Justice and Law Legal Journal
Justice and Law Legal Journal
Justice and Law Legal Journal
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
marTlmsajuleba da kanoni<br />
<strong>Justice</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Law</strong><br />
N3<br />
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N3<br />
'10<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
<strong>Justice</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Law</strong> <strong>Legal</strong> <strong>Journal</strong><br />
#3(26)'10
N<br />
marTlmsajuleba<br />
3(26)<br />
'10<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
<strong>Justice</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Law</strong> #3(26)'10<br />
<strong>Legal</strong> <strong>Journal</strong>
marTlmsajuleba<br />
ISSN 1512-388X<br />
2<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
redaqtori<br />
nino ZiZiguri<br />
redaqtoris TanaSemwe<br />
irma beqauri<br />
nomerze muSaobdnen:<br />
beqa Wedia<br />
leila koSkaZe<br />
marine vasaZe<br />
dizaini:<br />
besik danelia<br />
fotouzrunvelyofa:<br />
daviT xizaniSvili<br />
saredaqcio sabWo:<br />
diana berekaSvili<br />
Tamar zambaxiZe<br />
inga kvaWantiraZe<br />
konstantine kublaSvili<br />
zaza meiSvili<br />
valeri cercvaZe<br />
Editorial Board:<br />
DIANA BEREKASHVILI<br />
TAMAR ZAMBAKHIDZE<br />
INGA KVACHANTIRADZE<br />
KONSTANTINE KUBLASHVILI<br />
ZAZA MEISHVILI<br />
VALERI TSERTSVADZE<br />
Editor:<br />
NINO DZIDZIGURI<br />
Assistant to Editor:<br />
IRMA BEKAURI<br />
The issue was prepared by:<br />
BEKA CHEDIA<br />
LEILA KOSHKADZE<br />
MARINE VASADZE<br />
Designed by<br />
BESIK DANELIA<br />
Photo support by<br />
DAVIT KHIZANISHVILI<br />
English version of articles has been provided by C<strong>and</strong>idates<br />
of <strong>Law</strong> faculty of Tbilisi State University<br />
dabeWdilia Sps `formaSi~<br />
Printed in Forma Ltd<br />
uak (UDC) 340.11+340.130.5<br />
m-306<br />
<strong>Justice</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Law</strong><br />
iuridiuli Jurnali<br />
LEGAL JOURNAL<br />
akrZalulia aq gamoqveynebuli masalebis<br />
gadabeWdva, gamravleba an gavrceleba<br />
komerciuli mizniT, saqarTvelos<br />
mosamarTleTa asociaciisa da saqarTvelos<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlos werilobiTi<br />
nebarTvisa da wyaros miTiTebis gareSe.<br />
gamocema momzadebulia proeqtis<br />
`sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mxardaWera~<br />
farglebSi, romelsac axorcielebs gaeros<br />
ganviTarebis programa (UNDP) da<br />
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo.<br />
gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SesaZloa<br />
ar emTxveodes gaeros ganviTarebis<br />
programis (UNDP) da saqarTvelos uzenaesi<br />
sasamarTlos mosazrebebs.<br />
Published by United Nations Development Programme<br />
Georgia (UNDP) <strong>and</strong> Supreme Court of Georgia within<br />
the frame of the project” Support to <strong>Justice</strong> System”.<br />
Views expressed in the edition belongs to its authors <strong>and</strong><br />
don‘t necessarily reflects the official position of UNDP <strong>and</strong><br />
Supreme Court Georgia
7<br />
16<br />
22<br />
36<br />
48<br />
55<br />
sarCevi/CONTENTS<br />
konstantine kublaSvili: `uvadod daniSnul mosamarTles<br />
damoukideblobis da stabilurobis meti gancda aqvs~<br />
KONSTANTINE KUBLASHVILI: “JUDGES APPOINTED WITH LIFE TIME<br />
TENURE HAVE HIGHER SENSE OF INDEPENDENCE AND STABILITY”.<br />
maia ivaniZe<br />
religiuri danaSauli Zveli qarTuli samarTlis<br />
Zeglebis mixedviT<br />
RELIGIOUS CRIME ACCORDING TO ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF<br />
GEORGIAN LAW<br />
MAIA IVANIDZE<br />
TinaTin CaCaniZe<br />
saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba da saxelSekrulebo<br />
samarTlianoba Tanamedrove saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi<br />
CONTRACTUAL FREEDOM AND CONTRACTUAL EQUITY<br />
IN MODERN CONTRACTUAL LAW<br />
TINATIN CHACHANIDZE<br />
irma merebaSvili<br />
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi gansjadobis institutSi<br />
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES IN THE INSTITUTE OF COGNIZANCE<br />
IRMA MEREBASHVILI<br />
giorgi Tordia<br />
mmarTvelobis naxevradsaprezidento modeli<br />
saqarTveloSi mimdinare sakonstitucio cvlilebebis<br />
WrilSi<br />
SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL MODEL OF GOVERNANCE IN THE SCOPE OF<br />
CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS TAKING PLACE IN GEORGIA<br />
GIORGI TORDIA<br />
ekaterine qardava<br />
mmarTvelobis cneba da kerZo da sajaro samarTlis<br />
mimarTeba mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis procesSi<br />
THE CONCEPT OF GOVERNANCE AND RELATION OF PRIVATE AND<br />
PUBLIC LAW IN THE PROCESS OF ADMINISTERING THE<br />
GOVERNANCE<br />
EKATERINE KARDAVA<br />
3
marTlmsajuleba<br />
4<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
66<br />
75<br />
96<br />
103<br />
123<br />
134<br />
151<br />
kanoni<br />
giorgi TumaniSvili<br />
`gaidlainebis~ marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi<br />
gamoyenebis sakiTxisaTvis<br />
REGARDING THE APPLICATION OF THE “GUIDELINES” WITHIN<br />
THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE<br />
GIORGI TUMANISHVILI<br />
ilona gagua<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli mtkicebis tvirTis inovaciuri<br />
ganawilebis TaviseburebaTa analizi<br />
ANALYZES ON THE SPECIFICATION OF THE NEW DISTRIBUTION OF<br />
THE BURDEN OF PROVE ACCORDING TO THE CIVIL PROCEDURE<br />
CODE OF GEORGIA<br />
ILONA GAGUA<br />
mixeil gabunia<br />
danaSaulobis gamomwvevi mizezebis kriminologiuri<br />
aspeqtebi<br />
REASONS CAUSING THE CRIME CRIMINOLOGICAL ASPECTS<br />
MIKHEIL GABUNIA<br />
elene gvencaZe<br />
danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba kontinenturi qveynebisa<br />
da iaponiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebis mixedviT<br />
COMPLICITY IN A CRIME ACCORDING TO THE CRIMINAL CODES OF<br />
CONTINENTAL STATES AND JAPAN<br />
ELENE GVENTSADZE<br />
daviT wulaia<br />
kriminologiis mniSvneloba saxelmwifosa da<br />
sazogadoebaSi<br />
IMPORTANCE OF CIMINOLOGY IN THE STATE AND SOCIETY<br />
DAVIT TSULAIA<br />
Temur cqitiSvili<br />
genocidis cneba da Semadgenloba<br />
CONCEPT OF GENOCIDE AND ITS COMPOSITION<br />
TEMUR TSKITISHVILI<br />
axali ambebi
Zvirfaso megobrebo!<br />
vin, Tu ara Tqven SegiZliaT SeafasoT iuridiuli mecnierebis<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlosa da saqarTvelos<br />
mosamarTleTa asociaciis perioduli gamocemebis _<br />
`marTlmsajuleba~ da `marTlmsajuleba da kanonis~ mniSvneloba.<br />
aRniSnul JurnalebSi gamoqveynebuli mravalferovani statiebi<br />
sainteresoa praqtikosi Tu Teoretikosi iuristebisaTvis<br />
da doqtorantebisaTvis, xolo aqtualuri interviu Tu sxvadasxva<br />
saxis sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi informacias awvdis sasamarTlo<br />
sistemis saqmianobiT dainteresebul mkiTxvels, rasac<br />
adasturebs Jurnalebis gamocemaze moTxovna, rogorc qveyanaSi,<br />
aseve, mis farglebs gareT.<br />
misasalmebelia, rom es ori Jurnali gaerTi<strong>and</strong>a, Seiqmna profesionali<br />
kadrebiT dakompleqtebuli redaqcia da vfiqrobT,<br />
kidev ufro daxvewil gamocemas miviRebT.<br />
gvjera, rom Jurnali `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~ Tqveni mxardaWeriTa<br />
da aqtiuri TanamSromlobiT Rirseul adgils daimkvidrebs<br />
sxva iuridiul gamocemaTa Soris.<br />
pativiscemiT,<br />
Dear Friends,<br />
nino ZiZiguri<br />
mTavari redaqtori<br />
We believe that you are the ones who can best evaluate the importance of the<br />
periodical law journals “<strong>Justice</strong>” <strong>and</strong> “<strong>Justice</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Law</strong>”, issued by the Georgian<br />
Judges Association <strong>and</strong> by the Supreme Court of Georgia, for the development of<br />
legal science in Georgia. Variety of the articles published in these journals are<br />
interesting practitioners as well as scholars <strong>and</strong> PHD students. Crucial interviews as<br />
well as legislative novelties published in these journals provide the information update<br />
interested persons regarding the developments within the judiciary. High dem<strong>and</strong> on<br />
the editions of the journals within the country as well as abroad is a good prove of<br />
that.<br />
Merger of these two journals has to be welcomed. Group of highly competent<br />
editors was formed <strong>and</strong> we believe that the new edition will be even more advanced.<br />
We would like to believe that the journal “<strong>Justice</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Law</strong>”, through your support<br />
<strong>and</strong> active cooperation will become a solid edition among other legal editions.<br />
Respectfuly,<br />
NINO DZIDZIGURI<br />
Editor in Chief<br />
5
marTlmsajuleba<br />
6<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni
`uvadod daniSnul<br />
mosamarTles<br />
damoukideblobis<br />
da stabilurobis<br />
meti gancda aqvs~<br />
`vfiqrob, rom nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo<br />
daimkvidrebs adgils sasamarTloSi da, saerTod,<br />
samarTlis sistemaSi. qveynis ganviTarebis am etapze<br />
marTlmsajulebaSi xalxis monawileoba<br />
SesaZlebelia. mimaCnia, rom sazogadoebas SeuZlia<br />
miiRos samarTliani gadawyvetileba~, _ acxadebs uzenaesi<br />
sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare konstantine kublaSvili,<br />
romelTan interviuSic gaecnobiT sasamarTlo sistemaSi<br />
ganxorcielebul da mosalodnel siaxleebs.<br />
batono kote, saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociaciisa<br />
da uzenaesi sasamarTlos ori gamocema gaerTi<strong>and</strong>a<br />
da mkiTxveli miiRebs axali tipis gamsxvilebul<br />
erT Jurnals. ratom moxda ori Jurnalis<br />
gaerTianeba da ra dadebiTi Sedegi eqneba mas?<br />
_ am gaerTianebis mizani iyo, rom samecnieri xasiaTis gamocema<br />
ufro mravalferovani da saintereso gamxdariyo, miT<br />
umetes, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos da mosamarTleTa asociaciis<br />
Jurnalebi erT wiaRSi iqmneboda da orive resursis<br />
SeerTebiT bunebrivia, gacilebiT ukeTes produqts<br />
miviRebT. Tanac, mosamarTleTa asociaciisa da uzenaesi<br />
sasamarTlos JurnalSi profesionalebi moRvaweoben da<br />
maTi gaerTianebiT kidev ufro daxvewil gamocemas mivi-<br />
RebT.<br />
7
marTlmsajuleba<br />
8<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos gamocema<br />
Zalze popularuli iyo da warmatebiT<br />
vrceldeboda, amis dasturia isic,<br />
rom mis Sesaxeb daaxloebiT 25 qveynidan<br />
mogvivida werilebi. aseTive popularulia<br />
asociaciis Jurnalic da miviReT gadawyvetileba,<br />
rom am ori popularuli gamocemis<br />
gaerTianebiT erTi soliduri samecniero<br />
Jurnali SevqmnaT, romelsac mkiTxveli<br />
weliwadSi oTxjer miiRebs.<br />
batono kote, ar SeiZleba ar dagisvaT<br />
kiTxva 1 oqtomberTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
roca nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo<br />
amoqmeddeba. Tqven yovel-<br />
Tvis optimisturad iyaviT ganwyobili<br />
am siaxlisadmi, rogor fiqrobT,<br />
gamarTldeba Tqveni optimizmi?<br />
miiRebs qarTuli sazogadoeba<br />
am siaxles?<br />
_ me, axlac optimisturad var ganwyobili<br />
da darwmunebiT SemiZlia Tqma, rom es instituti<br />
warmatebiT amuSavdeba. vfiqrob,<br />
rom iseT qveyanaSic ki, rogoric saqarTveloa,<br />
romelsac aranairi gamocdileba<br />
ara aqvs am mxriv, nafic msajulTa sasamar-<br />
Tlo daimkvidrebs adgils sasamarTloSi<br />
da, saerTod, samarTlis sistemaSi. qveynis<br />
ganviTarebis am etapze marTlmsajulebaSi<br />
xalxis monawileoba SesaZlebelia. mimaCnia,<br />
rom sazogadoebas SeuZlia miiRos samar-<br />
Tliani gadawyvetileba.<br />
sazogadoebaSi moxdeba Zalze seriozuli<br />
gardatexa, moqalaqeebis marTlSegneba<br />
amaRldeba da isini gacilebiT obieqturad<br />
Seafaseben ara marto sasamarTloSi, saer-<br />
Tod, qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebs. Tavad<br />
gamocdian ra Znelia da ramxela pasuxis-<br />
mgeblobasTanaa dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis<br />
miReba. es aris marTlmsajulebaSi<br />
sazogadoebis pirdapiri monawileoba, mosamarTlis,<br />
advokatis, prokuraturis Carevis<br />
gareSe. vfiqrob, am sistemam unda<br />
gaamarTlos. pirvel rigSi, is moqalaqeebisaTvis<br />
iqneba Zalian kargi, radgan gaiTaviseben<br />
konkretul pasuxismgeblobas qveynisa<br />
da sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis<br />
winaSe. sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi<br />
mixvdebian, rom am qveyanaSi maT<br />
ekiTxebaT da maTi gadasawyvetia bevri ram.<br />
moqalaqe mixvdeba, rom pasuxismgebloba<br />
qveynis winaSe ar aris mxolod sakuTar<br />
Tavze da ojaxze zrunva.<br />
Cven Zalian bevri gavakeTeT, rom sazogadoebamde<br />
migvetana sruli informacia am<br />
siaxlis Taobaze, rasac mivaRwieT kidec. sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
ukve Zalze kargadaa cnobili<br />
am cvlilebis Sesaxeb. amis dasturia<br />
gamokiTxvebis Sedegebi, romelic cxadyofs,<br />
rom mosaxleobas gaaCnia TiTqmis srulyofili<br />
informacia am axali institutisa da<br />
im pasuxismgeblobis Taobaze, romelic maT<br />
daekisrebaT.<br />
Cveni saqmianoba am mimarTulebiT gagrZeldeba<br />
da sazogadoeba nebismier dros mii-<br />
Rebs Cvengan detalur informacias, raTa<br />
ukeT iyos informirebuli mimdinare procesebis<br />
Taobaze.<br />
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos garda<br />
1 oqtombridan sruliad axali tipis<br />
marTlmsajuleba amoqmeddeba, mzad<br />
arian mosamarTleebi am siaxlisaTvis?<br />
_ SemiZlia vTqva, rom Cven srulyofilad<br />
mzad varT axali procesis misaRebad da
darwmunebuli var, pirvelive procesi nafic<br />
msajulTa monawileobiT sasamarTlo-<br />
Si warmatebulad Catardeba.<br />
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo procesebs<br />
sasamarTlo Zalze momzadebuli xvdeba,<br />
ori wlis manZilze mosamarTleebi intensiur<br />
treningebs gadiodnen, rogorc qarTvel,<br />
ise ucxoel eqspertebTan. amitomac,<br />
darwmunebuli var procesis warmarTvas<br />
mosamarTleebi Tavs gaarTmeven, miT umetes,<br />
TbilisSi, sadac Zalze maRali kvalifikaciis<br />
profesionali mosamarTleebi<br />
gvyavs da am mxriv problema ar arsebobs.<br />
axali saproceso kodeqsis miRebiT mTlianad<br />
icvleba sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba<br />
da gadadis SejibrebiTobis principze.<br />
procesi mxareebis kvalifikaciaze iqneba<br />
damokidebuli. isini myari, argumentire-<br />
buli mtkicebulebebiT unda gamovidnen<br />
procesze da mosamarTle mxolod maTi mtkicebulebebis<br />
safuZvelze miiRebs gadawyvetilebas<br />
da Tu rogors, es mxareebze iqneba<br />
damokidebuli. saproceso kodeqsSi Zalian<br />
mkveTradaa gansazRvruli mxareebis<br />
Tanaswori ufleba-movaleobebi. es iqneba<br />
sruliad axali procesi, asi procentiT gansxvavebuli<br />
Zveli procesisagan. mosamar-<br />
Tle mxolod arbitris rolSi iqneba procesze<br />
da Seafasebs mxareebis mier wardgenil<br />
mtkicebulebebs.<br />
mosamarTleebma didi yuradReba zogadad,<br />
axali wesebis mimarT unda gamoiCinon, radganac<br />
sisxlis samarTlis axali saproceso<br />
kodeqsiT faqtobrivad, yvelaferi icvleba.<br />
axali kodeqsis implementacia sakmaod<br />
rTuli procesia da mas mosamarTleebi Zalze<br />
yuradRebiT unda moekidon. nebismieri<br />
9
marTlmsajuleba<br />
10<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
saproceso darRvevac ki, mxarisaTvis SesaZloa<br />
saziano aRmoCndes. Tumca, Cveni mosamarTleebi<br />
maTi profesionalizmidan da<br />
kvalifikaciidan gamomdinare, am siaxlisaTvis<br />
mzad arian da Tavs gaarTmeven mas.<br />
batono kote, gasuli wlis bolos,<br />
wlis Sedegebis Sejamebisas, 2010<br />
wlis programis prezentaciac moaxdineT,<br />
marTalia, wlis bolomde sami<br />
Tve darCa, magram mainc, rogor fiqrobT,<br />
ganaxorcieleT am wlis programa?<br />
_ mimdinare wels, ramdenime mimarTulebiT<br />
vmuSaobdiT, pirveli, ra Tqma unda, Seexeboda<br />
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlosaTvis<br />
mzadebas, axali saproceso kodeqsis amoqmedebas<br />
da mgoni es gavakeTeT warmatebulad<br />
mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT, radganac<br />
Tu nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo am<br />
etapze mxolod TbilisSi imuSavebs, axali<br />
kodeqsi mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT<br />
amoqmeddeba.<br />
meore mimarTuleba iyo sasamarTloebis<br />
gaerTianeba _ sul cota xnis winaT, Seiqmna<br />
magistrati sasamarTloebi baRdadSi, wyaltubosa<br />
da tyibulSi, isini quTaisis gaer-<br />
Tianebuli sasamarTlos farglebSi imoqmedeben.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom quTaisis sasamarTlos<br />
reitingi yovelTvis Zalze maRali iyo, Catarebuli<br />
gamokiTxvebiT, moqalaqeTa ndobis<br />
maCvenebeli quTaisis saqalaqo sasamar-<br />
Tlos mimarT 60 procentze meti iyo. darwmunebuli<br />
var, rom am gaerTianebis Semdeg<br />
ukeTesi situacia Seiqmneba.<br />
kidev erTi mimarTuleba iyo, axali mosamarTleebis<br />
momzadeba. wels 4 axali mosamarTle<br />
davniSneT da iusticiis skolaSi<br />
Cairicxa 6 axali k<strong>and</strong>idati. noemberSi kidev<br />
Catardeba mosamarTleTa sakvalifikacio<br />
gamocda da vvaraudobT, rom am gamocdis<br />
Sedegad SerCeuli 5-6 axali k<strong>and</strong>idati<br />
kvlav Cairicxeba skolaSi, romelic marTlac<br />
saukeTeso kadrebs amzadebs. es da sxva<br />
mimarTulebebi, romelzec vmuSaobT, Cveni<br />
yoveldRiuri saqmianobaa, rasac kvlav<br />
aqtiurad gavagrZelebT.<br />
Tqven ambobdiT xolme, rom mosamarTleTa<br />
sruli damoukideblobis<br />
erT-erTi garanti maTi uvadod daniSvnaa,<br />
sainteresoa Tqveni azri<br />
sakonstitucio cvlilebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, romelic mosamarTleTa<br />
uvado daniSvnas iTvaliswinebs.<br />
_ Cveni ori warmomadgeneli, batoni zaza<br />
meiSvili da batoni valeri cercvaZe sakonstitucio<br />
komisiis wevrebi iyvnen da am<br />
cvlilebis miRebaSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen.<br />
am cvlilebas komisia mxars uWerda,<br />
is misaRebia parlamentisTvisac. msjeloba<br />
modelze da umniSvnelo detalebze mimdinareobs,<br />
Tumca, sakamaTo ar aris, rom mosamarTle<br />
uvadod unda dainiSnos. uvadod<br />
daniSnul mosamarTles damoukideblobis,<br />
principulobis da stabilurobis ufro meti<br />
gancda aqvs.<br />
kamaTi gamoiwvia 3-wliani gamosacdeli<br />
vadis gasvlis Semdeg uvadod<br />
daniSvnis sistemam.
_ mosamarTle sami wliT dainiSneba gamosacdeli<br />
vadiT, sami wlis Semdeg ki, uvadod.<br />
ramdenime qveyanas msgavsi praqtika<br />
aqvs da es sistema Zalze kargad muSaobs.<br />
sami weli swored is droa, roca mosamar-<br />
Tle bolomde srulyofilad Camoyalibdeba<br />
profesionalad. garda iusticiis umaRles<br />
skolaSi miRebuli unar-Cvevebisa, mis-<br />
Tvis praqtikuli gamocdileba Zalze mniSvnelovania.<br />
msgavsi praqtika moqmedebs germaniaSi, sadac<br />
gamosacdel vadad miCneulia 5 weli,<br />
aseve, iaponiaSi, rumineTSi, SvedeTSi da<br />
ungreTSi. sxvadasxva qveynebSi gamosacdel<br />
vadad sxvadasxva periodia dawesebuli<br />
_ zogan erTi, zogan 5 weli. es aprobirebuli<br />
sistemaa da moqmedebs warmatebulad.<br />
dabolos, batono kote, sainteresoa,<br />
samomavlo gegmebi, kidev ra siaxleebis<br />
ganxorcielebas apirebT<br />
sasamarTlo sistemaSi?<br />
_ pirvel rigSi, aRvniSnav, rom procesebi,<br />
romlebic mimdinareobs, unda gagrZeldes.<br />
saubaria, mosamarTleTa sakvalifikacio<br />
gamocdebze, ris safuZvelze SerCeuli k<strong>and</strong>idatebis<br />
skolaSi Caricxvasa da mosamar-<br />
Tled daniSvnis procesze; gagrZeldeba<br />
pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebis gamsxvileba<br />
_ ukve gvaqvs 16 gamsxvilebuli sasamarTlo<br />
da am procesis dasrulebis Semdeg,<br />
gveqneba 22 gaerTianebuli sasamarTlo.<br />
garda amisa, kvlav gagrZeldeba mosamarTleTa<br />
intensiuri gadamzadeba; gagr-<br />
Zeldeba mosamarTleTa uvadod daniSvnisaTvis<br />
mzadeba da a.S<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom ukve moqmedebs specialuri<br />
sistema, romlis meSveobiTac sxdomaTa<br />
darbazebSi keTdeba audioCawera, amjerad,<br />
gadavdivarT axal sistemaze _ audiooqmebze,<br />
rac daaCqarebs process da kidev<br />
ufro gamWvirvales gaxdis.<br />
momavali wlidan ramdenime sasamarTloSi<br />
amoqmeddeba saqmeTa warmoebis eleqtronuli<br />
programa. am programis danergviT<br />
aRmoifxvreba furclebiT saqmiswarmoeba.<br />
am programis gamarTulad amoqmedebas ori<br />
weli dasWirdeba, raTa TanamSromlebma<br />
srulyofilad Seiswavlon sistemis muSaobis<br />
wesi. aRsaniSnavia, rom es sistema bevr<br />
qveyanaSi ar aris. iseT ganviTarebul qveyanaSi<br />
rogoricaa magaliTad, norvegia, es<br />
sistema mxolod samoqalaqo saqmeebze moqmedebs,<br />
amerikaSi ki, zogierT StatSi.<br />
am da sxva teqnikuri Tu sxva saxis procesis<br />
srulyofilad gasamarTavad ori welia<br />
saWiro da miviRebT ufro metad srulyofil,<br />
_ kidev ufro swraf da efeqtian marTlmsajulebas.<br />
11
marTlmsajuleba<br />
12<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
“JUDGES APPOINTED<br />
WITH LIFE TIME TENURE<br />
HAVE HIGHER SENSE OF<br />
INDEPENDENCE AND<br />
STABILITY”<br />
“I believe that that the jury trial will be well established in the<br />
judiciary as well as in justice system in General. Participation of<br />
public in administration of justice at this stage of development is<br />
quite possible <strong>and</strong> I believe that public can render fair decision,” –<br />
statement of the Chairman of the Supreme Court of Georgia,<br />
Konstantine Kublashvili. In this interview, you will get introduced to the<br />
implemented <strong>and</strong> expected novelties within the judiciary.<br />
Mr. Kote, the journals of the Judges’ Association of Georgia<br />
<strong>and</strong> of the Supreme Court have been merged, readers shall have<br />
one journal that will be new style <strong>and</strong> thicker. What was the<br />
reason for that <strong>and</strong> what kind of positive affects it might have?<br />
– The purpose of this merge was to transform this journal into more scientific,<br />
diverse <strong>and</strong> more interesting. Taking into account that these two journals<br />
were prepared in the same community, merging the resources of both,<br />
will obviously end up in a better product. Professionals contribute to both<br />
journals, with the merge of these two – edition will be higher quality.<br />
It is worth mentioning that, Supreme Court’s edition was extremely popular<br />
<strong>and</strong> was successfully distributed. This was also proved in letters received<br />
from 25 countries. The journal of the Association is similarly popular, thus<br />
we decided to merge these two to create one solid, scientific journal that will<br />
be issued four times a year.
Mr. Kote, we have to ask the question regarding<br />
October 1, when the jury trial will be enforced.<br />
You were always optimistic regarding<br />
this novelty. Do you think your optimism<br />
will be justified? Shall the Georgian society<br />
accept this novelty?<br />
– I’m still optimistic <strong>and</strong> quite confident that this institute<br />
will function successfully. I believe that even in<br />
Georgia, when we do not have any similar experience,<br />
jury trial will become integral part of the court system<br />
<strong>and</strong> the entire justice. At this stage of development,<br />
public participation in justice system is quite possible<br />
<strong>and</strong> I believe public can render a far decision.<br />
This will be a huge transformation in the society, the<br />
legal education of public will increase <strong>and</strong> they will have<br />
amore objective judgment on the processes taking place<br />
in the courts as well as in the entire country. They will<br />
realize how difficult <strong>and</strong> what a big responsibility it is to<br />
make decision. This is direct participation of public in<br />
the administration of justice, without the involvement<br />
of a judge, prosecutor <strong>and</strong> an attorney. I believe that<br />
this system will be successful. First of all, it will be good<br />
for citizens, as they will sense their responsibility towards<br />
the country <strong>and</strong> society. Public representatives will realize<br />
that their opinion is counted <strong>and</strong> they can decide<br />
many things. A citizen shall underst<strong>and</strong> that responsibility<br />
before the state is not only taking care of yourself<br />
<strong>and</strong> your family.<br />
We did a lot to provide maximum information to the<br />
public regarding this novelty <strong>and</strong> we achieved this. Public<br />
already knows very well what is the change about. This is<br />
also proved in the public opinion surveys, that shows that<br />
population has quite comprehensive information regarding<br />
this institute <strong>and</strong> the relevant responsibility.<br />
We will continue to work in this direction <strong>and</strong> public<br />
can receive the detailed information at any time to ensure<br />
they are well updated on the ongoing processes.<br />
Besides the jury trial, completely new administration<br />
of justice shall be enforced starting<br />
October 1. Are judges ready for this?<br />
– I can say that we are fully prepared for the new process<br />
<strong>and</strong> I’m quite confident that the very first jury trial<br />
shall be held very successfully.<br />
Court is very well prepared for the jury trial, during two<br />
years, judges were taking intensive trainings, delivered<br />
by Georgian as well as foreign experts. Thus, I’m quite<br />
confident that judges will h<strong>and</strong>le this trail very well, especially<br />
in Tbilisi where we have very competent judges<br />
<strong>and</strong> have no problems in this regard.<br />
Through adopting the new Criminal Procedural Code,<br />
the entire criminal proceeding is change <strong>and</strong> is transformed<br />
into adversarial principle. The trail will completely<br />
depend on the competence of the parties. Their<br />
evidences have to be reasoned at the trial <strong>and</strong> accordingly<br />
judge renders decision based on the evidences <strong>and</strong><br />
this decision will be determined by the parties. The Procedural<br />
Code very clearly defined the equal rights <strong>and</strong><br />
duties of the parties. This will be completely new process,<br />
100 % different from the old one. Judge will have<br />
the role of arbiter at the trial <strong>and</strong> will evaluate the evidences<br />
submitted by the parties.<br />
Judge should focus on the new rules because the new<br />
Criminal Procedure Code practically changes everything.<br />
Implementation of the new Code is quite complicated<br />
process <strong>and</strong> judges should be very careful. Any procedural<br />
violation might damage the party. However, our<br />
judges due to their professionalism <strong>and</strong> qualification,<br />
are ready for this novelty <strong>and</strong> will h<strong>and</strong>le it well.<br />
Mr. Kote, last year, when summarizing the<br />
annual results, you presented the programs<br />
of 2010. Although there are still three months<br />
left before the end of the year, but still, do<br />
13
marTlmsajuleba<br />
14<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
you think you have implemented the whole<br />
program?<br />
– We have been working in several directions during this<br />
year. First, obviously was the jury trial <strong>and</strong> the relevant<br />
preparation <strong>and</strong> enforcement of the new Procedure<br />
Code <strong>and</strong> I believe we were successful throughout Georgia.<br />
At this stage, the jury trail will be introduced in Tbilisi<br />
only, as for the Code, it will be enforced throughout<br />
Georgia.<br />
The second direction was the merge of the courts –<br />
very recently we have established the magistrate courts<br />
in Bagdadi, Tskaltubo <strong>and</strong> Tkibuli. They will operate<br />
under the merged court of Kutaisi.<br />
It’s worth mentioning that the rating of the Kutaisi Court<br />
has been always high. According to the surveys, the rate<br />
of public trust towards the Kutaisi City Court was more<br />
than 60%. I’m sure that after the merge, the situation<br />
will improve.<br />
One more direction was the preparation of judges. This<br />
year, we appointed 4 judges <strong>and</strong> 6 c<strong>and</strong>idates were admitted<br />
to the High School of <strong>Justice</strong>. There will be another<br />
qualification exam for judges held in November <strong>and</strong> we<br />
assume that 5-6 c<strong>and</strong>idates selected through this exam<br />
will be also admitted to the School, that indeed prepares<br />
the best cadre. This <strong>and</strong> other directions, are our daily<br />
activities <strong>and</strong> we aim to continue it very actively.<br />
You have stated many times that one of the<br />
guarantees for the independence of judges<br />
is their life-time tenure. It is interesting to<br />
know your opinion regarding the constitutional<br />
amendments in regard with the life<br />
time appointments of judges.<br />
– Our two representatives, Mr. Zaza Meishvili <strong>and</strong> Mr.<br />
Valeri Tsertsvadze were the members of the Constitu-<br />
tional Commission <strong>and</strong> actively participated in the introduction<br />
of these change. Commission supported this<br />
change, it is acceptable for the Parliament. Discussion is<br />
held regarding the few details, however, it’s not disputable<br />
that judge should be appointed for life. These judges<br />
will have the higher sense of independence, stability <strong>and</strong><br />
responsibility.<br />
The dispute was caused with the 3 years’ probation<br />
period before the life-time appointment.<br />
– Judge shall be appointed for probation period, after 3<br />
years – for life. Several countries have similar practice<br />
<strong>and</strong> it works well. Three years is the time when judge<br />
will become the real professional. Besides the skills received<br />
in High School of <strong>Justice</strong>, practical experience<br />
will be very important for him / her.<br />
Similar practice is applied in Germany, probation period<br />
there is 5 years, as well as in Japan, Romania, Sweden<br />
<strong>and</strong> Hungary. The probation period in different<br />
countries varies from 1 to 5 years. This is an established<br />
practice <strong>and</strong> works quite well.<br />
And finally, Mr. Kote, it is interesting to find<br />
out about the future plans, what kind of<br />
novelties you plan to introduce to the judiciary?<br />
– First of all, I would like to mention that the processes<br />
that are underway should continue. I mean the qualification<br />
exams for judges that is the basis for admitting<br />
them in the High School of <strong>Justice</strong> <strong>and</strong> assigning them<br />
the judges’ positions; We will continue the merger of<br />
the first instance courts – we already have 16 merged<br />
courts <strong>and</strong> after finalizing this process, there will be 22<br />
merged courts. Besides, the intensive retraining of judges<br />
shall continue; the preparation for the process of life<br />
time appointment will continue, etc.
It is worth mentioning that the special system of audio<br />
recording in the court rooms is already functioning. At<br />
this stage, we aim to shift to the system of audio protocols.<br />
This will speed up the process <strong>and</strong> will ensure even<br />
higher level of transparency.<br />
Starting next year, the electronic case management program<br />
shall be implemented. This will be eliminate the<br />
case management though the papers. It will take two<br />
years before this program shall be fully implemented<br />
<strong>and</strong> before the staff will learn the application of the<br />
system. It has to be mentioned also that in many countries<br />
they do not have similar software. In the developed<br />
country like Norway, such system is applied just for civil<br />
cases, in the State – in few states only.<br />
We need two more years to finalize this <strong>and</strong> other technical<br />
processes <strong>and</strong> as a result we will have much more<br />
advanced system – more speedy <strong>and</strong> effective administration<br />
of justice.<br />
15
marTlmsajuleba<br />
16<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
religiuri<br />
danaSauli Zveli<br />
qarTuli samarTlis<br />
Zeglebis mixedviT<br />
maia ivaniZe<br />
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos mosamarTle,<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis asocirebuli profesori<br />
rwmenisa da zneobis simtkice TiToeuli eris sulieri<br />
simdidris maCvenebelia. eris sulieri siZliere ki, ama Tu<br />
im qveynis kulturis ganmsazRvreli.<br />
saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTdamokidebuleba<br />
yvela sxva gaerTianebasa da calkeul pirebTan wesrigdeba<br />
saeklesio samarTaliT, romelic obieqturi gagebiT, im<br />
normaTa erTobliobaa, romelic dadgenilia saeklesio<br />
urTierTobis gansazRvrisa da mowesrigebisaTvis. 1<br />
Tavad saxelwodeba, saeklesio samarTali migviTiTebs,<br />
rom igi Tavisi SinaarsiT, axlos dgas adamianis Semecnebis<br />
gansxvavebul saRvTismetyvelo da iuridiul sferosTan.<br />
maT Soris kavSiri eklesiasa da saxelmwifos urTierTobaSi<br />
gamoixateba. 2<br />
istoriuli TvalTaxedviT, Tuki Tvals gadavavlebT saeklesio<br />
samarTlis mecnieruli Seswavlis Taviseburebebs<br />
davinaxavT, rom saeklesio samarTlis SeswavliT cnobili<br />
iuristebi iyvnen dainteresebulni. civilizebuli qveynebis<br />
saeklesio samarTlis kera bolonia yofila. aq saeklesio<br />
samarTali Tavisi mniSvnelobiT romis samarTals<br />
utoldeboda da masTan erTad iswavleboda. 3<br />
saqarTveloSi saeklesio samarTali, rogorc mecniereba,<br />
dasabams saeklesio Zeglebidan iRebs. religiuri danaSaulis<br />
Sesaxebac swored maTSi mocemul cnobebze dayrdnobiT<br />
SegviZlia vimsjeloT.
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos mWidro urTierTobaa asaxuli qarTuli samarTlis Zegleb-<br />
Si, romlis ZiriTadi amosavalia Semdegi sityvebi: `nu sji TvalebiT, aramed samarTliT<br />
sajeT.~ aq RvTisa da qveynis risxvis Zala, maTi zegavlena imdenad erwymoda erTmaneTs,<br />
rom vaxtangis samarTlis 222-e muxlis mixedviT, `vinc qveyanasa da rjuls uorgulos…<br />
mosisxleobas Cadis da mosisxled aris Seracxuli~. 4<br />
amave samarTlis ZeglSi calke Tavi aqvs daTmobili qveynis da rwmenis Ralatis Semcvel<br />
danaSaulobebs. sagulisxmoa, rom mefe da kaTolikosi erTnairi uflebebiT sargebloben,<br />
vinaidan `erTi xorcis xelmwife ars da meore sulisa~, amitom `mefisa da<br />
kaTalikozis saqme ukadrisi Tu rac ram feri, orsav swori ars~.<br />
Zveli qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebis mixedviT, mefe da kaTolikosi uzenaes mosamar-<br />
Tled arian aRiarebulni, vinaidan mefisa da kaTolikosis `samarTali aravisgan moiSlebis~.<br />
`uwyodeT, rameTu, rodesac mefe samarTalsa iqms, igi araodes ar moiSleba sxvaTa<br />
mosamarTleTagan... viTarca erTa zeda mefe yofs samarTalsa, egre samRvdeloTa zeda<br />
_ patriarqi~. 5<br />
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom RvTisa da miwis samarTali bevr SemTxvevaSi erTnairad<br />
asamarTlebs, erTnairad miuzRavs, magram iseTi mniSvnelovani samarTlis sferos<br />
mowesrigeba, rogoric sisxlis samarTalia, mxolod xelmwifes eqvemdebareba.<br />
`sisxlis samarTali xelmwifisa ars da man unda qnas, sxvas aravis SeuZlia maTi garigeba~.<br />
es debuleba moxseniebulia vaxtang VI-is krebulSi Sesul somxur samarTalSi. 6<br />
saxelmwifos gazrdil uflebebze miuTiTebs agreTve, e.w. `ganweseba sjulisa~, rac<br />
niSnavs mefis mier mowonebuli adaTis, saqmis e.w. rjulad, anu saRvTo wesad qcevas:<br />
`romelica moewonos mefeTa da brZanos sityua, igica mtkice unda iyos da imas ewodos<br />
ganweseba sjulisa~.<br />
maSasadame, SesaZlebeli iyo, rom mefis mier mowonebuli sajaro, saqveyno saqme dakanonebuliyo<br />
rogorc saRvTo wesi.<br />
saerTod, `sjuli aris igi, romelica mefeTa brZanes da ganaweses~.<br />
qronologiurad Zveli qarTuli samarTlis ZeglTagan mniSvnelovania `kaTalikozTa<br />
samarTali~, romelic TavadTa, aznaurTa da glexTa mier episkoposis winaaRmdegobas<br />
sastikad SeaCvenebda. `kaTalikozTa samarTlis~ me-17 muxlis Tanaxmad, `vinc kaTalikozs<br />
da episkoposs, mRvdelTa urigo kadros da aginos… imrigad ganipatiJos~. 7<br />
aRbuRas samarTlis mixedviT, sasuliero pirTa mimarT cudad mopyroba damnaSaves<br />
SeaCvenebda.<br />
rac Seexeba somxur samarTals, igi mosamarTlisa da mRvdlis Tanasworuflebianobas<br />
qadagebda, vinaidan `vinc mRvdelsa da mosamarTles avi uTxras da ara gaugonos ra,<br />
erTnairad ganikiTxeba~. 8 samagierod, eriskaci sasuliero pirs mxolod iseTi mZime danaSaulisaTvis<br />
ganikiTxavda, rogoric mkvleloba iyo. sxva danaSaulisaTvis RmrTismsaxurni<br />
mxolod samRvdeloebis wesebis Sesabamisad isjebodnen.<br />
metad sainteresod gveCveneba aseve, qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi moxseniebuli<br />
faqti, Tu raoden didi iyo ara marto eklesiis, aramed saeklesio dResaswaulTa gavlena<br />
samarTalze, rameTu didmarxvis Jams rigi danaSaulisaTvis pasuxismgebloba saerTod<br />
ixsneboda da mxolod `mkvlelni da avazakni ganikiTxodnen~.<br />
17
marTlmsajuleba<br />
18<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
yovlisSemZle da xelSeuvali Zala aqvs eklesias, wminda saxls, `sadac Tu kaci iara-<br />
RiT Sekazmuli mivides, eklesiaTa moweseTa saydridam gareT gamoagdon~.<br />
maSasadame, eklesiaSi SeiaraRebuli Sesvla gansakuTrebiT isjeboda, aseve akrZaluli<br />
iyo eklesiaSi urigod moqceva, misi wesebis daumorCilebloba.<br />
mokle mimoxilvis Sedegad, SeZlebisdagvarad, warmovaCineT religiisa da samarTlis<br />
urTierTdamokidebulebis is Taviseburi niSnebi, rac asaxulia qarTuli samarTlis<br />
ZeglebSi da qarTvel xalxs, rogorc morwmune da maRali samarTlebrivi kulturis<br />
erad warmoaCens.<br />
rac Seexeba Zveli qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi asaxul uSualod rwmenis da religiis<br />
xelmyof danaSaulobebs, isini TavianTi Semadgenlobis, Sinaarsis, sasjelis saxis<br />
mixedviT TaviseburebiT gamoirCevian da qarTveli xalxis ZvelTaZvel Cveulebebs saukeTesod<br />
warmoaCenen. maTze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia imdroindel saeklesio da saxelisuflebo<br />
urTierTobebze vismjeloT. wminda sasuliero xasiaTis codvisaTvis samagieros<br />
eklesia uzRavda, xolo sasuliero cxovrebis simSvidisa da wesrigis damrRvevebs<br />
Sesabamis sasjelebs saxelmwifo ufardebda.<br />
religiuri danaSaulis saxeebidan qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi moZiebul masalebze<br />
dayrdnobiT, saqarTveloSi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli gaxldaT iseTi danaSaulobebi,<br />
rogoric iyo mkrexeloba, rjulis gardamavloba da mwvalebloba.<br />
mkrexeloba ZiriTadad, eklesiaSi da wminda adgilebze saeklesio sagnebis, wminda<br />
nivTebis gatacebas niSnavda. Tumca, igive Semadgenlobad iyo miCneuli eklesiis dawva,<br />
wminda adgilebze jvarisa da xatis dazianeba-ganadgureba.<br />
vaxtang VI-is krebulSi moTavsebuli berZnuli samarTali mkrexelobis Camdens sxvadasxvagvarad<br />
sjida, imisda mixedviT, dRisiT Caidenda danaSauls, Tu RamiT.<br />
`eklesiis mkrexelni, romelnica wavlen RamiTa, wmidasa trapezsa Sevlen da mis samkauls<br />
moiparaven, dabrmavdes. ukeTu siRaribiTa TvisiTa dRisiT moipara vinme, is<br />
gamoerTvas, asi joxi dakran da gaagdon~ (mux. 257).<br />
`kaTalikozTa samarTalSi~ sagangebod aris gamoyofili Tavi `eklesiis mkrexelTaTvis~,<br />
romelic mkacrad sjis:<br />
1. `vinc eklesiasa Sigan Sevides da saqoneli gamoitanos, eklesiasa misi saqoneli<br />
miezRos da kaci daSavdes~.<br />
2. `vinca qurdoba qnas, rarigadac pirvelad wesi yofiliyos, isre gardaaxdevinon~.<br />
3. `vinca eklesia gatexos da xati ganZarcos ukanonod, Zels mieces~. 9<br />
rogorc vxedavT, mkrexelobad eklesiaSi arsebuli qonebis gatacebaa miCneuli,<br />
Tumca, iqvea ganxiluli qurdoba. saintereso faqtia, rom mkrexeloba da qurdoba<br />
gatacebuli qonebis xasiaTis mixedviT, imTaviTve gansxvavdeboda. qurdobad iTvleboda<br />
wminda adgilebze da eklesiaSi mibarebuli qonebis gataceba, xolo mkrexelobad _ Tavad<br />
eklesiis kuTvnili qonebis gataceba. magaliTad, `erT kacs raime amanaTad mibarebuli<br />
qondes rame da iman saydarSi Seinaxos, imisi qurdi eklesiis mkrexveli ar aris, aramed<br />
qurdia~. 10<br />
vaxtangis samarTlis wignis mixedviT, saydris gatexva, jvris da xatis dazianeba mkrexelobad<br />
miiCneoda da amgvari saqcielis Camdeni mefisa da kaTolikosis mier unda gasamarTlebuliyo.
mwvaleblobis Sesaxeb aseve SeiZleba vimsjeloT qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi (dab.<br />
mux. 8) moZiebuli masalebiT, romelTac `rjulis gardamavlobisa, mwvaleblisa da rjulis<br />
dagdebisa~ ewodeboda.<br />
saerTod, Zvel qarTul samarTalSi mwvalebloba da rjulis gardamavloba erTnairad<br />
iyo ganxiluli.<br />
`vin Seiqnas sjulis gardamvali da mwvalebeli~. iqvea mocemuli ganmarteba, rom<br />
mwvaleblebi `qristeanTa Tana ver daimkuidreben~.<br />
qristians ekrZaleboda mwvalebelze daqorwineba an qalis Txova. `mwvalebelTa Tana<br />
qristianTa SeuRlebas nurvin yofen. nurca Svilsa Sensa miscem, nurca qalsa Sensa<br />
miscem mwvalebels~, _ aseTi Seubralebelia kanoni mwvalebelTa mimarT.<br />
rac Seexeba rjulis gardamavlobas, igi uflis cnebebis uaryofas niSnavda da RmrTis<br />
winaSe borotebis CadenaSi gamoixateboda. `mamakaci gina dedakaci, romelman qmnes<br />
boroti winaSe uflisa RmrTisa Senisa da gardahxdes mcnebaTa misTa~ _ iTvleboda<br />
`sjulis gardamavlad~ da mkacrad isjeboda. Zveli qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi mocemuli<br />
religiuri danaSaulobebis gacnobis Semdeg SesaZlebeloba gveZleva igive dana-<br />
Saulobebi `didi sjulis kanonis~ mixedviT ganvixiloT.<br />
masSi mocemuli masalebi religiuri danaSaulis istoriul xasiaTs asabuTeben da<br />
Sesabamis cnobebs gvawvdian zemoT ganxiluli Semadgenlobebis, kerZod, mwvaleblobisa<br />
da mkrexelobis Sesaxeb.<br />
`kanoni mamaTani konstantinepolis SekrebulTanis~ mixedviT mwvalebeli _ eresis<br />
mimdevars niSnavs, maSasadame, Tavad wvaleba _ eress. `wvaleba ukue yovlad yovliTurT<br />
ganWrilTa da TviT sarwmunoebiTa ucxoqmnulTa uwodes~. 11<br />
maSasadame, mwvalebeli `sarwmunoebisagan g<strong>and</strong>gomili, `gaWrili~ pirovnebaa. amitom<br />
misTvis `anaTema~ _ SeCveneba metad seriozulia.<br />
`didi sjulis kanonSi~ calke nawili eTmoba `mwvalebelT~. aq mocemulia Tu `rai<br />
ars wvalebai da rai ganxeTqilebai da rai kide _ Sesakreblobai~.<br />
gansakuTrebiT mZimed SeaCvenebdnen im episkoposs, romelic mwvalebels aziarebda.<br />
aseve, mkacrad isjeboda pirovneba, romelic mwvalebels mowmed daudgeboda.<br />
sainteresoa cnobebi mwvalebelTa marTlmadideblad moqcevisa da maTi ganaTvlis Sesaxeb.<br />
kerZod, maTTvis, `romelnic mwvalebelTagan moiqcen marTlmadideblobad da ukueTu<br />
SesaZlebel ars egeviTaraT maT moyuas yofiT eklesiisai da romelni maTgani naTel<br />
iReben anu romelTa mxolod ecxebis oden~.<br />
kanoni `mamaTni konstantinepolis Sekrebilni~ adgens, rom mwvalebelis Sewynareba<br />
episkoposis mier saeklesio saqmisaTvis sastikad ikrZaleba. `xolo mwvalebeli Zuelve<br />
sadve ganyrila eklesiisagan da Semdgomad Cven mier SeCvenebula~.<br />
rac Seexeba `ruis-urbnisis Zeglisweras~, is adgens, rom `yovelni mwvalebelni saukunodmca<br />
SeCuenebul arian~. `yovelTa mwvalebelTa saukunomsca ars wyevai da dausrulebeli<br />
SeCuenebai~.<br />
mkrexeloba yvela samarTlis ZeglSi ganxilulia, rogorc wminda adgilidan nivTebis<br />
gataceba; `didi sjulis kanonSi~ calke aris moxseniebuli saflavis Sebilwva da iqvea<br />
ganmartebuli, rom aseTi pirovneba saflavis mZarcvelia. 12<br />
19
marTlmsajuleba<br />
20<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
maSasadame, Zvel qarTul samarTlis ZeglebSi moZiebuli wyaroebi saerTo warmodgenas<br />
gviqmnian imdroindeli samarTlisa da eklesiis urTierTobis Sesaxeb. maTi ganzogadebis<br />
Sedegad SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom religiuri danaSaulis obieqti odiTganve<br />
samarTliT daculi sarwmunoebrivi interesi iyo. qarTveli eris tradiciebidan gamomdinare<br />
ki, es interesi sxvadasxvagvarad iyo daculi.<br />
religiuri danaSaulis kvleva qarTuli saeklesio samarTlis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
mcireodeni mcdelobaa, ramdenadac qarTuli samarTlis wyaroebSi asaxuli religiis<br />
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis ganzogadeba saSualebas gvaZlevs SevafasoT<br />
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi rogori saxisa da xasiaTis qmedeba SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli<br />
religiur danaSaulad.<br />
bibliografia<br />
1. Íèêîäèì Ì. Ì., "Ïðàâîñëàâíîå öåðêîâíîå ïðàâî", Ì., 1987;<br />
2. Êðàñíîÿñåíü. Ì., "Öåðêîâíîå ïðàâî. ñî÷èíåíèå", Ì., 1906;<br />
3. Áåðäíèêîâ È.Ñ., "Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå ïîëîæåíèå ðåëèãèè â ðèìñêî-âèçàíòèéñêîé<br />
èìïåðèè", Êàçàíü, 1881;<br />
4.is. doliZe, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi _ samarTali batoniSvili vaxtangisa,<br />
Tb., 1963;<br />
5. is. doliZe, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi _ samarTali berZnuli, Tb., 1963;<br />
6. is. doliZe, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi _ samarTali somxuri, Tb., 1963;<br />
7. is. doliZe, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi _ samarTali kaTalikozTa, Tb., 1963;<br />
8.didi sjulis kanoni, Tb., 1975.<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
1 Íèêîäèì Ì. Ì., "Ïðàâîñëàâíîå öåðêîâíîå ïðàâî", Ì., 1987, c. 668.<br />
2 Êðàñíîÿñåíü Ì., "Öåðêîâíîå ïðàâî. ñî÷èíåíèå", Ì., 1906, c. 68.<br />
3 Áåðäíèêîâ È.Ñ., "Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå ïîëîæåíèå ðåëèãèè â ðèìñêî-<br />
âèçàíòèéñêîé èìïåðèè", Êàçàíü, 1881, ñ. 16.<br />
4 is. doliZe, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi _ samarTali batoniSvili vaxtangisa,<br />
Tb., 1963, gv. 539.<br />
5 is. doliZe, dasax. naSromi, samarTali berZnuli, Tb., 1963, gv. 174.<br />
6 is. doliZe, dasax. naSromi, samarTali somxuri, Tb., 1963, gv. 386.<br />
7 is. doliZe, dasax. naSromi, samarTali somxuri, Tb., 1963, gv. 396.<br />
8 is. doliZe, dasax. naSromi, samarTali kaTalikozTa, Tb., 1963, gv. 317.<br />
9 is. doliZe, dasax. naSromi, samarTali kaTalikozTa, Tb., 1963, gv. 394.<br />
10 is. doliZe, dasax. naSromi, samarTali berZnuli, Tb., 1963, gv. 189.<br />
11 didi sjulis kanoni, Tb., 1975, gv. 121.<br />
12 didi sjulis kanoni, Tb., 1975, gv. 533.
RELIGIOUS CRIME<br />
ACCORDING TO ANCIENT<br />
MONUMENTS OF<br />
GEORGIAN LAW<br />
MAIA IVANIDZE<br />
Judge of Tbilisi Court of Appeals ,<br />
Associated Professor Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
The current work represents a modest attempt from the perspective of<br />
research on religious crime.<br />
We started the generalization of research issue from the examination of<br />
anti-religious actions depicted in the ancient monuments of Georgian law.<br />
Based on the information retained in those monuments we can discuss<br />
not only the concept <strong>and</strong> the essence of religious crime, but also evaluate<br />
secular <strong>and</strong> church attitudes of those times. For instance: for the sin of purely<br />
religious nature the church was the one to pay back, while the violators of<br />
tranquility of religious life <strong>and</strong> order were punished by the state.<br />
From the range of types of religious crimes blasphemy, transformation<br />
of faith (apostate) <strong>and</strong> heresy were spread since the beginning of times.<br />
The materials about the mentioned crimes are retained in the Great <strong>Law</strong><br />
of Faith, the <strong>Law</strong> of Catholicoses <strong>and</strong> the Book of <strong>Law</strong> of King Vakhtang.<br />
Blasphemy in every document of law is defined as stealing items from a holy<br />
place.<br />
Desecration of graves is separately mentioned in the Great <strong>Law</strong> of Faith<br />
<strong>and</strong> explained that such a person is the robber of graves.<br />
Therefore, the sources found in the monuments of ancient Georgian<br />
law provide us with a general view on religious crimes. Namely, the object<br />
of such a crime was always a legally protected interest of faith, which in<br />
Georgia was secured by corresponding law.<br />
21
marTlmsajuleba<br />
22<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
saxelSekrulebo<br />
Tavisufleba da<br />
saxelSekrulebo<br />
samarTlianoba<br />
Tanamedrove<br />
saxelSekrulebo<br />
samarTalSi<br />
TinaTin CaCaniZe<br />
samarTlis doqtori,<br />
Tbilisis ekonomikur urTierTobaTa saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis samarTlis fakultetis asistent-profesori<br />
saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba da misi mniSvneloba<br />
kerZo samarTlisaTvis<br />
kerZo samarTlisaTvis amosavalia saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis<br />
principi, romelic, SeiZleba, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT<br />
rwmenis, Tavisufali gamoxatvisa da Sromis uflebas<br />
SevadaroT, 1 amitom misi uzrunvelyofa Tanamedrove<br />
saxelmwifos konstituciur movaleobas ganekuTvneba. 2<br />
saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba qarTuli samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT<br />
ganmtkicebuli kerZosamarTlebrivi principia.<br />
3 `xelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisufleba, rogorc kerZo<br />
avtonomiis mniSvnelovani gamoxatuleba, aris SesaZlebloba<br />
dados an ar dados pirma esa Tu is xelSekruleba,<br />
SearCios misTvis sasurveli kontrahenti da xelSekrulebis<br />
meore mxaresTan SeTanxmebiT Tavisuflad gansazRvros<br />
am xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi~. 4
saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis principi gulisxmobs, rom mxareebi Tavad gansazRvraven,<br />
Tu ra surT da rogor miaRwion sasurvel Sedegs. amisaTvis ki, maT kanoni garkveul<br />
CarCoSi aTavsebs _ `saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba samarTlebriv faseulobaTa<br />
wesrigis farglebSia SesaZlebeli~. 5 kanonmdebeli imperatiuli normebiT adgens samar-<br />
Tlebriv wesrigs. samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi imperatiuli normebis mizania uflebaTa<br />
borotad gamoyenebisagan sxvaTa Tavisuflebis dacva. 6 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi<br />
(SemdgomSi ssk) imperatiul normebs socialur funqcias aniWebs da isini gansxvavebul<br />
interesTa dabalansebas emsaxurebian. aqedan gamomdinare, kerZo samarTalSi imperatiuli<br />
normebis arseboba stabiluri samoqalaqo brunvis damyarebisa da misi SenarCunebis<br />
xelSewyobiT aris gamarTlebuli, Tumca, maTi roli mkacrad unda ganisazRvros<br />
da gamomdinareobdes mxolod aucileblobidan. roca kanonmdebeli igrZnobs, rom<br />
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis mowesrigeba mis gareSec SesaZlebelia, man gza saxelSekrulebo<br />
Tavisuflebas unda dauTmos. kerZo samarTlis farglebSi yoveli samarTlebrivi<br />
sakiTxi SeiZleba da sasurvelia kidec, gadawydes konkretuli SemTxvevis<br />
dros arsebuli konfliqturi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. 7 ganzogadebuli daskvnebi<br />
zogjer konkretul situaciaSi problemis adekvaturi an ufro efeqtiani gadawyvetisaTvis,<br />
SeiZleba nakleb sasargeblo iyos. kontrahentTa avtonomia gamoixateba maTi<br />
moqmedebis konkretuli situaciisaTvis yvelaze Sesabamis mowesrigebaSic. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT<br />
sayuradReboa grZelvadiani valdebulebiTi urTierTobebi. kerZosamarTlebrivi<br />
urTierTobebis subieqtebs esaWiroebaT `moqnili saxelSekrulebo samarTali~,<br />
romelic maT urTierTobebs moawesrigebs kidec da Tan dautovebs farTo SesaZleblobas,<br />
rom dasaxul miznebs miaRwion.<br />
arsebobs mosazreba, rom saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis principis dabadebas Tavis<br />
mxriv, xeli Seuwyo sabazro ekonomikamac. 8 am mosazrebaSi SeiZleba saxelSekrulebo<br />
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb mcdari warmodgena an masze sabazro urTierTobebis gavlenis<br />
gadaWarbebuli gavlena igrZnobodes. Tumca erTi ram cxadia _ saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis<br />
mniSvneloba gansxvavebulia me-19 saukunesa da Tanamedrove epoqaSi. ker-<br />
Zod, Tu adre igi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda individis mier gakeTebul arCevans,<br />
dRes Tanamedrove samarTali kerZo arCevanze metad yuradRebas uTmobs bazars.<br />
am ukanasknelisaTvis xelSekruleba instrumentia, romelic bazris subieqtTa valdebulebebis<br />
struqturas gansazRvravs. 9 bazarze konkurenciis arseboba TavisTavad<br />
moiazrebs, rom bazris subieqtebisaTvis moqmedebis mTavari principi saxelSekrulebo<br />
Tavisuflebaa.<br />
saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba da saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba<br />
amrigad, saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba aucileblobaa, Tumca misi realizebis mas-<br />
Stabi yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebulia da zogjer, `saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis~<br />
problemasac ukavSirdeba. saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba aris Tanasworobis<br />
praqtikuli gamovlineba. igi mxareTa Soris ufleba-movaleobebis samarTlian<br />
23
marTlmsajuleba<br />
24<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
gadanawilebaze miuTiTebs da warmoiSoba maSin, roca kontrahentebi Tanabari uflebebisa<br />
da movaleobebis matarebelni arian. roca arsebobs saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba,<br />
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobac myardeba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, saxelSekrulebo<br />
samarTlianobisaken swrafva saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis damyarebasac gulisxmobs.<br />
rogorc ki, irRveva ufleba-movaleobaTa ekvivalenturoba, saxelSekrulebo wonasworobas<br />
safrTxe eqmneba. sagulisxmoa, rom sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saxelSekrulebo<br />
wonasworobis miRweva metad rTuli da zogjer, SeuZlebelicaa.<br />
`Tanamedrove evropuli kerZo samarTali saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis uaryofiTi<br />
Sedegebis neitralizacias saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobiT axerxebs~. 10 samarTlis<br />
amocana aris adamianTa urTierTTanacxovrebis Sedegad warmoSobili konfliqtebis<br />
samarTlianad mowesrigeba. 11 aqedan gamomdinareobs Tanamedrove saxelSekrulebo samarTlis<br />
amocana, uzrunvelyos praqtikaSi `saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis~ damyareba.<br />
agreTve, daicvas xelSekrulebis SedarebiT susti mxare, mosTxovos meore mxares<br />
kontrahentis interesebis gaTvaliswineba da `aiZulos~ orive maTgani, TanamSromlobasa<br />
da gulisxmierebaze daafuZnon saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebi. 12 amrigad, Tanamedrove<br />
saxelSekrulebo samarTlis erT-erTi amocana saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis<br />
miRwevaa.<br />
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis miRwevis idea Tanamedrove evropul samarTalSi<br />
distributive (ganmanawilebeli) da commutative (urTierTSemcvleli) samarTlianobis<br />
Sesaxeb moZRvrebebs SeiZleba SevadaroT. orive midgoma yuradRebas amaxvilebda ekonomikuri<br />
resursebis gadanawilebis Sedegebze da socialuri keTildReobis miRwevis<br />
gzebs eZebda. pirveli eswrafvoda mdgomareobas, roca yvela flobs misTvis saWiro<br />
resursebs, xolo meores mizani iyo, xeli Seewyo resursebis iseTi mopovebisaTvis, roca<br />
ar Seilaxeboda sxva pirTa Tanabari uflebebi. 13 Tanamedrove evropulma samarTalma<br />
ki, yuradReba gaamaxvila kerZo samarTlis ZiriTad uflebebTan Sesabamisobaze. 14 saxelSekrulebo<br />
samarTlianobis miRwevis mizniT kontrahentebma pativi unda scen Ziri-<br />
Tad uflebebs da ar dauSvan saxelSekrulebo debulebebiT maTi darRveva, anu kerZo<br />
samarTlis enaze rom vTqvaT, mudmivad unda icavdnen keTilsindisierebis princips.<br />
faqtobrivad, samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ganmtkicebuli keTilsindisierad moqmedebis qcevis<br />
st<strong>and</strong>arti sajaro samarTliT garantirebuli ZiriTadi uflebebis kerZo samarTalSi<br />
dacvis mTavari iaraRia. mas kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebze konstituciis nor-<br />
mebis iribi zemoqmedebis Sedegadac miiCneven. 15 saxelSekrulebo TavisuflebaSi ki, gamoxatvis<br />
Tavisuflebis magaliTs xedaven. 16<br />
samarTlianoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc gansxvavebuli interesebis mimarT<br />
Tanabari midgoma, 17 Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom igi subieqturi kategoriaa da TiToeuli<br />
individi mas gansxvavebulad aRiqvams. gulisxmierebasa da samarTlianobas sxvadasxva<br />
xelobis Tu profesiis adamianebi araerTgvarovnad afaseben, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT<br />
zneobriv da garemoSi arsebul sxva faqtorebze. 18 arsebobs mosazreba, rom gulisxmierebisa<br />
da samarTlianobis samarTlebriv koncefciaze gavlenas axdenen swored is determinatorebi,<br />
romlebic marTaven kulturuli faseulobebis Camoyalibebis process<br />
ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi. 19 am mosazrebas safuZvlad unda edos savinis moZRvreba, rom
samarTali eris suls asaxavs. 20 savinis moZRvreba, SeiZleba, srulad ver exmianebodes<br />
21-e saukuneSi mimdinare globalizaciis process, magram vfiqrobT, swored kulturuli<br />
individualizmi ganapirobebs samarTlianobis cnebis gansxvavebulad aRqmas<br />
msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi, rac yvelaze metad aisaxeba sasamarTlo praqtikasa da<br />
xelSekrulebaTa ganmartebis procesze.<br />
saxelSekrulebo wonasworobasa da saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobaze zemoqmedi<br />
faqtorebi<br />
saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis miRwevis upirvelesi meqanizmi Tavad kanonmdeblobaSia<br />
Cadebuli. saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba ver iqneba miRweuli kanonis winaSe<br />
kontrahentTa Tanasworobis gareSe. ssk pirvelive muxliT ganamtkicebs samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi<br />
urTierTobebis subieqtebis Tanasworobas da mkacrad SemosazRvravs<br />
misi mowesrigebis sferos _ kerZo xasiaTis qonebrivi, saojaxo da piradi urTierTobebi,<br />
romelic emyareba Tanasworobas. maSasadame, mxareTa Tanasworoba, rogorc principi,<br />
aris samoqalaqo kodeqsiT mowesrigebul urTierTobaTa fundamenti. kerZo samarTalSi<br />
Tanasworoba iTvaliswinebs iuridiul Tanasworobas samoqalaqo brunvis subieqtebs<br />
Soris, maT qonebriv damoukideblobas, maTi mxriv iniciativis gamoCenas, gareSe pirTa<br />
Caurevlobas maT saqmianobaSi. 21<br />
Tanasworoba, rogorc ZiriTadi uflebac ki, arasdros aris absoluturi. `Tanasworobis<br />
princips ara aqvs totaluri Tanasworobis miRwevis pretenzia. Tanasworobis<br />
principis moqmedeba SezRudulia realuri sinamdvilis sagnobrivi moculobiT~. 22 kerZo<br />
samarTalSi Tanasworobis SezRudva SeiZleba erTi mxriv, kanonidan gamomdinareobdes<br />
an meore mxriv, igi warmoadgendes saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis darRvevis Sedegad<br />
damdgar faqtobriv mdgomareobas. pirvelis magaliTia, saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis<br />
kanonmdeblismieri SezRudva, xolo meoris magaliTad SegviZlia, Tundac iseTi grZelvadiani<br />
xelSekrulebebi movitanoT, roca erTi mxare meore mxaris gamoucdelobas iyenebs<br />
da misTvis naklebad xelsayrel saxelSekrulebo pirobebs sTavazobs. 23<br />
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare globalizaciis procesi Tavis kvals aCens saxelSekrulebo<br />
wonasworobas. kerZod, globalizacia mianiSnebs, rom ekonomikuri faqtorebi<br />
gavlenas axdenen kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebze. 24 amis Sedegia, rom saxelSekrulebo<br />
wonasworobaze, upirveles yovlisa, bazari axdens gavlenas. bazari xel-<br />
Sekrulebis meSveobiT sakuTar ierarqiul safexurebs qmnis. 25<br />
saqmosanTa wrisaTvis xelSekruleba is iaraRia, romliTac ganisazRvreba maTi urTierTobebis<br />
struqtura da isini sakuTar `samarTlebriv CarCos~ qmnian. 26 xelSekrulebis<br />
subieqtebi moqmedeben saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis farglebSi, Tumca, ekonomikuri<br />
resursebis maT Soris gadanawileba mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs maT mier dasadebi xel-<br />
Sekrulebis Sinaarsze. saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis damyarebisaTvis swored xelSekrulebis<br />
dadebis moments aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. roca momavali kontrahentebi<br />
sawarmoebi arian, Tanabari ekonomikuri resursebi aqvT da xelSekrulebis dadebis mo-<br />
25
marTlmsajuleba<br />
26<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
mentSi ara aqvT erTmaneTze ekonomikuri zemoqmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba,<br />
saxelSekrulebo wonasworobas safrTxe naklebad emuqreba. amgvarad, ekonomikur<br />
uTanasworobaSia Cadebuli saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis darRvevis erT-erTi mTavari<br />
safrTxe. xelSekrulebis dadeba Rirebulebis Seqmnas ukavSirdeba da mxareebs gacnobierebuli<br />
aqvT, rom xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg isini ukeTes mdgomareobaSi unda<br />
aRmoCndnen. amitom TiToeuli maTgani Seecdeba, miRebuli `sargeblidan~ misi kuTvnili<br />
wili iyos meti. 27 mxare, romelsac meti ekonomikuri resursi aqvs, Seecdeba, `aiZulos~<br />
misi momavali kontrahenti, rom xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis gansazRvris dros pasiuri<br />
roli Seasrulos da mxolod SeTavazebul saxelSekrulebo pirobebs daTanxmdes. aseT<br />
viTarebaSi meti ekonomikuri resursis mqone kontrahenti moipovebs upiratesobas, romelsac,<br />
SeiZleba, `saxelSekrulebo upiratesoba~ vuwodoT.<br />
`saxelSekrulebo upiratesobaze~ zemoqmedebs informaciuli uTanasworobac. zogjer,<br />
mxareebi erTmaneTs umalaven iseT faqts, romelmac, SesaZloa, arsebiTi gavlena<br />
iqonios nebis gamovlenaze. Tu erT-erT mxares SeumCneveli darCa misTvis cru an aucilebeli<br />
informaciis miwodebis faqti nebis gamovlenamde, maSin Semdeg etapze igi SeiZleba<br />
sakuTar kontrahentTan SedarebiT `araTanabar~ mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndes.<br />
bazari gansxvavebulad epyroba momxmareblebsac, rasac safuZvlad udevs momxmarebelTa<br />
gansxvavebuli finansuri SesaZleblobebi, ganaTlebis done da socialuri statusi.<br />
28 momxmarebelTa dacvis aucilebloba, tradiciulad, gamarTlebulia imiT, rom<br />
didi da monopolisturi mwarmoeblebi reklamis meSveobiT gavlenas axdenen momxmarebelTa<br />
nebis gamovlenaze. aRniSnuli midgoma yuradRebas amaxvilebs momxmareblis ekonomikur<br />
sisusteze mimwodebelTan SedarebiT. 29 faqtobrivad, mwarmoebeli yovelTvis<br />
sargeblobs ekonomikuri upiratesobiT momxmarebelTan SedarebiT da resursebi ara-<br />
Tanabrad nawildeba bazris subieqtebs Soris. 30<br />
saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis damrRvev faqtorTa amave kategoriaSi unda movaqcioT<br />
bazris tipi, rac uSualod zemoqmedebs mwarmoeblis mier momxmarebelTan dadebuli<br />
xelSekrulebis Sinaarsze. magaliTad, konkurentuli bazari icavs momxmarebels mwarmoeblis<br />
mier ekonomikuri Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebisagan, roca monopoliuri<br />
an oligopoliuri bazari `pirdapir safrTxes~ warmoadgens momxmareblisaTvis.<br />
`saxelSekrulebo upiratesobis~ mqone kontrahentis moqmedeba SeiZleba mis `oportunistul~<br />
qmedebaSi gadaizardos. oportunizmi ar aris samarTlebrivi kategoria,<br />
igi qcevis xasiaTs gamoxatavs. saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi oportunizmi moicavs xel-<br />
Sekrulebis Sinaarsisa an misi miznis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebas, romelic, Tu saWiro<br />
gaxda, sicrues an SeniRbul simarTlesac ki, emyareba. 31 cxadia, ar SeiZleba davuSvaT,<br />
rom upiratesobis mqone kontrahenti yovelTvis imoqmedebs `oportunistulad~. ubralod,<br />
yovelTvis iarsebebs riski, rom man amgvarad imoqmedos. `faqtobrivad, oportunizmi<br />
warmoadgens keTilsindisierebis principis sawinaaRmdego movlenas. igi aris kontrahentTa<br />
arakeTilsindisieri qcevis saxe da gulisxmierad moqmedebis movaleobis<br />
darRevis Sedegi~. 32<br />
ssk sacilod, baTilad miiCnevs iZulebiT dadebul garigebebs33 da mxares aniWebs<br />
ZaladobiT an muqariT dadebuli garigebis baTilobis moTxovnis uflebas. ekonomikuri
uTanasworobiT warmoSobili iZuleba scildeba dasaxelebuli normis mowesrigebis<br />
sagans. igi arc ZaladobaSi gamoixateba da arc muqaraSi. am dros `iZuleba~ informaciul<br />
xasiaTs atarebs. 34<br />
ssk specialur muxls uTmobs Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebiT dadebuli garigebebis<br />
baTilobas. 35 kanonmdebeli 55-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT ewinaaRmdegeba araekvivalentur<br />
garigebebs. garigeba orive mxarisaTvis Tanabrad unda iyos sargeblis momtani,<br />
Tu erTi mxare mxolod sargebels naxavs, xolo meore mxarisaTvis tvirTi iqneba,<br />
maSin saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba ara Tu dairRveva, aramed arc warmoiSoba da TavisTavad<br />
arc saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba damyardeba. ekvivalenturoba ar niSnavs<br />
absolutur ekvivalenturobas, aramed Sesrulebis Sinaarsze mianiSnebs. `xelSekrulebis<br />
erTi mxare ver SeiboWeba meore mxaris iseTi moqmedebiT, rac misTvis zianis momtania.<br />
dauSvebelia ormxrivi xelSekruleba, romelic erTi mxarisaTvis Tavisufleba<br />
iqneba da meorisaTvis ki, am Tavisuflebis SezRudva~. 36 magaliTad, frenSaizingis xel-<br />
Sekrulebebis misamarTiT xSirad gaismis sayveduri, rom erTi mxare ZiriTadad, uflebebiT<br />
aris aRWurvili, xolo meore mxares umetesad, valdebulebebi akisria, rac<br />
xelSekrulebaSi Warbad CarTuli zogadi debulebebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. 37<br />
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis miRwevisaTvis sayuradReboa zneobrioba da masTan<br />
xelSekrulebis Sesabamisoba. `zneoba arapozitiuri samarTlis wyaroc aris~ 38 da mis sawinaaRmdego<br />
garigebebs ssk baTilad miiCnevs. 39 `garigeba ewinaaRmdegeba zneobas, roca<br />
zneobiT akrZaluli moqmedebis Sesrulebas iTvaliswinebs <strong>and</strong>a abrkolebs zneobis Sesatyvisi<br />
moqmedebis ganxorcielebas~. 40 zneoba SefasebiTi kategoriaa da sazogadoebis<br />
istoriuli ganviTarebisa da msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT gansxvavdeba damokidebuleba<br />
am cnebisadmi.<br />
st<strong>and</strong>artuli saxelSekrulebo debulebebis gavlena saxelSekrulebo<br />
wonasworobaze<br />
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis sapirispiro cnebaa saxelSekrulebo usamarTloba.<br />
igi qarTul iuridiul doqtrinaSi samoqalaqo brunvis damabrkolebel garemoebad<br />
miiCneva. 41 usamarTlo saxelSekrulebo debulebebis gaCenis mizezi, SeiZleba, individualurad<br />
gansazRvruli pirobebi an st<strong>and</strong>artuli saxelSekrulebo debulebebi iyos. am<br />
ukanasknelisgan gacilebiT meti safrTxe momdinareobs, 42 gansakuTrebiT ki, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT<br />
st<strong>and</strong>artuli pirobebis esoden farTod gamoyenebad praqtikas, rac da-<br />
naxarjTa dazogviTa 43 da riskis minimalizaciiT 44 aris gamarTlebuli.<br />
nebismieri xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi moicavs rogorc mxareTa mier gansazRvrul pirobebs<br />
agreTve, zogad principebs, tradiciebsa da Cveulebebs, xelSekrulebaSi integrirebul<br />
kanonis normebs, Tanasworobisa da gonivrulad moqmedebis Sesaxeb daTqmebs.<br />
xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi swored CamoTvlil wyaroTa kombinaciis produqts warmoadgens,<br />
romelTa Soris yovelTvis arsebobs garkveuli ierarqiuli damokidebuleba. 45<br />
zogjer, xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi mTlianad an nawilobriv erTi kontrahentis Semoqme-<br />
27
marTlmsajuleba<br />
28<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
debaa, xolo meore mxare mxolod aqcepts akeTebs SeTavazebul pirobebze. amgvari gziT<br />
iqmneba st<strong>and</strong>artuli saxelSekrulebo debulebebi.<br />
faqtobrivad, qarTveli kanonmdebeli aRiarebs, rom st<strong>and</strong>artuli pirobebiT dadebuli<br />
xelSekruleba SeiZleba, meore mxarisaTvis saziano Sedegis momtani iyos. st<strong>and</strong>artuli<br />
debulebebis baTilobis safuZvelTa vrceli nusxa ssk-Si swored amgvari Sedegebis<br />
prevenciasa da saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofas emsaxureba.<br />
maT Soris, aRsaniSnavia ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principis sawinaaRmdego st<strong>and</strong>artuli<br />
debulebis baTilobis daweseba. `kanonmdebeli yvela SemTxvevas ver gaiTvaliswinebs.<br />
amitom 346-e muxlSi ganmtkicebulia zogadi norma, romelic mosamarTles<br />
uflebas aZlevs, baTilad miiCnios st<strong>and</strong>artuli pirobebis is debulebebi, romlebic<br />
ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principis sawinaaRmdegod sazianoa xelSekrulebis meore<br />
mxarisaTvis~. 46 ssk-is 346-e norma socialur funqcias atarebs da misi Rirseba swored<br />
zogad mowesrigebaSia. xelSekrulebis yvela mxares, romelsac daeufleba gancda,<br />
rom misTvis SeTavazebuli st<strong>and</strong>artuli piroba ewinaaRmdegeba keTilsindisierebis<br />
princips da saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis darRvevis magaliTia, aqvs kanoniT ganmtkicebuli<br />
ufleba, sasamarTlos meSveobiT moiTxovos st<strong>and</strong>artuli pirobis baTiloba<br />
346-e muxlze miTiTebiT. aRniSnuli norma exmianeba evropul doqtrinaSi arsebul mosazrebas,<br />
rom st<strong>and</strong>artul pirobebs samarTlianoba moeTxovebaT da Tanabar mdgomareobaSi<br />
unda ayenebdnen mxareebs. 47<br />
xelSekrulebis misadageba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi da saxelSekrulebo<br />
samarTlianoba<br />
dros SeuZlia daarRvios xelSekrulebis Tavdapirveli wonasworoba. 48 Secvlil<br />
garemoebebTan xelSekrulebis misadageba swored drois msvlelobiT darRveuli saxelSekrulebo<br />
wonasworobis aRdgenis ssk-iT ganmtkicebuli saSualebaa. 49 igi maSin<br />
unda iqnes gamoyenebuli, roca Sesrulebis moTxovna, Secvlili garemoebebis gamo ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sikeTeTa samarTliani (ekvivalenturi)<br />
gacvlisa da keTilsindisierebis moTxovnebs. 50<br />
cxadia, martooden xelSekrulebaSi Setanili cvlilebebi ver iqneba imis garanti,<br />
rom saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba aRdgeba. am dros gansakuTrebuli misia isev keTilsindisierebasa<br />
da gulisxmierad moqmedebis princips unda daekisros da cvlileba xel-<br />
Sekrulebis SinaarsSi darRveuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis aRdgenas unda emsaxurebodes.<br />
ssk-is 398-e muxlis me-3 nawili mxareebs ar akisrebs xelSekrulebis Secvlili<br />
garemoebebisadmi misadagebis upirobo valdebulebas. 51 aRniSnuli norma icavs<br />
im mxares, romlis interesebic, SeiZleba Seilaxos da ganamtkicebs mis uflebas, uari<br />
Tqvas xelSekrulebaze, Tu axali saxelSekrulebo pirobebi misTvis miuRebeli an zianis<br />
momtani iqneba. Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis institutis<br />
mizani aris ara nebismieri cvlileba xelSekrulebis SinaarsSi, aramed ufleba-movaleobaTa<br />
samarTliani ganawilebis uzrunvelyofa.
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis miRwevis gzebi<br />
absoluturi saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba, vfiqrobT, mxolod miuRwevadi idealia.<br />
rogorc Tanasworobis principi ar aris totaluri, ise saxelSekrulebo samar-<br />
Tlianoba ver iqneba yovelTvis srulad realizebuli.<br />
Tu saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba mxolod idealia da yovelTvis ver damyardeba,<br />
maSin ra mizani aqvs wamoyenebul ideas saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis Sesaxeb? gamodis,<br />
rom igi Tavidanve safuZvels moklebulia? am kiTxvebze pasuxi dadebiTi rom iyos,<br />
maSin saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis idea arc ki gaxdeboda yuradRebis sagani. saxel-<br />
Sekrulebo samarTlianoba idealia, romlis miRwevac mxareebma miznad unda dasaxon _<br />
isini unda ecadon, maqsimaluri siaxlove SeinarCunon xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis gansaz-<br />
Rvris dros samarTlianobis cnebasTan. es ki, upirveles yovlisa, kerZo samarTlis<br />
principebis dacviTa da pativiscemiT unda ganxorcieldes. amboben, rom samarTlebriv<br />
principebs swored orientiris funqcia aqvT. 52 SeiZleba, ver iqnas miRweuli absoluturi<br />
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba, magram mTavaria mxareebma samarTlianobis gancda<br />
SeinarCunon. Tu xelSekrulebis pirobebi arc erT mxareSi usamarTlobis gancdas<br />
ar badebs, maSin unda miviCnioT, rom saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba myardeba. iuridiul<br />
doqtrinas saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis Sedegi amgvarad warmoudgenia: xelSekrulebis<br />
susti mxare ufro metad iqneba daculi; orive kontrahenti valdebuli iqneba,<br />
gaiTvaliswinos erTmaneTis interesebi da TiToeuli xelSekruleba unda gamoixatos<br />
iseTi samarTlebrivi urTierTobis saxiT, romelic moicavs TanamSromlobis, urTierT-<br />
Tanadgomisa da gulisxmierebis movaleobas. 53<br />
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara marto mxareTa Soris ufleba-movaleobaTa<br />
samarTliani gadanawileba (saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba), aramed<br />
valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis xarisxi da uflebaTa ganxorcielebis formebi. valdebuleba<br />
unda Sesruldes jerovnad, keTilsindisierad daTqmul drosa da adgilze. valdebulebiTi<br />
samarTlis es norma-principi Tu srulad Sesruldeba kontrahentTa mier,<br />
maSin saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobac miRwevadi gaxdeba. SesaZlebelia, mxareebma<br />
xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi keTilsindisierebis principze dayrdnobiT gansazRvron, magram<br />
Sesrulebis dros igi aRar gaiTvaliswinon. valdebulebis darRveva saxelSekrulebo<br />
samarTlianobas ara Tu safrTxes uqmnis, aramed es ukanaskneli saerTod arc<br />
damyardeba. braleuli qmedebiT damdgari zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis kanonmdeblobiT<br />
miniWebuli ufleba swored darRveuli samarTlianobis aRdgenas (an dadgomas)<br />
emsaxureba.<br />
yoveli konkretuli xelSekruleba adamianTa urTierTobis gansakuTrebuli gamovlineba54<br />
da, aqedan gamomdinare, socialuri movlenaa. sociologiaSi arsebobs xelSekrulebis<br />
oTxi ZiriTad maxasiaTeblis gamoyofis mcdeloba, kerZod: 1. xelSekruleba<br />
individTa nebelobiTi kavSiria; 2. saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis subieqtebs Soris<br />
gansazRvrulia uflebamosilebis farglebi; 3. xelSekruleba yovelTvis emyareba<br />
nacvalgebobis princips, anu mxareebi misgan sargebels moelian; 4. saxelSekrulebo<br />
valdebulebebs mboWavi xasiaTi aqvT mxareTaTvis da ara sxva pirebisaTvis. 55 xelSek-<br />
29
marTlmsajuleba<br />
30<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
rulebis aRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebi universaluria samarTlebriv sistemebs Soris arsebuli<br />
sxvaobis miuxedavad. misTvis mTavaria, axsnas xelSekrulebis, rogorc socialuri<br />
movlenis arsi. faqtobrivad, mxareTa mier xelSekrulebis nebis gamoxatviT dadeba<br />
ukavSirdeba sargeblis miRebis molodins. nakisri valdebulebebis Sinaarsi ki, maT<br />
warmodgenebSi Sesasrulebeli valdebulebebis ekvivalenturi unda iyos. swored es<br />
aris saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis molodini.<br />
urTierTobam TiToeul mxares rom moutanos sargebeli, igi unda emyarebodes mxareTa<br />
Soris ndobas, rac xels Seuwyobs maT TanamSromlobas. ndoba gansxvavebulad warmoCndeba<br />
sajaro da kerZo samarTalSi. kerZo samarTali ndobaSi moiazrebs mxareTa<br />
samarTlebriv molodinsa da maTi urTierTdamokidebulebis xasiaTs. 56 gansakuTrebul<br />
rols ki, igi grZelvadian valdebulebiT urTierTobebSi SeiZens. 57 rac ufro xangrZlivi<br />
vadiT warmoiSoba saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebi, miT ufro mniSvnelovania mxareTa<br />
Soris ndobis arseboba. Tanamedrove saxelSekrulebo samarTali aris erTgvari kompromisi<br />
individualuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis survilsa da xangrZlivi da mtkice<br />
urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis survils Soris, ufro sworad ki _ am ukanasknelis<br />
sasargeblod gakeTebuli arCevani. 58<br />
ndoba socialuri urTierTqmedebis iseTi Sedegia, romelsac mniSvnelovnad ganapirobeben<br />
manamde dadebuli xelSekrulebebi da kontrahentTa gamocdileba. 59 `gansakuTrebuli<br />
ndoba SesaZlebelia gamomdinareobdes aseve, Sesabamisi urTierTobebis saxidan~.<br />
60 ndobisa da TanamSromlobis maRali xarisxi saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobaze<br />
mianiSnebs. roca mxareebi erTmaneTs ndobas ucxadeben da nayofierad TanamSromloben,<br />
maT samarTlianobis gancdac euflebaT da kmayofilni arian maT mier dadebuli xel-<br />
SekrulebiT, anu ivaraudeba, rom konkretul SemTxvevaSi mxareebi xelSekrulebis pirobebs<br />
samarTlianad aRiqvamen.<br />
`keTilsindisierebis principi bevrwilad dakavSirebulia moralur st<strong>and</strong>artebTan.<br />
igi Tavad aris moraluri st<strong>and</strong>arti, eTikur-samarTlebrivi principi~, 61 masSi SeiZleba<br />
moiazrebodes samarTlianoba, mizanSewoniloba, eTikuroba, zneobrioba da gulwrfeloba.<br />
62 `keTilsindisierebis principis mravalgvarma funqciam gamoiwvia, rom samosamarTlo<br />
samarTalSi igi gamoyenebul iqna samarTliani Sedegebis dadgomisaTvis da,<br />
amave dros, aSkarad usamarTlo Sedegis Tavidan acilebisaTvis~. 63 germanul samarTalSi<br />
igi miCneulia samefo normad, romelmac ufro maRali moraluri faseulobebi SesZina<br />
mTels germanul samarTals. 64 keTilsindisierad moqmedeba moralur st<strong>and</strong>artadac miiCneva.<br />
65 igi umetesad gulisxmobs kontrahentis interesebis gaTvaliswinebasa da mxed-<br />
velobaSi miRebas. 66 aqedan gamomdinareobs daSveba, rom xelSekrulebis subieqtTa mier<br />
keTilsindisierebis principis dacva mxareTa samarTlianad moqmedebaSi poulobs gamoxatulebas.<br />
319-e muxlis me-2 da me-3 nawilebi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi arsebuli kidev<br />
erTi meqanizmia saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis misaRwevad. kontrahirebis iZuleba<br />
`miznad isaxavs im pirTa dacvas, romelTa uflebebic SeiZleba Seilaxos bazarze gabatonebuli<br />
mdgomareobis mqone sawarmoebis zegavleniT~. 67 `saxelSekrulebo upiratesobis~<br />
mqone mxares ekisreba valdebuleba, kontrahents Tanabari pirobebi SesTavazos.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba izRudeba Unidroit-is saxelSekrulebo<br />
normebiTac, rac samuSao jgufis mier ekonomikuri miznebiT aris gamarTlebuli. 68<br />
faqtobrivad, es aris kidev erTi dadastureba im garemoebisa, rom saxelSekrulebo<br />
samarTlianobisaTvis erT-erT mTavar winaaRmdegobas ekonomikuri uTanasworoba warmoadgens.<br />
daskvna<br />
SeuZlebelia xelSekrulebis instituti Tanamedrove samoqalaqo samarTalSi Tavisuflebisa<br />
da samarTlianobis cnebebisagan izolirebulad ganvixiloT, 69 Tumca, arsebobs<br />
socialuri xasiaTis problema _ saxelSekrulebo usamarTloba, romelic konkretuli<br />
xelSekrulebis dros specifikurad vlindeba. utopiaa, rom kerZo samarTali<br />
SeZlebs, srulad aRmofxvras saxelSekrulebo usamarTlobis gamomwvevi faqtorebi.<br />
es daaxloebiT imas waagavs, rom adamianma miznad daisaxos idealuri sazogadoebis Seqmna,<br />
sadac mxolod sikeTe da saTnoeba imefebs. kerZo samarTali amkvidrebs saxelSekrulebo<br />
samarTlianobisaTvis aucilebel ZiriTad principebs, rogoricaa Tanasworoba,<br />
kerZo avtonomia, keTilsindisierad da gulisxmierad moqmedeba. isini saxelSekrulebo<br />
wonasworobaze uaryofiTad zemoqmed faqtorTa erTgvar `neitralizacias~ unda axdendnen,<br />
xolo samoqalaqo kodeqsis principebis praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba uSualod urTierTobebis<br />
monawileebzea damokidebuli. kerZo samarTlis subieqtebma unda daicvan<br />
da pativi scen kerZo samarTlis principebSi asaxul Rirebulebebs, rac SemdgomSi saxelSekrulebo<br />
samarTlianobis miRwevaSi gamovlindeba.<br />
31
marTlmsajuleba<br />
32<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1 H. Kötz, A. Flessner, T. Weir, European Contract <strong>Law</strong>, Vol. 1, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1997, p. 5.<br />
2 l. Wanturia, xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba, xelSekrulebis dadebis valdebuleba,<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, gamomcemloba `samarTali~,<br />
Tb., 2001, gv. 57.<br />
3 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi (miRebulia 1997 wlis 26 ivniss), muxli 319,<br />
pirveli nawili.<br />
4 l. Wanturia, Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi,<br />
gamomcemloba `samarTali~, Tb., gv. 60.<br />
5 b. zoiZe, evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, sagamomcemlo<br />
saqmis saswavlo centri, Tb., 2005, gv. 273.<br />
6 ssk, muxli 10, meore nawili.<br />
7 B. Gomard, H. Skovgaard, The <strong>Law</strong> of Contracts <strong>and</strong> the Pools, Scnadinavian Studies in <strong>Law</strong>, Vol.<br />
25, 1981, p. 56.<br />
8 ix. U. Bernitz, Market as a <strong>Legal</strong> Discipline, Sc<strong>and</strong>inavian Studies In <strong>Law</strong>, Vol. 23, 1979, p. 58.<br />
9 ix. H. Collins, The <strong>Law</strong> of Contract, Published by LexisNexis, Ed. 4, 2003, p. 21-22.<br />
10 b. zoiZe, evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, sagamomcemlo<br />
saqmis saswavlo centri, Tb., 2005, gv. 279.<br />
11 r. cipeliusi, iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, meaTe gadamuSavebuli gamocemis<br />
qarTuli Targmani, GTZ, 2009, gv. 13.<br />
12 Ê. Öâàéãåðò, Õ. ʸòö. Ââåäåíèå â ñðàâíèòåëüíîå ïðàâîâåäåíèå â ñôåðå ÷àñòíîãî ïðàâà, Òîì II,<br />
èçä. Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îòíîøåíèÿ, Ì., 1998, ñ. 18.<br />
13 ix.: J. Gordley, Foundations of Private <strong>Law</strong>, Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxfor<br />
University Press, 2006, p. 7.<br />
14 ix.: O. O. Cherednychenko , Fundamental Rights <strong>and</strong> Private <strong>Law</strong>: A Relationship of Subordina-<br />
tion or Complementarity?, Utrecht <strong>Law</strong> Review, Vol.3, Issue 2 (December), 2007, p. 1-25.<br />
15 ix.: J. Zekoll, M. Reimann, Introduction to German <strong>Law</strong>, 2 nd Ed. Kluwer <strong>Law</strong> International, 2005, p. 4.<br />
16 H. Kötz, A. Flessner, T. Weir, European Contract <strong>Law</strong>, Vol. 1, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1997, p. 5.<br />
17 Æ. Äå Ëà Ìîðàíäüåð. Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî ôðàíöèè, èçä. Èíàñòðàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû, Ì., 1960, ñ. 29.<br />
18 B. Gomard, <strong>Law</strong> <strong>and</strong> Society, Sc<strong>and</strong>inavian Studies in <strong>Law</strong>, Vol. 37, 1993, p. 37.<br />
19 B. Gomard, <strong>Law</strong> <strong>and</strong> Society, Sc<strong>and</strong>inavian Studies in <strong>Law</strong>, Vol.37, 1993, p. 37.<br />
20 ix.: O. L<strong>and</strong>o, Culture <strong>and</strong> Contract <strong>Law</strong>s, ERCL, 1/2007, p. 3.<br />
21 ix.: s. jorbenaZe, Sesavali debulebani, samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni<br />
pirveli, gamomcemloba `samarTali~, Tb., 2002, gv. 29.<br />
22 g. xubua, samarTlis Teoria, gamomcemloba `meridiani~, Tb., 2004, gv. 76.<br />
23 magaliTad, amgvari viTareba iqmneba frenSaizingis xelSekrulebis dros.<br />
24 G. Teubner: Global private regimes: Neo-spontaneous law <strong>and</strong> dual constitution of autonomous<br />
sectors in world society? (Paper prepared for the Workshop on ‘Globalisation <strong>and</strong> Public Governance’<br />
17/18 March 2000 European University Institute, Florence. Appeared in: Karl-Heinz Ladeur (ed.),<br />
Globalization <strong>and</strong> Public Governance, Ashgate, Aldershot 2004, 71-87), p.1 http://papers.ssrn.com/<br />
sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=894423 (November, 2008).<br />
25 H. Collins, The <strong>Law</strong> of Contract, Published by LexisNexis, Ed. 4, 2003, p. 110.<br />
26 R. Amissah, The Autonomous Contract, Reflecting the Borderless Electronic-Commercial Environ-<br />
ment in Contracting, http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/amissah2.html (July, 2008).<br />
27 G. Eidenmüller, Exerting Pressure in Contract Negotiations, ERCL, 1/2007, p. 21-22.<br />
28 Th. Wilhelmson, Contract <strong>and</strong> Equality, Sc<strong>and</strong>inavian Studies in <strong>Law</strong>, 2000, p. 146.<br />
29 Stefan Haupt, An Economic Analysis of Consumer Protection of Inequality of Barggaining Power,<br />
German <strong>Law</strong> <strong>Journal</strong>, Vol.04, No11, 2003, p. 1137.<br />
30 Gillian Hadfield/Robert Howse/Michael J. Trebilcock, Rethinking Consumer Protection Policy:<br />
Remarks to the University of Toronto Faculty of <strong>Law</strong> (20 June 1996), miTiTebulia S. Haupt,<br />
An Economic Analysis of Consumer Protection of Inequality of Bargaining Power, German <strong>Law</strong><br />
<strong>Journal</strong>, Vol.04, No11, 2003, p. 1138.<br />
31 E. Croonen. Strategic Interations in Franchise Relationship, Labyrinth Publications, 2005, p. 45.<br />
32 T. CaCaniZe, frenSaizingul urTierTobaTa samarTlebrivi regulireba, gamom-<br />
33<br />
cemloba `bona-kauza~, Tb., 2010, gv. 88.<br />
ssk, muxli 85.<br />
34 G. Eidenmüller, Exerting Pressure in Contract Negotiations, ERCL, 1/2007, p. 22.
35 ssk, muxli 55. 1. garigeba SeiZleba CaiTvalos baTilad, Tu garigebiT gansaz-<br />
Rvrul Sesrulebasa da am SesrulebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebul anazRaurebas<br />
Soris aSkara Seusabamobaa da garigeba daido mxolod imis wyalobiT, rom erTerTma<br />
mxarem borotad gamoiyena Tavisi sabazro Zalaufleba an isargebla<br />
xelSekrulebis meore mxaris mdgomareobiT an gamocdilebiT (gulubryvilobiT).<br />
36 b. zoiZe, evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, sagamomcemlo<br />
saqmis saswavlo centri, Tb., 2005, gv. 266.<br />
37 ix.: G. K. Hadfield, Problematic Realtions: Franchising <strong>and</strong> the <strong>Law</strong> of Incomplete Contracts,<br />
Stanford <strong>Law</strong> Review, Vol.42:927, April, 1990. p. 978.<br />
38 b. zoiZe, evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, sagamomcemlo<br />
saqmis saswavlo centri, Tb., 2005, gv. 215.<br />
39 ssk, muxli 54.<br />
40 b. zoiZe, garigebani, samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari. wigni pirveli, gamomcemloba<br />
`samarTali~, Tb., 2002, gv. 181.<br />
41 b. zoiZe, evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, sagamomcemlo<br />
saqmis saswavlo centri, Tb. 2005, gv. 283.<br />
42 M. E. Storme, The Binding Character of Contracts – Causa <strong>and</strong> Consideration, From: Towards a<br />
European Civil Code (eds. A.S. Hartkamp, M.W. Hesselink, E.H. Hondius), Second revised <strong>and</strong> exp<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
edition, Kluwer / Ars aequi 1998, http://webh01.ua.ac.be/storme/bindingcharactercontracts.<br />
pdf (July, 2008).<br />
43 ix.: Ê. Öâàéãåðò, Õ. ʸòö. Ââåäåíèå â ñðàâíèòåëüíîå ïðàâîâåäåíèå â ñôåðå ÷àñòíîãî ïðàâà, Òîì<br />
II, èçä. Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îòíîøåíèÿ, Ì., 1998, ñ. 19.<br />
44 ix.: M. Zhang, Contractual Choice of <strong>Law</strong> in Contracts of Adhesion <strong>and</strong> Party Autonomy, Akron<br />
<strong>Law</strong> Review, Vol.41, 2007- 2008, p. 124.<br />
45 M. E. Storme, The Binding Character of Contracts – Causa <strong>and</strong> Consideration, From: Towards a<br />
European Civil Code (eds. A.S. Hartkamp, M.W. Hesselink, E.H. Hondius), Second revised <strong>and</strong><br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ed edition, Kluwer / Ars aequi 1998, http://webh01.ua.ac.be/storme/bindingcharactercontracts.<br />
pdf (July, 2008).<br />
46 l. Wanturia, xelSekrulebis st<strong>and</strong>artuli pirobebi, samoqalaqo kodeqsis<br />
komentari, wigni mesame, gamomcemloba `samarTali~, Tb. 2001, gv. 194.<br />
47 Th. Wilhelmson, St<strong>and</strong>ard Form Conditions in :Towards a Eropean Civil Code, Ed. By A. S.<br />
Hartkamp, E. H. Hondius, Kluwer <strong>Law</strong> International, 2004, p. 432.<br />
48 T. zar<strong>and</strong>ia, saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis Sesrulebis adgili da vadebi,<br />
gamomcemloba `jisiai~, Tb. 2005 gv. 97.<br />
49 ssk, muxli 398.<br />
50 b. zoiZe, xelSekrulebis misadageba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi, samoqalaqo<br />
kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, gamomcemloba `samarTali~, Tb., 2001, gv. 400.<br />
51 mxareebi, jer unda Seecadon, rom xelSekruleba miusadagon Secvlil garemoebebs.<br />
Tuki SeuZlebelia, xelSekrulebis misadageba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi,<br />
an meore mxare amas ar eTanxmeba, maSin im mxares, romlis interesebic<br />
dairRva, SeuZlia, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze.<br />
52 ix.: F. Kaulbach, Experiment, Perspektive und Urteilskraft bei der Rechtserkenntnis, ARSP, 1989,<br />
S. 455, vuTiTeb: r. cipeliusi, iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, meaTe gadamu-<br />
Savebuli gamocemis qarTuli Targmani, GTZ, 2009, gv. 18.<br />
53 H. Kötz, A. Flessner, T. Weir, European Contract <strong>Law</strong>, Vol. 1, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1997, p. 12.<br />
54 H. Collins, Regulating Contracts, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 13.<br />
55 Ph. Selznick, <strong>Law</strong>, Society <strong>and</strong> Industrial <strong>Justice</strong>, New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1969, p.52-<br />
62, vuTiTeb: H. Collins, Regulating Contracts, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 14.<br />
56 M. E. Storme, The Binding Character of Contracts – causa <strong>and</strong> Consideration, From: Towards a<br />
European Civil Code (eds. A.S. Hartkamp, M.W. Hesselink, E.H. Hondius), Second revised <strong>and</strong><br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ed edition, Kluwer / Ars aequi 1998, http://webh01.ua.ac.be/storme/bindingcharactercontracts.<br />
pdf (June,2009).<br />
57 `valdebuleba iseTi kavSiria, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, moiTxovs pirTa<br />
urTierTndobas~ _ T. juReli, moraluri valdebulebebis adgili samoqalaqo<br />
samarTalSi, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #4, 2005, gv. 66.<br />
58 ix.: St. Jørgensen, Contract as a Form, Sc<strong>and</strong>inavian Studies In <strong>Law</strong>, Vol. 10, 1966, p.104.<br />
59 H. Collins, Regulating Contracts, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.110.<br />
33
marTlmsajuleba<br />
34<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
60 d. kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, eSsi, Tb., 2009,<br />
gv. 92.<br />
61 al. ioseliani, keTilsindisierebis principi saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi<br />
(SedarebiT samarTlebrivi gamokvleva), Jurn. `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~,<br />
specialuri gamoSveba, 2007, gv. 32.<br />
62 d. kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, eSsi, Tb., 2009,<br />
gv. 86.<br />
63 al. ioseliani, keTilsindisierebis principi saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi (SedarebiT<br />
samarTlebrivi gamokvleva), Jurn. `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~,<br />
specialuri gamoSveba, 2007, gv. 12.<br />
64 O. L<strong>and</strong>o, Some Features of the <strong>Law</strong> of Contract in the Third Millennium, Sc<strong>and</strong>inavian Studies<br />
In <strong>Law</strong>, Vol. 40, 2000 p. 381.<br />
65 ix.: M. W. Hesselink, The Concept of Good Faith, The paper was published in: A.S. Hartkamp, E.H.<br />
Hondius, C.A. Joustra, C.E. du Perron, M. Veldman (eds), Towards a European Civil Code, 3rd ed<br />
(The Hague, London, Boston: Kluwer <strong>Law</strong> International 2004), http://ssrn.com/abstract=1098856<br />
(August, 2009).<br />
66 Arndt Teichmann, in: Soergel Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch mit Einführungsgesetz und Nebengesetzen,<br />
Vol. 2 Schuldrecht I (§§ 241-610), 12 th ed., Stuttgart, Berlin <strong>and</strong> Köln 1990, § 242, no. 4; C. Massimo<br />
Bianca, Diritto Civile, III, Il contratto, Milano 1987 (reprinted in 1992), no. 224; A.S. HARTKAMP,<br />
Verbintenissenrecht (in: Asser series), Vol. II, Algemene leer der overeenkomsten, 11th ed., Deventer<br />
2001, no. 300; M. P. Stathopoulos, Contract law in Hellas, The Hague, London <strong>and</strong> Boston, Athens<br />
1995, no. 51. miTiTebulia: M. W. Hesselink, The Concept of Good Faith, The paper was published<br />
in: A.S. Hartkamp, E.H. Hondius, C.A. Joustra, C.E. du Perron, M. Veldman (eds), Towards a European<br />
Civil Code, 3rd ed. (The Hague, London, Boston: Kluwer <strong>Law</strong> International 2004), http://<br />
ssrn.com/abstract=1098856 (August,2009).<br />
67 l. Wanturia, xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba. xelSekrulebis dadebis valdebuleba,<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, gamomcemloba `samarTali~,<br />
Tb., 2001, gv. 63.<br />
68 Unidroit Priciples of International Commercial Contracts, Rome, 2004, p. 9.<br />
69 l. Wanturia, evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia _ evropuli integraciis<br />
wina piroba, gamoxmaureba prof. b. zoiZis wignze `evropuli kerZo samarTlis<br />
recepcia saqarTveloSi~, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #4, 2005, gv. 187.
CONTRACTUAL FREEDOM<br />
AND CONTRACTUAL<br />
EQUITY IN MODERN<br />
CONTRACTUAL LAW<br />
TINATIN CHACHANIDZE<br />
Doctor of <strong>Law</strong>,<br />
Tbilisi State University of Economic IssuesAssistant Professor<br />
Contract is the means for satisfying individual wills. There is no definition<br />
of the Contract, that would be acceptable without arguing. However, all<br />
legal systems agree that contract under any circumstances means that there<br />
is agreement between the parties. No matter how isolated are the theories of<br />
expression of will, the Common low still recognizes the contract is the result<br />
of expressing the consented will of the parties. Accordingly, contractual freedom<br />
is the concept that has identical substance in number of legal systems’<br />
doctrines. Nowadays, it became one of the major legal “means” for satisfying<br />
the interests of certain individuals. Market economy has shaped the meaning<br />
of the contractual freedom in different perspective.<br />
Modern contractual law pay special attention to the contractual equity.<br />
Contractual freedom <strong>and</strong> contractual equity are already co-related topics. In<br />
the presented Article, author reviews importance of the contractual equity<br />
in the modern era, as well as outcomes of its implementation <strong>and</strong> the concept<br />
of contractual equity. We consider that the contractual equity is of the<br />
social nature <strong>and</strong> it very often depends on the distribution of the economic<br />
resources within the parties. The Article also reviews negative factors effecting<br />
the contractual equity. It analyzes general principles <strong>and</strong> norms of the<br />
Civil Code of Georgia, including obligation of acting faithfully <strong>and</strong> what<br />
kind of affect it may have on the contractual equity.<br />
35
marTlmsajuleba<br />
36<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
saerTaSoriso<br />
xelSekrulebebi<br />
gansjadobis<br />
institutSi<br />
irma merebaSvili<br />
samarTalmcodneobis doqtori,<br />
aibi evro-kavkasiuri universitetis asocirebuli profesori<br />
sasamarTlos mier samoqalaqo saqmeebis ganxilvisas da<br />
marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis efeqtianobis Sefasebisas,<br />
sayuradReboa ara mxolod saxelmwifos mier saqmis ganmxilveli<br />
sasamarTlo struqturebis sworad organizebis<br />
sakiTxi, aramed konkretuli sasamarTlosadmi saqmeTa daqvemdebarebis<br />
srulyofili mowesrigebac. es sakiTxebi, ZiriTadad,<br />
regulirdeba samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis<br />
saqmeTa gansjadobas Sesaxeb debulebebiT. Tumca, yvela<br />
qveyanaSi garkveul problemebs ukavSirdeba ucxouri elementiT<br />
datvirTuli samoqalaqo saqmeebis ganxilva da gadawyveta.<br />
cnobilia, rom qveynis Sida kanonmdeblobis garda,<br />
es sakiTxebi ZiriTadad, regulirdeba saxelmwifoTa<br />
Soris gaformebuli saerTaSoriso aqtebiT.<br />
konkretuli qveynis sasamarTlosadmi samoqalaqo saqmeTa<br />
daqvemdebarebisas, aRniSnuli sakiTxi SesaZloa, daregulirdes<br />
mxareTa SeTanxmebiTac. saerTaSoriso kerZo<br />
samarTlis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-18 muxli gansazRvravs<br />
mxareTa SeTanxmebis SesaZleblobas, rogorc saqarTvelos<br />
sasamarTlos, ise ucxo qveynis sasamarTlos saerTaSoriso<br />
kompetenciaze. 1 amis Taobaze mecnieri T. liluaSvili<br />
aRniSnavs, rom saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis<br />
Sesaxeb kanonis Sesabamisad, mxareebs SeuZliaT SeTanxmdnen<br />
saqarTvelos sasamarTlos saerTaSoriso kompetenciaze
maSinac, rodesac igi kompetenturi ar aris, aseTi kategoriis saqmeebis ganxilvaze.<br />
2<br />
sasamarTloTa saerTaSoriso gansjadobis gansazRvrisaTvis, sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi<br />
sxvadasxva kriteriumebis gamoyenebam, sruliad SesaZlebelia, Seqmnas iseTi situacia,<br />
rodesac erTi da igive samoqalaqo saqme, erTsa da imave dros, sxvadasxva qveynis<br />
sasamarTlos gansjadobas daeqvemdebaros. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda, sakiTxi unda<br />
mowesrigdes rogorc qveynis Sida, ise saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobiT.<br />
rusi mecnieri a. p. anufrieva ayalibebs Sexedulebebs im saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis<br />
Sesaxeb, romlebic moqmedebs sasamarTloebis mier samoqalaqo xasiaTis saqmeTa<br />
ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT. maTSi igi gamoyofs kategoriebs. mecnieris azriT, pirveli<br />
kategoriis saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis magaliTebia: 1952 wlis 10 maisis konvencia<br />
zogierTi wesis unifikaciis Sesaxeb, romelic exeba sasamarTloTa Sejaxebis Sesaxeb<br />
saqmeTa samoqalaqo iurisdiqcias; 1961 wlis 5 oqtombris konvencia arasrulwlovanTa<br />
dacvis Sesaxeb saqmeebze gamosayenebeli samarTlisa da kompetenturi organoebis Sesaxeb;<br />
1956 wlis 19 maisis konvencia saavtomobilo transportiT tvirTebis gadazidvis<br />
saerTaSoriso molaparakebis Sesaxeb da sxva. xelSekrulebaTa meore kategoriis ricxvSia<br />
evrosabWos qveynebis briuselis 1968 wlis 27 seqtembris konvencia samoqalaqo da<br />
savaWro saqmeebis gansjadobis, gadawyvetilebaTa cnobisa da aRsrulebis Sesaxeb; 1988<br />
wlis 16 seqtembers, luganoSi dadebuli konvencia samoqalaqo da savaWro saqmeebze<br />
iurisdiqciis, gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis cnobisa da aRsrulebis Sesaxeb;<br />
1992 wlis 20 martis SeTanxmeba sameurneo saqmianobis ganxorcielebasTan dakav-<br />
Sirebuli davebis gadawyvetis wesis Sesaxeb; 1993 wlis 22 ianvars, minskSi dadebuli dsT-s<br />
qveynebis konvencia, aseve, 1998 wlis 6 martis SeTanxmeba Tanamegobrobis wevri qveynebis<br />
teritoriaze saarbitraJo, sameurneo da ekonomikuri sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebis<br />
urTierTaRsrulebis wesis Sesaxeb. 3<br />
am konvenciaTagan udavod did yuradRebas imsaxurebs e. w. luganosa da briuselis<br />
konvenciebi, romlebic xasiaTdeba analogiuri suliskveTebiTa da erTnairi principebiT.<br />
luganos konvenciam gaimeora ra, briuselis konvenciis rigi debulebebi, daazusta<br />
Tavisufali vaWrobis evropuli asociaciis wevr qveynebs Soris Sesabamisi urTierTobebis<br />
mowesrigebis sakiTxebi.<br />
aRniSnul konvenciebSi erovnuli sasamarTloebis kompetenciis gamijvnis TiTqmis<br />
gabatonebul niSnad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxareTa da upirvelesad, mopasuxis sacxovrebeli<br />
adgili. luganos konvenciam SesaniSnavi samarTlebrivi pirobebi Seqmna evropuli<br />
wevri-qveynebis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisaTvis, gamijna ra, samoqalaqo da savaWro<br />
saqmeebze sasamarTloTa iurisdiqcia saxelmwifoTaSoriso masStabiT; uzrunvelyo<br />
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis urTierTaRsruleba, dadgenili wesebis dacviT;<br />
amasTan, saxelmwifoebs aacila zedmeti formalobebi da winaaRmdegobebi oficialuri<br />
dokumentebisa da sasamarTlo mtkicebulebebis cnobisa da erTi saxelmwifodan meoreSi<br />
gadacemisas.<br />
luganos konvenciis mier wingadadgmul nabijad unda CaiTvalos briuselis konvenciisagan<br />
gansxvavebuli debuleba, romlis mixedviTac, es konvencia Riaa nebismieri sa-<br />
37
marTlmsajuleba<br />
38<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
xelmwifosaTvis misaerTeblad, romelic Tundac, ar aris Tavisufali vaWrobis evropuli<br />
asociaciis wevri. 4<br />
aRniSnuli konvenciebis daniSnulebaze msjelobisas, germaneli mecnieri r. kniperi<br />
yuradRebas amaxvilebs TiToeuli saxelmwifosaTvis am konvenciaTa mniSvnelobis sakiTxebze<br />
da uTiTebs, rom mesame saxelmwifos gawevrianebis Sesaxeb konvenciis xelSemkvrel<br />
mxareTa Tanxmobis miRebisaTvis, aucileblad dgeba sakiTxi, aqvs Tu ara pretendent<br />
saxelmwifos iseTi samoqalaqo materialuri da saproceso samarTalwarmoeba,<br />
romelic evropuli xelSekrulebis partnior saxelmwifoTa samarTalwarmoebiTi<br />
sistemebis msgavsia. aqve, moiazreba mosamarTleTa korpusis saTanado profesionalizmi,<br />
samarTlebrivi infrastruqtura, romelic uzrunvelyofs koreqtuli da samarTlebrivi<br />
saxelmwifosaTvis Cveuli sasamarTlo procesebis ganxorcielebas da moqalaqeTaTvis<br />
evropuli donis samarTlebriv dacvas. 5<br />
aseve sayuradReboa, samoqalaqo, saojaxo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze samarTlebrivi<br />
urTierTobebisa da samarTlebrivi daxmarebis minskis 1993 wlis 22 ianvris<br />
konvencia, romelic moqmedebs dsT-s qveynebis sivrceSi. am konvenciis me-20 muxlis<br />
mixedviT, im dawesebulebis gansazRvrisaTvis, romelic kompetenturia ganixilos fizikuri<br />
pirebis dava maTi moqalaqeobis miuxedavad, aris sacxovrebeli adgili; xolo,<br />
Tu mopasuxe iuridiuli piria, maSin ganxilvis pirobad gamoiyeneba am iuridiuli piris,<br />
misi filialis an warmomadgenlobis adgilmdebareoba. konvenciis igive muxliT gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
alternatiuli gansjadoba im SemTxvevisaTvis, rodesac mopasuxe ramdenime<br />
piriTaa warmodgenili da maTi sacxovrebeli adgilic sxvadasxva saxelmwifos<br />
teritoriazea. msgavs SemTxvevebSi, dava ganixileba romelime mopasuxis sacxovrebeli<br />
adgilis an adgilsamyofelis mixedviT. arCevanis gakeTebis ufleba aqvs mosarCeles.<br />
sxva kriteriumebiT Tu mivudgebiT, am xelSekrulebis mixedviT, saerTaSoriso gansjadobis<br />
sakiTxis gadawyveta SesaZlebelia mopasuxis mier savaWro, samrewvelo an sxva<br />
sameurneo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis an misi filialis adgilis mixedviT; davis sagnad<br />
qceuli saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgilis mixedviT; saqmiani reputaciis,<br />
pativisa da Rirsebis dacvis saqmeebze _ mosarCelis mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgilis<br />
an adgilsamyofelis mixedviT. 6<br />
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi, udavod sainteresoa, gansakuTrebuli gansjadobis<br />
sakiTxisadmi damokidebuleba. rogorc aRiniSna, briuselisa da luganos konvenciaTa<br />
ZiriTad wesad iTvleba debuleba, romlis mixedviTac xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoTa sasamarTloebis<br />
kompetencia eyrdnoba mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis princips. briuselis<br />
konvenciis me-16 muxli acxadebs, rom zogierTi kategoriis davebze, Sesabamis sasamarTloebs<br />
aqvT gansakuTrebuli kompetencia. es debuleba gamoiyeneba piris sacxovrebeli<br />
adgilisagan damoukideblad. es exeba davebs, romelTa obieqtia sanivTo uflebebi<br />
uZrav qonebaze an uZravi qonebis floba. am SemTxvevaSi, qonebis adgilmdebareobis<br />
saxelmwifos sasamarTlo aRWurvilia gansakuTrebuli gansjadobiT. davebSi, romelTa<br />
obieqtia uZravi qonebis floba kerZo moxmarebisaTvis, ara umetes eqvsi Tvisa, gansjadoba<br />
ekuTvnis im saxelmwifos sasamarTlos, romelSic mopasuxes aqvs sacxovrebeli.<br />
Tu orive mxare aseT urTierTobaSi fizikuri piria da erTsa da imave saxelmwifoSi
cxovrobs, iurisdiqcia ekuTvnis aseve mopasuxis sacxovrebeli saxelmwifos sasamar-<br />
Tlos. im sarCelebSi, romlebSic dava gamomdinareobs ganaTlebis miRebis iuridiuli<br />
namdvilobidan, kompaniebis an sxva iuridiuli pirebis, an iuridiuli pirebisa da<br />
fizikuri pirebis gaerTianebis ararad cnobis an likvidaciidan _ gansjadad iTvleba<br />
im saxelmwifos sasamarTlo, sadac mdebareobs kompania, iuridiuli piri an gaerTianeba.<br />
xolo im sarCelebSi, romelTa obieqtia Canaweris namdviloba da sajaro reestrebi,<br />
gansjadoba ekuTvnis im qveynis sasamarTlos, romelic awarmoebs reestrebs. sarCeleb-<br />
Si, romlebic dakavSirebulia patentis registraciasTan an mis namdvilobasTan, savaWro<br />
markebTan, samrewvelo modelTan an sxva msgavs uflebebTan, romlebic moiTxovs registracias,<br />
an patentis gacemas, gansjadoba aqvs im qveynis sasamarTlos, romelSic<br />
Setanili iyo gancxadeba registraciis an dapatentebis Taobaze, moxda registracia,<br />
an saerTaSoriso koncefciis wesebis Sesabamisad, igulisxmeba aseTi registracia. sar-<br />
Celebi, romlebic exeba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis iZulebiT aRsrulebas, im qveynis<br />
sasamarTlos gansjadia, romelSic sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba ZalaSi Sevida an unda<br />
mosuliyo sisruleSi. briuselisa da luganos konvenciebis debulebaTa Sesabamisad,<br />
romlebic exeba sasamarTloTa gansakuTrebul kompetencias, es sasamarTloebi upirvelesad,<br />
valdebulni arian sakuTari iniciativiT, ganixilon TavianTi kompetenciis<br />
sakiTxi konkretul saqmesTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic mocemulia konvenciebis me-16 muxlebSi.<br />
aRniSnuli debulebebidan raime saxis gadaxra ar daiSveba da igulisxmeba, rom<br />
am wesiT gansazRvruli sasamarTlo organoebi im davisaTvis yvelaze ufro Sesabamisia. 7<br />
saerTaSoriso gansjadobis sferoSi aris kidev erTi friad mniSvnelovani aspeqti,<br />
romelsac sasamarTlo procesebis urTierTkavSiris TvalTaxedviT, didi mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs samarTlis sferoSi saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobisaTvis, aseve, konkretulad<br />
calkeuli moqalaqis, iuridiuli pirisa da organizaciis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobisaTvis.<br />
sasamarTlo procesebis urTierTkavSiris sakiTxs exeba zemodasaxelebuli minskis<br />
1993 wlis dsT-s qveynebis konvencia, romlis 22-e muxlis Sesabamisad, _ im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tu saqmiswarmoeba dawyebulia erTsa da imave mxareebs Soris, igive sagnis mimarT da<br />
imave safuZvlebiT, ori xelSemkvreli mxaris sasamarTloSi, romlebic kompetenturni<br />
arian ganixilon es saqme _ mogvianebiT CarTuli sasamarTlo, kerZod, romelmac ufro<br />
gvian aRZra saqme, wyvets mis warmoebas. 8 es problema aisaxa briuselis 1968 wlis konvenciaSic,<br />
romlis mixedviTac erT-erTi monawile qveynis sasamarTlom Tavi arakompetenturad<br />
unda gamoacxados, Tu gairkva, rom meore xelSemkvreli qveynis sasamarTloSi,<br />
romlis kompetenturoba eWvs ar iwvevs, ukve mimdinareobs am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT<br />
warmoeba. arakompetenturobis Taobaze erT-erTi qveynis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas<br />
iRebs sakuTari iniciativiT an mxaris moTxovnis safuZvelze. sayuradReboa, rom<br />
konvenciis 21-e muxlis mixedviT, aseve, SesaZloa da dasaSvebia saqmiswarmoebis SeCereba<br />
im sasamarTlos mier, romelmac sarCeli warmoebaSi ufro gvian miiRo. saqmiswarmoeba<br />
Cerdeba, vidre ar dadgindeba im sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia, romelmac sarCeli pirvelma<br />
miiRo gansaxilvelad. rogorc ki, am ukanaskneli sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia dadgindeba,<br />
nebismieri meore sasamarTlo Tmobs Tavis iurisdiqcias pirvelis sasargeblod. 9<br />
39
marTlmsajuleba<br />
40<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
konvenciaTa es damokidebuleba gaziarebulia saqarTvelos kanonSi `saerTaSoriso<br />
kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb~, romlis me-19 muxli acxadebs, rom, Tu erTi da imave sarCelis<br />
Taobaze, erTsa da imave mxareebs Soris mimdinareobs samarTalwarmoeba saqarTvelosa da<br />
ucxo qveyanaSi da es sarCeli pirvelad ucxo qveynis sasamarTlos eqvemdebareboda,<br />
saqarTvelos sasamarTlo aCerebs saqmiswarmoebas. sayuradReboa, rom aRniSnuli kanoni<br />
amave muxlSi Seicavs daTqmismagvar debulebas, rodesac acxadebs, rom saqmiswarmoeba<br />
ar SeCerdeba, Tu arsebobs SesaZlebloba, rom ucxo qveynis sasamarTlo Sesabamis vadaSi<br />
gadawyvetilebas ar miiRebs an aseTi gadawyvetilebis cnoba ar moxdeba. Tumca, ra Sesabamis<br />
vadazea aq saubari, Cveni azriT, bundovan xasiaTs atarebs. 10<br />
aRniSnulTan mimarTebaSi, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba briuselis 1968 wlis konvenciaSi<br />
im sakiTxis daregulirebas, rac xelSemkvreli saxelmwifoebis sasamarTloebis moqmedebaTa<br />
wess, SesaZleblobebsa da valdebulebebs exeba. pirvelyovlisa, sasamarTlom<br />
unda gaarkvios procesis dawyebis momenti. es SesaZlebelia, mocemuli qveynis nacionaluri<br />
procesualuri normebis safuZvelze. Tu SemdgomSi mocemuli sasamarTlo mizan-<br />
Sewonilad CaTvlis, rom meore sasamarTloSi am saqmeze proceduraTa dawyebis zusti<br />
dro gaarkvios, raTa daadginos, ori saqmiswarmoebidan romelia meore, maSin sasamar-<br />
Tlom unda ixelmZRvanelos ara Tavisi qveynis procesualuri normebiT, aramed im qveynis<br />
saproceso debulebebiT, romlis sasamarTloc saqmis ganxilvaSi meorea.<br />
ramdenadac sxvadasxva qveynis saproceso kanonmdebloba sxvadasxvagvarad aregulirebs<br />
mocemul sakiTxebs, aRsaniSnavia, rom saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi yvelaze efeqtiani<br />
saSualebaa aseTi urTierTobebis mowesrigebisaTvis.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxareTa Soris SesaZloa davis warmoSoba, maT SeuZliaT, erTmaneTs<br />
Soris winaswari SeTanxmebiT daadginon, Tu romel iurisdiqciaSi da romel sasamarTloSi<br />
unda iyos ganxiluli dava. aseTi SeTanxmeba, SesaZlebelia, daidos mxolod alternatiuli<br />
gansjadobis farglebSi, anu im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxeze ara gvaqvs gansakuTrebuli<br />
gansjadoba. aRniSnuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, aragansjadi sasamarTlo<br />
SesaZloa gansjadi gaxdes da piriqiT, gansjadi sasamarTlodan saqme gadaeces erTi<br />
SexedviT, aragansjad sasamarTlos. iuridiul terminologias Tu moviSveliebT, derogaciuli<br />
SeTanxmebiT, sasamarTlosadmi gansjadobiT daqvemdebarebuli dava xdeba<br />
misTvis aragansjadi, xolo prorogaciuli SeTanxmebiT sasamarTlos aragansjadi dava<br />
gaxdeba misi gansjadi.<br />
briuselis 1968 wlis konvenciisa da luganos 1988 wlis konvenciis me-17 muxlebi<br />
dawvrilebiT ayalibebs gansjadobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis pirobebs. aRniSnuli muxlebis<br />
Sesabamisad, Tu mxareebi, romelTagan erTi an ramdenime cxovrobs xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoSi,<br />
SeTanxmden rom mocemuli saxelmwifos sasamarTloebi aRWurvilni arian iurisdiqciiT<br />
ganixilon nebismieri dava, romelic gaCnda an Semdeg gaCndeba raime gansazRvrul<br />
samarTalurTierTobasTan dakavSirebiT, aseTi sasamarTloebi aRWurvilni<br />
arian gansakuTrebuli gansjadobiT. vfiqrobT, SeTanxmebiT SerCeuli sasamarTlosaTvis<br />
gansakuTrebuli gansjadobis miniWeba, mniSvnelovani garemoebaa iurisdiqciis sakiTxis<br />
gadawyvetisas.
gansjadobis dadgenaze SeTanxmeba unda daidos werilobiTi an im formiT, romelic<br />
Seesatyviseba mxareTa Soris Camoyalibebul Cveulebebs, <strong>and</strong>a saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi<br />
im saxiT, romelic Seesabameba saerTo praqtikas, ris Taobazec mxareebs unda scodnodaT<br />
an ician da rac aseT vaWrobaSi farTod gamoiyeneba da regularuladaa daculi.<br />
Tu SeTanxmeba miRweulia mxareTa Soris, romelTagan arcerTi ar cxovrobs konvenciaTa<br />
xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoSi, sxva xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos sasamarTloebi ar<br />
aris aRWurvili maT Soris warmoSobil davaze iurisdiqciiT, Tumca, im pirobiT, rom<br />
mxareTa mier arCeulma sasamarTlom an sasamarTloebma uari ar Tqves gansjadobaze.<br />
Tu SeTanxmeba romelime sasamarTlosaTvis gansjadobis miniWebis Taobaze, dadebuli<br />
iyo mxolod erTi mxaris sasargeblod, es mxare inarCunebs uflebas, Seitanos sar-<br />
Celi nebismier sxva sasamarTloSi, romelic briuselis konvenciis Sesabamisad, aRWurvilia<br />
iurisdiqciiT aseT saqmeebze. 11<br />
briuselis konvenciis sxva debulebebidan warmoSobili iurisdiqciisgan damoukideblad,<br />
xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos sasamarTlo, romelSic gamocxadda mopasuxe, iqneba<br />
iurisdiqciis mqone. es wesi ar gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac es gamocxadeba dafiqsirda<br />
iurisdiqciis gasasaCivreblad an rodesac am konvenciis me-16 muxlis Sesabamisad, sxva<br />
sasamarTlos hqonda am saqmeze gansakuTrebuli gansjadoba. 12<br />
saerTaSoriso aqtebis principebis Sesabamisad, zogierTi qveynis samarTlebrivi<br />
aqtebi detalur reglamentacias akeTebs davaTa gadawyvetisaTvis sasamarTlos SerCevis<br />
an iurisdiqciis sakiTxebze. maT ricxvSi, SeiZleba, vigulisxmoT Cveni qveynis saproceso<br />
kanonmdeblobac. ase magaliTad, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis<br />
21-e muxli uTiTebs, rom: `Tu ar aris dadgenili erTmniSvnelovnad gansjadi sasamar-<br />
Tlo, maSin mxareebs SeuZliaT, SeTanxmebis gziT daadginon sasamarTlos gansjadoba.<br />
SeTanxmeba formdeba werilobiT. aragansjadi sasamarTlo SeiZleba gansjadi gaxdes<br />
im SemTxvevaSic Tu mopasuxe winaaRmdegi ar aris, rom saqme ganixilos aragansjadma<br />
sasamarTlom da Tanaxmaa, monawileoba miiRos saqmis ganxilvaSi.~<br />
kodeqsi imave muxlSi uTiTebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxe aucileblad warmodgenili<br />
unda iyos advokatiT, sxva SemTxvevaSi, mas unda mieces ganmarteba, rom konkretuli<br />
sasamarTlo aragansjadia, aseve, ganemartos, rom ufleba aqvs aragansjadobis winaaRmdeg<br />
sarCelis Sesagebeli waradginos. 13<br />
rac Seexeba SeTanxmebas saerTaSoriso kompetenciis Taobaze, saqarTveloSi es sakiTxi<br />
daregulirebulia saqarTvelos kanoniT saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb,<br />
romlis me-18 muxlis Sesabamisad, mxareebs SeuZliaT SeTanxmdnen saqarTvelos<br />
sasamarTlos saerTaSoriso kompetenciaze im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac igi kompetenturi<br />
ar aris. kanonis es muxli mxareebs uflebas aZlevs, kompetenciaze SeTanxmeba namdvilad<br />
gamoacxados im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu igive kanonis Sesabamisad, aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso<br />
kompetenciis principi, kompetenciis konkretuli SemTxvevebi da saqarTvelos sasamar-<br />
Tloebis gansakuTrebuli saerTo kompetencia irRveva. 14<br />
sayuradReboa, rom rigi evropuli qveynebis samarTali did mniSvnelobas aniWebs<br />
SeTanxmebiTi gansjadobis sakiTxs. es gasakviri arcaa, radgan SeTanxmebis Sedegad mi-<br />
41
marTlmsajuleba<br />
42<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
Rebuli gadawyvetileba gansazRvravs Sesabamisi sasamarTlos saerTaSoriso gansjadobas<br />
da aseve, gavlenas axdens ucxouri sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis sazRvargareT<br />
cnobasa da aRsrulebaze. aseve mniSvnelovania, SeTanxmebiTi da gansakuTrebuli gansjadobis<br />
urTierTmimarTebac, ramdenadac, mxareTa SeTanxmebas ar SeuZlia, Secvalos Sesabamisi<br />
saxelmwofos sasamarTlos gansakuTrebuli gansjadoba, mocemul saqmesTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
debulebebi, romlebic krZalaven gansakuTrebuli gansjadobis wesebis Secvlas,<br />
gvxvdeba rogorc sxvadasxva saxelmwifos Sida samarTlis normebSi, aseve, saerTaSoriso<br />
SeTanxmebebSic. briuselisa da luganos konvenciebis garda, es sakiTxi gvxvdeba dsT-s<br />
qveynebis minskis zemodasaxelebul konvenciaSic, romlis 21-e muxlis mixedviT, xel-<br />
Semkvreli mxareebis sasamarTloebs SeuZliaT, ganixilon saqmeebi sxva SemTxvevebSic,<br />
rodesac arsebobs mxareTa Soris werilobiTi SeTanxmeba davis am sasamarTloebisaTvis<br />
gadacemis Taobaze. amasTan, dadgenilia SezRudva, rom konvenciiT aRiarebuli da aseve,<br />
xelSemkvrel mxareTa Sida kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili gansakuTrebuli gansjadoba ar<br />
SeiZleba Seicvalos mxareTa SeTanxmebiT. aRniSnuli konvenciis 21-e muxli uTiTebs,<br />
rom davis gadacemis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxis gancxadebis<br />
safuZvelze, sasamarTlo wyvets saqmiswarmoebas. 15<br />
sasamarTloTa iurisdiqciis sakiTxis Seswavlisas, uTuod seriozuli adgili eTmoba<br />
im pirTa saqmeebis ganxilvaze kompetenciis gansazRvras, romlebic imunitetiT sargebloben.<br />
diplomatiur urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb venis 1961 wlis konvenciis Sesabamisad,<br />
diplomatiuri agenti imunitetiTaa daculi im qveynis samoqalaqo iurisdiqciisagan,<br />
sadac imyofeba. konvencia akeTebs CamonaTvals, rodesac es imuniteti ar gamoiyeneba.<br />
imunitetiT aRWurvili piri valdebulia, CaerTos yofnis qveynis teritoriaze mimdinare<br />
sanivTo davaSi, Tu am kerZo uZrav qonebas is am qveyanaSi ar flobs, akreditebuli<br />
saxelmwifos saxeliT, warmomadgenlobis mizniT; rodesac dava exeba memkvidreobis<br />
saqmes, romelSic diplomatiuri piri gamodis <strong>and</strong>erZis Semsruleblad, qonebis meurved,<br />
memkvidred, rogorc kerZo piri da ara akreditebuli saxelmwifos saxeliT, diplomatiuri<br />
warmomadgeneli, aseve valdebulia, monawileoba miiRos saqmis ganxilvaSi. aseTi<br />
piri valdebulia, adgilobrivi sasamarTlos iurisdiqciis qveS moeqces, rodesac dava<br />
exeba nebismier profesiul an komerciul saqmianobas, romelsac igi axorcielebda yofnis<br />
qveyanaSi, Tavisi oficialuri funqciebis miRma. aRniSnuli konvenciis 37-e muxli<br />
iurisdiqciis farglebs zRudavs diplomatiuri agentebis ojaxis wevrebTan, aseve<br />
warmomadgenlobaTa administraciul-teqnikuri personalisa da maTi im ojaxis wevrebis<br />
mimarTac, romlebic maTTan erTad cxovroben da ar arian yofnis qveynis moqalaqeebi. 16<br />
igive princips amkvidrebs venis 1963 wlis konvenciac sakonsulo urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb.<br />
Tumca, amjerad, yofnis qveynis sasamarTlos iurisdiqciis gauvrcelebloba exeba<br />
sakonsulos Tanamdebobis pirebsa da TanamSromlebs da avtomaturad im saqmeebs, romlebSic<br />
isini mxared gamodian. aRniSnuli konvenciac akeTebs daTqmebs gamonaklis Sem-<br />
TxvevaTa CamoTvliT. 17<br />
saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, ayalibebs ra, saqarTvelos<br />
sasamarTlos iurisdiqciis mimarTebis sakiTxs diplomatiuri misiis wevrebTan
damokidebulebaSi, 59-e muxlSi acxadebs, rom: `saqarTveloSi moqmedi diplomatiuri<br />
misiis warmomadgenlebi da maTi ojaxis wevrebi, agreTve misiebis momsaxure personali,<br />
Tavisufldebian saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis gansjadobisagan `diplomatiur urTierTobaTa<br />
Sesaxeb~ venis 1961 wlis 18 aprilis konvenciis mixedviT~. aRniSnuli kanoni<br />
am wess avrcelebs im SemTxvevaSic, Tu diplomatiuri misiis saqarTveloSi momavlinebeli<br />
qveyana am konvenciis monawile mxare ar aris. aRniSnuli kanoni igive damokidebulebas<br />
aRiarebs saqarTveloSi moqmedi sakonsulo warmomadgenlobebis Tanamdebobis<br />
pirebsa da sakonsulos mosamsaxureebis mimarT da aTavisuflebs maT saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis<br />
iurisdiqciisagan `sakonsulo urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb~ venis 1963 wlis 24<br />
aprilis konvenciis mixedviT. am wess saqarTvelo avrcelebs im SemTxvevaSic, Tu momav-<br />
linebeli qveyana am konvenciis monawile mxare ar aris.<br />
saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, ganixilavs eqsteritoriulobis<br />
sxva SemTxvevebsac da acxadebs, rom saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis gansjadoba<br />
ar vrceldeba saqarTveloSi samsaxurebrivi mowveviT myof ucxo qveynebis warmomadgenlebze<br />
da maT Tanmxleb pirebze. `saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis gansjadoba ar vrceldeba<br />
pirebze, romlebic saerTaSoriso samarTlis zogadi wesebis an samarTlis sxva<br />
normebis Sesabamisad, Tavisufldebian saqarTvelos gansjadobisagan.~ miuxedavad kanonis<br />
61-e muxlis me-2 punqtis am normis humanurobisa, vfiqrobT, kanoni unda azustebdes<br />
zogadi wesebisa da normebidan konkretulad, ra SemTxvevebi unda iqnas miCneuli<br />
saqarTvelos sasamarTloTa iurisdiqciisagan pirTa gaTavisuflebis safuZvlad. 18<br />
z. gabisonia uTiTebs, rom xSirad, gansjadobasa da saerTaSoriso gansjadobas Soris<br />
mkveTri zRvaris gavleba sakmaod rTulia. sxvadasxva qveynebSi, zogjer es terminebi<br />
erTi da igive sityvebiTac ki ixsenieba. ucxo qveynis suverenitetisadmi pativiscema<br />
ar gulisxmobs mxolod ucxo qveynis iurisdiqciaSi SeWrisagan Tavis Sekavebas. igi moicavs,<br />
aseve, qveynis SigniT saerTaSoriso gansjadobis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas, garkveuli<br />
SezRudvebis dawesebas. 19<br />
udavoa, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani, mainc samoqalaqo saqmeebze marTlmsajulebis<br />
ganxorcielebaa da uflebis dasacavad sasamarTloSi misuli pirisaTvis, araviTari<br />
mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ra wesebsa da saSualebebs gamoiyenebs sasamarTlo am mizniT, _<br />
misTvis, mTavari amocanaa sadavod gamxdari an darRveuli uflebis dacva an aRdgena.<br />
aqve, SeuZlebelia ar SevniSnoT, rom Cveni qveynis ganviTarebis perspeqtiva da sabazro<br />
ekonomikaSi arsebuli realoba mudmivad qmnis fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis<br />
TanamSromlobis aucileblobas, aramxolod qveynis SigniT, aramed, ucxo qveynis pireb-<br />
Tan da sxvadasxva organizaciebTan. aRniSnul urTierTobebSi gaCenili sadavo sakiTxebis<br />
mogvarebisas, xSirad Cndeba problemebi, romlebic gonivrul da kanonier regulirebas<br />
saWiroebs. am mimarTulebiT ki, rogorc zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxebis ganxilvidanac<br />
naTlad Cans, Seudarebeli daxmarebis aRmoCena SeuZlia saxelmwifoTa Soris gaformebul<br />
saerTaSoriso aqtebs. albaT, davasac aRar iwvevs is aucilebloba, rom droa, saqarTvelom<br />
izrunos yvela im saerTaSoriso konvenciasa Tu xelSekrulebasTan mierTebaze,<br />
romlebic realur berketebs qmnis sasamarTloTa saerTaSoriso gansjadobis sferoSi<br />
da Sesabamisad, xels uwyobs sasamarTloSi samoqalaqo xasiaTis saqmeTa droul da<br />
kompetentur gadawyvetas.<br />
43
marTlmsajuleba<br />
44<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
faqtia, rom saqarTvelo ar aris am sferoSi bevri iseTi saerTaSoriso aqtis xel-<br />
Semkvreli mxare, romelic xels Seuwyobs qveynebs Soris rogorc samarTlebrivi, ise<br />
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebas. saqarTvelos monawileoba msgavsi Sinaarsis<br />
xelSekrulebebSi am etapze mxolod dsT-s qveynebiT Semoifargleba, rac uTuod arasakmarisia.<br />
vfiqrobT, warmodgenili naSromidan kargad Cans, rom ganxiluli `luganos~<br />
da `briuselis~ konvenciebi (ra Tqma unda, sxva saerTaSoriso aqtebTan paralelurad)<br />
seriozul berketebs Seicavs qveynebs Soris samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis, rac Cveni azriT, saqarTvelom unda gamoiyenos. aucilebelia,<br />
moxdes yvela im saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebisa da konvenciis srulyofili Seswavla,<br />
romlebic moqmedebs samoqalaqo saproceso sferoSi da uzrunvelyofil iqnas<br />
saqarTvelos maTTan mierTeba, rac xels Seuwyobs moqnili institutebisa da normebis<br />
arsebobas darRveuli an sadavod gamxdari samoqalaqo uflebebis sasamarTlos mier<br />
dacvis saqmeSi, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise saxelmwifoTSoris urTierTobebSi.
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1 saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, muxli 18. Tb. 1998.<br />
2 T. liluaSvili, saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali, Tb., 2001, gv. 134.<br />
3 À. Ï. Àíóôðèåâà, Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî, ò. 3, Ì., 2001, gv. 312.<br />
4 Êîíâåíöèÿ Î þðèñäèêöèè è ïðèâåäåíèè â èñïîëíåíèå ñóäåáíûõ ðåøåíèé ïî ãðàæäàíñêèì è<br />
êîììåð÷åñêèì äåëàì, Ëóãàíî,16.09.1988, ñòàòüÿ 62. SeniSvna: briuselis konvencia ZalaSi<br />
Sevida 1973 wlis 1 Tebervals, xolo luganos konvencia _ 1992 wlis 1ianvars.<br />
5 r. kniperi, statia _ sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa cnoba(aRiareba) da aRsruleba<br />
evrokavSiris samarTalTan SesabamisobaSi, bremeni, 2002, saiubileo krebuli<br />
Tengiz liluaSvili 75, Tb., 2005, gv. 38-39.<br />
6 Êîíâåíöèÿ î ïðàâîâîé ïîìîùè è ïðàâîâûõ îòíîøåíèÿõ ïî ãðàæäàíñêèì, ñåìåéíûì è óãîëîâíûì<br />
äåëàì, Ìèíñê, 1993, ñòàòüÿ 20.<br />
7<br />
Êîíâåíöèÿ ïî âîïðîñàì þðèñäèêöèè è ïðèíóäèòåëüíîãî èñïîëíåíèÿ ñóäåáíûõ ðåøåíèé â<br />
îòíîøåíèè ãðàæäàíñêèõ è êîììåð÷åñêèõ ñïîðîâ. Áðþññåëü, 27.09.1968. ñòàòüÿ 16. óãîëîâíûì<br />
äåëàì, Ìèíñê, 1993, ñòàòüÿ 22.<br />
8<br />
Êîíâåíöèÿ î ïðàâîâîé ïîìîùè è ïðàâîâûõ îòíîøåíèÿõ ïî ãðàæäàíñêèì, ñåìåéíûì è<br />
9 Êîíâåíöèÿ ïî âîïðîñàì þðèñäèêöèè è ïðèíóäèòåëüíîãî èñïîëíåíèÿ ñóäåáíûõ ðåøåíèé â<br />
îòíîøåíèè ãðàæäàíñêèõ è êîììåð÷åñêèõ ñïîðîâ, Áðþññåëü, 27.09.1968, ñòàòüÿ 21.<br />
10 saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, muxli 19. Tb., 1998.<br />
11<br />
Êîíâåíöèÿ î þðèñäèêöèè è ïðèâåäåíèè â èñïîëíåíèå ñóäåáíûõ ðåøåíèé ïî ãðàæäàíñêèì è<br />
êîììåð÷åñêèì äåëàì, Ëóãàíî,16.09.1988, ñòàòüÿ 17.<br />
12 SeniSvna: briuselis da Semdeg, luganos konvenciebis Seqmnis safuZveli gaxda<br />
evrokomisiis 1959 wlis mimarTva evropis Tanamegobrobis qveynebisadmi, romelSic<br />
saubari iyo am qveynebis Sida bazris Camoyalibebaze, romelic SeuZlebelia,<br />
Sedges Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi dacvis gareSe. mimarTva samarTlianad<br />
usvamda xazs ekonomikur cxovrebaSi darRvevebisa da garTulebebis gaCenis<br />
saSiSroebaze, Tu ar iqneba mogvarebuli sxvadasxvagvari urTierTobebidan<br />
gamomdinare, uflebamosilebaTa dadgenisa da realizebis samarTlebrivi meqanizmi;<br />
ramdenadac samoqalaqo da savaWro saqmeebze marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba<br />
wevri qveynebis iurisdiqciaSi Sedis da sasamarTlo aqtebis moqmedeba<br />
Sesabamisi saxelmwifos teritoriiTaa SemosazRvruli, samarTlebrivi<br />
dacva da saerTo bazris samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebac, mniSvnelovanwilad<br />
wevri qveynebis sasamarTloebis sworad ganxorcielebul saqmianobazea damokidebuli.<br />
ase rom, wevri qveynebis sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa efeqtianoba<br />
da Tanamegobrobis mTel teritoriaze maTi aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofa,<br />
ganixileboda procesualuri samarTalurTierTobebis sferoSi integraciis<br />
umniSvnelovanes problemad.<br />
13 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, muxli 21, Tb., 1997.<br />
14 saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, muxli 18, Tb., 1998.<br />
15<br />
Êîíâåíöèÿ î ïðàâîâîé ïîìîùè è ïðàâîâûõ îòíîøåíèÿõ ïî ãðàæäàíñêèì, ñåìåéíûì è óãîëîâíûì<br />
äåëàì, Ìèíñê, 1993, ñòàòüÿ 22. SeniSvna: gansakuTrebul gansjadobas konvenciis<br />
me-20 muxlis Sesabamisad, mikuTvnebulia sakuTrebis uflebisa da uZrav<br />
qonebaze sxva sanivTo uflebebidan warmoSobili davis ganxilvaze qonebis adgilsamyofelis<br />
sasamarTlos kompetenciis gamocxadeba; aseve, gadazidvasTan,<br />
gadayvanasTan dakavSirebuli davebi gansakuTrebuli iurisdiqciiT eqvemdebareba<br />
im satransporto organizaciaTa adgilmdebareobis sasamarTloebs, romelTa<br />
mimarT wardgenilia pretenzia.<br />
16 konvencia diplomatiur urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb, muxlebi 34-37, vena, 1961.<br />
17 konvencia sakonsulo urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb, vena, 1963.<br />
18 saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, muxlebi 59-61,<br />
Tb., 1998.<br />
19 z. gabisonia, qarTuli saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali, Tb., 2006, gv. 368.<br />
45
marTlmsajuleba<br />
46<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
INTERNATIONAL<br />
TREATIES IN THE INSTITUTE<br />
OF COGNIZANCE<br />
IRMA MEREBASHVILI<br />
JD, Associated professor of IB Euro-Caucasian University<br />
In the process of consideration of the cases of civil nature by the court<br />
<strong>and</strong> evaluation of the effectiveness of the administration of justice, great<br />
attention shall be granted not only to the issue of appropriate organization<br />
by the state of the court institutions considering the cases, but also the complete<br />
regulation of subordination of cases to be considered by a specific<br />
court. These issues are basically regulated by the provisions of the civil procedural<br />
codes which are related to the cognizance of cases, although, in each<br />
country certain problems arise in connection with the consideration of <strong>and</strong><br />
decision-making in civil cases including foreign elements. As known, apart<br />
from domestic legislation these issues are, basically, regulated by the international<br />
acts among the states.<br />
It is absolutely possible that applying different criteria in different states<br />
for the purpose of defining the international cognizance of courts may lead<br />
to the situation when one <strong>and</strong> the same civil case at one <strong>and</strong> the same time<br />
can be subordinated to the cognizance of courts of different states. In such<br />
a case, by no means, this issue must be resolved under the domestic, as well<br />
as international laws.<br />
From the range of international acts in force in this sphere, the so called<br />
Lugano Convention <strong>and</strong> Brussels Convention are undoubtedly worth great<br />
attention. The conventions are characterized with identical aspiration <strong>and</strong> similar<br />
principles. Lugano Convention, reiterating certain provisions of Brussels Convention,<br />
defined more accurately the issues of organizing relevant relations<br />
among the member-states of European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
In accordance with the principles of international acts, legal acts of certain states provide detailed regulation<br />
on the issues of selection of the court for the adjudication of disputes or jurisdiction. Among them we may name<br />
procedural laws of our country as well. As regards the agreement on international competence, in Georgia this<br />
issue is regulated by the <strong>Law</strong> of Georgia on International Private <strong>Law</strong><br />
It is worth mentioning that laws of certain European countries grant solid importance to the issue of agreeable<br />
cognizance. And this is not a surprise, as in result of agreement, adopted decision defines international cognizance<br />
of the relevant court <strong>and</strong> also affects the recognition <strong>and</strong> execution of the decision of a foreign court outside the<br />
country of ruling. Relation of agreeable <strong>and</strong> extraordinary cognizance is also important, as the agreement of the<br />
parties cannot change the extraordinary cognizance of relevant state in relation to the given case.<br />
When examining the issue of court jurisdiction, significant place shall be undoubtedly granted to the defining<br />
of competence over the consideration of cases of persons enjoying immunity. In the process of resolving controversial<br />
issues in the mentioned relations, very often problems in need of reasonable <strong>and</strong> legal regulation arise. In<br />
this direction, as clearly showed by the above discussed issues, international acts among the states may be of<br />
invaluable assistance. Probably, beyond dispute is the necessity that it is time that Georgia takes measures to<br />
become party to all those international conventions or treaties that generate real leverages in the area of international<br />
cognizance of courts <strong>and</strong> therefore, are instrumental in timely <strong>and</strong> competent review of civil cases in the<br />
courts.<br />
The fact is that Georgia is not a party to many such international acts that would facilitate the development of<br />
legal, as well as economic relations among the states. Georgia’s participation in such treaties, at this stage, would be<br />
limited only to the CIS area, which is clearly not enough. I believe, from the presented work, it is easy to see that the<br />
discussed Lugano Convention <strong>and</strong> Brussels Convention (of course, in parallel with other international acts) incorporate<br />
significant leverages for the development of legal <strong>and</strong> economic relations among the states, which from my<br />
point of view, shall be certainly used by Georgia. It is necessary to fully examine all those international treaties<br />
<strong>and</strong> conventions in force in the area of civil procedures <strong>and</strong> ensure that Georgia becomes party to the mentioned<br />
acts that will facilitate the flexibility of institutes <strong>and</strong> norms in the case of protecting the violated or disputed civil<br />
rights by the court domestically, as well as internationally.<br />
47
marTlmsajuleba<br />
48<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
mmarTvelobis<br />
naxevradsaprezidento<br />
modeli saqarTveloSi<br />
mimdinare<br />
sakonstitucio<br />
cvlilebebis WrilSi<br />
giorgi Tordia<br />
kiolnis universitetis samarTlis magistranti<br />
2004 wels, saqarTveloSi sakonstitucio cvlilebebi<br />
ganxorcielda, ris safuZvelzec qveyana saprezidento<br />
respublikidan naxevradsaprezidento modelze gadavida.<br />
2004 wels sakonstitucio reformis mizani iseTi mmarTvelobis<br />
sistemis Seqmna iyo, rac erTi mxriv, erTian, gundur<br />
pasuxismgeblobaze dafuZnebuli kolegiuri organos _<br />
mTavrobis Seqmnas, xolo meore mxriv, prezidentis, rogorc<br />
saxelmwifos meTauris rolis gazrdas uzrunvelyofda.<br />
2004 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT, saqarTveloSi<br />
saprezidento respublika Secvala naxevradsaprezidento<br />
mmarTvelobis modelma da mTavroba formalurad damoukidebeli<br />
Stos saxiT gamoiyo. SemoRebul iqna premier-ministris<br />
posti, romelic gaxda aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
Stos _ mTavrobis xelmZRvaneli. am cvlilebas logikurad<br />
mohyva premier-ministrisa da prezidentis uflebamosilebaTa<br />
gamijvnis mcdeloba. aRniSnuli cvlilebebiT, prezidents<br />
gaezarda uflebamosileba _ mas mieniWa parlamentis<br />
daTxovnis SesaZlebloba. sakonstitucio reformis<br />
Sedegad, Tumca, formalurad prezidenti aRar warmoad
gens aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurs, mas SeunarCunda maqsimaluri saregulacio<br />
uflebebi: saqarTvelos prezidenti `niSnavs premier-ministrs, Tanxmobas aZlevs<br />
premier-ministrs mTavrobis wevris _ ministris daniSvnaze~ (saqarTvelos konstitucia,<br />
muxli 73, 1 punqti, b) qvepunqti); saqarTvelos prezidenti `uflebamosilia<br />
sakuTari iniciativiT an konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebul sxva SemTxvevebSi gadaayenos<br />
mTavroba, Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisuflos saqarTvelos Tavdacvis, Sinagan saqmeTa<br />
da iusticiis ministrebi~ (muxli 73, 1 punqti, g) qvepunqti); Tavad premier-ministris<br />
daniSvnasTan erTad prezidenti monawileobs mTavrobis dakompleqtebis proces-<br />
Si, gaaCnia uflebamosileba daiTxovos mTavroba da eqskluziuri uflebamosileba Zalovani<br />
struqturebis ministrebis daniSvna/gadayenebisa, raSic premier-ministri ar<br />
monawileobs.<br />
2004 wlis miRebuli sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Sedegad mTavrobas sWirdeba prezidentis<br />
Tanxmoba saxelmwifo biujetis proeqtis parlamentSi warsadgenad. amgvarad,<br />
prezidenti monawileobs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi uflebamosilebis<br />
_ biujetis proeqtis Sedgenis procesSic. veneciis komisiis mier saqar-<br />
TvelosaTvis gaweul rekomendaciebSic xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom konstituciam mkafiod<br />
unda gamijnos aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba da prezidentis instituti erTmaneTisagan.<br />
2004 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT prezidentis uflebamosileba gazrdilia<br />
sakanonmdeblo organosTan mimarTebaSic. saqarTvelos konstituciis 73-e muxlis, 1<br />
punqtis, p) qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, prezidenti `daiTxovs parlaments konstituciiT<br />
dadgenil SemTxvevebSi da wesiT~; ase rom prezidents aqvs rogorc mTavrobis, ise parlamentis<br />
daTxovnis uflebamosileba.<br />
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi 2004 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT<br />
naxevradsaprezidento mmarTvelobis modelis pirobebSi mkveTrad gaizarda prezidentis<br />
uflebamosilebebi, rasac logikurad mohyva mTavrobisa da parlamentis rolis<br />
Semcireba saxelmwifos marTvis meqanizmSi.<br />
saqarTveloSi, 2009 wlis politikuri krizisisa da masobrivi saprotesto aqciebis<br />
Semdeg, qveynis xelmZRvanelobam, piradad, qveynis prezidentma miiRo gadawyvetileba<br />
dawyebuliyo muSaoba konstituciaSi cvlilebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. daisaxa mizani,<br />
rom SerCeuliyo imgvari sakonstitucio modeli, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdida momavalSi<br />
qveyanas Tavidan aecilebina msgavsi krizisi. am samuSaos Sesasruleblad Seiqmna<br />
saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisia, romlis amocana iyo xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris<br />
ZalTa balansis miRweva, prezidentis Zalauflebis Semcireba da misTvis arbitris funqciis<br />
miniWeba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba warmovadginoT, Cveni azriT, mniSvnelovani<br />
nawili cvlilebebisa, rac gaTvaliswinebulia saxelmwifo sakonstitucio<br />
komisiis mier warmodgenil proeqtSi.<br />
cvlilebebi<br />
saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis mier SemuSavebuli proeqtis Tanaxmad, prezidenti<br />
rCeba saxelmwifos meTaurad da umaRles warmomadgenlad sagareo urTierTo-<br />
49
marTlmsajuleba<br />
50<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
bebSi, magram igi saxelmwifos erTpirovnulad veRar marTavs. sagareo da saSinao politikis<br />
ganxorcielebaSi prezidenti iRebs monawileobas, Tumca, ZiriTadad, sagareo ur-<br />
TierTobebs axorcielebs mTavroba, rogorc es poloneTisa da safrangeTis konstituciebSia<br />
gansazRvruli. saqarTvelos mTavroba iqneba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
umaRlesi organo, romelic ganaxorcielebs saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo politikas<br />
da pasuxismgebeli iqneba parlamentis winaSe, xolo prezidents ar eqneba uflebamosileba<br />
sakuTari iniciativiT daiTxovos mTavroba da daSalos parlamenti; prezidenti<br />
premier-ministris k<strong>and</strong>idaturas waradgens im politikuri jgufis SeTavazebiT, romelic<br />
saukeTeso Sedegs aCvenebs saparlamento arCevnebSi. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saparlamento<br />
arCevnebSi pirvel adgilze gasuli politikuri partia ver agrovebs saparlamento<br />
umravlesobas, gaTvaliswinebulia premier-ministris k<strong>and</strong>idaturis wardgenis<br />
Semdegi meqanizmi: arCevnebSi gamarjvebul politikur gaerTianebas eZleva 14-dRiani<br />
vada, raTa parlamentSi Sesul politikur ZalebTan awarmoos konsultaciebi premierministris<br />
k<strong>and</strong>idaturis wardgenasTan dakavSirebiT, koaliciebisa Tu sxvagvari SeTanxmebis<br />
gziT, miiRos umravlesoba parlamentSi, rac saSualebas miscems warudginos prezidents<br />
premier-ministris k<strong>and</strong>idatura. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saparlamento arCevnebSi<br />
pirvel adgilze gasuli politikuri organizaciis mier wamoyenebul premier-ministrsa<br />
da mTavrobis Semadgenlobas parlamenti ndobas ar ucxadebs, prezidenti 7 dRis vadaSi<br />
premier-ministrobis k<strong>and</strong>idatad wamoayenebs parlamentis wevrTa siiTi Semadgenlobis<br />
aranakleb ori mexuTedis mier mxardaWeril k<strong>and</strong>idaturas. Tu parlamenti am SemTxveva-<br />
Sic ar gamoucxadebs ndobas premier-ministris k<strong>and</strong>idaturasa da mTavrobis Semadgenlobas,<br />
prezidenti daiTxovs parlaments da daniSnavs riggareSe arCevnebs. amrigad,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxezea naxevradsaprezidento modelis qvetipi – premier-saprezidento<br />
sistema. rogorc premier-saprezidento qvetipis SemmuSaveblebma Sugertma<br />
da kerim gansazRvres, premier-saprezidento sistema gulisxmobs, rom premier-ministri<br />
mxolod sakanonmdeblo organos winaSea pasuxismgebeli. es niSnavs, rom rodesac<br />
parlamenti premier ministrad irCevs prezidentTan opoziciaSi myof pirs, prezidentma<br />
unda miiRos daniSvna. Sugertis terminologiiT, am procesis Sedegia, rom daniSnuli<br />
kabineti, romelic saparlamento umravlesobis mxardaWeriT sargeblobs, eqvemdebareba<br />
ara prezidents, aramed parlaments da amgvarad, prezidentsa da premiers Soris ur-<br />
TierTobebi metad saqmiania. 1 am SemTxvevaSi, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba saparlamento<br />
arCevnebSi gamarjvebas, radgan realurad am sistemis mixedviT mTavrobas eqskluziurad<br />
daakompleqtebs saparlamento arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli partia, an politikur<br />
ZalTa koalicia, romelic moipovebs saparlamento umravlesobas.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis mier momzadebuli proeqtis<br />
Tanaxmad, mTavrobas ekisreba eqskluziuri uflebamosileba biujetis proeqtis parlamentisaTvis<br />
wardgenisa, prezidentis Tanxmobis gareSe. biujetis proeqtis Sedgenisa<br />
da parlamentisaTvis wardgenis mTavrobisaTvis uflebamosilebis srulad gadacemiT<br />
Zlierdeba mTavrobis roli da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kompetencia imijneba<br />
prezidentis institutisagan, rac agreTve, veneciis komisiis rekomendaciaa. gamonaklisis<br />
saxiT, prezidentis Tanxmobas saWiroebs mxolod mTavrobis gadawyvetileba, sa-
qarTvelos prezidentisaTvis wina welTan SedarebiT gaTvaliswinebuli xarjebis Semcirebis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
saqarTvelos prezidentis gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi aqtebi saWiroebs premierministris<br />
kontrasignacias. kontrasignacia aris saxelmwifos meTauris aqtis premierministris<br />
an/da Sesabamisi dargis ministris xelmoweriT gamyareba, rac gulisxmobs<br />
saxelmwifos meTauris aqtis aRsrulebaze iuridiuli da politikuri pasuxismgeblobis<br />
Tanaxelmomwer subieqtze gadatanas. kontrasignacia formalurad aixsneba imiT, rom<br />
saxelmwifos meTauri iuridiulad ar aris pasuxismgebeli Tavis qmedebebze (prezidentis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, gamonaklisia konstituciis darRveva da sisxlis samarTlis dana-<br />
Sauli). kontrasignacia saxelmwifo meTauris uflebamosilebebis SezRudvis procesualuri<br />
formaa. Tanamedrove konstituciur-samarTlebriv sistemebSi kontrasignaciis<br />
instituti damkvidrebulia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis funqcionaluri dualizmis<br />
pirobebSi, anu im saparlamento da Sereuli mmarTvelobis formis modelebSi,<br />
romlebSic saxelmwifos meTaurs SenarCunebuli aqvs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi uflebamosileba. aseve, konstituciiT saWiroa amomwuravad<br />
ganisazRvros prezidentis is samarTlebrivi aqtebi, romelnic ar eqvemdebarebian<br />
kontrasignacias.<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani siaxle, romelsac iTvaliswinebs aRniSnuli proeqti<br />
aris undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis instituti. undoblobis konstruqciuli<br />
votumi mTavrobis meTaurisadmi gamoxatuli undoblobis votumis gansakuTrebuli<br />
formaa. undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi gaTvaliswinebulia germaniis,<br />
sloveniis da sxva saxelmwifoebis konstituciebiT. undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi<br />
mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadebasTan erTad parlamentisagan moiTxovs<br />
mTavrobis meTauris axali k<strong>and</strong>idaturis wamoyenebas. undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis<br />
meqanizmi, gansxvavebiT tradiciuli undoblobis votumisagan, warmoadgens mTavrobis<br />
stabilurobis elements. am proceduris gansxvavebuloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom<br />
premier-ministrisadmi undoblobis gamomxatveli rezolucia miRebuli unda iqnas<br />
axali premier-ministris k<strong>and</strong>idaturis wamoyenebasTan erTad. undoblobis konstruqciuli<br />
votumis instituti is meqanizmia, romelic konstituciurad aZlierebs mTavrobis<br />
politikur simyares, icavs im opoziciuri fraqciebisagan, romlebsac aerTianebT<br />
mxolod premier-ministris Secvlis survili da ara alternatiuli samTavrobo programa.<br />
undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi saSualebas iZleva Tavidan iqnes acilebuli<br />
qveyanaSi xSiri samTavrobo krizisebi.<br />
am institutis meSveobiT garda mTavrobisaTvis stabilurobis miniWebisa myardeba<br />
prezidentis, rogorc arbitris funqciac. parlamentis mier mTavrobisaTvis<br />
undoblobis gamocxadebasTan erTad prezidenti dgeba arCevanis winaSe _ gadaayenos<br />
mTavroba, Tu daiTxovos parlamenti da daniSnos axali saparlamento arCevnebi.<br />
prezidentisaTvis amgvari uflebamosilebis miniWebis wyalobiT mTavroba daculia<br />
parlamentis mier undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis xSirad gamoyenebisagan,<br />
romelic, rogorc aRvniSneT, SeiZleba qveyanaSi xSiri politikuri krizisebis wyaro<br />
gaxdes. parlamenti srulad unda iyos Camoyalibebuli da gaaCndes mkafio politi-<br />
51
marTlmsajuleba<br />
52<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
kuri neba da unari, raTa gamoiyenos undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi, gamoucxados<br />
undobloba moqmedi mTavrobis Semadgenlobas da airCios axali, radgan am institutis<br />
amoqmedebasTan erTad, parlamenti sakuTar Tavsac ayenebs safrTxis qveS da dadgenili<br />
wesiT (siiTi Semadgenlobis sami mexuTedi) mTavrobis axali SemadgenlobisaTvis ndobis<br />
gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, ukve damokidebulia prezidentze. aseT SemTxvevaSi,<br />
qveynis meTauri uflebamosilia daiTxovos parlamenti da daniSnos riggareSe arCevnebi.<br />
amrigad, `mTavari cvlileba prezidentsa da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas Soris<br />
urTierTobebsa da saerTo saxelmwifoebriv sistemaSi prezidentis adgilis gansazRvras<br />
Seexeba. Tu dRes prezidenti realurad aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauric,<br />
am proeqtis Tanaxmad, mTavrobas, Zalovani ministrebis CaTvliT premier-ministri<br />
uxelmZRvanelebs, prezidenti ki, mxolod arbitri, saxelmwifos meTauri da ramdenime<br />
sxva garkveuli funqciis Semsrulebeli xdeba. anu, rogorc saxelmwifo sakonstitucio<br />
komisiis Tavmjdomarem avT<strong>and</strong>il demetraSvilma ganacxada, formula `prezidenti<br />
warmarTavs da axorcielebs sagareo da saSinao politikas~ _ aRar iarsebebs.<br />
saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis mier SemuSavebuli proeqtis Tanaxmad, prezidenti<br />
aris qveynis umaRlesi warmomadgeneli sagareo urTierTobebSi, samxedro Zalebis<br />
umaRlesi mTavarsardali, saxelmwifos meTauri da aseve asrulebs arbitris funqcias.<br />
Cveni azriT, umjobesi iqneboda, rom proeqtze muSaobisas ufro mkafiod Camoyalibebuliyo<br />
prezidentis uflebamosilebebi sagareo urTierTobebis sferoSi, riTac ufro<br />
metad iqneboda gamoxatuli prezidentis roli da adgili sagareo urTierTobebis<br />
asparezze. proeqtis mixedviT, prezidenti mis uflebamosilebas parlamentis daTxovnis<br />
Sesaxeb iyenebs mxolod erTaderT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac parlamenti uunaroa Seqmnas<br />
mTavroba. amrigad, saxeze gvaqvs naxevradsaprezidento modeli saparlamento respublikis<br />
elementebis siWarbiT.<br />
sabolood, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setana<br />
unda iyos sazogadoebrivi konsensusis Sedegi. am konsensusis Sedegad Tu miiRweva saxelmwifo<br />
sakonstitucio komisiis mier dasaxuli mizani, kerZod: krizisuli politikuri<br />
viTarebebidan gamosasvlelad konstituciuri gadawyvetilebebis gansazRvra,<br />
xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris ZalTa balansis miRweva, prezidentisaTvis arbitris funqciis<br />
miniWeba, maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo gadadgams seriozul<br />
nabijs, romelic kidev ufro Seuwyobs xels saqarTvelos post-sabWoTa sivrcisagan<br />
daxsnas da evropuli stilis konstituciiT civilizebuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobas.<br />
SeniSvna:<br />
1 Elgie Robert, Two Cheers for Semi-presidentialism, 2003, Dublin, p. 7.
SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL<br />
MODEL OF GOVERNANCE<br />
IN THE SCOPE OF<br />
CONSTITUTIONAL<br />
REFORMS TAKING PLACE<br />
IN GEORGIA<br />
GIORGI TORDIA<br />
LLM c<strong>and</strong>idate of the University of Cologne<br />
In the centuries-old history of Georgia the phase of constitutional system<br />
does not constitute a long period, although the 90-ies of the twentieth<br />
century <strong>and</strong> the first decade of the twenty-first century are distinguished<br />
with dynamic social life activity, hence, diversity of constitutional rule. In as<br />
few as 20 years our country lived in the conditions of Soviet, quasi-constitutional,<br />
organic (according to 1921 Constitution) parliamentary, presidential<br />
<strong>and</strong> semi-presidential regimes. This clearly is not a desirable but expected<br />
event for the country that has gained independence, trying to escape Soviet<br />
system <strong>and</strong> establish itself as a modern state. In 1995 Georgia adopted a new<br />
Constitution, while in 2004 a large-scale constitutional reform was undertaken.<br />
Afterwards the authorities <strong>and</strong> personally, the President of the country<br />
created a commission that would elaborate a new version of the Constitution.<br />
The main goal of the State Constitutional Commission was: to achieve<br />
the balance of power among the branches, to decrease the presidential power<br />
<strong>and</strong> grant the President the function of an arbiter.<br />
On the plenary session of July 19, 2010 the State Constitutional Commission<br />
of Georgia adopted a constitutional draft law of Georgia on the<br />
amendments <strong>and</strong> additions to the Constitution that has been submitted to<br />
the Parliament. On the basis of brief comparison, this article discusses the<br />
2004 constitutional reform in Georgia <strong>and</strong> the draft law adopted by the State<br />
Constitutional Commission on the plenary session of July 19, 2010.<br />
According to the draft law elaborated by the State Constitutional Commission,<br />
the President is the supreme representative of the country in for-<br />
53
marTlmsajuleba<br />
54<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
eign relations, the comm<strong>and</strong>er in chief of the armed forces <strong>and</strong> also performs the functions of an arbiter. The<br />
president deploys its authority to dissolute the Parliament only in one case: when the Parliament is incapable of<br />
forming the government.<br />
The government of Georgia will be the highest body of executive power, which will administer domestic <strong>and</strong><br />
foreign policy of the state <strong>and</strong> will be accountable before the Parliament, while the President will have no authority<br />
to dismiss the government <strong>and</strong> the dissolute the Parliament upon his/her personal initiative;<br />
According to the draft law the role of the Parliament in the mechanism of running the country is enhanced.<br />
The parliament is granted exclusive authority to elect the prime-minister <strong>and</strong> government. The Parliament is also<br />
granted the authority to declare non-confidence to the government <strong>and</strong> dismiss it.
mmarTvelobis cneba<br />
da kerZo da sajaro<br />
samarTlis mimarTeba<br />
mmarTvelobis<br />
ganxorcielebis<br />
procesSi<br />
ekaterine qardava<br />
samarTlis doqtori,<br />
saqarTvelos universitetis asocirebuli profesori<br />
I. Sesavali<br />
mmarTvelobis cnebis legalur definicias saqarTvelos<br />
kanonmdebloba ar Seicavs, miuxedavad imisa, rom termini<br />
_ mmarTveloba Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba administraciuli<br />
samarTlis mecnierebaSi. administraciuli organoebis<br />
saqmianobis umetesi nawili swored mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebazea<br />
orientirebuli. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,<br />
aucilebelia kargad gaverkveT mmarTvelobis cnebaSi,<br />
raTa mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis dros naTeli warmodgena<br />
SeviqmnaT administraciuli organoebis kerZo da sajaro<br />
saqmianobis Sinaarsze.<br />
II. mmarTvelobis cnebis ganmarteba<br />
iuridiul mecnierebaSi mmarTvelobis cnebas sxvadasxva<br />
aspeqtiT ganmartaven. gabatonebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad,<br />
mmarTvelobas ganixilaven pozitiuri da negatiuri<br />
gagebiT. mmarTvelobis pozitiuri ganmarteba _ mmarTveloba<br />
ewodeba kanonebis aRsrulebis process, romlis<br />
55
marTlmsajuleba<br />
56<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
drosac administraciuli organoebi axorcieleben sajarosamarTlebriv uflebamosilebebs.<br />
mmarTvelobis negatiuri ganmarteba _ mmarTveloba es aris saxelmwifos<br />
iseTi saqmianoba, romelic arc kanonSemoqmedebaa da arc marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba<br />
(substraqciis meTodi). 1 substraqciis meTodis Tanaxmad, mmarTvelobas ar warmoadgens:<br />
zogadi xasiaTis qcevis wesebis (kanonebis) gamocema; sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi<br />
da ganCinebebi (marTlmsajuleba). mecnierebaSi aseve ganmartaven e. w. axali<br />
substraqciis formulas, romlis Tanaxmad, `sajaro mmarTveloba materialuri gagebiT<br />
gulisxmobs saxelmwifos iseT saqmianobas, romelic arc kanonSemoqmedebasa da marTlmsajulebas<br />
da arc mTavrobasa da SeiaraRebul Zalebs miekuTvneba.~ 2<br />
zogadad, miiCneva, rom mmarTvelobis cnebis definireba faqtiurad SeuZlebelia.<br />
mmarTveloba SeiZleba mxolod aRwero. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mmarTveloba<br />
sxvadasxva aspeqtiT SeiZleba warmovadginoT:<br />
mmarTveloba materialuri gagebiT niSnavs administraciuli organoebis tipiur<br />
saqmianobas. magaliTad, nebarTvebis gacema, policiis prevenciuli saqmianoba, socialuri<br />
daxmarebebi da sxva.<br />
mmarTveloba organizaciuli gagebiT gulisxmobs organoebs, romlebic axorcieleben<br />
administraciul funqciebs, anu administracia da misi organoebi. magaliTad,<br />
meria, sakrebulo, gamgeoba.<br />
mmarTveloba formaluri gagebiT aerTianebs administraciuli organoebis yvela<br />
saqmianobas imis miuxedavad, exeba Tu ara igi materialuri gagebiT administraciul<br />
saqmianobas. magaliTad, normatiuli aqtebis gamocema.<br />
mmarTvelobiTi saqmianoba aseve, SeiZleba davajgufoT materialuri SinaarsiT, anu<br />
saqmianobis amocanisa da miznis mixedviT:<br />
momwesrigebeli mmarTveloba: sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg<br />
mimarTuli safrTxis Tavidan acileba (ukanono mitingis akrZalva, ukanono mSeneblobis<br />
akrZalva da sxva).<br />
uflebamimniWebeli mmarTveloba: moqalaqeTaTvis uflebebis miniWeba, rac miznad<br />
isaxavs maTi cxovrebiseuli mdgomareobis uzrunvelyofasa da gamosworebas (nebarTvebi,<br />
socialuri daxmarebebi, subvenciebi da sxva).<br />
finansuri mmarTveloba: saxelmwifosaTvis aucilebeli finansuri saxsrebis konsolideba<br />
gadasaxadebis akrefis gziT (administraciis xarjebi, gadasaxadebi, begara da<br />
sxva).<br />
fiskaluri mmarTveloba: saSualebebis Seqmna, romlebic aucilebelia mmarTvelobiTi<br />
amocanebis gansaxorcieleblad (kompiuterebis Sesyidva, administraciuli Senobebis<br />
daqiraveba, miwis nakveTebis gasxviseba da sxva).<br />
mmarTvelobis ganmaxorcielebeli aris saxelmwifo, romelic kanonebis aRsrulebas<br />
axorcielebs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebisa da saqveuwyebo dawesebulebebis<br />
meSveobiT. Tavad mmarTvelobis uSualod ganmaxorcielebelia administraciuli
organo, romelic amyarebs administraciulsamarTlebriv urTierTobas moqalaqeebTan.<br />
mmarTveloba uSualoa, rodesac mmarTveloba xorcieldeba uSualod saxelmwifos<br />
mier misi centraluri an adgilobrivi organoebis meSveobiT. umetes SemTxvevaSi, uSualo<br />
mmarTvelobis dros TvalsaCinoa administraciuli organoebis instanciuroba.<br />
saxelmwifos SeuZlia mmarTveloba ara mxolod misi organoebis meSveobiT ganaxorcielos,<br />
aramed aseve, sxva organizaciuli warmonaqmnebis meSveobiTac. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
mmarTvelobis ganmaxorcielebeli organoebi SeiZleba iyvnen sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli<br />
pirebi, kavSirebi da fondebi, rac SualobiTi mmarTvelobaa. magaliTad, saxelmwifo<br />
umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi mmarTvelobas axorcielebs saxelmwifo universitetebis<br />
meSveobiT, romlebic warmoadgenen sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebs. aseve,<br />
igive ganaTlebis sferoSi, mmarTveloba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes kerZo samarTlis<br />
iuridiuli pirebis meSveobiTac. magaliTad, kerZo universitetebi.<br />
III. administraciuli organoebis sajaro da kerZo samarTlebrivi<br />
saqmianoba mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebisas<br />
1. sajaro da kerZo samarTlis urTierTgamijvnis mniSvneloba<br />
saqarTveloSi moqmedi samarTlebrivi sistemis Tanaxmad, konkretuli samarTlis<br />
norma sajaro samarTals an kerZo samarTals ganekuTvneba. kerZo samarTali moicavs<br />
samarTlebrivi normebis erTobliobas, romlebic awesrigeben pirTa Tanasworuflebianobaze<br />
damyarebul pirad qonebriv da araqonebriv samarTlebriv urTierTobebs. magaliTad,<br />
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi. sajaro samarTali moicavs samarTlebriv<br />
normebs, romlebic awesrigeben urTierTdaqvemdebarebul, subordinaciul subieqtebs<br />
Soris warmoSobil samarTlebriv urTierTobebs. magaliTad, administraciuli<br />
samarTali. vinaidan, administraciuli organoebi axorcieleben mmarTvelobas, maT aqvT<br />
ufleba kanonebis aRsrulebis procesSi moqalaqeebs calmxrivad daakisron sajarosamarTlebrivi<br />
uflebebi da movaleobebi. mmarTvelobis ganmaxorcielebel organoebs<br />
kanonebis aRsrulebisa da sajarosamarTlebrivi saqmianobis ganxorcielebis garda,<br />
ufleba aqvT iyvnen kerZo samarTlis subieqtebi da monawileoba miiRon kerZosamarTlebriv<br />
urTierTobebSi (samoqalqo kodeqsis 23-e muxlis me-4 nawili).<br />
mmarTvelobis ganmaxorcielebeli organoebis, administraciuli organoebis, ker-<br />
ZosamarTlebrivi da sajarosamarTlebrivi saqmianobis sferoTa gamijvna aucilebelia<br />
sxvadasxva praqtikuli Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare. kerZod: marTlmsajulebis saxis<br />
gansazRvrisaTvis _ kerZosamarTlebrivi davebi ganixileba samoqalaqo marTlmsajulebis<br />
wesiT, xolo administraciulsamarTlebrivi davebi _ administraciuli marTlmsajulebis<br />
wesiT; saqmianobis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gansazRvrisaTvis _ administraciuli<br />
organoebis sajarosamarTlebrivi saqmianoba mowesrigebulia zogadi<br />
administraciuli kodeqsiT, xolo administraciuli organoebis kerZosamarTlebrivi<br />
saqmianoba regulirdeba samoqalaqo kodeqsiT; saqmianobis samarTlebrivi formis<br />
57
marTlmsajuleba<br />
58<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
gansazRvrisaTvis _ administraciulsamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi regulirdeba<br />
administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtebis gamocemiT da administraciuli xelSekrulebis<br />
meSveobiT, xolo samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi mxolod kerZosamarTlebrivi<br />
garigebebis dadebis gziT. valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis wesis gansazRvrisaTvis<br />
_ administraciuli samarTali icnobs administraciuli organoebis mier sajarosamar-<br />
Tlebrivi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis dros miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis<br />
cnebas, xolo samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba mmarTvelobis ganmaxorcielebeli<br />
organos mimarT samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan gamomdinare,<br />
ganisazRvreba samoqalaqo kodeqsiT dadgenili wesiT.<br />
2. mmarTvelobiTi amocanebis ganxorcieleba kerZo pirebis mier<br />
rogorc wesi, mmarTvelobiTi funqciebis ganxorcieleba fizikuri pirebisa Tu kerZo<br />
samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis mier samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi normebis Sesabamisad<br />
mimdinareobs. Tu ra samarTlebriv urTierTobasTan gvaqvs saqme am dros da ra formiT<br />
xdeba kerZo samarTlis subieqtiebis mier mmarTvelobiTi funqciebis ganxorcieleba,<br />
SevecdebiT TvalsaCino gavxadoT mocemuli kazusiT.<br />
kazusi _ manjaviZe sakuTari avtomanqaniT moZraobda q. TbilisSi, faliaSvilis qu-<br />
Caze. faliaSvilis paralelur quCaze, abaSiZeze, mimdinareobda sagzao samuSaoebi. aRniSnulidan<br />
gamomdinare, faliaSvilis quCaze avtomanqanebisaTvis ormxrivi moZraoba<br />
iqna daSvebuli. sagzao samuSaoebis warmoeba da mimdinare samuSaoebis farglebSi saTadarigo<br />
SemovliTi gzis maCvenebeli sagzao niSnebis dadgma Tbilisis meris brZanebiT<br />
Sps `komforts~ daevala. manjaviZe faliaSvilis quCaze moZraobis dros, romelic mas<br />
calmxriv gzad miaCnda, daejaxa gabunias avtomanqanas, romelic sargeblobda Semovli-<br />
Ti gziT, Sps `komfortis~ mier ganTavsebuli sagzao maniSnebeli niSnis Tanaxmad. faqtiurad,<br />
rogorc manjaviZisaTvis, aseve gabuniasaTvisac faliaSvilis quCaze moZraoba<br />
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebiT nebadarTuli iyo. avtosagzao SemTxvevis gamo,<br />
pasuxismgebloba manjaviZem moiTxova q. Tbilisis meriisagan im safuZvliT, rom faliaSvilis<br />
quCaze unda yofiliyo specialuri niSani ormxrivi moZraobis arsebobis Sesaxeb.<br />
vis ekisreba damdgari Sedegis gamo pasuxismgebloba?<br />
amoxsna _ manjaviZis moTxovnas q. Tbilisis meriis pasuxismgeblobis dadgomis Sesaxeb<br />
SeiZleba mohyves dadebiTi Sedegi, Tu igi dasaSvebi da dasabuTebulia.<br />
I. dasaSveboba<br />
manjaviZe moiTxovs zianis anazRaurebas avtosagzao SemTxvevis dadgomis gamo, romlic<br />
moxda gamafrTxilebeli niSnebis ararsebobis gamo. pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba<br />
dadges zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 208-e muxlis Sesabamisad, Tu dadgindeba,<br />
rom saxezea administraciuli organos brali avtosagzao SemTxvevis dadgomaSi.<br />
1.zianis arseboba<br />
avtosagzao SemTxveva gamoiwvia im faqtma, rom faliaSvilis quCaze ar iyo moxsnili<br />
calmxrivi moZraobis niSani da mis nacvlad ar iyo dadgmuli ormxrivi moZraobis maniS-
nebeli. zogadad, moZraobis maniSneblebis ganTavseba da gzebis keTilmowyobaze kontroli<br />
administraciuli, mmarTvelobiTi funqciaa. manjaviZisa da gabunias avtomanqanebis<br />
Sejaxeba gamoiwvia swored im garemoebam, rom manjaviZis avtomanqanis moZraobis<br />
mxridan ar iyo gamafrTxilebeli niSani calmxrivi moZraobis moxsnisa da ormxrivi<br />
moZraobis nebadarTulobis Sesaxeb. kazusis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, saxezea ziani,<br />
romelic dadga ara manjaviZis gaufrTxileblobiT, aramed sagzao moZraobis wesebis<br />
arasworad ganlagebis gamo.<br />
2. zianis dadgomaze pasuxismgebeli organo<br />
rogorc viciT, gzebis keTilmowyoba da moZraobis wesebisa da niSnebis ganlageba<br />
mmarTvelobiTi funqciaa. kazusis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, meriam gzis keTilmowyoba<br />
da gamafrTxilebeli SemovliTi gzis maniSnebeli niSnis dadgma daakisra Sps `komforts~.<br />
Sps `komforti~ SeiZleba iyos administraciuli organo, Tu igi akmayofilebs<br />
zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis me-2 muxlis a) qvepunqtis moTxovnebs da igi administraciuli<br />
organos cnebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba warmoadgendes funqcionaluri<br />
gagebiT administraciul organos. aRniSnuli cnebis Tanaxmad, funqcionaluri gagebiT<br />
administraciuli organo aris yvela piri, romelic asrulebs sajarosamarTlebriv<br />
uflebamosilebebs kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze. kazusis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, Sps<br />
`komforts~ gzis keTilmowyoba daekisra meriis aqtis safuZvelze da ara kanonmdeblobis<br />
safuZvelze. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Sps `komforti~ ar warmoadgens funqcionaluri<br />
gagebiT administraciul organos. ziani dadga ara meriis uSualo ukanono moqmedebiT,<br />
aramed Sps `komfortis~ ukanono moqmedebiT. saxezea administraciuli organos<br />
davalebis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli moqmedebiT miyenebuli ziani, rac saqar-<br />
Tvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 208-e muxliT dadgenili pasuxismgeblobis<br />
dakisrebis safuZvelia.<br />
Sedegi: manjaviZis saCivari aris dasaSvebi, kerZod, manjaviZes ufleba aqvs moiTxovos<br />
meriisagan pasuxismgebloba administraciulsamarTlebrivi wesiT.<br />
II. dasabuTebuloba<br />
Tu kazusis amoxsnis dros dadginda, rom sarCeli ar aris dasaSvebi, ra Tqma unda,<br />
aRar vmsjelobT mis dasabuTebulobaze.<br />
zemoaRniSnuli kazusis Tanaxmad, manjaviZem zianis anazRaureba unda moiTxovos<br />
administraciuli kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT.<br />
kerZo pirebis mier, iqneba es fizikuri Tu iuridiuli pirebi, mmarTvelobiTi funqciebis<br />
ganxorcieleba xdeba mxolod maSin, rodesac maT kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze,<br />
eniWebaT sajarosamarTlebrivi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcieleba. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
isini warmoadgenen administraciul organoebs funqcionaluri gagebiT da ufleba<br />
aqvT, kompetenciis farglebSi, gamoscen individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi<br />
aqtebi.<br />
magaliTad: akreditaciis mqone kerZo universiteti, romelic iRebs gadawyvetilebas<br />
studentis statusis Sewyvetis Taobaze, funqcionaluri gagebiT warmoadgens adminis-<br />
59
marTlmsajuleba<br />
60<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
traciul organos, vinaidan mas `umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis<br />
safuZvelze miniWebuli aqvs akreditaciis gavlis Semdeg uflebamosileba, misces studentebs<br />
umaRlesi ganaTleba.<br />
administraciuli organo funqcionaluri gagebiT unda ganvasxvaoT im subieqtebisagan,<br />
romlebic mmarTvelobis ganmaxorcielebel organoebTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis<br />
safuZvelze, exmarebian konkretul administraciul organos sajarosamarTlebrivi<br />
uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebaSi. am dros isini ar warmoadgenen mmarTvelobis<br />
ganmaxorcielebel subieqtebs, aramed mxolod maT damxmareebad gvevlinebian. 3 es aris<br />
swored ganxiluli kazusis magaliTi.<br />
magaliTad: evakuatori, romelsac q. Tbilisis meriasTan aqvs dadebuli xelSekruleba,<br />
ukanonod gaCerebuli avtomanqanebis sajarimo avtosadgomze gadayvanasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
am dros evakuatori warmoadgens administraciuli organos damxmare subieqts,<br />
romelic mas exmareba sajarosamarTlebrivi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebaSi.<br />
3. mmarTvelobis ganxorcieleba administraciuli organoebis mier<br />
administraciuli organoebi saqmianoben rogorc sajarosamarTlebrivad, aseve<br />
kerZosamarTlebrivadac. administraciuli organoebis kerZosamarTlebrivi saqmianobis<br />
uflebamosileba gamomdinareobs rogorc samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobidan, aseve<br />
administraciuli kanonmdeblobidanac. imis mixedviT, Tu ra saxis da Sinaarsis qmedeba<br />
xorcieldeba administraciuli organos mier, ganasxvaveben administraciuli organos<br />
saqmianobis kerZosamarTlebriv da sajarosamarTlebriv sferos.<br />
administraciuli organos fiskaluri saqmianoba _ fiskaluri saqmianoba niSnavs<br />
administraciuli organos kerZosamarTlebriv saqmianobas. am mimarTulebiT administraciuli<br />
organo kerZosamarTlebrivad moqmedebs, rodesac:<br />
_ sayofacxovrebo nivTebisa da sagnebis Sesyidvis mizniT debs garigebebs (magaliTad,<br />
sakancelario nivTebis SeZena);<br />
_ monawileobas iRebs kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis saqmianobaSi, rogorc maTi<br />
Tanamowile;<br />
_ debs yidva-gayidvisa da qiravnobis xelSekrulebebs.<br />
administraciuli organoebis aRniSnuli saqmianobis kerZosamarTlebrivi buneba<br />
gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom am dros isini ar axorcieleben sajarosamarTlebriv uflebamosilebebs.<br />
4<br />
administraciuli organoebis mavaldebulebeli, amkrZalavi Sinaarsis saqmianoba<br />
mimarTulia sajarosamarTlebrivi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebisaken. magaliTad,<br />
samarTaldamrRvevis dajarimeba, ukanonod gaCerebuli avtomanqanis sajarimo sadgomze<br />
gadayvana da sxva.<br />
administraciuli organoebis aRmWurveli Sinaarsis saqmianobis dros sajarosamarTlebrivi<br />
da kerZosamarTlebrivi saqmianobis gamijvnis problematika iCens Tavs.<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi, rTulia gansazRvra, Tu ra formiT (kerZo Tu sajaro samarTlebrivi)<br />
imoqmeda administraciulma organom. vinaidan, administraciul organos aRmWurveli
saqmianobis ganxorcielebis dros aqvs arCevanis Tavisufleba imoqmedos kerZosamarTlebrivad<br />
an sajarosamarTlebrivad. swored am dros, aucilebelia administraciuli<br />
organoebis kerZosamarTlebrivi da sajarosamarTlebrivi saqmianobis gamijvnis kriteriumebis<br />
moSvelieba.<br />
1. gamijvnis Teoriebi<br />
samecniero literaturaSi Zalian didi adgili aqvs daTmobili sajaro da kerZo<br />
samarTlis urTierTmimarTebis problemas da Teoriebs, romlebic am ori dargis gamijvnas<br />
axdenen. rac Seexeba praqtikasa da kazusebis amoxsnis meTodikas, am dros gamijvnis<br />
problematika ufro naklebmniSvnelovania. unda aRiniSnos, rom kazusebis amoxsnisas<br />
iSviaTad, Tumca mainc iCens xolme Tavs es problema. gansakuTrebiT es aris is SemTxveva,<br />
roca gaurkvevelia administraciulma organom kerZosamarTlebrivad Tu sajarosamar-<br />
Tlebrivad imoqmeda. aRniSnulis naTelsayofad moviyvanoT Semdegi kazusi.<br />
kazusi _ `sportis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis Tanaxmad, sportuli kompleqsebis<br />
asaSeneblad sportis kavSirebsa da gaerTianebebs Sesabamisi miwis farTobebi gadaecemaT<br />
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis mier. amasTan miwis gadacema xdeba usasyidlod<br />
da uZravi qonebis safasuri gadaixdeba raionuli biujetidan.<br />
Telavis raionSi arsebulma sportulma kavSirma gancxadebiT mimarTa raionis gamgeobas<br />
da moiTxova maT gamgeblobaSi arsebuli uZravi qonebis gadacema sportuli<br />
kompleqsis aSenebis mizniT. sakrebulom gadawyvita, rom daekmayofilebina sportis<br />
kavSiris moTxovna da Semdegi Sinaarsis werili gaugzavna uflebamosili piris xelmoweriT:<br />
`Tqvens mier moTxovnili uZravi qoneba Tqvens gankargulebaSia. gTxovT, SegvatyobinoT,<br />
rodis gsurT qonebis miReba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.~ roca gamgeobam raionis<br />
sakrebulos mimarTa TxovniT gadasacemi uZravi qonebis safasuris anazRaurebis moTxovniT,<br />
sakrebulom uari ganacxada im motiviT, rom igi ar cnobda uZravi qonebisaTvis<br />
dadgenil fass anu ar eTanxmeboda Rirebulebas. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Telavis<br />
gamgeobam uari ganacxada qonebis sportuli kavSirisaTvis gadacemaze.<br />
gansazRvreT, aqvs Tu ara ufleba sportul kavSirs moiTxovos qonebis gadacema?<br />
I. dava SeiZleba iyos administraciulsamarTlebrivi xasiaTis, Tu TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
organos werilobiTi Setyobineba warmoadgens individualur administraciulsamarTlebriv<br />
aqts da aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sportul kavSirs SeiZleba hqondes<br />
qonebis gadacemis moTxovnis ufleba.<br />
1. individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqti saxezea, Tu igi akmayofilebs<br />
zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis me-2 muxlis d) qvepunqtis moTxovnebs. individualuri<br />
administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti erTmniSvnelovnad saxezea, rodesac Ronis-<br />
Zieba ganxorcielda administraciulsamarTlebriv sferoSi. Tu formac ganxorcielebuli<br />
RonisZiebisa administraciulsamarTlebrivia miuxedavad misi Sinaarsisa, saxezea<br />
individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti. winamdebare kazusSi erTmniSvnelovnad<br />
administraciulsamarTlebrivi saqmianobis forma TvalnaTliv saxeze ar aris.<br />
amitom aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT Tu ra Sinaarsis kanonis safuZvelzea ganxorcielebuli<br />
konkretuli qmedeba.<br />
61
marTlmsajuleba<br />
62<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
2. gamgeobis werilobiTi Setyobinebis safuZvelia kanoni `sportis ganviTarebisa<br />
da xelSewyobis Sesaxeb~, romelsac gamokveTilad, samarTlebrivi bunebis Sinaarsidan<br />
gamomdinare, erTi SexedviT, verc sajaro samarTlis da verc kerZo samarTlis kuTvnilebad<br />
miviCnevT. rogorc viciT, zogierTi sakanonmdeblo aqti gamokveTilad an sajarosamarTlebrivia<br />
an kerZosamarTlebrivi. aRniSnuli kazusis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare,<br />
vinaidan bundovania sportis ganviTarebisa da xelSewyobis kanonis samarTlebrivi kuTvnileba,<br />
unda vixelmZRvaneloT kerZo da sajaro samarTlis urTierTgamijvnis TeoriebiT.<br />
Teoriebi, romlebic am or dargs Soris gamijvnis problematikas ase Tu ise<br />
warmoaCens, mravalmxrivia da yvela maTganis gansazRvra Zalian Sors wagviyvans, amitom<br />
mecniereba da praqtika mxolod sam ZiriTad Teoriaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da maT<br />
Sinaarsze dayrdnobiT cdilobs kerZo da sajaro samarTlis urTierTgamijvnis problemis<br />
gadawyvetas. es Teoriebia: a) subordinaciis Teoria; b) interesebis Teoria; g)<br />
modificirebuli subieqtebis Teoria.<br />
a) subordinaciis Teoriis Tanaxmad, sajarosamarTlebrivi urTierToba saxezea, rodesac<br />
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileebi subordinaciul anu urTierTdaqvemdebarebul<br />
subieqtebs warmoadgenen. Tanasworuflebian subieqtebs Soris warmoSobili<br />
urTierToba miiCneva kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobad. aRniSnuli Teoria problemis<br />
gadawyvetis universaluri saSualeba ar aris, vinaidan arc Tu iSviaTad, arsebobs SemTxvevebi,<br />
rodesac sajaro samarTlis urTierToba or Tanasworuflebian subieqts Soris<br />
mimdinareobs, magaliTad or saministros Soris samarTlebrivi urTierToba da kerZo<br />
samarTalSic saxeze gvaqvs mSoblisa da Svilis samarTlebrivi urTierToba, romelic<br />
subodrinaciul Sinaarss atarebs.<br />
mocemul kazusSi subordinaciis Teoriis principiT sakiTxis gadawyvetis SesaZlebloba<br />
ar arsebobs.<br />
b) interesebis Teoria romaeli iuristis uilpianes droidan momdinareobs, romlis<br />
Tanaxmad, sajaro samarTals miekuTvneba is samarTlebrivi urTierToba, romelic upiratesad<br />
sajaro interesebs emsaxureba, xolo Tu samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan individualuri<br />
interesia gamoxatuli, saxezea kerZo samarTali. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,<br />
sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom xSir SemTxvevebSi, sajarosamarTlebrivi urTierToba<br />
ara marto sazogadoebis farTo masebis interesebs exeba, aramed konkretuli pirebis<br />
uflebis dacvis saSualebebsac warmoadgens da piriqiT, mravali kerZosamarTlebrivi<br />
norma sajaro interesis Semcvelia, magaliTad, mSoblis valdebuleba arCinos misi arasrulwovani<br />
Svili. winamdebare kazusSi sportuli kompleqsebis aSeneba da am mizniT<br />
qonebis gamoyofa sazogadoebis interesebs emsaxureba, rac interesebis Teoriis farglebSi<br />
jdeba da unda vivaraudoT, rom kanoni `sportis ganviTarebisa da xelSewyobis<br />
Sesaxeb~ sajarosamarTlebrivi kanonia.<br />
g) modificirebuli subieqtebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, sajaro samarTali saxezea, Tu<br />
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawile warmoadgens aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
organos da Tu kerZo pirebs Sorisaa urTierToba, maSin saxezea kerZo samarTali. es<br />
Teoria sajaro samarTals miiCnevs sajaro mmarTvelobis specialur samarTlad, ramdenadac<br />
aqcents akeTebs mis gamomyenebel subieqtze. 5 aRniSnuli Teoriis problematuri
sakiTxia, rom saxelmwifo SeiZleba iyos kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqti<br />
da gamovides urTierTobebSi rogorc kerZo samarTlis subieqti. Tu saxelmwifo organoebis<br />
mier ganxorcielebul nebismier saqmianobas da samarTlebriv urTierTobas<br />
sajarosamarTlebrivad miviCnevT, maSin saxelmwifos kerZosamarTlebrivi saqmianobis<br />
ufleba aRar darCeba, rac ra Tqma unda, winaaRmdegobaSia samoqalaqo samarTlis normebTan<br />
da debulebebTan. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, modificirebuli subieqtebis Teoriis<br />
problematika Tavs iCens im SemTxvevaSi, roca administraciul organos kerZosamarTlebrivi<br />
saqmianobis uflebac hqonda da sajarosamarTlebrivic.<br />
gansaxilveli kazusis mimarTebaSi, subieqtebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, vinaidan samarTlebrivi<br />
urTierTobis monawile TviTmmarTvelobis organoa, saxeze gvaqvs sajarosamarTlebrivi<br />
urTierToba.<br />
aRniSnuli Teoriebis mimoxilvis Sedegad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom konkretuli kanonis<br />
kerZo Tu sajaro samarTlisadmi kuTvnilebis dasadgenad, aucilebelia TiToeuli<br />
gamijvnis Teoriis gansazRvra da urTierTSejereba, rac saboloo daskvnamde migviyvans.<br />
mocemul kazusTan dakavSirebiT, aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom `sportis<br />
ganviTarebisa da xelSeywobis Sesaxeb~ kanonis samarTlebrivi buneba subordinaciis<br />
principis Sesabamisad, gaurkveveli gaxda, subieqtebisa da interesTa Teoriebze<br />
dayrdnobiT, gamoikveTa misi sajaro samarTlisadmi kuTvnileba.<br />
3. kazusis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, unda dadgindes aris Tu ara TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
organos werilobiTi dokumenti individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti.<br />
amasTan, unda gavarkvioT, saxezea Tu ara mowesrigeba anu samarTlebrivi urTierTobis<br />
damdgeni xasiaTi. aRniSnuli saxezea, vinaidan werilobiTi dokumentis Sinaarsi TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
organosa da sportis kavSirs Soris qonebis gadacemis sakiTxs exeba,<br />
rac erTmniSvnelovnad metyvelebs werilobiTi dokumentis Sinaarsis momwesrigeblur<br />
bunebaze, anu samarTlebrivi urTierTobis damdgen xasiaTze.<br />
4. amasTan, saxezea individualursamarTlebrivi bunebac, rogorc individualuri<br />
administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqtis elementi. TviTmmarTvelobis organos werilobiTi<br />
dokumenti warmoadgens individualur administraciul samarTlebriv aqts, vinaidan<br />
igi akmayofilebs individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqtis kanoniT<br />
dadgenil elementebs.<br />
I I . mocemuli individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti SeiZleba baTilad<br />
iqnes cnobili formis daucvelobis gamo. kerZod, uZravi nivTebis gasxviseba samoqalaqo<br />
kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, saWiroebs sanotaro formas. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
sanotaro forma ZiriTadad, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebisaTvis aris dadgenili da<br />
rodesac qonebis gadacema xdeba sajarosamarTlebrivi uflebamosilebebis farglebSi<br />
sanotaro forma savaldebulo ar aris da mas cvlis administraciuli organos kanonmdeblobis<br />
Sesabamisad gamocemuli individualuri administraciuli aqti.<br />
kazusis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, TviTmmarTvelobis organos mier gamocemuli individualursamarTlebrivi<br />
aqti formis daucvelobis gamo, ar SeiZleba miviCnioT baTilad,<br />
vinaidan mas hqonda uflebamosili piris xelmowera. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,<br />
sportis kavSirs ufleba aqvs moiTxovos TviTmmarTvelobis organosagan uZravi qonebis<br />
gadacema kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.<br />
63
marTlmsajuleba<br />
64<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
5. dabolos, eWvis SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamijvnis Teoriebi erTmniSvnelovan an miaxloebul<br />
pasuxs ver iZleva administraciuli organos kerZosamarTlebrivi, Tu sajarosamarTlebrivi<br />
saqmianobis formaze mecnierTa umetesi nawili miiCnevs, rom upiratesoba<br />
sajaro samarTals unda mieniWos. mecnierTa aRniSnuli mosazreba emyareba im garemoebas,<br />
rom administraciuli organoebi Seqmnilni arian sajarosamarTlebrivi uflebamosilebebis<br />
ganxorcielebis mizniT, axorcieleben mmarTvelobas da maTi saqmianobis<br />
samarTlebrivi safuZveli umeteswilad sajarosamarTlebrivi normaa.<br />
III. daskvna<br />
statiis farglebSi SevecadeT mokled warmogveCina mmarTvelobis problematika da<br />
mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis Taviseburebani administraciuli organos kerZosamar-<br />
Tlebrivi da sajarosamarTlebrivi saqmianobis dros. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRvniSnoT,<br />
rom mmarTvelobis ganxorcieleba saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa. swored<br />
mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebazea orientirebuli saxelmwifos funqcionireba da saxelmwifo<br />
organoTa mier administrireba. mmarTvelobis procesis mravalferovnebisa da<br />
misi sxvadasxva aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT, administraciuli organoebis saqmianobaSi<br />
gadamwyvetia sajaro da kerZosamarTlebrivi sferoebis gamijvna da mmarTvelobis am<br />
kuTxiT gaazreba. samarTlebrivi praqtika da mecniereba viTardeba imgvarad, rom administraciuli<br />
organoebis saqmianobaSi sul ufro metad vxvdebiT kerZosamarTlebrivi<br />
institutebisa da kerZosamarTlebrivi formiT saqmianobis magaliTebs. safiqralia,<br />
Tu ratom xdeba administraciuli organos funqciebis ufro xSiri gakerZoeba. xom ar<br />
aris es ganpirobebuli socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri Tu sxva saxis garemoebebiT?<br />
statiis mizania, rom mkafiod warmovaCinoT dRev<strong>and</strong>eli mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis<br />
sxvadasxva formebi da aspeqtebi da xazi gavusvaT im garemoebebs, rom mmarTveloba<br />
administraciuli organoebis mier xorcieldeba aramxolod administraciulsamarTlebrivi<br />
institutebis meSveobiT, aramed sul ufro intensiurad vxvdebiT kerZo<br />
samarTlis subieqtebisa da institutebis meSveobiT saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis<br />
magaliTebsac. Tumca, imis miuxedavad Tu ra formiT xorcieldeba mmarTveloba,<br />
administraciuli organoebis mTavar miznad mainc sajarosamarTlebrivi uflebamosilebebis<br />
ganxorcieleba rCeba.<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1 Hartmut Mauer, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, S. 3.<br />
2 Ulrich Battis, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, 202, S.3.<br />
3 Ossenbuehl, Staatshaftungsrecht, S. 21.<br />
4 Pietzcker, Der Staatsauftrag als Instrument des Verwaltungsh<strong>and</strong>elns, S. 362.<br />
5 turava, wkeplaZe, zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 24.
THE CONCEPT OF<br />
GOVERNANCE AND<br />
RELATION OF PRIVATE<br />
AND PUBLIC LAW IN THE<br />
PROCESS OF<br />
ADMINISTERING THE<br />
GOVERNANCE<br />
EKATERINE KARDAVA<br />
JD, Associated Professor of the University of Georgia<br />
State is a complex entity. Its activities are diverse <strong>and</strong> different legal norms<br />
lie at the basis of the tasks the state faces <strong>and</strong> the functions it performs. The<br />
purpose of administrative law is to examine <strong>and</strong> organize legal relations among<br />
the state bodies <strong>and</strong> the citizens that emerge in the process of governance.<br />
Exactly to define what is the purpose of administrative law <strong>and</strong> to dwell into<br />
the deep of the administrative law, it is necessary to first underst<strong>and</strong> the<br />
concept of governance <strong>and</strong> the process of governance. The purpose of the<br />
present article is to explain to the reader the concept of governance <strong>and</strong> the<br />
opportunities for the administration of governance. In addition, the article<br />
portrays the administration of governance based on the examples of specific<br />
cases of administrative bodies in their performance of public-legal <strong>and</strong> privatelegal<br />
activities. Stemming from the said-above, the article will help the students<br />
<strong>and</strong> persons interested in administrative law to come to the particulars of the<br />
process of governance during the private-legal <strong>and</strong> public-legal activities.<br />
65
marTlmsajuleba<br />
66<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
`gaidlainebis~<br />
marTlmsajulebis<br />
sistemaSi gamoyenebis<br />
sakiTxisaTvis<br />
giorgi TumaniSvili<br />
samarTlis doqtori (berlinis Tavisufali universiteti)<br />
samarTlis magistri (LL.M.), saqarTvelos universitetis<br />
asocirebuli profesori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori<br />
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos iniciativiT, erTgvarovani<br />
sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibebis mizniT,<br />
2007 wlis 5 Tebervals, Seiqmna sisxlis samarTlis sasamar-<br />
Tlo praqtikis Seswavlis, ganzogadebisa da saerTo sasamarTloebis<br />
mosamarTleebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebis<br />
ganmsazRvreli mudmivmoqmedi komisia. imave wels,<br />
komisiam moamzada saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi da rekomendaciebi<br />
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis konkretul muxlebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi, e.w. `guidlines~. mogvianebiT ki, SeimuSava<br />
praqtikuli rekomendaciebi sisxlis samarTlis<br />
procesis ZiriTad sakiTxebze magistrati mosamarTleebisaTvis.<br />
aRniSnuli praqtikuli rekomendaciebis mTavar<br />
funqcias sisxlis samarTlis materialur da procesular<br />
normebTan dakavSirebiT erTiani midgomis ganviTareba da<br />
am gziT swrafi da efeqtiani marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisaTvis<br />
xelSewyoba warmoadgens. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
msgavsi saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi sisxlissamarTlebriv<br />
normaTa erTgvarovani gamoyenebis praqtikis damkvidrebis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad moqmedebs, rogorc dasavleT evropis<br />
qveynebSi, aseve amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. am<br />
ukanasknels, gansxvavebiT sxva qveynebisagan, e.w. `gaidlainebis~<br />
gamoyenebis SedarebiT xangrZlivi gamocdileba<br />
aqvs.
saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebis didi praqtikuli mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, maT iuristTa<br />
erTi nawili kritikulad afasebs da `gaidlainebis~ konstituciasTan Seusabamobas<br />
usvams xazs. erTi SexedviT, maTi pretenzia savsebiT misaRebia, radgan saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis 84-e muxlis I nawilis Tanaxmad, `mosamarTle Tavis saqmianobaSi<br />
damoukidebelia da emorCileba mxolod konstitucias da kanons~. imave muxlis me-4<br />
nawili baTilad acxadebs yvela aqts, romelic zRudavs mosamarTlis damoukideblobas.<br />
mosamarTlis damoukideblobis qveS moiazreba, rogorc personaluri, ise sagnobrivi<br />
damoukidebloba. sagnobrivi damoukidebloba niSnavs, rom mosamarTle konkretul<br />
saqmeze yovelgvari miTiTebebis gareSe damoukideblad iRebs gadawyvetilebas. gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis procesSi igi xelmZRvanelobs mxolod konstituciiTa da kanonebiT.<br />
zemoxsenebuli saxelmZRvanelo principebi ki, mosamarTleebs miuTiTebs, Tu ra sasjeli<br />
unda daniSnos man ama Tu im muxliT piris msjavrdebis dros Sesabamisi garemoebebis<br />
arsebobis an ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi. amrigad, amiT garkveulwilad izRudeba mosamar-<br />
Tlis sagnobrivi damoukidebloba sasjelis gansazRvris da ganaCenis dadgenisas. mosamarTlis<br />
damoukideblobis principis darRveva amavdroulad samarTlebriv saxelmwifos<br />
principze dafuZnebul sisxlis samarTlis procesSi konstituciursamarTlebrivad<br />
gaumarTlebel Carevas niSnavs.<br />
kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, Tu ramdenad misaRebia e.w. `gaidlainebis~ gamoyenebis<br />
praqtikis danergva qarTuli marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi, saWiroa, rom saqarTvelos<br />
saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebisaTvis momzadebuli saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi<br />
da rekomendaciebi ufro detalebSi ganvixiloT da saqarTvelos konstituciis<br />
moTxovnebTan mimarTebaSi saTanadod SevafasoT.<br />
1. praqtikuli rekomendaciebi sisxlis samarTlis procesis ZiriTad sakiTxebze<br />
magistrati mosamarTleebisaTvis<br />
sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, magistrati mosamarTleebi<br />
pirveli instanciiT ganixilaven Suamdgomlobebs saproceso samarTlebrivi iZulebis<br />
RonisZiebaTa gamoyenebaze da axorcieleben sasamarTlo kontrols sisxlis samarTlis<br />
saqmeze winaswari gamoZiebis warmoebisas prokurorisa da gamomZieblis mier ganxorcielebul<br />
mTel rig moqmedebebze da maT mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze, romlebic dakavSirebulia<br />
konstituciiT dacul da garantirebul adamianis uflebaTa SezRudvas-<br />
Tan. im administraciul-teritoriul erTeulSi, sadac ar moqmedebs magistrati mosamarTle,<br />
raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTlos mosamarTle axorcielebs magistrati mosamarTlis<br />
uflebamosilebas. maSasadame, aRniSnuli rekomendaciebi gankuTvnilia ara<br />
marto magistrati mosamarTleebisaTvis, aramed im raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTlos<br />
mosamarTleebisaTvisac, romelTa teritoriazec ar arian magistrati mosamarTleebi.<br />
praqtikuli rekomendaciebi Tavisi SinaarsiT warmoadgenen saqarTvelos sisxlis<br />
samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis normebis ganmartebas. avtori akeTebs ganmartebebs iseT<br />
procedurul sakiTxebze, rogoric aris magaliTad, aRkveTis RonisZiebis SerCeva,<br />
67
marTlmsajuleba<br />
68<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
aRkveTis RonisZiebis Secvla an gauqmeba, prokuroris an gamomZieblis Suamdgomlobebis<br />
ganxilva sxvadasxva sagamoZiebo moqmedebis Catarebis Sesaxeb brZanebis gacemasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT da a.S. praqtikul rekomendaciebSi Tavmoyrilia agreTve wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
dagrovili da Camoyalibebuli sasamarTlo praqtika iseT ZiriTad da problematur<br />
sakiTxebze, ramac Tavisi asaxva sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis normebSi<br />
ver hpova, radgan SeuZlebelia kodeqsis muxlebSi mTeli rigi procesualuri sakiTxebis<br />
detalurad gawera. rekomendaciebSi detalurad aris aRwerili rogorc mosamarTlis<br />
SesaZlo moqmedebebi ama Tu im saxis saCivarTan an SuamdgomlobasTan dakavSirebul<br />
saproceso (procedurul) sakiTxebze, aseve sasamarTlos aparatis TanamSromelTa (kancelariis,<br />
TanaSemwis, sxdomis mdivnis) valdebulebebi da SesaZlo moqmedebebi saCivrisa<br />
da Suamdgomlobebis sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis momzadebisa da ganxilvis sakiTxebze.<br />
konstituciursamarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnuli rekomendaciebi araviTar<br />
problemas ar warmoSobs, vinaidan igi mosamarTles Tavis saqmianobaSi ar zRudavs da<br />
`mosamarTlis damoukideblobis~ princips ar arRvevs. mosamarTles igi exmareba sisxlis<br />
samarTlis saproceso normebis Sinaarsis sworad gagebaSi da normebis saTanadod<br />
gamoyenebaSi. mosamarTle ama Tu im procesualuri sakiTxis ganxilvisas da gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebisas valdebulia daicvas saproceso normebi, romlebSic kanonmdeblis<br />
mier maqsimalurad detalurad aris gawerili proceduruli sakiTxebi. gansxvavebiT<br />
sisxlis samarTlis materialuri normebisagan, romlebic mosamarTles kanonis interpretaciis,<br />
ganmartebis da subsumciis meTodebis gamoyenebis farTo saSualebebs aZleven,<br />
saproceso normebi ganekuTvnebian formalursamarTlebriv normebs, romlebic imperatiulad<br />
miuTiTeben mis gamomyenebels, Tu konkretul SemTxvevaSi ra moqmedeba unda<br />
Sesruldes an rogori gadawyvetileba unda iqnes miRebuli. mocemul rekomendaciebSi<br />
gadmocemuli sisxlis saproceso normaTa Sinaarsi maqsimaluradaa orientirebuli kanonmdeblis<br />
nebaze da normis enobriv-gramatikul ganmartebaze. rekomendaciis avtoris<br />
mizania sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis muxlebis komentirebis gziT uzrunvelyos<br />
mTel rig saproceso sakiTxebze erTgvarovani praqtikis Camoyalibeba, rac sabolood,<br />
xels Seuwyobs swrafi da efeqtiani marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebas. gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
is garemoeba, rom swored magistrat mosamarTleebs evalebaT sisxlis<br />
samarTalwarmoebis sawyis etapze pirovnebis konstituciiT dacul da garantirebul<br />
uflebaTa SezRudvis sakiTxis gadawyveta. aRniSnul etapze procesis mwarmoebeli<br />
piris mier daSvebuli Secdomis Sedegad SeiZleba gaumarTleblad da arsebiTad Seilaxos<br />
pirovnebis uflebebi. amasTan, xeli SeeSalos efeqtiani sisxlis samarTlis procesis<br />
ganxorcielebas, radgan kanonis darRveviT da pirovnebis konstituciur uflebebSi<br />
uxeSad CareviT miRebuli mtkicebulebebi momavalSi veRar iqneba gamoyenebuli. amitom,<br />
saxelmwifom maqsimalurad unda uzrunvelyos, rom sisxlis samarTlis procesis sawyis<br />
etapzeve procesis mwarmoebelma Tanamdebobis pirebma sworad da jerovnad gamoiyenon<br />
saprocesosamarTlebrivi normebi. praqtikuli rekomendaciebi sisxlis samarTlis procesis<br />
ZiriTad sakiTxebze ara marto mosamarTleebs, aramed procesis sxva monawileebsac<br />
(prokurori, advokati da sxva.) gauwevs TavianT saqmianobaSi did daxmarebas, rom-
lebsac rekomendaciebis safuZvelze winaswar ecodinebaT, Tu rogor wydeba esa Tu is<br />
saproceso sakiTxebi konkretul saCivarTan Tu SuamdgomlobasTan mimarTebaSi, ra valdebulebebi<br />
akisriaT sasamarTlos aparatis TanamSromlebs da procesis monawileebs.<br />
maSasadame, konstituciursamarTlebrivi xedviT, aRniSnuli praqtikuli rekomendaciebi<br />
araTu problematuri, aramed misasalmebelia, radgan igi mniSvnelovnad xels uwyobs<br />
efeqtiani da swrafi marTlmsajulebis principis praqtikul realizacias da amcirebs<br />
procesualuri normebis arasworad gamoyenebis gziT pirovnebis konstituciiT dacul<br />
da garantirebul uflebebSi ukanonod Carevis albaTobas.<br />
2. saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi da rekomendaciebi sisxlis samarTlis<br />
sasamarTlo praqtikis problematur sakiTxebze<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 2007 wlis 25 ivlisis saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi koncipirebulia<br />
sisxlis samarTlis zogierT normasTan dakavSirebiT erTiani midgomis Camosayalibeblad,<br />
raTa praqtikaSi daculi iqnes swrafi da efeqtiani marTlmsajulebis<br />
ganxorcielebis principi. manamde arsebuli sasamarTlo praqtika cxadyofs, rom msgavsi<br />
garemoebebis mqone saqmeebze radikalurad gansxvavebuli Sedegebi dgeboda, e.i.<br />
arsebobs uamravi norma, romelTan mimarTebiTac sxvadasxva instanciis sasamarTloebs<br />
sxvadasxva mosazrebebi hqondaT da sxvadasxva praqtikas misdevdnen, rac sabolood,<br />
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa gadawyvetaze aisaxeboda da saqmeTa ganxilvis gaWianurebas<br />
iwvevda. saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi, anu igive `gaidlainebi~ praqtikaSi yvelaze ufro<br />
metad gavrcelebuli danaSaulis SemadgenlobebTan mimarTebiT iZleva samarTlebriv-dogmatur<br />
ganmartebebs da aseve, sxvadasxva garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT mosamarTles<br />
sTavazobs Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis dasaniSni sasjelis saxes da sasjelis<br />
zomas. magaliTad, saxelmZRvanelo ssk-is 177-e muxlTan dakavSirebiT ganmartavs, Tu<br />
ra moiazreba binis, sadgomis da sacavis cnebaSi, agreTve miuTiTebs, Tu ra pirobebis<br />
arsebobisas warmoadgens piris qmedeba qurdobis mcdelobas an damTavrebul danaSauls.<br />
amasTan, 177-e muxlis TiToeul nawilTan mimarTebiT T<strong>and</strong>arTulia dasaniSni sasjelebis<br />
cxrili, ris mixedviTac mosamarTles SeuZlia sasjelis Sefardebis dros<br />
ixelmZRvanelos.<br />
sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, mosamarTlem sasjelis daniSvnis dros<br />
unda ixelmZRvanelos ssk-is 53-e muxliT (`sasjelis daniSvnis zogadi sawyisebi~) da<br />
gaiTvaliswinos ara marto Cadenili danaSaulis simZime, aramed damnaSavis pirovnebac.<br />
pasuxismgeblobisa da sasjelis individualizaciis principidan gamomdinare, samosamarTleo<br />
saqmianobis erT-erT ZiriTad moments bralis xarisxis Sesabamisi sasjelis<br />
daniSvna warmoadgens. bralze orientirebuli sasjelis gansazRvra ara mxolod<br />
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli, aramed igi pirovnebis Rirsebis pativiscemis<br />
konstituciur uflebasa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos princips efuZneba.<br />
`bralze orientirebuloba~ martooden ar niSnavs, rom pirovnebam pasuxi qmedebis braleulad<br />
CadenisaTvis unda agos, aramed, aseve niSnavs, rom sasjeli unda ganisazRvros<br />
69
marTlmsajuleba<br />
70<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
piris bralis xarisxis Sesabamisad. aRniSnulisagan gansxvavebiT, sasjelis daniSvnis<br />
saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi (`gaidlainebi~) orientirebulia mxolod obieqtur<br />
garemoebebze. romelime obieqturi garemoebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, gansazRvrulia<br />
konkretuli sasjelis saxe da zoma. magaliTad, aseTi obieqturi garemoebebia gansasjelis<br />
mier warsulSi Cadenili danaSauli, gamoZiebasTan TanamSromloba, danaSaulis<br />
simZime. `gaidlainebi~ sasjelis Sefardebis dros iTvaliswinebs mxolod qmedebis umar-<br />
Tlobaze orientirebul sasjels. `gaidlainebis~ erT-erT ZiriTad uaryofiT mxared<br />
miCneulia, rom masSi sasjelis gansazRvris masStabebs mxolod gansasjelis mier Cadenili<br />
qmedeba da ara pirovneba da misi bralis xarisxi warmoadgens. mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba<br />
sasjelis Sefardebis klasikur sistemasa da `gaidlainebs~ Soris is aris, rom<br />
konkretuli SemTxvevis subieqtur Sefasebas, romelsac mosamarTle sxvadasxva garemoebaTa<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT axdenda, axla sasjelis daniSvnis saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebis<br />
avtorebi axdenen. `gaidlainebSi~ avtorebis mier pirovnebis sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli gadawyvetileba abstraqtulad aris miRebuli, konkretuli<br />
SemTxvevis specifikis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba emyareba<br />
msgavs danaSaulebriv SemTxvevebze dadgenil ganaCenTa arsebul sasamarTlo<br />
praqtikas. gansxvavebiT `gaidlainebis~ avtorTa mier miRebuli abstraqtuli gadawyvetilebisagan,<br />
mosamarTlis mier damoukideblad miRebul gadawyvetilebas is upiratesoba<br />
aqvs, rom igi ukeT icnobs gansaxilveli saqmis detalebs, gansasjels, mis pirovnul<br />
ganviTarebas da Cadenil qmedebasTan mis damokidebulebas. mosamarTles SeuZlia calkeuli<br />
subieqturi garemoebebis saTanadod SefasebiT gansasjels sabolood, ufro<br />
samarTliani sasjeli Seufardos. sasjelis daniSvnis saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebze<br />
bazirebuli sistemis pirobebSi ki, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTle iZulebuli iqneba Seufardos<br />
pirs iseTi sasjeli, romelic aSkarad Seusabamo iqneba msjavrdebulis pirovnebasTan.<br />
ara mxolod e.w. `gaidlainebs~, aramed sasjelis daniSvnis klasikur sistemasac aqvs<br />
Tavisi naklovanebebi. aRniSnuli sistemis mixedviT, sasjelis daniSvna warmoadgens<br />
process, romlis drosac mosamarTle konkretul danaSaulebriv qmedebas afasebs da<br />
Semdeg umarTlobisa da bralis xarisxis mixedviT gansazRvravs sasjelis saxes da zomas.<br />
samwuxarod, sisxlissamarTlebriv dogmatikaSi dRemde ar SemuSavebula bralis xarisxis<br />
`gazomvis~ iseTi erTiani masStabebi, rac mosamarTles daexmareboda pirovnebis<br />
bralis Sesabamisi sasjelis gansazRvraSi. amitom, Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTali<br />
sasjelis daniSvnisas mosamarTlis individualur Sefasebas farTod uRebs kars, rac<br />
ar gamoricxavs, rom erTi da imave pirovnebis mier Cadenili danaSaulis dros sxvadasxva<br />
mosamarTleebma bralis xarisxi gansxvavebulad Seafason da Sesabamisad, gansxvavebuli<br />
sasjelebi daniSnon. vinaidan, erTgvarovani midgoma ar arsebobs imasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
Tu bralis konkretul xarisxs ra zomis sasjeli Seesabameba, savsebiT bunebrivia, rom<br />
sxvadasxva mosamarTleebs gansxvavebuli warmodgenebi hqondeT pirovnebis bralze da<br />
dasaniSn sasjelze. sasjelis daniSvnaze garkeveul zegavlenas axdens agreTve mosamar-<br />
Tlis pirovnuli ganwyoba da emociuri damokidebuleba damnaSavisa da mis mier Cadenili<br />
danaSaulis mimarT. sasamarTlo praqtikis araerTi empiriuli kvlevis Sedegebi miuTi-
Teben im garemoebaze, rom identur sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze sasjelis daniSvnis<br />
dros aSkara araerTgvarovneba da uTanasworoba arsebobs. mosamarTlis mier sasjelis<br />
daniSvnas klasikuri sistemis mixedviT, mravali gamoCenili mecnieri afasebs, rogorc<br />
`mosamarTlis araracionalur TviTnebobas da ganwyobas~ 1 da akritikebs sasjelis daniSvnis<br />
sasamarTlo praqtikis araerTgvarovnebas2 . kritikosebi miiCneven, rom aRniSnuli<br />
araerTgvarovneba sasjelis daniSvnis dros iuridiulad miuRebeli da `sisxlis<br />
samarTlis dogmatikisaTvis did dartymas~ niSnavs3 . marTlac, araviTari sisxlissamarTlebriv-dogmaturi<br />
gamarTleba ara aqvs imas, rom araerTgvarovani sasjelebi<br />
dainiSnos identuri qmedebisaTvis, romelTac ar axasiaTebT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli<br />
sasjelis daniSvnisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtorebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sisxlis samarTlis<br />
normebis araerTgvarovnad gamoyeneba normis konfuzias uwyobs xels da samarTlebrivi<br />
sistemis simyares uqmnis safrTxes. garda amisa, samarTlis normebis araerTgvarovnad<br />
gamoyenebis Sedegad daniSnuli sasjeli usamarTlod aRiqmeba da amiT<br />
safrTxe eqmneba, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis socialur-fsiqologiur aRiarebas, ise<br />
zogadad, samarTlianobis gancdas. maSin, rodesac pirovneba saxelmwifos reaqcias mis<br />
mier Cadenl danaSaulze zedmetad mkacrad an usamarTlod aRiqvams, es xels SeuSlis<br />
agreTve mis resocializaciasac, rac sasjelis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mizania. sayuradReboa,<br />
rom `sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis erTgvarovneba~<br />
samarTlianobis principis moTxovnas warmoadgens da amitom, sasjelis daniSvnis araerTgvarovani<br />
sasamarTlo praqtika ewinaaRmdegeba aRniSnuli principis moTxovnebs.<br />
amgvari sasamarTlo praqtika winaaRmdegobaSi modis agreTve, saqarTvelos konstituciis<br />
14-e muxlSi aRiarebul Tanasworobis principTanac. Tanasworobis principis dar-<br />
Rvevas swored maSin aqvs adgili, roca identuri urTierTobebi uTanasworod ganixileba.<br />
amrigad, Tanasworobis principi, romelis mixedviTac, arsebiTad Tanaswori unda<br />
ganixilos Tanasworad, dakavSirebulia konstituciur moTxovnasTan, rom danaSaulisa<br />
da dasaniSni sasjelis SefasebisaTvis SemuSavdes praqtikaSi erTiani masStabebi. rogorc<br />
ukve aRiniSna, ssk-is 53-e muxli formulirebulia Zalze zogadad da ver uzrunvelyofs<br />
aRniSnuli miznis miRwevas.<br />
aRniSnuli problemis gadaWris erT-erT alternatiul gzas `gaidlainebis~ SemuSaveba<br />
warmoadgens. `gaidlainebis~ idea swored isaa, rom moxdes sasjelis daniSvnis principebis<br />
sistematizacia da erTiani meqanizmis SemuSaveba, rac sasjelis gansazRvris<br />
erTgvarovan sasamarTlo praqtikas Seuwyobs xels. man unda uzrunvelyos, rom mosamarTleebma<br />
sasjelis daniSvnisas ixelmZRvanelon samarTlebrivad relevanturi erTiani<br />
kriteriumebiT, romelebsac calkeuli sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebisas Tanabari mniSvneloba mieniWebaT. samosamarTleo praqtikaSi samarTlebrivi<br />
Tanasworobis miRweva amavdroulad, samarTlianobis principis realizaciasac warmoadgens.<br />
amasTan, sasjelis daniSvnisaTvis samarTlebrivad relevanturi erTiani kriteriumebis<br />
SemuSaveba, zemdgomi instanciebis sasamarTloebs gauadvilebda qvemdgomi<br />
instanciis sasamarTloebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis safuZvlianobis Semowmeba.<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom `sasjelis daniSvnis erTgvarovneba~, rogorc<br />
`gaidlainebis~ meSveobiT misaRwevi mizani, konkurirebs iseT konstituciursamarT-<br />
71
marTlmsajuleba<br />
72<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
lebriv moTxovnasTan, rogoric aris `mosamarTlis Tavisufleba~ da `sasjelis individualizacia~.<br />
Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom samosamarTleo praqtikaSi yovelTvis identur<br />
SemTxvevebs eqnebaT adgili. arc Tu ise iSviaTad, SesaZlebelia sisxlis samarTlis<br />
saqmeze mocemuli iyos pirovnebis bralisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi garemoebebi,<br />
romlebic `gaidlainebSi~ ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli, magram misi ignorireba sasjelis<br />
daniSvnisas gaumarTlebeli iqneboda. Tuki, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, `gaidlainebi~<br />
mosamarTles ar miscemda misgan gadaxvevis saSualebas, maSin es ukanaskneli iZulebuli<br />
iqneba daniSnos iseTi sasjeli, rasac igi piradad usamarTlod mZimed an msubuqad miiCnevs.<br />
praqtikaSi aseT SemTxvevas yovelTvis eqneba adgili, rodesac gansaxilveli sisxlis<br />
samarTlis saqme Tavisi specifikurobidan da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli calkeuli<br />
subieqturi da obieqturi garemoebebidan gamomdinare, imdenad gansxvavdeba manamde<br />
ganxiluli sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebisagan, rom SeuZlebeli iyo msgavsi SemTxvevis<br />
`gaidlainebSi~ gaTvaliswineba. am mimarTebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanasworobis konstituciuri<br />
pricipi, ara mxolod arsebiTad Tanasworis TviTneburad uTanasworod ganxilviT<br />
irRveva, aramed arsebiTad uTanasworos TviTneburad Tanasworad ganxilviTac.<br />
amitom, mxolod iseTi `gaidlainebi~ SeiZleba Seesabamebodes konstituciis moTxovnebs,<br />
romlis dacvac mosamarTleebis mier ar iqneboda savaldebulo da romlebic mosamar-<br />
Tleebs dautovebda SesaZleblobas, rom sisxlis samarTlis saqmis specifikurobis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
gansasjels Seufardos sasjelis daniSvnis saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebSi<br />
mocemuli sasjelisagan gansxvavebuli sasjeli. aseT SemTxvevaSi ar SeizRudeboda<br />
mosamarTlis damoukideblobis konstituciuri moTxovna da arc sasjelis individualizaciis<br />
principi aRar dakargavda Tavis funqcias.<br />
saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebisaTvis SemuSavebul 2007 wlis 25<br />
ivlisis saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebs da rekomendaciebs aqvT mxolod sarekomendacio<br />
xasiaTi. igi ar warmoadgens normatiul aqts da mosamarTles ar avaldebulebs misi<br />
moTxovnebis dacvas. misi mTavari funqciaa gauwios daxmareba mosamarTles sasjelis<br />
daniSvnis procesSi. `gaidlainebi~ mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels problematuri sisxlissamarTlebriv-dogmaturi<br />
sakiTxebis garkvevaSi da amasTan, erTgvarovani sasjelebis<br />
gansazRvraSi. marTalia, igi miuTiTebs mosamarTles komisiis mier winaswar gansazRvrul<br />
sasjelze, magram amavdroulad, iZleva SesaZleblobas, rom sxva iseTi mniSvnelovani<br />
garemoebebis arsebobisas, rac `gaidlainebSi~ ar aris mocemuli, Seamciros an<br />
gazardos sasjeli konkretuli muxlis sanqciis farglebSi. garda amisa, `gaidlainebis~<br />
Tanaxmad, mosamarTlem cxrilebis meSveobiT sasjelis daniSvnasTan erTad, unda<br />
gaiTvaliswinos sasjelis daniSvnasTan dakavSirebuli saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis<br />
kodeqsis moTxovnebi. maSasadame, mosamarTles SeuZlia Seafasos Seesabameba Tu ara<br />
ZiriTadi niSnebiT mis mier gansaxilveli sisxlis samarTlis saqme `gaidlainebSi~ aRweril<br />
SemTxvevas. Tuki gansaxilveli sisxlis samarTlis saqme `gaidlainebSi~ gadmocemul<br />
`st<strong>and</strong>artul SemTxvevas~ warmoadgens, maSin igi erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis<br />
Camoyalibebis miznidan gamomdinare, daniSnavs sasjels T<strong>and</strong>arTuli cxrilebis<br />
mixedviT. sxva SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gansaxilveli saqme Tavisi specifikurobiT gamoirCeva<br />
sxva `st<strong>and</strong>artuli SemTxvevebisagan~, sasjeli dainiSneba mosamarTlis Sexedu-
lebiT ssk-is konkretuli muxlis sanqciis farglebSi. is rom, `gaidlainebi~ ssk-is sxvadasxva<br />
muxlebTan mimarTebiT iZleva samarTlebriv-dogmatur ganmartebebs, es samosamarTleo<br />
samarTlis nawils warmoadgens, rac samarTlis Semecnebasa da ganviTarebas<br />
uwyobs xels. konstituciursamarTlebrivad miRebulia samosamarTleo samarTlis farglebSi<br />
sasamarTloebis mier mosamarTleebisaTvis savaldebulo zogadi samarTlebrivi<br />
principebis aRiareba. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom normis ganmartebis dros<br />
samosamarTleo samarTali arsebiTad ar unda scildebodes kanonmdeblis mizans konkretul<br />
normasTan mimarTebiT da ar unda cvlides mis Sinaarss da ar unda aZlevdes<br />
normas axlebur, sruliad gansxvavebul datvirTvas da Sinaarss. am mxrivadac, saerTo<br />
sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebisaTvis Seqmnili saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi da rekomendaciebi<br />
savsebiT Tavsdebian normis ganmartebisaTvis daSvebul farglebSi. `gaidlainebis~<br />
avtorebi ganmartebul sisxlis samarTlis normebs ar aniWeben gansxvavebul<br />
Sinaarss, isini normaTa ganmartebisas iTvaliswineben kanonmdeblis nebas da wlebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi dagrovili samosamarTleo praqtikis analizidan gamomdinare, ayalibeben<br />
problematur samarTlebriv sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul samosamarTleo xedvas. gamoricxuli<br />
ar aris, rom samosamarTleo samarTalma droTa ganmavlobaSi konkretul<br />
problematur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Secvalos Tavisi Zveli xedva da Camoayalibos<br />
gansxvavebuli pozicia, rac samarTlis ganviTarebasa da Semecnebas kidev ufro Seuwyobs<br />
xels.<br />
sabolood, daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo<br />
praqtikis Seswavlis, ganzogadebisa da saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebisaTvis<br />
saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebis ganmsazRvreli mudmivmoqmedi komisiis mier SemuSavebuli<br />
`praqtikuli rekomendaciebi sisxlis samarTlis procesis ZiriTad sakiTxebze<br />
magistrati mosamarTleebisaTvis~ da `saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi da rekomendaciebi<br />
sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo praqtikis problematur sakiTxebze~ winaaRmdegobaSi<br />
ar modis saqarTvelos konstituciis moTxovnebTan, radgan `mosamarTlis damoukideblobis~<br />
principi sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze gadawyvetilebis miRebisas kvlavindeburad<br />
ZalaSi rCeba. e.w. `gaidlainebi~ mosamarTleebs did daxmarebas gauweven mTeli rig procedurul<br />
sakiTxebTan da sasjelis daniSvnasTan mimarTebaSi. amasTan, saxelmZRvanelo<br />
winadadebebi da rekomendaciebi mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebas sasjelis SefardebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT gaxdian bevrad ufro gamWirvales da zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloebis<br />
mier advilad gadasasinjs, rac sabolood, Tavidan agvacilebs `araTanabari da TviTneburi<br />
sasjelebis~ sasamarTlo praqtikas da xels Seuwyobs samarTlianobisa da<br />
Tanasworobis principze damyarebul erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibebasa<br />
da ganviTarebas.<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1 ix.: Streng, F., strafrechtliche Sanktionen-Grundlagen und Anwendung-, 1991, 154; Stratenwerth, G.,<br />
Tatschuld und Strafzumessung, 1972, 4; Schünemann, B., summum ius = summa iniura in der Strafzumessung,<br />
in: Pönometrie, Rationalität oder Irrationalität der Strafzumessung, 1977, 73.<br />
2 Henkel, H., die ,,richtige” Strafe, Gedanken zur richterlichen Strafzumessung, 1969, 3.<br />
3 Schöch, H., kriminologische Aspekte der Strafzumessungslehre, in: C. Pfeiffer/M. Oswald, Strafzumessung,<br />
empirische Forschung und Strafrechtsdogmatik im Dialog, 1989, 132.<br />
73
marTlmsajuleba<br />
74<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
REGARDING<br />
THE APPLICATION OF<br />
THE “GUIDELINES” WITHIN<br />
THE ADMINISTRATION OF<br />
JUSTICE<br />
GIORGI TUMANISHVILI<br />
Doctor of <strong>Law</strong> (Free University of Berlin), LLM, Associated Professor of<br />
the University of Georgia, Assistant Professor of Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili State University<br />
It is already several years since the application of the guideline principles,<br />
so called “guidelines” are introduced in the administration of justice in<br />
Georgia. We see “Guidelines” on the problematic issues in the practice of<br />
administrative law cases, civil <strong>and</strong> criminal law cases. This latter became the<br />
subject of criticism from the side of scholars as well as practitioners. Critics<br />
believe that “guidelines” take away judges’ discretion <strong>and</strong> restrains them from<br />
the possibility to render decision based on internal belief. Therefore,<br />
introduction <strong>and</strong> establishment of the practice to apply the “guidelines” equals<br />
to infringement of the constitutional right of the judicial independence.<br />
The presented work reviews the positive <strong>and</strong> negative sides of the<br />
“Guidelines” elaborated by the Commission that studies the case law,<br />
generalizes it <strong>and</strong> issues these “guidelines” on the problematic issues in<br />
administration of criminal cases in the courts. The main question author<br />
tries to answer in the article is to what extent do the “guidelines” infringe the<br />
level of independence of judges.
saqarTvelos<br />
samoqalaqo saproceso<br />
kodeqsiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
mtkicebis tvirTis<br />
inovaciuri ganawilebis<br />
TaviseburebaTa<br />
analizi<br />
ilona gagua<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti<br />
kanonmdeblobaSi inovaciaTa danergva mis srulyofas<br />
ukavSirdeba. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi<br />
Setanili uaxlesi cvlilebebi moicavs samoqalaqo saproceso<br />
samarTlisaTvis adre ucnob instituts. masSi moiazreba<br />
axali cnebebi da kategoriebi. aRniSnuli siaxleebi<br />
xels Seuwyobs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas samarTlebrivi<br />
saxelmwifos farglebSi, rac qveynisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia.<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi aregulirebs<br />
sasarCelo da arasasrCelo warmoebis saxeebs.<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis meSvide<br />
karSi vxvdebiT samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebisaTvis ucnob<br />
institutebs, romlebic gansxvavdeba samoqalaqo saproceso<br />
samarTliT regulirebuli uflebebis dacvis danarCeni<br />
sasarCelo formisagan. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso<br />
kodeqsis meSvide karSi moqceuli kategoriis saqmeebi<br />
Seexeba saojaxo, administraciuli, saxelmwifo-samarTlebrivi<br />
urTierTobidan warmoSobili, romelic reguli-<br />
75
marTlmsajuleba<br />
76<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
rebulia saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsiT da reketuli qonebis,<br />
Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis<br />
gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e<br />
muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis CamorTmevasa da<br />
saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebis, aseve, piris okupirebul<br />
teritoriebze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebul<br />
pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis Taobaze saqmeebis ganxilvis Taviseburebebs.<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis meSvide kariT regulirebuli samar-<br />
TalwarmoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TaviseburebebiT daintereseba gamowveulia am<br />
kategoriis saqmeebze mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis aratradiciuli saxis gamo, rac<br />
naSromis kvlevaSi sakvanZo adgils ikavebs.<br />
aRniSnul samarTalwarmoebaSi mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis gadanawilebis praqtikuli<br />
magaliTebis Seswavlis gziT mimovixilavT samarTalwarmoebis aRniSnuli formis<br />
SesaZlo yvela mxares da maT procesualur principebTan SeTavsebis problemas.<br />
I. mtkicebis tvirTis inovaciuri ganawilebis Tavisebureba saojaxo da<br />
ganqorwinebis saqmeTa ganxilvisas<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali aregulirebs gansxvavebuli uflebebisa<br />
da interesebis sasamarTlo dacvis wess. am saqmeebis materialursamarTlebrivi<br />
buneba bevr SemTxvevaSi gavlenas axdens maTi ganxilvis procedurasa da formaze.<br />
saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobili saqmeTa ganxilva calke aris<br />
gamoyofili, radgan mas garkveuli Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs. sxva kategoriis saqmeTa<br />
ganxilvisagan gansxvavebiT, erT-erTi fundamenturi Taviseburebaa samZebro principis<br />
ufro farTod gamoyeneba. marTalia, saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi kerZosamarTlebrivi<br />
urTierTobebis sferos ganekuTvneba, magram am urTierTobebis ganviTarebiTa<br />
da simtkiciT dainteresebulia mTeli sazogadoeba.<br />
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlos, romelic ixilavs konkretul saojaxosamarTlebriv<br />
davas, miniWebuli aqvs ufleba TviTon, Tavisi iniciativiT miiRos yvela<br />
zoma, raTa daadginos saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebi<br />
da gamoitanos samarTliani da dasabuTebuli gadawyvetileba. am kategoriis saqmeTa<br />
ganxilvisas sasamarTlos SeuZlia:<br />
a) Tavad gansazRvros mtkicebis sagani, e.i. im garemoebaTa wre, romelTa dadgenis gare-<br />
Se SeuZlebelia saqmis sworad gadawyveta;<br />
b) Tavisi iniciativiT gamoiTxovos mtkicebulebebi, romlebzec mxareebs ar miuTiTebiaT,<br />
magram aqvT mniSvneloba mtkicebis saganSi Semavali faqtebis dasadgenad.<br />
saojaxo saqmeTa ganxilvisas procesis gaWianurebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT germaniis<br />
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi sasamarTlos saqmiswarmoebis uflebas aZlevs. es<br />
niSnavs, rom sasamarTlo arsebiT gavlenas axdens saqmis mimdinareobaze da procesis<br />
Sedegze. sasamarTlom saqmis mimdinareobis nebismier etapze unda uzrunvelyos, rom
mxareebma waradginon ganmartebebi da Sesabamisi Suamdgomlobebi. sasamarTlos akisria<br />
valdebuleba, misces mxareebs ganmartebebi, romliTac isini gadalaxaven dispoziciurobisa<br />
da SejibrebiTobis principebidan gamomdinare siZneleebs.<br />
SejibrebiTobis principis paralelurad, sasamarTlos gadacemuli aqvs procesis<br />
materialuri xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosileba. Tumca, aq dgeba am ori principis, mxareTa<br />
SejibrebiTobisa da sasamarTlos aqtiurobis principebis proporciis sakiTxi.<br />
sainteresoa, ra doziT unda moxdes am ori principis Serwyma da gamoyeneba saqmis ganxilvisas.<br />
mxareTa SejibrebiTobis principi ar unda iqnes gagebuli ukiduresi formiT da<br />
sasamarTlom ise unda miaRwios piris uflebebisa da interesebis dacvas, rom ar gascdes<br />
dainteresebuli piris neba-survils, ar unda scados pirTa im uflebebis realizacia,<br />
rac ar yofila moTxovnili.<br />
amasTan, SejibrebiTobis principi ar unda iqnes gagebuli, rogorc sasamarTlos ukiduresi<br />
pasiuroba. saproceso kanonmdeblobiT sasamarTlos SeuZlia Tavisi iniciativiT<br />
Seagrovos mtkicebulebebi, Tu amas saqmis garemoebebi moiTxovs an mxareebi amis<br />
Taobaze Suamdgomloben. mtkicebis tvirTis mxareebze ganawilebisas, sasamarTlos ar<br />
erTmeva ufleba, SesTavazos mxareebs, warmoadginon damatebiTi mtkicebulebebi.<br />
amdenad, sakiTxi unda gadawydes SejibrebiTobisa da inkviziciurobis principebs<br />
Soris zomieri balansis sasargeblod. Sesabamisad, mxareebi arc SezRuduli iqnebian<br />
sasamarTlos aqtiurobiT da arc daiCagrebian imis gamo, rom sasamarTlos neitraluri<br />
roli eqneba miniWebuli saqmis garemoebebis gamokvlevaSi.<br />
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobili saqmeebis<br />
ganxilvisas gamoiyeneba dispoziciurobisa da SejibrebiTobis principebi da am<br />
principebis paralelurad, am kategoriis saqmeebis ganxilvisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
Taviseburebebis gamo, agreTve, gamoiyeneba samZebro, anu inkviziciuri principi.<br />
samZebri principis moqmedebis farglebSi saojaxo saqmeebis ganxilvis dros sasamarTlos<br />
materialuri normebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeuZlia Tavisi iniciativiT gansazRvros<br />
dasadgen garemoebaTa wre (mtkicebis sagani) da mxareTa axsna-ganmartebebis Semdeg<br />
TviTon gamoiTxovos mtkicebulebebi, romlebzedac mxareebs ar miuTiTebiaT, rac erTgvari<br />
inovaciaa sasarCelo warmoebaSi. ganqorwinebis saqmeTa momzadebis stadiaze sasamarTlo<br />
gansazRvravs mtkicebis sagans, kerZod:<br />
_ sarCelis safuZvlad miTiTebul faqtebs;<br />
_ Sesageblis faqtebs, e.i. faqtebs, romlebsac mosarCelis mier aRZruli moTxovnebis<br />
sawinaaRmdegod emyareba mopasuxe;<br />
_ sxva faqtebs, romlebsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis.<br />
zogjer saqmis obieqturad ganxilvas sWirdeba damatebiTi masalebis Sekreba sasamar-<br />
Tlos mier. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ar SeiZleba bavSvis datoveba saTanado materialuri uzrunvelyofis<br />
gareSe. am mizniT, ganqorwinebisa da Svilebis sasargeblod alimentis<br />
gadaxdevinebis saqmis ganxilvisas, mosamarTlem Tavisi iniciativiT unda gamoarkvios,<br />
monawileobs Tu ara mopasuxe Svilebis rCenaSi. Tu sasamarTlo daadgens, rom mopasuxe<br />
ar asrulebs am valdebulebas saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 355-e mux-<br />
77
marTlmsajuleba<br />
78<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
lis Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo aRWurvilia uflebamosilebiT mxareTa Suamdgomlobis<br />
safuZvelze, miiRos droebiTi gankarguleba (ganCinebis saxiT) saqmis saboloo ganxilvamde,<br />
raTa moawesrigos mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris urTierTobis sakiTxi.<br />
saqorwino-saojaxo urTierTobebidan warmoSobil saqmeTa ganxilvisaTvis damaxasia-<br />
Tebeli Taviseburebebi aseve, moqmedebs dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis institutis gamoyenebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi.<br />
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis arsebobisas sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs gamocxadebuli<br />
mxaris Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze, mxaris dauswreblad ganixilos saqme. zogadi<br />
wesis Tanaxmad, mosarCelis gamoucxadeblobis dros dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis<br />
gamotanisas sasamarTlo ar afasebs arc saqmeSi arsebul mtkicebulebebs da arc saqmes<br />
samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT. sasamarTlos dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba sarCelis<br />
dakmayofilebaze uaris Sesaxeb gamoaqvs mosarCelis gamoucxadeblobis gamo da ara<br />
saqmis masalebze dayrdnobiT. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis erT-erT pirobaa<br />
varaudi, rom mopasuxem cno sarCeli, amitom dakarga Tavis dacvis interesi.<br />
aRniSnuli wesi saojaxo saqmeebis sasamarTlo ganxilvisas ar gamoiyeneba da kanonmdebeli<br />
gvTavazobs gansxvavebul inovaciur wess, kerZod, sxva sasarCeli warmoebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT mosarCelis gamoucxadebloba sasamarTlo mTavar sxdomaze ar iZleva mis<br />
mier sarCelze uaris Tqmis varauds. amas ganapirobebs is garemoeba, rom am warmoebaSi<br />
sasamarTlo Tavad gamoiTxovs mtkicebulebebs, romlebzedac mxareebs ar miuTiTebiaT,<br />
mxareTa gamoucxadebloba ar abrkolebs sakiTxis gadawyvetas. sasamarTlos mier Tavisi<br />
iniciativiT mtkicebulebaTa gamoTxovis gamo, mopasuxis mTavar sxdomaze gamoucxadebloba<br />
ar warmoadgens sarCelSi miTiTebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebis aRiarebisa<br />
da sarCelis cnobis varauds. amitom sasamarTlom gamoucxadebeli mxaris gareSe, saqme-<br />
Si arsebuli masalebis safuZvelze unda ganixilos da gadawyvitos saojaxo saqme. Tu<br />
saqmis masalebi ar iZleva dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis SesaZleblobas,<br />
sasamarTlom unda gamoiTxovos Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebi, gadados saqmis ganxilva<br />
sxva droisaTvis da mocemul saojaxo davasTan dakavSirebiT yvela mtkicebulebis mopovebis<br />
Semdeg, arsebiTad gadawyvitos dava, Cveulebrivi da ara dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebiT.<br />
Tavdapirvelad unda dadgindes garemoebebi, romlebic damtkicebas eqvemdebareba<br />
mTlianad saqmeze (mtkicebis sagani), Semdeg ki, is faqtebi, romlebic unda damtkicdes<br />
konkretuli mxaris mier (mtkicebis tvirTi).<br />
damtkicebas daqvemdebarebuli faqtebi, gamomdinareobs materialuri samarTlis<br />
normis dispoziciidan. aseTi norma miuTiTebs iseT faqtobriv garemoebebze, romlebic<br />
unda damtkicdes gansaxilveli kategoriis nebismier saqmeze. amasTan, yvela saqmes axasiaTebs<br />
Tavisi specifika, romelic sarCelidan (gancxadebidan) da Sesageblidan gamomdinareobs.<br />
sarCelSi (gancxadebaSi), SesagebelSi irkveva is konkretuli garemoebebi,<br />
romlebic mocemul saqmeze unda damtkicdes.<br />
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis gansazRvris<br />
mizniT unda gamoviyenoT ori wyaro:
a) mocemuli saqmis maregulirebeli materialuri samarTlis norma;<br />
b) sarCelisa da Sesageblis safuZvlebi.<br />
saojaxo saqmeTa ganxilvis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, mosamarTle gansazRvravs<br />
Tu romel garemoebebs aqvT saqmisaTvis mniSvneloba. amasTan, sasamarTlo uflebamosilia<br />
miuTiTos mxareebs (meuRleebs) mtkicebis saganSi Semavali ama Tu im garemoebebis<br />
damtkicebis aucileblobaze.<br />
am zogadi wesidan gamonakliss warmoadgens prezumfciis moqmedeba, romelic erTerT<br />
an orive mxares aTavisuflebs ama Tu im faqtebis damtkicebisagan. ase magaliTad,<br />
saojaxo samarTalSi moqmedebs bavSvis daqorwinebuli mSoblebisagan warmoSobis faqti.<br />
aRniSnuli magaliTi migvaniSnebs kanonismieri prezumfciis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze.<br />
es ukanaskneli mosamarTles miuTiTebs, Tu riT unda ixelmZRvanelos man im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, roca mas ar ZaluZs simarTlis garkveva. aseT SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa orientiris<br />
aReba mtkicebis tvirTze. TiToeulma mxarem unda warmoadginos da daamtkicos<br />
is faqtebi, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnasa da Sesagebels. aq igulisxmeba<br />
is faqtebi, romlebic aucilebelia da saWiroa normis aRwerilobiTi nawilis Semadgeneli<br />
calkeuli elementebis Sesavsebad. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, kanoni cvlis am wess:<br />
garkveuli faqtebi iTvleba miCneulad da mowinaaRmdege mxarem isini sadavo ar unda<br />
gaxados. kanonismier prezumfciebs ori funqcia aqvT: saproceso da materialursamarTlebrivi.<br />
pirveli, es prezumfciebi calkeul SemTxvevaSi, cvlian saqarTvelos<br />
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 102-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul mtkicebis<br />
wess da mtkicebis tvirTs akisreben meore mxares, rac am ukanasknelisaTvis dakavSirebulia<br />
riskTan, rom man SeiZleba waagos procesi, Tu mtkicebuleba ar iqna miRebuli.<br />
meore, materialur-samarTlebrivi funqciiT normis aRwerilobiTi nawilis erT-erTi<br />
Semadgeneli elementi konkretul procesTan mimarTebaSi da konkretul mxareTa Soris<br />
maSinac mocemulad CaiTvleba, roca obieqturad ver moxerxda am garemoebis dadgena.<br />
ganqorwinebis sasamarTlo wesiT ganxilva rTul procedurasTanaa dakavSirebuli.<br />
saWiro xdeba saqmis detalurad Seswavla, meuRleTa Soris warmoSobil urTierTobaTa<br />
SinaarsSi garkveva, mowmeTa dakiTxva, dokumentebis gamoTxova. ganqorwinebis saqmeze<br />
mosamarTlem unda gansazRvros mtkicebis sagani, kerZod:<br />
_ daqorwinebis faqti;<br />
_ ganqorwinebaze erT-erTi meuRlis Tanxmobis ararsebobis faqti;<br />
_ meuRleTa Semdgomi erTad cxovrebisa da ojaxis SenarCunebis SeuZleblobis faqti;<br />
_ sxva faqtebi, romlebic saqmis konkretuli garemoebebidan gamomdinare, Sedian<br />
mtkicebis saganSi.<br />
Tu ar arsebobs ganqorwinebaze erT-erTi meuRlis Tanxmoba, maSin sasamarTlos sxva<br />
roli ekisreba, radgan kanonmdebeli adgens mxolod ganqorwinebis zogad safuZvlebs.<br />
kerZod, sasamarTlom unda daaskvnas, rom SemdgomSi meuRleTa erTad cxovreba da ojaxis<br />
SenarCuneba SeuZlebelia. saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis gamorkvevis dros sasamar-<br />
Tlo ar unda dasjerdes erT romelime mtkicebis saSualebas, rameTu gansaxilveli<br />
kategoriis saqmeebze kanonmdebeli ar adgens SezRudvebs am sferoSi.<br />
79
marTlmsajuleba<br />
80<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
mtkicebis sagans Tavisi specifika aqvs, rodesac sasamarTloSi aRZrulia saqme ganqorwinebis<br />
moTxovniT colis orsulobis dros da bavSvis dabadebidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
mosamarTlem msgavsi saqmis ganxilvisas mtkicebis saganSi unda Seitanos:<br />
_ daqorwinebis faqti;<br />
_ ganqorwinebaze meuRlis Tanxmobis arsebobis faqti.<br />
_ meuRlis orsulobis <strong>and</strong>a bavSvis dabadebis faqti araugvianes erTi wlisa<br />
(miuxedavad mkvdari bavSvis dabadebisa an bavSvis erT wlamde asakis miuRwevlad<br />
gardacvalebisa).<br />
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi problemuri sakiTxia, gavrceldeba Tu ara es wesi im SemTxvevaze,<br />
rodesac coli orsuladaa an mas hyavs erT wlamde asakis bavSvi sxva pirisagan.<br />
kanoni amis Taobaze ar Seicavs pirdapir miTiTebas, iseve rogorc araferia naTqvami imis<br />
Sesaxeb, rom coli qmrisgan unda iyos orsulad. kanonis mizania ara mamakacis uflebis<br />
SezRudva, aramed qalisa da bavSvis janmrTeloba. Sesabamisad, am kategoriis saqmeze<br />
iuridiuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs im faqts, bavSvi warmoSobilia Tu ara daqorwinebuli<br />
mSoblebisagan.<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 354-e muxlis miznidan gamomdinare,<br />
mosamarTlem Tavisi iniciativiT, dasadgen garemoebaTa wris gansazRvrisa da mtkicebulebaTa<br />
gamoTxovisas, col-qmars unda ganumartos, rom TiToeuli maTgani valdebulia<br />
daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzedac isini amyareben TavianT moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels.<br />
amdenad, ganqorwinebis saqmeTa ganxilvisas moqmedebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo<br />
saproceso kodeqsis 102-e muxliT dadgenili mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis saerTo wesi.<br />
sainteresoa, qorwinebis baTilad cnobis saqmeebis ganxilvisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
Taviseburebebi.<br />
saproceso kanonmdebloba qorwinebis baTilad cnobas iTvaliswinebs mxolod sasamarTlos<br />
mier.<br />
am kategoriis saqmeebze mtkicebis saganSi Sedis Semdegi faqtebi, kerZod:<br />
_ daqorwinebis faqti;<br />
_ faqtebi, romlebic adastureben piris uflebamosilebas aRZras saqme qorwinebis<br />
baTilad cnobis moTxovniT da aRniSnuli SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes:<br />
_ mSoblis uflebamosilebidan, rodesac sarCeli wardgenilia erT-erTi<br />
arasrulwlovani meuRlis mSoblis mier;<br />
_ sxva saqorwino urTierTobidan, Tu sarCeli wardgenilia kanoniT dadgenili wesiT<br />
qorwinebaSi myofi sxva meuRlis mier;<br />
_ kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebidan, romliTac dadgenilia<br />
erT-erTi an orive meuRlis qmeduunaroba, daniSnulia meurve da sarCeli<br />
wardgenilia qmeduunaro meuRlis meurvis mier;<br />
_ sxva pirTa da dainteresebuli pirebis uflebebisa da interesebis darRvevidan,<br />
Tu sarCeli wardgenilia am pirTa mier.<br />
qorwinebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb warmoebul yovel konkretul saqmeze mtkicebis<br />
sagani ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT, Tu ris safuZvelzea dayenebuli moTxovna qorwinebis<br />
baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb.
qorwinebis baTilad cnobis saqmeTa ganxilvisas moqmedebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo<br />
saproceso kodeqsis 102-e muxliT dadgenili mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis saerTo<br />
wesi. kerZod, ganmcxadebeli valdebulia daamtkicos qorwinebis baTilad cnobis moTxovniT<br />
sarCelis aRZvris uflebamosilebis arseboba, daqorwinebis faqti da qorwinebis<br />
baTilad cnobis safuZveli (sarCelis safuZvlad miTiTebuli faqtebi). mopasuxe amtkicebs,<br />
im garemoebas rom qorwinebis registraciis momentSi ar arsebobda qorwinebis<br />
damabrkolebeli garemoebebi an isini aRar arsebobs saqmis ganxilvis momentSi.<br />
Tu meuRle, romlis uflebebic dairRva daqorwinebiT da moiTxovs sarCos daniSvnas,<br />
materialuri an moraluri zianis anazRaurebas, maSin man pirvel rigSi unda daamtkicos,<br />
rom igi warmoadgens keTilsindisier meuRles, xolo Semdeg ki, unda amtkicos<br />
moTxovnis safuZvlad miTiTebuli garemoebebi.<br />
qorwinebis baTilad cnobis saqmeSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs prezumfcia. praqtikaSi<br />
gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca meuRleebma araferi icodnen im garemoebaTa<br />
Sesaxeb, romlebic krZalaven qorwinebis SesaZleblobas. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia qorwinebis<br />
registraciis dros maT ar icodnen, rom araRviZli da-Zma yofilan, rac qorwinebidan<br />
gansazRvruli drois gasvlis Semdeg gaxda cnobili. aseT SemTxvevaSi, moqmedebs<br />
qorwinebis namdvilobis prezumfcia da qorwineba wydeba sasamarTloSi am garemoebis<br />
dadgenis momentidan. am dromde gasuli periodisaTvis qorwineba warmoSobs yvela im<br />
samarTlebriv Sedegs, rac namdvili qorwinebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. amgvarad, qorwinebis<br />
namdvilobis prezumfciis Sinaarsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gansakuTrebul Sem-<br />
TxvevebSi, meuRleTa erTad cxovrebis periodSi maTTvis moulodnelad, marTalia, aRmoCndeba<br />
maTi qorwinebis damabrkolebeli garemoebis arseboba, rac kanonis mixedviT<br />
qorwinebis gabaTilebis safuZvelia, magram mas, saojaxosamarTlebriv urTierTobaTa<br />
subieqtebis interesebidan gamomdinare, faqtobrivad qorwinebis gabaTileba ki ar mohyveba,<br />
aramed _ misi Sewyveta.<br />
saalimento movaleobebs eTmoba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mexuTe Tavi (1182-e-<br />
1186-e muxlebi), mesame Tavi (1212-e-1222-e muxlebi), meoTxe Tavi (1223-e-1231-e muxlebi),<br />
romlebic Seexeba meuRleTa urTierTrCenis movaleobas, mSoblebisa da Svilebis saalimento<br />
movaleobebs, ojaxis sxva wevrebis saalimento movaleobebs.<br />
am kategoriis saqmeebze moqmedebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 102-e<br />
muxliT dadgenili mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis saerTo wesi. amdenad, TiToeuli<br />
mxare valdebulia daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa<br />
da Sesagebels.<br />
sasarCelo moTxovnasa da SesagebelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebis dasamtkiceblad mxareebs<br />
SeuZliaT gamoiyenon mtkicebis sxvadasxvagvari saSualebebi yovelgvari SezRudvis<br />
gareSe. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom alimentis moTxovnis Taobaze<br />
aRZrul saqmeebze mtkicebis saganSi Semavali faqtebis umetesoba, SeiZleba dadgindes<br />
mxolod werilobiTi mtkicebulebebiT, kerZod, sxvadasxva dokumentebiT, cnobebiT,<br />
mowmobebiT, gadawyvetilebebiT da sxva.<br />
kanoni amJamad, alimentis odenobis gansazRvras miakuTvnebs sasamarTlos kompetencias.<br />
sasamarTlo ki, amas gansazRvravs gonivruli da samarTliani Sefasebis<br />
81
marTlmsajuleba<br />
82<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
safuZvelze, Svilis normaluri rCena-aRzrdisaTvis aucilebel moTxovnaTa fargleb-<br />
Si. am dros gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda mieniWos agreTve, alimentis gadamxdelis<br />
xelfasis an sxva Semosavlis odenobas.<br />
mSobels, romelic iTxovs alimentis daniSvnas, awevs im garemoebis dadasturebis<br />
mtkicebis tvirTi, rom arasrulwlovani bavSvi imyofeba mis kmayofaze da meore mSobeli<br />
monawileobas ar Rebulobs bavSvis rCenaSi an am ukanasknelis mier gaweuli materialuri<br />
daxmarebis odenoba arasakmarisia.<br />
sabolood, sasamarTlo mtkicebis procesi Sedgeba samoqalaqo samarTalurTier-<br />
Tobis sxvadasxva subieqtebis TanamSromlobiT.<br />
zogadad, mtkicebis procesis momwesrigebeli samarTlis normebi iyofa saerTo<br />
normebad, romlebic Tanabrad gamoiyeneba yvela kategoriis saqmeze da specialur normebad,<br />
romlebic reglamentirebas ukeTebs mtkicebis process mxolod calkeuli kategoriis<br />
saqmeze. winamdebare TavSi ganvixileT konkretuli kategoriis saqmeebze mtkicebis<br />
procesis problematika.<br />
II. mtkicebis tvirTis inovaciuri ganawilebis Tavisebureba reketuli qonebis,<br />
Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris,<br />
narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis<br />
samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli<br />
piris qonebis CamorTmevisa da saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
saqmeebis ganxilvisas<br />
XXI saukunis dasawyisSic ki, saqarTveloSi korufciam moicva iseTi sferoebi, rogoricaa<br />
ganaTleba, politika, ekonomika, xelovneba da sxva, ramac ganapiroba sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis ama Tu im wamyvani sferoebis ara Tu ganviTareba, aramed ukan svla _<br />
regresi.<br />
zemoaRniSnuli saqmianobisaTvis pasuxs aravin agebda, rac gamowveuli iyo saTanado<br />
normatiuli aqtebis ararsebobiT. saxelmwifoSi ukanono Semosavlebis zrdam ganapiroba<br />
mis winaaRmdeg brZolis normatiuli aqtis miReba.<br />
msoflio kanonmdeblobasTan saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis harmonizaciis Seuqcevadma<br />
procesma dRis wesrigSi daayena demokratiuli xelisuflebis mier antikorufciuli<br />
da antireketuli sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna. 2004 wlis 24 ivniss, saqarTvelos<br />
parlamentma miiRo kanoni `organizebuli danaSaulisa da reketis Sesaxeb~ da Sesabamisi<br />
cvlilebebi da damatebebi iqna Setanili saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi.<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi 2005 wlis 20 dekembers ZalaSi Sesuli<br />
XLIV1 Tavi Seexeba reketuli qonebis, Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris,<br />
adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos<br />
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli<br />
piris qonebis CamorTmevisa da saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemasTan dakavSirebul<br />
warmoebas.
am TavSi gansazRvrulia ukanono da dausabuTebeli qonebis mopovebis arasamarTlebrivi<br />
da arasaxelmwifoebrivi gzebis aRkveTis RonisZiebebi sasamarTlos meSveobiT.<br />
aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis msoflioSi<br />
mimdinare globalizaciasTan harmonizebisa da unificirebis winapiroba gaxda.<br />
upirvelesad, erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT reketuli qonebis, Tanamdebobis piris,<br />
qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis<br />
xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis<br />
`g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis CamorTmeva qonebis konfiskaciisagan.<br />
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis sasjelTa sistemidan amoRebulia qonebis<br />
konfiskacia. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 1997 wlis 21 ivlisis gadawyvetilebiT,<br />
arakonstituciurad iqna cnobili sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 23-e muxlis<br />
mexuTe nawilis pirveli punqti da amave kodeqsis 96-e muxlis meore nawilis sanqciis<br />
is monakveTi, sadac damatebiTi sasjelis saxiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo qonebis konfiskacia.<br />
konfiskacia saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganmarta, rogorc msjavrdebulis<br />
piradi sakuTrebis _ mTeli qonebis an misi nawilis iZulebiTi usasyidlo Camor-<br />
Tmeva. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos msjelobis sagani iyo konfiskacia<br />
imgvari SinaarsiT, rodesac dasaSvebi iyo damnaSavisaTvis mTeli qonebis CamorTmeva,<br />
Tundac igi kanonieri gziT yofiliyo SeZenili da ara korufciuli an sxvagvari danaSaulis<br />
Sedegad SeZenili qonebis CamorTmevis sakiTxi. konfiskacia, warmoadgenda sisxlis<br />
samarTlis saqmeze gamotanili sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli ganaCeniT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
sasjelis erT-erT saxes. Cadenil danaSaulsa da sasjelis am saxes Soris<br />
darRveuli iyo kavSiri.<br />
saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba gauwios kontroli anu zedamxedveloba sakuTrebis gamoyenebas,<br />
raTa ganaxorcielos danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZola. ukanono da dausabuTebeli<br />
qonebis CamorTmeva miznad isaxavs saerTo saxelmwifoebriv interess _ SeizRudos<br />
saeWvo warmoSobis qonebisa da finansuri saSualebebis samoqalaqo brunva.<br />
saqarTvelo dRes, evropul institutebSi integraciisaken miiswrafvis, romlis<br />
winapirobasac warmoadgens saqarTvelos samarTlebrivi sivrcis evropul st<strong>and</strong>artebTan<br />
SesabamisobaSi moyvana.<br />
sakuTrebis ufleba erT-erTi amosavali wertilia evropul samarTlebriv sivrceSi.<br />
sakuTrebis ufleba adamianis fundamentur uflebaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlis gareSec<br />
SeuZlebelia demokratiuli saxelmwifos arseboba. amdenad, mniSvnelovania misi<br />
reglamentacia _ uflebis Sinaarsi, elementebi da SezRudvis safuZvlebi.<br />
sakuTrebis ufleba ganmtkicebulia sxvadasxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi, romlebic<br />
uflebasTan erTad adgenen am uflebis SezRudvis safuZvlebsac. saqarTvelos konstituciis<br />
21-e muxlis meore punqti iZleva sakuTrebis uflebis SinaarsSi SeWris uflebamosilebas.<br />
aRniSnuli muxli ar warmoadgens Semakavebel normas reketuli qonebis,<br />
Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis<br />
gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e<br />
muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis CamorTmevis SemTx-<br />
83
marTlmsajuleba<br />
84<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
vevisTvis. konstituciis 21-e muxliT daculi ufleba erTi mxriv, aris sakuTrebis,<br />
rogorc institutis garantia da meore mxriv, sakuTrebis, rogorc pirovnebis uflebis<br />
garantia.<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis aRniSnuli debulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakuTrebis<br />
uflebis xelSeuxebloba damokidebulia Tavad sakuTrebis warmoSobis kanonierebaze,<br />
sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, aRniSnuli debulebebiT daculia mxolod kanonierad mopovebuli<br />
sakuTreba.<br />
amdenad, saqarTvelos konstitucia, sxva sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare aqtebi,<br />
Tu saerTaSoriso konvenciebi icaven mxolod kanonierad mopovebul sakuTrebas.<br />
sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudvis safuZvlebTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa saerTa-<br />
Soriso st<strong>and</strong>artebisa da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli<br />
samarTlis Seswavla. sainteresoa ganisazRvros ramdenad Seesabameba saqarTveloSi<br />
sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi da maTi realizacia evropul<br />
st<strong>and</strong>artebs.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis pirveli damatebiTi<br />
oqmis pirveli muxlis Sesabamisad, yovel fizikur da iuridiul pirs aqvs ufleba<br />
mSvidobianad isargeblos Tavisi sakuTrebiT; ar SeiZleba vinmes CamoerTvas Tavisi<br />
sakuTreba, garda sajaro interesebis, kanoniTa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebiT.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia adgens sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudvis dasaSveb<br />
farglebs da iTvaliswinebs masSi Camoyalibebul uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa<br />
marTlzomieri SezRudvis SesaZleblobas saxelmwifos mier.<br />
zemoaRniSnuli iZleva saSulebas vamtkicoT, rom sakuTrebis ufleba SeiZleba Seiz-<br />
Rudos sajaro interesebidan gamomdinare da mis absolutur uflebad miCneva SefardebiTia.<br />
amdenad, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, unda gaimijnos, ufro mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi<br />
moTxovnilebis aucilebeli dakmayofileba, Tu konkretuli piris sakuTrebis<br />
ufleba.<br />
problema gacilebiT Sors midis, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu fizikuri pirisa Tu kerZo samar-<br />
Tlis iuridiuli piris mier SeZenili qoneba aRmoCndeba reketuli, Tanamdebobis piris,<br />
qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis<br />
xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis<br />
`g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qoneba da SemZeni am faqtis mimarT keTilsindisieria.<br />
aRniSnuli inovaciis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos jerjerobiT ar gaaCnia sasamarTlo praqtika<br />
reketuli qonebis, Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris,<br />
narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samar-<br />
Tlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis<br />
CamorTmevis imgvari samarTalurTierTobis mosawesrigeblad, rodesac saxezea SemZenis<br />
keTilsindisierebis Sesaxeb zogadi daTqma.<br />
keTilsindisiereba warmoCindeba rogorc valdebulebiTi samarTlis ise, mTlianad<br />
kerZo samarTlis umaRles normad da igi gamoiyeneba xelSekrulebis dadebis, misi
namdvilobisa da xelSekrulebis ganmartebis mizniT. faqtiurad, keTilsindisierebis<br />
qcevis st<strong>and</strong>arti mTlianad kerZo samarTalze vrceldeba. magaliTad, saqarTvelos<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-8 muxlis mesame nawilis Tanaxmad, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis<br />
monawileni valdebulni arian keTilsindisierad ganaxorcielon TavianTi uflebebi<br />
da movaleobani.<br />
mTavaria qonebis mesakuTrisa da keTilsindisieri SemZenis interesebis samarTliani<br />
balansireba. samoqalaqo kodeqsi am sakiTxs wyvets aramarto brunvis konkretuli monawilis<br />
interesebidan gamomdinare, aramed sajaro wesrigis stabilurobis interesebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT. doqtrinisaTvis amosavalia keTilsindisieri samoqalaqo brunva, rasac<br />
safuZvels uyris moqmedi samoqalaqo kodeqsi. brunvis keTilsindisiereba am brunvis<br />
monawileTa keTilsindisierebaa, es ki, gulisxmobs brunvis monawileebisadmi s<strong>and</strong>oobas.<br />
es sruliadac ar niSnavs urTierTobis monawileTa mxridan erTmaneTis mimarT<br />
TvaldaxuWul ndobas. igi aucileblad gulisxmobs windaxedulobis gonivrul masStabs,<br />
romlis ignorirebamac SeiZleba brunvis monawile arakeTilsindisier monawiled<br />
aqcios da dacvis miRma datovos.<br />
kanonmdebloba mesakuTrisa da keTilsindisieri SemZenis interesTa konfliqtis<br />
sakiTxs gansxvavebulad awesrigebs reketuli qonebis, Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli<br />
samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis<br />
an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT<br />
msjavrdebuli piris qonebis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Teoretikosebi<br />
ver xedaven problemas keTilsindisierebis principis farTod ganmartebasa<br />
da gamoyenebaSi, praqtika normebis gamoyenebisas aseTi erTsulovani ar aris iseTi Sem-<br />
Txvevebis mimarT, rodesac keTilsindisieri SemZenis uflebebi upirispirdeba sajaro<br />
wesrigs.<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsTan sxva kanonTa normebis mimarTeba am kodeqsis me-2 muxlis meore<br />
nawilis Tanaxmad unda moxdes da am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul zogad normebsa da<br />
specialur normebs Soris koliziisas gamoiyeneba specialuri normebi. specialuri<br />
kanoni specialuri urTierTobis momwesrigebeli kanonia, romelic yvelaze srulyofilad<br />
da realurad asaxavs am urTierTobaTa bunebas. SeuZlebelia kodeqsi ar Seivsos<br />
axali normebiT, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis. aseTi<br />
damokidebuleba imis mauwyebelia, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsSi izrdeba specialuri mowesrigebis<br />
funqcia. cxadia, es ar niSnavs, rom specialuri kanoni ignorirebas ukeTebs<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqss. specialuri kanonis Sefaseba mainc samoqalaqo samarTlis SigniT<br />
xdeba da imdenadaa dasaSvebi gansxvavebuli mowesrigeba, ramdenadac amas iTmens samoqalaqo<br />
kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli principebi.<br />
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, `organizebuli danaSaulisa da reketis Sesaxeb~ 2004<br />
wlis 24 ivnisis saqarTvelos kanoni samoqalaqo kodeqsTan mimarTebaSi specialuri da<br />
axali kanonia, romlis mizania, xeli Seuwyos organizebuli danaSaulis, qurduli samyaros<br />
da reketis winaaRmdeg brZolas da Tavidan acilebas, agreTve qurduli samyaros<br />
wevrebis winaaRmdeg brZolas kerZo, sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo interesebis<br />
dasacavad. prioriteti eniWeba sajaro wesrigis dacvas. sajaro wesrigis cneba samoqa-<br />
85
marTlmsajuleba<br />
86<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
laqo kodeqsSi moralur imperativebTanaa dakavSirebuli. sajaro wesrigi xels uwyobs<br />
zneobrivi da samarTliani samoqalaqo brunvis damkvidrebas. sajaro wesrigis darRveviT<br />
ilaxeba aramxolod vinmes kerZo interesebi, aramed sajaro interesebi. es imitom,<br />
rom sajaro wesrigiT daculi sikeTe sazogado faseulobisaa da misi darRveva Zirs<br />
uTxris sazogadoebis arsebobis safuZvlebs. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 54-e<br />
muxli baTilad miiCnevs am wesrigis sawinaaRmdego garigebas. aqedan aSkara xdeba, rom<br />
samoqalaqo brunvis Tavisufleba SeboWilia da garkveuli sazogadoebrivi interesebis<br />
farglebSia moqceuli. maSasadame, arsebobs urTierTobani, rac ar SeiZleba iyos mxolod<br />
kerZo avtonomiis saqme. samoqalaqo brunvis mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa, rom yoveli<br />
mxare im tvirTis matarebeli SeiZleba iyos, romlis zidvac mas SeuZlia. roca<br />
mtkicdeba, rom igi uZluria zidos es tvirTi, pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxic ixsneba.<br />
zemoT moyvanil samarTlis normebSi erTmaneTis pirispir dgas sajaro wesrigi da<br />
keTilsindisieri SemZeni. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, maTi mdgomareoba arsebiTad gansxvavebulia.<br />
nivTis SemZenis bed-iRbali mTlianadaa damokidebuli gamsxviseblis samarTlebriv<br />
mdgomareobaze da sakuTar windaxedulobaze. umeteswilad, aq sajaro wesrigi imarjvebs<br />
keTilsindisirebaze da amitom orTabrZola keTilsindisieri SemZenis sasargeblod<br />
ar mTavrdeba.<br />
sakuTrebis uflebis nebismieri xelyofa unda emsaxurebodes sajaro an saerTo<br />
interesebiT ganpirobebul kanonier miznebs. amasTan, SenarCunebul unda iqnes samarTliani<br />
balansi sazogadoebis saerTo interesebsa da piris fundamentur uflebaTa dacvis<br />
moTxovnebs Soris. kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs iseT uTanasworobas, romlis Sedegadac<br />
pirs SeiZleba TviTneburad da usamarTlod CamoerTvas qoneba meore piris sasargeblod.<br />
sakuTrebis xelyofis dasaSvebad aRiarebisaTvis, is ara marto sajaro interesiT<br />
ganpirobebul kanonier mizans unda emsaxurebodes, aramed unda arsebobdes gonivruli<br />
proporciuloba gamoyenebul saSualebebsa da misaRwev mizans Soris. samarTlianad<br />
unda dabalansdes sazogadoebis saerTo interesis moTxovnebi da piris fundamenturi<br />
uflebebis dacvis moTxovnebi. danaSulebrivi gziT mopovebuli TanxebiT qonebis SeZenis<br />
winaaRmdeg zomebis miReba udavod warmoadgens kontrols qonebiT sargeblobaze.<br />
danaSaulebrivi gziT SeZenil qonebaze kontrolis mizania sajaro cxovrebis gaTavisufleba<br />
kriminaluri avtoritetebis gavlenisagan da demokratiuli wyobilebis dacva.<br />
am kategoriis saqmeebze samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis wesiT sarCels aRZravs ara<br />
fizikuri an kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piri, aramed prokurori, romelic sasamarTloSi<br />
gamodis rogorc saxelmwifo bralmdebeli, rac dRes moqmedi qarTuli kanonmdeblobisaTvis<br />
inovaciaa. Tumca amgvari situacia kontinentur-evropuli kanonmdeblobisaTvis<br />
ukve inovacias ar warmoadgens.<br />
prokuroris monawileoba samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvaSi da misTvis sarCelis aRZvris<br />
miniWebis uflebamosileba XLIV1 Tavs samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul<br />
yvela Tavisagan gamoarCevs.<br />
reketuli qonebis CamorTmevisa da saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemis Taobaze sarCeli<br />
SesaZlebelia aRiZras ara marto reketuli dajgufebisa da reketiris mimarT, aramed<br />
misi ojaxis wevris axlo naTesavis an reketirTan dakavSirebuli piris mimarTac.
prokuroris mier samoqalaqo sarCelis aRZvraze vrceldeba x<strong>and</strong>azmuloba da eqvs<br />
Tves Seadgens. sarCelis wardgenis xadazmuloba iwyeba sisxlis samarTlis wesiT sasamarTlos<br />
ganaCenis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis momentidan da wydeba uflebamosili piris<br />
mier samoqalaqo sarCelis SetaniT. x<strong>and</strong>azmulobis eqvsTviani vadis gasvlasTan erTad<br />
prokurors erTmeva ufleba waradginos samoqalaqo sarCeli.<br />
Tanamdebobis piris qonebis CamorTmevisa da saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemis Taobaze<br />
sarCeli SesaZlebelia aRiZras ara marto Tanamdebobis piris mimarT, aramed misi ojaxis<br />
wevris, axlo naTesavis an Tanamdebobis pirTan dakavSirebuli piris mimarT, saqarTvelos<br />
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 356-e muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad.<br />
Tanamdebobis pirTan dakavSirebuli piri aris piri, romelsac iuridiuli dokumentaciis<br />
safuZvelze sakuTrebaSi aqvs qoneba da arsebobs safuZvliani eWvi, rom igi mopovebulia<br />
Tanamdebobis piris mier an/da am qonebiT sargeblobs, mas gankargavs (an gankarga)<br />
Tanamdebobis piri.<br />
aRniSnuli normis miznebidan gamomdinare, ama Tu im piris Tanamdebobis pirTan dakavSirebul<br />
pirad miCnevisaTvis saWiroa kumulaciuri pirobis arseboba: a) aRniSnul<br />
pirs (dakavSirebul pirs) iuridiuli dokumentaciis safuZvelze sakuTrebaSi unda<br />
hqondes qoneba; b) mosarCeles unda gaaCndes safuZvliani eWvi, rom es qoneba mopovebulia<br />
Tanamdebobis piris mier an/da am qonebiT sargeblobs, mas gankargavs Tanamdebobis<br />
piri.<br />
kanonmdebloba erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs Tanamdebobis piris qonebasa da dausabuTebel<br />
qonebas.<br />
Tanamdebobis piris qonebas warmoadgens Tanamdebobis piris, misi ojaxis wevris, axlo<br />
naTesavis an Tanamdebobis pirTan dakavSirebuli piris Semosavali, qoneba an qonebidan<br />
miRebuli Semosavali, romlis marTlzomieri saSualebebiT miRebis damadasturebeli<br />
sabuTi an sxva mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs.<br />
dausabuTebeli qoneba aris qoneba, agreTve am qonebidan miRebuli Semosavali, aqciebi<br />
(wili), romlis/romelTa kanonieri saSualebiT mopovebis damadasturebeli dokumentebi<br />
Tanamdebobis pirs an dakavSirebul pirs ar gaaCnia an igi mopovebulia ukanono<br />
qonebis gasxvisebis Sedegad miRebuli fuladi saxsrebiT.<br />
saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs reketuli qonebis, Tanamdebobis piris,<br />
qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis<br />
xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis<br />
`g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis uzrunvelyofis saproceso saSualebebs.<br />
zemomiTiTebuli qonebis CamorTmevis Sesaxeb aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens<br />
materialuri kanonmdeblobiT daculi uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis<br />
realuri ganxorcielebis swraf da efeqtian saprocesosamarTlebriv garantias.<br />
sarCelis uzrunvelyofis instituti koncentrirebulia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo<br />
saproceso kodeqsis 191-e muxlSi, kerZod, im winadadebaSi, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu arsebobs<br />
dasabuTebuli varaudi, rom uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebaTa miuRebloba gaaZnelebs<br />
an SeuZlebels gaxdis gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebas, sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba<br />
sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb.<br />
87
marTlmsajuleba<br />
88<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis gamoyenebaze msjelobisas, sasamarTlo, pirvel rigSi,<br />
yuradRebas amaxvilebs sarCelis uzrunvelyofis safuZvelze, kerZod, samomavlod saqmeze<br />
miRebuli gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis gaZnelebis an aRusruleblobis saSiSroebaze.<br />
mosarCelem unda miuTiTos im konkretuli garemoebebis arseboba, romlebic<br />
adastureben varauds, rom uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis miuRebloba gaaZnelebs an SeuZlebels<br />
gaxdis gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebas.<br />
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 356-e muxli Seicavs specialur danawess sarCelis<br />
uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis savaldebulo wardgenis Taobaze, romlis<br />
Tanaxmad, Tu arsebobs monacemebi, rom reketuli dajgufebis, reketiris, Tanamdebobis<br />
piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis<br />
gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis<br />
mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris, maTi ojaxis wevris, axlo naTesavis<br />
an reketirTan, Tanamdebobis pirTan, qurduli samyaros wevrTan, adamianiT movaWres-<br />
Tan, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobTan an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis<br />
kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT dakavSirebuli piris<br />
mflobelobaSi arsebul qonebas gadamalaven an daxarjaven <strong>and</strong>a sxvagvarad gaasxviseben<br />
_ prokurori valdebulia gancxadebiT mimarTos sasamarTlos qonebaze, maT Soris,<br />
sabanko angariSebze, yadaRis dadebis Taobaze. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, kanonis norma imperatiuli<br />
xasiaTisaa da gulisxmobs prokuroris valdebulebas gaataros sasamarTlo<br />
gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis prevenciuli zomebi.<br />
mniSvnelovania `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 53-e muxlisa da saqarTvelos<br />
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 356-e muxlis urTierTmimarTeba.<br />
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 53-e muxli aqciaTa savaldebulo miyidvas<br />
iTvaliswinebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aqciebis SeZenis Sedegad aqcioners sakuTrebaSi aqvs<br />
saaqcio sazogadoebis xmebis 95%-ze meti. radganac kontrahirebis iZulebis ufleba<br />
misca kanonmdebelma maJoritar aqcioners, igi valdebulia daasabuTos misi aucilebloba.<br />
kontrahirebis iZuleba es ar aris upirobo ufleba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, maJoritarma<br />
aqcionerma jerovani mtkicebulebebi unda warmoadginos, rom aqciebis gamosyidva<br />
aucilebelia saaqcio sazogadoebisaTvis. mokled, man unda daasabuTos, rom minoratori<br />
aqcioneris arseboba an `saqmianoba~ mas uqmnis iseT problemebs, rac sakmarisia<br />
aqciaTa gamosyidvisaTvis. winaaRmdegobebs vawydebiT im SemTxvevaSi Tu, reketuli<br />
qonebis, Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli<br />
saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis<br />
194-e muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebas Seadgens<br />
sazogadoebis aqciaTa swored is 5%, romlis savaldebulo wesiT miyidvac ganxorcielda.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, erTmaneTs upirispirdeba myidvelis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba<br />
da sajaro wesrigi. samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba sakamaod farTo SesaZleblobebs aZlevs<br />
mxareebs gansazRvron xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi. calkeul SemTxvevebSi, es Sinaarsi SeiZleba<br />
winaaRmdegobaSi modiodes kanonTan da konstituciasTanac. saWiroa erTmaneTisagan<br />
gaimijnos normatiuli neba da kerZo pirTa avtonomiuri neba. marTalia, kerZosamarTlebriv<br />
urTierTobebSi Sesvla saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis safuZvelze xdeba,
magram am urTierTobis normatiul safuZvels qmnis saxelmwifo. normatiuli neba,<br />
riTac ganisazRvreba ama Tu im urTierTobis Sinaarsi savaldebuloa mxareTaTvis, Tuki<br />
igi ar iTvaliswinebs misgan gadaxvevis kerZo iniciativas. amitomacaa, rom kerZosamar-<br />
Tlebrivi xasiaTis normatiuli dadgenilebani iseve eqvemdebareba konstituciur kontrols,<br />
rogorc yvela sxva. sazogadoebis aqciaTa 5%-is SemZenis (myidvelis) bed-iRbali<br />
mTlianadaa damokidebuli gamsxviseblis samarTlebriv mdgomareobaze. Tu sazogadoebis<br />
aqciaTa gasxvisebeli 5% aRmoCndeba reketuli, Tanamdebobis piris, adamianiT movaWris,<br />
narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis<br />
kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris, qurduli<br />
samyaros wevris qoneba, maSin myidvelis uflebebi ver iqneba daculi sakuTrebis<br />
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli postulatiT. amdenad, myidveli xdeba `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~<br />
saqarTvelos kanonis 53-e muxliT miniWebuli uflebis gamoyenebis riskis matarebeli.<br />
Tanamdebobis piris an Tanamdebobis pirTan dakavSirebuli piris qonebas mosamarTle<br />
cnobs dausabuTeblad, Tu saqmis warmoebis procesSi mopasuxem ver warudgina sasamar-<br />
Tlos qonebis an am qonebis SeZenisTvis saWiro finansuri saSualebebis kanonieri gziT<br />
mopovebis an am qonebaze saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili gadasaxadebis gadaxdis<br />
damadasturebeli dokumentebi. rogorc vxedavT, mopasuxea valdebuli (da ara<br />
mosarCele) sasamarTlos warudginos mtkicebulebebi Tavisi qonebis dasabuTebulobisa<br />
da kanonierebis Sesaxeb. Tanamdebobis pirisa da masTan dakavSirebuli pirebisaTvis<br />
dausabuTebeli qonebis CamorTmevisa da saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
samarTalwarmoebisas gadawyvetilebis gamomtanma sasamarTlom unda imsjelos mxareTa<br />
Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis Taviseburebaze.<br />
aRniSnuli kategoriis davebSi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT<br />
mtkicebis tvirTi gadanawilebulia mosarCelis sasargeblod, anu ivaraudeba, rom<br />
mopasuxis (Tanamdebobis piris) qoneba aris dausabuTebeli da mopasuxes ekisreba mtkicebis<br />
tvirTi sadavo qonebis dasabuTebulobasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
mocemuli kategoriis davebSi mosarCeles ekisreba mxolod safuZvliani eWvis arsebobis<br />
dadasturebis tvirTi, xolo sapirispiro mtkicebis tvirTi sadavo qonebis dasabuTebulobasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT mopasuxe mxares ekisreba.<br />
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Tamamad SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom saqme gvaqvs<br />
mtkicebis tvirTis aratradiciul, araklasikur inovaciur formasTan da e.w. Sereuli<br />
saxiT warmogvidgeba. erTi mxriv, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 356-e muxlis meore<br />
nawili mosarCeles avaldebulebs sasamarTloSi warmoadginos mtkicebulebebi mopasuxis<br />
qonebis reketulobis Taobaze, meore mxriv, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 356-e<br />
muxlis meore nawilis miznidan gamomdinare, mtkicebis tvirTis gadatana xdeba mopasuxeze.<br />
mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis aratradiciuloba ganpirobebulia TviT samarTlebrivi<br />
davis TaviseburebiT, rac mdgomareobs qonebis, sakuTrebis arasamarTlebrivi<br />
gziT dauflebaSi.<br />
aRniSnul samarTalwarmoebaSi mniSvnelovania prezumfcia, rac arsebiT rols asrulebs<br />
mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebaSi. prezumfciebis arseboba saWiroa, raTa urTier-<br />
Tobis monawileebi gaurkvevel, bundovan mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCndnen da maTi samar-<br />
89
marTlmsajuleba<br />
90<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
Tlebrivi statusi haerSi ar iyos gamokidebuli. prezumfcia aTavisuflebs im mxares,<br />
romlis sasargeblodac dadgenilia prezumfcia, iseTi faqtebis damtkicebisagan, romlis<br />
damtkicebac am mxares evaleboda.<br />
prezumfciis mTavari daniSnuleba _ daudasturebeli faqtebis mowinaaRmdege mxaris<br />
sasargeblod gadawyveta _ aRniSnul warmoebaSi gamoxatulebas ar poulobs. ramdenadac<br />
mtkicebis tvirTis gadakisreba xdeba mopasuxe mxareze, mas Semdeg, rac prokurori<br />
ver daamtkicebs qonebis reketulobas, ukanonobasa da dausabuTeblobas.<br />
zemoT ganxilul sakiTxebTan erTad, mniSvnelovania mtkicebulebaTa preiudiciuli<br />
Zala, romelic dadgenilia samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 106-e muxlis `g~ qvepunqtiT.<br />
normis danawesiT, mxareebi Tavisufldebian mtkicebulebaTa warmodgenisagan iseTi<br />
faqtebis dasadastureblad, romlebsac Tumca emyareba mxaris moTxovnebi Tu Sesagebeli,<br />
magram damtkicebas ar saWiroebs. esenia faqtebi imis Sesaxeb hqonda Tu ara moqmedebas<br />
adgili da Caidina Tu ara es moqmedeba im pirma, rac dadgenilia sisxlis samarTlis<br />
saqmeze gamotanili kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos ganaCeniT, roca saqmes<br />
ixilavs sasamarTlo im piris moqmedebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi Sedegebis Sesaxeb,<br />
vis mimarTac gamotanilia ganaCeni.<br />
debuleba mtkicebulebaTa preiudiciuli Zalis Sesaxeb gamoiyeneba reketuli qonebis,<br />
Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli<br />
saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e<br />
muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis CamorTmevisa da<br />
saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemasTan dakavSirebuli warmoebisas. sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze<br />
gamotanili ganaCeni iZens preiudiciul Zalas e.i faqti, romelic Sedis mtkicebis sagan-<br />
Si garkveuli mosazrebis gamo ar saWiroebs damtkicebas da amitom mxareebi Tavisufldebian<br />
am faqtebis damtkicebis valdebulebisagan.<br />
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba Tamamad davaskvnaT, rom ganxilul samar-<br />
TalwarmoebaSi saqme gvaqvs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobisaTvis<br />
ucxo samarTlebriv institutTan, romlis Taviseburebac mdgomareobs mtkicebis tvir-<br />
Tis araTanabarzomier ganawilebaSi.<br />
III. mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis inovaciuri ganawilebis Tavisebureba piris<br />
okupirebul teritoriebze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis<br />
ganxorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis<br />
Taobaze saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
mocemuli Tavis sakvlevi obieqti gaxlavT samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi 2008 wlis<br />
19 dekembers ZalaSi Sesuli XLIV2 Tavi, romliTac regulirdeba piris okupirebul teritoriebze<br />
akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebul<br />
pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis Taobaze saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli warmoeba.<br />
rac Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia 2008 wlis agvistos cnobil movlenebTan. kerZod,
useTis mier araadeqvaturi saomari moqmedebis ganxorcilebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos<br />
teritoriis okupaciis SedegebTan.<br />
okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis<br />
msjavrdebuli piris definicias iZleva saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 322-e<br />
muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis<br />
ganxorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebuli piri aris piri, romelmac Caidina okupirebul teritoriaze<br />
`okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT akrZaluli qmedeba.<br />
yuradsaRebia am muxlis pirveli punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli sagamonakliso SemTxvevebi,<br />
rasac dasaSvebad miiCnevs okupirebul teritoriebze am saqmianobis ganxorcileba<br />
mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi specialuri TanxmobiT, romelic gaicema<br />
saqarTvelos mTavrobis samarTlebrivi aqtiT dadgenili wesiT, Tu es emsaxureba<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo interesebs, konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvarebis, deokupaciis<br />
an humanitarul miznebs.<br />
okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis<br />
msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebuli piris definicias iZleva `okupirebuli teritoriebis<br />
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, romlis me-6 muxlis me-5 punqtis miznebidan gamomdinare,<br />
dakavSirebuli pirebi arian: a) piri, romelsac am muxlis pirveli punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebel pirSi aqvs wili an aqciaTa 5%-ze meti; b)<br />
piri, romelsac aqvs wili an aqciaTa 25%-ze meti am punqtis `a~ qvepunqtiT gansazRvrul<br />
pirSi; g) piri, romelsac aqvs wili an aqciaTa 50%-ze meti am punqtis `b~ qvepunqtiT<br />
gansazRvrul pirSi.<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 356-e muxlis `g~ qvepunqtis danawesiT,<br />
okupirebul teritoriebze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis<br />
msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebuli piris qonebas warmoadgens nebismieri qoneba an am<br />
qonebidan miRebuli Semosavali.<br />
amdenad, miTiTebuli samarTlis normebi iTvaliswinebs rogorc akrZaluli ekonomikuri<br />
saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebuli pirisaTvis qonebis CamorTmevas,<br />
ise msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebuli piris dasjasac, misTvis qonebis CamorTmevis<br />
gziT.<br />
piris okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis<br />
msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis Taobaze samoqalaqo samar-<br />
Talwarmoebis wesiT sarCels aRZravs prokurori. igi aRWurvilia uflebamosilebiT<br />
aRZras sarCeli, Tu okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis<br />
msjavrdebuli piris mimarT gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba<br />
iTvaliswinebs jarimas an qonebis CamorTmevas da msjavrdebuli piris mimarT ver<br />
xerxdeba aRsruleba.<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis XLIV2 TaviT regulirdeba ara akrZaluli<br />
ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas SeZenili qonebis CamorTmevis sakiTxi,<br />
aramed akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebul pirTan<br />
91
marTlmsajuleba<br />
92<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
dakavSirebul pirad cnobis sakiTxi. amasTan, sarCeli SeiZleba aRiZras im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tu msjavrdebuli piris mimarT gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba<br />
ver xerxdeba.<br />
samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis dawyebis winapirobaa sisxlis samarTlwarmoebis<br />
wesiT damdgari kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli ganaCenis arseboba.<br />
sisxlis samarTlawarmoebis wesiT unda dadgindes piri, romelmac Caidina sisxlis<br />
samarTlis kodeqsis 322-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba, rogoricaa okupirebul<br />
teritoriaze `okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT akrZaluli<br />
ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcieleba.<br />
prokuroris mier samoqalaqo sarCelis aRZvraze vrceldeba x<strong>and</strong>azmulobis eqvsTviani<br />
vada. sarCelis wardgenis x<strong>and</strong>azmuloba iwyeba sisxlis samarTlis wesiT sasamarTlos<br />
ganaCenis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis momentidan da wydeba uflebamosili piris mier<br />
samoqalaqo sarCelis SetaniT. x<strong>and</strong>azmulobis eqvsTviani vadis gasvlasTan erTad prokurors<br />
erTmeva ufleba waradginos samoqalaqo sarCeli.<br />
samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi arsebiTi mniSvnelobisaa, Tu rogori wesiT unda<br />
damtkicdes damtkicebas daqvemdebarebuli faqtebi, vis awevs maTi mtkicebis tvirTi.<br />
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis meoTxe muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli SejibrebiTobis<br />
principis Tanaxmad, mtkicebis tvirTi Tanabarzomieradaa ganawilebuli mxareTa Soris,<br />
ramdenadac rogorc mosarCele, aseve, mopasuxe mxare uSualod amtkicebs im garemoebebs,<br />
razedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebs Tu Sesagebels.<br />
piris okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis<br />
msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis Taobaze saqmis ganxilvasTan<br />
dakavSirebul warmoebaSi mtkicebis tvirTi araTanabarzomierad nawildeba mxareTa<br />
Soris.<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 356-e muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad,<br />
mosamarTle pirs cnobs okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqminobis<br />
ganxorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebul pirad, Tu saTanado mtkicebulebaTa<br />
Sefasebis safuZvelze gairkva, rom arsebobs `okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb~<br />
saqarTvelos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli safuZvelebi. amave muxlis mesame nawilis<br />
Tanaxmad, mosarCele valdebulia sasamarTlos warudginos mtkicebulebebi mopasuxis<br />
okupirebul teritoriebze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis<br />
msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis Sesaxeb. aqedanac Cans mtkicebis tvir-<br />
Tis inovaciuri ganawilebis xasiaTi. es mtkicebis tvirTTan mimarTebaSi niSnavs, rom<br />
mosarCele sasarCelo gancxadebaSi emyareba mopasuxis braleulobas, magram ar aris<br />
valdebuli igi daamtkicos _ arsebobs mopasuxis braleulobis prezumfcia da mopasuxe<br />
TviTon amtkicebs mis ararsebobas. aq arsebobs mopasuxis braleulobis prezumfcia, amitom<br />
mosarCelisaTvis sakmarisia daeyrdnos mopasuxis valdebulebis Seusruleblobas.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom saqme gvaqvs mtkicebis tvirTis aratradiciul,<br />
araklasikur formasTan. igi warmogvidgeba e.w Sereuli saxiT.<br />
aRniSnuli samarTalwarmoeba iTvaliswinebs dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis<br />
SesaZleblobas. Tumca, garkveuli gamonaklisis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom piris okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis<br />
msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis Sesaxeb samarTalwarmoebaSi<br />
dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis damabrkolebel garemoebas ar warmoadgens<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 233-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `g~<br />
qvepunqtis debuleba, mxaris gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos dauswrebeli<br />
gadawyvetilebis gamotanis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb.<br />
samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoeba mimdinareobs SejibrebiTobis safuZvelze, rac niSnavs,<br />
rom mxareebi Tanabrad arian uflebamosilni Seagrovon saqmeze mtkicebulebebi da<br />
monawileoba miiRon saqmis ganxilvaSi. SejibrebiTobis principidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlos<br />
mTavar sxdomaze mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, arsebobs varaudi,<br />
rom mopasuxe aRiarebs sarCelis safuZvlad miTiTebul faqtobriv garemoebebs da cnobs<br />
sarCels. amitom, saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi miiCneva dadasturebulad.<br />
sakiTxis aseTnairad gadawyveta mxolod maSin ar ewinaaRmdegeba SejibrebiTobisa<br />
da dispoziciurobis principebs, Tu sxdomaze gamoucxadebeli mxare mowveuli iyo saqmis<br />
ganxilvaze kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.<br />
gansaxilvel samarTalwarmoebaSi sirTules warmoadgens mopasuxisaTvis saproceso<br />
kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT sasamarTlo uwyebis Cabarebis sakiTxi. okupirebul<br />
teritoriaze am ukanasknelis misamarTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom procesis monawilisaTvis saqmis ganxilvis droisa da adgilis sa-<br />
Tanado wesiT Setyobinebas SeiZleba mniSvnelovani saproceso Sedegi mohyves. mxolod<br />
mxaris saTanado informireba aZlevs uflebas mosamarTles gamoitanos dauswrebeli<br />
gadawyvetileba.<br />
amdenad, umTvaresi mniSvnelobis mqonea saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis<br />
70-78-e muxlebSi Camoyalibebuli wesebi, romlebic emsaxureba mxaris iseTi saproceso<br />
uflebis ganxorcielebas, rogoricaa sasamarTlo ganxilvaSi monawileobis ufleba.<br />
amitom, am erTi SexedviT, formalur sakiTxebs metad praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
piris okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis<br />
msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis Taobaze saqmis ganxilvasTan<br />
dakavSirebul warmoebaSi.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi Tu, mopasuxe mxarisaTvis ucnobia sarCelis ganxilvis TariRi (sasamarTlo<br />
uwyeba misTvis aravis Caubarebia), is fizikurad ver SeZlebs arCevani gaakeTos<br />
sxdomaze gamocxadebasa da gamoucxadeblobas Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdebloba<br />
dauSveblad miiCnevs dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanas. amdenad, dauswrebeli<br />
gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb normis moqmedeba damokidebulia mopasuxis dabarebaze. rac<br />
SesaZloa xSir SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli gaxdes mopasuxis misamarTis (faqtobrivi adgilsamyofeli)<br />
okupirebul teritoriaze arsebobis gamo. aRniSnuli garemoeba ki, safrTxes<br />
uqmnis dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis moqmed normad Camoyalibebas mocemul samar-<br />
TalwarmoebaSi.<br />
93
marTlmsajuleba<br />
94<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
ANALYZES ON<br />
THE SPECIFICATION OF<br />
THE NEW DISTRIBUTION<br />
OF THE BURDEN OF<br />
PROVE ACCORDING TO<br />
THE CIVIL PROCEDURE<br />
CODE OF GEORGIA<br />
ILONA GAGUA<br />
PHD Student of the <strong>Law</strong> Faculty of Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
In the Seventh Cahpter of the Civil Procedure Code of Georgia we come<br />
across the institutions that are new for civil proceedings, that are also different<br />
from the other law suit tempaltes used for regulating protection of civil rights.<br />
Seventh Chapter of the Civil Procedure Code of Georgia defines category<br />
of cases <strong>and</strong> peculiarities of considering these cases in the court: family law,<br />
administrative law, issues derived from state-legal affairs that are regulated by<br />
the Administrative Procedure Code of Georgia as well as confiscation of the<br />
following property <strong>and</strong> transferring to the state: racket property, high official,<br />
criminal (thief in law) society, human trafficking, persons involved in drug<br />
dissemination, or convicts listed in the Article 194.3.”c” of the Criminal<br />
Procedure Code of Georgia, as well as peculiarities of the case consideration<br />
on the personal information of persons convicted in carrying out prohibited<br />
economic activities on the occupied territories of Georgia.<br />
Through studying the practical examples of distributing the burden of<br />
prove in the mentioned case proceedings, we will review its all sides <strong>and</strong><br />
problems of their matching with the procedural principles.<br />
One of the main peculiarity for deliberating the cases raisen from family<br />
– legal relations, unlike other categories of cases, is a wider application of<br />
investigative principle. Dispositional <strong>and</strong> adversarial principles are applied
when considering the family legal cases <strong>and</strong> in parallel to these principles, due to their peculiarities investigative in<br />
other workds, inquisitorial principles in also applied. Wen considering the cases of: racket property, high official,<br />
criminal (thief in law) society, human trafficking, persons involved in drug dissemination, or convicts listed in the<br />
Article 194.3.”c” of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia <strong>and</strong> confiscation of their property <strong>and</strong> transferring<br />
to the state, we deal with the new legal concept that is not common for Civil Procedural Legislation of Georgia –<br />
its main peculiarity is unequal distribution of the burden of prove.<br />
During the case proceedings regarding the personal information of the individuals convicted in carriying out<br />
prohibited economic activities on the occupied territories, burden of prove is unequally distributed among the<br />
parties. It means, that plaintiff, in his / her law suit, relies on the guiltiness of the respondent, however, is not<br />
responsible to prove it – there is presumption of guiltiness of the respondent <strong>and</strong> the respondent needs to prove<br />
the opposite. Here, it is sufficient for the plaintiff to base the strategy on failure of the respondent to fulfill the<br />
responsibility.<br />
Thus, we can state that we come across the non-traditional, not classical form of burden of prove. It represents<br />
the mixed version.<br />
95
marTlmsajuleba<br />
96<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
danaSaulobis<br />
gamomwvevi mizezebis<br />
kriminologiuri<br />
aspeqtebi<br />
mixeil gabunia<br />
samarTlis doqtori<br />
kriminologiis mecnierebaSi, mizezobrivi kavSiris<br />
kvlevisas, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom kriminologiis TiTqmis<br />
mTeli istoria aris Zieba im mizezebisa da faqtorebis,<br />
romlebic ganapirobeben danaSaulobis warmoqmnas. aseTi<br />
Ziebis procesSi warmoiSva kriminologiuri koncefciebi<br />
da Teoriebi, mopovebuli iqna udidesi faqtobrivi masalebi,<br />
romlebic adastureben an uaryofen ama Tu im mecnierul<br />
hipoTezebs. sakiTxis aqtualobis warmosaCenad aRvniSnavT,<br />
rom danaSaulobis gamomwvevi mizezebis arcodniT,<br />
SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos mxridan adekvaturi socialuri<br />
reaqcia, socialuri kontrolis ganxorcieleba danaSaulobaze.<br />
cnobilia, rom movlenaTa Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris<br />
arsis Secnobas safuZvlad udevs materialisturi gageba,<br />
romlis Tanaxmad, mizezobrioba aris obieqturi kavSiri<br />
or movlenas Soris, romelTagan erTi (mizezi) garkveuli<br />
pirobebis SemTxvevaSi, warmoSobs meores (Sedegs). mizezobriobis<br />
materialisturi da ideologiuri gageba arsebiTad<br />
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, rac gasaTvaliswinebelia mizezobriobis<br />
kategoriis Seswavlisa da cxovrebiseuli realobis<br />
mimarT misi gaazrebis SemTxvevaSi. Zireuli gansxvaveba<br />
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mizezobriobis materialisturi<br />
gageba dakavSirebulia ZiriTadad, debulebasTan,
omlis Tanaxmad, mizezobriobis Secnobis wyaros warmoadgens bunebisa da sazogadoebis<br />
obieqturi kanonzomierebani, xolo idealisturis mixedviT, es wyaro aris adamianis<br />
goneba, misTvis damaxasiaTebel, apriorul (cdisagan damoukidebeli, imTaviTve arsebuli)<br />
WeSmaritebaTa Secnobis unari. aqedan gamomdinare, zogierTi mecnieri miiCnevs,<br />
rom mtkicebebi mizezobrivi kavSiris Sesaxeb pirobiTia, subieqturia. aRniSnul pozicias<br />
yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatavs amerikeli mecnieri t. selini, romelic ganmartavs,<br />
rom `mecnierebam uari unda Tqvas mizezobriv koncefciaze da mas unda mimarTos mxolod<br />
garkveul elementebsa da faqtebs Soris funqciuri urTierTobebis aRsaniSnavad~.<br />
1<br />
gasuli saukunis mecnierebi danaSaulobis mizezebisa da xelSemwyobi pirobebis Sesaxeb<br />
gvTavazoben saintereso Teoriebs. profesori m. Sargorodski amasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
werda: `danaSaulobis mizezebad, farTo mniSvnelobiT, iTvleba yvela is garemoeba,<br />
uromlisodac is ver warmoiSoboda da ver iarsebebda, magram yvela es garemoeba erTi<br />
da igive rols ki ar asrulebs, aramed zogi maTgani danaSaulebrivi motivebis mxolod<br />
realur SesaZleblobas qmnian, meoreni ki, am SesaZleblobas realobad aqceven. amitom<br />
pirvelni unda ganvixiloT rogorc pirobebi, meoreni ki, rogorc mizezebi. danaSaulobis<br />
mizezebi, rogorc saerTod mizezebi, is aqtiuri Zalebia, romlebic Tavisi qmedebiT<br />
warmoSoben mis arsebobas. amrigad, konkretuli danaSaulis mizezebia is aqtiuri<br />
Zalebi, romlebic iwveven individSi interess da motivebs mis gansaxorcieleblad~. 2<br />
profesori n. kuznecova aRniSnavda, rom `danaSaulobis gamomwvev mizezebSi da xelSemwyob<br />
faqtorebSi erTi<strong>and</strong>ebian ekonomikis, politikis, fsiqologiis, iurisprudenciis<br />
da socialuri praqtikis elementebi. xolo danaSaulobis mizezebis gaSifvriT SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxdeba mecnierul safuZvelze SevimuSaoT da ganvaxorcieloT efeqtiani zomebi<br />
danaSaulobasTan, am negatiur-socialur movlenasTan sabrZolvelad~. 3<br />
amerikeli da ingliseli sociologebi danaSaulobis gamomwvev mizezebSi, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, gamoyofen socialur-ekonomikur faqtorebs, romelTa umniSvnelovanes aspeqts<br />
danaSaulobis gamomwvev mizezebSi ekonomikuri faqtoris wamoweva warmoadgens.<br />
upirvelesad, aRniSnul garemoebas mecnierebi xsnian imiT, rom sazogadoebaSi mkveTri<br />
sxvaobaa mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris, xolo es sxvaoba mZlavrad moqmedebs danaSaulebrivi<br />
midrekilebis warmoqmnaze. socialur-ekonomikuri mimarTulebis damsaxurebaa,<br />
rom misi mimdevrebi (turati, bongeri) samarTlianad akritikebdnen sxva Teoriebs,<br />
romelTac ar surdaT danaSaulobis mizezebis danaxva socialur sinamdvileSi<br />
individis, misi biologiuri da fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebis sazRvrebs gareT. 4<br />
mocemuli mosazrebis safuZvelze, SesaZloa gakeTdes daskvna, rom ekonomikuri ur-<br />
TierTobebi aris is sawyisi, rac warmoSobs danaSaulobas mTlianad da mis konkretul<br />
saxeebs. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom ekonomikuri mizezebiT gamowveuli Zaladobrivi<br />
danaSaulobis zrda msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi fiqsirdeba. magaliTad, aSS-Si, am<br />
niadagze, ganzraxi mkvlelobebis raodenoba 1994 wlidan gaizarda 3.2%-iT, ruseTSi _ 10.5%iT,<br />
xolo yvelaze ufro maRali piki aRiniSna italiasa da saberZneTSi _ 49% da 33%. 5<br />
danaSaulobas, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iwveven saxelmwifos mier dadgenili an sanqcirebuli<br />
qcevis wesebi, romelnic sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi pouloben asaxvas. Sesaba-<br />
97
marTlmsajuleba<br />
98<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
misad, kriminologiis winaSe dgas amocana _ gamoikvlios sakanonmdeblo danaSauloba,<br />
kanonis kriminogenuroba da danaSauloba; fiqcia, romlis Tanaxmad, kanoni xdeba danaSaulobis<br />
warmoSobis mizezi; danaSaulobis iuridiuli da kriminologiuri Semecnebis<br />
Tanafardoba, aseve, Seafasos kanonis kriminologiuri SesaZleblobebi danaSaulobaze<br />
socialuri kontrolis TvalsazrisiT. `kanonis kriminologiis~ Seswavla, SesaZleblobas<br />
mogvcems davadginoT, rogor qmnian kanonebi danaSaulobas da TviTonve rogor<br />
ewinaaRmdegebian mas. kanonmdebeli xSir SemTxvevaSi, ganapirobebs danaSaulTa warmoqmnas,<br />
rodesac ama Tu im qmedebas sisxlissamarTlebrivad dasjadad acxadebs. magali-<br />
Tad, ase iyo aSS-Si, rodesac xelisuflebam SemoiRo e.w. `mSrali kanoni~ da dasjadad<br />
gamoacxada alkoholuri sasmelebis yidva-gayidva. aRniSnulma garemoebam gamoiwvia<br />
danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebis warmoqmna, maT Soris, rogoric aris da dRemde moqmedebs<br />
`koza-nostra~; analogiuri SeiZleba iTqvas yofil sabWoTa kavSirze, rodesac 1936-<br />
1954 ww. sisxlis samarTlis wesiT aikrZala qalebis mier abortebis gakeTeba, ramac<br />
gamoiwvia mzardi tempebiT axalSobilTa mkvlelobebis gaxSireba sakuTari dedebis mier.<br />
6 amdenad, mizanSewonili iqneba, Tuki sxvadasxva saxis kanonproeqtebi, SemuSavebis<br />
stadiaze, winaswar gaivlian kriminologiur eqspertizas, im mizniT, rom dadgindes,<br />
xom ar gamoiwvevs konkretuli kanoni momavalSi danaSaulebrivi qcevis provocirebas.<br />
mizezTa Soris, romlebic iwveven adamianTa mZafr reaqcias, SesaZloa, aseve, miviCnioT<br />
politikuri interesebi da maT niadagze warmoSobili konfliqtebi. mniSvnelovan<br />
rols ganwyobis formirebaze asrulebs ucxour ideologiaTa zegavlena, romelic,<br />
mniSvnelovnad cvlis adamianTa fsiqologias da arwmunebs maT saxelmwifoSi arsebuli<br />
politikis usamarTlobaSi, aqtiurad ubiZgebs mosaxleobis garkveul fenebs politikuri<br />
brZolisaken (yirgizeTis magaliTi). danaSaulobaTa statistika, romelic Cadenilia<br />
politikur niadagze, mowmobs, rom gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia mosaxleobis<br />
ideologiuri darwmuneba arsebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobisa da xelisuflebis mier<br />
gatarebuli sagareo da saSinao politikuri kursis mizanSeuwonlobaSi. statistika<br />
cxadyofs, rom politikur danaSaulobaTa 85% Cadenilia mosaxleobis ideologiuri<br />
darwmunebis safuZvelze. 7 politikur danaSaulobaTa mizezebze saubrisas, gansakuTrebiT<br />
aRsaniSnavia e.w. `axali kriminologiis Teoria~, romelic mecnierebaSi konfliqtebis<br />
Teoriis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. misi fuZemdeblebi iyvnen teilori da iangi.<br />
arsebuli Teoria savsebiT uaryofs mis winamorbed Teoriebs (biologiurs, socialuri<br />
dezorganizaciis, anomiis, stigmatizaciis) da xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom devianturi<br />
qceva da maT Soris, danaSauli Segnebulad Caidineba da atarebs politikur xasiaTs,<br />
individebi Tavad wyveten, mimarTon Tu ara deviantur qcevas da amiT gamoxaton<br />
TavianTi ukmayofileba sazogadoebaSi arsebuli uTanasworobisadmi. am mxriv, e.w.<br />
`kontrkulturebis~ wevrebi, romlebic cnobilni arian sazogadoebis mier deviantebad,<br />
axorcieleben aSkarad politikuri xasiaTis qmedebebs, mimarTuls sazogadoebrivi wesrigis<br />
winaaRmdeg. 8 `axali kriminologiis~ Teoriis Camoyalibebam didi wvlili Seitana<br />
kriminologiis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. mis farglebSi ganxiluli iyo, aseve, iseTi sakiTxebi,<br />
rogoricaa socialuri samarTlianoba, xelisufleba da politika.<br />
sakiTxis kvlevisas mizanSewonilad migvaCnia aRvniSnoT, rom dRes, mizezobriobis<br />
problematikasTan mimarTebiT, ganviTarda sakmaod saintereso tendenciebi, kerZod,
Tanamedrove kriminologiaSi upiratesoba eniWeba korelaciuri (SefardebiTi) damokidebulebis<br />
dadgenas da im faqtorebis gamovlenas, romlebic zemoqmedebas axdenen kvlevis<br />
obieqtze _ danaSaulobaze. aRniSnuli tendenciebis ganviTareba dakavSirebulia<br />
rig faqtorebTan, kerZod: samyaro Zalzed rTuladaa mowyobili, urTierTkavSiri sistemebsa<br />
da maT Semadgenel elementebs Soris metismetad mravalferovania. sakmaod<br />
rTulia, davadginoT mizezobriv-Sedegobrivi damokidebuleba Tundac, fizikuri da<br />
biologiuri sistemebis erTobliobaSic ki, araTu socialur sistemaSi. miT umetes,<br />
rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebSi `danaSauloba~ moicavs Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul qmedebebs<br />
_ dawyebuli qurdobidan _ saerTaSoriso terorizmamde, seqsualuri garyvnilebidan<br />
_ ekologiur danaSaulobamde, romlebsac, kriminologiuri xedviT, ar SeiZleba<br />
hqondeT saerTo warmoSobis mizezi, garda erTisa _ maTi warmoSobis mizezi aris<br />
sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba. 9<br />
socialuri deviaciebi mJRavndeba sxvadasxva deviantur qcevebSi, maT Soris iseTeb-<br />
Si, romlebsac mikuTvnebuli aqvT `danaSaulebrivis~ statusi. SesaZlebelia, davasaxeloT<br />
metnaklebad Zlieri faqtorebi danaSaulobis zogierTi kanonzomierebis asaxsnelad.<br />
ase magaliTad, Tanamedrove kriminologiaSi aqtiurad Seiswavleba damokidebuleba<br />
danaSaulobasa da mis calkeul saxeobebs Soris sqesis, asakis, klasisa da rasis<br />
(eTnikuri kuTvnilebis) mixedviT, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba damokidebulebas<br />
socialur da ekonomikur uTanasworobas rogorc ganmartebiT models. mniSvnelovan<br />
kriminogenur faqtors warmoadgens winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebuleba adamianTa<br />
moTxovnilebebsa da maT realur SesaZleblobebs Soris daikmayofilon aRniSnuli SesaZleblobebi,<br />
ekonomikuri uTanasworoba; rac ufro dabalia sazogadoebis pasuxismgebloba<br />
_ misi SesaZlebloba daakmayofilos adamianTa moTxovnilebebi, miT ufro<br />
maRalia deviaciebi, danaSaulobis CaTvliT; rac ufro didia ganxeTqileba mdidrebsa<br />
da Raribebs Soris Semosavlebis mxriv, miT metia devianturi qmedebebisa da danaSaulobis<br />
done. erTi mxriv, Tu danaSaulobas ganvixilavT rogorc socialur konstruqts,<br />
maSin danaSaulobis arsebobis axsna unda veZeboT kanonmdeblis moRvaweobaSi. meore<br />
mxriv, miuxedavad imisa, rom danaSauloba pirobiTi xelovnuri konstruqtia, igi aisaxeba<br />
adamianTa saqmianobis realur aspeqtebSi (sxvisi mokvla an daWra, sxvisi qonebis<br />
marTlsawinaaRmdego misakuTreba, motyueba sargeblis miRebis mizniT da a. S.). arsebuli<br />
Teoriebis analizs mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom danaSaulobis rogori mizezebic<br />
ar unda gamovlindes, isini erTdroulad arian deviaciuri qcevebis: alkoholizmis,<br />
narkomaniis, TviTmkvlelobis, prostituciis, administraciuli gadacdomebis, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi<br />
deliqtebisa da amoraluri qcevebis mizezebi. 10 sxvagvarad Tu vityviT,<br />
arseboben garemoebebi (faqtorebi) romelTa zemoqmedebiTac warmoiSvebian devianturi<br />
qmedebebi, xolo Tu rogor formas miiRebs yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli<br />
devianturi qceva _ es damokidebulia SemTxvevaze an subieqtis individualur<br />
Taviseburebebze. yvela adamianis qmedeba, sabolood, mimarTulia ama Tu im moTxovnilebis<br />
dasakmayofileblad: biologiuris an vitaluris (SimSilis, wyurvilis, seqsualuri<br />
urTierTobis, memkvidreobis gagrZelebis da a. S.); socialuris (statusis amaRlebisaTvis,<br />
prestiJisaTvis, TviTrealizaciisaTvis da a. S.); sulieris an idealuris<br />
99
marTlmsajuleba<br />
100<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
(cxovrebis sazrisis povna, arsebobis miznebi, codnisadmi miswrafeba, Semoqmedeba, xalxisaTvis<br />
samsaxuris gaweva da a.S.). Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adamianebs aqvT xarisxiani<br />
kvebis, sufTa haerze, keTilmowyobil sacxovrebelSi cxovrebis, prestiJul<br />
samsaxurSi muSaobis, mravalferovani dasvenebisa da a.S. moTxovnilebebi. amave dros,<br />
surT sistematurad gaiumjobeson cxovrebiseuli pirobebi. xolo am moTxovnilebebis<br />
dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobebi sxvadasxvagvaria, uTanasworoa. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
uTanasworobis gansazRvruli done damokidebulia individualur Taviseburebebze<br />
(bavSvia Tu mozardi, mamakacia Tu qali, janmrTelia Tu invalidi, inteleqtualia Tu<br />
ara). moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mTavari safuZveli<br />
aris socialur-ekonomikuri uTanasworoba, individis mier sazogadoebis socialur<br />
struqturaSi dakavebuli pozicia (mosamsaxurea Tu mewarme, skolis maswavlebelia da<br />
a.S.). socialuri statusidan da masTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli individis ekonomikuri<br />
mdgomareobidan gamomdinareobs is SesaZlebloba, romliTac man unda daikmayofilos<br />
Tavisi socialuri moTxovnilebebi. 11<br />
sazogadoebis socialuri struqtura hgavs piramidas, romlis mwvervalze imyofeba<br />
xelisuflebis, ekonomikuri, finansuri, samxedro da religiuri elita. demokratiul,<br />
civilizebul saxelmwifoebSi, sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilia saSualo fena, romelic<br />
momdevno safexurze imyofeba, xolo yvelaze dabal fenas ierarqiulad Seadgenen<br />
Raribebi, soflis meurneobis daqiravebuli muSakebi, e.w. momsaxure personali. dasaxelebuli<br />
socialuri struqturis miRma ki, arian usaxlkaro pirebi, alkoholizmiT<br />
daavadebuli adamianebi, narkomanebi, meZavebi. savsebiT naTelia, rom rac ufro maRali<br />
fenis warmomadgenelia individi, miT ufro meti SesaZlebloba aqvs mas daikmayofilos<br />
Tavisi moTxovnilebebi. Sesabamisad, dabali fenis warmomadgenlebs naklebi, SezRuduli<br />
SesaZleblobebi aqvT. individebis amgvari danawileba ganpirobebulia, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, maTgan damoukidebeli faqtorebiT _ socialuri warmomavlobiT, sazogadoebrivi<br />
feniT, jgufiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom 21-e saukuneSi socialuri mobiloba<br />
gazrdilia, statistikurad, socialuri kuTvnilebisadmi damokidebuleba igive rCeba.<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri uTanasworoba aris sazogadoebrivi Sromis danawilebis Sedegi.<br />
socialuri diferencia, rogorc Sromis danawilebis gaRrmavebis Sedegi, aris obieqturi<br />
da mTlianobaSi progresuli procesi, Tumca, masac aqvs negatiuri Sedegebi. socialuri<br />
klasebis araTanabari mdgomareoba sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis sistemaSi,<br />
ganapirobebs socialur-ekonomikur uTanasworobas. sxvaoba savsebiT arsebiTia realur<br />
SesaZleblobebSi _ daikmayofilon TavianTi moTxovnilebebi, rasac ar SeiZleba ar mohyves<br />
Suri, daukmayofilebloba, socialuri konfliqtebi, saprotesto reaqciebi, romlebic<br />
sabolood, deviantur qmedebebs da maT Soris, danaSaulobas warmoSoben. 12 aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom danaSaulobis genezisi unda veZeboT ara socialuri<br />
moTxovnilebebis daukmayofilebaSi, aramed im SesaZleblobebSi, romliTac miiRweva<br />
konkretuli moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba. SesaZleblobis arqona individSi ganapirobebs<br />
kanonsawinaaRmdego saqcielis Cadenas, rac sabolood, mimarTulia ama Tu im<br />
socialuri moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad. amrigad, umTavresi kriminogenuri faqtori<br />
aris winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebuleba individis socialur moTxovnilebebsa da<br />
maTi dakmayofilebis realur SesaZleblobebs Soris.
gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />
1. z. wulaia, kriminologia, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2003;<br />
2.kriminologia da samarTaldamcavi sistema saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2008;<br />
3. i. goZiaSvili, kriminologia, Tb., 1998;<br />
4. L.T. Winfree, H. Abadinsky, Underst<strong>and</strong>ing Crime, Theory <strong>and</strong> Practice, Chikago, 1966;<br />
5. Maxim P., Whitehead P., Explaining Crime, Fourth Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann. 1998;<br />
6. Í.Ô. Êóçíåöîâà, Ïðîáëåìû êðèìèíîëîãè÷åñêîé äåòåðìèíàöèè. Ì. 1984;<br />
7. Êðèìèíîëîãèÿ, Ïîä. Ðåä. À.È. Äîëãîâîé, Ì., 1997;<br />
8. Ä.À. Øåñòàêîâ, Êðèìèíîëîãèÿ, ÑÏÒ, 2006;<br />
9. ß.È. Ãèëèíñêèé, ‘Äåâèàíòíîñòü, Ïðåñòóïíîñòü, Ñîöèàëüíûé êîíòðîëü~, ÑÏÒ, 2004;<br />
10. À. Ãèääåíñ, Ñîöèîëîãèÿ, Ì., 2005.<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1 ix.: z. wulaia, kriminologia, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2003, gv. 56.<br />
2 ix.: iqve.<br />
3 ix.: Í.Ô. Êóçíåöîâà, Ïðîáëåìû êðèìèíîëîãè÷åñêîé äåòåðìèíàöèè, Ì., 1984, Ñ. 1.<br />
4 ix.: i. goZiaSvili, kriminologia, Tb., 1998, gv. 67-71.<br />
5 ix.: kriminologia da samarTaldamcavi sistema saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2008, gv. 148.<br />
6 ix.: Ä.À. Øåñòàêîâ, Êðèìèíîëîãèÿ, ÑÏÒ, 2006, Ñ. 146.<br />
7 ix.: Êðèìèíîëîãèÿ, Ïîä. Ðåä. À.È. Äîëãîâîé. Ì., 1997, Ñ. 556-558.<br />
8 ix.: À. Ãèääåíñ, Ñîöèîëîãèÿ, Ì., 2005, Ñ. 188-189.<br />
9 ix.: Maxim P., Whitehead P., Explaining Crime, Fourth Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998,<br />
P.21.<br />
10 ix.: ß.È. Ãèëèíñêèé, "Äåâèàíòíîñòü, Ïðåñòóïíîñòü, Ñîöèàëüíûé êîíòðîëü", ÑÏÒ, 2004, Ñ.156.<br />
11 ix.: ß.È. Ãèëèíñêèé, "Äåâèàíòíîñòü, Ïðåñòóïíîñòü, Ñîöèàëüíûé êîíòðîëü", ÑÏÒ, 2004, Ñ.<br />
156-157.<br />
12 ix.: ß.È. Ãèëèíñêèé, ‘Äåâèàíòíîñòü, Ïðåñòóïíîñòü, Ñîöèàëüíûé êîíòðîëü~, ÑÏÒ, 2004, Ñ.<br />
247-249.<br />
101
marTlmsajuleba<br />
102<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
REASONS CAUSING<br />
THE CRIME<br />
CRIMINOLOGICAL<br />
ASPECTS<br />
MIKHEIL GABUNIA<br />
Doctor of <strong>Law</strong><br />
The Article reviews criminological aspects of the reasons that cause the crime.<br />
Given conclusions are based on the opinions of Georgian as well as foreign<br />
scholars. The works of the Georgian <strong>and</strong> foreign lawyers <strong>and</strong> sociologists are<br />
used as sources. The issue reviewed in the Article (causes) is important from<br />
theoretical as well as practical importance, as it is practically impossible to<br />
carry out social control on such negative occurrence as crime without studying<br />
thoroughly its origin, casing factors <strong>and</strong> circumstances.
danaSaulSi<br />
Tanamonawileoba<br />
kontinenturi<br />
qveynebisa da<br />
iaponiis sisxlis<br />
samarTlis<br />
kodeqsebis mixedviT<br />
elene gvencaZe<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti<br />
danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba safrangeTis sisxlis<br />
samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT<br />
safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ar Seicavs Tanamonawileobis<br />
cnebis ganmartebas da mocemulia mxolod<br />
TanamonawileTa saxeebi. safrangeTis sisxlissamarTlebriv<br />
doqtrinaSi Tanamonawileoba gagebulia viwro mniSvnelobiT,<br />
gansxvavebiT amsruleblisa da Tanaamsruleblisagan,<br />
romlebic sakuTari moqmedebiT an umoqmedobiT axorcieleben<br />
danaSaulebriv qmedebas. maTi maxasiaTeblebic<br />
gansazRvrulia safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawilSi,<br />
Tanamonawile aris piri, romelic aqcesorulad uer-<br />
Tdeba aRniSnuli pirebis danaSaulebriv qmedebas, provocirebs<br />
an aadvilebs mis ganxorcielebas. `Cvens samarTal-<br />
Si, wers J. pradeli _ aRiarebulia danaSaulebrivi qmedebis<br />
erTianoba da monawileTa simravle. erTian danaSaulSi<br />
Tanamonawileoba _ mxolod aqcesoruli elementia~. 1<br />
amgvarad, franguli doqtrina Tanamonawileobis aqcesoruli<br />
bunebidan gamomdinareobs da amsruleblis mier<br />
103
marTlmsajuleba<br />
104<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
Cadenil danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi Tanamonawile `nasesxebia~. am Tezisidan frangi iuristebi<br />
ayalibeben or mniSvnelovan debulebas, kerZod: 1. amsruleblisa da Tanamonawilis<br />
qmedebas aqvs erTi da igive kvalifikacia; 2. Tu amsruleblis qmedeba ar kvalificirdeba<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT, piri, romelic exmareboda danaSaulebrivi qmedebis<br />
ganxorcielebaSi Tanamonawiled ar iTvleba. Tanamonawileobis arsebobis an ararsebobis<br />
sakiTxis gadawyvetisas xdeba danaSaulebrivi qmedebis kategoriis gaTvaliswineba.<br />
kanoniT, danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba yovelTvis dasjadia (ssk abz. 1, mux. 121-7).<br />
TanamonawileobiT Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi zogierT Taviseburebas<br />
adgens. wamqezebloba (ssk abz. 2, mux. 121-7), yovelTvis dasjadia, im SemTxvevaSic<br />
ki, Tu kerZo nawilis specialur normaSi ar arsebobs miTiTeba.<br />
piriqiT, Tanamonawileoba danaSaulSi daxmarebis aRmoCenisa (aide) an xelSewyobisaTvis<br />
(assistance), rogorc naklebad saSiSi, ar isjeba. Tumca, zogierT SemTxvevaSi daxmareba<br />
da xelSewyoba isjeba damoukidebeli deliqtebis saxiT. ase magaliTad, darRvevaTa<br />
me-5 klasisadmi mikuTvnebuli ZaladobiTi qmedebebis `ganzrax Semsubuqeba, daxmarebis<br />
an xelSewyobis momzadebis an ganxorcielebis saxiT~ aseve, dasjadia. aseTi midgoma sa-<br />
Sualebas iZleva daisajos rogorc amsrulebeli, agreTve is piric, romelic exmareboda<br />
danaSaulis ganxorcielebaSi. amasTan, aRniSnuli pirebis pasuxismgebloba dgeba<br />
im SemTxvevaSic, roca danaSaulebrivi qmedeba ar iqna miyvanili bolomde amsruleblis<br />
nebisagan damoukidebeli mizezebis gamo e.i. mcdelobisas (ssk abz. 3 mux. 625-1). Tu danaSaulis<br />
CadenaSi damxmare an xelSemwyobi ganixileba rogorc Tanamonawile, maSin misi<br />
sisxlis samarTlis wesiT devna SeuZlebelia, ramdenadac franguli sisxlis samarTali<br />
ar aRiarebs TanamonawileobiT mcdelobas.<br />
safrangeTis sakasacio sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa palatis 1952 wlis<br />
27 noembris gadawyvetilebiT, Tanamonawileoba danaSaulis CadenaSi yovelTvis dasjadia.<br />
darRvevaTa sferoSi Tanamonawileoba dasjadia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca amis<br />
Sesaxeb pirdapir naTqvamia normatiul aqtSi. magaliTad, mux. R 625-1 adgens pasuxismgeblobas<br />
iseTi darRvevisaTvis, rogoricaa Zaladobis gamoyeneba, ramac gamoiwvia<br />
Sromisunarianobis sruli dakargva ara umcires an ara umetes 8 dRisa, ganixileba rogorc<br />
me-5 klasis darRveva da ekisreba jarima. mocemuli muxlis abz. 3 Tanaxmad, igive<br />
sasjeli ekisreba maTac, vinc ganzrax daxmareba gauwia an Seumsubuqa danaSaulis momzadeba<br />
an Cadena. msgavs magaliTad iTvleba abz. 3 mux. R 635-1, romelic iTvaliswinebs<br />
pasuxismgeblobas ganzrax sxva piris qonebis ganadgurebis, dazianebis an gafuWebis<br />
CadenaSi TanamonawileobisaTvis, ramac gamoiwvia mxolod umniSvnelo ziani.<br />
ganvixiloT ZiriTadi pirobebi TanamonawileobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisa, romlebic<br />
miekuTvneba danaSaulis aqtis maxasiaTeblebs. pirveli, mTavari danaSaulebrivi qmedeba<br />
sinamdvileSi unda iyos Cadenili. Tu amsrulebelma danaSaulebrivi qmedeba bolomde<br />
ar miiyvana da nebayoflobiT xeli aiRo mis Cadenaze, Tanamonawile pasuxismgeblobas ar<br />
eqvemdebareba. Tanamonawileoba danaSaulis momzadebis an misi ganxorcielebis stadiaze,<br />
rodesac amsruleblis nebiT wydeba misi ganxorcieleba, Sedegis dadgomamde, aseve<br />
Tanamonawileobis mcdeloba ar isjeba sisxlis samarTlis wesiT. ase, magaliTad, fulis<br />
gadacema imisaTvis, rom meore piri daiyolios mkvlelobis Casadenad, ar eqvemdebareba
sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas, Tu amsrulebelma raime mizezebis gamo, ar<br />
ganaxorciela danaSaulebrivi qmedeba. frangi iuristebi Tvlian, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi<br />
saubaria Tanamonawileobis mcdelobaze, romelic ar aris dasjadi. amasTanave,<br />
isini miuTiTeben Tanamonawileobis _ Tanamonawileobis mcdelobisagan gamijvnis aucileblobaze,<br />
roca dawyebuli danaSaulebrivi qmedeba wydeba amsruleblis nebisagan<br />
damoukideblad, anu sasjels daqvemdebarebuli faqtis arsebobis dros.<br />
meore, ZiriTadi qmedeba unda eqvemdebarebodes sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas,<br />
anu hqondes danaSaulebrivi xasiaTi. daxmareba an wamqezebloba aradanaSaulebrivi<br />
qmedebisaken ar iTvleba Tanamonawileobad. ase, magaliTad, daxmareba im pirisaTvis,<br />
romelsac TviTmkvleloba aqvs gadawyvetili ar ganixileba Tanamonawileobad,<br />
radganac es ukanaskneli ar idevneba sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT; am wesidan aris rigi<br />
gamonaklisebi. zogjer frangi kanonmdebeli adgens damoukidebel sisxlissamarTlebriv<br />
pasuxismgeblobas iseTi qmedebisaTvis, romelic iTvleba waqezebad aradanaSaulebrivi<br />
qmedebisaken an aseTSi daxmarebis aRmosaCenad. magaliTad, ssk mux. 223-12 sami<br />
wliT patimrobas da jarimas iTvaliswinebs qalisaTvis materialuri daxmarebisas abortis<br />
gasakeTeblad. igive sasjeli ekisreba pirs, vinc waaqezebs sxvas TviTmkvlelobisaken,<br />
Tu aseTma provokaciam gamoiwvia Sedegi an TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba (ssk mux. 223-<br />
13). sasjeli izrdeba xuT wlamde patimrobiT da jarimiT, Tu dazaralebuli arasrulwlovania,<br />
15 wlamde asakis. mocemul SemTxvevebSi pirebi, romlebmac Caidines sisxlis<br />
samarTlis kodeqsiT akrZaluli qmedebebi iTvlebian damoukidebeli danaSaulis amsruleblebad<br />
da ara Tanamonawileebad.<br />
mesame, danaSaulebrivi qmedeba unda iyos obieqturad SesaZlebeli. aseTi SesaZlebloba<br />
ar arsebobs im SemTxvevebSi, roca sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis x<strong>and</strong>azmulobis<br />
vadebi gasulia, <strong>and</strong>a qmedeba eqvemdebareba amnistias an sisxlis samarTlis<br />
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli garemoebebiT (aucilebeli mogerieba, Secdoma da a.S.) gamarTlebulia,<br />
<strong>and</strong>a danaSaulis gamoZieba SeuZlebelia, radgan amsrulebels icavs imuniteti.<br />
ase magaliTad, piri romelmac xeli Seuwyo erT meuRles meoris gaqurdvaSi, ar<br />
eqvemdebareba sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas, radganac aseTi qmedeba ar iTvaliswinebs<br />
sisxlis samarTlis wesiT dasjadobas (ssk punqti 2 mux. 311-12).<br />
amasTanave, Tanamonawilis pasuxismgeblobisaTvis ar aris saWiro, rom danaSaulebrivi<br />
qmedeba iyos faqtobrivad dasjadi. frangi iuristebi Tvlian, rom Tanamonawileobis<br />
aqti dakavSirebulia danaSaulebriv qmedebasTan, magram ara amsrulebelTan, amitom<br />
am ukanasknelis pasuxismgebloba ar abrkolebs Tanamonawilis gansjas gansazRvrul<br />
pirobebSi. Tu amsrulebeli faqtis gamo devnilia (magaliTad, Zebnilia), <strong>and</strong>a samarTlis<br />
ZaliT ar ekisreba pasuxismgebloba (fsiqikuri aSlilobisas, sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
pasuxismgeblobis asaks miuRwevlobisaTvis, individualuri amnistiis da a.S.), Tanamonawile<br />
SeiZleba ganisajos. safrangeTis sasamarTlo praqtikaSi xSiria SemTxvevebi,<br />
roca Tanamonawiles ekisreba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ucnobi amsruleblis<br />
dros. amasTanave, gansja efuZneba mosamarTleTa konstatacias amsruleblis<br />
danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi materialuri da legaluri elementebis arsebobis Sesaxeb.<br />
Tanamonawile eqvemdebareba pasuxismgeblobas im SemTxvevaSi, roca amsrulebels Tumc<br />
105
marTlmsajuleba<br />
106<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
ekisreboda sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, magram sabolood, gaTavisuflda<br />
misgan raime piradi xasiaTis mizeziT (magaliTad, fsiqikuri aSlilobis an individualuri<br />
amnistiis gamo). Tanamonawilis gansjas ar abrkolebs amsruleblisaTvis gamotanili<br />
gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni, romelic kanonier ZalaSi araa Sesuli.<br />
ganvixiloT Tanamonawileobis aqtisaTvis safrangeTis sisxlissamarTlebrivi doqtriniT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi moTxovnebi. ssk muxli 121-7 Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs,<br />
rom Tanamonawileobis aqti aerTianebs danaSaulebrivi qmedebis materialur<br />
da moralur maxasiaTeblebs. Tanamonawileobis materialuri elementi, dasaxelebuli<br />
muxlidan, mdgomareobs romelime qmedebis ganxorcielebaSi. amgvari qmedebebis CamonaTvali,<br />
romelTa daxasiaTebas ixilavT qvemoT, daxurulia, amitom danaSaulis Cadena-<br />
Si monawileoba, gamoxatuli sxva formebiT, ar iTvleba Tanamonawileobad da mis amsrulebels<br />
aqcevs `ubralo, meorexarisxovan pirad~ (comparse).<br />
safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi dasaxelebulia Tanamonawileobis ori<br />
forma: 1. daxmareba an xelSewyoba; 2. wamqezebloba (ssk muxli 121-7).<br />
Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT Tanamonawileoba gamoxatuli daxmarebiT an xelSewyobiT.<br />
1810 wlis safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, daxmarebasTan an xelSewyobas-<br />
Tan erTad asaxelebda kidev erTs, aRniSnulTan sakmaod msgavss _ saSualebebis micemas<br />
danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Casadenad. safrangeTis moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT<br />
es forma _ `daxmareba da xelSewyoba~ ufro farTo mniSvnelobisaa, rac marTebulia<br />
frangi iuristebisaTvis.<br />
safrangeTis sisxlis samarTalSi daxmareba an xelSewyoba tradiciulad, xasiaTdeba<br />
ori mniSvnelovani momentiT: daxmareba da xelSewyoba unda gamoixatebodes moqmedebaSi<br />
da ara umoqmedobaSi da droSi win unda uswrebdes danaSaulis aqts (daxmareba), ukidures<br />
SemTxvevaSi, mis dasrulebas (xelSewyoba).<br />
rogorc wesi, daxmareba an xelSewyoba gamoixateba aqtiur moqmedebebSi: mkvlelobis<br />
Casadenad iaraRis miwodeba, yalbi gasaRebebi qurdobisaTvis da a.S. amasTanave, Tanamonawilis<br />
pasuxismgeblobisaTvis ar aris saWiro, rom es sagnebi gamoyenebul iqnes<br />
amsruleblis mier. es aixsneba imiT, rom saSualebebis micema an danaSaulis Cadenisaken<br />
Segulianeba amsrulebels umtkicebs gadawyvetilebas da mzaobas danaSaulis Casadenad.<br />
amgvarad, arsebobs subieqturi da obieqturi safuZvlebi Tanamonawilis sisxlissamar-<br />
Tlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisaTvis.<br />
rac Seexeba umoqmedobas, igi ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT zogadi wesiT, Tanamonawileobis<br />
saxiT. Tanamonawileobad ar iTvleba magaliTad, dumilis dapireba. safrangeTis<br />
sakasacio sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa palatis 1948 wlis 15 ianvris gadawyvetilebiT,<br />
Tanamonawiled ar iqna cnobili piri, romelmac danaSaulis adgilze waaswro<br />
qurdebs da gansazRvruli jildos safasurad daTanxmda, rom ar atexda xmaurs da<br />
ar Seatyobinebda samarTaldamcavebs amis Sesaxeb. sakasacio instanciis mier micemuli<br />
saqme Sewyda imis safuZvelze, rom pirs ar Caudenia aranairi pozitiuri qmedebebi damnaSaveTa<br />
dasaxmareblad, da umoqmedobiT xelSewyoba kanoniT SeuZlebelia. amasTanave,<br />
am wesidan praqtikaSi aris gamonaklisebic. xSirad, Tanamonawiled miuCneviaT piri, romelsac<br />
ar Caudenia raime aqtiuri qmedeba, magram mainc ganaxorciela gasakicxi qceva.
aqedan gamomdinare, praqtikaSi gamoiyofa sami saxis qceva, romlebic SeiZleba cnobil<br />
iqnes Tanamonawileobad: 1. faqtobrivad piri Tavisi T<strong>and</strong>aswrebiT aqezebs an fsiqologiurad<br />
mxars uWers amsrulebels (sayvareli eswreba misi sayvarlis orsulobis Sewyvetas);<br />
2. danaSaulis Cadenamde piri amsrulebels uTanxmdeba mis Cadenaze (sabaJos<br />
inspeqtori `Tvals xuWavs~ amsruleblis TaRliTur qmedebebze); 3. piri umoqmedodaa,<br />
Tumca profesiuli an Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, valdebuli iyo<br />
da SeeZlo kidec xeli SeeSala danaSaulebrivi qmedebisaTvis (policiis agenti gulgrilad<br />
ekideba misi kolegis mier qurdobis Cadenis faqts).<br />
umoqmedobiT Tanamonawileobis cnobis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad sasamarTlo praqtika<br />
gamovida sisxlis samarTlis doqtrinidan, romelic aucileblad dasjadad Tvlis<br />
umoqmedobas im SemTxvevaSi, roca pirs kanoniT evaleboda aRekveTa danaSaulebrivi<br />
qmedeba, SeeZlo SeeCerebina amsrulebeli dabolos, gacnobierebuli hqonda, rom am<br />
ukanasknelma daiwyo ganzraxvis ganxorcieleba an uaxloes momavalSi daiwyebda mas. 2<br />
danaSaulis Semdeg ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi, safrangeTis sisxlis samarTliT ar<br />
iTvleba Tanamonawileobad, Tundac piri sxvis danaSaulebriv qmedebas SeuerTdes. maSasadame,<br />
daxmareba an xelSewyoba unda iqnes dapirebuli mosamzadebal stadiaze, mcdelobisas<br />
<strong>and</strong>a danaSaulebrivi qmedebis ganxorcielebisas. am wess danaSaulebrivi qmedebebidan<br />
gamomdinare, aqvs gamonaklisi. sasamarTlo praqtika dasjadad Tvlis iseT danaSaulebriv<br />
qmedebasac, romlis drosac winaswar Sepirebuli Tanxmoba gankuTvnilia<br />
danaSaulis gasaadvileblad (avtomobiliT dalodeba damnaSavis gasaqcevad). 1915 wlidan,<br />
winaswar Seupirebeli dafarva damoukidebeli deliqti gaxda. aseTi midgoma saSualebas<br />
iZleva daisajon mfarvelebi im SemTxvevaSic, roca amsrulebeli raime mizeziT<br />
ar eqvemdebareba sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas.<br />
ssk abz. 2, mux. 121-7-s Tanaxmad, Tanamonawiles uTanabrdeba piri, romelic saCuqrebiT,<br />
dapirebebiT, muqariT, moTxovniT, samsaxurebrivi uflebamosilebis borotad<br />
gamoyenebiT axdens danaSaulis provocirebas an iZleva brZanebas mis Casadanad. amgvarad,<br />
wamqezebloba (instigation) SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ori formiT: provokaciis<br />
gziT an brZanebiT.<br />
provokacia iTvleba Tanamonawileobad mxolod sami pirobis arsebobisas: pirveli,<br />
mis ganxorcielebas unda axldes is saSualebebi, romlebic miTiTebulia ssk 121-7 muxlSi<br />
(saCuqrebi, fuli da a.S), an im saSualebebiT, romlebic dasaxelebulia (dapireba,<br />
muqara, moTxovna da a.S). msgavsi qmedebebis Tanamonawileobad aRiarebisaTvis sakmarisia<br />
CamoTvlili garemoebebidan erT-erTi, Tumca, xSirad sasamarTlo adasturebs maT<br />
erTobliobas. sasamarTlo praqtikaSi provokaciad iqna miCneuli sayvarlis qmedeba,<br />
romelic misgan daorsulebul qals agulianebda abortisaken da hpirdeboda materialuri<br />
daxmarebas Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi da emuqreboda, rom uaris SemTxvevaSi miatovebda.<br />
3 meore piris Segulianeba danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Casadenad sxva saSualebebiT<br />
an sxva garemoebebSi, provokaciad ar iTvleba (ssk muxli 121-7).<br />
meore, frangi iuristebi Tvlian, rom provokacia pirdapir unda aqezebdes danaSaulebrivi<br />
qmedebis Cadenisaken da mimarTuli unda iyos uSualod amsrulebelze da<br />
ara sxva pirebze.<br />
107
marTlmsajuleba<br />
108<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
mesame, provokaciam unda gamoiRos Sedegi. mavne Sedegebis ararsebobisas, an Tundac<br />
mcdelobisas, mTavar faqts ara aqvs adgili da es niSnavs, rom ar iqneba Tanamonawileobac.<br />
amasTanave, zogierTi sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebi aseT provokacias miiCnevs damoukidebel<br />
deliqtad, romelic ssk-is 121-7 muxlis pirobebs ar axlavs. aseT deliqtebs<br />
miekuTvneba magaliTad, pirdapiri provokacia romelime danaSaulis Cadenisa, romelsac<br />
iTvaliswinebs safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis wigni IV, Tavi `Ralati<br />
da SantaJi~. gzadagza aRvniSnavT, rom saubaria provikaciaze, romelsac ar gamouwvevia<br />
mavne Sedegebi amsruleblis nebisagan damoukidebeli mizezebis gamo, e. i. Seumdgar<br />
provokaciaze. aseTi deliqtis Cadenis xerxebs Soris dasaxelebulia zegavlenis moxdena<br />
an ZaladobiTi qmedebebi, romlebsac ssk zogadi nawili provokaciis xerxebad ar<br />
iTvaliswinebs.<br />
xSirad, provokaciad iTvleba iseTi `waqezebac, romelic mimarTulia ganusazRvrel<br />
pirTa jgufze. amis magaliTad SegviZlia movitanoT provokacia, romlisTvisac pasuxismgebloba<br />
gansazRvrulia ssk 223-14 muxliT. sami wliT patimrobiTa da jarimiT isjeba<br />
iseTi produqtebis, nivTebisa da meTodebis propag<strong>and</strong>a an reklamireba, romlebic rekomendirebulia,<br />
rogorc TviTmkvlelobis Casadeni saSualebebi. gasagebia, rom mocemul<br />
SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnul saSaulebebze informacias ar hyavs konkretuli adresati.<br />
winaaRmedg SemTxvevaSi, pasuxismgebloba dadgeba sxva samarTaldarRvevisaTvis, romelsac<br />
iTvaliswinebs ssk 223-13 muxli.<br />
provokaciad SeiZleba CaiTvalos agreTve is qmedebebi, romlebmac ar gamoiRes Sebamisi<br />
Sedegi. zeviT ukve visaubreT saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa<br />
provokaciaze, romelic Tavisi arsiT iTvleba Seumdgarad. es exeba rig sxva danaSaulebriv<br />
qmedebebs, magaliTad, waqezeba narkotikuli saSualebebis moxmarebisaken, romelic<br />
eqvemdebareba dasjadobas saxalxo j<strong>and</strong>acvis kodeqsis mux. L. 630. ganxiluli<br />
`gamonaklisi wesebidan~ mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa, rom pasuxismgebloba aseTi provokaciisaTvis<br />
dgeba, rogorc damoukidebeli samarTaldarRvevisaTvis da piri icnoba<br />
mis amsruleblad.<br />
provokaciisagan gansxvavebiT, brZanebis micema aris amsruleblisaTvis aucilebeli<br />
monacemebis wardgena danaSaulebrivi qmedebis gansaxorcieleblad. mocemul SemTxvevaSi<br />
ar aris Zaldataneba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia provokaciisaTvis. amasTanave,<br />
Tanamonawilis pasuxismgeblobis aucilebeli pirobaa, rom misi miTiTebebi da instruqciebi<br />
gamoyenebul iqna danaSaulis Cadenisas.<br />
sasamarTlo praqtika mijnavs brZanebas im ubralo cnobebisagan, romelTa mopovebac<br />
ar eqvemdebareba sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas. Tumca, pirvelisa da meoris<br />
gamijvna Zalian rTulia. praqtikaSi iyo SemTxvevebi, roca SemdgomSi msxverplze miRebuli<br />
monacemebi Sefasebul iqna, rogorc gacemuli brZaneba. 1966 wels, gasamarTlda<br />
moqalaqe, romelmac meore pirs uTxra, rom maTi saerTo nacnobi `kargia mxolod sasikvdilod~.<br />
es naTqvami aRiarebul iqna brZanebis micemad dazaralebulisaTvis sicocxlis<br />
mosaspobad. sasamarTlos mier ama Tu im Setyobinebis `ubralo cnobad wardgenis~ aRiareba<br />
iSviaTia. literaturaSi magaliTis saxiT motanilia mxolod erTi _ braldebulma
misTvis dasmul SekiTxvaze upasuxa Tavis sayvarels, rom mas SeuZlia muclis moSla<br />
ineqciiT. sasamarTlom cno, rom am SemTxvevaSi `iZuleba~ imdenad zogadi da ganusazRvreli<br />
xasiaTis iyo, rom es faqti saWiroa CaiTvalos `ubralo cnobis wardgenad~.<br />
Tanamonawileobis moraluri elementis Sefasebisas, franguli doqtrinis amosavalia,<br />
rom Tanamonawileoba unda iyos gacnobierebuli monawileoba danaSaulebrivi qmedebis<br />
CadenaSi. es gamomdinareobs kodeqsidan (abz. 1, muxli 121-7), sadac saubaria `Segnebulobaze~<br />
(sciemment) da imave muxlis meore abzacidan, sadac saubaria wamqezeblobaze,<br />
romelic aris mxolod Segnebuli aqti. piris braleulobis dadgena braldebis<br />
mxares da mosamarTles eyrdnoba. amasTanave, praqtika Tanamonawileobas aRiarebs rogorc<br />
ganzrax, ise gaufrTxileblobiT danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi. mgzavri, romelic aqezebs<br />
mZRols gadaWarbebuli siCqariT svlisaken, ris Sedegadac zaraldeba fexiT mosiarule,<br />
iTvleba Tanamonawiled. amasTanave, safrangeTis sakasacio sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi<br />
imeorebs formulas, romelic Cawerilia 1934 wlis 14 dekembris sisxlis saqmeTa<br />
palatis gadawyvetilebaSi: `mdgomareoba (Tanamonawileoba, ssk mux. 59, 60; 1810 w.)<br />
atarebs zogad xasiaTs da gamoiyeneba yvela danaSaulTan dakavSirebiT da maT Soris,<br />
gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSaulis drosac~.<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi doqtrina aseve, cnobs Tanamonawileobis SesaZleblobas<br />
gaufrTxileblobiT deliqtebSi. frangi mecnier-iuristebi Tvlian, rom winaswar Se-<br />
Tanxmeba pirebisa raime saSiS qcevaze, romelic sisruleSi mohyavs erT-erT maTgans, orives<br />
pasuxismgeblobis safuZvels iZleva, ramdenadac orive acnobierebda, rom riskavdnen.<br />
amasTanave, doqtrinaSi aRniSnulia, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi, ar Rirs mivmarToT<br />
Tanamonawileobis codnas, ramdenadac es pirebi cnobili unda iqnen Tanaamsruleblebad<br />
da ara Tanamonawileebad. meore piris brali (mgzavrze motanil magaliTSi) erwymis<br />
danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Semadgenel ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs, amitom igi iseTive Tanaamsrulebelia,<br />
rogorc pirveli, rasac sasamarTlo praqtika nawilobriv amtkicebs. ase<br />
magaliTad, teqnikurad gaumarTavi satvirTo manqanis mesakuTre cnobil iqna gaufrTxileblobiT<br />
danaSaulis Tanaamsruleblad da ara Tanamonawiled, misi TanamSromlis<br />
mier mesame piris sicocxlis xelyofisaTvis. sxva SemTxvevaSi, Tanaamsruleblad iqna cnobili<br />
mZRoli, romelmac megobars, romelsac ar hqonda marTvis ufleba, gadasca avtomanqana,<br />
ramac gamoiwvia adamianTa msxverpli.<br />
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi aranakleb problematuria Tanamonawilis qmedebis kvalifikaciasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli sakiTxi amsruleblis eqscesis dros. Tanamonawileobis aqcesoruli<br />
Teoriis Tanmimdevrul gamoyenebas mivyavarT iqamde, rom amsruleblis eqscesi<br />
danaSaulad Seeracxeba Tanamonawilesac. Zarcvis faqtebTan dakavSirebiT, frangi mosamarTleebi<br />
Tanamonawileebs brals debdnen iseT damamZimebel garemoebebze, rogoricaa:<br />
jgufuroba, satexi instrumentebis gamoyeneba, sacxovrebelSi SeRweva, romelTa Sesaxebac<br />
arc icodnen Tanamonawileebma da arc hqondaT ganzraxuli. amasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
frangi mosamarTleebi adgenen amsruleblis eqscesis Semdeg sam SemTxvevas: 1. amsrulebeli<br />
axorcielebs absoluturad sxva qmedebas, vidre igegmeboda da warmodgenili<br />
hqondaT Tanamonawileebs; 2. qmedeba misi ganxorcielebisas garTulda iseTi garemoebebis<br />
gamo, romlebic Tavdapirvelad ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli da ar SeiZleboda cno-<br />
109
marTlmsajuleba<br />
110<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
bili yofiliyo TanamonawilisaTvis; 3. Tanamonawiles aqvs ganusazRvreli ganzraxva da<br />
mzadaa miuerTdes amsruleblis qmedebas.<br />
safrangeTis sasamarTlo praqtikas ukavia pozicia, romlis Tanaxmadac mxolod<br />
pirvel SemTxvevaSi Tanamonawilis pasuxismgebloba amsruleblis eqscesisaTvis gamoricxulia.<br />
danarCen SemTxvevebSi, igi srul pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs Tanamonawiles<br />
amsruleblis mier ganxorcielebul qmedebaSi, maSinac ki, Tu isini Tanamonawiles obieqturad<br />
Seeracxeba.<br />
safrangeTis sakasacio sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa palatam, 1947 wlis<br />
31 dekembris gadawyvetilebaSi mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT miuTiTa Semdegi: `Tanamonawilem<br />
unda gaiTvaliswinos yvela makvalificirebeli garemoeba, romelic SeiZleba<br />
mohyves Cafiqrebul danaSauls, yvela garemoeba, romlebic SeiZleba mas Tan axldes~.<br />
es wesi moqmedia, Sesabamisad, gamoiyeneba dResdReobiT da vrceldeba ganusazRvreli<br />
ganzraxviT Tanamonawileobisas.<br />
sisxlis samarTlis doqtrinaSi aseve iTvleba, rom Tu sxvaoba Cafiqrebulsa da faqtobrivad<br />
Cadenil danaSauls Soris exeba danaSaulebrivi qmedebis ZiriTad Semadgenel<br />
elementebs, Tanamonawile ar isjeba amsruleblis mier Cadenili qmedebisaTvis. Tu sxvaoba<br />
exeba danaSaulebrivi qmedebis mxolod calkeul garemoebebs, magaliTad, damamZimebels,<br />
Tanamonawile eqvemdebareba pasuxismgeblobas amgvari qmedebisaTvis. 4<br />
kidev erTi problema TanamonawileTa mier danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebas-<br />
Tan aris dakavSirebuli. franguli kanonmdeblobiT ar isjeba, magaliTad, is vinc danaSaulis<br />
Casadenad micemul saSualebebs Semdeg CamoarTmevs da SemdegSi ar exmareba<br />
amsrulebels misi ganzraxvis ganxorcielebaSi. marTalia, pasuxismgebloba ekisreba<br />
mxolod aqtiuri qmedebis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi da ara umoqmedobisas. pirma unda<br />
gaakeTos yvelaferi, raTa danaSaulebrivi Sedegi ar dadges.<br />
safrangeTis moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT Tanamonawile iseve eqvemdebareba<br />
dasjadobas, rogorc amsrulebeli. amasTan, kanoni ar ixilavs pasuxismgeblobis Semsubuqebas<br />
an gamkacrebas calkeuli TanamonawilisaTvis maT mier Sesrulebul rolebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
Tanamonawileobis Seswavlis Sesaxeb Teoria gamomdinareobs misi ori principidan _<br />
`qmedebis gadmoReba~ da `sasjelis gadmoReba~. axalma sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsma<br />
meore principze uari Tqva. ar SeiZleba visaubroT sasjelis gadmoRebaze, magaliTad,<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, roca amsrulebeli iuridiuli piria, ramdenadac am ukanasknelisaTvis<br />
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi gaTvaliswinebulia specifikuri sasjelis saxeebi, romlebic<br />
principSi ar SeiZleba dauniSnoT fizikur pirebs (iuridiuli piris likvidacia da<br />
a.S.).<br />
safrangeTis sisxlis samarTalSi Tanamonawileobis institutis ganxilvasTan dakav-<br />
SirebiT saWiroa ramdenime sityviT SevexoT iseT specifikur instituts, rogoricaa<br />
sxvaTa qmedebebze pasuxismgebloba. aseTi pasuxesmgebloba warmoadgens samoqalaqosamarTlebriv<br />
instituts da pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT mSoblebs maTi arasrulwlovani<br />
Svilebis mier ganxorcielebul qmedebebze, Tu am qmedebebma gamoiwvies ziani (safrangeTis<br />
samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsi, mux. 1384). sisxlis samarTalSi gansxvavebiT
samoqalaqo samarTlisagan moqmedebs piradi pasuxismgeblobis principi, anu TiToeuli<br />
pasuxs agebs mis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebisaTvis (ssk mux. 121-1).<br />
amasTanave, safrangeTis sisxlis samarTali zRvrul farglebSi uSvebs sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
pasuxismgeblobis SesaZleblobas erTi piris danaSaulebrivi qmedebisaTvis,<br />
romelic sinamdvileSi sxva piris mieraa Cadenili. aseT SemTxvevebzea saubari<br />
frangul samarTalSi sxvisi qmedebebis sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobaze<br />
(responsabilité penal du fait d’autrui). axali sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis miRebiT es instituti,<br />
romelsac franguli warmomavloba aqvs da gamyarebulia sxva saxelmwifoTa samarTlebriv<br />
sistemebSi, magaliTad, inglisSi (vicarious liability), rac zemoT miTiTebuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
principebidan gamonaklisia. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi iuristi<br />
aq ver xedavs piradi pasuxismgeblobis principis darRvevas, ramdenadac isini Tvlian,<br />
rom `pasuxismgebloba sxvisi qmedebisaTvis warmoadgens, sinamdvileSi pirad brals,<br />
radgan pirma daarRvia zedemxedvelobis movaleoba amsruleblis danaSaulebriv qmedebaze,<br />
<strong>and</strong>a es piri Tavad warmoadgens danaSaulebrivi qmedebis irib amsrulebels~ 5 e. i.<br />
Cadis danaSaulebriv qmedebas mesame piris meSveobiT, romelic sinamdvileSi udana-<br />
Sauloa.<br />
am institutis mniSvnelobaa, rom misi meSveobiT safrangeTis sisxlis samarTalSi<br />
ivseba xarvezi, romelic zogadi wesiT umoqmedobis dasjis nebas ar iZleva. ukanaskneli<br />
eqvemdebareba sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas mxolod maSin, roca kanonmdebeli<br />
pirdapir iTvaliswinebs amas.<br />
sxvisi qmedebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis instituti iZleva saSualebas iseTi umoqmedobis<br />
dasjisas, romelic specialurad araa daTqmuli normatiulsamarTlebriv aqtSi.<br />
samuSaos mimcemi, magaliTad, SeiZleba daisajos danaSaulisaTvis, rodesac ar axorcielebs<br />
masze dakisrebul kontrolsa da zedamxedvelobas mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofebze,<br />
an ar zemoqmedebs maT mier Cadenil danaSaulebriv qmedebebze, Tu pirebTan mimarTebaSi<br />
xelmZRvaneli axorcielebs saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebas, an rogorc frangi<br />
iuristebi amboben, igi aris maTi qmedebebis `garanti~. sasamarTlo praqtikaSi iyo SemTxvevebi,<br />
roca iuridiuli piris generaluri direqtori, romelic flobda uZrav qonebas,<br />
gasamarTlebuli iqna uxarisxo saremonto samuSaoebisaTvis, romelmac gamoiwvia mavne<br />
Sedegebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom es samuSao davalebuli hqondaT mis specialistebs,<br />
romlebmac arakeTilsindisierad Seasrules TavianTi movaleobebi. 6 uZravi qonebis<br />
mesakuTreebi aseve, pasuxs ageben maT mier daqiravebuli muSebis movaleobebis darRvevis<br />
SemTxvevaSi. Tu aseTma darRvevebma gamoiwvia adamianTa janmrTelobis dazianeba<br />
an sxvagvari mavne Sedegebi, samuSaos mimcemebi pasuxs ageben, rogorc uSualo amsruleblebi.<br />
am mesakuTreTa gansja efuZneba maT braleulobas, vinaidan ar ganaxorcieles<br />
maTze dakisrebuli kontroli.<br />
sxvaTa qmedebebze pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebulia sxva SemTxvevebSic. magali-<br />
Tad, sagzao kodeqsis Tanaxmad (abz. 1 mux. L. 21-1), satransporto saSualebebis mesakuTres<br />
ekisreba pasuxismgebloba deliqtisaTvis, romelic dakavSirebulia sadgomis<br />
wesis darRvevasTan, fors-maJoruli garemoebebis SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT, romelTa<br />
damtkiceba an monacemebis wardgena sinamdvileSi samarTaldamrRvevi amsruleblis<br />
111
marTlmsajuleba<br />
112<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
Sesaxeb ekisrebaT maT. magaliTis saxiT SeiZleba movitanoT aseve, im iuridiuli pirebis<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, romlebic maTi organoebisa da warmomadgenlebis<br />
mier Cadenili danaSaulebrivi qmedebisaTvis pasuxs ageben (ssk mux. 121-2).<br />
Tanamonawileobis TvalsazrisiT, xelmZRvanelebis, mesakuTreebis, samuSaos mimcemisa<br />
da sxva pirTa qmedebebi, romlebsac SeiZleba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba<br />
daekisroT sxvaTa qmedebebisaTvis praqtikaSi sxvadasxvagvarad kvalificirdeba.<br />
erT SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo aseT pirebs aRiarebda Tanaamsruleblebad, sxva SemTxvevaSi<br />
_ Tanamonawileebad. moceul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlo praqtika sakmaod<br />
winaaRmdegobrivia. amasTanave, aRiarebulia, rom Tavisi uflebamosilebis nawilis<br />
xelqveiTisaTvis gadacema xelmZRvanels aTavisuflebs pasuxismgeblobisagan. pasuxismgebloba<br />
ar dgeba im SemTxvevaSic, Tu miTiTebuli pirebi daamtkiceben, rom sxva piris<br />
mier Cadenil deliqtSi maTi piradi braleuloba (gaufrTxileblobiTac ki) savsebiT<br />
gamoricxulia.<br />
danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT<br />
italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, gansxvavebiT saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis<br />
kodeqsisagan, ar Seicavs Tanamonawileobis cnebis gansazRvrebas, formebsa da Tanamonawilis<br />
saxeebs. TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis gadawyvetaze italiur sisxlis<br />
samarTalSi mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina Tanamonawileobis frangulma aqcesorulma<br />
Teoriam. italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 110-e muxlSi miTiTebulia, rom<br />
`rodesac ramdenime piri monawileobs erTsa da imave danaSaulis CadenaSi, TiToeuli<br />
maTgani imsaxurebs sasjels am danaSaulisaTvis~. amgvarad, ar xdeba maTi dayofa amsruleblad,<br />
damxmared da wamqezeblad. Tumca, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 117-e muxlSi<br />
aRniSnulia, rom pirobebis an damnaSavis pirovnebis, <strong>and</strong>a damnaSavesa da dazaralebuls<br />
Soris urTierTobebis gaTvaliswinebiT _ romelime TanamonawilesTan mimarTebeSi icvleba<br />
sisxlis samarTaldarRvevisaTvis kvalifikacia, sxva yvela Tanamonawiles ki, pasuxismgebloba<br />
daekisrebaT am sisxlissamarTlebrivi darRvevisaTvis. es mdgomareoba<br />
gamoxatavs TanamonawileTa Soris aqcesorul kavSirs.<br />
italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi uSvebs Tanamonawileobas gaufrTxileblobiT<br />
Cadenil danaSaulSi. ss kodeqsis 113-e muxli gvauwyebs: `gaufrTxileblobiT danaSaulSi,<br />
rodesac Sedegi gamoiwvia ramdenime piris urTierTqmedebam, TiToeuli maTgani<br />
eqvemdebareba dasjas imis mixedviT, rac gaTvaliswinebulia mocemuli danaSaulisaTvis~.<br />
amgvarad, nebismieri piri, romlis qmedebac mizezobriv kavSirSi iyo gaufrTxileblobiT<br />
danaSaulis Camdeni subieqtis qmedebasTan, eqvemdebareba pasuxismgeblobas<br />
amsruleblis Tanabrad.<br />
italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 111-e muxli gansazRvravs pasuxismgeblobas<br />
SualobiTi amsruleblobis dros. magaliTad, rodesac piri gamoiyenebs sisxlis samarTlis<br />
danaSaulis Casadenad Seuracxad pirs, romelsac garkveuli garemoebebis gamo<br />
ar SeiZleba daekisros sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba _ pasuxismgebloba TviT<br />
mas ekisreba. amasTanave sasjeli izrdeba.
italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis dros iTvaliswinebs<br />
rig damamZimebel da Semamsubuqebel garemoebebs. ase magaliTad, ss kodeqsis<br />
112-e muxlis 1 nawilis 1 punqtiT sasjeli izrdeba, Tu TanamonawileTa ricxvi xuTi an<br />
metia, im pirobiT Tu kanoni sxva rames ar iTvaliswinebs. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom dana-<br />
SaulSi xuTi an meti piris monawileobis SemTxvevaSi, saWiro ar aris imis dadgena yvela<br />
monawile erToblivad acnobierebda Tu ara danaSaulSi monawileobis faqts. sakmarisia<br />
xuTi an meti monawile aRmoCndes erT adgilze danaSaulis Cadenis mizniT. 7<br />
italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi (muxli 112, naw. 1, pun. 2) iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobis<br />
gamkacrebas im pirebisaTvis, vinc organizeba gaukeTa an xelmZRvanelobda<br />
danaSaulis Cadenas.<br />
ss kodeqsis (muxli 112, naw. 1, pun. 3) Sesabamisad, sasjeli izrdeba im pirebisaTvis,<br />
romlebic sargebloben saxelisuflebo, xelmZRvanelobiTi an sazedamxedvelo uflebamosilebiT<br />
da aqezeben maTze daqvemdebarebul pirebs danaSaulis Casadenad.<br />
mZimdeba pasuxismgebloba aseve pirisa, romelmac danaSaulis Casadenad daiyolia<br />
18 wlamde asakis arasrulwlovani <strong>and</strong>a fsiqikurad daavadebuli an ganuviTarebeli<br />
(muxli 112-e. naw. 1, pun. 4). aseTi amsrulebeli ar eqvemdebareba pasuxismgeblobas vinaidan<br />
Seuracxadia an sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis asaks miuRwevelia. danaSaulis<br />
wamqezebels ki, ekisreba gazrdili pasuxismgebloba.<br />
Tumca, danaSaulis Cadenaze daTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTles SeuZlia misi monawileebisaTvis<br />
gamoiyenos usafrTxoebis zomebi. danaSaulis wamqezebels SeiZleba Seefardos<br />
usafrTxoebis zomebi, Tu wamqezebloba warumatebeli iqna (ssk mux. 125, naw. 4).<br />
danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisaTvis Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 114-e muxlSi. am muxlis pirveli nawiliT, sasamarTlos<br />
ufleba aqvs Tanamonawiles, romlis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi umniSvnelo xasiaTisaa,<br />
Seumsubuqos sasjeli. ss kodeqsis 114-e muxlis safuZvelze, sasjeli SeiZleba<br />
Seumsubuqdes im pirebsac, romlebic daiyolia wamqezebelma, aseve, 18 wlis asaks miuRwevlebs,<br />
gonebrivad CamorCenilebs an fsiqikur avadmyofebs, Tu isini ar iyvnen Seuracxadebi.<br />
italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 116-e muxli iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas<br />
amsruleblis eqscesis dros im SemTxvevaSi, roca Cadenilia iseTi marTlsawinaaRmdego<br />
qmedeba, romelsac ar moicavda sxva Tanamonawilis ganzraxva, isic pasuxs agebs am danaSaulisaTvis,<br />
Tu Sedegi gamoiwvia misma moqmedebam an umoqmedobam. Tu Cadenili mar-<br />
TlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba ufro mZimea, vidre pirs surda, maSin sasjeli am pirTan mimar-<br />
TebaSi iklebs.<br />
aseTi mdgomareoba cxadyofs amsruleblis mier TanamonawileTa ganzraxvisa da maT-<br />
Tan SeTanxmebis gareSe Cadenili qmedebis _ TanamonawileTa qmedebasTan obieqturi<br />
Seracxvis SesaZleblobas. ganvixiloT SemTxveva, roca ori piri SeTanxmda qurdobis<br />
Casadenad. erTma gaaRo saketi da darCa gareT, xolo meore Sevida nivTebis gamosatanad.<br />
SenobaSi Sesulma iq myofi arasrulwlovani gogona gaaupatiura da aseve, Caidina qurdoba.<br />
italiis ss kanoniT, meore Tanamonawilemac pasuxi unda agos ara mxolod qurdobisaTvis,<br />
aramed gaupatiurebisTvisac, radgan misi qmedeba xels uwyobda am dana-<br />
Saulis Cadenas, Tumca sasjeli Seumcirdeba.<br />
113
marTlmsajuleba<br />
114<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
italiis ss kodeqsis 118-e muxli Seicavs specialur miTiTebebs damamZimebeli da<br />
Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebis Sesaxeb Tanamonawileobisas obieqturi Seracxvis gamoyenebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac: `obieqturi garemoebebi, romlebic amZimeben<br />
an amsubuqeben sasjels, maSinac ki, Tu isini ar iyo cnobili yvela TanamonawilisaTvis<br />
(marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisas) gaiTvaliswineba maT sawinaaRmdegod an maT<br />
sasargeblod. subieqturi garemoebebi, romlebic ar axasiaTebs danaSaulis Camdens da<br />
amZimeben sasjels erTi monawilisaTvis, iseve gaiTvaliswineba sxva TanamonawileebisaTvisac,<br />
maSinac ki, Tu maT amis Sesaxeb ar icodnen, magram xels uwyobdnen danaSaulis<br />
Cadenas. sasjeli exeba mxolod im pirs, visTanac mas aqvs urTierToba~.<br />
amgvarad, kanonidan gamomdinare, Tu mkvleloba Cadenilia qvena grZnobiT an arasapatio<br />
motiviT, rac ss kodeqsis 61-e da 576-e muxlebis Sesabamisad, mkvlelobis damamZimebeli<br />
garemoebebia, mkvlelobis xelSemwyob Tanamonawiles, romelmac ar icoda<br />
amsruleblis namdvili motivaciis Sesaxeb, ekisreba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba<br />
damamZimebel garemoebebSi Cadenili mkvlelobisaTvis.<br />
amsruleblis qvena grZnobis an arasapatio motiviT mkvlelobisaTvis pasuxismgebloba<br />
avtomaturad vrceldeba sxva Tanamonawileebzec, romlebsac ar gaaCniT msgavsi<br />
motivacia da ar icodnen amsruleblis am motivis Sesaxeb, exmarebodnen mas magaliTad,<br />
megobrulad.<br />
italiis ss kodeqsi TanamonawileobasTan erTad, Seicavs danaSaulebrivi gaerTianebis<br />
iseT saxes rogoricaa _ mafia, romelic mocemulia ss kodeqsis kerZo nawilis V<br />
ganyofilebaSi _ `sazogadoebrivi wesrigis winaaRmdeg danaSaulobebi~. ssk danaSaulebriv<br />
gaerTianebaSi gulisxmobs sami an meti piris SekavSirebas ramdenime danaSaulis<br />
Casadenad. danaSaulebrivi gaerTianebis organizatori erTi faqtisTvisac ki, isjeba<br />
Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT 3-dan 7 wlamde (ssk 416 m. naw. 1). danaSaulebrivi gaerTianebis<br />
erT faqtSi monawileobisaTvisac ki, pirs ekisreba sasjeli Tavisuflebis aRkveTis<br />
saxiT, 1-dan 5 wlamde (ssk 416 m. naw. 2).<br />
Tu danaSaulebriv gaerTianebaSi gaerTi<strong>and</strong>a aTi da meti piri, am TanamonawileTaTvis<br />
sasjeli izrdeba erTi mesamediT (ssk 416 m. naw. 4).<br />
1982 wlis 13 seqtembris # 646 kanoniT, italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss daemata<br />
416-b muxli, romelmac ganavrco danaSaulebrivi gaerTianebis _ mafiis cneba da mis<br />
TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis reglamentacia. danaSaulebrivi gaerTianebis _ mafiis<br />
cnebaSi igulisxmeba iseTi organizacia, romelTa monawilenic `erTi<strong>and</strong>ebian sxva<br />
pirebis dasaSineblad, raTa moipovon urTierTTavdeboba da daicvan dumilis kanoni<br />
danaSaulis Cadenis mizniT, pirdapiri an iribi gzebiT daeuflon Tanamdebobebs, romelic<br />
saSualebas miscems maT marTon <strong>and</strong>a akontrolon ekonomika, gaanawilon koncesiebi,<br />
gascen nebarTvebi, dadon garigebebi komunalur momsaxurebaze da aseve, moipovon<br />
ukanono privilegiebi TavianTTvis an sxvaTaTvis~ (ssk 416-b mux. naw. 3).<br />
sami an meti pirisagan Semdgari mafiis tipis gaerTianebis monawileni isjebian aseT<br />
gaerTianebaSi monawileobis Tundac erTi faqtisaTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT, 3-dan<br />
6 wlamde (ssk 416-b mux. naw. 1).<br />
mafiis tipis danaSaulebrivi gaerTianebis organizatorebi da wamqezeblebi isjebian<br />
Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT 4-dan 9 wlamde (ssk 416-b mux. naw. 2).
danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT<br />
germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis zogadi nawilis me-3 Tavi (§§ 25-31) eZRvneba<br />
danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis institutis samarTlebrivi regulirebis sakiTxebs. sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
doqtrina da kanonmdebeli gamoyofs Tanamonawileobis or formas:<br />
amsrulebloba (Taetershaft) da wamqezebloba, daxmareba (Teilnahme). germaniis sisxlis samar-<br />
Tlis kodeqsi ar Seicavs Tanamonawileobis cnebis ganmartebas. doqtrinaSi Tanamonawileoba<br />
gagebulia rogorc ramdenime piris sxvadasxva saxiT monawileoba ganzraxi danaSaulis<br />
CadenaSi. kanonmdebeli gamoyofs Tanamonawileobis or ZiriTad formas: 1.<br />
amsrulebloba; 2. wamqezebloba da daxmareba. amsruleblobis instituti gansazRvrulia<br />
germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis §25-Si. am normis analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs<br />
gamovyoT amsruleblis sami forma: erTpirovnuli amsrulebloba (Alleintaetersch<br />
aft), SualobiTi amsrulebloba (Miltetxire Taeterschaft) da Tanaamsrulebloba (Mittaete rschaft).<br />
am paragrafidanve gamomdinareobs, rom amsruleblad iTvleba is, vinc Cadis danaSaulebriv<br />
qmedebas, kerZod: 1. TviTon; 2. sxvisi meSveobiT, romelic iTvleba danaSaulis<br />
Cadenis `iaraRad~. germaniis sisxlis samarTlis doqtrina amsruleblis Semdeg ganmartebas<br />
iZleva: amsruleblad iTvleba is, vinc ganzrax danaSauls Cadis uSualod sakuTari<br />
surviliT. Tu es survili aerTianebs ramdenime pirs, maSin saubaria Tanaamsruleblobaze.<br />
germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 25-e paragrafis 1 abz. qmnis sakanonmdeblo<br />
safuZvels im pirTa qmedebebis samarTlebrivi SefasebisaTvis, romlebic erTsa<br />
da imave qmedebis Semadgenlobas axorcieleben erTmaneTis paralelurad (Nabentaeterschaft).<br />
aseTi situacia gvxvdeba, roca ramdenime piri, romelTaganac TiToeuli axorcielebs<br />
qmedebis Semadgenlobas, miiswrafvis erTi da imave danaSaulebrivi Sedegisaken,<br />
Tumca TiToeuli maTgani moqmedebs erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad. magaliTad, a da b<br />
erTdroulad esvrian g-s mosaklavad. a-m da b-m ar ician erTmaneTis arseboba. a da b<br />
arian egreT wodebuli amsruleblebi.<br />
Tanaamsrulebloba ganimarteba, rogorc marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis ramdenime<br />
piris mier erToblivad Cadena. germaniis sisxlis samarTlis doqtrinaSi mocemuli niSani<br />
ganixileba, rogorc Segnebuli da sasurveli urTierTqmedeba.<br />
gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis amsruleblad iTvleba yoveli, vinc<br />
axorcielebs qmedebis Semadgenlobas, ar acnobierebs da ar surs misi Cadena erToblivad.<br />
Tanamonawileobis meore formas warmoadgens wamqezebloba (§26) da daxmareba (§27).<br />
am formis ZiriTadi gansxvaveba amsruleblobisagan mdgomareobs imaSi, rom wamqezebels<br />
da damxmares, rogorc wesi, danaSaulebrivi qmedebis CadenaSi ZiriTadi mniSvneloba ki<br />
ar gaaCniaT, aramed aqvT mxolod daqvemdebarebuli, Tumca, aratolfasovani mniSvneloba.<br />
germaniis sisxlis samarTlis doqtrinaSi da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi `amsrulebloba<br />
moicavs mTel danaSaulebriv qmedebas~. wamqezeblobisa da daxmarebis roli sxvagvaria.<br />
wamqezeblad iTvleba is, vinc ganzrax agulianebs pirs ganzraxi danaSaulis Casadenad,<br />
xolo damxmarea is, vinc xels uwyobs sxvas ganzrax danaSaulis CadenaSi. germaniis<br />
115
marTlmsajuleba<br />
116<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis §26 adgens, rom wamqezeblis pasuxismgebloba iseTivea,<br />
rogorc amsruleblis. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis §27-is safuZvelze damxmaris pasuxismgebloba<br />
damokidebulia amsruleblis pasuxismgeblobaze. am kavSiridan gamomdinare,<br />
SeiZleba visaubroT Tanamonawileobis aqcesorul bunebaze.<br />
germaniis sisxlis samarTlis doqtrina wamqezeblobaSi gulisxmobs sxva piris ganzrax<br />
Segulianebas danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Casadenad. germaniis sasamarTlo praqtika,<br />
rogorc wesi, mocemul situaciaSi gamodis iqidan, rom wamqezebelma unda Camouyalibos<br />
pirs danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Cadenis ganzraxva. mocemul situaciaSi wamqezeblobad<br />
SeiZleba aRiarebul iqnas aseve, pirisaTvis danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Cadenis `gamyareba~<br />
Tu misi Cadenis ganzraxva jer kidev, bolomde ar iyo Camoyalibebuli.<br />
amgvarad, wamqezebloba xasiaTdeba obieqturi da subieqturi maxasiaTeblebiT:<br />
a) sul mcire, ganzraxi marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis mcdeloba an damTavrebuli ganzrax<br />
marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba; b) qmedebis Cadenisken Segulianeba, misi Cadenis<br />
gadawyvetilebis aRZvra. wamqezeblobis subieqturi maxasiaTebelia misi ormxrivi ganzraxva<br />
_ Segulianeba ganzraxi marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis Casadenad da misi Cadenis<br />
gadawyvetilebis ganmtkiceba.<br />
daxmareba gulisxmobs nebismieri formiT xelSewyobas danaSaulebrivi qmedebis<br />
Casadenad. germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi adgens, rom damxmare isjeba SedarebiT<br />
msubuqad, vidre wamqezebeli (§49, abz. 1).<br />
amgvarad, daxmareba, iseve rogorc waqezeba, xasiaTdeba obieqturi da subieqturi<br />
maxasiaTeblebiT: a) sul mcire, ganzrax marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis mcdeloba da<br />
damTavrebuli ganzraxi marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba; b) qmedebis ganxorcielebaSi<br />
xelSewyoba. daxmarebis subieqturi maxasiaTebelia ormxrivi ganzraxvis arseboba _ daxmareba<br />
ganzraxi marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis dasadgomad da mocemuli qmedebis CadenaSi<br />
xelSewyoba.<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ar Seicavs Tanamonawilis<br />
iseT saxes, rogoricaa organizatori (gansxvavebiT saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis<br />
kodeqsisagan, sadac Tanamonawilis erT-erT subieqts organizatori warmoadgens, romlis<br />
danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi iTvaliswineben gansxvavebul sisxlissamarTlebriv Sefasebas),<br />
rac danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis institutis specifikaa germaniis sisxlis samarTalSi.<br />
yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, e. w. `organizatori~ iTvleba danaSaulis sxva<br />
Tanamonawiled, rogoricaa: amsrulebeli, wamqezebeli da damxmare. igi umetesad, dana-<br />
Saulebrivi qmedebis amsruleblad (Tanaamsruleblad) iTvleba, anu rogorc zemoT<br />
aRvniSneT, danaSaulSi amsruleblobis centraluri figuraa. germaniis sisxlis samar-<br />
Tlis kodeqsis kerZo nawiliT gaTvaliswinebulia sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba<br />
danaSaulebrivi da teroristuli gaerTianebebis SeqmnisTvis (§§ 129, 129 a).<br />
Tanamonawileoba SesaZlebelia mxolod danaSaulebrivi qmedebis dasrulebamde. dasrulebis<br />
Semdeg ki, ukve saqme gvaqvs sxvadasxva saxis dafarvebTan, romlebic iTvlebian<br />
damoukidebeli saxis danaSaulobad da romelTaTvisac sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba<br />
gaTvaliswinebulia germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo nawilis Sesabamisi<br />
normebiT.
ac Seexeba TanamonawileTa sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas, SeiZleba aRvniSnoT,<br />
rom:<br />
1. TiToeul Tanamonawiles sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba misi bralis<br />
Sesabamisad (§ 29 ssk);<br />
2. Tu amsruleblis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad aucilebelia<br />
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis arseboba (§ 14, abz. 1, e.i. aqvs kanoniT gansazRvruli<br />
specialuri subieqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi) da Tu aseTi niSnebi<br />
ar arsebobs sxva TanamonawileebTan (wamqezeblis an damxmaris), maSin sasamarTlo<br />
valdebulia am ukanasknelT Seumsubuqos sasjeli;<br />
3. Tu wamqezeblobas da daxmarebas adgili aqvs Tanamonawileobis mcdelobaSi (§ 30<br />
ssk), maSin maT sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisrebaT danaSaulis mcdelobisaTvis;<br />
amasTanave, sasamarTlo umsubuqebs maT sasjels; es samarTlebrivi midgoma<br />
aris im pirebTan mimarTebaSic, romlebic `gamoxataven mzadyofnas danaSaulis<br />
Casadenad, vinc iRebs sxvis winadadebas an vinc Tanxmdeba sxva pirebs Caidinos danaSauli<br />
an iyoliebs danaSaulis Casadenad~;<br />
4. rig SemTxvevebSi, SeiZleba adgili hqondes Tanamonawileobis mcdelobaze nebayoflobiT<br />
xelis aRebas, rac ar iwvevs sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas (§ 31<br />
ssk).<br />
danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba iaponiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT<br />
iaponiis sisxlissamarTlebrivi doqtrina ganixilavs Tanamonawileobis or saxes _<br />
`aucileblobiT gamowveuli Tanamonawileoba~ da `nebayoflobiTi Tanamonawileoba~.<br />
pirvel saxes miekuTvneba SemTxveva, rodesac danaSauli ar SeiZleba Cadenil iqnes sxvagvarad,<br />
Tu ara TanamonawileobiT. meore saxeSi igulisxmeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac danaSauli<br />
SeiZleba Cadenil iqnes erTi amsruleblis mier. iaponiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis<br />
zogadi nawili moicavs mxolod `nebayoflobiT Tanamonawileobas~ da xSirad, Tanamonawileobis<br />
xsenebisas mxedvelobaSi aqvT swored `nebayoflobiTi Tanamonawileoba~.<br />
`aucileblobiT gamowveuli Tanamonawileoba~ aris kategoria, romelic gamomdinareobs<br />
kerZo nawilis normebidan da zogadi nawilis debulebebi `nebayoflobiT Tanamonawileobis~<br />
Sesaxeb masze ar vrceldeba.<br />
`nebayoflobiTi Tanamonawileobis~ formebia: Tanaamsrulebloba, wamqezebloba,<br />
daxmareba, romlebic ganixilebian sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis zogadi nawilis Sesabamis<br />
muxlebSi (60-62). iaponeli mecnierebi sugiama da vati Tanamonawileobis `xarisxs~<br />
am formebad dayofis kriteriumad Tvlian. `piri, romelic individualurad axorcielebs<br />
danaSaulebriv qmedebas, iwodeba amsruleblad, Tuki danaSauli Cadenilia ramdenime<br />
monawilis mier, saxeze gvaqvs Tanamonawileoba. es ukanaskneli, Tanamonawileobis<br />
xarisxidan gamomdinare, iyofa: Tanaamsruleblad, wamqezeblad da damxmared.~ 8<br />
kerZo nawilis muxlebis umravlesobaSi ganixileba erTi amsruleblis mier Cadenili<br />
danaSaulobebi. rogorc sugiama da vati aRniSnaven _ `danaSaulTa Semadgenlobebi gaT-<br />
117
marTlmsajuleba<br />
118<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
valiswinebulia danaSaulTa ganxorcielebis principis mixedviT, rogorc erTi piris<br />
mier Cadenili qmedeba~. 9<br />
`Tanaamsruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, ori an meti piri erToblivad axorcielebs danaSauls<br />
(ssk mux. 60). yvelani erTad ki, amsruleblebi arian~. 10<br />
Tanaamsruleblobis Sesaxeb arsebobs ori midgoma: 1. danaSaulTa erTobliobis Teoria,<br />
romlis Tanaxmadac, monawileni erTad axorcieleben gansazRvrul qmedebas; 2.<br />
qmedebis erTobliobis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, gaerTianebul monawileTagan TiToeuli<br />
axorcielebs Tavis qmedebas. gabatonebulad iTvleba pirveli Teoria.<br />
arsebobs amsruleblobis subieqturi da obieqturi pirobebi. subieqturi TvalsazrisiT,<br />
aucilebelia ori an meti piris saerTo danaSaulebrivi ganzraxvis arseboba.<br />
obieqturi TvalsazrisiT ki, aucilebelia qmedebaTa erToblioba. sasamarTlo praqtika<br />
erTobliobas farTod ganixilavs: Tu iyo SeTanxmeba, xolo qmedeba davalebuli hqonda<br />
erTs, pasuxismgebloba TanaamsruleblobisaTvis ekisreba SeTanxmebis yvela monawiles<br />
da isini erTad iTvlebian `erTiani ganzraxvis subieqtad~. sasamarTlo precedentad<br />
aRiarebulia Tanaamsruleblobis kategoria SeTanxmebaSi. es kategoria niSnavs, rom im<br />
SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac ramdenime piri SeTanxmda da mxolod nawilma ganaxorciela<br />
danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, Tanaamsrulebelia yvela, vinc monawileobda SeTanxmebaSi.<br />
precedentebi amas Teoriulad asabuTeben Semdegi miTiTebiT: adre iTvleboda, rom<br />
SeTanxmebis gziT subieqts uyalibdeba erToblivi neba msgavsad `erT sul _ erT xorcisa~,<br />
magram praqtikulad, am erToblivi qmedebis subieqtad iTvleba ganxorcielebuli<br />
qmedebis mxolod nawili, rac Sedioda SeTanxmebaSi. mogvianebiT, umaRlesi sasamarTlos<br />
plenumis 1958 wlis 28 maisis gadawyvetilebiT `nerimas saqmesTan~ dakavSirebiT, aRiarebul<br />
iqna Tanaamsrulebloba SeTanxmebaSi da amis safuZvelze, gamoyenebul iqna analogia<br />
iribi amsruleblobisa.<br />
amasTan, mecnierul TeoriebSi Warbobs uaryofiTi damokidebuleba SeTanxmebaSi<br />
amgvari Tanaamsruleblobis mimarT. es midgoma mwvave kritikas eqvemdebareba. mecnierebaSi<br />
saTaves iRebs sapirispiro, romlis Tanaxmadac, ubralo monawileoba SeTanxmebaSi<br />
warmoSobs waqezebas an daxmarebas.<br />
dResdReobiT, aqtualuria `iribi amsruleblis problema, anu pirisa, romelmac ganaxorciela<br />
danaSauli faqtis sruliad armcodne mesame piris meSveobiT. magaliTad,<br />
eqimi, romelmac miiRo mkvlelobis nebelobiTi gadawyvetileba, agulianebs misi ganzraxvis<br />
armcodne eqTans, rom gaakeTos sawamlavi nivTierebis Semcveli ineqcia. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
erTi SexedviT, TiTqos eqims ar Caudenia mkvlelobis aranairi qmedeba, magram<br />
man Caidina qmedeba, gamoiyena ra eqTani iaraRad. es eqimi aris mkvlelobis iribi amsrulebeli~.<br />
11<br />
es avtorebi iribi amsruleblobis analogiad ganixilaven im SemTxvevasac, roca danaSaulebrivi<br />
qmedebis Camdeni miiRebs gadawyvetilebas Caidinos danaSauli Seracxad<br />
mdgomareobaSi da danaSaulis Cadenisas ki, specialurad Caigdebs Tavs Seuracxad mdgomareobaSi:<br />
`magaliTad, danaSaulebrivi qmedeba Cadenili alkoholuri Trobis mdgomareobaSi<br />
ar efuZneba misi Camdeni piris nebas, ar SeiZleba ewodos qmedeba da ar warmo-<br />
Sobs danaSauls. magram iTvleba, rom emTxveva danaSaulis Semadgenlobas, vinaidan pirma
gadawyvita danaSaulis Cadena, romelmac isargebla situaciiT, miiRo gadawyvetileba<br />
danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Casadenad alkoholis miRebamde da ganaxorciela qmedeba<br />
alkoholuri Trobis mdgomareobaSi. msgavs SemTxvevebSi, piri TviTon iyenebs Tavs rogorc<br />
iaraRs msgavsad iribi amsruleblisa, romelsac zemoT SevexeT~. 12<br />
`wamqezebelia, vinc aqezebs pirs, aRuZravs mas danaSaulis Cadenis survils (ssk mux.<br />
61)~. wamqezebloba ganmartebulia, rogorc mdgomareoba, romelic adamians aRuZravs<br />
danaSaulebrivi aqtis ganxorcielebis gadawyvetilebas. misTvis sanqciis Sefardebis<br />
ori Sexeduleba arsebobs: aqcesorobis Teoria _ wamqezebeli dasjadia, Tu aqti, romliskenac<br />
igi aqezebda _ Sedga. damoukidebeli danaSaulis TeoriiT dasjadia TviT<br />
wamqezebloba. praqtikaSic da mecnierebaSic batonobs aqcesorobis Teoria. wamqezeblisa<br />
da amsruleblis sanqciebi Tanazomieria (ssk mux. 61, naw, 1; aseve, mux. 64).<br />
amasTan, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, wamqezebloba dasjadia rogorc damoukidebeli danaSauli.<br />
magaliTad, `saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebis<br />
Sesaxeb~ kanonis Tanaxmad (mux. 61, punqti 4), saxelmwifo da municipaluri personali<br />
gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi, eqvemdebarebian dasjadobas, magaliTad, gaficvebis mowodebisaTvis,<br />
sabotaJisaTvis da a.S.<br />
`damxmarea, vinc pirs exmareba danaSaulis ganxorcielebaSi an uadvilebs mis Cadenas<br />
(ssk mux. 62)~. daxmareba ganmartebulia, rogorc sxva pirebis daxmareba maT danaSaulebriv<br />
saqmianobaSi da misi gaadvileba. daxmarebis saxeobisagan (fizikuri Tu fsiqikuri,<br />
moqmedebiT Tu umoqmedobiT) damoukideblad igi unda Sedges danaSaulamde an<br />
masTan erTad. amasTan, aucilebelia, rom qmedeba realurad ganxorcieldes da damxmares<br />
Segnebuli hqondes misi danaSaulebrivi xasiaTi. damxmare isjeba msubuqad, vidre<br />
amsrulebeli (ssk mux. 62, 63).<br />
iaponiaSi ar gaiziares Semdgomi daxmarebis idea. magaliTad, damnaSavis dafarva qmedebis<br />
Semdeg, faqtebis ganadgureba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT ganmartebulia rogorc<br />
damoukidebeli danaSauli.<br />
Tanamonawileobis `aucileblobiT gamowveuli~ saxeoba gulisxmobs or variants:<br />
`gaerTianebuli tipis danaSaulobebi~ da `sapirispiro tipis danaSaulobebi~ .<br />
`gaerTianeba~ niSnavs ori an meti piris erTi mizniT qmedebas. magaliTad, Sida ajanyeba<br />
(mux. 77) da areuloba (mux. 106). amasTan, sasjeli diferencirebulia monawileTa kategoriebis<br />
mixedviT (mux. 77): xelmZRvanelebi (sikvdiliT dasja an Tavisuflebis aRkveTa iZulebiTi<br />
Sromis gareSe samudamod), SeTqmulebis monawileni (Tavisuflebis aRkveTa iZulebiTi Sromis<br />
gareSe samudamod an ara umcires sami wlis vadiT), sxva movaleobebis Semsrulebeli pirebi<br />
(Tavisuflebis aRkveTa iZulebiTi Sromis gareSe 1 wlidan 10 wlamde), rigiTi monawileni<br />
(Tavisuflebis aRkveTa iZulebiTi Sromis gareSe sam wlamde).<br />
`sapirispirod~ iwodeba ori an meti piris danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, romlebsac aqvT<br />
Tanmxvedri kavSirebi. rig SemTxvevebSi, isjeba orive mxare, magaliTad, mravalcolianobisas<br />
(mux. 184) an meqrTameobisas (mux. 179 da a.S.) sxva SemTxvevebSi _ erTi mxare ar<br />
isjeba, magaliTad, uxamsi Sinaarsis teqstis gayidvisas (mux. 175).<br />
ramdenadac Tanamonawileobis `savaldebulo~ tipi mxolod sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis<br />
kerZo nawilSi figurirebs, amdenad sakiTxi sakamaToa _ gamoviyenoT Tu ara am<br />
119
marTlmsajuleba<br />
120<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
sferoSi zogadi nawilis normebi, romlebic exeba `nebayoflobiT~ tips. gavrcelebuli<br />
mosazrebiT _ ar unda gamoviyenoT, roca saubaria dasjad jgufur qmedebebze (`gaer-<br />
Tianeba~); rac Seexeba `Tanmxvedr~ danaSaulobebs (`sapirispiro~), sadac dasjadia mxolod<br />
erTi mxare, aq poziciebi icvleba. magaliTad, bevri Tvlis, rom norma wamqezeblobaze<br />
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis zogadi nawilidan gamomdinare, gamoiyeneba myidvelis<br />
mimarT, romelic ganawyobs pirs uxamsi Sinaarsis teqstebis sayidlad. meore<br />
mxriv, sugiama da vati miuTiTeben, rom `bunebrivia, rom `gayidvis~ zogadi cneba gulisxmobs<br />
yidvas an yidvaze Txovnas. amitom sasjelis obieqtad unda CaiTvalos mxolod<br />
gamyidvelis qmedeba da igulisxmeba, rom zogadi nawilis normebi aq ar gamoiyeneba~. 13<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1 Pradel J, Droit penal, t.I, Editions Gujas, Paris, 1997, p.473.<br />
2 Pradel J, Op. cit., P. 481-482.<br />
3 Crim. 25.02.1942, D.A., 1942,91.<br />
4 Pradel J., Op. cit., P. 482-483<br />
5 Stefani G., Levasseur G., Bouloc B., Droit penal general, 15-ed, 1995, n.336.<br />
6 Crim. 11.06.1970, B.C. N 201.<br />
7 Cass. pen., sez. II, 6 giugno 1983. n. 5378 (ud. 30 novembre 1982). LJcciardiello // Cassazione penale.<br />
1984. 1402.<br />
8 ix.: sugiama, vati, iaponiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis komentari, gv. 163;<br />
Kîçî÷êèí È. Ä. óãîëîâíîå ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ãîñóäàðñòâ.<br />
9 sugiama, vati, dasax. naSromi, gv. 163.<br />
10 sugiama vati, dasax. naSromi, gv. 164.<br />
11 sugiama, vati, dasax. naSromi, gv. 163-164.<br />
12 sugiama, vati, dasax. naSromi, gv. 164.<br />
13 sugiama, vati., dasax. naSromi, gv. 253.
COMPLICITY IN A CRIME<br />
ACCORDING TO<br />
THE CRIMINAL CODES OF<br />
CONTINENTAL STATES<br />
AND JAPAN<br />
ELENE GVENTSADZE<br />
PHD Student of the <strong>Law</strong> Faculty of Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
The current work presents the institute of complicity in a crime according<br />
to the examples of legal systems of continental states (France, Italy, Germany<br />
<strong>and</strong> Japan).<br />
The Criminal Code of France does not include the definition of the concept<br />
of complicity in a crime, only the types of complicity are indicated. The French<br />
doctrine stems from the accessorial nature of complicity <strong>and</strong> in the criminal<br />
actions undertaken by the executor, the accomplice is « lent ». From this thesis<br />
French lawyers generate two significant provisions : 1) the actions of the executor<br />
<strong>and</strong> the accomplice have the same qualification ; 2) if the executor’s action is<br />
not qualified in accordance with the criminal rule, the person assisting the<br />
executor in his/her unlawful actions is not deemed accomplice. When defining<br />
the issue of existence or absence of the accomplice, the category of criminal<br />
act is taken into consideration. According to the law, complicity in a crime is<br />
always punishable (Criminal Code, Art. 1.121-7).<br />
The French accessorial theory on a complicity in a crime significantly<br />
influenced the issue of liability of accomplices in Italian law. The Italian<br />
Criminal Code admits the accomplice in inadvertent crimes. On September<br />
13, 1982 by #646 law article 416-bis was added to the Criminal Code, which<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ed the term of criminal organization – MAFIA <strong>and</strong> the regulation of<br />
its accomplices.<br />
Chapter 3 of the General Part of the Criminal Code of Germany ($$25-<br />
31) is devoted to the issues of legal regulation of the institute of complicity<br />
in a crime. The criminal doctrine <strong>and</strong> the legislator distinguish two forms of<br />
121
marTlmsajuleba<br />
122<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
complicity: execution (Taetershaft) <strong>and</strong> instigation, assistance (Teilnahme). The Criminal Code of Germany does<br />
not include the definition of the term complicity; neither does it include such a type of an accomplice as an<br />
organizer. In each specific case, the so called “organizer” is deemed as other accomplice of a crime such as:<br />
executor, instigator <strong>and</strong> assistant. This is exactly the specific of the institute of accomplice in German criminal law.<br />
Criminal doctrine of Japan considers two types of complicity – “complicity caused by necessity” <strong>and</strong> “voluntary<br />
complicity”. The General Part of the Criminal Code includes only “voluntary complicity”. While “necessary<br />
complicity” represents the category which stems from the norms of Private Part <strong>and</strong> provisions of General Part<br />
on “voluntary complicity” do not extend to it. Nowadays the problem of indirect executor or the person, who<br />
executed the crime via the third person totally unconscious of the fact of crime, is very actual.
kriminologiis<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
saxelmwifosa da<br />
sazogadoebaSi<br />
daviT wulaia<br />
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti,<br />
saqarTvelos universitetis asistent-profesori<br />
mecnierebis iseT dargs, rogoricaa kriminologia yvela<br />
ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, sazogadoebriv mecnierebebs Soris<br />
erT-erTi wamyvani adgili ukavia. kriminologiis ganviTareba<br />
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas exmareba iseTi<br />
zogadsakacobrio da yoveldRiuri socialuri problemebis<br />
gaanalizebasa da daregulirebaSi, rogoricaa devianturi<br />
qcevebi, konkretuli danaSauli Tu danaSauloba, rogorc<br />
socialuri movlena. dava, Tu ra mecnierebaa kriminologia<br />
an mecnierebis romel dargs miekuTvneba _ yovel-<br />
Tvis iyo, aris da momavalSic gagrZeldeba. TiTqmis yvela<br />
qveyana kriminologias Taviseburad ganixilavs da gansaz-<br />
Rvravs. ase magaliTad, Tavdapirvelad, amerikasa da evropis<br />
zogierT qveyanaSi kriminologia sociologiis Semadgenel<br />
nawilad miiCneoda da sociologias kriminologiis<br />
deda mecnierebasac uwodebdnen 1 . Tumca, kriminologiis<br />
ganviTarebam droTa ganmavlobaSi, romelic saukuneebs iTvlis,<br />
gamokveTa ra Tavisi kvlevis sazRvrebi, XX saukunis<br />
80-ian wlebidan zogierT qveyanaSi ukve damoukidebel mecnierebad<br />
Camoyalibda. miuxedavad amisa, dResac, amerikaSi<br />
gabatonebulia Sexeduleba, rom kriminologi aris sociologi,<br />
romelic specializdeba kriminologiaSi da Seiswavlis<br />
socialur qcevebs. aseTi profesionali Seiswavlis<br />
normebs (qcevis normebs) da sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli<br />
normidan gadaxril qcevebs, deviaciebs 2 .<br />
123
marTlmsajuleba<br />
124<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom kriminologiis yvela definicia pirobiT xasiaTs atarebs da ar<br />
arsebobs universaluri, yvelasaTvis misaRebi gansazRvreba. aseTi mdgomareoba ki, bunebriv<br />
kanonzomierebad unda miviCnioT, vinaidan igi dakavSirebulia obieqtur faqtorebTan<br />
da ZiriTadad, imiT aixsneba, rom yvela qveyanas gaaCnia kardinalurad an mciremniSvnelovnad<br />
gansxvavebuli da mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli kultura, tradicia,<br />
istoria, religia, geografiuli mdebareoba, buneba, klimati, da a.S., rac mocemuli<br />
qveynis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva drosa da etapze zegavlenas axdens sazogadoebis azris<br />
formirebaze. es ukanaskneli ki, gavlenas axdens saxelmwifos samarTlebriv sistemebze,<br />
wyobaze da mecnierebebis ganviTarebaze. swored am sawyisebis gaTvaliswinebiT, esa Tu<br />
is qveyana kriminologias sxvadasxva drosa da ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze miakuTvnebs<br />
ama Tu im mecnierebis dargs, an Tvlis mas damoukidebel mecnierebad da sxva<br />
qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT iZleva Tavisebur gansazRvrebas.<br />
termini kriminologi, iseve, rogorc kriminologia Sedgeba laTinuri sityvisagan<br />
"crimen" (criminis) _ danaSauli/danaSauloba da berZnuli sityvisagan "logist", rac niSnavs<br />
`pirs, romelic Seiswavlis an eqspertia im dargisa, rac dakavSirebulia "logy"-sTan,<br />
anu romeliRac moZRvrebasTan~. vinaidan "crimen" niSnavs danaSauls, kriminologi sityvasityviT<br />
niSnavs pirs, romelic Seiswavlis danaSauls/danaSaulobas. mokled rom<br />
vTqvaT, kriminologiis dargis specialists ewodeba kriminologi. terminis _ kriminologiis<br />
analogiurad, kriminologis Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva da misi roli saxelmwifosa<br />
da sazogadebaSi qveynebis mixedviT sxvadasxvagvarad ganixileba. sxva sityvebiT<br />
rom vTqvaT, kriminologis universaluri definiciis ararsebobac kriminologiis analogiurad<br />
aixsneba. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom xSirad, kriminologias da kriminologebs<br />
ratomRac aigiveben kriminalistikasTan da kriminalistebTan, rac rbilad, rom vTqvaT,<br />
uxeSi Secdomaa Tu ara ucodinaroba, maSin rodesac kriminologiasa da kriminalistikas<br />
Soris zRvari sakmaod TvalSisacemia araprofesionalisaTvisac. kriminalistika, rogorc<br />
damoukidebeli iuridiuli disciplina aris kriminalistikuri mecnierebis erTi<br />
mTliani dargi, romelic Seiswavlis da ikvlevs danaSaulTa gaxsnisa da Tavidan acilebis<br />
kvlevis meTodologias, teqnikas, taqtikasa da calkeuli saxis danaSaulTa gaxsnis<br />
meTodikas3 . miuxedavad amisa, saqarTveloSi arc Tu ise iSviaTad gaigebT, Teoretikosi<br />
iuristebisaganac, romlebic samarTlebrivi institutebis kvlevisas sakiTxebs aSuqeben<br />
wminda sociologiuri, fsiqologiuri Tu filosofiuri kuTxiT da TavianTi moRvaweobis<br />
periodSic ki, arasdros umuSaviaT wminda kriminalistikur sakiTxebze, rom Tavs<br />
uwodeben `kriminalistebs~. unda vivaraudoT, rom isini `kriminalistebs~ aigiveben<br />
zogadad, danaSaulis problematikaze momuSave specialistebTan. vinaidan kriminalistikaSi<br />
sityva `kriminal _ criminal~ inglisurad niSnavs `kriminalurs~, `danaSaulebrivs~<br />
da `damnaSaves~ da aviwydebaT, an ver garkveulan, rom kriminalisti kriminalistikis<br />
mecnierebis dargis specialistia, xolo imdenad ramdenadac maTi kvlevebi scildeba<br />
iuridiuli mecnierebis sazRvrebs, igi gadadis kriminologiur kvlevaSi. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
yvela is mecnieri Tu praqtikosi iuristi da ara mxolod iuristi, romelic<br />
damnaSaveobis problematikasTan dakavSirebiT, ama Tu im samarTlebriv da ara mxolod<br />
samarTlebriv sakiTxs ikvlevs, iyenebs sxvadasxva dargis magaliTad, samedicino,
sabunebismetyvelo, sociologiur, filosofiur, fsiqologiur Tu sxva sazogadoebrivi<br />
mecnierebis kvlevis miRwevebs, ewevian kriminologiur kvlevasa da saqmianobas.<br />
Sesabamisad, aseTma specialistebma TavianT Tavs unda uwodon kriminologebi da ara<br />
kriminalistebi.<br />
migvaCnia, rom kriminologis, rogorc profesionalis praqtikuli rolis warmoCena<br />
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaSi dagvexmareba kriminologis namdvili portretis<br />
SeqmnaSi. mocemuli sakiTxis Sesaswavlad pirobiTad SeiZleba ori mimarTuleba gamovyoT.<br />
pirvel etapze aucilebelia davadginoT, Tu ra safexurebi unda gaiaros pirma,<br />
rom gaxdes kriminologi da meore SemTxvevaSi, davadginoT, Tu raSi gamoixateba<br />
kriminologis urTierTdamokidebuleba saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebasTan.<br />
pirvel etapze, imisaTvis, rom davadginoT Tu rogor gavxdeT kriminologi sul<br />
mcire, unda gavceT pasuxebi iseT kiTxvebs, rogoricaa:<br />
I. ra ganaTleba unda miiRos pirma, rom gaxdes kriminologi?<br />
II . romeli mimarTulebiT SeuZlia kriminologs specializacia?<br />
I I I . rogoria kriminologis zogadi samuSao aRweriloba da vin arian kriminologiuri<br />
kvlevebis beneficiarebi?<br />
meore etapze unda gavceT pasuxebi iseT kiTxvebs, rogoricaa:<br />
IV. dasaqmebis ra perspeqtiva aqvs kriminologs? romel saxelmwifo uwyebebSi da<br />
arasamTavrobo seqtorSi SeuZlia kriminologs dasaqmeba?<br />
V. rogoria kriminologis anazRaureba?<br />
mizanSewonilad CavTvaleT mocemul sakiTxebze analizi mogvexdina amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis magaliTze, imdenad, ramdenadac msoflios sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT,<br />
kriminologia, swored am kontinentzea ganviTarebuli.<br />
I. kriminologad gaxdomis moTxovnebSi SeiZleba pirobiTad Semdegi oTxi safexuri<br />
gamovyoT:<br />
1. im unar-Cvevebis SesaZenad, romelic zogadad, saWiroa yvela kriminologis karieruli<br />
warmatebisaTvis aucilebelia bakalavris xarisxis mopoveba iseT dargebSi rogoricaa<br />
fsiqologia, sociologia, sisxlissamarTlebrivi iusticia4 . bakalavris<br />
diplomis aReba SesaZlebelia kriminologiaSic. kriminologis karieruli warmatebisaTvis<br />
bakalavris xarisxis mopoveba warmoadgens erTaderT da aucilebel winapirobas<br />
samarTaldamcav organoSi, sasjelaRsrulebiT sistemaSi samuSaod.<br />
2. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi aucilebelia Statis an sagrafos kriminologis licenziis<br />
mopoveba (zogierTi StatSi aseTi licenzia aucilebeli moTxovnaa);<br />
3. kriminologebis umetesobas aqvs aseve, magistris xarisxi kriminologiaSi an rogorc<br />
zemoT aRvniSneT, iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa fsiqologia, sociologia da sisxlis-<br />
125
marTlmsajuleba<br />
126<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
samarTlebrivi iusticia. amitom, sasurvelia, rom kriminologiiT dainteresebulma<br />
pirebma Tavidanve Seiswavlon kriminologiasTan axlomdgomi dargebi an uSualod<br />
kriminologia. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, muSaobam SeiZleba swavlis magivroba gaswios.<br />
magaliTad, samarTaldamcvels an gamasworebeli dawesebulebis oficers mxolod<br />
bakalavris xarisxi esaWiroeba, raTa kriminologis pozicia daikavos an kvalificirebul<br />
iqnes kriminologad5 .<br />
kolejebSi, kriminologiis damwyeb studentebs zogadad, moeTxovebaT Semdegi saswavlo<br />
kursebis gavla: mTavrobis struqtura, sisxlissamarTlebrivi sociologia<br />
(danaSaulis sociologia), fsiqologia (kriminaluri fsiqologia, socialuri fsiqologia),<br />
danaSauli, samarTali, sisxlis samarTali, sakonstitucio samarTali, marTlmsajuleba,<br />
kriminaluri Teoria, statistika, sisxlissamarTlebrivi iusticiis<br />
kvlevis meTodebi da sxv6 . damatebiTi swavleba, aseve, moicavs sasamarTlo eqspertizas,<br />
fsiqopaTologias, gamosasworebel dawesebulebebs, adamianTa qcevebs da sxv.<br />
zogierTi studenti irCevs iseT saswavlo kursebs, romelic ukavSirdeba samarTaldamcav<br />
organoebs da penitencialur sistemas, probacias da pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebas<br />
da a.S. vinaidan, kriminologebma unda icodnen danaSaulobis donis analizi,<br />
Tanamedrove danaSaulobis winaaRmdeg brZolis teqnologiebi da angariSebis<br />
wera samsaxurebSi, aucilebelia gaiaron marTlweris, kompiuterisa (Sesabamisi kompiuteruli<br />
saofise programebi) da logikis kursebi. zemdgomi xarisxis7 mosapoveblad,<br />
studentebs moeTxovebaT Seiswavlon da ganaxorcielon profesionaluri kvlevebi.<br />
aseTi xarisxis moTxovna aucilebelia kriminologis karieris maRali safexurisaTvis.<br />
4. kriminologiaSi samecniero an pedagogiuri muSaobiT dainteresebulma pirebma unda<br />
moipovon doqtoris xarisxi kriminologiaSi, aseve, SesaZlebelia fsiqologiaSi,<br />
sociologiaSi da sisxlissamarTlebriv iusticiaSi8 . doqtoranturis damTavrebis<br />
Semdeg pirs eniWeba filosofiis doqtoris xarisxi. bevrs aqvs magistris an doqtoris<br />
xarisxi iseT mecnierebebSi, romlebic adamianis qcevebs Seiswavlis (behavioural<br />
sciences). 9<br />
II. wyaroebis analizi gvaZlevs saSualebas movaxdinoT kriminologis diferencireba<br />
sxvadasxva niSnebiT. ase magaliTad, SeiZleba movaxdinoT Teoretikosi<br />
kriminologebis diferencireba:<br />
1. Teoretikosebi, romlebic mxars uWeren sikvdiliT dasjas da xangrZlivi droiT<br />
patimrobas sazareli danaSaulobebis gamo;<br />
2. Teoretikosebi, romlebic, mxars uWeren samarTaldamcavi organoebis mkacrad<br />
reglamentirebul saqmianobas.<br />
3. Teoretikosi kriminologebi, romlebic fiqroben, rom sapatimro sistema ufro unda<br />
daitvirTos sareabilitacio mimarTulebiT, vidre amas klasikuri kriminologiis<br />
Teoretikosebi gvTavazoben, romlebic upiratesobas dasjas aniWeben.
Teoretikos kriminologebs Soris aseve, arian kriminologiis sxvadasxva sferos<br />
eqspertebi. damnaSaveebis profilirebis sfero erT-erTi magaliTia, romlis funqciaa<br />
gansazRvros, magaliTad, ZaladobiTi damnaSaveebis fsiqikuri, emociuri, demografiuli<br />
da avazakuri Tvisebebi. aseve, arian specialistebi, romlebic ufro<br />
danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis motivebs ikvleven. biologiuri kriminologiis Teoretikosebi<br />
ikvleven Tu ra zegavlenas axdens danaSaulebriv qcevaze geni da memkvidreoba.<br />
sociologiuri kriminologiis eqspertebis kvlevis sagania sazogadoeba, aRzrda<br />
da is sociumi da garemo, romelic gavlenas axdens danaSaulebriv tendenciebze10<br />
, Seiswavlon socialuri qcevebi, normebi da normidan gadaxrili is deviantur<br />
qcevebi, romlebic sazogadoebaSi gvxvdeba. isini iZlevian normidan gadaxriTi qcevis<br />
da danaSaulebrivi saqcielis Teoriul axsnas, romelic sazogadoebaSi vlindeba.<br />
aseve, axdenen sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis analizs da danaSaul(ob)is SeswavliT<br />
aanalizeben damnaSavis qcevas da im meTodebs, romlebsac damnaSaveebi iyeneben<br />
devianturi qcevebis da kanonis darRvevisas.<br />
kriminologi SeiZleba dakvalificirdes konkretul sferoSi, magaliTad, imuSaos<br />
garkveuli asakis jgufebze (dawyebiTi skolis, saSualo da ufrosi asakis jgufebze,<br />
arasrulwlovnebze da srulwlovnebze), konkretuli danaSaulis saxeebze (ganzrax<br />
mkvleloba, SeiaraRebuli Zarcva, gaupatiureba, seriuli mkvlelobebi, TeTrsayeloianTa<br />
danaSuli), danaSaulis prevenciaze, sisxlis samarTlis gamoZiebaze (gamo-<br />
Ziebis daxmarebis mizniT SeuZlia daeswros danaSaulis SemTxvevis adgils an gvamis<br />
eqshumacias; SeuZlia gamokiTxos eWvmitanili an daexmaros policias profilirebaSi<br />
damnaSavis dasakaveblad; xeli Seuwyos sisxlissamarTlebriv devnas mowme-eqspertis<br />
saxiT Cvenebis micemiT), sasamarTlo davaze, damnaSaveTa gamasworebel RonisZiebebze,<br />
reabilitaciaze (sasjelaRsrulebisa da gamasworebel sistemaSi damnaSaveTa<br />
reabilitaciisa da danaSaulis prevenciis programebis SemuSavebis kuTxiT), damnaSaveTa<br />
profilirebaze an kvleviT saqmianobaze, viqtimologiaze, dazaralebulis<br />
uflebebze, iuvenalur samarTalwarmoebaze, sasamarTlo samedicino teqnologiebze,<br />
dnm/rnm-iT 11 mtkicebulebebis mopovebaze da a.S. zogierTi kriminologi<br />
interesdeba sazogadoebrivi sainiciativo RonisZiebebiT, programebSi da proeqtebSi<br />
monawileobiT.<br />
4. komparatisti kriminologebi, romlebic Seiswavlian danaSaulobas da misi kontrolis<br />
meqanizmebs erovnebaTSorisi monacemebis safuZvelze, SedarebiTi meTodebis<br />
gamoyenebiT 12 .<br />
5. zesaxelmwifoebrivi kriminologebi, romlebic Seiswavlian saerTaSoriso danaSauls.<br />
III. gamomdinare iqidan, rom kriminologis saqmianoba sakmaod mravalferovania,<br />
amdenad, mokled SevCerdebiT iseT sakiTxebze, rac zogadad, yvelasaTvis<br />
cnobilia.<br />
kriminologi aanalizebs danaSaulis mizezebs da sazogadoebasa da danaSauls Soris<br />
damokidebulebas, damnaSavis qcevas da im meTodebs romlebsac igi danaSaulisaTvis<br />
127
marTlmsajuleba<br />
128<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
iyenebs. kriminologi, kvlevebis safuZvelze, SeimuSavebs damnaSavis tipologias (criminal<br />
profiling) da danaSaulebriv qcevebs, ikvlevs damnaSavis pirovnebas, mis fsiqologiur<br />
mdgomareobas da qcevas, socialur sakiTxebs, garemo faqtorebs, ganaTlebis dones da<br />
biologiur faqtorebs. kriminologi Seiswavlis da aanalizebs danaSaulTa da dapatimrebis<br />
monacemebs, msjavrdebis monacemebs da gansazRvravs im socialur mizezebs,<br />
ramac ubiZga damnaSaveebs danaSaulis Cadena da SeimuSavebs damnaSaveTa kontrolis<br />
praqtikul meTodebs; amuSavebs konkretuli danaSaulebrivi qcevis saxeebs, reabilitaciis<br />
meTodebs. aqedan gamomdinare, mis yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi Sedis monacemebis<br />
Segroveba da kompiuteruli muSaoba, Cadenili danaSaulobebis SesaZlo mizezebis katalogis<br />
Sedgena, danaSaulTa statistikis Sedgena da resursebis gamoyenebis gaumjobesebis<br />
kuTxiT, winadadebebisa da gzebis SeTavazeba.<br />
kriminologi, aseve, CarTuli SeiZleba iyos danaSaulis SemTxvevis adgilis daTvalierebaSi13<br />
, an daeswros eqshumacias danaSaulis analizisaTvis mtkicebulebis da informaciis<br />
mosapoveblad.<br />
ZiriTadad, kriminologebi cdiloben upasuxon kiTxvebs, rogoricaa `damnaSaveTa<br />
umetesoba Raribia?~ da `ratom sCadian sazogadoebis sxva wevrebi danaSauls?~<br />
kriminologis saqmianobaSi Sedis danaSaulis axali formebis moZieba da gavrcelebis<br />
problemaTa gadaWris gzebi, danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis prognozireba da prevencia;<br />
samarTaldamcavi meTodebis danaSaulobis doneze zegavlenis Sefaseba; damnaSaveTa<br />
da danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis, maT Soris, danaSaulis donisa da danaSaulTa saxeebis<br />
geografiuli adgilmdebareobis mixedviT Sesaswavlad kriminologebi iyeneben statistikas,<br />
damnaSavis pirad saqmeebs, maT istorias, oficialur dokumentacias, sociologiuri<br />
dargis meTodebs.<br />
kriminologi, damnaSavis tipologiiTa da saWiro statistikuri informaciis safuZvelze,<br />
SeimuSavebs danaSaulis prevenciis strategiebs, danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis<br />
samoqmedo gegmebs da sxv., 14 rac aucilebelia samarTaldamcavi organoebisaTvis.<br />
zogierTi kriminologi swavlobs danaSaulis istorias, Teoriebs, aanalizebs sisxlis<br />
samarTlis iusticiis sistemas. magaliTad, isini ikvleven damnaSaveebze dapatimrebisa<br />
da msjavrdebis Sedegebs. SeuZliaT gansazRvron, rom zogierTma sasjelma SeiZleba<br />
gamoiwvios ukuSedegi da ara danaSaulis prevencia.<br />
krimonologebi, romlebic dainteresebulni arian danaSaulis gaxsniT da gamovleniT<br />
(rac mTel rig qveynebSi kriminalistikis sferos ganekuTvneba), samxilis Sesaswavlad<br />
SeimuSaveben iseT mecnierul xerxebsa da meTodebs, rogoricaa, sicruis deteqtoris<br />
testebi da a.S.<br />
zogierTi kriminologi damnaSaveebs damoukideblad da individualurad ikvlevs,<br />
swavlobs maT pirad istorias da avlens im garemoebebs, romlebmac zegavlena moaxdina<br />
damnaSaveebze. kriminologebis daskvnebi aZleven rekomendaciebs riskis qveS myof<br />
pirebs, rom gaiTvaliswinon, vidre danaSaulis gzas daadgebian.<br />
kriminologiuri saqmianobis mniSvnelovani mxarea kriminologiuri eqpertizis Catareba,<br />
sakanonmdeblo da strategiuli dokumentebis revizia, daskvnebisa da rekomendaciebis<br />
SemuSaveba, rac gamoiyeneba xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis organoebis mier
adgilobriv da federalur doneebze, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis<br />
mier, aseve, umaRlesi saswavleblebis, mecnierebis, studentebis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa<br />
da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, samarTaldamcavi organoebis mier da gansakuTrebiT<br />
sisxlissamarTlebriv iusticiaSi CarTuli yvela saxelmwifo uwyebisa<br />
(samarTaldamcavi organoebi) da maTi warmomadgenlebis mier: policieli, deteqtivi,<br />
advokati, prokurori, mosamarTle, probaciis oficeri da a.S. raTa ukeT gaerkvnen<br />
danaSaulobis problematikaSi, damnaSaveebze gamasworebeli RonisZiebebis Sefardebis,<br />
danaSaulis prevenciis politikis gatarebaSi da mTel rig sakiTxebSi, romelic aucilebelia<br />
kriminal-politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebis sferoSi.<br />
IV. kriminologiuri ganaTleba mraval karierul SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs15 .<br />
kriminologs SesaZlebloba aqvs imuSaos sxvadasxva saxelmwifos sxvadasxva<br />
uwyebaSi, sxvadasxva doneze da mimarTulebiT16 .<br />
saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtoris Semdeg mimarTulebebSi:<br />
_ mTavroba;<br />
_ sakanonmdeblo organo;<br />
_ sasamarTlo sistema;<br />
_ samarTaldamcavi organoebi (policia, prokuratura, gamoZiebis samsaxurebi);<br />
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis gamoZieba; sadazRvevo TaRliTobebis gamoZieba da<br />
prevencia (Insurance Fraud Investigation & Prevention); maRaziebSi Cadenili qurdobis<br />
gamoZieba (Retail Investigation) 17 ;<br />
_ sasjelRsrulebis sitema, gamasworebeli dawesebulebebi (alternatiuli sadamsjelo<br />
RonisZiebebi18 _ Diversion Programming);<br />
_ reabilitacia;<br />
_ aSS-s sabaJo samsaxuri;<br />
_ koroneris ofisSi, samedicino gamoZieba (koroneruli gamoZieba);<br />
_ sasamarTlo eqspertiza (sasamarTlo samedicino eqsperti _ Medical Examiner (ME);<br />
_ bankebi da safinanso samsaxurebi (finansuri TaRliTobebis gamoZieba, organo da<br />
prevencia (Financial Fraud Investigation & Prevention);<br />
_ specialuri uwyebebi _ dacvis samsaxurebi (aeroportis dacvis samsaxuri);<br />
_ sadazRvevo kompaniebi;<br />
_ kerZo sagamoZiebo organoebi _ kerZo deteqtiuri samsaxuri (Private Detective) an<br />
dacvis samsaxuri;<br />
_ saadvokato samsaxurebi;<br />
_ sazogadoebrivi (arakomerciuli) organizaciebi;<br />
_ axalgazrdobisTvis RonisZiebebi da rCevebi (intervenciis RonisZiebebi (Intervention<br />
Programming) 19 ;<br />
_ dazaralebulTa daxmarebis aRmomCeni samsaxuri;<br />
_ kvleva (mecnieruli, magaliTad, kvlevebi qalTa, arasrulwlovanTa da a.S. sakiTxebze,<br />
maT Soris, politikuri, strategiuli kvlevebi);<br />
129
marTlmsajuleba<br />
130<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
_ umaRles saswavleblebSi;<br />
_ damatebiT kariera sociologiaSi;<br />
_ da sxva20 .<br />
federaluri mTavroba<br />
_ narkotikuli danaSaulobebis winaaRmdeg brZolis samsaxuri (Drug Enforcement Agency);<br />
_ qveynis SidausafrTxoebis samsaxuri (Homel<strong>and</strong> Security) 21 ;<br />
_ gamoZiebis federaluri biuro (Federal Bureau of Investigations);<br />
_ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sazRvris dacvis samsaxuri.<br />
Statis samTavrobo uwyebebi:<br />
_ saxelmwifo samagistralo patruli;<br />
_ reabilitaciisa da gamasworebeli departamenti;<br />
_ axalgazrduli sazogadoebrivi samsaxurebi (Youth Services) 22 ;<br />
_ sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis samsaxurebi.<br />
xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebi: olqi, qalaqi, municipaliteti:<br />
_ adgilobrivi policiis ganyofilebebi;<br />
_ sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis samsaxurebi;<br />
_ xazinis samsaxuri (Department of the Treasurer). 23<br />
samTavrobo uwyebebi kriminologebs qiraoben kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli kursebis,<br />
kvlevebisa da Sefasebebis Casatareblad. zogadad, kriminologebis umravlesoba xdeba<br />
policiis oficeri, gfb-s24 agenti da a.S. kriminologs SeuZlia imuSaos universitetSi,<br />
aswavlos kriminologia, samarTali, sociologia da sxv. federaluri da Statis samsaxurebi<br />
kriminologebs iyeneben mkvlevar oficrebad, mrCevlebad strategiuli ganvi-<br />
Tarebisa da politikis dargSi, dagegmarebisa da analitikur samsaxurebSi25 .<br />
V. kriminologis anazRaureba.<br />
bakalavris xarisxis mqone kriminologis wliuri saSualo xelfasi Seadgens 30.000<br />
aSS dolars (TveSi 2.500 aSS dolari), magistris xarisxis mqone kriminologis wliuri<br />
saSualo xelfasi 55.000 aSS dolaria (TveSi 4.583 aSS dolari), xolo gamocdilebis<br />
mqone kriminologis xelfasi sakmaod maRalia.<br />
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom kriminologias da am dargis specialistebs didi asparezi<br />
gaaCnia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. es gasakviri arc unda iyos, vinaidan igi ganpirobebulia<br />
danaSaulobis fenomenis mravalferovnebiT, misi socialuri bunebiT. am<br />
mravalferovnebis gamo, kriminologi valdebulia, zedmiwevniT erkveodes sxvadasxva<br />
dargSi da kriminologiuri kvlevisas problemis gaanalizebasa da gadawyvetaSi iyenebdes.<br />
swored codnis mravaferovnebiT, sakiTx(eb)is multidisciplinuri SeswavliT<br />
gansxvavdeba kriminologi sxva dargis specialistebisagan da amiT aixsneba krimino-
logiis, rogorc mecnierebis dargis unikalurobac. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amerikuli<br />
kriminologia Seesabameba cnobili amerikeli kriminologis edmund saTerlendis formulas,<br />
romlis Tanaxmad, kriminologia aris mecnierebis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis<br />
samarTalgadacdomas da danaSauls, rogorc socialur fenomens da Tavis farglebSi<br />
moicavs kanonSemoqmedebis, kanondarRvevis da kanondarRvevebze reagirebis process26 ,<br />
romlis implementacias kriminologi saxelmwifo struqturebSi axorcielebs, maT Soris,<br />
samarTaldamcav organoebSi moRvaweobiTa da sazogadoebasTan mWidro TanamSromlobiT.<br />
zemoT moyvanili analizis fonze mizanSewonilad vTvliT, CamovayaliboT kriminologiis<br />
ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli samomavlo konceptualuri sakiTxebi. saqar-<br />
Tvelos gaaCnia kriminologiis dargis ganviTarebis mwiri istoria, Tumca, aqvs mdidari<br />
inteleqtualuri potenciali da yvela resursi, rom qarTuli kriminologia ganviTardes<br />
da upasuxos Tanamedrove kriminologiis moTxovnebs. amitom aucileblad migvaCnia,<br />
rom SemuSavdes kriminologiis ganviTarebis koncefcia, strategia da strategiis ganxorcielebis<br />
samoqmedo gegma, romelSic sxva sakiTxebTan erTad gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
iqneba Semdegi konceptualuri sakiTxebi:<br />
_ kriminologiis specializaciis SemoReba. am mizniT aucilebelia SemuSavdes<br />
sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis paketi da cvlilebebi Sevides saqarTvelos ganaTlebis<br />
Sesabamis kanonmdeblobaSi, romelic saSualebas miscems umaRles saswavleblebs gascen<br />
bakalavrisa da magistris diplomebi kriminologiis specialobiT da mianiWon Sesabamisi<br />
doqtoris xarisxi kriminologiaSi;<br />
_ sabakalavro, samagistro da sadoqtoro swavlebebi. umaRles saswavleblebSi<br />
sabakalavro, samagistro da sadoqtoro swavlebebi unda dainergos iseTi saxiT, rogorc<br />
es aprobirebulia evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis wamyvan umaRles<br />
saswavleblebSi. amisaTvis aucilebelia ucxouri gamocdilebis gaziareba da qarTveli<br />
profesionalebis monawileobiT Sesabamisi saswavlo programebisa da meTodologiis<br />
danergva;<br />
_ kriminologebis dasaqmeba. kriminologiis bakalavrisa da magistris diplomisa<br />
da doqtoris xarisxis mqones ufleba unda hqondes da SesaZlebloba mieces imuSaos<br />
saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorSi, rogorc es evropis qveynebsa da amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
StatebSia aprobirebuli.<br />
dasasruls, vfiqrobT SemoTavazebuli iniciativa saintereso iqneba, rogorc qarTveli<br />
kriminologebis, iuristebisa Tu sxva profesiis warmomadgenlebisaTvis, aseve<br />
kriminologiis dargis ganviTarebiT dainteresebuli saxelmwifo uflebamosili organoebisaTvisac.<br />
131
marTlmsajuleba<br />
132<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1 ix.: G.S. Bajpai, Criminology: An Appraisal of Present Status <strong>and</strong> Future Directions, pp. 1.<br />
2 ix.: http://hubpages.com/hub/Careers-in-Criminology.<br />
3 S. fafiaSvili, kriminalistika _ danaSaulTa gaxsnis taqtika, Tb., 2001, gv. 7.<br />
4 sisxlissamarTlebriv iusticiaSi igilisxmeba, is safexurebi, romelsac damna-<br />
Save gaivlis danaSaulis Cadenis momentidan misi post-penitencialuri Ronis-<br />
Ziebebis CaTvliT sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis procesis normebis<br />
farglebSi. sisxlissamarTlebrivi iusticia xorcieldeba samarTaldamcavi,<br />
sasamarTlo da penitencialuri organoebis meSveobiT (d. wulaia).<br />
5 igulisxmeba, rogorc sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebis, aseve probaciis Ta-<br />
namSromeli.<br />
6 ix.: http://www.ulinks.com/aboutcriminologydegree-careerscriminologymajorsdegrees.htm.<br />
7 igulisxmeba magistris xarisxi.<br />
8 ix.: http://www.legal-criminal-justice-schools.com/Criminal-<strong>Justice</strong>-Degrees/How-to-Become-a-<br />
Criminologist.html.<br />
9 ix. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural_sciences, termini `behavioural sciences~<br />
iTargmneba, rogorc `qcevebis Semswavleli mecnierebebi~ da moicavs yvela im<br />
disciplinas, romelic ikvlevs bunebriv samyaroSi organizmebis moqmedebasa<br />
da urTierTmoqmedebas. igi, aseve aanalizebs da Seiswavlis adamianur da cxovelur<br />
qcevebs, kontrolirebadi da naturalisturi eqsperimentuli dakvirvebebisa<br />
da zedmiwevniT gawerili formulebis gziT (e.d. klemke, r. holingeri<br />
da a. d. klaini (1980)).<br />
10 www.assoiatedcontent.com.<br />
11 genetikis ganmsazRvreli `dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava da ribonukleinis mJava~.<br />
12 ix.: kriminologia da samarTaldacviTi sistema, mT. redaqtori g. Rlonti, Tb.,<br />
2007, gv., 4.<br />
13 inglisurad pirdapiri Targmani iqneboda danaSaulis SemTxvevis gamoZieba,<br />
Tumca mocemul SemTxvevaSi viyenebT daTvalierebas.<br />
14 ix.: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-criminologist.htm.<br />
15 ix.: http://www.douglas.bc.ca/programs/criminology/careers.html.<br />
16 ix.: http://hubpages.com/hub/Careers-in-Criminology.<br />
17 igulisxmeba sacalo saqonliT movaWre maRaziebSi Cadenili qurdoba.<br />
18 aseTi saxis RonisZiebebi tardeba policiis, sasamarTlos an prokuraturis<br />
19<br />
organoebis mier.<br />
sareabilitacio RonisZiebebi magaliTad, mimarTuli narkomanebis mimarT.<br />
20 ix.: http://www.douglas.bc.ca/programs/criminology/careers.html.<br />
21 igivea rac Sinagan saqmeTa saministro.<br />
22 aseTi samsaxurebi arsebobs aSS-Si da miznad isaxavs axalgazrdobis aqtiur<br />
CarTulobas sazogadoebriv samuSaoebSi. aseT samuSaoebSi monawileoba Ziri-<br />
Tadad, ar finansdeba da nebayoflobiT xasiaTs atarebs. iSviaT SemTxvevebSi,<br />
gasamrjelo minimaluri da simboluria.<br />
23 aSS-Si Department of Treasure warmoadgens xazinis samsaxurs, romelsac gaaCnia<br />
24<br />
finansur danaSaulebis gamoZiebis samsaxuri.<br />
gamoZiebis federaluri biuro aSS-Si.<br />
25 ix.: Marilyn Morgan, Careers in Criminology, 2000, Los Angeles.<br />
26 ix.: http://www.uplink.com.au/lawlibrary/Documents/Docs/Doc98.html.
IMPORTANCE OF<br />
CIMINOLOGY IN<br />
THE STATE AND SOCIETY<br />
DAVIT TSULAIA<br />
PHD Stuednt of the Georgian Technical University<br />
Assistant Professor of Georgian University<br />
The Article reviews issues of public science, criminology. It analyzes the<br />
role of criminology in the state <strong>and</strong> society on the example of United States,<br />
it focuses on the stages of education in order to reach the success in the<br />
career of criminology, job discription of the crimonologist <strong>and</strong> their job<br />
opportunities in the state <strong>and</strong> private sector.<br />
At the end of the Article, author describes his own vision for the<br />
development of the criminology in Georgia, that includes elaboration of the<br />
concept, startegy <strong>and</strong> implentation action plan, as well conceptual direction<br />
for the development of the criminology as the brancj of sceince.<br />
Article is interesting for the institutions involved in criminal justice, broader<br />
public groups <strong>and</strong> especially for the scholars <strong>and</strong> members of diffrent<br />
professions interested in criminology.<br />
133
marTlmsajuleba<br />
134<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
genocidis cneba<br />
da Semadgenloba<br />
Temur cqitiSvili<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori,<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti<br />
genocidi, miuxedavad imisa, mSvidobis dros xdeba YTu<br />
omianobisas, aris danaSauli, romelic arRvevs saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlis normebs da romlis winaaRmdegac genocidis<br />
konvenciis xelSemkvreli mxareebi valdebulebas kisruloben<br />
miiRon zomebi mis asacdenad da misi CadenisaTvis<br />
dasasjelad.<br />
`genocidis akrZalva iTvleba jus cogens normad da gamoiyeneba<br />
rogorc erga omnes.~ 1 es norma miekuTvneba saer-<br />
TaSoriso samarTlis imperatiul normebs, romlebic saer-<br />
TaSoriso-CveulebiT da saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo<br />
samarTalTan SedarebiT ufro maRali rangisaa. 2 genocidi<br />
dasjadia miuxedavad imisa, erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT am<br />
danaSaulisaTvis pasuxismgebloba aris Tu ara gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
genocidi, rogorc dasjadi qmedeba pirvelad, gaerTianebuli<br />
erebis organizaciis generalurma asambleam 1946<br />
wlis 11 dekembris 96-e (I) rezoluciiT gansazRvra. 1948<br />
wlis 9 dekembers ki, miiRes konvencia `genocidis danaSaulis<br />
dasjisa da misi Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb~, romelsac<br />
saqarTvelo 1993 wlis 18 maiss SeuerTda, xolo imave wlis<br />
11 oqtombers saqarTvelosaTvis ZalaSi Sevida da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
kanonmdeblobis Semadgeneli nawili gaxda.
saqarTvelos 1960 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi genocids saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg<br />
mimarTul danaSaulTa TavSi 651-e muxliT iTvaliswinebda da Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos<br />
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis kvalifikacias aZlevda. genocidis xelyofis<br />
obieqtad ki, saxelmwifos suvereniteti, uSiSroeba da konstituciuri wyobileba miiCneoda.<br />
3 ramdenadac saxelmwifo interesi pirovnebis interesze maRla iyo dayenebuli<br />
da saxelmwifo interesis xelmyofi danaSaulic ufro mkacrad isjeboda, vidre adamianis<br />
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli, amiT xazgasmuli iyo am danaSaulis simZime da<br />
mniSvneloba.<br />
genocidisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos<br />
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxliT, romelic genocids ganmartavs, rogorc<br />
qmedebas, Cadenils `...SeTanxmebuli gegmis gansaxorcieleblad romelime erovnuli,<br />
eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri <strong>and</strong>a raime sxva niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufis<br />
mTlianad an nawilobriv mosaspobad, rac gamoixata aseTi jgufis wevrTa mkvlelobiT,<br />
janmrTelobis mZime dazianebiT, maTTvis cxovrebis mZime pirobebis ganzrax SeqmniT,<br />
Sobadobis ZaliT SemcirebiT an bavSvis iZulebiT gadacemiT erTi eTnikuri jgufidan<br />
meoreSi~.<br />
genocidi mimarTulia garkveuli niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufis winaaRmdeg, esenia:<br />
eTnikuri, erovnuli, religiuri, rasobrivi an sxva niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufi. saqar-<br />
Tvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsisagan gansxvavebiT, genocidis konvencia da sisxlis<br />
samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos romis wesdebis mixedviT, genocidis SemadgenlobiT<br />
daculi jgufebia mxolod erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi da religiuri jgufi.<br />
Ggenocidis konvenciis avtorebi Segnebulad Semoifarglnen oTxi daculi jgufiT, ramdenadac<br />
aRniSnuli jgufebisadmi kuTvnilebas aqvs sistematuri, uwyveti da stabiluri<br />
xasiaTi. 4<br />
`dajgufeba aris raime iseTi saerTo niSniT da xangrZlivi droiT dakavSirebuli<br />
pirTa gaerTianeba, romelic mas danarCeni mosaxleobisagan gamoarCevs. dajgufebis<br />
wevrTa gamaerTianebeli niSnebia magaliTad, saerTo erovneba (moqalaqeoba), eTnosi<br />
(kultura, ena), rasa (geografiuli warmoSoba, memkvidreobiT SeZenili garegnuli niSnebi)<br />
da religia.~ 5<br />
ru<strong>and</strong>is sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso tribunalis palatam, kaiSemasa da ruZindanis<br />
saqmeze, `jgufi~ ganmarta, rogorc `danaSaulis CamdenTa CaTvliT sxvaTa mier<br />
aseT jgufad identificirebadi jgufi~. 6 jgufis aseTi gansazRvrebis naklovanebad<br />
SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom danaSauls gansazRvravs damnaSave. sakiTxisadmi aseTi midgomiT<br />
damnaSave iZens kanonmdeblis an kidev mosamarTlis funqciebs. garda amisa, jgufis<br />
aseTi gansazRvreba qmnis procesualur siZneleebsac.<br />
rafael lemkini Tavis naSromSi `jgufs~ ganmartavs, rogorc erTobas, romelic<br />
samarTlebriv dacvas saWiroebs. lemkini genocidisagan ‘daculi jgufebis~ sinonimad<br />
xSirad, `umciresobaTa jgufebs~ iyenebs. 7<br />
`jgufze~ saubrisas igulisxmeba ara mxolod `umciresobis jgufebi~, aramed is jgufebic,<br />
romlebic umravlesobas Seadgenen. ama Tu im teritoriis okupirebisas genocidis<br />
msxverplni SesaZloa gaxdnen erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi an religiuri<br />
135
marTlmsajuleba<br />
136<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
umravlesobis warmomadgenlebic. amis magaliTia, 1972 wels burundiSi, hutus tomis<br />
winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli genocidi. hutus tomi burundis mosaxleobis umravlesobas<br />
warmoadgenda. 8<br />
`erovnuloba~ gulisxmobs xalxis im jgufs, romelsac aqvs samSoblo, sadac igi ayalibebs<br />
umravlesobas. `eTnikuroba~ moicavs xalxis im jgufs, romelsac ara aqvs samSoblo<br />
im saxelmwifos farglebs gareT, sadac igi umciresobas warmoadgens. 9<br />
erovnuli jgufis SemakavSirebeli elementi pirvel rigSi, aris moqalaqeoba (qveSevrdomoba).<br />
garda amisa, mxedvelobaSi miiReba saerTo istoria, wes-Cveuleba, kultura<br />
da ena. erovnuli jgufis tipiur magaliTs warmoadgenen egreT wodebuli erovnuli<br />
umciresobebi. 10<br />
eTnikuri jgufi gamoirCeva gansakuTrebiT gansazRvruli kulturuli tradiciebiT,<br />
romelzec is aRmocenda. jgufis wevrebi saubroben erTsa da imave enaze, aqvT saerTo<br />
adaTi da wes-Cveuleba da saerTo cxovrebis wesi. eTnikurobisaTvis saerTo `rasobrivi~<br />
niSnebis arseboba ar aris aucilebeli. 11<br />
`erovnuloba~ da `eTnikuroba~ gansxvavdeba `rasis~ cnebisagan. `rasis~ wevri sinamdvileSi<br />
SeiZleba ar atarebdes im niSnebs, romelsac mas miaweren (rogorc rasis wevrs).<br />
rasisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi memkvidreobiT gadadis. rasas ar `irCeven~, iseve,<br />
rogorc ver Secvlian memkvidreobiT miRebul niSnebs. gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba gvaqvs<br />
eTnikuri umciresobis SemTxvevaSi. eTnikuri umciresobis axladdabadebuli bavSvi SeiZleba<br />
momavalSi umravlesobis wevri gaxdes (an asimilaciis gziT an misi erT-erTi mSobeli<br />
umravlesobis warmomadgenelia). 12<br />
ama Tu im jgufisadmi kuTvnilebis grZnoba subieqturia. gansazRvruli jgufisadmi<br />
kuTvnilebisaTvis ar aris sakmarisi, rom pirma icis garkveuli ena, cxovrobs gansazRvrul<br />
teritoriaze da misi mSoblebi warmoSobiT dakavSirebuli arian ama Tu im jguf-<br />
Tan.<br />
`religiuri jgufi ukve 1946 wels generaluri asambleis 96 (I) rezoluciaSi iqna<br />
dasaxelebuli, rogorc jgufi, romelic SeiZleba gaxdes genocidis msxverpli da aRmoCnda<br />
yvela proeqtSi qmedebis Semadgenlobis formulirebisas. genocidis konvenciis<br />
avtorebi gamodiodnen iqidan, rom religiuri jgufi _ romlisadmi kuTvnilebac nebayoflobiTobas<br />
efuZneba _ eTnikuri da erovnuli jgufebis msgavsad, istoriulad<br />
warmoiSva, mudmivi maxasiaTeblebiT gamoirCeva da amgvarad stabiluri xasiaTi aqvs.~ 13<br />
`religiuri erTobis wevrebs aqvT erTnairi aRmsarebloba, igive saxis sarwmunoeba,<br />
atareben erTnair sasuliero ideebs an iyeneben religiuri wes-Cveulebis Sesrulebis<br />
erTnair formebs.~ 14<br />
germaneli mecnieri g. verle genocidis konvenciiT dacul religiur jgufs ar miakuTvnebs<br />
aTeistur jgufs. 15 h. zaTcgeric aRniSnavs, rom religiuri jgufi wminda<br />
aTeistur jgufs ar moicavs, vinaidan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, misi gamijvna politikuri<br />
da msgavsi jgufebisagan SeuZlebeli iqneboda, meore mxriv, dairRveoda „nullum crimen<br />
sine lege” principi. 16<br />
religiur jgufTan dakavSirebiT, gansxvavebuli mosazrebac arsebobs qarTul iuridiul<br />
literaturaSi: `religiuri kuTvnileba~ ar gulisxmobs, rom individi an jgufi
aucileblad iyos romelime religiis an rwmenis mimdevari _ sakmarisia, misi religiuri<br />
Sexeduleba gansxvavdebodes umravlesobis religiisagan. religiur jgufad CaiTvleba<br />
aTeisturi jgufic, romelic cxovrobs religiuri umravlesobis garemocvaSi.~ 17 aseTi<br />
interpretacia ar gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi.<br />
„sxva niSniT gaerTianebul jgufSi~, romelic saqarTvelos ssk 407-e muxlis Tanaxmad,<br />
aseve, miiCneva genocidis SemadgenlobiT dacul jgufad, SeiZleba vigulisxmoT<br />
politikuri, sqesobrivi, enobrivi an socialuri jgufi.<br />
politikur jgufSi igulisxmeba politikuri SexedulebiT gaerTianebuli adamianTa<br />
erToba.<br />
sqesobrivi jgufia gansxvavebuli sqesobrivi orientaciis mqone pirTa gaerTianeba<br />
(magaliTad, homoseqsualebi).<br />
`enobrivi~ kuTvnileba moicavs rogorc dedaenas, ise tomobriv, arasamwerlobo enasac.<br />
enobrivi kuTvnileba ar moicavs dialeqts.<br />
genocidis Semadgenlobis dacvis obieqtia kacobriobis mSvidoba da uSiSroeba, swored<br />
amiT aris pirobadebuli is faqti, rom genocidi gaTvaliswinebulia kacobriobis<br />
mSvidobis, uSiSroebisa da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis winaaRmdeg mimar-<br />
Tul danaSaulTa amsaxvel TavSi.<br />
garda kacobriobis mSvidobisa da uSiSroebisa, genocidis Semadgenlobis dacvis obieqtia<br />
jgufis wevrTa sicocxle da janmrTeloba. vinaidan genocidi SeiZleba gamoixatos<br />
mkvlelobaSi, janmrTelobis dazianebaSi da a. S. `amasTan, qmedebis Semadgenloba<br />
icavs msxverplTa adamianur Rirsebasac.~ 18<br />
genocidi aseve, xelyofs saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 muxliT garantirebul<br />
kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis princips.<br />
sadavo sakiTxia, icavs Tu ara genocidis Semadgenloba jgufis wevrTa individualur<br />
interesebsac. magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom jgufis wevrebi xdebian Tavdasxmis obieqti<br />
maTi jgufuri kuTvnilebisa da ara sxva ramis gamo, dasmul kiTxvaze miviRebT<br />
pasuxs: qmedebis Semadgenloba imdenad icavs jgufis wevrTa individualur interesebs,<br />
ramdenadac isini miekuTvnebian gansazRvrul jgufs. `individualuri interesebis dazianeba<br />
an safrTxeSi Cagdeba mxolod maSin iZens saerTaSoriso sisxlissamarTlebriv<br />
mniSvnelobas, rodesac TiToeuli zustad jgufisadmi maTi kuTvnilebis mizeziT gaxdeba<br />
Tavdasxmis obieqti.~ 19<br />
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxlis mixedviT, genocidi SeiZleba<br />
ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva moqmedebiT: a) mkvlelobiT, b) janmrTelobis mZime dazianebiT,<br />
g) cxovrebis mZime pirobebis ganzrax SeqmniT, d) Sobadobis ZaliT SemcirebiT, e)<br />
bavSvis iZulebiT gadacemiT erTi eTnikuri jgufidan meoreSi.<br />
mkvlelobis aRmniSvnel terminad evropis saxelmwifoTa sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi<br />
gamoiyeneba terminebi _ "killing" da "murder". `im dros, roca "killing" mxolod<br />
zogadad, mkvlelobis ganzraxvas moiTxovs, ‘murder~ zogierT samarTlebriv sistemaSi<br />
gulisxmobs mizniT determinebul ganzraxvas. ru<strong>and</strong>is sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso<br />
tribunalma kaiSemas saqmeze daadgina, `rom "killing"-sa da "murder"-s Soris araviTari<br />
gansxvaveba ar arsebobs.~ sxva palatebis TvalsazrisiT, `cneba "killing" ganzrax da<br />
137
marTlmsajuleba<br />
138<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
ganuzraxvel mkvlelobas20 moicavs, xolo `murder~ mxolod ganzrax mkvlelobas gulisxmobs<br />
da ganzraxvis gareSe mkvlelobas gamoricxavs.~ es palatebi im daskvnamde<br />
mividnen, rom 30-e muxlis Sesabamisad, mkvleloba ganzrax unda ganxorcieldes, Tumca,<br />
ara aucileblobiTi mizniT determinebuli ganzraxviT ("premeditation"). mkvlelobis ganzraxvis<br />
aseT gagebas iqiTken mivyavarT, rom sakmarisi unda iyos _ ganadgurebis mizniT<br />
_ adamianTa sicocxlis TviTimedovnebiT xelyofa, rasac saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi<br />
samarTali da arc samarTlis safuZvlebi zogadad, ar aRiareben.~ 21<br />
am danaSaulebrivi qmedebis ganxorcieleba sxvadasxva formiTaa SesaZlebeli: masobrivi<br />
mkvleloba, dajgufebis wevrebis saxlebis gadawva, infrastruqturisa da sxva<br />
sasicocxlo mowyobilobebis moSla, agreTve, dajgufebis wevrTa moTavseba banakebSi,<br />
rac iwvevs maT sikvdils. 22<br />
erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri an sxva niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufis<br />
wevrTa mkvleloba SeiZleba CaiTvalos genocidad, Tu igi ganxorcielda aseTi jgufis<br />
mTlianad an nawilobrivi mospobis mizniT. swored es mizani ganasxvavebs genocids ssk<br />
109-e muxlis me-2 nawilis `d~ qvepunqtiT (mkvleloba rasobrivi, religiuri, erovnuli<br />
an eTnikuri Seuwynareblobis gamo) gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis Semadgenlobisagan. 23<br />
garda miznisa, genocidi saqarTvelos ssk 109-e muxlis me-2 nawilis `d~ qvepunqtiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis Semadgenlobisagan gansxvavdeba sxva niSniTac. genocidi<br />
mimarTulia ara mxolod erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri, aramed sxva niSniT<br />
gaerTianebuli jgufis winaaRmdegac. genocidi SeiZleba Cadenil iqnes ara mxolod<br />
mkvlelobiT, aramed sxva moqmedebiTac: erTi jgufidan meoreSi bavSvis ZaldatanebiT<br />
gadacemiT, Svilosnobis asacileblad gamiznuli moqmedebiT.<br />
saqarTvelos ssk 109-e muxlis me-2 nawilis `d~ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli<br />
mimarTulia konkretuli adamianis winaaRmdeg, xolo genocidi konkretuli niSniT<br />
gaerTianebuli jgufis winaaRmdeg. adamianTa mkvleloba, rom saqarTvelos ssk-is 407-e<br />
muxliT dakvalificirdes, aucilebelia im miznis arseboba, romelic am muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
danaSaulis sisxlissamarTlebriv umarTlobas afuZnebs _ erovnuli,<br />
eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri an sxva niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufis mTliani an nawilobriv<br />
mospoba. Tuki mkvleloba ganxorcieldeba rasobrivi, religiuri, erovnuli an<br />
eTnikuri Seuwynareblobis motiviT, magram ara jgufis mospobis mizniT, qmedeba dakvalificirdeba<br />
ara 407-e muxliT, aramed 109-e muxlis me-2 nawilis `d~ qvepunqtiT.<br />
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxli genocidis konvenciisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
iyenebs janmrTelobis mZime dazianebis da ara sxeulis seriozuli dazianebis<br />
an gonebrivi moSlilobis cnebas.<br />
janmrTelobis mZime dazianebis cneba mocemulia saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis<br />
kodeqsis 117-e muxlis I punqtSi: `janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianeba, e. i. sxeulis<br />
dazianeba, romelic saxifaToa sicocxlisaTvis <strong>and</strong>a romelmac gamoiwvia mxedvelobis,<br />
smenis, metyvelebis an romelime organos an misi funqciis dakargva, fsiqikuri avadmyofoba,<br />
orsulobis Sewyveta, saxis waruSleli damaxinjeba an janmrTelobis sxvagvari<br />
iseTi dazianeba, romelic saxifaToa sicocxlisaTvis da dakavSirebulia saerTo Sromisunarianobis<br />
myar, aranakleb erTi mesamediT dakargvasTan an winaswari SecnobiT profesiuli<br />
Sromisunarianobis srul dakargvasTan.~
mZime fizikur da fsiqikur zianad iTvleba fizikuri an fsiqikuri wameba, araadamianuri<br />
an damamcirebeli mopyroba da devna, aseve seqsualuri Zaladoba, gaupatiureba,<br />
dasaxiCreba da dakiTxva, romelic mimdinareobs cemiT an/da sikvdilis muqariT. fizikuri<br />
an fsiqikuri ziani iseTi simZimisa unda iyos, rom man dajgufebis mTliani an<br />
nawilobrivi ganadgurebis safrTxe Seqmnas. 24 fsiqikuri dazianebis TvalsazrisiT, samarTlebrivi<br />
viTareba naklebad mkafioa. am danaSaulebrivi qmedebis magaliTad literaturaSi<br />
asaxeleben I I msoflio omis dros, iaponelebis mier Cinel msxverplTa mimarT<br />
narkotikebis gamoyenebas. 25<br />
cxovrebis mZime pirobebis ganzrax SeqmnaSi igulisxmeba ekonomikuri blokada, ekologiuri<br />
ubedurebis garemoebaTa ganzrax Seqmna, ekosistemis komponentebiT dasnebovneba,<br />
im saqmianobis akrZalva, romelic pirTa jgufis arsebobis ZiriTadi wyaroa da sxva.<br />
es danaSaulebrivi qmedeba mimarTulia dajgufebis `neli sikvdiliT~ ganadgurebisaken,<br />
romelic gulisxmobs dajgufebis sakuTari saxlebidan gamodevnas, sicocxlisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli samedicino momsaxurebis Semcirebas, zedmeti muSaobis iZulebas an did<br />
fizikur datvirTvas. amgvari sasicocxlo pirobebis Seqmna ar unda iwvevdes dajgufebis<br />
wevrTa uecar ganadgurebas. igi subieqturad iqiTken unda iyos mimarTuli, rom<br />
ganadgurdes dajgufebis wevrebi. obieqturad, aseTi meTodebi vargisi unda iyos<br />
dajgufebis gasanadgureblad. saqme exeba konkretul da ara abstraqtul safrTxes. 26<br />
Sobadobis ZaliT Semcirebis xerxi sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba iyos: genuri inJineria,<br />
iZulebiTi sterilizacia, kastracia reproduqciul asakSi, iZulebiTi kontracepcia<br />
da sxva; aseve, saxelmwifos mier iseTi normatiuli aqtis gamocema, romelic sasjelis<br />
gamoyenebis muqariT ukrZalavs am jgufis moqalaqeebs Svilis yolas an zRudavs maT<br />
raodenobas. 27 sisxlis samarTlis saqmis ganmxilvelma palatam akaiesus saqmeze daadgina,<br />
rom `patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi, sadac jgufis wevroba mamis xaziT ganisazRvreba,<br />
jgufis SigniT SobadobisaTvis xelis SeSlis magaliTia dasaxelebuli jgufis<br />
wevris gaupatiureba sxva jgufis wevris mier im mizniT, rom man gaaCinos bavSvi, romelic<br />
dedis jgufs ar ekuTvnis.~ 28<br />
ufro metic, sisxlis samarTlis saqmis ganmxilveli palata aRniSnul sakiTxze miuTiTebs:<br />
`erTi jgufis SigniT SobadobisaTvis xelis SeSlisaken mimarTuli meTodebi<br />
SeiZleba iyos fizikuri da fsiqikuri. ase, magaliTad, SobadobisaTvis xelis SeSlisaken<br />
mimarTuli meTodi SeiZleba iyos gaupatiureba, rodesac gaupatiurebuli piri bolos<br />
uars ambobs Svilis gaCenaze. amgvarad, jgufis wevrebi muqariT da ZaladobiT SeiZleba<br />
iqamde miiyvanon, rom uari Tqvan bavSvis gaCenaze.~ 29<br />
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxli iyenebs termins _ `Sobadobis<br />
ZaliT Semcireba~, genocidis konvencia _ `Svilosnobis asacileblad gamiznul zomebs~,<br />
xolo romis wesdeba _ `iseTi zomebis gatareba, romelTa mizania aseT jgufSi SobadobisaTvis<br />
xelis SeSla~. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT, es danaSaulebrivi<br />
qmedeba Sedegiani danaSaulis Semadgenlobas qmnis. aRniSnuli ar niSnavs, rom<br />
Svilosnobis asacileblad gamiznuli zomebis gatareba qarTuli kanonmdeblobiT<br />
dausjeli rCeba, ramdenadac igi sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas danaSaulis<br />
momzadebisaTvisac awesebs.<br />
139
marTlmsajuleba<br />
140<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxlis mixedviT, genocidis ganxorcielebis<br />
erT-erTi xerxia bavSvis iZulebiT gadacema erTi eTnikuri jgufidan meoreSi.<br />
am mxriv saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqssa da genocidis konvencias Soris Seusabamobaa.<br />
qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsisagan gansxvavebiT, konvenciaSi saubaria<br />
„erTi jgufidan meoreSi~ da ara, „erTi eTnikuri jgufidan meoreSi~ bavSvis gadacemaze.<br />
Tuki genocidi mimarTulia erovnuli, eTnikuri, religiuri an rasobrivi<br />
jgufis winaaRmdeg, ratom ar SeiZleba am jgufis mospobis mizniT, erTi religiuri (an<br />
erovnuli, rasobrivi) jgufidan meorisaTvis bavSvebis gadacema CaiTvalos genocidad?<br />
bavSvis erTi jgufidan meore jgufisaTvis gadacema iTvleba Tu ara genocidis gamovlenis<br />
formad, iuridiul mecnierebaSi davas iwvevs. genocidis Semadgenloba emsaxureba<br />
jgufis fizikuri da ara kulturuli an sxvagvari formiT arsebobis dacvas. dajgufebis<br />
arsebobis ara fizikuri formebi daculia adamianTa da umciresobis uflebebiT.<br />
amis Sesabamisad, SeiZleba dajgufebis identurobis da ara Tavad wevrebis ganadgurebisaken<br />
mimarTuli moqmedebani genocidad ar CaiTvalos. amgvarad SeiZleba davasabuToT,<br />
rom vinaidan, bavSvis erTi dajgufebidan meore dajgufebaSi gadayvanas mivyavarT<br />
kulturuli identurobis dakargvamde da ara am dajgufebis ganadgurebamde, romelsac<br />
Tavs daesxnen, saqme exeba genocidis kulturul formas. meore mxriv, gadayvanas<br />
jgufisaTvis SeiZleba gamanadgurebeli Sedegebi hqondes. ru<strong>and</strong>is sisxlis samarTlis<br />
saerTaSoriso tribunalis (ICTR) palatis azriT, gadayvana miznad isaxavs ara mxolod<br />
ZaldatanebiTi fizikuri gadayvaniT, aramed muqariT da sulieri SokiT dasjas, romelic<br />
mosdevs bavSvTa Zaladobriv gadayvanas. Tu gadayvanil bavSvebs aiZuleben imuSaon<br />
iZulebiT, amiT dajgufebas, romelic Zaladobas ganicdis, Seeqmneba iseTi sasicocxlo<br />
pirobebi, rac maT fizikur ganadgurebas gamoiwvevs. 30<br />
rodesac vsaubrobT erTi jgufidan meore jgufisaTvis bavSvis gadacemaze, rogorc<br />
genocidis ganxorcielebis xerxze, aucilebelia davazustoT, Tu vin igulisxmeba bavSvis<br />
cnebaSi. bavSvis uflebebis konvenciis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, `bavSvad iTvleba<br />
18 wlamde asakis yvela adamiani, Tu im kanoniT, romelic bavSvze vrceldeba, srulwlovanebis<br />
ufro adreuli asaki ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli~. saqarTvelos sisxlis<br />
samarTlis kanonmdebloba ar icnobs `bavSvis~ cnebas da aRiarebs mcirewlovanis da<br />
arasrulwlovanis cnebas. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT, 18 wels miuRweveli<br />
iTvleba arasrulwlovnad, xolo 14 wels miuRweveli _ mcirewlovnad. ibadeba kiTxva:<br />
bavSvis cneba moicavs mxolod mcirewlovans, Tu arasrulwlovansac? am kiTxvaze SeiZleba<br />
Semdegi pasuxi gaeces: bavSvis cnebis qveS moiazreba ara mxolod mcirewlovani,<br />
aramed arasrulwlovanic. aRniSnuli daskvna gamomdinareobs konvenciis pirveli muxlis<br />
Sinaarsidan, romelmac srulwlovanebis asaks miuRweveli (arasrulwlovani) da<br />
bavSvi erTmaneTTan gaaigiva.<br />
saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv kanonmdeblobasTan saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis<br />
kodeqsis 407-e muxlis Seusabamoba mxolod zemoaRniSnuliT ar amoiwureba. saqarTvelos<br />
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis aRniSnuli muxli genocidis konvenciisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
genocids ganmartavs rogorc `SeTanxmebuli gegmis~ ganxorcielebisaken mimar-<br />
Tul qmedebas.
`SeTanxmebuli gegmis~ arseboba gulisxmobs ori an meti piris SeTanxmebas da gegmis<br />
Camoyalibebas garkveul sakiTxze, am SemTxvevaSi, genocidis ganxorcielebaze. Tu Cven<br />
ssk 407-e muxlis teqstis Sinaarss kargad CavukvirdebiT, mivalT daskvnamde, rom<br />
genocidi aucilebeli TanamonawileobiT Casadeni danaSauli yofila. aseTi daskvnis<br />
safuZvels iZleva sityvebi _ `SeTanxmebuli gegma~. e.i. genocidis Camdens unda gaaCndes<br />
`gegma~ da Tanac vinmesTan SeTanxmebuli. sworad aRniSnavs s. kiknaZe, rom `Tu ar arsebobs<br />
SeTanxmebuli gegma or an ramdenime pirs Soris, igi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis<br />
Sesabamisad, ver dakvalificirdeba genocidis danaSaulad, radgan saqarTvelos ssk-is<br />
407-e muxlis dispoziciaSi Camoyalibebuli ganmartebidan gamomdinare, igi ar SeiZleba<br />
erTma pirma Caidinos, rac cxadia, am muxlis sakmaod seriozuli xarvezia~. 31 naTqvamis<br />
sisworeSi kidev ufro davrwmundebiT Tu moviSveliebT ru<strong>and</strong>aSi momxdar erT faqts:<br />
1971 wels, tutsis tomis erT erTma wevrma mokla hutus tomis 17 wevri. saxeze iyo<br />
qmedebis Semadgenlobis obieqturi da subieqturi mxaris niSnebi _ eTnikuri jgufis<br />
wevrTa sicocxlis mospoba, pirdapiri ganzraxva da jgufis wevrTa mospobis mizani,<br />
magram danaSaulis amsrulebeli moqmedebda erTpirovnulad, sxvasTan SeTanxmebis<br />
gareSe, ris gamoc, ru<strong>and</strong>is kanonmdeblobiT ver moxerxda am pirisaTvis genocidSi<br />
braldebis wayeneba. 32<br />
Tu gavecnobiT genocidis dasjis konvenciis me-3 muxlis teqsts, kidev ufro davrwmundebiT<br />
zemoT ganviTarebuli azris sisworeSi. aRniSnuli muxlis mixedviT, isjeba<br />
Semdegi qmedeba:<br />
a) genocidi;<br />
b) SeTqmuleba genocidis Cadenis mizniT;<br />
g) pirdapiri da sajaro waqezeba genocidis Casadenad;<br />
d) genocidis Cadenis mcdeloba;<br />
e) genocidSi Tanamonawileoba.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, dasjad qmedebaTa Soris calkea gamoyofili genocidSi Tanamonawileoba.<br />
genocidi aucilebeli TanamonawileobiT Casadeni danaSauli rom yofiliyo,<br />
gaxdeboda ki, saWiro dasjad qmedebaTa Soris genocidSi Tanamonawileobis calke gamoyofa?<br />
rogor unda gadawydes im piris pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, romelic gadawyvets,<br />
rom damoukideblad, vinmesTan `SeTanxmebis~ gareSe, erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi,<br />
religiuri an sxva niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufis mTliani an nawilobrivi mospobis<br />
mizniT ganaxorcielos amave jgufis wevrTa mkvleloba, janmrTelobis dazianeba da a. S.<br />
zemoT ganviTarebuli mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, saqarTvelos<br />
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxlis Semdegi redaqciiT Camoyalibeba:<br />
`genocidi, ese igi qmedeba, romelime erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi <strong>and</strong>a religiuri<br />
niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufis mTlianad an nawilobriv mosaspobad, rac gamoixata<br />
aseTi jgufis wevris mkvlelobiT, janmrTelobis mZime dazianebiT, cxovrebis<br />
mZime pirobis ganzrax SeqmniT, Sobadobis ZaliT SemcirebiT an bavSvis iZulebiT<br />
gadacemiT erTi jgufidan meoreSi, _ isjeba...~<br />
genocidis danaSauli damTavrebulia ssk 407-e muxlis dispoziciaSi CamoTvlili<br />
erT-erTi qmedebis ganxorcielebis momentidan. genocidis danaSaulis damTavrebisaT-<br />
141
marTlmsajuleba<br />
142<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
vis aucilebeli ar aris erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri an sxva niSniT gaerTianebuli<br />
jgufis mTliani an nawilobrivi mospobis miznis miRweva. genocidis dana-<br />
Sauli damTavrebulia am miznis miRwevamdec.<br />
danaSaulis elementebis mixedviT, genocidi damTavrebulia jgufis mTliani an nawilobrivi<br />
ganadgurebis mizniT Tundac, jgufis erTi wevris mkvlelobisas.<br />
Tumca, qarTul sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi gamoTqmulia gansxvavebuli Sexedulebac:<br />
`sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxlSi miTiTebuli sityvebi `mTlianad<br />
an nawilobriv~ miuTiTeben raodenobriv aspeqtze. msxverplis an potenciuri msxverplis<br />
raodenoba mniSvnelovani unda iyos. ar SeiZleba qmedeba genocidiT davakvalificiroT,<br />
Tu jgufis ramdenime wevri iyo mokluli. farTod aris gavrcelebuli mosazreba<br />
imis Taobaze, rom jgufis nawilis mospobisas es nawili unda iyos mniSvnelovani.~ 33<br />
genocidis danaSauli aerTianebs SedeggareSe (e.w. formalur) da Sedegian (e.w. materialur)<br />
Semadgenlobas. 34 Sedegian Semadgenlobas qmnis iseTi danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi,<br />
rogoricaa: jgufis wevrTa mkvleloba, janmrTelobis mZime dazianeba, Sobadobis ZaliT<br />
Semcireba. xolo SedeggareSe Semadgenlobas _ cxovrebis mZime pirobebis ganzrax Seqmna,<br />
bavSvis iZulebiT gadacema erTi jgufidan meoreSi.<br />
vis SeiZleba daekisros pasuxismgebloba genocidisaTvis? aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakav-<br />
SirebiT, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqssa da romis wesdebas Soris erTgvari<br />
Seusabamobaa, rac gamoixateba am danaSaulisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
gansxvavebuli asakis dadgenaSi. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 33-e<br />
muxlis Sesabamisad, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis asakia ToTxmeti weli,<br />
romelic aseve, genocidis Camden pirsac exeba, ramdenadac raime specialur daTqmas<br />
aRniSnul danaSaulTan mimarTebaSi ar iTvaliswinebs. romis wesdebiT, pasuxismgeblobis<br />
asakad ganisazRvra 18 weli. amas garda, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom danaSaulis specifikidan<br />
gamomdinare, genocidis ganxorcieleba arasrulwlovanis mxridan nakleb savaraudoa,<br />
mivalT im daskvnamde, rom mizanSewonili iqneba saqarTvelos sisxlis samar-<br />
Tlis kodeqsis 33-e muxlSi cvlilebis Setana da sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos<br />
iurisdiqciaSi Semavali danaSaulebis, maT Soris, genocidis Camdeni pirebisaTvis<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis daweseba 18 wlis asakidan. genocidis<br />
Camden pirebad xSir SemTxvevaSi, gvevlinebian Tanamdebobis pirebi, romlebic miRweuli<br />
arian srulwlovanebis asaks. genocidi ar miekuTvneba specialuri amsruleblobiT<br />
Casaden danaSauls, igi SeiZleba Caidinos ara Tanamdebobis pirmac.<br />
pirebi, romlebmac Caidines genocidi an genocidis konvenciis I I I muxlSi CamoTvlili<br />
romelime qmedeba, unda daisajon imis miuxedavad, arian Tu ara konstituciiT pasuxismgebeli<br />
mmarTvelni, Tanamdebobis Tu kerZo pirebi.<br />
romis wesdebis 27-e muxlis Tanaxmad, arc Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi da arc diplomatiuri<br />
imuniteti ar abrkolebs sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mier<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebas im pirisaTvis, romelmac Caidina<br />
genocidi. amave wesdebis 28-e muxlis mixedviT, xelqveiTis mier Cadenili genocidisaTvis<br />
meTaurs pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba daekisros Semdeg SemTxvevebSi, Tu:
1. samxedro meTauris an samxedro meTauris saxiT efeqtianad moqmedi piris efeqtian<br />
xelmZRvanelobas an kontrols daqvemdebarebulma Zalebma Caidines genocidis<br />
danaSauli;<br />
2. samxedro meTaurma an pirma, im droisTvis arsebuli garemoebidan gamomdinare, icoda<br />
an unda scodnoda, rom es Zalebi sCadiodnen an ganzraxuli hqondaT am danaSaulis<br />
Cadena;<br />
3. samxedro meTaurma an pirma ver moaxerxa mieRo yvela saWiro da gonivruli zoma<br />
Tavisi uflebamosilebis farglebSi, raTa Tavidan aecilebina an aRekveTa genocidis<br />
danaSaulis Cadena an gadaeca aRniSnuli sakiTxi kompetenturi organoebisaTvis<br />
gamoZiebis warmoebisa da sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcielebisaTvis.<br />
meTauris pasuxismgebloba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis or erTmaneTisagan<br />
gansxvavebul koncefcias efuZneba: 1. pirdapiri da uSualo pasuxismgebloba,<br />
rodesac meTauri pasuxs agebs kanonsawinaaRmdego brZanebis gacemisaTvis; 2. pasuxismgebloba<br />
daqvemdebarebulis kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebisaTvis, romelic ar iyo<br />
ganpirobebuli meTauris brZanebiT, Tumca, man ar SeuSala xeli daqvemdebarebuls<br />
amgvari qmedebis CadenaSi an ar dasaja igi qmedebis Cadenis Semdgom. 35<br />
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis principi asaxulia aseve, yofili iugoslaviisa da ru<strong>and</strong>is<br />
sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso tribunalebis wesdebebSi. 36<br />
romis wesdebis mixedviT, meTaurs mis xelmZRvanelobasa da kontrols daqvemdebarebuli<br />
Zalebis mier Cadenili genocidis danaSaulisaTvis daekisreba pasuxismgebloba,<br />
Tu meTaurma im droisaTvis arsebuli garemoebebidan gamomdinare, icoda an unda scodnoda,<br />
rom es Zalebi sCadiodnen an ganzraxuli hqondaT am danaSaulis Cadena (28-e muxli).<br />
rogorc normis teqstidan Cans, meTaurs ekisreba pasuxismgebloba gaufrTxileblobiTi<br />
umoqmedobis SemTxvevaSic, aRniSnuli azri gamomdinareobs sityvebidan _ `unda<br />
scodnoda~. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ki, meTaurisaTvis sisxlissamar-<br />
Tlebriv pasuxismgeblobas SesaZleblad miiCnevs misi mxolod ganzraxi umoqmedobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi. amaze miuTiTebs sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-10 muxlis me-4 punqti da<br />
413-e muxlis SeniSvna. ssk 413-e muxlis SeniSvna Semdegi Sinaarsis teqsts moicavs: `am<br />
TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulisaTvis SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi monawile Seiara-<br />
Rebuli Zalebis <strong>and</strong>a maTi qvedanayofebis meTauri an/da sxva xelmZRvaneli pasuxs agebs<br />
am Tavis Sesabamisad im SemTxvevaSic, roca aRniSnuli danaSauli Caidina mis xelmZRvanelobas<br />
an/da kontrols daqvemdebarebulma Zalebma, rac gamowveul iyo meTauris an/<br />
da sxva Sesabamisi xelmZRvanelis umoqmedobiT.~ ssk me-10 muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad,<br />
`gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili qmedeba mxolod maSin CaiTvleba danaSaulad, Tu amis<br />
Sesaxeb miTiTebulia am kodeqsis Sesabamis muxlSi~. aseT miTiTebas ssk 413-e muxlis<br />
SeniSvna ar Seicavs.<br />
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi meTauris ganzraxi umoqmedobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobas<br />
iTvaliswinebs mxolod maSin, rodesac daqvemdebarebaSi myofi pirebi<br />
danaSauls Cadian SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi monawileobis dros. genocidi ki, dasjad<br />
qmedebas warmoadgens miuxedavad imisa, mSvidobis drosaa Cadenili Tu omianobis periodSi.<br />
143
marTlmsajuleba<br />
144<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
romis wesdebasa da saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss Soris aRniSnuli Seusabamobis<br />
aRmosafxvrelad, saWiroa Semdegi Sinaarsis axali normis SemuSaveba, romelic<br />
samxedro meTauris daqvemdebarebaSi myofi piris mier Cadenili genocidisaTvis<br />
meTauris sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas daawesebs gaufrTxileblobiTi umoqmedobis<br />
drosac: `samxedro meTauris an samxedro meTauris saxiT moqmedi piris<br />
xelmZRvanelobas an kontrols daqvemdebarebuli Zalebis mier genocidis danaSaulis<br />
ganxorcieleba, Tu samxedro meTaurs an pirs, im droisaTvis arsebuli garemoebebidan<br />
gamomdinare, unda scodnoda, rom es Zalebi sCadiodnen an ganzraxuli<br />
hqondaT am danaSaulis Cadena, isjeba...~<br />
genocidisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxSi metad mniSvnelovania xelqveiTis pasuxismgebloba<br />
ufrosis brZanebis Sesrulebisas Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis. aRniSnul sakiTxTan<br />
dakavSirebiT arsebobs ori Teoria: pirobiTi da absoluturi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
Teoria.<br />
pirobiTi pasuxismgeblobis Teoria gamoricxavs xelqveiTis pasuxismgeblobas, garda<br />
im SemTxvevisa, roca es brZaneba an gankarguleba aSkarad ukanono iyo. 37<br />
absoluturi pasuxismgeblobis Teoriis mixedviT, pasuxismgeblobisaTvis mniSvneloba<br />
ara aqvs, icoda Tu ara pirma qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb. 38<br />
romis wesdeba genocidis danaSaulTan mimarTebaSi absoluturi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
princips aRiarebs.<br />
brZanebis an gankargulebis Sesruleba, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis (bralis) gamomricxveli<br />
garemoeba, gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis<br />
37-e muxliTac, magram romis wesdebis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, aRniSnuli garemoeba<br />
ar SeiZleba gaxdes pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis safuZveli genocidis dana-<br />
Saulis Camden pirTa mimarT. 39<br />
genocidis danaSaulis Camden pirebze x<strong>and</strong>azmulobis vada ar SeiZleba gavrceldes.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra dro gavida danaSaulis Cadenidan, aseT pirebs sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
pasuxismgebloba aucileblad daekisrebaT. 40<br />
genocidi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT, razec araorazrovnad<br />
miuTiTebs ssk-is 407-e muxlis teqsti. genocidis Semadgenlobis konstituciuri<br />
elementia erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri an sxva niSniT gaerTianebuli<br />
jgufis mTliani an nawilobrivi mospobis mizani. swored aRniSnuli mizani afuZnebs<br />
407-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis sisxlissamarTlebriv umarTlobas. e. i.<br />
genocidi miekuTvneba e. w. `specialuri~ ganzraxviT gansaxorcielebel danaSaulTa<br />
ricxvs. anglosaqsuri samarTlis sistemaSi `specialuri ganzraxva~ gamoiyeneba im dana-<br />
Saulebrivi qmedebisagan gasamijnavad, romelic ar moiTxovs gansakuTrebul ganzraxvas.<br />
`specialuri ganzraxva~ gulisxmobs `mometebul Sinagan tendencias~. 41<br />
ru<strong>and</strong>is sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso tribunali `specialur ganzraxvas~ ganmartavs,<br />
rogorc damnaSavis calsaxa swrafvas qmedebis Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebisaken.<br />
yofili iugoslaviis sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso tribunali warmoadgens<br />
gansxvavebul Tvalsazriss. ielisiCis saqmeSi `specialuri ganzraxva~ ganmartebulia<br />
danaSaulis diskriminaciuli zemoqmedebis mixedviT, anu `specialuri ganzraxva~ gu-
lisxmobs, rom adamiani genocidis msxverpli xdeba genocidis SemadgenlobiT daculi<br />
erT-erTi jgufisadmi misi kuTvnilebis gamo42 .<br />
Tu genocidis danaSaulis CadenaSi monawile pirs ar gaaCnia jgufis ganadgurebis<br />
mizani, maSin igi daisjeba mxolod rogorc Tanamonawile. 43 damxmaris sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
pasuxismgeblobisaTvis sakmarisia imis codnac, rom danaSaulis amsrulebels<br />
aqvs jgufis ganadgurebis mizani. 44 rodesac sisxlissamarTlebriv umarTlobas mizani<br />
afuZnebs, aucilebelia, rom amsrulebeli moqmedebdes am miznis gansaxorcieleblad,<br />
xolo, damxmares SeiZleba es mizani ar hqondes da ubralod acnobierebdes mas. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
amsruleblis mizani gadmova damxmarezec da amsruleblis mier Cadenili umarTloba<br />
bralad Seeracxeba. 45<br />
genocidis danaSauli rom ganzraxvas gulisxmobs, amaze miuTiTebs sisxlis samarTlis<br />
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos romis wesdebis 30-e muxlic, romlis Tanaxmadac, `Tu<br />
sxvagvarad ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli, pirs ekisreba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba<br />
da daisjeba sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi Semavali danaSaulisaTvis, mxolod<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu obieqturi mxarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT igi Cadenili iyo<br />
ganzrax da Segnebulad.~<br />
genocidisaTvis pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebuli mTavari problema danaSaulis<br />
amsruleblisaTvis jgufis ganadgurebis ganzraxvis damtkicebaSi mdgomareobs. aRniSnuli<br />
problemis gadasaWrelad sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso tribunalebi materialursamarTlebrivis<br />
nacvlad ufro metad procesualur gadawyvetas gvTavazoben,<br />
romelic iyenebs iribi mtkicebulebis SesaZleblobas, romelSic daskvnebi gamomdinareobs<br />
gansazRvruli arapirdapiri samxilidan, obieqturi faqtorebidan, mowmeTa<br />
Cvenebidan da a. S. 46 akaiesus saqmeze iugoslaviis sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso<br />
tribunalis amosaval wertils warmoadgenda `garkveuli raodenobis savaraudo faqtebi~,<br />
rogoricaa, zogadad ganxorcielebul qmedebebs Soris kavSiri, sisastikis moculoba,<br />
jgufis wevrTa mimarT garkveuli damamcirebeli gamonaTqvamebi da a.S. msgavsi<br />
motiviT daeyrdno sasamarTlo palata ielisiCis saqmeze `faqtebisa da garemoebebis<br />
garkveul raodenobas~ da ixelmZRvanela am jgufis winaaRmdeg Cadenili qmedebebiT,<br />
Cadenili sisastikis moculobiT da a.S. kristiCis saqmeze palata eyrdnoba, rogorc<br />
kulturuli, ise religiuri daniSnulebis qonebaze, aseve jgufis wevrTa saxlebze<br />
Tavdasxmas, rogorc damnaSavis genocidis ganzraxvis damamtkicebel sabuTs. zogadad,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela moqmedeba, romelic daculi jgufis mimarT aris mimarTuli<br />
da xorcieldeba garkveul dros, garkveul teritoriaze _ srebrenicaSi 7 dReSi 7000-<br />
8000 Tavdacvisunariani bosnieli muslimani mamakacis mkvleloba _ mniSvnelovani mtkicebulebaa<br />
ganadgurebis ganzraxvis arsebobis dasamtkiceblad. 47<br />
genocidis danaSaulis motivia erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri Seuwynarebloba.<br />
genocidis danaSaulis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroeba efuZneba ara mxolod<br />
msxverplTa raodenobas (Tumca, esec mniSvnelovania da zogierT SemTxvevaSi, danaSaulis<br />
sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis maRali xarisxis ganmsazRvreli swored es faqtori<br />
xdeba), aramed danaSaulis mizansa da motivs. genocidis danaSauli gansakuTrebiT mZime<br />
da saSiSi danaSaulia ara mxolod imitom, rom igi xelyofs garkveuli niSniT<br />
145
marTlmsajuleba<br />
146<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
gaerTianebuli jgufis wevrTa sicocxles da janmrTelobas, aramed am xelyofis safuZveli<br />
xdeba danaSaulis msxverplTa eTnikuri, erovnuli, rasobrivi, religiuri kuTvnileba.<br />
swored ama Tu im jgufisadmi kuTvnilebaa is mTavari faqtori, ris gamoc adamianTa<br />
garkveuli erToba iqceva genocidis msxverplad.<br />
genocidis Semadgenloba zaTcgeris mixedviT, SeiZleba gamosaxul iqnes Semdegi<br />
sqemiT:<br />
calkeuli danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi<br />
magaliTad, jgufis wevris mkvleloba<br />
ganzraxva<br />
mizani<br />
jgufis, rogorc mTliani<br />
an nawilobrivi ganadgureba<br />
winamdebare sqemis mixedviT, genocidis Semadgenloba gulisxmobs calkeul danaSaulebriv<br />
qmedebaTa (jgufis wevrTa mkvleloba, janmrTelobis dazianeba, cxovrebis<br />
mZime pirobebis Seqmna, bavSvis gadacema erTi jgufidan meore jgufisaTvis) mimarT<br />
ganzraxvis, xolo jgufis mTliani an nawilobrivi ganadgurebis mimarT miznis arsebobas.
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1 ix.: m. turava, sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo, rogorc saerTa-<br />
Soriso humanitaruli samarTlisa da adamianis uflebaTa dacvis instrumenti,<br />
statiaTa krebuli, `adamianis uflebaTa dacva erovnul da saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTalSi~, 2002, gv. 208.<br />
2 ix.: H. Satzger, Internationales und Europäisches Strafrecht, 2008, S. 249.<br />
3 ix.: z. wulaia, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis gansakuTrebuli nawili, pirve-<br />
li tomi, 1996, gv. 48.<br />
4 ix.: G. Werle, Völkerstrafrecht, 2007, gv. 270; K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006. S. 190.<br />
5 ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006. S. 190.<br />
6 ix.: n. TofuriZe, z. cagareiSvili, saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali, Teoria<br />
da praqtika, 2003, gv. 52.<br />
7 ix.: iqve, gv. 50.<br />
8 ix.: iqve, gv. 51.<br />
9 ix.: g. xubua, umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis konstituciursamarTlebrivi<br />
garantiebi, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, 2005, #1, gv. 10.<br />
10 ix.: G. Werle, Völkerstrafrecht, 2007, S. 273-274.<br />
11 ix.: iqve, gv. 274.<br />
12 ix.: l. izoria, k. korkelia, k. kublaSvili, g. xubua, saqarTvelos konstituciis<br />
komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, 2005, gv. 324-<br />
325.<br />
13 ix.: G. Werle, Völkerstrafrecht, 2007, S. 275.<br />
14 ix.: iqve, gv . 275.<br />
15 ix.: iqve, gv. 276.<br />
16 ix.: H. Satzger, Internationales und Europäisches Strafrecht, 2008, S. 251.<br />
17 ix.: l. izoria, k. korkelia, k. kublaSvili, g. xubua, saqarTvelos konstituciis<br />
komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tb. 2005, gv.<br />
325.<br />
18 ix.: G. Werle, Völkerstrafrecht, 2007, gv. 268.<br />
19 ix.: iqve, gv. 269.<br />
20 evropis zogierTi qveynis sisxlis samarTalSi ganuzraxveloba ar gamoiyeneba<br />
im gagebiT, rasac igi gulisxmobs qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi, aramed mas<br />
xmaroben iseTi ganzraxvis aRmniSvnel terminad, romelic ar aris determinebuli<br />
mizniT.<br />
21 ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006. S. 196-197.<br />
22 ix.: iqve, gv. 192.<br />
23 ix.: Êîììåíòàðèé ê óãîëîâíîìó êîäåêñó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, Ïîä.ðåä. Â.È. Ðàä÷åíêî,<br />
À.Ñ. Ìèõëèíà, 2008, ñòð. 747.<br />
24 ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006.S. 192.<br />
25 ix.: iqve, gv. 192.<br />
26 ix.: iqve, gv. 193.<br />
27 ix.: sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni 2, avt. koleqtivi, 2005, gv. 349-350.<br />
28 ix: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006.S. 193-194.<br />
29 ix: iqve, gv. 194.<br />
30 ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006.S.194.<br />
31 ix.: s. kiknaZe, genocidi, 2007. gv. 32.<br />
32 ix.: r. RliRvaSvili, genocidi, saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis<br />
Jurnali `almanaxi~, 1999, #12, ivnisi, gv. 66.<br />
33 ix.: m. lekveiSvili, g. mamulaSvili, pasuxismgebloba saerTaSoriso danaSaulisaTvis,<br />
2003, gv. 60.<br />
34 T. wereTels miuReblad miaCnia Sedeggare da Sedegiani Semadgenlobis aRmniSvnel<br />
terminebad `formaluri~ da `materialuri~ danaSaulis gamoyeneba: `es<br />
terminebi ver gamoxataven saqmis arsebas, vinaidan yovel danaSauls aqvs ori<br />
mxare _ materialuri (qmedebis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroeba) da formaluri<br />
(qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba).~ ix.: T. wereTeli, sisxlis samarTlis problemebi,<br />
I tomi, TinaTin wereTlis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis instituti, Tb.,<br />
2007, gv. 171.<br />
147
marTlmsajuleba<br />
148<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
35 ix.: T. qoCoraZe, meTauris pasuxismgebloba Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTalSi<br />
iugoslaviisa da ru<strong>and</strong>is tribunalebis statutebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos<br />
axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis Jurnali `almanaxi~, 2004, #19,<br />
Tebervali, gv. 134.<br />
36 ix.: Äåéñòâóþùåå ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ïðàâî, â òðåõ òîìàõ, òîì ïåðâûé, Ìîñêâà, 1996. ñòð. 750.<br />
37 ix.: i. xerxeuliZe, genocidis danaSaulis Semadgenloba saerTaSoriso materialuri<br />
sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT, Jurnali `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~,<br />
2007, #2/3, gv. 222.<br />
38 ix.: i. xerxeuliZe, iqve, gv. 222.<br />
39 ix.: m. turava, sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, merve gamocema,<br />
2010, gv. 238.<br />
40 aRniSnuli moTxovna gamomdinareobs rogorc romis wesdebis 29-e muxlis, ise<br />
`samxedro danaSaulisa da kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulisadmi<br />
x<strong>and</strong>azmulobis vadis miuReblobis Sesaxeb~ 1968 wlis 26 noembris konvenciis<br />
I muxlis teqstidan.<br />
41 ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006.S.198.<br />
42 ix.: iqve, gv. 199.<br />
43 ix.: A. Schönke, H. Schröder, Strafgesetzbuch, Kommentar, 1978, S. 1476.<br />
44 ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006. S. 201.<br />
45 ix.: o. gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, meore<br />
Sevsebuli gamocema, Tb., 2008, gv. 193, 203; o. gamyreliZe, sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
umarTlobis problema da Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZveli, Tb.,<br />
1989, gv. 176; T. wereTeli, sisxlis samarTlis problemebi, I I tomi, Tb., 2007,<br />
gv. 200.<br />
46 ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006.S. 200.<br />
47 ix.: iqve. gv. 200.
CONCEPT OF GENOCIDE<br />
AND ITS COMPOSITION<br />
TEMUR TSKITISHVILI<br />
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Assistant Professor,<br />
PHD Student of the <strong>Law</strong> Faculty of Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
Despite the fact that Georgia has joined the “Convention on the Prevention<br />
<strong>and</strong> Punishment of the Crime of Genocide” <strong>and</strong> Charter of the International<br />
Criminal Court, there is no full compliance between the Criminal<br />
Code of Georgia <strong>and</strong> the above-mentioned international law acts.<br />
According to the Convention on Genocide, the groups envisaged in the<br />
composition of the genocide are: national, ethnic, racial <strong>and</strong> religious groups,<br />
in the Criminal Code of Georgia broadens the composition of the genocide<br />
<strong>and</strong> includes other groups “applying different signs”. The group protected<br />
through the genocide may be stable group <strong>and</strong> not the one that could be<br />
easily broke up. For example, due to the fast change of political opinions<br />
(orientation), person may become the member of other political group. The<br />
purpose of genocide composition is to protect the group, the membership<br />
of which is (less dependent) not dependent on the choice of the group’s<br />
member.<br />
According the Article 407 of the Criminal Code of Georgia, genocide<br />
crime is an act committed in order to implement an agreed plan, i.e. according<br />
to the working of the Article, person shall agree with another person (or<br />
persons). According to this, genocide is the crime to be committed through<br />
the m<strong>and</strong>atory co-participation, whereas according to the Convention, it is<br />
possible to commit the genocide solely.<br />
According to the Criminal Code of Georgia, Genocide may be expressed<br />
through “forcibly transferring a child of the group to another group”. If the<br />
Genocide is aimed at agreed plan to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,<br />
149
marTlmsajuleba<br />
150<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
ethnic, racial, religious or other group, why should not we consider a genocide when forcible transfer of a child<br />
from one national, racial or religious group to another? The definition given in the Article 407 of the Criminal<br />
Code of Georgia contradicts with the definition given in the Convention.<br />
Taking into consideration all above mentioned, it is recommended to word the Article 407 of the Criminal<br />
Code as following:<br />
“Genocide i.e. an act committed in order to implement an agreed plan to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial,<br />
religious or other group united on any other grounds, involving killing member of the group, causing grave bodily harm, deliberately<br />
inflicting on the group dire conditions of life, imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group or forcibly transferring a<br />
child of the group to another group...”<br />
One of the major problems of the genocide is the issue of liability of the Head. International Criminal Court<br />
considers liability of the head for negligence on the genocide committed by his / her subordinated i.e. when the<br />
head is not aware of the crime committed by the subordinate, however, had the opportunity to know.<br />
Criminal Code of Georgia (Article 10.4 <strong>and</strong> note of the Article 413) does not envisage liability for the head’s<br />
incautious negligence.<br />
Criminal Code of Georgia envisages liability of the head for the genocide committed by the subordinate<br />
through negligence if the mentioned crime was committed during the armed conflict (note of Article 413). However,<br />
genocide may be committed not only during the armed conflict, but during the peaceful time as well <strong>and</strong> it<br />
should be punished in the same manner.<br />
In order to avoid contradiction between the Rome Statute <strong>and</strong> Criminal Code of Georgia <strong>and</strong> to allow punishment<br />
of the head for incautious negligence as well, it is recommended to introduce the new norm of the following<br />
substance to the Criminal Code of Georgia<br />
“A comm<strong>and</strong>er in chief or/<strong>and</strong> other leader of armed forces or its units participating in an armed conflict shall be held liable for<br />
crimes stipulated by this chapter even in the case when the crime was committed by armed forces under his/her leadership or comm<strong>and</strong>,<br />
which was a result of an omission from the side of the comm<strong>and</strong>er when he knew or should have known according to the given<br />
circumstances that these forces committed or intended to commit the crime...”
axali ambebi<br />
saerTo sasamarTloebSi axali<br />
mosamarTleebi dainiSnen<br />
saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos 2010 wlis 6<br />
agvistos gadawyvetilebiT, saerTo sasamarTlos sistemaSi<br />
dainiSna iusticiis umaRlesi skolis kursdamTavrebuli,<br />
4 axali mosamarTle:<br />
besik bugianiSvili _ Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo;<br />
maia gigauri _ rusTavis saqalaqo sasamarTlo;<br />
Salva kakauriZe _ baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo;<br />
Tamar oniani _ Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo.<br />
axladdaniSnulma mosamarTleebma saqarTvelos iusticiis<br />
sabWos winaSe mosamarTlis fici dades. ficis dadebis<br />
sazeimo RonisZieba saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTloSi gaimarTa,<br />
romelsac saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sab-<br />
Wos wevrebi eswrebodnen. mosamarTleebi uflebamosilebis<br />
ganxorcielebas ukve Seudgnen.<br />
151
marTlmsajuleba<br />
152<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
iusticiis umaRlesma skolam<br />
msmenelTa axali nakadi miiRo<br />
iusticiis umaRlesma skolam 6 axali msmeneli miiRo,<br />
romlebic samosamarTlo swavlebis 14-Tvian kurss gaivlian.<br />
tradiciulad, msmenelebs saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />
Tavmjdomare konstantine kublaSvili Sexvda,<br />
romelmac isaubra mosamarTlis profesiis mniSvnelobis,<br />
funqciisa da pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb.<br />
msmenelebi Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTloSi gaecnen sasamarTlos<br />
muSaobis specifikas, rac samomavlod, xels Seuwyobs<br />
maT mier Teoriuli masalis aRqmasa da savaldebulo<br />
staJirebis warmatebiT gavlas.<br />
msmenelebi siRrmiseulad Seiswavlian samarTlis yvela<br />
dargs, aseve, qarTuli samarTlebrivi sivrcisaTvis axal<br />
instituts _ nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos.<br />
samarTlis TiToeuli disciplinis detaluri Seswavlis<br />
Semdeg, saseminaro muSaobis farglebSi gaimarTeba msjeloba,<br />
romelic swavlebis mesame etaps warmoadgens, sadac<br />
msmenelebi warmoadgenen TavianT mosazrebebs sakanonmdeblo<br />
sakiTxebze. aseve, msmenelebi SeTavazebuli kazusebis<br />
mixedviT warmoadgenen Teoriul da praqtikul gadawyvetilebebs.
garda amisa, msmenelebi gaecnobian mosamarTlis eTikasa<br />
da profesiuli qcevis st<strong>and</strong>artebs, sasamarTlo darbazisa<br />
da sxdomis marTvis safuZvlebs.<br />
Teoriuli kursis ganmavlobaSi ganxiluli iqneba sasamarTlosa<br />
da politikis urTierTgamijvnis sakiTxebi, sasamarTlosa<br />
da mediis urTierTobebi, spikeri mosamarTlis<br />
instituti da sasamarTlos imiji sazogadoebaSi.<br />
swavlebis ganmavlobaSi gaimarTeba samarTlebriv TematikasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli filmebis Cveneba da analizi.<br />
msmenelebi moismenen saleqcio kurss sasamarTlo menejmentis,<br />
mosamarTleTa saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis<br />
formebis Sesaxeb, aseve, sasamarTlo procesTan dakavSirebul<br />
pedagogikisa da fsiqologiis aspeqtebze _ rogor<br />
unda moaxdinos mosamarTlem jansaRi fsiqologiuri garemos<br />
SenarCuneba sasamarTlo procesze.<br />
yuradReba gamaxvildeba aranakleb mniSvnelovan unar-<br />
Cvevebze, rogoricaa mosamarTlis gamarTuli metyveleba,<br />
dokumentebis gamarTuli eniT wera. agreTve, ganxiluli<br />
iqneba kompiuterisa da sxva sainformacio teqnologiebis<br />
gamoyenebis sakiTxebi.<br />
msmenelebi gaivlian ucxo enis intensiuri swavlebis<br />
kurss.<br />
iusticiis umaRles skolaSi saleqcio kurss kiTxuloben<br />
rogorc mosamarTleebi, aseve TiToeuli dargis gamo-<br />
Cenili da wamyvani specialistebi.<br />
153
marTlmsajuleba<br />
154<br />
N3<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociacia<br />
JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA<br />
tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 92 34 90<br />
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo<br />
THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA<br />
tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 99 70 01
Change language