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V. ramdenime sanimuSo scenari sxvadasxva tipis gakveTilisTvis

V. ramdenime sanimuSo scenari sxvadasxva tipis gakveTilisTvis V. ramdenime sanimuSo scenari sxvadasxva tipis gakveTilisTvis

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qeTevan tatiSvili fizika 10 maswavleblis wigni

qeTevan tatiSvili

fizika 10

maswavleblis wigni

maswavleblis wignis struqtura

I. Sesavali _ saxelmZRvanelos daniSnuleba da misi gamoyenebis instruqcia .................................................. 5

II. erovnuli saswavlo gegma fizikaSi (IX klasi) .................................................................................................. 7

III. Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka ............................................................................................................................. 15

IV. komentarebi moswavlis wignis struqturul elementebTan dakavSirebiT ................................................. 18

V. ramdenime sanimuSo scenari sxvadasxva tipis gakveTilebisTvis .................................................................23

VI. Sefasebis axali sistema da rekomendaciebi SefasebisTvis ......................................................................... 55

VII. saklaso-saSinao davalebebisa da Temis damatebiTi amocanebis pasuxebi, miTiTebebi ............................ 57

VIII. damatebiTi masala maswavleblebisTvis: Temis Semajamebeli samuSaoebi da pasuxebi ............................107

IX. ganmartebiTi leqsikoni ..................................................................................................................................117

I. maswavleblis wignis daniSnuleba da misi gamoyenebis instruqcia

maswavleblis wignis ZiriTadi mizania fizikaSi swavleba/swavlis xarisxis amaRleba.

am miznis misaRwevad maswavleblis wigns upiratesad oTxi funqcia aqvs:

1. samecniero da zogadi informaciis miwodeba. dRes, samecniero-teqnikuri progresis epoqaSi, sabunebismetyvelo

mecnierebis ciklis sagnebis arc erTma pedagogma ar SeiZleba absoluturad yvelaferi icodes. miT umetes,

rom yovel 10 weliwadSi samecniero informacia Zveldeba da misi naxevari axldeba.

wignis funqciaa, daexmaros fizikis maswavlebels, ise dagegmos gakveTilebi, rom man moswav leebTan

erTad moiZios axali informaciebi ramdenime alternatiuli wyarodan, daaxarisxon isini, amoarCion

da praqtikulad miznobrivad gamoiyenon TavianTvis saintereso masala.

2. fizikis maswavleblis profesiuli ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.

maswavleblis wignSi ganxilulia axali saswavlo teqnologiebi, moswavleze orien tirebuli swavleba/

swavlis ZiriTadi principebi da swavleba/swavlis axali midgomis Ziri Tadi maxasiaTeblebi.

maswavleblis wignis funqciaa, daexmaros fizikis maswavlebels, gaiazros Tavisi roli sagan manaTleblo

reformis warmatebiT ganxorcielebaSi da SeimuSaos swavlebis sakuTari stili.

3. saswavlo procesisa da gakveTilebis dagegmva/warmarTvaSi daxmareba.

maswavleblis wignSi ganxilulia Tanamedrove interaqtiuli gakveTilis struqtura, misi dagegmvis

etapebi. mocemulia gakveTilebis dagegmvis sanimuSo sqema da sxvadasxva tipis ramdenime gakveTilis

scenari.

4. Sefasebis axali sistemis daxasiaTeba da SefasebaSi daxmareba.

saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxilulia monitoringis, Semowmebisa da Sefasebis xerxebi, formebi da saSualebebi.

mocemulia rekomendaciebi, romlebic daexmareba fizikis maswavlebels Sefasebis axali sistemis efeqtianad

danergvaSi.

amgvarad, fizikis maswavleblis wigni moicavs bevr aucilebel informaciasa da reko mendacias, romelic

daexmareba maswavlebels, sworad SearCios da dagegmos aqtivobebi moswavleze orien tirebuli swavleba/

swavlis procesis praqtikulad gansaxorcieleblad.

mocemuli saxelmZRvanelo naxevrad Ria tipisaa. Cveni rCevebi da rekomendaciebi emsaxureba maswavleblis

codnisa da praqtikis gamdidrebas da ar zRudavs mis Tavisuflebas, miiRos gadawyvetileba ama Tu im

gakveTilisTvis aqtivobebis SesarCevad da gamosayeneblad. avtorebis azriT, dRes fizikis maswavleblebs

yvelaze metad iseTi saswavlo strategiis SemuSaveba sWirdebaT, romelic xels Seuwyobs fizikis

gakveTilebze swavlisa da kvlevis procesebis ganxorcielebas.

es mxolod maSin SeiZleba moxdes, rodesac maswavleblis swavlebis stili SeTavsebadi aRmoCndeba

TiToeuli moswavlis swavlis stilTan. maSin TandaTan aRmoifxvreba saswavlo masalis gagebis deficiti,

moixsneba disciplinis problema da gaizrdeba moswavleTa motivacia fizikis gakveTilebze damoukidebeli

swavlis gansaxorcieleblad.

gTavazobT IX klasis `fizikis~ moswavlis saxelmZRvanelos damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs, sadac calcalkea

gamoyofili wignis Zlieri mxareebi da siaxleebi:

Zlieri mxareebi

gasagebi da martivi instruqciebi moswavleebisa da maswavleblebisTvis;

teqstTan Serwymuli da miznobrivad dakavSirebuli feradi ilustraciebi;

Sriftis Sesabamisi zoma, furclisa da akinZvis kargi xarisxi;

TiToeuli saswavlo Temis wardgena, ganviTareba/aTviseba da integracia;

TviTSefasebisa da urTierTSefasebis testebi da kiTxvarebi TiToeuli Temis bolos, romlebic amowmeben

swavlis Sedegebs;

saswavlo-kvleviTi proeqtis momzadeba da dacva.

siaxleebi

moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo saganmanaTleblo resursia, romelSic mocemuli aqtivobebi:

aamaRlebs moswavleTa motivacias;

gankuTvnilia damoukidebeli da jgufuri kvlevebisTvis;

aviTarebs cdebis dagegmvis, Catarebisa da analizis, informaciis moZiebis, daxarisxebis da praqtikulad

gamoyenebisTvis aucilebel unar-Cvevebs;

saWiroebs movlenebze dakvirvebas, sqemebis, plakatebis, kolaJebis proeqtebis Seqmnas;

xels uwyobs kritikuli da logikuri azrovnebis Camoyalibebas, gadawyvetilebis miRebis unaris

Camoyalibebas, garemosTan adaptacias.

erovnuli saswavlo gegma

sagnobrivi programa bunebismetyvelebaSi

(proeqti, meore redaqcia 2006)

II. erovnuli saswavlo gegma

sagnobrivi programa bunebismetyvelebaSi

(proeqti, meore redaqcia 2006)

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi

1. sabunebismetyvelo ganaTlebis mniSvneloba

Tanamedrove zogadsaganmanaTleblo standarti gulisxmobs moswavlis aRWurvas im codni Ta da unar-CvevebiT,

romlebic saSualebas miscems mas, alRo auRos kacobriobis swraf progress, gamoiyenos Tanamedrove

mecnierebis miRwevebi, gaxdes sazogadoebis srulfasovani wevri. codnis pasiuri mimRebidan moswavle unda

Camoyalibdes aqtiur Semmecneblad, romelic SeZlebs, miRebuli codna gamoiyenos rogorc profesiuli

warmatebisaTvis, ise sazogadoebis sasikeTod.

imisaTvis, rom sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis swavlebam daakmayofilos aRniSnuli krite riumebi,

saWiroa, moswavles:

gauCndes interesi garemomcveli samyaros kvlevis, siaxleTa aRmoCenisa da Secnobis mimarT;

ganuviTardes bunebismetyvelisaTvis saWiro elementaruli kvleva-ZiebiTi da maTi sxvadasxva situaciaSi

gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebi;

gacnobierebuli hqondes samyaroSi mimdinare procesebis erTianoba;

Camouyalibdes garemomcvel samyaroze zrunvis unar-Cvevebi;

gamoumuSavdes damoukidebeli, kritikuli azrovnebisa da komunikaciis unari;

ganuviTardes TviTSefasebisa da TviTkontrolis unari, sxvaTa azris dafasebisa da gaziarebis unari,

gansazRvros Tavisi adgili sazogadoebaSi;

mieces jansaRi da usafrTxo cxovrebis wesis dauflebis SesaZlebloba;

gacnobierebuli hqondes mecnierebis roli da adamianTa TanamSromlobis aucilebloba kacob riobis

progresisaTvis.

bunebismetyvelebis swavlebisas yuradRebis gamaxvileba ganwyoba-damokidebulebebisa da unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaze,

kvleva-Ziebasa da codnis gamoyenebaze aris rogorc Tanamedrove pedago giuri meTodikis, ise qar-

Tuli klasikuri didaqtikis moTxovnac. iakob gogebaSvilis Ta nax mad, umTavresi mizani bunebis Seswavlisa

aris _ `gauxsnas ymawvils TanagrZnoba bunebisa, Seayvaros misi gamoZieba da misi ganxilva~ (`bunebis kari~,

I gamocemis winasityvaoba).

2. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis swavlebis mizani da amocanebi

mizani : sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebis swavlebis mizania, aziaros moswavle mecnierebis sa fuZ vlebs da

ganuviTaros kvlevis unar-Cvevebi, rac mas saSualebas miscems, Seicnos da gaiTavisos sam yaro, CaerTos

sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis sxvadasxva sferoSi, igrZnos pasuxismgebloba sakuTari Tavis, sazogadoebisa

da garemos mimarT.

amocanebi:

codna:

cocxali samyaro da sasicocxlo procesebi;

samyaroSi mimdinare fizikuri da qimiuri procesebi;

dedamiwa da gare samyaro;

garemos mdgradi ganviTarebis principebi.

unar-Cvevebi:

dakvirveba, aRwera;

aRricxva;

klasifikacia;

gazomva/sidideebis gamoyeneba;

komunikacia;

ganWvreta/hipoTezis gamoTqma;

dagegmva;

monacemebis interpretacia;

cdis Catareba;

modelis Seqmna da gamoyeneba.

damokidebuleba:

interesi sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebis mimarT;

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis mniSvnelobis gaazreba;

interesi mecnieruli kvlevisa da siaxleebis mimarT;

TanamSromlobis survili;

garemoze zrunva da pasuxismgebloba;

usafrTxo cxovrebis wesis dacvis mniSvnelobis gaazreba.

3. safexurebis aRwera

dawyebiTi skola (I _ VI klasebi)

dawyebiT safexurze moswavle iwyebs garemoSi damoukideblad orientirebas da uCndeba misi kvlevis

survili.

swavlebis am safexurze safuZveli unda Caeyaros moswavlis mier garemos pasiuri aRqmidan aqtiur Semecnebaze

gadasvlas, SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebisa da garemosadmi swori damokidebu le bis Camoyalibebas;

biomravalferovnebis, materiis, energiis da fizikuri Zalebis Secnobas. moswavlem unda SeZ los miRebuli

codnisa da SeZenili gamocdilebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gamoyeneba.

dawyebiT safexurze moswavles uviTardeba specifikuri unar-Cvevebi, romelTagan priori tetulia:

garemoze dakvirveba (rogorc sakuTari grZnobis organoebis, ise martivi xelsawyoebis gamoyenebiT);

bunebrivi movlenebis amocnoba da martivi procesebis aRwera;

monacemebis Segroveba dakvirvebis, martivi eqsperimentis, sainformacio wyaroebis gamoyenebiT;

gamosakvlevi sakiTxis Sesaxeb kiTxvebis dasma;

obieqtebis klasifikacia maTi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT;

raodenobrivi monacemebis aRricxva, maTi organizeba da sxvadasxva saSualebiT warmodgena;

garemoze zrunva, usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva.

sabazo skola (VII- IX klasebi)

swavlebis am safexurze moswavle iRrmavebs SemecnebisaTvis saWiro unar-Cvevebs. moswavle movlenebis garegnuli

aRweridan gadadis movlenaTa arsis wvdomaze ZiriTadi fizikuri da qimi uri kanonebis SecnobiT.

moswavle iwyebs empiriuli gziT samyaros aRqmas, SemoqmedebiTad azrov nebas, cdilobs samyaroSi adamianis

adgilisa da mniSvnelobis gansazRvras.

sabazo safexurze moswavle iviTarebs specifikur unar-Cvevebs, romelTagan prioritetulia:

kvlevis zogierTi Tanamedrove meTodis gamoyeneba;

samecniero literaturis moZieba da gamoyeneba;

eqsperimentis dagegmva da warmarTva, monacemTa Segroveba-damuSaveba;

kritikuli analizi, daskvnebis gamotana;

prezentacia (grafikebis, diagramebis, modelis Seqmna).

saSualo skola (X- XII klasebi)

swavlis bolo safexurze xdeba sabunebismetyvelo ganaTlebis Semdgomi gaRrmaveba, safuZveli eyreba

profesiul codnas, raTa saSualo skolis kursdamTavrebulma SeZlos swavlis gagrZeleba, srulfasovani

ganaTlebis miReba da Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi integracia. am safexurze moswav les saSualeba eZleva,

gaiazros sabunebismetyvelo dargSi muSaobis Taviseburebani, daafasos sa bu nebis metyvelo mecnierebisa da

teqnologiebis mniSvneloba progresisaTvis da gaicnobieros is didi pasuxismgebloba, romelic daekisreba

mas, rogorc mkvlevars da rogorc moqalaqes.

swavlebis am safexurze moswavle iviTarebs specifikur unar-Cvevebs, romelTagan prioritetulia:

damoukidebeli azrovnebis unaris gaRrmaveba, raTa moswavlem SeZlos sakuTari an sxvaTa monacemebiT

manipulireba, axali an Secvlili situaciis Sedegebis winaswar ganWvreta, hipoTezis gamoTqma,

eqsperimentuli modelis Seqmna;

proeqtis Seqmna, warmarTva da dacva farTo auditoriis winaSe.

4. specifikuri unar-Cvevebi da maTi ganviTareba safexurebis mixedviT

kvlevis unar-Cvevebi ganmarteba

1. dakvirveba, aRwera

2. aRricxva

3. klasifikacia

4. gazomva/sidideebis gamoyeneba

5. komunikacia

6. ganWvreta/hipoTezis gamoTqma

7. dagegmva

8. cdis Catareba

9. monacemebis interpretacia

10. modelis Seqmna da gamoyeneba

kvlevis unar-Cvevebi

SegrZnebis organoebisa da martivi xelsawyoebis saSualebiT obieqtebis

da movlenebis maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra

dakvirvebis Sedegis Cawera, Caxatva da sxv.

obieqtebis da movlenebis dajgufeba maTi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT

Sesabamisi sazomi erTeulebis gamoyenebiT raodenobrivi aRwera sivrciTi

da droiTi urTierTobebis gansazRvra

cvladi maxasiaTeblebis gamovlena

weriTi da zepiri metyvelebis, grafikebis, cxrilebis, diagramebisa da

prezentaciis sxva saSualebaTa (maT Soris teqnologiaze damyarebuli)

gamoyeneba

mosalodneli Sedegebis Taobaze varaudis gamoTqma

qmedebebis Tanmimdevrobis gansazRvra

meTodikis SerCeva da eqsperimentuli monacemebis Segroveba

sakuTari an sxvis mier miRebuli monacemebis analizi, ganzogadeba

movlenis modelireba

dawyebiTi skola sabazo skola saSualo skola

svams SekiTxvebs obieqtebisa svams SekiTxvebs obieqtebisa da gamoTqvams Semowmebad

da movlenebis Sesaxeb da eZebs movlenebis Sesaxeb maTi gamokvlevis hipoTezas, gegmavs

gzebs maTze pasuxis gasacemad. mizniT.

eqsperiments mis

Sesamowmeblad.

agrovebs monacemebs uSualo

dakvirvebiT an martivi cdebis

saSualebiT.

iyenebs asakis Sesabamis

xelsawyoebs monacemebis

mosapoveblad.

iyenebs monacemebis/

informaciis warmodgenis

martiv xerxebs (teqstis,

naxatebis, rukebis, cxrilebis

saxiT).

agrovebs monacemebs uSualo dakvirvebiT,

cdebis saSualebiT

da/an sxvadasxva informaciuli

wyaroebidan.

iyenebs xelsawyoebs monace me bis

mosapoveblad da/an dakvir vebis

procesis gasaumjobe seblad.

warmoadgens monacemebs

prezentaciis mravalgvari

saSualebebiT (cxrilebi, grafikebi,

maTematikuri da fizikuri

modelebi).

akeTebs arCevans da iyenebs

monacemebis mopovebis

strategiebs.

irCevs da iyenebs xelsa wyoebs

monacemebis mosapo veblad

da/an dakvirvebis procesis

gasaumjobeseblad.

irCevs monacemebis

warmodgenis formebsa da

saSualebebs da waradgens

farTo auditoriis winaSe.

nebismieri sagnis aTviseba gacilebiT ufro efeqturad xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac moswavle aqtiurad

aris Cabmuli Sesaswavli sakiTxis kvleva-ZiebaSi da cnobismoyvareobas ikmayofilebs ara mxolod mza masalis

aTvisebiT, aramed informaciis moZiebis, TvalsaCinoebebze muSaobisa da interaq tiuli swavlebis procesSi Ca-

mis gziT. amitom sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis swavlebisas gansakuT re buli yuradReba eqceva specifikuri

unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas.

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi ar aris mxolod aRwerilobiTi xasiaTis, isini aucileblad gu lisxmoben

sasicocxlo procesebis, fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebis kvlevis gziT Seswavlas. bune bismetyvelebis

dauflebisaTvis aucilebelia im specifikuri unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba, romlebic ukavSirdeba garemos

kvlevas.

am unar-Cvevebis CamonaTvali da ganmarteba mocemulia cxrilSi.

zemoT aRniSnuli unar-Cvevebi etapobrivad viTardeba swavlebis samive safexurze, mos wav lis gonebrivi

da fizikuri SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. unarebis safexurebrivi gan viTa reba warmodgenilia

cxrilSi:

5. mimarTulebebi da maTi aRwera

bunebismetyvelebis saskolo kursis Sinaarsi dayofilia mimarTulebebad. TiToeuli maT gani warmoaCens,

raze unda gamaxvildes yuradReba swavlebis ama Tu im safexurze. mimarTu le bebi erTmaneTTan mWidro

kavSirSia da emsaxureba samyaros erTianobis Secnobas.

dawyebiT skolaSi sagani `bunebismetyveleba~ pirobiTad dayofilia 4 mimarTulebad:

1. cocxali samyaro (biologiis elementebi);

2. sxeulebi da movlenebi (fizikisa da qimiis elementebi);

3. dedamiwa da gare samyaro (geografiisa da astronomiis elementebi);

4. adamiani da garemo (samoqalaqo aRzrdis elementebi).

mimarTulebebi `adamiani da garemo~ da `dedamiwa da gare samyaro~ mxolod dawyebiT safexurzea integrirebuli

bunebis kursSi, xolo mimarTuleba `sxeulebi da movlenebi~ Semdeg safexurze 2 mimarTulebad

iyofa: `fizikuri movlenebi~ da `qimiuri movlenebi~.

sabazo skolaSi sagani `bunebismetyveleba~ dayofilia sam mimarTulebad:

1. cocxali samyaro (biologiis safuZvlebi);

2. fizikuri movlenebi (fizikis safuZvlebi);

3. qimiuri movlenebi (qimiis safuZvlebi).

saSualo skolaSi sagnebi `biologia~, `qimia~, `fizika~ iswavleba Semdegi mimarTulebebis saxiT:

1. cocxali samyaro (biologia)

2. fizikuri movlenebi (fizika)

3. qimiuri movlenebi (qimia)

cocxali samyaro (dawyebiTi, sabazo da saSualo skola)

moswavle dawyebiT skolaSi ecnoba: cocxali bunebis mravalferovnebas, organizmebis age bulebisa da

cxovrebis Taviseburebebs, organizmebis ZiriTad jgufebs da maT maxasiaTeblebs, ZiriTad sasicocxlo

moTxovnilebebs, sasicocxlo ciklebs. moswavle agrovebs informacias im garemo pirobebis Sesaxeb, romlebic

xels uwyobs organizmebis zrdasa da ganviTarebas; ecnoba organizmebis garemosTan Seguebis formebs.

moswavle acnobierebs, rom garemo mravalferovani da dinamikuria, Sedgeba erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli

cocxali da aracocxali komponente bisagan. moswavle garemomcvel samyaros dakvirvebis (martivi

xelsawyoebis gamoyenebiT), aRwerisa da klasifikaciis gziT Seicnobs.

moswavle sabazo skolaSi ecnoba: sicocxlis ujreduli organizaciis, nivTierebaTa da energiis

cvlis, gamravlebis, memkvidreobiTobis, sicocxlis ganviTarebis zogad principebs; adamianis organizmis

cxovelqmedebis (organoTa sistemebis doneze) fizikur da qimiur kanonzomierebebs, homeostazis fenomens;

ekosistemebis komponentebs, maT urTierTkavSirs da ekosistemaSi mimdinare procesebs.

moswavle iTvisebs kvlevis zogierT citologiur, genetikur da fiziologiur meTods; eufleba biologiuri

eqsperimentis dagegmvasa da warmarTvas, eCveva monacemebis kritikul analizs.

moswavle ecnoba im zogierTi aRmoCenis istorias, romelmac gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa biologiisa da

medicinis ganviTarebaSi.

moswavle saSualo skolaSi ecnoba sicocxlis fenomens molekulur doneze: matricul reaq ciebs, genebis

gamovlenisa da regulaciis principebs, avtotrofuli da heterotrofuli ujrede bis cxovelqmedebas;

moswavle ecnoba adamianis normaluri anatomiisa da fiziologiis kerZo sakiTxebs da homeosta zis darRvevis

zogierT magaliTs;

moswavle ecnoba kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebs, qmnis konkretuli biologiuri procesis Ses wav lis

proeqts, asrulebs mas da axdens miRebuli Sedegebis prezentacias farTo auditoriis winaSe;

moswavle ecnoba biologiis sxvadasxva dargis specifikas, konkretuli magaliTebiT acno bierebs mecnieruli

muSaobis sirTuleebs, mecnieris pasuxismgeblobas da Tavdadebas.

adamiani da garemo (dawyebiTi skola)

am mimarTulebis farglebSi moswavle ecnoba adamiansa da garemos Soris arsebul urTierT damokidebulebas,

agrovebs informacias, Tu rogor moqmedebs garemo adamianTa cxovrebis nirze da, piriqiT, rogor icvleba

gare samyaro adamianis zemoqmedebis Sedegad; ecnoba bunebrivi simdid reebis mravalferovnebas, maTi

racionalurad gamoyenebis gzebs da sayofacxovrebo narCenebis swo ri utilizaciis meTodebs.

moswavles uyalibdeba piradi da jgufuri pasuxismgebloba da aqtiurad erTveba lokaluri garemos

dacvis saqmeSi.

moswavle ecnoba janmrTeli da usafrTxo cxovrebis wesebs.

dedamiwa da gare samyaro (dawyebiTi skola)

moswavle ecnoba Sexedulebebs dedamiwis, mzis sistemisa da samyaros dinamikuri bunebis Sesaxeb. mas sa-

Sualeba eZleva, swori warmodgena ganiviTaros droisa da sivrcis Sesaxeb. moswavle Seiswavlis bunebaSi

mimdinare ciklur procesebs, dedamiwaze sicocxlis arsebobisaTvis aucilebel resur sebs, ikvlevs maTi

gamoyenebis gzebsa da saSualebebs.

garemos Secnobis meTodebis dasaufleblad gaTvaliswinebulia praqtikuli samuSaoebi, maT Soris

uSualo dakvirveba da saswavlo cdebi, martivi xelsawyoebis gacnoba da gazomva-gamoTvliTi samuSaoebis

Catareba, adgilze orientireba, rukebis gamoyeneba, obieqtebisa da procesebis mo de li reba da sxv.

sxeulebi da movlenebi (dawyebiTi skola)

mimarTulebis mizania, moswavles daanaxvos kavSiri mis irgvliv arsebul sagnebsa Tu bunebriv movlenebs

Soris.

moswavle akvirdeba, ikvlevs da svams kiTxvebs nivTieri samyarosa da masSi mimdinare mov lenebis Sesaxeb,

eufleba jgufuri muSaobis Cvevebs, swavlobs informaciis Segrovebas da cdi lobs dasmul kiTxvebze

pasuxis gacemas.

martivi eqsperimentebis CatarebiT moswavle eCveva xelsawyoebTan muSaobas, maT sworad, daniSnulebis

mixedviT gamoyenebas da usafrTxoebis wesebis dacvas.

dawyebiT safexurze dakvirvebis Sedegebis gadmocema xdeba jer naxatebisa da martivi sqemebis, mogvianebiT

ki _ cxrilebis saSualebiT.

moswavle Seiswavlis: moZraobis martiv formebs da maT gamomwvev mizezebs, sxeulTa wonaswo robas, energiis

ZiriTad formebsa da wyaroebs, masalaTa da nivTierebaTa ZiriTad Tvisebebs. miRe buli codnis safuZvelze

is amyarebs kavSirs kvlevis Sedegebsa da mecnierul mosazrebebs Soris, amzadebs martiv modelebs da

axdens maT demonstrirebas. am safexuris bolosaTvis dagrovili codnisa da gamomuSavebuli unar-Cvevebis

safuZvelze moswavle cdilobs, daadginos movlenebs Soris mizezSedegobrivi kavSirebi, rac gauRrmavebs

samyaros kvlevisadmi interess.

fizikuri movlenebi (sabazo da saSualo skola)

moswavle sabazo skolaSi ecnoba samyaros universalur kanonebs, mecnieruli ideebis ganvi Tarebas da

sxvadasxva saxis modelebis gamoyenebiT cdilobs movlenaTa axsnas;

mozardi Seiswavlis bunebaSi arsebul ZalTa moqmedebis Sedegebs, siTbur da eleqtromagnitur movlenebs,

aRwers maT Tvisebrivad da raodenobrivad, ecnoba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi maTi gamoyenebis magaliTebs;

gegmavs eqsperimentebs, atarebs maT damoukideblad an TanaklaselebTan erTad, swavlobs Sede ge bis sworad

formulirebas da Tavisi mosazrebebis cxrilebisa da grafikebis saSualebiT gadmocemas;

iziarebs sxvaTa Sexedulebebs da afasebs maT;

moiZiebs informacias mecnieruli kvlevebis Sesaxeb da iazrebs maT mniSvnelobas Tanamed rove cxovrebisTvis.

saSualo skolaSi moswavle iRrmavebs sabazo safexurze SeZenil codnas, Seiswavlis da aanalizebs Tanamedrove

fizikis miRwevebs, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis ganviTarebis dadebiT da uaryofiT gavlenas

garemoze, iZens mecnieruli kvlevis unar-Cvevebs da eqmneba myari safuZveli momavali saqmianobisaTvis.

am safexuris bolos moswavle damoukideblad gegmavs da warmarTavs martiv eqsperiments, gamoTqvams da

amowmebs hipoTezas;

mozardi sxvadasxva wyarodan moiZiebs informacias mecnieruli kvlevebis Sesaxeb, adarebs maT saku-

Tari kvlevis Sedegebs, irCevs monacemebis warmodgenis formebsa da saSualebebs da akeTebs prezentacias

farTo auditoriis winaSe.

qimiuri movlenebi (sabazo da saSualo skola)

sabazo skolaSi am mimarTulebis swavlebis ZiriTadi mizania: moswavleebi Caswvdnen qimiis Ziri Tadi

kanonebis arss, gaerkvnen atomur-molekulur moZRvrebaSi, SeZlon qimiur reaqciaTa Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi

daxasiaTeba, gaecnon elementTa periodul sistemas, misi Seqmnis istorias, hqon deT warmodgena

qimiur bmebze, araorganul da organul naerTebsa da maT praqtikul gamoyenebaze.

am safexurze moswavleebi unda daeuflon kvlevisa da komunikaciis aucilebel unar-Cvevebs. maT unda

SeZlon Seswavlili Teoriuli sakiTxebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba: eqsperimentis damou ki deb lad Catareba,

monacemebis Segroveba, analizi da saTanado daskvnebis gamotana. maT unda SeZlon TavianTi monacemebisa

da daskvnebis sazogadoebisaTvis wardgena prezentaciis sxvadasxva saSualebis gamoyenebiT. moswavleebs

TandaTan unda gamoumuSavdeT kritikuli azrovnebis unari.

saSualo skolaSi moswavle sabazo skolaSi miRebuli informaciisa da gamocdilebis safuZvelze

iRrmavebs codnas qimiuri reaqciebis mimdinareobis kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb. am Sedegs is aRwevs cdebis

dagegmvisa da Catarebis safuZvelze. atomis aRnagobis, qimiuri bmebis bunebisa da peri odu lobis kanonis

Seswavlis safuZvelze is ganWvrets elementTa da maT naerTTa Tvisebebs. moswavles eqmneba srulyofili

warmodgena Termoqimiur da eleqtroqimiur procesebze. igi ecnoba qimiuri warmoebis safuZvlebs, aRwers

teqnologiur sqemebs naerTTa qimiuri Tvisebebis safuZvelze. moswavle maswavleblis daxmarebiT ikvlevs

qimiur warmoebasTan dakavSirebul garemos dacvis problemebs. am safexurze moswavle ecnoba gamoCenil

mecnier-qimikosTa Semoqmedebis istorias.

dawyebiTi skola

sabazo skola

saSualo skola

12

biologia

(I-VI klasebi)

bunebismetyveleba

integrirebuli kursi

(VII-IX klasebi)

bunebismetyveleba

integrirebuli an intensiuri trimestruli kursi

(X klasi)

biologia – qimia – fizika

intensiuri trimestruli kursi

(XI/XII klasebi)

arCeviTi sagnebi

qimia

erTwliani intensiuri kursi

fizika

6. sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis swavlebis organizacia safexurebis mixedviT

dawyebiT skolaSi iswavleba integrirebuli sagani `bunebismetyveleba~, romelic aerTianebs codnas

geografiis, astronomiis, biologiis, fizikis, qimiisa da samoqalaqo aRzrdis sfero ebi dan.

sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebi xels uwyobs moswavlis mier samyaros adekvaturi aRqmis Camoyalibebas,

xolo samoqalaqo ganaTleba uviTarebs moswavles garemosadmi pozitiur damokidebulebas da garemos

mimarT pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas.

sabazo skolaSi sagani `bunebismetyveleba~ iswavleba ori alternatiuli sqemiT:

a. _ biologiis, fizikis, qimiis safuZvlebis integrirebuli kursi.

b. _ trimestruli kursi: TiTo trimestrSi – TiTo disciplina (biologia, fizika, qimia).

saSualo skolaSi iswavleba sagnebi: `biologia~, `fizika~, `qimia~.

meaTe klasSi es sagnebi iswavleba trimestruli principiT (TiTo trimestrSi – TiTo disciplina).

XI da XII klasebSi `biologia~, `fizika~, `qimia~ Sedis arCeviTi sagnebis jgufSi da iswavleba erTwliani

intensiuri kursis saxiT.

7. saswavlo gegmis struqtura

bunebismetyvelebis sagnobriv programaSi aRwerilia is savaldebulo moTxovnebi, romlebsac unda akmayofilebdes

yoveli moswavle TiToeuli klasis dasrulebis Semdeg. es moTxovnebi TiTo euli mimarTulebisaTvis

Sedegebisa da indikatorebis saxiTaa Camoyalibebuli.

Sedegi gviCvenebs, Tu ra unda SeeZlos moswavles swavlis mocemuli etapis (klasis) dasrulebis Semdeg.

indikatori aris debuleba im codnisa da unar-Cvevebis demonstrirebis Sesaxeb, romelic Camoyalibebulia

Sesabamis SedegSi.

indikatoris ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa, gamoavlinos, miRweulia Tu ara Sedegi. indikatori orien tirebulia

unar-Cvevebze da Camoyalibebulia aqtivobis enaze. SedegTan dakavSirebuli indikato re bis erToblioba

faravs Sedegs da, amave dros, TiToeuli maTgani warmoaCens Sedegs romelime kuTxiT.

Sedegebi dajgufebulia mimarTulebebis mixedviT.

amis garda, TiToeuli safexuris Sesabamisi Sedegebisa da maTi indikatorebis erTobliobas Tan erTvis

sarekomendacio Sinaarsi. es aris saswavlo masalis im sakiTxTa CamonaTvalia, romlis gamoyenebiTac SesaZlebelia

Camoyalibebuli Sedegebis miRweva swavlebis mocemul klasSi.

standartis Sedegebs Tan axlavs indeqsi. indeqsi informacias iZleva sagnis, klasis da Sede gis nomris

Sesaxeb. mag.:

bun. III. 7.:

bun. _ sagani

III. _ klasi

7. _ Sedegis nomeri.

14

X klasis fizikis standarti

wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi

1. moswavle ikvlevs elqtrul da magnitur movlenebs

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa Tu moswavle:

1. gegmavs da atarebs eqsperimentebs kulonis kanonis sademonstraciod;

2. agebs el. wreds gamtarTa paraleluri da mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisaTvis, ikvlevs kavSirs el. wredis maxasiaTebel

parametrebs Soris;

3. iyenebs omis kanons wredis ubnisaTvis/sruli wredisaTvis sxvadasxva tipis problemis gadasaWrelad;

4. poulobs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi eleqtrobasTan dakavSirebuli problemis gadaWris gzas (mag., adgens

eleqtrul sqemas konkretuli saWiroebidan gamomdinare);

5. xsnis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi moxmarebuli el. xelsawyoebis moqmedebis princips;

6. agebs martivi xelsawyos models el. magnitis gamoyenebiT da akeTebs demonstrirebas;

7. avlens usafrTxoebis wesebis codnas eqsperimentebis dagegmvisa da Catarebisas, aseve yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

eleqtruli xelsawyoebis moxmarebisas;

2. moswavle akavSirebs mecnierul aRmoCenebs fizikaSi yoveldRiurobasTan

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa Tu moswavle:

1. moipovebs informacias sxvadasxva tipis eleqtruli xelsawyoebis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebaze, ikvlevs maT

gavlenas sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze da garemoze, warmoadgens proeqtis saxiT;

2. afasebs naxevargamtaris aRmoCenis mniSvnelobas da ganixilavs am aRmoCenis rols teqnologiuri procesebis

ganviTarebaSi, akeTebs prezentacias;

sarekomendacio Sinaarsi

eleqtrostatika

eleqtruli veli, damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba.

kulonis kanoni. dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba. el. velis daZabuloba, superpoziciis principi. el. statikuri

velis muSaoba. el. velis potenciali. potencialTa sxvaoba.

elqtrotevadoba, kondensatori, brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba.

eleqtruli deni

denis Zala, Zabva, gamtaris winaRoba, kuTri winaRoba. winaRobis damokidebuleba temperaturaze. omis kanoni

wredis ubnisaTvis. gamtarTa paraleluri da mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba. denis muSaoba da simZlavre. joullencis

kanoni. denis wyaros emZ, denis wyaros Siga winaRoba. omis kanoni sruli wredisaTvis.

eleqtruli deni siTxeSi, airSi da vakuumSi.

naxevargamtari, el. deni naxevargamtarSi.

magnituri veli

magnituri veli, deniani gamtarebis urTierTqmedeba.

III. Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka

16

Temis, paragrafis

dasaxeleba

standartis Sesabamisi

Sedegebi da indikatorebi

proeqti: ambavi rwyilisa da WianWvelasi, anu

Cveni samyaros damatebiTi ganzomilebebi

1. moswavle ikvlevs elqtrul da magnitur movlenebs

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

gegmavs da atarebs eqsperimentebs kulonis

kanonis sademonstraciod

Tema I. eleqtruli muxti Tema II. eleqtruli veli

§ 1.1. sxeulTa daeleqtroeba (gameoreba)

§ 1.2. eleqtruli muxtis Tvisebebi

§ 1.3. kulonis kanoni

§ 1.4. fizika amocanebSi: kulonis kanoni. ZalTa

superpoziciis principi

agebs el. wreds gamtarTa paraleluri

da mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisaTvis, ikvlevs

kavSirs el. wredis maxasiaTebel

parametrebs Soris

iyenebs omis kanons wredis ubnisaTvis/

sruli wredisaTvis sxvadasxva tipis

problemis gadasaWrelad

poulobs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

eleqtrobasTan dakavSirebuli problemis

gadaWris gzas (mag., adgens

eleqtrul sqemas konkretuli saWiroebidan

gamomdinare

xsnis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi moxmarebuli

el. xelsawyoebis moqmedebis

princips

agebs martivi xelsawyos models el.

magnitis gamoyenebiT da akeTebs demonstrirebas

avlens usafrTxoebis wesebis codnas

eqsperimentebis dagegmvisa da Catarebisas,

aseve yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

eleqtruli xelsawyoebis moxmarebisas

2. moswavle akavSirebs mecnierul aRmoCenebs fizikaSi yoveldRiurobasTan

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

moipovebs informacias sxvadasxva tipis

eleqtruli xelsawyoebis Seqmnasa da

ganviTarebaze, ikvlevs maT gavlenas sazogadoebis

ganviTarebaze da garemoze,

warmoadgens proeqtis saxiT

afasebs naxevargamtaris aRmoCenis

mniSvnelobas da ganixilavs am aRmoCenis

rols teqnologiuri procesebis ganvi-

TarebaSi, akeTebs prezentacias

Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka

proeqti: rogor gavxdeT msoflio mbrZanebeli,

anu faradeis galia

§ 2.1. eleqtruli veli

§ 2.2. fizika amocanebSi: wertilovani muxtis velis

daZabuloba. velebis superpoziciis principi

§ 2.3. eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba. eleqtruli

velis potenciali. potencialTa sxvaoba

§ 2.4. fizika amocanebSi: eleqtrostatikuri

velis muSaoba. eleqtruli velis potenciali.

potencialTa sxvaoba.

§ 2.5. gamtarebi eleqtrostatikur velSi

§ 2.6. dieleqtrikebi eleqtrostatikur velSi

§ 2.7. kondensatori. rogor davagrovoT eleqtruli

energia?

proeqti: qila, romelmac evropa SeZra

Tema III. eleqtruli deni Tema IV. eleqtruli deni sxvadasxva

garemoSi

proeqti: faraonis naTura

§ 3.1. eleqtruli deni. denis wyaros emZ

§ 3.2. eleqtruli deni liTonis gamtarebSi. denis

Zala

§ 3.3. eleqtruli winaRoba

§ 3.4. omis kanoni wredis ubnisaTvis da sruli

wredisaTvis

Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka

§ 3.5. gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba

§ 3.6. gamtarTa paraleluri SeerTeba

§ 3.7. fizika amocanebSi: kondensatorTa batarea.

galvanur elementTa batarea

§ 3.8. fizika amocanebSi: gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi

da paraleluri SeerTeba

§ 3.9. denis muSaoba da simZlavre. joul-lencis

kanoni

§ 3.10. fizika amocanebSi: denis muSaoba da

simZlavre

§ 3.11. denis magnituri moqmedeba

§ 3.12. mudmivi magnitebi. eleqtromagnitebi

proeqti: baRdadis batarea, anu 2000 wlis win

dawyebuli eleqtrobis istoria

§ 4.1. eleqtruli deni siTxeSi

proeqti: cidan daSvebuli eleqtroba

§ 4.2. eleqtruli deni airSi

§ 4.3. eleqtruli deni vakuumSi

§ 4.4. eleqtruli deni naxevargamtarebSi

18

IV. komentarebi moswavlis wignis struqturul

elementebTan dakavSirebiT

moswavlis wigni `fizika X~ damoukidebeli saxelmZRvaneloa sabunebismetyvelo sagnobrivi jgufis

seriidan da faravs mimarTulebas: fizikuri movlenebi.

saxelmZRvanelos struqtura da Sinaarsi misi samive trimestrSi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.

saxelmZRvanelo akmayofilebs X klasis saswavlo wlis bolos misaRwev saerTo da specifikur Sedegebs. igi

dabalansebuli, Tanmimdevruli da mravalferovania: maprovocirebeli kiTxvebi, damoukidebeli da jgufuri

samuSaoebi, Teoriuli informacia xels uwyobs moswavles, iyos aqtiuri, gauCndes garemomcveli samyaros

kvlevisadmi interesi da Seecados, axsnas masSi mimdinare procesebi. saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemulia eqsperimentebi,

laboratoriuli samuSaoebi, romelTa Catarebasac moswavle Tavad SeZlebs, `keTebiT~ swavla aRrmavebs

Teoriuli masalis gagebas da moswavles codnis gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebs SesZens.

saxelmZRvanelos aqvs sarCevi.

saxelmZRvanelo oTxi Temisgan Sedgeba. TiToeuli Tema calkeul paragrafebs moicavs. saxelmZRvaneloSi

sul 27 paragrafia.

X klasSi fizikis swavlebisTvis gankuTvnilia 72 sT. aqedan 40 sT daeTmoba paragrafebSi mocemuli

masalis aTvisebas, 4 sT _ Semajamebel gakveTilebs, xolo 4 sT sarezervoa.

gaiTvaliswineT: ar aris aucilebeli paragrafSi mocemuli yvela im aqtivobis klasSi damuSaveba da yvela

im cdis Catareba, romelsac avtori gTavazobT. mTavaria, gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi moswavleebisTvis naTeli

gaxdes maTTvis manamde ucnob movlenaTa fizikuri azri da ganimartos axali cnebebi, fizikuri sidideebi.

paragrafidan aiReT mxolod is, rac gakveTilis Tqveneul scenars ufro miesadageba da gakveTilis ZiriTadi

miznis miRwevaSi dagexmarebaT. SesaZlebelia, klasSi CaataroT mxolod teqnikurad rTulad Sesasrulebeli

cdebi, xolo cdebi, romlebic martiv procedurebs saWiroebs da raime specialur xelsawyos ar moiTxovs,

moswavleebs SeuZliaT Tavad Caataron damoukideblad saxlSi. agreTve, SesaZlebelia, masalis garkveuli

nawili, romelsac sagakveTilo procesis dros ver aswrebT, misceT moswavles saSinao davalebad, damoukidebeli

muSaobisTvis.

gTavazobT gakveTilebis saaTobriv ganawilebas:

gakveTilebis saaTobrivi ganawileba

Tema I. eleqtruli muxti ................................................................................................................................. 7

proeqti: ambavi rwyilisa da WianWvelasi, anu Cveni samyaros damatebiTi ganzomilebebi................. 7

§ 1.1. sxeulTa daeleqtroeba (gameoreba) ............................................................................................. 11

§ 1.2. eleqtruli muxtis Tvisebebi ....................................................................................................... 15

§ 1.3. kulonis kanoni .............................................................................................................................. 18

§ 1.4. fizika amocanebSi: kulonis kanoni. ZalTa superpoziciis principi ....................................... 22

Semajamebeli gakveTili ........................................................................................................................ 1

Tema II. eleqtruli veli ........................................................................................................................ 30

proeqti: rogor gavxdeT msoflio mbrZanebeli, anu faradeis galia .............................................. 30

§ 2.1. eleqtruli veli ............................................................................................................................ 33

§ 2.2. fizika amocanebSi: wertilovani muxtis velis daZabuloba.

velebis superpoziciis principi ............................................................................................................ 39

§ 2.3. eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba. eleqtruli velis potenciali.

potencialTa sxvaoba ............................................................................................................................... 43

§ 2.4. fizika amocanebSi: eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba. eleqtruli velis potenciali.

potencialTa sxvaoba......................................................................................................................... 49

§ 2.5. gamtarebi eleqtrostatikur velSi ............................................................................................. 55

§ 2.6. dieleqtrikebi eleqtrostatikur velSi ................................................................................... 60

§ 2.7. kondensatori. rogor davagrovoT eleqtruli energia? ....................................................... 63

proeqti: qila, romelmac evropa SeZra ................................................................................................. 68

Semajamebeli gakveTili ........................................................................................................................ 1

Tema III. eleqtruli deni ........................................................................................................................ 75

proeqti: faraonis naTura ...................................................................................................................... 75

§ 3.1. eleqtruli deni. denis wyaros emZ .............................................................................................. 78

§ 3.2. eleqtruli deni liTonis gamtarebSi. denis Zala ..................................................................... 81

§ 3.3. . eleqtruli winaRoba ................................................................................................................... 86

§ 3.4. omis kanoni wredis ubnisaTvis da sruli wredisaTvis .............................................................. 92

§ 3.5. gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba ................................................................................................. 98

§ 3.6. gamtarTa paraleluri SeerTeba ..................................................................................................101

§ 3.7. fizika amocanebSi: kondensatorTa batarea. galvanur elementTa batarea ........................105

§ 3.8. fizika amocanebSi: gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri SeerTeba ...................................111

§ 3.9. denis muSaoba da simZlavre. joul-lencis kanoni ...................................................................117

§ 3.10. fizika amocanebSi: denis muSaoba da simZlavre .......................................................................123

§ 3.11. denis magnituri moqmedeba .........................................................................................................130

§ 3.12. mudmivi magnitebi. eleqtromagnitebi .......................................................................................135

Semajamebeli gakveTili ........................................................................................................................ 1

Tema IV. eleqtruli deni sxvadasxva garemoSi ...............................................................................147

proeqti: baRdadis batarea, anu 2000 wlis win dawyebuli eleqtrobis istoria. ...........................147

§ 4.1. eleqtruli deni siTxeSi ..............................................................................................................150

proeqti: cidan daSvebuli eleqtroba ..................................................................................................154

§ 4.2. eleqtruli deni airSi ................................................................................................................156

§ 4.3. eleqtruli deni vakuumSi ...........................................................................................................162

§ 4.4. eleqtruli deni naxevargamtarebSi ............................................................................................165

Semajamebeli gakveTili ........................................................................................................................ 1

masalis gageba da siRrmiseuli wvdoma gaaqtiurebulia teqstSi CarTuli an teqstTan miznobrivad dakavSirebuli

samotivacio kiTxvebiT, romlebic aRniSnulia Sesabamisi logoebiT (SekiTxvebi, fiqrisa da gansjisaTvis),

aseve logoebiTaa aRniSnuli sagakveTilo procesis dros gansaxorcielebuli aqtivobebi (cda, amocana).

yoveli paragrafi mdidaria vizualuri masaliT, romelic xels uwyobs masalis ukeT aRqmasa da gaazrebas.

saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli masala sirTulis mixedviT sxvadasxvaa. pedagogma unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom

misi aTviseba bevr faqtorzea damokidebuli (moswavleTa SesaZleblobebze, saskolo laboratoriis teqnikur

aRWurvilobaze da a. S.), amitom man Tavad unda SearCios masalis is optimaluri moculoba, romelic dasaZlevia

mocemul pirobebSi da mocemuli kontigentisTvis.

saSinao davaleba. saklaso da saSinao davalebebi erT mTlianobad moiazreba: saSinao davaleba klasSi

dawyebuli kvlevis gagrZeleba unda iyos. Tu paragrafSi moyvanili yvela davalebis Sesruleba da yvela cdis

Catareba ar moeswro, misi damoukideblad gagrZeleba moswavlem saxlSi unda scados (cxadia, ar igulisxmeba

is cdebi, romelTa Catareba garkveul safrTxes Seicavs an kidev teqnikurad mouxerxebelia misi saxlis

pirobebSi Catareba). amisTvis sasurvelic kia, ufrosebs an sulac megobrebs Tu daixmarebs. ase miRweuli

Sedegi, damerwmuneT, misTvis ufro sasiamovnoa.

ar aris savaldebulo paragrafis bolos mocemuli yvela kiTxvisa da amocanis saSinao davalebad micema.

maswavlebels SeuZlia davaleba Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr SearCios an amisTvis Temis damatebiTi savarji-

Soebidan SearCios rame.

maswavlebelma moswavlesac unda misces saSualeba, survilisamebr airCios saSinao davaleba, mag., damatebiTi

amocanebidan misTvis saintereso kiTxvebi an amocanebi.

avtori Tavisi praqtikidan gamomdinare girCevT SemoiRoT saqaRaldeebi. yoveli saSinao davaleba

moswavleebma unda Seasrulon furcelze (sasurvelia Tabaxis furcelze). saSinao davalebis furclebi yovel

gakveTilze CamoarTviT maT, gadaxedeT, CainiSneT Tqveni SeniSvnebi, romlebsac Semdeg gakveTilze gaar CevT.

amis Semdeg furclebi daubruneT moswavleebs. maT isini unda Seinaxon saqaRaldeSi. saSinao davalebis aseTnairad

Semowmeba efeqturia: Tqven gakveTilze drois dakargvis gareSe SeamowmebT moswavleTa mier Sesrulebul

saSinao davalebebs. isini ki yvela namuSevars saqaRaldeSi mouyrian Tavs. amiT Tqven SesaZlebloba

geqnebaT, kidev erTxel erTad gadaxedoT maT naSroms mTeli trimestris ganmavlobaSi.

saSinao davalebis momzadeba gulisxmobs:

klasSi Sesrulebuli davalebebis xelaxla gadaxedvas, gaazrebas. moswavles unda SeeZlos mTavaris gamoyofa.

maswavlebelma moswavles unda auxsnas, rogor fasdeba saSinao davaleba. cxadia, maRali quliT Sefasdeba

davaleba, Tu masSi ara marto gakveTilze miRebuli codna Cans, aramed damoukideblad mignebulic. es ukve

samotivacio momentia moswavlisTvis: is Seecdeba, davalebis momzadebisas gamoiyenos ara mxolod savaldebulo,

aramed misTvis saintereso sxva aqtivobebic.

Tu moswavle saSinao davalebas klasis winaSe waradgens, moxseneba unda iyos lakonuri da misTvis unda

gamoiyos ara umetes 5-7 wT.

moamzade Tema prezentaciisTvis. Temis saprezentaciod momzadeba gulisxmobs: moswavlis mier ama Tu im

Temis Sesaxeb informaciis Segrovebas. informacia ZiriTadad unda eyrdnobodes moswavlis ukve arsebul codnas,

magram garda amisa, warmodgenil TemaSi unda Candes moswavlis damoukidebeli muSaoba da misi SemoqmedebiTi

midgoma am Tu im sakiTxisadmi.

mag., moswavlem damoukideblad unda dasvas raime problema da misi gadaWris efeqturi gzebi monaxos. unda

gamoyos sakvanZo sakiTxebi, misTvis cnobili yofiTi magaliTebis daxmarebiT axsnas ama Tu im cnebisa da movlenis

mniSvneloba.

warmodgenil TemaSi unda Candes SeZenili codnis praqtikulad gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebi, moswavlis damokidebuleba

ganxiluli movlenebisadmi da aseve misi damokidebuleba saerTod samyaros mimarT (mag., misi, rogorc

garemos damcvelis pozicia, unda Seicavdes usafrTxoebis wesebis Sesaxeb miseul rekomendaciebs da a. S.).

sasurvelia, warmodgenil TemaSi moswavle acnobierebdes misTvis xelmisawvdomi codnis sxvadasxva sferoebs

Soris urTierTkavSirs.

sakuTari namuSevris prezentacia ar unda xdebodes mxolod TxrobiTi formiT, moswavleebma unda gamoiyenon

TvalsaCinoebebi da monacemTa warmodgenis sxvadasxva xerxebi (suraTebi, naxatebi, plakatebi, grafikebi,

cxrilebi, diagramebi, TavianTive damzadebuli modeli, Temis eleqtronuli versia da a.S). es saSulebas miscemT,

masalis TxrobiTi momabezrebeli xasiaTi gantvirTon da saxaliso gaxadon, ufro konkretuli da realuri

gaxadon TemaSi gadmocemuli Sinaarsi.

Tavdapirvelad moswavleebs SeiZleba gauWirdeT kidec imis gacnobiereba, ras niSnavs saprezentaciod Temis

momzadeba. xSirad isini amas gakveTilis tradiciul `moyolasTan~ aigiveben.

am procesis ukeT gaazrebisTvis SesTavazeT maT, warmoidginon, rom isini fizikis IX klasis saxelmZRvanelos

avtorebi arian da romelime Temaze (mag., TanabaraCqarebuli moZraoba) paragrafi unda daweron.

SeaxseneT maT, rom warmodgenili paragrafi ise unda daweron, rom is martivad gasagebi iyos maTive TanatolebisTvis,

gamarTuli iyos Sinaarsobrivad, Seicavdes `damaintrigebel~ informacias, misi vizualuri mxare

iyos saxaliso, saintereso da amave dros Sesabamisi Temis SinaarsTan. urCieT, Temaze muSaobisas gaixsenon, ra

moewonaT saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenil imave TemaSi, ra ar moewonaT, ras Secvlidnen, ras Caamatebdnen,

ras amoiRebdnen wignidan saerTod da a.S.

saprezentacio Temebidan moswavleebi amoarCeven saukeTesos da Semajamebel gakveTilze warmoadgenen. namu-

Sevrebi SeiZleba gamofinoT saklaso oTaxSi, kaTedraze, ganaTavsoT skolis gazeTSi an veb -gverdze da bolos,

gaugzavneT avtors, romelic mas aucileblad sasargeblo rekomendaciad CaTvlis da siamovnebiT gaiziarebs

kidec. damerwmuneT, Tu maT am kuTxiT SesTavazebT saprezentacio Temaze muSaobas, isini, garda imisa, rom Tavs

ukeT gaarTmeven dakisrebul saqmes, ufro meti pasuxismgeblobiTac moekidebian da zogi maTgani gagakvirvebT

kidec damuSavebuli Temis xarisxiT.

proeqti. saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenilia saintereso proeqtebi, romlebic moswavlem (an moswavleTa

jgufma) damoukideblad unda moamzados.

proeqts (moklevadiani da grZelvadiani) Tavisi gansakuTrebuli specifika aqvs, amitom masze muSaobisas

sasurvelia moswavleebs mieces gegma, romelic proeqtis momzadebisas maT garkveul mimarTulebas miscems. am

gegmaSi damoukidebeli kvlevis is safexurebia mocemuli, romlebic proeqtis momzadebas gulisxmobs:

1. problemis gaazreba da sworad gansazRvra.

2. informaciis moZieba, Segroveba.

3. informaciis daxarisxeba da gamoyeneba.

4. eqsperimentis dagegmva da sworad warmarTva.

5. Sedegebis analizi da daskvnebis gakeTeba.

6. monacemTa organizeba.

7. wardgena da dacva farTo auditoriis winaSe.

proeqtis momzadebis periodSi moswavle periodulad gadis konsultaciebs maswavlebelTan, romelic

proeqtis TiToeuli etapis momzadebisas ecnoba moswavlis namuSevars da garkveul SeniSvnebs aZlevs.

proeqtis masalebisa da saprezentacio TemisTvis informaciis mosaZieblad moswavleebs xSirad mouwevT

internetiT sargebloba. saxelmZRvaneloSi miTiTebulia informaciis wyaroebic. sasurvelia, damoukidebeli

kvlevebisa da mopovebuli informaciis prezentacias Tan axldes vizualuri masala da gamoyenebuli iqnas kompiuteruli

teqnologiebi. maswavleblis wignSi gTavazobT saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili proeqtebis Sesaxeb

masalas, rac SesaZleblobas mogcemT, garkveuli daxmareba gauwioT moswavleebs proeqtis momzadebisas. cxadia,

es masala Zalze mcirea da avtori imedovnebs, rom yovel Tqvengans gacilebiT meti informacia aqvs ama Tu im sakiTxis

Sesaxeb. is mxolod valdebulad Tvlis Tavs, mcireodeni ganmartebebi mogawodoT proeqtebis Sesaxeb.

SeniSvna avtorisgan: `sivrcis damatebiTi ganzomilebebi~, anu is Tema, romelsac proeqti exeba, sakmaod

seriozuli sakiTxia da SesaZloa moswavleTaTvis misi miwodeba mizanSewonilic ki ar iyos. Tumca, radgan saqarTveloSi

gasagebi mizezis gamo ADD-s hipoTezam gansakuTrebuli interesi ara marto samecniero wreebSi,

aramed farTo sazogadoebaSic gamoiwvia da xSirad is moswavleTa interesis sagansac warmoadgens, avtori Tvlis,

rom sasurvelia moswavleebi (romelTa asaki SesaZlebels xdis, rom ase Tu ise misawvdomi gaxdes maTTvis es Tema)

gaecnon am hipoTezis ZiriTad arss, yovelgvari rTuli maTematikuri aparatisa da mecnieruli Teoriebis gareSe.

miT umetes, rom proeqtSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia imaze, rom moswavleebma TavianTi kvleva msoflio mizidulobisa

da kulonis kanons Soris arsebul msgavsebasa da gansxvavebaze unda aagon. saWiro masala ki TiTqmis

sruladaa Sesuli saxelmZRvaneloSi da mxolod I Temas moicavs.

imisaTvis, rom moswavleebs ar darCeT STabeWdileba, rom ADD-s hipoTeza sruliad axali da maTi avtorebis

novatoruli ideaa, SegiZliaT miawodoT mcire informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom sivrcis mravalganzomilianobis idea

axali sulac ar aris. jer kidev meoce saukunis 20-ian wlebSi kaluca-klainis mier Seiqmna Teoria sivrcis meoTxe

ganzomilebis Sesaxeb. am Teoriam SemdgomSi mTel rig sxva Teoriebs misca dasabami.

yvela am TeoriaSi kaluca-klainis pirvandeli variantis msgavsad, damatebiTi ganzomilebebi Zalian mcire,

10 -13 sm rigis manZilebze iCens Tavs. es atomis birTvis radiusis memiliardedis memiliardedze naklebia da gasagebia,

rom am Teoriebis eqsperimentuli Seswavla aseT zomis areebSi sruliad gamoricxulia.

ase rom xsenebuli Teoriis avtorebs ar hqondaT saSualeba, rom TavianTi Teoriis Sesamowmeblad saWiro

eqsperimentuli kvlevebi ewarmoebinaT. mecnieruli Teoriis avkargianobaze ki mxolod mis safuZvelze gamoyvanili

SedegebiT vmsjelobT, romlebic dakvirvebiTa da eqsperimentebiT unda dadasturdes. swored eqsperimentuli

masalis arqona gaxda mTeli rigi perspeqtiuli Teoriebis warumateblobis mizezi.

ADD-s hipotezis avtorebma ki saocrad gabeduli idea SemogvTavazes: Cvens samyaros aqvs damatebiTi ganzomilebebi,

magram isini Zalian patara manZilebze ki ara, aramed atomuri fizikis TvalsazrisiT Zalian did,

milimetri rigir manZilebzea SesamCnevi. maT eqsperimentebi fantastikurad mcire, miuwvdomeli da SeuRwevadi

areebidan savsebiT SesaZlebel pirobebSi gadmoitanes da cxadia, rom ADD-s hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad tardeba

kidec eqsperimentebi da es Teoriac mxolod mas Semdeg iqceva udides mecnierul aRmoCenad, Tu is saimedo

eqsperimentul dadasturebas moipovebs.

internetis misamarTebi. saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli internet -saitebis misamarTebi did daxmarebas

gauwevs maswavlebelsa da dainteresebul moswavleebs, magram am saitebs mxolod sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvs da

saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli masala internetis gamoyenebis gareSec sakmarisia saswavlo gegmiT gansazRvruli

Sedegebis misaRwevad.

cdebi. fizika eqsperimentuli mecnierebaa. `mecnierebaSi erTi ubralo cdiT dasabuTeba bevrad metad

fasobs, vidre aTasi avtoriteti erTad~ _ galileo galileis es sityvebi mTel saxelmZRvanelos xazad gasdevs.

movlenebis Seswavlisas gamoTqmuli yvela hipoTezisa Tu Teoriuli mtkicebis WeSmariteba cdiT unda iyos

gamtkicebuli. moswavleebi cdis saSualebiT Rrmad unda Caswvdnen movlenis meqanizms, TviTon unda mividnen

garkveul daskvnamde da Tavadve unda daadginon am movlenis kanonzomierebani. Tqven miznad unda daisaxoT, rom

Tqveni moswavleebi Camoyalibdnen aqtiur Semmecneblebad da ara codnis pasiur mimRebebad.swored amaSi dagexmarebaT

saintereso da sworad SerCeuli cdebi.

avtori, iTvaliswinebda ra skolebis fizikis laboratoriebSi arasaxarbielo, mwir da zogjer saerTod

ararsebul teqnikur aRWurvilobas, maqsimalurad cdilobda, TqvenTvis SemoeTavazebina rac SeiZleba advilad

Casatarebeli eqsperimentebi, romelTa umravlesoba imdenad martivi da usafrTxoa, rom maTi Catareba moswavleebs

Tavisuflad SeuZliaT saxlis pirobebSic. Tumca zogjer avtorma gverdi mainc ver auara teqnikurad rTulad

Sesasrulebel cdebs.

maswavleblis wignSi avtori gTavazobT zogierTi cdis saboloo Sedegis ilustracias. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

alternatiuli cdis Catareba ar xerxdeba, Tqven SegiZliaT moswavleebs cdis Sedegi am ilustraciiT gaacnoT

mas Semdeg, rac isini cdis Sedegze sxvadasxva varauds gamoTqvamen da Seecdebian, axsnan TavianTi mosazrebebi.

dabolos, Tu verc alternatiuli cda moifiqreT da xelT arc cdis Sedegis ilustracia gaqvT, endeT

Tqvens profesionalizms da sakuTari gamocdilebidan gamomdinare raime Tqveneuli xerxiT SeecadeT ama Tu im

sakiTxis gadaWras.

SeniSvna: aucilebelia, cdebi winaswar momzaddes, radgan es aucilebeli pirobaa, rom nebismier cdaSi

sasurveli Sedegi miiRoT da arc droSi gaiwelos. yoveli cdis, maT Soris yvelaze martivis, warmatebulad

Catarebas Tavisi saidumlo aqvs, romelic gamocdilma pedagogma SesaniSnavad icis. Tumca isinic ar arian dazRveuli

imisgan, rom cda SeiZleba ar gamovides da amas Zalze martivi mizezi hqondes. cdis warumateb lobis

mizezis dadgena gakveTilis mimdinareobis dros SeiZleba gacilebiT cudi SedegiT damTavrdes: SesaZlebelia

mTeli gakveTili Cavardes.aris SemTxvevebi, roca winaswari mzadebis drosac cda ratomRac ar gamodis. amis

mizezi SeiZleba sulac gauwafavi xelia, magram xelis Caqnevas ar girCevT, nurc samomavlod gadadebT am cdis

`saidumlos~ amocnobas. mimarTeT metad gamocdil pedagogs da sTxoveT mas daxmareba. Tu aseTi SesaZlebloba

ar gaqvT, iqneb Tavad avtors daukavSirdeT, romelic siamovnebiT iTanamSromlebs TqvenTan (avtoris telefoni

da internetis misamarTi ix. maswavleblis wignSi: gv. 22).

laboratoriuli samuSao. laboratoriuli muSaobis meTodi sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis swavlebis

erT-erTi meTodia. am meTodis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom moswavleebi uSualod atareben cdebs fizikuri sidideebis

gazomvebisa da kanonebis Semowmebis mizniT. laboratoriuli samuSaoebi swored imiTaa mniSvnelovani,

rom gansakuTrebiT uwyobs xels cnebebisa da kanonebis adekvatur warmodgenas. mecxreklaselisTvis kanonis an

cnebis arsi maSin xdeba gansakuTrebiT naTeli, roca igi Tundac sakmaod uxeSad, magram mainc Tavadve miva im

daskvnamde, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs ama Tu im fizikuri sididis codnas, roca Tavadve awarmoebs romelime movlenis

maxasiaTebeli sidideebis gazomvas da Tavadve adgens maT urTierTkavSirs. laboratoriuli samuSaoebi

xels uwyobs dakvirvebis, aRweris, sidideTa gazomva-gamoyenebis, codnis damoukideblad gaRrmaveba-gafarToebis

unaris ganviTarebas.

modelebi. fizikaSi udidesi SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs modelirebas _ rogorc movlenis modelirebas

(mag., Tavisufali eleqtronebis moZraobis TvalsaCinod warmosadgenad iyeneben am movlenis modelirebas, anu am

movlenas adareben qinqlebis gundis moZraobas qaris dabervisas), ise raime meqanizmis xelnakeT models. yvela

models axasiaTebs TvalsaCinoeba. is aucileblad sakvlevi obieqtis msgavsia. amave dros maT Soris aris ganmasxvavebeli

mxareebi, rac gamoricxavs maT igiveobas. modelebis roli gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia im movlenaTa

Seswavlis saqmeSi, romelTa meqanizmi Znelad aRsaqmelia. modelebis Seqmna erTgvari SemoqmedebiTi samuSaocaa

moswavleebisTvis, rac maT udides siamovnebas aniWebT. modelebis Seq mnisas isini aucileblad TanamSromloben

mSoblebTan, megobrebTan, rac saxalisos xdis gakveTilisTvis mzadebas. maT eamayebaT sakuTari qmnilebebi, rac

zogjer namdvilad ar aris safuZvels moklebuli: maT mier damzadebuli xelsawyoebi xSirad imdenad srulyofilia,

rom warmatebiT SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT saskolo laboratoriebSi.

maswavleblis wignSi gTavazobT ramdenime gakveTilis (mimdinare, Semajamebeli, laboratoriuli) sanimuSo

scenars, Temis Semajamebel testebsa da samuSaoebs. cxadia, es mxolod rekomendaciebia da sulac ar aris savaldebulo,

maswavlebelma am scenaris mixedviT Caataros gakveTili an es testebi gamoiyenos Semajamebel gakve-

Tilze, romelic SeiZleba sulac sxva saxis CaataroT. mag., Semajamebel gakveTilze Tqven SeiZleba moiTxovoT

moswavleebisgan zepiri prezentaciebi maTi survilisamebr arCeuli, maTi azriT, yvelaze saukeTeso saprezentacio

Temisa an proeqtisa. Semajamebeli gakveTili SeiZleba aseve Catardes saxaliso Sejibris, konkursis an saRamos

saxiT, sadac erTmaneTs Seejibrebian 5-6 moswavlisgan Sedgenili jgufebi. sakonkursod SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT

saxaliso cdebi, saintereso amocanebi (rogorc raodenobrivi, ise Tvisebrivi) an proeqtebi. SegiZliaT dasvaT

raime problema da sTxovoT jgufebs, imsjelon da TavianTi gadawyvetileba gaacnon Jiuris, romlebic mowveuli

mSoblebisgan Sedgeba.

dabolos, TiToeuli Tqvenganis profesionalizmis, gamocdilebis, SemoqmedebiTobis Sesabamisad, sxva TvaliT

danaxuli esa Tu is gakveTili gacilebiT ufro faseulia, vidre nebismieri rekomendacia, Tundac meTodurad

Zalian gamarTuli. avtori gulwrfelad gTxovT, miawodoT mas Tqveni Sexedulebebi, SeniSvnebi, rCevebi da winaswar

gixdiT madlobas TanamSromlobisTvis. misi sakontaqto telefonebia:

saxlis: 38 44 43; mobiluris: 8 (99) 38 44 43; E-mail: Tatishvili_K@yahoo.com

V. ramdenime sanimuSo scenari

sxvadasxva tipis gakveTilisTvis

maswavleblis wignSi mocemuli gakveTilis scenarebi sarekomendacio xasiaTisaa.

24

gakveTili # 1

(amocanebis amoxsna/muSaoba wyvilebad)

Tema: wertilovani muxtis velis daZabuloba. velebis superpoziciis principi. (§2.2)

gakveTilis dagegmvis cxrili

saswavlo miznebi Tema aqtivobebi moswavleebis

organizeba

problemis dasmisa

da gadaWris gzis Ziebis,

miRebuli codnis

Sejamebis, daskvnis

gamotanis unar-Cvevebis

ganviTareba.

komunikaciis, TanamSromlobis,

weriTi unar-Cvevebis,

namuSevris organizebis

unaris, miRebuli

codnis konkretul

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebis

unaris, drois

limitis dacvis unaris

ganviTareba.

amocanebis amoxsnis

xerxebis daufleba

wertilovani

muxtis

velis

daZabuloba.

velebis

superpoziciis

principi.

( § 2.2 )

(1sT)

1. Sesavali

2. muSaoba amocanaze

1. -ze/

diskusia

3. saubari/

axali sakiTxis

ganxilva

4. muSaoba

amocanaze 2.-ze/

diskusia

5. muSaoba

amocanaze 3.-ze/

diskusia

6.saSinao davaleba

mTeli klasi

wyvilebi/mTeli

klasi

mTeli klasi

wyvilebi/mTeli

klasi

wyvilebi/mTeli

klasi

individualuri

drois

ganawileba

organizeba

7 wT

3 wT

13 wT

14 wT

1wT

resursebi Semowmebis

xerxebi

saxelmZRvanelos teqsti

dakvirveba

wyvilebis

Canawerebis

gacnoba

SeniSvna: im suraTebis (da formulebis) numeracia, romelic saxelmZRvaneloSicaa, SenarCunebulia (mag.,

sur. 1), xolo im suraTebis dasanomrad, romlebic mxolod maswavleblis wignSia, gamoyenebulia aseTi aRniSvna:

sur. 1.1, sadac pirveli ricxvi gakveTilis scenaris nomers miuTiTebs.

1. Sesavali 7wT

gakveTilis organizeba: gakveTilis msvlelobisas moswavleebi muSaoben wyvilebad. maswavleblis mier

dasmul kiTxvaze mewyvileebi msjeloben da erTmaneTSi Sejerebul pasuxs klasis winaSe warmoadgenen.

maswavlebeli ganmartavs gakveTilis mizans: Cven gavecaniT eleqtrul vels da mis Zalur maxasiaTebels,

daZabulobas. gaixseneT, ra aris daZabuloba da rogor gamoTvleba is?

pas.: daZabuloba veqtoruli sididea. eleqtruli velis daZabuloba mocemul wertilSi tolia am wertilSi

moTavsebul wertilovan muxtze velis mxridan moqmedi Zalis Sefardebisa muxtis sididesTan.

F

E =

q

masw.: dRevandeli gakveTilis mizani swored imgvari amocanebis amoxsnis xerxebis gacnobaa, romlebic

ukavSirdeba eleqtruli velis daZabulobis veqtoris rogorc mimarTulebis, aseveve modulis, sididis povnas.

magram sanam amocanebis amoxsnas SevudgebiT, manamde vnaxoT rogor gamoiTvleba wertilovani muxtis

mier Seqmnili velis daZabuloba.

maswavlebeli muSaobs dafasTan da moswavleebis daxmarebiT gamoyavs wertilovani muxtis daZabulobis

modulis gamosaTvleli formula.

masw.: vTqvaT, wertilovani q muxtis mier Seqmnili velis, nebismier wertilSi moaTavses sacdeli q muxti.

0

gaixseneT, rogor gamoiTvleba q da q muxtebs Soris urTierTqmedebis kulonuri Zalis sidide?

0

pas.: F = k |q| | q | / r 0 2 (1)

masw.: rogor gamoiTvleba eleqtruli velis daZabulobis sidide mocemul wertilSi, romelSic sacdeli

q muxtia Setanili?

pas.: eleqtruli velis daZabulobis sidide mocemul wertilSi tolia am wertilSi moTavsebul wertilovan

muxtze velis mxridan moqmedi Zalis sididis Sefardebisa muxtis sididesTan E = F/q (2)

masw.: SeitaneT me-(2) formulaSi (1)-li, gaamartiveT da warmoadgineT, rogor gamoiTvleba q 0 muxtis

mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis daZabulobis sidide velis mocemul wertilSi.

pas.: E = k | q 0 | / r 2 (3)

masw.: diax, wertilovani q 0 muxtis eleqtruli velis daZabulobis moduli gamoiTvleba me-(3) formuliT.

dafiqrdiT, aris Tu ara daZabulobis sidide damokidebuli im muxtis sidideze, romelic velis mocemul

wertilSia Setanili?

pas.: daZabulobis sidide ar aris damokidebuli im muxtis sidideze, romelic velis mocemul wertilSia

Setanili.

masw.: gaiTvaliswineT: Tu damuxtuli sferos (an birTvis) zedapirze muxti Tanabradaa gadanawilebuli,

maSin sfero (an birTvi) Seqmnis iseTive eleqtrul vels, rogorsac mis centrSi moTavsebuli q 0 muxti Seqmnida.

aseTi sferos (an birTvis) eleqtruli velis daZabuloba gamoiTvleba me-(3) formuliT.

axla ki amocana 1-is amoxsna scadeT. vfiqrob, misi amoxsna ar unda gagiWirdeT.

2. muSaoba amocanaze 1-ze/ diskusia 7 wT

TiToeuli wyvili muSaobs damoukideblad da eZebs amocana 1-is amoxsnis gzas. drois limitis amowurvis

Semdeg maswavlebeli Tavisi Sexedulebis mixedviT arCevs mopasuxe wyvils. es SeiZleba iyos wyvili, romelic

yvelaze swrafad moifiqrebs pasuxs an amoxsnis swor gzas ipovis, an piriqiT, yvelaze pasiuri wyvili. ecadeT,

sagakveTilo procesSi CarToT yvela wyvili.

maswavleblis gadawyvetilebiT erT-erTi wyvilis warmomadgeneli muSaobs dafasTan. maswavlebeli svams

kiTxvebs, romelic win uZRvis amocanis amoxsnas. dafasTan gamosuli moswavle amocanas dafasTan xsnis.

SeniSvna: nu ugulebelyofT araswor pasuxs, nurc komentarebs gaukeTebT. dae, swori da araswori isev

moswavleebma gaarCion. maswavlebeli ramdenime pasuxs ismens da mTeli klasis daxmarebiT maTgan swors

amoarCevs.

moswavleebi msjeloben amocanis amoxsnis TiToeul etapze da swor pasuxs CainiSnaven saxelmZRvaneloSi.

(SeaxseneT maT, saxelmZRvaneloSi Canawerebi aucileblad fanqriT gaakeTon).

amocana 1

gamoTvaleT, ris tolia wyalbadis birTvis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis daZabuloba im wertileb-

Si, romlebic eleqtronis orbitaze mdebareobs, Tu cnobilia, rom wyalbadis atomSi eleqtronis wriuli

orbitis radiusi 5 . 10-11 m-ia.

gansazRvreT, ra sididis eleqtruli Zala moqmedebs eleqtronze birTvis mxridan;

masw. gaixseneT: romeli nawilaki gansazRvravs wyalbadis birTvis muxts da ris tolia wyalbadis birTvis

muxti?

pas.: wyalbadis birTvis muxti masSi Semavali protonis muxtiT ganisazRvreba q pr = 1,6 . 10 -19 k

masw.: ra manZiliTaa daSorebuli wyalbadis birTvi im wertilebidan, romlebic eleqtronis orbitaze

mdebareobs?

pas.: manZili wyalbadis birTvsa da im wertilebs Soris, romlebic eleqtronis orbitaze mdebareobs,

am orbitis radiusis tolia r = 5 . 10 -11 m

masw.: gaiTvaliswineT me-(4) formula da gamoTvaleT wyalbadis birTvis velis daZabuloba im wertilebSi,

romlebic eleqtronis orbitaze mdebareobs.

pas.: E = k | q 0 | / r 2 ≈ 5, 8 . 10 11 n/k

masw.: gamoiyeneT Tqvens mier gamoTvlili daZabulobis sidide da gamoTvaleT im Zalis sidide, romelic

moqmedebs eleqtronze birTvis mxridan.

pas.: F = E e ≈ 9,3 . 10 -8 n

3. saubari/axali sakiTxis ganxilva 3wT

masw.: gaixseneT, raSi mdgomareobs ZalTa superpoziciis principi?

pas.: Tu q 0 muxtze erTdroulad ramdenime sxva q 1 , q 2 , ... q n muxtis eleqtruli veli moqmedebs, maSin q 0

muxtze moqmedi ZalTa tolqmedi TiToeuli muxtis mxridan moqmedi eleqtruli Zalebis geometriuli jamis

tolia:

26

F = F 1 + F 2 + ... F n (5)

masw.: gayaviT me-(5) tolobis orive mxare |q 0 | -ze:

gaiTvaliswineT, rom

F 1 /q 0 Sefardeba q 1 muxtis eleqtruli velis daZabulobaa (E 1 ) im wertilSi, romelSic q 0 muxtia moTavsebuli,

F 2 /q 0 Sefardeba q 2 muxtis eleqtruli velis daZabulobaa (E 2 ) im wertilSi, romelSic q 0 muxtia moTavsebuli

da a.S.

E /q 0 Sefardeba ki yvela muxtis mier erToblivad Seqmnili jamuri eleqtruli velis daZabulobaa (E )

im wertilSi, romelSic q 0 muxtia moTavsebuli,

ase, rom rogor saxes miiRebs me-(5) toloba?

pas.: E = E 1 + E 2 + ... E n (6)

masw.: miRebuli me-(6) toloba ki eleqtruli velebis superpoziciis princips gamosaxavs: ramdenime muxtis

mier erTdroulad Seqmnili eleqtruli velis daZabuloba mocemul wertilSi, calke aRebuli TiToeuli

muxtis mier am wertilSi Seqmnili velis daZabulobaTa geometriuli jamis tolia.

eleqtruli velebis superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad, sivrcis erTsa da imave wertilSi SesaZlebelia

ramdenime sxvadasxva muxtis eleqtruli veli erTdroulad arsebobdes da es velebi am wertilSi Setanil

sacdel muxtze erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad moqmedebs, anu rogorc amboben, am wertilSi eleqtruli

velebis zeddeba xdeba (`superpozicia~ `zeddebas` niSnavs).

modi, ganvixiloT sxvadasxva situacia da vnaxoT, velebis superpoziciis principis gaTvaliswinebiT,

rogor SeiZleba vipovoT ramdenime damuxtuli nawilakis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli veli.

4. muSaoba amocana 2 -ze/ diskusia 13wT

amocana 2

ipoveT B da C wertilebSi moTavsebuli ori wertilovani muxtis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis EA daZabuloba im A wertilSi, romelic muxtebis SemaerTebeli wrfeze mdebareobs, Tu cnobilia, rom q = 10 1 -10

k, q = 2 2 . 10-10 k, AB = 3 sm, xolo BC = 9 sm. ganixileT, A wertilis mdebareobis yvela SesaZlo SemTxveva.

amoxsna

masw.: gaixseneT, romeli mimarTulebaaa miCneuli daZabulobis veqtoris mimarTulebad da gamosaxeT

grafikulad q da q muxtebis mier Seqmnili velebis E da E daZabulobebi A wertilSi.

1 2 1 2

pas.: vTqvaT, A wertili B da C wertilebis Soris mdebareobs. velis daZabulobis veqtoris mimarTulebad

miRebulia velSi moTavsebul dadebiT muxtze moqmedi eleqtruli Zalis mimarTuleba,

amitom A wertilSi q da q muxtebis mier Seqmnili velebis E da E daZabulobebi grafikulad ase

1 2 1 2

gamoisaxeba:

B

C

A

q 1

r AB

E 2

rBC sur. 2

E 1

r AC

q 2

masw.: gaiTvaliswineT velebis superpoziciis principi da daweret, ris tolia q 1 da q 2 muxtebis mier

Seqmnili jamuri velis daZabuloba A wertilSi.

pas.: velebis superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad, q 1 da q 2 muxtebis mier Seqmnili jamuri velis daZabuloba

A wertilSi tolia E A = E 1 + E 2

masw.: dafiqrdiT, rogor gamoiTvleba E A -is moduli (gaiTvaliswineT, rom E 1 da E 2 daZabulobebis

veqtorebi erTi wrfis gaswvriv, erTmaneTis sapirispirodaa mimarTuli):

pas.: E 1 da E 2 daZabulobebis veqtorebi erTi wrfis gaswvriv, erTmaneTis sapirispirodaa mimarTuli,

amitom E A = |E 1 - E 2 |

masw.: gaixseneT, rogor gamoiTvleba wertilovani muxtis velis daZabulobis moduli da gamoTvaleT q 1

da q 2 muxtebis mier Seqmnili velebis daZabulobebis moduli A wertilSi:

2 3 2 pas.: E = k |q | / r = 10 v/k ; E2 = k |q | / r = 5 . 2 10 n/k ; EA = |E - E | = 5 1 1 AB

2 AC

1 2 . 102 n/k

|E 1 | > |E 2 |, amitom E A veqtori TanamimarTulia E 1 veqtorisa.

masw.: ganixileT A wertilis mdebareobis sxva SemTxvevebic da TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gamoTvaleT E A

pas.: SesaZloa B wertili A da C wertilebis Soris mdebareobs (an C wertili mdebareobs B-sa da A-s

Soris).

E 1

am SemTxvevaSi E da E daZabulobebis veqtorebi erTi wrfis gaswvriv, erT mxaresaa mimarTuli, ami-

1 2

tom

2 2 E = E + E = k |q | / r + k |q2 | / r = 1,125 . 3 10 n/k;

A 1 2 1 AB

AC

E A veqtori imave mimarTulebisaa, ra mimarTulebisacaa E 1 da E 2 veqtorebi.

5. muSaoba amocana 3-ze / diskusia 14 wT

amocana 3

E 2

A

r AB

B

q 1

r AC

sur. 1.1

ipoveT toli sididisa da sxvadasxvaniSniani ori wertilovani muxtis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis

E A daZabuloba im A wertilSi, romelic mocemuli muxtebidan erTsa da imave r manZilze mdebareobs, Tu

cnobilia, rom muxtebic erTmaneTisgan imave manZiliTaa daSorebuli.

masw.: gaixseneT, ra mimarTulebaaa miRebuli daZabulobis veqtoris mimarTulebad da gamosaxeT grafikulad

q 1 da q 2 muxtebis mier Seqmnili velebis E 1 da E 2 daZabulobebi A wertilSi.

pas.: velis daZabulobis veqtoris mimarTulebad miRebulia velSi moTavsebul dadebiT muxtze moqmedi

eleqtruli Zalis mimarTuleba, amitom A wertilSi q 1 da q 2 muxtebis mier Seqmnili velebis E 1 da E 2 daZabulobebi

grafikulad ase gamoisaxeba:

masw.: gaiTvaliswineT velebis superpoziciis principi da dawereT, ris tolia q 1 da q 2 muxtebis mier

Seqmnili jamuri velis daZabuloba A wertilSi.

r BC

C

q 2

pas.: velebis superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad, q da q muxtebis mier

1 2

Seqmnili jamuri velis daZabuloba A wertilSi tolia E = E + E A 1 2

masw.: gamoiyeneT veqtorebis Sekrebis paralelogramis wesi da aageT EA = E + E 1 2

dafiqrdiT, rogor samkuTxeds qmnis E , E da E veqtorebi, Tu E 1 2 A 1

veqtoris boloze E veqtors movdebT?

2

pas.: E 1 , E 2 da E A veqtorebi qmnian tolgverda samkuTxeds, radgan ΔABC

tolgverda samkuTxedia;

e.i.

E 1 da E 2 veqtorebi moduliT toli veqtorebia: E 1 = E 2 = k |q 0 | / r 2

28

masw.: gamoTvaleT, ris tolia E A -is moduli.

pas.: E A = E 1 = E 2 = k |q 0 | / r 2

amasTan, E A veqtori mimarTulia muxtebis SemaerTebeli wrfis paralelurad

marcxnidan marjvniv.

masw.: amoxseniT amocana 3 im SemTxvevisTvis, roca q 1 = q 2 = + q 0

amocanis amoxsnisas kosinusebis Teorema dagWirdebaT (sur. 1.2). misi

daxmarebiT E A veqtoris modulis povnas SeZlebT, romlis Tanaxmadac a 2 =

b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cosα

r

q 1 = q 0 > 0

E C

A

B

E2 A

r

sur. 1.3

E 1

r

q 2 = q 0 > 0

pas.: E A veqtoris moduli E 1 , E 2 da E A veqtorebiT Seqmnil ΔABC

samkuTxedSi (Tu E 2 veqtoris boloze E 1 veqtors movdebT), AC gverdis

sigrZis tolia, < ABC = 120 0 , amitom kosinusebis, Teoremis Tanaxmad

AC2 = E 2 2 2 = E + E2 - 2 E1 E cos120 1

2 0 2 = 3 E1 E A = ✓3 E 1 = ✓3 k |q 0 | / r 2

SeniSvna: am amocanis amoxsna, cxadia, SeiZleba sxva xerxiTac . mag.,

piTagoras Teoremis gamoyenebiT.

6. saSinao davaleba 1wT

SeniSvna: amocana 1-is, amocana 2-is da amocana 3-is davalebebi (imave amocanebis sxva SemTxvevebi) SeiZleba

saSinao davalebad misceT (Tu maTi damuSaveba gakveTilze ver eswreba).

II Temis damatebiTi amocanebidan: 5, 6, 7.

Sefasdeba

sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba

r

B C

q 1 = q 0

a

A

r

c

E 1

E 2

sur. 1.2

E A

sur. 3

r

b

q 2 =- q 0

Tema: gamtarebi eleqtrostatikur velSi (§ 2.5)

gakveTili # 2

(mimdinare)

gakveTilis dagegmvis cxrili

saswavlo miznebi Tema aqtivobebi moswavleebis

organizeba

cdis Catarebis,

dakvirvebis,

aRweris, varaudis

gamoTqmis, kvlevis,

analizis,

damoukidebeli

azrovnebis,

azris

Camoyalibebisa

da gadacemis,

komunikaciis,

TanamSromlobis,

miRebuli codnis

konkretul

sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebis

unari, drois

limitis dacvis

unari.

dakvirveba

gavleniT

damuxtvis

movlenaze,

muxtebis

gadanawilebaze

eleqtrostatikur

velSi moTavsebul

gamtarSi.

gamtarebi

eleqtrostatikur

velSi

(1sT)

1. Sesavali /

saubari

2. eqsperimenti

3. kiTxva- pasuxi/eqsperimentis

Sedegebis

axsna

4. diskusia

5. eqsperimentebi/

Sedegebis

Sejereba

6. diskusia

jgufebSi

7.

saSinao davaleba

individualuri

mTeli klasi

individualuri

drois

ganawileba

3 wT

7 wT

5 wT

10 wT

7 wT

2 wT

saxelmZRvanelo

resursebi Semowmebis

xerxebi

cdisTvis saWiro xelsawyoebi

TiToeul magidaze

dalagdeba:

ori eleqtroskopi, gamtari

sadenebi, ebonitis joxi,

bewvis naWeri, folga, Stativi

horizontaluri TaTiT,

abreSumis Zafi, minis Rero,

abreSumis qsovili,

liTonis garsacmi an sfero,

liTonis bade, sadgamiani

Rru sfero, liTonis firfita

aragamtari saxeluriT,

liTonis Cxiri, sanTeli,

eleqtroforuli manqana.

dakvirveba

1. Sesavali/saubari 3 wT

maswavlebeli moswavleebs axsenebs: gaixseneT: eleqtrul movlenebze dasakvirveblad cdebis

Catarebis dros aseT rekomendacias gaZleven: sxeuli, romlis damuxtvac gsurT, abreSumis Zafze

unda dakidoT. rogor fiqrobT, ra saWiroa es miTiTeba? ra moxdeba, Tu sxeuls liTonis `Zafze~

dakidebT?

moswavle: liTonis mavTulis gaswvriv eleqtruli muxti gadaadgildeba, xolo abreSumis ZafSi

_ ara

maswavlebeli: diax, swored es SeamCnia 1729 wels ingliselma fizikosma stefan greim cdebis

Catarebisas da mixvda, rom sxvadasxva nivTierebebs eleqtruli muxtis gatarebis gansxvavebuli unari

aqvs. swored mas Semdeg iyofa nivTierebebi (Sesabamisad sxeulebic) muxtis gamtarebad da aragamtarebad.

aragamtarebs faradeim dieleqtrikebi uwoda.

gaixseneT, rogor nivTierebebs ewodeba gamtarebi da CamoTvaleT TqvenTvis cnobili gamtari

nivTierebebi.

moswavle: gamtarebi ewodeba iseT nivTierebebs, romlebSic damuxtuli nawilakebi eleqtruli

velis gavleniT Tavisuflad gadaadgildeba mTel moculobaSi. amis gamo am nawilakebs Tavisufali

muxtebi ewodeba.

gamtarebs miekuTvneba liTonebi, marilebisa da mJavebis wyalxsnarebi (eleqtrolitebi), Cveulebrivi

wyalic (radgan is marilebs Seicavs), adamianis sxeuli.

maswavlebeli: gaixseneT, rogor nivTierebebs ewodebT dieleqtrikebi da CamoTvaleT TqvenTvis

cnobili dieleqtrikebi.

moswavle: dieleqtrikebSi, anu izolatorebSi Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebi, anu damuxtuli

nawilakebi, romlebic Tavisuflad gadaadgildebian nivTierebis mTel moculobaSi, ar aris. dieleqtrikebia

mina, faifuri, qarva, eboniti, kvarci, marmarilo, abreSumi, kaproni da a.S. dieleqtrikebs

aseve zogierTi siTxe (mag., gamoxdili wyali) da yvela airi miekuTvneba.

maswavlebeli: modi, CavataroT cdebi da davakvirdeT sxvadasxva nivTierebis muxtis gamtareblobis

unars.

30

2. eqsperimenti 7 wT

erT magidasTan, romelzec cdebisTvis saWiro xelsawyoebia dalagebuli

4-5 moswavle muSaobs. cdebi martivi Casatarebelia da amasTan, maT

Casatareblad arc bevri droa saWiro, amitom sasurvelia Tu TiToeuli

moswavle cdebs individualurad Caatarebs.

cda I

samuSaos msvleloba:

TiToeuli moswavle:

sur. 2.1

muxtavs eleqtroskops (sur. 2.1);

aerTebs damuxtul eleqtroskops daumuxtav eleqtroskop-

Tan

a) gamtari sadenis saSualebiT

(cdis Sedegi: muxtebi pirveli eleqtroskopidan gadava meoreze

da meorec daimuxteba, rasac eleqtroskopis isris gadaxra

mowmobs (sur.2.2).)

b)ebonitis (dieleqtrikia) joxis an rezinis milis daxmare-

sur. 2.2

biT.

(cdis Sedegi: pirveli eleqtroskopidan meoreze muxtebi ar gadava da da Sesabamisad, meore

eleqtroskopis isari ar gadaixreba (sur. 2.3)).

maswavlebeli: Tu SeiZleba, aRwereT, ra SeamCnieT TiToeul SemTxvevaSi

da riT axsniT cdis Sedegs?

moswavle: Tu damuxtul eleqtroskops daumuxtav eleqtroskopTan

gamtari sadenis saSualebiT SevaerTebT, muxti meore eleqtroskopzec

gadava, xolo Tu eleqtroskopebs ebonitis joxis an rezinis milis daxmarebiT

SevaerTebT, muxti erTi eleqtrometridan meoreze ar gadava,

radgan ebonitic da rezinic dieleqtrikebia da Tavisufali damuxtuli

nawilakebi maTSi ar aris, Sesabamisad muxti erTi eleqtroskopidan

meoreze ar gadaitaneba.

sur. 2.3

damatebiTi masala:

SeniSvna: sasurvelia qvemoT aRwerili cdebic CaataroT. maSin gadasvla II cdaze ufro logikuri

iqneba.

gamtarSi Tavisufali eleqtruli muxtebi SeiZleba Semdegi cdiTac aRmovaCinoT: wvetian sadgamze

davamagroT liTonis Rero, ise, rom mas Tavisuflad SeeZlos brunva vertikaluri RerZis garSemo.

SeaerTeT Rero gamtari sadeniT eleqtrometrTan da darwmundiT, rom mas eleqtruli muxti ar aqvs

(eleqtrometris isari ar gadaixreba).

mivuaxlovoT daeleqtroebuli ebonitis joxi wvetian sadgamze gawonasworebul liTonis Reros

(sur. 2.4). Rero Semobrundeba wvetis garSemo da joxisken miizideba, rac imas niSnavs, rom Reros im mxares,

romelic joxTan ufro axlosaa, gaCnda im muxtis sapirispiro niSnis muxti, romelic joxzea.

muxtis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, Tu sxeulze sxva sxeulidan

muxtis gadmosvla ar xdeba, ar SeiZleba, rom sxeulze arafris Sedegad

gaCndes romelime niSnis muxti, anu Tu eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli

liTonis Reros erT mxares dadebiTi muxti gaCnda, es imas niSnavs,

rom Reros meore mxares sididiT toli da sapirispiro niSnis muxti

arsebobs.

cdis Sedegi imiT aixsneba, rom gamtar ReroSi arsebobda Tavisufali

damuxtuli nawilakebi (am SemTxvevaSi Tavisufali eleqtonebi), da

eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT Tavisufali muxtebis gancalkeveba moxda:

gamtaris erT mxares dadebiTi Warbi muxti dagrovda, xolo meore mxares

_ uaryofiTi.

maswavlebeli: Tqven iciT, Tu rogor moqmedebs eleqtruli veli masSi moTavsebul damuxtul

sxeulze, magram gaixseneT: eleqtruli veli masSi moTavsebul neitralur sxeulebzec moqmedebs mag.,

daeleqtroebuli joxi izidavs aluminis folgisgan damzadebul daumuxtav cilindrs, wylis wvril

Wavls, qaRaldis nakuwebs.

modi, SevecadoT avxsnaT, Tu ratom izidavs damuxtuli sxeuli neitralur sxeuls. CavataroT

cda da amjerad eleqtruli velis moqmedebas masSi moTavsebul neitralur gamtar sxeulze davakvirdeT.

cda II.

moswavleebi

aamzadeben liTonis folgisgan burTulas;

kideben burTulas Stativis TaTze abreSumis an kapronis ZafiT;

burTulasTan axlos miaqvT damuxtuli sxeuli, mag., abreSumis qsovilze xaxunisas daeleqtrovebuli

minis Rero.

maswavlebeli: ra SeamCnieT, rogor imoqmeda neitralur gamtar sxeulze, liTonis folgisgan

damzadebulul burTulaze damuxtulma Rerom?

moswavle: damuxtulma Rerom gamtari burTula miizida.

3. kiTxva-pasuxi / eqsperimentis Sedegis axsna 5 wT

maswavlebeli: modi, vimsjeloT da SevecadoT avxsnaT cdis Sedegi.

gaixseneT, ra ganapirobebs liTonebis karg gamtarobas?

moswavle: liTonis karg gamtarobas Tavisufali eleqtronebis didi

koncentracia ganapirobebs. neitraluri atomebisgan liTonis warmoqmnisas

atomebi erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedeben, ris Sedegadac gare savalento

Sris eleqtronebi sakuTar birTvebs `swydebian~ da kristaluri mesris

kvanZebSi ganlagebul dadebiT ionebs Soris sivrceSi Tavisuflad, nebismieri

mimarTulebiT gadaadgildebian.

maswavlebeli: gaixseneT, minis Rero abreSumis qsovilze xaxunisas

dadebiTad imuxteba. dafiqrdiT, rogor imoqmedebs dadebiTad damuxtuli

Reros veli liTonis cilindris Tavisufal eleqtronebze? saiT gadaadgildeba

eleqtronebi?

moswavle: roca dadebiTad damuxtul Reros liTonis cilindrs mivuaxlovebT,

Rero miizidavs cilindris Tavisufal eleqtronebs. eleqtronebi

burTulis im mxares gadaadgildeba, romel mxaresac Rero uaxlovdeba.

maswavlebeli: rogori niSniT daimuxteba burTulis is mxare, romel-

sur. 2.4

+ +

+

++

_ +

+ +

+

_

_ __ _

_

_+

+

sur. 1

sac Reros miuaxloveb da rogori niSniT daimuxteba burTulis meore, sapirispiro mxare?

moswavle dafaze warmoadgens muxtebis gadanawilebis sqematur suraTs (sur. 1):

urTulis is mxare, romelsac Reros miuaxloveb, uaryofiTad daimuxteba, xolo burTulis

meore, sapirispiro mxare dadebiTad daimuxteba. ase, rom burTulis is mxare, romelic damuxtul

RerosTan axlosaa, uSualo Sexebis gareSe, gavleniT, sapirispiro niSnis muxtiT daeleqtrovdeba da

damuxtuli minis Rero miizidavs neitralur burTulas.

32

4. diskusia 10 wT

maswavlebeli: Cven vnaxeT, rogor gadanawildeba muxtebi gamtar sxeulSi: eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli

liTonis gamtaris Tavisufali eleqtronebi, uaryofiTi muxtis gamo, Zalwirebis sapirispiro

mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba (Zalwirebis mimarTulebad miRebulia dadebiT muxtze moqmedi Zalis

mimarTuleba), dadebiT ionebze ki eleqtruli Zala Zalwirebis mimarTulebiT moqmedebs, Tumca kristaluri

mesris kvanZebSi ganlagebul dadebiT ionebs gadaadgileba ar SeuZliaT.

dafiqrdiT: gaivlis Tu ara liTonis gamtarSi deni eleqtrul velSi Setanisas?

klasSi imarTeba diskusia, romlis Sedegad sxvadasxva mosazrebebis Sejereba moxdeba.

pasuxi: liTonis gamtarSi deni eleqtronebis mowesrigebuli mimarTuli moZraobaa, rasac adgili

aqvs eleqtrul velSi gamtaris Setanisas, dasawyisSi. ase, rom eleqtrul velSi gamtaris Setanisas

liTonis gamtarSi Zalze xanmokle deni gaivlis.

a)

sur. 2.5

b)

maswavlebeli: maS ase, gare eleqtrul vel-

Si gamtaris Setanisas muxtebi gadanawildeba.

Sedegad, gamtaris erT mxares eleqtronebis anu

uaryofiTi muxtis Warbi raodenoba Seiqmneba,

xolo meore mxares - eleqtronebis danaklisi,

anu dadebiTi muxtis siWarbe. es movlena eleqtrostatikuri

induqciis saxeliTaa cnobili.

dafiqrdiT: ra moxdeba, Tu am dros gamtars

Suaze gavWriT?

pasuxi: gamtaris erTi nawili dadebiTad damuxtuli

aRmoCndeba, meore ki – uaryofiTad

(sur. 2.5)

SeniSvna: am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema, erTi SexedviT, advili unda iyos, radgan TiTqos kiTxvaSivea

pasuxi, magram moswavleebs iseTi movlenebisadmi, romelsac TvaliT ver xedaven, yovelTvis aqvT

`undobloba~, amitom am movlenis sademonstraciod SesTavazeT aseTi cdis Catareba:

kondensatorebis firfitebi, romelTac izolatoris sadgamebi aqvs, miadgiT erTmaneTs mWidrod

(sur. 2.6, a). erT-erT firfitas SeaxeT damuxtuli joxi (sur. 2.6, b). firfitebi erTmaneTs daaSoreT,

oRond ise, rom damuxtuli joxis pozicia SenarCundes (sur. 2.6, g).

a) b) g)

sur. 2.6

SeaxeT eleqtroskopis Reros jer erTi firfita

(sur. 2.7, a) (Sedegi: eleqtroskopis isari gadaixreba),

xolo Semdeg imave eleqtroskopis Reros

SeaxeT meore firfita (sur. 2.7, b) (Sedegi: isari

pirvandel mdgomareobas daubrundeba).

maswavlebeli: gamtarSi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi

muxtebis gadanawilebis procesi im momentamde

gagrZeldeba, sanam am muxtebis mier gamtaris

SigniT Seqmnili veli mTlianad gaakompensirebs

gare eleqtrul vels (sur.4). dafiqrdiT: ra moxdeba,

Tu gare da Siga velebi erTmaneTs ar

gaakompensirebs da gamtaris SigniT jamuri

veli nulis toli arasdros gaxdeba? Sesa-

Zlebelia Tu ara es? ratom?

pasuxi: Tu gamtaris SigniT jamuri

veli nulis tolis ar gaxdeba, maSin gamtarSi

uwyvetad gaivlida deni, rasac Tan

gamtaris gaTboba mohyveboda. magram es,

energiis mudmivobis kanonidan gamomdinare,

SeuZlebelia.

maswavlebeli: maS ase, eleqtrul velSi

moTavsebuli gamtaris SigniT eleqtrostatikuri

veli nulis tolia. metic, Tu

damuxtuli an eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli

gamtaris SigniT carieli sivrcea, maSin

am sivrcis nebismier wertilSi daZabuloba

nulis tolia.

SevamowmoT am daskvnis siswore cdebis saSualebiT.

5. eqsperimentebi/Sedegebis Sejereba 10 wT

cda III

E gare = 0

moswavleebi:

daeleqtroebul ebonitis (an

minis) joxs uaxloeben eleqtroskops

(sur. 2. 8, a).

(cdis Sedegi: eleqtroskopis isari

gadaixreba).

daeleqtroebul ebonitis (an

minis) joxs uaxloeben eleqtroskops,

romelsac Camocmuli aqvs liTonis garsacmi

(mag.,sfero) (sur. 2. 8, b).

(cdis Sedegi: eleqtroskopis isari ar gadaixreba)

a) b)

sur. 2.7

maswavlebeli: modi, avxsnaT cdis Sedegi: vTqvaT eleqtroskops dadebiTad damuxtul joxs vuaxlovebT.

rogor daimuxteba eleqtroskopis Reros is mxare, romelic joxTanaa axlos? eleqtroskopis

isari?

daxazeT eleqtroskopi. daawereT mis Reros da isars ra niSnis muxti dagrovdeba maTze.

sur. 4

E gare

E Siga

E = E gare + E Siga = 0

a) b)

sur. 2.8

34

moswavle dafaze xazavs naxazs da muxtebis gadanawilebas

sqematurad gamosaxavs (sur. 2.9, a):

maswavlebeli: vTqvaT, eleqtroskopis

Rero liTonis garsacmiTaa dafaruli da mas

dadebiTad damuxtul joxs vuaxlovebT. rogor

daimuxteba garsacmi? eleqtroskopis korpusi

(gaiTvaliswineT, rom garsacmi da korpusi erTi

mTliani gamtari sxeulia).

moswavle dafaze xazavs naxazs da muxtebis gadanawilebas

sqematurad gamosaxavs (sur. 2.9, b):

maswavlebeli: swored am movlenas emyareba

a)

b)

sur. 2.9

e.w. eleqtrostatikuri dacva: imisaTvis, rom

sxvadasxva sidideTa gamzomi uzustesi xelsawyoebi

gare eleqtruli velebis arasasurveli gavlenisgan daicvan, maT liTonis yuTSi aTavseben.

Tqven iciT am movlenis Sesaxeb. swored es movlenaa Tema

proeqtisa `faradeis galia~.

CavataroT cda da davrwmundeT, rom eleqtrostatikuri

dacvis unari aqvs liTonis badesac:

miuaxloveT daeleqtroebuli ebonitis (an minis) joxi

eleqtroskops, romelsac Camocmuli aqvs liTonis bade.

ras amCnevT?

(cdis Sedegi: eleqtroskopis isari ar gadaixreba (sur.

2.10))

diax, gamoTvlilia, rom gare eleqtruli veli im garemoSi,

romelic liTonis badiTaa Semofargluli, aRwevs

mxolod im siRrmeze, romlis zomac badis ujredis zomis

sur. 2.10

rigisaa.

maswavlebeli: modi, kidev erTi cda CavataroT da davrwmundeT, rom veli damuxtuli sxeulis

SigniT ver aRwevs.

cda IV

moswavleebi:

muxtaven izolirebul sadgamze damagrebul

gamtar Rru sferos (romelic erTi mxridan

Riaa), anu axeben mis zedapirs daeleqtrovebul

minis an ebonitis joxs (sur.5).

liTonis firfitas (romelsac aragamtari

saxeluri aqvs) jer Rru sferos Sida zedapirs

axeben, xolo Semdeg, eleqtroskopis Reros.

(cdis Sedegi: eleqtroskopis isari ar gadaixreba).

liTonis firfitas Rru sferos zedapirs

garedan axeben da Semdeg kvlav eleqtroskops

uaxloeben.

(cdis Sedegi: eleqtroskopis isari gadaixreba).

maswavlebeli: maS ase, ra daskvnas gaakeTebT? aris Tu ara eleqtruli muxti damuxtuli sferos

SigniT? sad aris Tavmoyrili sferos muxti?

sur. 5

moswavleebi akeTeben daskvnas: eleqtruli muxti damuxtuli

sferos SigniT ar aris, is Tavmoyrilia sferos zedapirze.

maswavlebeli: daeleqtroebuli gamtaris mTeli statikuri

muxti mis zedapirzea gadanawilebuli. roca muxtebi wonasworobaSia,

damuxtuli an eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli gamtaris

SigniT eleqtruli muxti ar aris (sur. 2.11).

dafiqrdiT: ra moxdeboda winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi: vTqvaT,

damuxtuli an eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli gamtaris SigniT

eleqtruli muxti arsebobs. SesaZlebelia Tu ara es? ratom?

pasuxi: Tu damuxtuli an eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli

gamtaris SigniT muxti iarsebebda, muxtis maxloblobaSi Seiqmneboda

eleqtruli velic, magram Cven vnaxeT, rom gamtaris

SigniT eleqtrostatikuri veli nulis tolia, maSasadame, muxtebi

gamtarSi mxolod mis zedapirze SeiZleba ganawildes.

maswavlebeli: cnobisaTvis, gamtaris gareT eleqtrostatikuri velis Zalwirebi gamtaris zedapiris

marTobulia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, iarsebebda velis daZabulobis mdgeneli, romelic gamtaris

zedapiris gaswvriv iqneboda mimarTuli. es ki gamtaris zedapiris gaswvriv muxtebis gadaadgilebas

gamoiwvevda da zedapirze deni gaivlida, rac SeuZlebelia, radgan viciT, rom Tu muxtebi wonasworobaSia,

maSin gamtaris zedapirze statikuri, anu uZravi muxtebia gadanawilebuli.

6. diskusia jgufebSi 7 wT

maswavlebeli: daakvirdiT naxazs (sur.6): damuxtuli

(an eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli) gamtari sxeuli

araswori formisaa.

rogoraa gadanawilebuli muxti mis zedapirze? ra

adgilebSia eleqtrostatikuri veli gansakuTrebiT

Zlieria?

pasuxi: Tu damuxtuli an eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli

gamtari sxeuli araswori formisaa, mis zedapirze

muxtebi isea gadanawilebuli, rom eleqtrostatikuri

veli gamtaris wamaxvilebul adgilebTan

ufro Zlieria.

maswavlebeli: diax, swored esaa im movlenis gamomwvevi

mizezi, romelic `eleqtruli qaris~ saxeliTaa cnobili.

modi, CavataroT cda da davakvirdeT am movlenas.

sur. 6

sur. 2.11

cda V

cda tardeba mTeli klasis winaSe sademonstarcio magidaze. cdas moswavleebi maswavleblis

daxmarebiT atareben.

moswavleebi:

Stativis izolirebul TaTSi horizontalurad amagreben grZel wamaxvilebul liTonis

Cxirs da eleqtroforuli manqanis poluss uerTeben.

Cxiris wvetis win anTebul sanTels dgamen da manqanis saxelurs abruneben.

(cdis Sedegi: sanTlis ali wvetis mopirdapire mxares gadaixreba, rac wvetidan monaberi

niavis moqmedebis Sedegia).

maswavlebeli:

daakvirdiT cdas internetSi, misamarTze: http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/electricity.html

(moZebne cda:5B→5B30XX→30.40)

moiZieT informacia internetSi, ra aris `eleqtruli qaris~ gamomwvevi mizezi. (gTavazobT

misamarTs

physics.kenyon.edu/.../Electric_Wind.html an gamoiyene saZiebeli sityva `Electric Wind~)

am movlenis axsna TqvenTvis advili ar iqneba, magram mis damoukideblad axsnas Tqven cota mogvianebiT

mainc SeZlebT, roca viswavliT, Tu ra pirobebSi xdeba haeri gamtari.

movlenis axsna: eleqtruli veli gansakuTrebiT Zlieria wamaxvilebuli liTonis sxeulis wvetis

maxloblad. wvetTan axlos, Zlieri daZabulobis velSi haeris molekulebi deformirdebian da dipolebad

gadaiqcevian.

magaliTisTvis davuSvaT, rom gamtaris wvetze uaryofiTi muxtia dagrovili, maSin wvetis eleqtrul

velSi dipolebi ise orientirdebian, rom maTi dadebiTi mxareebi wvetisken iqneba miqceuli.

uaryofiTad damuxtuli wveti dipolebs miizidavs. wvetTan Sexebisas dipolebi ionizirdebian: wvetze

dagrovili Warbi uaryofiTi muxti dipolebze gadava. uaryofiTi ionebi uaryofiTad damuxtuli

wvetisgan energiulad ganizidebian da am dros Tan haeris neitralur molekulebsac waritaceben.

swored am dros warmoiqmneba `qari~ da sanTlis als dauberavs.

36

7. saSinao davaleba 2 wT

SeecadeT, axsnaT eleqtruli qaris gamomwvevi mizezi.

es davaleba jgufuria, romelzec megobrebTan erTad mogiwevT muSaoba

da Sesabamisad davalebaSefasdeba, rogorc jgufuri namuSevari.

individualuri:

saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemulia Zalian saintereso cda, romelic klasSi

ar gangvixilavs. misi axsna damoukideblad mogiwevT. Tu SeZlebT da suraTze

gamosaxul `saxeldaxelo~ eleqtroskops daamzadebT, cdis Catarebasac

SeZlebT da Tqveni namuSevri maRali quliT Sefasdeba.

im cdas, romelsac qvemoT gTavazobT, eleqtroskopis gavleniT daeleqtroveba

udevs safuZvlad. Caatare es cda da Seecade, axsna misi Zalze

saintereso Sedegebi.

cdis axsna:

_ _ _ _ _

sur. 2.a

II

I

I. sanam eleqtroskopis

Reros damuxtul joxs miuaxlovebT,

Rero neitaraluria, mis nebismier nawilSi

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebi gakompensirebulia

(sur. I).

II. vTqvaT, daumuxtavi eleqtroskopis liTonis Reros

vuaxlovebT uaryofiTad damuxtul joxs.Reros

Tavisufali eleqtronebi ganizidebian joxisgan da firfitebisken

gadaadgildebian. Reros is bolo, romelic

joxTan axlosaa (spiralurad daxveuli) daimuxteba dadebiTad.

Reros meore boloze damagrebuli firfitebi

ki daimuxteba uaryofiTad (sur. II).

III. eleqtroskopis Reroze TiTis Sexebisas

Warbi eleqtronebi, romelic firfitebiskenaa gadaadgilebuli,

gadava TiTze da firfitebi ganeitraldeba.

Sedegad, firfitebi daeSveba (sur. III).

sur. 2.g

V. Tu eleqtroskops joxs mova-

SorebT, neitraluri firfitebidan

eleqtronebi dadebiTad damuxtuli

spiraluri bolosken gadaadgildeba

da es bolo ganeitraldeba. samagierod,

eleqtronebis danaklisi Seiqneba firfitebze

da firfitebi dadebiTad daimuxteba.

isini kvlav gaiSleba (sur. V).

Sefasdeba:

sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba.

IV

IV. joxis pozicia ucvleladaa SenarCunebuli.

TiTis moSorebis Semdeg situacia ar Seicvleba.

joxis eleqtruli velis gavleniT muxtebi

wonasworobas inarCuneben (sur. IV).

sur. 2.d

sur. 2.b

1 - 3 qula 4 - 5 qula 6 - 7 qula 8 -10 qula

arasworad ayali bebs

kvlevis mizans, ver

ayalibebs varauds, ver

aRwers an arasworad

aRwers cdis Sedegebs,

ver akeTebs SedegTa

analizs, ver akeTebs

daskvnebs.

nawilobriv sworad ayalibebs

mizans. ayalibebs,

magram ver asabuTebs Tavis

varauds. CamoTvlis kvlevis

procesis zogierT

etaps. aRwers cdis Sedegs

nawilobriv da usistemod.

akeTebs am Sedegebis nawilobriv

analizs. akeTebs

nawilobriv swor daskvnebs.

ayalibebs mizans.

ayalibebs da nawilobriv

asabuTebs Tavis

varauds. aRwers cdis

Sedegebs srulad,

magram usistemod.

akeTebs Sedegebis analizs.

akeTebs ZiriTad

daskvnebs.

V

III

srulyofilad ayalibebs

kvlevis mizans, ayalibebs

da asabuTebs Tavis

varauds. aRwers cdis

Sedegebs srulad. ake-

Tebs monacemTa analizs

da srulfasovan daskvnebs.

SeuZlia SeZenili

codnis interpretacia.

38

gakveTili # 3

(muSaoba jgufebSi )

Tema: omis kanoni wredis ubnisaTvis da sruli wredisaTvis (§ 3.4 )

gakveTilis dagegmvis cxrili

saswavlo miznebi Tema aqtivobebi moswavleebis

organizeba

analizis,

damoukidebeli

azrovnebis, azris

Camoyalibebisa

da gadacemis,

prezentaciis,

komunikaciis,

cdis Catarebis,

dakvirvebis,

miRebuli codnis

Sejamebis,

miRebuli codnis

konkretul

sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebis,

drois limitis

dacvis unari.

I, U, R-s Soris

urTierTkavSiris

dadgena

omis kanoni

wredis

ubnisaTvis

da sruli

wredisaTvis

§ 3.4

(1sT)

1. Sesavali/

gakveTilis

organizeba

2. eqsperimenti

3.

prezentaciebi

4. muSaoba

jgufebSi/

problemis

gadaWra

5.saSinao

davaleba

jgufuri

jgufebis warmomadgenlebi.

individualuri

drois ganawileba

5 wT

15 wT

10 wT

13 wT

2 wT

saxelmZRvanelo

resursebi Semowmebis

xerxebi

denis wyaro Zabvis regulatoriT

– jgufze 1 cali;

sadgamiani naTura (an rezistori)

– jgufze 1 cali;

ampermetri - jgufze 1

cali;

winaRobebis nakrebi (dafa,

romelzec mocemuli wina-

Robebis mqone sxvadasxva

gamtarebia damagrebuli) -

jgufze 1 cali;

CamrTveli - jgufze 1

cali;

SemaerTebeli sadenebi.

dakvirveba

Canawerebis

gacnoba

1. Sesavali /gakveTilis organizeba: 5 wT

maswavlebeli moswavleebs 4-5 - kacian jgufebad hyofs. jgufebisTvis gankuTvnil samuSao magidebze

cdebisTvis saWiro xelsawyoebi winaswar, gakveTilis dawyebamdea dalagebuli. imis mixedviT, Tu romel cdas

Caatarebs esa Tu is jgufi, maswavlebeli maT sxvadasxva davalebas aZlevs: urigebs furclebs, sadac maTi

davalebaa aRwerili. jgufebis naxevars davaleba I-s aZlevs, xolo meore naxevars davaleba _ II-s.

davaleba I:

CaatareT saxelmZRvaneloSi, § 3.4 -Si aRwerili cda I.

miTiTeba: am cdisTvis SegiZliaT aawyoT wredi, romlis sqema saxelmZRvaneloSi

sur.2-zea mocemuli an wredi, romlis sqemasac davalebis furcelze

gTavazobT (sur. 3.1) da romelSic Zabvis cvlileba SesaZlebelia reostatis

rezistori

saSualebiT. reostatis mcocavi kontaqtis gadaadgilebiT SegiZliaT cvaloT

Zabva wredSi. aageT cdis monacemebis mixedviT denis Zalis Zabvaze

damokidebulebis grafiki ucvleli winaRobis dros.

miTiTeba: grafikis agebisas gaiTvaliswineT, rom denis Zalis gazomva

garkveuli cdomilebiT xdeba, amitom miRebuli wertilebi mxolod miaxlo-

sur. 3.1

ebiT warmodgenas SegiqmniT grafikis Sesaxeb.

agebuli grafikis safuZvelze gaakeTeT daskvna: rogoraa damokidebuli denis Zala gamtarSi gamtaris

boloebze arsebul Zabvaze?

warmoadgineT sakuTari kvlevis Sedegebi prezentaciis saxiT.

reostati

+ _

davaleba II:

CaatareT saxelmZRvaneloSi, § 3.4 -Si aRwerili cda II.

cdis monacemebis mixedviT aageT denis Zalis winaRobaze damokidebulebis grafiki ucvleli Zabvis

dros.

miTiTeba: grafikis agebisas gaiTvaliswineT, rom denis Zalis gazomva garkveuli cdomilebiT xdeba,

amitom miRebuli wertilebi mxolod miaxloebiT warmodgenas SegiqmniT grafikis saxeze.

agebuli grafikis safuZvelze gaakeTeT daskvna: rogoraa damokidebuli denis Zala gamtarSi gamtaris

winaRobaze ucvleli Zabvis dros?

warmoadgineT sakuTari kvlevis Sedegebi prezentaciis saxiT.

eqsperimentis dawyebamde maswavlebeli ganmartavs gakveTilis mizans:

Cven SeviswavleT, Tu ras warmoadgens da rodis aRiZvreba eleqtruli deni liTonis gamtarSi, gavecaniT

am movlenis maxasiaTebel fizikur sidideebs, denis Zalas, Zabvas da winaRobas. albaT SeamCnieT kidec, rom

am sidideebs Soris garkveuli urTierTkavSiri arsebobs.

daakvirdiT sur.1 -s. is TqvenTvis ukve kargad

cnobil analogiaze miganiSnebT. milSi wylis dinebasa

da gamtarSi eleqtronebis dinebas (dens) Soris

arsebuli msgavseba kidev erTxel dagexmarebaT, gamoTqvaT

varaudi denis Zalas, Zabvasa da winaRobas

Soris urTierTkavSiris Taobaze, kerZod, dafiqrdiT:

rogori damokidebulebaa, pirdapirproporciuli

Tu ukuproporciuli, mag., gamtarSi gamaval

denis Zalasa da gamtaris boloebze arsebul Zabvas e e e

e e e e

e e e

e

Soris, Tu gamtaris winaRoba ucvlelia.

miganiSnebT: gaixseneT, rogoraa damokidebuli

erTsa da imave milSi wylis nakadi milis boloebs Soris wnevaTa sxvaobaze da gaavleT paraleli. SegaxsenebT,

rom wylis nakadi analogiuria denis Zalisa, xolo wnevaTa sxvaoba gamtaris boloebze arsebuli Zabvisa.

e e e

e

e e e

e e

e e e

e

e e e e e e e

sur. 1

moswavle:

erTsa da imave milSi wylis nakadi miT meti iqneba, rac meti iqneba milis boloebze wylis wnevaTa sxvaoba.

ase, rom, Tu gamtaris winaRoba ucvlelia (anu milia ucvleli), gamtarSi gamavali denis Zala (wylis

raodenoba) pirdapirproporciulia gamtaris boloebze arsebuli Zabvisa (wnevaTa sxvaobisa): rac metia Zabva

gamtaris boloebze, miT metia gamtarSi denis Zala.

maswavlebeli:

gamoiyeneT kvlav analogia milSi wylis dinebasa da gamtarSi eleqtronebis dinebas (dens) Soris da dafiqrdiT:

rogori damokidebulebaa, pirdapirproporciuli Tu ukuproporciuli, gamtarSi gamaval denis

Zalasa da gamtaris winaRobas Soris, Tu gamtaris boloebze arsebuli Zabva ucvlelia.

gaixseneT, razea damokidebuli sxvadasxva milSi wylis nakadi, Tu milebis boloebs Soris wnevaTa sxvaoba

erTnairia, rogoria es damokidebuleba da gaavleT paraleli.

moswavle:

Tu milebis boloebs Soris wnevaTa sxvaoba erTnairia, wylis nakadi meti iqneba im milSi, romlis ganivkveTis

farTobic metia (anu winaRoba naklebia), amitom analogiis gamoyenebiT SemiZlia davaskvna, rom Tu

gamtaris boloebze arsebuli Zabva ucvlelia, gamtarSi gamavali denis Zala miT metia, rac ufro naklebia

gamtaris winaRoba, anu denis Zala ukuproporciulia gamtaris winaRobisa.

maswavlebeli:

modi, CavataroT cdebi, SevamowmoT Tqvens mier gamoTqmuli varaudebi da davadginoT eqsperimentulad

is urTierTkavSiri, romelic eleqtruli denis maxasiaTebel sidideebs (I, U, R) Soris urTierTkavSirs

asaxavs.

cdebi odnav mometebul safrTxes Seicavs, radgan saqme denis wyarosTan gaqvT. gTxovT, gansakuTrebuli

sifrTxile gamoiCinoT cda II-is Catarebisas, nu SeexebiT xeliT wredSi CarTul winaRobebs.

40

2. eqsperimenti 10 wT

jgufebi iwyeben eqsperimentis Catarebas.

cda I

moswavleebi:

sur. 2 -ze mocemuli sqemis mixedviT awyoben wreds;

zomaven ampermetris saSualebiT naTuraSi (an rezistorSi)

gamavali denis Zalas sxvadasxva Zabvis dros.

cdis Sedegebi SeaqvT cxrilSi da maT mixedviT ageben

grafiks.

SeniSvna: vinaidan denis Zalis gazomva garkveuli cdomilebiT xdeba, moswavleebis

miRebuli wertilebi mxolod miaxloebiT warmodgenas qmnis grafikis

saxeze, anu isini, savaraudod, im wrfis maxloblad ganlagdebian, romelic maSin

miiReboda, Tu cda cdomilebebis gareSe Catardeboda.

ase, rom moswavleebis mier agebuli

I, A

wertilebi savaraudod ase ganlagdeba

R=const

0,6

(sur. 3.2):

0,4

0,2

0

I, A

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0

0,5 1,0 1,5

sur. 3. 3

U, B

cda II

sur. 3 -ze mocemuli sqemis mixedviT awyoben wreds;

wredSi sxvadasxva winaRobebs rTaven (romlebic winaswaraa

cnobili) da zomaven denis Zalas ucvleli Zabvis dros;

cdis Sedegebi

SeaqvT

cxrilSi da maT

U=const

mixedviT ageben

grafiks.

2,5 5,0 7,5 10

sur. 3. 4

xolo idealur SemTxvevaSi, denis Zalis Zabvaze damokidebulebis

grafiks ucvleli winaRobis dros, aqvs sur. 3.3-ze miTiTebuli saxe.

agebul grafikze dayrdnobiT moswavleebi gaakeTeben daskvnas:

denis Zala gamtarSi pirdapirproporciulia gamtaris boloebze

arsebuli Zabvisa (ucvleli winaRobis dros).

R omi

SeniSvna: ucvleli Zabvis dros , denis Zalis winaRobaze

damokidebulebis grafiks aqvs sur. 3.4-ze miTiTebuli

saxe.

agebul grafikze dayrdnobiT moswavleebi gaakeTeben

daskvnas:

denis Zala gamtarSi ukuproporciulia gamtaris wina-

Robisa (ucvleli Zabvis dros).

Y

0

sur. 2

sur. 3

sur. 3. 2

3. prezentaciebi 10 wT

cdebisTvis gankuTvnili drois gasvlis Semdeg TiToeuli jgufis warmomadgeneli akeTebs prezentacias:

mTel klass warudgens Tavis jgufis mier agebul grafiks da daskvnas, romelic maT agebuli grafikis

safuZvelzec gaakeTes.

maswavlebeli Seajamebs jgufebis mier warmodgenil Sedegebs da saboloo daskvnis saxiT Camoayalibebs:

denis Zalas, Zabvasa da winaRobas Soris urTierTkavSiri eqsperimentulad 1826 wels georg omis mier

iqna dadgenili. mis mier aRmoCenili iqna kanoni, romelic asaxavs wredis garkveul ubanSi gamavali denis

Zalis damokidebulebas am ubnis boloebze arsebul Zabvasa da ubnis winaRobaze. SemdgomSi am kanons omis

kanoni ewoda:

wredis ubanSi gamavali denis Zala pirdapirproporciulia am ubnis boloebze arsebuli Zabvisa da ukuproporciulia

ubnis winaRobisa:

I = U / R (1)

swored omis kanonis safuZvelze dadginda winaRobis erTeuli - 1 omi, romelsac saxeli mecnieris pativsacemad

ewoda.

4. kiTxva-pasuxi 10 wT

maswavlebeli:

es kanoni wredis garkveuli ubnisTvisaa, magram Tqven iciT, rom sruli wredi ori, gare da Siga ubnisgan

Sedgeba.

gaixseneT, ra qmnis wredis gare ubans da ra qmnis wredis Siga ubans?

moswavle: wredis gare ubans SemaerTebeli sadenebi da eleqtroxelsawyoebi qmnis, wredis Siga ubans ki

_ denis wyaro.

maswavlebeli:

eleqtruli wredis TiToeul ubans Tavisi winaRoba aqvs. wredis gare ubnis

winaRobas gare winaRoba (aRiniSneba R – iT) hqvia, Sida ubnis, anu denis wyaros

winaRobas ki- Sida winaRoba ( aRiniSneba r – iT).

mag., generatorSi r gragnilis winaRobaa, galvanur elementSi ki-eleqtrolitis

xsnaris.

ganvixiloT umartivesi Sekruli wredi, romelsac qmnis denis wyaro, romlis

Sida winaRoba r-is tolia da R winaRobis mqone rezistori (sur. 4).

gaixseneT, ra bunebisaa Zalebia gare Zalebi?

moswavle: muxtze moqmed nebismier Zalas, garda eleqtrostatikuri Zalisa,

gare Zala hqvia.

maswavlebeli: ra aris denis wyaros eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala ξ ?

moswavle: eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala ewodeba skalarul sidides, romelic im muSaobis tolia, romelsac

asruleben gare Zalebi denis wyaros SigniT uaryofiTidan dadebiT polusze erTeulovani dadebiTi

muxtis gadatanisas.

maswavlebeli: dafiqrdiT: Tu raRac drois ganmavlobaSi Siga wredSi (denis wyaros SigniT) uaryofi-

Tidan dadebiT polusze q muxti gadaitaneba, maSin ris tolia am muxtis gadaadgilebaze gare Zalebis mier

Sesrulebuli muSaoba?

moswavle pasuxobs da dafaze wers Sesabamis formulas: Tu raRac drois ganmavlobaSi Siga wredSi uaryofi-

Tidan dadebiT polusze q muxti gadaitaneba, maSin am muxtis gadaadgilebaze gare Zalebis mier Sesrulebuli

muSaoba gamoiTvleba formuliT:

A g = ξ q (3)

maswavlebeli: gaixseneT: denis gavlisas gamtarSi siTbo gamoiyofa. wredSi denis gavlisas siTbo gamoiyofa

ara marto wredis gare ubanze, aramed Siga ubanzec. swored gare Zalebis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis xarjze

xdeba energiis im danakargis kompensireba, romelic wredSi denis gavlas Tan axlavs. amitom

A g = ΔE (4)

r

I

R

sur. 4

amasTan, Tu wredSi qimiuri gardaqmna ar xdeba da meqanikuri muSaoba ar sruldeba, energiis mudmivobis

kanonis Tanaxmad, energiis cvlileba eleqtruli velis mier wredis gare da Siga ubnebze q muxtis gadaadgilebaze

Sesrulebuli muSaobis tolia.

gaixseneT, rogor gamoiTvleba eleqtruli velis mier wredis ubanze q muxtis gadaadgilebaze Sesrulebuli

muSaoba?

moswavle pasuxobs da dafaze wers Sesabamis formulas: eleqtruli velis mier wredis ubanze q muxtis

gadaadgilebaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba gamoiTvleba formuliT: A = U q, amitom eleqtruli velis mier wredis

gare da Siga ubnebze q muxtis gadaadgilebaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba tolia: A = A 1 + A 2 = U 1 q + U 2 q

xolo wredSi energiis cvlileba ΔE = A = A 1 + A 2 = U 1 q + U 2 q

maswavlebeli: gaiTvaliswineT, rom Ag = ξ q da Ag = ΔE. rogor saxes miiRebs me-(4)?

moswavle wers dafaze: ξ q = U 1 q + U 2 q gamartivebis Semdeg miviRebT

ξ = U 1 + U 2

maswavlebeli: gaiTvaliswineT omis kanoni wredis ubnisaTvis. rogor saxes miiRebs miRebuli toloba:

ξ = IR + Ir (5)

wredis ubanSi gamavali denis Zalis namravls ubnis winaRobaze xSirad uwodeben Zabvis vardnas am ubanze.

ase, rom me-(5) formulis Tanaxmad denis wyaros emZ wredis Siga da gare ubnebze Zabvis vardnaTa jamis tolia.

me-(5) formulidan gamomdinareobs:

I = ξ /(R + r) (6)

swored me-(6) formula gamosaxavs omis kanons sruli wredisTvis:

denis Zala srul wredSi pirdapirproporciulia denis wyaros emZ-sa da ukuproporciulia wredis Siga da

gare winaRobaTa jamisa (anu wredis sruli winaRobisa).

4. muSaoba jgufebSi 10 wT

maswavlebeli jgufebs aZlevs davalebas:

moifiqreT eqsperimenti, romlis daxmarebiTac denis wyaros emZ-sa da Siga winaRobis gansazRvras SeZlebT.

miTiTeba 1.: sanam eqsperiments moifiqrebT, manamde moamzadeT samuSaos Sesrulebis Teoriuli Sinaarsi

da CamoayalibeT meTodis arsi, romelic eqsperimentis safuZvels warmoadgens.

miganiSnebT: vTqvaT, wredSi denis wyarosTan jer R 1 winaRobis rezistori, xolo Semdeg R 2 winaRobis

rezistori CarTeT. dawereT TiToeul SemTxvevaSi omis kanoni sruli wredisaTvis. CaTvaleT, rom miRebul

gantolebaTa sistemaSi ucnobi mxolod ξ da r –ia, radgan yvela danarCeni sidide an winaswar cnobilia, an

SesaZlebelia misi gazomva eqsperimentis saSualebiT.

gamoricxeT gantolebaTa sistemidan ξ da ipoveT r.

miTiTeba 2.: ξ -is gasagebad ki winaswar, me-(6) formulis analizis safuZvelze gaarkvieT, ris tolia

denis wyaros emZ Tu R →∞, anu roca wredis gare winaRoba Zalian didia. aseTi situacia maSin iqmneba, roca

wredi Caketili ar aris da wyaros polusebs Soris haeris aragamtari Sualedia.

jgufebi muSaoben, konsultaciisTvis mimarTaven maswavlebels da gakveTilis bolomde Tu damTavrebas

ara, garkveuli monaxazis gakeTebas mainc axerxeben. davalebas damoukideblad miiyvanen bolomde da momdevno

gakveTilze dasrulebuls warmoadgenen klasSi prezentaciis saxiT, romelsac savaraudod aseTi saxe eqneba:

eqsperimentuli davaleba: denis wyaros emZ-sa da Siga winaRobis gansazRvra.

cdisTvis saWiro xelsawyoebi: mudmivi denis wyaro, ampermetri, voltmetri, sxvadasxva winaRobis mqone

ori rezistori, mimyvani sadenebi, CamrTveli.

samuSaos Sesrulebis Sinaarsi da meTodi:

sruli wredisaTvis omis kanonis Tanaxmad, denis wyaros emZ, misi Siga winaRoba, denis Zala wredSi da

gare wredis winaRoba erTmaneTTan urTierTkavSirSia da maT Soris damokidebuleba maTematikurad ase

gamoisaxeba:

I = ξ /(R + r) (I)

Tu gamosakvlev denis wyaros polusebs mivuerTebT jer R 1 winaRobis rezistors, xolo Semdeg R 2

winaRobis rezistors da TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gavzomavT rezistorebSi gamaval denis Zalas, I formulis

Tanaxmad miviRebT ori gantolebis sistemas:

I 1 = ξ /(R 1 + r)

I 2 = ξ /(R 2 + r)

gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsnis Sedegad miviRebT, rom

r = ( I 2 R 2 - I 1 R 1 ) / ( I 1 – I 2 ) (II)

xolo ξ = I 1 (R 1 + r) an ξ = I 2 (R 2 + r) (III)

I formulidan gamomdinareobs, rom Tu wredis gare winaRoba Zalian

didia Siga winaRobasTan SedarebiT (R>> r ) maSin ξ = IR + Ir ≈

IR = U,

anu Tu R →∞, denis wyaros polusebze Zabva denis wyaros emZ-s tolia.

msgavsi situacia maSin iqmneba, roca wredi Caketili ar aris da

wyaros polusebs Soris haeris aragamtari Sualedia, amitom imisaTvis,

rom SevamowmoT, Tu ramdenad zustia Cvens mier gamoTvlili emZ, wredi

unda gaiTiSos da voltmetris saSualebiT denis wyaros polusebs Soris

Zabva gaizomos. Zabvis mniSvneloba miaxloebiT denis wyaros emZ-s

toli unda iyos.

samuSaos msvleloba

aawyeT wredi mocemuli sqemis mixedviT da gazomeT denis Zala wredSi.

SecvaleT R1 rezistori R rezistoriT da kvlav aiReT anaTvali ampermetrze.

2

gamoTvaleTII da III formulebis saSualebiT denis wyaros emZ, misi Siga winaRoba.

gaTiSeT wredi, miuerTeT denis wyaros polusebs voltmetri da aiReT anaTvali.

SeadareT, emTxveva Tu ara gamoTvlebis Sedegad miRebuli denis wyaros emZ-s mniSvneloba pirdapiri

gazomvis Sedegs.

cdisa da gamoTvlebis Sedegebi SeitaneT cxrilSi.

I1 (a) I2 (a) R1 (omi) R (omi) r (omi) ξ (v) U (v)

2

SeniSvna: maswavlebelTan eqsperimentis etapebis SeTanxmebis Semdeg moswavleebs SeuZliaT misi Catareba

saskolo laboratoriaSi.

5. saSinao davaleba 10 wT

gakveTilis darCenil droSi jgufuri samuSaos bolomde miyvanas ver moaswrebT, amitom gTxovT es davaleba

damoukideblad miiyvanoT bolomde, gaiTvaliswineT, davaleba jgufuria, amitom SeinarCuneT Tqveni

jgufis Semadgenloba da SeecadeT, erTad imuSaoT am problemaze. momdevno gakveTilze ki Sesrulebuli

davaleba prezentaciis saxiT warmoadgineT. aseve dagirigebT furclebs, romelzedac individualurad Sesasrulebel

davalebebs gTavazobT.

1. gaaanalize (1)-li formula: ra SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom gamtaris winaRoba 1 omia?

(pas.: gamtaris winaRoba 1 omia, Tu masSi 1 amperi deni aRiZvreba maSin, roca mis boloebze Zabva 1voltia)

2. (1)-li formulidan gamomdinareobs, rom

R = U / I (2)

gaaanalize miRebuli formula da dafiqrdi: marTebulia Tu ara, mtkiceba:

gamtaris winaRoba proporciulia gamtaris boloebze arsebuli Zabvisa da ukuproporciulia gamtarSi

gamavali denis Zalis. ratom?

(pas.: mocemuli gamtaris winaRoba mudmivia da ar aris damokidebuli arc Zabvaze da arc denis Zalaze,

amitom me-(2) formulis Tanaxmad aseTi mtkiceba marTebuli ara aris. Secdomaa me-(2) formulis aseTnairad

`wakiTxva~. me-(2) formula SesaZlebelia ase `waikiTxos~ :

R 1

sur. 3. 5

mocemuli gamtaris winaRoba tolia am gamtaris boloebze arsebuli Zabvis fardobisa gamtarSi gamaval

denis ZalasTan;

an

gamtaris boloebze arsebuli Zabvis fardoba gamtarSi gamaval denis ZalasTan, Zabvis nebismieri cvlilebisas,

mudmivi sididea).

3. gaaanalize me-(6) formula da ganixile SemTxveva, roca wredis gare winaRoba Zalian mcirea.

gaarkvie, ra aris mokle CarTva da ra zomebs mimarTaven, rom mokle CarTvisas xanZari Tavidan aicilon.

(pas.: imisaTvis, rom mokle CarTvisas denis wyaros, sadenebisa da eleqtroxelsawyoebis dazianeba Tavidan

aicilon, binis da asevev yvela eleqtro-da radiomowyobilobebis mkvebavi sadenis dasawyisSi ayeneben

sxvadasxvanair damcvelebs. damcvelis erT-erT saxes, dnobad damcvels VIII klasSi gavecaniT. misi mTavari

nawili mavTulia, romelic masSi dasaSvebze maRali denis gavlisas dneba. ris Sedegadac wredi ganirTveba.

yofa-cxovrebaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli avtomaturi damcvelebi: denis gazrdisas isini avtomaturad

ganrTaven wreds).

44

Sefasdeba:

sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba

prezentacia

saSinao davaleba

Tema: eleqtruli deni (Tema III)

gakveTili # 4

(I Temis Semajamebeli gakveTili/damoukidebeli weriTi davaleba )

gakveTilis dagegmvis cxrili

saswavlo miznebi Tema aqtivobebi moswavleebis

organizeba

damoukidebeli

azrovnebis,

azris Camoyalibebisa

da werilobiTi formiT

gadacemis, problemis

gadaWris gzis Ziebis,

miRebuli codnis

konkretul sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebis, drois

limitis dacvis

unarebis ganviTareba.

Tema III

eleqtruli

deni

(1sT)

1.

Sesavali

2. weriTi davalebebi

3.saSinao davaleba

individualuri

drois

ganawileba

5 wT

37 wT

3 wT

resursebi Semowmebis

xerxebi

danarTi, romelzedac

Semajamebeli samuSos

davalebebia mocemuli

(1cali-TiTo moswavleze)

dakvirveba,

weriTi

davalebebis

Semowmeba.

1. Sesavali/ gakveTilis organizeba 5wT

maswavlebeli TiToeul moswavles urigebs danarTs _furcels, romelzedac Semajamebeli samuSao

davalebebia mocemuli.

(SeniSvna: maswavleblis wignSi gTavazobT Semajamebeli samuSaos nimuSs (#3 Semajamebeli samuSao Temaze:

`eleqtruli deni.~ I -II varianti gv. 112) , Tumca is mxolod sarekomendacio xasiaTisaa. SegiZliaT

davalebebi Tqveni Sexedulebebisamebr SeadginoT)

2. weriTi davalebebi 37wT

moswavleebi muSaoben damoukideblad. ecadeT, gamoumuSaoT maT es unari. SeaxseneT, rom gadawera

dauSvebelia, radgan es uRirsi saqcielia da gadawerili namuSevari ar Sefasdeba.

Semajamebeli samuSaosTvis micemuli drois amowurvis Semdeg moswavleebi namuSevrebs abareben

maswavlebels.

(SeniSvna: maswavlebeli SeZlebisdagvarad unda ecados, rom namuSevrebi droulad iqnes gasworebuli.

moswavleebi xom ase mouTmenlad elian sakuTari Sromis Sedegebs.)

R 1

R 2

R 1

R2

46

III. saSinao davaleba 3wT

sTxoveT moswavleebs, amoarCion maT mier momzadebuli, gavlili masalis Sesabamisi saprezentacio

Temebidan saukeTeso da warmoadginon momdevno gakveTilze

farTo auditoriis winaSe.

Sefasdeba:

Semajamebeli samuSao

Tvisebrivi amocanebi

amocanebi, romlebic

maTematikuri

aparatis gamoyenebas

moiTxovs

1 - 3 qula 4 - 5 qula 6 - 7 qula 8 -10 qula

ramdenime amocanaze

pasuxi gacemulia

dasabuTebis gareSe

moyvanilia ramdenime

ZiriTadi formula,

amocanebis

amoxsnis gareSe

yvela amocanaze

pasuxi gacemulia

dasabuTebis gareSe

amoxsnilia erTi

amocana

ramdenime amocanis

pasuxi dasabuTebulia

amoxsnilia nawili

amocanebisa

an yvela amocana

amoxsnilia arasrulad

yvela amocanis

pasuxi dasabuTebulia

amoxsnilia yvela

amocana

Tema: dedamiwis magnituri veli

gakveTili # 5

(Tavisufali gakveTili - konferencia )

gakveTilis dagegmvis cxrili

saswavlo miznebi Tema aqtivobebi moswavleebis

organizeba

informaciis moZiebis,

azris Camoyalibebisa

da gadacemis,

komunikaciis, TanamSromlobisa,

drois limitis dacvis

unari.

dedamiwis magnituri

velis gacnoba da

gaazreba imisa, Tu

ra mniSvneloba aqvs

planetisTvis mis arsebobas.

dedamiwis

magnituri

veli

(1sT)

1. Sesavali

2. pres-konferencia;

3.Sejameba;

4.saSinao davaleba

drois

ganawileba

jgufebi 2 wT

35 wT

7 wT

1 wT

saxelmZRvanelo

interneti

resursebi Semowmebis

xerxebi

dakvirveba

konferenciis mzadebis procesSi moswavleebi dayofilebi arian 4-5 - kacian jgufebad, romelTa pirobiTi

dasaxelebebia:

`Jurnalistebi~

`fizikosebi~

`astronomebi~

`biologebi~

`eqimebi~

konferenciis mzadebis

pirveli etapi: TiToeuli jgufi Temas, `dedamiwis magnituri veli~, mTlianobaSi ganixilavs da saintereso

kiTxvebs moamzadebs, romelsac jgufis wevrebi preskonferenciaze sxva jgufebs dausvamen. garda

amisa, TiToeul jgufs mouwevs Seafasos, Tu rogor gasca pasuxi `Jurnalistis~ (an damswre sazogadoebis)

mier dasmul kiTxvas sxva jgufis warmomadgenelma, ramdenad amomwuravi iyo pasuxi, ra SeeZloT daematebinaT,

raze ver upasuxes da a.S. amitom TiToeul jgufs informacia unda hqondes ara marto im sakiTxebis Sesaxeb,

romlebic maT `specialobas~ Seesabameba, aramed mTlianad Temis Sesaxeb.

meore etapi: jgufebi `profilis~ mixedviT maTTvis gankuTvnil sakiTxebs ukve calke da amasTan, ufro

dawvrilebiT Seiswavlian. amzadeben prezentaciebs, muSaobis procesSi periodulad konsultaciebs gadian

maswavlebelTan, romelic maT saTanado SeniSvnebs aZlevs.

gansakuTrebuli datvirTva konferenciis mzadebisas, misi msvlelobisa da damTavrebis Semdegac `Jurnalistebs~

aqvT. maT unda SeZlon Temis mTlianobaSi gaazrebis Semdeg misgan mTavari sakiTxebis gamoyofa da

SekiTxvebis iseTi TanmimdevrobiT momzadeba, rom maT mier dasmulma kiTxvebma konferenciaze warmodgenili

sakiTxi ar daanawevros, logikuri jaWvi ar gawyvitos da gaugebari ar gaxados. piriqiT, SekiTxvebma swori

mimarTuleba unda misces konferenciis msvlelobas, yoveli momdevno pasuxi winas logikuri gagrZeleba unda

iyos da a.S. `Jurnalistebis~ SekiTxvebi sxva jgufebisgan dafarulad unda mzaddebodes, am jgufis muSaoba

swored maT mier dasmuli kiTxvebis mixedviT Sefasdeba, mag., ramdenad marTebulad iyo SekiTxva dasmuli,

iyo Tu ara saerTod saWiro ama Tu im SekiTxvis dasma, ramdenad saintereso iyo maT mier dasmuli kiTxvebi

da Sesabamisad, ramdenad SeZles saintereso diskusia gamoewviaT da a. S.

preskonferenciis dros `Jurnalistebi~ akeTeben Canawerebs diskusiis msvlelobis Sesaxeb, iReben fotoebs.

gakveTilis dawyebamde jgufebi amzadeben TavianT kuTxes: kedlebze gaakraven prezentaciebis Sesabamis

Tematur plakatebs da moamzadeben teqnikur saSualebebs mag., kompiuters, saproeqcio aparats (Tu, ra Tqma

unda, maTi gamoyeneba uxdebaT proeqtis wardgenisas) an dagegmil cdas moamzadeben.

preskonferenciis msvlelobisas maswavlebeli moswavleebs reglamentis dacvaSi exmareba, aZlevs SekiTxvis

dasmis uflebas `Jurnalists` an sxva romelime jgufis warmomadgenels (an sulac damswre sazogadoebidan

SekiTxvis msurvels), aZlevs sityvas `mecnierebs~ da bolos ajamebs gakveTilis Sedegebs.

48

1. Sesavali 3 wT

maswavlebeli miesalmeba damswre sazogadoebas da ganmartavs gakveTilis mizans: Cveni dRevandeli gakveTili

preskonferenciis saxiT warimarTeba. pres-konferenciis Temaa dedamiwis magnituri veli da misi gavlena

planetis mcxovrebTa sicocxlisunarianobaze.

konferencia Cveni klasis `samecniero~ sazogadoebis wevrebma moamzades. isini Tqvens winaSe warsdgebian

fizikosebis, astronomebis, biologebis da eqimebis rolSi. cxadia, konferencias eswrebian `Jurnalistebic~,

romlebic Cvens `mecnierebs~ yvelasaTvis saintereso kiTxvebs dausvamen. cxadia, maT garda kiTxvebis dasma

Tqvenc, damswre sazogadoebasac, SegiZliaT.

2. preskonferencia 35 wT

maS ase, SegaxsenebT, rom `magniti~ berZnulad niSnavs qvas

`magnesiidan~ . es saxeli mas Zvelma berZenma dramaturgma evripidem

Searqva, radgan swored qalaq magnesiis (mcire azia) maxloblad

poulobdnen xSirad am ucnaur qvas, romelic rkinis sxeulebs izidavda.

magnitur movlenebs adamianebi uZvelesi droidan icnobdnen.

minda pirveli SekiTxva `fizikosebs~ davusva:

ra amtkicebs imas, rom adamianebi uZvelesi droidan icnobdnen

magnitur movlenebs da rodis daamtkices, rom dedamiwis garSemo

magnituri veli arsebobs?

`fizikosebis~ pasuxi:

magnitis Tvisebebi Zv. w. VI saukuneSi CinelebisTvis ukve cnobili

iyo. maT magnits `Cu-Su~, anu `mosiyvarule qva~ Searqves swored mis

mier rkinis sxeulebis mizidulobis gasaocari unaris gamo.

adamianebisTvis uZvelesi droidan iyo cnobili, rom kompasis

magnituri isari yovelTvis erTi gansazRvruli mimarTulebiT orientirdeba.

kompasis gamogonebas daaxloebiT ori aTasi wlis istoria

aqvs. sur.1-ze erT-erTi uZvelesi Cinuri kompasia gamosaxuli. mas

samxreTis maCvenebels uwodebdnen. isris rols am kompasSi `kovzi~

asrulebda, romelic bunebrivi magnitisgan iyo damzadebuli da

vertikaluri RerZis garSemo Tavisuflad brunavda. gTxovT CarToT

proeqtori. videomasalaze Cans, Tu rogor moqmedebs uZvelesi Cinuri

kompasis mixedviT damzadebuli misi Tanamedrove analogi (http://www.

grand-illusions.com/acatalog/Han_Dynasty_Compass.html)

sxvaTa Soris, sxva uZveles miRwevebTan erTad, kompasis gamogo-

sur. 1

sur. 5. 1

neba Cinelebs dResac erovnuli siamayis grZnobiT avsebs.

CineTis olimpiadaze reJisorebma erT - erTi grandiozuli

scena swored am kompasis wardgenas dauTmes (sur. 5.1).

pirvelad kompasis isris `qceva~, 1600 wels, inglisis

samefo karis eqimma uiliam gilbertma axsna. man dawera wigni

`magnitebis, magnituri sxeulebis da didi magnitis-dedamiwis

Sesaxeb~. gilbertma gamoTqva azri, rom dedamiwa gigantur

magnits warmoadgens da Tavisi azris marTebuloba cdiTac

daamtkica:

man bunebrivi magnitisgan daamzadebuli birTvis (`terella~)

(sur. 5.2) zedapirze magnituri isari moaTavsa. magnituri

isari zustad ise iqceoda, rogorc kompasis isari: is mudmivad

erTi gansazRvruli mimarTulebiT orientirdeboda.

gilbertamde kompasis isris `qcevas~ sxvagvarad xsnid-

sur. 5. 2

nen. adamianebi Tvlidnen, rom kompasis isars polaruli

varskvlavi izidavda…. istoriam erTi saintereso faqti Semogvinaxa, romelic kolumbis mier amerikis kontinentis

aRmoCenas ukavSirdeba. kontinentTan miaxloebulma xomaldis ekipaJma moulodnelad aRmoaCina,

rom kompasis isari polaruli varskvlavisken aRar iyo mimarTuli. am ambavma maTSi saSineli dabneuloba

gamoiwvia. SeSinebulebi ukan dabrunebas iTxovdnen, radgan Tvlidnen, rom isari aucileblad polaruli varskvlavisken

unda yofiliyo mimarTuli da momxdars cudis niSnad miiCnevdnen. kolumbma, romelmac Tavadac

ver axsna kompasis isris gadaxra, mainc moaxerxa mezRvaurTa damSvideba da mogzauroba ganagrZo. ase, rom

mcdari informacia kompasis isris `qcevis~ Sesaxeb kinaRam mogzaurobis CaSlis mizezi gaxda, rac amerikis

aRmoCenas, albaT, wlobiT daagvianebda.

`Jurnalistebis~ SekiTxva : gvinda SekiTxva `fizikosebs~ davusvaT: ra mtkicebulebebi arsebobs imisa,

rom dedamiwis garSemo magnituri velia?

`fizikosebis~ pasuxi:

Tqven iciT, rom magnitur isars, rogorc yvela magnits, ori polusi aqvs. is faqti, rom kompasis isari

yovelTvis erTi da imave mimarTulebiT orientirdeba, imaze mianiSnebs, rom magnituri veli dedamiwis gar-

Semoc arsebobs da swored es veli `aiZulebs~ magnitur isars mudmivad erTi mimarTulebiT `iyuros~.

ase, rom dedamiwac magnitia: kompasis isari Tavisi CrdiloeT polusiT yovelTvis dedamiwis magnituri

samxreT polusisken `iyureba~, romelic dedamiwis CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi (uelsis princis kunZulze)

mdebareobs.

gilbertma dedamiwis magnituri velis arsebobis dasamtkiceblad Tavis droze aseTi faqtic ki gaixsena:

fanjris vertikaluri rkinis darabebi droTa ganmavlobaSi magnitdeboda (gilberti savsebiT sworad

miiCnevda, rom es dedamiwis magnituri velis gavleniT xdeboda), zustad ise, rogorc rkinis patara naWeri

mudmivi magnitis gavleniT magnitdeba. cnobilia SemTxvevebi, roca sazRvao xomaldebis liTonis korpusebi

dedamiwis magnituri velis gavleniT magnitdeboda da xomaldi gigantur mcurav magnits emsgavseboda.

`Jurnalistebis~ SekiTxva :

ra aris dedamiwis magnetizmis warmoSobis mizezi, anu ratom aqvs dedamiwas magnituri veli?

`fizikosebis~ pasuxi:

Tanamedrove mecnieruli Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad, amis mizezi dedamiwis birTvSi mimdinare procesebia.

dedamiwis birTvi gavarvarebuli Txevadi eleqtrogamtari nivTierebisgan Sedgeba. birTvSi wriuli denebi

cirkulireben da swored isini qmnian dedamiwis magnitur vels. 1958 wels mecnierebma specialuri aparatebis

saSualebiT aRmoaCines dedamiwis garSemo ori sartyelis arseboba, romlebic ekvatorul sibrtyeSi

mdebareobs. orive sartyeli (maT radiaciul sartylebs uwodeben) damuxtuli nawilakebis, protonebisa

da eleqtronebis nakads warmoadgens. isini wriul dens qmnian da es kidev erTi mizezia dedamiwis garSemo

magnituri velis arsebobisa.

50

samxreTi

geografiuli

polusi

samxreTi

magnituri

polusi

CrdiloeTi

magnituri

polusi

sur. 2

CrdiloeTi

geografiuli

polusi

`Jurnalistebis~ SekiTxva :

ra Tvisebebi aqvs dedamiwis magnitur vels?

`fizikosebis~ pasuxi:

planetis zedapirTan axlos dedamiwis magnituri

veli, miaxloebiT, zolovani magnitis vels gavs, romlis

samxreTi polusi dedamiwis Crdilo geografiuli polusis

axlos mdebareobs, xolo magnituri Crdilo polusi

samxreT naxevarsferoSia, geografiul polusTan axlos.

dedamiwis magnituri velis polusebi ar emTxveva geografiul

polusebs da isini dedamiwis siRrmeSi mdebareobs

(da ara dedamiwis zedapirze). Tu Cven warmosaxviT RerZs

gavavlebT dedamiwis magnitur polusebs Sors, miviRebT

RerZs, romelic ar emTxveva dedamiwis diametrs (es erT

-erTi Taviseburebaa dedamiwis magnituri velisa). magnitur polusebze gamavali RerZi dedamiwis brunvis

RerZis mimarT 11,5 0 -iTaa daxrilia (sur.2).

kidev erTi Tavisebureba dedamiwis magnituri velis is aris, rom xdeba misi polusebis dreifi: isini

mdebareobas icvlian geografiuli polusebis mimarT. cnobilia, rom polusebis dreifis siCqare mudmivi ar

aris: XX saukunis dasawyisSi Crdilo magnituri polusis dreifis siCqare weliwadSi ramdenime kolometriT

ganisazRvreboda, 70-ian wlebSi weliwadSi 10 km iyo, xolo amJamad weliwadSi 40 km-ia.

(http://class-fi zika.narod.ru/8_m16.htm).

garda amisa, dedamiwis magnituri veli, sakmarisad didi intervalebis Semdeg orientacias icvlis: misi

polusebi sapirispiroTi icvleba. cnobilia, rom ukanasknelad polusebi dedamiwis magniturma velma 780 000

wlis win Seicvala. sul axlaxans ki gamoCnda informacia, rom germaneli mecnierebi bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi

dedamiwis magnitur velze dakvirvebebis Sedegad mividnen im azramde, rom Zalian male polusebis

xelaxali cvlilebaa mosalodneli.

(gaige am uaxlesi informaciis Sesaxeb internetSi: http://podrobnosti.ua/technologies/2008/07/10/538774.html

http://scienceblog.ru/2008/08/22/v-skorom-vremeni-proizoydet-smena-magnitnyih-polyusov-zemli/

dedamiwis magnituri veli icavs dedamiwas mzis radiaciisgan. is erTgvari faria Cveni planetisTvis.

dedamiwa mis gareSe usicocxlo udabnos daemsgavseboda da masze sicocxle gaqreboda.

`Jurnalistebis~ SekiTxva:

ucvlelia Tu ara dedamiwis magnituri veli?

`astronomebis~ pasuxi:

dedamiwis magnituri veli ucvleli ar aris. is droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba. germaneli geofizikosebis

monacemebiT, dedamiwis magnituri veli bolo 150 wlis ganmavlobaSi 10 %-iTaa Sesustebuli. ukanaskneli

cnobebiT, mosalodnelia velis kidev ufro Sesusteba, ris gamoc mzis radiacia xelovnur Tanamgzavrebs

seriozul safrTxes Seuqmnis (http://podrobnosti.ua/technologies/2008/08/19/548274.html)

is faqti, rom dedamiwis magnituri veli icvleba, 1635 wels gelibrandis mier iqna dadgenili. mogvianebiT

ki isic daadgines, rom magnituri velis cvlileba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos ama Tu im geografiul midamoSi

sasargeblo wiaRiseulis, kerZod ki, feromagnetikebis an magnetitis arsebobiT. es midamoebi Zlieri magnituri

veliT gamoirCeva sxva geografiuli adgilebisgan. amboben, rom aseT adgilebSi iqmneba e.w. magnituri

anomaliebi. mag., kurskis anomalia saSualoze 5-jer ufro Zlieri magnituri veliT xasiaTdeba.

mecnierebi irwmunebian, rom imdenad Zlieria kanadis anomaliis magnituri veli, rom Crdilo magnituri

polusi dreifisas CrdiloeTis miwebamde ver miaRwevs, radgan kanadis anomalia CaiWers mas.

dedamiwis magnituri veli SeiZleba mzidan gamotyorcnili damuxtuli nawilakebis magnitosferoSi

SemoWris Sedegadac Seicvalos.

`Jurnalistebis~ SekiTxva:

ra aris magnitosfero da ra mniSvneloba aqvs mis arsebobas Cveni planetisTvis?

`astronomebis~ pasuxi:

dedamiwis garSemo sivrces, romelSic dedamiwis magnituri velia

Tavmoyrili, magnitosfero hqvia. magnitosferos gawelili forma

aqvs, cremls hgavs.

mzis mxares magnitosfero 70-80 aTasi km manZilze vrceldeba,

xolo sawinaaRmdego mxares _ milionobiT km-ze (sur. 3).

magnitosfero simetriuli iqneboda, rom ara mzidan wamosuli

damuxtuli nawilakebis nakadi, anu mzis qari.

mzeze afeTqebisas temperatura 10 mln gradusamde izrdeba. am

sur. 3

dros mzis zedapiridan 1000 -1500 km/wm siCqariT plazmis Wavli

gamoityorcneba, romlis energia afeTqebis Sedegad gamoTavisuflebuli

energiis naxevars Seadgens. WavlSi Semavali eleqtronebis,

protonebis (wyalbadis birTvebi) da heliumis birTvebis kinetikuri

energia imdenad izrdeba, rom nawilakebi mzis mizidulobas Tavs

aRweven da kosmosur sivrceSi didi siCqariT gaityorcnebian. swored

nawilakTa es nakadi qmnis mzis qars. mzis qarSi Semavali nawilakebi,

umetesad protonebi da eleqtronebi, dedamiwis magnituri velis

mier `CaiWirebian~ da velis Zalwirebis gaswvriv, spiraluri traeqtoriiT

waritacebian (sur. 5.3).

sur. 5. 3

magnitosfero dedamiwis zedapirs ekranirebas ukeTebs: icavs

kosmosidan Semosuli damuxtuli nawilakebis mavne zegavlenisgan,

maRali energiebisa da kosmosuri sxivebisgan, aseve ganapirobebs aminds dedamiwaze.

`Jurnalistebis~ SekiTxva:

ra aris polaruli ciali da rogor warmoiqmneba is?

`astronomebis~ pasuxi:

mzeze afeTqebebis Sedegad (anu mzis gaZlierebuli aqtivobis

dros) izrdeba mzis qaris intensivoba. magnitosferoSi

didi siCqariT SemoWrili damuxtuli nawilakebi atmosferos

zeda fenebis ionizirebas axdenen da polusebTn axlos, sadac

magnituri velis Zalwirebis sixSire metia, iwveven naTebas - polarul

cials (sur. 4).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)

(albaT iciT, rom sareklamo ganaTebebis milebi savsea sxvadasxva

airiT. milebSi kaTodidan amotyorcnili eleqtronebi

sur. 4

ejaxebian ra airis molekulebs, maT ionizirebas iwveven da am process Tan sdevs naTeba. sxvadaxva airis

molekulebi sxvadasxva feris naTebas iwveven. swored amgvaria polaruli naTebis meqanizmic: atmosferoSi

(sadac gaiSviaTebuli haeria) SemoWrili swrafi eleqtronebis Jangbadis atomebTan dajaxebis Sedegad wiTeli

an mwvane feris naTeba miiReba, xolo azotis molekulebTan Sejaxebisas – cisferi da iisferi).

`Jurnalistebis~ SekiTxva:

ra aris magnituri qariSxali da ra gavlenas axdens is atmosferoSi da dedamiwaze mimdinare procesebze?

`astonomebis~ pasuxi:

gaZlierebuli mzis qaris moqmedebis Sedegad dedamiwis magnituri velSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi xdeba.

es cvlilebebi magnituri qariSxlis saxeliTaa cnobili. magnituri qariSxlebi 6-dan 12 sT-mde grZeldeba,

ris Semdegac magnituri velis maxasiaTeblebi Cveulebriv normalur mniSvnelobebs ubrundeba. am xnis

ganmavlobaSi magnituri qariSxali gavlenas axdens radio- da eleqtrokavSirze mTel im naxevarsferoSi,

romelic mziTaa ganTebuli. dadgenilia da mecnierebi yovelmxriv swavloben magnituri qariSxlis gavlenas

ekosistemasa da adamianze.

magnituri qariSxlebis sixSireze da Zalaze mzis aqtivoba axdens gavlenas. daaxloebiT 11,5 weliwadSi

erTxel mzis aqtivoba piks aRwevs da Sedegad iseTi magnituri qariSxlebi warmoiqmneba, rom irRveva radiokavSiri,

mwyobridan gamodian eleqtrogadamcemi xazebi, kompasis isrebi gaurkvevlad iwyeben aqeT-iqeT

trials. cnobilia SemTxvevebi, roca magnituri qariSxlebis Sedegad dazianda wyalgayvanilobis milebic ki,

radgan magnituri velis Zlierma cvlilebam maTSi Zabva aRZra.

52

`Jurnalistebis~ SekiTxva:

ra gavlenas axdens magnituri qariSxali adamianis organizmze?

`biologebis~ pasuxi:

dedamiwis magnituri veli aris faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens adamianisa da sxva cocxali arsebebis

sasicocxlo funqciebze. geomagnetizmma adamianze SeiZleba rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi gavlena

moaxdinos, imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria magnituri velis zemoqmedebis Zalis sidide.

mecnierTa mtkicebiT, dedamiwaze mimdinare rogorc stiqiuri (miwisZvrebi, vulkanebi da .S), aseve bevri

socialuri movlena (epidemiebi, omebi ) mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli mzis aqtivobis 11 wlian ciklze, anu

mzis aqtivobis gaZlierebaze. magnituri qariSxlebi adamianis nervuli sistemis mdgomareobaze moqmedebs,

radgan nervebi da Tavis tvini magnituri velis sakmaod mgrZnobiare `mimRebebia~. aravin araa Tavisufali

geomagnetizmis gavlenisgan.

albaT, yvelam icis, rom e.w. magnitur dReebSi, sawoli, romelzec gZinavT, unda dadgaT ise, rom Tavi

CrdiloeTisken gqondeT miqceuli, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi geomagnituri velis Zalwirebi sxeulis paraleluria

da am dros Tavis tvini, nervebi ukeT isveneben.

`Jurnalistebis~ SekiTxva:

ratom reagirebs adamianis organizmze magnituri qariSxali?

`biologebis~ pasuxi:

cnobilia, rom magnituri veli moZrav eleqtrul muxtebze, eleqtrul denze da magnitebze moqmedebs.

biologiur sistemebSi, maT Soris adamianis organizmSi, eleqtruli muxtebis (eleqtronebisa da ionebis)

mowesrigebuli moZraoba ujredebSi mimdinare procesebs gansazRvravs. cocxal organizmSi patar-patara

`magnitebic~ arsebobs, romlebsac sxvadasxva nivTierebis (umTavresad wylis) molekulebi qmnis (ufro swored,

am molekulebSi arsebuli patar-patara, eleqtronebis moZraobis Sedegad aRZruli denebi). gare magnituri

velis cvalebadoba am patara `magnitebis~ orientacias Sesabamisad cvlis. cxadia, rom maTTvis Cveuli

mdebareobidan gadaxris Sedegad isini TavianT funqciebs ise aRar asruleben, rogorc adre, rac adamianis

organizmze arasasurvelad aisaxeba. adamianis ukve arsebul biodenebTan erTad damatebiTi eleqtruli denebic

aRiZvreba, rac kidev ufro arRvevs organizmis normalur funqcionirebas. gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare

am mxriv nervuli sistemaa, romelic, Sesabamisad, yvelaze metad zaraldeba.

fizikas aseT dReebSi SeuZlia mniSvnelovani samsaxuri gauwios adamianebs, raTa bunebis amgvari mavne

zegavlenisgan daicvas. adamianebi liTonis firfitebiT dafarul palatebSi unda moaTavson (gaixseneT faradeis

galia), raTa garkveuli tipis talRebis ekranireba moxdes. Tumca realur cxovrebaSi adamianebi aseT

dReebSi daucvelebi arian da amitom didi mniSvneloba aqvs magniturad aqtiuri dReebis swor prognozs

(isini wamals winawar miiReben da ukeT gadaitanen aseT dReebs).

aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianisa da cxovelis organizmi evoluciis Sedegad garkveulwilad adaptirebulia

dedamiwis magnitur velTan da mis cvlilebebTan. ase, rom cocxal organizmebSi erTgvari eleqtromagnituri

`regulatori~ arsebobs.

`Jurnalistebis~ SekiTxva:

cnobilia, rom cocxali arsebebis 50-mde saxeobis warmomadgeneli, romelTa Soris ZuZumwovrebi, frinvelebi,

Tevzebi, mwerebic ki arian, navigaciisTvis (garemoSi orientirebisTvis) dedamiwis magnitur vels iyeneben.

ras gvetyviT amis Sesaxeb?

`biologebis~ pasuxi:

diax, mecnierebma didi xania SemCnies, rom zogierTi cocxali arseba, mag., safosto mtredebi, gadamfreni

frinvelebi, tritonebi, kuebi orientireben dedamiwis magnituri velis daxmarebiT. aRmoCnda, rom Ramurebic did

manZilebze gadafrenisas eqolokaciiT ki ar sargebloben, aramed dedamiwis velis mixedviT orientireben.

oldenburgis universitetis mecnierTa ukanasknelma kvlevebma daamtkica, rom gadamfreni frinvelebi

ara marto `grZnoben~ magnituri vels, aramed xedaven kidec mas …… mecnierebi varaudoben, rom garda mxedvelobiTisa,

gadamfren frinvelebs kidev erTi saSualeba aqvT magnituri velis aRqmis. es aris niskarti,

romelSic magnituri rkinaqvis pawawina kristalebi aRmoaCines. kristalebi zustad ise iqcevian dedamiwis

magnitur velSi, rogorc magnituri isrebi.

germaneli mecnierebis ukanaskneli kvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom dedamiwis magnitur vels Zroxebi

da irmebic grZnoben. dakvirvebisas aRmoCnda, rom saZovrebze isini xSirad ise arian ganlagebuli, rom maTi

sxeuli dedamiwis magnituri velis Zalwirebis gaswvriv, samxreTidan CrdiloeTiskenaa orientirebuli. maT

isic SeamCnies, rom isini sxvanairad `iqcevian~ eleqtrogadamcemi xazebis siaxloves. mecnierebi varaudoben,

rom maTi bunebrivi orientacia irRveva maRali Zabvis xazebis garSemo Seqmnili magnituri velis gavleniT.

(http://www.membrana.ru/lenta/?8554)

`Jurnalistebis~ SekiTxva:

ra safrTxeebi arsebobs magnituri qariSxlis dros adamianis janmrTelobisTvis?

`eqimebis~ pasuxi:

gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom magnituri qariSxali adamianis yvela organosa da sistemis muSaobas azianebs.

aseT dReebSi gansakuTrebuli safrTxeebi arsebobs im adamianebisTvis, romelTac nervuli sistemisa da misi

centraluri aparatis _ tvinis funqcionireba aqvT darRveuli. aseve risk-jgufs miekuTvnebian adamianebi

gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebiT.

gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianis organizmis reaqcia magnitur qariSxlebze damokidebulia adamianis

asakze, sqesze, nervuli sistemis mgrZnobiarobaze, janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze. asakovan adamianebs am dReebSi

pulsi uxSirdebaT da arteriuli wneva maRla iwevs. aRsaniSnavia aseve, rom arasasurveli magnituri dReebi

mamakacebze ufro cudad moqmedebs, vidre qalebze. aseT dReebSi (ufro swored ki magnituri qariSxlis

dawyebamde erTi dRe-RamiT adre da qariSxlis Semdeg erTi dRe-Ramis Semdegac) Cveulebriv dReebTan SedarebiT

4,5 % -iT imatebs miokardiul infarqtTa ricxvi.

hipertonikebs am dReebSi aReniSnebaT sisute, moTenTiloba, Tavis tkivili, Tavbrusxveva. janmrTel

adamianebs ki uguneboba sWirT da SesaZloa, daewyoT Tavis tkivili, arian aforiaqebulebi da aqvT daRlilobis

SegrZneba. gamoTvlilia, rom yoveli magnituri qariSxlis dros mTel msoflioSi 1-2 aTasi adamiani

iRupeba.

`Jurnalistebis~ SekiTxva:

ra zomebi miviRoT da rogor SevamciroT magnituri qariSxlis mavne zegavlena adamianis janmrTelobaze?

`eqimebis~ pasuxi:

imisaTvis, rom organizmma umtkivneulod gadaitanos magnituri dReebis moqmedeba, mas unda hqondes

saamiso energiis maragi. amitom am dReebisaTvis winaswar unda movemzadoT. imisaTvis, rom SevamciroT magnituri

qariSxlis mavne zegavlena janmrTelobaze, mxedvelobaSi miiReT Cveni rCevebi:

saukeTeso saSualeba, romelic dagexmarebaT arasasurveli dReebiT gamowveuli daZabulobis moxsnaSi

aris gaseirneba bunebaSi: gaiseirneT parkSi, mdinaris napirze, tyeSi. dRis ganmavlobaSi iareT aranakleb

5 - 6 km fexiT;

sasargebloa regularuli fizikuri datvirTva;

sul unda gaxsovdeT, rom magnitur dReebSi aRZruli uaryofiTi emociebi droebiTia da amindis

gaumjobesebasTan erTad gaqreba;

ganawye Seni Tavi dadebiTi emociebisTvis: SemoqmedebiTad dakavdi, waikiTxe wigni da a.S.

ar SeiZleba am dros sakuTari Tavis Sebraleba da loginSi `SefuTva~, magram nurc maincdamainc gadaiRlebi;

miiRe damamSvidebeli abazanebi Zilis win, 40 wT-iT adre. wylis temperatura 37 0 C unda iyos, abazanis

xangrZlivoba ki - 15 wT;

profilaqtis mizniT magnitur dReebSi ufro metad miirTviT bostneuli. moerideT Saqars.

magnituri qariSxali gansakuTrebiT rTulad im adgilebSi gadaaqvT, sadac haeri dabinZurebulia, amitom

ecadeT SenobaSi, sadac xarT, haeri sufTa da JangbadiT savse iyos.

54

3. preskonferenciis Sejameba 7 wT

maswavlebeli: maS ase, preskonferencias daxurulad vacxadeb. vTxovT `Jurnalistebs~, damswre sazogadoebas

testis furclebi daurigon. Tu SeiZleba, dagvexmareT SevajamoT, ra gavigeT dRevandel konferenciaze:

testSi CamoTvlili winadadebebidan WeSmariti `+~ -iT aRniSneT, mcdari ki_ `_~ -iT.

testi:

Seamowme Seni codna, ra Seityve dRevandel preskonferenciaze ( dausvi `+~ an `_~):

magnituri isris CrdiloeTi mxare magnituri velis samxreT polusisken mianiSnebs;

dedamiwa giganturi eleqtromagnitia;

dedamiwis magnituri velis wyaro – wriuli denebia, romlebic mis Txevad birTvSi cirkulireben;

dedamiwis magnituri da geografiuli polusebi erTmaneTs emTxveva;

dedamiwis magnitosfero icavs mas mzidan amotyorcnili damuxtuli nawilakebis nakadisgan;

dedamiwis magnituri veli ar icvleba;

dedamiwis magnituri velis CrdiloeTi polusi samxreT naxevarsferoSi mdebareobs;

magnituri qariSxali gavlenas mxolod radiokavSirze da eleqtrogadamcem xazebze axdens, is

cocxal organizmebze ar moqmedebs.

4. saSinao davaleba 1 wT

TiToeuli jgufi moamzadebs referats, romelSic Seajameben konferenciis muSaobas, Seafaseben gamomsvlelebs

da gamoTqvamen kritikul SeniSvnebs. referats momdevno gakveTilze warmoadgenen.

Sefasdeba:

prezentacia / informaciis moZieba

1 - 3 qula 4 - 5 qula 6 - 7 qula 8 -10 qula

iyenebs mxolod sakuTar

informacias, masala ar

aris sakiTxis Sesabamisi,

masala ar aris sworad

organizebuli, ver iyenebs

moZiebul masalas

miznobrivad.

iyenebs mxolod saxelmZRvanelos

informacias,

masala nawilobriv Seesabameba

sakiTxs, masala

nawilobriv organizebulia,

nawilobriv miznobrivad

iyenebs moZiebul

masalas.

iyenebs mxolod ramdenime

sainformacio wyaros,

masala ZiriTadad Seesabameba

sakiTxs, masala

organizebulia, magram

rTulad aRsaqmeli, Ziri-

Tadad miznobrivad iyenebs

moZiebul masalas.

iyenebs mravalferovan

sainformacio saSualebebs,

masala srulad

Seesabameba sakiTxs, masala

kargad da mosaxerxebladaa

organizebuli,

miznobrivad iyenebs

moZiebul masalas.

VI. Sefasebis axali sistema da moswavleTa Sefasebis kriteriumebi

Sefaseba aris monitoringisa da Semowmebis Sedegebis gansjis safuZvelze gamotanili daskvna, romli-

Tac fiqsirdeba moswavleTa progresi garkveul etapze.

monitoringi TiToeuli moswavlis warmatebisaTvis mudmivi Tvalyuris devnebisa da faqtebis mogrovebis

procesia. Semowmeba dakvirvebis procesia, romliTac grovdeba monacemebi swavlis procesis zogadi winsvlisa

da TiToeuli moswavlis warmatebis Sesaxeb.

saswavlo praqtikaSi kargad aris cnobili Semowmebis formebi, xerxebi da saSualebebi.

formebi:

zepiri, werilobiTi, konkretul situaciaSi moqmedebis aRniSvniT.

xerxebi:

dakvirveba, saubari, gamokiTxva, konsultacia, gamocda, CaTvla.

saSualebebi:

testebi, kiTxvarebi, dakvirvebis Sedegad portfolioSi dagrovili monacemebi, namuSev rebis krebulebi,

proeqtebi.

monitoringisa da Semowmebis safuZvelze xdeba moswavlis Sefaseba.

axali midgomis Sesabamisad fasdeba ara marto informaciis floba moswavlis mier, aramed SeZenili unar-

Cvevebi, azrovnebis demonstrirebis formebi, prezentaciebi, saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis xarisxi, sagakveTilo

procesSi CarTuloba jgufuri muSaobisa Tu sxva tipis aqtivobebis mixedviT.

savaraudod, bunebismetyvelebaSi trimestruli Sefasebis wriuli diagramis Semadgeneli komponentebi

IX klasSi ase SeiZleba gamoisaxos:

sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba 40%

Semajamebeli samuSao 30%

prezentacia 15%

saSinao davaleba 15%

diagramidan Cans, rom Sefasebis mniSvnelovani elementi xdeba moswavlis praqtikuli unar-Cvevebi da

zogadi unarebi.

Sefasebis TiToeuli komponenti moicavs garkveuli unarebis Sefasebis saWiroebas, es unarebi ki fasdeba

interaqtiuli gakveTilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli aqtivobebiT.

magaliTad, Sefasebis axali sistemis erT-erTi komponentia prezentacia. am komponentSi fasdeba moswavlis

argumentirebuli msjelobis, azris Camoyalibebis, komunikaciisa da SemoqmedebiTobis una rebi. am unarebis

Sesafaseblad gakveTilze unda daigegmos iseTi aqtivobebi, romlebic saSualebas miscems moswavles, mravalmxrivad

warmoadginos Segrovebuli monacemebi, adekvaturad gamoiyenos terminebi, SeZlos urTierToba

auditoriasTan kvlevis Sedegebis, proeqtis, saSinao davalebisa Tu individualuri (jgufuri) namuSevris

prezentaciisas.

Sefasebis komponentSi `sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba~ yuradRebis mobilizebis, problemis dasma/

gadaWris, TanamSromlobisa da kvleviTi unarebi fasdeba Semdegi aqtivobebiT: eqsperimentis Catareba,

eqsperimentis dagegmva, usafrTxoebis wesebis Seqmna, problemis gadasaWrelad kiTxvebis dasma, varaudebis

gamoTqma, dasabuTeba, sakiTxisadmi sakuTari damokidebulebis gamoxatva, modelis Seqmna, proeqtis momzadeba,

saklaso diskusiaSi monawileoba da sxva. Sefasebis komponenti `Semaja mebeli samuSaoebi~ iTvaliswinebs

miRebuli codnis Sejamebis, analizis, sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSi rebis, daskvnis gamotanis, drois limitis

dacvisa da namuSevris organizebis unaris, agreTve weriTi unar-Cvevis Sefasebas.

amis miRweva SesaZlebelia iseTi aqtivobiT, rogoricaa damoukidebeli weriTi da teqsturi davalebebis

Sesruleba da Temis konceptualuri rukis Sedgena.

axali midgomebis ganxorcielebisTvis Zalze sainteresoa aqtivobebi: informaciis moZieba, analizi,

sxvadasxva sainformacio wyaros gamoyeneba, mokle da grZelvadiani proeqtebis, modelebisa da kolaJebis

momzadeba, martivi kvlevebis Catareba, weriTi samuSaoebi da sxva. am aqtivobebiT fasdeba Sefasebis komponenti

`saSinao davaleba~. es komponenti iTvaliswinebs dakvirvebis, aRweris, klasificirebis, modelirebis,

4

3

1

2

weris, namuSevris organizebis, SemoqmedebiTobis unarebis Sefasebas.

trimestruli Sefaseba aucileblad sxvadasxva komponentis Sefasebidan gamomdinareobs. sasurvelia,

am Sefasebas Tan komentarebic daerTos.

sami trimestruli Sefasebis safuZvelze gamoiyvaneba sagnis/sagnobrivi jgufis wliuri Sefaseba moswavlis

progresisa Tu regresis gaTvaliswinebiT.

erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili sagnis trimestruli, wliuri, saerTo-wliuri

da saerTo safexuris niSnebis weris sistemebi. dadgenilia zogadi Sefasebis principebi, SemuSavebulia

Sefasebis kriteriumebi. es kriteriumebi im misaRwevi Sedegebidan gamomdinareobs, romlebsac maswavlebeli

isaxavs miznad gakveTilis (an Temis) Seswavlisas.

niSnebisa da swavlis doneebis Sefardebis cxrili ki mocemulia erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi.

trimestruli, wliuri da safexuris Sefasebebis safuZvelze xdeba moswavlis akademiuri miRwevis

aRiareba. amitom Sefasebis am saxeebs oficialuri statusi aqvs.

arsebobs Sefasebis mimdinare saxeebi: winaswari, ganmeorebiTi, yoveldRiuri, perioduli da sxva. es

swavlisTvis gankuTvnili Sefasebis saxeebia da maswavlebels SeuZlia, TviTon gansazRv ros, ra formiT

aRricxavs mimdinare Sefasebis Sedegebs da Seagrovebs informacias moswavlis warmatebis Sesaxeb.

yvela skola adgens Sefasebis ZiriTad principebs da maswavlebeli winaswar acnobs moswavleebs, ra kriteriumebiT

fasdeba maTi TiToeuli saswavlo aqtivoba.

interaqtiuli gakveTilis struqtura, misi elementebi da aqtivobebi saSualebas iZleva, sistematurad

ganxorcieldes gakveTilebze moswavleTa Sefasebis iseTi formebi, rogoricaa:

maswavleblis mier moswavlis Sefaseba;

moswavleebis mier urTierTSefaseba;

moswavlis mier TviTSefaseba.

es exmareba moswavles, gaaanalizos, ris swavla SeuZlia da ra sferoSi sWirdeba codnis gaumjobeseba.

maswavlebels ki saSualebas aZlevs, gaiTvaliswinos daSvebuli uzustobebi da dagegmos swavleba/swavlis

aqtivobebi moswavleTa saWiroebebisa da moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

Sefasebis axali sistema Zalze mniSvnelovania skolisTvisac. skola iRebs obieqtur informacias moswavleTa

progresisa Tu regresis Sesaxeb da gegmavs aqtivobebs Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis.

maswavleblis mier moswavlis Sefasebis xerxebi yvela maswavleblisTvis kargad aris cnobili. SedarebiT problemuria

moswavleTa TviTSefasebisa da urTierTSefasebis principebis dadgena wyvilebSi an jgufebSi muSaobisas.

gTavazobT or kiTxvars, romelic gankuTvnilia gundis TiToeuli wevris TviTSefasebisa da gundis mier sakuTari

naSromis TviTSefasebisTvis reitinguli sistemiT.

TviTSefasebis kiTxvari jgufis TiToeuli wevrisTvis. TviTSefasebisas gaiTvaliswineT:

1. ra gaakeTeT an TqviT iseTi, rac Tqvens jgufs, rogorc erT mTlianobas, daexmara samuSaos Sesru

lebaSi?

2. Tqveni azriT, ramdenad nayofierad imuSava gundma, rogorc erTma mTlianobam da ras TvliT amis mizezad?

3. ras gaakeTebdiT momavalSi sxvanairad gundis meti efeqturobisTvis?

4. ra iyo yvelaze kargi ram, rac Tqveni erToblivi muSaobisas gamoikveTa?

5. kmayofili xarT Tqveni wvliliT? ras grZnobT samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg?

Sevsebul kiTxvars moawereT xeli, miuTiTeT klasi, dRe da ricxvi.

TviTSefasebis kiTxvari, rodesac gundi axdens sakuTari naSromis Sefasebas reitinguli sistemiT. instruqcia:

jgufma, rogorc erTma mTlianobam, upasuxos sam mocemul SekiTxvas da xuT- an aTbalian skalaze

Seafasos Tavisi namuSevari.

1. miaRwieT Tu ara maswavleblis mier dasaxul mizans?

2. ra iyo Tqveni gundis yvelaze didi miRweva?

3. ra iyo Tqveni erToblivi muSaobis xarvezi da nakli?

pasuxebis mixedviT reitinguli sistemiT SeafaseT Tqveni Sromis Sedegi mocemul skalaze:

Tqveni azriT, ratom jobs Sefasebis aTquliani skala?

56

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VII. zogierTi saklaso - saSinao davalebisa da Temis damatebiTi

amocanebis pasuxebi, miTiTebebi

Tema I. eleqtruli muxti

§ 1.1. sxeulTa daeleqtroeba (gameoreba) ............................................................................................. 58

§ 1.2. eleqtruli muxtis Tvisebebi ....................................................................................................... 60

§ 1.3. kulonis kanoni .............................................................................................................................. 61

§ 1.4. fizika amocanebSi: kulonis kanoni. ZalTa superpoziciis principi ....................................... 63

Tema II. eleqtruli veli

§ 2.1. eleqtruli veli ............................................................................................................................ 65

§ 2.2. fizika amocanebSi: wertilovani muxtis velis daZabuloba.

velebis superpoziciis principi (ix. gakveTili scenarebSi)

§ 2.3. eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba. eleqtruli velis potenciali.

potencialTa sxvaoba ............................................................................................................................... 68

§ 2.4. fizika amocanebSi: eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba. eleqtruli velis potenciali.

potencialTa sxvaoba......................................................................................................................... 70

§ 2.5. gamtarebi eleqtrostatikur velSi (ix. gakveTili scenarebSi)

§ 2.6. dieleqtrikebi eleqtrostatikur velSi ................................................................................... 72

§ 2.7. kondensatori. rogor davagrovoT eleqtruli energia? ....................................................... 72

Tema III. eleqtruli deni

§ 3.1. eleqtruli deni. denis wyaros emZ .............................................................................................. 74

§ 3.2. eleqtruli deni liTonis gamtarebSi. denis Zala ..................................................................... 74

§ 3.3. . eleqtruli winaRoba ................................................................................................................... 77

§ 3.4. omis kanoni wredis ubnisaTvis da sruli wredisaTvis (ix. gakveTili scenarebSi)

§ 3.5. gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba ................................................................................................. 79

§ 3.6. gamtarTa paraleluri SeerTeba ................................................................................................... 81

§ 3.7. fizika amocanebSi: kondensatorTa batarea. galvanur elementTa batarea ......................... 84

§ 3.8. fizika amocanebSi: gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri SeerTeba .................................... 87

§ 3.9. denis muSaoba da simZlavre. joul-lencis kanoni .................................................................... 90

§ 3.10. fizika amocanebSi: denis muSaoba da simZlavre ........................................................................ 94

§ 3.11. denis magnituri moqmedeba .......................................................................................................... 96

§ 3.12. mudmivi magnitebi. eleqtromagnitebi ........................................................................................ 99

Tema IV. eleqtruli deni sxvadasxva garemoSi

§ 4.1. eleqtruli deni siTxeSi ..............................................................................................................101

§ 4.2. eleqtruli deni airSi ................................................................................................................102

§ 4.3. eleqtruli deni vakuumSi ...........................................................................................................103

§ 4.4. eleqtruli deni naxevargamtarebSi ............................................................................................104

58

Tema I. eleqtruli muxti

§ 1.1 sxeulTa daeleqtroeba (gameoreba)

1 eleqtrostatikuri urTierTqmedeba

cda I - gv. 11

cda I. -is Sedegi: Tavdapirvelad kalamsa da Reros Soris araviTari urTierTqmedeba ar SeiniSneba, xolo

Reros furcelze ramdenjerme gasmis Semdeg, zoli Reros mier miizideba. es xaxunis Sedegad daeleqtroebul

sxeulebs Soris eleqtrostatikuri urTierTqmedebaa.

_ gv. 11

es urTierTqmedeba ar aris msoflio mizidulobis ZalebiT gamowveuli. ratom?

pas.: kalamsa da qaRaldis zols Soris urTierTqmedeba ar aris damokidebuli maT masebze. urTierTqmedeba

mxolod mas Semdeg aRiZra, rac xaxunis Sedegad maTi daeleqtroeba moxda.

_ gv. 12

eleqtrostatikuri movlenebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs teqnikasa da yofa-cxovrebaSi. gaixsene

magaliTebi, roca statikuri eleqtroba (xaxunisas warmoqmnili eleqtruli muxtebi):

zianis momtania; ra xerxebs iyeneben am dros mis Tavidan asacileblad?

sasargeblo miznebisTvis gamoiyeneba.

dainteresdi da gaarkvie, rogor `ebrZvian~ iseT usiamovno movlenas, rogoric Salis, abreSumisa

da neilonis tansacmlis daeleqtroebaa.

pas.:

xaxunisas warmoqmnili eleqtruli muxtebi, anu rogorc mas xSirad uwodeben, statikuri eleqtroba,

ufro xSirad sulac ar aris zianis momtani, magram zogjer SeiZleba saxifaToc iyos. mag., benzini liTonze

xaxunisas imuxteba da SeiZleba aaldes kidec, amitom roca TviTmfrinavis, avtocisternis benzinis avzs

an tankers sawvaviT avseben, milsadenebs, romliTac sawvavi Caedineba da aseve avzebsac, amiweben(xSirad

ginaxavs albaT, rom benzinmzidze dakiduli rkinis jaWvi dedamiwis zedapirs exeba). swored statikuri

eleqtrobiT gamowveuli safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad nebadarTuli ar aris avtomanqanis avzSi benzinis

Casxma, roca Zrava CarTulia.

statikuri eleqtroba zogjer garkveul uxerxulobas qmnis.

mag., qaRaldgadamamuSavebel kombinatebSi an stambebSi muSebi iZulebulni arian rezinis xelTaTmanebiT

imuSaon, radgan xelze xaxunis Sedegad qaRaldi eleqtrovdeba da xels ekvris (rezini dieleqtrikia da muxtebs

ar atarebs). xSirad saSrobidan gamoRebuli sarecxi erTmaneTs ekvris da maTi gacalkeveba Wirs, aseve

yvelasaTvis nacnobi usiamovno movlenaa, roca axladdabanili, daeleqtroebuli Tma `yalyze dgas~.

tipografiaSi gazeTis furclebze teqsti mbrunav cilindrze awyobili SriftiT gadaaqvT. am dros

furclebi cilindrTan Sexebisas eleqtrovdebian da xSirad ekvrian mas, rac aferxebs teqstis sxva furclebze

gadatanas. imisaTvis, rom es sakmaod usiamovno movlena Tavidan aicilon, muSebi furclebs atenianeben,

ris gamoc statikuri muxtebi furclebze aRar grovdeba. damuxtva eleqtronebis gadanawilebasTanaa

dakavSirebuli, eleqtronebi ki mxolod atomis zomis manZilebze gadadgildebian. datenianeba furclebis

erTmaneTTan mWidrod Sexebas da Sesabamisad damuxtvas uSlis xels. garda amisa, wyali gamtaria da muxtebis

dagrovebas xels SeuSlis.

adamianebma moaxerxes eleqtrostatikuri urTierTqmedebis TavianTi miznebisaTvis gamoyeneba. ase

magaliTad, eleqtruli muxtebis urTierTqmedeba safuZvlad udevs aslis gadamRebi aparatis - `qseroqsis~

moqmedebas (ix. misi moqmedebis principi. `fizika~ VIIIkl. q. tatiSvili)

warwera sur. 2-ze - gv.12

benzinmzidis korpusze liTonis jaWvs kideben, romlis meore bolo dedamiwis zedapirs exeba. axseni,

ratom iqcevian ase.

pas.: benzinmzidis kedelTan xaxunisas benzini imuxteba. afeTqebis saSiSroebis Tavidan asacileblad

liTonis jaWvs kideben, romlis meore bolo dedamiwis zedapirs exeba. es erTgvari damiwebis saSualebaa:

benzinSi dagrovili statikuri muxtebi jaWvis gavliT dedamiwaSi gadava da cisterna ganimuxteba.

2 ori saxis eleqtruli muxti

cda II _ gv.12

II cdis Sedegi: Tavdapirvelad zolebs Soris araviTari urTierTqmedeba ar SeiniSneba, xolo Reros maTze

ramdenjerme gasmis Semdeg, zolebi erTmaneTisgan ganizideba (isini erTnairniSniani muxtiT daimuxteba),

xolo Reros mier miizideba (Rero da zolebi sxvadasxvaniSniani muxtebiTaa damuxtuli).

3 rogor xdeba sxeulTa daeleqtroeba xaxunisas an Sexebisas?

dafiqrdi - gv. 13

ra akavebs eleqtronebs birTvis garSemo wriul orbitebze? ratom ar wydebian isini birTvs?

pas.: birTvSi Semavali protonebi miizidaven eleqtonebs da aRiZvreba centriskenuli Zala, romelic

`aiZulebs~ eleqtronebs birTvis garSemo wriul orbitebze imoZraon.

dafiqrdi - gv. 14

gaixsene: eleqtroskopi aris xelsawyo, romlis saSualebiTac sxeulze eleqtrul muxts aRmoaCen.

rogor daimuxteba eleqtroskopi, Tu mas uaryofiTad damuxtul joxs jer SevaxebT, xolo Semdeg

movacilebT? axseni daeleqtroebis meqanizmi.

pas.: Tu eleqtroskops uaryofiTad damuxtul joxs SevaxebT, eleqtroskopis firfitebi gaiSleba

da darCeba imave mdgomareobaSi mas Semdegac, rac eleqtroskops joxs movacilebT. es imas niSnavs, rom

firfitebi erTnairniSniani muxtiTaa damuxtuli.

rogor imuxteba eleqtroskopis firfitebi, roca eleqtroskops uaryofiTad damuxtul joxs SevaxebT?

uaryofiTad damuxtul joxze eleqtronebis Warbi raodenobaa. eleqtroskopis

liTonis sferoze Sexebisas, eleqtronebi eleqtroskopis

sferoze (eleqtroskopis Reroze gadava). Sesabamisad, Reroze

damagrebuli firfitebi uaryofiTad daimuxteba, ris Sedegadac

isini erTmaneTs ganizidaven.

imisaTvis, rom SevamowmoT, namdvilad uaryofiTadaa Tu ara

damuxtuli firfitebi, kvlav SeaxeT eleqtroskops uaryofiTad

damuxtuli joxi: firfitebs Soris gaSlis kuTxe gaizrdeba. rac

imas niSnavs, rom firfitebma damatebiT uaryofiTi muxti miiRes.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi (Tu firfitebs Soris gaSlis kuTxe

Semcirdeba), SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom firfitebze dadebiTi muxti

iyo dagrovili.

rogor imuxteba eleqtroskopis firfitebi, roca eleqtroskops dadebiTad damuxtul joxs SevaxebT?

dadebiTad damuxtul joxze eleqtronebis danaklisia. eleqtroskopis liTonis sferoze Sexebisas, eleqtronebi

eleqtroskopidan gadava joxze. amitom eleqtroskopis Rero da masze damagrebuli firfitebi

dadebiTad daimuxteba, ris Sedegadac isini erTmaneTs ganizidaven. amis Semowmebac zemoT aRwerili xerxiT

SegiZliaT; kvlav SeaxeT eleqtroskops dadebiTd damuxtuli joxi: Tu firfitebs Soris gaSlis kuTxe

gaizrdeba, es imas niSnavs, rom firfitebma damatebiT dadebiTi muxti miiRes.

Sen ici, rom bewvze xaxunisas ebonitis joxi uaryofiTad imuxteba. gamoTqvi varaudi, imuxteba Tu

ara am dros bewvi? pasuxi axseni.

gamoiyene eleqtroskopi da Caatare cda, romliTac Sens varauds Seamowmeb.

pas.: radgan bewvze xaxunisas ebonitis joxi uaryofiTad imuxteba, es imas niSnavs, rom joxis atombir-

Tvebi gacilebiT ufro Zlierad izidaven eleqtronebs da amitom eleqtronebi bewvidan joxze gadadis.

bewvze eleqtronebis (anu, uaryofiTi muxtis) danaklisi Seiqmneba da bewvi dadebiTad daimuxteba. Tu

gaxaxunebis Semdeg joxs da bewvs sxvadasxva eleqtroskops Seaxeb, SeamCnev, rom orive eleqtroskopis

furclebi gaiSleba.

Tu eleqtroskops jer damuxtul joxs Seaxeb, xolo Semdeg imave eleqtroskops bewvs Seaxeb, eleqtroskopis

furclebi jer garkveuli kuTxiT gaiSleba, Semdeg ki pirvandel mdgomareobas daubrundeba.

es ki imas niSnavs, rom joxsa da bewvs sxvadasxva niSnis muxti aqvs.

fiqrisa da gansjisaTvis _ gv. 14

cxadia, dadebiTad damuxtuli protonebi ganizidaven erTmaneTs. ivaraudeT, ratom ar iSleba atomis

birTvi? moipoveT informacia am sakiTxze da SeamowmeT, gamarTlda Tu ara Tqveni varaudi.

pas.: birTvSi Semaval yvela nawilaks Soris birTvuli Zalebi moqmedebs (Zlieri urTierTqmedeba). es

Zalebi sididiT mniSvnelovnad aRemateba protonebs Soris moqmed ganzidvis eleqtomagnitur Zalebs, ris

gamoc birTvuli nivTiereba SekumSulia kolosalur simkvrivemde. gamoTvlilia, rom aseTi simkvrivis

nivTierebis 1sm 3 moculobis masa 1,3 . 10 11 kg-ia.

60

§ 1.2 eleqtruli muxtis Tvisebebi

warwera sur.1-ze - gv.15

gaarkvie: rogor fiqrob, ra saerTo aqvs eleqtrul muxts asdolarian kupiurasTan?

pas.: asdolarian kupiuraze benjamin franklinia gamosaxuli, romelmac didi wvlili Seitana eleqtrobis

SeswavlaSi (muxtebs `dadebiTi~ da `uaryofiTi~ franklinma uwoda).

1 eleqtruli muxtis Tvisebebi

dafiqrdi - gv.16

arsebobs Tu ara eleqtruli muxtebi neitralur sxeulze?

pas.: arsebobs. magram isini ganeitralebulia mopirdapire niSnisa da sididiT toli muxtiT.

wvimis wveTi, romelsac + 6,72 . 10 -17 k muxti hqonda, SeerTda wveTTan, romlis muxti -10,08 . 10 -17 k -is toli

iyo. rogori iqneba miRebuli wveTis muxti? ramdeni zedmeti eleqtroni iqneba aseT wveTze?

pas.: miRebuli wveTis muxti iqneba (6,72 + ( -10,08)) . 10 -17 = -3,36 . 10 -17 (k)

wveTze eleqtronebis raodenoba n = q/e = 3,36 . 10 -17 /1,6 . 10 -19 = 210

eqsperimentebis Sedegebis kvlevisas erTma moswavlem sakvlevi muxti miiRo 8 . 10 -20 k-is toli, meorem

_ 2,4 . 10 -20 k, xolo mesamem _ 2,4 . 10 -18 k. romelma maTganma dauSva Secdoma?

pas.: Secdoma pirvelma da meorem dauSva, radgan 8 . 10 -20 k da 2,4 . 10 -20 k ar aris elementaruli muxtis e= 1,6

. 10 -19 k -is jeradi ricxvebi.

ra raodenobis elementarul muxts Seesabameba 1 k eleqtruli muxti?

pas.: n = 1/ (1,6 . 10 -19 ) = 0,625 . 10 19 = 625 . 10 16

2 muxtis mudmivobis kanoni

cda I - gv.16

I cdis Sedegi:

joxebis Tavdapirveli jamuri muxti nulis tolia.

pirveli joxis eleqtroskopze Sexebis Sedegad eleqtroskopis firfitebi gaiSleba, rac imaze migvaniSnebs,

rom joxi damuxtulia. Tu eleqtroskops meore joxsac SevaxebT, firfitebi daeSveba. es ki imas

niSnavs, rom orive joxi sididiT toli da sawinaaRmdego niSnis muxtebiT iyo damuxtuli.

joxebis saerTo muxti ar Seicvala, iyo da darCa nulis toli.

dafiqrdi - gv.17

ori erTnairi burTulidan erT-erTi 5-jer ufro didi

muxtiTaa damuxtuli, vidre meore. burTulebi jer Seaxes erTmaneTs,

xolo Semdeg kvlav gaacalkeves. rogori muxti eqneba

TiToeul burTulas Sexebis Semdeg?

pas.: orive burTulis sawyisi jamuri muxti tolia 5q + q =

6q, radgan burTulebi erTnairia, Sexebis Semdeg jamuri muxti

oriveze erTnairad gadanawildeba. amitom TiToeuli burTulis

muxti iqneba 3q - s toli.

abreSumis Zafebze dakiduli ori erTnairi burTulidan

erT-erTis muxti 2q -s tolia, meoresi -5q-si. burTulebma jer

miizides erTmaneTi, xolo Sexebis Semdeg kvlav dacildnen. axseni 2q -5q

es movlena da gamoTvale, ris tolia Sexebis Semdeg TiToeuli

burTulas muxti.

sur. 4

pas.: orive burTulis sawyisi jamuri muxti tolia 2q + (-5 q) = -3q, burTulebi miizidebian, radgan isini

sxvadasxvaniSniania. Sexebis Semdeg jamuri muxti oriveze erTnairad gadanawildeba. amitom TiToeuli bur-

Tuls muxti -3q - s toli gaxdeba da burTulebi ganizidebian (maT erTnairi niSnis muxtebi eqnebaT).

§ 1.3 kulonis kanoni

1 kulonis eqsperimenti

dafiqrdi - gv.18

ra xdeboda maSin, roca kuloni A da C burTulebs

erTi niSnis muxts aniWebda?

pas.: A da C burTulebi erTmaneTs ganizidavdnen,

minis Rero Semobrundeboda da drekadi mavTuli

igrixeboda manam, sanam masSi aRZruli drekadobis

Zala eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedebis Zalas ar

gaawonasworebda. kulonisTvis cnobili iyo, rom

minis Reros Semobrunebis kuTxe pirdapirpropor-

drekadi

mavTuli uli

ciulia mabrunebeli momentisa. mabrunebeli momentis

gansazRvra mecniers saSualebas aZlevda burTulebs

C

A

B

Soris urTierTqmedebis Zala epova. grexiTi saswo-

minis m Rero

skala s

ris korpusze datanili skaliT im kuTxes zomavda,

romelsac burTulebis centrebis brunvis centrTan

sur. 1

SemaerTebeli radiusebi qmnidnen. am kuTxis saSualebiT ki burTulebs Soris manZilis gansazRvra iyo

SesaZlebeli.

dafiqrdi - gv.18

risTvis iyo saWiro kulonis cdaSi B burTula?

pas.: B burTula minis Reroze A burTulis gasawonasworeblad gamoiyeneboda.

dafiqrdi - gv.19

rogor amcirebda kuloni burTulis muxts 2-jer, 4-jer da a.S. ?

a) b)

pas.: kuloni mixvda, rom Tu damuxtul sxeuls zustad iseTive sxeuls Seaxebda, muxti orive sxeulze

Tanabrad gadanawildeboda. is erT-erT damuxtul burTulas zustad iseTive daumuxtav burTulas Seaxebda.

am gziT is Tavdapirveli muxtis sidides orjer amcirebda. amis Semdeg burTulas Tavis adgilze abrunebda da

meore sacdel burTulasTan urTierTqmedebis Zalas Tavidan zomavda. Zalis sidide orjer mcirdeboda.

- gv.19

gaixsene, istoriam uamravi brwyinvale fizikuri eqsperimenti Semogvinaxa, romlebSic saWiro sidideebis

gansazRvra swored aseTi gonebamaxviluri xerxebiT xdeboda, radgan im dros, roca fizikis fundamentur

aRmoCenebs safuZveli eyreboda, TiTqmis ar arsebobda zusti gamzomi laboratoriuli xelsawyoebi.

pas.: drois toli Sualedebis aTvlisaTvis galileo galilei wylian vedros iyenebda, romlis fskerzec

naxvreti iyo gakeTebuli. naxvretidan wylis wveTi erTi da imave drois Semdeg vardeboda (VIII kl. fizika.

q.tatiSvili).

galileom sakuTari guliscemis sixSires Seadara kandelebis rxevis sixSire (IX kl. fizika.

q.tatiSvili).

300 wlis Semdeg ki XX saukunis SuaxanebSi meore didma italielma mecnierma, enriko fermim Caatara

eqsperimenti, romelic Tavisi genialuri ubraloebiT galileos eqsperiments Camohgavda. fermim uzustesad

gansazRvra pirveli sacdeli atomuri bombis afeTqebis Zala im manZilis mixedviT, ra manZilzec afeTqebis

talRam misi xelisgulidan qaRaldis furclis gadafrialeba SeZlo.

dafiqrdi _ gv.19

SeiZleba Tu ara, wertilovnad CaiTvalos muxti, romelic gadanawilebulia im sferos zedapirze, romlis

diametri 1m-ia, xolo manZili, romliTac sfero meore iseTive damuxtuli sferosaganaa daSorebuli:

a) 1m-ia; b) 1km-ia.

pas.: a) ar SeiZleba; b) SeiZleba

62

2 kulonis kanoni

dafiqrdi - gv.20

ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa niutonis msoflio mizidulobis kanonsa da kulonis kanons Soris?

pas.: gasaocaria msgavseba niutonis msoflio mizidulobis kanonsa da kulonis kanons Soris:

niutonis msoflio mizidulobis kanoni: F = G m 1 m 2 /r 2 ; kulonis kanoni: F = k |q 1 || q 2 | /r 2

m gravitaciuli muxtia, q ki _ eleqtruli.

m - gravitaciuli muxti gansazRvravs gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebis intensivobas da sxeulebs Soris

urTierTqmedebis Zalas maT Soris manZilTan akavSirebs.

analogiurad, ganisazRvreba eleqtruli muxti eleqtrodinamikaSi.

q - eleqtruli muxti skalaruli fizikuri sididea, romelic gansazRvravs eleqtromagnituri ur-

TierTqmedebis intensivobas da damuxtul sxeulebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalas maT Soris manZilTan

akavSirebs

r orive kanonis gamosaxulebaSi muxtebs Soris manZilia.

niutonis msoflio mizidulobis kanonSi G gravitaciuli mudmivaa, romelic ricxobrivad im gravitaciuli

Zalis tolia, romliTac ori, 1 kg masis sxeuli urTierTmiizideba maSin, roca maT masaTa centrebs

Soris manZili 1m-ia.

kulonis kanonSi k proporciulobis koeficientia, romelic ricxobrivad im kulonuri Zalis tolia,

romliTac vakuumSi erTmaneTze imoqmedebda ori, erTmaneTisgan 1m manZiliT daSorebuli 1k muxti.

dafiqrdi - gv.20

ris tolia or muxts Soris urTierTqmedebiskulonuri Zala vakuumSi, Tu TiToeuli muxtis sididea 1k,

xolo maT Soris manZili 1m-ia.

pas.: vakuumSi moTavsebul or muxts Soris urTierTqmedebis kulonuri Zalis sidide ricxobrivad tolia

proporciulobis koeficientis (k = 9.10 9 nm 2 /k 2 ), amitom Tu TiToeuli muxtis sidide 1 k-ia, xolo maT Soris

manZili 1m, muxtebs Soris urTierTqmedebis kulonuri Zalis sidide 9.10 9 n-ia.

damatebiTI masala

xSirad k koeficients SI sistemaSi sxva saxiTac weren:

1

k =

4 π ε0

sadac ε eleqtruli mudmivaa (ε berZnuli asoa da ikiTxeba, rogorc `epsilon~):

0

k2 1

= 8,85 . 10-12 ε = 0 4 πk

3 kuloni _ muxtis erTeuli

amocana 1 - gv.20

pas.: or muxts Soris urTierTqmedebis kulonuri Zala, Tu TiToeuli maTganis muxti 1 k-is tolia,

xolo maT Soris manZili 1km-ia, tolia im Zalisa, romliTac dedamiwa 1t masis sxeuls izidavs. 1 k Zalian

didi muxtia. SeuZlebelia mcire zomis sxeulebs (ramdenime metramde diametris mqones) hqondeT 1 k muxti.

maT Soris ganzidvis kolosalurad didi Zalis gamo damuxtuli nawilakebi sxeulze ver SeCerdeba, radgan

bunebaSi ar arsebobs sxva Zala, romelic mocemul pirobebSi kulonur ganzidvas gaawonasworebs.

amocana 2 - gv.20

pas.: F k / F g = 2,27 . 10 39

§ 1.4 fizika amocanebSi: kulonis kanoni.

ZalTa superpoziciis principi.

amocana 1 - gv.22

amoxsna.

dafiqrdiT: ris tolia burTulebis jamuri muxti?

pas.: burTulebis jamuri muxti q 1 + q 2 = + 2 . 10 -6 k + ( -5 . 10 -6 k) = -3 . 10 -6 k

gaixseneT muxtis mudmivobis kanoni da gaiTvaliswineT, rom burTulebi erTnairia. ra moxdeba, Tu

damuxtul burTulebs erTmaneTs SeaxebT da Sexebis Semdeg erTmaneTs davaSorebT?

pas.: Sexebisas uaryofiTad damuxtuli meore burTulidan eleqtronebis nawili dadebiTad damuxtul

pirvel burTulaze gadava da mis dadebiT muxts gaaneitralebs. radgan burTulebi erTnairia, jamuri

muxti oriveze Tanabrad gadanawildeba.

ris toli gaxdeba daSorebis Semdeg TiToeuli burTulis muxti?

pas.: q = (q 1 + q 2 )/2 = - 1,5 . 10 -6 k

gamoTvaleT burTulebs Soris urTierTqmedebis kulonuri Zala:

pas.: F = k q 2 / r 2 ≈ 0,2 n

amocana 2 - gv.24

davaleba: gamosaxeT naxazze q 3 muxtze danarCeni muxtebis mxridan moqmedi Zalebi. gansazRvreT am

ZalTa tolqmedis moduli da mimarTuleba.

q 1

F 1,3

r 3,1

F 2,3

q 3

_ + +

r 2,1

r 2,3

nm 2

q 2

64

daakvirdiT naxazzs: q 3 muxtze moqmedebs:

q 2 muxtis mxridan ganzidvis F 2,3 Zala; q 1 muxtis mxridan mizidvis F 1,3 Zala.

ZalTa superpoziciis principidan gamomdinare q 3 muxtze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedi Zala

F 3

= F 2,3 + F 1,3

F 2,3 da F 1,3 erTi wrfis gaswvriv erT mxares mimarTuli Zalebia, amitom maTi tolqmedis mimarTuleba

emTxveva F 2,3 da F 1,3 Zalebis mimarTulebas, xolo moduli

F 3 = F 2,3 + F 1,3 = k |q 2 || q 3 | / r 2,3 2 + k |q 3 || q 1 | /r 3,1 2 = 3,24 mkn

amocana 3 - gv. 24

roca q 3 0

q 3 > 0

F 2,1

q 3 muxtis wonaworobis pirobaa: F 1,3 = F 2,3 ;

k |q 1 || q 3 | /r 1,3 2 = k |q 2 || q 3 | /r 2,3 2

|q 1 | / x 2 = |q 2 | /(3-x) 2

9 . 10 -9 / x 2 = 36 . 10 -9 /(3-x) 2

9 / x 2 = 36 / (3-x) 2

x = 1 (m)

q 1 muxtis wonaworobis pirobaa: F 3,1 = F 2,1

2 2

k |q || q | / r = k |q2 || q | / r 1 3 1,3

1 2,1

|q | / x 3 2 = |q | / 9 2

|q | / x 3 2 = 4 . 10-9 |q | = 4 nk, anu q = + 4 nk

3 3

amocana 4 - gv.25

q 1

F 3,1

F 1,3

r 1,3 = x r 3,2 = 3 - x

r 1,2 = 3

F da F Zalebi erTmaneTTan marT kuTxes qmnian. piTagoras

1,3 2,3

Teoremis Tanaxmad

2 2 2 2 -4 F = √ F + F2,3 = √ k |q1 || q | /r + k |q2 || q | /r ≈ 10 n

1,3

3 1,3

3 2,3

q 3

_ +

F 2,3

sur. 3,a

q 2

_

q 2 = - 4 . 10 -9 k

r 3,2 = 3 sm

F 2,3

-

+

q 3 = 10 -9 k

F

r 3,1 = 1 sm

F 1,3

-

q 1 = - 10 -9 k

§ 2.1 eleqtruli veli

Tavi II. eleqtruli veli

1 eleqtruli velis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi

cda I _ gv. 33

cdis Sedegi: abreSumis qsovilze xaxunisas minis Rero dadebiTad imuxteba. Tu cilindrs dadebiTad

damuxtul minis Reros SevaxebT, cilindric dadebiTad daimuxteba, radgan Reroze uaryofiTi muxtis

danaklisia da Sexebisas eleqtronebi cilindridan Reroze gadava (gasagebia, rom dadebiTad damuxtuli

minis Rero magaliTisTvisaa aRebuli. analogiuri procesi ganxorcieldeba, Tu cilindrs uaryofiTad

damuxtul Reros mivuaxlovebT).

Tu dadebiTad damuxtul cilindrs Sori manZilidan dadebiTadve damuxtul Reros mivuaxlovebT,

SevamCnevT, rom Zafi, romelzedac cilindria dakidebuli, vertikalidan gadaixreba da gadaxris kuTxe miT

ufro gaizrdeba, rac ufro mivuaxlovebT cilindrs Reros. gadaxris kuTxis gazrda mowmobs, rom rac ufro

axlosaa cilindri eleqtruli velis wyarosTn (daeleqtrovebul joxTan), miT ufro meti ZaliT moqmedebs

masze veli. es ki imas niSnavs, rom damuxtuli sxeulis garSemo veli ufro Zlieria, vidre moSorebiT.

eleqtruli veli ara marto Reros, aramed damuxtuli cilindris garSemoc iqmneba. rac imas niSnavs,

rom ara marto damuxtuli Rero moqmedebs cilindrze Tavisi eleqtruli veliT, aramed cilindric moqmedebs

Reroze Tavisi eleqtruli veliT. swored damuxtuli sxeulebis erTmaneTze zemoqmedebaSi vlindeba

eleqtruli urTierTqmedeba.

2 daZabuloba - eleqtruli velis maxasiaTebeli

daskvna _ gv. 34

Tu q > 0, maSin daZabulobis veqtori TanamimarTulia muxtze moqmedi Zalisa, xolo

Tu q < 0, maSin daZabulobis veqtori sapirispiroa muxtze moqmedi Zalis.

3 daZabulobis veqtoris mimarTuleba

dafiqrdi - gv. 34

ra SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom velis daZabuloba 1 n/k-ia?

pas.: velis daZabuloba 1 n/k-ia, Tu veli masSi moTavsebul 1k muxtze moqmedebs 1n sididis eleqtruli

ZaliT.

4 eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi

cda II _ gv. 35

cdis Sedegi: Rero da `Tmebi~ erTnairi niSniT

daimuxteba. `Tmebis~ yoveli patara monakveTi

erTgvar sacdel muxts warmoadgens, romelzec

Reros eleqtruli veli moqmedebs. TiToeuli

monakveTi iseTi mimarTulebiT orientirdeba,

rogori mimarTulebiTac masze eleqtruli Zala

moqmedebs: Rero ganizidavs `Tmebs~, romlebic

+

E

_ E

amave dros erTmaneTsac ganizidaven. `Tmebi~ ra-

sur. 4 sur. 5

dialurad, Reros wverodan gamomavali radiusebis gaswvriv ganlagdeba da Zalwirebis ganlagebis iseTive

suraTs mogvcems, rogoricaa gamosaxuli sur. 4-s da 5-ze.

dafiqrdi - gv. 36

rogor Seicvleba dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilakis siCqare eleqtrul velSi, Tu is imoZravebs velis

Zalwirebis: a) mimarTulebiT; b) sapirispirod?

ra Seicvleba, Tu dadebiTi nawilakis nacvlad velSi uaryofiTi nawilakis moZraobas ganvixilavT?

pas.:

dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilakis siCqare eleqtrul velSi, Tu is imoZravebs velis Zalwirebis

a) mimarTulebiT, gaizrdeba, radgan masze imoqmedebs eleqtruli Zala, romlis mimarTuleba nawilakis

siCqaris mimarTulebas emTxveva;

F el v

66

b) sapirispirod, Semcirdeba, radgan F el v

uaryofiTad damuxtuli nawilakis siCqare eleqtrul velSi, Tu is imoZravebs velis Zalwirebis

a) mimarTulebiT, Semcirdeba, radgan masze imoqmedebs eleqtruli Zala, romlis mimarTuleba nawilakis

siCqaris mimarTulebis sapirispiroa;

F el v

b) sapirispirod, gaizrdeba, radgan F el v

dafiqrdi - gv. 36

sad mTavrdeba gacalkevebuli (sxva muxtebisgan usasrulod Sors myofi) dadebiTi muxtis velis

Zalwirebi?

sad iwyeba gacalkevebuli uaryofiTi muxtis Zalwirebi? Tu am SemTxvevebSi Zalwirebi Sekruli ar aris?

pas.: gacalkevebuli, sxva muxtebisgan usasrulod Sors myofi dadebiTi muxtis velis Zalwirebi iwyeba

muxtze da sadRac usasrulobaSi uaryofiT muxtze mTavrdeba. uaryofiTi muxtis Zalwirebi iwyeba usasrulod

Sors myof dadebiT muxtze.

dafiqrdi - gv. 37

Tu velis Zalwirebi erTmaneTs gadakveTdnen (an Tundac Seexebodnen), ris maCvenebeli iqneboda es?

pas.: Zalwirebis gadakveTa an Sexeba imis maCvenebeli iqneboda, rom gadakveTis wertilSi velis daZabulobas

gansazRvruli mimarTuleba ar aqvs am wertilSi.

dafiqrdi - gv. 37

daakvirdi sxvadasxva muxtebis velebis ZalwirTa ganlagebis suraTebs (sur.11,12): sad ufro metia

Zalwirebis sixSire, muxtis maxloblad Tu moSorebiT. raze miganiSnebs es?

pas.: Zalwirebis sixSire damuxtuli sxeulebis maxloblad ufro metia, vidre moSorebiT, rac imas

niSnavs, rom damuxtuli sxeulebis maxloblad veli ufro Zlieria, anu velis daZabuloba metia, vidre

moSorebiT

sur. 11 sur. 12 sur. 13

sur. 13-ze gamosaxulia or paralelur damuxtul firfitas Soris velis ZalwirTa ganlagebis suraTi

(firfitebis zedapirze sididiT toli da sxvadasxvaniSniani muxti Tanabradaa ganawilebuli).

daakvirdi: kideebidan moSorebiT, firfitebs Soris Zalwirebi paraleluria. rogor fiqrob, icvleba

Tu ara eleqtruli veli sivrcis am nawilSi?

pas.: kideebidan moSorebiT, firfitebs Soris Zalwirebi paraleluria, rac imas niSnavs, rom eleqtruli

veli aq sivrcis yvela wertilSi erTnairia.

dafiqrdi - gv. 37

daakvirdi sxvadasxva muxtebis velebis ZalwirTa ganlagebis suraTebs (sur.11,12). SeiZleba Tu ara

es velebi erTgvarovnad CaiTvalos?

pas.: es velebi erTgvarovani ar aris: Zalwirebis ganawilebis sixSire ar aris erTnairi.

aris Tu ara veli erTgvarovani:

a) paraleluri firfitebis kideebTan (sur.13)? ratom? b) firfitebs Soris? ratom?

pas.: paraleluri firfitebis kideebTan veli erTgvarovani ar aris: Zalwirebis ganawilebis sixSire

ar aris erTnairi. firfitebs Soris veli ki erTgvarovania, radgan sivrcis am nawil-

Si Zalwirebi paraleluria, rac imis maCvenebelia, rom yvela wertilSi daZabuloba

E

erTnairia

(SeniSvna: absoluturad erTgvarovani veli ar arsebobs, magram miaxloebiT erTgvarovnad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos veli or erTnair paralelur firfitas Soris (kideebidan

moSorebiT), romlebic sididiT toli da sxvadasxvaniSniani muxtiTaa damuxtuli).

daxaze, rogor warmogidgenia erTgvarovani velis Zalwirebis ganlagebis

suraTi.

fiqrisa da gansjisaTvis _ gv. 37

ris tolia velis daZabuloba im ori paraleluri firfitis gareT, romelTa zedapirze Tanabradaa

gadanawilebuli sididiT toli da sxvadasxvaniSniani muxti.

pas.: Tu grafikulad gamovsaxavT (sur. I) dadebiTad da uaryofiTad damuxtuli

firfitebis Zalwirebs, vnaxavT, rom firfitebs Soris sivrceSi Zalwirebs

erTi mimarTuleba aqvs, xdeba dadebiTi da uaryofiTi firfitebis velebis zeddeba

da amitom mTeli eleqtruli veli firfitebs Sorisaa koncentrirebuli.

firfitebis gareT, dadebiTad da uaryofiTad damuxtuli firfitebis

+ + + + + + + +

Zalwirebi sapirispiroa. velebi erTmaneTs abaTilebs amitom firfitebs gareT

sivrceSi jamuri eleqtruli veli nulis tolia.

- - - - - - - -

+

2

+

1

+

1-li dadebiTi

muxtis mier Seqmnili

eleqtruli velis

daZabulobis Zalwirebi

me-2 dadebiTi

muxtis mier

Seqmnili

eleqtruli velis

daZabulobis

Zalwirebi

sur. II

ris tolia, Tanabrad damuxtuli sferos SigniT

moTavsebul muxtze moqmedi eleqtruli Zala.

pas.: vTqvaT, sfero dadebiTadaa (an uaryofiTadaa)

damuxtuli. simartivisaTvis ganvixiloT (sur.

II) sferos zedapirze moTavsebuli ori wertilovani

dadebiTi muxti, romlebic sferos centris mimarT

simetriulebi arian.

Tu grafikulad gamovsaxavT TiToeuli muxtis

Zalwirebs, vnaxavT, rom sferos gareT Zalwirebs

erTi mimarTuleba aqvs, xolo sferos SigniT – sapirispiro,

amitom sferos SigniT velebi erTmaneTs

dadebiTi firfitis

mier Seqmnili

eleqtruli velis

daZabulobis

Zalwirebi

uaryofiTi

firfitis

mier Seqmnili

eleqtruli velis

daZabulobis

Zalwirebi

sur. I

abaTilebs anu, sferos SigniT jamuri eleqtruli veli nulis tolia.

Sesabamisad, Tanabrad damuxtuli sferos SigniT moTavsebul muxtze moqmedi

eleqtruli Zala nulis tolia.

68

§ 2.2 wertilovani muxtis velis daZabuloba.

velebis superpoziciis principi.

SeniSvna: es paragrafi ganxilulia gakveTilis scenarebSi.

§ 2.3 eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba.

eleqtruli velis potenciali. potencialTa sxvaoba.

dafiqrdi - gv. 43

warmoidgine usasrulo c a r i e l i sivrce (sur. 1, a), romelSic arc erTi sxeuli ar aris! vTqvaT,

aseT sivrceSi movaTavseT sxeuli. imoqmedebs Tu ara masze raime Zala?

pas.: Tu warmovidgenT c a r i e l usasrulo sivrces, romelSic arc erTi sxeuli ar aris, maSin aseT

sivrceSi moTavsebuli sxeuli ar urTierTqmedebs arcerT sxeulTan da Sesabamisad masze Zala ar moqmedebs.

imoqmedebs Tu ara sxeulze Zala, Tu cariel sivrceSi dedamiwas `SevitanT~ da sxeuli dedamiwis

gravitaciul velSi aRmoCndeba (sur. 1, b)?

pas.: sxeulze imoqmedebs simZimis Zala, anu dedamiwis mizidulobis Zala da sxeuli dedamiwaze vardnas

daiwyebs.

gaixsene: rogori energia aqvs dedamiwis gravitaciul velSi moTavsebul sxeuls urTierTqmedebis

Sedegad?

pas.: potenciuri energia.

axla warmoidgine, rom usasrulo cariel sivrceSi movaTavseT q muxti (sur. 1, g). imoqmedebs Tu

ara masze raime Zala? ra Seicvleba, Tu cariel sivrceSi Q muxts SevitanT da mis mier Seqmnil eleqtrul

velSi q muxti aRmoCndeba?

gamoTqvi varaudi, ra saxis energia SeiZleba hqondes eleqtrul velSi moTavsebul q muxts urTierTqmedebis

Sedegad? rogor fiqrob, Seasrulebs Tu ara Q muxtis eleqtruli veli muSaobas? ratom?

pas.: usasrulo cariel sivrceSi moTavsebul q muxtze Zala ar imoqmedebs. Tu cariel sivrceSi Q muxts

SevitanT da mis mier Seqmnil eleqtrul velSi aRmoCndeba q muxti, velis mxridan q muxtze imoqmedebs

eleqtruli Zala. am Zalis moqmedebiT q muxti gadaadgildeba, anu eleqtruli veli Seasrulebs muSaobas.

rogorc meqanikidan viciT, gravitaciuli ZalebiT urTierTmoqmed sxeulebs aqvs potenciuri energia.

kulonis kanons, romelic damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebas aRwers, iseTive maTematikuri forma

aqvs, rogorc msoflio mizidulobis kanons. Tu am or kanons Soris arsebul msgavsebas gaviTvaliswinebT,

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom damuxtul sxeulTa sistemasac aqvs potenciuri energia. rac imas niSnavs, rom damuxtul

sxeulebs aqvs unari, Seasrulos muSaoba. mag., aseTi muSaoba sruldeba eleqtroskopis damuxtuli

firfitebis urTierTganzidvisas.

damuxtul sxeulTa potenciur energias eleqtruli energia, anu kulonuri energia ewodeba.

maswavlebels: atomSi eleqtronebis birTvTan urTierTqmedebis energia da molekulaSi atomebis ur-

TierTqmedebis energia (qimiuri energia) ZiriTadad eleqtruli energiaa. swored atombirTvSi Tavmoyrili

uzarmazari eleqtruli energiis xarjze gamoiyofa siTbo atomuri eleqtrosadguris burTvul reaqtoriSi

muSaobis dros.

Cven viciT, rom muxtze uSualod moqmedebs ara sxva muxtebi, aramed maT mier Seqmnili eleqtruli

veli. muxtis gadaadgilebisas swored eleqtruli velis mxridan moqmedi Zala asrulebs muSaobas (SemdgomSi

simoklisaTvis xSirad gamoviyenebT termins `velis muSaoba~), amitom visaubrebT ara mxolod damuxtul nawilakTa

sistemis energiaze, aramed calkeuli damuxtuli sxeulis potenciur energiazec eleqtrul velSi)

dafiqrdi - gv. 43

gaaanalize me-(8) formula da dafiqrdi:

ogor Seicvleba muxtis potenciuri energia, Tu veli asrulebs:

a) dadebiT muSaobas? b) uaryofiT muSaobas?

rogor Seicvleba muxtis kinetikuri energia, Tu veli asrulebs:

dadebiT muSaobas (gaavle paraleli vardnili qvis moZraobasTan)?

uaryofiT muSaobas (gaavle paraleli zemoT asrolili qvis moZraobasTan)

pas.:

a) Tu veli asrulebs dadebiT muSaobas, maSin muxtis potenciuri energia Semcirdeba: A= - Δ W p >0 e.i.

Δ W p < 0. energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad ki kinetikuri energia gaizrdeba. swored amazea damyarebuli

eleqtronul milakebSi eleqtronebis aCqareba eleqtruli veliT.

b) Tu veli asrulebs uaryofiT muSaobas, maSin muxtis potenciuri energia gaizrdeba: A= - Δ W p <

0 e.i. Δ W p > 0. energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad ki kinetikuri energia Semcirdeba. mag., dadebiTad

damuxtuli nawilakebi daZabulobis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moZraobisas muxruWdeba. maTi moZraoba

msgavsia zemoT asrolili qvis moZraobisa

1 eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali mocemul wertilSi

_ gv. 45

daakvirdi me-(9) formulas: ris tolia ricxobrivad potenciali, roca q = 1k?

pas.: potenciali ricxobrivad erTeulovani muxtis potenciuri energiis tolia.

dafiqrdi - gv. 46

daakvirdi me-(10) formulas: razea damokidebuli potenciali eleqtrostatikuri erTgvarovani

velis mocemul wertilSi?

pas.: velis mocemul wertilSi potenciali damokidebulia wertilis mdebareobaze nulovani donis

mimarT da velis daZabulobaze (im muxtis sidideze, romelic vels qmnis).

daakvirdi naxazs (sur. 3): moZebne wertilebi, romelTa potencialebi:

a) erTnairia; b) sxvadasxvaa.

pas.: potenciali velis mocemul wertilSi ar aris damokidebuli am wertilSi

Setanil muxtze (velis mocemul wertilSi SeiZleba muxti arc iyos Setanili,

magram potenciali mainc iarsebebs) wertilis potenciali damokidebulia

im muxtze, romelic vels qmnis da manZilze, ra manZiliTac mocemuli wertili

Q muxtidanaa daSorebuli A da D, B da E, C da F wertilebi Q muxtidan erTnairi

manZiliTaa daSorebuli, amitom maT erTnairi potencialebi aqvs. sxvadasxva

potencialiT xasiaTdeba A da B, B da C, A da C, D da E, D da F, E da F wertilebi.

2 potencialTa sxvaoba - Zabva

_ gv. 47

daakvirdi me-(15) formulas: ris tolia ricxobrivad Zabva, roca q = 1k?

pas.: Zabva ricxobrivad sawyisidan saboloo wertilSi erTeulovani muxtis gadaadgilebisas velis

mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis tolia.

dafiqrdi - gv. 47

ipove naxazze (sur. 4) wertilebi, romelTa Sorisac

a) Zabva arsebobs ; b) Zabva ar arsebobs.

romel wertilebs Sorisaa Zabva yvelaze meti?

rogor fiqrob, aris Tu ara or wertils Soris Zabva damokidebuli am wertilebs Soris gadatanili

muxtis sidideze?

A

D

B

+

E

C

+

F

pas: Zabva arsebobs A da C, C da E, A da E, B da D, B da E, D da E da a.S. wertilebs Soris.

Zabva ar aris A da B, C da D wertilebs Soris. yvelaze didi Zabvaa A da E, B da E

wertilebs Soris, radgan velis mier am or ubanze Sesrulebuli muSaoba yvelaze

metis iqneba vidre sxva ubnebze. or wertils Soris Zabva ar aris damokidebuli

am wertilebs Soris gadatanili muxtis sidideze. Zabva damokidebulia im muxtze,

romelic qmnis vels. Zabva velis im or wertils Soris aRiZvreba romelTac

gansxvavebuli potenciali aqvs.

70

3 Zabvis erTeuli

dafiqrdi - gv. 47

ra SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba, anu Zabva, 1 voltis tolia?

pas.: or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba 1 voltis tolia, Tu erTi wertilidan meoreSi 1k muxtis

gadatanisas eleqtruli veli 1j muSaobas asrulebs.

4 kavSiri daZabulobasa da Zabvas Soris

dafiqrdi - gv. 48

vTqvaT, eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli dadebiTi muxti erTi wertilidan meoreSi daZabulobis veqtoris

mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba.

Seadare nuls muxtis gadaadgilebisas velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba:

A ............... 0 pasuxi axseni.

pas.: A > 0, radgan dadebiT muxtze eleqtruli velis mxridan moqmedi Zala daZabulobis E veqtoris

TanamimarTulia, amitom E veqtoris mimarTulebiT gadaadgilebisas veli asrulebs dadebiT muSaobas.

gaiTvaliswine me-(11) formula da Seadare erTmaneTs, romeli wertilis potencialia meti: pirveli

wertilis Tu meoris?

φ 1 ................ φ 2 pasuxi axseni.

pas.: radgan A = q (φ 1 - φ 2 ) > 0, q>0, aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom φ 1 - φ 2 > 0. e.i. φ 1 > φ 2

gaakeTe daskvna, ra mimarTulebiT mcirdeba potenciali: daZabulobis veqtoris mimarTulebiT Tu

misi sapirispiro mimarTulebiT?

pas.: radgan φ 1 > φ 2 , e.i. potenciali mcirdeba pirvelidan meore wertilSi gadaadgilebisas anu daZabulobis

veqtoris mimarTulebiT.

_ gv. 48

aCvene, rom SI sistemaSi daZabulobis SenTvis cnobili erTeuli, 1 n/k, daZabulobis axali erTeulis

_ 1 v / m-s ekvivalenturia.

damtkiceba: 1 v / m = 1 j/k . 1/m = 1 m . n/k . 1/m = 1 n/k

§ 2.4 fizika amocanebSi: eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba.

eleqtruli velis potenciali. potencialTa sxvaoba

amocana 1 _ gv. 49

amoxsna.

A = q (φ - φ ) = e (φ - φ ) = 1,6 1 2 1 2 . 10-19 k . 10 4 v = 1,6 . 10-15 j

mv2 2 /2 - mv /2 = A = q (φ1 - φ )

0

2

mv2 /2 = q (φ - φ ) 1 2

v = √(2q (φ - φ ) / m ) = 5,9 1 2 . 10 7 m/wm

+

A

B

C

D

pas.: Tu veli asrulebs dadebiT muSaobas, maSin muxtis potenciuri energia Semcirdeba ( A= - Δ W p >0 e.i.

Δ W p < 0). energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad ki kinetikuri energia gaizrdeba. swored amazea damyarebuli

eleqtronul milakebSi eleqtronebis aCqareba eleqtruli veliT.

amocana 2 _ gv. 50

amoxsna.

F el = F sim (1)

qE = mg (2)

qU/d = ρ Vg

qU/d = ρ g 4/3 π r 3

q = 4 π r 3 d ρ g / 3U ≈ 2,6 . 10 -14 k

1 wertilovani muxtis da sferos eletrostatikuri velis potenciali

amocana 3 _ gv. 51

amoxsna.

A wertilSi q 1 muxtis potenciali gamoiTvleba formuliT: φ 1 = k q 1 / x,

xolo q 2 muxtis potenciali tolia φ 2 = k q 2 / (l-x)

superpoziciis principidan gamomdinare A wertilSi q 1 da q 2 muxtebis jamuri velis potenciali tolia

φ = φ 1 + φ 2 = k q 1 / x + k q 2 / ( l-x )

pirobis Tanaxmad k (q 1 / x + q 2 / l-x ) = k (10 -9 / x – 10 -8 / (0,05-x)) = 0; x = 0,05 (m)

2 ori wertilovani muxtis urTierTqmedebis potencialuri energia

amocana 4 _ gv. 53

amoxsna.

protonebis urTierTqmedebis

potenciuri energia

W = k q q / r = k e 1 2 2 / r

protonis kinetikuri energia

W = m v2 / 2

protonebis erTmaneTTan miaxloebisas

maTi kinetikuri energia

mcirdeba protonebs Soris urTierTganzidvis

Zalebis moqmedebis gamo, xolo urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia izrdeba, radgan izrdeba

muxtebis urTierTganzidvisas kulonuri Zalebis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba.

protonis kinetikuri energia maTi urTierTqmedebis potenciur energiaSi gadadis. protonebi erTmaneTs

miuaxlovdebian(10-11 sm manZilze) manamde, sanam protonis kinetikuri energia da ganzidvis ZalebiT

gamowveuli urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia erTmaneTs ar gautoldeba, anu roca k e2 / r = mv2 / 2;

v ≈ 1,6 . 106 +

A

_

x

l-x

l

sur. 4

m/wm

§ 2.5 gamtarebi eleqtrostatikur velSi

SeniSvna: es paragrafi ganxilulia gakveTilis scenarebSi.

q 1

+ + + + + + + +

d

sur. 3

F el

F sim

q 2

E

72

§ 2.6 dieleqtrikebi eleqtrostatikur velSi

1 polaruli da arapolaruli dieleqtrikebi

dafiqrdi - gv. 61

Sen ukve ici, rogor moqmedebs eleqtruli veli masSi moTavsebul dieleqtrikze. axseni, ratom izidavs

daeleqtroebuli plastmasis sxeuli qaRaldis neitralur nakuwebs an wylis Wavls?

pas.: qaRaldis neitraluri nakuwebi polarizdeba daeleqtroebuli plastmasis sxeulis (savarcxeli,

saxazavi, wkiri) eleqtrul velSi: deformirebuli molekulebi ise ganlagdebian, rom nakuwebis im mxares,

romelic ufro axlosaa damuxtul sxeulTan, gaCndeba sxeulis sapirispiro muxti, ris gamoc damuxtuli

sxeuli qaRaldis nakuwebs miizidavs.

_ gv. 62

wylis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba 20 0 C -ze ε = 81, xolo haeris _ ε = 1, 0006. dafiqrdi, ras giCvenebs

es ricxvebi?

pas.: 20 0 C -ze wylis ε = 81, xolo haeris ε = 1, 0006 , e.i. eleqtruli velis E daZabuloba 20 0 C -ze wyalSi 81jer

naklebia velis E 0 daZabulobaze vakuumSi, xolo haerSi 1,0006 -jer naklebia vakuumTan SedarebiT.

§ 2.7 kondensatori

1 rogor davagrovoT eleqtruli energia?

cda 1 _ gv. 63

cdis Sedegi: Zabvis gadidebiT gamtar burTulebs Soris eleqtruli veli gaZlierdeba. Zlier eleqtrul

velSi haeri gamtarad iqceva. xdeba haeris e.w. `garRveva~ da gamtar burTulebs Soris naperwkali

gaxteba. burTulebi ganimuxteba.

dafiqrdi - gv. 64

kondensatoris damuxtva sxva gziTacaa SesaZlebeli: erT

firfitas eleqtroforuli manqanis erT-erT poluss uerTeben,

xolo meore firfitas amiweben, anu iseT liTonis sxeuls uer-

Teben, romelic dedamiwasTanaa SeerTebuli (eleqtroforuli

manqanis meore polusic damiwebulia).

kondensatoris damuxtvis yvelaze martivi gza ki aseTia:

damuxtul Reros kondensatoris erT-erT firfitas axeben,

meores ki _ amiweben. axseni, ratom imuxteba aseTi gzebiT kondensatori?

pas.: damuxtuli firfitis velis gavleniT moxdeba daumuxtavi, damiwebuli firfitaze muxtebis gadanawileba:

damiwebuli firfitidan miwaSi gadava iseTive muxti, romelic pirvel firfitazea (erTnairniSniani

muxtebi ganizidebian). damiwebul firfitaze darCeba muxti, romelic sapirispiroa da moduliT toli im

muxtisa, romelic pirvel firfitazea. ix. gavleniT damuxtvis sqema.

cda 2 _ gv. 64

cdis Sedegi: potencilTa sxvaobis sidide proporciulia kondensatorze gadacemuli muxtis sididisa.

2 eleqtrotevadobis erTeulebi

dafiqrdi - gv. 65

ra SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba 1 faradia?

pas.: kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba 1 faradia, Tu misi firfitebze +1k da -1k muxtebis gadacemisas,

firfitebs Soris 1v potencialTa sxvaoba aRiZvreba.

3 razea damokidebuli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba?

cda 3 _ gv. 65

SeniSvna: eleqtrometris isris gadaxra fifrfitebs Soris potencialTa sxvaobas gviCvenebs.

daskvna: firfitebs Soris manZilis gazrdisas maT Soris potencialTa sxvaoba izrdeba. Tu kondensatoris

muxti ar Seicvleba, Semcirdeba eleqtrotevadobac, radgan C = q/U

cda 4 _ gv. 65

daskvna: firfitebis mier erTmaneTis gadafarvis farTobis Semcireba, gamoiwvevs firfitebs Soris

potencialTa sxvaobis gazrdas. Tu kondensatoris muxti ar Seicvleba, Semcirdeba eleqtrotevadobac.

cda 5 _ gv. 65

daskvna: firfitebs Soris dieleqtrikis, pleqsiglasis SetaniT garemos dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba

gaizrdeba, es gamoiwvevs firfitebs Soris potencialTa sxvaobis Semcirebas. Tu kondensatoris muxti ar

Seicvleba, gaizrdeba eleqtrotevadoba, radagan C = q/U

74

Tavi 3. eleqtruli deni

§ 3.1 eleqtruli deni. denis wyaros emZ

1 eleqtruli denis arsebobisTvis saWiro pirobebi

gv. 78 - eleqtruli denis aRZvrisa da arsebobisaTvis saWiroa ….

SeniSvna: aq saubaria mudmivi denis mier Seqmnil stacionalur velze (E = const), romlis arsebobac

ganapirobebs gamtarSi eleqtronebis dreifis mudmiv siCqares(eleqtrul dens, romelic drois ganmavlobaSi

ar icvleba, mudmivi deni ewodeba), magram mudmivi denis cneba Semodis mogvianebiT, amitom am termins

amjerad ar vaxseneb. Tumca mizanSewonilia am sakiTxze saubari, radgan moswavleebSi mudmivad iwvevs

gaugebrobas. maT ician, rom eleqtrostatikuri veli gamtaris SigniT nulis tolia da yovelTvis svamen

SekiTxvas, romel velzea saubari, roca gamtarSi eleqtruli denze vsaubrobT.

stacionaluri veli, eleqtrostatikuris msgavsad, potenciuria, anu misi muSaoba Sekrul traeqtoriaze

nulis tolia, magram eleqtrostatikurisgan gansxvavebiT, stacionaluri eleqtruli veli gamtaris

SigniT nulis toli ar aris.

dafiqrdi _ gv. 78

ra moxdeba, Tu gamtarSi eleqtruli velis daZabuloba nulis toli gaxdeba? ratom?

pas.: Tu gamtarSi eleqtruli velis daZabuloba nulis toli gaxdeba, anu Tu eleqtruli velis mxridan

moqmedi Zala Sewyvets moqmedebas, Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebis mowesrigebuli moZraoba Sewydeba

sxva nawilakebTan (mag., kristaluri mesris dadebiT ionebTan) urTierTqmedebis gamo.

2 eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala

dafiqrdi _ gv. 80

ratomaa emZ skalaruli sidide?

pas.: emZ kuTri muSaobaa. is warmoadgens muSaobis (skalaruli sididea) fardobas dadebiTi muxtis

sididesTan, Sesabamisad emZ skalaruli sididea, is SeiZleba iyos, rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi.

§ 3.2 eleqtruli deni liTonis gamtarebSi. denis Zala.

1 eleqtruli deni liTonis gamtarSi

dafiqrdi _ gv. 81

liTonis gamtarSi denis gavlisas eleqtruli muxtis gadatanis procesSi ionebi ar monawileoben. rogor

fiqrob, ra moxdeboda winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, anu Tu am procesSi ionebi monawileobas miiRebdnen?

pas.: Tu liTonis gamtarSi denis gavlisas eleqtruli muxtis gadatanis procesSi ionebi monawileobas

miiRebdnen, maSin adgili eqneboda gamtarSi nivTierebis gadatanas.

damatebiTi masala:

cdebi, romlebic eqsperimentulad adasturebs am faqts, SegiZliaT naxoT internetSi, misamarTze:

http://fi zmir.org/bestsoft /4_12.htm

erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli cda 1899 wels germanelma fizikosma e.rikem q.StutgardSi Caatara. rikem

im mTavar sadens, romliTac tramvais eleqtroxazebi ikvebeboda, mimdevrobiT miuerTa liTonis sami

cilindri. maTgan ori ganapira cilindri spilenZis iyo, xolo SuaSi-aluminis. cilindrebi erTmaneTTan

Zalian mWidrod iyo midgmuli. am cilindrebSi erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gadioda deni. erTi wlis Semdeg

rikem awona cilindrebi da mikroskopis daxmarebiT im adgilis Zalze dawvrilebiTi gamokvleva Caatara,

ra adgiliTac cilindrebi erTmaneTs exeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom am xnis ganmavlobaSi cilindrebSi

3,5 mln kuloni muxti gavida, mecnierma cilindrebSi difuziis kvali ver aRmoaCina: spilenZSi ar aRmoCn-

da aluminis atomebi da piriqiT, aluminSi –spilenZis. rikem eqsperimentulad daadgina, rom eleqtruli

denis gavlisas nivTierebis gadatana ar xdeba, anu am procesSi ionebi ar monawileobs. muxtis gadamtanebi

mxolod Tavisufali eleqtronebi arian. isini ki yvela nivTierebaSi erTnairia.

aRiZvreba Tu ara liTonis neitralur gamtarSi eleqtruli deni, Tu mas erTi mimarTulebiT, `mowesrigebulad~

vamoZravebT? ratom?

pas.: Tu neitralur gamtars vamoZravebT `mowesrigebulad~, erTi mimarTulebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom

uamravi eleqtroni da atombirTvi imoZravebs mowesrigebulad, deni mainc ar aRiZvreba: am dros gamtaris

nebismier ganivkveTSi gamavali sruli muxti nulis toli iqneba, radgan sxvadasxva niSnis muxtebi gadaadgildebian

ra erTnairi saSualo siCqariT, gamtaris ganivkveTSi garkveul droSi erTi mimarTulebiT

gasuli dadebiTi muxti saSualod toli iqneba imave ganivkveTSi, imave droSi gasuli uaryofiTi muxtisa.

deni gamtarSi ki mxolod maSin aRiZvreba, roca muxtebis erTi mimarTulebiT moZraobisas ganivkveTSi

gasuli dadebiTi muxti toli araa imave drosa da imave ganivkveTSi gasuli uaryofiTi muxtisa.

2 denis Zala

dafiqrdi _ gv. 81

daakvirdi sur. 3-s: a) da b) SemTxvevaSi gamtaris ganivkveTSi erTsa da imave droSi eleqtronTa

sxvadasxva raodenoba gadis. romel SemTxvevaSi gadis gamtaris ganivkveTSi ufro didi muxti? ratom?

Sen, albaT, gsmenia gamonaTqvamebi: `didi deni~ an `patara deni~. rogor fiqrob, romel SemTxvevaSi

gadis gamtarSi ufro didi deni?

pas.: TiToeul eleqtrons gansazRvruli eleqtruli muxti aqvs, amitom 1-l SemTxvevaSi gamtaris ganivkveTSi

ufro didi muxti gadis, vidre me-2 SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamisad, pirvel gamtarSi ufro didi (Zlieri)

deni gadis, vidre meoreSi.

3 denis Zalis erTeuli

dafiqrdi _ gv. 82

ra SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom denis Zala gamtarSi 1 amperis tolia (gaaanalize (1)-li formula)?

pas.: I= q/t ; Tu gamtaris ganivkveTSi 1 wm-Si 1 k muxti gadis, maSin denis Zala gamtarSi 1 amperia.

4 denis Zalis gazomva

eqsperimentuli davaleba #1 _ gv. 83

5. pas.: denis Zalis gazomvisas ar aqvs mniSvneloba, naTuris

romel mxares (marcxniv Tu marjvniv) CarTav ampermetrs. daakvirdi

suraTs: naTuraSi gamavali denis Zalis gazomvisas orive

ampermetris Cveneba erTnairia.

5 eleqtruli Zabvis erTeuli

dafiqrdi _ gv. 84

gaaanalize me-(2) formula da dafiqrdi: ra SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom Zabva wredis mocemul ubanze 1

v-ia?

pas.: U = A/q ; vityviT, rom Zabva wredis mocemul ubanze 1 v-ia, Tu am ubanze eleqtruli veli 1kuloni

muxtis gadaadgilebisas 1 j muSaobas asrulebs.

76

6 kavSiri denis Zalasa da Zabvas Soris

dafiqrdi _ gv. 84

rogor fiqrob, aris Tu ara damokidebuli gamtarSi gamavali denis Zala gamtaris boloebze arsebul

Zabvaze? ratom?

pas.: gamtarSi denis arsebobisaTvis saWiroa gamtaris boloebze potencialTa sxvaobis, Zabvis arseboba.

rac metia Zabva gamtaris boloebze, miT metia eleqtruli velis daZabuloba gamtarSi da maSasadame miT

metia damuxtuli nawilakebis mimarTuli moZraobis siCqare. Sesabamisad, miT meti muxti gadaitaneba gamtaris

ganivkveTSi drois erTeulSi, anu miT metia denis Zala gamtarSi. Sesabamisad vityviT, rom damokidebuli

gamtarSi gamavali denis Zala damokidebulia gamtaris boloebze arsebul Zabvaze.

cda I _ gv. 84

cdis Sedegi: wyali daiwyebs marcxena boTlidan (im boTlidan, romelSic

wylis done ufro maRalia) marjvena boTlSi denas. rac ufro

maRalia doneTa sxvaoba boTlebSi, miT ufro swrafad moZraobs wyali

milSi. wylis moZraoba Sewydeba maSin, roca wylis doneebi orive boTlSi

gaTanabrdeba.

daskvna: rac ufro metia potencialTa sxvaoba, anu Zabva gamtaris

boloebze, miT m e t i a denis Zala gamtarSi.

fiqrisa da gansjisaTvis ( jgufuri samuSao) _ gv. 84

pas.:

1.

gamtaris moculoba, romelic1-li da me- 2 kveTebiTaa SemosazRvruli,

tolia - SΔl

am moculobaSi damuxtuli nawilakebis raodenobaa - nSΔl,

sadac n damuxtuli nawilakebis koncentraciaa, anu moculobis er-

TeulSi nawilakebis ricxvi.

nawilakebis saerTo muxtia - q 0 nSΔl

vTqvaT, nawilakebi marcxnidan marjvniv moZraoben v saSualo si-

CqariT. garkveuli t drois ganmavlobaSi yvela es nawilaki gaivlis me-2

kveTas, anu me-2 kveTaSi gasuli muxtia q 0 nSΔl, amitom denis Zala tolia:

I = q 0 nSΔl/ t = q 0 nvS (1)

1 2

e.i. denis Zala damokidebulia TiToeuli nawilakis mier gadatanil muxtze, nawilakTa koncentraciaze,

maTi mimarTuli moZraobis siCqareze da gamtaris ganivkveTis farTobze.

2. Tu eleqtruli deni liTonis gamtarSi gadis, maSin muxtis gadamtanebi Tavisufali eleqtronebia

da amitom denis Zalis gamosaTvleli (1)-li formula miiRebs saxe:

I = e nvS (2), sadac e eleqtronis muxtis absoluturi sididea (moduli).

me-(2) formulidan gamomdinareobs, rom eleqtronebis mowesrigebuli, mimarTuli moZraobis (dreifis)

siCqare gamoiTvleba formuliT: v = I / e nS (3)

Tu amocanis monacemebs gaviTvaliswinebT miviRebT, rom v = 7 . 10 -5 m/wm. ase rom, eleqtronebis mowesrigebuli

moZraobis siCqare Zalian mcirea.

me-(3) formuliT gamoTvlili siCqare eleqtronebis mowesrigebuli moZraobis siCqarea, magram eleqtronebis

moZraobis `mowesrigebuloba~ ar niSnavs imas, rom gamtarSi denis aRZvrisas, eleqtronebi `mwkrivSi

daewyobian~ da denis wyaros uaryofiTi polusidan dadebiT polusamde mTeli gamtaris gavliT wrfivad

imoZraveben. isini agrZeleben qaosur moZraobas da amave dros velis gavleniT gamtaris gaswvrivac gada-

V

Δl

adgildebian Zalian mcire 7 . 10 -5 m/wm siCqariT.

is faqti, rom miuxedavad eleqtronebis mimarTuli siCqaris aseTi simcirisa, CamrTvelis CarTvisas

naTura inTeba momentalurad Tundac is denis wyarodan sakmaod didi manZiliT iyos daSorebuli, Semdegnairad

aixsneba: CamrTvelis CarTvisas eleqtruli veli gamtaris mTel sigrZeSi momentalurad aRiZvreba

(eleqtruli velis gavrcelebis siCqare 300 000 km/wm-ia), Sesabamisad mowesrigebul moZraobas iwyebs gamtaris

mTel moculobaSi arsebuli yvela eleqtroni erTdroulad, maT Soris naTuris varvarebis Zafis

eleqtronebic.

denis aRZvra gamtarSi SeiZleba SevadaroT wylis moZraobas milebSi: roca centraluri wyalsadeni

gadaketilia, miuxedavad imisa, rom milebi wyliTaa savse, SenobebSi onkanSi wyali ar modis.

Tu centralur wyalsadens gaxsnian, milebis mTel sigrZeze wylis wneva momentalurad gaizrdeba da

wyali SenobebSi TiTqmis yvelgan erTdroulad wamova.

cxadia, nebismier onkanSi pirvelad wylis is porcia wamova, romelic onkanTan yvelaze axlosaa da

ara is, romelic gaxsnis momentSi centralur wyalsadenis onkanTan iyo axlos.

§ 3.3 eleqtruli winaRoba

1 denis Zalis damokidebuleba gamtaris Tvisebebze

dafiqrdi _ gv. 86

modi, kvlav eleqtrul densa da wylis dinebas Soris arsebul msgavsebas davubrundeT.

daakvirdi sur. 1-s: romel milSi wamova wylis meti nakadi: a) SemTxvevaSi? ratom? b) SemTxvevaSi? ratom?

pas.: sur. 1,a-ze gamosaxul wyalsawnev koSkebSi wylis doneebi sxvadasxvaa, milebi erTnairi, amitom

wylis nakadi im milSi iqneba ufro meti, romelSic ufro maRali koSkidan modis wyali.

sur. 1,b-ze gamosaxul wyalsawnev koSkebSi wylis doneebi erTnairia, milebi ki gansxvavebuli, amitom

wylis nakadi im milSi iqneba ufro meti, romelic ufro ganieria.

gaixsene, ra aris eleqtruli deni liTonebSi. rogor fiqrob, ra SeiZleba gaxdes gamtarSi gamavali

denis Seferxebis mizezi?

moswavlis savaraudo pasuxi.: eleqtruli deni liTonebSi Tavisufali eleqtronebis mowesrigebuli

moZraobaa. am moZraobas, SesaZloa, xeli SeuSalos ionebTan urTierTqmedebam.

gaavle paraleli milSi wylis dinebasa da eleqtrul dens Soris da gamoTqvi varaudi, garda Zabvisa,

kidev raze iqneba damokidebuli gamtarSi gamavali denis Zala?

moswavlis savaraudo pasuxi.: albaT, Tavad gamtarze.

cda I, II, III. _ gv. 86

Zabva samive cdis msvlelobisas ucvlelia, magram miuxedavad amisa, cdebis Sedegebidan Cans, rom wredSi

gamavali denis Zala icvleba imis, mixedviT, Tu rogori gamtaria wredSi CarTuli. ase, rom gamtarSi

gamavali denis Zala, garda Zabvisa, gamtaris Tvisebebzecaa damokidebuli.

dafiqrdi _ gv. 87

ra moxdeboda, Tu gamtarSi gamaval dens gamtaris mxridan winaaRmdegoba ar Sexvdeboda da eleqtronebis

moZraobas araferi Seaferxebda?

pas.: Tu gamtarSi gamaval dens gamtaris mxridan winaaRmdegoba ar Sexvdeboda da eleqtronebis moZraobas

araferi Seaferxebda, maSin isini velis gavleniT daiwyebdnen ra mowesrigebul moZraobas, imoZravebdnen

ganusazRvrelad didxans inerciiT, anu gamtarSi deni mudmivad gaivlida, rac energiis mudmivobis

kanonis Tanaxmad, SeuZlebelia.

78

2 eleqtruli winaRoba

dafiqrdi _ gv. 87

sanam kiTxvas pasuxs gascem, daakvirdi:

sur. 3-ze erTi da imave liTonis gamtaris sami gansxvavebuli ubnis kristaluri meseria sqematurad

gamosaxuli. rogor fiqrob, romel ubanze Sexvdeba eleqtrul dens meti winaaRmdegoba? ratom?

pas.: gamtaris winaRobis gamomwvevi mizezi liTonis gamtarSi kristaluri mesris kvanZebSi ganlagebul

ionebTan Tavisufali eleqtronebis urTierTqmedebaa.

I da III ubnis ganivkveTis farTobi erTnairia, sigrZe _ gansxvavebuli, I ubnis sigrZe metia, vidre III ubnis

sigrZe, Sesabamisad, I ubanze metia ionebis ricxvi, ris gamoc I ubanze eleqtronebs meti winaaRmdegoba

Sexvdeba.

I da II ubnis sigrZe erTnairia, ganivkveTis farTobi _ sxvadasxva. cxadia, II ubanze winaaRmdegoba metia

imisa gamo, rom ganivkveTis farTobi mcirea da eleqtronebis ionebTan SejaxebaTa ricxvi iqneba meti.

sur. 4 (a,b) -ze sxvadasxva liTonis gamtaris kristaluri meseria sqematurad gamosaxuli. rogor

fiqrob, romel gamtarSi Sexvdeba eleqtrul dens meti winaaRmdegoba? ratom?

pas.: I da II gamtaris ganivkveTis farTobi da sigrZe erTnairia, oRond II-Si ionebi erTmaneTTan ufro

axlosaa ganlagebuli, ris gamoc eleqtronebis ionebTan SejaxebaTa ricxvi iqneba meti. amitom II gamtarSi

eleqtrul dens meti winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeba.

daskvna _ gv. 88 :

maS ase, gamtaris winaRoba damokidebulia ara marto im nivTierebis gvarobaze, romlisganac gamtaria

damzadebuli, aramed gamtaris geometriul zomebzec: winaRoba miT metia, rac m e t i a gamtaris sigrZe da

rac n a k l e b i a gamtaris ganivkveTis farTobi.

3 nivTierebis kuTri winaRoba

dafiqrdi _ gv. 88

daakvirdi cxrilis monacemebs:

ras niSnavs: rkinis kuTri winaRobaa 0,1 omi . mm 2 /m?

pas.: rkinis kuTri winaRobaa 0,1 omi . mm2 /m, niSnavs: Tu rkinisgan davamzadebT 1m sigrZisa da 1 mm 2 ganivkveTis

farTobis mqone gamtars, maSin misi winaRoba 20 0 C temperaturaze iqneba 0,1 omis toli.

cxrilSi CamoTvlili nivTierebebidan romelia

a) saukeTeso eleqtrogamtari? ratom? b) romeli maTgani gamodgeba izolatorad? ratom?

pas.: cxrilis monacemebidan irkveva, rom yvelaze naklebi kuTri winaRobiT xasiaTdeba vercxli da

spilenZi, Sesabamisad, isini saukeTeso eleqtrogamtarebia. yvelaze didi kuTri winaRobiT ki faifuri da

eboniti xasiaTdeba, romlebic dieleqtrikebia. maT izolatorebad iyeneben.

4 winaRobis damokidebuleba temperaturaze

cda IV _ gv. 89

cdis Sedegi: denis Zala mcirdeba.

daskvna: Tu liTonis gamtaris temperatura gaizrdeba, maSin misi winaRoba g a i z r d e b a.

gaixseneT, ra aris mizezi imisa, rom liTonis gamtari masSi gamaval dens garkveul winaaRmdegobas

uwevs da axseniT cdis Sedegi.

pas.: liTonis gamtarSi temperaturi momatebisas kristaluri mesris kvanZebSi ganlagebuli ionebis

rxeva Zlierdeba. aseve imatebs Tavisufali eleqtronebis siTburi moZraobis saSualo siCqare da Sedegad

eleqtronebis ionebTan Sejaxebebis ricxvi matulobs. gamtaris winaRoba mniSvnelovnad imatebs, rac

aferxebs eleqtronebis dreifs, anu Sesabamisad mcirdeba gamtarSi denis Zala.

dafiqrdi _ gv. 89

gamoTqvi varaudi, rogor Seicvleba liTonis gamtaris winaRoba, Tu mis temperaturas Zalian SevamcirebT?

ratom?

savaraudo pasuxi: savaraudod, Tu liTonis gamtaris temperaturas Zalian SevamcirebT. winaRobac

Zalian Semcirdeba, radgan kristaluri mesris kvanZebSi ganlagebuli ionebis rxeva Semcirdeba, aseve Semcirdeba

Tavisufali eleqtronebis siTburi moZraobis saSualo siCqare da Sedegad eleqtronebis ionebTan

Sejaxebebis ricxvi daiklebs. Sesabamisad Semcirdeba gamtaris winaRoba.

4 reostati

dafiqrdi _ gv. 90

rogor Seicvleba denis Zala wredSi, Tu reostatis mcocav kontaqts A-sken gadavaadgilebT?

pas.: gaizrdeba, radgan Semcirdeba wredSi CarTuli reistatis ubnis winaRoba.

ris toli iqneba reostatis wredSi CarTuli ubnis winaRoba, Tu mcocav kontaqts zustad A momWer-

Tan davayenebT?

pas.: nulis.

rodis iqneba reostatis wredSi CarTuli ubnis winaRoba udidesi?

pas.: roca mcocav kontaqts C momWerTan davayenebT.

§ 3.4 omis kanoni wredis ubnisaTvis da sruli wredisaTvis

SeniSvna: am paragrafis mixedviT Seqmnilia gakveTilis scenari.

§ 3.5 gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba.

dafiqrdi _ gv. 98

sur. 2-ze gamosaxulia ori R 1 da R 2 rezistoris mimdevrobiT SeerTebis sqema. gamoiyene analogia wylis

dinebasTan da gaavle paraleli mimdevrobiT SeerTebul rezistorebsa da mimdevrobiT ganlagebul wylis

wisqvilebs Soris (sur. 3).

erTnairia Tu ara wylis raodenoba, romelic pirveli da meore wisqvilis frTebs ecema?

gaavle paraleli da gamoTqvi varaudi: erTnairia Tu ara R 1 da R 2 rezistorebSi

gamavali denis Zala?

gaiTvaliswine omis kanoni da dafiqrdi: erTnairia Tu ara Zabva pirveli

da meore rezistoris boloebze? ratom?

pas.: wylis raodenoba, romelic pirveli da meore wisqvilis frTebs

ecema erTnairia, radgan wylis raodenoba, romelic ecema pirveli wisqvilis

frTebs, arsad ar gaedineba, arc arsad grovdeba da imave raodenobis wyali

ecema meore wisqvilis frTebsac. Tu paralels gavavlebT, SeiZleba vivaraudoT,

rom R 1 da R 2 rezistorebSi gamavali denis Zala erTnairia, radgan

gamtarTa mimdevrobis SeerTebisas wredSi ganStoebebi ar aris, muxti

arsad grovdeba da amitom mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli gamtarTa nebismier

kveTaSi erTi da imave drois ganmavlobaSi erTi da igive muxtis gadis.

radgan, Cveni varaudiT, rezistorebSi gamavali denis Zala erTnairia,

xolo rezistorebis winaRobebi sxvadasxvaa, omis kanonis Tanaxmad

(R 1 ≠ R 2 )=> U 1 =IR 1 ≠ U 2 =IR 2 ) , Zabva pirveli da meore rezistoris boloebze

gansxvavebuli iqneba.

+

_

R 1

R 2

ogor ganisazRvreba wylis mier Sesrulebuli sruli muSaoba, Tu cnobilia, rom wisqvilis frTebze

dacemisas pirvel SemTxvevaSi is A 1 muSaobas asrulebs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ A 2 -s?

gaixsene, ra aris Zabva da gamoTqvi varaudi: ris tolia Zabva mTel wredSi, Tu pirveli rezistoris

boloebze misi mniSvneloba U 1 -ia, xolo meore rezistoris boloebze - U 2 ?

pas.: A 1 > A 2 , radgan pirvel wisqvilSi Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamo wylis nakadi kargavs energias. cxadia,

wylis mier Sesrulebuli mTeli muSaoba tolia A mT = A 1 + A 2 sadac A 1 pirveli wisqvilis frTebze dacemisas

wylis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobaa, xolo A 2 meore wisqvilis SemTxvevaSi Sesrulebuli muSaoba.

aseve, Zabva aris wredis mocemul ubanze eleqtruli velis mier erTeuli muxtis gadaadgilebaze Sesrulebuli

muSaoba:

U = A /q

mTeli muSaoba, romelsac eleqtruli veli asrulebs muxtis gadaadgilebaze rezistorebis gaswvriv,

tolia im calkeul muSaobaTa jamisa, romelTac asrulebs veli TiToeul rezistorSi muxtis gadaadgilebaze.

A mT = A 1 + A 1 )=> A mT / q = A 1 /q + A 2 /q )=> U = U 1 + U 2

80

1 eleqtruli wredis kvleva gamtarTa mimdevrobiT SeerTebisas

cda I _ gv. 99

daskvna: mimdevrobiT SeerTebul gamtarebSi gamavali denis Zala erTnairia.

cda II _ gv. 99

daskvna: gamtarTa mimdevrobiT SeerTebisas saerTo Zabva wredSi tolia gamtarTa boloebze arsebul

ZabvaTa jamisa, anu

U AC = U AB + U BC

davaleba 1. _ gv. 99

SeadareT erTmaneTs: U AB /U BC = R 1 / R 2

daskvna: mimdevrobiT SeerTebul gamtarTa boloebze Zabva pirdapirproporciulia gamtarTa winaRobisa.

davaleba 2. _ gv. 99

SeadareT erTmaneTs: R = R 1 + R 2

daskvna: mimdevrobiT SeerTebul gamtarTa saerTo winaRoba calkeul gamtarTa winaRobebis jamis tolia.

2 denis Zala, Zabva wredSi, wredis sruli winaRoba gamtarebis mimdevrobiT SeerTebis dros

dafiqrdi _ gv. 100

ra moxdeba:

Tu naZvis xis girlandaSi kidev erT naTuras davamatebT: naTurebi metad gaanaTeben Tu SedarebiT

sustad? ratom?

Tu girlandebSi erT-erTi naTura gadaiwveba?

Tu gadamwvari naTuris adgilas kontaqtebs SevaerTebT?

pas.: Tu naZvis xis girliandaSi kidev erT naTuras davamatebT, girliandis winaRoba gaizrdeba, naTurebSi

gamavali deni Semcirdeba da naTurebi sustad gaanaTebs. Tu girliandaSi erT-erTi naTura gadaiwveba,

maSin naTurebSi deni aRar gaivlis da isini aRar gaanaTebs. Tu gadamwvari naTuris adgilas kontaqtebs

SevaerTebT, girliandis winaRoba daiklebs, Sesabamisad, naTurebSi gamavali deni gaizrdeba da naTurebis

sikaSkaSe moimatebs. aseT dros naTurebi SesaZloa male daiwvas, radgan isini mxolod garkveuli sididis

denzea gaTvlili.

fiqrisa da gansjisaTvis (jgufuri samuSao) _ gv. 100

pas.:

1. gamtarTa mimdevrobiT SeerTebisas denis Zala wredis yvela ubanSi erTnairia.

gamtarTa mimdevrobis SeerTebisas wredSi ganStoebebi ar aris, muxti arsad grovdeba da amitom muxtis

mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, mimdevrobiT SeerTebul gamtarTa nebismier kveTaSi erTi da imave drois

ganmavlobaSi erTi da igive muxtis gadis.

q 1 = q 2 = q 3 )=> q 1 /t = q 2 /t = q 3 /t )=> I 1 = I 2 = I 3

2. gamtarTa mimdevrobiT SeerTebisas saerTo Zabva wredSi tolia gamtarTa boloebze arsebul ZabvaTa

jamisa.

Zabva aris wredis mocemul ubanze eleqtruli velis mier erTeuli muxtis gadaadgilebaze Sesrulebuli

muSaoba: U = A /q

mTeli muSaoba, romelsac eleqtruli veli asrulebs muxtis gadaadgilebaze gamtarebis gaswvriv, tolia

im calkeul muSaobaTa jamisa, romelTac asrulebs veli TiToeul gamtarSi muxtis gadaadgilebaze.

A mT = A 1 + A 2 )=> A mT / q = A 1 /q + A 2 /q )=> U = U 1 + U 2

3. mimdevrobiT SeerTebul gamtarTa boloebze Zabva pirdapirproporciulia

gamtarTa winaRobisa, anu U 1 /U 2 = R 1 / R 2

omis kanonis Tanaxmad,U 1 =IR 1 ; U 2 =IR 2 gamtarTa mimdevrobiT SeerTebisas denis Zala orive winaRobaSi

erTnairia, amitom

U 1 /U 2 = IR 1 / IR 2 = R 1 / R 2

4. gamtarTa saerTo winaRoba calkeul gamtarTa winaRobebis jamis tolia.

me-2 kanonis Tanaxmad U = U 1 + U 2 Tu omis kanons gaviTvaliwinebT, miviRebT, rom

IR = IR 1 + IR 2 anu, R = R 1 + R 2

§ 3.6 gamtarTa paraleluri SeerTeba

_ gv. 101

rogor fiqrob, mimdevrobiTaa Tu ara SeerTebuli:

eleqtruli CamrTveli im mowyobilobasTan, romelic misi saSualebiT CairTveba da gamoirTveba, mag.,

eleqtruli zari RilakTan, romlis daxmarebiTac zars vrekavT an naTura Tavis CamrTvelTan? ratom?

pas.: eleqtruli CamrTveli im mowyobilobasTan, romelic misi saSualebiT CairTveba da gamoirTveba,

mimdevrobiTaa SeerTebuli. mag., zari mimdevrobiTaa SeerTebuli RilakTan. zari mxolod maSin rekavs,

roca Rilaks TiTs vaWerT, anu roca wredi ikvreba.

binaSi oTaxebis ganaTebisTvis saWiro naTurebi? ratom?

pas.: binaSi oTaxebis ganaTebisTvis saWiro naTurebi mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli ar aris. binaSi naTurebis

erTdroulad naTeba xSirad saWiro ar aris, amitom Tu naTurebs mimdevrobiT SevaerTebT da erT-erT

maTgans gamovrTavT, wredi gawydeba da danarCenebic Caqreba (iseve rogorc naZvis xis girliandaSi).

_ gv. 101

mimdevrobiT SeerTebas farTod iyeneben teqnikaSi, Tumca im SemTxvevaSi, roca saWiroa eleqtruli

xelsawyoebis erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad CarTva an gamorTva, xelsawyoebs wredSi mimdevrobiT ar aer-

Teben. ratom?

pas.: mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas, erT-erTi xelsawyos wredidan gamorTva wredis gawyvetas gamoiwvevs

da danarCenebic gamoirTveba.

dafiqrdi _ gv. 101

sur. 2 -ze gamosaxulia ori R 1 da R 2 rezistoris paraleluri SeerTebis sqema. wredis A wertilSi

eleqtruli deni orad gaiyofa da B wertilSi isev erTdeba. msgavsad imisa, rogorc sur. 3-ze gamosaxuli

wylis mTeli raodenoba A wertilSi ganStovdeba da or arxSi nawildeba.

gaavle paraleli wylis dinebasa da eleqtrul dens Soris da gamoTqvi varaudi:

romeli mimarTulebiT gaedineba wyali meti raodenobiT, Tu sxvadasxva arxSi wyals gansxvavebuli

winaaRmdegoba xvdeba?

erTnairia Tu ara R 1 da R 2 rezistorebSi gamavali denis Zala? romelSi gaivlis meti deni? ratom?

ris toli iqneba denis Zala mTel wredSi, Tu R 1 da R 2

rezistorebSi gamavali denis Zala Sesabamisad I 1 da I 2 -is tolia

(rogor ipovi wylis mTel raodenobas, Tu cnobilia TiToeul

arxSi gamavali wylis raodenoba)?

gaixsne: rezistoris boloebze Zabvis analogi milis (arxis)

boloebze arsebul wnevaTa sxvaobaa.

Seadare wylis wnevaTa sxvaoba orive arxis boloebze? ratom?

gamoTqvi varaudi, rogori iqneba Zabva pirveli da meore

rezistoris boloebze?

pas.: mdinaris kalapoti A wertilSi ganStovdeba da Sesabamisad,

wylis raodenobac orad gaiyofa. cxadia, meti raodenobiT

wyali im arxis mimarTulebiT gaedineba, romel arxSic wyals

naklebi Seferxeba xvdeba. analogiurad, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom

deni wredis ganStoebul ubnebSi orad gaiyofa da denis Zala im

rezistorSi iqneba ufro meti, romlis winaRobac naklebia. wylis

mTeli raodenobis gasagebad TiToeul arxSi gamavali wylis raodenoba

unda Seikribos. analogiurad, denis Zala mTel wredSi tolia

R 1 da R 2 rezistorebSi gamavali denis Zalebis jamisa:

I = I 1 + I 2

rezistoris boloebze Zabvis analogi arxis boloebze arsebuli

wnevaTa sxvaobaa. orive arxis boloebze wnevaTa sxvaoba ki A da B

wertilebs Soris doneTa sxvaobiT ganisazRvreba, amitom orive arxSi wnevaTa sxvaoba erTnairia. analogiiT

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Zabva R 1 da R 2 rezistorebis boloebze erTnairia.

82

1 eleqtruli wredis kvleva gamtarTa paraleluri SeerTebisas

cda I _ gv. 102

daskvna: paralelurad SeerTebul gamtarTa boloebze Zabva erTnairia, amasTan U CD = U 1 da U CD = U 2

cda II _ gv. 102

daskvna: denis Zala mTel wredSi tolia paralelurad SeerTebul calkeul gamtarebSi gamaval denis

ZalaTa jamia.

davaleba 1. _ gv. 103

SeadareT: I 1 / I 2 = R 2 / R 1

daskvna: denis Zala paralelurad SeerTebul gamtarebSi ukuproporciulia gamtarTa winaRobisa.

davaleba 2. _ gv. 103

SeadareT: 1/R = 1/R 1 + 1/R 2

daskvna: paralelurad SeerTebul gamtarTa saerTo winaRoba gamoiTvleba formuliT

1/R = 1/R 1 + 1/R 2

an

R = R 1 R 2 / (R 1 + R 2 )

+

_

R 1

B

A

B

R 2

2 denis Zala, Zabva, wredis sruli winaRoba gamtarTa paraleluri SeerTebisas

dafiqrdi _ gv. 104

ra upiratesoba aqvs gamtarTa paralelur SeerTebas mimdevrobiT SeerTebisgan gansxvavebiT?

pas.: eleqtromomxmareblebis paraleluri SeerTeba Zalze mosaxerxebelia, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi

yvela momxmarebeli erTsa da imave Zabvaze gaangariSebiT mzaddeba. amasTan, es Zabva wredSi arsebuli Zabvis

tolia. garda amisa, erTi momxmareblis gamorTvisas wredi mainc CarTuli rCeba da sxva momxmareblebi

Cveulebriv funqcionireben, deni maTSi ar wydeba.

fizikuri sidideebis gamzomi TiToeuli xelsawyo isea mowyobili, rom gazomvisas is umniSvnelo

gavlenas axdens gasazomi sididis mniSvnelobaze. gaixsene, ra aris ampermetrisa da voltmetris daniSnuleba,

wredSi am xelsawyoebis CarTvis wesi da imsjele, rogori unda iyos maTi winaRoba wredis winaRobasTan

SedarebiT.

pas.: gamtarSi denis Zalis gasazomad denian gamtarTan ampermetrs mimdevrobiT aerTeben. nebismier xelsawyos

da maT Soris ampermetrsac aqvs winaRoba, amitom wredis romelime ubanTan ampermetris mimdevrobiT

CarTviT, wredis ubnis winaRoba izrdeba da ucvleli Zabvis SemTxvevaSi ubanSi gamavali denis Zala iklebs.

swored imitom, rom gasazom denis Zalaze ampermetrma mniSvnelovani gavlena ar moaxdinos, ampermetris

winaRoba Zalian mcirea. es yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT da arasodes ar scadoT ganaTebis qselSi denis Zalis

gazomva, radgan ampermetris rozetTan mimdevrobiT mierTebisas moxdeba mokle CarTva. xelsawyos mcire

winaRobis gamo masSi gamavali deni gaizrdeba da ampermetris gragnili gadaiwveba.

wredis ubnis boloebze Zabvis gasazomad ubnis paralelurad rTaven voltmetrs. Zabva voltmetris

momWerebze igive iqneba, rac ubnis boloebze.

vTqvaT, voltmetris winaRobaa R V , maSin ubnis winaRoba iqneba ara R, aramed

R’ = R R V /( R + R V ) < R, anu wredis romelime ubanTan voltmetris paralelurad CarTviT wredis ubnis

winaRoba mcirdeba. amis gamo wredis ubanze gasazomi Zabva Semcirdeba. imisaTvis, rom gasazom Zabvaze

voltmetrma mniSvnelovani gavlena ar moaxdinos, voltmetris winaRoba gacilebiT meti unda iyos wredis

im ubnis winaRobaze, romlis boloebzec Zabva izomeba(voltmetrSi deni TiTqmis ar gaivlis).

fiqrisa da gansjisaTvis (jgufuri samuSao) _ gv. 104

pas.:

Zabva paralelur gamtarTa boloebze erTnairia.

es kanonzomiereba metad TvalsaCinoa, radgan paralelurad SeerTebuli yvela gamtaris bolo wredis

im or wertilSi iyris Tavs, romelTa Soris Zabva erTnairia.

U 1 = U 2

denis Zala mTel wredSi tolia paralelurad SeerTebul calkeul gamtarebSi gamaval denis ZalaTa

jamisa:

I = I 1 + I 2

gamtarTa paraleluri SeerTebisas, ra raodenobis muxtic gaivlis wredis im wertilSi, romelSic ganStoeba

iwyeba (anu kvanZSi), muxtis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, imave droSi imave raodenobis muxti gava am

wertilidan sxvadasxva ganStoebebSi (anu kvanZSi Semavali muxti ganawildeba sxvadasxva ganStoebebSi) e.i.

q = q 1 + q 2 )=> q /t = q 1 /t + q 2 /t )=> I = I 1 + I 2

denis Zala paralelurad SeerTebul gamtarebSi ukuproporciulia gamtarTa winaRobisa.

I 1 /I 2 = R 2 / R 1

rogorc ukve viciT, Zabva paralelur gamtarTa boloebze erTnairia.

U 1 = U 2

omis kanonis Tanaxmad, U 1 = I 1 R 1 ; U 2 = I 2 R 2 )=> I 1 R 1 = I 2 R 2 )=> I 1 /I 2 = R 2 / R 1

84

gamtarTa saerTo winaRoba gamoiTvleba formuliT.

1/R = 1/R 1 + 1/R 2

rogorc ukve viciT, Zabva paralelur gamtarTa boloebze erTnairia.

U 1 = U 2 = U

denis Zala mTel wredSi tolia paralelurad SeerTebul calkeul gamtarebSi gamaval denis ZalaTa

jamisa:

I = I 1 + I 2

gavyoT am tolobis yvela mxare U-ze :

I / U = I 1 / U + I 2 / U )=> 1/ R = 1/ R 1 + 1/ R 2

fiqrisa da gansjisaTvis (jgufuri samuSao) _ gv. 104

ratom araa CitebisTvis saxifaTo eleqtrogadamcemi xazebi?

pas.: sadenze Camomjdari Citi da sadenis monakveTi Citis fexebs Soris wredSi paralelurad CarTulia

ubnebia. Citis winaRoba gacilebiT didia, vidre sadenis im monakveTis winaRoba, romelic Citis fexebs

Sorisaa, amitom CitSi gamavali denis Zala umniSvneloa da misTvis safrTxes ar warmoadgens.

magram Tu moxda ise, rom Citi Tavisi boloTi (an frTiT, an niskartiT) eleqtroxazebis sayrden boZs

Seexo an raRac sxva gziT Citis dedamiwasTan dakavSireba, anu `damiweba~ moxda, CitSi gaivlis didi deni

(romelic dedamiwaSi gadava), rac misTvis sasikvdilo iqneba.

§ 3.7 fizika amocanebSi: kondensatorTa batarea. galvanur elementTa batarea

1 mimdevrobiT SeerTebul kondensatorTa batarea

amocana 1. _ gv. 105

damtkiceba.

pas.: vTqvaT, Zabva mimdevrobiT SeerTebul kondesatorTa batareis boloebze,

anu A da B wertilebs Soris U-s tolia, xolo kondensatorebis firfitebs

Soris Zabvebia U AC = U 1 da U CB = U 2

gamtarTa mimdevrobiT SeerTebisas denis Zala wredis yvela ubanSi erTnairia

amitom muxtebi mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli kondensatorebis firfitebze sididiT

erTnairia da kondensatorTa batareis muxtis tolia q 1 = q 2 = q ( kondensatoris

muxti gamoiTvleba formuliT q = U C )

e.i. U 1 = q /C 1 (1); U 2 = q /C 2 (2)

Tu kondesatorTa batareis saerTo tevadobas C-Ti aRvniSnavT, maSin

U = q /C (3)

rogorc ukve viciT, saerTo Zabva wredSi tolia mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli ubnebis boloebze arsebul

ZabvaTa jamisa, amitom

U = U 1 + U 2 (4)

(1)-li, me- (2), me- (3) formulebis gaTvaliswinebiT me-(4) toloba miiRebs saxes:

q /C = q /C 1 + q /C 2 )=> 1 /C = 1 /C 1 + 1 /C 2

e.i. mimdevrobiT SeerTebul kondensatorTa batareis tevadoba gamoiTvleba formuliT

1 /C = 1 /C 1 + 1 /C 2

A C B

C 1

C 2

amocana 2. _ gv. 105

amoxsna:

mimdevrobiT SeerTebul kondensatorTa batareis tevadoba gamoiTvleba formuliT

1 /C = 1 /C 1 + 1 /C 2 )=> C = C 1 C 2 / (C 1 + C 2 )

Zabva mimdevrobiT SeerTebul kondensatorTa batareis boloebze

U AB = U = q /C )=> q = U C = U C 1 C 2 / (C 1 + C 2 )

TiToeuli kondensatoris firfitebs Soris Zabvebi:

U AC = U 1 = q /C 1 = U C 2 / (C 1 + C 2 ) = 132 v

U CB = U 2 = q /C 2 = U C 1 / (C 1 + C 2 ) = 88 v

2 paralelurad SeerTebul kondensatorTa batarea

amocana 3. _ gv. 106

damtkiceba.

Zabva paralelur gamtarTa boloebze erTnairia.

denis Zala mTel wredSi tolia paralelurad SeerTebul calkeul

gamtarebSi gamaval denis ZalaTa jamisa:

Zabvebi paralelurad SeerTebuli kondensatorebis firfitebs Soris

erTnairia da amasTan, TiToeuli kondensatoris firfitebs Soris Zabva kondensatorTa

batareis boloebze arsebuli Zabvis tolia.

Tu erTi kondensatoris muxtia q 1 , xolo meore kondensatoris muxti

ki _ q 2 , maSin paralelurad SeerTebuli kondensatorTa batareis muxti

q = q 1 + q 2 (1)

vTqvaT, Zabva paralelurad SeerTebul kondesatorTa batareis boloebze,

anu A da B wertilebs Soris U-s tolia, xolo kondensatorebis firfitebs

Soris Zabvebia U 1 da U 2

U = U 1 = U 2

q 1 = C 1 U (2)

q 2 = C 2 U (3)

q = C U (3)

me-(2), me-(3), me-(4) formulebi gaTvaliswinebiT (1)-li toloba miiRebs saxes:

C U = C 1 U + C 2 U )=> C = C 1 + C 2

paralelurad SeerTebul kondensatorTa batareis tevadoba gamoiTvleba formuliT: C = C 1 + C 2

amocana 4. _ gv. 106

amoxsna:

vTqvaT, haeriani kondensatoris tevadobaa C 1 , xolo dieleqtrikiani kondensatoris _ C 2

cxadia, radgan kondensatorebi erTnairia, dieleqtrikiani kondensatoris tevadoba ε-jer aRemateba

haeriani kondensatoris tevadobas:

C 2 = ε C 1 (1)

kondensatorTa paralelurad SeerTebis Semdeg miRebuli batareis tevadoba

C = C 1 + C 2 (2)

A

C 1

C 2

B

86

(1)-lis gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT:

C = C 1 + C 2 = C 1 + ε C 1 = C 1 (1+ ε)

ε = (C / C 1 ) - 1 (3)

SeerTebamde damuxtuli kondensatoris muxti tolia:

q = C 1 U 1

C 1 = q / U 1 (4)

meore daumuxtav kondensatorTan SeerTebis Semdeg, muxtis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, kondensatorTa

batareis muxti kvlav q-s toli iqneba

q = CU ; C = q /U (5)

sadac C kondensatorTa paralelurad SeerTebis Semdeg miRebuli batareis tevadobaa, xolo U batareis

boloebze arsebuli Zabva.

me-(4)-sa da me-(5)-is gaTvaliswinebiT me-(3) miiRebs saxes: ε = (C / C 1 ) - 1 =( U 1 / U) - 1 = 7

3 mimdevrobiT SeerTebul galvanur elementTa batarea

amocana 5. _ gv. 107

amoxsna:

u. v. U 1 , U

………………………..

moc.: ξ 1 = 1,6 v

ξ 2 = 2 v

r 1 = 0,3 omi

r 2 = 0,9 omi

R = 6 omi

mimdevrobiT SeerTebul elementTa batareis emZ ξ = ξ + ξ , xolo batareis saerTo Siga winaRoba

1 2

gamoiTvleba formuliT: r = r + r 1 2

omis kanoni sruli wredisaTvis miiRebs saxes:

I = (ξ 1 + ξ 2 ) / (R + r 1 + r 2 ) (1)

gaixseneT:

wredis ubanSi gamavali denis Zalis namravls ubnis winaRobaze uwodeben Zabvis vardnas am ubanze;

Zabvis vardna TiToeuli elementis Siga ubanze, Sesabamisad, iqneba:

U 1 = I r 1 da U 2 = I r 2

(1)-li formulis gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT:

U 1 = (ξ 1 + ξ 2 ) r 1 / (R + r 1 + r 2 ) = 0,15 v

U 2 = (ξ 1 + ξ 2 ) r 2 / (R + r 1 + r 2 ) = 0,45 v

amocana 6. _ gv. 108

amoxsna:

u. v. n

………………………..

moc.: ξ 0 = 2 v

r 0 = 0,2 omi

I = 5 a

U = 110 v

gaiTvaliswineT: Tu mimdevrobiT SeerTebulia erTnari emZ-s mqone galvanuri elementebi, maSin

elementTa batareis emZ gamoiTvleba formuliT:

ξ = n ξ , 0

sadac ξ TiToeuli galvanuri elementis emZ-a, xolo n elementebis raodenoba.

0

mimdevrobiT SeerTebul erTnair elementTa batareis saerTo Siga winaRoba ki tolia: r = nr0 omis kanoni sruli wredisaTvis miiRebs saxes:

I = n ξ / ( R + n r )

0 0

n ξ 0 = I (R + n r 0 ) = I R + I n r 0

n ξ 0 - I n r 0 = IR

n (ξ 0 - Ir 0 ) = IR

n = I R /(ξ 0 - I r 0 ) = U /(ξ 0 - I r 0 ) = 110; pasuxi: n = 110

amocana 7. _ gv. 109

amoxsna:

suraTze gamosaxuli wredisTvis Semovlis dadebiT mimarTulebad avirCioT

saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba.

wredis sruli emZ ξ = ξ 1 - ξ 2

wredis sruli winaRoba ki gamoiTvleba gamtarebis mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas

miRebuli wesis Tanaxmad:

R sr = R + r 1 + r 2

omis kanoni sruli wredisaTvis miiRebs saxes:

I = (ξ 1 - ξ 2 ) / ( R + r 1 + r 2 ) = 0.12 a

4 paralelurad SeerTebul galvanur elementTa batareis emZ.

amocana 8. _ gv. 109

amoxsna:

batareis sruli emZ ξ = ξ 1 = ξ 2

batareis sruli winaRoba gamoiTvleba gamtarebis paralelurad SeerTebisas

miRebuli wesis Tanaxmad: 1/r = 1/ r 1 +1/ r 2 )=> r = r 1 r 2 / (r 1 + r 2 ) = 2,4 omi

wredis sruli winaRoba ki gamoiTvleba formuliT R sr = R + r , radgan naTura

mimdevrobiTaa mierTebuli batareasTan.

omis kanoni sruli wredisaTvis miiRebs saxes:

I = ( ξ 1 - ξ 2 ) / ( R + r) ≈ 0.16 a

§ 3.8 fizika amocanebSi: gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri SeerTeba.

amocana 1. _ gv. 111

amoxsna:

gamtaris winaRoba gamoiTvleba formuliT:

R 1 = ρl/S e.i. l = R 1 S/ ρ (1)

omis kanonis Tanaxmad, niqromis gamtaris winaRoba tolia:

R 1 = U 1 / I 1 (2)

sadac U 1 gamtaris boloebze arsebuli Zabvaa, xolo I 1 gamtarSi gamavali

denis Zala.

ξ 1

r 1

R 0

ξ

R

r

ξ 2

r 2

R 1

88

denis Zala wredis mimdevrobiT SeerTebul yvela ubanSi erTnairia da tolia wredSi denis Zalisa:

I 0 = I 1 = I (3)

omis kanonis Tanaxmad, naTuraSi gamavali denis Zala gamoiTvleba formuliT:

I 0 = U 0 / R 0 = I 1 (4)

saerTo Zabva wredSi tolia mimdevrobiT SeerTebul gamtarTa boloebze arsebul ZabvaTa jamisa,

amitom:

U = U 0 + U 1 (5)

sadac U saerTo Zabvaa wredSi, U 0 -naTuris boloebze arsebuli Zabvaa, U 1 ki _ niqromis gamtaris

boloebze arsebuli Zabva.

me-(5)-dan => U 1 = U - U 0 (6)

me-(2), me-(4), me-(6) tolobebis gaTvaliswinebiT (1)-li miiRebs saxes:

amocana 2. _ gv. 112

amoxsna:

u. v. r

………………………..

moc.: R = 10 omi

R V = 1 komi = 1000 omi

R S (U - U ) S R 1 0 0

l = = = 100 m

ρ ρ U0 gare wredis sruli winaRoba:

a) SemTxvevaSi

R = R + R 1 V

b) SemTxvevaSi

a)

R = (R R ) / (R + R )

2 V V

sruli wredisaTvis omis kanonis Tanaxmad wredSi denis Zala:

a) SemTxvevaSi

I = ξ / ( R + r ) = ξ / (R + R + r)

1 1 V

b) SemTxvevaSi

R

ξ

I = 2

R + r 2

=

ξ (R + R ) V

R R + r R + r R V V

b)

Zabva voltmetris momWerebze

a) SemTxvevaSi

U = I R = R ξ / (R + R + r )

1 1 V V V

b) SemTxvevaSi (gaiTvaliswineT, rom Zabva voltmetris momWerebze b) SemTxvevaSi aris Zabva gare wredSi)

U = I R =

2 2 2

ξ R (R + R )

2 V

R R + r R + r R V V

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom R 2 = R R V / ( R + R V ) miviRebT, rom

U 2 = ξ R R V / (R R V + r R + r R V )

amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad U 1 = U 2 , amitom

R V ξ / (R + R V + r ) = ξ R R V / (R R V + r R + r R V )

gamartivebis Sedegad miviRebT: R 2 = R V r e.i. r = R 2 / R V = 0,1 omi

amocana 3. _ gv. 113

amoxsna:

u. v. I, I 1

………………………..

moc.: ξ = 6 v

r = 0,5 omi

R 1 = 2 omi

R 2 = 1,5 omi

R 3 = 2 omi

gare wredi mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli ori rezistorisgan Sedegeba, amitom gare wredis sruli winaRoba:

R 1,2 = R 1 + R 2

sruli wredisaTvis omis kanonis Tanaxmad,

I = ξ / ( R 1,2 + r) = ξ /( r + R 1 + R 2 )= 1,5 a

Tu R 1 winaRobis mqone rezistorTan paralelurad CavrTavT R 3 winaRobis mqone rezistors, maSin

gare wredis sruli winaRoba iqneba:R = R 1,3 + R 2

sadac 1/R 1,3 = 1/R 1 + 1/R 3 anu R 1,3 = R 1 R 3 /(R 1 + R 3 )

Sesabamisad, R = [R 1 R 3 /( R 1 + R 3 ) ] + R 2

amocana 4. _ gv. 113

amoxsna:

u. v. ξ

………………………..

moc.: R = 4,5 omi

d = 0,4 sm = 0,4 . 10 -2 m

E = 4,5 . 10 3 v/m

r = 0,5 omi

I 1 =

ξ

R R 1 3

+ R + r 2

R + R 1 3

gaiTvaliswineT, rom mudmivi deni kondensatorSi ar gadis, amitom wredis im StoSi, romelSic kondensatoria

CarTuli, deni ar gadis, deni mxolod rezistorSi gadis.

amitom gare wredis winaRoba rezistoris winaRobiT ganisazRvreba.

sruli wredisaTvis omis kanonis Tanaxmad,wredSi gamavali denis Zala gamoiTvleba formuliT:

I = ξ / (R + r) )=> ξ = I ( R + r) (1)

kondensatori paraleluradaa CarTuli rezistorTan, amitom Zabva kondensatoris firfitebs Soris

tolia rezistoris boloebze arsebuli Zabvisa e. i.

U = I R )= > I = U / R (2)

me-(2) tolobis gaTvaliswinebiT (1)-li miiRebs saxes:

ξ = U (R + r ) / R (3)

kavSiri kondensatoris firfitebs Soris arsebul Zabvasa da firfitebs Soris velis daZabulobas

Soris gamoisaxeba formuliT: U = Ed (4)

Tu me-(4) formulas me- (3)-Si SevitanT, miviRebT, rom ξ = Ed (R + r ) / R = 20 v

amocana 6. _ gv. 115

amoxsna:

wredis sruli winaRobis gamosaTvlelad mocemuli sqema SevcvaloT eqvivalenturi II sqemiT:

= 2 a

R 1

R 3

R 2

C

R

2 , R 2 da r 4 mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli rezistorebi

erTi eqvivalenturi R’ rezistoriT icvleba, romlis

winaRoba

R' = r 2 + R 2 + r 4 = 39 omi

SevcvaloT II sqema III eqvivalenturi sqemiT:

R 1 da R' paralelurad SeerTebuli rezistorebi

erTi eqvivalenturi R'' rezistoriTaa Secvlili,

romlis winaRoba

R'' = R 1 R' / (R 1 + R') = 18,72 omi

III sqemis mixedviT ki wredis sruli winaRoba

gamoiTvleba:

R= r 1 + R'' + r 3 = 21,72 omi

denis Zala wredSi (anu wredis ganuStoebel

nawilSi):

I = U/ R = 0,55 a

Zabvis vardna r 1 winaRobaze:

U 1 = U r 1 = 0,825 v

amocana 8. _ gv. 116

amoxsna:

BD StoSi deni ar gadis, radgan R 1 / R 2 = R 3 / R 4 amitom R 5

winaRoba wredis srul winaRobaze gavlenas ar axdens.

R 1 da R 2 rezistorebi, iseve, rogorc R 3 da R 4 rezistorebi

mimdevrobiTaa erTmaneTTan SeerTebuli, amitom

R 1,2 = R 1 + R 2 = 8 omi

R 3,4 = R 3 + R 4 = 8 omi

eqvivalenturi winaRobebi R 1,2 da R 3,4 erTmaneTis paraleluria,

amitom wredis sruli winaRoba

R = R 1,2,3,4 = (R 1,2 R 3,4 )/ (R 1,2 + R 3,4 ) = 4 omi

90

§ 3.9 denis muSaoba da simZlavre. joul-lencis kanoni

1 denis muSaobis gamoTvla

dafiqrdi _ gv. 117

romeli formulis gamoyenebaa mosaxerxebeli denis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamoTvlisas:

gamtarTa mimdevrobiT SeerTebisas? ratom?

gamtarTa paralelurad SeerTebisas? ratom?

pas.: denis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamoTvlisas:

gamtarTa mimdevrobiT SeerTebisas, mosaxerxebelia A = I 2 Rt formulis gamoyeneba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi

denis Zala yvela gamtarSi erTi da igivea.

gamtarTa paralelurad SeerTebisas, mosaxerxebelia A = U 2 t /R formulis gamoyeneba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi

yvela gamtaris boloebze arsebuli Zabva erTi da igivea.

II

III

U

I

r 1

r 3

r 1

R 1

R 3

R 1

R '

R ''

R 5

r 2

r 4

B

R 2

A C

D

R 2

R 4

r 3

r 3

2 denis simZlavre

dafiqrdi _ gv. 118

Tu dakvirvebixar, eleqtromomxmareblebs teqnikur monacemebSi miTiTebuli aqvs damaxasiaTebeli

simZlavre, ase mag., albaT, SeginiSnavs warwera naTuraze: 100 w an 75 w (`w~ simZlavris erTeulis `vatis~

Semoklebuli aRniSvnaa).

ras niSnavs es warwera? TavisTavad xom ar SeiZleba naTuras an nebismier sxva eleqtromomxmarebels

simZlavre hqondes?

pas.: eleqtromomxmareblis simZlavre is sididea, romelic gviCvenebs, ra muSaobas asrulebs deni drois

erTulSi, roca is momxmarebelSi gadis (anu ris tolia drois erTeulSi daxarjuli eleqtruli energia,

igive eleqtromomxmareblis mier drois erTeulSi moxmarebuli eleqtruli energia).

amrigad, warwera naTuraze `75 w~ niSnavs, rom eleqtruli deni masSi gavlisas 1 wm-Si asrulebs 75 j

muSaobas, anu naTura 1 wm-Si xarjavs 75 j eleqtroenergias.

3 denis simZlavris erTeulebi

dafiqrdi _ gv. 118

ra SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom denis simZlavre wredis ubanze 1 vt-ia?

pas.: wredis ubanze denis simZlavre 1 vt-ia, Tu ubnis boloebze 1 v Zabvis arsebobisas ubanSi gadis

1 a deni.

4 denis muSaobis erTeulebi

dafiqrdi _ gv. 119

ra SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom denis mier wredis ubanSi Sesrulebuli muSaoba 1 j-ia?

pas.: denis muSaoba 1 joulis tolia, Tu wredis ubanSi, romlis boloebze Zabva 1v-ia, 1 wm-Si 1 a deni

gadis.

_ gv. 119

Seadare, ramdenjer aRemateba 1kvtsT 1jouls da SenTvis gasagebi gaxdeba, ratomaa ufro mosaxerxebeli

denis muSaobis, anu daxarjuli eleqtroenergiis, gamosaxva kvtsT-ebiT.

pas.: 1kvtsT milionjer aRemateba1 jouls da swored amitomaa ufro mosaxerxebeli denis muSaobis,

anu daxarjuli eleqtroenergiis, gamosaxva kvtsT-ebiT

5 denis siTburi moqmedeba. joul-lencis kanoni

dafiqrdi _ gv. 119

axseni, ratom Tbeba liTonis gamtari masSi denis gavlisas.

pas.: eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT aCqarebuli liTonis Tavisufali eleqtronebi ejaxebian kristaluri

mesris kvanZebSi ganlagebul ionebs da maT Tavisi energiis nawils gadascemen. Sedegad ionebi ufro

intensiurad irxevian, ris gamoc gamtaris Sinagani energia izrdeba, rac registrirdeba, rogorc gamtaris

temperaturis momateba.

dafiqrdi _ gv. 120

ZiriTadi elementi im eleqtromowyobilobebisa, romelTa muSaobis principi denis siTbur moq-

medebas efuZneba (mag., uTos, eleqtroCaidnis), spiralia, romelsac ufro xSirad niqromisgan (nikelis,

qromis, rkinisa da manganumis Senadnobi) amzadeben. rogor fiqrob, ratom amzadeben spirals niqromisgan,

ra upiratesoba aqvs niqroms sxva liTonebTan SedarebiT? (gaaanalize § 3.3-Si 1-li cxrilis

monacemebi).

pas.: Q = I 2 Rt formulidan gamomdinareobs, rom rac ufro metia gamtaris winaRoba, miT meti raodenobis

siTbo gamoiyofa masSi denis gavlisas. Tu nivTierebaTa kuTri winaRobebis #1 cxrils CavxedavT,

niqromi didi kuTri winaRobis mqone masalaa, misi ρ = 1,1 omi . mm 2 /m-ia, rac daaxloebiT 70-jer aRemateba

spilenZis kuTr winaRobas.

ratomaa, rom denis gavlisas uTos spirali Zalian cxeldeba im dros, roca uTosTan mimyvani sadenebis

gaTboba TiTqmis SeumCnevelia? arada, uTos spirali da eleqtrosadenebi mimdevrobiTaa erTmaneTTan

mierTebuli, anu denis Zala spiralsa da sadenebSi erTnairia.

pas.: uTos spirali da eleqtrosadenebi mimdevrobiTaa erTmaneTTan mierTebuli, anu denis Zala spiralSi

da sadenebSi erTnairia, magram imis gamo, rom spiralis winaRoba gacilebiT didia, vidre Tundac

imave sigrZis mimyvani sadenebisa, Q = I 2 Rt formulidan gamomdinareobs, rom spirali gacilebiT metad

gaxurdeba, vidre sadenebi.

naTurebis simZlavreebi gansxvavebulia. mag., zogis simZlavre 60 vt-ia, zogis ki _ 100 vt. rogor fiqrob,

raSia maTi damzadebis `saidumlo~, ris xarjze `xdebian~ isini metad an naklebad mZlavrebi? gaiTvaliswine,

rom naTurebs qselSi paralelurad rTaven da amitom isini erTsa da imave Zabvazea gaangariSebuli.

pas.: paraleluri SeerTebisas Zabva wredis yvela ubanze erTnairia, amitom aseT ubnebSi gamoyofili

energiis (siTbos) gamosaangariSeblad viyenebT formulas: Q = U 2 t /R. naTurebs (an zogadad, eleqtrogamaTbobel

mowyobilobebs) erTsa da imave Zabvis qselSi paralelurad rTaven da amitom gansxvaveba maT

simZlavreebs Soris miiRweva maTi spiralebis sxvadasxva winaRobaTa xarjze. Q = U 2 t /R formulidan gamomdinareobs,

rom didi simZlavris gamaTboblis an naTuris dasamzadeblad saWiroa, spirali iyos naklebi

winaRobis da piriqiT, mcire simZlavris mowyoblobis winaRoba unda iyos didi.

92

ori naTura, romelTa winaRobebia 80 da 160 omi, wredSi CarTulia:

a) mimdevrobiT; b) paralelurad.

romel maTganSi gamoiyofa meti raodenobis siTbo?

pas.:

a) I = const; Q = I 2 Rt e.i. Q ~ R )=> meti siTbo gamoiyofa meore naTuraSi.

b) U = const; Q = U 2 t/ R e.i. Q ~ 1/R )=> meti siTbo gamoiyofa pirvel naTuraSi.

fiqrisa da gansjisaTvis _ gv. 121

eleqtroenergiis gadacemisas sadenebi xurdeba, rac, cxadia, energiis kargvasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

joul-lencis kanonis Tanaxmad siTbos raodenoba, romelic deniani gamtaris mier gamoiyofa, gamoiTvleba

formuliT: Q = I 2 Rt (1).

joul-lencis kanonidan gamomdinare, imisaTvis, rom energiis danakargi Semcirdes, arsebobs ori gza:

an unda Semcirdes eleqtrogadamcemi xazebis winaRoba an denis Zala am sadenebSi.

ganvixiloT pirveli gza. gavixsenoT, Tu rogoraa damokidebuli gamtaris winaRoba nivTierebis gvarobaze

da gamtaris geometriul zomebze: R = ρ l/S (2)

eleqtrogadamcemi xazebis winaRobis Sesamcireblad saWiroa:

a) sadenebi damzaddes mcire kuTri winaRobis mqone nivTierebisgan.

Tumca sadenebs isedac aseTi Tvisebis masalisgan, gasufTavebuli spilenZisgan amzadeben. sxva, kidev

ufro mcire kuTri winaRobis mqone masalebi bunebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli saxiT ar arsebobs.

b) sadenebis sigrZe Semcirdes. rac albaT gasagebia, rom SeuZlebelia, maSin eleqtroenergia momxmareblamde

ver miaRwevs.

g) unda gaizardos sadenebis ganivkveTis farTobi. magram amis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia mxolod gonivrul

farglebSi, radgan ganivkveTis farTobis Zalian gazrda garda imisa, rom im masalebis araekonomiur xarjs

gamoiwvevs, romlisganac sadenebi mzaddeba, gaizrdeba gadamcemi xazebis masac da maTi damagreba sayrden

anZebze SeuZlebeli gaxdeba.

ase, rom energiis danakargis Semcireba eleqtrogadamcemi xazebis winaRobis Semcirebis xarjze naklebad

efeqturi gzaa.

gavixiloT meore gza: energiis danakargis Semcireba sadenebSi denis Zalis Semcirebis xarjze. daakvirdiT,

am dros gamtaris mier gamoiyofili siTbo Semcirdeba denis Zalis kvadratis proporciulad. mag.,

Tu denis Zalas 2-jer SevamcirebT, energiis danakargi sadenebis gaxurebisas 4-jer Semcirdeba.

magram rogor unda SevamciroT denis Zala sadenebSi?

gaixseneT: denis simZlavris gamosaTvleli formula: P = I U (3)

(SeniSvna: es formula mudmivi denisTvisaa, cvladi denisTvis mxolod miaxloebiTaa SesaZlebeli misi

gamoyeneba).am formulis Tanaxmad, Tu P eleqtrosadguris mier gamomuSavebuli simZlavrea, maSin U - Zabvaa

eleqtrosadguris generatoris gamosasvlelze, xolo I denis Zalaa eleqtrogadamcem xazebSi.

simZlavris gamosaTvleli formulidan P = I U

I = P / U (4)

P - eleqtrosadguris simZlavre sadguris konstruqciiT ganisazRvreba (mag., hesis kaSxlis simaRliT)

da amitom P-s sidide mocemuli, ucvleli sididea. amrigad, me-(4) formulidan Cans, rom eleqtrogadamcem

xazebSi denis Zalis Semcireba SesaZlebelia Zabvis gazrdis xarjze da rac ufro didia Zabva, miT ufro naklebia

xazebSi denis Zala da Sesabamisad, miT mcirea energiis danakargi.

Tu Zabvas eleqtrosadguris gamosasvlelze (10 kv) gavzrdiT 1000 kv-mde, anu 100-jer, denis Zala imdenjerve

Semcirdeba. amis gamo energiis danakargi joul -lencis kanonis Tanaxmad, 100 2 -jer, anu 10 000-jer Semcirdeba.

SeniSvna avtorisgan: vfiqrob, rom moswavleebisTvis am sakiTxis am etapamde miyvana savsebiT SesaZlebelia.

rac Seexeba, imas, Tu rogor amaRldeba Zabva, amis Sesaxeb sasurvelia mcire damatebiTi informacia

maswavlebelma Tavad miawodos maT:

damatebiTi masala:

generatoris mier gamomuSavebuli

Zabva gadaecema mowyobilobas, romelsac

transformators uwodeben. transformatori

(1) Zabvas aamaRlebs (Sesabamisad

mcirdeba denis Zala) 800 000

an 1 500 000 v-mde (monacemebi mudmivi

denisTvisaa). eleqtrogadamcemi xazebis

bolos, ukve momxmarebelTan,

ganTavsebuli sxva transformatori

(2), adablebs Zabvas im sididemde,

rogorsac gamoiyeneben qarxnebSi (380

v), yofa-cxovrebaSi (220v) da transportSi

(550 v).

radgan transformatorebi cvlad

denze muSaoben (cvlad dens maRal

klasebSi gavecnobiT), mudmivi Zabvis

qveS eleqtroenergiis gadasacemad

gardamqmnelebs (3 da 4) iyeneben. ma-

Tgan pirveli gardamqmneli (3) eleqtrosadguris transformatorTanaa moTavsebuli da generatoris

mier gamomuSavebul cvlad dens mudmivad gardaqmnis, romelic Semdeg gadamcem xazebs miewodeba. meore

gardamqmneli (4) moTavsebulia gadamcemi xazebis bolos, momxmarebelTan. is gardaqmnis mudmiv dens

cvladad, romelic Semdeg damadablebel transformators (2) gadaecema.

94

§ 3.10 fizika amocanebSi: denis muSaoba da simZlavre.

amocana 1. _ gv. 123

amoxsna

Caidani mudmivi Zabvis qselSia CarTuli, amitom gamoviyenebT joul-lencis kanons, romelic Cawerilia

Semdegi saxiT: Q = U 2 t/ R.

amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, spiralebs sxvadasxva dro sWirdebaT erTi da imave raodenobis(Caidnis

moculobis) wylis asaduReblad. e.i. spiralebis winaRobebi gansxvavebulia.

Tu CarTulia marto pirveli spirali, maSin t 1 droSi gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba gamoiTvleba

formuliT: Q 1 = U 2 t1/ R 1 (1)

xolo Tu CarTulia marto meore spirali, maSin t 2 droSi gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba gamoiTvleba

formuliT: Q 2 = U 2 t 2 / R 2 (2)

Q 1 = Q 2 = Q (3), radgan erTi da imave raodenobis (Caidnis moculobis) wylis asaduReblad saWiroa erTi

da imave raodenobis siTbo, e.i.

U 2 t 1 / R 1 = U 2 t 2 / R 2 (4)

me-(4) formulis gamartivebis Sedegad miviRebT:

t 1 / R 1 = t 2 / R 2 e.i. R 2 / R 1 = t 2 / t 1

R 2 = R 1 t 2 / t 1 =1,5 R 1 (5)

a) Tu spiralebi SeerTebulia mimdevrobiT, maSin maTi saerTo winaRoba gamoiTvleba formuliT:

R' = R 1 + R 2 = R 1 + (R 1 t 2 / t 1 )= R 1 (1+ (t 2 / t 1 )) = 2,5 R 1 (6)

xolo siTbo, romelic saWiro wylis (Caidnis moculobis) asaduReblad, gamoiTvleba formuliT:

Q' = U 2 t'/ R' ;

siTbos es raodenoba, cxadia, rom ar icvleba da tolia Q 1 -is:

U 2 t' / R' = U 2 t 1 / R 1 )=> t' = t 1 R' / R 1

me-(6)-is gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT: t 1 R' / R 1 = 2,5 t 1 = 10 wT

b) Tu spiralebi SeerTebulia paralelurad, maSin maTi saerTo winaRoba gamoiTvleba formuliT:

R'' = R 1 R 2 / R 1 + R 1 = 0,6 R 1 (7)

xolo siTbo, romelic saWiro wylis (Caidnis moculobis) asaduReblad gamoiTvleba formuliT:

Q'' = U 2 t''/ R'' ; siTbos es raodenoba, cxadia, rom ar icvleba da tolia Q 1 -is:

U 2 t'' / R'' = U 2 t 1 / R 1 )=> t'' = t 1 R'' / R 1

me-(7)-is gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT: t'' = t 1 R'' / R 1 = 0,6 t 1 = 2,4 wT

amocana 2. _ gv. 124

amoxsna

TiToeuli naTura gaTvaliswinebulia U Zabvaze. gansxvaveba maT

simZlavreebs Soris miiRweva maTi spiralebis sxvadasxva winaRobaTa

xarjze.

P 1 = U 2 / R 1 (1)=> R 1 = U 2 / P 1

P 2 = U 2 / R 2 (1)=> R 2 = U 2 / P 2

naTurebi mimdevrobiTaa SeerTebuli. maTi saerTo winaRoba

R= R 1 + R 2 = U 2 / P 1 + U 2 / P 2 = U 2 (1/ P 1 + 1 / P 2 ) = U 2 (P 1 + P 2 ) / P 1 P 2

denis Zala wredSi I = U / R = P 1 P 2/ U (P 1 + P 2 ) = 200/ 3U

TiToeuli naTuris mier realurad moxmarebuli simZlavre:

P' 1 = I 2 R 1 ≈ 44,4 vt; P' 2 = I 2 R 2 ≈ 22,2 vt

U; P 1

I I

U

U; P 2

amocana 3. _ gv. 126

amoxsna

naTurebi CarTulia qselSi paralelurad, amitom Zabva TiToeuli maTganis boloebze erTnairia.

TiToeul naTuraSi gamoyofili simZlavre gamoiTvleba formuliT:

P = U 2 / R 0 (1)

saerTo winaRoba gare wredSi: R = R 0 / n (2)

omis kanonis Tanaxmad sruli wredisaTvis, denis Zala wredSi gamoiTvleba formuliT:

I = ξ / (R+r) = ξ / ((R 0 / n) +r) (3)

omis kanonis Tanaxmad wredis ubnisaTvis, Zabva wyaros momWerebze

U = I R = R ξ / ((R 0 / n) +r) (4)

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom R = R 0 / n, miviRebT, rom U = R 0 ξ / (R 0 + n r) (5)

Tu me-(5) CavsvamT (1)-Si, miviRebT: P = R 0 ξ 2 / (R 0 + n r) 2 ≈ 18,75 vt

1 eleqtromomxmareblis margi qmedebis koeficienti

dafiqrdi _ gv. 127

ramdenad ekonomiuria Cveulebrivi 100 vt-iani eleqtruli naTura, romelsac yofa-cxovrebaSi viyenebT,

Tu cnobilia, rom misi mqk 4%-ia.

pas.: 100 vt-iani eleqtruli naTura sakmaod araekonomiuria, radgan is moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis

mxolod mcire nawils, 4%-s gardaqmnis xiluli sinaTlis energiad, energiis danarCeni nawili siTbos saxiT

garemos gadaecema.

amocana 4. _ gv. 127

amoxsna

sasargeblo siTbo, anu siTbos is raodenoba, romelic saWiroa V = 5 l wylis

t 1 = 10 0 C-dan t 2 = 100 0 C-mde (duRilis temperaturamde) gasaTbobad gamoiTvleba formuliT:

Q sas = C wy m w y (t 2 - t 1 ) = C wy ρ wy V (t 2 - t 1 )

sruli siTbo, anu siTbos is raodenoba, romelic gamoiyofa maduRaras spiralSi denis gavlisas, joullencis

kanonis Tanaxmad gamoiTvleba formuliT: Q sr = IU τ

η = Q sas / Q sr = C wy ρ wy V (t 2 - t 1 ) / IU τ

I= C wy ρ wy V (t 2 - t 1 ) / η U τ = 10,2 a

amocana 6. _ gv. 128

amoxsna

eleqtroenergiis did manZilebze gadacemas, denis siTburi moqmedebis gamo, energiis kargva axlavs

Tan.

vTqvaT, P - eleqtrosadguris mier gamomuSavebuli simZlavrea, xolo P 1 _ simZlavre, romelic ikargeba

eleqtrogadamcem xazebSi.

P _ eleqtrosadguris mier gamomuSavebuli simZlavre gamoiTvleba formuliT:

P = I U (1)

sadac U _ Zabvaa eleqtrosadguris generatoris gamosasvlelze, anu Zabvaa sadenebs Soris dasawyisSi,

xolo I _ denis Zalaa sadenebSi.

P 1 _ simZlavre, romelic ikargeba eleqtrogadamcem xazebSi gamoiTvleba formuliT:

P 1 = I 2 R (2),

sadac R - eleqtrogadamcemi xazebis winaRobaa, xolo I- denis Zalaa xazebSi.

denis Zala (1)-li formulis Tanaxmad tolia: I = P / U (3)

Tu me-(3) formulas CavsvamT me-(2)-Si, miviRebT: P 1 = (P / U) 2 R (4)

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom eleqtrogadamcemi xazebi ori paraleluri sadenisgan Sedegeba, sadenebis

sruli winaRoba gamoiTvleba formuliT:

R = 2 ρ l/ S (5)

me-(5)-s gaTvaliswinebiT me-(4) miiRebs saxes:

P 1 = (P / U) 2 2 ρ l/ S (6)

gamovsaxoT me-(6) formulidan ganivkveTis farTobi:

S = (P / U) 2 2 ρ l/ P 1 (7)

amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad P 1 /P = 8% = 0,08, anu P 1 = 0,08P (8)

SevitanoT me-(8) toloba me-(7)-Si da gamovsaxoT S, miviRebT:

S = ρ l P / 0,04 U 2 = 2,8 . 10 -3 m 2 = 28 sm 2

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu eleqtroenergia gadaecema U = 250 v Zabvis qveS, energiis iseTive danakargebis Sem-

TxvevaSi (8%) sadenebis ganivkveTis farTobi 4.102-jer meti iqneba, anu S ≈ 11 000 m 2 , rac ararealuria.

96

§ 3.11 denis magnituri moqmedeba

1 magnituri veli

_ gv. 130

ra gziT gadaecema garkveul manZilze erTi damuxtuli sxeulis moqmedeba meores, uSualo Sexebis gareSe?

pas.: damuxtuli sxeulebis garSemo arsebobs eleqtruli veli, romlis saSualebiTac maT Soris ur-

TierTqmedeba xorcieldeba: yoveli q 1 muxti Tavis garSemo qmnis eleqtrul vels, romelic q 2 muxtze

moqmedebs da piriqiT, q 2 muxtis mier Seqmnili veli q 1 -ze moqmedebs.

_ gv. 130

ra gziT gadaecema garkveul manZilze erTi magnitis moqmedeba meores, uSualo Sexebis gareSe?

pas.: TiToeuli magnitis garSemo arsebobs magnituri veli, romlis saSualebiTac magnitebs Soris

urTierTqmedeba xorcieldeba: yoveli magniti Tavis garSemo qmnis magnitur vels, romelic sxva magnitze

moqmedebs da piriqiT.

_ gv. 130

gaixsene: rogor SeiZleba eleqtruli velis aRmoCena?

pas.: eleqtruli veli iqmneba muxtis (damuxtuli sxeulis) garSemo da garkveuli ZaliT moqmedebs yvela

im muxtze (damuxtul sxeulze), romlebic velSia moTavsebuli.

swored damuxtul sxeulze (an nawilakze) velis mxridan moqmedi

Zalis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli eleqtruli velis aRmoCena

2 erstedis cda

cda I _ gv. 131

cda I-is Sedegi: magnituri isari, romelic deniani gamtaris

qveS an mis zemoTaa moTavsebuli, wredis Sekvrisas Semobrundeba

da gamtaris marTobulad orientirdeba. cdis Sedegis safuZvelze

savaraudoa, rom deniani gamtaris garSemo magnituri

veli iqmneba.

ase rom, radgan eleqtruli deni magnitur vels qmnis, e.i.

eleqtrulsa da magnitur movlenebs Soris garkveuli kavSiri

arsebobs.

_ gv. 131

rogor fiqrobT, SeeZlo Tu ara ersteds 1820 wels, cdis Sedegis mixedviT, eleqtrul da magnitur

movlenebs Soris kavSiri evarauda?

Cvens droSi, roca ukve Zalian bevri ramaa cnobili eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs Soris ur-

TierTkavSirze, SesaZloa es cda moswavlebs metad ubralodac ki moeCvenoT da cxadia, TiToeuli maTgani

ityvis, rom ersteds martivad SeeZlo evarauda am urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb. SeaxseneT maT, rom damatebiTi

ganzomilebebi, romelic SesaZloa maTi Svilebis TaobisTvis Zalian martivi da gasagebi ram gaxdes, arc

Tu ise advilad warmosadgenia CvenTvis. ase rom, 1820 wels, roca TiTqmis Seuswavleli iyo eleqtruli

da magnituri movlenebi, cxadia, ar iqneboda ioli amgvari varaudis gamoTqma.

3 magnituri velis moqmedeba denian gamtarze

cda II _ gv. 132

cdis Sedegi: cdaSi gamoyenebuli gamtari aluminisaa, amitom Tu masSi deni ar gadis, magniti ar miizidavs.

Tu gamtarSi deni gadis, deniani gamtaris (moZravi muxtebis) garSemo magnituri veli arsebobs da

magniti miizidavs an ganizidavs mas imis mixedviT, Tu ra mimarTulebisaa gamtarSi gamavali deni. gamtarSi

denis mimarTulebis Secvla SesaZlebelia, Tu denis wyaros polusebTan mierTebuli gamtaris boloebs

adgilebs SevucvliT.

4 deniani gamtarebis urTieTqmedeba

cda III _ gv. 132

cdis Sedegi: roca gamtarebSi deni ar

gadis, isini ar urTierTqmedeben (sur. 7,a)

Tu zolebis zeda boloebi gamtariTaa

Caketili (SeerTebuli) (sur.7. b), maSin gamtarebi

erTmaneTTan mimdevrobiTaa Seer-

Tebuli da maTSi gamavali deni sapirispiro

mimarTulebisaa.

CamrTvelis CarTvis Semdeg deniani

gamtarebi ganizidaven erTmaneTs.

a) b) g)

cda IV _ gv. 133

cdis Sedegi: Tu zolebis zeda da qveda

sur. 7

boloebi wyvil-wyvilad gamtariTa Caketilia (SeerTebulia) (sur. 7, g), maSin gamtarebi erTmaneTTan paraleluradaa

SeerTebuli da maTSi gamavali deni erTi mimarTulebisaa. CamrTvelis CarTvis Semdeg deniani

gamtarebi miizidaven erTmaneTs.

gv. 133 - daskvna:

III da IV cdebis safuZvelze gaakeTeT daskvna: Tu or paralelur gamtarSi gamavali denebi erTi mimarTulebisaa,

deniani gamtarebi miizidaven erTmaneTs, xolo Tu maTSi sapirispiro mimarTulebis denebi gadis,

deniani gamtarebi ganizidaven erTmaneTs.

_ gv. 133

urTierTqmedeben Tu ara gamtarebi maSin, roca maTSi deni ar gadis?

gaakeTeT daskvna: aris Tu ara gamtarebs Soris urTierTqmedeba eleqtruli urTierTqmedeba?

pas.: eleqtruli urTierTqmedeba damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebaa. gamtarebi damuxtulebi

ar aris, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi urTierTqmedeba maSinac SesamCnevi iqneboda, sanam maTSi deni gaivlida.

urTierTqmedeba gamtarebs Soris mxolod mas Semdeg aRiZra, rac eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT muxtebis

moZraoba mowesrigebuli gaxda. ase rom, deniani gamtarebi urTierTqmedeben da es urTierTqmedeba ar aris

eleqtruli urTierTqmedeba.

98

5 magnituri velis moqmedeba denian CarCoze

cda V _ gv. 133

cdis Sedegi: CarCos brunva magnitur velSi CarCoze amperis

Zalis moqmedebiT aixsneba. CarCos rogorc marjvena, ise

marcxena mxareze magnituri velis mxridan moqmedebs amperis

Zalebi. moswavleebma ar ician amperis Zalis mimarTulebis

gansazRvra, magram ician, rom magnitis moqmedebis Sedegi gamtarSi

gamavali denis mimarTulebazea damokidebuli (cda II).

amitom maT SeiZleba ivaraudon, rom vinaidan CarCos marjvena

da marcxena mxares gamaval dens sapirispiro mimarTuleba

aqvs, magnituri velis mxridan moqmedi Zalebis mimarTulebac

sapirispiro unda iyos. anu amperis Zalebi qmnian mabrunebel

moments da amis Sedegad CarCo brunavs magnitur velSi.

amperis Zalis mimarTuleba marcxena xelis wesiT ganisazRvreba:

Tu gaSlil marcxena xels ise daviWerT, rom magnituri

velis Zalwirebi xelisgulSi Sediodes, oTxi gaSlili TiTi ki gamtarSi denis mimarTulebas gviCvenebdes,

maSin cera TiTis mimarTuleba amperis Zalis mimarTulebas daemTxveva.

dafiqrdi _ gv. 134

sur. 9-ze eleqtrogamzomi xelsawyoebis gamartivebuli sqemaa gamosaxuli.

Seecade, gaarkvio maTi muSaobis principi, anu rogor `aRiqvams~ ampermetris (an voltmetris) isari

wredSi denis gavlas.

dafiqrdi, ra moxdeba, Tu gamtar CarCoSi deni gaivlis?

pas.: rogor muSaobs ampermetri an voltmetri? mudmivi magnitis (an eleqtromagnitis) polusebs (1)

Soris msubuqi konstruqciis CarCoa (2) moTavsebuli, romelzec ramdenime gamtari xviaa (wiTeli konturi)

daxveuli. CarCos SigniT rkinis uZravi cilindri, igive gularia (3), romlis arseboba magnituri velis

gaZlierebas iwvevs. CarCoze daxveuli xviis boloebi mierTebulia liTonis drekad, spiralurad daxveul

firfitasTan (4). deni xviebSi swored am spiralis gavliT gadis (saxelmZRvaneloSi naxazze miTiTebulia

denis mimarTulebac).

denis ararsebobis dros spiralur firfitas CarCo im mdgomareobaSi uWiravs, rom CarCoze damagrebuli

isris (5) bolo skalaze 0-s uCvenebs.

Tu xelsawyos CavrTavT wredSi, romelSic deni gadis, CarCos xviebSic gaivlis deni da CarCo magnituri

velis zemoqmedebiT Semobrundeba. misi brunva gagrZeldeba manam, sanam spiralis mxridan moqmedi

drekadobis Zalis momenti ar gaawonasworebs magnituri velis mxridan moqmedi amperis Zalis moments.

rac ufro didia denis Zala wredSi, miT metia amperis Zalis momenti da miT meti kuTxiT Semobrundeba

isari. ase rom, CarCos brunva aisaxeba masze damagrebuli isris orientaciaze da isari skalaze Sesabamis

Cvenebas mogvcems.

§ 3.12 mudmivi magnitebi. eleqtromagnitebi

1 amperis hipoTeza

dafiqrdi _ gv. 134

ivaraude, ra SeiZleba moxdes, Tu nivTierebas, romelsac ar aqvs (an sustadaa gamoxatuli) magnituri

Tvisebebi, gare magnitur velSi movaTavsebT?

magniti liTonis samagrs izidavs, plastmasisas ki ara. ratom?

pas.: atomis birTvis garSemo moZravi eleqtronebi patar-patara, elementarul magnitur velebs qmnian,

anu TiToeuli atomi SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc pawawina magniti.

nivTierebis magnitur velSi moTavsebisas es mikroskopuli magnitebi gare magnituri velis gavleniT

zustad ise Semobrundeba, rogorc magnitur velSi moTavsebuli magnituri isrebi. Tu maTi umravlesoba

ise orientirdeba, rom maTi magnituri velebis mimarTulebebi gare velis mimarTulebas daemTxveva, maSin

jamuri magnituri veli nulis toli ar iqneba da Sedegad nivTiereba magnitur Tvisebebs SeiZens, romelic

miT ufro mkveTrad iqneba gamoxatuli, rac ufro meti mikroskopuli magnituri velis mimarTuleba daemTxveva

erTmaneTs.

gare magnitur velSi moTavsebisas liTonis samagrSi damagnitebis efeqti Zlieria, plastmasisaSi ki

umniSvneloa. Sesabamisad, magniti liTonis samagrs izidavs, plastmasisas ki ara.

cda I _ gv. 136

cdis Sedegi: lursmani damagnitdeba da miizidavs rkinis samagrs.

cda II _ gv. 136

cdis Sedegi: koWa masSi denis gavlisas ise `iqceva~, rogorc magniti: is miizidavs

mis gverdiT dayril lursmnebs an rkinis naqlibs.

deniani koWas moqmedeba damokidebulia:

a) masSi gamaval denis Zalaze: rac metia koWaSi gamavali denis Zala, miT Zlieria

deniani koWas magnituri moqmedeba.

b) xviebis ricxvze koWaSi: rac metia koWaSi xviebis ricxvi, miT Zlieria deniani

koWas magnituri moqmedeba.

deniani koWas magnituri moqmedebis gaZliereba ise, rom masSi denis Zala da

xviaTa ricxvi ar SevcvaloT, SesaZlebelia, Tu koWaSi rkinis Reros (gulars)

movaTavsebT. koWaSi rkinis gularis Setana mniSvnelovnad gaaZlierebs koWas

magnitur vels.

100

fiqrisa da gansjisaTvis _ gv. 138

gTavazobT morzes telegrafis sxvadasxva sqemebs:

1- CamrTveli Rilaki;

2- deniani koWa _ eleqtromagniti;

3- Ruza (anu, rasac magniti izidavs);

4- zambara;

5- saweri mowyobiloba (kalami an burTula)

6 - qaRaldis lenta.

1

2

3

5 6

§ 4.1 eleqtruli deni siTxeSi

1 eleqtrolituri disociacia

Tavi 4. eleqtruli deni sxvadasxva garemoSi

gv.150 - cda I

cdis Sedegi: gamoxdil, qimiurad sufTa wyalSi muxtis gadamtani Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebi ar

aris, ris gamoc gamoxdili wyali dens ar atarebs.

Tu wyalSi marils CavyriT, marilis wyalxsnari dens gaatarebs da naTura ainTeba.

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom marilis Cayris Semdeg wyalxsnarSi damuxtuli nawilakebi gaCndeba.

dafiqrdi - gv. 151

daakvirdi sur. 3-s da Seecade, dawvrilebiT aRwero procesi,

rogor iSleba marilis ionuri kristali wylis molekulebis

moqmedebiT calkeul ionebad. rogor fiqrob, iqneba Tu ara es

procesi xsnaris temperaturaze damokidebuli? rogor?

pas.: wylis dipolebi TavianTi eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT

ionuri kristalis calkeul ionebad daSlas uwyobs xels: isini

gars ertymian marilis kristaluri mesris kvanZebSi ganlagebul

ionebs: natriumis dadebiT (Na + ) ions wylis dipolebi uaryofiTi polusebiT miuaxlovdebian, qloris uaryofiT

ionebs (Cl- H O 2

) ki _ dadebiTi polusebiT. Sedegad wylis dipolebi TavianTi eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT ise

asusteben marilis ionebs Soris urTierTkavSirs, rom ionebis siTburi moZraobis energia sakmarisia imisaTvis,

rom marilis ionuri kristali calkeul ionebad daiSalos. cxadia, rac metia xsnaris temperatura, miT metia

kristaluri mesris kvanZebSi ganlagebuli ionebis kinetikuri energia da miT sustia ionebs Soris kavSiri.

amitom temperaturis momatebisas marilis kristalis calkeul ionebad daSlis procesi daCqardeba.

dafiqrdi - gv. 151

zogierT eleqtrolits molekuluri agebuleba aqvs, mag.,

marilmJavas (HCl). daakvirdi sur. 5-s da Seecade, aRwero procesi,

rogor iSleba marilmJavas molekula wylis molekulebis moqmedebiT

calkeul ionebad (H + ; Cl-).

pas.: marilmJavas wyalSi gaxsnisas misi yoveli polaruli

molekulis garSemo wylis molekulebi ise orientirdeba, rogorc

es sur. 5-zea gamosaxuli: wylis molekulebis dadebiTi

polusebi mJavas molekulis uaryofiT polusTan ganlagdeba, wylis molekulebis uaryofiTi polusebi ki _

mJavas molekulis dadebiT polusTan. amis Sedegad wylis molekulebiT garSemortymuli mJavas neitraluri

molekulebi wylis dipolebis eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT `gaiweleba~. wylisa da mJavas molekulebis

sapirispiro polusebs Soris aRZruli urTierTqmedebis Zalebi mJavas neitralur molekulaSi kovalentur

bmas asusteben da mJavas neitraluri molekula calkeul ionebad iSleba: HCl→ H + + Cl -

swored am ionebis mimarTuli moZraoba ganapirobebs mJavas wyalxsnaris eleqtrogamtarobas.

2 eleqtrolizi

H 2 O

cda II _ gv. 152

SeniSvna: cda did dros moiTxovs, amitom misi Catareba gakveTilis dasawyisSi daiwyeT.

cdis Sedegi: kaTodze sufTa spilenZi gamoiyofa.

101

Sabiamnis (CuSO ) wyalSi gaxsnisas eleqtrolituri disociaciis Sedegad warmoiqmneba spilenZis dadebiTi

4

Cu + - da SO -is uaryofiTi ionebi: CuSO4 → Cu 4

+ - da SO4 Tu Sabiamnis wyalxsnarSi gare eleqtrul vels SevqmniT (masSi CavuSvebT denis wyaros sxvadasxva polusTan

- mierTebul eleqtrodebs), SO -is uaryofiTi ionebi dadebiTi eleqtrodisken, anodisken daiwyeben mimarTul

4

moZraobas, xolo Cu + -is dadebiTi ionebi uaryofiTad damuxtuli eleqtrodisken, kaTodisken. kaTodTan

Sexebisas spilenZis dadebiTi ionebi miierTeben eleqtronebs da neitralurebi gaxdebian: Cu + + 2e- → Cu

warmoqnili neitraluri atomebi daileqeba eleqtrodze, ris Sedegadac kaTodze sufTa spilenZi gamoiyofa.

es ki denis qimiuri moqmedebis Sedegia, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom zogierT xsnarSi denis gatarebisas

xsnaridan sufTa nivTierebebi gamoiyofa.

102

fiqrisa da gansjisaTvis (jgufuri samuSao) _ gv.153

rogor ganvsazRvroT faradeis kanonis gamoyenebiT elementaruli muxtis sidide?

vTqvaT, N kaTodze gamoyofili spilenZis ionebis ricxvia, romelTa mierac iqna gadatanili q sididis

muxti, m 0 -erTi ionis masaa (romelic mocemulia m 0 = 1,06 . 10 -25 kg), xolo q 0 -erTi ionis muxtia, maSin

m = N m 0 da q = N q 0

Sesabamisad, m = k q formula miiRebs saxes:

N m 0 = k N q 0 )=> m 0 = k q 0 (1)

maS ase, eleqtroqimiur ekvivalents aqvs martivi fizikuri azri: eleqtroqimiuri ekvivalenti tolia ionis

masis Sefardebisa mis muxtTan.

k = m 0 / q 0

m = k q formulidan Cans, rom k - proporciulobis koeficienti ricxobrivad tolia nivTierebis masisa,

romelic eleqtrodebze gamoiyofa eleqtrolitSi 1 k muxtis gavlisas. cxadia, k-s ricxviTi mniSvneloba

SeiZleba swored imgvari eqsperimentis daxmarebiT dadgindes, romelic paragrafSia aRwerili (cda II). Tu

eleqtrolitis wyalxsnarSi 1k muxts gavatarebT, eleqtrodze gamoyofili nivTierebis masa ricxobrivad

daemTxveva k-s ricxviT mniSvnelobas. Tumca saskolo laboratoriis pirobebSi k-s mniSvnelobis dadgena

spilenZisTvis ver moxerxdeba, amitom moswavleebs mxolod eqsperimentis aRwera evalebaT.

vTqvaT, eqsperimentis Sedegad spilenZisTvis eleqtroqimiuri ekvivalentis, k-s gansazRvra SevZeliT.

k-s mniSvnelobis codna dagvexmareba elementaruli muxtis sididis dadgenaSi.

q 0 = ne, sadac n spilenZis valentobaa (n=2 da gviCvenebs, ramdeni eleqtronia saWiro imisaTvis, rom spilenZis

dadebiTi ioni neitralur molekulad gardaiqmnas), xolo e -elementaruli muxtis sidide.

(1)-li formula miiRebs saxes: m 0 = k ne )=> e = m 0 / k n

maS ase, m 0 da n cnobilia. darCa mxolod k-s gansazRvra. amisaTvis ki saWiroa Sabiamnis wyalxsnarSi 1 k

denis gatareba da kaTodze gamoyofili spilenZis masis gansazRvra, romelic ricxobrivad, faradeis kanonis

Tanaxmad, k-s tolia.

rac Seexeba elementaruli muxtis sididis gansazRvris sxva xerxs, ix. milikenis cda (§2.4)

§ 4.2 eleqtruli deni airSi

1 araTavisTavadi ganmuxtva

cda I _ gv.156

cdis Sedegi: Tu kondensatoris firfitebs sxvadasxvaniSniani muxtiT davmuxtavT, eleqtrometris isari

gadaixreba, rac firfitebs Soris potencialTa sxvaobis arsebobaze mianiSnebs. isari Tavis mdgomareobas ar

Seicvlis garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdegac. e. i. kondensatori ar ganimuxteba, anu firfitebs Soris deni

ar gadis. kondenstoris firfitebs Soris haeriani Sualedia da cdis Sedegis Sedegad SeiZleba davaskvnaT,

rom haeri dens ar atarebs.

cda II _ gv.156

cdis Sedegi: damuxtul firfitebs Soris spirtquris alis Setanis

Semdeg eleqtrometris isari pirvandel, vertikalur mdgomareobas

daubrunda, rac imas mowmobs, rom kondensatori ganimuxta, e.i. wredSi

denma gaiara, anu savaraudoa, rom firfitebs Soris sivrceSi Tavisufali

damuxtuli nawilakebi gaCnda.

dafiqrdi _ gv.157

ra msgavseba da ra gansxvavebaa eleqtrolitebisa da airebis gamtarobis meqanizms Soris?

pas.: airs iseve, rogorc eleqtrolitebis wyalxsnarebs da nadnobebs, axasiaTebs rogorc ionuri, ise eleqtronuli

gamtaroba. gansxvaveba isaa, rom airSi uaryofiTi muxti ZiriTadad gadaitaneba ara uaryofiTi ionebiT,

rogorc es eleqtrolitebis wyalxsnarebSi da nadnobebSia, aramed eleqtronebiT. Tumca airis gamtarobaSi uaryofiTi

eleqtronebic garkveul rols asruleben.

arsebiTia kidev erTi gansxvaveba: eleqtrolitebis wyalxsnarebSi ionebi warmoiqmneba molekulebSi Sidamolekuluri

Zalebis Sesustebis Sedegad, rac gamxsnelis (wylis) molekulebis moqmedebis Sedegia. airSi

ki ionebi warmoiqmneba gare ionizatoris (mag., gaTbobis an gamosxivebis) moqmedebis Sedegad.

2 TavisTavadi ganmuxtva

cda III _ gv.157

cdis Sedegi: eleqtrometris isari Tavis pirvandel, vertikalur mdgomareobas daubrunda.

SeniSvna: eleqtroforuli manqanis daxmarebiT SegiZliaT moswavleebs analogiuri cda uCvenoT: manqanis

burTulebi erTmaneTs axlo manZiliT daaSoreT. saxeluris didi xniT triali arc dagWirdebaT, rom bur-

Tulebs Soris ganmuxtva moxdeba, anu maT Soris naperwkali gaxteba. magram III cdaSi eleqtrometris CarTva

mosaxerxebelia imis gamo, rom TvalsaCino xdeba, rom ganmuxtva marTlac moxda: haerSi denma gaiara da Sedegad

kondensatori ganimuxta. am dros isari Tavis pirvandel vertikalur mdgomareobas daubrundeba.

$ 4.3 eleqtruli deni vakuumSi

1 Termoeleqtronuli emisia

dafiqrdi _ gv.157

vakuumuri diodi dens calmxrivad atarebs. ratom?

imisaTvis, rom am kiTxvaze upasuxo, dafiqrdi: vakuumur diodSi `cxeli~ eleqtrodi kaTodia, xolo

anodi `civi~ eleqtrodia.

ra moxdeba, Tu `cxel ~ eleqtrods, romlidanac eleqtronebi amoityorcnebian, denis wyaros dadebiT

poluss mivuerTebT?

gaivlis Tu ara aseT SemTxvevaSi vakuumur diodSi deni? ratom?

pas.: Termoeleqtronuli emisiis gamo gaxurebuli liTonis eleqtrodidan amoityorcneba eleqtronebi,

romlebic eleqtrodis garSemo `eleqtronul Rrubels~ qmnian (zustad ise, rogorc aorTqlebuli wylis

molekulebi qmnian `Rrubels~ wylis zedapirTan). am dros eleqtrodi dadebiTad imuxteba da amotyorcnili

eleqtronebis nawili eleqtruli velis gavleniT isev liTonSi brundeba.

+

_

103

Tu cxel eleqtrods denis wyaros uaryofiT poluss mivuerTebT,

xolo civ eleqtrods _ dadebiTs, maSin eleqtrodebs

Soris aRiZvreba eleqtruli veli, romlis daZabuloba

cxeli eleqtrodisken iqneba mimarTuli. am velis moqmedebiT

eleqtronebi datoveben eleqtronul Rrubels, amoZravdebian

civi eleqtrodisken (anodisken), wredi Seikvreba da deni

gaivlis.

Tu cxel eleqtrods denis wyaros dadebiT poluss

mivuerTebT, am SemTxvevaSi eleqtruli velis daZabuloba

cxelidan civi eleqtrodisken iqneba mimarTuli da veli amotyorcnil

eleqtronebs ise liTonSi Caabrunebs. wredi aRar

Seikvreba da deni ar gaivlis.

damatebiTi masala

Termoeleqtronuli emisia SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc

liTonis zedapiridan eleqtronebis aorTqleba. imisaTvis, rom

eleqtronma datovos liTonis zedapiri, man unda daZlios

dadebiTi ionebis mxridan mizidulobis Zalebi. oTaxis temperaturaze

iseTi eleqtronebis ricxvi, romelTa kinetikuri energia sakmarisia ionebis mxridan mizidulobis

dasaZlevad, umniSvneloa. temperaturis zrdasTan erTad ki aseTi eleqtronebis ricxvi sul ufro da ufro

izrdeba. liTonis zedapiridan eleqtronis amotyorcna xdeba maSin, Tu eleqtronis kinetikuri energia

liTonis gacxelebis Sedegad ise gaizrdeba, rom is aRmoCndeba toli an meti e. w. gamosvlis muSaobaze: E kin

≥ A gamosvl

gamosvlis muSaoba aris muSaoba, romelic saWiroa imisaTvis, rom eleqtroni nivTierebidan amovagdoT

(misTvis kinetikuri energiis miniWebis gareSec ki).

nivTierebidan eleqtronis gamosvlis muSaoba ganisazRvreba nivTierebis gvarobiT da damokidebulia

nivTierebis zedapiris mdgomareobaze. sufTa liTonebisTvis gamosvlis muSaoba ar aRemateba ramdenime

eleqtronvolts.

eleqtronvolti mikrosamyaroSi xSirad gamoyenebuli energiis erTeulia:

1 eleqtronvolti (1ev) aris energia, romelsac SeiZens eleqtroni im or wertils Soris garbenisas, romelTa

Soris potencialTa sxvaoba 1 voltia.

energiis es erTeuli im Teoremaze dayrdnobiT Semodis, romelic eleqtrul velSi moZravi nawilakis

kinetikuri energiis cvlilebas akavSirebs eleqtruli velis mier nawilakis gadaadgilebaze Sesrulebul

muSaobasTan, anu

qU = mv2 2 /2 – mv /2 0

104

$ 4.4 eleqtruli deni naxevargamtarebSi

1 naxevargamtaris winaRobis damokidebuleba garemo pirobebze

cda I _ gv.165

cdis Sedegi: wredSi, romelic Sedgeba mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli denis wyaros, miliampermetrisa da Termorezistorisagan,

CamrTvelis CarTvisas davinaxavT, rom miliampermetris isari odnav gadaixreba. es imas

niSnavs, rom naxevargamtaris (risganacaa damzadebuli Termorezistori) winaRoba oTaxis temperaturaze Zalian

didia. Tu Termorezistors gavaTbobT (Tundac xeliT), davinaxavT, rom ampermetris isari ufro metad

gadaixreba, xolo roca Termorezistors asanTiT gavaTbobT, ampermetris Cveneba SesamCnevad gaizrdeba. es

imas niSnavs, rom naxevargamtaris winaRoba temperaturis matebisas Semcirda.

Termorezistoris gacivebisas davinaxavT, rom denis Zala wredSi iklebs, anu naxevargamtaris winaRoba

izrdeba temperaturis Semcirebisas.

cda II _ gv.166

cdis Sedegi: wredSi, romelic Sedgeba mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli denis wyaros, miliampermetrisa da fotorezistorisagan,

romelic dafarulia Savi, gaumWvirvale yuTiT, CamrTvelis CarTvisas davinaxavT, rom

wredSi deni ar gadis.

wredSi deni gaivlis mxolod mas Semdeg, rac fotorezistori ganaTdeba da deni miT meti iqneba, rac

metad iqneba ganaTebuli fotorezistoris zedapiri.

2 eleqtruli deni p- da n-tipis naxevargamtarTa kontaqtSi

dafiqrdi _ gv. 169

ra mimarTulebiT gaivlis deni wredSi p-dan n-isken Tu piriqiT?

wredSi aRZruli velis moqmedebiT ra mimarTulebiT imoZraveben naxevargamtaris kristalSi Tavisufali

eleqtronebi? xvrelebi?

kristalSi denis gavlisas ras gadaaqvs muxti, ZiriTad gadamtanebs Tu araZiriTadebs?

rogor fiqrob, rogori iqneba kristalis gamtaroba pirdapiri CarTvisas: didi Tu mcire?

pas.: pirdapiri CarTvisas: deni wredSi gaivlis p-dan n-sken. gare velis moqmedebiT kristalSi daiwyeba

muxtis ZiriTadi gadamtanebis moZraoba: n-dan p-sken Tavisufali eleqtronebi gadava, xolo p-dan n-sken

xvrelebi.

radgan n tipis garemoSi Tavisufali eleqtronebis raodenoba Zalian bevria, xolo p tipis garemoSi

xvrelebis raodenobaa meti, p-n gadasasvlelSi mniSvnelovani

deni gaivlis. kristalis winaRoba pirdapiri CarTvisas

umniSvneloa, anu kristalis gamtarobaa didi.

dafiqrdi _ gv. 169

ra mimarTulebiT gaivlis deni wredSi p-dan n -isken

Tu piriqiT?

wredSi aRZruli velis moqmedebiT ra mimarTulebiT

imoZraveben p-n gadasasvlelze Tavisufali eleqtronebi?

xvrelebi?

denis gavlisas ras gadaaqvs muxti p-n gadasasvlelze,

ZiriTad gadamtanebs Tu araZiriTadebs?

rogor fiqrobT, rogori iqneba kristalis gamtaroba

arapirdapiri CarTvisas: didi Tu mcire?

p tipi n tipi

pas.: arapirdapiri CarTvisas: deni wredSi gaivlis, n-dan

p-isken. gare velis moqmedebiT kristalSi muxtis mxolod

araZiriTadi gadamtanebi gadavlen: n-dan p-sken xvrelebi

gadava, xolo p -dan n-isken Tavisufali eleqtronebi. magram

p tipis garemoSi Tavisufali eleqtronebi cotaa, xolo n

tipis garemoSi xvrelebia cota, amitom kristalSi umniSvnelo

p tipi n tipi

deni gaivlis. kristalis winaRoba arapirdapiri CarTvisas didia, gamtaroba mcire.

damatebiTi masala

aRmoCnda, rom p da n tipis naxevargamtarebis Sexebisas, sazRvarze iqmneba are, romlis winaRoba damokidebulia

masSi gamavali denis mimarTulebaze.

avxsnaT es movlena.

p da n tipis naxevargamtarebis Sexebisas qaosurad moZravi eleqtronebi n tipis garemodan (romelSic

105

Tavisufali eleqtronebi ufro metia, vidre xvrelebi) difuziis gamo p tipis garemoSi (sadac Tavisufali

eleqtronebi ufro naklebia, vidre xvrelebi) gadadian. xvrelebi ki, piriqiT, p tipis garemodan n tipis

garemoSi difundireben.

ase rom, p da n tipis naxevargamtarebis kontaqtisas sazRvarze iqmneba eleqtronul-xvreluri gadasasvleli,

anu p-n gadasasvleli.

Sedegad, p da n tipis naxevargamtarebis Sexebis sazRvarTan.

a) n tipis garemoSi Cndeba dadebiTi Warbi muxti: donoruli minarevis dadebiTi ionebis gaukopensirebeli

muxtis gamo.

(gaixseneT: dariSxans xuTi savalento eleqtroni aqvs, romelTagan oTxi siliciumis atomebTan kovalentur

kavSirSi monawileobs, xolo mexuTe savalento eleqtroni (`zedmeti~ eleqtroni) sustadaa dakavSirebuli

atomTan, amitom is tovebs dariSxanis atoms da Tavisufali xdeba. warmoiqmneba dadebiTi ioni As + .

gaiTvaliswineT: n tipis naxevargamtaris kristalSi minarevis dadebiTi ionebis muxti gakompensirebulia

Tavisufali eleqtronebis muxtiT)

b) p tipis garemoSi Cndeba uaryofiTi Warbi muxti, radgan gadasuli eleqtronebi xvrelebs aRadgenen da

aqceptoruli minarevis uaryofiTi ionebis muxti gaukopensirebeli aRmoCndeba.

(gaixseneT: siliciumis meoTxe atomTan srulyofili kavSirisTvis galiumis atoms erTi eleqtroni aklia,

amitom is naxevargamtaris uaxloesi atomebidan eleqtrons `miitacebs~, anu warmoiqmneba uaryofiTi ioni Ga -

gaiTvaliswineT: p tipis naxevargamtaris kristalSi minarevis uaryofiTi ionebis muxti gakompensirebulia

xvrelebis dadebiTi muxtiT)

maS ase, p da n tipis naxevargamtarebis Sexebisas sazRvris orive mxares gaukompensirebeli sxvadasxvaniSniani

muxti Cndeba, ris Sedegadac sasazRvro fenaSi eleqtruli veli

aRiZvreba (msgavsad kondensatorisa, romlis firfitebi sxvadasxva- I

niSniani muxtiTaa damuxtuli), romlis daZabuloba n-idan p-tipis

naxevargam tariskenaa mimarTuli (sur. I).

eleqtruli velis daZabuloba muxtis dagrovebasTan erTad

izrdeba da sul ufro met winaaRmdegobas uwevs eleqtronebisa da

xvrelebis gadasvlas sazRvarze. dgeba momenti, roca eleqtronebisa

da xvrelebis gadasvla wydeba da sasazRvro fena dieleqtriki xdeba.

am fenas Camket fenas uwodeben.

II

pirdapiri CarTvisas (sur. II): gare velis daZabuloba im velis sawinaaRmdegodaa

mimarTuli, romelic Camket fenaSia aRZruli, amitom

gare veli Seasustebs Camketi fenis vels. gare velis moqmedebiT p-n

gadasasvlelze daiwyeba muxtis ZiriTadi gadamtanebis moZraoba: n-dan

p-sken Tavisufali eleqtronebi gadava, xolo p-dan n-sken xvrelebi.

radgan n tipis garemoSi Tavisufali eleqtronebis raodenoba

Zalian bevria, xolo p tipis garemoSi xvrelebis raodenobaa meti, p-n

gadasasvlelSi mniSvnelovani deni gaivlis. p-n gadasasvlelis winaRoba

pirdapiri CarTvisas umniSvneloa.

III

arapirdapiri CarTvisas (sur. III): gare velis daZabuloba im velis

mimarTulebiTaa mimarTuli, romelic Camket fenaSia aRZruli, amitom

gare veli gaaZlierebs Camketi fenis vels. gare velis moqmedebiT p-n

gadasasvlelze muxtis mxolod araZiriTadi gadamtanebi gadavlen: ndan

p-sken xvrelebi gadava, xolo p-dan n-sken Tavisufali eleqtronebi.

magram p tipis garemoSi Tavisufali eleqtronebi cotaa, xolo n tipis

garemoSi xvrelebia cota, amitom p-n gadasasvlelze umniSvnelo deni

gaivlis. p-n gadasasvlelis winaRoba arapirdapiri CarTvisas didia.

106

VIII. damatebiTi masala maswavleblebisTvis

(Tavis Semajamebeli samuSaoebi da maTi pasuxebi)

SeniSvna: Tavis Semajamebel samuSaoebs sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvT

107

108

I varianti

Semajamebeli samuSao # 1 Temaze: eleqtruli muxti

1. 2 qula

daumuxtav eleqtroskops jer abreSumis

qsovilze xaxunisas daeleqtroebuli minis Rero

Seaxes (a), xolo Semdeg _ damuxtuli joxi (b).

rogor fiqrob, ra niSniT iyo joxi damuxtuli?

pasuxi daasabuTe.

a) b)

2. 2 qula

ra niSniT imuxteba ebonitis Rero Salis qsovilze gaxaxunebisas? imuxteba Tu ara am dros Salis qsovili?

icvleba Tu ara daeleqtroebis procesSi ebonitis Reros masa? Salis qsovilis? pasuxi daasabuTe.

3. 1 qula

eqsperimentebis Sedegebis kvlevisas erTma moswavlem sakvlevi muxti miiRo 2,4 .10 -18 k -is toli, meorem

_ 8 . 10 -20 k

4. 1 qula

ris tolia urTierTqmedebis kulonuri Zalis sidide or muxts Soris vakuumSi, Tu TiToeuli muxtis

sidide 1 k-ia, xolo maT Soris manZili 1m?

5. 1 qula

gansazRvre, ra manZiliTaa daSorebuli erTmaneTisgan vakuumSi moTavsebuli ori wertilovani muxti,

Tu cnobilia, rom q 1 = 2 .10 -7 k, q 2 = 4,5 .10 -7 k da maT Soris urTierTqmedebis Zala 0,1 n-ia.

6. 3 qula

vakuumSi moTavsebuli liTonis ori erTnairi birTvi, romelTa muxtebia

9 . 10 -9 k da -2 . 10 -9 k, erTmaneTisgan 40 sm-iTaa daSorebuli. birTvebi erTmaneTs Seaxes da Semdeg imave

manZiliT daaSores. gamoTvale urTierTqmedebis Zala maT Soris Sexebamde da Sexebis Semdeg.

II varianti

Semajamebeli samuSao # 1 Temaze: eleqtruli muxti

1. 2 qula

daumuxtav eleqtroskops jer Salis qsovilze

xaxunisas daeleqtroebuli ebonitis Rero Seaxes (a),

xolo Semdeg _ damuxtuli joxi (b). rogor fiqrob, ra

niSniT iyo joxi damuxtuli? pasuxi daasabuTe.

a) b)

2. 2 qula

ra niSniT imuxteba minis Rero abreSumis qsovilze gaxaxunebisas? imuxteba Tu ara am dros abreSumis

qsovili? icvleba Tu ara daeleqtroebis procesSi minis Reros masa? abreSumis qsovilis? pasuxi

daasabuTe.

3. 1 qula

eqsperimentebis Sedegebis kvlevisas erTma moswavlem sakvlevi muxti miiRo 9,6 .10 -20 k -is toli, xolo

meorem - 4 .10 -18 k. romelma maTganma dauSva Secdoma?

4.

1 qula

ris tolia vakuumSi moTavsebuli ori muxtis sidide da maT Soris manZili, Tu muxtebs Soris

urTierTqmedebis kulonuri Zalis sidide 9 . 109 n-ia?

5.

2 qula

gansazRvre, ra ZaliT urTierTqmedebs vakuumSi moTavsebuli ori wertilovani muxti, Tu cnobilia,

rom q = q = 10 1 2 -8k da maT Soris manZili 3 sm-ia.

6. 3 qula

vakuumSi moTavsebuli ori erTnairi liTonis burTula damuxtulia ise, rom erTi maTganis muxti 5-jer

aRemateba meoris muxts. burTulebi erTmaneTs Seaxes da Semdeg imave manZiliT daaSores. gamoTvale,

ramdenjer Seicvala burTulebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Zala moduliT?

109

110

I varianti

Semajamebeli samuSao # 2 Temaze: eleqtruli veli

1. 2 qula

erT SemTxvevaSi eleqtroskopis sferos bewvze xaxunisas daeleqtrovebuli ebonitis

joxi miuaxloes, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi - joxi Seaxes.

erTnairad daimuxteba Tu ara eleqtroskopi pirvel da meore SemTxvevaSi? aRwere

eleqtroskopis damuxtvis meqanizmi orive SemTxvevaSi.

2. 2 qula

axseni, ratom izidavs damuxtuli joxi wylis wvril Wavls?

3. 1 qula

vakuumSi moTavsebuli ori eleqtruli muxti erTmaneTisgan 9 sm-iTaa daSorebuli. ra manZilze unda

movaTavsoT es muxtebi wyalSi, rom maT Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalis sidide ar Seicvalos? cnobilia,

rom wylis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobaa 81.

4. 2 qula

gamoTvale, ris tolia muSaoba, romelsac eleqtrostatikuri veli asrulebs 2 k muxtis erTi wertilidan

meoreSi gadaadgilebisas, Tu pirveli wertilis potenciali 20 v-ia, xolo meoresi - 5v.

5. 3 qula

vakuumSi A da B wertilebSi moTavsebulia q 1 = 4 . 10 -8 k da q 2 = 10 -8 k sididis eleqtruli muxtebi. ipoveT

maT mier Seqmnili jamuri eleqtruli velis daZabulobisa da potencialis sidide C da D wertilebSi.

A

q 1

+

r AC = 6 sm r CB = 3 sm r BD = 3 sm

q 2

+

C D

II varianti

Semajamebeli samuSao # 2 Temaze: eleqtruli veli

1. 2 qula

erT SemTxvevaSi eleqtroskopis sferos abreSumis qsovilze xaxunisas

daeleqtrovebuli minis joxi miuaxloes, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi - joxi Seaxes.

erTnairad daimuxteba Tu ara eleqtroskopi pirvel da meore SemTxvevaSi? aRwere

eleqtroskopis damuxtvis meqanizmi orive SemTxvevaSi.

2.

axseni, ratom izidavs damuxtuli joxi qaRaldis neitralur

nakuwebs?

2 qula

3. 1 qula

ori eleqtruli muxti jer vakuumSi moaTavses, xolo Semdeg aragamtar garemoSi gadaitanes. gansazRvre

garemos dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba, Tu cnobilia, rom vakuumSi muxtebi erTmaneTisgan 10 sm -iT iyo

daSorebuli, xolo aragamtar garemoSi _ 5 sm.

4. 2 qula

gansazRvre, ris tolia eleqtrostatikuri velis or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba, Tu erTi

wertilidan meoreSi 4 k muxtis gadaadgilebisas eleqtruli Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba 8 j-is

tolia.

5. 3 qula

vakuumSi A da B wertilebSi moTavsebulia q 1 = 4 . 10 -8 k da q 2 = - 10 -8 k sididis eleqtruli muxtebi. ipoveT

maT mier Seqmnili jamuri eleqtruli velis daZabulobisa da potencialis sidide C da D wertilebSi, Tu

cnobilia, rom AC = 6 sm, CB = BD = 3 sm.

A

q 1

+

r AC = 6 sm r CB = 3 sm r BD = 3 sm

q 2

_

C D

B

111

112

I varianti

Semajamebeli samuSao # 3 Temaze: eleqtruli deni

1. 2 qula

gansazRvre, suraTze gamosaxuli sqemis mixedviT, ra

sididis muxti gadis wredSi 20 wm-is ganmavlobaSi.

2. 2 qula

gansazRvre, suraTze gamosaxuli sqemis mixedviT: ra siTbos

raodenoba gamoiyofa naTuraSi, Tu masSi 18 k muxtis gadis?

3. 2 qula

gansazRvre, ra sididis deni gaivlis 17 omi winaRobis mqone rezistorSi, romelic 6 v emZ-isa da 1 omi

Siga winaRobis mqone denis wyarosTanaa mierTebuli.

4. 2 qula

gansazRvre U AC , Tu ampermetris Cvenebaa 5 a, R 1 = 2 omi,

R 2 = 3 omi, R 3 = 6 omi, R 4 = 5 omi.

5. 2 qula

gansazRvre, denis gavlisas, romel gamtarSi gamoiyofa meti siTbo.

R 1 = 3 omi da R 2 = 6 omi.

R 1

R 2

II varianti

Semajamebeli samuSao # 3 Temaze: eleqtruli deni

1. 2 qula

gansazRvre, suraTze gamosaxuli sqemis mixedviT, ra drois

ganmavlobaSi gaivlis wredSi 120 k sididis muxti.

2. 2 qula

gansazRvre, suraTze gamosaxuli sqemis mixedviT, muxtis ra

raodenoba gadis naTuraSi, Tu cnobilia, am dros naTuraSi 508 j

siTbo gamoiyo.

3. 2 qula

gansazRvre im denis wyaros emZ, romlis Siga winaRoba 2 omia, xolo denis wyarosTan mierTebuli gare

wredis winaRoba 13 omi. cnobilia, rom denis Zala wredSi 2 a-ia.

4. 2 qula

gansazRvre A2 da A3 ampermetrebis, aseve voltmetris

Cveneba, Tu A1 ampermetris Cvenebaa 20 a, R 1 = 2 omi, R 2 = 4 omi,

R 3 = 5omi.

5. 2 qula

gansazRvre, denis gavlisas, romel gamtarSi gamoiyofa meti siTbo.

R 1 = 3 omi da R 2 = 6 omi.

R 1

R 2

113

114

Semajamebeli samuSaoebis pasuxebi

samuSao N1

I varianti

1.

abreSumis qsovilze gaxaxunebisas minis Rero dadebiTad imuxteba da Tu mas daumuxtav eleqtroskops

SevaxebT, eleqtroskopic dadebiTad daimuxteba (a). mas Semdeg, rac dadebiTad damuxtul eleqtroskops

damuxtuli joxi Seaxes, eleqtroskopis firfitebi ufro gaiSala (b), e.i. firfitebma damatebiTi dadebiTi

muxti miiRes. aqedan daskvna: joxi dadebiTad iyo damuxtuli.

2.

Salis qsovilze gaxaxunebisas ebonitis Rero uaryofiTad imuxteba: Reros atombirTvebi ufro Zlierad

izidaven eleqtronebs, vidre Salis, amitom eleqtronebi Salis qsovilidan Reroze gadainacvlebs. Reroze

eleqtronebis Warbi ricxvi Cndeba, xolo Salis qsovilze - eleqtronebis danaklisi. Sesabamisad, Reros

masa Sematebuli eleqtronebis masis xarjze gaizrdeba, xolo Salis qsovilis masa - Semcirdeba.

3.

Secdoma meorem dauSva, radgan 8 .10 -20 k ar aris elementaruli muxtis e= 1,6 .10 -19 k-is jeradi.

4.

vakuumSi moTavsebul or muxts Soris urTierTqmedebis kulonuri Zalis sidide ricxobrivad tolia

proporciulobis koeficientis (k = 9 . 10 9 nm 2 /k 2 ), Tu TiToeuli muxtis sidide 1 k-ia, xolo maT Soris

manZili 1m.

5.

9 sm

6.

Sexebamde mizidvis Zala F 1 ≈ 1 . 10 -6 n, Sexebis Semdeg mizidvis Zala F 2 ≈ 6,9 . 10 -7 n

II varianti:

1.

Salis qsovilze gaxaxunebisas ebonitis Rero uaryofiTad imuxteba da Tu mas daumuxtav eleqtroskops

SevaxebT, eleqtroskopic uaryofiTad daimuxteba(a). mas Semdeg, rac uaryofiTad damuxtul eleqtroskops

damuxtuli joxi Seaxes, eleqtroskopis firfitebs Soris kuTxe Semcirda (b), e.i. firfitebis uaryofiTi

muxti Semcirda. aqedan daskvna: joxi dadebiTad iyo damuxtuli.

2.

abreSumis qsovilze gaxaxunebisas minis Rero dadebiTad imuxteba: Reros atombirTvebi ufro sustad

izidaven eleqtronebs, vidre abreSumis, amitom eleqtronebi Rerodan abreSumis qsovilze gadainacvlebs.

Reroze eleqtronebis danaklisi Cndeba, xolo abreSumis qsovilze - eleqtronebis Warbi ricxvi.

Sesabamisad, Reros masa dakarguli eleqtronebis masis xarjze Semcirdeba, xolo abreSumis qsovilis

masa - gaizrdeba.

3.

Secdoma pirvelma dauSva, radgan 9,6 . 10 -20 k ar aris elementaruli muxtis e = 1,6 . 10 -19 k -is jeradi.

4.

vakuumSi moTavsebul or muxts Soris urTierTqmedebis kulonuri Zalis sidide ricxobrivad tolia

proporciulobis koeficientis (k = 9 .10 9 nm 2 /k 2 ), amitom Tu muxtebs Soris urTierTqmedebis kulonuri

Zalis sidide 9 . 10 9 n-ia, maSin TiToeuli muxtis sidide 1 k-ia, xolo maT Soris manZili 1m.

5.

0,001 n

6.

F 2 /F 1 = 1,8

Semajamebeli samuSaoebis pasuxebi

samuSao N2

I varianti

1.

bewvze xaxunisas ebonitis joxi uaryofiTad daimuxteba. Tu uaryofiTad damuxtul joxs eleqtroskops

mivuaxlovebT, eleqtroskopis sferodan ganizidebian eleqtronebi da isini firfitebisken gadainacvleben.

Sesabamisad, sfero dadebiTad daimuxteba, xolo firfitebi uaryofiTad.

eleqtroskopze Sexebisas uaryofiTad damuxtuli joxidan eleqtronebi gadava sferoze da masze

eleqtronebis siWarbe gaCndeba. sferoze gadasuli eleqtronebi gadanawildeba eleqtroskopis Reroze

da firfitebzec, ris gamoc Rero da firfitebic uaryofiTad daimuxteba.

3.

1 sm.

4.

30 j.

5.

E C =0; E D = 125 kv/m

φ C =9 . 10 3 v ; φ D = 6 . 10 3 v

II varianti:

1.

abreSumis qsovilze xaxunisas minis joxi dadebiTad daimuxteba. Tu dadebiTad damuxtul joxs

eleqtroskops mivuaxlovebT, joxi miizidavs eleqtroskopis eleqtronebs da eleqtronebi firfitebidan

sferosken gadainacvleben. Sedegad firfitebi dadebiTad daimuxteba, sfero ki uaryofiTad.

eleqtroskopze Sexebisas dadebiTad damuxtul joxze eleqtronebi gadava sferodan da sferoze

eleqtronebis danaklisi gaCndeba. Sesabamisad, eleqtroskopis sfero, Rero da firfitebi dadebiTad

daimuxteba.

3.

ε = 4.

4.

2 v.

5.

E C =200 kv/m; E B = 75 kv/m

φ C =3 . 10 3 v ; φ D = 0

115

116

I varianti

1.

0,02 K.

2.

72 j.

3.

330 ma

4.

5.

R 2 -Si

II varianti:

1.

0,005 wm.

2.

4 k.

3.

30 v

4.

5.

R 1 -Si

Semajamebeli samuSaoebis pasuxebi

samuSao N3

IX. ganmartebiTi leqsikoni

aqtivobebi _ miznis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli swavlisa

da swavlebis savarjiSoebi, romle bic moswavleTa

asaks, SesaZleblobebs da swav lis stils Seesabameba.

biheviorizmi _ saswavlo Teoria, romlis Ta nax mad,

adamianebi swavloben asociaciebsa da ga moc di lebas

Soris, azrovnebasa da qcevebs So ris urTierTobebis

damyarebis safuZvel ze. mas `maxsovrobisa da

codnis SeZenis Teori a sac~ uwo deben.

garemo _ sagnebisa da movlenebis erToblioba, romelTa

garemocvaSi vimyofebiT, situacia, atmosfero.

gonebrivi ieriSi _ swavlebis meTodi, rodesac moswavleebi

mokle droSi adgilze mofiq re bul sakuTar

azrebs gamoTqvamen.

dakvirveba _ procesze an mis amsaxvel masalaze monacemebis

Segroveba.

debrifingi _ ukukavSiri, anu pozitiuri gamox mau reba

samuSaos ganxilvisa da gaazrebis Semdeg.

diskusia _ sadavo sakiTxebze azrTa gacvla-ga mocv

la, kamaTi.

drama _ dialogis saxiT dawerili scenaze war mo sadgeni

teqsti, romelSic asaxulia Zlieri gancdebi,

mZafri konfliqti.

efeqtiani swavleba _ maswavleblis saswavlo stra -

tegiis SeTavseba moswavleTa swavlis stil Tan.

indikatori _ maCvenebeli, romelic gansazRv ravs,

ramdenad aris mizani miRweuli.

instruqcia _ zogadi CarCo, romelSic mocemuli principebis

dacva evalebaT skolis maswavleb lebs.

integracia _ Sevseba, nawilebis mTlianSi gaerTianeba.

inteleqti _ gonebrivi ganviTarebis done, ada mianis

saazrovno SesaZleblobebi. emociuri inte leqti

_ sakuTari da sxvisi grZnobebis Sec nobisa da mar-

Tvis unari.

konstruqtivizmi _ saswavlo Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad,

moswavle aqtiurad swavlobs samyaroSi

arsebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze da aSenebs

codnas, anu axdens codnis konstruirebas (piaJe).

socialuri konstruqtivizmis modeliT (vigodski)

moswavle aqtiurad swavlobs socia lur konteqstSi

da ufrosebTan (maswavlebel Tan) urTierTobiT.

kritikuli azrovneba _ azrovnebis stili, rome lic

gadawyvetilebis misaRebad SekiTxvebis dasmas gulisxmobs.

kurikulumi _ skolebSi winaswargansazRvruli swavlebis

Sinaarsi.

meTodologiuri gansja _ sakuTari peda gogi uri praqtikis

gamokvleviTa da analiziT gadawyve tilebis

miReba.

meTodologiuri codna _ saswavlo procesis dagegmva

moswavleTa swavlis stilis, saWiroebe bisa

da moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

motivacia _ risame sasargeblod mosazrebis, safuZvlis,

sabuTis moyvana. motivi aris raRac qmedebis

gamomwvevi mizezi an sababi. yuradRebis koncentracia,

swavlis survili, CarTuloba swavlis

procesSi da masalis saSualo siZnele motivaciis

faqtorebia.

monitoringi _ arsebuli situaciis analizisa da

Semowmebis safuZvelze realuri monacemebis Segroveba.

paradigma _ moTxovnebis Sesabamisad ideologiis

Secvlis nimuSi.

pragmatizmi _ qmedeba, romelic movlenebis Tanmimdevruli

gadmocemiT SemoizRudeba da ar xsnis

obieqtur, gare kavSirs.

profesiuli ganviTareba _ procesi, romelic amzadebs

maswavlebels skolisTvis saWiro cvli lebebis

Sesasruleblad. miiRweva treningebis gziT.

refleqsia _ procesi, rodesac praqtikosi aana lizebs

Tavis gamocdilebas profesionalizmis srulyofis

mizniT.

saswavlo garemo _ swavleba/swavlisTvis gan kuTv nili

adgili, aRWurviloba.

saswavlo Teoria _ maswavleblobaSi daostate bisTvis

saWiro wesebis erToblioba. princi pebis, ideebis

sistema, romelic praqtikul gamocdilebas ganazogadebs,

bunebis, sazoga doebisa da azrovnebis

kanonzomierebebs asaxavs.

saswavlo miznebi _ ganacxadi, ras unda mivaRwioT

swavlis procesSi. zogadi miznisgan gamomdinare

konkretuli amocanis ganviTarebas hqvia specifikuri

saswavlo mizani.

saswavlo Sedegebi _ codnis, unar-Cvevebisa da ganwyoba-damokidebulebebis

erToblioba, ro mel Tac

moswavleebi swavlisas SeiZenen.

saswavlo teqnologia _ dadebiTi Sedegebis misaRwevad

SerCeuli saswavlo meTodebis kompleqsis

gamoyenebiT swavlebis specifikuri organizacia.

stili _ manera, qcevis an moqmedebis Tavisebureba.

strategia _ miznis misaRwevad gadamwyveti operaciebis

momzadebis, dagegmvis, warmoebis, xelmZRvanelobis

xelovneba (ostatoba). damokide bulia

ganaTlebis politikaze da gamomdina reobs skolis

SesaZleblobidan.

swavlebis meTodi _ saswavlo Sinaarsis Sesabamisad

maswavleblisa da moswavlis erToblivi, mizanmimarTuli

saqmianoba, saswavlo miznis miRwevis

xerxi.

treningi _ jgufuri muSaobis meTodi, romelic

aZlevs maswavlebels saWiroebebis xedvas da uzrunvelyofs

mis profesiul ganviTarebas.

treneri _ mwvrTneli, romelic adgens audito riis

saWiroebas, arCevs didaqtikur masalas, awodebs,

marTavs informacias da konstruq ciuli dialogis

gziT exmareba msmenelebs miz nis miRwevaSi.

Semowmeba _ moswavleTa miRwevebis Sesaxeb informacia;

warmatebis da progresis dadgena.

Sefaseba _ monitoringis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT procesis

analizi.

117

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