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370 G Ital Med Lav Erg 2007; 29:3<br />

www.gimle.fsm.it<br />

Low priority pollutants<br />

Specific management options should be defined when more<br />

information on sources, human exposure and health effects will become<br />

avai<strong>la</strong>ble for the following compo<strong>un</strong>ds:<br />

Acetaldehyde: Not fo<strong>un</strong>d to be a priority compo<strong>un</strong>d at present,<br />

because inha<strong>la</strong>tion exposure levels were much lower than the health<br />

effect levels. Should new information about sources, concentrations or<br />

health effects emerge, this could change the situation.<br />

Xylenes, and Toluene: Not fo<strong>un</strong>d to be a priority compo<strong>un</strong>d at<br />

present, because inha<strong>la</strong>tion exposure levels were much lower than the<br />

health effect levels. Should new information about sources,<br />

concentrations or health effects emerge, this could change the situation.<br />

Styrene: A long term guideline value of 200 µg/m 3 is recommended<br />

based on neurobehavioral effects. Styrene has also been <strong>di</strong>scussed for a<br />

possible mutagenic and/or carcinogenic effect, but the evidence is so far<br />

inconclusive.<br />

Pollutants requiring further research with regard to human exposure<br />

or dose response<br />

Specific management options could not be defined for these<br />

compo<strong>un</strong>ds, but they should be defined<br />

when more information on sources, human exposure and health<br />

effects will become avai<strong>la</strong>ble.<br />

Ammonia: A long term guideline value of 70 µg/m 3 and a short term<br />

guideline value of 100 µg/m 3 were recommended based on respiratory<br />

effects.<br />

d-Limonene: There are insufficient toxicological <strong>da</strong>ta avai<strong>la</strong>ble to<br />

recommend a guideline value. Interaction with ozone causing<br />

biologically active products is suspected. Considering its widespread use<br />

such <strong>da</strong>ta should be made avai<strong>la</strong>ble. The odour threshold is 1-2 µg/m 3 .<br />

a-Pinene: There are insufficient toxicological <strong>da</strong>ta avai<strong>la</strong>ble to<br />

recommend a guideline value. Interaction with ozone causing<br />

biologically active products is suspected. Considering its widespread use<br />

such <strong>da</strong>ta should be made avai<strong>la</strong>ble.<br />

Recommen<strong>da</strong>tions and management options<br />

In ad<strong>di</strong>tion to specific recommen<strong>da</strong>tions reported below, the<br />

following general recommen<strong>da</strong>tions and management options apply to<br />

most or many indoor air contaminants in the high and low priority lists:<br />

Use appropriate venti<strong>la</strong>tion practices based on the well defined stan<strong>da</strong>rds<br />

for indoor environments accor<strong>di</strong>ng to the recommen<strong>da</strong>tions of the<br />

relevant professional organizations; Ban tobacco smoking in all indoor<br />

spaces <strong>un</strong>der public juris<strong>di</strong>ction. Raise public awareness on the hazards<br />

of tobacco smoke, and <strong>di</strong>scourage smoking in private residences,<br />

particu<strong>la</strong>rly in the presence of children; Develop buil<strong>di</strong>ng codes to restrict<br />

the construction of attached garages, and to iso<strong>la</strong>te the garages from<br />

living and working quarters (closing the doorways, sealing the structures<br />

and ensuring pro<strong>per</strong> air pressure <strong>di</strong>fference between garage and other<br />

indoor spaces).<br />

4. CONCLUSIONS<br />

On the basis of knowledge and <strong>da</strong>ta avai<strong>la</strong>ble right now, it is evident<br />

that some pollutants present at prevailing concentration levels indoors<br />

might pose health risks to <strong>la</strong>rge popu<strong>la</strong>tions in Europe. The results of the<br />

INDEX project provide gui<strong>da</strong>nce for policy makers about indoor air<br />

pollutants that should be regu<strong>la</strong>ted and gives recommen<strong>da</strong>tions how to<br />

manage their risks.<br />

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />

The INDEX project was f<strong>un</strong>ded by the European Commission (DG<br />

Consumer Protection SANCO) with the contract number of CT 20384<br />

INDEX.<br />

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Bruinen De Bruin Y., Carrer P., Jant<strong>un</strong>en M., Hanninen O., Scotto<strong>di</strong>marco<br />

G., Skephalopoulos S., Cavallo D., Maroni M. (2004): Personal<br />

carbon monoxide exposure levels: contribution of local sources to<br />

exposures and microenvironment concentrations in Mi<strong>la</strong>n. Journal of<br />

Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology; 14: 312-322<br />

Carrer P., Maroni M., Alcini D., Cavallo D., Fustinoni S., Lovato L.,<br />

Visigalli F. (2000): Assessment through environmental and biological<br />

measurements of total <strong>da</strong>ily exposure to vo<strong>la</strong>tile organic compo<strong>un</strong>ds<br />

of office workers in Mi<strong>la</strong>n, Italy. Indoor Air, 10: 258-268.<br />

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environment of substances notified in accor<strong>da</strong>nce with Co<strong>un</strong>cil<br />

Directive 67/548/EEC Official journal N° L 227, 08/09/1993 P. 0009<br />

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McLaughlin J., Mølhave L., Fernandes E.O., and Seifert B. (2005)<br />

Final Report of the INDEX Project, Critical Appraisal of the<br />

Setting and Implementation of Indoor Exposure Limits in the EU.<br />

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Luxenbourg. EUR 21590 EN, ISBN 92-894-9353-4.<br />

http://europa.eu.int/comm/health/ph_projects/2002/pollution/fp_p<br />

ollution_2002_exs_02.pdf<br />

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and Ross D.I. (2002) Indoor air quality in English homes -<br />

introduction and carbon monoxide fin<strong>di</strong>ngs. In: Procee<strong>di</strong>ngs of the<br />

9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality, Monterey, CA,<br />

Vol 4, 461- 466.<br />

Schneider P., Gebefugi I.L., Richter K., Wolke G., Schnelle J., Wichmann<br />

H.E., and Heinrich J., and INGA study group (2001) Indoor and<br />

outdoor BTX levels in German cities. The Science of the Total<br />

Environment, 267, 41-51.<br />

Seifert B., Becker K., Hoffmann K, Krause C., and Schulz C. (2000) The<br />

German Environmental Survey 1990/1992 (GerESII): a<br />

representative popu<strong>la</strong>tion study. Journal of Exposure Analysis and<br />

Environmental Epidemiology, 10, 103-114.<br />

Sexton K., Kleffman D.E., and Cal<strong>la</strong>han M.A. (1995) An introduction to<br />

the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) and<br />

re<strong>la</strong>ted phase I field stu<strong>di</strong>es. Journal of Exposure Analysis and<br />

Environmental Epidemiology, 5(3), 229-32.<br />

Wal<strong>la</strong>ce L., Nelson W., Ziegenfus R., Pellizzari E.D., Michael L.,<br />

Whitmore R., Zelon H., Hartwell T., Perritt R., and Wester<strong>da</strong>hl D.<br />

(1991) The Los Angeles TEAM Study: Personal exposures, indooroutdoor<br />

air concentrations of 25 vo<strong>la</strong>tile organic compo<strong>un</strong>ds.<br />

Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 1,<br />

157-192<br />

WHO (2000). The Right to Healthy Indoor Air. Report on a WHO<br />

meeting, Bilthoven, the Nether<strong>la</strong>nds, 15-17. May, 2000.<br />

http://www.euro.who.int/document/e69828.pdf<br />

WHO (2006) Development of WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality.<br />

WHO Regional Office for Europe, Denmark<br />

COM-03<br />

MODELLO DI VALUTAZIONE DEL RISCHIO DA AGENTI CHIMICI<br />

(D. LGS. 25/2002) APPLICATO IN 19 AZIENDE CHIMICHE<br />

DELLA PROVINCIA DI BERGAMO<br />

M. Santini, P. Leghissa, M.M. Riva, G.L. Rosso, G. Delei<strong>di</strong>, G. Mosconi<br />

Unità O<strong>per</strong>ativa Ospe<strong>da</strong>liera Me<strong>di</strong>cina del Lavoro - Azien<strong>da</strong> Ospe<strong>da</strong>liera<br />

Ospe<strong>da</strong>li Ri<strong>un</strong>iti <strong>di</strong> Bergamo, Bergamo<br />

Corrispondenza: Dott.ssa Marisa Santini, Unità O<strong>per</strong>ativa Ospe<strong>da</strong>liera<br />

Me<strong>di</strong>cina del Lavoro-Azien<strong>da</strong> Ospe<strong>da</strong>liera Ospe<strong>da</strong>li Ri<strong>un</strong>iti <strong>di</strong> Bergamo,<br />

Largo Barozzi, 1 24126 Bergamo, Tel 035/269190 marisanti@libero.it<br />

RIASSUNTO. L’obiettivo del presente <strong>la</strong>voro è <strong>di</strong> descrivere il modello<br />

<strong>di</strong> <strong>valutazione</strong> del <strong>rischi</strong>o <strong>da</strong> agenti chimici, in applicazione del

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