, ramdenadac leqsikur-morfologiur-sintaqsur
kalkirebaTa SemTxvevebi, romlebic am bolo xanebSi walekviT emuqreba qar-
Tul enas, rac araerTgzis aRniSnula da rasTanac brZola yvelas erTnairad ar
gvesmis, xolo am mxriv gaweuli samuSaoebic saTanado Sedegs ar iZleva.
qarTuli fonologiuri modelis Seryevis SemTxvevebi ZiriTadad w a r m o T q m i s
sferoSi rCeba da, isic, epizodurad. magram, Tu amTaviTve igi ar moeqca Cveni yurad-
Rebis centrSi, SesaZloa, man are gaifarToos da zog SemTxvevaSi samwerlobo ena-
Sic `moiTxovos~ Tavisi adgili.
sakiTxi exeba, erTi mxriv, sxva enaTa bagekbilismieri ф fonemis Semcvel sityvaTa
qarTulad gadmoReba-gamoTqmas da, meore mxriv, h, q bgeraTa Semcvel ucxour fuZeTa
gadmoRebas `gamaSualebeli~ enis modeliT, aseve, zogjer sxva calkeul gamoTqmasac.
es zemoT dasaxelebuli faqtebi erTnairi mniSvnelobisa ar aris da maTi movlis
sakiTxic gansxvavebul midgomas saWiroebs.
warmoTqmis sferoSi darRvevebi yvelaze metad Seexeba ucxour fuZeebSi ф fonemas.
cnobilia, rom qarTul enas aseTi fonema ar gaaCnia, magram qarTuli enis istoriaSi
yofila cda xelovnurad ф asos Semotanisa. da, Tumca amas sakmaod avtoritetis mqone
pirni icavdnen, qarTulSi man fesvi ver gaidga, qarTuli enis bunebas ver Seegua.
axla ra viTarebaa? axla, piriqiT, `mimbaZvelobiT~, rusuli enis gavleniT (am bolo
dros zogi sxva ucxouri enis gavleniTac) zogi piris (umTavresad axalgazrdaTa)
gamoTqmaSi fexs ikidebs ф. sruliad gauTviTcnobiereblad ismis: kaфe, koфe, фantani,
serTiфikati, da metic `maRali~ tribunidan arcTu iSviaTad gaigonebT oratorebisagan:
фorums, konфerencias, konфrontacias, narkomaфias da misT.
rusul enas, rogorc cnobilia, fSvinvieri bagismieri xSuli f(ph) bgera ar gaaCnia
da saTanado SemTxvevebs berZnuli Tu sxva evropuli enebisas gadmoscems ф spirantiT
(Sdr. rus. физика, fr. physique da sxv.). qarTul enas, romelsac Zveli literaturuli
tradiciebi aqvs berZnulidan Tu sxva ph-s mqone enebidan, es fonema savsebiT
adekvaturad gadmoRebuli aqvs f bgeriT. amitomac aris, rom tradiciul
qarTul mwignobrobaze aRzrdil arc erT Tanamedrove qarTvel axalgazrdas dedaenaze
metyvelebisas ar wamoscdeba `фizika~, aramed mtkiced ambobs fizikas, filosofias
da misTanebs, magram axlad Semosul sityvebSi rusulis gziT umTavresad,
1 qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi, wigni meaTe, 1993.

ogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ambobs фantans (da, raRa Tqma unda, aRarc Sadrevans!...),
kaфes da sxv.
gvxvdeba kidev ufro ucnauri SeTxvevebic: arc rusulSi da arc sxva evropul enebSi
ara gvaqvs fuZeSi f, magram igive piri saTanado fuZeebSi icavs f-s, ambobs:
faqts, frangs da sxv. (e.i. ф ar wamoscdeba). am rigis movlenaTa analizisas ki mivdivarT
im daskvnamde, rom aRniSnul pirTa metyvelebaSi yalibdeba sruliad gaumarTlebeli
e. w. `fsevdofonologiuri~ dapirispireba qarTul enaSi f-sa da `ф~-s
Soris (xdeba maTi `gadanawileba~). esec, Tavis mxriv, naTels xdis, rom qarTuli enis
fonologiuri sistemisaTvis SeuTavsebel ф bgeras masSi adgili ar unda hqondes
da uryevad unda iqnes daculi qarTuli marTlmetyvelebis principebi.
yuradRebas moiTxovs zogjer nasesxeb sityvaTa fuZeebSi q / x-s aRrevis sakiTxi.
Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo tradiciis mixedviT, damkvidrebulia q bgeriT
gadmocema mTeli rigi fuZeebisa, romelTa adgilas rusulSi x (х) gvxvdeba. asea
dafuZnebuli qarTulSi: teqnika, qronika, meqanika, qimia da misT.
magram am bolo dros zogierTTa warmoTqmaSi fexi moikida sxva enobrivi gavlenis
Sedegad x bgeram, gansakuTrebiT, `texnika~ sityvaSi da misi Zirisagan nawarmoeb
fuZeebSi. mdidari mwignobruli tradiciisa da fonologiuri sistemis mqone qarTul
enaSi aseTi movlenebi dauSvebelia da metyveli unda cdilobdes amgvari darRvevebi
ar mosdiodes.
sazrunavia h-s gamoyenebis sakiTxic nasesxeb sityvebSi.
h bgera qarTul masalaSi umTavresad prefiqsad gvxvdeba: hyavs, hqvia, hqonda...
calkeul fuZeebSi: haeri, hava da sxv. amdenadve, qarTul enas aqvs SesaZlebloba
sxva enaTa haes (h) qarTuladve h-d gadmocemisa. ZiriTadad es wesi daculia kidec
saliteraturo enaSi, 2 magram `heqtar~ da h-s Semcveli sxva sityvebis gamoTqmisas
xSirad gaismis rusulis msgavsad: geqtari, gemoglobini, ingalacia, gaimoriti, ganteli,
gipnozi da misT.
Tu zemoT ganxilul bgerebTan (ф,x-sTan) dakavSirebiT iTqva, rom maTi xmareba
zogierTi piris mxolod g a m o T q m a S i SeiniSnebao da jerjerobiT marTlweris
normebSi daculiao, amas veRar vityviT h-s SemTxvevaze. `geqtari~ da misTanebi dawerilSiac
ki SeiZleba araiSviaTad davadasturoT (mag.: `bavSvebi ingalacias
itareben~, _ pres.).
h bgera qarTulSi, cnobilia, susti poziciis bgeraa da amitomacaa, rom glexebi
xSirad (telegadacemaTa interviuebSi) `eqtars~ (sic!) amboben. es saxeoba, kacma rom
Tqvas, `geqtars~ ki sjobia, magram imis safuZvels mainc ar gvaZlevs, ar davicvaT saliteraturo
enis norma.
gamoTqmis mxriv Taviseburia qarTul l bgeris sakiTxi.
qarTul enas erTi l bgera (fonema) aqvs. igi saSualo `simagrisaa~ da ar arCevs
magar da rbil saxeobebs, magaliTad, rusulis msgavsad (Sdr. пыл `ali~ da пыль
`mtveri~). magram es erTi saSualo `simagris” l qarTul dialeqtebSi da, gansakuTrebiT,
calkeul pirTa metyvelebaSi xSirad `darbilebulad~ gamoiTqmis (umTavresad
qvemoimerelTa..., 3 megrelTa..., 4 kaxelTa... da TviT xevsurTa metyvelebaSic ki!).
2 aq aras vambobT mTel rig nasesxeb FfuZeSi h / x - s aRrevis sakiTxze, vinaidan amis Sesaxeb
arsebobs sakmao specialuri literatura.
3 gurulTa metyvelebaSi, Cveni azriT, e. w. `qalaquri gamoTqmis~ qveSecneuli mibaZvis
Sedegad zogjer SegviniSnavs odnav `gamagrebuli~ gamoTqma l bgerisa.
4 cnobilia, rom megrulSi erTi l arsebobs da is `rbilad~ gamoiTqmis. aseve erTi l fonema
aqvs afxazur enasac, oRond igi `magrad~ gamoiTqmis. miuxedavad teritoriuli siaxlovisa da
am enaTa Soris garkveuli kontaqtebis arsebobisa, verc erTma maTganma gavlena ver moaxdina
erTmaneTis l bgeris gamoTqmaze.
277

qarTuli enis sityvebSi am bgeris nawilobriv gansxvavebuli elferiT gamoTqma
calkeuli pirebis mier enisaTvis, misi fonologiuri sistemisaTvis araviTar safrTxes
ar qmnis, Tumca diqtorTaTvis, msaxiobTaTvis aucilebelia gamoTqmisas misi
saSualo tipis dacva.
amave dros zogjer SeiniSneba rusuli enis ль-s qarTulad gadmocemis SemTxvevebi.
es ki dasagmobia da yuradRebis miqcevas moiTxovs.
ar SegviZlia ar aRvniSnoT zogi darRveva qarTul sityvebSi calkeuli bgerebis
`garusulebuli~ gamoTqmisa (zogierTi) diqtoris metyvelebaSi. es gansakuTrebiT
exeba S Tanxmovans (iSviaTad J-s).
qarTulSi S Tanxmovani saSualo tipisaa (arc maincdamainc rbili da arc miT umetes
_ magari!).
magar da rbil saxeobebs spirantebSi rusuli ganarCevs. rig SemTxvevaSi rusuli
ш gamoiTqmis `magrad~. ai, rusuli ш-s es `magari~ gamoTqma zog Cvens qarTvel diqtors
gadaaqvs qarTul sityvebSic. es SeiniSneba rogorc calkeul fuZeebSi, ise -Si
Tandebulis gamoTqmisas.
amas SeiZleba sxvadasxva axsna hqondes. profesiis specifikis gamo rusul
gamoTqmaze `ganwyobil~ diqtors uWirs erTbaSad qarTulze `gadmorTva~ da SerCeba
rusulis gamoTqma, 5 an kidev, SeiZleba igi Sedegi iyos erTgvari diqtoruli
metyvelebis `Stampisa~, risganac unda ganTavisufldnen qarTul gadacemaTa diqtorebi.
es bolo varaudi rom ufro sworia, iqidan Cans, rom igive diqtorebi, `velze~
gasulni, ubralo da uSualo interviuebis procesSi, Cveulebriv, gamoTqmisas bunebriv
S-s amboben.
rogorc zemoT ganxiluli faqtebi cxadyofs, orToepiis TvalsazrisiT mowesrigebul
qarTul saliteraturo enaSi ucxo enobrivi gavlenebis Sedegad Cndeba mosagvarebeli
sakiTxebi. maT amTaviTve unda movuaroT.
5 amis gamovea, albaT, rom zogjer qarTveli diqtori programa `moambes~ acxadebs rogorc
moambэ -s!
278

S i n a a r s i
1. Sesavali ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
2. akaki SaniZe, naSTebi mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsis xmarebisa xmovnebis
win qarTul zmnebSi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4
3. akaki SaniZe, gramatikuli subieqti zogierT gardauval zmnasTan qarTul-
Si ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
4. damana meliqiSvili, `miWirs~ zmna da maswavleblis gasaWiri ------------------ 26
5. aram martirosovi, zmniswinis Sedgeniloba da maTi pirveladi funqciebi qar-
TulSi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
6. elene babunaSvili, saSuali gvaris zmnebTan dakavSirebuli zogi sakiTxisaTvis
qarTulSi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
7. TinaTin RvinaZe, vnebiTis formaTa marTlwerasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
8. arnold Ciqobava, qarTuli zmnis nakvTeulTa dajgufebis principisaTvis - 60
9. nodar naTaZe, mesame seriis dro-kiloTa warmoebisaTvis qarTulSi ------- 72
10. ivane qavTaraZe, dro-kiloTa mesame seriis warmoebis erTi Tavisebureba
axal qarTulSi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 87
11. ekaterine osiZe, mimReobis warmoeba qarTulSi ------------------------------------------ 101
12. viola kalandaZe, arsebiTi saxeli -------------------------------------------------------------- 120
13. viola kalandaZe, zedsarTavi saxeli ---------------------------------------------------------- 122
14. aram martirosovi, nacvalsaxeli ----------------------------------------------------------------- 124
15. lali ezugbaia, ricxvi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 126
16. levan bregaZe, ormagsufiqsiani mravlobiTi guSin da dRes -------------------- 128
17. cira RvinaZe, zmnizedis swavlebis zogierTi sakiTxi ------------------------------ 130
18. aram martirosovi, Tandebulebi qarTulSi ------------------------------------------------- 135
19. sergi JRenti, Sorisdebuli axal saliteraturo qarTulSi ------------------- 163
20. besarion jorbenaZe, nazmnari modaluri elementebi qarTulSi -------------- 171
21. elene koSoriZe, kvlav erTi sadavo sakiTxis gamo ----------------------------------- 179
22. arnold Ciqobava, martivi winadadebis evoluciis ZiriTadi tendenciebi
qarTulSi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 183
23. anton kiziria, obieqtis mier zmnis SeTanxmeba mravlobiT ricxvSi Tanamedrove
qarTulSi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 192
24. neli cqitiSvili, erTi sintaqsuri movlenis Sesaxeb ------------------------------- 201
25. aleqsandre focxiSvili, ubralo damateba Tu adgilis garemoeba? ------- 206
26. antom kiziria, substantiuri msazRvreli -------------------------------------------------- 209
27. lia leJava, msazRvrelTa rigi araerTgvar msazRvrelebian SesityvebaSi - 216
28. cira kalaZe, sazRvruli saxelis ricxvi or da met msazvrelTan (didi da patara
saxli Tu didi da patara saxlebi?) -------------------------------------------------- 237
29. lia leJava, zmnisarT-kavSirTa gamoyenebis sakiTxebisaTvis ------------------- 247
30. neli cqitiSvili, CarTuli -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 253
31. qeTevan lomTaTiZe, qarTuli enis fonologiuri modelis darRvevis gamo
warmoTqmaSi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 276
279